基盤: 850 Terms and Phrases

• 基盤
• foundation
• basis
• base
• footing
• Bedrock
• Basement
• bed rock
• bottom
• foundation bed
• substratum
• infrastructure
• bases

• 基盤島
• Kobanjima

• 基盤層
• basement stratum

• 基盤岩
• bedrock
• basement rock
• Basement (geology)

• 基盤面
• base ground surface

• 分子基盤
• molecular basis
• molecular bases

• 基盤整備
• infrastructure development

• 産業基盤
• industrial base

• 構造基盤
• infrastructure
• structural basis

• 経済基盤
• infrastructure
• Economic Base

• 音響基盤
• acoustic basement

• ダム基盤
• dam foundation

• 通信基盤
• telecommunications infrastructure

• 河川基盤
• river basement
• river infrastructure

• 情報基盤
• information base

• 基盤設備
• basic equipment

• 収益基盤
• revenue base

• 資本基盤
• capital base

• 支持基盤
• one's support (power) base
• the base of one's support in an electorate

• 基盤技術
• base technology
• basic technologies
• basic technology

• 基盤褶曲
• foundation folding

• 社会基盤
• social infrastructure
• infra structure

• 堅い基盤
• firm bottom

• 都市基盤
• foundations for urban development

• 生活基盤
• local infrastructure

• 植生基盤
• vegetation bed

• 生産基盤
• production base

• 構築基盤
• platform

• 分子的基盤
• molecular basis
• molecular bases

• 基盤ソフト
• software infrastructure
• underlying software

• 公開鍵基盤
• Public Key Infrastructure

• 国民的基盤
• based on a nation's people
• popular base

• 透水性基盤
• pervious foundation

• 経済的基盤
• economic foundation

• 社会的基盤
• social infrastructure

• 基盤政策課
• Knowledge Infrastructure Policy Division

• 福祉基盤課
• Welfare Promotion Division

• 知的基盤課
• Measurement and Intellectual Infrastructure Division

• 腐った基盤
• a decayed foundation

• 戦力基盤軍
• Streitkräftebasis

• プリント基盤
• printed wiring board
• printed circuit board
• PCB

• 農業基盤整備
• agricultural infrastructure development

• 公開キー基盤
• public key infrastructure

• 基盤起伏地形
• basement undulating topography
• outcroping basement

• 車両基盤技術
• fundamental automotive technologies

• 都市基盤施設
• urban infrastructure

• 都市基盤整備
• upgrading urban infrastructure

• 基盤面仕上げ
• bottoming out

• 不安定な基盤
• an unsound foundation

• 共通言語基盤
• Common Language Infrastructure

• 技術基盤の整備
• technological base development

• 知的基盤の整備
• establishment of an intellectual base

• 空間データ基盤
• National Spatial Data Infrastructure
• National Geospatial Framework

• 経営基盤の充実
• fulfillment of management base
• fulfilment of management base
• improvement of management foundation

• ヒューズ箱基盤
• fuse box base

• 総合通信基盤局
• Telecommunications Bureau

• 学術基盤整備室
• Office for Science Information Infrastructure

• 基礎基盤研究課
• Basic and Generic Research Division

• 電力基盤整備課
• Electricity Infrastructure Division

• 公開鍵基盤階層
• public key infrastructure hierarchy

• 簡易公開鍵基盤
• Simple public key infrastructure

• 日本の産業基盤
• the industrial base of Japan

• 基盤eへの対数
• a logarithm to the base e

• 基盤的調査・研究
• basic research and study

• 周辺環境基盤設備
• environmental infrastructure in surrounding area

• 国による基盤整備
• Development of Infrastructure by the National Government

• 都市基盤整備公団
• Urban Development Corporation

• 農業基盤整備事業
• improvement ground works for agricultural productivity

• セキュリティ基盤
• security infrastructure

• 総合通信基盤局長
• Director-General of the Telecommunications Bureau

• 社会基盤工学専攻
• Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering

• 知的研究基盤の整備
• improvement of intellectual fundamentals

• 原子力安全基盤機構
• Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization
• JNES
• Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES)

• 農業生産基盤の整備
• fortification of foundation for agricultural production

• ユニットケース基盤
• indicator sending casing base

• ヒューズ箱絶縁基盤
• fuse box insulated base

• 水産業の基盤の整備
• Improvement of Fisheries Industry

• 農業基盤管理推進室
• Agricultural Asset Management Promotion Office

• 予想の基盤を与える
• give grounds for expectations

• 複合基盤化学研究系
• Research Division of Multidisciplinary Chemistry

• 好循環を実現する基盤
• groundwork for building a virtuous circle

• 都市基盤河川改修事業
• Basic urban river improvement projects

• 農業生産の基盤の整備
• Improvement of Agricultural Production Base

• 研究基盤出資経過業務
• Transitional Functions Related to Capital Contributions to the Research Infrastructure

• 原子力基盤研究調査官
• Senior Specialist for Atomic Energy infrastructure Research

• 産業基盤標準化推進室
• Standardization Office for Industrial Infrastructure

• 中小企業基盤整備機構
• Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation (SMRJ)

• 製品評価技術基盤機構
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)

• 原子力安全技術基盤課
• Nuclear Safety Regulatory Standard Division

• 基盤を持っているさま
• having a base

• 水産物供給基盤整備事業
• Project for Developing Supply Bases for Marine Products

• 都市基盤整備公団監理室
• Supervision Office of Urban Development Corporation

• 参事官（社会基盤担当）
• Director for Infrastructure Planning

• 原子力安全基盤小委員会
• Nuclear Safety Infrastructure Subcommittee

• 知的基盤整備特別委員会
• Special Committee on Measurement Standards and Intellectual Infrastructure

• 共通言語基盤（CLI）
• CLI: Common Language Infrastructure

• 側頭骨の基盤から伸びる
• extends from the base of the temporal bone

• 基盤と愛国心がない動機
• base and unpatriotic motives

• 固定する基盤を持つさま
• having a supporting base

• 栓が基盤にある金属の壷
• a metal urn with a spigot at the base

• 宮廷文化を基盤に創始。
• Founded the school based on court culture.

• 都市基盤整備支援システム
• system to support improvement of urban infrastructure

• 社会党の基盤になっている
• General Council of Trade Unions

• 製品評価技術基盤機構部会
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation Subcommittee

• 経営体育成基盤整備推進室
• Management oriented Farmland Consolidation Office

• 塔の基盤は、地下にあった
• the base of the tower was below grade

• 生存基盤科学研究ユニット
• Institute of Sustainability Science

• (独)製品評価技術基盤機構
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation

• 各種施策の基盤となる施策等
• measure for building the base for various measures

• リサイクル推進基盤強化税制
• taxation system to strengthen basis for recycling promotion

• 情報基盤とテクノロジー法案
• IIT Act Information Infrastructure Technology Act

• 河川等情報基盤緊急整備事業
• Emergency infrastructure projects for rivers and other facilities

• ものづくり基盤技術基本計画
• Basic Plan on Core Manufacturing Technology

• 2つの取っ手と足のある基盤
• two handles and footed base

• 対数の自然のシステムの基盤
• the base of the natural system of logarithms

• その後の平氏の基盤を固める。
• He established the basis for the Taira clan for coming generations.

• 環境研究基盤技術ラボラトリー
• Laboratory of Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies

• ものづくり基盤技術振興基本法
• Basic Act on the Promotion of Core Manufacturing Technology

• 新都市基盤整備事業の予定区域
• Scheduled areas for new urban infrastructure projects;

• 海成堆積基盤(シルリア紀の)
• Silurian marine sedimentary basin

• 研究基盤出資経過勘定の廃止等
• Elimination, etc. of the Account for Transitional Functions Related to Capital Contributions to the Research Infrastructure

• 審議官（原子力安全基盤担当）
• Deputy Director-General for Nuclear Safety

• シェアードソース共通言語基盤
• Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure

• 住友の基盤を守り発展させた。
• He maintained the basis of Sumitomo and developed it.

• 持続可能な開発支援基盤整備事業
• Sustainable Development Promotion Infrastructure Development Program

• 都市環境基盤整備推進モデル事業
• urban environmental infrastructure improvement promotion model project

• 独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構
• Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization
• JNES

• ものづくり基盤技術の研究開発等
• Research and Development, etc. of Core Manufacturing Technology

• 半導体基盤の紫外線増強性酸窒化
• UV-ENHANCED OXY-NITRIDATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR SUBSTRATES

• その問題には基盤から取り組んだ
• the problem was attacked at the grass roots

• 新しい健康管理計画の基盤を築く
• lay the foundation for a new health care plan

• 生存基盤科学研究ユニット設置。
• The Institute of Sustainability Science was established.

• 次世代廃棄物処理技術基盤整備事業
• Program for Developing Infrastructure for the Next-generation Waste Treatment Technology

• 独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation

• 自由諸国の基盤は民主主義である。
• The foundation of free nations is democracy.

• 開放型分散処理−参照モデル：基盤
• Information technology−Open Distributed Processing−Reference Model : Foundations

• 田舎に生活の基盤を自然に築く状態
• the condition naturally attaching to life in the country

• （株）島津製作所「基盤技術研究所」
• Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation

• 交流超電導電力機器基盤技術研究開発
• super-ACE project

• 住宅宅地基盤特定治水施設等整備事業
• Designated projects for improvement of flood control facilities for housing and building land development

• 研究開発官（食の安全、基礎・基盤）
• Director, Research and Development(Food-Safety and Basic Field)

• （青年活動や早朝奉仕の基盤を築く）
• (She laid the foundation for youth activities and Early Morning Cleaning Volunteers.)

• 電気電子基盤技術の研究教育拠点形成
• COE for Research and Education of Fundamental Technologies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

• 区の南西部においては商業基盤が弱い。
• Business in the southwestern part of the ward is relatively weak.

• ものづくり基盤産業の育成に関する事項
• Matters concerning the development of the core manufacturing industry

• 島津製作所基盤技術研究所（けいはんな）
• Technology Research Laboratory (Keihanna), Shimadzu Corporation

• ヒューマン・インターフェイスの基盤技術
• Advanced Human Interface Technologies

• 基盤、支え、裏張り、後ろ支えを提供する
• provide with a base, support, lining, or backing

• 電磁波を放送の基盤においた通信システム
• a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves

• ほとんど基盤となる2つの部分に分かれた
• divided into two portions almost to the base

• 基盤へしっかり止められていることの状態
• the condition of being secured to a base

• 知識社会基盤構築のための情報学拠点形成
• Informatics Research Center for Development of Knowledge Society Infrastructure

• ゲノム科学の知的情報基盤・研究拠点形成
• Center of Research and Knowledge Information Infrastructure for Genomic Science

• 淀藩の基盤は、永井氏によって確立された。
• The Nagai clan established the administrative foundations of the Yodo Domain.

• 豊臣政権の財政基盤は、以下の三つである。
• The following three things were the financial basis of the Toyotomi government.

• 生活・社会基盤研究の生活者ニーズ対応研究
• Infrastructure Study to Meet the Lifestyle and Social Needs

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法の特例
• Special Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act

• ものづくり基盤技術の研究開発に関する事項
• Matters concerning research and development of core manufacturing technology

• 独立行政法人沖縄科学技術研究基盤整備機構
• Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation

• 日記が彼女が後に書いた本の基盤となった。
• Her diaries formed the basis of the book she later wrote.

• 微生物機能の戦略的活用による生産基盤拠点
• COE for Microbial-Process Development Pioneering Future Production Systems

• 家は堅固なセメントの基盤の上に建てられる。
• A house is built on top of a solid foundation of cement.

• ある主義や政策のための精神的基盤を壊すこと
• destroying the moral basis for a doctrine or policy

• 些細なまたは基盤の主題を誉め称える細かい字
• fine writing in praise of trivial or base subjects

• この二皇子が、道長一家の繁栄の基盤となる。
• These two princes laid the foundations for the prosperity of Michinaga family.

• 平氏政権に至る基盤形成は、白河天皇期に遡る。
• The foundation of the Taira clan administration began in the Emperor Shirakawa period.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する基本的な方針
• Basic policy on the promotion of core manufacturing technology

• 好ましくは、上記半導体基盤はシリコンである。
• Preferably, the semiconductor substrate is silicon.

• 基盤が円であり、側面がある程度先細りになる形
• a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point

• その経済的な基盤を支えた面でも功績は大きい。
• Financial support he gave it was one of his greatest achievements.

• 後白河は自らの政治基盤の強化を意図していた。
• Goshirakawa endeavored to strengthen his political foundation.

• 独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構　経済産業大臣
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation:　Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry

• ものづくり基盤技術に係る学習の振興に関する事項
• Matters concerning the promotion of learning pertaining to core manufacturing technology

• その他ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関し必要な事項
• Any other matter that is necessary with regard to the promotion of core manufacturing technology

• わかるように、その基盤はしっかりしていました。
• And it is seen that his foundations were good,

• ２１世紀は経済力を基盤とするようになるだろう。
• The 21st century is going to be based on economic power.

• 精神現象の神経生理学的基盤を研究する認識科学者
• a cognitive scientist who studies the neurophysiological foundations of mental phenomena

• のちに長講堂領は持明院統の重要な財政基盤となる。
• Later the Chokodo estates became an important financial foundation for the Jimyoin line.

• 今沢流が基盤のためか武家風の古風なお点前である。
• Probably because his new school was based on Imasawa school, its tea serving manner was of conservative samurai style.

• 現代文明は科学と教育の基盤の上に成り立っている。
• Modern civilization rests on a foundation of science and education.

• （４）ＮＨ３雰囲気下において基盤をアニールする；
• (4) anneal the substrate in the presence of a NH3 atmosphere; and

• 精神現象の生物学的基盤を研究する神経科学の一分野
• the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena

• 道または鉄道の線路を支えている地面または岩の基盤
• a foundation of earth or rock supporting a road or railroad track

• 化学風化は、風化していない基盤を攻撃し始めていた
• chemical weathering was beginning to attack the unweathered bedrock

• 彼らは、基盤を流し込むために、精巧な形を構築した
• they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

• 主に支持基盤・数で勝る方が正統と認められやすい。
• Normally, the sect with stronger constituents and a larger number of followers is more apt to be considered legitimate.

• その結果政界構造が変化して支持基盤を失っていた。
• As a result, balance among the political powers changed and Ryoshun lost his support base.

• しかし、九州探題としての勢力基盤は脆弱であった。
• However, the Isshiki clan lacked the basic military forces to carry out the Kyushu Tandai, so the power to rule was tenuous.

• 各種施策の基盤、各主体の参加及び国際協力に係る施策
• basis of various measures, and measures facilitating the participation of various actors and international cooperation

• 神と人間の魂は、著者の形而上学の基盤となるものだ。
• which are the foundations of his Metaphysic;

• そのファン基盤は、ファンサブの流通に依存していた。
• That fan base relied on the circulation of fansubs.

• 核融合基盤技術を統合し、その有効性を実証すること、
• demonstrate availability and integration of essential fusion technologies,

• これが明治政府の国有財産としてその財政基盤となる。
• This property became the financial base of the Meiji Government.

• その後各地に広がる高望王流桓武平氏の基盤を固めた。
• The foundation of the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) of the Prince Takamochi line was strengthened and its power expanded to other regions accordingly.

• 鎌倉幕府は、以下のような独自の経済基盤を有していた。
• The Kamakura Bakufu possessed the following economic bases.

• その基盤となったのは班田収授や戸籍などの制度である。
• The foundation lay in the system such as handen shuju sei (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), koseki (the household registers) and so on.

• この名体制は、王朝国家体制の基盤をなすものであった。
• This Myo-system was the base of Dynastic polity.

• 混成語・混合語 (その他), 英語基盤語 (その他)
• Creoles and pidgins, English based

• 混成語・混合語 (その他), 仏語基盤語 (その他)
• Creoles and pidgins, French-based

• （５）Ｎ２Ｏ雰囲気下において基盤を更にアニールする。
• (5) further anneal the substrate in the presence of a N2O atmosphere.

• 混成語・混合語 (その他), 葡語基盤語 (その他)
• Creoles and pidgins, Portuguese-based

• 変奏曲の基盤となる聖歌隊で用いるオルガンのための構成
• a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations

• - 江戸幕府の基本政策である社会基盤全般の整備である。
• Tenka bushin refers to the development of public infrastructure on the whole and is a fundamental policy of the Edo bakufu.

• 南方禅（頓悟禅）は『六祖壇経』の教義を基盤にしている。
• Nanpozen (the southern part of China that practices Zen Buddhism), in which tongozen (zen of sudden enlightenment) is preached, has as its foundation the doctrine of the 'Rokusodankyo'.

• 真言宗の密教は東寺を基盤としたので「東密」と呼ばれた。
• Mikkyo, of the Shingon sect, was called 'Tomitsu' because it was centered on the To-ji Temple (Kyoogokoku-ji Temple).

• ものづくり基盤技術基本計画は、次の事項について定める。
• The basic plan on core manufacturing technology shall provide for the following matters:

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構の行う技術移転促進業務
• Technology Transfer Promotion Business Implemented by the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation

• 第一次産業が基盤であり、漁業・林業・農業が主であった。
• The industry was based on primary industries, mainly fishery, forestry and farming.

• 基礎または基盤に関連する、あるいは基礎または基盤となる
• pertaining to or constituting a base or basis

• 2006年　経営基盤の強化を目的に、グループ経営に移行。
• 2006: Shifted to the group management for the purpose of strengthening its operating foundations.

• 鎌倉幕府の存立は、武士、特に関東武士団を基盤としていた。
• The existence of Kamakura bakufu was based on samurai, especially Kanto Samurai Group.

• 鎌倉時代において、幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤とした。
• The Soryo system (the eldest son system as the succession of the head of the family) was made as a base to rule over gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) by bakufu during the Kamakura period.

• 農山漁村滞在型余暇活動のための基盤整備の促進に関する法律
• Law concerning the Promotion of Infrastructure Development for Recreational Activities While Staying at Agricultural, Fishing, and Mountain Villages

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構の行う企業立地等促進業務
• Businesses for Promoting Establishment of New Business Facilities by the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN

• 電気通信の基盤となる電気通信技術に関する研究を行うこと。
• To conduct research activities related to telecommunications technologies that would form the basis of telecommunications;

• 在地掌握のための検地も行われ領国支配の基盤が整えられた。
• The land survey was implemented to get a handle on the area, and the foundations to govern the territory were developed.

• その政権の基盤は奥州で豊富に産出された金と北方貿易である。
• Its political power based on gold which was mined abundantly in the Oshu region and trade between northern part of Japan and Northern Song Dynasty China.

• 忠盛の築いた経済的・軍事的基盤は、子の平清盛に継承された。
• The financial and military foundation established by Tadamori was passed on to TAIRA no Kiyomori.

• その思想は、神道・儒教・仏教の三教合一説を基盤としている。
• Its philosophy is based on the theory for unification of the three religions of Shinto, Confucianism and Buddhism.

• 民主党の基盤となるグループは、いくつかの分離派を結合させた
• the Democratic Patry platform united several splinter groups

• 江戸時代における観世流隆盛の基盤を築いた人物として知られる。
• He is known as a figure that built the foundation of the prosperity of Kanze-za in the Edo period.

• 第一次世界大戦終了時までの間、日本の外交政策の基盤となった。
• It had been the basis of Japan's diplomatic policy until the end of World War I.

• 附則第七条の規定　独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構の成立の時
• The provisions of Article 7 of the Supplementary Provisions:　The time of establishment of the Organization for Small & Medium Sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN.

• 成立期の公家の経済的基盤は、荘園・公領に対する収取権であった。
• The finacial basis of kuge in its formative period depended on the right to collect land tax from shoen (manor) and koryo (public land).

• 平家の追討に成功した頼朝は奥州藤原氏を討ち、勢力基盤を固めた。
• Yoritomo, who succeeded in defeating the Taira family, attacked Oshu-Fujiwara clan to solidify his power base.

• 土佐国人に迎えられて生活の基盤を確保し、父の下向を誘ってみた。
• He was welcomed by the people of Tosa, and after settling in and establishing himself, he invited his father to join him.

• 彼らは明治後年から大正・昭和にかけて薬理学の基盤を広めて行く。
• They spread the basics of pharmacology from the late Meiji era through to the Taisho and Showa eras.

• 大衆の支持を基盤にした戦後の天皇制を大衆天皇制と呼ぶこともある。
• This Tennosei based on the people's support after World War II is called Taishu Tennosei (People's Emperor System).

• 京大当局は70年代後半になってこれらの運動基盤の解体に着手した。
• In the late 70's, the authority of Kyoto University stated to destroy such bases of movements.

• じつのところ、この国人・被官層が戦国大名の権力基盤となっていた。
• In reality however, such kokujin and hikan formed the power base for sengoku daimyo.

• 広域的な地域活性化のための基盤の整備に関する施策との有機的な連携
• Organic Coordination with Measures concerning Infrastructure Improvement for Wide-area Regional Development

• それどころか、わたしはひたすら確実性の基盤を求めていたのである。
• for, on the contrary, my design was singly to find ground of assurance,

• 戦国大名の権力基盤は、家臣として組織化された国人・被官層だった。
• Power of daimyo in the sengoku period was based on the persons in the kokujin or hikan class who were organized as his vassals.

• 鉄筋コンクリートの拡張された層からなる基盤（通常柔らかい地面で）
• a foundation (usually on soft ground) consisting of an extended layer of reinforced concrete

• 蓮華王院には荘園・所領が寄進され、後白河の経済基盤も強化された。
• A manor and land were donated to Rengeo-in Temple to strengthen Goshirakawa's economic foundation.

• ここで最終的に武家が優位に立ったが、幕府の財政軍事基盤は弱かった。
• Although it was at this point that the warrior clans finally reached the pinnacle of power, the bakufu's own financial and military power base was rather weak.

• これらの親王には所領があり、子孫に代々経済的基盤として伝領された。
• Such Imperial princes had heir own land which was passed on to their descendants from generation to generation as their financial base.

• 第三項の規定は、ものづくり基盤技術基本計画の変更について準用する。
• The provisions of paragraph (3) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the modification of the basic plan on core manufacturing technology.

• 京都大学化学連携研究教育拠点（新しい物質変換化学の基盤構築と展開）
• Kyoto University Alliance for Chemistry (The Fundamentals and Developments of New Chemistry for Material Conversion)

• (2)年中行事、祭礼、法会等の中で行われる行事で芸能の基盤を示すもの
• (2) An annual event or event held in a festival, a memorial service, etc. that shows the foundation of performing arts.

• 「厳格な共産主義を基盤に構築された社会が見つかるだろうね」とわたし。
• `To discover a society,' said I, `erected on a strictly communistic basis.'

• （４）上記基盤をＮ２Ｏ雰囲気下において急速加熱アニーリング処理する。
• (4) rapid thermal annealing the substrate in an N2O environment.

• 中小企業基盤整備機構の特定基盤的技術高度化等促進業務に関する経過措置
• Transitional Measures for a Business to Promote Innovation of Specified Fundamental Technology Conducted by the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation

• 地租改正によって従来の米年貢を廃止し、金納地租に代えて財政基盤とした。
• The previous annual rice tax was abolished and replaced by money payment of land-tax with implementation of the land-tax reform to secure a fiscal base.

• この時点ではまだ武士の経済基盤は公田請作経営で所領経営者ではなかった。
• At this point, the bushi were still farm managers who leased public fields from provincial lords and produced agricultural products as their economic bases, but not the managers of shoryo.

• 42ヵ国89ヵ所に及ぶ長講堂の膨大な荘園は当初院政の財政基盤となった。
• The Chokodo had eighty-nine shoen in forty-two provinces that were initially the financial base of the Insei (rule by the retired Emperor).

• 新都市基盤整備法（昭和四十七年法律第八十六号）による新都市基盤整備事業
• New urban infrastructure projects provided for in the New Urban Infrastructure Act (Act No. 86 of 1972);

• これを負名体制といい、負名体制を基盤とする国家体制が王朝国家体制である。
• This system is called the local tax manager system, which constitutes a foundation of the system of the dynasty state as a regime.

• 特定農山村地域における農林業等の活性化のための基盤整備の促進に関する法律
• Law concerning the Promotion of the Improvement of Basic Conditions of Agriculture, Forestry and Other Business in Hilly and Mountainous Areas

• そもそも真言教学それ自体は、華厳経の教説を基盤として展開するものである。
• Shingon Esoteric Buddhism itself developed based on the doctrine of the Kegon-kyo (Avatamsaka Sutra).

• コルシカへの攻撃は、公共基盤と植民地主義の象徴を破壊することを目的とする
• attacks on Corsica are aimed at sabotaging public infrastructure and symbols of colonialism

• 最も古く最も単純であるギリシア・オーダーで、通常基盤を持たない唯一のもの
• the oldest and simplest of the Greek orders and the only one that normally has no base

• 彼らは武官職にある軍事貴族であり、頼盛の軍事的基盤は粉砕されてしまった。
• Since they were military aristocrats holding military offices, Yorimori's military foundation was completely decimated.

• 坂東平氏の勢力を拡大、その後各地に広がる高望王流桓武平氏の基盤を固めた。
• He had extended the power of Bando-Heishi (Taira clan) and then strengthened the foundation of Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), the line of Prince Takamochi, being expanded many parts of the country.

• 尊王攘夷思想の基盤を形成し、近代の教派神道各派にも強い影響を与えている。
• His thought formed the foundation of the anti-foreigner ideology of the royalist faction, as exemplified by the slogan 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' ('sonno joi'), which exerted a strong influence on each of the sects of modern Sect Shinto.

• この神は当地の地主神と考えられ、当地に基盤のあった春日氏の氏神とされる。
• This deity (Kose no Hafuri or Kose no Hime Myojin) is considered an indigenous deity (ujigami) of the Kasuga region and regarded as the tutelary deity of the Kasuga Clan, an ancient noble family who had a base in this region.

• 第一次世界大戦勃発による軍需景気にのり負債を完済、中川家再建の基盤を作る。
• Taking advantage of the war boom that occurred when World War I broke out, Joeki cleared off his debts laying the foundation for rebuilding the Nakagawa family.

• これは頼信が兄の頼光の摂津源氏との活動基盤の競合を避けたためとされている。
• The reason is said that Yorinobu avoided territorial competition with his elder brother, Yorimitsu (Settsu-Genji).

• これによって経済的な基盤を得ることが出来、国家による大きな保護となり得る。
• The bottom line is that a stipend could be reliable national protection because it enables temples to establish a financial base.

• 水運が発達しており、港があったことから、それらの権益を財政基盤としていた。
• This advantage, which resulted in the advanced water transportation system and the development of river ports, rendered great financial support for the armed group.

• 「彼らの経済的基盤がいかなるものであるかは、ここでは中心的な問題ではない。」
• Their economical base is not a main problem here.'

• 尼子経久は守護代ながら富田城を奪って守護を追放し、出雲等の山陰に基盤を作る。
• Tsunehisa AMAKO, who was shugodai, robbed Toda-jo Castle and ousted shugo establishing the base in Sanin, such as Izumo, on one hand.

• しかし､もともと財政基盤が脆弱だったうえ､橘氏の没落によって衰退していった。
• However, it grew weak because the financial base of Daigaku-besso was weak to start with and also because the Tachibana clan fell from power.

• この工程により、半導体基盤上に形成された誘電体膜の性質が本質的に改善された。
• With this process, dielectric films formed on the semiconductor substrate have substantially improved quality.

• 区分あるいは裂片を明確にするために、ほぼ基盤までに切れ込みの入った縁を有する
• having a margin incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes

• その財政基盤は、枚岡神社の社領と、天皇の直轄領であった大江御厨などであった。
• The armed group was financially dependent on the fiefs of Hiraoka-jinja Shrine and Oe-mikuriya, a manor in the Oe region, which was directly controlled by the Imperial family.

• 常陸平氏は、武蔵・下総を勢力基盤とする良文流平氏とは長年の敵対関係にあった。
• Hitachi-Heishi had an adversarial relationship with the Taira clan of Yoshifumi line, based in Musashi and Shimousa for many years.

• 愛発の後任の大納言には良房が就任し、これを契機にその権力基盤を固めていった。
• Yoshifusa was assigned to Dainagon after Chikanari, and began to take this opportunity to solidify the foundation of his power.

• 第 二段階２４は、紫外線及びＮＨ３気体雰囲気に半導体基盤を暴露することを含む。
• The second step 24 comprises exposing the semiconductor substrate to UV radiation and a gaseous atmosphere of NH3.

• 財政基盤の脆弱な知井村では広大な山林を対象とした事業の実施が困難であったこと。
• It was difficult for Chi Village, that had a weak financial base, to conduct business for the vast forest by itself.

• この争いによって幕府の政治的・経済的基盤は崩壊して将軍の権威は名目のみと化した。
• Through this fighting, the political and economic foundation of the bakufu collapsed, and the once-powerful Shogun transformed into a mere figurehead.

• - 農林水産のいずれかが基幹産業である場合が多く、その付帯施設や基盤整備を指す。
• Mura fushin refers to the development of facilities and infrastructures in villages where the key industries include agriculture, forestry and fishing.

• その結果、生活基盤が崩壊する賎民が続出して部落差別問題の深刻化の一因ともなった。
• As a result, there occurred the collapse of livelihood for many Senmin, thus contributing to the deepening of the Buraku discrimination problem.

• 確立された基盤とはりあって、ハッカーたちの関心を求めるのはむずかしすぎるからだ。
• because competing against the established base for the attention of hackers would be too hard.

• 別の主要財源として、座からの収入も得ており、こちらが経済的基盤となりつつあった。
• The family had an income from commercial guild as another financial resource, which came to be the basis of an economy.

• 塩谷郡の統治基盤のてこ入れとして、後継者の無い塩谷朝義の養子として塩谷氏を継ぐ。
• As a propping up of the ruling basis of Shioya-gun County, he succeeded to the SHIONOYA clan as an adopted son of Tomoyoshi SHIONOYA, who did not have a successor.

• 1903年には専門学校令が公布され、塾の基盤が整うと申請して塾を社団法人とする。
• After the Vocational School Order was promulgated in 1903 and school financing was stabilized, the school became a corporate juridical unit.

• また利休への回帰を目指した際に、理論基盤として禅宗が強調されすぎた点は重要である。
• It is significant that, when Sado aimed to return to Rikyu's style, too much emphasis was placed on the Zen sect as its logical basis.

• (1)由来、内容等において我が国民の基盤的な生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの
• (1) One that shows typical features of Japanese foundational life and culture in origin, details, etc.

• 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
• The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.

• 忠久は比企氏の乱で一時失脚するも後に復権、戦国大名島津氏の経済基盤になるにいたる。
• After Tadahisa was briefly overthrown in a conflict with the Hiki clan, the manor was reinstated and became an economic base of the Shimazu clan of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).

• このことから、経営基盤を失った大学寮と新たに当該地を得た穀倉院の間で対立が生じた。
• As a result, a conflict occurred between Daigaku-ryo, which lost its financial base, and Kokusoin, which obtained new territory.

• 開拓使の発足当時、中央政府の財政基盤は弱く、北海道の全域を統治する余力はなかった。
• When the Hokkaido Development Commission was first inaugurated, the financial base of the central government was weak and could not afford to govern the entire Hokkaido.

• そして職の体系を基盤として11世紀後期～12世紀に成立した体制を荘園公領制という。
• The system established from the late stage of the 11th century to the 12th century based on the Shiki system is called Shoen Koryo Sei.

• 歌の旋律はもともと地歌の本拠地であった関西方言のイントネーションを基盤にしている。
• The melody of the song is based on the intonation of the dialect in Kansai, where jiuta originally developed.

• そうした制度は、社会の構成員が価値を持っていると考えている物にその基盤が置かれた。
• They were based on goods which the members of a society recognized as having value.

• 従って、上記工程によ り、半導体基盤表面上に形成される誘電体膜の性質を改善できる。
• The process thus improves the quality of the dielectric films formed on the semiconductor substrate surface.

• 酸窒化膜層の形成後、半導体基盤を、紫外線、及び、ＮＨ３を含む気体雰囲気に暴露する。
• After an oxynitride layer is formed, the semiconductor substrate is exposed to UV radiation and a gaseous atmosphere containing NH3.

• 表面を洗浄した半導体基盤を急速加熱処理（ＲＴＰ）し、多層ゲートスタックを形成する。
• Once the semiconductor substrate surface has been cleaned, it is subjected to a series of rapid thermal heating processes (RTP) to form the multi-layer gate stack.

• イスラエルの目標を攻撃している間、テロ細胞と兵器庫の広い基盤をヨーロッパに建設した
• has built an extensive infrastructure of terrorist cells and weapon depots in Europe while attacking Israeli targets

• 高度な研究または研究のために交付されるお金（大学または基盤または他の機関によって）
• money granted (by a university or foundation or other agency) for advanced study or research

• 長方形の基盤および傾斜の側面および平屋根が付いている古代エジプトの泥煉瓦づくりの墓
• an ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof

• 黒田はケプロンの献策にもとづき基盤整備事業を起こしたが、たちまち支出超過を招いた。
• Kuroda launched a project to develop infrastructure based on the plan made by Capron, but it soon incurred excessive expenditure.

• この時点で平氏政権は、貴族社会に形成してきた基盤を捨て、西国の地方政権へと転落した。
• At this point, the Taira clan administration abandoned its foundation established in the aristocracy and fell into being a local government of the west.

• 義時の権力基盤は、父から受け継いだものよりも、家子として培った要素が強いと言えよう。
• It could be said that power Yoshitoki built up by serving as a follower, compared with power he took over from his father, made up a higher proportion of his power base.

• 一説に、宗綱は八田（常陸国、現在の茨城県下館市八田）を政治基盤としていたといわれる。
• According to one theory, Hatta (Hitachi Province, present Hatta, Shimodate City, Ibaraki Prefecture) was the Munetsuna' political base.

• 伊勢国度会郡の古市荘を基盤とする藤原秀郷流伊藤氏の出身で、平家譜代の有力家人である。
• He was an influential retainer of the Taira family, who was born to the Ito clan of FUJIWARA no Hidesato house, based in Furuichi-so in Watarai District, Ise Province.

• これに勝利した徳川家康は政権の基盤を固め慶長8年（1603年）征夷大将軍に任じられる。
• Ieyasu, who won the war, strengthened the base of his government and was appointed by the Emperor as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in 1603.

• 国民的基盤に立った大学改革を唱えて東京工業大学教授を辞職し、朝日新聞論説委員になった。
• He resigned from his post, a professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, advocating the need for university reform based on people and became an editorial writer for Asahi Shimbun Company.

• そのことにより治安維持担当者としての武力を維持する経済的基盤を与えられていたのである。
• Consequently they were given an economic base which allowed them to keep their military power strong enough to maintain the public order.

• でもファンネットワークなしには、ADVはそもそもまったく市場基盤を持てなかっただろう。
• Without the fan network, however, ADV would have had no market base whatsoever.

• 正方形の基盤、丸いアーチや尖塔、モザイクが多く使用されている大きくどっしりとした丸屋根
• massive domes with square bases and round arches and spires and much use of mosaics

• 小型の低出力の電動車両で、回避するための他の多くのものがある特別な基盤の上で駆動される
• a small low-powered electrically powered vehicle driven on a special platform where there are many others to be dodged

• また、この統治基盤が有ったからこそ、明治新政府へ移行が速やかに進められたとも言われる。
• Furthermore, it is also said that, just because this control base existed, the transition to the new Meiji government could be made swiftly.

• 平氏政権が成立し、平氏は勢力基盤であった伊勢国の産出する銀などを輸出品に貿易を行った。
• With the establishment of Taira clan government, the Taira clan did trade with silver produced in Ise Province, which was the basis of the force of the clan, as an export item.

• 貞時の政策は幕府の基盤である御家人体制の崩壊を強制的に堰き止めようとするものであった。
• Sadatoki's policies aimed to forcibly stop the collapse of Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.

• 明治維新の後、新政府は旧来の地域区分を変更し、新たな中央集権国家の基盤作りに着手した。
• After the Meiji Restoration, the new government altered the old regional partition in order to undertake establishment of the foundation for a new centralized government.

• 酒造石高の実態を把握して課税を強化し、幕府の財政基盤を少しでも確かにすることであった。
• The purpose was to secure the financial basis for the bakufu to any extent at all by grasping the actual condition of sake brewing kokudaka and strengthening taxation.

• また休無遺産として500石が徳姫（西園寺家）に相続され、西園寺家の財政の基盤となった。
• Moreover, Kyumu's estate, which totaled to 500 Koku of crop yield, was inherited by Tokuhime (the Saionji family) and became the financial foundation of Saionji family.

• 義国は足利氏・新田氏の祖であり、以降、両氏は下野・上野にそれぞれ勢力基盤を築いている。
• Yoshikuni was the founder of the Ashikaga clan and the Nitta clan, and afterward both clans built the basis of power in Shimono and Ueno, respectively.

• 平清盛ら伊勢平氏の権力基盤の一部であった伊賀を抑える役割を期待されての人事と思われる。
• This assignment was probably made with the expectation that he would be able to control the Iga clan, which was an element of power basis of the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) including TAIRA no Kiyomori.

• 徳川家との縁組は家格を大いに引き上げ、明治維新に至るまで池田家が繁栄する基盤となった。
• The social standing of the Ikeda family was greatly raised by the marriage with the Tokugawa family, which remained the basis for the prosperity of the Ikeda family until the Meiji Restoration.

• 全般的にみて、合祀以前の崇敬基盤がその後も維持されたところでは復祀が行なわれ易かった。
• Generally, a shrine whose base of worship survived intact after the merger could be restored easily.

• しかし、またも菊池軍の前に筑前麻生山の戦いで大敗を喫し、直氏は筑前という基盤を失った。
• However, once again Naouji lost the battle, suffering a great defeat by the Kikuchi military forces during the battle of the Aso-san Mountain in Chikuzen; so, he also lost his base located within Chikuzen.

• このため、藩政においても財政基盤の脆弱さから人夫の徴発さえままならず、財政は苦しかった。
• Due to this spread of territory, the financial basis of its administration was fragile, it was hard to secure sufficient labor, and the domain was in financial difficulty.

• 現在、能楽協会に二十名あまりが登録し、東京都、名古屋市、金沢市などを基盤として活動する。
• At present, the Nohgaku Performers' Association has some 20 registered members who work mainly in Tokyo, Nagoya City, and Kanazawa City.

• これは、院政が摂関家を牽制するため、受領層を主な支持基盤としていたこととも無縁ではない。
• This is not completely unrelated as the cloistered government used the class of zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) as its main support base in order to supervise the sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).

• これが幕末の開国以後日本が急速に自主的な近代化を達成しえた基盤のひとつになったといえる。
• This became the basis of Japan's rapid and independent attainment of modernization after the Bakufu opened the country during the end of Edo period.

• その際、国内の武士身分の田堵負名のうち、同一の郡に基盤を持つ者同士が互いに競合しあった。
• In taking such measures, among the Tato fumyo with the samurai status in a province, those in the same gun (county) competed with each other.

• しかもこの場合、学説の論理的形式が依って立つ基盤は、その内容とはまるで異っているのです。
• and in the present case the logical form of the doctrine stands on a very different footing from its substance.

• 近藤芳美や宮柊二などは戦後歌壇の大きな存在となるとともに、現代短歌の基盤を作っていった。
• Poets such as Yoshimi KONDO and Shuji MIYA became significant figures among the postwar tanka circles, and created the basis for the modern tanka.

• そこで、なにかとうるさい南都を討つことによって畿内の基盤を固めよう、ということになった。
• Therefore, the Taira clan decided to strengthen the foundation in the Kinai region by beating the temple in Nanto (Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara).

• 道教の発生は、中国古来の巫術もしくは鬼道の教、不老長生を求める神仙思想を基盤としている。
• Dokyo was generated based on sharmanism or the philosophy of Kido (literally, ogre's path), and the Shinsen philosophy that seeks perennial youth and long life.

• しかも葛城氏は、大王家の支配から相対的に自立しうる私的な軍事的・経済的基盤を維持していた。
• The Katsuraki clan also had their own military and economic foundation that allowed them to be independent from the control of the Okimi (great king) family.

• また、財産基盤が貧弱であった堂上貴族は旧堂上華族保護資金令により、国庫からの援助を受けた。
• And some kazoku from Toshoke (high court nobles) having trouble with financial bases were given financial helps from the national treasury by the Decree for the Trust for Protecting the former Tosho kazoku.

• 空海が中国（唐時代）の長安に渡り、青龍寺 (西安市)で恵果から学んだ密教を基盤としている。
• It is based on Mikkyo, or esoteric Buddhism, which Kukai learned from Eka (Keika), at Shoryu-ji Temple (Qinglongsi Temple) in Choan, (Changan) (Xian City) during the Tang dynasty.

• ものづくり基盤技術に関する能力の適正な評価、職場環境の整備改善その他福祉の増進を図ること。
• Ensuring promotion of welfare such as appropriately evaluating abilities related to core manufacturing technology and maintaining and improving the working environment

• また並行して知行国制が成立すると、貴族の経済基盤は、荘園および知行国へとシフトしていった。
• In addition, as chigyo kokusei (the system in which Kizoku members or others were entitled to control a province through tax collection right and personnel appointment right) was also established, the economic base of Kizoku gradually shifted to shoen and chigyo-koku (provinces controlled by them).

• 父の為義と対立的な兄の義朝に対して「為義派」として関東に下り、新たな勢力基盤の形成を画る。
• He weighed in on the side of his father Tameyoshi's faction, and went down to Kanto against his elder brother Yoshitomo, and there he plotted to establish a base of the power.

• 政治改革のための財政的基盤となる地租改正も遅々として進まず、次第に大久保も焦り始めていた。
• The land-tax reform to provide the financial basis for the political reforms had made little progress; hence, Okubo gradually became anxious.

• 1812年（文化9年）篤胤37歳の年には、中庸の思想を基盤とした『霊能真柱』を書き上げる。
• In 1812, aged 37, Atsutane finished writing 'Tama no Mihashira' (The Concept of Afterlife) which was founded on Nakatsune's thought.

• この発想は明治維新の理論的基盤となり、近代初期においては大国主命を祀る出雲派を台頭させた。
• This idea served as a theoretical base for the Meiji Restoration, and caused Izumo-ha school, which enshrined Okuninushi no Kami, to emerge in early modern times.

• 上総国ばかりでなく常陸国や下総国にも勢力を拡大、坂東に武士団を形成し武家平氏の基盤を固めた。
• They expanded their power from Kazusa Province into Hitachi Province and Shimousa Province, forming armed groups in the Bando (old Kanto) region, which became the foundation of the Taira clan as samurai.

• だが、安徳天皇の即位によってその望みも断たれ、経済基盤である荘園の一部も没収されてしまった。
• But with the ascension of Emperor Antoku, his hopes had been dashed, and even worse, some of the shoen on which he relied as his financial foundation were confiscated by the government.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する総合的な施策を策定し、及びこれを実施する責務を有する。
• The State shall be responsible for formulating and implementing comprehensive measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology.

• また、神道は稲作信仰を基盤として持ち（田の神など）米はとても価値の高い食糧と考えられてきた。
• Because the Shinto religion was founded on beliefs in the deities of rice cropping, such as Tanokami (a deity of rice fields and harvests), rice has been considered to be a most valuable food.

• この法律は、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構（以下「機構」という。）の成立の時から施行する。
• This Act shall come into effect as from the time of establishment of the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation (hereinafter referred to as the 'Organization').

• そしてこの基盤は幾世代にもわたって伝えられてきた無数の共通の性質から構成されているのである。
• This substratum consists of the innumerable common characteristics handed down from generation to generation, which constitute the genius of a race.

• そして自分の軍隊と同盟者を手に入れると、こうした基盤の上に大建造物を築くことができたのです。
• and as he had his own soldiers and allies, on such foundations he was able to build any edifice:

• イーター機構により徴収される内部税は給与、諸手当及び、基盤整備のための予算勘定に用いられる。
• With respect to the internal tax funds collected by the ITER Organization, they shall be used for the budgetary accounts for salaries, related benefits and infrastructure.

• この時政の時代に北条氏は鎌倉幕府における基盤を築き上げ、次代に飛躍する基礎を固めたのである。
• During the days of Tokimasa, the HOJO clan established a firm foundation in the Kamakura bakufu toward the achievement of greater power in future generations.

• 氏姓制度の基盤は、血縁集団としての同族にあったが、それが国家の政治制度として編成し直された。
• The basis of the system of clans and hereditary titles was an extended family as a kin group, but it was reorganized as a political system of the state.

• だが、明治政府の基盤が固まっていなかったことによって、太政官札ともども偽札が各地で作られた。
• But, counterfeit bills of Minbusho-satsu and Dajokan-satsu were forged in various places because the foundation of the Meiji government was not strengthened enough.

• このため、主要な経済基盤のあった因幡国の知行分に直接下向、子の量光と共に所領の経営を行った。
• Suketsuna went down to his chigyo in Inaba Province where his main financial base was located and managed his shoryo (territory) with his son Kazumitsu.

• アジアを中心とする経営基盤を持ち、環境試験機の国内シェアは約60%という高水準の占有率を誇る。
• With management centered mainly in Asia, it holds a domestic share as high as approximately 60% in the field of environmental testing equipment.

• 多田を基盤とする系統で名前が残っているのは、鹿ケ谷の陰謀を密告したとされる多田行綱(源行綱)。
• One member of the Settsu-Genji lineage, in their ancestral seat of Tada, gained particular notoriety: Yukitsuna TADA (MINAMOTO no Yukitsuna), who betrayed the Shishigatani conspiracy.

• しかしこの時期の武士はまた、自らも田堵負名として軍人としての経済基盤を保証される存在であった。
• However, samurai in this period were also tato or fumyo who were guaranteed an economical base as a solder.

• 前号に掲げる規定以外の規定　独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構（以下「機構」という。）の成立の時
• Provisions other than the provisions listed in the preceding item:　The time of establishment of the Organization for Small & Medium Sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN (hereinafter referred to as 'SMRJ').

• こうした企業は、急速な技術コストの低下と同じく、ファン基盤にも依存していたのだ、ということだ。
• companies were equally dependent on the fan base as they were on the rapidly declining price of technology.

• モスクワ大公国の皇子で、タタール人への勝利がロシア統一の基盤を築いた（1440年−1505年）
• grand duke of Muscovy whose victories against the Tartars laid the basis for Russian unity (1440-1505)

• 陸奥国奥六郡（岩手県内陸部）を基盤とし、父・頼時、兄・貞任とともに源頼義と戦う（前九年の役）。
• Based on Okuroku-gun County, Mutsu Province (Inland area of Iwate Prefecture), he fought together with his father Yoritoki and his elder brother Sadato against MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi (Zen kunen no eki).

• また、近代都市はその成長過程で工業を富の基盤とし、労働者を引き寄せて人口集中を実現する例が多い。
• In addition, there are many cases where a modern city uses industry as a base of wealth in the course of its growth, attracting workers and thereby gaining in its concentration of population.

• 尚政は家臣団の編成や城下町の開発、洪水対策に備えての木津川工事などに尽力し、藩政の基盤を固めた。
• Naomasa strengthened the foundations of the domain's administration by improving the organization of its vassalage, developing the castle town, and carrying out protection work of the Kizu-gawa River for flood prevention.

• 家臣団が分裂したり内乱が勃発する大名も出るなど、かえって豊臣政権の基盤を危うくする結果となった。
• For certain daimyo, vassals were disunited, or internal insurrection occurred resulting in weakening the foundation of the Toyotomi government.

• その年貢収入は幕府の財政基盤となり、大坂、長崎など重要な都市や佐渡金山などの鉱山も天領とされた。
• The land tax income became the financial basis for the shogunate, and tenryo also included major cities such as Osaka and Nagasaki, and mines such as the Sado Gold Mine.

• また平和が長く続いたことで国内が一体化すると共に産業や金融も発達し、これも近代化の基盤となった。
• Moreover, the unification within the country realized by long-lasting peace, as well as the development of industry and finance, was also a basis of its modernization.

• 靖国神社は御霊信仰を基盤とし、初めは主に鎮魂を目的としたが、やがて慰霊、さらに顕彰へと展開した。
• Yasukuni-jinja Shrine was founded based on Goryo-shinko (a folk religious belief in avenging spirits) and was at first mainly intended for the repose of souls, but later evolved into a memorial and place to honor the dead.

• また、移民としても進出し、東南アジアではアユタヤ日本人町のように一定の基盤を持つ社会を構成した。
• They also immigrated away from Japan, building societies with a standardized basis, such as Ayutaya Japanese town in Southeast Asia.

• 前記半導体基盤に紫外線を約３０～９０秒間照射する前記半導体基盤に紫外線を約３０～９０秒間照射する
• The process of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate is radiated with UV radiation for about 30 to 90 seconds.

• 石山本願寺を本拠地として、証如は諸大名や幕府、朝廷との緊密化を図り、本願寺の勢力基盤を安定させた。
• Shonto promoted closer ties with feudal lords, the shogunate, and the imperial court so as to stabilize the power base of the Hongan-ji Temple.

• 八条院領はのちに順徳天皇・後高倉院・邦子内親王の手を経て、やがて大覚寺統の重要な経済基盤となった。
• The Hachijoin manor was passed to Emperor Juntoku, Gotakakurain, Imperial Princess Hoshi, soon it became an important financial base for the Daikakuji Imperial line.

• 源頼政は源頼光の系譜に連なる摂津源氏で、畿内近国に基盤を持つ京武士として大内守護に任じられていた。
• MINAMOTO no Yorimasa was a member of the Settsu Genji (a branch of the Minamoto clan) and traced his lineage back to MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu; as a warrior aristocrat stationed in the capital, whose power base was the ring of provinces surrounding the Kinai (the capital area), he was appointed the Protector of the Interior.

• 4月1日、信長は義昭に対する一連の報復のため、義昭の勢力基盤である上京と下京への焼き討ちを命じた。
• On May 12th (April 1st in old lunar calendar), Nobunaga ordered his men to set fire to Kamigyo and Shimogyo, the base of Yoshiaki's power, in order to punish him.

• これによって家元を権威付け、分派独立を防ぐと同時に組織の経済的基盤を確立することができたといえる。
• It should be said that this system serves various purposes whereby to give authority to the iemoto, to keep disciples from breaking away from the iemoto to create their own schools as well as to establish the financial base of the organization.

• 我々の意識的行動ですら、主に遺伝的影響でもたらされる無意識的な基盤からもたらされるものなのである。
• Our conscious acts are the outcome of an unconscious substratum created in the mind in the main by hereditary influences.

• 頼朝は支持基盤である有力御家人を繋ぎ止めるため、義経に与えた所領を没収して御家人たちに分け与えた。
• Yoritomo granted the territories confiscated from Yoshitsune to his potential lower-ranking vassals (gokenin), in order to keep them, because they were the support base of his administration.

• 現地の住民との大小の衝突、時には反乱を起こされながらも、着実に支配を固め、社会基盤を築いていった。
• Japan built the bases of a society, steadily cementing its grip while dealing with various levels of conflicts with local residents or sometimes being rebelled against.

• 北宋に入ると、人々の生活必需品となった茶が専売品として追加されて塩と並ぶ重要な財政の基盤となった。
• In the Northern Song Dynasty, tea, now a daily necessity, was added to the list of monopoly goods, and it became as important as salt for the income.

• 日立製作所創立の基盤となった久原鉱業所（日立銅山）や久原財閥の総帥として「鉱山王」の異名を取った。
• He was also called 'Kozan ou' (king of mining industry) for bening a president of Kuhara Kogyosho (Hitachi copper mine), which later became Hitachi, Ltd. and Kuhara Zaibatsu.

• 大都市近郊の準大手私鉄は、沿線開発や駅周辺の商業施設の運営に関わり、経営基盤は比較的安定している。
• Small-and-medium-sized railways in suburbs of the metropolitan areas play a role in the development of areas along the railway and the operation of commercial facilities around the station, thereby ensuring relatively-stable management bases.

• 水害により生活基盤が損なわれたため、住人の一部は再建を断念して北海道に入植した（のちの新十津川町）。
• Some residents gave up restoring the village because of the financial troubles from the flood, and moved to Hokkaido (the settlement became 'Shin-totsukawa-cho').

• 不安定な基盤にのっていた王統が確立したのが継体の子である欽明天皇の頃（6世紀中期）だと言われている。
• It is said that around the period of Emperor Kinmei (middle of the 6th century), the son of Emperor Ketai, the lineage of the Emperor, which had been unstable, was stabilized.

• また曼荼羅それ自体が、華厳経の教説『普賢菩薩の行の総体』を基盤としていることにも注意すべきであろう。
• It should be noted that Mandala, itself, is based on the Kegon-kyo doctrine, 'the integral of Fugen Bosatsu's trainings.'

• こうした富士山信仰の高まりを受け、江戸時代には富士山信仰を基盤とした神仏混交の新宗教が多数登場した。
• In response to the growing popularity of Mt. Fuji worship, various new religions mixing Shintoism and Buddhist based on the Mt. Fuji worship were born in the Edo period.

• （３）上記ＳｉＮｘ層を有する基盤をアンモニア（ＮＨ３）雰囲気下において急速加熱アニーリング処理する；
• (3) rapid thermal annealing the substrate with the SiNx layer in an ammonia (NH3) environment; and

• 結晶配向がその基質と同じであるような方法でもう1つの結晶基盤の鉱物の上で、鉱物の結晶層を栽培すること
• growing a crystal layer of one mineral on the crystal base of another mineral in such a manner that its crystalline orientation is the same as that of the substrate

• 摂関家や院政、河内源氏などに巧みに接近して、その勢力を拡大し、水走氏の勢力基盤を築くことに成功した。
• Suetada extended his influence by insinuating himself into powerful families such as Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), Insei (government by cloistered emperors) circles, and Kawachi-Genji clan, and succeeded in establishing the power base of the Mizuhai clan.

• これらの中には、明治時代中期以降に女性労働力に着目したマニュファクチュアの基盤を形成したものも多い。
• After the middle of Meiji period, many of these women's educational and vocational institutions formed the basis of manufacture, where female labor was recognized and utilized.

• 第三段階１６は、半導体基盤をＮＨ３気体雰囲気 に暴露しながら行う半導体基盤のアニーリング処理を含む。
• The third step 16 comprises annealing the semiconductor substrate while the substrate is exposed to a gaseous atmosphere of NH3.

• 第2次西園寺内閣は基盤とする与党立憲政友会が衆議院で絶対多数を占めたこともあり、行財政改革に着手した。
• The Second Saionji Cabinet began the administrative and financial reform because the ruling party (the Rikken Seiyu-kai Party) that formed the foundation of the cabinet won an absolute majority in the House of Representatives.

• 隣組は、日本の昭和期において戦時体制の銃後を守る、国民生活の基盤の1つとなった官主導の隣保組織である。
• Tonarigumi is a government-led system for maintaining neighborhood which was one of the bases of people's lives to support the fighting forces of the wartime regime during the Showa period.

• さらに、娘の苡子が堀河天皇に入内し鳥羽天皇の生母となったことによって、その権力基盤を盤石なものとした。
• Then, his daughter Ishi married to Emperor Horikawa and became Emperor Toba's mother, he therefore consolidated power.

• 平安京（京都）は、関東地方を基盤とする鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府の成立によって行政府としての機能を次第に失った。
• Heian-kyo (Kyoto) gradually lost its function as government administrator, by the formation of the Kamakura bakufu or Edo bakufu based in the Kanto Region.

• 農村村落の風景は変わらないものの、明治の45年間をかけて、徐々に町や都市の基盤が形づくられた時期である。
• Although the scenery in the countryside did not change, the foundation of towns and cities came to be formed gradually over 45 years during the Meiji period.

• こうした工業基盤の有無も、一地方に過ぎない鹿児島と中央政府の力関係を均衡させていた主要因のひとつだった。
• The presence of the industrial base was one of the main reasons that Kagoshima, a mere region, was comparable with the central government in power.

• 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
• As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.

• そうなると、在庁官人という地位も存立基盤を失うこととなり、在庁官人は国人と呼ばれる階層へ移行していった。
• Thus, zaichokanjin lost their status and raison d'etre and were transferred to a class called 'kokujin' (the bushi class originally from the jito class).

• 頼綱方の追撃は安達氏の基盤であった上野・武蔵の他、騒動は全国に波及して泰盛派の御家人の多くが殺害された。
• Yoritsuna further attacked the provinces of Kozuke and Musashi where the Adachi clan was based and beyond, affecting the entire country where many retainers who took sides with Yasumori's faction were murdered.

• 初代徳川家康から3代将軍徳川家光までの治世は武断政治とも言われ、徳川幕府の基盤を固める為の時期であった。
• The form of the government of the first shogun Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to that of the third Iemitsu TOKUGAWA is called budan seiji (administration by military command), and it was a time to establish the basis for the Tokugawa shogunate,

• しかしながら、詮房・白石の政治は、その政治的権威が将軍家宣にのみ依拠するという不安定な基盤に拠っていた。
• However, Akifusa and Hakuseki's government, whose political authority depended entirely on Shogun Ienobu, was fundamentally unstable.

• この神社は特定の条件にあう死者を神社にあわせて祀るという招魂社の一種で、靖国神社と同様の信仰基盤をもつ。
• The shrine is a type of Shokon-sha Shrine that is sacred to the deceased who meet a certain condition, and has the same base of belief as the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine.

• しかし、都市部から離れた地域（農村部）では依然として、農業を基盤とした伝統的な行事や生活習慣が続いていた。
• However, traditional events and lifestyles based on agriculture still continued in areas (rural areas) far from urban areas.

• このような技術的な基盤のもとに、平城京の政権は、山城国（山代国）に紙戸（官に委託された紙漉き場）を置いた。
• Based on such technical background, the government of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) placed kamiko (the paper making mill entrusted by the government) in Yamashiro Province.

• わたしは、自分自身の見解を改革し、それを完全に独自の基盤の上に築くという以上のことを企んだことはないのだ。
• I have never contemplated anything higher than the reformation of my own opinions, and basing them on a foundation wholly my own.

• 儒家的隠逸とは儒教的な倫理を基盤とし、隠逸そのものは目的を達成するための手段としているところに特徴がある。
• The recluse of Confucianists are characterized by being based on the ethic of Confucianism and using recluses as means to realize their goals.

• 基盤技術研究円滑化法（昭和六十年法律第六十五号。以下「基盤法」という。）第十一条に規定する業務を行うこと。
• Performing the functions prescribed in Article 11 of the Act on Facilitating Research and Development in Basic Technology (Act No. 65 of 1985; hereinafter referred to as the 'Basic Technology Act');

• 第四段階１８は、半導体基盤をＮ２Ｏ気体雰囲気に暴露しながら行う半導体基盤の更なるアニーリン グ処理を含む。
• The fourth step 18 comprises further annealing the semiconductor substrate while the substrate is exposed to a gaseous atmosphere of N2O.

• この政変で政元は幕政を掌握し、奉公衆などの軍事的基盤が崩壊した将軍権力は、幕府公権の二分化により弱体化した。
• Due to this incident, Masamoto took over shogunal administration, and the authority of the shogun whose military foundations, such as shogunal guards, had broken down, became weaker because of the bakufu's governmental authority being divided into two.

• 泰盛は、時宗の理解も得て、幕府の経済基盤の充実を図るとともに、御家人の地位を保証する政策を実現しようとした。
• With the understanding of Tokimune, Yasumori attempted to implement a policy to guarantee the status of gokenin, as well as enrich the economical base of the bakufu.

• 以降、御恩と奉公の関係性は、鎌倉幕府の成立基盤として機能し続け、その後の室町幕府や江戸幕府にも引き継がれた。
• After that, the relationships of 'goon and hoko' continued functioning as a base for establishing the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were inherited by the later Muromachi bakufu and Edo bakufu as well.

• 高度成長期以降、日本の社会が工業化するにつれ、農業や漁業を基盤とする地域は、過疎化などに苦しむようになった。
• As Japanese society became industrialized after a period of high economic growth, regional areas dependent on agriculture and fishing faced decline.

• だが、その体制は早い時期に崩壊し、貴族たちは官司をも巻き込んで彼らによる独自の生活基盤形成を図ることになる。
• The stipend system according to the ritsuryo law, however, collapsed at an early stage, and the nobles attempted to develop their own infrastructures, involving 'guji' (chief priests of shinto shrines).

• 前記半導体基盤に、Ｏ２及びＮ２気体雰囲気下に約３０～９０秒間照射することを特徴とする請求項１１に記載の方法。
• The process of claim 11 , wherein the semiconductor substrate is radiated in the gaseous atmosphere of O2 and N2 for about 30 to 90 seconds.

• また、正室には奥州藤原氏の藤原清衡の女を娶るなど、隣国の有力者との婚姻も結びその勢力基盤の確立に努めている。
• Masayoshi tried to establish the foundation of his power by making relationships with influential people in the neighboring province through marriages, for example, a marriage to a daughter of FUJIWARA no Kiyohira of Oshu Fujiwara clan as his lawful wife.

• 一方、行政区画の統廃合や状況の変化で崇敬基盤となった共同体が消滅や変化をした場合は復祀されない傾向にあった。
• On the other hand, a shrine tended not to be restored if its base of worship was a community that disappeared or changed due to reorganization of administrative districts or change of situation.

• その上に甥の土御門上皇の流刑、更にはその妃である義妹・通子の病死など、定通はその政治的基盤を失ってしまった。
• On top of this, his nephew, the Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado was exiled and the empress, his sister-in-law, Tsushi, died of disease, leaving him without his political base.

• そうした軍隊に基礎を置く国を保持しているなら、確固とした基盤の上にも安全な基盤の上にも立つことはできません。
• and if one holds his state based on these arms, he will stand neither firm nor safe;

• 後者としては、文徳天皇に娘を嫁がせ、その結果清和天皇が誕生し、天皇の外祖父として確固たる政治基盤を築いている。
• As an example of the second method, he married his daughter to Emperor Montoku, and as a result Emperor Seiwa was born, and he built a solid political foundation as the emperor's maternal grandfather.

• さて、白河院政の後期以降、院への荘園寄進が非常に集中するようになり、天皇家は莫大な経済基盤を得ることとなった。
• After the late era of Retired Emperor Shirakawa's government, there were many donations of private estates (owned by a noble, a temple or a shrine) to the retired Emperor's Palace, it caused the Imperial Palace to have an enormous financial base.

• 西南戦争後の軍の近代化路線では、徴兵を基盤とした常備軍を置き、装備統帥の近代化を追求する路線に変更はなかった。
• Therefore, in the policies of modernizing forces after the Seinan War, the government army kept its policies of deploying regular troops based on conscription, and of modernizing equipment and the supreme command.

• 政府は、毎年、国会に、政府がものづくり基盤技術の振興に関して講じた施策に関する報告書を提出しなければならない。
• The government shall submit to the Diet a written report on the measures it has taken with regard to the promotion of core manufacturing technology, every year.

• 著作権法がファンたちにもたらした障壁を考えれば、産業基盤がこれほど急速に成長したというのは驚異的なことである。
• Considering the barrier that copyright law presented to fans, however, it is remarkable that the industrial base grew as rapidly as it did.

• ゲート酸化膜層は通常、本質的に純粋 な酸素雰囲気下においてシリコン半導体基盤を熱酸化することにより形成される。
• A gate oxide layer is typically formed by thermal oxidation of a silicon semiconductor substrate in a substantially pure oxygen atmosphere.

• 皇室の藩屏として期待された華族であったが、奈良華族や中下級公家などの経済基盤が貧弱であった華族は生活に困窮した。
• Although kazoku had been expected to keep being the loyal hedge guarding the Imperial family, in fact, Nara kazoku and those originated in kuge of the middle grade or the lower grade suffered poverty since their original financial bases were very poor.

• 本来弾圧されるだろうはずだが、その経済力を基盤に寺子屋などを支援していたため周囲下級層から多くの信頼を勝ち得た。
• Normally, he was supposed to be oppressed, but he earned the trust of many surroundings of low grade because he supported Terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period) based on his economic resources.

• しかし、守護領国制の展開と政治・財政基盤の京都及びその周辺への依存が高まるにつれて徳政令などの経済法が増加する。
• However, economic statutes, such as Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts), increased as deployment of Shugo-ryogoku system (the system whereby a Shugo dominates a manor), and as politics and corporate finances depended more on Kyoto and vicinity.

• 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
• During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.

• 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
• Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.

• 前記半導体基盤を、Ｎ２Ｏ気体雰囲気に暴露しながらアニールすることを更に含むことを特徴とする請求項８に記載の方法。
• The process of claim 8, further comprising annealing the semiconductor substrate while the substrate is exposed to a gaseous atmosphere of N2O.

• 前記半導体基盤を、ＮＨ３気体雰囲気に暴露しながらアニールすることを更に含むことを特徴とする請求項８に記載の方法。
• The process of claim 8, further comprising annealing the semiconductor substrate while the substrate is exposed to a gaseous atmosphere of NH3.

• 特に戦中にあっては皇国史観や国体論と結び付けられて、政府公認のイデオロギーを支える基盤のひとつとして用いられた。
• Especially during the war period, it was related to Kokoku Shikan (Emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) and national policy theory, to be used as one of foundation to support government authorized idea.

• 日本では、第二次世界大戦以降、公地公民制について、古代律令制の基盤を形成した最重要の制度であると理解されてきた。
• AfterWorld War II, Kochi Komin sei was appreciated as the most important system that had constituted the basis of the ancient Ritsuryo system in Japan.

• 近世に大きく発展した儒家神道はしだいに大衆に支持基盤を得て尊王攘夷思想を広め、討幕の国民的原理ともなっていった。
• After Juka Shinto (teachings on Shinto as expounded by Japanese Confucianists) made significant progress in the medieval period, it gradually gained support bases among the public and made the antiforeign imperialism widely known, which became a foundation or principle for the nation to attack the shogunate.

• 事態打開のため、各地に摂関家領荘園を形成して経済基盤の建て直しを図るが、法皇の警戒を招き荘園の拡大は抑制される。
• To resolve the situation, the family of Regents formed ryo-shoen (private estates) in various regions and planned to restructure the basis of the economy, but this drew the attention of the Cloistered Emperor, who curtailed expansion of the estates.

• また板垣そして中江も、思想的にはその基礎を王政復古に求めるものであり、天賦人権論も天皇制を基盤としたものだった。
• In that situation, Itagaki, as well as Nakae, based their philosophy on the Restoration of Imperial Rule, and the theory of natural human rights advocated by them were actually based on the Emperor system.

• 附則第二十二条の規定による改正前の基盤法（以下「旧基盤法」という。）第十三条第一項に規定する基盤技術研究促進勘定
• The account for the promotion of basic technology research prescribed in Article 13, paragraph (1) of the Basic Technology Act prior to its revision under Article 22 of the Supplementary Provisions (hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Basic Technology Act'); and

• 父の所領の大部分は、美福門院と八条院に譲られたため、後白河は藤原頼長から没収した所領を後院領にして経済基盤とした。
• Most of the Emperor's father's private land was given to Bifukumon in and Hachijoin, while Emperor Goshirakawa took the estate of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga to make it an estate for the retired emperor and to establish an economic base for himself.

• 東四国（阿波国・讃岐国）は近畿に近いだけでなく、細川氏の勢力基盤でもあったから、近畿の政争にしばしば巻き込まれた。
• Eastern Shikoku (the Awa Province and Sanuki Province) was not only close to Kinki, but the bases for power of the Hosokawa clan, it was involved in the political struggle in Kinki.

• 上記方法は、シリコン半導体基盤上に化学気相成長（ＣＶＤ）法により酸窒化膜を形成するために使用すると特に有利である。
• The processes have particular advantage when used for forming oxynitride films on silicon semiconductor substrates with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques.

• 孝徳天皇4年、石川麻呂は冤罪で自殺に追い込まれているが、これも大化の政権の政権基盤が脆弱だった可能性を示している。
• In 648, Ishikawamaro was driven to suicide because of a false charge, this also indicating a possibility that the political footing of the Taika regime was weak.

• また江戸時代から素謡教授として強固な基盤を持っていた伊予松山藩出身の知識人たち（池内信嘉・高浜虚子）の後援があった。
• Also the school had support from an intellectuals from the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain (such as Nobuyoshi IKENOUCHI and Kyoshi TAKAHAMA), who had strong foundation as Su-utai (Noh lyrics without music) instructor since the Edo period.

• しかし、関東武士層を権力基盤とする頼朝は、軍事貴族としての地位を否定し、鎌倉殿という新たな武家棟梁の地位を確立した。
• Yoritomo, who was basing his power in the samurai class in Kanto, rejected the military aristocrat position and established a new samurai leader position as Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura).

• 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
• Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.

• 新興のものでも昔からのものでも、あるいは混合のものでも、あらゆる国家の主要な基盤となるのは、良い法律と良い軍隊です。
• The chief foundations of all states, new as well as old or composite, are good laws and good arms;

• だがはっきりしているのは、1993年にはファン基盤のおかげで参入を正当化できるくらいの収益を見込めた、ということだ。
• It is clear, however, that they saw enough profit in the field to justify entering in 1993, thanks in part to the fan base.

• 重源は、道を切開き川に堰を設けるなど社会基盤を整備しつつ、轆轤や筏の工夫で伐採し運び出した（『東大寺造立供養記』）。
• Chogen transported cut-down trees by utilizing pulleys and rafts while creating civil infrastructures by clearing paths and installing weirs ('Todai-ji zoryu kuyoki' [Records of the Service to Celebrate the Construction of Todai-ji Temple]).

• だが、以上3つの総計が約80万石と大藩1つ分の禄高に相当し、財政基盤の弱い明治政府にとっては大きな財政負担となった。
• However, total of above three rewards added up to 800,000 koku (144312.00 cubic meters), which was equal to total rokudaka (stipend) of taihan (large scale domain), and it became huge financial burden to Meiji government, which had a weak financial basis.

• 狩野派隆盛の基盤を築いた、2代目・狩野元信（1476 - 1559）は正信の嫡男で、文明8年（1476年）に生まれた。
• The second generation, Motonobu KANO (1476 - 1559), who built the basis of prosperity of the Kanoha group, was the heir of Masanobu.

• 第三段階２６は、急速加熱処理（ＲＴＰ）により、不活性雰囲気（例えばＮ２ ガス）下で半導体基盤をアニールすることを含む。
• The third step 26 comprises annealing the semiconductor substrate using rapid thermal processing (RTP) in an inert ambient, e.g., N2 gas.

• 揺るぎないUNIX基盤をもとに構築され、すべての新しいMacに搭載された様々なテクノロジーを最大限に活用するOS X。
• Built on a rock-solid UNIX foundation, OS X is engineered to take full advantage of the technologies in every new Mac.

• それが、王朝国家体制のもと、次第に密教僧や歌学者、各神社の神人に移り、仏教思想を基盤とした神話の再解釈が行われ出した。
• Under the system of the dynasty state, however, the interpreters of Nihonshoki gradually shifted to Esoteric Buddhist monks, pundits of waka poem studies, and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of each shrine, and initiatives to reinterpret mythologies based on Buddhist philosophy started.

• 則宗は勢力基盤である播磨周囲の伯耆国・因幡国などの西軍山名氏の領国で、さらには洛中で赤松軍を率いる主将として活躍した。
• Norimune took an active role as the captain who led the Akamatsu squad in the territory of the Yamana clan of the Western squad such as in Hoki province and Inaba no kuni in the vicinity of Harima province and, moreover, in Rakuchu (inside the capital).

• まず第1点は、高徳が、備前国邑久郡に基盤を置く土豪の三宅一族を統率する和田範長の子（実子または養子）であることである。
• Firstly, Takanori was a (biological or adopted) son of Norinaga WADA, the leader of the local ruling Miyake family who was based in Oku County, Bizen Province.

• これは、自ら結成した新党を政権基盤とする政権を樹立し、政友会への依存からの脱却と山縣からの自立を企図するものであった。
• Katsura contemplated establishing his new administration based on the party of his own, and thereby freeing himself from the dependence on the Seiyukai and on Yamagata.

• 亀山も対抗措置としてやはり200ヶ所にのぼる大荘園群八条院領をのちに手に入れ、こちらは大覚寺統の主要な財政基盤となった。
• Kameyama also inherited the large Hachijoin private estate group consisting of over 200 estates and this became the main financial foundation for the Daikakuji line.

• 現在では公共の社会基盤を受益する共同の人々または公共事業により建設（建築と土木を併せ建設という）および修繕、維持する事。
• Today, fushin refers to the construction (建設) (including building and engineering), repair, and maintenance of public infrastructure with the assistance of community residents who will benefit from it and other public works projects.

• 江戸時代においては、天皇は政治的実権を取得することなく、実際の石高は1万石（のち3万石）程度の経済基盤しか持たなかった。
• In the Edo period, the Emperor did not hold actual political power, and had an economical base of only 10,000 koku (unit for measuring land in Japan) (later 30,000 koku) of territory.

• 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
• As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.

• 申請人が外国の文化に基盤を有する思考又は感受性を必要とする業務に従事しようとする場合は、次のいずれにも該当していること。
• In cases where the applicant intends to engage in duties that require ways of thinking or sensibilities that have their foundations in a foreign culture, he/she must fulfill all of the following requirements.

• そしてかれは、共同開発者の基盤をうまく育てて、インターネットでうまく共同作業をする点で、ほかのだれよりも上をいっていた。
• Because he cultivated his base of co-developers and leveraged the Internet for collaboration harder than anyone else,

• また、守護大名は、荘園内のさまざまな権利に基礎をおいており、荘園体制がくずれることは自らの経済基盤を失うことでもあった。
• Since the shugo daimyo position was founded on various rights in manors, collapse of the manor system meant the loss of their economic base.

• しかし、頭脳や筋肉の生産的な使用における競争の成長にとってさえ、小さく、粗野で、平和な未開人の集団は肥沃な基盤ではない。
• But even for a growth of emulation in the productive use of brain and muscle, the small, rude, peaceable group of savages is not fertile ground.

• このＳｉＮｘ層を有する基盤をＮＨ３雰囲気の存在下においてアニールした後、更にＮ２Ｏ雰囲気の存在下においてアニールす る。
• The substrate with SiNx layer is annealed in the presence of a NH3 atmosphere and then further annealed in the presence of a N2O atmosphere.

• 京福の事業はいずれも小規模でスケールメリットを享受できないことから収益性が低く、歴史的に経営基盤が脆弱になりがちである。
• The Keifuku Electric Railroad Co., Ltd., operates small businesses, all of which are less profitable because they can't take advantage of scale; therefore, its operating foundations have historically been fragile.

• 明治に入って廃仏毀釈の嵐の中で寺領を没収され、経営基盤を奪われた当寺は廃寺となって僧侶は還俗し、石上神宮の神官となった。
• In the turmoil of the anti-Buddhist movement, the temple became extinct because they lost their territories and their fiscal foundation, and priests of this temple had to return to secular life or become Shinto priests of Isonokami-jingu Shrine.

• 応保2年（1162年）には叔父の経宗を召還する一方、自らを呪詛した時忠・源資賢を配流するなど着々と政治基盤を固めていった。
• In 1162 the Emperor recalled his uncle, Tsunemune, while on the other hand Tokitada and MINAMOTO no Sukekata who had made a curse toward the Emperor, were sentenced to deportation in order to gradually establish the basis of his government.

• 機械的な複製の時代が宗教的な基盤からアートを離したとき、うわべだけであったアートの自立性をも永遠に引き離してしまったのだ。
• When the age of mechanical reproduction separated art from its basis in cult, the semblance of its autonomy disappeared forever.

• ほとんどの場合、彼らの記録を更新するという不安は出来高払い制度の基盤となることを恐れ、できるだけ怠けようとするのである。」
• In most cases their fear of making a record which will be used as a basis for piece work will cause them to soldier as much as they dare.'

• ですから、公のとったすべての道程を考察するなら、その将来の権力のための確固たる基盤を築くものであったことがわかるでしょう。
• If, therefore, all the steps taken by the duke be considered, it will be seen that he laid solid foundations for his future power,

• たとえば、それを強化して、耐候性の外部の基盤を提供するために建物のとめ金具と根太に適用される板の層から成っている保護カバー
• protective covering consisting, for example, of a layer of boards applied to the studs and joists of a building to strengthen it and serve as a foundation for a weatherproof exterior

• 放生津周辺に集中していた幕府直臣団料所・石清水八幡宮料所などの独自の経済基盤が、義材の京都復帰運動を支えたとみられている。
• The campaign for Yoshiki's return to Kyoto is considered to have been supported by their own economic base, including bakufu jikishin-dan ryosho (territory under the direct control of bakufu's direct retainers) and Iwashimizu Hachimangu ryosho (territory under the direct control of Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine) which were concentrated near Hojozu.

• 都が平安京に遷都されると、元々この地を基盤としていた秦氏が政治的な力を持ち、それにより稲荷神が広く信仰されるようになった。
• When the capital was transferred to Kyoto, the Hata clan who had ruled the region gained political power, causing worship for the god Inari to prevail.

• 真新しい港湾都市には生活基盤の弱い住民が多数おり騒動が激化、神戸の飛躍と共に成長した鈴木商店が焼き打ちに遭う事件も起きた。
• Suzuki Shoten, which had developed with the city over time, was burnt down since violence increased in the harbor city where many residents had weak financial stability,

• なぜなら、前に述べたように、最初は基盤を築いていなかった者も、大きな才能があれば後から基盤を築くことができるでしょうから。
• Because, as is stated above, he who has not first laid his foundations may be able with great ability to lay them afterwards,

• そして、後白河院政は結果として武家政権の基盤を磐石な物にするとともに、朝廷の政権基盤を大幅に弱体化させてしまったのである。
• As a result of this, the cloistered government, ruled by Goshirakawa, created a base for the unshakable Samurai government, while it drastically weakened the political base of the Imperial Palace.

• 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
• The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.

• 福田豊彦によれば、後に鎌倉幕府の基盤となる「開発領主」は、「私営田経営（領主）」とは根本的に異なった所領経営の方法をとった。
• According to Toyohiko FUKUDA, the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' that later became the basis for the Kamakura bakufu differed in a fundamental management methods from 'shieiden management.'

• 伊勢外宮の神官である渡会（わたらい）氏は、神話・神事の整理や再編集により、『神道五部書』を作成、伊勢渡会神道の基盤を作った。
• The Watarai clan, who had served as priests of Gegu (the outer shrine of Ise jingo) organized and re-edited myths and the records of Shinto ceremonies in order to compile the Shinto Gobusho (five-volume apologia of Shinto); their work laid the foundation for Ise Watarai Shinto.

• 使用附属施設：生存圏研究所、化学研究所、エネルギー理工学研究所、防災研究所、生存基盤科学研究ユニット、次世代開拓研究ユニット
• Attached facilities using Uji Campus : Research Institute for Sustainable Humanoshere, Institute for Chemical Research, Institute of Advanced Energy, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Institute of Sustainability Science, and Pioneering Research Unit for Next Generation

• - 町の社会基盤の整備であるが、村普請と違う点は出資者が町人や大店であり、労役は専門職の者が行ったので普く請う形ではなかった。
• Machi fushin refers to the development of the public infrastructure of a town, though, unlike mura fushin, it was supported financially by chonin or odana and was carried out by a staff of specialists, and therefore was not widely (fu) asked (shin) for.

• 信州から関東にかけての官牧、御牧の管理者、京の貴族の荘園の荘官として下向した者達がそこを基盤に周辺の開発を行うケースもあった。
• The kanboku from the Shinshu to Kanto regions, managers of mimaki, and those that went to the country side as the shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor) of shoen of Kyoto aristocrats made it as their base and cultivated the surrounding area.

• この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
• A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.

• 政府は、ものづくり基盤技術基本計画を策定したときは、遅滞なく、これを国会に報告するとともに、その概要を公表しなければならない。
• The government shall, when it has formulated the basic plan on core manufacturing technology, report the Diet to that effect and publicize its outline without delay.

• 私たちはこれまで、君主が自分の基盤を固めることがいかに必要であり、そうしなければ必然的に破滅するのだということを見てきました。
• We have seen above how necessary it is for a prince to have his foundations well laid, otherwise it follows of necessity he will go to ruin.

• 政治権力も経済基盤も失った貴族階層は、消滅するには至らなかったものの、室町中期から戦国時代 (日本)にかけて特に困窮を極めた。
• Having lost the economic base as well as political power, persons in the Kizoku class suffered from dire poverty in the era from the middle of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan).

• 11世紀ごろまで、貴族の主たる経済基盤は、奈良時代と同様、国家から支給される位田・位封等であり、荘園からの収入は多くなかった。
• Until around the eleventh century, a major economical base of Kizoku was placed on the iden and/or ifu supplied by the state, as in the Nara period, and not much income was available from shoen.

• 国家神道の基盤ともなったが、神道事務局祭神論争（1880～1881年）での出雲派の敗退により表舞台からは消えて潜勢力となった。
• This later became the basis of State Shinto (Kokka Shinto); however, after the Izumo faction lost the so-called pantheon dispute (saijin ronso, 1880-1881) within the Shinto Jimukyoku (Bureau of Shinto Affairs), this theory fell from prominence and receded into the background, becoming a latent force.

• 大内政弘の後を継いだ大内義興は、少弐氏を一時滅亡に追いやるなど北九州・中国地方の覇権を確立し、その勢力基盤を確固たるものとした。
• Yoshioki OUCHI, who succeeded to Masahiro OUCHI, established a hegemony in northern Kyushu and Chugoku regions, as well as driving the Shoni clan to a temporary fall, and consolidated the base of his power.

• ところが、藤原氏が勧学院を創設したのを機に各氏が大学別曹を創設するようになると、次第に大学寮の存立基盤が揺らいでいくようになる。
• Triggered by the foundation of Kangaku-in (a boarding school) by the Fujiwara clan, many clans followed suit and founded Daigaku-besso (an academic facility for nobles, or boarding schools), and the basis of the existence of Daigaku-ryo was gradually beginning to be shaken.

• 元信は時の権力者であった足利将軍や細川家との結び付きを強め、多くの門弟を抱えて、画家集団としての狩野派の基盤を確かなものにした。
• Motonobu strengthened the ties with the Ashikaga Shogun and the Hosokawa clan as the powers-that-be, had numerous disciples and consolidated the basis of the Kanoha as a group of painters.

• 日本思想史の研究を基盤に構築された和辻の倫理学の体系は、西田幾多郎の西田哲学と並び、日本人による独自の哲学体系であると言われる。
• The theory of ethics established by Watsuji was based on the study of the history of Japanese thought, and is a body of philosophy unique to the Japanese, together with Kitaro NISHIDA's Nishida philosophy.

• 10世紀後半からはこの行事所が、独自の経済基盤として、召し物を諸国から徴収するようになり、朝廷諸行事執行の重要な柱となっている。
• From the middle tenth century, this Gyojisho, as an independent economic base, began to collect clothing from various districts and became an important pillar of executing imperial court affairs.

• 信西自身は、保元の乱で敗死した藤原頼長の所領を没収して後院領に組み込み、自らはその預所になるなど経済基盤の確保にも余念がなかった。
• Shinzei himself confiscated the lands owned by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who perished in the Hogen Rebellion, and nominally added these estates to the land already prescribed for the Emperor's use after he abdicated the throne, yet in reality devoted his undivided attention to making those lands into a buffer to guarantee his own financial footing.

• 礼銭が賄賂とみなして厳しく禁じられるのは統一的権力を打ちたて、強力な財政基盤と武士道の涵養に尽力した江戸幕府の成立以後の事になる。
• It was not until the establishment of the Edo bakufu, which formed a unified government and was engaged in creating a sound financial footing and the samurai code, that the reisen was considered to be a bribe and strictly prohibited.

• またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
• 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.

• 政府は、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策を実施するため必要な法制上、財政上又は金融上の措置その他の措置を講じなければならない。
• The government shall take any legislative, fiscal or financial measures or any other measures that are necessary to implement measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology.

• 1682年（天和 (日本)2年）、霊元天皇第1皇子済深親王が29世門跡に補され、寺領は1012石に加増し、経済的な基盤も確立した。
• In 1682 the Imperial Prince Saishin, the first prince of Emperor Reigen, was assigned to the twenty-ninth Monzeki and Jiryo was increased to 1,012 goku, which strengthened its economic foundation.

• 著作権の制限に真っ向から逆らって、地下のアニメ流通は1980年代から1990年代初期に花開き、生まれくる国内産業の基盤を構築した。
• Quite against the restrictions of copyright, underground anime distribution flourished throughout the 1980s and early 1990s to build a base for a nascent domestic industry.

• 最後に、基盤をＮ２Ｏ雰囲気下においてアニールした。Ｎ２Ｏガス流 を、温度８００℃、圧力４５０トル、流量８ｓｌｍで３０秒間導入した。
• Finally, the substrate was annealed in a N2O atmosphere; the N2O gas stream was introduced for 30 seconds at a temperature of 800°C and pressure of 450 Torr at a rate of 8 slm.

• これは韓国の新しい体制から人質外交をやめさせるだけではなく本当の意味での実りのある日本との外交関係の基盤作りが何よりも重要である。
• This would not only rid new ROK regime of liability of practicing hostage diplomacy but also more than anything else would lay foundation in Japan for really fruitful negotiations.

• 同年の平氏一門の知行国25か国、国守29か国にのぼり、伊勢平氏の勢力基盤の西国のみならず、東国にも平氏政権の勢力が及ぶこととなった。
• In the same year, the number of directly governed provinces reached 25 and the number of provinces with governors related to the Taira clan reached 29, which meant the east as well as the west, the power base of Ise Taira clan (Heishi), began to feel the control of the Taira clan administration.

• 発祥は異なるが、「マイクロクレジット」と呼ばれる開発途上国の個人に対する融資も、同様に共同体を基盤にしている点を指摘する論者も居る。
• Some advocates point out that financing in developing countries called 'Microcredit' is also based on a community, though the origin is different.

• つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
• In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.

• これによって伝統的な秩序を回復させて社会不安の沈静化に務めると共に、本所一円地住人の御家人化を進めて幕府の基盤の拡大と安定を図った。
• While seeking to quell social unrest by restoring traditional order, he attempted to expand and stabilize the bakufu's basis through the appointment of inhabitants within the territory of the Imperial Court as shogunal retainers.

• しかし、武士団や、それを基盤にした江戸時代の幕府や各藩の官僚機構は、あくまでも個別の家相互の主従関係のネットワークで構成されていた。
• However, bushidan (samurai group), and a bureaucratic organization based on it in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or each domain in the Edo period was only formed by a network of mutual relationship between lord and vassal in an individual clan.

• そのため、家継が幼少のまま病没し、譜代大名や大奥などの推挙で徳川吉宗が8代将軍に就任すると、両人は一切の政治的基盤を喪失し失脚した。
• Given this state of affairs, when Ietsugu died of illness while still a child and Yoshimune TOKUGAWA--upon the recommendation of the Fudai daimyo and the Shogun's group of consorts--was chosen to succeed him as the 8th Shogun, Akifusa and Hakuseki entirely lost their political base and were driven from power.

• 一方、霊元法皇は長年幕府と対立関係にあったが、政敵である近衛基熙の権力基盤である幕府との関係に楔を打ち込むためにこれに応じたのである。
• On the other hand the Cloistered Emperor Reigen was opposed to the bakufu for a long time, he also agreed to this plan to drive a wedge into the relationship between Motohiro KONOE and the bakufu, in which Konoe got the basis of his political power from.

• 通説では、中世の国家の性格として鎌倉幕府を中心とする在地領主層を基盤とする封建国家、すなわち鎌倉幕府を中心とした国家観が定着している。
• The prevailing theory is that the medieval Japan was a feudalistic nation based on manor lords centered around the Kamakura Bakufu, so the view that the state centered around the Kamakura Bakufu has become firmly established.

• また、分家の上野国高崎藩（群馬県高崎市）の家系の替紋は高崎扇と呼ばれ、この形を基盤に高崎市立の高崎経済大学の高崎経済大学学章ができた。
• The alternative crest of one of the branches, in the Takasaki domain, Kozuke Province (Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture), is called Takasaki-ogi crest, and the school crest of Takasaki Economics University, which is a public university run by Takasaki City, was created from this crest.

• この法律において「ものづくり労働者」とは、ものづくり事業者に雇用される労働者のうちものづくり基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者をいう。
• The term 'manufacturing worker' as used in this Act means a worker who is employed by a manufacturing business operator and who engages in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology.

• 天長8年（831年）に病を得た以降の空海は、文字通りみずからの命をかけて真言密教の基盤を磐石化するとともに、その存続のために尽力した。
• After he suffered form a disease in 831, Kukai made every effort, even risking his life, to make the foundation of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism solid enough and to enable the religion to exist forever.

• 本発明によれば、酸窒化膜層は、四段階ゲートスタック誘電体成長工程の第一段階として紫外線酸化を行うことにより、半導体基盤上に形成される。
• According to the invention, an oxynitride layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate using UV-oxidation as the first step in the 4-step gate stack dielectric growth process.

• その後、基盤をＮＨ３雰囲気下においてアニールした。 ＮＨ３ガス流を、温度９００℃、圧力４５０トル、流量５．５ｓｌｍで３０秒間導入した。
• The substrate was then annealed in an NH3 atmosphere, the NH3 gas stream introduced for 30 seconds at a temperature of 900°C and a pressure of 450 Torr at a rate of 5.5 slm.

• 第二次世界大戦後には日本経済の驚異的な躍進から再びその成功を支える社会的基盤に対する関心が高まって様々な日本人論が著されることになる。
• After the World War II, various books on Nihonjin-ron were written again by raising awareness about Japanese social infrastructure that supported marvelous progress in economy.

• 摂津国高槻藩では、財政基盤が脆弱で、国産品の専売制も困難であったため、借入、頼母子講、御用金といった起債の形で財政難の対策としていた。
• Since the financial foundations of Takatsuki Domain of Settsu Province were weak (they also had difficulties monopolizing local products), they floated loans by borrowing money and using Tanomoshi-ko (beneficial association) and goyokin (the money the shogunate temporarily charged farmers and merchants) to solve their financial difficulties.

• この質的な水準を維持する精神的な基盤として京都大学では「自由の学風」を謳っており、学問領域以外でも学生自治活動等が活発に行われている。
• This high quality is kept on the spiritual basis of 'academic freedom', the motto of Kyoto University, and this spirit can be seen in, besides the academic field, energetic activities, such as those of the student autonomy.

• 中世日本の公家社会における「家」においては経済的基盤である家領と並んで社会的基盤とも呼ぶべき家門が家の存立を支える重要な存在であった。
• In a 'family' in the court nobles' society of medieval Japan, the following two factors were important to support the existence of the family: its territory, which constituted the economic base; and the family, which could be called its social base.

• これらは細く長く明治以降もそのまま引き継がれ、けっして大規模ではないが確固としたシステムを基盤として今日の地方蔵にも残っているのである。
• This style has been handed down for a long period of time even after the Meiji period, although the business has not grown much, and still remains in local sake-factories, with the not-large-scaled but established system as its basis.

• そういう伝統等々といった基盤がなくては、どんな産業共同体も存在できず、各個人が仲間同士あるいは環境と取り結ぶ経済的関係もありえないのだ。
• without which there can be no industrial organization and no economic relation of individuals to one another or to their environment.

• 律儀に父の路線を守り、出来て間もない江戸幕府の基盤を強固にすることを期待されたのであり、結果として秀忠もそれによく応えたと言えるだろう。
• He was expected to solidify the foundations of the newly established Edo Bakufu strictly in line with his father's policy and it may be said that Hidetada consequently came up to the expectations well.

• この場合、宗円と宗綱は八田の政治基盤を背景に、真岡市の芳賀氏を傘下に加えながら鬼怒川沿いに宇都宮に入り、宇都宮氏の基盤を整えたとされる。
• It is said that Soen and Munetsuna went to Utsunomiya along the Kinugawa River and strengthened the base of the Utsunomiya clan while adding the Haga clan of Maoka City under their umbrella backed by the political base of Hatta.

• 八条院→昇子内親王→順徳天皇→守貞親王→邦子内親王→亀山天皇→後宇多天皇→憙子内親王→後醍醐天皇に伝わり大覚寺統の主要な経済基盤となった。
• The territory was passed on from Hachijoin, Imperial Princess Shoshi, Emperor Juntoku, Imperial Prince Morisada, Imperial Princess Kuniko, Emperor Kameyama, Emperor Gouda, Imperial Princess Kishi, to Emperor Godaigo; it had become a major economic resource for the Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage of Emperor Kameyama).

• 国は、中小事業者の経営基盤の強化を図るため、新たな設備の設置その他資本装備の高度化、生産管理の合理化等に関し必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the strengthening of the business foundation of small and medium sized business operators, the State shall take any necessary measures for upgrading of capital equipment, installation of new facilities, and the streamlining of production management.

• しかしそうしたところで、嘲笑しているのは単にたまたまの形式にすぎず、人間の本性にある宗教的感情の確固たる基盤には手を付けそこなっています。
• but in so doing you deride accidents of form merely, and fail to touch the immovable basis of the religious sentiment in the nature of man.

• 8. ベータテスタと共同開発者の基盤さえ十分大きければ、ほとんどすべての問題はすぐに見つけだされて、その直し方もだれかにはすぐわかるはず。
• 8. Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base, almost every problem will be characterized quickly and the fix obvious to someone.

• また、京都に基盤を置く室町幕府の開始とともに、公家政権の機能も幕府へと移っていく、足利義満執政期に公家政権は政権としての機能をほぼ失った。
• Furthermore, following the start of the Muromachi bakufu whose base was located in Kyoto, the functions of the Kuge government were transferred to the bakufu as well, and the Kuge government almost lost its function as a government in the era of the Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA administration.

• 実施例１において、湿式ＲＣＡ法及びＨＦ浸漬処理により半導体基盤表面をあらかじめ洗浄し、気体混合物を導 入してゲートスタック工程を開始した。
• In Example 1, after pre-cleaning the semiconductor substrate surface with a wet process of RCA and an HF dip treatment, a gaseous mixture was introduced to begin the gate stack processing.

• さらには佐渡金山など重要鉱山と貨幣を作る権利も独占して貨幣経済の根幹もおさえるなど、他の大名の追随を許さない圧倒的な権力基盤を持っていた。
• In addition, the bakufu had overwhelming power outclassing other daimyo, for example, by controlling the basis of monetary economy through the possession of important mines, such as the gold mine on Sado island, and through the monopoly of the minting right.

• 澄元の死で敵対者がいなくなった高国であるが、元々実力者である大内義興の力を背景にした政権であったことからその政権基盤は脆弱なものであった。
• Although Takakuni did not have an enemy due to the death of Sumimoto, because the government was originally backed up by the strong man Yoshioki OUCHI, the basis of the government was very weak.

• 地質は丹波帯と呼ばれる中・古生層に属する砂岩や泥岩（頁岩）の基盤岩に東西に延びるチャート (岩石)層を挟む、堆積岩で形成されたものである。
• The geographical feature is formed from sedimentary rock on the chert layer that extends in the east-west direction on the base rock of the sand stone and mudstone (shale) belonging to the Mesozoic/Paleozoic layer called the Tanba belt.

• 国土の大半が温暖湿潤な気候帯に属し、春夏秋冬がはっきりと推移するこの国においては、この気象条件から、稲作による定住生活が生活の基盤となった。
• In this country of which most belongs to a mild and humid climate zone, and where changes of the seasons are clear, a life by settlement based on rice cropping became a foundation of life due to these climate conditions.

• しかし、当時の人々の中には、中国から伝来した知識・文化が基盤となって、日本風に味付けしているのだ、という認識が存在していたと考えられている。
• However, it is believed that some people at that time recognized it was founded on Chinese knowledge and culture, which had been altered to make it more Japanese.

• 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
• They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.

• それは、地方の自由というしっかりした基盤に依拠していない国々では、政治的自由が極めて移ろいやすいものだということが、例証しているとおりです。
• as is exemplified by the too-often transitory nature of political freedom in countries where it does not rest upon a sufficient basis of local liberties.

• そうした状況のなかで、義家はその荘園の最上位の所有者層に割り込み、白河法皇や摂関家など、王家・上級貴族の経済基盤を脅かしたというものである。
• In the middle of such a situation, Yoshiie managed to squeeze himself into the highest rank of shoen's land owners and threatened the financial platform of royal families and high class aristocrats.

• これに対して、西洋の技術を受け入れるにはやはり西洋の考え方を基盤とする必要がある、という意味の洋魂洋才（ようこんようさい）という言葉もある。
• On the contrary, there is an expression, Yokon yosai, which means that Western thought should be adopted in order to adopt Western arts.

• 地域振興の中心は古くは寺社であり、その中心にある神社が興行や縁日や神事を行い、「寺社普請」だけでなく地域の社会基盤整備としての普請も担った。
• In ancient times most local development efforts were carried out by temples and shrines, and among such shrines, the focus was on entertainment, religious festivals, and Shinto rituals; their efforts were not limited only to building temples and shrines, but also extended to firming up societal infrastructure as well.

• こうして朝業は塩谷郡における宇都宮氏族の防衛基盤を構築する傍ら、建仁3年（1203年）に第3代将軍となった源実朝に仕えて歌詠みの相手となる。
• Thus, at the same time that Tomonari constructed Utsunomiya clan's defense base in Shionoya-gun County, he served and became a waka reciting partner of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, who became the third Shogun in 1203.

• 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
• FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.

• 他の素材では、最近ではガラス繊維などを利用して耐火性を確保するものも存在する一方、ただ単に金属の皿一枚を基盤として作成された単純なものもある。
• Apart from ceramic kayariki, a simple metal plate as a base exists, while kayariki made of glass fiber with fire resistance also exist.

• 律令編纂に中心的な役割を果たした藤原不比等は、その後、大納言・右大臣へ昇進し、政府の中枢において最大の権力者となり、藤原氏繁栄の基盤を作った。
• FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who played a key role in compiling the Ritsuryo, was promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor of State) and then to Udaijin (Minister of the Right), becoming the most influential person in the political center and laying the foundations for the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan.

• それはつまり、公的安寧と考えられるものと相反する利害を持ち、それを阻害することに基盤を置く生活様式を営む人たちの階級が存在するということです。
• namely, the existence of classes of persons with an interest opposed to what is considered as the public weal, and whose mode of living is grounded on the counteraction of it.

• その領袖たちを皆殺しにし、その一味の者を味方として、公は十分に確固とした権力基盤を築いて、ロマーニャ全土とウルビーノ公国を手に入れたのでした。
• Having exterminated the leaders, and turned their partisans into his friends, the duke had laid sufficiently good foundations to his power, having all the Romagna and the duchy of Urbino;
• Having exterminated the leaders, and turned their partisans into his friends, the duke laid sufficiently good foundations to his power, having all the Romagna and the Duchy of Urbino;

• 当該申請に係る社団又は財団がその業務を行なうために必要な経営的基盤を欠く等当該業務を的確に遂行することができる能力を有しないと認められるとき。
• when the association or foundation pertaining to said application is deemed not to have the ability to conduct its business properly because of a lack of the necessary managerial basis for its business or for other reasons.

• 物産が豊かな飾磨県を当時基盤の弱かった兵庫県と合併させることを考えていた大久保利通は、これに豊岡県を加えると大きくなりすぎるため難色を示した。
• As Toshimichi OKUBO was planning to consolidate Shikama Prefecture, which was enriched with its products, with Hyogo Prefecture, which had a weak financial base at that time, he frowned at Sakurai's suggestion for the addition of Toyooka Prefecture to his Shikama consolidation plan, because the scale of the new prefecture could become too large.

• だが、政権基盤が固まる前に天武天皇が急逝してしまったために天武の皇后は草壁皇子が大友皇子の二の舞にならないように拙速な皇位継承を避けようとした。
• However Emperor Tenmu died suddenly before the establishing a political base, Emperor Tenmu's Empress tried to avoid the sudden solution in terms of Imperial succession, as she was concerned that Prince Kusakabe would have the same experience as Prince Otomo.

• プラグマティストたちが本物の勢力基盤を見つけるには、1993 年初期から 1994 年にかけての Linux の爆発を待たなくてはならなかった。
• Not until the Linux explosion of early 1993?1994 did pragmatism find a real power base.

• 1970年代後半頃から、終身雇用・年功序列などの「日本的経営」が日本の経済発展の基盤にあるという論調が多く見られるようになった（日本的経営論）。
• Since around the latter half of the 1970s, the tone of argument as follows could be seen a lot; 'Japanese-style management' such as lifetime employment and a seniority system form the foundation of economic development in Japan (Japanese-style management).

• 河内源氏の主要基盤が東国（関東）となったのはこの義朝の代であり、特に高祖父の源頼義以来ゆかりのある鎌倉を中心とする相模国一帯に強い基盤を持った。
• It was in his time that the main base of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) became Togoku (Kanto), and especially the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) had a strong base in Sagami Province centering on Kamakura, with which it had been associated since the time of his great-great-grandfather MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.

• 機構は、前項の規定により研究基盤出資経過勘定を廃止したときは、その廃止の際研究基盤出資経過勘定に属する資本金の額により資本金を減少するものとする。
• When NEDO has eliminated the account for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure under the preceding paragraph, it shall reduce its stated capital by the amount of stated capital included in the account for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure as of the time of the account's elimination.

• このように、平氏政権は従来の貴族政権と異なり、武力に大きな基盤を有していたことが明らかとなり、学界では日本最初の武家政権とするのが通説となっている。
• This is why the Taira clan administration differs from previous aristocratic governments and it is clear that its main foundation was military power, and the academic field normally considers it as the first bushi government in Japan.

• しかし明治時代に東京方言を基盤に標準語・共通語が整備されて以降、学校教育やマスコミ等の影響で東京をも含め全国で伝統的な方言は衰退していく傾向にある。
• However, after the standard dialect or common language was developed based on a Tokyo dialect in the Meiji period, traditional dialects have been on a declining trend nationwide including Tokyo due to influence of school education, mass communication, etc.

• 前記半導体基盤をＯ２及びＮ２気体雰囲気に暴露しながら、紫外線を最大光量２００Ｗの約５０％～１００％で照射することを特徴とする請求項１１に記載の方法。
• The process of claim 11 , wherein the UV radiation is applied at a power setting in the range of about 50 to 100% of a maximum power of 200 Watt while the semiconductor substrate is exposed to O2 and N2 gaseous atmosphere.

• 日本列島に住む民族の間に自然発生的に生まれ育った伝統的な民俗信仰・自然信仰を基盤とし、豪族層による中央や地方の政治体制と関連しながら徐々に成立した。
• Shinto is based on traditional ethnic and natural beliefs that naturally generated and grew among ethnic groups living in Japan and has been gradually growing in conjunction with central and local systems of politics carried out by groups of local ruling families.

• 法皇の死後、彼の娘である覲子内親王（宣陽門院）の後見に任じられてその莫大な財産の管理を命じられて、法皇死後もその政治的基盤の確保は怠る事はなかった。
• After the death of the Cloistered Emperor, he was appointed as guardian of Goshirakawa's daughter, Imperial Princess Kinshi (Giyomonin) and despite being ordered to manage her properties he did not neglect to maintain his political basis.

• 当時の文書において「当国之例」といわれるような慣習法は、このような必要に基づくものであって、それは本所法とならんで、中世の武家法の基盤の一つとなった。
• The common law called 'tokoku no rei' appearing in texts of those days, was based on such necessity, and together with honjo law, became one of the foundations of medieval samurai law.

• 彼らは国司や押領使として勲功を挙げるとともに、赴任した地方に土着して国衙から公田経営を公認されるなど、自らの軍事力を維持出来るだけの経済基盤を築いた。
• Through distinguishing themselves as local governors or oryoshi, establishing themselves in the areas they were transferred to, and being officially permitted by kokuga to manage koden (field administered directly by a ruler), they established enough of an economic foundation to maintain their own military power.

• 経済産業大臣は、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、第一項の規定による立入検査を行わせることができる
• When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds it necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1.

• 前記半導体基盤をＮＨ３ガスに暴露しながら、紫外線を最大光量２００Ｗの約５０％～１００％で約２～３０秒間照射することを特徴とする請求項１１に記載の方法。
• The process of claim 11, wherein the UV radiation is applied at a power setting of about 50 to 100% of a maximum power of 200 Watt for about 2 to 30 seconds while the semiconductor substrate is exposed to NH3 gas.

• そこで1908年10月13日に出された戊申詔書のもとで地方とくに市町村財政の立て直しと財政基盤の整備、人員育成を進め、合わせて国民教化の推進を図った。
• The Boshin Shosho published on October 13, 1908 tried to restore the finances of rural regions, especially cities, towns and villages, reestablish fiscal basis, educate the people and at the same time, enlighten the public.

• 実際の尼子氏の基盤は山陰が主であり、勢力図も形式的な主従関係が含まれたものであり、更には経久自身にも問題があったのか多くの出雲国人の造反を招いている。
• The main base of the Amago clan was in Sanin (mountain provinces behind the Sanyo or Inland Sea provinces), and because the power relations of the clan contained a superficial hierarchical one between the lord and vassals and also probably Tsunehisa had some problems himself, many local lords of Izumo Province ended up in staging a rebellion against the clan.

• 清盛は勢力基盤であった伊勢国で産出する銀などを輸出し、安芸国の音戸瀬戸を開削するなど瀬戸内海航路を確保し、さらに大宰府の対外交渉権の接収をおこなった。
• Kiyomori exported silver produced in Ise Province which was his power base and opened and cut Ondo no seto in Aki Province and so on to secure the channel in Seto Inland Sea and further he took over the right of foreign relations of Dazai-fu.

• 平氏の知行国も平家貞が筑後守、藤原能盛が壱岐守・安芸守、源為長が紀伊守となるなど、一門だけでなく郎等にも及びその経済基盤も他から抜きん出たものとなった。
• And the power of the Taira clan was even greater still when one factors in the economic base they had to draw upon over and above the ample resources of the immediate family, the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) they controlled indirectly through their retainers, including TAIRA no Iesada's appointment as governor of Chikugo Province, FUJIWARA no Yoshimori as governor of both Iki and Aki, and MINAMOTO no Tamenaga as governor of Iyo Province.

• この乱は、3年後の平治の乱の遠因ともなり、さらには日本最初の武士政権である平氏政権の成立、また関東武士団を基盤とする鎌倉幕府の成立をもたらすこととなる。
• The disturbance, one of the underlying causes of the Heiji Disturbance (Heiji-no-ran) that occurred three years later, led to the establishment of Japan's first samurai-dominated government--that of the Taira clan--and the Kamakura shogunate based on the kanto warrior bands.

• コードの安定性が犠牲になったり、なにか深刻なバグがどうしようもなくなったら、ユーザ基盤に見放されるかもしれないという危険をおかしてまでそれをやっていた。
• even at the possible cost of instability in the code and user-base burnout if any serious bug proved intractable.

• 習慣的な一連の行動に一致するものが習慣的な一連の思考にも一致し、共同体における自己満足や是認の習慣的な標準とともに、知識の確固たる基盤も与えるのである。
• What is consistent with the habitual course of action is consistent with the habitual line of thought, and gives the definitive ground of knowledge as well as the conventional standard of complacency or approval in any community.

• 藤氏長者の職掌を大きく分けると、政治的な藤原氏の存立基盤整備、氏領としての荘園や動産の管理、氏寺興福寺や氏社春日大社・大原野神社などの管理があげられる。
• Principal jobs of a Toshi choja were to establish the political base of his clan, to manage the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in the territories of the clan and movable properties, to manage Kofuku-ji Temple, the family temple of the clan, and to manage Kasuga-taisha Shrine and Oharano-jinja Shrine, both shrines of the clan.

• 安達氏の基盤である上野国・武蔵国の御家人の被害は多く、武蔵では武藤少卿左衛門、遠江国では安達宗顕、常陸国では安達重景、信濃国では伴野彦二郎らが自害した。
• The damage to the Gokenin in Kozuke Province and Musashi Province, the Adachi clan's bases, was huge, for example, Shokyozaemon Muto (武藤少卿左衛門) in Musashi, Muneaki ADACHI (安達宗顕) in Totomo province, Shigekage ADACHI in Hitachi province and Hikojiro BANNO in Shinano province committed suicide.

• 在地領主は本宅を拠点として、その軍事的・経済的基盤を背景に勧農・検注・夫役徴収などの権限を行使し、後には公領所職や荘園荘官（下司・公文）の地位を獲得した。
• With the residence as his home base, the local lord exercised his authority, such as in the promotion of agriculture (kanno), land survey (kenchu), and labor service and tax collection backed by his military and economic infrastructure, and afterwards, the local lord came to take the post of Koryojo (an officer of Imperial demesne) or the position of Shoen shokan (officers governing manors, including geshi and kumon).

• なお、武田家における信豊の立場の基盤として信豊が東信支配の拠点となっていた信濃小諸城主であるとする説が支配的であったが、小諸領支配を示す文書は見られない。
• Incidentally, it is the most widely believed theory that Nobutoyo's core position in the Takeda family was the lord of Shinano Komoro-jo Castle, which was Nobutoyo's base to rule the eastern Shinano region; however, any documents to prove Komoro territory ruled by Nobutoyo were not found.

• 「日本人は世界人となって、大いに国民的基盤を整備しなければならない」という明治維新の最重要課題を国民全員に印象付けることに留意するなどの修正を施している。
• He revised the Charter Oath to impress the nation with the Meiji Restoration's top-priority issue that 'the Japanese should be globalized to establish a great national basis.'

• 河内畠山尾州家における支持基盤を失い、ますます窮地に立たされた長政に従うのは、柳生家厳など、かつての総州家の被官を中心とする大和国人衆の一部のみであった。
• Nagamasa had lost his backing base in the Kawachi Hatakeyama Bishu family and had been made to withstand an increasingly difficult situation; therefore, only part of Yamato Kokujinshu, mainly as former vassals of the Soshu family, such as Ieyoshi YAGYU had followed Nagamasa.

• また、天皇も親政への意欲から政務の全てを頼忠には一任せずに左大臣の源雅信に一上としての職務を行わせたために権力が分散され、その政治的基盤も不安定であった。
• In addition, as the emperor did not leave all affairs of state to Yoritada and made MINAMOTO no Masanobu work as the ichi no kami, the political powers were decentralized and Yoritada's political ground was unstable.

• 機構は、研究基盤出資経過業務に係る経理については、その他の経理と区分し、特別の勘定（以下「研究基盤出資経過勘定」という。）を設けて整理しなければならない。
• NEDO shall separate its accounting for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure from its other accounting, and shall prepare a special account (hereinafter referred to as the 'account for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure') for orderly disposition.

• 戦国時代 (日本)になると各地の所領を武家に横領されたため、経済基盤を確保するために柳原資綱・柳原量光・柳原資定の3代に渡って、所領のある因幡国に下向した。
• During Japan's Sengoku (Warring States) period, some of the family's territories in various locations were confiscated by samurai families; in order to maintain a financial base, therefore, the family moved to Inaba Province, where it had held territory over three generations, from Suketsuna YANAGIWARA to Kazumitsu YANAGIWARA and Sukesada YANAGIWARA.

• その中でも伊勢平氏は平氏政権樹立の過程で各地の知行国や荘園を獲得して経済的基盤を形成し、最盛期には30ヶ国以上の知行国と500ヶ所以上の荘園を支配していた。
• Among others, the Ise Heishi formed its economic foundation by receiving chigyokoku and shoen throughout Japan in the process of establishing the Taira administration, which culminated in ruling of thirty or more chigyokoku and 500 or more shoen.

• この法律において「ものづくり基盤技術」とは、工業製品の設計、製造又は修理に係る技術のうち汎用性を有し、製造業の発展を支えるものとして政令で定めるものをいう。
• The term 'core manufacturing technology' as used in this Act means such technology pertaining to the design, manufacture or repair of industrial products that is specified by a Cabinet Order as versatile technology that supports the development of the manufacturing industry.

• だから、私たちはそういう見解を打ち捨てて、科学的基盤に基づいていると公言しており、したがってその結論についての論争を許容している見解に依拠すればよいのです。
• and hence we consider ourselves at liberty to pass it by, and to turn to those views which profess to rest on a scientific basis only, and therefore admit of being argued to their consequences.

• 新しい政府は、国民の安全と幸福が最大となるような原則の基盤の上に打ちたてられ、また国民の安全と幸福が最大となるような形の権力の組織化を図らなければならない。
• laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

• 当初は北条氏の担ぎ挙げた傀儡将軍であったが、歳を重ね官位を高めていくにつれ、北条氏に反対する勢力が接近するようになり、幕府内での権力基盤を徐々に強めていく。
• Originally installed as a puppet Shogun by the Hojo clan, as he got older and reached higher rank, the opponents of the Hojo clan approached him, and he gradually enhanced his power base within the Shogunate.

• これら4社は経営基盤が脆弱であり、鉄道事業だけでは経営が難しいため、経営安定基金などの政府の支援や、多角的な関連事業の展開により、利益の向上を目指している。
• These four companies have very weak management bases, and because it is difficult to manage their business only with railway services, they are aiming for better profits with support from the government, such as funds for stable management, and by diversifying railway-related businesses.

• これは、長兄伊尹が自己の政権基盤確立のための宮中掌握政策の一翼を兼家が担っていたからだと考えられ、安和の変に兼家が関与していたとされる説の根拠とされている。
• This is believed to have occurred because his oldest brother Koretada had a plan to hold power over the Imperial Court in order to establish his own government and Kaneie was involved in this plan, and this has been believed to prove that Kaneie was involved in the Anna no hen (the Anna Incident).

• この伝統的な見方に沿う場合、大阪市・神戸市を中心とした阪神工業地帯を1つの都市（都市圏）とし、近代重化学工業を基盤としない京都市を中心とした都市圏は別に扱う。
• In accordance with this traditional point of view, the Hanshin Industrial Zone centered in Osaka City and Kobe City is specified as a city (urban area), and the urban area centered in Kyoto City which is not based on modern heavy chemical industries is treated separately.

• 普請（ふしん）とは、普く（あまねく）請う（こう）とも読み広く平等に奉仕（資金・労力・資金の提供）を願う事であり、社会基盤を地域住民で作り維持していく事を指す。
• Fushin (普請), where fu (普) means widely and shin (請) means asking for help, refers to a request for widespread and equal community service (monetary support, labor support, financial assistance), where a whole community is asked to build and maintain public infrastructures.

• そのため、国家建設の基盤となった律令制も、中国から移入されたものであり、日本独自の改変も多々あるが、基本的には中国の制度を日本で再現しようとする試みであった。
• For this reason, the Ritsuryo system, on which the construction of the state was based, was introduced from China basically to attempt to reproduce the Chinese system in Japan, although Japan added a lot its own original amendments.

• おそらくは、分別があり思慮に富んだ人たちの間にはその思想の基盤は残っていたのですが、教会や世間が寛容をもってその学説を聞くだけの準備が整っていなかったのです。
• In all probability it held its ground among sober-minded and thoughtful men, though neither the church nor the world was prepared to hear of it with tolerance.

• 賠償金は1912年に清朝が滅亡した後も、清朝を引き継いだ国家とみなされた中華民国にそのまま負わされ、中央政権が軟弱な基盤しか持ちえなかった理由の一つとなった。
• Even after the Qing dynasty perished, the reparations were succeeded by the Republic of China because it was considered to be a nation that succeeded the Qing dynasty, and that was one of reasons that the central government had weak foundations.

• しかし、この時期も含めて義輝は度々長慶暗殺を試みており、その試みが自身の権力基盤を強化するどころか突き崩すものである事に考えが至らなかった事を強く示唆している。
• However, Yoshiteru made many attempts to assassinate Nagayoshi, including some in this period, and this fact strongly suggests that he did not realize such attempts would rather undermine the basis of his power than strengthen it.

• すでに9世紀後期の頃から、実際に租税収取を担当する地方行政の現場では、戸籍・計帳を基盤に置いた課税方式が後退し、土地に対する課税が積極的に行われる傾向にあった。
• As early as from the late 9th century, local administrative bodies, which were actually in charge of tax collection, tended to impose tax on land rather than collecting it based on family registration/keicho.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策は、ものづくり事業者、ものづくり労働者又はこれらに関する団体がする自主的な努力を助長することを旨として講じられるものとする。
• Measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology shall be taken with the aim of encouraging the voluntary efforts of manufacturing business operators, manufacturing workers and organizations related thereto.

• 経済産業大臣は、第一項の検査に関する事務の一部を、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に行わせるものとする。
• The Minister of METI shall make the Incorporated Administrative Agency Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (hereinafter referred to as 'JNES') conduct part of the affairs pertaining to the inspection set forth in paragraph (1), pursuant to the provision of the Ordinance of METI.

• 日本では1871年（明治4年）に「新貨条例」を定めて、新貨幣単位円 (通貨)とともに確立されたが、まだ経済基盤が弱かった日本からは正貨である金貨の流出が続いた。
• In 1871, Japan introduced gold standard system with a new currency unit, yen (circulated money), by enacting 'New Currency Act,' but vulnerable economic infrastructure in Japan at that time allowed gold coin, specie, to flow out continuously.

• キセノンランプにより、７０％の出力設定（最大光量は２００Ｗ）で１０秒間紫外線を 放射して、表面をＯ２に暴露して酸化膜層を加熱により半導体基盤表面上に成長させた。
• UV radiation emitted from a Xenon lamp was applied for 10 seconds at a power setting of 70% (maximum power 200 Watt) to thermally grow an oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate surface as the surface was exposed to the O2 atmosphere.

• 幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤としたが、実はこの時期、武士団分割相続と惣領制により中小御家人は零細化し、そして貨幣経済の進展に翻弄されて多くは崩壊を初めていた。
• Although the shogunate set the eldest son system (for the succession of the head of the family) as a foundation for the ruling vassals, in fact, the minor vassals were declining because of the divided succession of bushi class and the eldest son system, and much of the vassal system began to collapse, being buffeted by the progress of a monetary economy.

• さらに有力貴族・寺社などの権勢家（権門）が、自らの経済基盤を強化するため、墾田永年私財法による規制面積以上に土地を開発し、百姓層の生活を圧迫する状況が見られた。
• In addition, influential families such as dominant nobility, temples and shrines tended to develop more land over the regulation of Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them permanently) in order to strengthen their economic bases, and press farmers' lives.

• その結果、葛飾郡東部一帯を支配下に置き、天文_(元号)17年（1548年）に中山法華経寺に対しても「守護不入」の証文を発給するなど地元領主としての基盤を固めた。
• As a result, he had the eastern part of the Katsushika district under his control, and in 1548, he issued a deed to 'prohibit Shugo (governors) to enter (his) territory' to Nakayama Hokekyo-ji Temple to strengthen his foundation as the local feudal lord.

• 両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田（口分田）を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
• These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).

• そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
• Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.

• 別の好ましい実施形態において、半導体基盤表面を、紫外線と、Ｏ２と、Ｎ２、ＮＨ３、Ｎ２Ｏ及びＨ２より選択される１種 以上の気体とを含む気体雰囲気とに同時に暴露する。
• In an alternate preferred embodiment, the semiconductor substrate surface is simultaneously exposed to UV radiation and a gaseous atmosphere contaimng O2 and one or more gases selected from N2, NH3, N2O and H2.

• 摂津国渡辺（大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）を基盤とし、当地の滝口武者の一族である嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏を郎党にして大内守護（皇室警護の近衛兵のようなもの）の任に就いていた。
• He had a fief at Watanabe, Settsu Province (today's Chuo Ward, Osaka City); Yorimasa took the role of Ouchi Shugo, which is equivalent to the guardsman of the Imperial Court, and used as retainers the samurai of the Watanabe clan of the Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan), who served as Takiguchi no musha, or samurai guards of the Imperial Residence.

• 後継者の宗盛は院政再開を認めて後白河に恭順する姿勢を見せる一方で、平氏の存立基盤である軍事・警察権は断固として手放さず、後白河の宥和策を退けて東国追討を続行した。
• Kiyomori's successor, Munemori, showed his stance to obey Goshirakawa by agreeing to reopening of the cloister government, but, on the other hand, he did not give up definite military and police authority, which was the basis of existence of the Taira clan, and continued subjugation of the eastern Provinces, refusing Goshirakawa's appeasement policy.

• このように、豊臣政権の政権基盤は秀吉という強大な一独裁者のもとで、大勢力を持つ諸大名の上に乗っかり、危ういバランスによって何とか機能していた一代政権に過ぎなかった。
• As mentioned above, the Toyotomi government functioned, keeping a fragile balance, only when it depended upon influential feudal lords under the control of Hideyoshi, a very powerful dictator.

• 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
• At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.

• 地方公共団体は、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関し、国の施策に準じた施策及びその地方公共団体の区域の特性を生かした自主的な施策を策定し、及びこれを実施する責務を有する。
• A local public entity shall be responsible for formulating and implementing measures similar to the measures taken by the State and unique measures that reflect its local characteristics, with regard to the promotion of core manufacturing technology.

• ですから、高名なる貴家が国を質から請け出そうという優れた人材を率いようとするなら、どんな企図でも真の基盤となるご自身の軍事力を用意することが、何よりもまず必要です。
• If, therefore, your illustrious house wishes to follow those remarkable men who have redeemed their country, it is necessary before all things, as a true foundation for every enterprise, to be provided with your own forces,
• If, therefore, your illustrious house wishes to follow these remarkable men who have redeemed their country, it is necessary before all things, as a true foundation for every enterprise, to be provided with your own forces,

• その後、基盤 を、急速加熱処理によって不活性雰囲気（好ましくは、流量０．５～２ＳＬＰＭのＮ２）下で、温度約８００～１０００℃において約３０～６０秒間アニールす る。
• The substrate is then annealed using a rapid thermal process in inert ambient (preferably N2 at a flow rate of 0.5 to 2 SLPM) at a temperature in the range of about 800 to 1000°C and for a time of about 30 to 60 seconds.

• 一般に、酸窒化膜は、ＮＯ又はＯ２による急速加熱酸化により、すなわち基盤をＮＯ又はＯ２ガス雰囲気下において制限時間（通常短時間）急速に加熱すること により形成される。
• Most commonly, the oxynitride film is formed with a rapid thermal NO or O2 oxidation in which the substrate is heated rapidly in an atmosphere of NO or O2 gases for a controlled, generally short, time.

• 1158年に平清盛が大宰大弐になると、平氏政権の基盤である日宋貿易の意図もあり、やがて北九州での政治的中心地は、大宰府から20キロメートル北の博多（福岡市）へ移る。
• In 1158, when TAIRA no Kiyomori became Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General), the political center in Kitakyushu was transferred to Hakata (Fukuoka City), 20 kilometers north of Dazai-fu to promote the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China, which was the basis of the Taira clan government.

• その政治的基盤及び軍事的・経済的基盤は頼朝が平氏追討などで獲得した関東知行国、関東御領であるが、その本質は鎌倉殿と御家人の封建的主従関係を基礎とする御家人制にある。
• The political, military and economical base was Kanto chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) and Kanto domains which Yoritomo acquired by searching out and destroying the Taira clan and its allies, but the essence was the lower-ranking vassal system whose base was a feudal master-servant relationship between Kamakura-dono and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).

• 蘇我氏の血を引かない敏達王統の最有力者であって、忍坂部（刑部氏）・丸子部などの独立した財政基盤を有し、王都を離れて水派宮（みまたのみや、奈良県河合町か）を営んでいた。
• He was the most powerful person among the Bindatsu imperial line which was not the descendant of the Soga clan, and owned independent financial foundations, including Osakabe (the Otsusakabe clan) and Marukobe, and ran Mimata no miya (Kawai-cho, Nara Prefecture) away from the imperial capital.

• 鎌倉幕府に代わって成立した室町幕府は財政基盤が弱かったためにその軍事力を背景に造酒正・有力寺院の対立に割ってはいる形で京都の酒屋から「酒屋役」を徴収するようになった。
• The Muromachi bakufu, which was established in place of the Kamakura bakufu, had a weak financial base; so, backed up by the military force, the Muromachi bakufu began to collect 'sakaya-yaku' (the tax charged on sake dealers) from Sakaya in Kyoto while intruding into the conflict between miki no kami and influential temples.

• この延喜期の既得権剥奪によって経済基盤を失おうとしている瀬戸内沿岸の衛府舎人らは、自らの権益を主張し続けていたが、承平期に至ってついに海賊行為を展開することとなった。
• Facing the loss of their economic basis due to the deprivation of the vested rights in the Engi era, the Efutoneri along the Seto Inland Sea continued claiming their rights, and entering the Johei era, took the action of piracy.

• 国は、我が国の国際社会における役割を積極的に果たすため、ものづくり基盤技術に関し、開発途上地域に対する技術協力等国際的な技術協力の推進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to actively fulfill Japan's role in the international community, the State shall take the necessary measures for the promotion of international technical cooperation such as technical cooperation in developing areas concerning core manufacturing technology.

• このファンネットワークは、大量に流通する未翻訳アニメを基盤としていたが、1980 年代後期における生のアニメに対する関心の引き金となった、閉鎖型改宗コモンズとなった。
• The fan network, which ran on massively distributed, untranslated anime, became a closed proselytization commons that catalyzed interest in unadulterated anime in the late 1980s.

• 安楽寿院には日本各地の膨大な荘園が寄進され、これらは安楽寿院領（後に娘のあき子内親王に引き継がれて八条院領と称される）として、天皇家（大覚寺統）の経済的基盤となった。
• Anrakujuin Temple was donated large manors throughout Japan and these temple estates (later inherited by Imperial Princess Akiko, the daughter of Emperor Toba, and named the Hachijoin Estate) became the financial basis of the imperial family (Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama)).

• 時忠の意図は、高倉没後に避けられなくなる後白河の政治力増大を食い止めると同時に、徳子の経済基盤を強化することで間接的に自らの発言力を保持することにあったと推測される。
• It is inferred that Tokitada's intention was to prevent an increase in Goshirakawa's political influence that would become inevitable after Takakura's death and, at the same time, to indirectly maintain his own influence by consolidating an economic foundation of Tokuko.

• 西暦600～700年にかけて律令制の導入に成功した藤原氏、特に藤原北家が東国においてもその基盤を確立した（宇都宮氏、小田氏、那須氏、小山氏、結城氏、佐野氏、比企氏等）。
• The Fujiwara clan successfully introduced the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) between the years 600 and 700; specifically, one of the Fujiwara clan lines, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, established its foundations in Togoku (the Utsunomiya clan, the Oda clan, the Nasu clan, the Koyama clan, the Yuki clan, the Sano clan, the Hiki clan, etc.).

• 俘囚という地位は、辺境の人を下位に置こうとする朝廷の態度が作ったものであるが、俘囚たちは無税の条件を基盤に、前記の事実上の交易をも利用して、大きな力を得るようになった。
• Although Fushu was a position created by the Imperial Court who intended to set frontiersmen at the lower rank, they gradually gained power based on their tax-free condition and through the trading system, as mentioned earlier.

• しかし馬子の死後に、蘇我氏に対する皇族や諸豪族の反感が高まって蘇我氏の政治基盤が動揺し、それを克服しようとして入鹿による強権政治に繋がった、という見方も少なからずある。
• However, there are also those who view Iruka's hard-line politics as having been motivated by his desire to overcome the weakness of a political base undermined by antipathy among the Imperial family and other influential families towards the Soga clan after the death of SOGA no Umako.

• 持氏も幕府中央の混乱に乗じて関東・奥州各地に発生した武装蜂起に対して自己の政権の権限と基盤の強化に乗り出して幕府中央の権威を否定する動きを以前から見せていたからである。
• This is because Mochiuji also had started to deny the authority of the central bakufu by strengthening the power and basis of his regime against the armed uprisings which were breaking out in various areas in Kanto and Oshu regions during the confusion of the central bakufu.

• 当時の流動的で争乱の続く状況の中で、幕府は、武士層だけでなく貴族・寺社層も存立基盤としており、貴族・寺社層の権利保全を図るため、武士による半済の抑制に努めることとなった。
• Under the fluid situation in the midst of the continuing disturbance, the feudal government treated the noble class and the temple/shrine class as well as the samurai class, and thus began controlling the abusive use of samurais' hanzei authority in order to protect the authority of the noble class and the temple/shrine class.

• そもそもOS Xは優れた実績と安全性を持つUNIX基盤をもとに構築されているだけでなく、あなたのMacとそこにある情報を守るように設計された、多くの機能も内蔵しています。
• For starters, OS X is built on a proven, secure UNIX foundation. It also includes a host of features designed to protect your Mac and the information on it.

• ただし、そうした分野の基盤は、確実性の点で十分とはいえなかったので、そうした問題もその分野の基盤から切り離された結果、どうしても数学的な表現をとることになったのだけれど。
• but which, by my having detached them from such principles of these sciences as were of inadequate certainty, were rendered almost mathematical:

• 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
• Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.

• (以下の表で示された)調達配分は各締約者の能力及び優先事項を考慮した、イーターの建設の間の製作責任の割り当ての包括的かつ技術的にも申し分のない共通基盤を提供するものである。
• The Procurement Allocation (shown in Table attached) provides a comprehensive and technically satisfactory basis for assignment of fabrication responsibilities during the ITER construction by taking into account each Party’s capabilities and priorities.

• 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
• Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.

• 長州藩は下関戦争の後尊皇論を基盤に藩論は攘夷で維持していたが、1865年、日米修好通商条約に孝明天皇が勅許を出したことにより尊皇と攘夷は結びつかなくなり、攘夷の力が失われた。
• After the Shimonoseki War, the Choshu clan maintained its opinion on the expulsion of foreigners, based on the idea of Sonno; however, when Emperor Komei permitted the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan in 1865, Sonno and the expulsion of foreigners could no longer be connected, and those advocating the expulsion of foreigners lost their power.

• 天台密教（台密）などの加持も行い、総合仏教となる事によって基盤を固めた（しかし、法華経の教義が正しいのならば、なぜ念仏や加持を行わねばならないのか、という疑問・批判もある）。
• The sect strengthened its basis by conducting incantation of Tendai Esoteric Buddhism (Taimitsu) and becoming comprehensive Buddhism (there is doubt and criticism concerning the reason why the sect needed to conduct nenbutsu and/or incantation if it believed the doctrine of Hokke-kyo sutra was right).

• 有名なのは延暦寺であり、特に京都市中及びその周辺部にあった祇園社や青蓮院などを傘下に納めて莫大な上納収入を獲得し、その経済力に支えられた権力を背景に更なる基盤の強化を図った。
• The most famous one was Enryaku-ji Temple, which collected vast amounts of income from control over Gionsha, Shoren-in Temple in Kyoto City and surrounding areas and sought to further strengthen the base of its power, as derived from finance.

• そういう基盤は、正しく理解すれば、この主題の一分野というより、もっと広い範囲に応用がきき、問題のこの部分を徹底的に考察することは、残りの部分への最良の入門となることでしょう。
• Those grounds, when rightly understood, are of much wider application than to only one division of the subject, and a thorough consideration of this part of the question will be found the best introduction to the remainder.

• その上、中国地方には長年の間、基盤を固めていた大内氏の存在は大きく、やはり最終的には大内氏の侵攻に苦慮しているし、興久の乱により家中が泥沼状態に向かったというのも事実である。
• In addition, it is true that a prominent presence of the Ouchi clan in the Chugoku region, the base of the clan, eventually caused a struggle among the Amago clan in destroying the Ouchi clan, and also the Rebellion of Okihisa pushed the Amago family into a quagmire.

• つまり、彼らがにらみを効かせている一般の田堵負名富豪層と同じ経済基盤の上に自らの軍事力を維持しなければならず、また一般の富豪層と同様に受領の搾取に脅かされる側面も持っていた。
• Under this system, the Samurai had to maintain their military strength with the same economic conditions as the ordinary upper class citizens, over whom they exercised their authority, and, like ordinary upper class citizens, they were often exploited by the Zuryo (provincial governor).

• 鎌倉時代に入ると、鳥羽院は代々院御厨別当・関東申次を務めた西園寺家が周辺の土地とともに知行して治天の君の院政に対して経済的な貢献を行うとともに、その政治力を支える基盤となった。
• Since Tobain (Toba-dono) and its surrounding area was ruled by the Saionji family, who served as chief officers of mikuriya (manors of the retired emperors) and Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu) for generation, it served as the financial and political basis of the cloister government by Chiten no kimi in the Kamakura period.

• 道長も太政官を政治的基盤として維持するために関白就任を望まず、道長が孫の後一条天皇の摂政に就任するまでの20年間「内覧左大臣」として最高権力の地位に座り、摂関不在状態が続いた。
• Michinaga did not wish to be appointed Chancellor in order to maintain his political base, as being the Grand Council of State, he was in the highest political position of 'Nairan Sadaijin (Minister of the left) for twenty years, until his grandchild, Emperor Goichijo appointed Michinaga as the Chancellor, during this time there was no one in fact in the position Chancellor.

• これらは主にアニミズムを基盤としており社殿以前の磐座や山岳信仰などに顕著であるが、神仏習合の影響も受け形を変えて受け継がれているものも多い（道祖神と地蔵菩薩、えびす信仰など）。
• Folk religions are generally based on animism, and this aspect appears prominently in the previous belief style in sacred rock (iwakura) or mountain before the building for worship was constructed, and many of them changed their forms under the influence of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism to be passed down to today (e.g., Doso-shin [traveler's guardian deity], Jizo Bosatsu [Ksitigarbha], and Ebisu worship).

• マルクス主義歴史学（唯物史観）においては、生産力と生産関係の矛盾を基盤として普遍的な歴史法則を見いだそうとするため、この理論的枠組みを非ヨーロッパ地域にも適用して説明が試みた。
• Marxist history (materialistic concept of history) tries to find out a universal rule of history based on the contradiction between the productive force and the relation of production, and the logical framework was applied to non-European regions as an explanation.

• 江戸時代の西日本は、藩の規模が小さく、沖積平野も狭いところが多かったため、藩経済の基盤の石高を増やすために山間地にまで田圃がつくられ、現在でいう（急傾斜）棚田が多くつくられた。
• In the Edo period, as many domains in western Japan were small and had narrow alluvial plains, they developed rice fields even in the mountains in order to increase Kokudaka (assessed yield) which was the economic base of the domain, and a large number of rice terraces (on steep slopes), which are called Tanada today, were developed.

• 主に西国武士を率いて平氏を滅亡させた義経の多大な戦功は、恩賞を求めて頼朝に従っている東国武士達の戦功の機会を奪う結果になり、鎌倉政権の基盤となる東国御家人達の不満を噴出させた。
• Yoshitsune's remarkable military contributions in defeating the Taira clan were mainly achieved with the participation of the Saigoku (western Japan) warriors, and this lead to a deprivation of Togoku (eastern Japan) warriors' opportunities to render distinguished services, and consequently, provoked the discontent of the lower-ranking vassals (gokenin) of eastern Japan.

• 下表は諸外国の人々が日本人同様に卵かけご飯を食べた場合の栄養比較として、栄養情報基盤データベースシステムの統計値を元にして最も多く栄養所要量を摂取する世代を一覧化したものである。
• The following chart is a list of generations taking the highest nutritional requirement based on the statistics of Health and Nutrition Infrastructure Database, for nutritional comparison to cases of foreign people eating tamago kake gohan like the Japanese.

• 日本の律令制においては、人民統治の基盤として、古代の戸籍制度（世帯＝戸ごとに人民を詳細に記載登録したもの）と計帳（調・庸の税を徴収するための台帳）が作成され、毎年更新されていた。
• According to the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government of the people was based on the creation of the ancient family register system (detailed records of the people registered for each household) and yearly tax records (a register for collecting taxes of tributes and tax in kind), which were updated every year.

• こうした中で6世紀末、幾つかの紛争に勝利した推古天皇、聖徳太子、蘇我馬子らは強固な政治基盤を築きあげ、冠位十二階や十七条憲法の制定など官僚制を柱とする王権の革新を積極的に進めた。
• At the end of the sixth century, Empress Suiko, Prince Shotoku, and SOGA no Umako, after emerging victorious from several conflicts, established firm political foundations and actively reformed the polity by basing it on bureaucratic systems such as Kan'i junikai (twelve cap rank system) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution.

• 信長が公認した枡のそれぞれに焼印や花押を押すことによる単位の統合、質の悪い貨幣ではなく良い貨幣を使うよう呼びかける選銭令を発令したりと、社会・経済の基盤を安定させる政策を行った。
• Nobunaga implemented various policies to stabilize social and economic infrastructure such as the integration of units by sealing a brand or Kao (written seal mark) on the masu (a measure) which Nobunaga admitted officially, and the declaration of the ordinance of selection of coins to use good-quality coins instead of bad-quality.

• 公家のうち、上流貴族は荘園寄進を受けて本家として荘園支配を行うことにより、また中流貴族は上流貴族や大寺社から預所などに任命されて荘園管理権を得ることにより、経済的基盤を築いていた。
• Among the kuge, the upper nobles were building up their financial basis by ruling a shoen estate as honke (a head family), gaining the commendation of shoen, and middle-class nobles were doing so by gaining the right to manage shoen, as they were appointed to azukaridokoro (a deputy of 'shoen' manor lord) by upper nobles or main temples and shrines, and so on

• 経済産業大臣は、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、第一項から第三項までの規定による立入検査、質問又は収去を行わせることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds it necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct the on-site inspection, questioning, or taking of samples under the provisions of paragraphs (1) to (3).

• 「オールド・リベラリスト」と総称される新渡戸や内村鑑三の世界観を継承した弟子たちは戦後のデモクラシーの基盤を構築することとなるが同時に師匠を「裏切る」(山折哲雄の発言)ことになる。
• Disciples who inherited a view of the world of Nitobe and Kanzo UCHIMURA who are collectively called 'old liberalists' built the basis of democracy after the war, while they 'betrayed' their masters (according to Tetsuo YAMAORI).

• 特に延久の荘園整理令は、今までの整理令に見られなかった緻密さと公正さが見られ、その為に基準外の摂関家領が没収される等（『後二条師通記』に記載有り）、摂関家の経済基盤に大打撃を与えた。
• The Enkyu Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was much more detailed and much fairer than any previous such decrees; as a result, it was particularly harmful to the weakened finances of the Sekkan-ke (families of the Fujiwara clan whose members were eligible to become regent) as the private estates of the Sekkan-ke were confiscated, for example (details of these events were recorded in the 'Gonijo Moromichiki,' which was the diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi, who later became Chancellor).

• 「一定の時代」に存在するということは、その時代の社会構造の中に存在基盤を持つということであり、武士団の中核たる武士は、単なる武芸者ではなく一定の「社会的・階級的特質」を体現している。
• Because it lasted for a 'fixed period' it meant that it had already established a fundamental existence within society, and bushi that formed the core of bushidan embodied not simply someone who practiced martial arts, but had a fixed 'social and class aspect.'

• 更生保護法人は、更生保護事業を確実、効果的かつ適正に行うため、自主的に、被保護者に対する処遇等その事業内容を向上させるとともに、経営の基盤の強化と透明性の確保を図らなければならない。
• In order to ensure certain, effective and adequate performance of offenders rehabilitation services, the juridical person for offenders rehabilitation shall endeavor on its own accord to improve its services such as for the treatment of aided persons, strengthen its financial basis and ensure transparency in operation.

• この7代如心斎らが行った組織改革は後世に千家流茶道を伝える基盤整備である一方で、単なる指導方法の変更のみならず、小規模空間で小人数をもてなすわび茶の世界を大きく変えていくことになる。
• The organizational reform carried out by the key Senke persons including Joshinsai (the 7th) developed the foundation to hand down the Senke school of tea ceremony to future generations and, on the other hand, it not only changed the method of teaching but also the world of wabicha (tea ceremony of austere refinement), which was designed to entertain a small group of people in a minuscule space.

• そんなテクノロジーを満載したOS Xは、優れた実績を持つ、揺るぎのないUNIX基盤をもとに構築されているので、安定性に比類がなく、業界で最高レベルのインターネット標準にも対応します。
• OS X is loaded with them. It’s built on a rock-solid, time-tested UNIX foundation that provides unparalleled stability and industry-leading support for Internet standards.

• また名古屋まつりでは毎年織田信長・徳川家康とともに彼に扮した人物がパレードする）、政権を執った本拠地の大阪市（江戸期の大坂商業発達の基盤を築いたという見方も強い）などでは人気が高い。
• And in Nagoya Festival a person who plays Hideyoshi's role has a parade with persons who play Nobunaga ODA's and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's roles; in Osaka city where he put a government (he was considered to build up the basis for the development of commerce in Osaka during Edo Period) he is very popular.

• 一方で第56代清和天皇から派生した清和源氏、特に武家棟梁と呼ばれる畿内の河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏の一族は特権階級（平氏や藤原氏等）の増長を制し、着々と東国にその基盤を広げて行った。
• Meanwhile, the Seiwa-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (who were descended from Emperor Seiwa, the fifty-sixth emperor) and particularly the Kawachi-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (which was known as the head of the samurai families based in Kawachi Province, which was located in the Kinai region) prevented the privileged classes (clans such as the Taira and Fujiwara) from assuming power and steadily extended the power base of the Minamoto clan throughout the Togoku.

• 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層（田堵負名）と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
• FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.

• （４）半導体基盤を、約３０～６０秒間、急速加熱処理（ＲＴＰ）により、不活性雰囲気（最も好ましいくはＮ２ガス）下でアニールする。アニーリング処理は、温度約８００～１０００℃において行う。
• (4) anneal the semiconductor substrate for about 30 to 60 seconds, using a rapid thermal process (RTP) in inert ambient, most preferably N2 gas, where annealing is carried out at a temperature of about 800 to 1000°C.

• 陸奥は非藩閥出身であり政府内部では伊藤の信頼によって政治的な基盤を得ているような状態であったが、逆に藩閥政治家とは敵対関係にあった自由党 (明治)の中島信行・星亨とは盟友関係にあった。
• Mutsu was from non-domain clique and gained political foundation inside the government only by Ito's confidence, but he was a sworn friend of Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Toru HOSHI who belonged to the Liberal Party (Meiji) that had an adversarial relationship with statesmen of domain cliques.

• アメリカで生まれたため自動的に米国市民権を持ち、20歳時の日本国籍か米国国籍かいずれかを選択するときに米国国籍を選択したが、生活基盤を日本に置いている帰国生徒については、これを省いた。
• Omitted below are those who automatically had U.S. citizenship because they were born in the U.S. and chose U.S. nationality when they were obliged at the age 20 to choose, but who live mainly in Japan.

• また、政治的には日宋貿易に見られるような財政基盤の開拓、経が島築造に見られるような公共事業の推進など、時代の矛盾に行き詰まりつつあった貴族政治に新生面を切り開いた優れた政治家であった。
• In terms of politics, he was an excellent politician who achieved a breakthrough for the aristocracy that was gradually being left behind by changes of the times, by developing a financial infrastructure as seen in the Japan-Sung trade and promoting public projects such as construction of Kyoga-shima Island.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策の適正な策定及び実施に資するため、ものづくり基盤技術の関係者等の意見を国の施策に反映させるための制度を整備する等必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to contribute to the appropriate formulation and implementation of measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology, the State shall take necessary measures such as the establishment of a system for reflecting the opinions of such persons as those concerned with core manufacturing technology, in the measures taken by the State.

• それに伴い社会基盤は自前で行う範囲が発生した資金を町人（現在の地方議員と金持ちを兼ねた様な存在）を始めとする大店（おおだな）などが負担し、おもに大工、鳶、木材商などに従事する者が行った。
• Thus, the public infrastructure was supported financially by chonin (similar to present day rich local legislators) as well as odana (rich merchants), and was constructed by carpenters, scaffolding men, and timber merchants.

• 1069年荘園整理令を発布して記録荘園券契所を設置し、1070年には絹布の制、1072年には延久宣旨枡や估価估価法の制定等、律令制度の形骸化により弱体化した皇室の経済基盤の強化を図った。
• In 1069, the Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was issued and a contract office to record estates was established, followed by the issuance of the silk fabric regulation in 1070 and the setting of the Enkyu measuring cup by the Emperor's order; the official measuring cup and the price regulation were established in 1072, and the Emperor tried to build a strong financial base for the Imperial Court, which had been destabilized due to the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes and had become a mere facade.

• ものの陰陽寮の最高責任者である陰陽頭には就任することなく、寛弘2年（1005年）に85歳で没していることから、陰陽寮及び天文道において強い基盤を持っていた家柄ではなかったとみられている。
• However, he died in 1005 at the age of 85 without becoming onmyo no kami (director of the Onmyoryo); this fact is considered proof that the Abe clan was not a family which traditionally had a strong basis in Onmyoryo and tenmondo.

• 機構は、前項の業務のほか、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法（平成十四年法律第百四十七号）第十五条第一項の業務の遂行に支障のない範囲内で、委託を受けて、次に掲げる業務を行うことができる。
• In addition to the businesses set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Organization may conduct the following businesses, as entrusted, within the scope of not causing any hindrance to the performance of the businesses set forth in Article 15, paragraph (1) of the Act on the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN (Act No. 147 of 2002):

• 国は、木材産業等が林産物の供給において果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その健全な発展を図るため、事業基盤の強化、林業との連携の推進、流通及び加工の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures, in consideration of an importance of the role of wood industry, etc. in the supply of wood products, such as enhancement of business base, promotion of partnerships with forestry, streamlining of distribution and processing, for the sound development of wood industry.

• 所領に関しては和田合戦で和田義盛の所領であった武蔵国長井荘を拝領し、平安時代末期から武蔵方面に縁族を有していた安達氏は、秋田城介任官の頃から武蔵・上野国・出羽国方面に強固な基盤を築いた。
• As to shoryo (territory), Nagainosho in Musashi Province which had been shoryo of Yoshimori WADA was granted to Kagemori at the Battle of WADA, and the Adachi clan whose relatives had lived in the Musashi district since the end of the Heian period formed the firm basis in the districts of Musashi, Kozuke and Dewa Provinces after around the time of Kagemori's appointment to Akitajo no suke.

• これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
• Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).

• 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦（治承・寿永の乱）が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権（後の鎌倉幕府）が内戦に勝利した。
• During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.

• 直接購入する機器及びシステム、その組立て、イーター建設地での据え付け、イーター建家の建設や基盤整備、役務のための建設期間におけるイーターの調達は、国内機関及びイーター機構によって行われる。
• ITER procurements during construction are to be accomplished by the Domestic Agencies and the ITER Organization for direct capital components and systems and their assembly and installation on the ITER site, for construction of ITER buildings and for infrastructure and services.

• 第二次世界大戦後の1946年（昭和21年）6月、夫の真三とともに「マキノ芸能社」を設立、「劇団なでしこ」の活動を基盤に、映画製作も行なうが、1948年（昭和23年）10月には解散している。
• After World War II, in June 1946, she established 'Makino Geinosha' with her husband Shinzo and produced movies, on the basis of her activity in 'Gekidan Nadeshiko'; however, in October 1948, Makino Geinosha dissolved.

• 「オウム国家樹立に伴い、神道に基盤におく皇室は当然の如く廃止され、新たに葛城等の姓を与えて民籍人とする。代わって麻原一族が皇族となる。（既に自身の長男・次男に皇子なる称号を授与していた）。」
• With the establishment of the Aum state, the Imperial Family who have their base on Shinto are to be abolished and family names such as Katsuragi will be given to them to be Minsekijin (general public on a population register). Instead, Asahara and his family become the Imperial Family (He has already given the title of Prince to his eldest and second sons).'

• 逆に、渡米後も米国市民権を取得しなかった（あるいはできなかった）が、永住権を得て生活基盤をアメリカに置き、「事実上のアメリカ人」として生涯の大半を過ごした者については、これを例外的に含めた。
• On the other hand, included below are those who did not (or could not) obtain U.S. citizenship after living in the U.S. for some time, spending more than half of their lives as permanent residents, i.e. 'virtual Americans.'

• こうした共有林は、1889年の市制町村制施行当初から、内務省 (日本)では財政基盤確立と各市町村の体力強化のため、部落有林をはじめとした部落有財産を各市町村財産に統合することを推進していた。
• Concerning these common forests, the following movement was carried out since the time when The Municipal Government Act was enforced in 1889: Ministry of Interior (in Japan) promoted the integration of properties owned by each community, including the forests owned by each community, into the corresponding city, town or village property, to establish and strengthen the financial base of each city, town or village property.

• 社会基盤がもっと整備されると、市街の神社や寺や門などから、伝統的な日本家屋の道と敷地の間の垣根や、屋外にあった便所や納戸や蔵、住居と外部を仕切る雨戸や障子なども、常世と現世の端境と考えられた。
• Once social infrastructures were further improved, many things were considered as boundaries between tokoyo and utsushiyo, from shrines, temples and gates of cities to hedges that separate the streets from the premises of traditional Japanese houses, bathrooms, storage rooms and storage shelters located outside the house, and even amado (wooden shutters constructed at the various openings of a building) and shoji (paper-covered sliding screens) that separate the house from the outside.

• 海洋の開発、利用、保全等を担う産業（以下「海洋産業」という。）については、我が国の経済社会の健全な発展及び国民生活の安定向上の基盤であることにかんがみ、その健全な発展が図られなければならない。
• With regard to the industries bearing the development, use and conservation of the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Industries'), in consideration of the fact that they are the basis for the sound development of the economy and society of our State and of stabilization and improvement of the lives of the citizenry, their sound development shall be promoted.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤産業における新規創業等の円滑化を図るため、ものづくり事業者に対する施設、人材、情報等の提供、資金の円滑な供給等新規創業等に係る支援機能の充実に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the facilitation of new start-ups and other developments in the core manufacturing industry, the State shall take the necessary measures for enhancing the support functions pertaining to new start-ups and other developments, such as providing facilities, human resources, information and other resources, and efficiently supplying funds to manufacturing business operators.

• 第10回衆議院議員総選挙において過半数に迫る187議席を獲得したものの、政友会の基盤が確固たるものになることを警戒した山縣有朋から財政政策の不備と社会主義取締の緩さを問題視する上奏が行われた。
• In the tenth general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Seiyu party won 187 seats, and almost became the majority; Aritomo YAMAGATA, who feared the stability of the party, reported to the throne that the cabinet was not effective in its financial policy or regulation of socialism.

• 結果的には、道長ら九条流の最大の競争相手であった小野宮流の財産の殆どが九条流（正確には道長の御堂流）に入ることとなり、経済的基盤を失った小野宮流は院政期には没落して事実上消滅することになった。
• As a result, most of the property of the Ononomiya line, which was the biggest competitor to Michinaga's Kujo line, passed to the Kujo line (or to be precise, Michinaga's Mido line), and the Ononomiya line, having lost their financial foundation, fell into ruin and had almost disappeared by the period of cloistered rule.

• 近年では『吾妻鏡』によると、元は関東にいた御家人で、玉井氏・忍氏・岡部氏・滝瀬氏ら武蔵七党の横山党や猪俣党と並ぶ家柄であり、もともとは利根川流域に基盤をもつ東国武士の有力集団の一派だったという。
• Recently, it has been noted that the record on 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) states that originally they were one of the powerful samurai groups in the eastern part of Japan, Togoku Samurai, who were based in the area of Tonegawa River and also gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)who belonged to an upper class like Tamai clan, Okabe clan, Nin clan and Takise clan from the Musashi-shichito Parties such as Yokoyama Party or Inomata Party (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province).

• 農業生産力の発展を基盤として、経済的な繁栄が見られたのが元禄であり、この時代には文学や絵画の面でも、井原西鶴の浮世草子、松尾芭蕉の俳諧、近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃、菱川師宣の浮世絵などが誕生していく。
• The Genroku era enjoyed economic prosperity based on the development of agricultural productivity, and in the field of literature and painting famous masterpieces such as Ukiyozoshi (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA, seven-syllable verse (haikai) by Basho MATSUO, Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU and ukiyoe paintings by Moronobu HISHIKAWA were created.

• この流れの中で、それまで公田経営請負によって（つまり田堵・負名層となることで）武人としての経済基盤を与えられていたに過ぎなかった武士が、荘園と公領間の武力紛争の対処能力を期待されるようになった。
• Under the above trend, the ability of samurai, who had maintained their lives through the job of warriors under koden management contract (in other words, by becoming tato/fumyo), was increasingly expected in order to cope with the armed conflict between shoen and public land.

• 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配（人別支配）を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
• The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.

• 日本は古来から様々な職業において「組」と言う徒弟制度や雇用関係があり、的屋も噛み砕いて表現すれば、親分子分（親方子方・兄弟分・兄弟弟子）の関係を基盤とする企業や互助団体、その構成する人々でもある。
• Japan, since ancient times, has groups called 'kumi' that offer employment or apprenticeships in various fields and, simply put, tekiya are businesses and mutual aid societies (as well as the people who found them) based on the traditional Japanese mentor-apprentice system (also referred as the relationship of Oyabun-kobun, Oyakata kokata [father-son], Kyodaibun [brother-brother], kyodai deshi [fellow pupil]).

• 結論として、パイオニアはストリームライン・ピクチャーズと同じく、市場を育てようとしてアメリカアニメ業界に参入したが、やはり既存のファン基盤とかれらのその時点の趣味に依存していた、ということになる。
• We conclude that, like Streamline Pictures, Pioneer entered the American anime industry with intent to grow the market, but also with a reliance on the existing fan base and its established preferences.

• 兄・頼通との約束に反して息子・藤原信長への関白譲位を図った事から兄弟の不仲が深刻となり、頼通の財政的な基盤を切り崩すために後三条天皇が行った延久の荘園整理令の施行を事実上容認したとも言われている。
• He went against the promise he made with his older brother, Yorimichi, and schemed to pass the Kanpaku position to his son, FUJIWARA no Nobunaga, that the bad relation between the siblings became serious, and he actually permitted to carry out the Enkyu no shoen seiri rei (Legistration on private estates in the era of Enkyu) policy of Emperor Gosanjo in order to dismantle the financial platform of Yorimichi.

• 例えば、これは公家政権における新制では堂舎社殿の修復、神事仏事の再興、訴訟における便宜、寺社領内での殺生禁断などが掲げられ、施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領などの経済的基盤の確保を図っている。
• Under the new system of the imperial court administration, the restoration included repairing buildings of the religious institutions, restoration of Shinto rituals and Buddhist memorial services, assistance in lawsuits, and prohibition of shooting and fishing in the precincts; therefore, they managed to maintain the facilities and support the rituals, and secure economic base including shoryo (estate) necessary for the maintenance and support.

• 秦氏のような、技術者の基盤の上に製紙の国産化が行われ、山城国が製紙の先進技術を誇り、和紙の技術センターの役割を担ったが、紙の需要が高まるにつれ、原料の麻や楮（こうぞ）は地方に頼らざるを得なくなった。
• Based on the craftsmen like the Hata clan, domestic production of paper was promoted and Yamashiro Province taking pride in advanced techniques for paper making, played the role as the technical center of Japanese paper, and accordingly, with the increase of paper demand the supply of materials such as hemp and kozo came to depend on the provinces.

• 人類は、生物の多様性のもたらす恵沢を享受することにより生存しており、生物の多様性は人類の存続の基盤となっている。また、生物の多様性は、地域における固有の財産として地域独自の文化の多様性をも支えている。
• Human beings are living through enjoying benefits from biodiversity. Biodiversity thus serves as a basis of the survival of human beings. In addition, biodiversity, as the particular assets of each region, also supports the diversity of unique regional culture.

• 旧承認高度化等中小企業者及び旧承認高度化等円滑化商工組合等に関する旧法第十六条第一項に規定する基盤的技術産業集積関連保証についての同条に規定する中小企業信用保険法の特例については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to special provisions of the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Credit Insurance Act prescribed in Article 16 of the Former Act for a guarantee related to industrial clusters for fundamental technology prescribed in paragraph (1) of the same Article that relate to formerly approved small and medium-sized business operators making an innovation, etc. and formerly approved commercial associations, etc. for facilitating innovation, etc., the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 本発明によれば、半導体基盤（好ましくはシリコン半導体基盤）を、紫外線と、Ｏ２と、Ｎ２、ＮＨ３、Ｎ２Ｏ及 びＨ２より選択される１種以上の気体とを含む気体雰囲気とに同時に暴露して、シリコン表面を酸化する。
• According to the invention, a semiconductor substrate (preferably a silicon semiconductor substrate) is simultaneously exposed to UV radiation and a gaseous atmosphere containing O2 and one or more gases selected from N2, NH3, N2O and H2, in order to oxidize the silicon surface.

• アラビア室は、本館東端に位置し、スペインのアルハンブラ宮殿内の王室の壮観を模したものといわれ、床は白と黒の大理石で基盤に敷かれ、中央の四角い池には噴水があり、周囲にはペゴニアやコケ類の鉢が置かれていた。
• The Arabian room, which was modeled after the magnificent king's room in Alhambra Palace, was located at the east corner of the main building; the floor had a checkerboard pattern of black and white marble, there was a fountain in the central square pond, and there were pots of begonias and moss varieties.

• ここ{{SITENAME}}で、私たちはオープンソース・プロジェクトと自由なライセンスの文書の容易な地域化のための基盤を構築し、継続的に改善しています。私たちは二つの目的を達成するために努力しています。
• Here at {{SITENAME}} we build and continuously improve infrastructure for easy localization of open source projects and free written documents. We strive to achieve our two aims.

• これは元寇による膨大な軍費の出費などで苦しむ中小御家人を救済するためと理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
• Although it was regarded as a relief for minor vassals suffering from a lot of war expenditure because of the Mongol Invasions, it is now considered to be more like the prohibition of pawning and trading vassalages to maintain the vassal system as a base of the shogunate.

• 源氏嫡流（かりにそのようなものがあったとするならば）が摂津源氏か河内源氏かはともかく、武門の主流は、京都を活動基盤とした頼光の弟の源頼信にはじまり坂東へ勢力を扶植し、武家棟梁となった河内源氏のものとなる。
• Regardless of whether the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan (if there actually was such a thing) was Settsu Genji or Kawachi Genji, the main samurai family lineage was Kawachi Genji that began with MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, who was a younger brother of Yorimitsu who based his activities in Kyoto, and who established his forces in Bando (old Kanto region) and became the samurai leader family.

• したがって、この戦場で、そしてほとんど唯一ここでだけ、社会にたいする個人の権利が原理という広汎な基盤のうえにたって主張され、意見を異にする人たちに権威を行使しようとする社会の要求が公然と反論されたのです。
• It is accordingly on this battle field, almost solely, that the rights of the individual against society have been asserted on broad grounds of principle, and the claim of society to exercise authority over dissentients, openly controverted.

• 従来のＮＯ 又はＯ２による急速加熱酸化と異なり、本発明の方法においては、半導体基盤表面を、紫外線と、Ｏ２と、Ｎ２、ＮＨ３、Ｎ２Ｏ及びＨ２より選択される１種以 上の気体とを含む気体雰囲気とに同時に暴露する。
• In contrast to the prior art rapid thermal NO or O2 oxidation, in our process, the semiconductor substrate surface is simultaneously exposed to UV radiation and a gaseous atmosphere containing O2 and one or more gases selected from N2, NH3, N2O and H2.

• しかしながら、TF は、60 年代、70 年代に築かれ、80 年代以降、今日に至るまでに強化された安全基盤の上に、今後数十年間にわたる原子力発電所の許認可及び監視に適した規制構造を構築するように勧告する。
• Nonetheless, the Task Force is recommending building on the safety foundation laid in the 1960s and 1970s, and the safety improvements added from the 1980s to the present, to produce a regulatory structure well suited to licensing and overseeing the operation of nuclear power plants for decades to come.

• 江戸時代初期には諸藩においては地方知行を行う例が多く蔵米知行は下級家臣に限られていたが、次第に大名の支配権力と財政基盤の強化のために上級家臣に対しても地方召上を行って蔵米知行に変更されることが多くなった。
• In the early Edo period, jigatachigyo (provision of land) was generally conducted in the domains, while kuramaichigyo (stipend provision in rice) was limited to lower-ranked vassals; later on, however, the domains gradually changed the provision form of chigyo to kuramaichigyo even for their higher-ranking vassals by carrying out jikata-meshiage in order to strengthen the daimyo's authority and consolidate the territory and financial base of the domain.

• 截金を工芸作品として屏風（びょうぶ）、額（がく）、衝立（ついたて）、茶入れや飾箱に応用し、東京・赤坂 (東京都港区)の迎賓館へ四曲一双屏風「霞文（かすみもん）」を納入するなど工芸分野としての基盤を築いた。
• He applied kirikane to byobu (folding screens), gaku (frames), tsuitate (one-panel screens), chaire (tea containers) and kazaribako (ornamental boxes) and delivered a yonkyoku-isso byobu (four-panel folding screen) called 'Kasumi-mon' to the Geihinkan (State Guest Houses) in Akasaka, Tokyo (Minato Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) and laid the foundations for kirikane as a separate category of craft.

• さらに、宗教法人法（昭和26年4月3日施行 1951）により、旧宗団組織を改め、在家仏教を基盤とする新たな教団の体制を整え、 密宗「真如苑」（昭和28年5月16日付 文部大臣認証 1953）の発足となった。
• Furthermore, after the Religious Cooperation Law was issued (the law became effective on April 3, 1951), the former religious organization was reformed and the system of the new religious group based on lay people in Buddhism was organized, Misshu, or 'Shinnyoen Buddhism,' was established. (approved by the Minister of Education on May 16, 1953).

• 水産業の発展に当たっては、漁村が漁業者を含めた地域住民の生活の場として水産業の健全な発展の基盤たる役割を果たしていることにかんがみ、生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上により、その振興が図られなければならない。
• Development of fishery shall, in view of the role of fishing villages as bases of the sound development of fishery for the communities including fishery operators, be promoted by improving living environment and other welfare.

• また日本生命、日本興亜損害保険、大阪倉庫、浪花紡績、ユニチカ、双日、ユニチカ、汽車製造の各社にも関係したが、それらはさきにのべた第四十二国立銀行を足場とし、また別に経営していた大阪商船会社を基盤としていた。
• Also, he was involved in these companies: Nippon Life Insurance Company, Nipponkoa Insurance Company, Osaka Warehouse Company, Naniwa Spinning Company, Unitika, Sojitz Corporation, and Kisha Seizo Kaisha (Train Production Company), and yet the involvement was based on Forty Second National Bank as mentioned before, and also on separately managed Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK Lines).

• 後装式(元込め)のスナイドル銃をいち早く導入し、集成館事業の蓄積で近代工業基盤を有していた薩摩藩は、イギリスから設備を輸入して明治5年の陸軍省創設以前からスナイドル弾薬の国産化に成功していた唯一の地域だった。
• The Satsuma Domain was armed with breech-loading Snider rifles before others; based on the modern industrial base that had been built up through the industries at Shuseikan, the domain was the only region in Japan to succeed in domestic production of ammunition for Snider rifles by importing facilities from England before the Army Ministry was established in 1872.

• 附則第十四条の規定による廃止前の産業技術に関する研究開発体制の整備等に関する法律（昭和六十三年法律第三十三号。以下「旧研究開発体制整備法」という。）第六条第一項に規定する研究基盤出資業務に係る同項の特別の勘定
• The special account set forth in Article 6, paragraph (1) of the Act on Development of an R&D System for Industrial Technology prior to its repeal under Article 14 of the Supplementary Provisions (Act No. 33 of 1988; hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Act on R&D System Development') that pertains to the functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure prescribed in said paragraph;

• このように圧倒的な権力基盤を背景にして徳川将軍家を頂点に君臨させ、全国の諸大名・朝廷・天皇家を「生かさず殺さず、逆らえば（もしくはその危険があるならば）潰す」の姿勢で支配したのが家康の築いた江戸幕府であった。
• It was the Ieyasu-established Edo bakufu that, placing the Tokugawa shogun family at its pinnacle of the reign based on its overwhelming power base, controlled daimyo throughout the nation, the Imperial court, and the emperor's family in the posture of 'Do not make them live nor kill them, and abolish a family if it resisted the bakufu (or was dangerous for the bakufu).'

• 皇太子保明親王を出産するも親王は早世、孫の慶頼王も僅か5歳で没したが、保明親王の死と同年に立后、さらに寛明親王（朱雀天皇）と成明親王（村上天皇）を相次いで出産して2代の国母となり、摂関政治全盛への基盤を固める。
• Although she gave birth to the Imperial Prince Yasuakira, he died very young and her grandson, Prince Yoshiyori also died at the age of 5, however, she officially became the second consort in the same year when Imperial Prince Yasuakira died, then she gave birth to Imperial Prince Yutaakira/Hiroakira (Emperor Suzaku) and Imperial Prince Nariakira (Emperor Murakami) in succession and became a mother of the Emperor for 2 generations, which strengthen the foundation of a blooming regency government.

• ロシアは閔妃を通じ売り払われた鍾城・鏡源の鉱山採掘権や朝鮮北部の森林伐採権、関税権などの国家基盤を取得し朝鮮半島での影響力を増したが、ロシアの進める南下政策に危機感を持っていた日本がこれらを買い戻し回復させた。
• Japan became alarmed when Russia enhanced its grip and influence over the Korean peninsula by acquiring vital state assets such as the mining rights in Chongsong and Gyeongwon sold off by Empress Myeongsong, timber rights in the north, and tariff rights, and purchased back and restored many of these.

• 国は、産業集積の形成等のために必要な施策と広域にわたる活発な人の往来又は物資の流通を通じた地域の活性化のための基盤の整備に関する施策とを、それぞれの有機的な連携を図りつつ効果的に講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• The State shall endeavor to take the measures necessary for the formation, etc. of industrial clusters and measures concerning infrastructure improvement for wide-area regional development through the traffic of people and distribution of goods, in an effective manner, while seeking organic coordination between them.

• 機構は、前項の業務を行おうとする場合において、当該工場用地が独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第五条第二項の規定による委託に係るものであるときは、あらかじめ、その委託をしている者の同意を得なければならない。
• Where the Organization intends to conduct businesses set forth in the preceding paragraph, and when said factory sites pertain to the entrustment under Article 5, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, the Organization shall obtain the consent of the entruster in advance.

• 京都に成立した室町幕府は本来、御料所などからの収入に財政基盤を置いていたが、南北朝時代 (日本)の中で南朝 (日本)方によって占領されたり、自軍の武将への恩賞に宛てられるなどして次第に縮小していく傾向にあった。
• The Muromachi bakufu, established in Kyoto, had originally put its financial base on the income from goryosho (land owned by the Emperor or bakufu) and others, however, the financial base gradually scaled down with the occupation of the goryosho from the Southern Court (Japan) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and with the appropriation of the goryosho for rewards allocated to their military commanders.

• 都市の商業資本家・知識人層・三菱を支持基盤として、「王室の尊栄」・「人民の幸福」を2大方針として政治漸進主義を唱え、イギリス流立憲君主制・二院制議会・財産制限選挙制・国権拡張などの穏健な立憲政治を目標に掲げた。
• Supported by commercial capitalists and intellectuals of big cities, and Mitsubishi, the party maintained the political gradualism with the two pillars of ideas of 'flourishing of the imperial family' and 'people's happiness,' setting a goal to establish the moderate constitutionalism based on British constitutional monarchy, bicameral system, suffrage restricted by property, and the expansion of sovereign right.

• 政府は、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策の総合的かつ計画的な推進を図るため、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する基本的な計画（以下この条において「ものづくり基盤技術基本計画」という。）を策定しなければならない。
• The government shall formulate a basic plan on the promotion of core manufacturing technology (hereinafter referred to as the 'basic plan on core manufacturing technology' in this Article) in order to drive forward measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.

• ヤマト王権は百済との友好関係を基盤として朝鮮半島南部に経済基盤・政治基盤を築いていたが、半島における百済勢力の後退によりヤマト王権が保持していた半島南部の基盤が弱体化し、このことが鉄資源の輸入減少をもたらした。
• The Yamato Kingdom maintained an economic and political base in southern Korea owing to their friendly relationship with Baekje, but as Baekje's power diminished, this base weakened, leading to a decline in iron imports.

• 都市基盤におけるインフラ整備は大きく分けると、長々期的な計画の元に国家や地方公共団体が政策主導で行なう数十年単位のものと、5 -10年程度の間隔において比較的短期間に目標を達成して収益や効果を期待するものがある。
• Broadly speaking, urban infrastructure improvement includes projects carried out by the state or local government based on long-term plans over tens of years, and those aiming to be completed and become profitable within a relatively short period of 5-10 years.

• それは、臣と称する豪族は、蘇我氏・吉備氏など、一般に地名をウジの名とし、それぞれの地域を基盤とする首長であったのに対して、連と称した豪族は、大伴氏・物部氏など、トモとしての職掌を名にもつ伴造のウジとしたのである。
• Compared to the powerful clans who called themselves Omi, who generally used place names for their uji names, such as the Soga clan and Kibi clan and were chiefs who used their area as a base, those who called themselves Muraji had the uji name after the Tomonomiyatsuko who had the names of their official duties as a Tomo, such as the Otomo clan and Mononobe clan.

• 享保期になると8代将軍徳川吉宗は支持基盤強化のために譜代大名、特に老中経験者たちの前官礼遇という形をとり、すでに隠居していた酒井忠挙、稲葉正往と共に長重の3人を、前代の遺老、学識豊かな経験者としてとくに優遇した。
• When the Kyoho period started, the eighth shogun, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA made a system of zenkan-reigu (to welcome retired persons to the field they had experience in) for fudai-daimyo, especially, the persons who had experience as roju in order to enhance the basis of the shogun's political support, and treated especially kindly three people, which included Nagashige together with Tadataka SAKAI and Masayuki INABA who had already retired, as the remaining persons who had experienced the previous generation and who had rich academic knowledge.

• このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説（王朝交替説）、などが提出されている。
• Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).

• また、守護大名による合議制の連合政権であった室町幕府は、3代将軍足利義満と6代将軍足利義教のときを除いて、成立当初から将軍の権力基盤は脆弱であり、同じように守護大名も台頭する守護代や有力家臣の強い影響を受けていた。
• Furthermore the Muromachi bakufu, which was a coalition government of shugo daimyos based on a consultative principle, had provided no solid basis for the Shogun's power since its very beginning except under the rule of the Third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and shugo daimyos were under the strong influences of emerging shugodais and their key vassals.

• というのは、古代人はやむをえず集団の一員となっており、この初期の段階では、産業の効率はまだたいしたことはなく、いかなる集団も、自己の利害を背景に投げ捨てるほど強い連帯感の基盤の上でしか、生き残ることができなかった。
• for archaic man was necessarily a member of a group, and during this early stage, when industrial efficiency was still inconsiderable, no group could have survived except on the basis of a sense of solidarity strong enough to throw self-interest into the background.

• 大隈の政策は廃藩置県・地租改正・秩禄処分を通じて明治政府の財政基盤を安定させ、近代的な商工業育成（殖産興業）のために官営工場を建設するとともに、国立銀行_(明治)を通じて政府資金を導入して民間事業者の育成に努めた。
• Okuma's policies were to stabilize the Meiji Government's financial base by Haihan-chiken, land-tax reform and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), to promote a modern trade and craft industry (encouragement of new industry) by building government-owned factories, and to develop private entrepreneurs by injecting government funds through National Bank (Meiji).

• 治承4年末までには（1180年）、平氏の勢力基盤である西国においても伊予国の河野通清・河野通信父子、翌治承5年1181年には豊後国の緒方惟能・臼杵惟隆・佐賀惟憲ら豪族が挙兵し、伊勢志摩においても反乱の動きがあった。
• In Sai-goku, which was the base of the Taira clan force, Michikiyo and Michinobu KONO, a father and a son in Iyo no kuni (Iyo Province), raised an army by 1180, and in Bungo no kuni (Bungo Province), powerful families such as Koreyoshi OGATA, Koretaka USUKI, and Korenori SAGA raised an army in 1181, and furthermore, there was a rebellion in Iseshima.

• 当時の王権基盤は未熟な段階にあり、大王の地位が各地域の首長から構成される連合政権の盟主に過ぎなかったことを考慮すれば、直木孝次郎の説くように、5世紀のヤマト政権はまさに「大王と葛城氏の両頭政権」であったと表現出来る。
• The foundation of sovereignty was still underdeveloped during those days, and the position of the Okimi was nothing more than that of a leader of chiefs, assigned to each region of the coalition government; the Yamato regime during the 5th century can be described as the 'diarchy of Okimi and Katsuraki clan' as the historian Kojiro Naoki has decribed.

• またこうした政と祭りに一致は中央政府に限らず、地方や町や集落でも、その年の吉凶を占う祭りや、普請としての祭りが行われ、「自治としての政」に対し資金調達や、吉凶の結果による社会基盤の実施の時期の決定や執政の指針とした。
• Such unity of politics and religion was not limited to the central government, however; in the provinces, towns and villages of Japan, festivals were held to determine whether the area in question could expect to enjoy good fortune or to conduct construction work so as to raise funds for 'autonomous matsurigoto' and, based on the results of the fortune telling, to determine when to start social infrastructure work and provide guidance for the administration.

• 国は、水産加工業及び水産流通業の健全な発展を図るため、事業活動に伴う環境への負荷の低減及び資源の有効利用の確保に配慮しつつ、事業基盤の強化、漁業との連携の推進、水産物の流通の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enhancement of business base, promotion of coordination with fisheries and rationalization of marine products marketing for the sound development of fishery processing industry and fishery marketing with consideration to the reduction of adverse effects to environment caused by the business operation and maintenance of effective utilization of resources.

• 無論、『武士道』以前より内村や新渡戸は日本文化における長所と短所について突き詰めた観察をしているし、戦後の教育基本法の審議委員に新渡戸門下生が加わっていた点を見ても戦後デモクラシーの大きな基盤となった点は間違いない。
• Of course, before 'Bushido' Uchimura and Nitobe observed carefully the advantages and disadvantages of Japanese culture and also seeing that the disciples of Nitobe participated in the council of the Fundamental Law of Education, obviously Bushido became a major basis of democracy after the war.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の向上を図るため、ものづくり基盤技術に関する研究開発の実施及びその成果の普及、技術の指導、技術者の研修、特許権その他の工業所有権に関する指導及び情報の提供等必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to improve the level of core manufacturing technology, the State shall take any necessary measures such as the implementation of research and development concerning core manufacturing technology and dissemination of the results thereof, guidance on technology, training for engineers, and guidance and provision of information on patent rights and other industrial property rights.

• 基盤技術研究円滑化法の一部を改正する法律（平成十三年法律第六十号。以下「基盤法改正法」という。）附則第十三条において読み替えて準用する基盤法改正法附則第九条に規定する鉱工業承継勘定（以下「旧鉱工業承継勘定」という。）
• The account for functions related to mining and industry succession as prescribed in Article 9 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act for the Partial Revision of the Act on Facilitating Research and Development in Basic Technology (Act No. 60 of 2001; hereinafter referred to as the 'Revision of the Basic Technology Act') as applied mutatis mutandis by replacing certain terms pursuant to Article 13 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revision of the Basic Technology Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'succeeded former account for mining and industry').

• 機構は、研究基盤出資経過業務を終えたときは、研究基盤出資経過勘定を廃止するものとし、その廃止の際研究基盤出資経過勘定についてその債務を弁済してなお残余財産があるときは、当該残余財産の額を国庫に納付しなければならない。
• When NEDO has completed the transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure, it shall eliminate the account for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure, and if, upon the elimination thereof, there are any residual assets in the account for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure after paying all debts, it shall turnover said residual assets to the national treasury.

• 第一項の規定による旧機構の解散の時（以下この条において「解散時」という。）までに、政府から旧機構に対して旧研究開発体制整備法第四条第三号及び旧基盤法第十一条各号に掲げる業務に必要な資金に充てるべきものとして出資された額
• The amount contributed to the former Organization by the government up to the time of dissolution of the former Organization under paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as the 'time of dissolution' in this Article) as the amount to be appropriated as funds necessary for the functions listed in Article 4, item (iii) of the Old Act on R&D System Development and the items of Article 11 of the Old Basic Technology Act; and

• このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
• As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.

• 臨済は黄檗希運の弟子であり、河北省の地を拠点とし、新興の藩鎮勢力であった成徳府藩鎮の王常侍を支持基盤として宗勢を伸張したが、唐末五代の混乱した時期には、河北は5王朝を中心に混乱した地域であったため、宗勢が振るわなくなる。
• RINZAI was the disciple of Kiun OBAKU; the school grew as a religious movement centered in the province of Hebei, with the support of Changshi WANG of the Hanchin government, but in the confusion that arose around the end of the Tang dynasty, Hebei was at the center of the tumultuous five dynasties and it became difficult to sustain a religious movement.

• その後、1577年（天正5年）、中興の祖・舜甫長老が織田信長より50石を受け、1597年（慶長2年）には前田利家が諸堂の再建を行い、徳川家も別朱印状と100石あまりを与えられ、経済的な基盤も整い、ようやく復興を果たした。
• Shunsuke Choro (a senior priest of the temple, credited for restoring it) received 50 koku (measure of volume) of rice from Nobunaga ODA in 1577, had its halls repaired by Toshiie MAEDA (one of the leading generals of Nobunaga ODA, who became the lord of Kaga Domain, the wealthiest domain in the Edo period) in 1597, and was also given 100 koku of rice and a shuinjo (shogunate license to trade) by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate), and after all these years, the temple was finally revived with a solid financial base.

• 確かに、ほかの人々のふるまいを考えることにばかり専念していると、ここにもはっきりとしたconvictionの基盤はほとんどなかったし、人々の見解も矛盾するものだらけで、哲学者たちの見解の矛盾ぶりと大してかわりはなかった。
• It is true that, while busied only in considering the manners of other men, I found here, too, scarce any ground for settled conviction, and remarked hardly less contradiction among them than in the opinions of the philosophers.

• 自分の意見を他人の意見と突き合せて、修正し完全なものに仕上げていく堅実な習慣は、その意見を実行に移すにあたって疑念や躊躇をひきおこすのではなくて、むしろその意見にちゃんとした信頼にたいする唯一の安定した基盤となるのです。
• The steady habit of correcting and completing his own opinion by collating it with those of others, so far from causing doubt and hesitation in carrying it into practice, is the only stable foundation for a just reliance on it:

• （２） 半導体基盤表面を約３０～９０秒間（最も好ましくは６０秒間）、流量約２０００～３０００ＳＣＣＭのＮ２、ＮＨ３、Ｎ２Ｏ及びＨ２より選択される１種以上 の気体と混合した流量約１００～５００ＳＣＣＭのＯ２ガスに暴露する。
• (2) expose the semiconductor substrate surface, for about 30 to 90 seconds, most preferably 60 seconds, to gaseous O2 at a flow rate of about 100 to 500 SCCM mixed with one or more gases selected from N2, NH3, N2O and H2 at a flow rate of about 2,000 to 3,000 SCCM.
• (2) expose the semiconductor substrate surface, for about 30 to 90 seconds, most preferably for 60 seconds, to gaseous O2 at a flow rate of about 100 to 500 SCCM mixed with one or more gases selected from N2, NH3, N2O and H2 at a flow rate of about 2,000 to 3,000 SCCM.

• つまり、10年前の元和4年（1618年）なら、（徳川幕府の基盤がまだ磐石ではなかったため）謀反を起こす気もあったが、その時でさえ、この政宗は毒殺などというせせこましいことはせず、一槍交えて戦おうとしただろうと言っている。
• In other words, he was saying that Masamune would have plotted a revolt if it was 10 years ago (1618), (since the foundation of Tokugawa Shogunate was not stable and solid yet), but Masamune would not utilize such trivial method as poisoning even at that time, but to fight directly in a battle.

• それを受けて建武政権においては後醍醐天皇が家督・家記・邸宅などを合わせて「家門」とし、家領を家門維持のために必要な経済的な基盤としてと位置づけ、本家・領家を問わず家門と家領を家単位で一括安堵をする仕組を取り入れたのである。
• In response to that, under the Kenmu regime the Emperor Godaigo adopted a mechanism such that katoku (family estate), kaki (family record) and residence were incorporated into 'kamon' (family), keryo (territory of a family) was positioned as the economic basis needed to maintain the kamon, collectively providing 'shoryo ando' (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) to kamon and keryo for each family, regardless of its being the honke or ryoke.

• これにより皇后や皇子を支持基盤にもつ蘇我氏が有利になり、また天皇が生前、「仏教を敬うように」といった詔があったこともあり、先代の敏達天皇の皇后（用明天皇の姉。後の推古天皇）の命により蘇我氏及び連合軍は物部守屋に攻め込んだ。
• This helped the Soga clan which was gaining strong support from the Empress and the Prince and, following the decree made by the Emperor while still alive asking to respect Buddhism, the Soga clan and the allied forces attacked Moriya as ordered by the Empress of the former Emperor Bidatsu (the older sister of the Emperor Yomei and later the Empress Suiko).

• 従来の元和 (日本)の武家諸法度に記載されていた「弓馬の道｣から大きく内容を変え、主君に対する忠と父祖に対する孝を基盤とした礼儀による秩序を構築するものであった（また、家綱の頃に採用された末期養子の禁の緩和が明記された）。
• The new code made a clear departure from 'Kyuba no michi' (the spirit of samurai) mentioned in the previous Buke Shohatto issued in the Genna era, indicating the bakufu's intention of establishing public order through the courtesy based upon loyalty to one's master and filial piety (in addition, the appeasement of Matsugo yoshi no kin (ban on adoption as a son on one's deathbed), which had been adopted in the age of Ietsuna, was clearly stated).

• ライセンスを取得できる日本アニメは大量にあり、またアニメがアメリカ観客に対して持つ訴求力はまだ限られたものなので、初期のアニメ企業が利益をあげたければ既存ファン基盤に頼るしかなく、そしてそのファン基盤を育てる必要があった。
• given the universe of potential Japanese to choose to license, and the still-limited appeal of anime in the American public, early anime companies had to rely on the existing fan base, and had to grow that fan base, if they were to turn a profit.

• 政府は、ものづくり基盤技術をめぐる経済的社会的状況、政府がものづくり基盤技術の振興に関して講じた施策の効果等を勘案して、適宜、ものづくり基盤技術基本計画に検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、これを変更しなければならない。
• The government shall, if necessary, review the basic plan on core manufacturing technology taking into consideration such matters as the economic and social circumstances concerning core manufacturing technology and the effects of the measures considered by the government with regard to the promotion of core manufacturing technology, and when the government finds it necessary, it shall modify the basic plan on core manufacturing technology.

• 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
• The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'

• 国は、海洋産業の振興及びその国際競争力の強化を図るため、海洋産業に関し、先端的な研究開発の推進、技術の高度化、人材の育成及び確保、競争条件の整備等による経営基盤の強化及び新たな事業の開拓その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in order to promote the Ocean Industries and to strengthen the international competitiveness, shall take necessary measures with regard to the Ocean Industries, to promote the cutting-edge research and development, to upgrade the level of technology, to nurture and secure the human resources and to reinforce the management basis with the improvement of competitive conditions and others as well as to exploit new businesses and to execute others.

• また、大日本帝国時代には台湾と朝鮮半島を領有し、さらにアジアや南洋の各地に進出して分布域を広げ、その地域に一定の社会基盤を築いていったが、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)が終結した時、日本の主権が失われたため日本本土へ帰っていった。
• In the Imperial Japanese period, they occupied Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula, moving into the countries of Asia and the South Seas, expanding their range of distribution and establishing a standardized social foundation; however, they returned to Japan's mainland as Japan's sovereign power was lost when the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War) ended.

• これは、御家人及びその一族郎党が惣領を中心とした族的結合（惣領制）と財政基盤（御家人領）の維持していく姿勢に基づくもので、惣領もしくは親の指示に従わず統率を外れるものを幕府への奉公の実行に対する障害とみなして排する意図があった。
• This was based on the bakufu's commitment to maintaining a soryo (heir)-led family oriented relationship among shogunal retainers and their families and retainers (soryo system) and the financial base (territories of shogunal retainers), and was intended to exclude those who disobeyed orders from soryo or parents and who got away from discipline as obstacles to service to the bakufu.

• 緒嗣とは何ら関係のない事件であり、自身も鎮圧する側に回ったのであるが、藤原種継の娘で藤原縄主の妻（種継・縄主ともに緒嗣の従兄弟）であった薬子が事件の首謀者だったということで緒嗣の政治基盤であった式家全体が政治的な地盤沈下を招いた。
• This incident had nothing to do with Otsugu and he joined the suppressing side, however, the whole Ceremonial House which was Otsugu's political base was led to its political decline because Kusuko who was a daughter of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and who was also the wife of FUJIWARA no Tadanushi (both Tanetsugu and Tadanushi were Otsugu' cousins) was the leader of the Incident.

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が次条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has received an application set forth in the preceding paragraph, he/she may, when deeming it necessary, cause the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as the 'NITE') to conduct the necessary investigation regarding whether or not the application conforms to the items of paragraph 1 of the next Article.

• 工芸科学部１学部で構成される工科大学で、それ程大きな規模の大学ではないが、バイオ、材料、情報、環境などの先端科学技術分野から造形・デザインまでの幅広い分野において、ものづくりを基盤とした「実学」を目指した個性ある教育研究を行っている。
• Kyoto Institute of Technology (KIT) has only one school, that is, School of Science and Technology, so it's not that big in scale, but its education and research are unique in pursuing 'practical science' based on creating products, ranging widely from the cutting-edge science and technology, such as biotechnology, material, information, and environment, to formative arts and design.

• （１）半導体基盤（好ましくはシリコン半導体基盤）の表面を紫外線励起オゾンで任意に乾式洗浄し、有機残留物を除去する。次に、成長した酸化物をＨＦ－メタノール蒸気処理により全て除去する。その後、紫外線励起塩素を用いて金属汚染物質を除去する；
• (1) optionally dry clean the surface of the semiconductor substrate, preferably a silicon semiconductor substrate, with UV-excited ozone to remove organic residues, then apply an HF-methanol vapor treatment to remove any grown oxide, and then use UV-excited chlorine to remove metallic contaminants;

• 朝倉氏に奪われた越前国吉崎御坊を取り戻すため何十回となく大規模な戦を起こしたり（九頭竜川の戦い）、一揆の拡大によって武家政権の基盤を脅かされることを恐れた織田信長や細川晴元ら権力者との争いを展開するなど戦国大名化して覇権を争ってもいる。
• The Ikko ikki initiated dozens of large-scale assaults (including the Battle of Kuzuryu-gawa River) in an attempt to restore their control over Yoshizaki-gobo Temple in Echizen Province, which had been usurped by the Asakura clan, and later, they fought with such powerful men as Nobunaga ODA and Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who had begun to fear that the sheer size of the Ikko riots (ikki) threatened to shake the very foundations of warrior rule; in the end, the Ikko ikki itself became somewhat analogous to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), and fought for hegemony over Japan.

• 周の時代には中国的な封建制度は活期を迎えたと考えられており、各地に邑を基盤とした血族共同体が広汎に現れ、周はこれらと実際に血縁関係をむすんだり、封建的な関係をむすぶことによって擬制的に血縁関係をつくりだし、支配下に置いたと考えられている。
• It is considered that the Chinese Hoken system was at its peak in the Zhou period, and blood relative communities based on Mura (large village) broadly emerged in many places, and Zhou formed fictitious blood relations to control them by making actual blood relations or feudalistic relations with them.

• 岩倉は伊藤に辞意の翻意を求め、井上毅も国家基盤を安定させてからイギリス流の議院内閣制に移行する方法もあるとして、自説への賛同を求めたが、伊藤はイギリス式かプロシア式かは今決める事ではないとして、岩倉が唱える「大隈追放」にも否定的であった。
• Iwakura asked Ito not to resign and Kowashi INOUE recommended and asked for the approval of the plan to switch to parliamentary Cabinet system from England after stabilizing state infrastructure; however, Ito didn't made a decision on whether to adopt England style or Prussia style and did not agree with banishment of Okuma, either.

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が第三十一条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has received an application pursuant to the preceding paragraph, when he/she deems necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct the necessary examination to determine whether or not said application conforms to the items of Article 31, paragraph (1).

• こうした規定は鎌倉幕府が御家人に対して課していた御家人役が円滑に行われるためには、惣領に対する族的結合と財政基盤の確保が必要であり、そのために惣領の権限強化を図って御家人の所領分散による窮乏化を最低限に留めるためのものであったとされている。
• These rules were set because, for Gokeninyaku (the posts of retainers), the task the Shogunate set to Gokenin (vassals), to be carried out smoothly, the strong connection of the family toward the heir and assurance of financial base were necessary; and for this, the Shogunate needed to minimize the Gokenin's impoverishment from property dispersion by strengthening the power of the heirs.

• 国は、食品産業が食料の供給において果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その健全な発展を図るため、事業活動に伴う環境への負荷の低減及び資源の有効利用の確保に配慮しつつ、事業基盤の強化、農業との連携の推進、流通の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enhancing business base, encouraging closer cooperation with agriculture, streamlining its distribution system, in order to promote the sound development of food industry in view of an importance of its role in stable food supply with proper consideration to the reduction of adverse effects to be caused by the business operation on the environment and ensuring effective use of the resources.

• 国は、熟練ものづくり労働者（熟練ものづくり労働者であった者を含む。以下この条において同じ。）の有する技能及び知識の有効な活用並びにものづくり基盤技術の継承を図るため、熟練ものづくり労働者に対する技術指導業務の委嘱等必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the effective use of the skills and knowledge of skilled manufacturing workers (including those who have been skilled manufacturing workers in the past; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) and to have core manufacturing technology succeeded, the State shall take the necessary measures such as commissioning skilled manufacturing workers to provide technical guidance services.

• 一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
• On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.

• 都道府県が国又は独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構と一体となつて助成する中小企業者の行う他の事業者との連携若しくは事業の共同化又は中小企業の集積の活性化に寄与する事業の用に供する建築物又は第一種特定工作物の建築又は建設の用に供する目的で行う開発行為
• Development activities carried out with the purpose of building or constructing buildings or Category 1 special structures used for projects that will contribute to the coordination or combined operation with other business operators or vitalized accumulation of small and medium enterprises that are conducted by small and medium enterprises supported by prefectures in a joint effort with the State or the Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, Japan.

• このレベルにおける成果は、ここ数年にわたって、高度の透明性と統制、および説明責任、同時に我々の内閣と組織における幹部の再評価を発展の意図や機会均等および公正の原則の達成を伴って実現するべく、より多くを成し遂げるための確固たる基盤を提供しています。
• The achievements made on this level, over the last years, provide a firm base to achieve more in order to realize the highest degrees of transparency, control and accountability as well as the reevaluation of the cadres in our ministries and institutions with the aim of development and the achievement of the principle of equal opportunities and justice.

• けれど、公には途方もない大胆さと才能があり、どうすれば人を味方につけ敵にまわすか、よくわかっていたし、また極めて短期のうちに築いた基盤はとても強固なので、こうした敵軍に苦しめられたりせず、健康であったら、公はあらゆる困難に打ち勝ったことでしょう。
• Yet there were in the duke such boldness and ability, and he knew so well how men are to be won or lost, and so firm were the foundations which in so short a time he had laid, that if he had not had those armies on his back, or if he had been in good health, he would have overcome all difficulties.

• 国は、地域の農業の健全な発展を図るとともに、景観が優れ、豊かで住みよい農村とするため、地域の特性に応じた農業生産の基盤の整備と交通、情報通信、衛生、教育、文化等の生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上とを総合的に推進するよう、必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the comprehensive promotion of improvements of agricultural production bases and rural welfare including living infrastructure such as transportation, telecommunications, public health, education and culture that suit the regional characteristics, in order to promote the sound development of regional agriculture and create pleasant and comfortable rural areas with beautiful landscape.

• 団地（だんち）は、人間や産業もしくは各種事物が必要とする都市基盤を支える各種インフラストラクチャーや物流の効率化を図るために、同一傾向にある目的や用途、産業などを集中させた一団の区画や地域の名称、若しくは立地している建物や建造物を指す総称の事である。
• Danchi is the name of an area in which institutions with similar objectives, purposes or industries are concentrated in order to optimize the urban infrastructure and distribution necessary for people, industry or other operations, or a generic term for an area in which buildings and structures stand.

• こうした動きは、院と深く連携して院政の軍事警察部門を担当することを平氏政権の基盤に置くものであり、その中心には重盛がいたが、その一方で清盛は、西国に築いた強固な経済・軍事・交通基盤によって院政とは独自の路線を志向するようになっていたと考えられている。
• Such actions required a close relationship with the Retired Emperor and left the Taira clan administration, with Shigemori at its center, in charge of the military guard division of the cloister government, while on the other hand, Kiyomori is thought to have pursued a route independent of the Retired Emperor and established strong financial, military and transportation foundations in the west.

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な農業経営を育成し、これらの農業経営が農業生産の相当部分を担う農業構造を確立するため、営農の類型及び地域の特性に応じ、農業生産の基盤の整備の推進、農業経営の規模の拡大その他農業経営基盤の強化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the promotion of improvement of agricultural production base, expansion of farm management scale and enhancement of farm management infrastructure according to the type of management and regional characteristics, in order to develop efficient and stable farm management and to establish agricultural structure that can play considerable part in the agricultural production.

• この時こそ清盛の平氏政権が最も強固な体制を築いた絶頂期であったが、しかし、平氏政権は後白河との良好な関係の上に形成されてきたのであり、前年のクーデターによって後白河との関係は解消されてしまっており、平氏政権の絶頂は極めて脆弱な基盤に載っていたといえる。
• This period was the peak, when the Taira clan administration built its strongest organization, but this was based on good relations with Goshirakawa, and since the relationship with Goshirakawa had soured with the coup d'etat the previous year, the peak of the Taira clan administration was on an extremely weak foundation.

• とはいえ、最澄自身が法華経を基盤とした戒律や禅、念仏、そして密教の融合による総合仏教としての教義確立を目指していたのは紛れもない事実であり、円仁・円珍などの弟子たちは最澄自身の意志を引継ぎ密教を学び直して、最澄の悲願である天台教学の確立を見たのである。
• However, there is no doubt about the fact that Saicho intended to establish the doctrine of comprehensive Buddhism by integrating Buddhist precepts based on Hokke-kyo sutra, Zen, Nenbutsu (Buddhist prayer) and Esoteric Buddhism and his disciples, including Ennin and Enchin, succeeded Saicho's will, restudied Esoteric Buddhism and completed Tendai kyogaku which had been the earnest desire of Saicho.

• 国は、水産業の生産性の向上を促進するとともに、水産動植物の増殖及び養殖の推進に資するため、地域の特性に応じて、環境との調和に配慮しつつ、事業の効率的な実施を旨として、漁港の整備、漁場の整備及び開発その他水産業の基盤の整備に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take measures for improvement of productivity of fisheries industry and promotion of propagation and aquaculture of aquatic plants and animals, according to the regional characteristics, in consideration of harmony with environments, aiming at efficient business operation, such as improvement of fishing ports, improvement and development of fishing grounds and others necessary for improvement of fisheries industry infrastructure.

• 機構は、政令で定める日までの間、第十五条に規定する業務のほか、旧研究開発体制整備法第四条第三号の規定に基づく出資により旧機構が取得した株式で附則第二条第一項の規定により承継したものの処分及びこれに附帯する業務（以下「研究基盤出資経過業務」という。）を行う。
• In addition to the functions prescribed in Article 15, NEDO shall perform functions related to disposition of the shares that the former Organization had acquired through capital contributions based on the provisions of Article 4, item (iii) of the Old Act on R&D System Development and that NEDO has succeeded to pursuant to the provisions of Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions, and other functions incidental thereto (hereinafter referred to as the 'transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure') until the date specified by Cabinet Order.

• 国は、地域の水産業の健全な発展を図るとともに、景観が優れ、豊かで住みよい漁村とするため、地域の特性に応じた水産業の基盤の整備と防災、交通、情報通信、衛生、教育、文化等の生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上とを総合的に推進するよう、必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the comprehensive promotion of improvement of infrastructure for fishery industry, living environment including disaster prevention, transportation, telecommunication, public health, education and culture in accordance with regional characteristics and welfare, in order to promote the sound development of regional fishery industry and create pleasant and comfortable fishing villages with beautiful landscape.

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な林業経営を育成し、これらの林業経営が林業生産の相当部分を担う林業構造を確立するため、地域の特性に応じ、林業経営の規模の拡大、生産方式の合理化、経営管理の合理化、機械の導入その他林業経営基盤の強化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the promotion of expansion of forestry management scale, streamlining of production system, and rationalization of management according to the regional characteristics, in order to develop efficient and stable forestry management and to establish the forestry structure that plays considerable part in the forestry production.

• 機構は、政令で定める日までの間、第十五条に規定する業務のほか、基盤法改正法附則第二条第一項の規定により旧機構が基盤技術研究促進センター（以下「センター」という。）から承継した株式で附則第二条第一項の規定により承継したものの処分及びこれに附帯する業務を行う。
• In addition to the functions prescribed in Article 15, NEDO shall perform functions to dispose of the shares that the former Organization had succeeded to from the Japan Key Technology Center (hereinafter referred to as the 'Center') under Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act, which NEDO then succeeded to under Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions, and other functions incidental thereto, until the date specified by Cabinet Order.

• イーター機構は、本附属書に規定する手続きに従い、建設、運転、除染期間及び廃止の準備において、設備の運転に必要な機器及び装置並びに関連する設備及び装置を含むフランスの国内法令に定める「基盤原子力設備」の安全及び保安を確保するための必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The ITER Organization shall take the necessary steps to guarantee the safety and security of its "installation nucléaire de base"as defined in French laws and regulations, including the equipment and facilities required for the operation of this installation and its related installations and equipments, during their construction, operation, de-activation, and in providing for decommissioning, in accordance with the procedures defined in this Annex.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興に当たっては、ものづくり事業者の大部分が中小企業者によって占められていることにかんがみ、中小企業者であるものづくり事業者（第十五条において「中小事業者」という。）の経営基盤の強化及び取引条件に関する不利の補正が図られなければならない。
• In promoting core manufacturing technology, the strengthening of the business foundation of manufacturing business operators who are small and medium sized enterprise operators (referred to as 'small and medium sized business operators' in Article 15) and the correction of any disadvantageous trade terms shall be ensured, considering that most of the manufacturing business operators are small and medium sized enterprise operators.

• そのため、中世の公家社会においては日記の家に限らず、その家に相伝された家記は「知識的基盤」として、「経済的基盤」である家領とともに家産の主要部分とされ、その家の後継者（嫡男）に充てられた譲状・置文などによってその重要性や取り扱いについて記されるようになった。
• For that reason, not only 'houses with diaries' but all of aristocratic society during the medieval period depended on these diaries which each successive generation inherited as the 'foundations of knowledge,' and took the diaries to be the principal source for determining house territory and property, which was each family's 'economic base'; eventually the importance of these diaries as well as instructions on how to handle diary-related matters came to be recorded in such documents as the letter of transfer and the last will and testament given to each successor (the eldest son and heir) of each such family.

• こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
• To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.

• 鉄道国有化や第3次日韓協約・日露協約・日仏協約の締結など、山縣有朋ら元老や桂の意に沿った政策を遂行する一方で、山縣の支持基盤である内務省 (日本)改革のために郡制の廃止を計画して失敗したり、貴族院議員の入閣を実現させるなど、政党政治実現に向けた努力は続けられた。
• While the cabinet pursued the policy complying with Genro like Aritomo YAMAGATA and Katsura, such as making The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, Russo-Japanese Agreement and French-Japanese Agreement, it continued to make efforts in order to realize party politics; in order to reform Ministry of Home Affairs, which was the power base for Yamagata, the cabinet tried to abolish the County system, only to fail; the cabinet succeeded in taking members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) into the Cabinet.

• これは、日本古来の民族信仰の基盤の上に、自然風土の中で培われた年中行事や、祭礼などを通じて、多くの日本人が七五三や初詣、あるいは季節の祭りを神社で行い、江戸時代の寺請制度の影響で、葬式や盆などを仏教式で行うなど、複数の宗教にまたがって儀礼に参加しているためである。
• This is because many Japanese people engage in rituals of multiple religions, holding the seven-five-three festival and other seasonal festivals at shrines and visiting shrines at the beginning of the New Year based on annual events and rituals developed in the natural climate from ancient ethnic religions of Japan, and by the influence of the temple guarantee system in the Edo period, holding funerals and bon festivals (a festival of the dead or Buddhist all soul's day) with Buddhist rites.

• 実際に日本中世において正統と見なされた宗教は、平安時代以来密教を基軸に統合された顕密の仏教であり、旧仏教八宗は併立していたのではなく、密教に見ることが出来る鎮魂呪術的信仰という共通の基盤の上に密教の絶対的・普遍的真実性を前提とした競合的な秩序を形成していたものである。
• The kenmitsu taisei theory claims that the authentic religion in medieval Japan, in fact, was kenmitsu Buddhism, which had been integrated under the umbrella of Esoteric Buddhism after the Heian period, and eight old Buddhism sects did not co-exist but formed a competitive order built on the absolute and universal truth of Esoteric Buddhism while sharing as the common foundation the characteristics peculiar to Esoteric Buddhism: prayers for peace of souls and ritualistic faith.

• 好ましくは、上記キセノンランプから放射される光子エネルギーは６．２～１．１ｅＶである。この値は、半導体基盤に 関するほとんどの結合エネルギー（Ｓｉ－Ｓｉ＝３．１ｅＶ、Ｓｉ－Ｈ＝３．０ｅＶ、Ｓｉ－Ｃｌ＝３．９ｅＶ、Ｓｉ－Ｎ＝４．０ｅＶ、Ｓｉ－Ｏ＝４．６ｅＶ 等）より高い。
• Preferably, the photon energies from such Xenon lamp are 6.2 - 1.1 eV, which are higher than most bond energies for semiconductor substrates, such as: Si-Si=3.1 eV; Si-H=3.0 eV; Si-Cl=3.9 eV; Si-N=4.0 eV; Si-O=4.6 eV.

• （３）半導体基盤表面を約２～３０秒間、流量約０．２～１．０ＳＬＰＭのＮＨ３ガス、及び、最大光量２００Ｗの約５０％～１００％（最も好ましくは ７０％）、圧力約１０～２００トル（最も好ましくは１００トル）、温度約１００～２００℃（最も好ましくは１５０℃）の紫外線に暴露する；
• (3) expose the semiconductor substrate surface, for about 2 to 30 seconds, to gaseous NH3 at a flow rate of about 0.2 to 1.0 SLPM and UV radiation at a power setting of about 50 to 100%) of a maximum power of 200 Watt, most preferably 70%, at a pressure of about 10 to 200 Torr, most preferably 100 Torr, and at a temperature of about 100 to 200°C, preferably 150°C;

• 絶えず再起する独創性でその信念と行いの基盤が単なる伝統になってしまうのを防いでいる人たちが連綿と続いていなければ、こうした生気のない事態は、なにか本当に活気のあるものからの最小の衝撃にも耐えないだろうし、ビザンチン帝国でのように、文明が死に絶えないという理由はないのです。
• and unless there were a succession of persons whose ever-recurring originality prevents the grounds of those beliefs and practices from becoming merely traditional, such dead matter would not resist the smallest shock from anything really alive, and there would be no reason why civilization should not die out, as in the Byzantine Empire.

• 室町幕府が成立すると、守護領国制が確立されていく過程で公家や寺社などの荘園領主は守護の軍事力に依拠しなければ年貢・公事の徴収が困難となり、反対に守護はその立場を利用して国内の荘園・公領に段銭などの形で独自の公事を賦課することで領国支配の強化と財政基盤の構築を図るようになった。
• After Muromachi bakufu was founded, in the process of establishing Shugo-ryogoku system, it became difficult for lords of the manor such as kuge, temples and shrines to collect nengu and kuji unless they relied on the military power of shugo, on the other hand, shugo made a use of their position to impose their original kuji to shoen and koryo in form of tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), so that they could have enhanced the control over daimyo's territory and built financial base.

• 12世紀末以来、武士階層を基盤とする鎌倉幕府は、数度の戦乱を通じて所領を基盤たる武士階層に再配分し、武士団の持つ自己増殖欲求に応えてきたが、宝治元年（1247年）の宝治合戦により得宗専制が完成して政治的安定が実現すると、所領再配分の機会となる戦乱の発生自体が見られなくなった。
• Since the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu, based on the samurai class, had reallocated its territory to the samurai through several wars to meet the self-propagating desires of the samurai forces, but when the Hoji Battle of 1247 resulted in complete Tokuso sensei (autocracy by the shikken [regent for the shogun], who were members of the Hojo clan) and political stability was established, wars, that presented opportunities for territory reallocation, stopped occurring.

• 鎌倉時代初期においては、国衙領や荘園に守護人奉行（のちの守護）や地頭の影響力はそれほど及んでいなかったが、鎌倉中期以降、国衙領・荘園の税収入効率ないし領地そのものがこれらに急激に侵食されはじめると、陰陽師の保護基盤である朝廷・公家勢力は経済的にも苦境を迎えるようになっていった。
• During the early Kamakura Period, the authority of shugonin bugyo (subsequently shugo) or jito over kokugaryo (state-owned land) and shoen (manor) was not so conspicuous, but after the mid Kamakura Period, as the tax revenue efficiency of the state-owned land and shoen or properties themselves began to be rapidly eaten away by these people, the Imperial Court and court nobles, who were the protection basis of onmyoji, started to experience financial difficulties.

• 対象となった歌人は藤原雅経、源具親、鴨長明、後鳥羽院宮内卿ら院の近臣を中心とする新人のグループで、この時期、院は熱心に新たな歌人を発掘し、周囲に仕えさせることで、後に新古今歌人群のなかにあって、九条家グループ、御子左家グループと鼎立する院近臣グループの基盤がここに整ったといえる。
• The reprehensive poets were FUJIWARA no Masatsune, MINAMOTO no Tomochika, KAMO no Chomei and Go-Toba in no Kunaikyo, who were mostly newcomers from among the aides of Go-Toba-in; he tried to find new poets to serve the other people, but later on it helped to create a base for the In aide group together with the KUJO Family group and the Mikohidari Family group within Shin Kokin Kajin gun.

• ものづくり事業者は、その事業を行うに当たっては、ものづくり基盤技術に関する自主的な研究開発の実施によるほか、ものづくり基盤技術に関する能力の適正な評価、職場環境の整備改善その他ものづくり労働者の労働条件の改善を通じて、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の維持及び向上に努めなければならない。
• A manufacturing business operator shall, when carrying out business, endeavor to maintain and improve the level of core manufacturing technology through the voluntary implementation of research and development concerning core manufacturing technology as well as the appropriate evaluation of abilities related to core manufacturing technology, maintenance and improvement of the working environment, or any other improvements in the working conditions of manufacturing workers.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤産業における事業活動の効率化、高度化等を図るため、自然的経済的社会的条件からみて一体である地域における工業団地等の施設の整備、ものづくり事業者の交流又は連携の推進等ものづくり事業者の新たな集積の促進又は既存の集積の有する機能の強化に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the increased efficiency and sophistication of, and any other improvements in, business activities in the core manufacturing industry, the State shall take necessary measures for promoting a new agglomeration of manufacturing business operators and strengthening the functions of the existing agglomeration, such as the establishment of such facilities as industrial parks and the promotion of exchange and cooperation among manufacturing business operators in an area that is regarded as a single domain in light of natural, economic and social conditions.

• こうした自由は、かなりのところまで、宗教的寛容と自由な制度を標榜するあらゆる国々の政治的道徳の一部を形成しているのですが、そういう自由が拠って立つ哲学的および実践的双方の基盤は、おそらく一般人には馴染みがなく、世論の指導者でさえその多くは完全に理解してはいないと思ってよいでしょう。
• Although these liberties, to some considerable amount, form part of the political morality of all countries which profess religious toleration and free institutions, the grounds, both philosophical and practical, on which they rest, are perhaps not so familiar to the general mind, nor so thoroughly appreciated by many even of the leaders of opinion, as might have been expected.

• しかし、経済的基盤を持たない（祖父実資は、養子であった資房の父・資平に財産を殆ど与えずに実娘とその夫・藤原兼頼（藤原頼宗の子、頼通・能信の甥にあたる）に与えてしまったために、小野宮家は経済的に没落の一途を辿っていた）ため、頼通に対抗できるだけの政治力を確保できることが出来なかった。
• However, since he had no economic base (the Ononomiya family has been driven to economic ruin because his grandfather Sanesuke left little property to the adopted son Sukehira (Sukefusa's father) and he left his property to his biological daughter and her husband FUJIWARA no Kaneyori (a son of FUJIWARA no Yorimune, a nephew of Yorimichi and Yoshinobu)), he could not secure enough political power to oppose Yorimichi.

• 禅宗、時宗の寺院は、直ちに可否を記して提出したが、生活を檀家に頼っていた浄土真宗（以下、真宗）の寺院にとって、この様な合併は経済基盤を奪うものであり、死活問題であっため、浄土真宗の僧侶は、このような重大な案件は即答できないとして、藩に関わりのある西方寺と光輪寺に日延の申し入れを依頼した。
• The temples of the Zen sect and the Ji sect submitted the answers immediately, however, such a merger deprived the economic base and it was a vital questionfor the temples of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (described 'Shinshu sect' as follows) which lived on Buddhist parishioners, therefore the monks of Shinshu sect were not able to answer the critical questions immediately and requested to postpone the answer to the Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple which had a connection with the domain.

• 桂園時代は、桂に代表される官僚・軍部と西園寺に代表される有力政党である立憲政友会が「情意投合」と呼ばれる連携体制を組んで交互に内閣総理大臣に就任した（この間にも松方正義や山本権兵衛、平田東助などを首相に擁する動きはあったものの、両者以上の政権基盤を持たずにいずれも断念に追い込まれている）。
• In the Kei-En era, bureaucrats and military typified by Katsura and a leading political party Rikken seiyukai typified by Saionji built a collaborative system called 'emotional agreement' and they alternately served as the prime minister (In the meantime, there was a move to field Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Tosuke HIRATA as prime minister, but none of them had stronger foundations of administration than those of the two, so they were forced to give up).

• しかしそれが上に述べた地歩を固めた君主であるとすると、彼は命令を下せるし、逆境にもひるまない勇敢な人であり、他の資質にも翔るところがなく、その決断と活力で全民衆を鼓舞しつづけるでしょうから、こうした人は民衆から欺かれることはないし、その基盤がしっかりしたものであることを見せつけることでしょう。
• But granted a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole people encouraged--such a one will never find himself deceived in them, and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

• しかしそれが上に述べた地歩を固めた君主であるとすると、彼は命令を下せるし、逆境にもひるまなし勇敢な人であり、他の資質にも翔るところがなく、その決断と活力で全民衆を鼓舞しつづけるでしょうから、こうした人は民衆から欺かれることはないし、その基盤がしっかりしたものであることを見せつけることでしょう。
• But granted a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole people encouraged ? such a one will never find himself deceived in them, and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

• 日本電信電話株式会社（以下「会社」という。）は、東日本電信電話株式会社及び西日本電信電話株式会社がそれぞれ発行する株式の総数を保有し、これらの株式会社による適切かつ安定的な電気通信役務の提供の確保を図ること並びに電気通信の基盤となる電気通信技術に関する研究を行うことを目的とする株式会社とする。
• Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'the Company') shall be a company limited (Kabushiki Kaisha) whose purpose is to own all the shares issued by East Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and West Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, to ensure appropriate and stable provision of telecommunications services supplied by the latter two companies, as well as to engage in research activities of telecommunications technologies that would form the basis of telecommunications.

• この法律は、公的統計が国民にとって合理的な意思決定を行うための基盤となる重要な情報であることにかんがみ、公的統計の作成及び提供に関し基本となる事項を定めることにより、公的統計の体系的かつ効率的な整備及びその有用性の確保を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展及び国民生活の向上に寄与することを目的とする。
• Recognizing that official statistics are critical information for the citizens in their reasonable decision making, the purposes of this Act are to promote systematic and efficient development of official statistics and to ensure the usefulness thereof through specifying basic matters concerning the production and provision of official statistics, and thereby to contribute to the sound development of the national economy and enhancement of the living standards of the citizens.

• 日本電信電話株式会社（以下「会社」という。）は、東日本電信電話株式会 社及び西日本電信電話株式会社がそれぞれ発行する株式の総数を保有し、これらの株式会社による適切かつ安定的な電気通信役務の提供の確保を図ること並びに 電気通信の基盤となる電気通信技術に関する研究を行うことを目的とする株式会社とする。
• Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'the Company') shall be a company limited (Kabushiki Kaisha) whose purpose is to own all the shares issued by East Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and West Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, to ensure appropriate and stable provision of telecommunications services supplied by the latter two companies, as well as to engage in research activities of telecommunications technologies that would form the basis of telecommunications.

• 経済産業大 臣は、第一項の検査のうち、原子力を原動力とする発電用の特定事業用電気工作物であつて経済産業省令で定めるものが前項各号のいずれにも適合しているかど うかの検査に関する事務の一部を、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に行わせるものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, cause the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (hereinafter referred to as the 'JNES') to perform part of the affairs concerning the inspection set forth in paragraph 1 as to whether or not the Specific Electric Facilities for Business Use for electricity generation by means of nuclear power, which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, conform to all of the items of the preceding paragraph.

• この内紛は岡山だけに止まらず不受不施派全体に及び、日向の佐土原に流刑中の日講と備前倉敷の津寺庵の日隆を中心とするグループは、生活基盤を確保して外見上平穏な生活をしている内信者と寺請してもらえず無宿者なっても浄い信仰を守っている不受不施信者をはっきり区別して、法立が導師をすることを認めないと主張した。
• While this internal conflict was spreading from Okayama to the entire Fujufuse School, a group headed by Nikko, who was in exile in Sadohara in Hyuga, and Nichiryu at Tsudera-an Temple of Kurashiki in Bizen insisted that naishin people who were spending a calm and stable life, and the believers of fujufuse who were keeping faith without terauke, even becoming homeless, should be clearly distinguished and horyu should not be allowed to act as doshi.

• 清和源氏以外に武家となった源氏としては、嵯峨源氏の源融を祖とする「融流嵯峨源氏」があり、嵯峨源氏の武家として系譜を伝えた代表は、摂津国を基盤とした渡辺氏とその分流の松浦氏であり、また宇多源氏の中で武家として近江国を基盤とした系統は近江源氏（佐佐木源氏）と称し、佐々木氏として有力武士団に成長していく。
• Another example of military Genji compared to Seiwa-Genji is 'Toru-ryu Saga-Genji' who originated from MINAMOTO no Toru of the Saga-Genji, and those who represented the clan as the warriors of Saga-Genji include Settu Province-based Watanabe clan and its branch Matsuura clan, and also those among Uda-Genji who were based in Omi Province were called Omi-Genji (Sasaki-Genji) and grew up to be the powerful samurai group known as the Sasaki clan.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興は、ものづくり基盤技術が製造業等に属する事業において供給される製品又は役務の価値を高める重要な要素であり、そのものづくり基盤技術はものづくり労働者によって担われていることにかんがみ、ものづくり基盤技術に関する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、積極的に行われなければならない。
• The promotion of core manufacturing technology shall be actively implemented while establishing a social sentiment to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology, considering that core manufacturing technology is an important element that increases the value of products or services supplied in the business of the manufacturing industry, etc. and that such core manufacturing technology is supported by manufacturing workers.

• 新しい啓示と言い立てられているものと、それに基づいた宗教、その創始者の優れた性格という名声によって証拠立てることさえされていない明白なペテンの産物が、何十万人もの人に信じられ新聞と鉄道と電信の時代にある社会の基盤となっているという、思いがけない教訓的な事実については、多くのことが語られていることでしょう。
• Much might be said on the unexpected and instructive fact, that an alleged new revelation, and a religion founded on it, the product of palpable imposture, not even supported by the prestige of extraordinary qualities in its founder, is believed by hundreds of thousands, and has been made the foundation of a society, in the age of newspapers, railways, and the electric telegraph.

• しかし、天皇の后にした娘が男子に恵まれなかった事や刀伊の入寇・平忠常の乱・前九年の役など戦乱が相次ぎ、朝廷内部での絶対的な権勢とは裏腹に内外においてはその政治的基盤を揺るがせる事態が相次ぎ、晩年には藤原氏と縁のない後三条天皇が即位して、摂関家は衰退へ向かい、やがて院政と武士の台頭の時代へと移ることになる。
• However, because the maiden taken by the Emperor as Empress was unable to provide a son and, due to conflicts such as the Toi Invasion, the TAIRA no Tadatsune Rebellion and the Zenkunen War, the absolute power of the Fujiwara clan in the inner circles of the imperial court was eroded at home and abroad and rocked to its political foundations time and again; in its final years, the Fujiwara clan, who kept the posision of Sessho and Kanpaku, saw the unrelated Emperor Gosanjo enthroned and as such, and headed towards decline; in time, there was a transition to a period of cloistered government and the ascendance of samurai warriors.

• その背景について、幼少の清和天皇が外祖父藤原良房の政治権力によって、異母兄惟喬親王を推す世論に反して擁立されたことに由来する政治基盤の不安定さを克服するために、幼い天皇の君徳の涵養を図るとともに、天皇への忠誠を官人教育を通じて強く認識させる目的によって、藤原良房と大春日雄継が導入を図ったものと考えられている。
• It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and OKASUGA no Otsugu adopted this edition with the purpose of giving government officials an official education to foster allegiance to the Emperor, as well as to foster 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' in the young Emperor Seiwa, thereby tried to overcome the instability of political foundation, which was caused by the enthroning of the infant Emperor Seiwa, with the help of the political power of his maternal grandfather, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, against public opinion that pushed for his paternal older half-brother, Imperial Prince Koretaka.

• 主務大臣（第六十九条第二項の規定により、経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。）は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が第二十七条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• In cases where an application has been made pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph and when the competent minister (this shall be limited to when the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry is the competent minister pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 2 of Article 69) deems it necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct the necessary investigations with regard to whether said application complies with each of the items of Paragraph 1 of Article 27.

• 義朝側の戦力は、三条殿襲撃に参加した源重成・源光基・源季実、信西を追捕した源光保などの同盟軍、子息の義平・源朝長・頼朝、叔父・源義隆、信濃源氏・平賀義信などの一族、鎌田正家・後藤実基・佐々木秀義などの郎等により形成され、義朝の勢力基盤である関東からは、三浦義澄・上総介広常・山内首藤氏などが参戦したに過ぎなかった。
• The warriors fighting on Yoshitomo's side included MINAMOTO no Shigenari, MINAMOTO no Mitsumoto, and MINAMOTO no Hidezane, all of whom had taken part in the raid on the Sanjo Palace, and MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu and others who had tracked down and captured Shinzei, as well as Yoshitomo's sons Yoshihira, Tomonaga, and Yoritomo and his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka and Yoshinobu HIRAGA and others of the Shinano branch of the Minamoto clan, and his army took shape around his retainers, including Masaie KAMATA, Sanemoto GOTO, and Hideyoshi SASAKI; yet from the Kanto, the source of Yoshitomo's power, only a handful, including Yoshizumi MIURA, Hidetsune KAZUSANOSUKE (TAIRA no Hidetsune), and some warriors of the Yamanouchi-Sudo clan were present to fight with him.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興に当たっては、ものづくり基盤技術の中心的な担い手であるものづくり基盤技術に係る業務に必要な技能及びこれに関する知識について習熟したものづくり労働者（第十三条において「熟練ものづくり労働者」という。）が不足していることにかんがみ、ものづくり労働者の確保及び資質の向上が図られなければならない。
• In promoting core manufacturing technology, the securing of manufacturing workers and the improvement of their abilities shall be ensured, in view of the shortage of manufacturing workers well-versed in the skills and related knowledge necessary for business pertaining to core manufacturing technology (referred to as 'skilled manufacturing workers' in Article 13), who are the main supporters of core manufacturing technology.

• 戦後の歴史学において、悪党は封建領主のなかで位置づけられていたが、網野善彦、佐藤進一らが社会的基盤を農業以外に置く手工業民や芸能民などに着目した中世史像を提示すると、悪党の存在もそれらと関連付けて論じられるようになり、20世紀末からは海津一朗らによって元寇や徳政令等の社会変動における悪党の位置づけが試みられている。
• In historical science after the war, akuto was positioned among feudal lords, but when Yoshihiko AMINO, Shinichi SATO, etc. introduced a picture of medieval history focused on craftsmen and entertainers whose social foundations were not agricultural, akuto was discussed in connection with them, and from the end of the 20th century, Ichiro KAIZU and others were attempting to position akuto in the context of social change such as genko and Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts).

• 主務大臣（第四十四条第一項の規定により経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。以下この条、次条第四項から第六項まで及び第三十九条において同じ。）は、調査の業務を自ら行う場合において必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該調査の業務の全部又は一部を行わせることができる。
• The competent minister (limited to the case where the competent minister is the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 44 paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 37 paragraph (4) through paragraph (6) and Article 39) may, where evaluation activities are conducted by the minister and if deemed necessary, commission the Incorporated Administrative Agency called the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as "NITE") to conduct in whole or in part such evaluation activities.
• The competent minister (limited to the case where the competent minister is the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 44 paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 37 paragraph (4) through paragraph (6) and Article 39) may, where evaluation activities are conducted by the minister and if deemed necessary, commission the Incorporated Administrative Agency called the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') to conduct in whole or in part such evaluation activities.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構は、特定研究成果の民間事業者への移転を促進するため、承認計画に係る特定大学技術移転事業の実施に必要な資金を調達するために発行する社債（社債、株式等の振替に関する法律（平成十三年法律第七十五号）第六十六条第一号に規定する短期社債を除く。）及び当該資金の借入れに係る債務の保証の業務を行う。
• In order to promote the transfers of Specified Research Results to private business operators, the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation shall engage in the business of guaranteeing bonds to be issued in order to procure the funds necessary for implementing the Specified University Technology Transfer Operations pertaining to Approved Plans (excluding short term corporate bonds provided in Article 66, item 1 of the Act Concerning Transfer of Bonds, Shares, etc. (Act No. 75 of 2001)) and for debts arising from borrowing of said funds.

• 基盤法改正法附則第三条第一項の規定により政府から旧機構に対して出資されたものと された額（基盤法改正法附則第十三条において読み替えて準用する基盤法改正法附則第十条の規定により資本金を増加し又は減少した場合にあっては、同条の規 定により出資されたものとされた額を含み、同条の規定により出資がなかったものとされた額を除く。）
• The amount deemed to have been contributed to the former Organization by the government under Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act (in the event that the stated capital has been increased or decreased pursuant to the provisions of Article 10 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act as applied mutatis mutandis by replacing certain terms pursuant to Article 13 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act, such amount shall include the amount deemed to have been contributed under said Article and shall exclude the amount deemed not to have been contributed under said Article).

• 国は、良好な営農条件を備えた農地及び農業用水を確保し、これらの有効利用を図ることにより、農業の生産性の向上を促進するため、地域の特性に応じて、環境との調和に配慮しつつ、事業の効率的な実施を旨として、農地の区画の拡大、水田の汎用化、農業用用排水施設の機能の維持増進その他の農業生産の基盤の整備に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for agricultural production base including farmland partition enlargement, creation of multipurpose paddy fields, maintenance of better functions of irrigation and drainage facilities, according to the regional characteristics, in consideration of harmony with the environment, and with the view of efficient operation, in order to encourage the improvement of agricultural productivity by securing farmland with good farming conditions and agricultural water facilities and promotion of their effective use.

• こ の法律は、産業集積が地域経済の活性化に果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、企業立地の促進等による地域における産業集積の形成及び活性化のために地方公共団 体が行う主体的かつ計画的な取組を効果的に支援するための措置を講ずることにより、地域経済の自律的発展の基盤の強化を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展 に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in consideration of the significance of the role played by industrial clusters in developing local economies, to strengthen the foundation of the self-sustaining growth of local economies by taking necessary measures to effectively assist independent and planned efforts being made by local public entities for the formation and development of regional industrial clusters through promotion of the establishment of new business facilities, etc., and thereby contribute to the sound development of the national economy.

• 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)の朝廷・室町幕府の財政基盤が大変弱かった事から、官職・役職への補任や継目安堵（将軍の就任に際して引き続き所領安堵の安堵状を得る事）の文書発給条件として謝礼としての礼銭の献上が期待されるようになり、いつしか論理がすり替わって礼銭の献上の多寡によって発給の是非が決定されるようになっていったのである。
• In the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in severe financial difficulties, and as a result, the reisen as a gratuity was expected to be presented as a condition for receiving the documents of awarding government posts and official positions as well as of the tsugime ando (receiving again the ando-jo, or document to authorize the ownership and control of the shoryo, or territory, in case of appointment of Shogun); before long, the logic was changed, and whether the documents were issued or not came to depend on the amount of the reisen presented.

• 機構は、鉱工業承継業務を終えたときは、鉱工業承継勘定を廃止するものと し、その廃止の際鉱工業承継勘定についてその債務を弁済してなお残余財産があるときは、当該残余財産の額を基盤法改正法附則第三条第一項の政府及び政府以 外の者（附則第三条第二項の規定による払戻しを受けた者を除く。）に対し、その出資額に応じて分配するものとする。
• When NEDO's functions related to mining and industry succession have been completed, NEDO shall eliminate the account for functions related to mining and industry succession, and if, after repaying all debts, there are any residual assets in the account for functions related to mining and industry succession upon the elimination thereof, it shall distribute the residual assets to the government and to persons other than the government as set forth in Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act (excluding those who have received the return under Article 3, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions), in accordance with the amount of each contributor's capital contribution.

• ゲートスタック形成工程の１つの段階として半導体基盤表面上に酸窒化膜を形成する方法であって、前記半導体基盤を、Ｏ２と、Ｎ２、ＮＨ３、Ｎ２Ｏ及びＨ２からなる群より選択される１種以上の気体とを含む気体雰囲気に暴露し、かつ、前記気体雰囲気に暴露しながら前記基盤に紫外線を照射して、前記基盤表面上に酸窒化膜を形成ることを特徴とする方法。
• A process for forming an oxynitride film on the surface of a semiconductor substrate as one step in a gate stack forming process, comprising: exposing the semiconductor substrate to a gaseous atmosphere containing O2 and one or more gases selected from the group consisting of: N2, NH3, N2O and H2; and radiating the substrate with UV radiation while the substrate is exposed to said gaseous atmosphere so that an oxynitride film forms on the surface of the substrate.

• 農村については、農業者を含めた地域住民の生活の場で農業が営まれていることにより、農業の持続的な発展の基盤たる役割を果たしていることにかんがみ、農業の有する食料その他の農産物の供給の機能及び多面的機能が適切かつ十分に発揮されるよう、農業の生産条件の整備及び生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上により、その振興が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that rural areas play an important role as the base for the sustainable agricultural development through agricultural activities taken in the communities including farmers, rural areas shall be developed by improving agricultural production conditions and rural welfare including living environment so that the conventional role as a primary food supplier and the multifunctional role can be fulfilled fully.

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営を育成するため、経営意欲のある漁業者が創意工夫を生かした漁業経営を展開できるようにすることが重要であることにかんがみ、漁業の種類及び地域の特性に応じ、経営管理の合理化に資する条件の整備、漁船その他の施設の整備の促進、事業の共同化の推進その他漁業経営基盤の強化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall, in view of importance of enabling motivated fishery operators to develop creative fishery management, take measures such as improvement of conditions that helps management rationalization, promotion of improvement of fishing boats and other facilities, promotion of joint operation of business and others necessary for the promotion of reinforcement of fishery management infrastructure to develop efficient and stable fishery management.

• それならば、国の基盤に不完全な部分があるなら（そしてそういう部分がたくさんあることは、その基盤の多様性だけを見ても充分に納得がいくだろう）、慣習がまちがいなく、その欠陥をはっきりと補うようになっているだろうし、賢明さだけではきちんと対応しきれない部分についても、完全に回避するか、あるいは知らず知らずのうちに矯正を加えているはずだ。
• Then if there are any imperfections in the constitutions of states (and that many such exist the diversity of constitutions is alone sufficient to assure us), custom has without doubt materially smoothed their inconveniences, and has even managed to steer altogether clear of, or insensibly corrected a number which sagacity could not have provided against with equal effect;

• 国は、離島が我が国の領海及び排他的経済水域等の保全、海上交通の安全の確保、海洋資源の開発及び利用、海洋環境の保全等に重要な役割を担っていることにかんがみ、離島に関し、海岸等の保全、海上交通の安全の確保並びに海洋資源の開発及び利用のための施設の整備、周辺の海域の自然環境の保全、住民の生活基盤の整備その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, with regard to the remote islands, shall take necessary measures including conserving the seacoasts and others, securing the safety of navigation as well as establishing the facilities for the development and use of ocean resources, conserving natural environment in adjacent sea areas, maintaining infrastructure for the life of inhabitant and executing others, in consideration of such fact that the remote islands bear an important role in conserving our territorial sea and the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas, and in securing the safety of navigation in the development and use of ocean resources as well as in conservation of the marine environment.

• 事業者は、我が国産業の発展において知的財産が果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、活力ある事業活動を通じた生産性の向上、事業基盤の強化等を図ることができるよう、当該事業者若しくは他の事業者が創造した知的財産又は大学等で創造された知的財産の積極的な活用を図るとともに、当該事業者が有する知的財産の適切な管理に努めるものとする。
• In light of the importance of the role that intellectual property plays in the development of Japanese industry, business operators shall, in accordance with the basic principles, endeavor for positive exploitation of the intellectual property that is created by themselves or by other business operators and the intellectual property that is created by universities, etc. as well as for proper management of their own intellectual property in order to increase their productivity and reinforce their business foundation through vigorous business activities.

• 好ましくは、上記酸窒化膜層は、上記基盤表面を（１）紫外 線（最大光量２００Ｗの約５０％～１００％、好ましくは７０％）、及び、（２）気体雰囲気の両方に、温度約１００～１５０℃（好ましくは１３０℃）、圧力 約８０～１２０トル（好ましくは１００トル）において約３０～９０秒間（好ましくは６０秒間）暴露することにより、上記基盤表面上に形成される。
• Preferably, the oxynitride layer is formed on the substrate surface by exposing the substrate surface both to (1) UV radiation (from about 50% to 100% power of a maximum power of 200 Watt, preferably 70% power) and (2) the gaseous atmosphere for about 30 to 90 seconds (preferably 60 seconds), at a temperature of about 100 to 150°C (preferably 130°C) and at a pressure of about 80 to 120 Torr (preferably 100 Torr).

• この法律において「持続可能な利用」とは、現在及び将来の世代の人間が生物の多様性の恵沢を享受するとともに人類の存続の基盤である生物の多様性が将来にわたって維持されるよう、生物その他の生物の多様性の構成要素及び生物の多様性の恵沢の長期的な減少をもたらさない方法（以下「持続可能な方法」という。）により生物の多様性の構成要素を利用することをいう。
• The term 'sustainable use' as used in this Act shall mean using the components of biodiversity by a method that does not cause long-term decrease in organisms and other components of biodiversity and benefits from biodiversity (hereinafter referred to as 'sustainable method') to ensure that current and future-generation human beings can enjoy benefits from biodiversity and that biodiversity, which is a basis of the survival of human beings, will be maintained in the future.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤技術に関する研究開発及びその成果の利用の促進並びに研究開発に係る人材の育成に資するため、ものづくり事業者と大学、高等専門学校及び大学共同利用機関（以下この条において「大学等」という。）との有機的な連携が図られるよう必要な施策を講ずるものとする。この場合において、大学等における学術研究の特性に常に配慮しなければならない。
• In order to contribute to the promotion of research and development concerning core manufacturing technology and the use of the results thereof and to the development of human resources pertaining to such research and development, the State shall take the necessary measures so that organic cooperation will be made between manufacturing business operators and universities, colleges of technology and inter-university research institutes (hereinafter referred to as 'universities, etc.'). In this case, the State shall give constant consideration to the characteristics of academic research at universities, etc.

• これまで歴代の治天が進めてきた訴訟処理機構の整備や迅速な訴訟処理、有為な人材の登用などは当然であるが、後醍醐は、沽酒法（米価・酒価公定令）、洛中への地口銭賦課などの経済政策にも取り組み、さらには洛中酒鑪役賦課令、神人公事停止令、関所停止令などを発して、それまで治天の権限の及ばなかった領域へも積極的に手を伸ばして朝廷自体の権力基盤の拡大をも目指した。
• Naturally, Godaigo worked on the court management system, speedy court case processing and recruitment of useful human resources that past Chiten had worked on, but he also worked on financial measures such as Koshu-ho (Law defining the price of rice and sake), Jiguchisen-ka to Rakuchu (extra tax on houses and fields in central Kyoto) but he also tried to enlarge the power base of the Imperial Court itself by actively working on areas that the authority of past Chiten did not reach and issued Rakuchu Shuroyaku Fuka-rei, Shinjin Koji Teishi-rei, Sekishoteishi-rei, etc.

• このように、商人は「お上」の命に唯々諾々と従う存在であるのだから、政治的基盤が未だ脆弱で「お上」としての権威を十分に持っているとは言えない明治政府が慌てて貨幣改革を行うことによって、万が一命令が行き渡らずに「お上」（＝明治政府）に対する「万民の信」の無さと無力ぶりを内外に示すことになっては政権の崩壊につながると考え、通貨改革を不要不急のことと捉えていた。
• Like it says above, merchants were people who obediently followed the Okami (political authorities)'s orders, so OKUBO thought that if the Meiji Government, which was still feeble and did not have enough authority as the 'Okami' (political authorities) reformed the currency in a flurry, by doing so if in the worst case scenario, the orders did not get across, this would reveal the lack of 'people's trust' in the 'Okami' (political authorities) (Meiji Government) and their powerlessness to their own country and foreign countries, which would lead to the collapse of the government, therefore he considered the monetary reform was nonessential and nonurgent.

• 元寇での戦役や異国警護の負担から没落した無足御家人の借入地や沽却地を無償で取り戻すことが目的と理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、つまり3ヶ条の（2-a）所領処分権の抑圧が主であり、（2-b）はその前提として失った所領を回復させておくといった二次的な措置であり、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
• It used to be understood that the purpose of the policy was to repossess, without compensation, the lands sold due to drying up and the lands lent to musoku gokenin (vassal without territory) who got impoverished due to the military campaign at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan and the burden of guarding against the invasion by foreign countries, but it is now understood that the main purpose was rather to prohibit pawnage and trading of shoryo by Gokenin, which means the depression of right to dispose of shoryo as specified in 2-a among the three Articles, and 2-b was a secondary measure to have the lost shoryo returned to Gokenin as the premise of implementing 2-a, all of which seem to put weight on maintaining the Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.

• 高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成に関する施策の策定に当たっては、急速な技術の革新が、今後の高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の発展の基盤であるとともに、我が国産業の国際競争力の強化をもたらす源泉であることにかんがみ、情報通信技術について、国、地方公共団体、大学、事業者等の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究開発が推進されるよう必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
• Strategies developed to form an advanced information and telecommunications network society shall ensure that the necessary action is taken to promote creative research and development for information and telecommunications technologies in close mutual coordination among the Government of Japan, local public entities, universities, business operators and other parties, given that rapid technological innovation is the foundation of future expansion of the advanced information and telecommunications network society and a source of reinforcement of Japan's international industrial competitiveness.

• この法律は、ものづくり基盤技術が国民経済において果たすべき重要な役割にかんがみ、近年における経済の多様かつ構造的な変化に適切に対処するため、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策の基本となる事項を定め、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進することにより、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の維持及び向上を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the level of core manufacturing technology by providing for matters that serve as the basis of measures relating to the promotion of core manufacturing technology and by driving forward measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner, in order to appropriately deal with the diverse and structural changes of the economy in recent years, in view of the important role to be played by core manufacturing technology in the national economy, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 機構は、当分の間、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第八条の二第一項の規定により整備又は管理を行っている工場若しくは事業場又は工場用地若しくは業務用地について、同意集積区域において地方公共団体若しくは第五条第二項第七号に規定する事業環境の整備の事業を実施する者が同意基本計画に従って行う事業又は特定事業者が行う特定事業の用に供するために管理及び譲渡の業務を行うことができる。
• The Organization may, for the time being, engage in the business of managing and transferring factories or workplaces or factory sites or business sites which it develops or manages as prescribed in Article 8-2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, so as to provide these sites for a business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a local public entity or a person who conducts a business for the development of business environments as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (2), item (vii) in accordance with the agreed basic plan or for a specified business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a specified business operator.

• 機構は、中小企業総合事業団法及び機械類信用保険法の廃止等に関する法 律附則第四条第一項の規定により産業基盤整備基金の権利及び義務を承継したときは、その承継の際現に財政融資資金預託金として預託しているものについて は、通則法第四十七条の規定にかかわらず、当該財政融資資金預託金の契約上の預託期間が満了するまでの間は、引き続き業務上の余裕金として財政融資資金に 預託することができる。
• When NEDO has succeeded to the rights and obligations of the Industrial Infrastructure Development Fund pursuant to the provisions of Article 4, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act to Repeal the Small and Medium Sized Enterprise Corporation Act and the Machinery Credit Insurance Act, it may keep on deposit the amount of money that had already been deposited with the Fiscal Loan Fund as of the time of the succession, as surplus funds for its functions involving the Fiscal Loan Fund, up until the expiration of the contractual deposit period for said deposits with the Fiscal Loan Fund, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 47 of the Act on General Rules.

• 水産業については、国民に対して水産物を供給する使命を有するものであることにかんがみ、水産資源を持続的に利用しつつ、高度化し、かつ、多様化する国民の需要に即した漁業生産並びに水産物の加工及び流通が行われるよう、効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営が育成され、漁業、水産加工業及び水産流通業の連携が確保され、並びに漁港、漁場その他の基盤が整備されることにより、その健全な発展が図られなければならない。
• Sound development of fisheries shall, in view of its mission to supply marine products to the citizens, be promoted, while maintaining sustainable utilization of fishery resources, by fostering efficient and stable fishery management for the fishery production, processing of marine products and distribution that meet the sophisticated and diversified demands of the citizens, keeping coordination among fishery, fishery processing industry and fishery products marketing, and developing fishing ports, fishing grounds and other infrastructure.

• 結局、定子と彰子の2人を同時に皇后としていた一条の先例にならい、娍子と妍子を揃って皇后とすることになったが、道長の強大な勢威と三条の権力基盤の弱さを反映して、まず妍子を立后させ、その後に娍子を立后させることになっただけでなく、妍子の立后の儀式には多くの貴族たちが積極的に協力したのに対し、娍子の立后の儀式には道長の妨害もあって貴族たちのサボタージュが続出し、三条やその側近たちを憤激させた。
• In the end, taking the past case where Ichijo had both Teishi and Shoshi as Empress, Seishi and Kenshi were both to become Empress, but reflecting the all mighty authority of Michinaga and the weak power base of Sanjo, not only was Kenshi was first to become Empress and then Seishi, but although many aristocrats cooperated actively for the ceremony for the making of Kenshi as Empress, Seishi's ceremony was met with sabotage by Michinaga and not attended by many aristocrats, angering Sanjo and his aides.

• 機構は、当分の間、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第八条の四第一項の規定により造成、整備又は管理を行っている工場若しくは事業場、工場用地若しくは業務用地又は施設について、同意集積区域において地方公共団体若しくは第五条第二項第七号に規定する事業環境の整備の事業を実施する者が同意基本計画に従って行う事業又は特定事業者が行う特定事業の用に供するために管理及び譲渡の業務を行うことができる。
• The Organization may, for the time being, conduct businesses for the management and transfer of factories, workplaces, or factory sites, business sites, or facilities which it prepares, develops or manages as prescribed in Article 8-4, paragraph (1), of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, so as to provide these sites or facilities for a business to be conducted by a local public entity or a person who conducts a business for the development of business environments as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (2), item (vii) in accordance with the agreed basic plan or for a specified business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a specified business operator.

• そのため現在の台湾の教育・民生・軍事・経済の基盤は当時の日本によって建設されたものが基礎となっていると主張する意見（李登輝など）と、近代化の中の日本の役割を過大評価することは植民地統治の正当化と反発する意見、台湾は日本への農作物供給地として農業を中心に発展させられたため工業発展に遅れたと主張する意見、日本商人の搾取によって富が奪われたとする意見（図解台湾史、台湾歴史図説）も提示されている。
• Therefore, there are different opinions about the ruling by Japan as follows; one opinion is that the infrastructure of Taiwan, such as education, people's livelihood, military and economy, was based upon one built by Japan at that time (Teng-hui LEE and others) and other opposing opinions are that overestimating the role of Japan in modernization leads to a justification for colonial rule, Japan imposed an agriculture-centered policy to make Taiwan a supply source of agricultural products to Japan and it resulted in delaying industrial development and the wealth of Taiwan was deprived by Japanese merchants Taiwan (Illustrated History of Taiwan, Illustration of Taiwanese History).

• この法律は、科学技術（人文科学のみに係るものを除く。以下同じ。）に関 する試験、研究及び開発（以下「研究等」という。）を行う者（以下「研究者等」という。）による先端大型研究施設の共用を促進するための措置を講ずること により、研究等の基盤の強化を図るとともに、研究等に係る機関及び研究者等の相互の間の交流による研究者等の多様な知識の融合等を図り、もって科学技術の 振興に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, by taking measures for promoting public utilization of advanced large research facilities by persons engaged in testing, research and development (hereinafter referred to as the 'Researchers, etc.') concerning science and technology (excluding those pertaining only to humanities and social sciences; the same shall apply hereinafter) (hereinafter referred to as the 'Researches, etc.'), to facilitate reinforcement of the basis of the Researches, etc. as well as integration etc. of various knowledge held by the Researchers, etc. through exchange among institutions pertaining to the Researches, etc. and the Researchers, etc., thereby contributing to the development of science and technology.

• ゲートスタック形成工程の１つ以上の段階として半導体基盤表面上に酸窒化膜を形成する方法であって、前記半導体基盤をＯ２及びＮ２を含む気体雰囲気に暴露し、前記気体雰囲気に暴露しながら前記基盤に紫外線を照射して、前記基盤表面上に酸窒化膜を形成し、ＮＨ３気体雰囲気に暴露しながら前記基盤に紫外線を照射し、かつ、前記基盤を、急速加熱アニーリング処理によって不活性雰囲気下でアニールすることを特徴とする方法。
• A process for forming an oxynitride film on the surface of a semiconductor substrate as one or more steps in a gate stack forming process, comprising: exposing the semiconductor substrate to a gaseous atmosphere containing O2 and "N2; radiating the substrate with UV radiation while the substrate is exposed to said gaseous atmosphere so that an oxynitride film forms on the surface of the substrate; radiating the substrate with UV radiation while the substrate is exposed to a gaseous atmosphere of NH3; and annealing the substrate with a rapid thermal anneal in inert ambient.

• 経済産業大臣は、第百六 十八条の三第一項又は第百六十八条の六第一項の規定により、研究所又は独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に検査を行わせた場合に おいて、その所在の場所において検査を行わせることが著しく困難であると認められる計量器、特殊容器又は特定物象量が表記された特定商品があったときは、 その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she has caused the AIST or the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as the 'NITE') to make an inspection pursuant to the provisions of Article 168-3, paragraph 1 or Article 168-6, paragraph 1 and find any measuring instrument, special container or specified commodities with the indication of the quantity of specified physical phenomena which is deemed considerably difficult to be inspected by them at the place such items are located, order its owner or possessor to submit the same within a fixed period of time.

• 特定農山村地域における農林業等の活性化のための基盤整備の促進に関する法律（平成五年法律第七十二号）第九条第一項の規定による公告があつた所有権移転等促進計画の定めるところによつて設定され、又は移転された同法第二条第三項第三号の権利に係る土地において当該所有権移転等促進計画に定める利用目的（同項第二号に規定する農林業等活性化基盤施設である建築物の建築の用に供するためのものに限る。）に従つて行う開発行為
• Development activities carried out in the land pertaining to rights provided by Article 2 paragraph (3) item (iii) of the Act for Promotion of Infrastructure Development for Vitalizing Agriculture and Forestry, etc. in Specified Rural Areas (Act No. 72 of 1993), established or transferred as prescribed in plans to promote transfer of ownership rights, etc. for which a public notice is made pursuant to the provision of Article 9 paragraph (1) of said Act in accordance with the purpose of use prescribed in said plans to promote transfer of ownership rights, etc. (which shall be limited to the construction of buildings being infrastructure facilities for vitalizing agriculture and forestry, etc. prescribed in item (ii) of said paragraph).

• この法律において「ものづくり基盤産業」とは、ものづくり基盤技術を主として利用して行う事業が属する業種であって、製造業又は機械修理業、ソフトウェア業、デザイン業、機械設計業その他の工業製品の設計、製造若しくは修理と密接に関連する事業活動を行う業種（次条第一項において「製造業等」という。）に属するものとして政令で定めるものをいい、「ものづくり事業者」とは、ものづくり基盤産業に属する事業を行う者をいう。
• The term 'core manufacturing industry' as used in this Act means the type of business that mainly utilizes core manufacturing technology and that is specified by a Cabinet Order as a type of business that engages in business activities closely related to the design, manufacture or repair of industrial products, such as the manufacturing industry or machine repair industry, software industry, design industry, or machine design industry, (referred to as the 'manufacturing industry, etc.' in paragraph (1) of the following Article) and the term 'manufacturing business operator' as used in this Act means a person who carries out the business of the core manufacturing industry.

• 土地は、現在及び将来における国民のための限られた貴重な資源であること、国民の諸活動にとって不可欠の基盤であること、その利用が他の土地の利用と密接な関係を有するものであること、その価値が主として人口及び産業の動向、土地利用の動向、社会資本の整備状況その他の社会的経済的条件により変動するものであること等公共の利害に関係する特性を有していることにかんがみ、土地については、公共の福祉を優先させるものとする。
• Considering that land has the characteristics of being related to public interest, such as the fact that it is a finite, precious resource for citizens both at present and in the future, that it is an indispensable basis for citizens' activities, that the use of a certain piece of land is closely linked with the use of other pieces of land, and that the value of land fluctuates mainly based on the trends of population and industry, trends of land use, the state of development of social infrastructure, and other social and economic conditions, public welfare shall take precedence with regard to land.

• 海洋については、海洋の開発及び利用が我が国の経済社会の存立の基盤であるとともに、海洋の生物の多様性が確保されることその他の良好な海洋環境が保全されることが人類の存続の基盤であり、かつ、豊かで潤いのある国民生活に不可欠であることにかんがみ、将来にわたり海洋の恵沢を享受できるよう、海洋環境の保全を図りつつ海洋の持続的な開発及び利用を可能とすることを旨として、その積極的な開発及び利用が行われなければならない。
• With regard to the oceans, in consideration of the fact that the development and use of the oceans are the basis of existence for the economy and society of our State, and that securing the marine biological diversity and conserving other better marine environment are the basis of the existence of mankind and also indispensable for prosperous and affluent lives of the citizenry, the positive development and use of the oceans shall be executed, aiming at allowing for the sustainable development and use of the oceans with conservation of marine environment in order to enjoy the benefit of the oceans in the future.

• これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
• Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.

• 機構は、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第五条第一項の政令で定める日までの間、同項第一号から第三号まで及び同条第二項の規定により管理を行っている工場用地、産業業務施設用地又は業務用地について、同意集積区域において地方公共団体若しくは第五条第二項第七号に規定する事業環境の整備の事業を実施する者が同意基本計画に従って行う事業又は特定事業者が行う特定事業の用に供するために管理及び譲渡の業務を行うことができる。
• The Organization may, until the date specified by a Cabinet Order set forth in Article 5, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, conduct businesses for the management and transfer of factory sites, industrial business facility sites or business sites which it manages as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (1), item (i) to item (iii) and Article 5, paragraph (2) of the same Act, so as to provide these sites for a business to be conducted by a local public entity or a person who conducts a business for the development of business environments as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (2), item (vii) in accordance with the agreed basic plan or for a specified business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a specified business operator.

• 国は、青少年をはじめ広く国民があらゆる機会を通じてものづくり基盤技術に対する関心と理解を深めるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術に関する能力を尊重する社会的気運が醸成されるよう、小学校、中学校等における技術に関する教育の充実をはじめとする学校教育及び社会教育におけるものづくり基盤技術に関する学習の振興、ものづくり基盤技術の重要性についての啓発並びにものづくり基盤技術に関する知識の普及に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to increase the interest and understanding of the youth and other citizens in core manufacturing technology through the use of all kinds of opportunities and in order to promote the establishment of a social sentiment to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology, the State shall take the necessary measures for the promotion of learning about core manufacturing technology in school education and social education including increasing education in technology in elementary schools, lower secondary schools and other schools, raising awareness about the importance of core manufacturing technology, and disseminating knowledge on core manufacturing technology.

• 産業技術力の強化は、産業技術力が産業構造の変化、技術の進歩等の内外の経済的環境の変化に適確に対応して我が国産業の持続的な発展を図るための基盤であることにかんがみ、我が国産業の発展を支えてきた技術の改良に係る産業技術の水準の維持及び向上を図りつつ、国、地方公共団体、大学及び事業者の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究及び開発を行うとともに、その成果の企業化を行う能力を強化することを基本として行われるものとする。
• In light of the fact that Industrial Technology Capability is the foundation for furthering sustainable development of Japanese industries by accurately responding to changes in the internal and external economic environment, such as changes in industrial structure and technological progress, etc., Industrial Technology Capability shall be enhanced with the basic objectives of enhancing the capability to implement creative research and development under mutually close coordination of the national government, local governments, universities and business operators, and of enhancing the capability to implement the commercialization of results thereof, based on a foundation of striving to maintain and improve the industrial technology standards related to technology improvement that have supported our nation's industrial development.

• ほとんどすべての機械工の技術において、各作業員が行う仕事の基盤となる科学は、きわめて重大であり、実際仕事を行うのに向いている作業員でも、工員またはその上に立つ人の援助と指導がなければ、この科学を完全に理解することはできない。なぜなら教育が足りないか、あるいは知力不足だからである。テイラーは以上のことを普遍的原理として主張しようと考えている。(この論文の後半でその事実を証明するような実例を挙げて説明するつもりである)
• The writer asserts as a general principle (and he proposes to give illustrations tending to prove the fact later in this paper) that in almost all of the mechanic arts the science which underlies each act of each workman is so great and amounts to so much that the workman who is best suited to actually doing the work is incapable of fully understanding this science, without the guidance and help of those who are working with him or over him, either through lack of education or through insufficient mental capacity.

• 「寺社などの神託」とは具体的には寺社普請といい、現在でも残っているが、特に明治以前の人々の暮らしは政（まつりごとが自治権として地域で認められていた）の中心として寺や神社があり、定期的な修繕や社会基盤としての拡張や一新を図るに当たり莫大な費用が必要であり、その一環として寄付を直接募るよりは、祭りを開催し的屋を招き地域住民に参加してもらい、非日常（ハレ）を演出する事で的屋から場所代として売り上げの一部を普請の資金とした。
• The signs of temples or shrines' was basically jisha fushin and still exists today, but in pre-Meiji Period society (1868 - 1912) local government was fairly autonomous, revolving around temples and shrines and since regular repairs, improving infrastructure and planning renovations needed large amounts of money, the funds were raised not through donations, but by holding festivals, inviting tekiya and getting the locals to participate to create an atmosphere of extraordinary (hare) and making tekiya contribute part of their profit as rent.

• 都道府県知事は、都市計画施設の区域内の土地でその指定したものの区域又は市街地開発事業（土地区画整理事業及び新都市基盤整備事業を除く。）の施行区域（以下次条及び第五十七条において「事業予定地」という。）内において行なわれる建築物の建築については、前条の規定にかかわらず、第五十三条第一項の許可をしないことができる。ただし、次条第二項の規定により買い取らない旨の通知があつた土地における建築物の建築については、この限りでない。
• Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding Article, prefectural governors may, with respect to the building of buildings executed in a land within the areas designated by them for the land in the areas of city planning facilities or in the work execution areas of urban area development project (excluding land readjustment projects and new city foundation development projects) (hereinafter referred to as 'scheduled project sites' in the next Article and in Article 57), refrain from granting the permission provided by Article 53 paragraph (1). However, this shall not apply to the building of buildings on land for which persons concerned shall have given a notice, pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of the next Article, to the effect that they will not purchase it.

• 機構は、当分の間、第十五条に規定する業務のほか、エネルギー等の使用 の合理化及び再生資源の利用に関する事業活動の促進に関する臨時措置法及び石油及びエネルギー需給構造高度化対策特別会計法の一部を改正する法律（平成十 五年法律第三十七号）の施行前に産業基盤整備基金が締結した債務保証契約に係る同法第一条による改正前の特定事業活動促進法第十条第一号の業務及びこれに 附帯する業務（以下「特定事業活動等促進経過業務」という。）を行う。
• In addition to the functions prescribed in Article 15, NEDO shall, until otherwise stipulated, perform the functions set forth in Article 10, item (i) of the Specific Business Activities Promotion Act prior to its revision under Article 1 of the Act for Partial Revision of the Act on Temporary Measures to Promote Business Activities for the Rational Use of Energy and the Utilization of Recycled Resources and under the Act on Special Accounts for Measures for Advancing the Supply and Demand Structure of Petroleum and Energy (Act No. 37 of 2003) related to loan guarantee contracts that the Industrial Infrastructure Development Fund had concluded prior to the enforcement of said Act, and shall perform other functions incidental thereto (hereinafter referred to as the 'transitional functions related to promoting specific business activities').

• 機構は、基盤法改正法第 一条の規定による改正前の基盤法第三十一条第一項第一号、基盤法改正法第二条の規定による改正前の基盤法第三十一条第一号及び基盤法改正法附則第十四条第 二項の規定により貸し付けられた資金に係る債権（附則第二条第一項の規定により承継したものに限る。）並びに次項の規定により貸し付けられた資金に係る債 権の回収が終了するまでの間、第十五条に規定する業務のほか、当該債権の管理及び回収並びにこれらに附帯する業務を行う。
• In addition to the functions prescribed in Article 15, NEDO shall perform functions to manage and collect claims on funds lent pursuant to the provisions of Article 31, paragraph (1), item (i) of the Basic Technology Act prior to its revision under Article 1 and Article 2 of the Revised Basic Technology Act, funds lent pursuant to the provisions of Article 14, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act (limited to claims to which NEDO has succeeded under Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions), and funds lent pursuant to the provisions of the following paragraph, and other functions incidental thereto, until the collection of said claims has been completed.

• 第一項の規定により機構が 研究基盤出資経過業務を行う場合には、第十九条第一項中「それぞれの勘定」とあるのは「それぞれの勘定並びに附則第七条第二項に規定する研究基盤出資経過 勘定」と、「第十五条に規定する業務」とあるのは「第十五条に規定する業務及び附則第七条第一項に規定する研究基盤出資経過業務」と、第二十七条第一号中 「第十五条に規定する業務」とあるのは「第十五条に規定する業務並びに附則第七条第一項に規定する研究基盤出資経過業務」とする。
• In the case where NEDO performs transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), the phrase 'each account for the functions listed in Article 17, item (i), item (ii), and item (iv)' in Article 19, paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'each account for the functions listed in Article 17, item (i), item (ii), and item (iv), and the account for transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure as prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions'; the phrase 'the functions prescribed in Article 15' in said paragraph shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the functions prescribed in Article 15 and the transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure as prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions'; and the phrase 'those prescribed in Article 15' in Article 27, item (i) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'those prescribed in Article 15 and transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure as prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions.'

• 基盤法改正法附則第三条第一項の規定により政府以外の者から旧機構に対し て出資されたものとされた額（基盤法改正法附則第十三条において読み替えて準用する基盤法改正法附則第十条の規定により資本金を増加し又は減少した場合に あっては、同条の規定により出資があったものとされた額を含み、同条の規定により出資がなかったものとされた額を除く。）については、当該政府以外の者 は、旧機構に対し、政令で定める期間に限り、その持分の払戻しを請求することができる。
• With regard to the amount deemed to have been contributed to the former Organization by persons other than the government pursuant to the provisions of Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act (in the case where stated capital has been increased or decreased pursuant to the provisions of Article 10 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act as applied mutatis mutandis by replacing certain of its terms pursuant to Article 13 thereof, such amount shall include the amount deemed to have been contributed under said Article and exclude the amount deemed not to have been contributed under said Article), said persons other than the government may demand that the former Organization redeem their equity interests during the period specified by Cabinet Order only.

• 国土形成計画は、我が国及び世界における人口、産業その他の社会経済構造の変化に的確に対応し、その特性に応じて自立的に発展する地域社会、国際競争力の強化及び科学技術の振興等による活力ある経済社会、安全が確保された国民生活並びに地球環境の保全にも寄与する豊かな環境の基盤となる国土を実現するよう、我が国の自然的、経済的、社会的及び文化的諸条件を維持向上させる国土の形成に関する施策を、当該施策に係る国内外の連携の確保に配意しつつ、適切に定めるものとする。
• National Spatial Strategies shall appropriately formulate measures for the spatial development to maintain and improve the natural, economic, social and cultural conditions of Japan, while paying attention to securing domestic and international coordination pertaining to the said measures, in order to appropriately respond to the changes in social and economic structures including population and industry in Japan and the world and realize a national land that acts as the foundation of: local communities that independently develop in accordance with their own characteristics; a vital economy and society through the enhancement of international competitiveness, promotion of science and technology, etc.; citizens' lives for which safety is secured; and a rich environment which also contributes to the preservation of the global environment.

• 核原料物質、核燃料物質及び原子炉の規制に関する法律（昭和三十二年法律第百六十六号）第五十九条第二項の規定による主務大臣の確認（同法第六十一条の二十六の規定による独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構の確認を含む。）又は危険物船舶運送及び貯蔵規則第八十七条第一項の規定による国土交通大臣若しくは地方運輸局長の確認を受けた場合は、告示で定めるところにより第二項第二号ハ、ニ又はヘ（放射性輸送物に関する技術上の基準に係るものに限る。）の確認を受けたものとみなす。
• If a confirmation (includes a confirmation in accordance with Article 61-26 of the Act of the Regulations of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors. (Act No. 166 of 1957) by the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization) is received from the competent minister in accordance with the provision in paragraph (2) of Article 59 in the same Act or a confirmation is received from the minister of land, infrastructure, transport and Tourism or the local transportation station manager in accordance with the provision in paragraph (1) of Article 87 in THE REGULATIONS FOR THE CARRIAGE AND STORAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY SHIPS., it shall be deemed in accordance with pronouncement that a confirmation is received for item (ii)c, (ii)d or (ii)f (limited to technical standards related to transported radioactive substances).

• 主務大臣（第五十 四条第一項第三号から第五号までの規定により、経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。第二十九条第二項、第三十一条第三項、第三十二条の二十一第二 項、第三十六条第二項、第四十一条第四項、第四十三条及び第四十九条において同じ。）は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認める ときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が第十八条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わ せることができる。
• In cases where the application is made in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the competent minister (this shall be limited to cases where the Minister of the Economy, Trade and Industry is the competent minister pursuant to the provisions of Article 54, paragraph (1), item (iii) to item (v); the same shall apply in Article 29, paragraph (2), Article 31, paragraph (3), Article 32-21, paragraph (2), Article 36, paragraph (2), Article 41, paragraph (4), Article 43, and Article 49) may, when he/she finds it necessary, cause the Independent Administrative Agency National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') to conduct a necessary investigation with respect to whether such application is in conformity with each item of Article 18, paragraph (1).

• 審議会は、前二項に規定するもののほか、森林病害虫等防除法（昭和二十五年法律第五十三号）、国有林野の管理経営に関する法律（昭和二十六年法律第二百四十六号）、森林法（昭和二十六年法律第二百四十九号）、保安林整備臨時措置法（昭和二十九年法律第八十四号）、林業経営基盤の強化等の促進のための資金の融通等に関する暫定措置法（昭和五十四年法律第五十一号）、森林の保健機能の増進に関する特別措置法（平成元年法律第七十一号）及び林業労働力の確保の促進に関する法律（平成八年法律第四十五号）の規定によりその権限に属させられた事項を処理する。
• In addition to the matters provided in the preceding two paragraphs, the Council shall deal with the tasks authorized pursuant to the provisions of the following Acts: Forest Pests and Disease Control Act (Act No. 53 of 1950), Act Concerning Utilization of National Forest Land (Act No.246 of 1951), Forest Act (Act No. 249 of 1951), Temporary Measures Act for Protection Forest Consolidation (Act No. 84 of 1954), Temporary Measures Act Concerning Fund for Improvement of Forestry Management Framework (Act No. 51 of 1979), Special Measures Act for Improvement of Public Health Function of Forests (Act No.71 of 1989), Act Concerning the Securing of forestry Work Force (Act No. 45 of 1996)

• 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造力の豊かな人材が育成され、その創造力が十分に発揮され、技術革新の進展にも対応した知的財産の国内及び国外における迅速かつ適正な保護が図られ、並びに経済社会において知的財産が積極的に活用されつつ、その価値が最大限に発揮されるために必要な環境の整備を行うことにより、広く国民が知的財産の恵沢を享受できる社会を実現するとともに、将来にわたり新たな知的財産の創造がなされる基盤を確立し、もって国民経済の健全な発展及び豊かな文化の創造に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
• Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of realizing a society in which the public can enjoy the benefit of intellectual property and establishing a foundation for the creation of new intellectual property in the future, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy and the creation of rich culture, through developing an essential environment to develop human resources that are rich in creativity, effectively exercise such creativity, achieve prompt and appropriate protection of intellectual property in response to the progress in technical innovation at home and abroad, actively exploit intellectual property in the economy and society, and utilize its value to the maximum.

• 機構は、平成十三年三月 三十一日までに基盤法改正法第一条の規定による改正前の基盤法第三十一条第一項第一号の規定によりセンターが締結した貸付契約（基盤法改正法附則第二条第 一項の規定により旧機構が承継したものに限る。）のうち附則第二条第一項の規定による旧機構の解散の時において、まだ、その履行を完了していないものがあ るときは、基盤法改正法附則第二条第一項の規定によるセンターの解散の日から起算して一年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日までの間、第十五条に規 定する業務のほか、当該貸付契約に係る貸付け及びこれに附帯する業務を行うことができる。
• If, as of March 31, 2001, there were any loan contracts that had been concluded by the Center pursuant to the provisions of Article 31, paragraph (1), item (i) of the Basic Technology Act prior to its revision under Article 1 of the Revised Basic Technology Act, (limited to loan contracts to which the former Organization succeeded under Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act) which remained unperformed as of the time of dissolution of the former Organization under Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions, NEDO may perform functions to make loans under said loan contracts and other functions incidental thereto, in addition to the functions prescribed in Article 15, until the date specified by Cabinet Order, for a period not exceeding one year from the date of dissolution of the Center under Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act.

• 基盤法改正法附則第三条第一項の規定により政府以外の者から旧機構に対して出資され たものとされた額（基盤法改正法附則第十三条において読み替えて準用する基盤法改正法附則第十条の規定により資本金を増加した場合にあっては同条の規定に より出資されたものとされた額を含み、同条の規定又は次条第二項の規定により資本金を減少した場合にあっては基盤法改正法附則第十三条において読み替えて 準用する基盤法改正法附則第十条の規定により出資がなかったものとされた額又は次条第二項の規定により払戻しをした持分に係る出資額を除く。）　附則第九 条第一項から第三項までに規定する業務
• The amount deemed to have been contributed to the former Organization by persons other than the government under Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act (in the case where the stated capital has been increased pursuant to the provisions of Article 10 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act as applied mutatis mutandis by replacing certain of its terms pursuant to Article 13 thereof, such amount shall include the amount deemed to have been contributed under said Article, and in the case where the stated capital has been decreased pursuant to the provisions of said Article or the provisions of paragraph (2) of the following Article, such amount shall exclude the amount deemed not to have been contributed under Article 10 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Revised Basic Technology Act as applied mutatis mutandis by replacing certain terms pursuant to Article 13 thereof or shall exclude the amount of capital contributions pertaining to equity interests redeemed under paragraph (2) of the following Article):　The functions prescribed in Article 9, paragraph (1) through paragraph (3) of the Supplementary Provisions.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構（以下「機構」という。）は、同意基本計画において定められた集積区域（以下「同意集積区域」という。）において、当該同意集積区域に係る指定集積業種に属する事業（以下「特定事業」という。）を行う事業者（以下「特定事業者」という。）による企業立地及び事業高度化を促進するため、同意集積区域において、工場（特定事業の用に供するものに限る。以下この条において同じ。）、事業場（特定事業の用に供するものに限る。以下この条において同じ。）又は当該工場若しくは当該事業場の利用者の利便に供する施設の整備並びにこれらの賃貸その他の管理及び譲渡を行う。
• In order to promote the establishment of new business facilities and business innovation by a business operator who conducts a business that falls under the category of the designated cluster industries pertaining to a cluster zone provided for in the agreed basic plan (hereinafter referred to as an 'agreed cluster zone') in said agreed cluster zone (hereinafter such business shall be referred to as a 'specified business' and such business operator shall be referred to as a 'specified business operator'), the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN (hereinafter referred to as the 'Organization') shall conduct businesses for the development, leasing and other management and transfer of factories (limited to those used for a specified business; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), workplaces (limited to those used for a specified business; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), or facilities to be used for the convenience of the users of said factories or workplaces.

• 農林水産大臣、経済産業大臣又は厚生労働大臣は、前条第一項の場合に おいて必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人農林水産消費安全技術センター、独立行政法人種苗管理センター、独立行政法人家畜改良センター、独立行政法 人水産総合研究センター、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構又は独立行政法人医薬品医療機器総合機構（以下「センター等」という。）に対し、次に掲げるセ ンター等の区分に応じ、遺伝子組換え生物等の使用等をしている者、又はした者、遺伝子組換え生物等を譲渡し、又は提供した者、国内管理人、遺伝子組換え生 物等を輸出した者その他の関係者がその行為を行う場所その他の場所に立ち入らせ、関係者に質問させ、遺伝子組換え生物等、施設等その他の物件を検査させ、 又は検査に必要な最少限度の分量に限り遺伝子組換え生物等を無償で収去させることができる。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry or the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare may, when recognizing it necessary in cases listed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (Incorporated Administrative Agency), the National Center for Seeds and Seedlings (Incorporated Administrative Agency), the National Livestock Breeding Center (Incorporated Administrative Agency), the Fisheries Research Agency (Incorporated Administrative Agency), the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (Incorporated Administrative Agency) or the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Device Agency (Incorporated Administrative Agency) (hereinafter referred to as 'Centers'), in accordance with the categories of Centers listed below, to enter premises where a person who has used or is using living modified organisms, a person who has transferred or supplied living modified organisms, a Domestic Administrator, a person who has exported living modified organisms, or other relevant persons carry out such acts, or other places, and there to question relevant persons, inspect living modified organisms, Facilities, and other properties, or remove living modified organisms, at no cost, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection.

• ものづくり基盤技術は、我が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を支えることにより、生産の拡 大、貿易の振興、新産業の創出、雇用の増大等国民経済のあらゆる領域にわたりその発展に寄与するとともに、国民生活の向上に貢献してきた。また、ものづく り基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者は、このようなものづくり基盤技術の担い手として、その水準の維持及び向上のために重要な役割を果たしてきた。我ら は、このようなものづくり基盤技術及びこれに係る業務に従事する労働者の果たす経済的社会的役割が、国の存立基盤を形成する重要な要素として、今後におい ても変わることのないことを確信する。しかるに、近時、就業構造の変化、海外の地域における工業化の進展等による競争条件の変化その他の経済の多様かつ構 造的な変化による影響を受け、国内総生産に占める製造業の割合が低下し、その衰退が懸念されるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術の継承が困難になりつつある。 このような事態に対処して、我が国の国民経済が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を通じて今後とも健全に発展していくためには、ものづくり基盤技術に関 する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、ものづくり基盤技術の積極的な振興を図ることが不可欠である。ここに、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策 を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• By way of supporting the development of the manufacturing industry, which is Japan's fundamental industry, core manufacturing technology has contributed to the development of all areas of the national economy such as expansion of production, promotion of trade, creation of new industries, and increase in employment, and has contributed to improving the lives of the citizenry. In addition, workers engaged in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology have played an important role in maintaining and improving the level of the technology in their capacity as supporters of such core manufacturing technology. We believe that the economic and social role of such core manufacturing technology and workers who engage in operations pertaining thereto will continue to be an important element in the foundation of the existence of the State in the future. Recently, however, due to changes in the employment structure, changes in competitive conditions resulting from factors like the progress of industrialization overseas, and other diverse and structural changes in the economy, the share of the manufacturing industry in Japan's gross domestic product has fallen, and concerns about a decline in the industry have grown, and the smooth succession of core manufacturing technology is becoming difficult. In order to deal with such a situation and to maintain the sound development of Japan's national economy through the development of the manufacturing industry, which is a fundamental to the State, that the active promotion of core manufacturing technology is indispensable, while a social tendency to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology is enhanced. We hereby establish this Act so as to drive forward measures for the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.