型: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 棒型
• Bar shapes

• 俵型
• Rectangular rounds

• 人型
• Human forms

• 型附
• Type

• 笠型
• The umbrella type

• 菊型
• The chrysanthemum type

• 棗型
• The jujube type

• 鎌型
• The sickle type

• 舟型
• The boat type

• 蛍型
• Hotaru type (one variety of the ikekomi type represented by the one existing in the Katsura Detached Palace)

• 岬型
• Misaki type (type intended for placement at the seaside)

• 三角型
• Triangle shapes

• 袖丸型
• Kimono pattern for a sleeve

• 水注型
• Suichu type

• 樽型缶
• Barrel-shaped cans

• 原型期
• The period in which the original style was established

• 礎石型
• The cornerstone type

• 基礎型
• The foundation type

• 檜垣型
• The cypress fence type

• 鉄鉢型
• The iron basin type

• 袈裟型
• The kesa (surplice) type

• 行列型
• The parade type

• 富士型
• The Fuji type

• 雪見型
• Yukimi type

• 春日型
• Kasuga type

• 布泉型
• The fusen (the letters of '布' and '泉' are brought into relief) type

• やかん型
• Tea kettle type

• 小型桟橋
• Small-sized pier

• 地車の型
• Forms of Danjiri

• 四方仏型
• The Buddhas on four sides

• 一文字型
• The straight line type

• 誰が袖型
• The tagasode (literally sleeve) type

• 鋳型の素材
• Raw material for mold

• （手毬型）
• (Ball-shaped)

• 大型浮桟橋
• Large-sized floating pier

• 中型浮桟橋
• Medium-sized floating pier

• 縦型精米機
• Vertical type rice-milling machine

• 男性の髪型
• Men's hairstyles

• 伝説の原型
• Original Form of the Legend

• よりまし型
• The yorimashi type

• あんこう型
• The angler fish type

• 司馬温公型
• The Shiba Onko (Sima Guang) type

• 更紗型染め
• Dyeing Cotton with Models to Make Prints

• 虎口の類型
• Styles of Koguchi

• 人の命や人型
• Human lives and human forms

• 体験型施設等
• Interactive facilities, etc.

• 雑役免型荘園
• The shoen manors exempted from miscellaneous labor taxes

• 手古舞の髪型
• Hairstyle of Tekomai (float leading dance)

• 山車の原型。
• Original Form of Yama plus Kuruma

• 舞踊・芸能型
• The dancing and public entertainment type

• 大型バス3台
• Large-sized buses: 3 parking lots

• 箱型の台座。
• The pedestal has a box-like shape.

• ＡＢＯ式血液型
• ABO blood type

• 低回転型骨病変
• adynamic bone disease

• 『附子』の原型
• The original of 'Busu'

• 体型を隠す和服
• Wafuku covering the body shape

• 免田寄人型荘園
• The tax-exempt shoen estate

• 外型をはずす。
• Then, removed the outside mold.

• 善導寺なつめ型
• Zendo-ji Natsume type (one variety of ishi-doro having an extraordinary shape and having natsume (a tea caddy for powdered tea)-like carvings around hibukuro, which derives from one of the two ishi-doro existing in Zendo-ji Temple in Nijo, Kiyamachi, Kyoto City)

• 裳懸座の変型。
• It has the arranged shape of Mokakeza.

• カワウより小型。
• They are slightly smaller than Great Cormorants.

• 山（山車の原型）
• Yama (Original Form of Yama plus Kuruma)

• 択捉型海防艦の1隻
• One of the Etorofu-type (a type of Japanese warship used during World War Ⅱ) coast defense ships

• 原型は定かではない。
• The original form is unknown.

• 大型和船の上部構造。
• This term refers to the upper structure of a large Japanese-style ship.

• 小型のせりといえる。
• It can be considered as a small seri (a device in theater that brings actors from the trap cellar onto the stage).

• 形状は筒型の物が多い。
• They are usually cylinder-shaped.

• 岸和田型とも呼ばれる。
• It is also called the Kishiwada form.

• 「瓶掛」は小型の火鉢。
• 'Binkake' is a small Hibachi (brazier)

• 剣鍔文様付き円型きんつば
• Kentsuba-monyo-tsuki enkei Kintsuba

• この髪型の間は眉を剃る。
• While wearing those hairstyles, young girls had their eyebrows shaved.

• 以下に能の型の例を示す。
• Examples of form in Noh follow:

• 比較的小型のものが多い。
• Most square barrows are relatively small.

• 墳　形：纒向型前方後円墳
• Tomb shape: Makimuku type, a large keyhole-shaped mound

• 墳 形：纒向型前方後円墳
• Tomb shape: A Makinuki type keyhole-shaped mound

• これが寺院の原型である。
• This was the origin of temples.

• 白描大和絵の典型とされる。
• The pictures are regarded as a type of Hakubyo Yamato-e Painting (the traditional Japanese painting of the late Heian and Kamakura period using mainly sumi ink).

• 普通車40台、大型車10台
• For 40 medium-sized cars and 10 large vehicles

• 男性の髪型は本多髷が主流。
• The mainstream of the male hairstyle was Honda mage.

• 婦人の髪型として好まれた。
• It was favored as a women's hairstyle.

• 両輪：出産後の婦人の髪型。
• Ryowa: a hairstyle for women after their childbirth

• 化仏（けぶつ）小型の仏像。
• Kebutsu, a small statue of Buddha.

• 上にすぼまる形の小型の茶入。
• This is a small chaire which gradually narrows from the base toward the top.

• 形状は筒型や桶型、壺型など。
• They look like cylinders, wooden buckets, or pots in shape.

• - ちくわ型の焼き麩の一種。
• A type of yaki-fu (roasted gluten cakes) in a chikuwa shape.

• 酒天童子安綱 古押し型と相違
• Shuten Doji Yasutsuna: Difference from the old oshigata (mold)

• これが今日の型となっている。
• This has now been adopted as standard.

• （ガス灯型電気照明は除く）。
• (Electric gas lamp lighting is not included).

• 上記と同様の大道芸人の髪型。
• A hairstyle of street performers like the above.

• 古典的神社建築（本殿）の類型
• Types of classic shrine architecture (honden)

• 世界に進出する改良型日本式竈
• Advanced Japanese-style Kamado Expanding to the World

• から揚げの原型ともいわれる。
• It is believed to have been an origin of karage (deep-fried chicken, potatoes, etc.)

• 西部居住域で大型建物の建築。
• A large-size building was constructed in the west resident area.

• 大型ターフビジョン等を設置。
• Large-sized Turf Vision, and so on were installed.

• その型には幾つかの種類がある。
• There are several patterns.

• 以下に主な仕舞の型の例を示す。
• The following are major forms in Shimai.

• 主に大名、武家の未亡人の髪型。
• It was a hairstyle mainly for widows of daimyo (feudal lords) and samurai.

• 太目の体型ともみ上げが特徴的。
• He is stout and his sideburns are his trademark.

• 次に型からはずした墨を乾かす。
• Then remove the ink from the mold, and dry it.

• 大井戸 - 典型的な井戸茶碗。
• Oido (literally, 'big well'): typical ido chawan.

• - ちくわ型をした生麩の一種。
• A type of nama-fu (fresh gluten cakes) with the chikuwa shape.

• （「縦型精米機」の項、参照。）
• (Refer to the section ' Vertical-type rice-milling machine'.)

• 芥子坊主：幼い少年少女の髪型。
• Keshibouzu: A hairstyle of young boys and girls.

• 中型の表面を一定の厚みで削る。
• Next, shaved the surface of the inside mold to a constant thickness.

• 「般若の面」はその典型である。
• Hannya mask (female demon's mask)' is a typical example.

• 日本を代表する周濠型前方後円墳
• Popular Moat Surrounding, Keyhole-Shaped Tumulus in Japan

• 文様は年長者のほうが大型になる。
• The older people wore Noshi with a larger pattern.

• 神風型駆逐艦 (初代)の八番艦。
• The 8th destroyer of Kamikaze destroyer class (1st generation)

• 神風型駆逐艦 (2代)の七番艦。
• The 7th destroyer of Kamikaze destroyer class (2nd generation)

• 元々は歌舞伎の女形の日常の髪型。
• It was originally a hairstyle for the daily use of kabuki actors who took female roles.

• 宝鐸（ほうたく）小型の鐘のこと。
• Hotaku, a small bell.

• これが現在の吟醸酵母の原型となる。
• This was the base of the present ginjo yeast.

• 刷毛先（はけさき）：手古舞の髪型。
• Hakesaki: A hairstyle for tekomai (float leading dance).

• これを「型附」（かたづけ）と呼ぶ。
• These are called 'Types (Katazuke)'.

• 四角形の火袋を持つ活込み型である。
• The oribe type is one variety of ikekomi type (one variety of nonbasic type ishi-doro which has no kiso and whose sao is directly recessed into the ground) having a rectangular hibukuro.

• 現存例は層塔型の方が圧倒的に多い。
• The vast majority of existing yaguras are the soto-type.

• 雲鶴 - 高麗青磁による筒型の茶碗。
• Unkaku: cylindrical-shaped bowls made from Korean celadon.

• 他にも9つの大型病院が集積している。
• Other than these, there are 9 large scale hospitals.

• また、大型の路線バスも通行している。
• Large buses on a regular route are also running on this road.

• これらの荘園を免田寄人型荘園という。
• These shoens are called the tax-exempt shoen estates.

• 花魁の格式に相応した壮麗絢爛な髪型。
• Datehyogo is a magnificently glamorous hairstyle which matches the prestige of oiran.

• 神功皇后に由来するだるま体型の人形。
• Hime Daruma is a doll shaped like a daruma doll, derived from the Empress Jingu.

• 女太夫(鳥追い)等、大道芸人の髪型。
• A hairstyle of street performers such as onnadayu (torioi).

• この髪型のときは必ずお歯黒を付ける。
• This hairstyle is worn always with haguro (black painted teeth).

• また画面の構成にも定型化が見られる。
• The picture compositions are stereo-typed.

• 弥生時代中期初頭の大型建物跡を検出。
• Remains of a large-size building in the early middle Yayoi period were discovered.

• 複合式望楼型3重4階地下2階の天守。
• It is a lookout-tower-type keep directly connected to a smaller keep or turret having 3 tiers, 4 aboveground floors, and 2 underground levels.

• - 朱の碇型和蝋燭を鶴亀燭台に灯す。
• Red colored Japanese candle is lit on the tsurukameshokudai.

• 福島地区を祖型にすると考えられている。
• The origin of this style is thought to lie in the one mainly performed in Fukushima region (placed in the west part in relation to Tenman-gu Shrine).

• 鉄製で高さ172センチの大型塔である。
• It is an iron made 172 cm high large-sized pagoda.

• 「竪型精米機」と誤記されることも多い。
• In many cases it is wrongly written as '竪型精米機.'

• 都をどり期間中の祇園甲部の舞妓の髪型。
• This hairstyle is worn by the maiko of Gion kobu during the period of Miyako odori (the dance performance held by geisha and maiko in Kyoto's Gion district in April)

• 小鼓は、サクラ製の砂時計型の胴をもつ。
• The small hand drum is a musical instrument made of cherry wood shaped like an hourglass.

• これを原型または中型（なかご）という。
• This clay statue was called an original mold or Nakago (inside mold).

• 石見型楯形（いわみがたたてがた）木製品
• Iwami style shield-shaped wooden products

• これが大型化したものを馬出曲輪という。
• A large type of Umadashi was called Umadashi kuruwa.

• 昭和16年には内観法の原型が完成する。
• In 1941, an archetype of Naikanho was completed.

• 現在のうどんやそうめんの原型といわれる。
• This is said to be a model of current udon and fine white noodles.

• 着地型旅行商品の販売に係る旅行業法の特例
• Exceptions to the Travel Agency Act regarding sales of landing-type travel commodities

• また、信長は土俵の原型の考案者とされる。
• It is also said Nobunaga designed the prototype for a dohyo.

• 本人の体型によって吊るす場所は融通した。
• The hanging position was adjusted according to the build of the wearer.

• その原型は日本では奈良時代にさかのぼる。
• In Japan, the original technique dates back to the Nara period.

• 中世に武士が使用していたものとほぼ同型。
• The yugake used by samurais in medieval times were almost the same type.

• 割型製法なので中空となり見た目より軽い。
• It is hollow due to a process of making with split molds, and thus has a lighter weight than it looks.

• 特に五郎は典型的な立役役として知られる。
• Goro, in particular, is known as the archetypal hero.

• 典型的な「保守的農村」であったと言える。
• It can be said that Tsuge-mura was a typical `conservative village.'

• この場合主に土鍋型陶製容器が用いられる。
• In this case, pottery containers of casserole type are mainly used.

• 3世紀半ばすぎの大型の前方後円墳である。
• It is a large-scale, keyhole-shaped tumulus from after the mid-third century.

• 小型経筒を用いた経塚は近世には衰退した。
• By the pre-modern ages, burying Buddhist scriptures by containing them in small kyozutsu was no longer popular.

• 型も圭角のすくない、まろやかなものを好む。
• The mellowed and mild kata (standard form of a movement) is preferred in the school.

• 後に朝鮮半島に伝わってからは大型となった。
• It became larger after it came down to Korean Peninsula.

• 平安時代ごろの大型の厚額のものが復活する。
• Larger atsubitai(a cap whose front and side parts were thicker) caps which were the same type as used in the Heian period were revived.

• この時期の勲功者が武士の初期原型となった。
• Those who distinguished themselves at this time were the ancestors of warriors.

• おすべらかし：近代から現代の皇族女性の髪型
• Osuberakashi: a hairstyle of the women of the nobles families from the modern times to present day

• 舞、所作、謡、囃子、全てに多様な型がある。
• Noh dancing, Noh posturing, Noh chanting, Noh music, and in fact everything in Noh, has various forms.

• 右手の扇を横から上げて正面高くに掲げる型。
• A form in which the folding fan in the right hand is raised from the side, and hung high up in front.
• The form of raising a fan held with a right hand from the side to the top, and holding it up high to the front.

• 正倉院内に原型らしき長柄武器が残っている。
• Shoso-in (treasure house of Todai-ji temple) has a weapon with a long handle as in its original version.

• 茶室の起源とも、和風住宅の原型とも言える。
• It can be said that it is the origin of the tea-ceremony room or an original form of Japanese style housing.

• 雪見型から基礎部分（足）を取り除いたもの。
• The misaki type is almost the same as the yukimi type; the only difference is that the misaki type does not have kiso (legs) while the yukimi type does.

• 墳　形：纒向型前方後円墳（葺石・埴輪無し）
• Tomb shape: A Makimuku type large keyhole-shaped tomb (no fukiishi [a layer of stone covering the soil over a burial mound] and no haniwa [clay image])

• 江戸小紋は型紙を使って染めるのが特徴である。
• Edo-komon is characterized by dyed using a paper pattern.

• 巨大なかまくら型の竈の中に入り蒸気浴を行う。
• People enter a huge kamado (furnace) shaped like a kamakura (hut made of snow) and take vapor bath.

• 練り上げた墨を木型に入れて形を整え圧搾する。
• Put the kneaded chunk into a wooden mold, pull it into shape and compress it.

• 山水石は多くの形（型）に分類されて扱われる。
• Sansuiseki are classified into many types.

• これを腰にぶら下げるのが典型スタイルである。
• The typical container hung from the waist.

• 墨型彫刻師が木型を製作し、多様な形態がある。
• A sumi mold engraver creates a wooden mold, and there are many different shapes.

• 一髻（いっけい）：奈良時代の女性貴族の髪型。
• Ikkei: A hairstyle of noble-class women in the Nara Period.

• 源氏物語絵巻などの絵巻物に典型的に見られる。
• It is typically seen in emakimono (an illustrated scroll) such as Genji Monogatari Emaki (Illustrated handscrolls of the Tale of Genji).

• これら種々の型の連続によって仕舞が構成される。
• Shimai consists of a series of these forms.

• 袖部前後に大型の巻龍、身の前後に小龍を配する。
• Large coiled dragons are placed on the front and back of each sleeve, and small dragons are placed on the front and back of the costume's main part.

• 半固定型のユニット厨房や牽引式厨房車両もある。
• Currently, there are new two versions of the Mobile Food Vendor Vehicles; one, a vehicle outfit with a semi-permanent kitchen fixture unit; two, a kitchen enclosed in a trailer for towing.

• 形は棒状のものから十字型、円形のものまである。
• The shape ranges from stick, crisscross to round.

• ただし、複合型の新古書店ではその限りではない。
• However, that is not the case in new second-hand stores, which combine various types of stores.

• 二本のＴ字型の柱に薄絹を下げた間仕切りの一種。
• The Kicho screen is made of two 'T' shaped supports from which diaphanous silk cloth was hung to form a type of room divider.

• 最も典型的な形状は、平たく、円盤のようなもの。
• The most typical shape of anpan is round and flat like a disc.

• 弓型の孤と弦の関係に関する近似公式が見られる。
• An approximate formula regarding the relationship between the arc and chord was included.

• 大型店舗はイズミヤ八幡店が目立つくらいである。
• Only Izumiya Yawata Branch can be seen as a large scale retailer.

• これは、太閤検地の原型になったといわれている。
• The Sashidashi-kenchi (or the Shincho-kenchi) is said to be the model for the Taiko-kenchi.

• 高髻（こうけい）とは奈良時代の女性貴族の髪型。
• Kokei (high chignon) was hair style for noblewomen in Nara period.

• - 特に、服装や髪型,身なりが洒落ていること。
• It is used when someone's fashion or hairstyle are refined and tasteful.

• おふく：割れしのぶより年上の姉さん舞妓の髪型。
• Ofuku: a hairstyle of senior maiko who are elder than the maiko who wore wareshinobu

• やがて、こうした定額寺は御願寺の原型となった。
• Afterwards, this type of jogakuji became a prototype of 'goganji' (a temple for Imperial Family).

• 雪見型灯籠などでは3本や4本の足で構成される。
• Kiso for toro of the yukimi type (as explained above) consists of three or four legs.

• 平安時代の貴族の邸宅の典型は、寝殿造りである。
• The typical residence of aristocracy in the Heian period was built in the Shinden-zukuri style.

• 中型壺（東海系、高さ26cm・最大径24cm）
• Middle size jars (Tokai style, 26 centimeters in height, 24 centimeters in maximum diameter)

• C棟は、高床式で入母屋型の屋根を持つ家である。
• House C is a raised-floor house with a half-hipped roof.

• 改良型篠笛の名称は製作者によって多種多様である。
• The names of improved shinobue vary depending on the manufacturer.

• 毛をぐるぐるとまわす型は巴（ともえ）と呼ばれる。
• The form or style of acting in which the shishi lion has its hair turning around in the front is called Tomoe.

• 本来は袿より小型であったのが、大型化したらしい。
• Kouchigi was originally smaller than Uchigi, but said to have become larger.

• これは、上下に分かれたツーピース型の和服である。
• That is to say, it was a two-piece Wafuku separated into two parts one for the upper half and one for the lower half of the body.

• 冠自体は小型化し、薄額の頭に載せるタイプとなる。
• The size of Court caps became smaller, and usubitai (a cap whose front and side parts were thin) which was directly put on a head became popular.

• なお、フェリーの大型化に対応した拡張計画もある。
• Due to the increasing size of ferries, a plan has been formulated to expand the wharf.

• 親太鼓は、ビヤ樽型でケヤキの彫りぬき胴体をもつ。
• Oyadaiko, which is a beer keg shape, has a body carved from a zelkova tree.

• 佃は耕作の形態によって大きく2つに類型化される。
• Tsukuda may be divided into two broad types based on cultivation styles.

• ろ過機(ろ紙型カーボンフィルタ)の組立てを行う。
• Assembling of filtration machine (paper type carbon filter).

• また、堺型といわれるものは上記の種類に含まれる。
• The ones that are considered to be of the Sakai-type belong to the above-mentioned category.

• 低温長期型醪となり、芳香の高い吟醸酒向きの酵母。
• The yeast yields a type of moromi fermented for a long period at a low temperature, which is suited for making ginjo-shu having a high aroma.

• 古墳島田（こふんしまだ）：古墳時代の巫女の髪型。
• Kofunshimada: a hairstyle of miko in the Tumulus Period

• 茶筅髷 (女性)：主に大名、武家の未亡人の髪型。
• Chasenmage (for women): a hairstyle mainly for the widows of the daimyo and samurai families

• 髷を２つ作り、その間に鹿の子を掛けた簡単な髪型。
• A simple hairstyle with two topknots and a kanoko (an ornament) worn between them.

• 型ぶりに反して全体に小鼓より高く澄んだ音を出す。
• Surprisingly for its size and shape, the sound emitted is clearer and higher than the small hand drum.

• また版木の代わりに型紙を用いる絵付け技法もある。
• Additionally, there is another method using model paper instead of a printing block.

• 大型壺（瀬戸内系、高さ77cm・最大径65cm）
• Large size jars (Setouchi type, 77 centimeters in height, 65 centimeters in maximum diameter)

• 現在の伽藍の原型は1738年の玉堂の中興による。
• The prototype of today's temple was restored by Gyokudo (chief priest) in 1738.

• 青銅製が多いが、小型のものにはまれに鉄製もある。
• Many are made from bronze, but some small-sized bells are rarely made from iron.

• 合併前に山都町が蕎麦貯蔵用の大型保冷庫を建設した。
• Prior to being amalgamated to become a part of Kitakata City, Yamato-machi built a large refrigerated warehouse to store soba.

• 平安時代の湯帷子(ゆかたびら)がその原型とされる。
• Reportedly, it originated in the yukatabira (a light garment for bathing) of the Heian period.

• 過去には店の丼を模した小型の丼などの景品もあった。
• Other gifts in the past included small models of the bowls used in the shops.

• この髪型は女歌舞伎の芸人を書いた資料にも見られる。
• This hairstyle also appears in material written by a female kabuki actress.

• 源内左衛門の怪力を描いて、典型的な荒事の芸である。
• Depicting Gennaizaemon's supernatural strength, it is a typical art of aragoto (heroic play).

• 現代では舞踊の素踊りで女性が男役を踊るときの髪型。
• Today it is worn when a woman plays a male role in the dance of suodori (dancing without costume and hairpiece).

• 銀杏髷 (少女)：髪が伸びるまでの間の少女の髪型。
• Ichomage (for girls): A hairstyle for girls worn until the hair grew long.

• シカケとヒラキを連続させる型をシカケヒラキと呼ぶ。
• The form that links together trick (shikake) and open (hiraki) is called trick-open (shikakehiraki).

• 大型で「桟（はしたて）」という梯子で乗り降りした。
• Due to its large size, people used 'hashitate' (ladder) when getting in and out of the carriage.

• 金属製の皿型を二本の桴（ばち）で打って鳴らす楽器。
• The dish-shaped metal part is hit with two sticks to create a sound.

• 雪見型に代表される背の低い灯篭ではよく省略される。
• In the case of toro having a small height represented by the yukimi type, this part is often omitted.

• 銅鐸片・銅塊・銅滓・鋳型の外枠・送風管・被熱土器片
• Fragments of bronze vessels, copper ingots, copper dregs, outer frames of molds, blast tubes, fragments of heated earthen vessels

• 木魚の原型は禅で使われていた「魚板」（魚鼓）である。
• The original model of Mokugyo is 'gyoban' or 'gyoku' (wooden gong shaped like a fish) which was used in Zen.

• (しかし類型把握もおおざっぱすぎるという評もある。)
• (However, some critics comment that understanding of the leading parts is too sweeping.)

• 5世紀後半に築造された全長200ｍの大型前方後円墳。
• It is a big-scale keyhole-shaped mound with the total length of 200m, which was constructed in the latter half of the 5th century.

• 以上のようにして、国衙軍制の原型が形成されていった。
• In the way described above, the original style of the kokuga forces system was established.

• （熊本県・宮崎県・鹿児島県の九州山地山沿いが典型例）
• (Typical examples are seen in the area along mountain range that runs through Kyushu from north to south in Kumamoto, Miyazaki and Kagoshima Prefectures.)

• 鉦は、たらい型で、青銅器と同じく銅と錫の合金である。
• Sho, which is tub-shape, is made from mixed metal of copper and tin, the same as bronzeware.

• それらを水で溶いて火にかけ、型に入れて冷まして作る。
• These ingredients are dissolved in water, heated, then cooled after putting into a mold.

• 男性の髪型は、ひっつめで、後の銀杏髷に近い形が主流。
• The mainstream male hairstyle was Hittsume (hair tightly pulled back in a bun), whose shape was close to Ichomage (a hairstyle like a fan, like a leaf of the sacred gingko tree).

• 小型の鐘、大釜などを片手間に鋳掛ける鋳造業者もある。
• There are some casters that repair temple bells and large rice cookers in their spare time.

• 割れしのぶ（われしのぶ）：現代年少舞妓の一般的な髪型
• Wareshinobu: a common hairstyle of junior maiko (apprentice geisha) today

• 勝山髷（かつやま）：祇園祭期間中の姉さん舞妓の髪型。
• Katsuyama: a hairstyle worn by senior maiko during the period of Miyako odori

• 六角形や四角形が主流であるが雪見型の円形などもある。
• In terms of shape, hexagonal and rectangular kasa constitute the mainstream; moreover, there exists kasa of other shapes, such as a round-shaped one used for the yukimi type (a type of toro with a large cap and tripod planted in a garden for ornamental purposes).

• 「矢の坐」すなわち「弓を射る場所」が原型だとする説。
• According to another view, it originated from an armory since it was originally written as '矢倉' or '矢蔵 (arrow storehouse). ' i.e., 'a place from which one shoots an arrow.'

• また、貫の先端には繰り型といわれる装飾を付けている。
• Decorations called kurigata (a molding) are also used on the ends of the nuki.

• つまり弟子珠をX型に上に詰めて動かないようしてある。
• In other words, Deshidama is packed upwards in an X shape so that they are fixed.

• 福岡・観世音寺鐘 妙心寺鐘と同じ木型から造られた古鐘
• Bell of Kanzeon-ji Temple in Fukuoka Prefecture, an old bells molded by the same wooden form.

• 小書のつかない常の型は四日目の式三番であるといわれる。
• The common form that is not accompanied by Kogaki is believed to be Shiki Sanban performed on the fourth day of the program.

• 先述のバッテラとは異なり、型に入れて固める作業はない。
• Different from Battera stated above, the process of forming in the mold is not done.

• 名称は朝鮮語 baji （ズボン型の韓服）に由来する。
• The name is derived from Korean 'baji' (meaning Korean clothes in the form of pants).

• また、断髪令により髪型も従来の髷から散切り頭となった。
• Besides, the hairstyle changed from the mage (topknot) style into a cropped head due to the free-hairstyle ordinance (danpatsu-rei).

• 荘厳具や意匠と相まって藤原末期の典型的な仏像といえる。
• Considering the ritual decorations and designs as well as these patterns, it can be said that this is a typical Buddha statue around the end of the Fujiwara period.

• コロッケ- 原型は欧米で「クロケット」と呼ばれるもの。
• Korokke originates from the 'croquette' in Western countries.

• 古来縄文時代からその原型がある日本独自の調味料である。
• Miso is an original seasoning of Japan, and its original form dates back to the Jomon period.

• 鳥の子供の姿に似せてずん胴のひょうたん型に成形した餅。
• Mochi shaped into a gourd-like shape having no narrow portion to make the shape resemble the shape of a child bird.

• また、棹の形状も三線と同じくいくつかの型に分けられる。
• The shape of the neck can be classified into several types as for Sanshin.

• 大型で多彩な体色から、観賞用の剥製にされて珍重される。
• It is often stuffed and highly-prized for ornamental purpose because of its large and colorful body.

• 別に、這って行って平服する型（二代目実川延若）もある。
• According to the another style (Enjaku JITSUKAWA the second), he crawls on his hands and knees and prostrates himself.

• 総破精型（そうはぜがた） 破精が米の全体に生じた場合。
• Sohaze type: When Haze appear the whole rice.

• 京風島田（きょうふうしまだ）：本来の京都の芸妓の髪型。
• Kyofu shimada: An original hairstyle of geiko in Kyoto

• またさらにそれを束ねた櫛の原型ともいえる出土品もある。
• Artifacts bundles of these sticks, which could be the origin of the comb, are in existence.

• また、壁は厚くなり、塔はより衝撃に強い円筒型になった。
• The walls became thicker and towers became cylindrical to resist impacts.

• 大型勾玉が2個入った褐鉄鉱（かつてっこう）容器が出土。
• A limonite container containing two large magatama (comma-shaped gems) were found.

• 茶筅髷（ちゃせんまげ）は毛先を茶筅のように仕立てた髪型。
• Chasen-mage is a hairstyle which looks like a tea whisk.

• かま風呂はかまくら型の竈をモデルとして作られた京都銘菓。
• Kamaburo is a famous confection of Kyoto which has been modeled after the kamakura-shaped kamado explained above.

• ただし、小型活字からは補充として木活字が用いられている。
• However, wooden characters came to be used as supplement to the small-sized characters.

• 現在では、木型はなく、鉄やアルミなどの金属板のみである。
• Today, metallic forms made of such as steel and aluminum are used without wooden forms.

• 型紙を用いて型を作り、台の上でその型に飴を流し込む技術。
• The technique of spilling candy into the form on the board, in which the form is made with pattern paper.

• 私鋳銭を製造するには、種銭と呼ばれる銭を型に鋳型を造る。
• In order to produce shichusen, a mold is made by using tanesen (the original coin) as the matrix.

• ろ過機(ろ紙型カーボンフィルタ)の組立て及びろ過を行う。
• Assembling of filtration machine (paper type carbon filter) and filtration.

• 最も典型的には、寿司屋のメニューにおける「時価」がある。
• Most typically it is seen on the menu of a sushi restaurant.

• 能は型（演技等の様式、パターン）によって構成されている。
• Noh is composed of various forms (style and patterns of the performing techniques).

• また髪型も京風の引き鬢ではなく、江戸風の出し鬢であった。
• In addition, their hair style was not Hikibin (a style of sideburns) of the Kyoto style, but was Dashibin (a style of sideburns) from the Edo style.

• 746年（天平18年） - 大仏鋳造のための原型が完成。
• 746: The original statue mold for the casting of the Great Buddha was completed.

• 中型を削ってできた空洞がそのまま完成像の銅の厚みになる。
• The space created by shaving the surface of the inside mold would become the direct thickness of the copper for the completed statue.

• 住吉大社の破風は直線形、妻飾りは交叉合掌型となっている。
• The hafu of Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine is linear-shaped, and the embellishment of gable pediments is 交叉合掌型.

• 前者が旧式、後者が新式で、層塔型の櫓は慶長末期に現れた。
• The boro-type was an old style and the soto-type was new style, and appeared at the end of the Keicho era.

• それぞれの弟子珠の先に「つゆ」と呼ばれる涙型の珠が付く。
• A tear-shaped bead called 'Tsuyu' is attached to the tip of each Deshidama.

• （但し、唐木仏壇・現代型仏壇などを、用いても問題は無い)
• (However, there is no problem to use karaki butsudan (rare foreign wood alter) or contemporary-style butsudan.)

• 茶筅髷（ちゃせんまげ） - 後ろ髪を高位置で短く結う髪型。
• Chasen mage (chasen-shaped topknot) - a hair style where one's backside hair is tied into a short ponytail on the top of the head.

• これを第2次増産酒といい、戦後の三増酒の直接の原型となる。
• This was called the second Zosanshu, which directly led to the postwar sanzoshu (sake swelled by adding distilled alcohol, sugars, acidulants, monosodium glutamate, etc.).

• （これは主役の類型による分類をめざしているように見える。)
• (This classification is seemingly aimed at classifying Hon Kyogen by the sorts of the leading parts.)

• そして親エビと同じ体型の稚エビとなって歩行生活をはじめる。
• The Puerulus larvae that have taken the same shape of their parents start their walking lives as fry shrimp.

• 一円神領興行法ともいい、徳政の一類型として理解されている。
• It is also known as Ichien-shinryokogyo Law, and understood as a typical pattern of benevolent rule.

• 貝蝶々（ばいちょうちょう）：貝髷と銀杏返しを合成した髪型。
• Baichouchou: A mixture hairstyle of Bai-mage and Ichogaeshi.

• 奴島田（やっこしまだ）：黒紋付を着る時の姉さん舞妓の髪型。
• Yakkoshimada: a hairstyle worn by senior maiko when wearing black crested haori.

• ちなみに関東では丸型、関西では角型のものを使ったとされる。
• It is believed that round shape products were used in the Kanto region and square shape products were used in the Kansai region.

• 駐車場 普通車400円、大型車1500円（11人乗り以上）
• Parking fee \400/ordinary-sized vehicle, \1,500/ large-sized vehicle (eleven or more seats)

• 二重櫓と三重櫓は、天守と同じく望楼型・層塔型に区別できる。
• Niju (double) yagura and sanju (triple) yagura might be classified into boro-type and soto-type like tenshu.

• この頃のものは構造も旧式といわれている望楼型が主流である。
• In those days, most of them were boro-type (top tower keep placed on the main structure), which is considered an old style.

• D棟は、高床式の切り妻型屋根を持つ家で、一方に梯子がある。
• House D is a raised-floor house with a gabled roof and a ladder on one side of the house.

• 本格的な花道にはに七三にすっぽんと呼ばれる小型のせりがある。
• The traditional hanamichi has a small Seri called Suppon (the trap located on the hanamichi) at the three-tenths of the hanamichi.

• 室町時代に出現した味噌田楽、田楽と言われる食物が原型である。
• The prototype of Oden is dishes called Misodengaku (skewered and roasted tofu and konjac etc. with miso coating) and Dengaku (grilled foods such as tofu, konjac or egg plants on skewers).

• 本寮は、北寮・中寮・南寮の三棟がE字型に並ぶ配置をしている。
• The dormitory consists of three buildings, the north building, the center building and the south building, and they are placed in an E-shape.

• 形状や石材、分布地域によって武蔵型、下総型などに分類される。
• They are classified into Musashi-style, Shimousa-style, etc. on the basis of shapes, stone material, and distribution areas.

• 突破精型（つきはぜがた） 破精が米粒の一点だけに生じた場合。
• Tsukihaze type: When Haze appear only at a part of a rice grain.

• 片外し（かたはずし）：江戸時代後期の大名の家来の女性の髪型。
• Katahazushi: a hairstyle for the female retainers of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in the late Edo Period

• 吹輪（ふきわ）：江戸時代前期から登場した大名家の姫君の髪型。
• Fukiwa: a hairstyle of the princesses of the daymyo families that emerged in the early Edo Period

• 三輪髷（みつわまげ）：幕末以降、豪商の囲う妾に結われた髪型。
• Mitsuwamage: A hairstyle of the mistresses kept by wealthy merchants at the end of the Edo Period and after.

• 古墳時代には魏志倭人伝の記述から既に和弓の原型が見て取れる。
• According to a description in the Gishi-wajin-den (魏志倭人伝), there was already an original Wakyu in the Kofun Period.

• これは天窓から月が見える様子を言っており、月見の変型である。
• This resembles the picture of the moon from a skylight window, which is another version of Tsukimi noodles.

• また、版木による型押しの技法のほかに型紙による技法ももある。
• In addition, there is another method using model paper rather than the carved pattern pressing with a printing block.

• 沿岸部に生息する大型肉食魚で、日本では高級食材として扱われる。
• It is a large carnivorous fish living off the coast, and is treated as a luxury foodstuff.

• 襟替えの直前には先笄という髪型になり、その期間中お歯黒を塗る。
• Immediately before their erigae (promotion to a full-fledged geisha), maiko change their hairstyle into a sakko fashion (one of maiko's hairstyles) and apply ohaguro (black painted teeth).

• 同じ動きをする組立て模型キットが学習研究社より発売されている。
• A kit of a model doll that makes the same movements as the above is sold by Gakken Holdings Co., Ltd.

• するとたちまち全国的な流行となり、のちの歌舞伎の原型となった。
• It quickly became fashionable nationwide and turned into an archetype of the later kabuki performance.

• 押戻（おしもどし）は、歌舞伎における話型の一にして荒事芸の一。
• Oshimodoshi is one of the scenes as well as one of 'aragoto' (dynamic performance or a role of kabuki, featuring exaggerated posture, makeup, and costume).

• 女性の髪型は立兵庫、元禄島田、元禄勝山、等、細長い髪型が主流。
• The mainstream female hairstyles were long and narrow hairstyles such as Tatehyogo, Genrokushimada, and Genrokukatsuyama.

• 複数の大型古墳から構成される古墳群が形成されている箇所も多い。
• In addition, a kofun-tumuli group composed of large-scale tumuli is formed in many locations.

• 独立式層塔型3重3階の天守で、日本最南・最西端にある現存天守。
• It is a 3-tiered, 3-story free-standing lookout-tower-type keep, located the furthest southwestern among the existing castle towers in Japan.

• 複合式望楼型5重6階の天守で、内部に井戸がある唯一の現存天守。
• It is a 5-tiered, 6-story lookout-tower-type keep directly connected to a smaller keep or turret and is the only existing castle tower with a well inside.

• 特別な体型で標準寸法の和服では合わない場合は、採寸して作られる。
• For special body shapes that do not fit the standard sizes of wafuku, clothes are made by taking measurements.

• 秀吉作のいわゆる「太閤能」も安照らによって型付されたものである。
• The so-called 'Taiko Noh' (retired regent Noh), written by and starring Hideyoshi, were also choreographed by Yasuteru.

• 婦人標準服の乙型の活動衣の、下半身を覆う服は、もんぺの形だった。
• The Otsugata garment covering the lower half of the body was baggy pants called Monpe.

• 鉦を叩く撞木(しゅもく)は金槌型で、槌の部分はシカの角を用いる。
• Shumoku is a wooden bell hammer for the gongs, and the head part is made from buckhorn.

• 河川によって運ばれた堆積物によって形成された典型的な平野である。
• It is a typical plain made up of sediment carried by rivers.

• しばらく東日本の細石刃文化と西日本のナイフ型石器文化が併存した。
• The microblade-based culture in eastern Japan and the knife-type stone tool-based culture in western Japan coexisted for some time.

• 唐代に流行した髪形をしており、当時の美女の典型だったと思われる。
• Whose hair style was popular during the period of the Tang Dynasty, apparently a typical example of a beautiful woman at that time.

• 幕末には髷の中に和紙製の型を入れるなどして形を保つようになった。
• At the end of the Edo period, it began to be kept in shape by putting the base of Japanese paper inside mage (a chignon).

• 当時普及し始めていた洋装にも合う髪型として生み出され、流行した。
• This style was invented to suit western closes that began to spread at this time and became popular.

• 例えば、典型的なものと言えば、皇族の家紋である菊紋が挙げられる。
• For example, the Kiku-mon (chrysanthemum crest) of imperial family is a typical Kamon.

• この貸席型の業態（いわゆる待合茶屋）を料亭と呼称する場合もある。
• This business type is also called Machiai-jaya (Japanese-style tea house restaurant with geisha).

• 独立式天守望楼型2重3階の天守で、最古の現存天守と言われている。
• It is a two-tiered, three-story free-standing lookout-tower-type keep and it is said to be the oldest existing castle tower in Japan.

• 法名軸を掛けることのできない小型仏壇の場合は、過去帳で代用する。
• If an altar is too small to hang a homyo-jiku, kakocho is used instead of homyo-jiku.

• ヴァッフェル生地にバニラクリームが入っている、波型のお菓子である。
• This is a wavy-shaped vanilla cream sandwich on waffle crackers.

• このように演歌を日本的な音楽の典型とする見方は必ずしも正しくない。
• Therefore, the view that the enka is the typical Japanese music is not always right.

• だが現在では金盥と並んでザ・ドリフターズのコントの典型として有名。
• However, at present, it is known as a typical punch line of The Drifters along with the tarai ochi.

• 鞍馬 (巡洋戦艦) - 鞍馬型装甲巡洋艦（後に巡洋戦艦）の1番艦。
• Kurama (battlecruiser) was the No. 1 warship among Kurama class armored battlecruisers (battlecruiser subsequently).

• 鱶七こと金輪五郎は典型的な荒事役で、九代目團十郎の型が基本である。
• Fukashichi, who is in fact KANAWA no Goro, is typical in the role of Aragoto (rough and fierce style of Kabuki acting), based on the style of Danjuro the ninth.

• 毛先を巻き納める前にいったん下におろして緩やかな輪にする型もある。
• A kind of sokei was also present that was formed by hanging down the hair before winding up the tip of the hair and, thereby, forming mild loops.

• 一髻（ひとつもとどり）：奈良時代から近世まで続いた男性貴族の髪型。
• Hitotsu-motodori: This hairstyle was the one worn by noble-class men and existed from Nara Period to early-modern times.

• 頭が痒い時に髪型を崩さずに掻いたり、女性の装身具としても使われた。
• It was also used by women as an accessory to scratch their heads when itch so their hairdos were not ruined.

• この鳳輩こそが、1300年の歳月を経て今に伝わる神輿の原型である。
• This otori ren is the original form of the present-day mikoshi that goes back 1300 years.

• ただし、当初伝えられたレシピは、現代のフリッターの原型と思われる。
• However, the recipe initially introduced seems to be an original form for the current fritter.

• 電子工学における弛張型発振回路の原理を示す例として採り上げられる。
• It is used to demonstrate a similar example of the axiom of a relaxation oscillator in electronics.

• 片目によく練った雲母粉を、竹ベラでこの型紙の紋様部分を埋めていく。
• In that method, hard- and well-tempered mica powder fills the patterns of this model paper using a bamboo spatula.

• 現在は染め職人より型紙職人の後継者不足が江戸小紋の問題となっている。
• At present, shortage of successors to paper pattern artisans became a larger issue of Edo-komon, rather than dye artisan.

• シカケとヒラキを連続させる型をシカケヒラキ（サシコミヒラキ）と呼ぶ。
• The form of performing Shikake and Hiraki in succession is called Shikake-hiraki (or Sashikomi-hiraki).

• その説を委しく見ると、木駒に字を彫込み、塑材に押しつけて母型とする。
• Close examination of that theory showed that a matrix was made through processes of engraving letters on wooden pieces, and pressing them on clay materials.

• 「紙屑屋」「辻占茶屋」などの「音曲噺」では演者と掛け合いの型となる。
• In 'musical routines' such as 'A Scavenger' and 'The Fortune-teller's Café,' the performer and the musicians chase one another.

• 信光は『船弁慶』『鐘巻』（『道成寺 (能)』の原型）の作者でもある。
• Nobumitsu also composed 'Funa Benkei' (Benkei in the Boat) and 'Kanemaki' (Coil Around a Bell) (the model for 'Dojo-ji Temple [Noh play]').

• すなわち、六段目に次いで、江戸・上方の型が大きく異なるところである。
• After Act Six, the Edo style and the Kamigata styles become very different.

• 髷の部分を丸く仕立てる部分が似ているため勝山髷の原型という説もある。
• As it resembles Katsuyama mage (a hair style with combs and pins) in its rounded ending, some people say that it is the original of Katsuyama mage.

• 旧来の丁髷から洋風の髪型に変える事が新時代を象徴する出来事となった。
• Changing one's hairstyle into a western one by cutting off a conventional Chonmage (a topknot) symbolized the new era.

• 標山には移動神座のような役割があり、山車の原型であるといわれている。
• Because Shirushinoyama had played a role as ido-shinza (mobile divine seat), it is now considered as the origin of current Dashi.

• 墳　形：纒向型前方後円墳（葺石あり）、円墳に短い前方部を付けている。
• Tomb shape: A Makimuku type keyhole-shaped mound (some fukiishi [a layer of stone covering the soil over a burial mound] found), with a short front square part attached to the circular part.

• なかでも調査区南部でみつかった４面に庇を持つ大型建物は注目に値する。
• In particular, of them, a big building with an eave on each of the four sides, which was found in the southern part of the area investigated, is worthy of notice.

• 砂時計型、またはドラム缶型の胴の両面に皮を張ってこれを調緒で強く張る。
• Both sides of body of Tsuzumi, which is either hourglass-shaped or gasoline drum can-shaped, are covered in leather, and tightly stretched with Shirabeo (a set of ropes used for Kotsuzumi, Otsuzumi [a large hand drum] and Shime-daiko [a rope-tuned drum]).

• またテントのように組み立て型の骨組みをもとに店舗を設置する場合もある。
• Another vendor site involves a prefabricated store, such as an erected tent.

• 唐代の溌墨山水、粗放な型の画風の創始者の一人王黙に源を持つといわれる。
• It is said to deviate from Wang Mo, one of the founders of Sansui (landscape, hills and rivers) with hatsuboku (splashed-ink technique) of a native style during the period of Tang Dynasty.

• そのため海苔が残らず破けないパラシュート型の復活を望む声も少なくない。
• Therefore, not a few people are hoping for the parachute type to be back, in which a sheet of dried laver is not torn and its pieces do not remain.

• また、プラスチック製の「おにぎりの型」が生活雑貨店等で市販されている。
• Furthermore, 'onigiri-shaped' plastic cases are sold in household goods stores and other places.

• カレー粉の原型はインドのミックススパイス、マサラであるといわれている。
• The original form of curry powder is said to be the Indian mixed spice, masala.

• 熱帯域の浅い海に生息する大型のエビで、日本では高級食材として扱われる。
• It is a large-size lobster and inhabits a shallow sea in the tropical area, and it is recognized as one of the luxury food stuffs in Japan.

• 体型は太い円筒形で、全身が暗赤色で棘だらけの頑丈な殻におおわれている。
• The body shape is a thick cylindrical form, and whole body is covered with hard dark red shell with many spines.

• 鞍馬 (空母) -戦時建造補充計画上での雲龍 (空母)型空母の9番艦。
• Kurama (aircraft carrier) was the No. 9 warship among Unryu class aircraft carriers created under the supplemental plan for construction during the war.

• 小堀遠州を流祖とし、江戸中期に花人・春秋軒一葉がその花型の基礎を作る。
• The founder of this school was Enshu KOBORI and Shunjuken Ichiyo formed the basic patterns of its flower arrangement in the middle of Edo period.

• 団七赦免を告げる役人が扇を上にかざして退場する優れた型が伝わっている。
• An excellent style is passed down whereby an officer who tells about Danshichi's discharge withdraws holding a fan over him.

• 「-たり」型の形容動詞は古いものとみなされ、以降使用が減少していった。
• Adjective verbs with 'tari' conjugation were regarded as obsolete and subsequently were used less and less.

• 上記の関東御分国や東大寺知行国の周防などは知行国固定化の典型例である。
• The provincial territories belonging to the Kamakura bakufu and Suo, a chigyo-koku province of Todai-ji Temple were typical examples.

• 女性の髪型は灯籠鬢という、横に張り出し、透けた感じの鬢が主流になった。
• The mainstream of the female hairstyle was Toro-bin, a style that has sideburns protruding to both sides and that can be seen through.

• 男性の髪型は再び銀杏髷が主流で、女性同様に鬢を膨らませた厚鬢になった。
• The mainstream of the male hairstyle was Ichomage again, the style of which had puffed and thick sideburns like women's.

• 江戸からかみの紋様絵付けは、木版摺りと共に更紗型染めが多く用いられた。
• For the pattern printing of Edo karakami, a method of dyeing cotton with models was often adopted as well as woodblock printing.

• これが斎王の忌みこもる宮、即ち後の斎宮御所の原型であったと推測される。
• It is presumed to be the original model of the residence, to which Saio is confined, that is, the residence of Saigu.

• また山頂部にはかなり広い削平面が確認でき、典型的な中世の山城であった。
• There is also a large, flattened area on top of the mountain, indicating that it was a typical yamashiro.

• 竹を六角形のアサガオ型に組んだ物に、赤・青・黄などの色紙を貼って作る。
• A bamboo framework in the shape of a hexagonal pyramid like a morning glory is attached to one end of a bamboo bar, and colored papers, such as red, blue and yellow, are pasted on the sidepieces of the hexagonal pyramid.

• 京友禅の派手な柄いきと型染めを融合させたものを一般的に「京小紋」という。
• Fusing of the bright designs of Kyoto yuzen and stencil dyeing is generally called 'Kyo-Komon.'

• 少数民族の彝族が持つ胴が六角形の六角胴月琴や、首の長い長棹型月琴もある。
• The Yi, a minority race, play a gekkin with a hexagonal sound chamber and a gekkin with a long neck.

• 『太平記』などの小型活字本などには木活字による補充があることが知られる。
• It is known that wooden characters were used as supplements in books printed using small-sized characters such as 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace).

• 郡山市では、餡をゆべし生地で包んだ、三角の饅頭型ものが広く知られている。
• In Koriyama City, triangle manju-gata (style of bun with bean-jam filling) yubeshi which is made by wrapping the paste with yubeshi dough is widely known.

• イタリック体はついに将来されることなく、日本において父型から製造された。
• Since they were never brought, italic characters were manufactured from punches in Japan.

• 桟瓦型に造られているものなどがあり、天窓の変わりに用いられることが多い。
• Some of them have a pantile shape, and are used often instead of a skylight window.

• ファッション（）とは、服飾や髪型・化粧などのスタイルや装いのことである。
• Fashion (described as fashion in English, mode in French) refers to the style of clothes, hairstyle, the manner of make-up or outfits.

• 『秘伝千羽鶴折型』に見られるようなつなぎ折り鶴は、はさみを利用して作る。
• The connected paper cranes seen in the 'Hiden Senbazuru Origata (secret 1,000 paper cranes model)' are made by using scissors.

• 丹前の原型は吉原遊廓の有名な遊女だった勝山 (遊女)の衣装にあるという。
• The Tanzen is said to originally come from garments worn by Katsuyama (yujo (a prostitute)), a popular yujo of red-light district Yoshiwara.

• 甘味煎餅は唐菓子の伝統を受け継いでおり、こちらが煎餅の原型とされている。
• Amami-senbei is part of the tradition of To-gashi (唐菓子: Chinese sweets), and this is said to be the origin of senbei.

• 婦人標準服の甲型と乙型のそれぞれに、いくつかの様式の服の形が決められた。
• For both 'Kogata' and 'Otsugata,' several variations were prescribed.

• 大型の笙で、笙より1オクターブ低く雅楽に用いられたが、平安中期に廃れた。
• It is a large sho whose tone is an octave lower than that of the sho and was once used in gagaku, but it became obsolete in the middle of Heian period.

• 外記が勝元から墨付けを受け取るときははずした肩衣で受け取るのが型である。
• It has been formalized that when Gekizaemon receives the certificate from Katsumoto, he takes off his Kataginu (sleeveless formal garment for samurai) and holds the certificate with it.

• このため、さらに万全を期すために、校舎内部の奉安所は金庫型へ改められた。
• Therefore, aiming at a more perfect system, Hoan-sho established inside the schoolhouse was reformed to a strongbox style.

• 肉の繊維が細やかであるとか、小型のため脂肪の乗りが少ないなどと評される。
• There is a remark that the fibers of the meat is fine or that the meat includes less fat, because the whale is smaller.

• 現在では『鳴神』や『娘道成寺』の最後に押戻が登場する（ただし型による）。
• Nowadays oshimodoshi appears at the climax of 'Narukami' (The Rolling God) and 'Musume Dojoji' (The maiden at Dojo-ji Temple) (although it depends on the form of acting).

• いずれの像も頭頂が尖り、頭部の輪郭が卵型を呈する独特の風貌に特徴がある。
• Both statues have characteristic appearances: the tops of the heads are pointed and the heads have an oval outline.

• しかし、階級が上がるにつれ立場に応じた髪型や簪へと段階的に変わっていく。
• In the event she is promoted,. however, her hair-style and Kanzashi change into the those suitable for her status.

• ビラカン（びらかん）：「扇」（おうぎ）、「姫型」とも呼ばれる金属製の簪。
• Birakan: Metallic kanzashi which was also called 'ogi' or 'himegata.'

• 天守複合式望楼型3重3階地下1階の天守で、幕府の普請（天下普請）による。
• It is a lookout-tower-type keep directly connected to a smaller keep or turret having 3 tiers, 3 aboveground floors, and 1 underground level built by Tenkabushin (construction order by the Tokugawa shogunate).

• 地方の城郭に建てられた小型の櫓では、内部が一室で身舎と入側の区別もない。
• In the small yagura built in the local fortress, there was one room and no distinction between the main building and an aisle.

• 13世紀（鎌倉時代）に纏められた仏教説話『沙石集』に『附子』の原型がある。
• The original of 'Busu' is included in Buddhist stories Shasekishu (collection of Buddhist stories) compiled in the 13th century (in the Kamakura period).

• しかし袴・足袋を除けば、和服を個人の体型に合わせるのは着付けの段階である。
• With the exception of hakama and tabi, however, fitting wafuku to an individual is done during the stage of kitsuke (kimono-wearing).

• 唐物は名品が多いとされる一方で大型の物が多く、点前には使いにくいとされる。
• Most karamono Kikyoku are of fine and rare items but too large in size, so it is considered they are impractical for serving tea.

• からくりとは日本の伝統的な機械仕掛けの人形や模型、あるいは機械装置である。
• Karakuri means a Japanese traditional mechanical doll or miniature, or other mechanical device.

• 見頃と袖の境界線の最上部は、典型的な体型では二の腕の中間あたりに位置する。
• For a wearer with a typical physique, the highest point of the boundary between Migoro and Sode comes around the middle of the upper arm.

• たこ焼きやその原型とされる玉子焼 (明石市)の具材としても親しまれている。
• It is also popular as an ingredient for takoyaki (octopus dumplings) and for tamagoyaki (round balls made from eggs, flour, etc.) (Akashi City), which is thought to be the origin of takoyaki.

• うんざりお松のゆすり場はのちの「お染の七役」での土手のお六の原型にあたる。
• The scene of the threat by Unzari Omatsu was the ancestor of Dote no Oroku (Oroku of the riverbank) in 'Osome no Nanayaku' (seven roles of Osome) written later.

• 大型地域集団の中には中国王朝と通交するものもあり中国から「国」と称された。
• Some of these large-sized communities established a relationship with the Chinese dynasty, and were called a nation by China.

• 六角にした寄木を鉋で面一（つらいち）に修正とスジを型板に入れ万力をかける。
• Yosegi pieces shaped into a hexagon are adjusted and trimmed flat at the ends, and the whole assembly is put into a template and pressure is applied using a vice.

• 金仏壇は小型寺院としての起源から、宮殿も寺院宮殿を忠実に模したものとなる。
• As a gilded Buddhist altar originated as a small temple, its Kuden also precisely designed after that of a temple.

• この揉みの技法に各種の型押し技法を組み合わせた手の込んだ、から紙もあった。
• There was en elaborate karakami made in the technique to combine this crumpling with various carved pattern pressing.

• 岡崎公園（おかざきこうえん）は、京都市左京区岡崎にある都市型の公園である。
• Okazaki-koen Park is an urban park in Okazaki, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• しかし仏壇内部が暗い場合は、鶴亀燭台の木蝋を外し、白色の碇型和蝋燭を灯す。
• But, if the inside of the butsudan is dark, remove the mokuro (Japanese tallow) from the tsurukameshokudai (candle stand) and light a Japanese candle instead.

• 形状は、おくみがなく端袖のあるもので、直垂とほぼ同型で胸紐のないものである。
• Regarding its appearance, it had an end sleeve without an okumi (a kind of gusset, a long rectangular cloth sewn onto the front side of a kimono) and had a similar shape as hitatare without a breast cord.

• 上手式は大型の物が多く瓶掛（小型火鉢）に、横手式は涼炉に合わせることが多い。
• Uwateshiki is generally larger and used with binkake (small-size brazier), and Yokoteshiki is used with ryoro (brazier).

• 江戸時代、天領だった倉敷に来た代官に差し出されたうどんが原型という説がある。
• A theory suggests that the Udon noodles presented to a local governor visiting Kurashiki, where was the bakufu-owned land during the Edo period, became the prototype of Bukkake-Udon.

• 大型店など店舗によっては、短時間体制ながらも元日も営業することも多くなった。
• More and more types of stores such as large-scale stores have also come to operate on ganjitsu though on a fewer-hours basis.

• 大きい型に製本してあり、字は大きく、行書体が常例で、生の手本そのままである。
• Bound in large size, its characters were big, usually written in gyosho-tai (semi-cursive style of writing) and handwritten.

• また、建物内部の重量物（大型機械など）の据付（設置）を行うのも重量鳶である。
• Juryotobi is also responsible for installing heavy items (such as large machines) inside buildings.

• 大型のナガスクジラの尾の身やサエズリは、脂の乗りが良く高級品として扱われる。
• The tail meat and saezuri (tongues) of the fin whale are fatty and are handled as high-class products.

• 典型的な寿司屋はカウンターとテーブル席（または座敷）で構成されることが多い。
• Typically, many sushi restaurants consist of a counter and tables and chairs (or zashiki [Japanese style tatami room]).

• 笄は結髪の根に挿すもので、一本しか使わず、髪型によっては省かれることもある。
• Because Kogai hairpins are worn in the base of hairdos, only one is used and, sometimes dispensed with entirely depending on the hairdo.

• 左手を掲げて左に一足ないし数足出た後、右手を掲げて右に一足ないし数足出る型。
• Hang the left hand up and move out to the left by one or several steps and then, hang the right hand up and move out to the right by one or several steps.
• The form of raising the right hand and taking one or several steps to the right after raising a left hand and taking one or several steps to the left.

• 流布本は八巻102話であるが、現存しない三巻本が最も原型に近いと考えられる。
• The rufu-bon (widely circulated edition) consists of 8 volumes and 102 stories, however the sankan-bon consisting of three volumes, which does not remain, is seemed to be the most similar edition to the original.

• 一つは天皇の行幸を模し、鳳輩型の神輿に神霊を奉じて渡御する「王朝型神幸祭」。
• One of them is 'Ochogata Shinkosai Festival,' which simulates an Imperial visit by the Emperor of Japan whereby carrying of the otori ren-shaped mikoshi housing the divine spirit is performed.

• 大型の櫓の平面構成は、中央に身舎を設け、周囲に入側（武者走）を巡らしている。
• A large-scale yagura had a main building in the center and was surrounded with an aisle called mushabashiri (warrior run).

• 単なる飾りではなく、釈迦の遺骨を祀る「ストゥーパ」の原型を残した部分である。
• The sorin is not just ornamental: it retains the original form of a 'stupa' worshipping Buddha's cremains.

• このためには岡持ち（おかもち）と呼ばれる取っ手のついた箱型の道具が用いられた。
• The box-like tool called okamochi (a carrying box) was used for delivery.

• 鴟吻（鴟尾）は日本における鯱の原型とされ、雨を呼ぶ火災よけの呪物とされている。
• The shifun (or shibi are ornamental tiles often seen atop the tiled ridgepoles of castles, placed as ornamentation and fire prevention) is thought to be a prototype of shachihoko (mythical carp with the head of a lion and the body of a fish, which are auspicious protectors of well-being) and regarded as charms to bring the rain for fire prevention.

• 上部を筒型に縫って横木を通し縫った上刺しの紐の余りは蜷結びにして長々と垂らす。
• The upper part was stitched together to make a cylinder through which the cross bar was passed and, excess cord was tied in a ninamusubi knot.

• 人工的に穴が穿たれたもの、自然に穴の開いたものがあり、貫通型と非貫通型もある。
• Some holes are artificially bored while some are natural, and some holes completely penetrate the stones while others do not.

• 三味線を小型にしたような形を持つ胡弓は、三味線と同様の三味線調弦が可能である。
• Kokyu is made in the same shape as that of the Shamisen, but smaller in size, and the tuning can be made in the same way as that of the Shamisen.

• 国道1号線や新堀川通沿いには郊外型の大規模小売店、飲食店や娯楽場が並んでいる。
• The National Route 1 and the Shinhorikawa-dori Street are lined with large suburban retail stores, restaurants, and amusement centers.

• 女形の歌右衛門は型は、途中で「実は女なのさ」と女性に変身する珍しいものだった。
• Utaemon, an actor of female roles, created a rare variation in which 'Shibaraku' turns into a woman, saying that he was actually a woman.

• 熱海温泉、鬼怒川温泉、別府温泉等の歓楽地型温泉では旅館ホテルの巨大化が続いた。
• Large hotels were built in hot springs with amusement area, such as Atami Onsen Hot Springs, Kinugawa Onsen Hot Springs, and Beppu Onsen Hot Springs.

• すっきりした筋立ての中に実在の人物を登場させるという、典型的な明治時代の作品。
• This is a simple story, in which the characters are based on real people, regarded as a typical work in the Meiji period.

• 形態、製作技法、用法等において我が国民の生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの
• A typical object that shows characteristics of Japanese life and culture in a shape, a fabrication technique, a usage etc.

• 割り鹿の子（わりかのこ）：稚児髷を後に寝かせた感じの粋と可憐を兼ね備えた髪型。
• Warikanoko: A hairstyle with both stylishness and cuteness which gave an impression that Chigomage was made to lie flat backward.

• 一度はずした外型をふたたび組み合わせ、外型と中型のすき間に溶けた銅を流し込む。
• The once removed outside mold was put together again, and melted copper was poured into the space between the inside and outside molds.

• 構造は新式の層塔型が主流になり、機能では石落・狭間が増加し、隠狭間が登場した。
• They were usually newly developed soto (layered) type, and more functions, such as machicolation and embrasure, including newly appeared hidden embrasure, were constructed.

• 芋羊羹（いもようかん）は、サツマイモを主原料として練り上げ成型した和菓子である。
• Imo-yokan is a Japanese sweet having sweet potatoes as a main ingredient that is kneaded and molded.

• 型、謡とも濃厚に下掛りの特色を残し、芸風は五流のなかでももっとも古風と評される。
• Both the Kata (choreography) and utai (Noh chant) strongly retain features specific to shimo-gakari, and its style has a reputation for being the most archaic among the five schools.

• 幕末には加賀の平賀源内と称された大野弁吉が空気銃や蒸気船の模型や写真機を作った。
• In the last days of the Edo period, Benkichi ONO, who was called the Second Gennai HIRAGA in Kaga (Gennai HIRAGA was a great inventor in the middle of the Edo period), invented an air gun, a miniature of a steamship, and a camera.

• 裕福な男性の中には個々の体型に合わせて採寸して国民服が仕立てられたこともあった。
• Some of the rich people had the national uniform custom tailored to fit.

• 婦人標準服の甲型の活動衣の、下半身を覆う服は、両足を別々に包むスラックスだった。
• The Kogata garment covering the lower half of the body was slacks for separately covering the legs.

• 駅前には地元企業による都市型大型店が立ち上げられ、高度成長期には賑わいを見せた。
• In the station area, a local company built an urban-style large shop, and during Japan's period of rapid growth, the area was fairly busy.

• 醍醐天皇の8日間、一条天皇の10日間、後朱雀天皇の3日間などはその典型と言える。
• Typical are 8 days from transfer of the throne to the demise for Emperor Daigo, 10 days for Emperor Ichijo, and 3 days for Emperor Gosuzaku.

• しかし、宇多とその子の醍醐天皇は積極的な政治を展開し、天皇親政の理想型を築いた。
• But, Emperor Uda and his child, Emperor Daigo established the form of the Emperor's directly ruled government by actively becoming involved in politics.

• 医療崩壊を描いた小松秀樹の著書、「医療崩壊―『立ち去り型サボタージュ』とは何か」
• Hideki KOMATSU wrote about the collapse of the medical care system in 'Iryo Hokai: 'Tachisarigata Sabotage' to ha nani ka' (Collapse of Medical Care: What is 'Walk-off Sabotage').

• クンビーラは元来、ガンジス川に棲むワニを神格化した水神で、日本では蛇型とされる。
• Kunbi-ra originally was a water god transformed into a god from crocodiles in the Ganges River and in Japan is considered to be in snake form.

• 帳台（ちょうだい）は、貴人の座所や寝所として置かれた8尺四方のテント型の目隠し。
• Chodai is a tent-shaped screen with about 242 square centimeters which was built as a nobility's living room or bedroom.

• また、鋳型は繰り返し使用するうちに傷み、次第に銭影がぼやけ、銭名が読めなくなる。
• After repeated use of molds, they become damaged, and the impressions on the coins become illegible due to the gradual wear of the impression of the original coin.

• この型は實川延若 (3代目)を経て今日では坂田藤十郎 (4代目)に伝わっている。
• This style was inherited by Enjaku JITSUKAWA (the third), and Tojuro SAKATA (the fourth) is adopting at present.

• 酒造用に用いる精白割合の高い白米を得るには、この縦型精米機を使用する必要がある。
• This vertical type rice-milling machine is required to produce polished rice with high rice polishing ratios to be used for sake brewing.

• また、ぶん回しを行う地区の多くは住吉型（大佐だんじり）や堺型地車を使用している。
• Sumiyoshi-type (Taisa danjiri) or Sakai-type danjiri is used in most regions in which bunmawashi is performed

• この「日本型幽霊」は、江戸期に浮世絵の題材として描かれてから定着したものである。
• This 'typical Japanese-style yurei' derives from ukiyoe paintings of the Edo Period.

• 一説には、この砥石が縦に貼られていることから「縦型」という名称になったともいう。
• One theory is that it was named as 'vertical type' because this grinding stone is arranged vertically.

• 天平18年（746年）に完成した「原型」とは、ブロンズ像を造るための原型である。
• The original mold' completed in 746 was for a mold to make a statue in bronze.

• 多層塔の笠の部分を横に立て、軒の部分を凹型に掘り込んだものであるが、例は少ない。
• The umbrella-shaped top story of a multi-storied pagoda is laid on its side and the part of the eave is carved in the shape of basin; this is an unusual type.

• 弥生時代の四隅突出型墳墓は、すでに古墳時代に作られる技術が多様に用いられている。
• A wealth of techniques already developed in the Kofun period is used in the tombs in Yayoi period which are covered with a heap of earth, whose four corners are protruding outward.

• 独立式望楼型4重6階の天守で、天守台がなく本丸御殿（現存）に入口がある現存天守。
• It is an existing 4-tiered, 6-story free-standing lookout-tower-type keep with no castle tower foundation, and its entrance is located in the palace (in existence today).

• このような平面円形の「宝塔」形式の塔に庇を設けたものが多宝塔の原型とされている。
• Hoto with cylinder-shaped bodies and extended roofs are considered to be the archetypes of tahoto.

• 築山古墳（つきやまこふん）とは、奈良県大和高田市築山字城山にある大型前方後円墳。
• Tsukiyama Tumulus located at of Aza Shiroyama, Tsukiyama, Yamatotakada City, Nara Prefecture, is the ancient Japanese tumulus of a circular shape rear-end with a rectangular frontage.

• 明治初期に日比野雷風（神刀流開祖）が剣術の形（型）を取り入れて現在の形に整理した。
• In the early Meiji period, Raifu HIBINO (originator of the Shinto school) organized the conventional dancing styles into the current ones by introducing some styles of swordplay.

• 背もたれに寄りかかっても型崩れをしないため、長時間乗り物に乗る場合などに重宝する。
• Kainokuchi knot is useful when travelling for long time since it hardly loses shape even leaning on the back of seat.

• 特に大型のものなどは窯出しによる急速な冷却により割れることもあり注意が必要である。
• Caution needs to be exercised especially when large-sized ware is removed as it might be cracked due to the rapid temperature loss during the procedure.

• 典型的な餅まきは、上棟式を終えた後、建設中の住宅の屋根などから餅をまく形式である。
• A typical mochimaki is that rice cakes are scattered after jotoshiki from the roof (or other places) of a house under construction.

• 婦人雑誌などの付録では「有事特別付録」と称して標準服の型紙がついた号も出版された。
• Some issues of women's magazines were published with paper patterns for standard female clothing as 'Special supplements for national emergency.'

• 発生源から離れた地域に被害を及ぼす、国境を越えた環境問題の典型的な例の1つである。
• Kosa constitutes a typical cross-nation-boundary problem that causes damage to areas far away from the problem source place.

• もう一つの類型は、荘官・地頭などが下人・所従といった隷属民に耕作させるものである。
• The other type of tsukuda was that of shokan, jito, et al. which used subordinate people, such as low ranked people and shoju (retainers), to cultivate the land.

• 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
• Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers

• また下総型とは主に茨城県にある筑波山から産出される黒雲母片岩製の板碑をさしている。
• Shimousa-style means itahi made of black mica stone produced mainly at Mt. Tsukuba in Ibaraki prefecture.

• 初演は風物・情景・祭礼など三段構成で見せる典型的な「三段返し」ものの演目であった。
• The first performance was a typical `sandangaeshi' style, consisting of three parts; scenery (scenery and customs), scene (sight), and rites and festivals.

• (1)由来、内容等において我が国民の基盤的な生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの
• (1) One that shows typical features of Japanese foundational life and culture in origin, details, etc.

• 的串の長さは3尺5寸ほどで、的をはさみ、頂点を上下に（いわゆるダイヤ型に）たてる。
• A matogushi (a pole on which a target is hung) is three shaku five sun long, and two matogushi are placed to hold a target with its two corners, one facing up and one down (in a diamond shape.)

• 形状は、円盤状もしくは長方形の箱型をしており、箱型のものは内側がくりぬかれている。
• It is formed into a disc or a rectangular box which has had the insides removed to make it empty.

• 樹齢70年以上の充分な樹径のあるヒノキの立ち木から剥いた皮を成型した檜皮を用いる。
• Bark of standing timbers of cypress, 70 years old or older with sufficient diameter, is peeled and molded to become the roofing material.

• 起源は諸説あるが、古代インドのバラモン教で用いられていた道具を原型とするとされる。
• Concerning its origin, there are various views but it is generally believed that the tool used by Brahmanism in Ancient India is the origin.

• これは後代の宮城において、朝堂院と大極殿および内裏に発展するものの原型と思われる。
• This structure of a palace later developed into a palace consisting of Chodo-in (office in palace), Daigokuden (council hall in palace), and Dairi (Imperial residence).

• 染めの技法によって「紅型小紋」「絞り小紋」「更紗小紋」など多種多様な小紋が存在する。
• There are various komon, such as 'Bingata komon,' 'tie-dyed komon,' and 'printed cotton komon,' that depend upon the dyeing technique.

• 場合によっては、単に扇のかたちをしているだけで、紙貼などによって型で作ることもある。
• In some cases, Hari-sen is only made in the shape of a fan, which is created from pasted paper or the like.

• 一部の宗派では輪袈裟という、簡易型の袈裟を僧侶の他、在家信徒も法会参列時に使用する。
• In some sects, a simplified-type kesa called wagesa is used by laypersons when taking part in a Buddhist mass.

• 後の盤双六の原型と呼べるものはローマ帝国で遊ばれた12×2マスの遊戯盤とされている。
• The original form of the board Sugoroku was considered as a board game with 12x2 grid played in the Roman Empire.

• 現代になってから使用されるようになったもので、型抜きを使用して製作される丸い形の文様
• A round pattern that is used in the modern age, generating with pattern-generating tools.

• 劇場型ドラマチック物…山口瑠美「山内一豊と妻千代」、「至高の王将」、「白虎隊」など。
• Theatrical and dramatic stories: 'Yamauchi Kazutoyo to Tsuma Chiyo' (Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI and his wife Chiyo), 'Shiko no Osho' (Supreme King), and 'Byakkotai' (Byakkotai Suicide Corps) by Rumi YAMAGUCHI, etc.

• 池上・曽根遺跡などの大阪府下の弥生時代の遺跡からは、蛸壺型の土器が複数出土している。
• Man potteries in the shape of an octopus trap pot have been excavated from the Yayoi period ruins such as the Ikegamisone Historic Site in Osaka Prefecture.

• 広葉樹の葉のような透明な体に長い遊泳脚がついており、親とは似つかない体型をしている。
• As the broad tree leaf-like shape of the larvae is transparent and their bodies have swimming legs, their body shape is completely dissimilar from their parents.

• この本では、「逃散」に相当する現象は「立ち去り型サボタージュ」と呼びかえられている。
• In his book, the author refers to the phenomenon of 'chosan' as 'tachisarigata sabotage' (Walk-off Sabotage).

• 茶の湯・能楽・書院造など今日、文化の原型と考えられているものがこの時代に確立された。
• Many aspects of Japanese culture today considered iconic of Japan, including the tea ceremony, Noh theater, and shoinzukuri (a traditional Japanese architectural style) were created during this period.

• 寛永期頃から江戸に現れる旗本奴・町奴といった無頼集団も、かぶき者の一類型と見られる。
• Groups of ruffians called hatamoto-yakko and machi-yakko, appearing in the city of Edo from around the Kanei era, were supposedly types of Kabuki-mono.

• 地車の型は大きく「下地車（下だんじり）」「上地車（上だんじり）」の2つに大別できる。
• The form of danjiri can be divided into two main groups of 'shimo danjiri' and 'kami danjiri.'

• 宝冠に阿弥陀の化仏（けぶつ、小型の仏像）があることから、観音菩薩であることがわかる。
• By a Kebutsu (small Buddha statue) of Amida on her hokan, the statue is identified as a Kannon Bosatsu.

• 中世の押し板が起源であり、典型的には近世初期の書院造、数寄屋風書院において完成した。
• The origin of tokonoma is oshiita (a zashiki kazari of a thick wooden board settled at the bottom of the wall in the Medieval Period) in the Medieval period, and the tokonoma had been accomplished in the Shoin-zukuri Sukiya (a house built in the style of a tea-ceremony hut), and in Shoin-zukuri in the style of sukiya (traditional style of Japanese residential architecture building in the style of a tea-ceremony house), in the early modern period, in a quintessential way.

• しかし通常和太鼓と呼ばれる場合は、筒あるいは椀型のものに皮を張った狭義の理解をする。
• However in general, when called a Japanese drum, it is understood in the narrow sense to be a bowl-shaped or cylindrical, truck mounted with a skin.

• 型（形）を行う際に仕掛けてくる打太刀を倒す側の技または（技を披露する）人物を意味する。
• It refers to the techniques, or the person showing them, to counterattack the 'Uchitachi' (attacks), when performing Kata (forms).

• 皇族女子などが帳台の中に使う高さ二尺幅一尺五寸の小型タイプ（枕几帳）、の三種類がある。
• Small types of Kicho screen (2 shaku wide x 1.5 shaku high) were used by royal womenfolk in their living chambers (next to their pillows).

• 山科流横目扇の仕様は『篋底秘記』にくわしく、山科流の典型的な遺品は御物として伝存する。
• The Yamashina school's specification of fans with cross-grained slates is described in detail in 'Kyotei hiki' and typical articles of Yamashina school still exist today as gyobutsu (Imperial treasures).

• 虎関師錬の『元亨釈書』の「大乗仏教は日本において完成した」という主張はその典型である。
• It is typical example of assertion that 'Mahayana (great vehicle) Buddhism was completed in Japan' in 'Genko-Shakusho' (History of Buddhism of the Genko era) by Kokan Shiren.

• 問屋営業の典型例として、証券会社における証券の売買仲介（ブローカレッジ）があげられる。
• The brokerage at a broker house can be cited as a typical example of what Toiya do.

• 強盗返の語源は携帯型の照明器具である強盗提灯（がんどうちょうちん）の仕組みに由来する。
• The origin of the word 'gando gaeshi' comes from the device included in 'gando chochin' which is a portable lighting apparatus.

• 幕切れの忠信の引っ込みは、狐の変化と言う設定で、「狐六方」と呼ばれる特殊な型を見せる。
• The hikkomi (exit performance) of Tadanobu at makugire (fall of the curtain) shows a peculiar move called ''fox' roppo' which is supposed to be a transfiguration of a fox.

• 犬追物では、犬を傷つけないよう「蟇目（ひきめ）」と呼ばれる大型の鏑をつけた矢を用いる。
• In the Inuoimono, an archer shoots arrows that have a large kabura (round head on an arrow) called 'hikime' to protect the dogs from injury.

• 「しつらえ」のための主要な間仕切りであった障子が、今日の「ふすま」の原型をなしている。
• Shoji, a major partition for 'shitsurae,' is the original form of today's 'fusuma.'

• 平城宮跡資料館（奈良市）　8世紀の日本の都城平城京の出土遺物や建物模型などを展示する。
• The Heijo Palace Site Museum (Nara City): The museum displays excavated artifacts or model buildings of Heijo-kyo which was Japan's ancient capital in the eighth century.

• （余談：この際、解体せず原型のまま車両に積んで東海道を東京まで運搬したと伝えられる）。
• (Trivia: it is said that the whole house in its original form was transported to Tokyo along the Tokaido road without being disassembled.)

• 堀に面する虎口の外側に、弧状またはコの字型に土塁や石垣を積みできる小規模な曲輪である。
• Umadashi was a small Kuruwa placed outside of Koguchi facing a moat, and was made in arc shape or U-shape by heaping up earth or constructing stone walls.

• 盆燈籠（ぼんとうろう、ぼんどうろう）とは、日本のお盆の時期に、墓に供える燈籠型の飾り。
• 'Bon toro' (also called 'bon doro,' written as '盆燈籠' in Japanese) is a lantern-shaped decoration, which is dedicated to the dead at a grave during the season of 'Obon' (an annual festival of the dead) in Japan.

• 中国では、六朝時代に写経が定型化され、隋・唐のころに盛んに写経が行われるようになった。
• In China, shakyo was stylized in the Rikucho period, and the practice of shakyo started to be popularized in the time of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

• その中に家屋文鏡（かおくもんきょう）と呼ばれている直径22.9センチの大型鏡があった。
• Among them was a large mirror (22.9 centimeters in diameter) called 'Kaoku Monkyo.'

• 館内は、1階の吹き抜け下に黒塚古墳の石室が原寸大（長さ8.3m）模型で再現されている。
• At the open ceiling space on the first floor, the rock chamber of Kurozuka Tumulus is reproduced at full scale (8.3 meters long.)

• 墳　形：纒向型前方後円墳（埋没古墳・地中探査・電磁波測定をコンピューター解析した結果）
• Tomb shape: A Makimuku type keyhole-shaped mound (as the result of computer analyses of the buried tumulus, underground research and electromagnetic wave measurement)

• 猩々乱は太鼓入りで、調子の緩急が激しく、流れ足などの特殊な型を用いるところに特色がある。
• Shojo Midare is danced accompanied by drums, and its features are that the tempo suddenly changes from a fast one to a slow one or from a slow one to a fast one, and a special dance style of nagare-ashi (making the legs slip) is used.

• 鞨鼓は能の鞨鼓と同じもので、狂言ではシテが最後のほうに曲芸的な様を見せる型がついている。
• Kakko is the same as that for Noh, but in Kyogen the shite plays an acrobatic dance toward the end of a kyogen program.

• 一時期1人、または2～3人だった大型新人演歌歌手のデビューも毎年4～5人まで増えている。
• There were once only a single or a few high-profile new enka singers who debuted each year, but the number is increasing to four to five.

• 写真に写っているフィギュアのからかさ小僧は映画「妖怪百物語」に登場した典型的な姿である。
• The karakasa-kozo, shown in the picture, has a typical figure of the yokai that appeared in the film called 'the 100 Ghost Stories.'

• 戸板康二によれば、「釣狐の型」や工藤が鳥目になったり、障子で琴を弾いたりするのがあった。
• According to Yasuji Toita, there was the 'Tsurigitsune syle' as well as the versions in which Kudo has the condition of Nyctalopia or a koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) is played with shoji (opaque sliding screens).

• 遣唐使船は竜骨 (船)を用いない平底のジャンク船に似た箱型構造で、簡単な帆を用いていた。
• The ships for missions to Tang China had a box-shaped structure similar to a flat-bottomed junk boat without keel and was equipped with sails.

• 菊五郎は絶望の淵に墜ちていく心理描写を卓抜した表現で演じ、現在の基本的な型をなっている。
• Kikugoro expressed Kanpei's desperation with exquisite skill, and his performance became the standard of the current style.

• 大型鯨が食品とはみなされなくなった後も、イルカについては比較的最近まで食用とされていた。
• While use of Large-sized whales as food had become unpopular, dolphin was considered as food until recently.

• その自宅用印籠をさらに小型化し、印鑑や朱肉の代わりに薬を入れ、携帯用薬籠としたのである。
• They made their inro at home smaller, put their medicines instead of their seals and vermilion inkpad, and used it as their portable pill case.

• 楽屋銀杏（がくやいちょう）：はわせ、前割れともよばれる、前髪を立てずに中央で分けた髪型。
• Gakuyaicho: This hairstyle was also called Hawase or Maeware, where hair is parted in the middle without making the forelock stand up.

• 本殿は流造、春日造が一般的で、小型の本殿では、風雨から守るために覆屋をかける場合もある。
• As for architectural styles, nagare-zukuri and kasuga-zukuri are the most typical; in some cases, an oiya, or a covering roof is constructed over a small-sized honden as a protection from the elements.

• それらはやがて猿楽と呼ばれるようになり、現在一般的に知られる能の原型がつくられていった。
• Before long, they became the so-called 'Sarugaku,' and formed the prototype of what is generally known nowadays as Noh.
• Such art came to be called 'sarugaku' before long and became the prototype of the art which is currently known as Noh.

• こうして歴代の観世大夫たちは時の権力と結びつきながら、現在の能の原型を完成させていった。
• Like this, with the successive generations of leading actors in Theatre Kanze-za being connected to the contemporary powers, the prototype of the present Noh was accomplished.
• Thus, successive Kanze Dayu (a chief of Kanzeza) completed the prototype of contemporary Noh while linking themselves to the power of the times.

• 今日ある調理方法のほとんどは、この竈によってその原型が確立されたといっても過言ではない。
• It is not an exaggeration to say that the original forms of almost all cooking methods today derive from the kamado.

• 単の生地は國學院大學所蔵高倉家調進控裂にも含まれるが、成人女性用よりは小型の幸菱である。
• As textile of hitoe is included in Takakurake choshin hikae gire(Takakura family order sample cloths), the possession of Kokugakuin University, it is with smaller saiwai bishi (a pattern of cloth) than that for adult women.

• その後「江戸褄」は「留袖」の原型になったのに対し、「島原褄」は上方限定の流行で終わった。
• After that, while 'Edo tsuma' became an origin of 'Tomesode' (formal dress patterned only below the waistline worn by a married woman), 'Shimabara tsuma' prevailed only in the Kyoto and Osaka areas and finally diminished.

• 留め漉きは、奈良時代の紙漉きの伝来以来の古代の製紙法が原型であり、古い歴史を有している。
• The prototype for Tome-suki was the ancient paper making method used since the Nara period, so it has a long history.

• 多くは木造の簡易なもので、代表的な形態がモット・アンド・ベーリー型である（図a 参照)。
• Most castles were simple and composed of wood, and Motte and Bailey type were typical (refer to Figure a.).

• このことにより、織豊系城郭の手法が広まり、一部取り入れた折衷型城郭に移行したりしている。
• The method of construction of shokuho period fortresses came into wider use and they developed into eclectic type fortresses by adopting parts of the shokuho period fortresses.

• （長方形型の一枚の布を、前ひさしを覆うようにして付け、後ろにまわして髷のところでとめる。）
• (One piece of rectangular-shaped cloth covers the bride's forehead and is tied at the coiffure behind her head).

• 現在の型が完成したのは天保11年（1840年）3月に江戸の河原崎座で初演された『勧進帳』。
• The program's current format is derived directly from the performance of 'Kanjincho' which premiered at Kawarazaki Kabuki Theater in March 1840.

• また形は利休型とされる大棗・中棗・小棗が基本形となっているが、多くのバリエーションを持つ。
• The basic shape is the 'Rikyū shape' (Rikyū-gata), which are a large 'natsume' canister, a medium 'natsume' canister, and a small 'natsume' canister, but there are many other variations, too.

• すなわち、サツマイモを蒸して熱いうちに砂糖を練り混ぜ、四角形の型に押し詰め、冷やし固める。
• That is, a sweet potato is steamed and then is kneaded and mixed with sugar while being hot, and subsequently it is pushed into a box and then cooled to harden.

• これによって日本海の原型が形成され、その後拡大が進み数百万年前にはほぼ現在の配置になった。
• Because of this, the original form of the Sea of Japan was created and after expanding, it was arranged into approximately the current layout several million years ago.

• 「置壺」（観世・金剛）、「壺出」（喜多）の小書では、正先の壷から柄杓で酒を酌む型が加わる。
• By the kogaki of 'oki-tsubo' (Kanze and Kongo) or 'tsubo-dashi' (Kita), the performer does the acts of drawing sake from the saka-tsubo with a dipper.

• この享保年間、人々の消費を当時の幕府によって規制するため一時的に大型の雛人形が禁止された。
• During this Kyoho era, the then government headed by a shogun temporarily banned large-size Hina-matsuri dolls to limit people's spending.

• 姫路市の十二所神社 (姫路市)に伝わる、姫路城にまつわる「播州皿屋敷実録」が原型とされる。
• The prototype of Sarayashiki is Banshu-Sarayashiki Jitsuroku (The Fact of The Haunted Plate House in Banshu) which has been handed down to Junisho-jinja Shrine (Himeji City) of Himeji City and is related to Himeji-jo Castle.

• 白河も鳥羽も積極的な政策展開を行い、専制的な院政の典型とも、院政の最盛期とも評されている。
• Both Shirakawa and Toba worked to positively develop politics, it was criticized as the typical style of despotic cloistered government or the golden age of the cloistered government.

• 以上のように大体の型はあるものの、隈取は役者が自分で書き入れるものなので一人一人形が違う。
• As shown above, it had certain structure, but Kumadori was different for each individual since actor applied it himself.

• 内容は巻二以下は位取り・調子・謡・型・囃子・装束などに関する実技的な理論や知識を集成する。
• Practical theories and information related to kuraidori (positional representation), tune, music, form, rhythm and costumes are integrated into volume two and beyond.

• 割り鹿の子（わりかのこ）とは江戸時代後期に広く十代後半から二十代前半の女性に結われた髪型。
• Warikanoko was a hairstyle widely worn by women from their late teens to early twenties in the late Edo period.

• 現在見られるものでは力士が稽古時に結う髪型が月代（さかやき）は剃っていないものの一番近い。
• Among chonmage today, sumo wrestlers' hair style at training time is the most similar to the quintessential chonmage although they do not have part of their forehead shaved.

• 木喰はこうした遊行僧の典型であり、日本全国を旅し、訪れた先に一木造の仏像を刻んで奉納した。
• Mokujiki was a typical 'yugyo-so' and he also pilgrimaged all over Japan and dedicated wooden Buddhist statues carved from one piece of wood to the places he visited.

• 農業用の大型水路や無数の土抗の中に三輪山祭祀に関する遺物のセットが多数投げ捨てられていた。
• Many set of ritual instruments used for honoring Mt. Miwa were found from the remains of large-scale agricultural channels, along with a countless number of holes on the ground.

• たいていはクセ（舞グセ）およびこれに準ずるもの、キリ、段物などで、型は能のそれを基本とする。
• In most cases, a style is based on kuse or Maiguse in Noh (a long segment, the aural highlight of a Noh play), segments subject to it, Kiri (the concluding segment of a Noh play which combines chant and dance) and danmono (the most important type of the koto solo instrumental music.)

• だが、おなじ梅若がかりの芸風を受けつぎつつ、本家とは型や作法などに細かな違いがあるとされる。
• However, while it keeps the Umewaka style, it is said that the style of acting and manner has subtle difference from the head family.

• ただし、本来これが正規のものであったのを、後人が補って他の型を作ったものだろうとも言われる。
• However, it is also said that essentially this was the legitimate version and the followers created the others to complement it.

• 弥生時代にその原型が成立し、近世期においては主に男子において用いられ、礼装とみなされてきた。
• Its prototype was built in the Yayoi period, and hakama was mainly used by men and is regarded as a formal dress in recent times.

• 洋服の場合は、既製品であっても、着る人のそれぞれの体型に合わせてサイズの異なる服が作られる。
• In the case of Western clothing, even if they are ready-made, clothes in different sizes are made according to the wear's particular body shape.

• 髪型・印相・衣相やその他技法に大きな特徴があり、清凉寺式釈迦如来像の祖形として知られている。
• This statue characterizes distinctively in its hair, mudra and robe styles, and others, and is known as the original form of the Shaka Nyorai statue in the Seiryo-ji Temple style.

• したがって、現在の日本酒の製造工程における日本酒アルコール添加の原型であるとする識者は多い。
• Accordingly, many informed persons recognize the hashira-jochu as the original form of alcohol addition in the current production process of Japanese sake wine.

• 室内用の高さ三尺幅六尺・帷が長さ五尺幅四幅（薄絹四枚使用）の中型タイプ（三尺の几帳）がある。
• Mid-sized Kicho screens used indoors were 3 shaku wide by 6 shaku high in 4 widths, that used 4 sheets of thin silk.

• このように若者主体型の商品であったことから、中高年への需要喚起が今後の検討課題とされていた。
• As above, canned coffee was shown to be preferred mainly by young people and so stimulating demand by middle-aged and elderly persons was considered to be an issue for the future.

• シラスウナギは体型こそ成魚に近くなっているが体はほぼ透明で、全長もまだ5cm ほどしかない。
• Glass eels are close to the mature fish in body shape, but their bodies are mostly transparent, and they are only about 5 cm in length.

• この体型はまだ遊泳力のない仔魚が、海流に乗って移動するための浮遊適応であると考えられている。
• Because the larvae are not capable of swimming on their own, this body shape is considered to be an adaptation so that they can travel by drifting with the ocean current.

• 以下の生物は名前のとおり外見は細長い体型をしていてウナギに似ているが、別の仲間に分類される。
• The following organisms have long slender bodies like eels just as their names indicate, but they are classified into different groups.

• 大橋立と小橋立は可動橋で結ばれ（右写真手前の陸と砂嘴の間）、その下を遊覧船など小型船が通る。
• Daitenkyo and Shotenkyo are connected by a drawbridge (in the picture on the right, between the land in the foreground and the sand spit), below which tour boats and other small boats pass.

• 京阪沿線・近鉄沿線・地下鉄沿線では商店街や大型店が存在し、おおむね活況を呈しているといえる。
• In regions along the Keihan Line, Kintetsu Line, and subway, streets are lined with stores and large retailers which create a lively atmosphere.

• 共通語では「滋賀」は頭高型アクセントで発音するが、地元の方言（近江弁）では尾高型で発音する。
• The stress is placed on the first syllable in standard Japanese while it is placed on the second syllable in the local dialect ('Omi ben').

• また慈照寺内の東求堂同仁斎は四畳半の座敷で、初期書院造といわれ、和風建築の原型になっている。
• Within Jisho-ji Temple, the room called the Togudo Dojinsai was a four and a half tatami mat room; it is in what has been called early shoinzukuri-style, and is a prototypical example of Japanese-style architecture.

• 正倉院の構内にはもう1棟、小型の校倉造倉庫が建ち、「聖語蔵（しょうごぞう）」と呼ばれている。
• Shogozo, another small warehouse in the Azekura-zukuri style, stands on the premises of Shosoin.

• 規模の大きさのみならず、大型建物の跡地や青銅器鋳造炉など工房の跡地が発見され、話題となった。
• In addition to its big scale, the area got into the news after the discovery of the sites where large-scale buildings and workshops such as bronze ware casting furnaces were.

• 御本茶碗 - 江戸前期に釜山の倭館で焼かれたもので、切型(お手本)によって注文制作されたもの。
• Gohon chawan: bowls fired at the Japanese consular office in Busan in the early part of the Edo period (1603-1868) and made to order based on a model.

• このような遊泳方法はウナギ型と呼ばれ、ウツボやハモ、アナゴなどウナギと似た体型の魚に見られる。
• This swimming method is called the eel-type, and it can be seen in fish with similar body shapes, such as moray eels, hamo (common Japanese conger) and anago (conger eels).

• 基本的に手作りで、店頭では職人がおちょこのような型に詰めて作っている光景が見られることもある。
• Basically, awa manju is made by hand and in some shops, you can see pastry cooks making awa manju in sake cup-shaped molds.

• このほか、立体的な型を用いるシュクル・マッセ、捏ねながら成形するシュクル・トゥルネなどがある。
• And additionally, there is sucre masse which makes a three dimensional form, and sucre tournais which is shaped by kneading and so on.

• 発生は平安時代とされ、検非違使の雑用役・戦闘予備員として従軍した「下部」が足軽の原型とされる。
• The status of ashigaru is thought to have originated during the Heian period from the shimobe (miscellaneous servants and attendants) who served kebiishi (police and judicial chiefs) in the capacity of performing miscellaneous duties and acting as reserve soldiers.

• しかし、鎌倉後期ごろから室町前期にかけて、名（みょう）システムによる支配体型が崩壊していった。
• However, the ruling structure based on the myo (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) system deteriorated from the late Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period.

• 外題に「助六」が入るのもここからで、現行の『助六』はすべてこの版を原型としたものとなっている。
• Sukeroku' was incorporated in the title for the first time in this performance during the history of Sukeroku, and all programs of the present 'Sukeroku' had been made a model of this version.

• 「留袖」にしろ「身八つ口」にしろ、現在の着物の原型はこのころの庶民の着物に端を発する物が多い。
• Many garments like 'tomesode' and also 'miyatsuguchi,' archetype of today's kimono are rooted in the kimono of common people prevailing around this time.

• びら簪、小ぶりな花簪など趣味的な小型の簪を使用するが、実際に挿すのは少女や舞妓などがほとんど。
• Bira-kanzashi: Small kanzashi, such as small flower kanzashi, is used, but those who actually wear them are girls or maiko.

• 飛鳥資料館（明日香村）　6世紀から7世紀にかけての飛鳥時代の古代遺跡の出土品や模型を展示する。
• The Asuka Historical Museum (Asuka-mura): The museum exhibits excavated artifacts and models of sites from the Asuka period (between the sixth and seventh century).

• 最古級の前方後円墳によくみられるように前方部が途中から撥型（ばちがた）に大きく開く墳形である。
• Regarding the shape of Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus, its square front starts to open like a plectrum in the middle, as is observed in many of the oldest-class, keyhole-shaped tumuli.

• 城郭の最終防衛拠点と位置付けられ、城の象徴でもある天守は、大型の望楼櫓が発展したともいわれる。
• The tenshu that was positioned as the final strongpoint of a citadel and a symbol of a castle was said to be evolved from a large watchtower turret.

• 一般に仏塔の原型であるインドの「ストゥーパ」の様式をそのまま模して建てられた仏教建築物である。
• Generally, bussharito is a Buddhist structure modeled after 'stupa' in India, which is the original form of Buddhist pagodas.

• （小型の仏壇で、上卓が置けない場合や、三折本尊を荘厳する場合などは、省いて構わないとされる。)
• (Offering water or tea can be omitted in case butsudan is small or mitsuori-honzon (the principal image which can be folded into thirds) is enshrined.)

• この塔身部に四角の輪郭が刻まれずに基礎部の格座間が一つの型が関西形式と呼ばれる基本の型である。
• The basic style of the horin-to pagoda is called kansai style, which does not have a square frame inscribed on the toshin but has one kozama (a foliate panel) on the base.

• 幅は晒しの全幅を用いるが、体型によっては半幅、若しくは2/3幅に生地を切るか、内折りで使用する。
• Generally the full width of sarashi is used, but according to the wearer's physical type, sarashi can be cut in half or into a piece which is two-thirds in width, or folded inside out.

• バナナベースの餡を使用した、英語・ローマ字表記であるBANANAの文字が入ったバナナ型のお菓子。
• It is a banana-shaped sweet with banana paste in it, which is embossed with an English word, 'BANANA'.

• 経文は、一行17字、一頁12行（見開き24行）に定型化された書式に漢字で放射状に墨書されている。
• The Sutras were written with black ink, in Chinese characters arranged in a radial fashion in the fixed form of 12 lines per page (24 lines on two adjacent pages), with each line composed of 17 characters.

• なお、「白鯨」には、ある捕鯨船員の特殊な嗜好としてではあるが大型鯨のステーキを食べる描写もある。
• In 'Moby Dick' there is also a scene which describes particular taste of a sailor on a whaling ship, and the sailor eat a steak of a large-whale.

• 江戸時代から明治ごろまでに原型が成立し、戦前までの時期に演出が確立した演目を「古典落語」とする。
• Classical rakugo refers to those performances which were established in some form between the Edo and Meiji periods, and which were staged World War Ⅱ.

• 製法に手間がかかる為、高品質の刀や、大型の野太刀を量産化・兵士に支給することは出来なかったこと。
• Due to the production method requiring a lot of labor, it was not possible to have mass production of high-quality swords or large Nodachi (field swords) and to supply them to soldiers.

• 原型の土が十分乾燥してから、今度は中型全体を覆うような形で「外型」（雌型）をやはり粘土でつくる。
• After the original clay mold was dried enough, an 'outside mold' (also known as megata in Japanese), which covered the whole original mold, was to be made of clay as well.

• 最終的には髷を作る道具であったものがその用途を離れ、出来上がった髪型に挿し入れる髪飾りになった。
• Eventually, it changed from a tool to tie mage to hair ornamentation to be inserted into finished mage.

• 2004年、飛鳥京跡の発掘を進めていた奈良県立橿原考古学研究所は、大型の高床式建物跡を発見した。
• In 2004, the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, excavated the Asuka-kyo Ruins and found remains of a large high-floored building.

• なお男性用サイズの尺二寸以上の大型で、長房の本連念珠も見かけるが、本来は僧侶用の装束念珠である。
• Although large-sized Honren nenju for males, with a length of over 38 cm and which have a nagafusa (long tassel), are seen, it is basically shozoku nenju (nenju for costume) for monks.

• 小型の仏壇の場合は、仏壇内で無理に立燭すると火災の恐れがあるので、外に別の燭台を置いて立燭する。
• In the case that the butsudan is small, as it may be a fire hazard to do rissoku in it, rissoku on a candle stand placed outside of the butsudan is recommended.

• 経筒は小型の筒型であるが、箱型六角形のものや装飾が施された宝塔形のものもあり、上部に蓋がされる。
• Kyozutsu were typically in the shape of small cylinders and sealed on the top, with variants being in the shape of hexagonal cylinders or decorative hoto (two-storied Buddhist tower).

• 少なくとも明治時代以降の謡曲本では「へ」の字型のものが使われ、2008年現在もそれを踏襲している。
• 'へ'-shaped marks were used at least in sheet music made after the Meiji period, and they are still being used as of 2008.

• 娘義太夫での三味線は、太棹と呼ばれる三味線のなかでもっとも大型で、かつ音域が低いものが用いられる。
• The shamisen used in Gidayu is the largest of those called Futozao ('broad-neck' shamisen), and its range of sounds is lower.

• FUJI ROCK FESTIVALに代表されるような他の大型音楽フェスティバルとは大きく異なる。
• It differs widely from other big music festivals such as the FUJI ROCK FESTIVAL.

• 左撚右撚の糸二本でかがり、山科流では裏が菱型になるように、高倉流では横倒しのv字になるようにする。
• They were sewn with two threads, right-handed and left-handed, so that a diamond shape was formed at the back in the Yamashina School and a toppled v shape was formed in the Takakura School.

• 剣鍔文様付き円型きんつば（けんつばもんようつきえんけいきんつば）は、和菓子のきんつばの一種である。
• Kentsuba-monyo-tsuki enkei Kintsuba' (literally, samurai-sword-guard-patterned round kintsuba-cake) is one of the Japanese confectionery known as 'kintsuba' (a Japanese confection made from red bean paste wrapped with a skin made from flour and water kneaded and spread thinly).

• この頃のおにぎりは楕円形をしていて、かなり大型（1合半）で、使われているのは蒸したもち米であった。
• Onigiri around that time was oval, very big (225g), and steamed sticky rice was used.

• 一般のアメリカ人にとっては「enHibachi」と言う名称で典型的な日本料理として考えられている。
• This dish, named 'enHibachi,' is considered a typical nihon-ryori dish by Americans in general.

• 手で直に持って口に運ぶのが基本ではあるが、弁当などに入っている俵型のものは箸で食べるのが望ましい。
• Basically hold directly by hand and bring to the mouth, but using chopsticks is recommended for those of rectangular rounds in a boxed lunch.

• 玉豊種は他のサツマイモと比べて大型で、外皮、肉色とも白く、食感はホクホクではなくネットリしている。
• The Tamayutaka-kind is larger than other kinds with whitish skin and substance, tasting sticky rather than flaky.

• 婦人標準服の甲型と乙型のそれぞれに、「活動衣」と呼ばれた、実用性を最優先させた様式が含まれていた。
• Both Kogata and Otsugata had a style called 'active clothing' designed with top priority on being practical.

• また、従来型の（チェーンコンベアを使わない）寿司店を、俗に「固定寿司」や「回らない寿司屋」という。
• Also the traditional type of sushi restaurants without conveyer belts are called 'fixed sushi' or 'stationary sushi' in common speech.

• 角の折れた海老や小型の海老が市場に出荷されることは少なく、漁港付近の旅館等で消費されることが多い。
• Ise ebi with broken horns and smaller ones are rarely shipped to market, so they consumed at the inns around the fishing ports.

• 舞鶴市は戦前・戦中は鎮守府も置かれ、軍都として軍需産業、また戦後は臨海型重厚長大工業都市とだった。
• Since Maizuru City was for a long time a munitions city that had a Chinju-fu with a military capital both before and during the war, it has been an oceanfront-type heavy industrial city since the end of war.

• 高度経済成長以降は盆地内の農地の宅地化が進み、大型団地が建つなど京都や大阪のベッドタウンとなった。
• In and after the high-growth period, the farmlands were steadily turned into lands for housing, in particular housing complexes, making it a commuter town for Kyoto and Osaka.

• なお、九代目市川團十郎や實川延若 (2代目)の型は、玄番が蓋を取り松王は刀を抜く派手なそれである。
• The ninth generation Danjuro ICHIKAWA and Enjaku JITSUKAWA (second generation) had the flamboyant performance technique of having Genba to remove the lid, and Matsuo taking out the katana.

• 高崎市がだるま製造で有名なことを受けて、だるま型の容器に白ご飯を敷き、その上におかずを載せたもの。
• Because Takasaki City is famous for producing Daruma dolls, Daruma-shaped containers are used for a Daruma bento consisting of several small portions of food on cooked rice.

• 小型のボイラーから出る蒸気で羅宇を掃除し、その際に鳴る「ピー」という笛にも似た音が特徴的であった。
• They cleaned the kiseru with steam generated from a small boiler, and what was characteristic about is noise like whistle which was heard during the cleaning.

• 基本形は竹組みの亀甲型の本体に、頭（正式名称：「かぶ」）と尾（同：「剣」）を取り付けたものである。
• The basic float consists of the following parts: a main body made of bamboos in the form of a tortoise's shell, a head (formally called 'kabu'), and a tail (formally called 'ken').

• 国内ではやがて花姿は時代の流れに即し、なげいれ花、盛花（もりばな）などさまざまな型が編み出された。
• In Japan, the flower shape eventually developed with the trends of the times; various styles such as Nageire-bana (literally 'throwing in flowers') and Mori-bana (literally 'inserting flowers') were created.

• 直径1メートルの不正円形の小石室が設けられ、径39.7センチの大型仿製内行花文鏡が納められていた。
• A small irregular circle shaped stone chamber 1 meter in diameter was set up where Ogata bosei naiko kamon-kyo (a large bronze mirror manufactured in Japan with patterns like a flower-petal) with 39.7 centimeters in diameter was placed.

• 物流業界では各種コンテナ・貨物自動車等の箱型の輸送機器の説明や表現方法として、よく用いられている。
• The term is frequently used in the distribution industry to explain or indicate box-shaped transportation machines such as various types of container and trucks.

• 富士山・富士五湖観光圏；「世界に誇る富士の自然と文化を活かした滞在型・リピートの魅力づくり推進事業」
• Mt. Fuji and the Fuji Five Lakes sightseeing area: 'Promotion program for creating an attractive area for staying and repeated visits by making full use of the nature and culture of world-class Fuji'

• 身頃の肩山を後ろにずらして襟肩回りを髱の形や位置にあわせてU字型、あるいはV字型に後ろに引いて着る。
• After katayama (the top of the shoulder) is slid backward, the collar at the back of the neck is bent into a U- or V-shape to fit the tabo and is then pulled lower in alignment with the tabo.

• 差火点火式･地上設置型である通常の大筒と異なり、銃床とカラクリを用いた火縄銃の体裁を持つものを指す。
• Different from a usual big barrel which is ignited by adding fire and positioned on the ground, it refers to one in the form of hinawaju using the gunstock and karakuri (mechanism).

• 三輪髷・長船：ほぼ同型の髷だが結う身分が違うため、前者では縮緬・後者では錦の手絡を用いることが多い。
• Mitsuwa (three rings) Mage/Osafune: the former mostly uses crepe and the latter brocade and those are almost the same style of Mage, but for different women in different positions.

• 簾の内側に立てる高さ四尺幅八尺・帷が長さ六尺幅五幅（薄絹五枚使用）の大型タイプ（四尺の几帳）がある。
• When set on the inner side of bamboo blinds, large sized types of Kicho blinds were 4 shaku (1 shaku = 30.3 cm) high and 8 shaku wide or, width and length of 6 shaku in 5 widths that used 5 sheets of thin silk.

• 現在の女性用の正装の和服の基本はワンピース型であるが、女性用の袴は女学生の和服の正装の一部とされる。
• The modern formal wear of female Wafuku is composed of Nagagi and Obi, but female Hakama is regarded as a kind of formal wear for female students.

• 国道162号は京都市と若狭湾を繋ぐ幹線道路である為、貨物自動車などの大型車両、牽引車両の通行が多い。
• As National Route 162 is a main road connecting Kyoto City and Wakasa Bay, there is heavy traffic with large vehicles including freight and trailer vehicles.

• しかしながら、ほどなく細石刃が西日本にも広まり、約1万5千年前ごろ、ナイフ型石器は急速に姿を消した。
• However, before long, microblades came to be used widely in western Japan as well, and knife-type stone tools had gone out of use rapidly around 15,000 years ago.

• 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
• The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.

• 現行の『忠臣蔵』の演出は、尾上菊五郎 (5代目)が完成させたもので、江戸歌舞伎にこれ以外の型はない。
• Existing staging of 'Chushingura' was completed by Kikugoro ONOE (the fifth), and there are no other styles besides this one in Edo kabuki.

• 釜の種類としては、写真にあるような羽釜式の鉄釜の他に、土鍋型の陶器の益子焼、高田焼もよく用いられる。
• Regarding types of kama (a cooking pot for rice), besides iron pots of hagama style (old type of pot for a hearth) as shown in the picture, earthware pots like Mashiko-yaki or Koda-yaki are also often used.

• 型が出現した理由として梅若は、身体動作に名前を付けることで学習が効率的になるということを挙げている。
• As for the reason why this form appeared, UMEWAKA quoted the fact that study achieves efficiency by attaching names to the bodily movements.

• 武徳会の目的の一つに剣道型・柔道型など技術の体系化があり、弓道もそれに習う形で射法統一が試みられた。
• One of the goals of Butoku-kai was a systematization of technique such as Kendo-gata (style of Kendo, Japanese art of fencing) and Judo-gata (style of Judo, Japanese art of self-defense), so, after that in Kyudo the integration of shooting styles was attempted.

• 張り出させた外廻縁（遠望のために部屋を回周した濡縁型の縁側）を壁や戸板などで囲ったようなものである。
• The structure is something like what is made by enclosing a protruded sotomawarien (a narrow veranda all around a room, outside the sliding storm doors, used for viewing the surrounding area) with walls or boards.

• たんすの上に置くような小型の仏壇の規模の表し方は、総丈を「号（ごう）」もしくは「丈（たけ）」で表す。
• Measurements of small butsudan which are usually installed on the top of tansu (chest) are indicated by 'go' or 'take' for total heights.

• 前期古墳の副葬品の典型的組合せ、つまり、銅鏡や玉類、剣や刀などの武器類をセットにしていることである。
• It is a typical combination of burial goods of the early tumuli, which is characterized by making bronze mirrors, gems and weapons including Ken (sword of sharpened two edges) and Katana (a sword) as a set.

• 富山県高岡市戸出町には5軒の和菓子店が存在するが、いずれも「剣鍔文様付き円型きんつば」を販売している。
• There are five Japanese confectionery stores in Toide-machi, Takaoka City, Toyama Prefecture, and all of them are selling the 'Kentsuba-monyo-tsuki enkei Kintsuba.'

• 「剣鍔文様付き円型きんつば」は、考案当時の円形を留めていて剣鍔の文様がついているきんつばのことを指す。
• The 'Kentsuba-monyo-tsuki enkei Kintsuba' refers to kintsuba cakes which have the original round shape and a 'katana tsuba' (also called ken-tsuba, which is a round or squarish guard at the end of the grip of a bladed Japanese weapon such as a 'katana' samurai sword) pattern on the surface.

• 30絃、全長235cm前後、最大幅55cm前後の大型の箏であり、可動フレットの不完全ツィターに属する。
• It is a large type of So with 30 strings and its size is around 235cm in length and around 55cm in maximum width, and it belongs to an incomplete zither with mobile frets.

• また僧坊酒の発展から、奈良酒や天野酒などの、のちの摂泉十二郷の各流派の原型にあたる技法の違いも現れた。
• In addition, the developing Soboshu led to different techniques such as narazake (sake of Nara) and Amanosake (sake of Kongo-ji Temple on Mt. Amano), the original forms of each school of the later Sessen juni go (the 12 sake brewing districts in Settsu Province and Izumi Province shipping for Edo).

• 国民服の甲号の帽子は、礼装する場合は、ひさしがついた烏帽子型とされ、礼装しない場合は「適宜」とされた。
• For the full dress Kogo type national uniform, the peaked cap should be selected, and for other occasions, it was specified as 'discretionary.'

• 和楽器であり、多くのものは3本の弦を持ち（4本のものなどもある）、ほぼ三味線を小型にした形をしている。
• Being a Japanese instrument, Kokyu is mostly provided with three strings (although some have four strings), and its shape is roughly a smaller version of the Shamisen - a three-stringed Japanese banjo.

• したがって、琉球がさかんに貿易をしていた15世紀頃にタイ王国やマラッカから原型が渡来した可能性がある。
• Therefore, there is a possibility that the origin of Kucho was brought to Okinawa from the Kingdom of Thailand or Malacca in the fifteenth century when Ryukyu actively conducted trade with these areas.

• 有職の「輪違い」という鎖型に連続した文様から抜き取られたもので、平安時代には車紋として用いられていた。
• It was isolated from 'wachigai,' which is a chain-like yusoku design pattern (traditional design motifs of court nobles), and used as kuruma-mon (pattern of wheels or rings) in the Heian period.

• 商業では、中心市街地の数個の商店街と都市型大型店福知山ファミリーやさとう (京都府)にて繁栄していた。
• In the field of commerce, the city was once flourished with shopping streets in the central urban district and metropolitan large-scale retail stores including Fukuchiyama Family and SATO (in Kyoto Prefecture).

• 大型のクジラの鯨肉に比べると地域性の強い食文化であり、特にそれらの地域では重要な地位にあったといえる。
• Dolphin meat-based dishes, compared with those based on large-sized whales, were strongly dependent on the area where they were eaten, and it can be said that they constituted an important position in the dishes in those areas.

• 縦型精米機（たてがたせいまいき）とは、昭和5年（1930年）ごろに登場し、元来酒造用の精米機であった。
• A vertical type rice-milling machine was introduced around 1930 and originally used to produce sake.

• 宝冠に阿弥陀の化仏（けぶつ、小型の仏像）があることから、観音菩薩（阿弥陀仏の脇侍）であることがわかる。
• Because there is a Kebutsu (an artificial small sized statue of the Buddha) of Amida on her hokan (crown), this is identified as a Kannon Bosatsu (Kannon Buddhisattva, an attendant figure of the Amida Buddha).

• また、『二入四行論』が達磨に関する最も古い語録で達磨伝説の原型であるとともに達磨の思想をも伝えている。
• Furthermore, the oldest goroku (saying) concerning Daruma is found in 'Ninyushigyo ron' (literally, 'the way to the two truths, and methods for the four practices'), which, being the original model for legends concerning Daruma, also conveys Daruma's thought.

• 直門の門弟の弟子の弟子は更に自分の弟子に・・・、というもので、家元を頂点としたピラミッド型組織である。
• It is a pyramid-style organizational structure with the iemoto sitting at the top, consisting of endless levels.

• 2008年9月20日、わんわん王国跡地に県内最大規模の大型ショッピングモール「ピエリ守山」が開業した。
• On September 20, 2008, the largest shopping mall in Shiga Prefecture, 'Pieri Moriyama', was opened on the former site of Biwako Wan Wan Kingdom.

• それに先駆けて築造された憤丘長90メートル前後の纒向型前方後円墳も3世紀では列島最大の憤丘規模を持つ。
• Makimuku-style tumuli, which are circular in shape and have a rectangular frontage with a length of around 90 m, were constructed earlier than the Hashihaka Tumulus and are some of the largest tumuli to have been constructed in Japan during 3rd century.

• また、手裏剣や水蜘蛛などの忍術を体験できる屋外型のアスレチックなどもあり多くの観光客でにぎわっている。
• In addition, there is an outdoor athletic facility where visitors are able to try out various Ninja tools, including shuriken (ninja throwing stars, multi-pointed throwing weapon), mizugumo ('water spider', a water-crossing device used by ninja), and the like.

• 元々は寛延年間の江戸で、しっぽくうどんの影響を受けて成立した種もの蕎麦で、おかめ蕎麦の原型とも言われる。
• Shippoku soba originally came into existence inspired by Shippoku udon during the Kanen era in Edo and it is said to be the prototype of Okame soba.

• 粘土瓦以外に、別の材料を用いて造られた瓦型をした建材も「瓦」に瓦の材料名を冠したものを名称として用いる。
• Tiles, which are made of material other than clay and have a Kawara shape, are also named Kawara with the material name added at the head of the names.

• 登り窯の利用や、木型に湿らせた麻布を張り、そこに伸ばした粘土を押し付けるという手法で大量生産も行われた。
• Mass production was also enabled by using climbing kilns and the method of pressing clay onto a wooden pattern covered with wet hemp cloth.

• それまでの構図や彩色法の型を破って、水彩画法を応用して従来の日本画になかった色彩を横長の画面で表現した。
• He broke the traditional style of composition and coloring, adopted watercolor techniques and expressed colors which had never seen in the traditional Japanese paintings in a landscape-oriented picture.

• 実際の戦場での切りあいは型通りではなく、袈裟（鎖骨・頚動脈）に切り込む事が主流であったともいわれている。
• It is said that the fights on actual battlefields were not done according to kata but were done by attempting to cut kesa (the collarbone, the carotid).

• なお、「ヒガシ」のアップテンポな演奏こそが、曳行する地車の制約から解放された音楽の典型例とも考えられる。
• In addition, the uptempo performance of 'Higashi' is thought to be a typical example of the music of danjiri-bayashi becoming free from the restrictions of drawing danjiri.

• 小型のハクジラ類を中心に、縄文時代以前を含む旧石器時代の貝塚や、弥生時代の遺跡など古くから出土例がある。
• Remains of whales, centered on small-sized odontoceti, were unearthed from shell mounds originated in the Paleolithic period, including the Jomon period and from remains originated in the Yayoi period.

• 鉄道模型：貨車・客車・炭水車など、本来動力装置を持たないはずの車両に動力装置が付与された鉄道模型の俗称。
• A model train: a common name for model trains having a motor in a car that otherwise would not have had it.

• もっとも大型食料品店などで熟成済みの糠床が入れ物ごと売られているので、これを利用すれば手間がかからない。
• Because matured nuka-doko is sold in a container in a large grocery store makes it convenient.

• また、詞と絵を別仕立てにし、御伝鈔（上巻・八段、下巻・七段）と御絵伝（縦型の四幅の掛軸）の体裁となった。
• Furthermore, it was separated into the narration and the illustration to form a set of Godensho (vol. 1 with eight paragraphs and vol. 2 with seven paragraphs) and Goeden (a set of four vertical scrolls).

• 中型と外型が接着しないように、薄い紙をはさむ、あるいは雲母をまくなど、何らかの方法が取られたはずである。
• Not to stick the Nakago mold and the outside, a method was supposed to be taken such as to insert a thin paper or to sprinkle mica between them.

• 舞妓でも年少の者の髪型「割れしのぶ」で用いられ、2箇所の本体突起部が髷（まげ）を支える構造となっている。
• This type of product is used for young maiko's hairstyle called 'wareshinobu,' with two projections of their body supporting the mage.

• これは太閤秀吉の花大桐が版木を用いたのに対して、型紙を用いて胡粉（こふん）を盛り上げた技法の違いである。
• This is due to the difference in the method to heap up whitewash by using model paper, while the hana-ogiri of Taiko Hideyoshi used a printing block.

• 武者小路千家では、吉祥草を特別に好みとし、壺型の土器を散らした「つぼつぼ」は三千家共通に用いられている。
• The Mushanokoji Senke school especially favors kichijo-so (a plant native to Japan, a member of the lily family; scientific name, Reineckea carnea), and the 'tsubo-tsubo' (a pattern of pots) in which pot-shaped earthenware patterns are scattered, are used by the three Senke families in common.

• しかし、宮内庁職員によって宮山型特殊器台・特殊壺、最古の埴輪である都月型円筒埴輪、などが採集されている。
• However, the Miyayama-type special vessel stands and jars, the Totsuki-type cylindrical haniwa, which is the oldest type of haniwa, and other items have been collected by the staff of the Imperial Household Agency.

• 町屋の原型を保ちつつ現代風に改装された飲食店や雑貨店、公共文化施設、社寺が町内各地に点在するようになる。
• Restaurants and general stores that were the refurbished machiya to offer modern features while maintaining their original form, public cultural facilities, temples and shrines began to dot various areas of the town.

• 心木に藁縄などを巻きつけ、粒子の荒い荒土から、細かい仕上げ土へと順次盛り上げ、箆（へら）や指で造型する。
• The producing process employed winding straw ropes around wooden mandrel, heaping up coarse-grained barren soil followed by fine-particle finishing soil and molding by a pallet or the fingers.

• これに対して「今日のアルコール添加の原型に柱焼酎という伝統的な技法を見ることはできない」とする立場がある。
• On the otherhand, some people are against the above view and insist that 'no trace of traditional technology of hashira-jochu can be seen in the current alcohol addition technology.'

• おにぎりとおむすびの違いは他にも諸説があり、上記とは逆におにぎりは三角型で、おむすびは俵型という説もある。
• There are various stories regarding differences in onigiri and omusubi, such as onigiri is triangle and omusubi is rectangular rounds contrary to the above.

• 婦人標準服の甲型では、上半身を覆う服とスカートに分かれている様式と、裾がスカート状のワンピース型があった。
• Kogata had two forms: A style separated into a garment for the upper half of the body and skirt; and a one-piece style.

• それ以降初春を寿ぐ祝祭劇として、更にさまざまな演出が行われるようになり、一千種ともいわれる派生型ができた。
• Since then, it has been performed as a festive play to celebrate the coming spring, and there are different versions, which is said to be as much as 1,000 versions, of various renditions.

• したがって荘園としては未完成であり、完全な不輸権を得た12世紀の領域型荘園の前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
• Thus, the shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax were imperfect as the shoen and had a transitional character before the territorial shoen manor of the twelfth century which got the complete right of tax exemption.

• 会所の典型には方丈の影響が見えたが、会所泉殿は、方丈よりは、名の通り泉殿から強い影響をうけた建物であった。
• The formation of kaisho must have been influenced by hojo, but Kaisho Izumidono seemed to be a building that was greatly influenced by Izumidono as according to the name when compared with hojo.

• 「キタ」地域は、普通に「地車踊り」といい、踊る際に手を突くことで、運をつくというゲンかつぎが基本型である。
• In the 'kita' region the dance is simply called 'danjiri odori' (danjiri dance), and genkatsugi, in which hands are thrust upward during the dance implying catching luck, is the basic form.

• また沖縄県では「島らっきょう」または「ダッチョウ」と呼ばれる、一般的ならっきょうより小型で細いものがある。
• In Okinawa Prefecture, they have smaller and thinner kind of Japanese leek compared to the common variety, which is called 'Shima-rakkyo' (Okinawan shallots) or 'Daccho.'

• 店主が一人で切り盛りする小規模な店が多く、お茶のお代わりまで手がまわらず、鮨屋独特の大型の湯呑がうまれた。
• Many sushi restaurants were managed by one owner and were small-scale, and he was too busy to serve green tea and thus a large tea cup peculiar to sushi restaurants was born.

• 今日でも最も観客受けするバレエのような珍妙な振り付けや縄跳びの所作や洒落は、彼によって工夫された型である。
• The funny choreography like ballet, the acting of jumping rope and jokes were the patterns devised by him.

• 前方後円墳の出現期から、大王陵と見られる大型の古墳を始めとする多くの前方後円墳が集中的に造られてきた畿内。
• From the time when they first appeared, construction of keyhole-shaped tumuli, including large-scale tumuli that are considered to be the mausoleums of Okimi, was concentrated in Kinai

• 京都三十三間堂の本尊（坐像）は、鎌倉時代の仏師湛慶の代表作であるとともに、十一面四十二臂像の典型作である。
• The statue of principal image at Sanjusangendo Temple in Kyoto (seated statue) is a representative work of Tankei, a Busshi (a sculptor of Buddhist statues) in the Kamakura period and is a typical statue with 11 faces and 42 arms.

• それによると、光明の最高神アフラ・マズダーが無量光如来、無限時間の神ズルワーンが無量寿如来の原型とされる。
• According to that theory, Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of light, is an original model of 無量光如来 and Zurvan, the god of immeasurable time, is an original model of 無量寿如来.

• 将来印刷機は、往事一般的であった行灯蓋型を用いたもので、美濃版の印行も可能な大きさであったと考えられている。
• The printing machine that was bought was similar to an Andonbuta (covered light) type which was common in old times, and such printing machines were considered to be large enough to print and publish Mino-ban (Mino editions).

• もともとは、かつて宮崎県延岡市内にあった洋食店「ロンドン」の厨房で出されていた賄い料理料理がその原型である。
• It was originally a meal provided for cooks within the kitchen of the western style restaurant, 'London' which used to be in Nobeoka City, Miyazaki Prefecture.

• 古袱紗（こぶくさ）とは、茶道の一部流派において、茶席での茶器の拝見や点て出しの際に用いられる小型の布である。
• A kobukusa is a small cloth used at some tea ceremony schools when they view tea bowls or when they carry out already whisked tea and present it to various other guests.

• 軽量力士は一般的には不利とされるが、軽量ゆえの動きを生かした技で大型の上位力士を倒す取組は大きな見所となる。
• Lightweight sumo wrestlers are generally thought to be at a disadvantage, but a lightweight wrestler can defeat a heavyweight superior sumo wrestler with a move that takes advantage of his weight, and such a match can be a highlight at a sumo tournament.

• 奈良時代にはすでに文献にも味噌の原型と思われる未醤が確認でき、平安京の西市には未醤屋の存在が記録されている。
• Misho, which is considered to be the original form of miso, was written in the literature already in Nara period, and the existence of misho stores in the western market of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) is recorded.

• 明治以降には宮城道雄が、通常使われている胡弓を大型にした大胡弓を開発し、この楽器を用いた楽曲を作曲している。
• After the Meiji period, Michio MIYAGI developed Kokyu larger than those that had been ordinarily used, or Dai-Kokyu,, and composed music for this instrument.

• 現在、舞鶴港と小樽港を結ぶ大型フェリーが週7便、就航しており、近畿と北海道を結ぶ大動脈として利用されている。
• At present, large ferries voyage seven times a week between Maizuru Port and Otaru Port, acting as a focal point between the Kinki region and Hokkaido.

• 鯨肉（げいにく） とは、食品として扱われるクジラ目や、その小型種の一部の総称であるイルカの可食部全般を指す。
• Whale meat is defined as the edible parts of cetaceans and of smaller-sized cetaceans called dolphins, which are used for food.

• ヤマト王権最初の大王墓であり各地にも纒向型前方後円墳が築造され、政治的関係で結ばれていたとも考えられている。
• That was the first tomb of a great king in the Yamato Sovereignty, and the Makimuku style tumuluses were built in other regions, which suggest the establishment of political alliances throughout Japan.

• 渡櫓は失ってはいるが、複合式層塔型2重2階の天守で、現存天守の中では最も規模が小さい（高さ約11メートル）。
• Although the Watari-yagura (connecting corridor) turret was lost, it is a 2-tiered, 2-story tower-type keep directly connected to a smaller keep or turret, being the smallest (11 meters tall) of the existing castle towers.

• 小型の寺院という考え方であれば本堂があるので必要がないはずだが、先祖供養の観点から別途用意されることが多い。
• If the term of butsudan simply means a miniature temple, it should not be necessary for any temple which has already its own main hall for Buddha, but an onaibutsu altar is additionally installed in many temples considering it serves for the spirits of ancestors.

• 館内には1992年に開催されたセビリア万国博覧会に出展された原型の安土城の復元天守閣（5・6階部分）がある。
• It houses the restored tenshukaku (5-6 stories) of the original Azuchi-jo Castle, which was exhibited at the Seville World Expo in 1992.

• 上方歌舞伎の伝統にのっとって、型を意識しない写実的な芸風が特徴で、身ごなしや風情に独特の艶のある役者であった。
• Based on traditions of Kamigata Kabuki, his characteristics were realistic art without sticking to the patterns and he was an actor who had unique charm in his carriage and taste (elegance).

• また、日本各地にも同系統の民話が伝えられており、『日本昔話事典』では、これらを「飴は毒」型として分類している。
• Among similar folk stories in various regions in Japan, it is classified as 'candy is poison' in 'Nihon Mukashibanashi Jiten' (dictionary of tales of old Japan).

• 貴族の表情は類型化された引目鈎鼻であるが、雑仕や婢女らの姿は市井の風俗もまじえて、生き生きと描き出されている。
• While nobles' faces are expressed with the typical 'Hikime Kagibana' style (dashes for eyes, hooks for noses), servants and the everyday life of common people are vividly depicted.

• （テレビ番組に出演し話題を呼び、北島三郎のもとに弟子入りし、プロデビューを果たした大江裕はこの典型といえる。)
• (The most typical of such fans is Yutaka OE who came into the spotlight in a TV program, was apprenticed to Saburo KITAJIMA, and made his professional debut.)

• 江戸時代に大きく発展したため、戦闘で着用する甲冑は前提とされず、平時の服装での斬り合いを想定している型が多い。
• As Kenjutsu developed considerably during the Edo period, most of kata (forms of Kenjutsu) were created under the assumption that the fight would be in a peaceful time between people wearing ordinary clothes, not a fight on a battlefield in which people would wear kacchu (armor).

• 髪を掻き揚げやすいように頭部から長細い二本の足が出た形をしているか（頭部はイチョウの葉型が一般的）棒形が普通。
• To make combing easy, the combs generally had two long prongs which reached the scalp much like a rod (or prongs in a clover leaf configuration).

• が、当時の冠は漆を薄く塗った柔らかなもので雨などにあうと簡単に型崩れしていたことが枕草子などの記述から分かる。
• However, according to some materials such as Makura no Soshi (The Pillow Book), Court caps in those days were thinly lacquered soft caps, and they easily lost their shapes due to rain and so on.

• 高御座の構造は三層の黒塗断壇の上に御輿型の八角形の黒塗屋形が載せられていて、鳳凰・鏡・椅子などで飾られている。
• The structure of the Takamikura consists of three levels of covered black stairs with a palace shaped portable octagon shrine sitting on top, and is decorated with a mythical sacred bird (phoenix) from Chinese lore, mirrors, and chairs.

• またここから転じて、大仰で様式的な演技やせりふ廻し、またそうした演出が型として求められる部分を「時代」という。
• Derived from this, the parts showing exaggerated and stylistic performance and lines, and the parts where such performances are required are called 'Jidai'.

• 日中戦争が激化すると食糧増産の要請から鯨肉の持ち帰り制限が緩和され、日本最初の大型冷凍船も導入されるなどした。
• When the Sino-Japanese war became intensified, the amount of whale meat to be brought back to Japan was increased due to the request of increasing the amount of food available, and a large-scaled refrigerator ship was introduced for the first time in Japan.

• 間仕切り建具としての発展的形態から見ると、「障子」は、衝立の原型といえる台脚の上に立てる衝立障子が原型である。
• Judging from the development of styles as partition fittings, the original 'shoji' was tsuitate-shoji on a stand which could be said to be an original form of screen.

• 平安末期に明かり障子が誕生しているが、その原型は帳台と呼ばれる寝所の明かり取りの天井に由来していると思われる。
• It seems that the original form of akari-shoji, which was invented near the end of the Heian period, originated from chodai, which was a skylight ceiling in the bedroom.

• 空海が高野山に建立を計画していた毘盧遮那法界体性塔（びるしゃなほっかいたいしょうとう）にその原型が求められる。
• The origin of this style is found in Birushana hokkai taisho, a pagoda that Kukai (one of Japan's best known, most beloved Buddhist saints, and founder of the Shingon ('True Word') school of Buddhism) planned to build at Mt. Koya.

• 本格的な手描き友禅の場合、完成までに26もの工程を踏む大変手間のかかるものとなるため、現在は型染めや捺染が主流。
• Traditional hand-drawn Yuzen requires extremely time-consuming work composed of twenty six processes for completion, therefore, techniques of dyeing a fabric with models or of print-type dyeing are mainly used.

• また、親と子の体型がよほど大きく違わないかぎり、娘の結婚式などで母の高価な和服を娘が着るようなことが可能となる。
• Also, unless the body shape differs greatly between the parent and the child, it is possible for the daughter to wear her mother's expensive wafuku, such as at her wedding ceremony.

• これの原型は中国の律令で定められた魚に似た形の割符（曹魏 (三国)では亀の形という）と皮袋に由来すると言われる。
• The original form of the Gyotai is said to be originated from a fish-like shaped tally (in Wei Dynasty [the Three States period], it was the shape of a turtle) and a leather bag specified in a statute of China.

• 最も典型的なイメージの一つとして、山形に盛られたチキンライスの上に小さな飾りの旗を立てる、という盛りつけがある。
• Typically, chicken rice is served in the shape of a mountain with a small flag as a decoration on top.

• 身を守るためには、保護色に変色し、地形に合わせて体型を変える、その色や形を2年ほど記憶できることが知られている。
• It is known that the animal can take on a protective coloring and change its shape according to the geographical features to protect itself, and remember that coloring and shape for about two years.

• 政友は商売上の心得を『文殊院旨意書』にまとめたが、これは現在に至るまで住友グループ各社の社是の原型となっている。
• Masatomo wrote instructions pertaining to business in 'Monjuin's Directions,' which remains the prototype for company codes in each company of the Sumitomo Group to the present day.

• 口分田の祖型は、7世紀中葉の大化の改新頃に始まり、7世紀終盤の律令形成期に口分田制度が確立したと考えられている。
• It is considered that the original kubunden system began to be formed around the Taika Reforms, or in the middle era of the seventh century, and was established towards the end of seventh century when the ritsuryo system was formed.

• 俘囚は騎馬戦術に優れており、騎乗で使用する白兵である蕨手刀は後の日本刀へとつながる毛抜形太刀の原型となっている。
• Fushu were superior in fighting on horseback, and the warabite-to (curved sword), an unsheathed sword used on a horse, became the original shape of Kenukigata-Tachi (hair-tweezers-shaped Tachi [big sword]) that developed into Japanese swords.

• 特に貴船側は20°以上の急勾配の上、ヘアピンカーブが連続する区間があり、大型車は1度で曲がりきれないこともある。
• Particularly on the side of Kibune, there is a spot where the hill is as steep as 20 degrees or more with successive sharp hairpin curves, where a large-sized vehicle cannot make a turn at the first try.

• しかし1930年代に縦型精米機が登場する以前は、日本酒は低い精米技術、すなわち高い精米歩合の酒米で造られていた。
• However, before a vertical-type rice-milling machine which was developed in 1930's, sake was produced with low level rice polishing technique, that is, with sakamai of high polishing ratio.

• 妖怪研究家・山口敏太郎は、水から上がってくる大型怪獣はすべて「牛鬼」の名で呼ばれていたのではないかと述べている。
• BintaroYAMAGUCHI, a researcher on specters, says that that is possibly because all large monsters coming from the water were called 'Ushioni.'

• 鹿児島では洞窟のことをガマと言い、今でも川辺仏壇のガマ型にはその「隠し仏壇」の要素が色濃く残っていると言われる。
• They referred to caves as gama (toads) in Kagoshima, and it is said that the characteristic of 'Kakushi butsudan' (hidden Buddhist altar) is strongly left within the gama-shaped Kawabe Butsudan.

• この原型は中世から近世初期にかけての軍事知識として、英仏百年戦争におけるクレシーの戦い（1346年）が著名である。
• As for an archetype, the Battle of Crécy (1346) in the Hundred Years' War between France and England is notorious as military knowledge from the medieval ages to early modern times.

• 舞鶴市には国立病院機構・舞鶴医療センター、市立舞鶴市民病院、舞鶴赤十字病院、舞鶴共済病院と大型総合病院が4つある。
• In Maizuru City, there are 4 large general hospitals such as National Hospital Organization Maizuru Medical Center, Maizuru Municipal Hospital, Maizuru Red Cross Hospital and Maizuru Kyosai Hospital.

• 公共交通が不便な代わり道路の便は良い方なので、自動車に乗って周辺地域の大型店を利用するスタイルが定着している模様。
• Due to the lack of efficient public transportation, driving to large shopping centers in surrounding areas has become the norm as a result of well developed road service.

• 新七はまだ若手の粂三郎に、第一幕は豊かな黒髪、第二幕は坊主頭、第三・四幕は短めと、それぞれ異なる髪型をこなさせた。
• Shinshichi had the young actor Kumesaburo perform in different hairstyles; plenty of beautiful black hair in Act One; butch haircut in Act Two; short hair in Acts Three and Four.

• 家元、宗家らによって江戸時代中期にかけて立花（たちばな、りっか 「立華」とも書く）と呼ばれる型が大成されていった。
• The style called 立花 (Tachibana) (also written as '立華' (Rikka), literally, standing flowers) was perfected during the mid Edo period by Iemoto (head family of a school), Soke (originator), and the like.

• 古墳時代初頭ないし前期に築かれるものは、弥生時代の大和風の方形周溝墓や出雲風の四隅突出型墳丘墓の延長と考えられる。
• The tumuli constructed from the beginning and the early phase of the Kofun period are considered an extension of the Yamato-style square tombs with moat surrounding and the Izumo-style tombs covered with a heap of earth, whose four corners are protruding outward, both of which were built in the Yayoi period.

• 玄室の長さ8.3メートル、最大幅4.1メートル、高さ4.5メートルで、二つの刳抜式家形石棺がＬ字型に置かれている。
• The burial chamber is 8.3 meters in length, 4.1 meters in maximum width, in which two hollowed-out house-shaped stone coffins were placed in an L-letter shape.

• 「梅若がかり」などと呼ばれる独自の芸風を持ち、華やかとされる観世流のなかでもいっそう華麗で巧緻な謡・型を特色とする。
• It has its own unique performance style called 'Umewaka gakari (Umewaka style), which has much more gorgeous and elaborate utai and performance style among Kanze-ryu which is characterized as to be gorgeous.

• 袱紗挟みは比較的小ぶりの物を指し、三つ折り・つづれ・二つ折り（利休型）などに分類されるが、いずれも用途は同じである。
• Fukusa basami pouches are comparatively small and each pouch is classified into a three-folded type, a handwoven brocade type, or a double-folded type (also called Rikyu type), but all these types are used for the same purpose.

• また小型貨物自動車の荷台の部分を改造したものなど、特種用途自動車の例示のなかの食堂自動車を屋台と捉えることもできる。
• Other stall forms, a store setup in the converted bed of a small motor truck and a special purpose dinning car, are considered street stall vendors.

• ステーキ- 洋食の典型的なメニューだが、専門のステーキ店ではしばしば和風のソースや箸を用いるなど和食的な要素もある。
• Steak is a standard item in Yoshoku, and is often served as Japanese food with Japanese style sauce and chopsticks in some steak restaurants.

• しかし、琵琶湖や猪苗代湖等の大型湖沼では、産卵期に降海するまで棲息湖沼と周辺の河川の淡水域のみで生活することが多い。
• However, in large lakes such as Lake Biwa and Lake Inawashiro, they often live only in their habitat of freshwater areas in the lakes and the rivers around the lakes until they migrate down to the sea for spawning.

• 胴は内地の胡弓と異なって椀型になっており（古くは椰子の実を二つに割って胴にした）、三線と同様にニシキヘビの皮を張る。
• The trunk is made in the shape of a bowl, being different from that of Kokyu in the main islands of Japan (in olden times, the trunk was made by splitting the nut of coconut palms into halves), and the leather of a python is used for covering the trunk as those for Sanshin (Okinawan traditional three-stringed instrument).

• 現在「伽羅先代萩」の外題で上演される内容は、「竹の間」「御殿」「床下」は前者、その他は後者の各場面を原型としている。
• Among the scenes of 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' performed today, 'Bamboo Room,' 'Mansion' and 'Under the Floor' are based on the former, and other scenes are based on the respective scenes of the latter.

• 免田寄人型荘園は、田堵（寄人）ごと、又は名田ごとに認可されたため、領域的な広がりをもたず、比較的小規模に経営された。
• The tax-exempt shoen estates were approved for each tato (yoriudo) or each myoden and did not have territorial contiguity and was managed in a relatively small-scaled way.

• 文型としては宛所（宛先）と書止めがそれぞれ「某とのへ・也」とより丁寧な表現の「某殿・也、状如件」の2形式が存在した。
• There were two kinds of documentary forms, more specifically one which used respectful words in writing the name of the addressee and ending the letter, and a normal letter which did not use respectful words.

• 海軍においては、儀杖的な意味合いが強く、昭和１２年制定の太刀型軍刀は、黒漆塗りもしくは研出し鮫皮巻の鞘が用いられた。
• In navy, swords were more ceremonial, and the tachi-style army sword ordained in 1937 employed scabbards with a black-lacquered or scraped shark skin finish.

• 大型内行花文鏡（鋼鏡・径39.7cm・宮内庁所蔵、四葉座間・連弧文間・雷雲文帯に配置された単位文様は渦巻き文のみ。）
• Ogata naiko kamon-kyo (a large mirror with patterns like a flower-petal): Steel mirror, 39.7centimeters in diameter, owned by the Imperial Household Agency; only Uzumaki-mon pattern (a decorative spiral pattern) is used as the unit of pattern arranged in the spaces between Shiyoza (decorative pieces arranged like four leaves) pieces, Renko-mon (a decorative pattern with consecutive arcs arranged like a flower) pattern, and Raiun-mon (a decorative pattern with thunder cloud) zone.

• 平絹白地の袴の上に、赤系統の地色に小鳥を散らした尻長の紗の袍を着て、手には銅拍子（小型のシンバルのような道具）を持つ。
• Dancers wear plain silk white hakama (loose-legged pleated trousers) and long-tailed, red-colored silk gauzy outer robes with a scattered pattern of little birds, holding Dobyoshi (two circular cymbals made of copper or iron) in their hands.

• 第6号酵母は現在も使われている酵母としては最も古い清酒酵母であり、また低温長期醗酵はのちの吟醸酒の誕生の原型となった。
• The sixth yeast is the oldest seishu yeast among the yeasts which are still used today and the long-term fermentation kept at low temperatures became the prototype of ginjoshu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperatures from rice grains milled to 60 percent weight or less) later.

• そして花道付け際に一旦走って短刀を口にくわえ、両手で袴の股立ちを取り右足を踏み出し見得をする緊迫した型が残されている。
• Then he runs to the section where Hanamichi joins the stage, puts the short sword in his teeth, pulls up the right and left sides of Hakama (skirt) with his hands, steps his right foot forward, and performs a Mie (a tense and symbolic pose at the emotional climax); this formalized tense movements have been handed down.

• 現実と建前の著しく乖離した構図を持っていたこの時代の一揆をもって、日本の歴史的一揆の典型とみなすべきではないであろう。
• During this period, there was a discrepancy between the reality of the situation and the official prohibition regarding ikki; therefore, it is wrong to consider the types of ikki that were formed during this period to be typical of those that have been formed throughout Japanese history.

• とくに正徳時に老中土屋政直の命令によって大量に作成されたが、対馬藩に残る『正徳度朝鮮通信使行列図巻』はその典型である。
• In particular, many such pictures in the Shotoku era were drawn by an order from Masanao TSUCHIYA, including 'A Scroll of Pictures of a Procession of Chosen Tsushinshi in the Shotoku Era' remaining in the Tsushima Domain that is a typical example.

• この瀟湘八景図は、中国湖南省の洞庭湖および湘江から支流の瀟水にかけてみられる典型的な水の情景を集めて描いたものである。
• The paintings show a series of typical water landscapes seen in the Lake Dotei and the river running from Shoko to its tributary, Shosui in Hunan Province.

• 「君が代は」の型は『和漢朗詠集』の鎌倉時代初期の一本に記すものなどが最も古いといえる（巻下祝、国歌大観番号775番）。
• We can say that the oldest example of the form of 'Kimigayoha' appears in the version of 'Wakanroeishu (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing)' at the beginning of the Kamakura Period (巻下祝, Kokka Taikan No. 343).

• また勘平の死の演出は、「哀れ」で本釣鐘「はかなき」で喉を切りおかやに抱かれながら手を合わせ落ちいるのが現行の型である。
• According to the current staging style, there is a sound effect at 'aware' (what a pity), and Kanpei cuts his throat with the signal of 'hakanaki'' (ephemeral) and dies while being held by Okaya and putting his hands together.

• 本項目では日本の髪型の変遷や男性の風俗を分かりやすく示すため、広義にとり、「日本で過去に存在した髪型」の一覧を示した。
• This section adopts a broad definition to illustrate the transition of the hairstyles in Japan and the dressing customs of men and lists 'the hairstyles that existed in Japan.'

• また梅若は、現代の能においてはこれらの型が必要以上に重視され、一種の信仰の対象のようになっていることの弊害も指摘した。
• Moreover, UMEWAKA pointed out that, in modern Noh, these forms are unnecessarily valued too much to the harmful extent that it has become like the object of a kind of belief.

• ことに、中央ホールには平安宮内裏清凉殿の弘徽殿上御局の実物大復元模型が置かれており、平安博物館のシンボルとなっていた。
• In the central hall, a full-size reconstruction of the Kokiden Imperial Apartment at Seiryoden Hall in the Heian Imperial Palace was exhibited, which was the symbol of the Heian Museum of Ancient History.

• 近年では屋内霊園と呼ばれるマンション形式で設置する例も増えており、都内では日本最大級となる9階建ての大型のものもある。
• These days, compartmental nokotsudo (called indoor cemeteries) have increased; in Tokyo there is a nine-storey nokotsudo, one of the largest in Japan.

• 先代元広・長俊の没後、やや退転していた流儀の勢いを旧日に服すべく、伝書・謡本・型付の書写を旺盛に行ったことでも知られる。
• He is known for his active copying densho (books on esoterica), utai-bon (singing texts) and kata tsuke (choreography) in odor to restore the influence of his school of Noh which had a little declined after the death of his last predecessor Nagatoshi.

• 現在のものは若い皇族女子の衣装で、中倍（なかべ）といって、裏地と表地の間に挟む布を付け加えた袿と同型で袿より大型のもの。
• Kouchigi in the present-day is a costume for the young ladies of the royal family, and it is called nakabe which is similar in style to Uchigi, having a cloth attached between the outer and inner lining, but larger in size than Uchigi.

• 炭直下の灰に埋め込むものの構造はU字型に曲げられたパイプであり、炭を覆うものに比して火箸で炭の世話をしやすい利点がある。
• Built to be buried in the charcoal directly below is a u-shaped pipe which makes it comparatively easy to control the charcoal by use of metal chop sticks.

• そもそも舞鶴市の産業は造船やガラス、木材を中心とした臨海型の重厚長大産業が中心であり、近時では造船業の好況で活気がある。
• Industries in Maizuru City originally included oceanfront-type heavy industries such as shipbuilding, glass manufacturing and logging, with a boom in shipbuilding being seen in recent years.

• ここで見せる弾正の見得は、短刀を頭に振り上げる一本角の見得、左足のみで立って短刀を振り上げる鷺見得など美しい型を見せる。
• Danjo performs a beautiful Mie here, such as Mie of single horn, raising up the short sword over his head, or Mie of heron, standing with only left foot and raising up the short sword.

• とくに南河内で主に使われている「石川型地車」は、重心が高い独特の形態をしているため、これらの技をやりやすいとされている。
• In particular, 'Ishikawa gata danjiri' (the Ishikawa-type danjiri) used mainly in Minamikawachi (southern Kawachi) has a unique shape with a high center of gravity, and therefore it is easy to perform these maneuvers.

• 襖の原型である衝立障子や屏風そして押しつけ壁にも、唐絵が描かれるようになり、九世紀中頃には大和絵が描かれるようになった。
• Kara-e paintings began to be drawn on tsuitate shoji (an original form of fusuma), folding screens and oshitsuke-kabe (a fixed and unmoving fusuma which is used as a wall), and in the mid-ninth centuries yamato-e paintings began to be drawn.

• また、念仏の際に数取りのために大型の数珠をこすり合わせながら行う場合もある（複数で行う場合には数珠も揃える必要がある）。
• In some cases this is done by rubbing big juzu (beadroll) together to count the number while repeating nenbutsu (when done by several people they need to have the same juzu).

• 時代が新しくなると月代も広くとるようになるが、これで前髪を落としたのがいわゆる「バカ殿」の髪型といえば分かりやすいだろう。
• Sakayaki became wider over time, and a hairstyle that has wide sakayaki with bangs been cut off is the hairstyle of so-called 'Baka Tono' (parody of a feudal lord).

• 茶道の水注は余りバラエティに富んでないのに対し、煎茶道のそれは「瓜式」「筒式」「四方式」「桃型」など形状は多種多様である。
• Suichu used in sado tea ceremony do not occur in a wide array of variations; however, in the sencha tea service, there are a diverse array of forms, including 'gourd shaped,' 'tube shaped,' 'square' and 'peach shaped' types.

• 時間が経ったご飯は、細菌（特に毒素排出型細菌の場合）の数が増えており再加熱したからといって長時間携行するには安心できない。
• Cooked rice after passing some time is not safe to carry for a long time even if it is reheated because the number of bacterium increases (especially the toxin discharge type bacteria).

• 竹管一本で指孔のあるものを洞簫（どうしょう）、指孔なしで長短数本を一組にしたパンパイプ型のものを排簫（はいしょう）と呼ぶ。
• Those consisting of one bamboo pipe with finger holes is called the dosho, while panpipe-type ones comprised of a set of several long and short pipes with no finger holes is called the haisho.

• 国民服の乙号の帽子は、礼装する場合は、陸軍略帽型でもいいが他の帽子でもかまわないとされ、礼装しない場合は「適宜」とされた。
• For full dress with Otsugo type cap, the army forage cap may be worn, but other caps may be worn, and for other occasions it was specified as 'discretionary.'

• 国道9号沿いの「丹波マーケス」は大型の複合商業施設であり、スーパーマーケットなどが出店しており、多くの買い物客でにぎわう。
• Tanba Markesu located along the National Route 9 is a large commercial complex containing grocery and other stores, which are filled with shoppers.

• そのため、府や国土交通省などが、船舶の大型化や荷役のコンテナ化に対応する港湾にするべく「和田埠頭」（仮称）を整備中である。
• Thus the Prefecture and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is prepared to maintain the port as a critical point and has widened the function of the new port Wada Warf (tentative name) to harbor larger vessels and handle containers.

• 周辺部には、郊外型ショッピングセンターのジャスコなどを擁した開発地や、旧町の集落が見られるが、大部分は多数の田畑が広がる。
• In the surrounding area, while the surrounding lands have been developed, with suburban shopping centers such as Jusco, old town colonies still exist, but the majority consist of agricultural fields extending in most areas.

• 当時から日本在来馬は今でいうポニーぐらいの小型のものだっだから、武士は先を争ってその中でも大きくて体力のある良馬を求めた。
• Indigenous horses of Japan from that time were as small as a modern day pony, but bushi sought a good horse that was the biggest and strongest among them.

• たねや本店2階喫茶室に旧ヴォーリズ邸在りし時代の洋館街の陶器製模型が展示されており、当時の街の雰囲気にふれることができる。
• Taneya main shop has in the tea room on the second floor a ceramic scale model of the Yokangai during the times when the Vories residence was still standing, offering a glimpse of the past.

• 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
• It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.

• しばしば上方歌舞伎は型よりも持味、心情、雰囲気を重視するといわれるが、なかでもつっころばしはその典型的な例であるといえる。
• It is often said that Kamigata Kabuki places more stress on originality, feelings, and atmosphere than formality; the role of Tsukkorobashi is an extremely typical example.

• 縞（シマ）、市松、紗綾型（サヤガタ）、麻の葉、マス、矢羽根、青海波（セイカイハ）など日本の伝統文様を木で寄せた技法である。
• It is a technique in which traditional Japanese patterns, such as shima (stripes), ichimatsu (checks), sayagata (gossamer-figured pattern), asanoha (stylized hemp leaf pattern), masu (square checks), yabane (fletched arrow pattern) and seikaiha (pattern of waves in blue ocean), are created by yosegi (wooden mosaic) work.

• いわゆる「お米屋さん」でよく見かける、一般家庭で消費される食用米を精白するための横型精米機とは、構造も機能もまるで異なる。
• The structure and function of this vertical type rice-milling machine is completely different from that of a horizontal rice polisher, which is often seen in 'a rice shop' to polish rice to be consumed by general households.

• この解釈によって、狗子仏性の公案は東洋思想を代表的するひとつ、また禅問答の典型として、世界の思想界に知られることになった。
• By this interpretation, koans of Kushibussho became one of the representative oriental thoughts, becoming well known in the world of thought as to the typical zen mondo (Zen riddle).

• 最近では腕輪念珠（腕珠）と呼ばれる、数珠を小型化し中糸をゴムなどにして腕に着けられるようにしたブレスレット的な数珠がある。
• At present, there are bracelet-type juzu, called udewa nenju (or wanju, bracelet nenju), which are miniaturized juzu that uses elastic as an inner string so that it can be hung on the arms.

• 小型のもの（一説には直径1尺7寸以下）は半鐘（喚鐘、殿鐘）といい高い音で、用途も仏事以外に火事などの警報目的でも使われる。
• Small-sized bells (in one theory, ones under approximately 51.5 cm in diameter), called Hansho (Kansho, Densho), have a high-pitched sound used for not only Buddhist rites but also as an alarm bell for fires, etc.

• 片仮名や大型活字については整版や木活字によると考えられたこともあったが、新井トシによる論攷ですべてが金属活字によるとされた。
• Although it was sometimes considered that katakana and large-sized prints were based on woodcut printing or wooden characters, a thesis written by Toshi ARAI concluded that all were based on metal characters.

• 現在のものは拍子木のような木製の芯の四方に鮫皮を張り、表面に金属製の四つの魚と波型の飾りを付け、裏側には魚を一つだけつける。
• The current form is shark skin covered wooden padding (shape of the Hyoshigi [wooden clappers]) with four metal fishes and corrugated ornaments on the front side and a fish on the back side.

• 特に陶器は造形の制限が緩やかで、濃い色の皿・角型の皿、花や果実の形を模した器など、伝統的な欧米の料理の食器とは大きく異なる。
• In particular, earthenware can be shaped in many forms relatively easily, and dishes of earthenware are considerably different from those for traditional Western cuisine and are provided, for example, as deep-colored plates, rectangular plates, or flower-shaped or fruit-shaped dishes.

• また、リキャップが可能であり、190g寸胴型ボトルでは熱を通しにくいシュリンクを採用し、持ちやすさなどの工夫もなされている。
• Moreover, it is possible to recap them and, in the case of 190 g cylindrical bottles, shrink technology is adopted to prevent heat transfer, which allows them to be comfortably held.

• また西港地区は漁港漁場整備法における舞鶴漁港を内包し（法的にはこの区域は舞鶴港ではない）、大型定置網漁船の拠点となっている。
• The West Port, which physically includes the Maizuru Fishing Port governed under the Act on Development of Fishing Ports and Grounds (the fishing port area does not legally belong the Maizuru Port), provides bases for large scale vessels equipped with a stationary net.

• 小型捕鯨のうちツチクジラ以外の種類、及び岩手県や静岡県、和歌山県などで現在も行われているイルカ漁の産品は地元での消費が多い。
• Small-sized whales except berardius, and products based on dolphins that are hunt even today in Iwate Prefecture, in Shizuoka Prefecture and in Wakayama Prefecture, are mostly consumed in the areas where they are caught.

• この場面でのクライマックスは、首実検で、松王の型は古来さまざまあったが、蓋を手前に置いて、両手を軽く突きながら首を見下ろす。
• The climax of this scene was a decapitated head, and various shapes of Matsuo was present, but lid was usually placed near the body, and one look down the head with both hands jutting out lightly.

• 望楼型5重6階地下1階の大天守と3重の小天守3基を2重の多聞櫓で連結させた天守連立式の天守で、日本国内最大の現存天守である。
• It is a lookout-tower-style keep interconnecting a large keep, having 5 tiers, 6 aboveground floors, and 1 underground level, and three 3-tiered small keeps, with a 2-tiered, parallel Tamon-yagura (hall turret) being the largest existing castle keep in Japan.

• 1995年には京都パープルサンガ（当時）のJリーグ昇格に合わせ、バック・サイドスタンドの座席化と電光掲示板の大型化を行った。
• In 1995 when Kyoto Purple Sanga F.C. (in those days) was promoted to J League (Japan Professional Football League), the seats were installed on the backside stand and the electrical scoreboard was made larger.

• チベット語訳がサンスクリットの逐語訳に近く、原形に還元しやすいので、原典のない漢訳経典の原型を探るためにも重要視されている。
• Tibetan translation is near to a literal translation of Sanskrit, and it is easy to deduce to original words, so that it is considered important to the research of original forms of Buddhist sutra that have been translated into Chinese, particularly when the originals no longer exist.

• ズボン型の衣服は、18 世紀には日本に定着していたと見られ、上方では丈の長いものを｢ぱっち｣、短いものを｢股引｣と呼んでいた。
• Clothing of the pant type is considered to have become established in Japan prior to the 18th century, with long ones called 'patches' and shorter ones called 'Momohiki drawers' in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area).

• 張り子、あるいは張子（はりこ）とは、竹や木材などで組んだ枠、または粘土で作った型に紙などを張りつけ、成形する造形技法のひとつ。
• Hariko is one of the plastic arts technique which forms papier-mache by attaching pieces of paper to frames made of bamboo or wood or molds made of clay.

• 岡本は東京朝日新聞において『人の一生』（1921年）などの漫画漫文を連載し、後の日本におけるストーリー漫画の原型を作り上げた。
• Okamoto serialized a manga prose such as 'Hito no Issho (A life of a man)'(1921) in Tokyo Asahi Shinbun and constructed a prototype of Japanese story manga later.

• 引目鉤鼻（ひきめかぎばな）は、平安時代、鎌倉時代の大和絵、風俗画におけるヒトの顔の眼および鼻の類型的、様式的な描写技法である。
• Hikime-kagibana is a typological and stylized description technique for the eyes and nose of a person's face, used in the Yamato-e paintings (traditional Japanese style painting of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes) and fuzokuga (pictures of manners and customs) during the Heian and Kamakura periods.

• 変わった用途としては、女房が街道を歩くときに傍仕えの女の童二人に小型の几帳を持たせて顔を隠す「差几帳（さしきちょう）」がある。
• Unorthodox uses of the Kicho screens included; use of smaller sized divider screens ('sashi kicho') which were carried by a pair of female attendants and used to obscure the faces of noble women when walking along open roads.

• 業務用や子供用では着付けのたやすい、帯で隠れる部分を境に上半身と下半身部分に分かれたセパレート型の和服や浴衣も開発されている。
• They have developed Wafuku and Yukata, each consisting of two pieces of the upper part of the body and the lower part of the body separated at the point that is concealed by Obi for simplicity of dressing to be used in business and for dressing children.

• 安土桃山時代には豊臣秀吉により、周囲に公家の屋敷を集めて集住させた公家町などが整備され、現在の京都御苑の原型がほぼ形成された。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI made Kugemachi (court noble village) where residences of court nobles were built up around the temporary imperial palace, which substantially formed the current Kyoto Imperial Palace.

• 律令国家を目指しての政策の一環としてか、天武11年（681年）にはそれまでの日本独自の髪型である角髪を改めるように命じている。
• Probably as a part of the policy to put the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes, he ordered the nation to change the hairstyle to Mizura, which was unique to Japan, in 681.

• この縦型精米機の出現によって、1930年代の精米技術は革新的な進歩を遂げ、ひいては1980年代の吟醸酒の大量生産を可能にした。
• With the arrival of this vertical type rice-milling machine, rice polishing technique innovatively advanced in the 1930s, which eventually brought the mass production of ginjoshu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperature from rice grains milled to 60% weight or less) in the 1980s.

• 領域と住民の全面的掌握を指向する寄進型荘園が、平安時代後期に全国的に成立すると、初期荘園もその中に組み込まれて解消していった。
• As donated shoen, which were oriented towards total control of the fields and residents, were established nationwide in the late Heian period, Shoki Shoen were incorporated into the system and eventually disappeared.

• なお、像の形が完成した後は、背面などの目立たない部分を切開して中味の塑土を掻き出し、補強と型崩れ防止のために内部に木枠を組む。
• When the whole shape of the statue had been modeled, the clay inside the core is scraped out from a hole which was cut in an inconspicuous place such as on the back of the statue; then wooden framework is placed inside the statue for reinforcement and to prevent warpage.

• 上円下方墳（じょうえんかほうふん）とは日本列島でかつて築造された古墳の一類型、及び近代に築造された天皇家の陵墓の一形式である。
• A dome-shaped mound on a square base is a type of tumuli that were constructed in the past in the Japanese Islands, and also a type of mausoleums of the imperial family in modern times.

• いわゆる「清凉寺式釈迦如来像」の典型作で、京都・清凉寺にある三国伝来の釈迦像（「三国」はインド、中国、日本を指す）の模刻である。
• It is a representative work of so-called 'statues of Shakanyorai in Seiryoji style' and an imitation of sangokudenrai (literally, transmitted in three countries; 'sangoku' means India, China and Japan) statue of Shakyamuni in Seiryo-ji Temple in Kyoto.

• 例えば埼玉県の稲荷山古墳や島根県の古墳時代前期を代表する出雲の大型方墳である造山古墳 (島根県)からは鉄剣、大刀が出土している。
• For example, iron swords and Tachi were excavated from the Inariyama tumulus, Saitama Prefecture and the Tsukuriyama tumulus, Shimane Prefecture, which is a large square tumulus in Izumo representing the early Kofun period.

• その江戸から紙を「享保千型」ともいい、享保年間（1716～36）に多様な紋様が考案され、江戸から紙が量産されたからその名がある。
• The Edo karakami is also called 'kyoho-sengata' (one thousand types in the Kyoho era), named because it was mass-produced with various patterns during the Kyoho era (1716-36).

• 乙型の服の一つとして、その頃に典型的だった女性用の和服の様式を、上半身を覆う服と下半身を覆う服に分け、袖丈を短くした和服があった。
• A form of Otsugata was Wafuku that was the typical form of female Wafuku in those days separated into one part for the upper half of the body with short sleeves and another part covering the lower half of the body.

• しかしながら、弦が４本になり糸倉を長く取る必要が生じたので、元々糸倉の長い型である与那城型（ユナグシク型）で製作されることが多い。
• However, since four strings were provided, making it necessary to increase the length of the peg box, most of the Kucho is made in the Yunagushiku type that originally uses a longer peg box.

• 当時流行した「かぶき者」の精神を汲んだ彼の髪型や帯の結び方は「猪熊様（いのくまよう）」と称され、京都の流行になるほどだったという。
• His hair style and way of tying the sash, which embodied the then fashionable 'kabukimono' (dandy) spirit were called Inokuma-yo (Inokuma style) and are said to have led the mode in Kyoto.

• 女性の髪型は灯籠鬢の流行が下火になったが、高島田、つぶし島田、結綿、桃割れ、丸髷、先笄、等、ほぼ現行の髪型が、この時期に定着した。
• As for the female hairstyles, the popularity of Toro-bin declined, and the hairstyles almost same as the current ones, such as the following, took root in these days: Takashimada (a decorative female wig), Tsubushi shimada (a hairstyle worn by young unmarried women, courtesans and geisha), Yuiwata (a hairstyle like cotton wrapped up), Momoware (literally, split peach; a female hairstyle in kimono in which the bun is split and a red fabric is woven in the center), Marumage (a rounded hairstyle for married women), and Sakikogai (a variation of the Shimada knot with remaining hair arranged with a stick called 'kogai').

• 作リ物は極端なまでに簡略化され、例えば「舟」は竹ヒゴ製模型飛行機の主翼を大きくしたようなものに過ぎないが、能にはこれで十分である。
• A replica may be extremely simplified. For instance, a 'boat' in Noh is not bigger than an enlarged main wing of a model aircraft made of bamboo poles. It is big enough for Noh though.

• 江戸では、しばしば大火に見舞われ版木を消失することが多く、応急にからかみのを作る必要に迫られて、型紙の捺染を用いたものが発展した。
• In Edo, printing blocks were often destroyed by big fires, so printing with model papers developed from the necessity to urgently making karakami.

• この他にも漆型押し技法や金箔・銀箔の箔押しや糊を付けた筆で紋様を描いて金銀砂子（すなご）を振り掛ける砂子振り等の技法も用いられた。
• In addition to that, there were other techniques such as the lacquer-used pattern-stamping technique, the foil-stamping of gold or silver foil and the technique of fine powder-shaking to draw patterns by a brush containing glue and shake gold and silver powders.

• 太夫道中に使われる傘を襖に貼り込んだ「傘の間」、本物の紅葉を使って型取りしたうえに彩色した壁が使われた「紅葉の間」が特徴的である。
• It features an 'Umbrella room,' on whose sliding doors umbrellas used in tayu parades are pasted, and a 'Room of autumn leaves,' on whose walls autumn leaves, drawn tracing real ones, are colored.

• 法隆寺の隣にある中宮寺の本尊像は、右脚を左膝に乗せ（半跏）、右手を頬に当てて考えるポーズを取る（思惟）、典型的な半跏思惟像である。
• The principal image of Chugu-ji Temple, next to Horyu-ji Temple, is a typical hanka shiyui-zo, a position with the left leg pendent (hanka), the right leg crossed over the left knee, and the fingers of the right hand lightly touching the cheek (shiyui).

• その他に展示会・国際会議・パーティー・大型イベントに利用できる国内最大級の規模を誇るコンベンションセンター淡海（おうみ）を有する。
• Besides this, the hotel has the Convention Hall Omi used for exhibitions, international conferences, parties and large events, which is the largest of its type in Japan.

• 演者は、本来の指定にかかわらず最初の一句を坐ったまま謡い、次に立ち上って舞い、最後に打ち込みと呼ばれる型を行って坐って一曲を終える。
• A performer chants the first phrase in a sitting posture regardless of original designation, then stands up and dances, and finally performs a movemenet called Uchikomi (the Scooping Point), and then sits down and finishes the piece.

• 黄丹は、『養老律令』の「衣服令」において皇太子の礼服（朝賀と即位に使う正装）・朝服（のちの束帯の原型）の「衣」の色と規定されている。
• According to 'The Garment Code' of 'Yoro Ritsuryo Code,' oni was determined as the color of 'koromo' (robe) of crown prince's reifuku (formal dress used for choga [retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor] and the enthronement ceremony) and chofuku (the original model of sokutai).

• 片仮名が最初に印行されたとする説が強いく、これはヴァリニャーノの1584年の書簡に片仮名母型をメキスタに要望しているのによっている。
• A theory that katakana was used for printing and publication at first is accepted by the majority, and this is based on a letter written by Valignano in 1584 in which he requested Mekisuta (メキスタ) for katakana matrices.

• 本繭よりも劣るとされる太くて節の多い玉繭から紡いだ手撚りの玉糸（節糸とも言う）やくず繭と呼ばれる変型した繭から紡いだ紬糸が使われる。
• Tsumugi yarn, supposedly inferior to the silk yarn from hon mayu, also referred to as tama yarn (spun from tama mayu, which means round cocoons) or irregular-shaped kuzu mayu (rubbish cocoons) is thicker and uneven.

• 西洋楽器との合奏が増えるにつれ、これを更に平均律に近付けた「ドレミ調」篠笛、「みさと笛」（商標）等の「改良型篠笛」も開発されている。
• As the opportunity to play the shino-bue together with western musical instruments increases, 'improved versions of the shino-bue' with a musical score that is closer to the meantone temperament, such as the 'do re mi-like shino-bue' and the 'misato-bue flute' (trademark), have been developed.

• また、本来ならふんどしであるべき男性の下着がステテコになったり、元禄時代の物語なのに髪型が幕末仕様だったりするなど、雑な部分も多い。
• Additionally, sloppiness in historical accuracy is frequently seen in jidaigeki such as men wearing suteteko (undershorts) when they should be wearing loincloths and people wearing their hair in late-Edo-Period style when the story takes place in the Genroku era.

• なお、ローソンは2004年に「手巻四角型包装」と称する海苔をUの字に曲げただけのものを発売したが、かえって剥きにくいという声もある。
• Meanwhile, in 2004, Lawson (the second largest CVS in Japan) put on sale a product called a 'hand-rolled square package,' which just bent a sheet of dried laver in the shape of U, but some people say it is rather difficult to remove.

• 余談だが、唯一ロータリーエンジンを製作している広島の自動車メーカのマツダでは、エンジン内の「ローター」を「おむすび型」と称している。
• As an aside, MAZDA Motor Corporation, a car manufacturer in Hiroshima Prefecture solely producing Wankel engines, calls 'a rotor' in the engine 'omusubi-shaped.'

• 「帚木 (源氏物語)」をした、トンボを油で揚げて食べた、蚊取り線香の容器型のスタンプを作ってノートに押したなどの逸話も伝わっている。
• Amusing anecdotes are told about him as follows: He talked about women with his friends, He ate a deep-fried dragonfly, He pressed on a notebook his own made stamp with a design of a container of mosquito repellent stick.

• 古くから、億計・弘計2王の発見物語は典型的な貴種流離譚であって劇的な要素が強く、そのままには史実として信じ難いことが指摘されてきた。
• From long ago it has been pointed out that the story of discovery of the noble two brothers, the elder Oke no miko and the younger Oke no miko, is a typical Kishuryuri-tan (a type of folktales in which a young deity or nobleman gets over trials to be a god or a blessed) with a strong dramatic element and the story per se is hard to believe as the historical fact.

• この原因を航海技術が未熟であったためとする見方が主流であるが、佐伯有清は遣唐使船の大型化、東野治之は遣唐使の外交的条件を挙げている。
• While a mainstream view for these disappearances is that they were due to poor sailing, Arikiyo SAEKI says that it was due to the fact the boats got larger and Haruyuki TONO argues that it was due to the diplomatic conditions of the missions to Tang China.

• 一般に、キリスト教やイスラム教に見られる一つの聖地だけに巡礼する直線型と、インドや東洋で見られる複数の聖地を巡る回国型に分類される。
• There is the direct type of pilgrimage seen in Christianity and Islam where a pilgrim visits only holy site, and the round-the-country type seen in India and Asia where a pilgrim visits several holy sites.

• これらを5列の赤糸に各11個の細工をつるし計55個にそろえ、これを対で製作することにより110の細工がつるされたものが基本型とされる。
• The basic form has total 110 ornaments hung: two sets of 55 ornaments including 11 ornaments each on 5 red strings.

• また遠距離を狙う場合、単に照星、照門（先目当、前目当）での照準にとどまらず、二つの照準器の間に在る小型の照準器との兼ね合いで照準した。
• When aiming at a distant target, not only a front sight and a rear sight (Saki meate, Mae meate) but also a small sight device laid between them were used.

• しかし、外国との貿易港である舞鶴西港は、商港でありながら漁港でもあるため、近年海運の主役となっている大型コンテナ船の就航が難しかった。
• However, the Maizuru Nishi Port, port for foreign trade, functions not only as a commercial port but also as a fishing port; therefore, there was difficulty in operating service for large-scale container vessels which have recently played a leading part in marine transportation.

• なお、小型捕鯨業では、伝統的に捕鯨従事者への一種の現物支給として鯨肉分配がされる習慣があり、現在でも一部でそうした利用が継続している。
• In the small-scale whaling business, it has been traditional custom that whale meat is allotted to each worker engaged in hunting whales as a kind of material compensation, and use of the meat through such custom is still existing in some areas.

• 食用米の精米機と、酒造米の精米機は、構造的に大きく異なる部分があり、後者は昭和初期に縦型精米機が出現して以降、飛躍的に効率が高まった。
• The rice-milling machines for food rice are greatly different in structure from those for rice for sake brewing and the efficiency of the latter has dramatically improved since the appearance of the vertical-type rice-milling machine early in the Showa period.

• 「かぶ」は、数メートルの竹の先に取り付けられ、反対側の先に取り付けられたT時型の取っ手（同：「しゅもく」）で自由に動かすことができる。
• The 'kabu' is attached to the end of a bamboo a few meters long, and a T-shaped handle (formally called 'shumoku') fixed to the other end enables you to operate it freely.

• 11世紀半ばから後半の書写と考えられる完成期の古筆は、かなの典型ともいえ、優雅、典雅という言葉があてはまり、激しさを表にすることがない。
• Ancient calligraphy of the complete period, considered to be works copied down from the mid- to late 11th century, is known as an archetypal kana to which the words of elegant and graceful can be applied and in which intensity remains in the background.

• 中型イヌほどの大きさで、ネコすらも食べるといわれる鼠であるが、その反面、猫と交わり、血のつながった子猫（後述）を育てることもあるという。
• It is a mouse about the size of a medium-sized dog and is said to eat even a cat; on the other hand, sometimes it is said to mate with a cat and rear its blood-related kittens (as later described).

• この5本の線を組み合わせてできる型は52通りあり、この52通りの図を源氏物語五十四巻のうち桐壷と夢浮橋の巻を除いた五十二巻にあてはめる。
• 52 patterns are made through combination of these five lines, and each of these 52 patterns in this chart correspond to each name of the 1st to 52nd rolls, excluding two rolls named Kiritsubo and Yume no Ukihashi, out of 54 rolls of the Tale of Genji.

• 1976年（昭和51年）に舞鶴市が建設すると、京都府北部で唯一の大型野球場として高校野球のみならず、プロ野球の二軍戦などが行われている。
• Ever since Maizuru City built the stadium in 1976, not only high-school baseball games, but also the farm team games have been held here as it is the only large-scale baseball stadium in northern Kyoto.

• 朝仁親王以来、紋は花形の枠に下向きになった鴛鴦（おしどり）一羽を収めた（鴛鴦とはいっても雄のみ）もので、定型化して現在まで変わっていない。
• Since the time of Imperial Prince Tomohito, the crest of a mandarin duck (only male) sitting inside the flower-shaped frame has been stylized and never changed till now.

• 低額菓子を専門的に扱う駄菓子屋のほか、近年はコンビニエンスストアや大型ショッピングセンター、スーパーマーケットなどで見られるようになった。
• Dagashi are seen not only dagashiya that carry low priced candy, but also in convenience stores, large shopping malls and supermarkets these days.

• なお、タルタルステーキは13世紀頃にヨーロッパにまで攻め込んでいたモンゴル帝国のテュルク系民族タタール人が食べた生肉料理を原型としている。
• Incidentally, the origin of 'steak tartar' is a raw meat dish which the Turkic Tartar of the Mongolian Empire ate, who invaded as far as Europe around the thirteenth century.

• また近年開発が進んだ市東部の邸宅街には小規模ながら商業地区が形成されているものの、隣接する久御山町や京田辺市にある大型店に客が流れている。
• In addition, recently developed residential areas of the eastern part of the city have a commercial district, but it is on such a small scale that customers flow out to large retailers in Kumiyama-cho and Kyotanabe City.

• 明治に入ると海外から高い評価を得て主に輸出用に生産されるようになるが、この頃になると実用性を失い穴の空いた小型の精緻な彫刻となってしまう。
• However, after the Meiji period netsuke became highly valued abroad and began to be produced mainly for export, losing its original function and coming to be no more than a pierced small elaborate carving.

• そのため、多彩な髪型を熟知し顧客の容姿や好みに合わせて結い上げる専門職が必要になり男性の「廻り髪結い」が遊郭を出入りして遊女の髪を結った。
• For this reason, specialists who knew fully well various hairstyles and had skill to fix hairdo to suit a customer's appearance or preference were required, therefore, male 'Mawarikamiyui' visited yukaku and fixed yujo's hairdo.

• 女性の場合は洋風の髪型が登場し始めた一方で、折衷ともいえる、束髪、夜会巻き、耳隠し、行方不明髷、等の洋服、和服双方に合う髪型も考案された。
• With regard to the women's hairstyles, the western styles emerged on one hand, but on the other hand hairstyles that can be said to be hybrids between traditional styles and western styles, such as the followings, were invented to suit both western and Japanese clothes: Sokuhatsu (western hairdo), Yakaimaki (a bun hairdo which was popular in the Meiji Period), Mimikakushi (a bun hairdo which was popular in the Taisho Period), Yukuefumei mage (a bun hairdo without a topknot), and so on.

• これは極薄の天具(てんぐ)帖紙に透かし紋様ではなく、胡粉(ごふん)の具などで木版摺(す)りしたもので、のちに型染めで捺染するようになった。
• Montengujo was originally made by block-printing mulberry paper, instead of watermarking the same, with whitewash, etc, but thereafter came to be made by stencil printing.

• ほぼ同時期に書かれた柳亭種彦の『還魂紙料』には元は天台宗で初学の僧侶の学習のために作成された「仏法双六」が原型であったとする説を伝えている。
• According to the 'Sukigaeshi' (literally reconstituting paper from old scraps) by Tanehiko RYUTEI written around the same time, 'the Buppo Sugoroku', which was produced for the first practices for the Tendai-shu sect monks, was its roots.

• 日本でおにぎりと言えば三角に握ったものというイメージが強く、「おにぎり型」というように三角形をした物のことを指す代名詞としてよく例えられる。
• In Japan, onigiri has a strong image of triangle and 'onigiri-shaped' is a good example of the pronoun to indicate the things triangle.

• 典型的な例として、主人公は自分の家族、大名、禁じられた恋愛との選択に迫られた場合に、唯一の窮地からの解決として、心中をする（例：近松もの）。
• As a typical example, a leading character who is forced to select either to take heed of his family and his lord or to fulfill his forbidden love affairs cannot help but commit suicide with his lover in order to be released from the dilemma (as depicted, for instance, in a series of drama written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU.)

• 杵と臼で搗く機構の機械は商業化された場合に多く、小型のものは蒸した米をメーカー独自の特殊形状のヘラで練って十数分で搗いた餅と同じ状態になる。
• A mochi pounding machine based on the mechanism of pounding mochi using a pestle and a mortar is often used in commercial mochi production; and a small-sized machine kneads steamed glutinous rice using a spatula in a specific shape that is unique to the manufacturer of the machine, and makes mochi that is in a uniform state as that of pounded mochi in ten and several minutes.

• その後、利根川沿岸（千葉県野田市）で生産された醤油で味をつけるようになり、現在の草加煎餅の原型となった、というのが実際のところのようである。
• Later, people started to flavor senbei with soy sauce which was produced in an area alongside the Tone-gawa River (Noda City, Chiba Prefecture), and this indeed seems to be the origin of today's Soka-senbei.

• 江戸時代の狩野派は、狩野家の宗家を中心とした血族集団と、全国にいる多数の門人からなる巨大な画家集団であり、ピラミッド型の組織を形成していた。
• The Kanoha group during the Edo period was a huge painting group comprised of a consanguinity group mainly with the head family of the Kano family and numerous disciples around the nation, thus comprising a hierarchy.

• 結果として軍事施設である要塞と、貴族の住居および政庁である城の機能は分離されるようになり、背の低い星型(稜堡式)要塞が作られるようになった。
• As a result, a fortress that functioned as a military base was separated from those that functioned as a castle, such as houses of nobles and government offices, and low star-shaped ryoho shiki (a style based on the fortification of Vauban in France) fortresses were built.

• ホケノ山古墳（ほけのやまこふん）は、奈良県桜井市大字箸中字ホケノ山に所在する古墳時代前期初頭の纒向型といわれるホタテ貝型の前方後円墳である。
• The Hokenoyama-kofun Tumulus is a so-called Makimuku type escallop-shaped, large keyhole-shaped mound in the early first half of the Kofun period (Tumulus period), located in Aza Hokenoyama, Oaza Hashinaka, Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture.

• その「型」を習得できない者は、たとえ実際の血縁関係に基づく次世代の人間でも後継者とは認められない場合もあり得た（世阿弥『風姿花伝』別紙口伝）。
• It was possible not to be accepted as the successor if he/she couldn't master the 'Kata', even if he/she was someone from the next generation of the blood relationship (Besshikuden of 'Fushikaden' written by Zeami)

• 平安時代には、まず小規模な免税農地からなる免田寄人型荘園が発達し、その後、皇室や摂関家・大寺社など権力者へ寄進する寄進地系荘園が主流を占めた。
• During the Heian period, the tax-exempt shoen estates which consisted of small scale farmlands developed first and later the donated-type of shoen (manor) became mainstream, which was donated to powerful people such as the Imperial Family, sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), main temples, shrines, and so on.

• 『平家物語』によれば知盛は通常は安徳天皇や平氏本営が置かれる大型の唐船に兵を潜ませて鎌倉方の兵船を引き寄せたところを包囲する作戦を立てていた。
• According to the 'Heike monogatari,' Tomomori hid soldiers on the large Chinese ship that was normally the Taira flagship, and where Emperor Antoku usually was, as part of a stratagem to lure the Kamakura warships in and surround them.

• 板石卒塔婆、板石塔婆と呼ばれ、特に典型的なものとしてイメージされる武蔵型板碑は、秩父産の緑泥片岩を加工して造られるため、青石塔婆とも呼ばれる。
• It is called itaishi (stone tablet) sotoba (a tall, narrow wooden tablet set up behind a grave for the repose of the dead) or itaishi toba and especially Musashi-style itahi which is typically imaged is called ao-ishi (a generic name for a blue green stone of chlorite schist much used in gardens) toba as it is made by processing pieces of chrolite schist produced in Chichibu.

• 勧善懲悪型の時代劇においては、主人公（またはその仲間）のヒーロー性を高めるために、存在感があり、かつ視聴者にも分かりやすい悪役が不可欠である。
• In the period dramas encouraging the good and punishing the evil, someone, who shows his presence and makes viewers understand easily that he is a villain, is essential in order to emphasize the heroic feature of the main character (or his colleagues).

• 旗に家紋の原型となる紋章を描くことはなかったが、家来である武蔵七党である児玉党は後の児玉の家紋になる軍配団扇紋の「唐団扇」を軍旗に描いている。
• There were no emblems on their flags, that could be the origin of Kamon used later, but a follower, Kodama-to (児玉党), one of the Musashi-shichito (seven samurai from Musashi country), flew a flag with a 'Touchiwa' of the Gunbaiuchiwa-mon (軍配団扇紋), that was later used as Kamon of the Kodama clan.

• このうち、『禅宗祖師図』は典型的な水墨画であるが、『四季花鳥図』は水墨を基調としつつ、草花や鳥の部分にのみ濃彩を用いて新しい感覚を示している。
• 'Founder of Zenshu sect' is a typical ink painting, while 'Four Seasons, Flowers and Birds' is based on ink and shows a new flavor at the same time, as it uses colors only on the flowers and birds.

• その特徴として、アルミ鍋（市販の商品で使用される使い捨てタイプのものではなく調理用の小型鍋）、やわらか麺、甘めのだし汁が共通項として挙げられる。
• Characteristics that are common to these restaurants include an aluminum pan (not the disposable types available as commercial products, but a small pan for cooking), soft noodles, and rather sweet broth.

• これが原型となって、初めて専門的な寄席が開かれたのは、1798年に東京・下谷にある下谷神社の境内で初代・三笑亭可楽によって開かれたものであった。
• Following to this original form, the first exclusive yose was held in 1798 by Karaku SANSHOTEI 1st in the premises of the Shitaya-jinja Shrine in Shitaya, Tokyo.

• 戦後のリトル東京の寿司屋は、しばらく1930年代に創業した稲荷寿司と巻き寿司、型抜きした酢飯に魚を乗せただけの寿司を提供する店一軒のみであった。
• For a while after the war, little Tokyo had only one sushi restaurant which started operation in the 1930s and served Inari-zushi, Maki-zushi, and sushi just topped with fish on the cut-out vinegared rice.

• それまでの「投入花」「立華」形式よりさらに生ける作家の芸術性や創作性が加味されて独特の曲、技巧を花や枝に加え形に当てはめていくという花型が特徴。
• Compared with the style of 'nageirebana' (flower arrangement in a bottle-type vase) or 'Tachibana' (standing flowers) that existed at the time, the characteristic of this school's flower arrangement was its shape that was created, based on the creator's art and creativity, by adding unique curve to flowers and branches

• 新鮮な鯨肉が手に入り、なおかつ新鮮な食料を必要としていた捕鯨船上ですら、イルカ以外の大型の鯨については一部の船員を除けば食用とはしていなかった。
• Even on whaling ships where fresh whale meat was available and fresh food materials were needed as well, large-sized whales except dolphins were not eaten by almost all of the sailors, with rare exceptions.

• 元禄10年 (1697年)、江戸 中村座において市川團十郎 (2代目)が『兵根元曾我』（つわもの こんげん そが）の一幕として演じたものが原型。
• The original was an act in the play 'Tsuwamono kongen Soga' in which ICHIKAWA Danjuro II played at Nakamura theater in Edo in 1697.

• 絵画、浮世絵、歌舞伎、時代劇などに出てくる頭頂部を剃った丁髷の髪型に多くの人々が、日々剃刀などで整えることは、予想以上に手間のかかることである。
• It took a lot of trouble for many people to keep the chonmage hairstyle by shaving the top of the head with a razor everyday like fictional characters' one seen in paintings, ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints), kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and period dramas, etc.

• が、外型と中型がずれないようにするための工夫、鋳造後の表面の仕上げ、螺髪の取り付け、鍍金（金メッキ）など、他にも多くの工程があたものと思われる。
• It is supposed that there were many other processes such as some techniques to prevent gaps between the outside and inside molds, finishing surface after casting, installing of tightly-curled hair knots and the plating with gold.

• 京都・清水寺本尊（立像）は、33年に一度開扉の秘仏で、42本の手のうちの2本を頭上に挙げて組み合わせる独特の形をもち、「清水型」といわれている。
• The principal image at Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto is a Buddhist image which is shown to the public only once in 33 years, and shows the original form to bring two arms together over the head among 42 arms, and is called 'Kiyomizu style.'

• そして当時の日本人は山を神格化し、その神の力を授かるために米を山型（神の形）をかたどって食べたものがいわゆる「おむすび」の始まりだと言われている。
• And the Japanese people of that time divinized mountains and ate mountain-shaped rice (the shape of the god) to receive divine power, and this is the beginning of 'omusubi.'

• 江戸時代中期～後期にかけて現在の剣道の防具と竹刀の原型が直心影流で発明され、続いて中西派一刀流（小野派一刀流）でも発明された防具と竹刀を採用した。
• During the middle to late Edo period, the original model of shinai and protectors used in contemporary Kendo was invented by the Jikishinkage-ryu School, and the Nakanishi-ha Itto-ryu School also invented and adopted its own protectors and shinai.

• なお小笠原氏の家紋である三階菱は、本来は加賀美氏の家紋である（現在では遠光ゆかりの寺院のみが、三階菱の中に「王」の文字を入れた原型を用いている）。
• The family crest of the Ogasawara clan, Sangaibishi (three rhombus) was originally that of the Kagami clan (presently only the temple associated with Tomitsu, uses the original crest which has the letter '王' in the Sangaibishi).

• 日本では、幽霊の描写として『乱れ髪に天冠（三角頭巾）、死装束の足がない女性』という、芝居やお化け屋敷などでの典型的な姿でイメージされることが多い。
• In Japan, people commonly have an image of a yurei as a woman without legs wearing a tenkan (triangle hood) over her disheveled hair and a white kimono (which samurai wore to commit harakiri in feudal Japan), and this is the most typical figure shown in theaters or haunted houses.

• 「相違ない」で源蔵の方を見、「相違ござらぬ」で玄蕃の方を見、「源蔵」で蓋をして「よく討った」で右手を上げるというのが今日のスタンダードな型である。
• The current standard form of performance is to look at Genzo with 'no difference,' look at Genba with 'there is no difference,' closed the lid with 'Genzo', and lift up a right hand with 'well done in killing.'

• 同じく19世紀にアメリカの捕鯨船に救助された日本人船員も、アメリカ人船員は大型鯨肉は毒だからと食べないが、イルカはまれに食べていると記録している。
• Regarding the eating habit of sailors, a Japanese sailor rescued by a whaling ship of the US in the 19th century recorded that American sailors on the ship did not eat the meat of large-sized whales because they considered the meat is bad for them, but ate dolphin meat on rare occasions.

• 細部はほとんど伝わっていないが、関羽が髭をしごいて見得をきる型があったらしく、これが「関羽見得」として現在まで伝わっている（『平家女護島』など）。
• Its detail has not been handed down, but there was a 'mie' (a pose) of Kanu by stroking his beard, and this 'Kanu-mie' (a pose of Kanu) has come down up to now (such as in 'Heike nyogo no shima' (The Heike and the Island of Women).

• 二つ目は神輿を激しく振り立て、神輿振りを強調する「日吉型渡御祭」で、神輿を激しく振り動かすことによって神の霊威を高め、豊作や大漁を願うものである。
• The other category is the 'Hiegata togyo-sai Festival,' which puts emphasis on mikoshifuri (shaking a portable shrine) by wildly waving the mikoshi to increase the divine power praying for good harvest and bumper catch.

• 日蓮正宗（大石寺）の仏壇は他宗派の仏壇と比べて構造が全く異なり、寺院の厨子に模した扉が内部に取り付けられ、最近では厨子型の仏壇も多く作られている。
• Butsudan of Nichiren Sho Sect (Taiseki-ji Temple) is quite different in configuration from those of other sects, since it is equipped with a door copied from zushi, while, recently, many assembled zushi-type butsudan can be seen.

• 廃仏毀釈の混乱の中から養鸕徹定・福田行誡らによって近代化が図られて白旗派が名越派などを統合する形で鎮西派が統一されて現在の浄土宗の原型が成立する。
• After the chaos of Haibutsu kishaku, Tetsujo UGAI and Gyokai FUKUDA tackled modernization of Jodo Shu. Integration of Chinzei-ha by the Shirohata-ha that unified Nagoshi-ha and others led to the prototype of present Jodo Shu.

• 「浄土」という語は中国での認識であるが、思想的にはインドの初期大乗仏教の「仏国土」がその原型であり、多くの仏についてそれぞれの浄土が説かれている。
• The word 'Jodo' originated in China, but ideologically it was first modeled on the 'Buddha Lands' in the early Mahayana Buddhism of India, and each Jodo of many Buddhas was explained.

• 同じころ奈良の塗師松屋松栄が設けた茶室の図には飛び石の記載があり、また待合の原型と思われる「シヨウギ（床几）」の書き入れもある（「松屋茶湯秘抄」）。
• Steppingstones are described in a diagram of the tea room established by Shoei MATSUYA, Nurishi (a maker of lacquer ware and handiworks) in Nara, around the same time, and 'Shogi' (camp stool, folding stool), allegedly a prototype of Machiai (tea house to lend seats and tables, or rooms), is also written ('Matsuya's Secret Writings on Tea Ceremony.')

• 野梅系（やばいけい）の果実は小型であり、果実を利用する豊後系（ぶんごけい）（肥後系（ひごけい）とも呼ばれる）ではアンズとの交雑により大型化している。
• Fruits of the Yabai line are small in size but the edible species of the Bungo line (also called the Higo line) have become larger through crossbreeding with the apricot.

• この口薬の容器は長さ5 - 8cmの水筒型が定番であり、火薬を注いだ後、手を放すと自然に腰にぶら下がり、キャップが注ぎ口に被さる仕組みになっている。
• As for the container for gunpowder, the regular one was the cylinder type of five to eight centimeters long and after pouring the gunpowder into the barrel and letting go of the container, it hangs down from the waist naturally and the spout is covered with a cap.

• 着物や髪型、化粧、簪など、本物の舞妓衣装には、経験年数や季節感に基づいた多くの約束事があるが、観光舞妓の場合、これを無視した取り合わせになっている。
• There are many dress codes for a real maiko, including what types of kimono, hairstyle, makeup and kanzashi should be used and how, based on their careers and the seasons, while a kanko maiko is dressed up without being bound by such dress codes.

• これが三味線の原型という説もある（中国の三弦そのものが琉球経由で日本に入ったとする説もある）が、その後三線は本土の三味線から逆影響を受けて完成した。
• Although some say that this is the original form of shamisen (another theory holds that the Chinese sanxian was introduced to Japan by way of Ryukyu), the sanshin was later perfected through the influence, in reverse, of shamisen in the mainland.

• さらに、従来の真っ直ぐな剣から、湾曲して人を斬りやすく、また馬上での戦いに適した形に進化し、やがて現在まで伝わる日本刀の原型ともいえる剣が登場する。
• Instead of the then existing straight swords, curved swords which were more suitable for cutting persons or those suitable for fighting on horseback were developed, and the original model of the current Japanese sword was created.

• 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して（寄進型荘園）、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
• Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).

• あたかも、建物の屋根と天井を取り払ってしまったようなこうした描写方法は『源氏物語絵巻』などに典型的に見られ、「吹抜屋台（ふきぬきやたい）」と称する。
• This method of painting, which gives an image of houses with roofs and ceilings missing, is called 'fukinuki-yatai' and can be typically noted in 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' and others.

• 安照は小柄で醜貌と恵まれない外見だったと伝えられるが、重厚な芸風によって能界を圧倒し、大量の芸論や型付を書残すなど、当時を代表する太夫の一人であった。
• Yasuteru was said to have an unfavorable appearance--a man of small build with an unattractive face, however, the profound style of his performance overwhelmed the Noh world and he left a lot of treatises and choreographies, and was one of the leading Tayu at that time.

• そういった理由などから、現在では上部からカットテープのラインに沿ってフィルムを回して左右に分けて開けるセパレート型と呼ばれるタイプが主流となっている。
• This is why the present mainstream is a separate type to cut a film from the top along the cutoff line and separate into right and left to open.

• 昭和5年（1930年）には縦型精米機の登場などによって精米技術が飛躍的に発達し、吟醸酒を造るのに欠かせない高い精米歩合が容易に実現されるようになった。
• The rice polishing technique was rapidly developed such as an appearance of a vertical-type rice-milling machine in 1930, and the high ratio in rice polishing which was necessary for brewing ginjoshu became possible easily.

• 法華経の方便品第2で、肝心な教えが説かれる前に5000人の増上慢の比丘が去ったという「五千起去」（ごせんきこ、ききょ）は、逆縁の典型的な例といわれる。
• The incident 'Gosenkiko, or Gosenkikyo' in which 5,000 arrogant ascetic monks, believing to have become enlightened, left before being taught the crucial lessons in the chapter two of the Buddha's words in the Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra), is said to have been a classic example of the gyaku-en.

• 天皇家の御厨は畿内近国に限られており、特権を獲得した供御人やその統括者は渡辺党がその典型であるように西日本における武士の淵源となったとする見解もある。
• The mikuriya of the Imperial Family were limited to Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) and provinces nearby, and there is the opinion that Kugonin and their leaders were the origin of warriors in western Japan including the Watanabe-to seen as a typical model for them.

• 大きくわけて木彫と乾漆（型にうるしを塗り固め素地をつくったもの）があり、木彫は飛鳥時代のものがおおむねクスノキ、奈良時代がキリをつかって作られている。
• Broadly-speaking, there are various types of wood carving and dry lacquer (technique involving laying lacquer onto a mold and drying it to make the base), while the wood-carved masks in the Asuka period were basically made from camphor, and the ones in the Nara period from paulownia.

• イヅカ古墳（いづかやまこふん）は古墳時代前期後半の纒向型といわれるホタテ貝型の前方後円墳であるが、現在は中世以降に全て削平されたその姿は確認できない。
• The Izuka-kofun Tumulus is an escallop-shaped, large keyhole-shaped mound called Makimuku type tumulus in the latter half of the early Kofun period, but now its existence cannot be confirmed because the site was completely flattened after the Middle Ages.

• 投擲に特化した、さらに小型で長さ30センチぐらいのものは、『打矢』と呼ばれ、振り杖のように筒の中に入れて振って飛ばしたり、手裏剣のように投げて使用する。
• A smaller uchine, 30 cm in length and developed especially for throwing, was called an 'uchiya'and could be loaded in a barrel and thrown like 'furiya' or thrown like a shuriken.

• 古い遺品は見当たらないが、厳島神社の小型檜扇は胡粉地のうえ表裏ともほぼ同じ絵であるなど記録によくかなうことが注目され、これと同様の品だった可能性が高い。
• Although there is no articles left today, a small hiogi at the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine is whitewash and has the same pictures on the both faces as described in the old records, so it is highly possible that a whitewash fan was something like the one at the Itsukushima.

• 前者の典型的な例は『源氏物語絵巻』（五島美術館、徳川美術館蔵）で、厚塗りの絵具が剥落することを恐れて、絵、詞ともに1段ずつ分割して額仕立てになっている。
• A typical example of the former case is 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' in the possession of the Gotoh Art Museum and the Tokugawa Art Museum, where emaki is partitioned into each dan (section) of both pictures and texts and set in frames.

• コンセントリック型をさらに発展させたのが、13世紀のエドワード式でイングランドのエドワード1世 (イングランド王)がウェールズ支配のために多く築かせた。
• Concentric castles evolved into Edward type castles in the thirteenth century, which Edward I (King of England) built to govern Wales.

• 鎌倉の銭洗弁天（現在は正式には宇賀福神社）はその典型的な例で、同神社境内奥の洞窟内の湧き水で持参した銭を洗うと、数倍になって返ってくるという信仰がある。
• Zeniarai Benten Shrine in Kamakura (now officially named Ugafuku-jinja Shrine) is a typical example of this phenomenon as it is believed that washing money in the spring within the cave in the shrine precinct will cause many times the amount to come to the bearer.

• これらの像はいずれも礼拝像として定型化した表現を示しており、やや吊り目で厳しい表情で、手には数珠と独鈷杵（とっこしょ、仏具の一種）を持つのが特色である。
• These images have standardized appearances as the image for worshipping and their common characteristics are that they have slanted-eyed, severe facial expressions while holding juzu (beadroll), and tokkosho (a pestle with a single sharp blade at each end, found as an attribute of Buddhist guardian figures, and a symbolic item in Esoteric Buddhism) (a kind of Buddhist tool) in the hands.

• 一方町人の女性はというと、特に江戸時代前期は江戸の男女の人口比率の差が激しく幕府が再婚を奨励するほどだったこともあってか、このような髪型は登場しなかった。
• On the other hand, this hairstyle didn't spread among the women of merchants and artisans under the situation, especially in the early Edo period, where the population gap between men and women was so big that the bakufu encouraged remarriage.

• 胴胸にはしばしば、雲型や蜀紅（しょっこう。蜀江や曙光と記す場合もある）などと呼ばれる伝統的な文様の刺繍が施される（蜀紅については面の突き垂にも施される）。
• The Dodai also has traditional embroidered patterns called kumogata (cloud form) or shokko (lattice pattern with rectangles or octangles, it is sometimes written as 曙光 in Chinese character) (Shokko is also embroidered on the Tsukidare of the Men).

• 鬘を被らず、必ず自毛で「男元禄（立兵庫）」、「長船」、「勝山髷」（東京でいうところの「吹輪」とほぼ同形）等の各種の日本髪（髪型の種類がかなり多い）を結う。
• The tayu do not wear wigs, and instead do their own hair in Japanese styles, which have a wide variety of hairstyles, such as '男元禄 (Tatehyogo),' 'Osafune,' and 'Katsuyama mage' (almost the same as 'Fukiwa' in Tokyo).

• また寛永13年2月5日_(旧暦)（1636年3月12日）の日付が残る手書きの版もあり、これが刊本の原型になり、狭山で原稿を整理し完成させたとも考えられる。
• It is also considered that a handwritten version dated March 12, 1636 was a prototype of the published book which was completed in Sayama by sorting out the materials.

• そのため、中国北部や西部では、砂漠化しやすい土地でありながら、農耕や牧畜を従来の移動型から土地への負荷（水不足のリスク）が大きい定着型へと変えてしまった。
• Therefore, in the northern part and western part of China, the way of farming and livestock-farming has been changed from the moving type to the stationary type, though use of the stationary type is likely to change areas in these parts into desert.

• 雑役免型荘園は、雑役免田を集積したもので散在的であり、一定の地域（郡・郷・荘）に一定の面積が指定されるだけで下地の固定されていない浮免（うきめん）だった。
• The shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax accumulated zatsueki menden and were scattered and just a given area was appointed in a certain region (gun, go, sho) without shitaji (land) fixed and were exempt from taxation.

• 理論や言語にならない、見た目の変化、手触り、におい等のメタ情報を多く集積したり伝承したりすることで、ブラックボックス型の工学制御を実現しているためである。
• This is because engineering control in the black box style is realized by accumulating and transmitting lots of meta-information including apparent change, texture, and smell that are not theorized or verbalized.

• 古墳は天理市によって整備が行われ、柳本公園となっているほか、古墳に隣接して竪穴式石室の実物大模型などを展示する「天理市立黒塚古墳展示館」が設けられている。
• Tenri City not only manages the maintenance of this tumulus, now named Yanagimoto Park but also has set up, next to the tumulus, 'Tenri Municipal Kurozuka-kofun Museum' to exhibit a full-size model of a pit stone chamber.

• 平安時代末期に作られた『朝野群載』の即位詔の例文は、実際のものとほとんど変わらない表現でこのくだりの文章を示しており、定型文の引き写しが行われた証拠となる。
• 'Choya gunsai' (Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) compiled at the end of the Heian period shows a model phrase of this part with almost exactly equal letters to that really used in the imperial edicts to the enthronement, and this can be used as evidence that the model phrase had been handed down by copying the example.

• 京都府と福井県を結ぶ幹線道路上にあるため、貨物自動車など大型車両や牽引車両も比較的多く通行しており、峠付近にトンネルの早期開通を訴える看板が掲げられている。
• As the pass is on a main road connecting Kyoto Prefecture and Fukui Prefecture, quite a lot of large-sized vehicles including trucks and tow trucks go through it, so signboards requesting the early opening of a tunnel are found around the pass.

• 特に勧善懲悪型の時代劇においては、大きな威圧感と強面ぶりを示しながらも、最後には必ず主人公（またはその仲間）に成敗される存在として欠かせない役どころである。
• Especially in the period dramas encouraging the good and punishing the evil, they are essential roles as they always end up being punished by the main character (or his colleagues) in spite of their overpowering demeanor and tough look.

• 木喰の作風は伝統的な仏像彫刻とは全く異なった様式を示し、ノミの跡も生々しい型破りなものであるが、無駄を省いた簡潔な造形の中に深い宗教的感情が表現されている。
• Although Mokujiki's style was completely different from traditional sculptures, the way his chiseled work was left on the statues depicted his profound religious feelings within simple expression without any frivolity.

• 扉の表面に出た釘頭を隠す為に、饅頭型の木製漆塗りの飾りを付け、扉全体の変形を防止するため金銅八双金具（装飾と補強を兼ねた建築金具の一種）を、取り付けている。
• In order to hide the nail head on the surface of the door, the lacquered wooden decoration of manju-gata (style of bun with bean-jam filling) are attached and the kondo-hasso kanagu (literally, 'gilt-bronzed twin eights metalwork') (a kind of fixing bracket for decoration and reinforcement) are attached in order to prevent deformation of the door as a whole.

• 三男・十五代目仁左衛門やその孫片岡孝太郎の話では、十三代目仁左衛門は、一つの狂言を教えるのに色々な型を示し、あとは本人の選択に任せると言う方法であったという。
• According to his third son, Nizaemon XV and that son's grandchild, Kotaro KATAOKA, Nizaemon XIII demonstrated various forms by which to teach them one kyogen story and then let each of them choose.

• この欠点を補うため、火縄をS字型金具（サーペンタイン）ではさんで操作するサーペンタインロック式が考案され、さらに銃床など構造面の整備が進み、火縄銃が完成した。
• In order to make up for the shortcomings, a serpentine-lock system was contrived, where a match was sandwiched between serpentines and was cocked and set off with a trigger, and changes in structural aspects such as the gunstock and so on advanced and the hinawaju was completed.

• 彼らは諸大夫層への復帰を賭け、蝦夷の戦術に改良を施して、大鎧と毛抜型太刀を身につけ長弓を操るエリート騎馬戦士として活躍し、最初の武芸の家としての公認を受けた。
• In order to return to the class of shodaibu, they improved the Ezo's fighting tactics, wore oyoroi (big armor) and a sword composed of a blade and a hilt, used chokyu (long bow), flourished as cavaliers and firstly and publicly were authorized as families of military arts.

• が、最近ではジャスコ福知山店(当市最大売り場面積店舗）や大型ディスカウント店のプラント (企業)福知山店などが出店し、数多くのロードサイド店舗が増加している。
• Recently, the JUSCO Fukuchiyama store (whose sales floor area is the biggest in the city) and the SUPER CENTER PLANT-3 Fukuchiyama store (a large-scale discount store) have opened, and many roadside stores in fringe roadside have opened one after another along the major roads.

• 丹後地方は大型古墳が集中（網野銚子山古墳、神明山古墳、蛭子山古墳など）していることや、近年の発掘調査などから、古代に独自の勢力が存在していたと想定されている。
• It is believed that an independent power existed in Tango region in ancient times due to a large tumulus center found there (Aminochoshiyama Burial Mound, Shinmeiyama-kofun Tumulus, Ebisuyama-kofun Tumulus, and the like), as well as recent excavations and researches.

• 元々は二色の練り物を重ねて巻いたであろうことから想像すると、こちらの方がより本来の姿に近いと考えられ、富山県の特産である赤巻などにその原型を見ることができる。
• Considering the Narutomaki was originally made by rolling two paste sheets of different colors as a double layer, the red-periphery one could be rather closer to the original and thus the akamaki kamaboko, a local special product of Toyama Prefecture, and the like are regarded as original.

• 一人用の小型の土鍋や鉄鍋に醤油味のだし汁とうどんを入れ、その上にシイタケ、かまぼこ、ニンジンやネギなどの野菜類、エビの天ぷら、生卵、麩などの具を乗せて煮たもの。
• Broth flavored with soy sauce and udon noodles is cooked in an individual-sized, small earthenware pot or iron pan, with shiitake mushroom, kamaboko (fish minced and steamed), vegetables such as carrots and onions, shrimp tempura, raw egg, fu (breadlike pieces of wheat gluten), and other ingredients are placed on top.

• 嫉妬に狂う鬼としての橋姫が現れるのは、『平家物語』の読み本系異本の『源平盛衰記』・『屋台本』などに収録されている「剣巻」で、橋姫の物語の多くの原型となっている。
• Hashihime appears as an ogress filled with jealousy in 'Tsurugi no maki' (Chapter of the Sword) in alternative versions of 'Heike Monogatari' such as 'Genpei Seisui ki' (The Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) or 'Yashirobon' (unauthorized book), which became the basis for most Hashihime stories.

• 2003年（平成15年） 頃から、190gの寸胴型ボトル缶が登場しており、主にプレミアム志向のコーヒーがやや高めの価格設定（1本140円前後）で販売されている。
• From around 2003, 190 g cylindrical bottle type cans appeared on the market mainly used for premium-oriented coffee sold at comparatively high prices (approximately 140 yen/can).

• 内側の大障害コースに高さ1.5m、幅2.9m（JRAの障害では水濠障害を除く飛越型障害では最も幅広）の大生垣及び、高さ80cm、幅15.9mのバンケットがある。
• On the course for grand steeplechase, there exist a big hedge of 1.5-meter-high and 2.9-meter-wide (except for a water jump, this is the widest one used for JRA's jumping over steeplechase) and a banquette of 80-centimeter-high and 15.9-meter-wide.

• 現存している茅葺き屋根の家屋の多くが江戸時代中頃から末期にかけて建てられたものであり、昔話に出てくる民家を思わせる屋根形状が特徴である「北山型民家」に分類される。
• Many of the existing thatched-roofed houses were built between the mid and late-Edo period that are classified as the 'Kitayama-style houses,' characterized by the shape of roof reminding one of houses in folk tales.

• 多摩センター駅にあるパルテノン多摩の歴史ミュージアムではパネルでの稲荷塚古墳の紹介以外に、稲荷塚古墳の石室の復元模型や切り取った石室の床の一部などを展示している。
• In a history museum in Parthenon Tama located near Tama-center Station, a model stone chamber of the Inarizuka-kofun Tumulus and a part of the floor taken from the stone chamber, etc are displayed, in addition to the panels that introduce the Inarizuka-kofun Tumulus.

• このため要塞と城の機能は分離されるようになり、要塞は高さより、厚さを重視するものになり、永久要塞としては星型(稜堡式)要塞が、野戦要塞としては塹壕が主流となった。
• The functions of the fortress were separated from the functions of the castle, thickness took precedence over height for the fortress, and star-shaped ryoho shiki (a style based on the fortification of Vauban in France) fortresses became dominant as permanent fortresses and trenches became dominant as field fortresses.

• 農耕文化の発達（→農耕民族・農業）に伴う人の定住化とともに、次第に土と石を組み合わせるなどして炉も常設化・大型化していったが、その過程でこの竈になったと考えられる。
• The more people became permanently settled following the development of a culture based on agriculture (see the articles of Agricultural people or Farming) the larger and more permanent fireplaces became by combining mud and stones, and others, in the process of which the cooking furnace was formed.

• 安土桃山時代ごろ「垂髪（たれかみ）」と呼ばれる真直で長い髪から「日本髪（にほんがみ）」と呼ばれる様々な髪形へと髪型が変遷する際に、髪飾りとしては先ず簪が用いられた。
• Kanzashi came into use as hair ornamentation during the Azuchi-Momoyama period when women's hairstyle gradually changed from long and straight hairstyle called 'tarekami' to various kinds of 'nihongami' (Japanese coiffure).

• 弘仁12年（821年）、満濃池（まんのういけ、現在の香川県にある日本最大の農業用ため池）の改修を指揮して、アーチ型堤防など当時の最新工法を駆使し工事を成功に導いた。
• In 821, he led the work to repair Manno-ike Pond (the largest-in-Japan irrigation pond for farming, located in present Kagawa Prefecture) and led to a successful accomplishment of the work using the latest technology at that time, for example, using arched banks

• しかし、発酵が進んで酸味が付いてはいてもまだ飯粒が原型を留めた熟成途中のものを「なまなれ」または「なまなり」と呼んで、魚だけでなく周囲の飯も一緒に食べることもあった。
• However, even though it was being fermented and had an acid taste, if grains of rice maintained their original shape, the fish under maturation was called 'namanare' or 'namanari,' and was sometimes eaten along with its surrounding rice.

• 勘平は市村羽左衛門 (15代目)、中村鴈治郎 (初代)、二代目實川延若、中村勘三郎 (17代目)がそれぞれ名舞台だったが、抜群なのは尾上菊五郎 (6代目)の型である。
• Uzaemon ICHIKAWA (the 15th), Ganjiro NAKAMURA (the first), Enjaku JITSUKAWA the second and Kanzaburo NAKAMURA (the 17th) all performed the role of Kanpei well, but the best performance was that of Kikugoro ONOE (the sixth).

• それより約一世紀ほど新しい『延喜式』（967年）によれば、主に造られる酒質は米と麹を数回に分けて仕込む濃い味の酒になっており、後世の段仕込みの原型がすでにうかがわれる。
• According to 'Engishiki' (967) written about a century later, the major sake was thick, brewing rice and malt several times, which can be seemed as the origin of dan-jikomi (the three-stage preparation) in later ages.

• しかし、男性にはさらに複雑化してゆく髪型を熟知し顧客の細かな要望に応える作業は厳しく、安永ごろになると女性の髪結いが登場して遊郭の「廻り髪結い」は急速に衰退していった。
• However, the work to understand more and more complicated hairstyles and to meet customers' detailed demands was hard for men, so female Kamiyui appeared around the Anei era, which made 'Mawarikamiyui' in yukaku rapidly disappear.

• 形態、製作技法等において日本国民の生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの、系統的・網羅的に収集されたコレクションであって地域的特色、技術的特色等を示すものが挙げられる。
• They may be a typical object that shows characteristics of Japanese life and culture in a shape, a fabrication technique, etc., or a systematical and comprehensive collection that has distinctive features regionally or technically.

• 21世紀初頭には勧善懲悪型の時代劇が少なくなってきたこともあり、また悪とされる側の事情や人間的な側面が描かれるようになってきたため、典型的な悪代官自体登場が減っている。
• Since there are fewer period dramas encouraging the good and punishing the evil in the early 21st century, and the situation or personal aspect of the villain side has begun to be portrayed, the appearance of the typical Akudaikan itself has decreased.

• この副障子を、鴨居と敷居という二本の溝を設けて、引き違いに動くように工夫したのが鳥居障子（鴨居障子）で、今日の「ふすま」の原型となったもので、衾障子・襖障子と呼ばれた。
• Based on this fuku-shoji, the torii-shoji (kamoi-shoji) was devised to move in two directions by drawing on the two grooves of kamoi and threshold, and it led to the original form of present day 'fusuma' and was called fusuma-shoji (衾障子 or 襖障子).

• また、小麦を使った酒、麹を多く使った甘口の酒、水で割った下級酒など、今日の焼酎、貴醸酒、低濃度酒の原型を想わせる製法のバラエティーが10種類ほどあったことが記されている。
• In addition, there is a description that there were 10 methods of brewing which reminds us of the origin of today's shochu (distilled spirit), kijoshu, and sake of low alcohol concentration, such as liquor made of wheat, a sweet liquor made with much malts, and low-grade sake adding water.

• 推古天皇の小墾田宮（おはりだのみや）あたりに原型が見られ、大内裏の最も重要な施設であり、大極殿、朝堂（ちょうどう）、朝集殿（ちょうしゅうでん）の3種の殿舎からなっていた。
• The origin of the Chodoin, the most important facility in the daidairi, can be traced back approximately to Emperor Suiko's Oharida Palace, which consisted of the three palaces: the daigokuden (council hall in the imperial palace), the chodo (the Imperial Court), and the choshuden (waiting hall for officials in the imperial palace).

• なおこれとは別に、市川團十郎 (12代目)が平成4年 (1992年) に復活上演した『成田山分身不動』があるが、こちらは原型を異にするため「歌舞伎十八番之内」とはしない。
• ICHIKAWA Danjuro XII revived 'Naritasan funjin fudo' in 1992 but it is different from the original version, it is not included in the best eighteen Kabuki plays.

• 特に身分の高い武家や公家の姫君の側近くに仕える、五、六歳から十二歳ぐらいの「お小姓」（大名などに仕える武家の少年使用人である小姓とは別）と呼ばれる少女によく結われた髪型。
• This hairstyle was worn by the girls called 'Okosho' (it is different from child servants of samurai family called 'Kosho,' who paged to daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] and so on), who was aged between five or six and 12 years old and attended on a daughter of a high-ranking samurai or a court noble.

• だが、家を保持継承するためには稽古を積み重ねて各分野における固有の「型」を習得する必要があり、その上で1代に1人もしくは少数にしか伝えられない口伝を伝授される必要があった。
• But to maintain and inherit such a family it was necessary to practice hard and master the specific 'Kata (form)' in the field and the 'Kata' was taught orally to one person or only a few people of a generation.

• さらに、健康志向の高まりを背景に和食を軸にした日本型食生活へと回帰する動きも大きくなりつつあり、国が推進する「食育」においても洋食的なメニューが軽視されることが度々である。
• Japanese food is gradually being favored again, due to rising health concerns, and Yoshoku is often treated lightly by the government when it comes to 'dietary education.'

• 1974年に小型の電動（自動）餅つき機が普及し、一般家庭で古典的餅つき風景を見ることは少なくなったが、自治会や子供会の行事としては今も人気があり、歳末の風物詩となっている。
• In 1974, small electric (automatic) mochi pounding machines started to prevail and the scene of classical mochi pounding became less seen in the ordinary homes, however, the classical mochi pounding is currently still popular as an event held by a neighborhood association or a children's association, and gives a poetic touch to the end of the year.

• 層塔型3重3階地下1階の大天守と2重の小天守1基、2重櫓2基を多聞櫓で連結した連立式の天守で、平山城の比高において最も高い位置にある現存天守（標高約160メートル）である。
• It is an interconnected-style keep consisting of a multi-level large keep having 3 tiers, 3 aboveground floors, and 1 underground level and a 2-tiered small keep that were connected with two 2-tiered turrets, being, of the 12 existing castle towers, the one located at the highest point above sea level (approximately 160 meters) based on the difference in elevation.

• 築造時期：副葬品や埋葬施設などから箸墓古墳に代表される定型化した出現期大型前方後円墳よりあまり遡らない時期の前方後円墳と考えられ、邪馬台国時代に築造されたと推測されている。
• Time of construction: Judging from grave goods and burial facilities, it is thought to be a large keyhole-shaped mound in the period dating back some years to the period in which stylized large keyhole-shaped mounds typified by the Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus appeared, and therefore it is presumed to have been built in the era of Yamatai-Koku kingdom.

• その後時代が下ると人形は精巧さを増し、十二単の装束を着せた「元禄雛」、大型の「享保雛」などが作られたが、これらは豪勢な金箔張りの屏風の前に内裏の人形を並べた立派なものだった。
• As the time passed by, the dolls became more refined; the Genroku-bina (dolls of the Genroku era) in the costume of the juni-hitoe (twelve-layered ceremonial kimono) and the large-size Kyoho-bina (dolls of the Kyoho era) were made, and, being displayed in front of gorgeous gold-leaf folding screens, these dairi-bina were magnificent.

• 沢庵漬けのような糠漬けや、糠味噌床も、なれ寿司の穀物を乳酸発酵の基質として利用する技術の延長線上にあり、北陸の「へしこ」や北海道の「糠鰊」などにその中間型を見ることができる。
• Nukazuke such as Takuwan-zuke or Nukamiso-doko is seen as an extension of the technique for making use of grain of nare-zushi as a substance of lactic fermentation; 'Heshiko' in Hokuriku and 'Kasu Nishin' in Hokkaido are seen as being in between.

• 独立式層塔型3重3階の天守で、高さは約14.5メートルと弘前城天守（高さ約14.4メートル）の次に低い三重天守であるが、総高66メートルある総石垣の城の頂上に建てられている。
• It is a 3-tiered, 3-story free-standing multi-level tower-type keep standing approximately 14.5 meters, being the second shortest 3-tiered castle tower after that of Hirosaki-jo Castle (approximately 14.4 meters high) and was built on top of the stonewall castle, which is 66 meters tall.

• 時代を遡り、縄文時代中期に当たる紀元前3000年 - 紀元前2000年の遺跡である三内丸山遺跡（青森県）では大型の掘立柱の構造物または建築物の跡と見られる遺跡が出土している。
• Dating back to the middle of the Jomon period, from B.C. 3000 to B.C. 2000, the remains believed to be the trace of large-scale hottate bashira have been excavated at the Sannai-Maruyama site.

• 1594年（文禄3年） - 豊臣秀吉が伏見城の城下町として町割、開発を行ない、町の原型が形作られる（現在も区内に残る地名や鍵状に曲がった道路には城下町の特徴が色濃く表れている）
• 1594: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built the foundation of the castle town for Fushimi-jo Castle through urban development and zoning (the distinct features of the castle town can be found today in the place names and hook-shaped roads that still remain in the ward).

• 根付（ねつけ、ねづけ）とは、江戸時代に煙草入れ、矢立、印籠、小型の革製鞄（お金、食べ物、筆記用具、薬、煙草など小間物を入れた）などを紐で帯から吊るし持ち歩くときに用いた留め具。
• Netsuke (also called 'nezuke') is an attachment used in the Edo period when people carried tobacco pouches, yatate (brush holder), inro (a tiny box which contains medicine or one's seal and a small red ink pad) and leather bags (pouches for accessories including money, foods, writing utensils, medicines and tobaccos) by suspending from the obi sash by a cord.

• 古墳群の名の盾（楯）列は、周濠の形が盾型をしており、それらが北側に後円部、南側に前方部という位置でそれぞれが平行に、また東西一直線に並んでいる様子を言い表したもののようである。
• It is likely that the name of tatenami was used because the shape of the surrounding moat was like a shield (tate) and each of the northern part (around the round part of the tumulus) and the southern part (around the front part of the tumulus) was aligned in parallel (nami) in a east-west straight line.

• また、海外の熱帯地方に生息する大型の地表徘徊性蜘蛛のグループタランチュラ科は、これらに因んで和名が付けられているが命名は後年近代に入ってからであり、直接的にはやはり無関係である。
• A family of tarantula, which falls under the category of the big ground spider living in the tropical region abroad, was given the Japanese name 'Tsuchigumo' after the above-mentioned meanings, but this name was given later in the modern age, so the family of tarantula has nothing to do with 'Tsuchigumo' mentioned here.

• さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
• In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.

• 境内社や小祠に用いられる様式で、流造や春日造の階を省略して棚を付けた見世棚造という小型社殿形式があるが、これは省略形というよりはむしろ神社建築の原形に近いともいえるかもしれない。
• Misedana-zukuri, a small pavillion style, which is characterized by the absence of steps that are present in nagare-zukuri and kasuga-zukuri, and by the presence of a shelf instead; the misedana-zukuri probably is closer to the original form of shrine architecture rather than being a simplified version of a normal size shrine building.

• 館内のルートは酒造り工程順になっており、館所蔵である京都市有形民俗文化財の酒造用具類6,120点のうち400点、焼印・朱印・銅板・金型などの出荷用具、樽造り用具まで常設展示する。
• The observation route is designed according to the order of the sake brewing process, and a wide range of items owned by the museum are permanently exhibited, including 400 brewing tools selected from 6,120 items designated by Kyoto City as Tangible Folk Cultural Properties, the tools used for shipping such as branding irons, red woodcut seals, copper plates and molds, as well as the tools used to make barrels.

• しかし、始曲部分や終曲部分は収まりのよいように仕舞独自の型が付され、そのほかの部分でもあて振り的な要素のつよい型はこれを改めて全体的に象徴性をより高くする方向で型付が行われている。
• However, a form specific to Shimai is originally choreographed so that the beginning and ending parts are settled, and in other parts, forms are also choreographed toward raising the symbolic nature of the whole by revising the choreography that has a strong nature of Ateburi (expressing the meaning of verses by dancing).

• 後シテが一人で舞うのが常の型だが、「双之舞」（観世・金春）、「和合」（宝生）、「和合之舞」（金剛）、「二人乱」（喜多）などの小書がつくと、シテとツレの二人の猩々を出し、連舞になる。
• In such 'Shojo' (the nochi-ba of the original 'Shojo'), usually the nochi-jite performs the mai alone, however, by kogaki (stage direction), sometimes a tsure (supporting actor) plays Shojo as well and two Shojo perform tsure-mai (dance by two performers); the kogaki referring to the tsuremai is different by schools, such as 'so-no-mai' (Kanze School and Konparu School), 'wago' (Hosho School), 'wago-no-mai' (Kongo School), and 'ninin-midare' (Kita School).

• しかしその一方で戦国期に復興した天皇の権威は、鎌倉幕府を模範とした独立型の幕府としたはずなのに、世の中の安定と共に大日本史の編纂を契機にして江戸幕府の朝廷からの委任論が大きくなる。
• On the other hand, authorities of the Emperor, which were restored in the Sengoku period, once turned into an independent-type bakufu which was modeled on the Kamakura bakufu; however, along with the stability of lives and editing of the Great Japanese History, the delegation from the Imperial Court of the Edo bakufu became larger.

• それを機に、囃子演奏スタイルが変わった保存会、講・連（大阪市平野区の杭全神社で「へたり」での奉納をする平野地車囃子保存会が典型例）があらわれるなど、画期的な地車囃子の奉納であった。
• It was a landmark dedication for danjiri-bayashi; based on this, preservation societies and forums called Ko and Ren emerged which changed the performance styles of hayashi (the typical example is Hirano Danjiri-bayashi hozonkai [Preservation Association of music performed in festivals of Hirano] which dedicates their hayashi in the style of 'hetari' at Kumata-jinja Shrine in Hirano Ward, Osaka City).

• 作品は典型的な複式夢幻能の形式をとり、旅の僧が漁師にであう前段、漁師がきえた後、僧がその不思議を土地の住人にたずねる狂言部分、主人公義経が生前の姿であらわれる後段の三部構成をとる。
• The work is written in the classic form of Fukushiki Mugen-Noh, which consists of three parts: a first part in which travelling monks happen to see fishermen, the Kyogen part (a farce played during a Noh play cycle) in which the fishermen have disappeared and the monks ask a local villager about this mystery, and a last part in which the main character Yoshitsune appears as a ghost.

• 上村吉弥は一丈二尺という大幅の帯に重りを縫い付け、結び目の両端を唐犬（ヨーロッパ産の大型狩猟犬のこと）の耳のようにだらりと垂らした新型の帯結びを考案し後の広幅帯の流行の端緒を開いた。
• Kichiya UEMURA devised a new style of obi tying by stitching weights on to a broad obi of 3.64m, and dangling both ends of the knot like the ears of a large hound (Large hunting dogs produced in Europe); he created the beginning to the fashion of broad obi.

• 中でも加賀鳶は派手な衣装と独自の髪型で人気が高く、加賀百万石・準御三家といった家格の誇りもあって、町家と大名屋敷が隣接する地域では火事の度に威勢のいい町火消しとの衝突が絶えなかった。
• Among them, Kagatobi were popular owing to their flashy outfit and unique hair style, and having their pride in family status of 'Kaga hyaku-man-goku'(one million koku of rice produced annually) and 'quasi-Tokugawa gosanke', and they had endless clashes with Machi hikeshi every time there was a fire in areas where traditional town houses and daimyo yashiki (mansion of a feudal lord) stood close by.

• 平成5年（1993年）夏、軽井沢静養の折り大型犬が紀子妃に抱かれた眞子内親王の眼前まで飛び上がり、驚いた飼い主に対し紀子妃が「お友だちになりたいのね」と咄嗟にフォローしたことがある。
• In the summer of 1993 while resting in Karuizawa, there was a surprising episode where a large-sized dog suddenly jumped just before the eyes of Princess Mako held in the arms of her mother (Princess Kiko), but she used her wit to get through the situation by saying to the surprised dog's owner 'Oh, the dog wants to be my friend.'

• このように酉の市とは、秋の収穫物や実用の農具が並んだ近郊農村の農業市が江戸市中へと移行するに従い、招福の吉兆を満載した飾り熊手などを市の縁起物とする都市型の祭へと変遷してきたのである。
• In this way, Tori no ichi transformed from the agricultural fair of the neighboring farm villages displaying autumn harvests and practical farming tools into the urban festival, having kazari-kumade (decorative rakes) full of good omens that brought in good fortune and so on as the lucky charms of the fair, as it moved from the countryside to the city of Edo.

• また、大の鉄道ファンとしても知られ、鉄道各社の新型車両デビューや新路線開業などの数々の記念イベントのテープカットに来賓として頻繁に招待されるなど、鉄道関係者や鉄道ファンに大いに慕われた。
• Widely known as a railroad fanatic, he was so adored by railroad-related people and fanatics that he was often invited as a guest at the ribbon-cutting ceremonies of commemorative events such as the debuts of new-model cars and the launches of railroad companies' new lines.

• 非発酵型の漬物の一種で、ダイコン、ナス、ナタマメ（鉈豆）、レンコン、キュウリ、シソの実、シイタケまたは白ゴマなどの7種の野菜類を細かく刻み、醤油と砂糖やみりんで作った調味液で漬けたもの。
• It is a kind of non-fermented pickles, and consists of seven vegetables such as daikon radish, eggplant, sword bean, lotus root, cucumber, perilla seeds, shiitake mushroom, or white sesame, which are finely chopped and pickled in the flavored liquid containing soy sauce and sugar or mirin (sweet cooking rice wine).

• 20歳前後から大部屋俳優として苦労してきた阪東妻三郎は、1923年（大正12年）10月、牧野省三のマキノ映画製作所が製作した寿々喜多呂九平オリジナル脚本による『鮮血の手型』で名を上げた。
• Having had a hard time as an Obeya-haiyu (an actor playing bit-roles to establish their career and living together with other actors with similar aims) from around the age of twenty, Bando TSUMASABURO became famous in October of 1923 after being casted in the film 'Senketsu no Tegata' (The Fresh Blood Handprint), produced by Shozo Maikino's Makino Film Productions with an original screenplay by Rokubei SUSUKITA.

• 商店でも、現状では1月2日に初売りを行う場合が多いためか、本格的な門松が置かれるのは大型百貨店やパチンコなど一部の業種か、正月は無人に近くなる都心のオフィスビルなどに限られることが多い。
• In the commercial sector, full-scale kadomatsu are usually put up only by certain businesses such as large-scaled department stores or pachinko (Japanese pinball) parlors probably because many stores open on January 2 for the New Year sales; additionally, they are also often placed in front of office buildings that are almost deserted during the New Year holidays.

• 回転寿司（かいてんずし）とは、各種の寿司を載せた小皿を客席沿いに設置されたチェーンコンベア上に連続して循環させ、客は寿司を皿ごと自由に取り上げる、半セルフサービス型の安価な寿司屋の形態。
• Kaitenzushi is a type of inexpensive semi-self-service sushi restaurant where various kinds of sushi on small plates are traveling continuously on the conveyer belt passing along the counter seats.

• 万願寺とうがらしとは大正末期に伏見とうがらしと、外国系大型とうがらしであるカリフォルニア・ワンダーの交雑種として舞鶴市の地で生まれ、同市内の万願寺地区で作られていたものでこの名が付いた。
• Manganji Togarashi was produced as a crossbreed of Fushimi Togarashi pepper and a large introduced specie of California Wonder pepper at Maizuru City at the end of the Taisho era, and it was named after the Manganji district where it was produced.

• 武道の中には、空手・弓道・居合道など、技を行った後に特定の形（型 かた。体の構え）で身構える、相手との間合いを考慮して反撃方法を選ぶ、一拍おいて刀をおさめるといった一挙動を「残心」と呼ぶ。
• In budo such as karate, kyudo (Japanese art of archery), and iaido (art of drawing the Japanese sword), 'zan-shin' refers to a movement after attacking the opponent, such as bracing oneself in a certain form ('kata', or a position of the body), selecting a manner of counterattack by considering the distance from the opponent, and sheathing a sword after a pause.

• また「転」の根義により「浅く勝つ」こと、主に籠手へ小さく鋭く打ち込む斬撃が多用された（技法、魔の太刀、くねり打ち、一刀両段、西江水などにも見られるが、最も典型的な技法は「転打ち」である）。
• Also, based on the basic philosophy of 'Marobashi', skills for 'asaku katsu' (literally win shallowly), which means sharply striking on the forearm were often used in the Shinkage-ryu School (including Ma no tachi, Kuneri uchi, Itto ryodan, Seiko sui and 'Marobashi uchi', the typical one).

• 戦国期の足軽は非常に重装備であり、大型の手盾をもたないことを除けば重装歩兵とも比較できる装備を整えていた（ただし、後期になると一部足軽は足軽胴を着用せず、代わりに羽織を用いるようになる）。
• Sengoku period ashigaru were extremely heavily-armored and, with the exception of a large shield, their kit was comparable to that of heavy infantry (however, some ashigaru later went on to wear a haori [a Japanese half-coat] instead to body armor).

• 舞妓の初期は「割れしのぶ」という髪型で、2、3年後に「おふく」となり、芸妓への襟替え1～4週間前には「先笄」を結い、お歯黒を付ける（引眉しないので半元服の習慣が現代に残るものと見てよい）。
• The hair style of Maiko at the early stage is 'wareshinobu,' which turns to be 'Ofuku' in a few years later, and 1 - 4 weeks before erigae (promoted to a full-fledged geisha) she dresses 'sakko fashion (Maiko's hairstyle)' and puts teeth black (she does not paint eyebrows, which can be regarded as the custom of Hangempuku (attaining womanhood informally) continuing still now).

• 明正天皇の時にはまだ復興していなかった大嘗祭・新嘗祭の装束としては、御斎服・帛御服があるが、前者は男子同様の仕立てで髪型がおすべらかしであることだけが異なり、後者は白平絹の裳唐衣五衣である。
• The costume for the Great Thanksgiving Service (after the Enthronement of an Emperor) and the Harvest Festival, which were not restored during Emperor Meisho's era, was Gosaifuku and Haku Gofuku, the former had the same finish as the male Emperor's, the only difference being, the hair style was traditional coiffure for Shinto priestesses, with the hair gathered so as to hang down from the back of the head, the latter was Mo Karajan Itsutsuginu with plain white silk.

• また世阿弥の著述からは型への信仰は窺えないこと、重要なのは役者が自分の内面と身体の関係を自由にコントロールできる能力を身に付けることであり、型の学習のみではそれは不可能なことを指摘している。
• UMEWAKA also pointed out that in Zeami's writing, a belief in form is not mentioned, and the important thing is to acquire the ability for a performer to freely control the relationship between the inside and the body in which it is impossible to acquire by merely studying the form.

• 起源は戦国時代 (日本)の御伽衆（おとぎしゅう）であると言われているが、寄席演芸としての講談の原型は、江戸時代の大道芸のひとつである辻講釈（つじこうしゃく、または町講釈）に求めることができる。
• Although the origin of kodan is said to be traced to otogishu (professional storytellers attending provincial lords) during the Warring States period, its original form as yose engei (vaudeville) can be seen in tsuji koshaku/tsuji goshaku or machi koshaku (storytelling in the street), which was a street performance during the Edo period.

• コーネル大学のアジア研究者ジョーン・ピゴットは、このような女性天皇と男性摂政というとりあわせを、祭祀の責務と行政の責務のあいだの対位法的な関係をベースにした相補型の共同統治であると述べている。
• Joan R. Piggott, a scholar of Asian studies at Cornell University, describes this combination of a female Emperor and a male regent as a complimentary type condominium based on a contrapuntal relationship between a responsibility of a religious service and a responsibility of public administration.

• そして、この帳台の格子天井の「明かり取り」が後の明かり障子の原型であり、「天井」そのものが、後の書院造りで目的や機能別に小空間に間仕切りされた「室」に、杉板天井が設けられる原型ともなっている。
• Then, the 'skylight' of the lattice ceiling of this chodai was the original form of later akari-shoji, and the 'ceiling' itself was the origin of the ceiling made of cedar boards in the 'shitsu' of later Shoin-zukuri style divided into small spaces depending on their purpose and function.

• びわ湖パラダイス（びわこパラダイス）は、かつて滋賀県大津市にあったびわ湖温泉（ホテル紅葉（現在　旅亭 紅葉））と併設されていた、温泉宿泊施設（健康センター）併設型のレジャー施設・遊園地である。
• Biwa-ko Lake Paradise is a complex including recreational and amusement park facilities with a spa resort (health center), established next to the former Biwa-ko Lake Spa Resort (the Hotel Koyo (currently the 'Ryotei Koyo') located in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).

• 1429年、日本に来た朴端生は、「日本の農人、水車の設けあり」として、学生の金慎に「造車の法」を精査させて模型を作り、鍍銀（銀メッキ）、造紙（紙漉）、朱紅、軽粉などの製造法を祖国に報告している。
• Seo-saeng BAK who came to Japan in 1429 made Kinshin (金慎), a student under him, investigate 'how to make a water wheel' closely and made him make a model water wheel, saying that 'Japanese farmers use water wheels,' and also reported a silver-gilding method, how to manufacture paper, how to generate vermillion and how to manufacture medicine called keifun.

• これら天狗の容姿は、室町時代に成立したとされる『御伽草子・天狗の内裏』の、鞍馬寺の護法魔王尊あるいは鞍馬天狗などが、その初期の原型であり、おそらく室町時代初期以降に変化したものと考えられている。
• Gohomao-son, or Kurama Tengu of Kurama-dera Temple, in 'Otogi-zoshi, Tengu no Dairi,' allegedly created during the Muromachi era, was the first model of the appearance of these Tengu, but it is considered to have probably changed after the early Muromachi period.

• メンチカツまたはミンチカツは、豚肉や牛肉の挽肉（ミンチ）に、タマネギのみじん切り、食塩、コショウなどを混ぜて練り合わせ、小判型にして小麦粉、溶き卵、パン粉からなる衣をつけて油で揚げる肉料理である。
• Menchi katsu or minchi katsu is a meat dish, in which ground pork or beef (minchi) is mixed well with minced onions, salt and pepper, formed into flat ovals, coated with breading made of flour, beaten eggs and panko (Japanese-style coarse bread crumbs), and deep fried in oil.

• これに対して、巻物を机の上で広げた際に一目で見渡せる程度の大きさ（横幅50 - 60cm程度）を一画面とし、絵と詞が交互に現れる形式を「段落式構図」といい、『源氏物語絵巻』がその典型的な例である。
• On the other hand, a composition of alternating appearance of a picture and text pages of about 50 to 60 cm width to be overviewed by spreading on a desk is called 'section style composition,' typical example of which is 'Genji Monogatari Emaki.'

• 20世紀後半になって漫画雑誌『月刊アフタヌーン』に連載されていた『ヨコハマ買い出し紀行』で長棹型月琴が紹介され主人公の初瀬野アルファが弾いていたことで青年層に知られ始め、ひそかなブームを生んでいる。
• In the latter half of the twentieth century, as gekkin with a long neck was introduced in 'Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko' (published serially in the comic magazine 'Gekkan Afternoon'), the hero of which Alpha HATSUSENO played it, it began to be known by younger generation and it enjoyed a quiet boom.

• 概ね、自然の肌色より大幅に明るい色のファンデーションを塗る、ベースリッチ型と、濃い色のアイシャドーを広い範囲に塗ったり濃い色のほほ紅、口紅を塗ったりするポイントリッチ型、及び、その両方に分類される。
• As a whole, atsugesho can be classified into three types: the first is a rich-based type in which a color foundation is used that is much lighter than a natural skin color; another is a rich-pointed type in which thickly colored eye shadow is used widely around the eyes, thickly colored blush on the cheeks and lipstick; or a combination of both types.

• 黄表紙『妖怪仕内評判記』（ばけものしうちひょうばんき）にも野槌が登場するが、こちらは伝説・伝承と異なり、のっぺらぼうのように目鼻のない人型の化け物で、頭の上の大きな口で物を食べる姿として描かれている。
• In a kibyoshi (illustrated book of popular fiction in the Edo period) 'Bakemono Shiuchi Hyobanki' (Reputations of Various Ghosts), Nozuchi is also found; however, unlike the legend and folklores, Nozuchi depicted in the book is a monster in the shape of a man with no eyes and no nose like Nopperabo (a monster), and it eats food using its big mouth on the top of its head.

• ヨーロッパでは満月は人の心をかき乱し、狂わせるものであったようで、月の女神が死を暗示したり、狼男が月を見て変身するというのは、その典型的な例で、とても月を眺めて楽しむという気分にはなれなかったようだ。
• In Europe, it seems that the full moon was supposed to disturb and confuse people's minds; for example, the goddess of the moon indicates death, and a werewolf transforms himself by seeing the moon, so people did not want to view the moon at all.

• 鎌倉時代（かまくらじだい、1185年頃-1333年）の『土蜘蛛草子』には、九十九神（つくもがみ・妖怪の一種）の原型ともいえる描写があり、その様々な妖怪の描写の中には「五徳と牛が合体したもの」が描かれた。
• There appear the various depictions of what can be called the archetype of Tsukumogami (a kind of specter) in 'Tsuchigumo zoshi' (Tales of the Giant Spider) written in the Kamakura period (circa 1185 – 1333), and in it, there is a depiction of a 'monster, who is half-gotoku and half-cow.'

• 強盗（がんどう）若しくは龕灯（がんどう）と呼ぶ携帯型の照明器具の仕組みは不燃性の材料を用い、一般的には銅版やブリキ板等の金属板を丸めた円筒台形の筐体をもち、筐体の中にはろうそく立てと反射鏡が入っている。
• The device included in the portable lighting apparatus called 'Gando' is made up of nonflammable materials--in general, a cylindrical trapezoid chassis produced by rolling a metal plate such as copper or tin, and a candle holder and a reflecting mirror both of which are placed inside the chassis.

• なお、体型を隠すように直線的に和服を着るべしとされたのは高度経済成長時代に入ってからのことであり、戦後まもなくは、洋服の影響もあって、洋服の下着を身につけ、体の線を出すように曲線的に着るのが良しとされた。
• People began considering that Wafuku should be worn to cover the figure of the body to make a cylindrical shape only after High Economic Growth; in contrast, immediately after the World War II, with the influence of Western clothing, it was considered ideal to wear Wafuku to emphasize the figure of the body by showing curvature of the body over kimono.

• 鮒寿司などの名前の「寿司」は、本来は発酵基質の糖質として炊き上げた米などの穀物を使用するこうした保存食を意味する言葉で、酢飯に魚を乗せる型のものはごく最近になって即席の寿司として誕生した新しいものである。
• The word 'sushi' in 'Funa-zushi' originally meant such preserved food using grain (including cooked rice) as the carbohydrate (i.e., the fermentation substance), but the type to put fish on vinegared rice has emerged only recently as 'instant sushi.'

• コンセントリック(集中)型と呼ばれる城は、外壁の内側にさらに内壁を加え、天守から同心円状に2重以上の壁をはりめぐらせ、内側に行く程、壁を高くして、外壁を破られても内側の防御が有利になるよう工夫されている。
• Concentric castles were designed so that an inner wall was built inside an outer wall, two or more walls were built concentrically around the keep, and inner walls became higher so that the inner defense was effective even if the outer wall was destroyed.

• これ以上の侵食を防ぐため、行政では砂州上にそれと直交して小型の堆砂堤を多数設置し、流出する土砂をそこで食い止めようとしている（写真南側よりの眺め（飛龍観）の向かって右側の砂浜がノコギリ状になっている部分）。
• To prevent further erosion, the administration has installed many small erosion barriers on the sand bar in an attempt to stop the sand from washing away (in the picture from the south (Hiryukan), it is the part on the right where the beach is serrated).

• しかし、このドイツで開発された超硬合金製の刃物は圧縮応力には強いものの、引張り応力が発生すると破損することが金型では知られており日本刀は顕著な引張り応力が発生する構造なのでこの実験の信憑性を疑うものもいる。
• Although this hard metal cutting tool developed in Germany is strong against compression stress, it is known in the die level that it will be broken when stretching stress is generated, and a Japanese sword is structured to generate pronounced stretching stress, which makes some people doubt the credibility of this experiment.

• この他に、「エビノコ郭」（小字「エビノコ」にあることからこの名にしている）と呼ばれる一画があり、29.2×15.3メートルで四面ひさし付きの大型の掘立建物（エビノコ大殿と名付けられている）が発見されている。
• Other than the above two areas, there is an area called 'Ebinoko-kaku' (Ebinoko enclosure) (so named because it was located in the subsection of the village called 'Ebinoko'), where the large hottate building (called the Ebinoko grand palace) measuring 29.2 meters by 15.3 meters and the canopies on four sides were discovered.

• 埋葬祭祀で使用された土器は、最古級の前方後円墳では、宮山型特殊器台・特殊壺、この土器から変化した最古の埴輪といわれる都月形円筒埴輪と次に古い特殊壺形埴輪、円筒埴輪、家型埴輪、武器形埴輪、人形埴輪などである。
• The earthenware used in burial rituals include the Miyayama-type special vessel stands and jars as well as the Totsuki-type cylindrical haniwa, which is said to be the oldest haniwa evolved from the foregoing along with the next oldest group of haniwa including special jar-shaped haniwa, cylindrical haniwa, house-shaped haniwa, weapon-like haniwa and human-shaped haniwa.

• また東西両舞鶴市街地を結ぶ白鳥街道（京都府道28号小倉西舞鶴線）沿いや、西舞鶴の国道27号線沿いには郊外型飲食店や娯楽施設、大規模小売店などが立地するなど、北近畿の商業地域として近隣市町村にその商圏を広げている。
• Also, suburban type restaurants, entertainment facilities and large-scaled suburban stores moved in, alongside the Shiratori Kaido Road (Kyoto Prefecture Road No. 28, Ogura Nishi Maizuru Line) connecting the east and the west town areas of Maizuru, and alongside the National Road No. 27 in Nishi-Maizuru, with the market area extending to the neighboring municipalities as the new Kita-kinki market area.

• 旧来の商業地は近年の国道沿いの郊外型大型店やロードサイド店舗に押された形となったが、北近畿の都をキャッチフレーズに駅の高架化や未開発の駅南を含む駅周辺の整備を進めることで、中心市街地活性化につなげようとしている。
• Although shops in the conventional commercial land lost ground to a large suburban shop recently built along the national route as well as other roadside shops, efforts are being made, under the catchphrase of creating the capital of Kitakinki, to vitalize the central city by elevating the station, and developing the area around it including the undeveloped area in the south of the station.

• 宮内庁の実測調査時に特徴から田辺編年のTK43型式の須恵器片が出土しており、5,6世紀半ばまでに築造された古墳に見られる埴輪は一つも発見されていないことからも、築造時期は6世紀後半であるとの説が有力視されている。
• From the facts that fragments of unglazed ware assumed to be TK43-type in Tanabe Chronology from their characteristics were unearthed in the measurement survey by the Imperial Household Agency and that no haniwa (clay figure) found in kofun built by the 5th century to the latter half of 6th century has been discovered, the theory that this kofun was constructed in the latter half of the 6th century has been highly probable.

• 新型焼酎と合成清酒、増産酒の登場、三増酒の登場とさまざまな酒が市場に送り出され、食生活の変化により国民の味覚も大きく変貌をとげた大正から昭和にかけては、それを如実に反映するように流通する日本酒の味も変化していった。
• From the Taisho period to the Showa period, when various sake such as new shochu, synthetic seishu, zosanshu and sanzoshu appeared in the market and people's taste also changed greatly because of the change of diet, the taste of popular sake also had changed reflecting its change clearly.

• 若いときに父を始め、松本幸四郎 (7代目)、七代目市川中車、市村羽左衛門 (15代目)、實川延若 (2代目)ら名優に歌舞伎狂言の型を教えられたが、これは、十三代目仁左衛門のみならず歌舞伎界にとって貴重な財産であった。
• When he was young, he learned the forms of kabuki and kyogen from excellent actors such as Koshiro MATSUMOTO VII, Chusha ICHIKAWA VII, Hazaemon ICHIMURA XV and Enjaku MINOKAWA II in addition to his father; this was an important asset not only for Nizaemon (XIII) but also for kabuki society as a whole.

• また、模型飛行機や超軽量動力機（マイクロライト）の世界でも活躍し、関西模型クラブ連合会名誉会長や財団法人日本ラジコン電波安全協会理事、日本マイクロライト航空連盟会長、また鳥人間コンテスト選手権大会の大会役員も務めた。
• Ennei also played an active role in the worlds of model airplane and ultralight power machinery (microlight plane), and took positions as Honorary Chairman of the Kansai Modelers Club Association (KMA), Director of the Japan Radio Control Safety Association, Chairman of the Japan Microlight Aeronautic League, and Administrator of the Japan International Birdman Rally.

• ちなみに「守貞漫稿」にて茶屋辻より格が高いとされた「辻」（「茶屋辻」と区別するため「本辻」とも言われる）とは刺繍や摺匹田（絞り染めを型染めでそれらしく表す染色技法）により色彩も多彩に総柄の模様を表した帷子のことである。
• Incidentally, 'Morisadamanko' ranked 'Tsuji' above the Chayatsuji, where the Tsuji (which is also called 'Hontsuji' to be distinguished from 'Chayatsuji') refers to a Katabira which has a colorful full pattern embroidered and Surihitta-dyed (i.e. a stenciled imitation of a shibori technique called hitta in which small square motifs with a small dot of color in the center cover a specific area).

• だが、2001年には根室市水産研究所がミナミイセエビの養殖業完全養殖に成功しており、2003年には水産総合研究センター南伊豆栽培漁業センターから幼生から稚エビまでの生残率を高める回転型飼育装置の開発なども報告されている。
• But in 2001 the Nemuro-City Fisheries Research Institute succeeded with a complete culture of Minami Ise ebi, or Josus, and it is reported in 2003 that Minamiizu Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency of Fisheries Research Agency succeeded in developing the rotating raising unit to increase the survival rate from the larvae to fry shrimp.

• それ以降は土地のほとんどが荘園として利用されたため主だった中心地はなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)になると丹波平定の命を受けた明智光秀が塩見信房を倒し、その居城であった横山城を大修築し近世型の福智山城（後の福知山城）とした。
• A central place was not established because most lands were used as manors thereafter, but in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), Mitsuhide AKECHI who was ordered to territorialize Tanba defeated Nobufusa SHIOMI, and established the modern-style Fukuchiyama-jo Castle (福智山城, later written as 福知山城) after repairing the Yokoyama-jo Castle which was the castle where Shiomi dwelled.

• その後、上部の尖った部分のフィルムをひねって（あるいは切って）開け、中のフィルムシートを引っぱって出すパラシュート型と呼ばれるタイプが、シノブフーズにより発案、「ひっぱるだけのおにぎりQ」というキャッチフレーズで発売された。
• Then, Shinobu Foods Products invented a parachute type to twist (or cut) a film on the pointed top to open and pull out an inner film sheet, and sold under the catchphrase 'just-pulling onigiri Q.'

• 一方で五色不動を歴史的に研究したいくつかの報告によると、実際に『五色不動』という名称が登場するのは明治末または大正始めであり、江戸時代の史実とは考えにくいとしているが、伝説自体は江戸時代から伝わる噂話に原型が見られるという。
• On the other hand, according to the findings of some historical studies performed on Goshiki Fudo, it was not until the late Meiji Period or early Taisho era when the term 'Goshiki Fudo' actually began to emerge, and hence it is difficult to consider that the Iemitsu TOKUGAWA legend concerning Goshiki Fudo being a historical fact which took place in the Edo Period; however, the basic gist of that Iemitsu tale was found in a gossip which has been around since those days.

• この僧たちは造酒司の酒部とは異なり、菩提酛に代表されるようなそれぞれの寺院の味や造り方を分化させていったため、のちの杜氏集団の流派の原型と見ることもできるが、集団としての制度など考えると、後世の杜氏とは直接的なつながりはない。
• Unlike sakabe at the Miki no Tsukasa, such priests can be somewhat regarded as the origin of latter-day toji schools because they developed each temple's unique taste and brewing method such as bodaimoto (the oldest starter of refined sake), but they still did not have a direct relation with latter-day toji, in view of their organization system.

• そのほか、天皇が宮中で何者かに刺殺あるいは斬殺されたという説もみられ、「宮家の侍医が深夜呼び出されて御所に上がり、腹部を刺され血まみれになった孝明天皇と思われる貴人を手当てしたが甲斐無く絶命した」という型の話が数種流布している。
• Apart from this, there was another theory that the Emperor was killed by tying rope around his neck or by being stabbed to death by someone, there were many rumors like 'doctors of the household of an Imperial prince was called at midnight to the Imperial Palace who treated a nobleman who presumably could have been emperor Komei, he was in blood after being stabbed around his stomach, although treated, he died.'

• 京からかみの場合は、型紙（紙を貼り合わせて柿渋を塗った渋紙を用いて型を切り抜いたもの）を用いて絵具を厚く盛り上げる「置き上げ」が行われ、江戸からかみでは更紗型染（捺染型染で、染料に膠を加えたもので型染めする）の技法を用いている。
• While the Kyo-karakami (Kyoto-type karakami) adopts a method of 'Okiage' (place up) which applies thick amounts of paint using a model paper (cutting out a model from a paper treated with astringent persimmon juice, made with two sheets of paper pasted together), the Edo-karakami (Edo-type karakami) uses a method of dyeing cotton with models to make prints (print-type dyeing with models and dyeing with colored glue).

• また仏教説話中にも取り入れられており、鎌倉時代の仏教説話集『沙石集』には、徳のない僧侶は深山に住む槌型の蛇に生まれ変わり、生前に口だけが達者で智慧の眼も信の手も戒めの足もなかったため、野槌は口だけがあって目や手足のない姿だとある。
• It is found in Buddhist stories; according to 'Shaseki-shu,' a collection of Buddhist stories compiled in the Kamakura period, a priest without virtue was born again as a hammer-shaped snake living deep in the mountains, and the priest had had a glib tongue while he had not have the eyes of the wisdom nor the hands of the piety nor the legs of the commandment, so Nozuchi he became had only a mouth and did not have eyes nor hands nor legs.

• 武徳会が政府の外郭団体として再出発する際に再度射型改善の声が上がり、昭和19年（1944年）に「弓道教範制定委員会」の手によって「弓道教範」が作成され、、「弓道要則」の射法と、従来の正面・斜面の射法を併せて認めるに至り終戦を迎える。
• When the Butoku-kai was reorganized as an affiliate company of government, the idea to improve the shooting style was proposed again, so that in 1944 'Kyudo-Kyohan (teaching method of Kyudo)' was edited by 'Kyudo-Kyohan Seitei Iinkai (committee to establish Kyudo-Kyohan),' in which both of the shooting style of 'Kyudo-yosoku' and the existing shooting style of front and skew were admitted before the end of the World War II.

• 木版に絹篩（ふるい）を通して絵具を移して摺る木版摺りは、やわらかい風合いがあるが型染めの捺染では、硬く鋭い鮮明な紋様がやや冷たい感じとなるが、型合わせができるため、多くは三枚から四枚の型紙を用いて染める多色摺りの追っかけ型を用いた。
• While woodblock printing, in which paint is applied on printing blocks through a silk sieve, has a soft taste, printing (print-type dyeing) with dyes with models gives a somewhat cold impression from it's hard, sharp, and clear patterns, but because it enables combining patterns together, many makers adopted a casing type of multicolored printing in which usually three or four model papers were used.

• 2008年現在、北近畿では最大規模（売場面積：15,932㎡）の総合ショッピングセンター「らぽーる」（平成7年開業）や「バザールタウン舞鶴」（同11,874㎡、平成12年開業）、さとう舞鶴店（同7,703㎡）などが大型商業施設が立地。
• As of 2008, large commercial centers have been built, including 'La Port' (open in 1995) which is the largest scale of general shopping center in Kita Kinki (floor space: 15,932 square meters), 'Bazaar Town Maizuru' (floor space: 11,874 square meters, open in 2000), and Sato, Maizuru (floor space: 7,703 square meters).

• また型としても市川団十郎 (9代目)や尾上菊五郎 (6代目)のものとそう大きく変わるところはないため、むしろ十五代目市村羽左衛門の稀有な個性と仁によって生みだされた特色ある役を列挙した「十五代目市村羽左衛門の十八番」的な性格のほうが濃い。
• Furthermore, their style is not greatly different from that of Danjuro ICHIKAWA the ninth and of Kikugoro ONOUE the sixth, and so they have more of a feature of 'Uzaemon ICHIMURA the fifteenth's Ohako (favorite stunts)' listing distinctive roles created by his unsurpassed individuality and benevolence.

• 室町時代後期（戦国時代 (日本)）になると、下克上や治安の低下などから、袖が小さく活動的な小袖が表着として武家の夫人の正装に採用されるようになり、織豊時代にはお市の方肖像画に見られるような豪華な打ち掛け型の小袖などが作られるようになった。
• When the time advanced to the late Muromachi period (the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)), because of the revolt of vassals against their lords and poor security, active kosode with smaller sleeves were adopted as formal outer wear of wives of samurais, and at the time of Shokuho (Oda-Toyotomi era), a type of gorgeous uchikake (a full length formal and elegant outer robe) style kosodes were made as was seen in the portrait of Lady Oichi no kata.

• こちらは火によって調理器具を加熱するのではなく、炉の中でいったん大量の薪などの燃料をくべて石造りの炉自身を加熱、炉が十分に過熱されたところでまだ熱い灰を左右に押しのけ、焼けた石のうえに鍋や金型などの調理器具に食材を載せ、炉内の熱で調理する。
• It does not heat pots and pans directly by fire, but by burning a lot of firewood inside and heating up the stone furnace itself first, then, once the furnace is hot enough, pushing the ashes aside, placing a pot or a pan with ingredients inside it on the hot stones, and cooking the dish with the heat inside the furnace.

• 截金・切金（きりかね）は、細金（ほそがね）とも呼ばれ、金箔・銀箔・プラチナ箔を数枚焼き合わせ、細い直線状に切ったり、三角形・菱形・丸型などの形に切った截箔（きりはく）を組み合わせ、筆と接着剤を用いて貼ることによって文様を表現する伝統技法である。
• Kirikane (literally, cut leaf), which is also called hosogane (literally thinly cut leaf), refers to a traditional technique of creating patterns by using brushes to bond several leaves of gold, silver or platinum together, which are then burnt together and cut into shapes such as narrow rectangles, triangles, diamonds, or circles.

• そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
• The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.

• 漫画・アニメ『ドラえもん』（藤子・F・不二雄作）の主人公であるネコ型ロボット、ドラえもん (架空のキャラクター)の大好物としても知られ、1960年代-1980年代生まれの人にとって「どら焼きといえばドラえもん」というイメージがかなり定着している。
• Dorayaki are also known as the favorite food of the cat robot which is the main character in the comic animation 'Doraemon' (created by Fujiko F. Fujio) and for people born between the 1960's and 1980's, the term Dorayaki usually conjures up the image of Doraemon.

• 『土蜘蛛草子』には、九十九神の原型ともいえる描写があり、鶏や狐の姿をした女性や妖怪としての獏が描かれ、五徳と牛が合体したものや、杵に蛇の体と人の腕が2本くっついたものや、角盥（つのだらい）の縁に歯が生えそのまま顔になっている人形（ひとがた）が描かれている。
• Paintings of the model of Tsukumogami (九十九神) are seen in 'Tsuchigumo no Soshi,' such as women whose figures are the chicken and fox, apparitions of baku (mythological Chinese chimera), things that combine the gotoku (kettle stand) and cattle, the kine (pounder) to which a snake and human teeth are attached, and the hitogata (doll) whose face is tsuno-darai (horned basin) with teeth.

• 「武士団」を単なる一般用語としてではなく、「武士」とは別の歴史用語としてあつかうならば、その範囲は11世紀後半から15-16世紀までの、イエ軍団をその類型として、それが戦国時代の、農村から生まれた「寄子」衆に置き換えられていったとも整理することが出来よう。
• If 'bushidan' is treated not simply as a simple term but an historical term different from 'bushi,' it could be organized as it ranged from the late eleventh century to the fifteenth to the sixteenth century as a similar form of family army and replaced by 'Yoriko' originating from farming villages of the Sengoku Period.

• 日本最古の歴史書とされる『日本書紀』の天武天皇9年（680年）の条には「宮内卿」「宮内官大夫」の官職が記述され、686年（朱鳥元年）の条には天武天皇の葬送に際して「宮内事」を誄（しのびごと）したとあり、天武天皇の時代には原型となる官職が形成されたと見られる。
• In the article of Emperor Temmu in 680 of the oldest history book in Japan, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), there was a description on the government posts of Kunaikyo (Minister of the Sovereign's Household) and Miyanouchi no tsukasa no kami and also in the article of in 686, there was another description on Emperor Temmu's funeral that shinobigoto (speech given to the spirit of the departed about his/her merit) was conducted for the 'miyanouchi-no-koto' (Imperial family's affairs), from which the original government post was established in the period of Emperor Temmu.

• 7世紀になり、ヤマト王権が大陸の政治システムの影響を受けるようになると大型の方墳、円墳へと変化し、さらに7世紀中頃から8世紀初頭まで天皇陵には八角墳が採用されるようになる（舒明陵の段ノ塚古墳、天智陵の御廟野古墳、天武・持統合葬陵の野口王墓、文武陵の中尾山古墳）。
• In the 7th century, when the Yamato kingdom came under the influence of the political system of the Chinese continent, emperors' tumuli came to be built in a large rectangular or round shape, and from the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, in an octagonal shape (e.g. Dannozuka Tumulus of Emperor Jomei, Gobyono Tumulus of Emperor Tenchi, Noguchino Imperial Tumulus of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito, and Nakaoyama Tumulus of Emperor Monmu).

• 飛鳥時代、『日本書紀』に「朝嬬に幸す。因りて大山位より以下の馬を長柄神社に看す。乃ち馬的射させたまふ」、他にも「騁射」「馳射」との記述があるなど神事としての騎射の原型も読み取れ、また飛鳥時代末期には文武天皇により『大射禄法』が定められ、展覧されたとの記述もある。
• 'The Chronicles of Japan' says that the 'Emperor went to Asazuma. He saw horses owned by someone below the Daiseni rank at Nagara-jinja shrine. At that time, he made them practice archery on horseback,' as well as 'Umayumi (騁射)' and 'Haseyumi (馳射),' so, original Kisha seemed to have been performed as a shrine ritual, and it also describes that 'Taisha-rokuho' was defined by Emperor Monmu and put on exhibition at the end of the Asuka Period.

• 市内に所在する日本有数の内陸型工業団地の長田野工業団地や、アネックス京都三和（愛称：エコートピア京都三和）工業団地には東京証券取引所ならびに大証や、ジャスダックなどに株式上場している多数の企業またはその子会社が拠点を置いており、それが与える地元の雇用の影響は大きい。
• Many companies listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Osaka Securities Exchange or Jasdaq Securities Exchange, Inc. or their subsidiaries, have their bases located in the Osadano Industrial Park which is one of the largest inland industrial parks, and the Annex Kyoto Miwa Industrial Park (nicknamed Ecotopia Kyoto Miwa) located in the city, and have a large influence on local employment.

• 昭和5年（1930年）の縦型精米機の登場によって、一時は飛躍的な発展の可能性がかいまみえた日本酒吟醸酒の技術に関しても、昭和13酒造年度（1938年-1939年）から精米歩合が65%以下に規制されて出鼻をくじかれ、本格的な発展にはなお三十年近い歳月を待つことになった。
• Although the technique of ginjoshu seemed to be able to develop rapidly by the invention of vertical-type rice-milling machines in 1930, it could not be fully developed for almost 30 years, damaged by the regulation of the rice-polishing ratio which was under 65 percent in the Showa 13 brewing year (1938 to 1939).

• 日本酒の歴史鎌倉時代や日本酒の歴史室町時代には、京には造り酒屋が隆盛し、京の以外の地方でも他所酒（よそざけ）といって、越前国の豊原酒（ほうげんざけ）、加賀国の宮越酒（みやこしざけ）、伊豆国の江川酒（えがわざけ）など、現在の地酒の原型となる地方色豊かな銘酒が造られていた。
• Tsukuri-zakaya prospered in their business in Kyoto during the Kamakura and the Muromachi periods, and other regions also had high-quality sake with marked regional characters called yosozake (which literally means 'another place's sake'), which was the origin of present-day jizake (local sake), such as Hogenzake in Echizen Province, Miyakoshizake in Kaga Province, and Egawazake in Izu Province.

• 元来は礼記に「鸚鵡は能く言して飛鳥を離れず。猩々は能く言して禽獣を離れず」とあるのが出典で、後代の注ではしばしばオランウータンなどの大型類人猿に擬せられるが（猩々はオランウータンの和名のひとつでもある）、一方で各種の説話や芸能によってさまざまなイメージが付託されて現在に及んでいる。
• An ancient book of Chinese Confucianism 'Raiki' ('Liji') first described Shojo as 'a parrot can talk, but that is nothing but a bird; a shojo can talk, but that is nothing but an animal', and some annotations on 'Raiki' explained that Shojo resembled large anthropoid apes such as orangutan (in the past, some Japanese called orangutan 'shojo'); in Japan, they had been given other characters, and became legend and even dramatis personae of traditional performing arts.

• 摂関家藤原北家藤原道兼・宇都宮蓮生（宇都宮頼綱）が京都嵯峨野に建築した別荘、小倉山荘の襖色紙の装飾の為に、蓮生より依頼を受けた鎌倉時代の歌人藤原定家が、上代の天智天皇から、鎌倉時代の順徳天皇まで、百人の歌人の優れた和歌を年代順に一首ずつ百首選んだものが小倉百人一首の原型と言われている。
• In the Kamakura period (1185-1333), when a member of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) the Northern Branch of the Fujiwara family, FUJIWARA no Michikane and Renjo UTSUNOMIYA (Rensho UTSUNOMIYA or Yoritsuna UTSUNOMIYA) built a villa at Sagano of Kyoto, they commissioned a master of poetry FUJIWARA no Teika (1162-1241) to choose outstanding waka for decorating the shikishi (square piece of fancy papers) of the fusuma (papered sliding doors) of the villa (later it was called Ogura-sanso Villa); Teika selected one hundred tanka, each one by distinguished poets and arranged them in chronological order from Emperor Tenji of the period of Jodai (before Taika no Kaishin of 645 which Tenji conducted when he was still a prince) until Emperor Juntoku of the Kamakura period; that has been said to be the prototype of 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.'

• 昭和時代後期以降には、大資本がそれぞれの町にある酒屋をフランチャイズ化し、多くの酒屋がコンビニやスーパーへ変化していき、また酒類の販売に関しては大型量販店がシェアを大きく奪うようになり、また酒類販売の規制緩和により酒の小売がしやすくなったこともあり、昔ながらの酒屋には逆風が吹き荒れた。
• In the latter half of the Showa period and later, conditions unfavorable for traditional retail sakaya shops prevailed in the following ways: Companies with lots of capital started taking retail sake shops in towns into their franchise systems, converting many retail sakaya shops to convenience stores or supermarkets; also regarding the sale of liquor, large-scale mass sales stores took a big sales share and it became easier to sell sake due to the deregulation of liquor.

• そもそも仏壇とは本尊を祀ったものであり、本尊を入れる前のものは家具と同じであり、本尊を安置し、仏具によって荘厳して初めて仏壇としての機能を果たすことになる（ただし、それは小型寺院としての起源から見たものであり、供養壇という観点から見れは、位牌や写真を入れて故人を祀っているものも仏壇に含まれる）。
• Right from the start, butsudan has been dedicated to honzon, and, therefore, it is no more than furniture if honzon is not enshrined in it yet, nor does it function as butsudan until honzon is installed with the solemn decoration of butsugu, (although this idea is based on the view that butsudan originates from a miniature temple, and, from the point of view that butsudan's origin is kuyodan, any altar with ihai and pictures of ancestors installed is included in the category of butsudan).

• その後明治44年（1911年）になって、寺内の土蔵から本像の宝冠が新たに発見され、その宝冠の正面に阿弥陀如来の化仏（けぶつ、小型の仏像）が刻まれていることから、寺側でもこの像を「観音菩薩」と認めざるをえなくなった（菩薩像の頭上に阿弥陀如来の化仏があれば、その像は観音菩薩像であることを示している）。
• Later, in 1911, a crown of this statue was newly discovered from dozo (warehouse made of soil) in the temple; since Kebutsu (the Artificial Buddha, a small-sized statue of Buddha) of Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) was engraved at the front of the crown, the temple had to acknowledge that the statue was 'Kannon Bosatsu' (if there was Kebutsu of Amida Nyorai on the head of a statue of Bosatsu, then it meant that the statue was that of Kannon Bosatsu.)

• また通称「京都府道28号小倉西舞鶴線」や国道27号を中心にベストワン舞鶴店（同2,396㎡、平成8年開業）や100満ボルト舞鶴店（同1,589㎡、平成8年開業）など郊外型大型店や洋服の青山やオートバックス、スシローなどロードサイド型店舗などが多数立地し、福井県や丹後地方からの近隣からの流入も増加している。
• Also around the road commonly called 'Kyoto Prefectural Road 28 Kokura Nishi Maizuru Line' and National Route 27, numerous shops have been built, such as large suburban shopping centers including Best one (an appliance store) Maizuru store (floor space: 2,396 square meters, open in 1996), and 100 man volt (an appliance store in 3Q Group) Maizuru store (floor space: 1,589 square meters, open in 1996), and road-side stores including Yofuku no Aoyama (a men's clothing store, Aoyama Trading Co., Ltd.), Autobacs Seven Co., Ltd. (an auto-supply shop), and AKINDO SUSHIRO CO., LTD. (a sushi restaurant), and they also lead to an increase in a population flow from nearby including Fukui Prefecture and Tango region.

• 一方で、永長元年（1096年）には貴族・官人から庶民までが風流な格好を纏って田楽を演じながら行進した永長大田楽や久寿元年（1154年）の今宮神社 (京都市)御霊会において傘の上に風流な飾りの花を掲げて唄い囃した「風流のあそび」が行われ（『梁塵秘抄』巻14）、後世における音曲や歌で囃す「風流」の原型が記録されている。
• On the other hand, the original form of the 'Furyu' which was remembered by future generations as 'to keep rhythm with music and songs' is recorded in events such as the 1096 Eicho Daidengaku, in which people from the aristocrats and government bureaucrats down to the common people wore Furyu-style costumes and marched while playing Dengaku (a Japanese traditional performing art), and a festival of souls at Imamiya-jinja Shrine (in Kyoto City) in 1154, where a 'Pleasure of Furyu' was held ('Rojinhisho' (poetry book) Vol. 14), in which people held umbrellas decorated with Furyu-style flowers and sang songs.

• 一般に15歳（数え年）に達した男子が成人したことを表すために行われ、氏神の社前で大人の服に改め、総角（角髪（みずら））と呼ばれる子供の髪型を改めて大人の髪（冠下の髻（かんむりしたのもとどり））を結い、烏帽子親により冠をつける（公家、及び、平氏系の武家では、厚化粧、引眉にお歯黒も付ける、源氏系は付けない場合が多かった）。
• In general, Genpuku was held in order to declare that a boy, who became 15 years old (age according to the traditional Japanese system), reached manhood, and in the rite, the boy changed into adult clothes in front of the shrine of his ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion), changed his hairstyle from the hairstyle for children called agemaki (mizura: trefoil knots) to the hairstyle for adults called kanmurisita no motodori (the hair is bundled up on the top of the head and made to stand up to accomodate a crown), and was crowned by eboshioya (a person who put on an eboshi (formal headwear for court nobles) during the genpuku ceremony); in Court nobles and the Taira families of samurai, the boy often had heavy makeup, hikimayu (painted eyebrows) and ohaguro (black painted teeth), while in the Minamoto families of samurai, the boy mostly did not have any makeup.)

• 現状としては内陸型工業団地としては比較的大規模な長田野工業団地が高度経済成長を経た1974年（昭和49年）に整備着手がなされたことによる、工業や商業が主な福知山の産業になっているが、それらのかつての伝統と歴史を復活させようと総合的な学習の時間で学ばせる教育機関や、そういった活動の趣旨の民間団体が結成されるなどの動きも見られる。
• Currently heavy industries and commerce are the main industries of Fukuchiyama due to the development of Osadano Industrial Park (comparatively large inland industrial parks), which started in 1974 after the rapid economic growth; the development of this park has spawned some movements by educational institutions to implement a comprehensive curriculum to teach former traditions and history, together with the formation of private organizations which aim to carry out such activities.

• 江戸時代後期以降、江戸を中心とした東日本（上方を中心とした西日本では「先笄」「両輪」　喜田川 守貞『守貞謾稿』によると現在の愛知県岡崎市内にあったある村の西と東で既婚女性が「先笄」「両輪」に結う地域と「丸髷」に結う地域の二手に分かれたらしい）で、明治以降は全国的に広く一般に結われていた髷だが、髷の形に個人の好みを反映させるため明治末期には「両国形」「老松形」など数多くの「丸髷型」が売り出されていた。
• This mage had been worn since the later Edo period in eastern Japan centering on Edo (on the other hand, in western Japan centering on Kamigata [Kyoto and Osaka area], 'Sakko' [a variation of Shimada-mage with the remaining hair arranged with a stick called 'kogai'] and 'Ryowa' [two mage are made and fixed with a stick called 'kogai' with the remaining hair rolled up] had been worn; according to 'Morisada Manko' [a kind of encyclopedia of folkways and other affairs in the Edo period] by Morisada KITAGAWA, a certain village in present-day Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture was the boundary between west and east: the region where married women wore 'sakko' or 'ryowa,' and the region where they wore 'marumage') and since the Meiji period it spread to the whole country and became common hairstyle; at the end of the Meiji period, a variety of 'marumagegata' (magegata [a paper frame which is wound round with hair to keep the shape of a chignon] for marumage), such as 'Ryogoku (両国) style,' 'Oimatsu style' and so on, went on sale to cover all tastes for the shape of mage.