地方: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 関西地方
• Kansai region (south-western half of Japan, including Osaka)

• 中東地方
• Middle East

• 南予地方
• Nanyo area

• 福岡地方
• Fukuoka region

• 沖縄地方
• Okinawa region

• 甲信地方
• Koshin Region

• 全域地方病
• holoendemic

• 地方の寿司
• Local sushi

• 局所的地方
• hyperendemic

• 東アジア地方
• East Asia

• アフリカ地方
• Africa

• 地方の天ぷら
• Tempura in local areas

• その他の地方
• Other regions

• ヨーロッパ地方
• Europe

• オセアニア地方
• Oceania

• 長野県飯田地方
• Ida region, Nagano Prefecture

• 著名な地方の絣
• Famous local Kasuri

• 九州、沖縄地方
• Kyusyu and Okinawa region

• 中国、四国地方
• Chugoku and Shikoku region

• 九州・沖縄地方
• Kyushu-Okinawa Region
• Kyushu and Okinawa region

• 岐阜県飛騨地方
• Hida district, Gifu Prefecture

• 各地方での行事
• Regional Omisoka Events

• 地方による違い
• Regional characteristics

• 中部・北陸地方
• Chubu and Hokuriku region

• 焼津地方に特有。
• An ingredient specific to the Yaizu region.

• 北海道、東北地方
• Hokkaido and Tohoku region

• 東北地方のゆべし
• Yubeshi in the Tohoku region

• 関西地方での導入
• Introduction to the Kansai region

• 大牟田・荒尾地方
• Omuta and Arao region

• 近畿地方（畿内）
• Kinki Region (Kinai - counties near Kyoto)

• 一時的な地方官制
• Temporary local bureaucratic system

• 地方税制について
• Local Taxation Systems

• - 中国地方など。
• Used in the Chugoku region and so on.

• 醤油の好みの地方差
• Difference in preferences for soy-sauce

• 古代日本の地方官制
• The Local Bureaucratic System of Ancient Japan

• 地方官制のはじまり
• The beginning of the local bureaucratic system

• 律令制下の地方官制
• The local bureaucratic system under the ritsuryo system

• 中央財閥と地方財閥
• Central zaibatsu and local zaibatsu

• 津軽そば（津軽地方）
• Tsugaru soba (Tsugaru Region)

• 紅花そば（村山地方）
• Benibana soba (Murayama Region)

• 裁ちそば（会津地方）
• Tachi soba (cut buckwheat noodles) (Aizu Region)

• 凍り蕎麦（北信地方）
• Kori soba (Hokushin region)

• 隠岐そば（隠岐地方）
• Oki soba (the buckwheat noodles of Oki region)

• 割子そば（出雲地方）
• Warigo soba (the buckwheat noodles of Izumo region)

• 富倉そば（北信地方）
• Tomikura soba (buckwheat noodles of Tomikura in Iiyama City) (Hokushin Region)

• 霧下そば（北信地方）
• Kirishita soba (one of the buckwheat noodles of Togakushi) (Hokushin Region)

• 地方自治体開発の酒米
• Sakamai developed by the municipality

• 釜揚げそば（出雲地方）
• Kamaage soba (the buckwheat noodles of Izumo region)

• 地方自治体による開発。
• Developed by the municipality

• 東海地方などに伝わる。
• It spread to the Tokai region etc.

• 地方に伝わる色々な番茶
• Regional variations

• 利用は一部の地方のみ。
• It is eaten in limited areas.

• 各地方での調理法の違い
• Different ways of cooking sukiyaki by regions

• 地方三新法、紀尾井坂の変
• The three new bills related to the local government system became effective and the Kioizaka Incident occurred

• 関西地方に多いかまぼこ。
• This type of kamaboko is common in the Kansai region.

• 中国、ヒマラヤ地方が原産。
• Its place of origin is Himalayan region, China.

• 秩父そば（埼玉県秩父地方）
• Chichibu soba (Chichibu Region, Saitama Prefecture)

• 細切れを載せる地方もある。
• In some areas, thin strips of stewed fried tofu are used as the topping.

• （関東地方における海苔巻）
• (This is equivalent to Norimaki in the Kanto region.)

• 宮城県登米地方の伝統食材。
• It is a traditional foodstuff of the Tome region of Miyagi Prefecture.

• 同県の下越地方で作られる。
• These are made in the Kaetsu district.

• 唐では地方官庁が徴発した。
• In the Tang Dynasty, the local governments impressed people.

• 日本国内における地方のうどん
• Special regional Udon noodles in Japan

• - 主に関西地方で使われる。
• This is used mainly in the Kansai region.

• 地方により異なる呼称がある。
• This position's name varies depending on regions.

• 地方や宗派により差異がある。
• It differs according to area and religious school.

• 太平洋岸、日高地方で獲れる。
• L. angustata is produced on the Pacific coast of the Hidaka region.

• 東京都多摩地方から埼玉県南部
• From the Tama district, Tokyo to southern Saitama Prefecture

• 関西地方で供される事がある。
• They are served in the Kansai region.

• 中央官制、税制と地方行政組織
• Organization of the centralized government and tax systems and local administrative organization

• 金額は地方によって相場が違う。
• The amount of money generally considered, differs from region to region.

• 福島県会津地方を出身地とする。
• They are originally from the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture.

• 山形県庄内地方を出身地とする。
• They are originally from the Shonai region of Yamagata Prefecture.

• 釧路市地方で多く獲れるコンブ。
• The Pacific coast around Kushiro City produces large amounts of L. longissima.

• 南九州地方が特産地として有名。
• The South Kyushu region is famous for being the main production area.

• 東海地方・九州が主産地である。
• Its main production regions are Tokai and Kyusyu regions.

• 開花期は九州地方で3月末ごろ。
• The flowering period is around the end of March in the Kyushu region.

• 地方により門松の様式に差がある。
• There are regional differences in the style of the kadomatsu.

• それぞれの地方に適した酒米の開発
• The development of rice for sake brewing which is suitable for each place

• 東海地方と京都を主な産地とする。
• It is mainly produced in the Tokai and Kyoto regions.

• その地方の産物が入り特色が出る。
• Local specialities are added to characterize Yosenabe.

• そこには地方の特色が表れている。
• The proverb symbolizes each community's cultural characteristics.

• 戸籍制度・地方行政組織関連の年表
• Chronology of the family registration system and local administration

• 東讃地方などで主に冬に食べられる。
• Shippoku Udon is mainly eaten in the winter season in the Tosan region.

• 50歳半ば頃、関東地方各地を放浪。
• When he was in his mid-fifties, he wandered various places in the Kanto region.

• 1996年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1996, developed by the municipality

• 1994年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1994, developed by the municipality

• 1959年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1959, developed by the municipality

• 1986年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1986, developed by the municipality

• 1992年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1992, developed by the municipality

• 1939年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1939, developed by the municipality

• 1990年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1990, developed by the municipality

• 1925年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1925, developed by the municipality

• 1928年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1928, developed by the municipality

• 1923年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1923, developed by the municipality

• 1924年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1924, developed by the municipality

• 1933年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1933, developed by the municipality

• 1956年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1956, developed by the municipality

• 1972年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1972, developed by the municipality

• 1988年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1988, developed by the municipality

• 1991年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1991, developed by the municipality

• 1987年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1987, developed by the municipality

• （「地方自治体開発の酒米」参照）。
• (Refer to 'Sakamai developed by the municipality.')

• 1974年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1974, developed by the municipality

• 1967年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1967, developed by the municipality

• 寒い地方では強いものが求められる。
• In a cold area, strong resistance to cold weather is required.

• 1941年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1941, developed by the municipality

• 1935年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1935, developed by the municipality

• 1966年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1966, developed by the municipality

• 地方により名称が異なる場合もある。
• The name can be different depending on the region.

• 1970年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1970, developed by the municipality

• 1997年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1997, developed by the municipality

• 1985年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1985, developed by the municipality

• 1973年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1973, developed by the municipality

• 1977年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1977, developed by the municipality

• 群馬県桐生市地方も小麦の産地である。
• Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture is also a wheat-producing area.

• それぞれの地方に適した清酒酵母の開発
• The development of seishu yeast which is suitable for each place

• 地方によって呼び方が異なる（後述）。
• Each region has their own names for this festival (see below).

• 「元朝」という言葉を使う地方もある。
• In some area, 'gancho' is used instead of 'gantan.'

• 両者を共に「桜餅」と呼ぶ地方もある。
• In some areas, both types are called 'sakuramochi.'

• 関東地方で発達した最も一般的な醤油。
• Koikuchi soy-sauce is the most common soy-sauce developed in Kanto region.

• これを「精霊流し」と呼ぶ地方もある。
• This event is called 'Shoryo Nagashi' (floating lanterns carrying the spirits of the dead) depending on localities.

• 年越し蕎麦（地方によっては他の食事)
• Toshikoshi-soba (buckwheat noodles eaten on New Year's Eve)

• 大阪など関西地方の串カツとは異なる。
• It is different from what people in the Kansai region such as Osaka Prefecture consider kushi katsu.

• 金銭でなく菓子などを与える地方もある。
• There are some regions where the other items like sweets are given in place of money.

• 九州北部地方の大方の店舗で扱っている。
• Most shops in the northern Kyushu region serve Goboten Udon.

• 会津地方は後者の「歳の神」と呼ばれる）
• In Aizu region, it was known as 'Sai no Kami'

• 地方によって焼かれるものの違いがある。
• Depending on the regions, different items are burned.

• 「大（だい）の子祝」という地方もある。
• In some regions this is called 'dai no ko iwai.'

• フランス・ブルターニュ地方の郷土料理。
• The local specialty of the Brittany region in France.

• 地方によって独特の音頭と踊り方がある。
• Each local community has a folk song for a dance, as well as its own dance style.

• 中国・四国地方に昔話の流行の跡を残す。
• It has left a mark in popularizing old tales in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions.

• 別称、もみじ子(北信越、北海道地方)。
• Another name of tarako is momijiko (used in Hokushinetsu regions and Hokkaido).

• 滝川一益は関東地方へ出陣中で欠席した。
• Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was absent because he was at war in the Kanto region.

• 北陸地方（浄土真宗の信者が多いとされる）
• Hokuriku district (with many believers of Jodo Shinshu: the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism)

• - 関西地方の風習で大きく長い巻き寿司。
• A long, large sushi roll customarily eaten in the Kansai region.

• 主に宇和島市などの南予地方で食べられる。
• It is commonly eaten in the Nanyo area, such as Uwajima City.

• 以降、近畿地方で多用されるようになった。
• It was commonly used ever since then.

• 地方によっては白い酒粕全てを板粕と呼ぶ。
• In some regions, all white sakekasu is referred to as itakasu.

• 地方によっては粉粕（こがす）と呼ばれる。
• In some regions, this is called kogasu.

• 地方料理（ちほうりょうり）とも言われる。
• They are also called local cuisine.

• この頃の中国地方の覇者は大内氏であった。
• The Ouchi clan was the supreme ruler in the western part of the mainland of Japan during this period.

• ただし、麺にする方法は各国、地方で異なる。
• The method of making noodles, however, varies by country or region.

• 炒った豆を神棚に供えてから撒く地方もある。
• In some regions, roasted beans are thrown after being offered on kamidana (a household Shinto altar).

• それぞれ各代金は、店や地方によって異なる。
• Each charge is different respectively, according to the ryotei and location.

• 地方によっては「サバケがよい」と表現する。
• In certain districts, it is expressed as 'Sabake ga yoi.'

• また、醤油系のタレなどで食べる地方もある。
• In some areas, it is also served with a sauce which is flavored with soy sauce.

• この形式の山笠は、筑豊地方で多く見られる。
• This type of yamakasa can often be seen in Chikuho region.

• 藩校の隆盛は地方文化の振興にもつながった。
• The prosperity of hanko led to the advancement of local culture.

• 朝廷の財政は、地方からの収入によっていた。
• The Imperial Court's finances depended on income from the country.

• なお、これに倣って地方でも壷銭が行われた。
• Along this line, tsubo-sen was also imposed by the local government.

• 残った商品を地方豪族や有力寺社が購入した。
• Local clans and influential temples bought the remaining goods.

• 地方の行政組織は、国・郡・里で統一された。
• Local administrative organizations were standardized as kuni (Province), gun (County) and ri.

• 長崎地方は古く中国大陸との貿易の歴史がある。
• The Nagasaki region historically traded with the Chinese continent in olden times.

• 地方や家庭によって呼び方が異なる場合がある。
• Onigiri is called differently depending on the region or home.

• 地方では「帯とめ紐」と呼ばれたこともあった。
• It was sometimes called the 'obitome cord' in some regions.

• 日本各地にその地方独特の寿司が根付いている。
• Each region in Japan has its own sushi.

• 八幡浜市周辺など南伊予地方で食べられている。
• This type of kamaboko is eaten in the south Iyo region around Yawatahama City.

• 千歳飴の製法には地方ごとに形状や色が異なる。
• Chitoseame varies in the shape and colors according to regions.

• 地方や、仏教の宗派により行事の形態は異なる。
• The form of the event differs depending on the region or Buddhist sect.

• 関西地方ではこれを「亀山」や「小倉」と呼ぶ。
• This dish is called 'Kameyama' or 'Ogura' in the Kansai region.

• 「めった汁」、「スキー汁」と呼ぶ地方もある。
• In some regions, it's called 'Mettajiru' or 'Ski-jiru.

• 2月8日（関西地方では12月8日）に行われる。
• The hari-kuyo event is held on February 8 (December 8 in the Kansai region).

• 他、地方や家庭によっていくつもの呼び方がある。
• It has many names depending on the region or home.

• 丹後地方の地場産業であるが近年は低迷している。
• It is a local industry of the Tango region, but it has been on the decline in the recent years.

• 北海道地方では「生寿司」と称されることが多い。
• This is often called 'Nama-zushi' (fresh sushi) in the Hokkaido region.

• 地方の名物とする試み、イベント商品としての拡販
• An attempt to make Ekiben local specialties and to expand Ekiben sales as an event goods

• 1956（昭和31）年、地方自治体による開発。
• In 1956, developed by the municipality

• また、現在でも旧暦の7月7日に行う地方もある。
• Even at present, tanabata is celebrated on July 7 of the old calendar in some regions.

• 彼らは戦乱を避けて地方に疎開することもあった。
• They sometimes evacuated to provinces to avoid the maelstrom of war.

• 福岡地方・北九州地区方面で食べられているうどん。
• Hakata Udon is a local dish of the Fukuoka area, the northern Kyushu area and vicinity.

• 左義長の行事で飾ったり、食べたりする地方も多い。
• In many regions, people decorate or eat it at an event of Sagicho (ritual bonfire of New Year's decorations).

• 伎楽は広く地方にも伝播していった形跡がみられる。
• Gigaku was widely spread throughout Japan, according to the evidences.

• 徳島県祖谷地方（東祖谷山村・東祖谷山村）の石豆腐
• Ishi-dofu in the Iya Valley area (Higashi-Iyayama-mura) of Tokushima Prefecture

• 例としては近畿地方の濃口醤油は色が一般的に濃い。
• For instance, koikuchi soy-sauce in the Kinki region is particularly dark-colored in general.

• 奈良県吉野地方で古くから伝わっている番茶である。
• Bancha made in the Yoshino region of Nara Prefecture since ancient times.

• 山陰地方では「甘粥（アマガユ）」と言う所もある。
• In some parts of the Sanin region, amazake is also called as amagayu.

• 地方により、三つ肴、雑煮、煮しめの内容は異なる。
• The contents of the mitsu-zakana, the zoni and the nishime vary according to the region.

• 中央で一掃された対立は地方で激化することになる。
• The conflict which dissapeared from the central area worsened in local districts.

• そして地方都市としての役割を果たすようになった。
• Then, they served as provincial cities.

• なお、近畿地方ではウナギのことを「マムシ」と呼ぶ。
• In the Kinki region eels are called 'mamushi.'

• 武蔵野うどん地域や北関東地方でよく用いられている。
• Such eating style is popular in regions manufacturing Musashino Udon noodles as well as in north Kanto.

• 祭りの規模の大きな地方では迷惑視されることも多い。
• Ohanadai is often considered as an annoyance in the regions where large scale festivals are held.

• 地方毎に出汁や具材が異なり、多様な種類が存在する。
• There are wide varieties of Yosenabe, whose dashi broth and ingredients vary in each region.

• 東北地方のゆべしは、大きく分けて2種類に分かれる。
• Yubeshi in the Tohoku region can be largely divided into two types.

• 地方によってはこういった形の成人式も多数存在する。
• Many Seijin-shiki ceremonies in the form of this type exist in some regions.

• 京阪地方を中心に盛んだったために上方歌と呼ばれた。
• Because it was popular in the Kyoto and Osaka area, it was called kamigata.

• 京都府を中心に、主として近畿地方で消費されている。
• It is consumed mainly in the Kinki area, especially in Kyoto prefecture.

• イシイルカについては九州地方での利用が比較的多い。
• Ishi-iruka dolphins (Phocoena dalli) are used comparatively well in the Kyushu area.

• 能勢氏（のせし）は、摂津国（北摂地方）の大身領主。
• The Nose clan was a taishin ryoshu (noble land owner) in Settsu Province (Hokusetsu region).

• 出羽国庄内地方は大宝寺大宝寺氏が代々支配していた。
• The Daihoji Muto clan had ruled the Shonai district of Dewa Province for generations.

• 近畿地方では｢きつね｣とは別メニューとして供される。
• In the Kinki region, Kizami Udon is distinguished from Kitsune Udon on the menu.

• 酉の市で縁起物を買う風習は、関東地方特有の年中行事。
• The tradition of buying lucky charms in Tori no ichi is an annual event unique to the Kanto region.

• ほうじ茶飲用の風習は、地方によってかなり相違がある。
• Hojicha drinking customs vary greatly by region.

• 中部地方では焼いた魚をそのまま燗酒に浸して賞味する。
• In the Chubu region, a whole grilled fish is soaked in warmed sake and tasted.

• 養蚕に関連の深い道具などをいっしょに飾る地方もある。
• In some regions, people decorate it with tools deeply related to sericulture.

• 単式複打についていえば東北地方の日本海側に主に分布。
• The single drum multiple drummer technique, however, is chiefly practiced on the Japan Sea side around the Tohoku area.

• 単式複打についていえば、瀬戸内海沿岸地方に主に分布。
• The single drum multiple drummer technique, however, is chiefly practiced on the coastal area of the Seto Inland Sea.

• 普段は、各地方ごとの組合で会議や研修等を行っている。
• Usually, it arranges conferences or training in the sub-association of each region.

• 関東地方の場合、牛肉を使用したのを「開化丼」と呼ぶ。
• In the Kanto region, donburimono using beef is called 'kaika-don.'

• 主に関西地方では牛肉を使用したのを「他人丼」と呼ぶ。
• Mainly in the Kansai region, donburimono using beef is called 'tanin-don.'

• １２月（地方行政の制度、着任の模様、行政管理の模様）
• December: System of local administration, descriptions of inauguration and government control

• そのうちの一人が北陸地方に逃れて源義仲に助けられる。
• One of them, however, was able to flee into the Hokuriku region and was helped by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.

• 地方や風習にもよるが、強制されたところもあったようだ。
• It depends on regions and customs, but it may have been compulsory in some places.

• また地方によっては、アワビの肝も珍味として食べられる。
• In other areas, awabi liver is appreciated as a delicacy.

• 近畿地方では古くから北前船によって昆布が多く流通した。
• Thanks to kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea during the Edo period), a large amount of kelp had been in circulation since long ago in the Kinki region.

• 近畿地方では、単に納豆と言えば甘納豆を指す場合もある。
• In the Kinki region, the use of the word 'natto' can sometimes refer to ama natto.
• In the Kinki area, amanatto can be simply called natto.

• ウンシュウミカンは主に関東地方以南の暖地で栽培される。
• Unshu mikan grows south of the Kanto region where the climate is mild.

• 特に、福島県会津地方周辺は良質な桐材の産地として有名。
• In particular, areas around the Aizu region, Fukushima Prefecture, are famous as area producing high-quality paulownia.

• 手締めは地方により、そのリズムや回数、掛け声が異なる。
• Tejime consists of different rhythms, numbers of claps and calls depending on the region.

• また土地の特産物を入れるなど、地方によって特色がある。
• Special local products unique to each region are used.

• 受領（ずりょう）とは、地方官の呼称に関する日本史用語。
• 'Zuryo' (受領) is a Japanese historical terminology referring to provincial governors.

• 東北地方北部以北は依然として律令国家の支配外であった。
• However, the northern part of the Tohoku region and further northwards were out of the ritsuryo kokka's control.

• 福岡県柳川地方を中心とする北部九州では有名な鰻飯である。
• This is a famous unagimeshi in northern Kyushu centering around the Yanagawa region in Fukuoka Prefecture.

• 石のほか藁鉄砲（藁束を硬く縛ったもの）を使う地方もある。
• In some regions, a straw gun (a bundle of straws tied up) is used instead of a stone.

• さいの神・才の神焼き・歳の神（新潟、福島県会津地方ほか。
• Saito no Kami, Sai no Kamiyaki, Sai no Kami (Niigata Prefecture, Aizu region in Fukushima Prefecture and others.

• 伊勢地方はお茶の産地でもある事からお茶をもらう事が多い。
• As the Ise region is a famous tea producing area, tea is often given as a koden-gaeshi.

• その量は膨大で沿岸地方自治体の財政を圧迫するほどである。
• The volume of wreckage is so massive that it places an enormous financial burden on the municipalities in coastal regions.

• 仙台ゆべしなど、東北地方のゆべしにはユズが入っていない。
• Yubeshi in the Tohoku region such as Sendai Yubeshi does not contain citron.

• 特に東北地方の仙台藩・会津藩・庄内藩・南部藩などは有名。
• In particular, Sendai Domain, Aizu Domain, Shonai Domain, and Nanbu Domain were well known for this.

• 江戸、岡山藩、薩摩藩、遠州地方、福井藩など各地に広まる。
• His archery school became well-spread to various places such as Edo, Okayama Domain, Satsuma Domain, the Enshu region, and Fukui Domain.

• それらは地方劇で上演され、戯曲 (中国)の題材となった。
• These were played at local theaters and became the theme of plays (China).

• 九州では、濃口でも関東地方のものに比べ、比較的色は黒い。
• In Kyusyu, koikuchi soy-sauce is darker than that of the Kanto region.

• 地方によっては原料の収穫時期や製法を変えている所もある。
• The harvesting period and manufacturing method differ in some regions.

• 近畿地方では、出汁を混入しただし巻き卵の方が主流である。
• In the Kinki Region, tamagoyaki is typically prepared with dashi (Japanese soup stock made from kelp and/or bonito shavings) and the dish prepared this way is called dashimaki.

• すき焼きは、日本国内各地方でその調理法に違いが見られる。
• The way sukiyaki is cooked differs by region of Japan.

• 現在ではほとんどの地方で元日以降に食べるのが普通である。
• Today, however, they're commonly eaten on and after New Year's Day in nearly every region of Japan.

• 地方によっては両親が執り行わず、帯親と呼ばれる人物に託す。
• In some regions, the ceremony is conducted by a person called obioya, instead of the child's parents.

• 布団（重）は2～8重と地方ごとの伝統によって段数が異なる。
• The traditions of each region determine the number of layers of the futon (ju); double layers to octupled.

• 地方によっては、太鼓台や布団太鼓などをこう呼ぶ場合もある。
• In some local communities, danjiri refers to taikodai (a festival float in which a drum is fit inside) and futon-daiko (a big taikodai).

• 近畿地方の和泉国・河内国・摂津国地域などの祭礼で見られる。
• It is seen at rites and festivals in areas such as Izumi Province, Kawachi Province and Settsu Province in the Kinki region

• 福神漬（ふくじんづけ、「ふくしんづけ」と呼ぶ地方も多い。）
• Fukujinzuke (or fukusinnzuke depending on regions) (literally, pickles of the gods of good fortune).

• 仙台駅や盛岡駅など東北地方各地で駅弁としても売られている。
• It is also sold as ekiben (a box lunch sold on a train or at a station) in various places in the Tohoku region such as Sendai Station and Morioka Station.

• この他、少年少女の素人歌舞伎を稚児歌舞伎と呼ぶ地方がある。
• Moreover, there are some regions where the kabuki (Japanese classical drama) performed by amateur boys and girls are called chigo kabuki.

• 畿内地方では、木材は四寸角、長さ十三尺五寸が基準とされた。
• In the Kinai Region (countries near Kyoto), the standard for lumber was 12.12 cm squared and 4.09 m long.

• ただ、地方や藩によって違いがあり、厳密なものではなかった。
• It was not a strictly uniform unit and there were certain differences depending on the district or feudal domain.

• また、関東地方の一部などでは巫女が仮面を嵌める場合もある。
• In some areas of the Kanto region, mikomai dances are performed by masked dancers as well.

• 関西地方では、「満中陰志」と表書きし、黄白の水引をかける。
• In western Japan, you should write '満中陰志' on the front side of the koden-gaeshi and decorate it with yellow and white mizuhiki.

• 若狭国地方の伝統料理で、越冬の保存食として重宝されている。
• Heshiko developed as a local food of Wakasa Province, and is still appreciated as preserved food for winter.

• 表面に醤油が塗られているものが、名古屋地方に多くみられる。
• Around Nagoya, soy sauce is often spread on the surface of takoyaki.

• 九州地方では、柚子胡椒と呼ばれる調味料としても使用される。
• In the Kyushu region it's used as a seasoning called yuzu kosho, which is a spicy, hot Japanese condiment made from yuzu rind, chili and salt.

• その後、足利直冬を助けて戦い山陰地方に大きな勢力を張った。
• Later, the clan fought, aiding Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, and laid down large forces in the Sanin area.

• 「職能」起源論では地方の武士を十分説明できるわけではない。
• The bushi in local regions cannot be explained fully by the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'

• 1966年2月22日、京都地方裁判所が強制執行停止を決定。
• On February 22, 1966, the Kyoto District Court decided to discontinue compulsory execution.

• 戦国時代 (日本)にはさらに文化の民衆化と地方普及が進んだ。
• In the the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the popularization and spread of culture to local regions were accelerated.

• 赤味噌は、東北地方（米）・中京圏（豆）を中心に作られている。
• Red miso is produced mainly in the Tohoku region (rice) and Chukyo area (soybean).

• このように、地方によって工夫を凝らした担ぎ方が多数存在する。
• As mentioned above, there are many original styles of lifting up Taikodai in each region.

• この失態のため、京都から陸奥国（東北地方）へ左遷させられた。
• For his blunder, he was relegated from Kyoto to Mutsu Province (Tohoku region).

• 生産地は、いずれもそうした動物がまだ生息している地方が多い。
• Most areas that produce fude are those which have animals which are used in the production of fude.

• 取れたての生きの良いアワビを磯焼きにして賞味する地方もある。
• In some areas, awabi are grilled when freshly caught.

• これは背後に控える丹波地方でそば作りが盛んだったためである。
• It is due to the fact that soba was actively cultivated in the adjacent Tanba region.

• 現代に伝わる古い鮓の形は近江地方の鮒鮓や熊野の年魚鮓である。
• A style of old sushi was handed down to Funa-zushi (crucian carp fermented sushi) in the Omi region and to Ayu-zushi in Kumano in the modern period.

• 後者の例は観光客誘致の手段として、地方においてよく見られる。
• This is a common measure taken in the provinces to attract tourists.

• 二系統あり、東北地方の山伏神楽と、伊勢国などの太神楽がある。
• It has two schools; one is called yamabushi-kagura (kagura played by ascetic monks living in mountains) which is performed in Tohoku region, and another called dai-kagura which is performed in Ise and other provinces.

• 温暖で西海、諫早地方が産地である長崎県は柑橘の産地でもある。
• With its mild climate and famous growing regions of Saikai and Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture is one of the major citrus production area.

• - 10月（かんなづき）、出雲地方では神有月（かみありつき）
• 10 (ju) gatsu, Kannazuki (the month of the absence of gods), or Kamiarizuki (the month of gods) in Izumo region

• なお名称は醸造されている地方ごとに別々の名が付けられている。
• It is called by different names in the different regions in which it is brewed.

• また、衣に卵を使うものを限定して「ザンギ」をする地方もある。
• In some regions, only food prepared using egg in the batter for the coating is called 'zangi.'

• しかし正確には東日本、特に関東地方の銭湯に特有のものである。
• However, precisely speaking, this mural painting is peculiar to the sento of eastern Japan, especially the Kanto region.

• 地方の村祭りでは、相撲と弓矢を模した舞神楽を行うものもある。
• In some village festivals in local regions, maikagura (Shinto music and dance) imitating sumo and Yumiya is performed.

• 伊勢地方では、伝統的に黒砂糖を用いたういろうが食されていた。
• In the Ise region, Uiro with black sugar was traditionally eaten.

• 地方の行政機関は、庶民を統制して、租税を収奪する機構である。
• Local administrative bodies were responsible for controlling the common people and collecting taxes.

• 時行の挙兵に応じて北陸地方では北条一族の名越時兼が挙兵する。
• In the Hokuriku region, Tokikane NAGOSHI, a member of the Hojo clan, raised an army in response to Tokiyuki.

• こうして東北地方南部は徐々に律令制の内部に組み込まれていく。
• Thus, the southern part of the Tohoku region was gradually incorporated into the ritsuryo system.

• 地方によって歌の内容は異なるが、亥の子のための歌が使用される。
• The song that children sing varies according to region, usually the song for Inoko (young boar) is used.

• 他にも地方によっては小麦粉やキビなどの穀物粉を使うものもある。
• In some regions, it is made from normal flour or millet flour.

• 小麦粉を原料とするものは、主に近畿地方で古くから作られている。
• Wheat flour senbei has been made mainly in the Kinki region since olden days.

• 祖谷地方は大きな温度差や霧が多い気候でソバの栽培に適している。
• Climate in the Iya region is suitable for growing buckwheat with a wide range of temperatures and frequent fog.

• この様子に限り、後日日本放送協会でも近畿地方に限り放送された。
• The concert was later broadcast in the Kinki region by NHK.

• また、北海道・東北地方の一部で砂糖を加えることが知られている。
• It is also known that in some parts of Hokkaido and the Tohoku region, sugar is added to natto.

• ところが、江戸時代になっても東北地方の藩などに普及しなかった。
• Even during the Edo period, however, it was not popularly used in feudal domains in the Tohoku District.

• 浪速神楽（なにわかぐら）は関西地方を中心に伝わる里神楽の一種。
• Naniwa kagura-dance is a kind of Satokagura (kagura performance held somewhere other than the imperial palace) handed down mainly in the Kansai region.

• なお、出雲地方では正月の雑煮としてぜんざいを食する習慣がある。
• In fact, in the Izumo region, it is common to eat zenzai for the New Year soup dish called zoni.

• 地方政治は藩によって行われ、幕府と合わせて幕藩体制と呼ばれる。
• Local politics were conducted in each domain, which are, together with the bakufu, called the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.

• 地方官である受領もまた、多くの収入を得ていたと考えられている。
• It is thought that local Zuryo officials also earned a significant amount of money in terms of income.

• この流れをつくる地方税制は一定の形式によらなければ成立しない。
• A local taxation system which creates this cycle cannot be established without taking a certain form.

• 牛スジが主であるが、中部地方の一部などでは豚を用いることもある。
• Although the major fibrous meat is cow line meat, pork is also used in some areas of the Chubu region.

• 庶民文芸の発展や鎌倉新仏教の地方への広まりなどはその現れである。
• Typical examples were the development of the popular literature and the spread of Kamakura New Buddhism (new schools of Japanese Buddhism founded during the Kamakura period) to local regions.

• 近畿地方では大鳥大社（大阪府堺市西区 (堺市)）が本社とされる。
• In the Kinki region, Otori Taisha Shrine (in Nishi Ward, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture) is said to be the main shrine.

• 地方によってはタコを入れた炊き込みご飯を桜飯と呼ぶところがある。
• In some regions, takikomi gohan when served with octopus is called sakura meshi.

• それ以降、ほとんどの地方で成人式はこの日に行われるようになった。
• Thereafter, the Seijin-shiki ceremony came to be held on this day in most regions throughout Japan.

• 北陸地方は、混合方式の比率が高く、九州ほどではないが甘みが強い。
• The soy-sauce in the Hokuriku region is with the high ratio of mixed method, and it tastes sweet though not to the extent of the soy-sauce in Kyusyu region.

• 北海道・東北地方では、基本的に関東の食文化に準ずる使い方をする。
• In the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions, soy-sauce is used in accordance with the food culture of the Kanto region.

• 2000年以降、近畿地方以外に展開するチェーン店が増加している。
• Since 2000, an increasing number of takoyaki restaurant chains have begun to expand into regions other than Kinki.

• 関東地方では、おかずとして食べる場合にも砂糖を加える家庭が多い。
• In the Kanto Region, sweetened tamagoyaki is popular as an everyday side dish.

• こうして、東北地方では12世紀には蝦夷としての独立性は失われた。
• In this way, the Emishi lost their independence in the Tohoku region by the twelfth century.

• 広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
• In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.

• （この為か、京阪地方の和算家の実態があまり今日に伝わっていない。）
• (Perhaps for this reason, the details of wasan mathematicians from the Kyoto and Osaka area are not widely known today.)

• 福井県の嶺北地方では結婚式の最後の儀式でまんじゅうまきが行われる。
• In Reihoku region, Fukui Prefecture, a manju-throwing ceremony is performed at the end of the wedding ceremony.

• そのため他の地方のものと比べ、ほんのりとした甘みと食べ応えがある。
• Therefore, when comparing to other regions, this sushi is slightly sweet and filling.

• 三味線を用いた音楽としては、初期に上方（京阪地方）で成立していた。
• Initially, jiuta was established as a music that used shamisen in the area of Kyoto and Osaka.

• 一方、最も近い発生源である中国東北地方のものは最短半日で到達する。
• On the other hand, the kosa produced in the northeastern part of China, the nearest kosa-producing place reaches Korea only in half a day.

• 近世においては、庄屋などの地方三役へ給与された田地を給田と呼んだ。
• In the modern age, rice fields granted to the three top officers in the village such as the shoya (village headman) were called Kyuden.

• 公表していないが実際には地方に引っこんでいる例は多いものと思われる。
• Although unstated, it is likely that there are actually many who have retired to the country.

• 関西地方では、搗き立てをそのまま手で捏ね丸める「丸餅」が主流である。
• In Kansai Region, maru-mochi (round mochi) is the mainstream which is shaped by kneading and rounding mochi with hands right after pounding it.

• 魚崎地方を中心に発展し、江戸時代には上方の代表産地として名を馳せた。
• Developed around the Uozaki district, Nada gained a reputation as a leading production area in Kamigata during the Edo period.

• 三重県の伊賀地方、奈良県の「丁稚羊羹」は、福井の水羊羹に形態が近い。
• Detchi-yokan made in Nara Prefecture and in the Iga district in Mie Prefecture is similar to the mizu-yokan made in Fukui Prefecture.

• 地方で行われる翁神事の中には、金春流の影響を受けたものが少なくない。
• Among ritual Shinto Okina performances held at local shrines, not a few show the influence of the Konparu school.

• ただし日本では、地方や流派によって、旧正月や、立春とすることがある。
• In some districts or groups in Japan, however, the former New Year or the beginning of spring (the first day of spring according to the lunar calendar) is used.

• 濃厚な味のため、関東地方ではだし昆布として、この羅臼昆布が好まれる。
• Having thick taste, L. diabolica is preferred to be used for soup stock by the people living in Kanto region.

• 日本各地に、その地方の伝統や名物などを読み込んだいろはかるたがある。
• All over Japan, various karuta cards exist in which the traditions and the features of the local community are expressed.

• これを、いわゆる薩摩揚げと同じだと他の地方の人が誤解することが多い。
• This is often confused with what it is called Satsuma-age (fried fish cake) by people from other prefectures.

• 地方自治体で設置された土俵では頑丈なシートで俵を作成する場合もある。
• When dohyo is built by local governments, strong sheets are sometimes used to make bales.

• そして都で散楽を見た地方出身者らによって、日本各地に広まっていった。
• As a result, it was spread throughout Japan by provincials who saw Sangaku in Kyoto.

• 地方によって、「押し粕」「諸白（もろはく）粕」「練り粕」と呼ばれる。
• In some regions, it is called 'oshikasu,' 'morohakukasu,' or 'nerikasu.'

• 昭和40年代になると、関東地方でも屋台での販売が見られるようになる。
• Since around 1965, food wagons selling takoyaki have been observed in the Kanto region.

• 「金団」とは黄金の団子という意味（金の布団の意味とする地方もある）。
• The term 'kinton' is used in reference to a gold-colored dumpling (in some regions it may mean a golden mattress).

• 平安期にはいると、正税と並んで公出挙が主要な地方財源となっていった。
• Ku-Suiko became the main financial resources for local government along with Shozei in the Heian period.

• 宗像氏や麻生氏など筑前・豊前の国人は中国地方の大内氏の影響を受けた。
• Kokujin in Chikuzen and Buzen, such as the Munakata clan and the Aso clan were influenced by the Ouchi clan in the Chugoku district.

• 地方出身の単身者が多かった江戸では、蕎麦やてんぷらなどの屋台が栄えた。
• In Edo where many single persons, not living with their families, from outside Edo, lived in Edo, street stalls serving soba and tenpura flourished.

• 京と地方の民間暦との間で置閏法などに違いが生じるなどの混乱が発生した。
• As a result, a confusion occurred between the calendar compiled in Kyoto and private calendars such that the calendars used different Chijun-ho (a calendar technique for setting the leap month and leap day).

• ただし、上衣と外套の白色を選べるのは暑い地方や暑い夏の時期に限られた。
• It was stipulated that white should be selected for Joi and overcoats only in hot areas during the hot season.

• 地元の人が「みこし」と呼ぶため、他地方の人からはよく神輿と間違われる。
• This mikoshi-yatai, called 'mikoshi' by the local people, is often mistaken a different mikoshi (a portable shrine) with the identical pronunciation by those in other regions.

• ほうじ茶を常飲する地方では、大きなやかんで煮出す方法を取ることが多い。
• In areas where hojicha is regularly drunk, it is most often made in a big kettle.

• このためこの地方では江戸時代から、スケトウダラを「めんたい」と呼んだ。
• As a result, walleye pollack have been called 'mentai' in these regions since the Edo period.

• 奈良県・大阪府・兵庫県東部を中心に関西地方の各地で、夏・秋に行われる。
• These festivals and rites take place in summer and fall in various regions mainly around Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture and the eastern part of Hyogo Prefecture.

• 彼らが行った君主批判や地方分権論は清初の経世致用の学へと結実していく。
• Their criticism towards monarchy, and decentralization theory led to learning that is practically useful to rule a country during the early Qing Dynasty.

• もう1つは出雲地方の「神在（じんざい）もち」に起因すると言う説である。
• Another theory holds that the word derives from 'Jinzai (meaning 'gods exist') Mochi' originated in the Izumo region.

• フランスのブルターニュ地方では古くからそば粥が庶民の常食とされていた。
• In the French region of Brittany, buckwheat porridge has been a staple food of the common people since ancient times.

• 地方によっては、黒川能のような五流から離れた郷土色豊かな能も見られる。
• In some local cities, there are very unique local Noh performances, such as Kurokawa Noh, that is different from those of the five schools.

• また「餅を使わない雑煮」を作る地方もあり、里芋や豆腐が餅の代替となる。
• In some areas, 'zoni without mochi' contains taro or tofu (bean curd) instead.

• また、遅れて室町時代には関東地方において上杉憲実が足利学校を再興する。
• Later, during the Muromachi period, Norizane UESUGI re-established the Ashikaga School in the Kanto region.

• 北海道・北東北地方においては水田耕作が受容されず続縄文時代に移行した。
• In Hokkaido and the northern Tohoku area, rice cultivation in paddy fields was not acceptable and lives there were like those in the post Jomon period.

• 開発領主の中には、地方へ国司として下向して土着した下級貴族も多くいた。
• Among kaihatsu-ryoshus, many took their post as kokushi in the local regions and became indigenized lower-ranking nobles.

• このころになると、信長の動きに関連して各地方も統一への道を歩み始める。
• Around this time, in relation to Nobunaga's movements, each region started to move toward unification.

• 賎民のなかには李氏朝鮮に敗北した地方豪族（将軍）の子孫も含まれている。
• The descendants of powerful local clans (generals) defeated by the Yi dynasty were also included in Senmin.

• 牟婁郡（熊野地方）では、口熊野の山本氏が湯河氏に同調して徹底抗戦した。
• In Muro County (Kumano district), the Yamamoto clan in Kuchikumano offered do-or-die resistance, following the Yukawa clan.

• 各地方においても陶磁、漆工芸など独自の工芸品が生産されるようになった。
• Local domains began to produce their own handicrafts, such as ceramic ware and lacquer works.

• これは、古代の地方の様相を示す貴重な文献資料 (歴史学)になっている。
• They constitute precious works of literature (historical sources) which show local situations in ancient times.

• 主に関西弁を用いるため、近畿地方外出身者がその会得に苦労する点でもある。
• Kamigata rakugo mainly uses the Kansai dialect, which is not easy for those who do not come from the Kinki region.

• 戦前は、寄席がおもな活動の拠点で、グループを組んで地方公演も行っていた。
• Before the war, they mainly performed at the yose (storyteller theater) and, also made a group to perform on the road.

• また、地方官や軍務などの重職についたときなどに仮に許されることもあった。
• Also, important officers such as local officials and military officers were granted to wear the Gyotai.

• 兵庫県播州地方では、その形が三味線のバチに似ている事から「バチ」と言う。
• In Banshu district of Hyogo Prefecture, it is called 'bachi' because it looks like bachi (plectrum) of shamisen.

• なおつゆは現在ではこの地方でも一般にそうめんやそばのつけ汁のことである。
• Now in this area tsuyu generally means dipping sauce of somen (thin wheat noodles) and buckwheat noodles.

• 味噌汁の具（実）には、地方風土により様々な差異があるがここに一例を記す。
• There are various ingredients (mi) of miso soup depending on the areas and some examples follow;

• 地方（じかた） 長唄や清元などの唄、語りや三味線や鳴物の演奏をうけもつ者
• Jikata: Performers specialized in providing musical accompaniment to dancers including songs such as Nagauta and Kiyomoto, katari (talking), shamisen (three-stringed Japanese musical instrument) and narimono (wind instruments and percussions).

• 食文化としては、ご飯にかけずに納豆だけを食べる地方の存在が知られている。
• It is known that in some areas natto isn't served over cooked rice but is eaten independently.

• 関西方面（特に近畿地方）の年配者には稲荷寿司を「しのだ」と呼ぶ人もいる。
• Some elderly people in the Kansai region (especially in the Kinki area) call Inarizushi 'Shinoda.'

• 地方によって女児の初潮を祝して赤飯を振舞う習慣があったが、廃れつつある。
• People in some regions had the custom of serving sekihan rice in celebration of a girl's first menstruation, but that custom is now going out of fashion.

• 例えば地方国司による東大寺の荘園開発を示す史料などが多数発見されている。
• For example, many historical documents indicating that local kokushi (provincial governors) developed manors for Todai-ji Temple have been found.

• 直接記録に残ってはいないが、東北地方も例外ではなかったと考えられている。
• It is believed, although there is no written record of this, that the Tohoku region was not spared the effects of the disaster.

• こうして武士は地方領主化して地域の実効支配者としての地位を築いていった。
• In this way, as samurai turned into local feudal lords, they gradually became established as effective controllers of each area.

• 幡多地方はほとんど血が流れることなく長宗我部氏の統治するところとなった。
• Hata District thus came to be ruled by Motochika CHOSOKABE without bloodshed.

• 関東地方で濃口醤油が発明され、調味や色付けに醤油が多用されるようになった。
• In the Kanto region, strong soy sauce was invented and came to be used for seasoning or coloring many dishes.

• タコは手近なタンパク質の供給源として、世界各地の沿岸地方で食用されている。
• As a commonly available source of protein, octopus has been consumed as food in coastal areas worldwide.

• 二毛作による粉食文化のある群馬県・埼玉県北部・秩父地方の野菜煮込みうどん。
• Okkirikomi is a bowl of simmering Udon noodles with vegetables, a specialty of Gunma Prefecture, north of Saitama Prefecture and the Chichibu area, where they are enjoying a powdered food culture materialized by the two-crop system.

• その中で｢柔らかな麺｣という特徴をこの地方では後々まで引き継いでいった説。
• Then, a theory suggests that younger generations in this area were handed down the features of 'soft noodles.'

• 泉大津地方では、互いのだんじりをぶつけ合う「かちあい」が名物となっている。
• In the Izumiotsu region, 'kachiai,' in which the danjiri belonging to different groups are smashed into each other, has become quite a sight..

• 主な産地は京都府丹後地方の丹後ちりめんR、滋賀県長浜市の浜ちりめんである。
• Its major production areas are the Tango region in Kyoto Prefecture where Tango Chirimen R is produced and Nagahama City in Shiga Prefecture where Hama Chirimen is produced.

• 江戸時代に入り領主となった伊達政宗が阿武隈川修繕の視察に亘理地方を訪れた。
• At the start of the Edo period, Masamune DATE, who became the feudal lord, visited Watari region for inspection of renovation work at Abukuma-gawa River.

• 現在では全国で盛んに行われているが、元来は関東圏における地方風俗であった。
• While today, it is well-practiced throughout the whole country of Japan, it was originally a local folkway of the Kanto area.

• この風習は1980年代後半までは関東地方（東京）などを中心に多く見られた。
• This tradition was often seen in the regions around Kanto area (Tokyo) until the latter half of the 1980's.

• 京都新聞（きょうとしんぶん）は京都府と滋賀県を中心に発行されている地方紙。
• Kyoto Shimbun is a local newspaper published mainly in Kyoto and Shiga Prefectures.

• 管国は関東地方と伊豆国・甲斐国で、1392年に陸奥国・出羽国が追加された。
• Its original jurisdiction included the Kanto region, Izu Province and Kai Province, and Mutsu Province and Dewa province were added in 1392.

• 律令上、租税の中でも正税は、地方機関（国府や郡家）の主要財源とされていた。
• In the Ritsuryo codes, Shozei was regarded as the main financial resources for local administrative organizations (Kokufu and Gunke) among various land taxes.

• 近世（江戸時代）において、名主（なぬし）は地方三役の呼び名の一つとなった。
• In the early modern age, and specifically the Edo period, village headmen were called nanushi, which was one of the three official positions of a provincial community.

• アラハバキ（荒覇吐、荒吐、荒脛巾）信仰は、東北地方一帯に見られる民俗信仰。
• Arahabaki belief is a folk belief found in the Tohoku region.

• 江戸への移封後はこれらが関東地方に随行してそのまま江戸幕府の水軍となった。
• After Ieyasu was transferred to Edo, these clans moved to the Kanto region with him and remained the Edo bakufu's suigun.

• 大塩に従った農民も多く、地方にも飛び火して幕府や諸藩に大きな衝撃を与えた。
• Many farmers followed Oshio, and the uprising spread repercussions in other regions, which gave a great shock to the shogunate government and domains.

• 日本でも沖縄県や鹿児島県の奄美諸島などの一部地域では旧正月を祝う地方がある。
• In Japan, people celebrate kyu-shogatsu in some areas such as Okinawa Prefecture and the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture.

• なお、関東地方以外では浜松市の大安寺（静岡県浜松市中区）で酉の市が行われる。
• Outside the Kanto region, Tori no ichi is held in Daian-ji Temple in Hamamatsu City (in Naka Ward, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture).

• 北海道地方では、秋に懇親を主たる目的として行われる会合を指してこう呼ばれる。
• In Hokkaido region, it indicates the gatherings in autumn intended mainly to socialize.

• このようなことから、太鼓台に女性が触れることを禁忌とする（した）地方も多い。
• For this reason, in many regions women are (were) restrained by the religious taboo from touching a taikodai.

• また、地面を搗くのは、田の神を天（あるいは山）に返すためと伝える地方もある。
• In some regions, it is said that the act of pounding the ground was intended to send tanoak (deity of rice fields and harvests) to the heaven (or mountains).

• 東人形、京人形とも呼ばれ、京阪地方では『いちまさん』の愛称で親しまれている。
• It is also called Azuma ningyo (Azuma doll) and Kyo ningyo (Kyo doll) and is fondly referred to as 'Ichimasan' in the Keihan area (Kyoto-Osaka area).

• 生育地である下記の地方公共団体が作成したレッドデータブックに掲載されている。
• Junsai is referred to in the red data book made by local public bodies mentioned below.

• 日本に生息する種は古くから利用されてきたので、様々な地方名（方言名）がある。
• As the species living in Japan have been used since ancient times, they are known by different names according to the region.

• 元は山形県内陸部・東北・北関東など天然のなめこが採れる地方にて食されていた。
• Nameko soba was originally consumed in the areas like the interior regions of Yamagata Prefecture as well as the Tohoku and North Kanto areas where wild nameko mushrooms were collected.

• 関東地方では安価な墓参用線香の需要の内すでに7～80％が輸入品が占めている。
• In the Kanto region, imported products account for 70% to 80% of the market of cheap Senko used for grave visits.

• 主要生産地は熊本県南部の人吉盆地（人吉・球磨地方）で、28の蔵元がひしめく。
• The major production area is Hitoyoshi Bonchi basin in southern Kumamoto Prefecture (Hitoyoshi/Kuma region) where there is a remarkable number of twenty-eight shochu breweries.

• 3. 新暦8月15日（月遅れの盆。新暦7月15日を主に祝う地方では旧盆とも）
• (3) August 15 of the Gregorian calendar (Tsukiokure no Bon, or one month late Bon; also called Kyubon, or old Bon in areas that mainly celebrate on July 15)

• 中生温州の代表的な品種で、愛媛県、特に南予地方において主力品種とされている。
• It is a representative cultivar among 'nakate unshu' and is a main product of Ehime Prefecture, especially in the Nanyo area.

• 東北地方でも多賀城や平泉の毛越寺に曲水の宴の跡が認められるという意見もある。
• Some people claim that there are cites of Kyokusui no en at the Taga-jo Castle and the Motsu-ji Temple of Hiraizumi in Tohoku region.

• 当初、養蚕の後退とともに、桑に変わる転勤作物として、関西地方から導入された。
• At first it was introduced from the Kansai region to replace mulberry following the retreat of sericulture.

• 地方性により、特に濃口醤油においてはむしろ色が濃いものが好まれる場合もある。
• In some regions, koikuchi soy-sauce in darker color may be especially preferred.

• なお、北海道、東北地方において「番茶」とは「ほうじ茶」全般を指すことが多い。
• Moreover, the word 'bancha' often refers to 'hojicha' in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region.

• 無尽から発展したものとしては、現在の第二地方銀行、消費者金融に多く見られる。
• For those developed from Mujin, there are many organizations in current secondary regional banks and consumer loans.

• これはその地方の伝統が反映された特徴によるもので、その土地の祭礼ごとに異なる。
• These tempestuous movements of parades vary in each rite and festival of regions, depending on local traditions.

• 博多（福岡県福岡市）の名産品で、広く九州・山口県地方の土産物としても知られる。
• Karashi-mentaiko is a specialty of Hakata (Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture) and also known as a souvenir from the Kyushu region and Yamaguchi Prefecture.

• アリューシャン諸島で繁殖するが、冬鳥として北海道・東北地方に飛来する事がある。
• Some Red-faced Cormorants migrate from their breeding grounds on the Aleutian Islands to Hokkaido or Tohoku region in order to pass the winter.

• また、旧暦3月3日 (旧暦)の雛祭りなども、多くの地方で月遅れで行われている。
• Also, Hina-matsuri (the Doll festival) was March 3 in the old calendar but is now held one month later in many regions.

• 同県のみならず北陸地方で多く栽培されるが、耐冷性に弱く、耐倒伏性にもやや弱い。
• It is grown not only in Niigata Prefecture but also in the Hokuriku district, but it's weak in terms of its resistance to cold and bacterial blight of rice (leaf blotch).

• 第一次世界大戦とそれ以降に不作が続くと、東北地方からの都会への移住者が増えた。
• After World War I and following continuous poor crop yield, the number of migrants from Tohoku region to urban area increased.

• 室町時代から安土桃山時代には、戦国大名により各地に地方色豊かな文化が生まれた。
• During the period from the Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, a localized culture was born in various regions by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• しかし、実際には、このような切腹はいかなる時代・地方においても存在しなかった。
• However, such seppuku did not actually take place during any period or in any location.

• 入れる野菜も、地方によってはモヤシを入れたりジャガイモを入れたりと様々である。
• Also, the vegetables used as ingredients for sukiyaki differ by region, like moyashi (bean sprouts), potato and so forth.

• 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
• In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.

• アラハバキを祀る神社は東北地方に多く見られるが、関東以南でもみることができる。
• Shrines dedicated to Arahabaki are common in the Tohoku region, but are also found south of the Kanto region.

• また、個々人の武士が国司・荘園領主として地方の政務を担う局面も拡大していった。
• And each bushi was increasingly in charge of regional government practices as kokushi or the lords of shoen.

• 1966年2月25日、部落問題研究所が京都地方裁判所に仮処分命令申請書を提出。
• On February 25, 1966, the Institute of Buraku Problem filed an application for a provisional disposition order to the Kyoto District Court.

• 中部地方の勝坂式土器、新潟県で出土する馬高式土器などがその代表的なものである。
• The typical examples are Katsusaka-shiki doki (the Katsusaka-type earthen vessel) excavated in the Chubu region, and Umataka-shiki doki (the Umataka-type earthen vessel) excavated in Niigata Prefecture.

• 平安時代に入っても下志万氏はこの地方の有力者であったとされるが、後に没落した。
• The Shimojima clan was believed to be the locally influential family even in the Heian period, but went to ruin later.

• また都市の芸術音楽から流行歌、やがて地方の民謡にまで盛んに使われるようになった。
• It came to be used for a wide range of music, such as art music and popular songs in the cities, and later also for Minyo (a traditional folk song) in the countryside.

• 中には、地理的に離れた地方同士で類似した掛け声をもつところもあり非常に興味深い。
• What is interesting about the calls is that some are similar to each other even though the areas are geographically apart.

• 朝鮮半島で作られたスケトウダラの塩漬けは、17世紀に北九州・山口地方へ伝わった。
• Salted walleye pollack was imported to northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi regions in the 17th century.

• 関西地方で油揚げを使った料理は信太・信田（発音は共にしのだ）と呼ばれる事がある。
• In the Kansai region, a dish using abura-age is often called shinoda (written as 信太 or 信田).

• 使われる山芋にはつくね芋（京都）、大和芋（関東）、伊勢芋（中部地方）などがある。
• Yam used includes tsukuneimo (Chinese Yam) (Kyoto), yamatoimo (Japanese slimy potato) (Kanto region), and iseimo (Japanese yam) (Chubu region).

• 丹後ちりめん（たんごちりめん）は、京都府の丹後地方で生産される高級絹織物のこと。
• Tango Chirimen is a high-quality silk fabric produced in the Tango region of Kyoto Prefecture.

• 阿武隈川の河口付近にある亘理地方（亘理町荒浜）では、鮭の地引網漁が盛んであった。
• In the Watari region (Arahama, Watari Town) near the mouth of Abukuma-gawa River, beach seine fishery of salmon was popular.

• したがって、関西地方では「メンチ」あるいは「メンチカツ」という表現は避けられる。
• Therefore, in the Kansai region, the word 'menchi' or 'menchi katsu' is avoided.

• その他多くの流派が棒の手、獅子舞、棒踊りや祭りの露払いとして地方に伝わっている。
• In addition, Bojutsu of many schools have succeeded as Bo no te, shishimai, bo-odori and a herald of festival in various regions.

• めはりずしは、同じく奈良県・和歌山県（および三重県の熊野地方）の郷土料理である。
• Mehari-zushi is also one of the local dishes in Nara and Wakayama Prefectures (and in the Kumano region of Mie Prefecture).

• その他、伊勢地方では香典返しを「代非時（だいひじ）」といい通夜の会場で渡される。
• In addition, in Ise region, koden-gaeshi is called 'Daihiji (代非時)' and is given at the lykewake.

• 宇治地方は古くから良質の粘土が採れ、須恵器などを焼いていた窯場跡が見られていた。
• Since long ago, the Uji region has always had an abundance of good quality clays, where old kiln sites of unglazed (ceramic) ware are found.

• 明治以降も地方、とくに馬の生産を行っていた地域においては祭典競馬が盛んに行われた
• After the Meiji period, saiten keiba was especially active in regions where there were horse farms.

• アジア諸地域ではこの頃から中国の影響を離れ、文化の地方化が進んだといわれている。
• It is said that various countries became less influenced by China and each developed their own culture around that time.

• ナニャドヤラ（「ナニャトヤラ」とも言われる、岩手県北・青森県南・秋田県鹿角地方）
• Nanyadoyara (A Folk Tune Interjected as a Refrain of Nanyadoyara): This tune is also called Nanyatoyara, and it's enjoyed in the northern part of Iwate Prefecture, the southern part of Aomori Prefecture and the Kazuno district of Akita Prefecture.

• 親子どんがよく使われる呼称であるが、地方によっては親子どんぶりと言うこともある。
• Oyakodon is the most common name, but some regions call it Oyako-donburi.

• 地方は一般に国・郡・里の行政組織に編成され、それぞれ国司・郡司・里長が置かれた。
• The administrative organization of areas generally consisted of provinces, districts and villages and these were headed by kokushi (provincial governors), gunji (district managers) and richo (village chiefs) respectively.

• 健児（こんでい）は、奈良時代から平安時代における地方軍事力として整備された軍団。
• 'Kondei' means well-equipped cohorts, which were organized as local military forces from the Nara period through the Heian period.

• この時点ではまだ東国中心の地方政権であったが天皇・上皇と並ぶ武家権力が誕生した。
• At this stage, the bakufu was a local government mainly in the eastern countries, but a samurai authority that was comparable to the emperor and the retired emperor was born.

• 九州地方では、「天ぷらうどん」と称する場合、この丸天うどんのことを指すことがある。
• In the Kyushu region, the title 'Tempura Udon' sometimes refers to this Maruten Udon.

• 忌み事としては、通夜ふるまいや法事の斎席で「にゅうめん」が出される地方が見られる。
• For taboo events, 'nyumen' is served in a wake meal or a religious ceremony in some areas.

• 主に近畿地方など西日本で多く飲用されるが、全く飲用されず知られていない地域も多い。
• It is taken mostly in western Japan, particularly in Kinki region, however it is not taken or even known at all in many areas.

• 拵には時代や地方によって共通した特徴を持つ一群があり、それらを分類して～拵と呼ぶ。
• Koshirae is classified into several groups having common features according to a period or region, each of which is called xx koshirae.

• さまざまな地方ルール（ローカルルール）があり、例えば次のようなものが知られている。
• The following are some well-known local rules.

• 特に、地方でも国府や国分寺といった国家権力を象徴する建物にも用いられるようになる。
• Especially Kawara tiles have started to be applied to buildings that symbolized the state power, such as Kokufu (provincial office) and provincial monasteries.

• 牛カツ（ビフカツ）- 東日本では一般的ではないが、近畿地方ではよく食べられている。
• Beef cutlet is not generally eaten in East Japan, but popular in the Kinki region.

• 本場関西では焼穴子が用いられるが、それ以外の地方では煮穴子で代用されることが多い。
• Broiled conger eels are used in the Kansai region which is the original place for this dish, but stewed conger eels are often used for broiled ones in other regions.

• しかし、「おかず」として扱う習慣のない他の地方からは奇異に見えるという指摘もある。
• However, some point out that the other regions see it strange because they have no custom to treat okonomiyaki as a side dish.

• 塩蔵乾燥させて作った豆腐には、山形県岩根沢地方（西村山郡西川町）の六浄豆腐がある。
• As an example of salt-dried tofu, rokujo dofu (salted tofu) in the Iwanezawa area (Nishikawa-machi, Nishimurayama-gun) of Yamagata Prefecture is representative.

• 庄内地方の南禅寺豆腐は、京都のお坊さんが酒田市の豆腐屋に作り方を伝授した説がある。
• It is said that a Buddhist priest from Kyoto taught a tofu store in Sakata City how to make Nanzenji tofu, and then Nanzenji tofu became widely known in Shonai Region.

• 鶏刺し（とりさし）とは、鶏肉の刺身で、九州の南部地方の鹿児島県や宮崎県で好まれる。
• Torisashi is chicken sashimi, or raw chicken meat, which is popular in the southern part of Kyushu region such as Kagoshima and Miyazaki Prefectures.

• 東海地方では、濃口は一般用途、淡口は煮物や吸い物、たまり醤油は刺身、と使い分ける。
• In the Tokai region, separate soy-sauces are used for different purposes; koikuchi soy-sauce is for general purpose, usukuchi soy-sauce is used for boil food and soup, tamari soy-sauce is used for sashimi.

• 主な産地は上記の湯浅に代表される近畿地方と讃岐国（引田町、小豆島）に集中していた。
• Main production regions were concentrated in the Kinki region mainly including Yuasa town which was stated above and Sanuki Province (Hiketa Town, Shodo-shima Island).

• ただし、北海道など一部の地方には、かつての名残りで大晦日に食べる風習が残っている。
• However, in some parts of Japan, such as Hokkaido, osechi dishes are still eaten on New Year's Eve, following the old custom.

• ソースカツ丼 群馬県や福島県、長野県駒ヶ根市、福井県、山梨県などの地方料理である。
• Sauce katsudon (bowls of rice topped with pork cutlets with sauce) is a local dish in places like Gunma Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, Komagane City in Nagano Prefecture, Fukui Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture.

• 日本国内産地としては、高知県馬路村や北川村など高知県東部地方の山間部が有名である。
• Regarding domestic production regions in Japan, the villages of Umaji and Kitagawa in Kochi Prefecture, as well as the mountainous areas in the eastern region of the prefecture, are famous.

• また地方によってはこの語を特に代表的な流派である義太夫節を指して用いることがある。
• In some regions, this term specifically refers to Gidayu-bushi (musical narrative of the puppet theater), a representative school of Joruri.

• 地方の行政組織が全国的規模で動き出したのは天武朝においてであったと推定されている。
• It is assumed that it was during the reign of Emperor Tenmu that the organization of local administration spread throughout the entire country.

• ここで云う奉行とは、町奉行などの地方（ぢがた）の奉行職とは、全く異なるものである。
• Bugyo here is completely different from the provincial bugyo jobs such as machi bugyo (town magistrate).

• これにより地方行政における国司の役割が強くなり、国司が不輸権を認める荘園も現れた。
• By this transfer, the role of kokushi became stronger in local administration and the shoen, for which the kokushi approved the tax exemption, also appeared.

• 篠川公方や斯波氏陸奥守家も滅ぼされるなど、東北地方といえど、平穏無事ではなかった。
• Even the Tohoku Region could not be uneventful as seen by the fact that Sasagawa-kubo and the Shiba clan (governor of Mutsu Province) were subverted.

• この後、最上軍は朝日山城などで抵抗を続けたが敗れ、庄内地方は上杉景勝の版図となる。
• The Mogami's troops were defeated despite their continual resistance at places including Asahiyama-jo Castle; consequently, the Shonai district was incorporated into the territory of Kagekatsu UESUGI.

• 東北地方では多賀城、出羽柵等が設置され、蝦夷征討と開発、入植が進められた（既述）。
• In the Tohoku region, Taga-jo Castle, Dewa no saku, etc. were established and the subjection of Ezo (indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan), development, and implantation were carried out (as described above).

• 大和国（やまとのくに）は、かつて日本に設けられた地方行政区分の令制国の一つである。
• Yamato Province is one of the ryoseikoku (provinces) once established under the local administration system in Japan.

• 朝廷に帰順した地方豪族は、神八井耳命の子孫とされる事がままあり、その一例であろう。
• However, it was often the case that a local gozoku that submitted itself to the Imperial Court was considered as a descendent of Kamuyaimimi no mikoto, and the case of Takeiwa tatsuno-mikoto is probably one such example.

• 鶏肉のそぼろ（この地方の方言で鶏肉をかしわと呼ぶ）をうどんの上に散らしたものである。
• Kashiwa Udon is topped with minced chicken meat boiled and seasoned with soy sauce (chicken meat is called Kashiwa in the dialect of this region).

• 奈良・平安初期には地方官衙の役人までが使用したので、雑石の石帯の発掘例は全国に多い。
• Many sekitai with plainer stones have been excavated in various parts of the country as they were used even by officials of local government agencies in the Nara and Heian periods.

• そば米（そば米雑炊）は米の代わりに殻を取り除いたソバの実を使った祖谷地方の郷土料理。
• Sobamai and Sobamai zosui (buckwheat porridge) are the local specialties of the Iya region made from dechaffed buckwheat berries in place of rice.

• 信州開田高原産・北海道産・北米産・中国産など、蕎麦粉の産地・地方・国の違い等で区分。
• Soba may be broken down by buckwheat flour producing area, region, and country whereby, in that case, buckwheat flour is identified as a product of Shinshu Kaiden Kogen, Hokkaido, North America, China and the like.

• なお、締め方、結び方については地方や古式泳法の流派により独特の締め方、結び方が有る。
• There are various styles of fastening or tying fundoshi peculiar to certain areas and ancient schools of martial arts or swimming.

• ぬくずし、又は蒸しずしと呼ばれる関西以西、中国、四国地方に伝わる温かいバラ寿司の事。
• This sushi refers to warm Bara-zushi (scattered sushi), also called Nuku-zushi (warm sushi) or Mushi-zushi (steamed sushi), which was handed down in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions in the west of Kansai.

• なお、昆布だしにさほど拘らない関東地方や一般家庭ではだし昆布として用いることもある。
• It is also used to make soup stock in places such as the Kanto region and private households where people are less particular about soup stock made from kelp.

• 下記の他に、大豆の粒の大小による区別もあり、概して東北地方は大粒が目立つ傾向がある。
• In addition to the types described below, natto can be classified according to the soybean grain size, and large-size soybeans are generally preferred in the Tohoku region.

• 先述の姫路地方では播州駄菓子（ばんしゅうだがし）と呼ばれるなど駄菓子として発達した。
• As mentioned earlier, in the Himeji region, karinto is referred to as the Banshu dagashi (cheap sweets) and has developed as an inexpensive sweet.

• 地方によってその由来や意味あい、行事の内容、行われる時期などはそれぞれ異なっている。
• The origin and implication of the term 'okuribi' as well as the contents and times of the events differ by regions where they are used and observed..

• 中国語「炸鶏」（ジャージー）説 （地方によってはザーギー、ザーガイなどとも発音する）
• One theory asserts that the origin is from the Chinese word 'jaji' (which is pronounced zagi or zagai depending on the region).

• 中央・地方を通じ高級軍人・特別高等警察関係の警察官を網羅し国家組織と結びついていた。
• They comprised high-level military personnel and police officers related to the Special Higher Police both centrally and locally, and were connected to national organizations.

• 武徳会の解散にともない、愛好者によって各地で地方連盟の組織化が進み全国的に波及する。
• With the dissolution of the Butoku Kai, enthusiasts organized local federations in various regions, spreading them nationwide.

• 地方によって梅ではなく近隣種である杏を使用する場合がある（青森、岩手の八助梅など）。
• Some regions use a neighboring species, anzu (apricots), instead of ume (such as the hachisuke-ume of Aomori Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture).

• 主に関東近郊にこの建築様式が集中しており、地方の銭湯では見られずきわめて数が少ない。
• This architectural style was mainly concentrated in the suburbs of Kanto, and few if any sento were built using this architectural style in the provinces.

• 現在でも東北地方の農村などに、左義長の前に小豆粥を食べる習慣が残っている地域がある。
• Even today, in some areas such as the farming villages of the Tohoku region, there is a custom of eating azukigayu before the sagicho (ritual bonfire of New Year's decorations).

• しかし実際には、東北地方にも凍み豆腐（しみどうふ）と呼ばれる同じ製法の保存食がある。
• However, in the Tohoku region there is a preserved food called shimi-dofu, for which the same process is used.

• 中国の撥弦楽器のうちツィター属のものだけでも時代、地方、様式により多くの種類がある。
• In China, there exist many kinds of stringed instrument that belong to zither group depending upon the ages, regions, or styles.

• また当時朝鮮を訪れていた日本の地方支配者（大名）使節の接遇方法も詳細に記されている。
• It also records details of how envoys from Japanese regional rulers (daimyo) which visited Joseon were received.

• 関東地方など東国の言葉が使われている事も多く、東歌ともに古代の生活様相を伝えている。
• Many of the poems are composed in eastern dialects such as that of the Kanto region and, along with Azumauta (eastern Japanese poems), depict ancient lifestyles.

• 王朝国家では、大幅に統治権限を委譲された受領とその国衙機構による地方支配が展開した。
• In the dynastic nation-state, Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), to whom a considerable amount of the authority to control the province was transferred, and its kokuga (provincial government offices) controlled local areas.

• 斉は短期間で倒れたが、唐は弱体化して首都・長安周辺のみを治める地方政権へと凋落した。
• Although the Qi Dynasty fell in a short time, the Tang Dynasty was weakened and reduced to a local government which ran only Chang'an, the capital.

• また、新羅を蕃国とし、東北地方の蝦夷・南九州の隼人を化外民とする中華意識が高まった。
• In addition, China-centered consciousness, in which Silla was considered a barbarian country and Emishi in the northeastern area as well as Hayato in the southern Kyushu area were considered kegaimin (outsiders), heightened.

• また、桓武は王威の発揚のため、当時日本の支配外にあった東北地方の蝦夷征服に傾注した。
• In addition, in order to display the empror's prestige, Emperor Kanmu concentrated on conquering Ezo in Tohoku region.

• 地方においては、朱印状を発行して大名の統治権を改めて認めるという大名知行制を敷いた。
• In local regions, the Toyotomi government established a 'Daimyo chigyo system' (system of giving fiefs to a Daimyo); the government admitted each feudal lord's sovereignty by issuing 'shuinjo' (a vermillion seal letter).

• また立法府である左院（のち元老院）・右院や地方官会議なども設置・廃止が繰り返された。
• Moreover, the Council of the Left (later, the Chamber of Elders) and Right, which were the legislature, and the Council of the local officers were repeatedly established and abolished.

• こうした連歌師の地方遍歴は大名・武士・庶民への文化の伝播のうえに大きな役割を果たした。
• These linked-verse poets' pilgrimage to many lands contributed to the spread of culture among daimyo, samurai, and ordinary people.

• 具体的には、栽培技術の指導が施されたり、地方自治体から助成金・補助金などが給付される。
• More specifically, guidance for cultivation technique is given, or grants, subsidies and so on are provided by the municipality.

• ただし、これらの流行の恩恵にあずかれるのは地方の富裕な町人どまりであったと考えられる。
• However, it is thought that beneficiary of these new fashions were just the rich local townsmen in the long run.

• 主に名古屋市周辺で作られており、この地方ではスーパーでもよく見かけるポピュラーな食材。
• Kaku-fu is mainly produced around Nagoya City and is a popular food that is commonly available at supermarkets in the area.

• 関西地方にはあんぺいと呼ばれるハモなど白身魚のすり身から作った魚肉練り製品が存在する。
• In the Kansai area, there is a kneaded fish paste product made of white fish such as conger pike, and it is called Anpei.

• 柚子胡椒の人気が高まるにつれ、最近では関東地方のスーパーなどでも見かけるようになった。
• Given yuzu kosho's growth in popularity, it has recently become available in supermarkets and other shops in the Kanto region.

• 地方の役所は官衙（かんが）といい、国と群に置かれ、国府（国衙）・群家（郡衙）といった。
• Local government offices were called kanga, located in provinces and districts and known as kokufu (or kokuga - provincial offices) and guke (or gunga - district offices).

• そうした地方行政の実情を国家体制の基本方針に採用したのが、10世紀初頭だったのである。
• It was early 10th century when the government adopted the actual situation of local administration as the basic policy of the nation.

• 国学（こくがく）とは、律令制において、官人育成のために令制国に設置された地方教育機関。
• The term Kokugaku means educational institutes established, with the aim of nurturing officials, at each province under the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the Riysuryo code).

• しかし、それらを実際に支えていたのは現地で人民支配・租税収取にあたる地方行政であった。
• In reality, however, this system was supported by local administrative bodies which were in charge of ruling people/collecting tax in each region.

• 江戸は政治の中心地であり、諸大名の参勤交代をはじめ広く地方の産物や料理法が持ち込まれた。
• Because Edo was placed at the center of politics, many products and cooking methods in areas throughout Japan were gathered there, in addition to the occasions of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).

• 応仁の乱を契機として、地域が自立性を強め、それにつれて、地方の所領からの収入が途絶えた。
• After the Onin War, as the regional autonomy was enhanced, the income from local territories dried up.

• 関東地方では鎌倉起源説、伊勢起源説があるが、どちらの説も確定のための検証はされていない。
• It is noted as having originated in Kamakura (in the Kanto region of Japan) and Ise; however, neither explanation stands up to definite scrutiny.

• 行事の実施形態はさまざまで、亥の子餅を食べるが石は搗かない、あるいはその逆の地方もある。
• The embodiment of an event varies according to region, in some regions, they eat Inoko mochi (boar dumplings), but don't pound stones, and vice versa.

• ただし、番茶をほうじて飲用することが一般的な地方では、番茶＝ほうじ番茶を指すことが多い。
• In areas where bancha leaves are usually roasted to be consumed, the term bancha often refers to hojicha.

• 全国的には周囲が白いものが主流だが、九州地方など一部の地域では周囲が赤いものも存在する。
• Although the one having a white periphery is mainstream nationwide, a red-periphery one is seen in some areas such as Kyusyu region.

• 北海道地方で行われる下の句かるた大会はほとんどがこのルールであり、民間でも一般的である。
• This manner is well known, and it is usually played this way at the Shimo-no-ku Karuta Competition in the Hokkaido region.

• 多くの場合、人力車の運転手は、都市に移住してきた地方労働者の最初にありつく仕事であった。
• In many cases, pulling jinrikisha was the first job available for workers migrating to these cities.

• 現在、京都府丹後地方では原料の糸を絹から綿・化合繊に変えた丹後ちりめんRも織られている。
• At present, in the Tango region of Kyoto Prefecture, a new type of Tango Chirimen R is being turned out, using cotton and synthetic yarns instead of silk yarns as material yarns.

• 北陸地方ではカニのえら（食用に不適）を指し、茹でるカニの甲羅を開けたのちに先ず取り除く。
• In the Hokuriku region, the term fundoshi means gills of crab (inedible), which are removed first after opening a shell of crab to be boiled.

• イギリス品種であるLaverは、イギリスのウェールズ南部地方で古くから食用にされている。
• The laver, a British variety, has been used as a food in South Wales, UK, since long ago.

• 現在はますますその種類を増やし、ありとあらゆる地方の名産物がカレーの具に採用されている。
• The variety has still been increasing, with special products of each and every region being employed as curry ingredients.

• 現在でも玄関や屋根に魔除けやお祓いや結界として、弓矢を飾る地方や人々をみることができる。
• Even now, some people in some regions enshrine Yumiya as an amulet, exorcism or barrier at the entrance or on the roof.

• 地方都市において継続している朝市や昼市、地名に市の名を残す十日市などはその名残りである。
• The morning markets and afternoon markets continued in provincial cities, as well as the character 'ichi' remaining in place names such as 'Tokaichi' are the remnants of these.

• 8月12日、氏忠・氏勝勢10,000が家康の背後を襲うべく甲斐東部の郡内地方へ進撃した。
• On September 8, 10,000 soldiers led by Ujitada and Ujikatsu advanced to the Gunnai district in eastern Kai, in order to attack Ieyasu from behind.

• 北丹後地方の豊岡町（現・豊岡市）、宮津町（現・宮津市）、峰山町（現・京丹後市）で震度6。
• In the northern Tango Province, Toyooka-cho (now Toyooka City), Miyazu-cho (now Miyazu City) and Mineyama-cho (now Kyotango City) all registered a magnitude of 6 on the Richter scale.

• すなわち、元老院、大審院、地方官会議を置き、段階的に立憲君主制に移行することを宣言した。
• In a word, the emperor declared the establishment of Genro-in, Daishin-in, and local administrative assemblies and gradual shift to the constitutional system of government.

• 7世紀半ばに阿倍比羅夫らが遠征し、現在の秋田や津軽地方、さらにその北方に至ったとされる。
• In the middle of the seventh century, ABE no Hirafu and others made expeditions and it is believed that they reached as far as present-day Akita and Tsugaru regions or even further North.

• 香川県西部では近畿地方と違い近年、装飾品を増やし年々重量が増しており3tを超すものもある。
• Recently, with more and more decorative objects mounted on the floats of chosa, some put weight every year to reach over 3t in western Kagawa Prefecture, although this doesn't occur in the Kinki region.

• 褌祝(ふんどしいわい、へこいわい)は、日本の一部地方で行われる男子の成人になるための祭事。
• Fundoshi Iwai (aka Heko Iwai) is a coming-of-age ritual for men, that takes place in some regions of Japan.

• 妖怪研究家・多田克己はこれを、東北地方の妖怪として知られる座敷童子に類するものとしている。
• A researcher of specters, Katsumi TADA, said that it was a specter similar to zashiki warashi (a child ghost which is supposed to bring good fortune to the house or building it appears in) which is famous as a specter in the Tohoku region.

• 地方によっては専門家が化粧する場合があり、その場合は非常に洗練された美しい仕上がりになる。
• In some regions, experts sometimes help them wear makeup, and in those cases the final conditions can be very sophisticated and beautiful.

• バブル経済以後の地酒復興期における零細な地方蔵のように、現在もその流れは細々と続いている。
• Following the end of the bubble economy, the renaissance of boutique regional brewers has barely managed to carry on to the present day.

• 高野豆腐の名称は現在では全国に広まっているがもとは近畿地方で広く用いられていた名称である。
• The name of Koya-dofu is known throughout the nation today, but originally it was used throughout the Kinki region.

• だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
• However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.

• 約3万4千年前に華北地方からナイフ形石器と呼ばれる石器が伝わり、列島全域で広く使用された。
• About 34,000 years ago, stone tools called knife-type stone tools were brought to Japan from Northern China and were used throughout the Japanese islands.

• なお、海保嶺夫（1943年 -）は中世津軽地方の豪族安東氏を俘囚長と同様の存在としている。
• Incidentally, Mineo KAIHO (1943 -) insists that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region in the Medieval period, were ranked at a position equal to a chief of the Fushu.

• 華北や東北地方では日常的に指数が100前後と高く、これまでに500を記録したことはあった。
• In Huabei (the North China) and northeastern part of China, index values of around 100 are observed almost everyday and the index value of 500 was once recorded there.

• 多賀城とは、奈良・平安期の朝廷が東北地方に住んでいた蝦夷を制圧するために築いた拠点である。
• Taga-jo Castle was the base built by the Nara and Heian period court to control the Emishi living in the Tohoku region.

• 30人程の曳き夫（この地方では「かきふ」とよぶ）によって激しい囃子に合わせて暴れながら走る。
• About 30 hikihus (a carrier, called 'kakihu' in this region) pull the mikoshi-yatai, running roughly in unison with the sound of raucous ohayashi (Japanese orchestra).

• 一部の地方では、この褌祝の祭事は、子に性技の作法を伝える、性教育の儀式でもあったと言われる。
• In some regions the loincloth celebrations were used to hand down gender specific etiquette and it said were at times a form of sex education.

• また面の裏面に「讃岐」「常陸」などの国名がみられ、地方から献納されたものであることがわかる。
• Also, province names, such as 'Sanuki' and 'Hitachi,' can be seen on the back of the masks, which suggests they were came from rural areas.

• 土井中は、南予地方の名物料理をつくりたいという観光政策が影響しているのではないかとみている。
• Doinaka suggested that this has resulted from a tourism policy to introduce a speciality of the Nanyo area to tourists.

• 千葉県、茨城県地方では、七五三のお祝いをホテルなどで結婚披露宴並に豪華に開催する場合もある。
• In Chiba and Ibaragi Prefecture, some people there celebrate the Shichi-go-san ceremony as luxuriously as a wedding reception.

• 地方によっては男の子の3歳を七五三に含めて祝う場合がある（出典：『生活基本大百科』集英社）。
• Depending upon the region, a boy of three years old is included and celebrated in the festival (Source: Seikatsukihondaihyakka - the Basic encyclopedia for life), Shueisha Inc.).

• それ以外にも北海道弁かるたや津軽弁かるたなど、各地方でCD付きの方言かるたも発売されている。
• Moreover, dialect karuta (with a compact disc) is on sale all over Japan, for example in the Hokkaido dialect and in the Tsugaru dialect.

• 歳時記(さいじき)とは、国や地方または各種団体の年中行事の事柄や自然の風物等をまとめた書物。
• Saijiki are books on the matters related with annual events by the national and local, or various organizations, and scenery and customs.

• その後、1965年（昭和30年）より沖縄県・奄美地方を除く全国を対象に行われるようになった。
• They, later on, extended the forecast to cover the entire country except for Okinawa Prefecture and the Amami region in 1965.

• 格技の練習場は「格技場」であるが、地方自治体の体育館などでは「挌技場」という表記も見られる。
• The practice fields of kakugi are written as '格技場,' but in the gymnasiums of local governments they are also spelled as '挌技場.'

• 戦前（1940年代以前）は平安時代を王朝政治の形骸化・地方政治の荒廃が進んだ時期と解釈した。
• Before the war (before the 1940's) the Heian period was interpreted as a period when dynasty government was becoming a mere shell or dead letter and local government was devastating.

• 越後国では守護代長尾氏が実権を握り、上杉謙信を生み、1576年までに北陸地方をほぼ制圧した。
• In the Echigo Province, shugodai, the Nagao clan, assumed the real power and gave birth to Kenshin UESUGI and almost took control of the Hokuriku Region by 1576.

• しかしながら、幕末の海軍創生期には、水夫達のかなりの人員が水軍の伝統ある地方の出身であった。
• However, during the period of the navies' creation, a large number of sailors were from regions that had the tradition of a suigun navy.

• 特に江戸には飢饉などにより地方から流入してきた農民も多く、幕府はしばしば帰農令を出している。
• Especially, many peasants flew into Edo from rural areas due to famines, and the shogunate government often promulgated the orders to support peasants to return their own communities financially.

• 江戸時代の諸国を行脚していた俳諧師・松尾芭蕉は、現在の三重県伊賀市に当たる地方の出身者だった。
• A haikai poet, Basho MATSUO who walked across provinces in the Edo period was from an area which is present-day Iga City, Mie Prefecture.

• 地方によっては正月の鏡餅の上に載せるなど、祝い事の飾りつけのほか、神饌としても用いられている。
• In some areas Ise ebi is put on Kagami-mochi (a round rice-cake offered to a deity) as a decoration for celebration, and it is also used as one of the shinsen (food and alcohol offerings to the deities).

• ほうじ茶は、土瓶ややかん、急須（きゅうす）など、その地方や状況に応じて様々な器具で入れられる。
• Hojicha can be brewed using a wide variety of instruments such as a dobin (earthenware teapot), kettle, or kyusu (small teapot), and this can depend on the area or situation.

• 京の花街や大阪の花街の花柳界、上方舞の世界の地方（じかた）を務める人々によって伝承されている。
• Kamigata uta has been handed down by people in the world of geisha of Kamigata, and by jikata (people in charge of music) in the world of Kamigata mai.

• また現在でも、除夜に一度氏神に参拝して一旦家に帰り、元旦になって再び参拝するという地方がある。
• Even today, there are regions where people visit the ujigami on the New Year's Eve and go home once, then visit again on the New Year's Day.

• 近畿地方の年配者には「しのだ寿司」、「信太鮨」、「信田鮨」、「信田寿司」と呼ばれることもある。
• Some elderly people in the Kinki region call it 'shinoda-zushi.'

• その大半は、地方自治体行政や商工会議所・旅館組合等の関係団体の音頭取りで作られたものといえる。
• The majority of such organizations were assembled under the leadership of groups related to local public governments, chambers of commerce and industry, as well as hotel associations.

• 古典落語『時そば』の中にも「しっぽく」が出てくるが、現在の関東地方の蕎麦屋には無いことが多い。
• It is mentioned in the Rakugo (comic storytelling) classic 'Toki soba' but, nowadays, Shippoku soba is frequently not available at soba restaurants in the Kanto region.

• 北陸地方では、使用する原料や加工方法などの違いにより、色々な種類のとろろ昆布が販売されている。
• In the Hokuriku region, various types of tororo konbu made from different species of kelp and also made by different processing methods are available.

• また、博多、九州地方には角煮を中華まんの様な生地で包んで肉汁を吸わせた「角煮まん」が存在する。
• Furthermore, they have 'Kakuni-man' in Hakata, Kyushu region, which ensphered Kakuni with a dough like that of a steamed bun to soak up meat juice.

• 他の地方のういろうと異なり、わらびもちを彷彿とする、くせのない、とろりとした食感が特徴である。
• They are different from the Uiro in other regions, and are characterized by a plain texture that melts in the mouth and reminds one of warabi-starch dumplings.

• しかし、戦乱を経て地方に荘園や国衙領という枠を超えた一円に支配権を確立する戦国大名が成長する。
• But eventually there arose the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who by weathering countless wars and riots were able to establish their total authority over all the land within their domains, thereby rendering the system of public and private estates obsolete.

• 並行して室町幕府は地方政権化しそれにより15世紀中期からの国内統治は幕府・守護体制とよばれる。
• In parallel with this, the Muromachi bakufu adopted the local government system, and the administration of the nation after the mid 15th century was called the Bakufu-Shugo System.

• これが発展し鎌倉を本拠とした地方政権を樹立し、東国を中心に守護と地頭の設置を朝廷に認めさせる。
• Due to development of this system, he established a Kamakura-based local government and convinced the Imperial Court to allow him to deploy provincial constables and lords of manors mainly in eastern countries.

• 地方の神官や国学者が扇動し、檀家制度のもとで寺院に搾取されていたと感じる民衆がこれに加わった。
• Shinto priests and scholars of Japanese classical literature in rural areas incited people who believed that they had been exploited under the parishioner system to join the campaign.

• ただし、この抗争は大内氏などを主体とする地方勢力が足利氏を利用して中央介入を試みた側面が強い。
• However, it seems that these struggles were caused by the local power mainly consisting of the Ouchi clan that used the Ashikaga clan to interfere with political affairs in the central government.

• 東北地方は関東の騒乱にほとんど巻き込まれることなく、当然中央の政争の影響もほとんど見られない。
• The Tohoku Region was hardly involved in turbulences in the Kanto Region and no trace of influences from political strife in the central part of Japan can be observed.

• 地方条例はあっても、政府による表現規制がない（夏目房之介は「世界一ゆるいのではないか」と語る）。
• Although there is a local regulation, there are no government regulations on expression (Fusanosuke NATSUME says 'The restrictions may be loosest in the world').

• これに抵抗したハイランド地方の人々の物語は、スコットランドとウイスキーの歴史の一部を成している。
• The story of the people of the Highlands who stood against it forms a part of the history of Scotland and whisky.

• 東北地方でマツの木で周囲1尺4寸から5寸、長さ3尺の陰茎形に作って、新妻の尻をたたくふうがある。
• In the Tohoku region, there is a custom of carving some pine into a phallic shape 42 to 45 cm in diameter and 90 cm in length, and hitting the buttocks of the newly wedded wife.

• 盆の概念は日本全国に広まっているため、その行事の内容や風習は地方それぞれにさまざまな様式がある。
• The Bon festival is celebrated throughout Japan, and events and customs vary from region to region.

• また彼らは受領として地方に赴任した際には、在地の有力者たちとの関係を更に深めるのが通例であった。
• Also, it was military aristocrats' custom that when they were transferred to local areas as zuryo they reinforced their relationship with locally powerful individuals.

• 関西地方には、半夏にタコを食べる習慣があるが、これはタウリンを補給して夏バテを防ぐためといわれる。
• In the Kansai region, there is a custom of eating an octopus on hange (45 days into geango, a 90 days summer seclusion), but it is said that this is to supplement taurine and to prevent summer heat fatigue.

• 雛のつるし飾り（ひなのつるしかざり）とは、江戸時代から伝わる伊豆稲取地方の風習、吊るし飾りのこと。
• Hina no Tsurushikazari is a custom of hanging decorations in the Izuinatori area going back to the Edo period.

• 本来の日本猫は、外来種の影響の少ない地方の野良猫や、一部の愛猫家によって飼育されているだけである。
• Original Japanese cats have survived as alley cats which live in countryside less influenced by exotic breeds, or as pets kept by some cat lovers.

• みたらし団子・焼き団子・しょうゆ団子・あまから団子等と呼ばれる（地方や店舗により呼び方が異なる）。
• It is called 'Mitarashi Dango', 'Yaki Dango', 'Shoyu Dango', 'Amakara Dango' and so on; the name is changed by regions and shops.

• 岐阜県飛騨地方では、白い団子の串団子に、砂糖の入っていない醤油をつけてから、あぶり焼きにしたもの。
• In the Hida region of Gifu Prefecture, white kushi-dango is coated with non-sweetened soy-sauce and broied as a finish.

• 江戸や京都の能楽師から地方の素人弟子に至るまでひろく享受された背景には右のごとき事情が考えられる。
• Therefore, the reason why it was widely received by various people from noh performers in Edo and Kyoto to their amateur disciples in local regions can be found in this point just mentioned above.

• なお、関西地方では豆腐屋はラッパではなく鐘（関東ではアイスクリーム屋が用いていた）を鳴らしていた。
• In the Kansai region, a tofu seller sounded a bell instead of blowing a bugle (in the Kanto region, an ice-cream seller sounded a bell).

• 農家にとっては大事な節目の日で、この日までに農作業を終え、この日から5日間は休みとする地方もある。
• It is an important day for farmers and in some areas they finish their planting by this day and then rest for a period of five days.

• 昆布つくだ煮の消費量が多い市は福井市、大津市、富山市で、これに京都、奈良など近畿地方の都市が続く。
• Fukui City, Otsu City and Toyama City boast high consumption of tsukudani made from kelp, followed by cities in the Kinki region such as Kyoto City and Nara City.

• 湘南地方では、「どっこいどっこい、どっこいそりゃ」などの掛け声で担ぐ、どっこい担ぎが一般的である。
• In the Shonan region, it is common to shoulder the mikoshi in the Dokkoi-katsugi style while crying out 'Dokkoi-dokkoi, dokkoi-sorya.'

• 中国語「炸子鶏」（ジャーズージー）説 （地方によってはザーズーギー、ザージーガイなどとも発音する）
• One theory asserts that the origin is from the Chinese word 'jazuji' (which is pronounced zazugi or zajigai depending on the region).

• 地方でも多目的ホールや野外に仮設の能舞台を用意し演能することがあり、決して観能の機会は少なくない。
• In local cities, Noh is performed in a temporary Noh stage created in a multipurpose hall or in the open air, so there are a quite few opportunities to enjoy Noh.

• 寒さの厳しい地方では、場所に限らず偶然の産物として発見され、普遍的に生産されてきた食品と見られる。
• In frigid regions, it was discovered accidentally regardless of the place, and therefore it seemed to be a universally manufactured food.

• 郷土料理（きょうどりょうり）とは、食文化としてある地域・地方で長らく食べられてきた家庭料理のこと。
• The term 'local dishes' refers to home cooked dishes that have existed for a long time as part of a culinary culture in a certain area or district.

• 郡は、六世紀の中葉頃の欽明朝に屯倉の設置が拡大されていき、ヤマト政権の地方政治組織となっていった。
• Districts grew from the established miyake during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the mid-sixth century to become part of the local administration organization of the Yamato Dynasty.

• こうして軍事貴族や地方の富豪百姓らは武士へと成長していったが、その本質は平安貴族に他ならなかった。
• The military nobles and rich local farmers developed into samurai like this, but they were none other than Heian nobles in essence.

• 鎌倉時代中期になると北条氏の権力が増大し、多くの鎌倉御家人が所領のある地方へと下向した時期である。
• In the middle of the Kamakura period, as the Hojo clan's power grew even larger, many immediate vassal of the shogun went down to the provinces where they owned territories.

• 中世以降になると中央文書からは姿を消すが、代わりに地方産物として「メカブ」の名で登場するようになる。
• After the Medieval Period, the reference to 'manakashi' disappeared from archives but, instead, 'mekabu' began to be mentioned as a product of some regions.

• また同じ愛知県の津島市には、尾張地方中南部の名物でもある生麩を揚げて赤味噌を塗った「麩田楽」がある。
• Also, 'Fudengaku,' which is prepared by frying nama-fu (fresh gluten cake), a famous product of the mid-southern part of Owari region, and coating it with red miso, is included in the local cuisine of Tsushima City in Aichi Prefecture.

• ネギや天かすが入った器が席に常備され、客が自由に入れることのできる店舗が多い（北部九州地方も同様）。
• In addition, many shops in Osaka (the north part of Kyushu region is also similar) always set containers filled with chopped leeks and Tenkasu on each table, allowing customers to use them as much as they like.

• これによって地方においても酒の大量生産が可能になり、さらに地酒文化を花開かせることにつながっていく。
• This made the mass production of sake possible in local regions, which led to the further prosperity of jizake culture.

• 武井は地方巡業を経て、翌1930年（昭和5年）6月、市川右太衛門プロダクションに入社することになる。
• After a number of regional tours, TAKEI joined Ichikawa Utaemon Productions in June of 1930.

• 油かす（あぶらかす）とは、食肉から油脂を抽出した残滓であり、元の原料や地方により様々な呼び方がある。
• 'Aburakasu' is residue obtained by removing fats from meat and is called by various names depending on the kind of raw material or the region.

• これにより、立法機関である元老院 (日本)、司法機関である大審院、地方官会議を開催することを決めた。
• According to the said imperial edict, Okubo decided to organize the legislative body Genroin (the Senates) (Japan), the judicial branch Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan) and local administrative assemblies.

• 例を挙げると、サザエは日本海側では青森県でも漁獲されるのに対し太平洋側では関東地方以北には現れない。
• For instance, turban shells are harvested even in Aomori Prefecture on the side of the Sea of Japan, whereas, they are not found in areas north of the Kanto region on the side of the Pacific Ocean.

• 地方などでは帰郷する成人が参加しやすいように、成人の日の前日の日曜日に成人式を開催する自治体も多い。
• In some regions of Japan the local government holds the Coming-of-Age Ceremony on the Sunday before Coming-of-Age Day so that those who have to return home can participate without difficulty.

• 地方により、また店舗や家庭により様々な材料が使用されており、近年では海老や生魚を用いた海鮮巻も多い。
• Various kinds of foodstuffs are used depending on the region, restaurant or home, and Kaisenmaki (seafood sushi roll) using shrimp and raw fish as fillings is often done in these years.

• 島根の大社地方を中心に古くから作り伝えられてきた細工蒲鉾は、婚礼（披露宴）の引出物として有名である。
• Saiku kamoboko in the Oyashiro region of Shimane Prefecture has a long tradition and is famous for the 'hikidemono' used for weddings.

• 「東京、大阪地方ニ於ケル製品ハ、・・・・・粗製ノ上同業者競争ヲ起コシ 益々濫造ニ流ルゝノ傾向ナリ。」
• The products in Tokyo and Osaka are...crudely made, and, moreover, the competition among members in the same trade tends to result in increasing overproduction.'

• だが、これを他の地方の者が「ぜんざい」と誤って聞き、そのまま京都に伝わったのではないかとされている。
• It is believed that people from other regions misheard 'zunzai' for 'zenzai', and this usage then spread to Kyoto.

• 出雲地方では10月に全国から神様が集まるとされることから、この月を「神在月（かみありづき）」と呼ぶ。
• In the Izumo region, it is believed that October is the month when gods from all of the country gather in the area, and accordingly, the month is called 'Kamiari zuki,' meaning the month in which gods exist.

• 地蔵盆は全国的に行われている風習であるが、滋賀県、京都府、大阪府など近畿地方において特に盛んである。
• Jizo-bon is a custom celebrated in all over Japan, it is especially popular in the Kinki region, such as Shiga, Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures.

• 実際は地方では戦前まで盛んに行われており、大正前後にはまだ多くの流派で多数の門人を抱え発展していた。
• Actually, jujutsu was actively practiced in local areas until the time of World War Ⅱ, and around the Taisho period, many schools were still prosperous having their own pupils.

• 茨城県水戸市中央部の千波湖は、かなり大きいがダイダラボッチ（この地方ではダイダラボウ）の足跡である。
• Senbako Lake located in the center of Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture, is a footprint of Daidarabocchi (locally called Daidarabo), though it is rather big.

• 本来は人日まで竈を休ませるはずの松の内に、忙しく働いた主婦をねぎらう意味で、女正月という地方もある。
• In some regions, Koshogatsu is called Onna-shogatsu (Women's New Year, also called Me-shogatsu) to thank housewives for their hard work over matsu no uchi, during which they weren't supposed to have to work in the kitchen until Jinjitsu (in the lunar calendar, the seventh day after New Year's Day).

• ヤマト政権は、地方の大首長を国造などに任命し、政治的支配をそのまま認める形で、全国的に支配していた。
• The Yamato Dynasty appointed local leaders as kuni no miyatsuko, and controlled all of the provinces via such political control.

• 長禄3年は全国的な旱魃に加えて、関東地方の享徳の乱、畿内の台風などによって西日本を中心に飢饉が発生、
• In 1459, a nation-wide drought, the Kyotoku war in the Kanto region, and a typhoon that struck the Kinai area triggered a famine in Japan that mainly affected the western part of the country.

• 中国華北地方では1990年代までは減少の一途をたどっていたものの、2000年代に入って増加している。
• In the Huabei Plain of China, the occurrence frequency had continued decreasing until 1990s, but has increased entering the 21st century.

• 8世紀初頭に律令国家に安定的に組み込まれていたのは、今の山形県庄内地方や宮城県中部以南までであった。
• However, only Shonai region in present-day Yamagata Prefecture and areas south of central Miyagi Prefecture were stably incorporated into ritsuryo kokka at the beginning of the eighth century.

• その流れは16世紀の戦国時代に広く地方へと普及していき、やがて国民文化として発展していくこととなった。
• This trend spread widely to local regions in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the sixteenth century, resulting in the creation of a national culture.

• 多くの地方流派が武徳会に所属するとともに剣道や柔道を取り入れ、伝来の形や稽古法が徐々に失われていった。
• A lot of the local schools not only belonged to Butoku Kai, but also accepted kendo or judo, so that the forms and the practicing methods which had been handed down from their ancestors began to be lost little by little.

• 一方、関東地方では搗いた後の餅をいったん板状に成形し、固まったところで切り分ける「角餅」が主流である。
• On the other hand, in the Kanto Region, 'kaku-mochi' (square mochi) is mainstream, produced by first shaping mochi into boards after pounding it and cutting it into square pieces later on when it has cooled.

• 上記のだんじりの内の一つで、近畿地方の主に和泉国・河内国・摂津国地域の祭礼で登場する地車（だんじり）。
• Danjiri refers to the type of float --- one of the above mentioned --- that appears mainly in festivals of the former Izumi Province, Kawachi Province, and Settsu Province (the present Hyogo and Osaka Prefectures) in the Kinki region.

• 山陰地方などでは、煮炊きの設備を「かまど」、空間そのものを「くど」と呼んで区別している地域も存在する。
• In some areas in Sanin region and so on, equipment for cooking is called 'kamado,' and the space itself is called 'kudo,' respectively.

• なお、近年森田流笛方槻宅聡らの調査によって、松江地方に同流の素謡が伝承されていることが明らかになった。
• Researches conducted by a group including Satoshi TSUKITAKU, a performer of the fue-kata (flute players) Morita school, recently revealed su-utai from the Shindo school had been handed down in the Matsue region.

• このほか、地方・都道府県単位で組織する書作家協会や、書家が主宰する様々な会（社中とも呼ばれる）がある。
• Other than the above, there are calligrapher associations organized by regions and prefectures, and various societies (also called Shachu) presided by Shoka.

• 地方によっては、狐などの仮面をつけて踊る場合や、舞台化粧並の厚化粧をして華やかな衣装で踊る場合がある。
• In some regions, a mask of a fox or something is worn, while in other regions thick makeup (like stage makeup) and gorgeous clothing are worn.

• 気象庁による「さくらの開花予想」の発表は、1951年（昭和26年）に関東地方を対象に当初行われていた。
• In 1951, the Japan Meteorological Agency originally issued the 'forecast of cherry blossom blooming dates' mainly in the Kanto region.

• 別名は、従来の地方行政組織であった郡・郷とは別個に設定され、そのため国-郡-郷という組織体系は崩れた。
• As bechimyo were established independently from existing local administrative organizations, namely gun and go, the governing structure consisted of nation, gun, and go collapsed.

• 地方において国司が徴発・編成し、治水灌漑工事をはじめとする各種インフラ整備や国衙等の修築などをさせた。
• The kokushi (provincial governors) in local areas impressed and organized people so as to compel them to develop an infrastructure (such as flood control work and irrigation construction) and to renovate buildings such as the kokuga (provincial government offices).

• 寛平・延喜東国の乱（かんぴょうえんぎとうごくのらん）は、平安時代中期に関東地方で発生した群盗による乱。
• The Kanpyo-Engi Togoku War was a war raised by bandits in the Kanto region in the middle era of the Heian period.

• しかしその後も、現地の官僚や俘囚の長たちは、蝦夷内部の紛争に関与し続け、地方権力から支配を浸透させた。
• However, even after that the local bureaucracy and chiefs of Fushu kept getting involved in disputes within Emishi and spread their dominance through the local administration.

• 他の都市としては、京都や、地方では山口・小浜・品川湊なども集積地や中継拠点としての役割を果たしている。
• Other than those, Kyoto and local cities such as Yamaguchi, Obama, and Shinagawaminato played the role of a collection center or transit point.

• 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政（国衙・受領）へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
• It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).

• 丹後国主であった京極高知は己れの遺領である丹後を三子に三分割し、高通には峰山地方の1万石を相続させた。
• Takatomo KYOGOKU, the lord of Tango province, divided Tango into three and each of his three children inherited one of them and Takamichi, 10,000 goku (approximately 1.8 million liters in crop yield) in the Mineyama region.

• 朝廷の実務官僚である四位・五位の官人のみならず中央・地方の武家や神官などの叙位について記録されている。
• It recorded not only government officials of Shii and Goi, and governmental officials responsible for practical works of the Imperial court, but also court ranks of central and local samurai family and Shinto priests.

• しかし一部（主に東北地方など積雪・寒冷地）では引き続き旧暦3月3日に祝う（新暦4月3日に祝う所もある）。
• In some parts (mainly cold snowy regions such as the Tohoku region) of the country, however, Hina-matsuri is still observed on March 3 by the old calendar (there are other regions that celebrate the festival on April 3 according to the new calendar).

• もんぺは、1930年代頃までは、北海道・東北地方で、防寒用、農作業、または普段着として使われた袴だった。
• Monpe was a kind of Hakama used in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region to keep out the cold, when working in the fields, and used as everyday clothing until the 1930s.

• 地方（主に上方に近い地域）の民謡などの中から花柳界の座敷等で好まれたものも上方歌には含まれるようである。
• Kamigata uta seems to include some minyo (traditional Japanese songs), originally enjoyed in local areas (mainly those near Kamigata) and picked up and loved by people, including those in the quarters of geisha.

• ふのりはおもに関東地方で用いられ、伊勢海苔、長崎海苔などがあるが、長崎海苔のほうが細かくてよいとされた。
• Funori is mainly used in the Kanto region, and Ise-nori or Nagasaki-nori, the latter of which was considered to be better in quality due to its fineness, etc., are available.

• また、初午の日に、消防団員が各家庭を回って火の用心を呼びかけ、火の用心のお札を配る習慣がある地方もある。
• In some areas, fire brigade members visit each house to call for the inhabitants to beware of fire, handing over a talismanic strip of paper (ofuda) to avert fire on the day of Hatsu-uma every year.

• また地方によってはハンゲという妖怪が徘徊するとされ、この時期に農作業を行う事に対する戒めともなっている。
• In some regions of Japan, it is said that the supernatural being called Hange roams about and this is a warning not to do farm work at this time.

• 牛頭天王は日本のスサノオと習合し、日本各所にその伝説などが点在しており、その地方で行われている事が多い。
• Syncretized with Susano no mikoto of Japan, legends of Gozu Tenno exist in various areas of Japan and Tenno-sai Festival is celebrated in many of those locations.

• このような旦那様側、芸妓側、また時代の変化により芸妓文化のある地方ではこの「旦那様」は見られなくなった。
• These 'danna-sama' can no longer be seen in the areas with the geigi culture due to changes in the danna-sama side, geigi side or times.

• 地方に於いては子供相撲など女子も参加しておりこれは崩れつつあるが、伝統を重んじる場合は論議をよんでいる。
• Although this custom is gradually disappearing and more and more women and children are allowed to enter the dohyo, it still can cause problems at highly official and formal occasions.

• 江戸時代、尾張藩を中心とした東海地方の諸藩では、武家の雑煮には餅菜と呼ばれる小松菜の一種のみを具とした。
• In the Edo period, zoni of samurai families in Owari Domain and other domains of Tokai region contained only mochi and a type of brassica rapa (a kind of Chinese cabbage) called mochina.

• 山形県鶴岡市（庄内地方）では、一般に油揚げといえば厚揚げを指し、薄揚げのことは薄揚げまたは皮揚げという。
• In Tsuruoka City (Shonai region) in Yamagata Prefecture, the term 'aburaage' generally indicates atsuage, while thin, fried bean curd is called 'usuage' or 'kawaage' (literally, 'skin-like fried bean curd').

• 更に20世紀末期頃から、かつて荘園だった史実がその地方のアイデンティティを形成する事例が増え始めている。
• Moreover, from the late twentieth century, the local areas increasingly form the identities by the historical fact that they were formerly shoens.

• 東北地方の戦国大名は鎌倉時代から代々土地を所有してきた由緒ある一族が、そのまま戦国大名化したものが多い。
• Many of sengoku daimyo in the Tohoku Region were transformed from clans with a long and distinguished history that owned land for generations since the Kamakura period.

• 税が成立した場合、地方自治体の財布(財政)に入るお金が生じ納税者の財布(家計)からは出るお金が発生する。
• The introduction of taxation yields money which goes into local government coffers from the pockets of the taxpayers.

• 西日本では太鼓台の乗り子が稚児と同様の厚化粧(地方によっては歌舞伎の隈取りと同様の化粧)をする場合が多い。
• In Western Japan, noriko (riding kids) of taiko-dai (floats to carry drums on) often wear atsugesho similar to chigo (in some regions, the makeup is similar to kumadori of Kabuki).

• -近畿地方では細く短冊に切ったものを掻き揚げした形態ではなく、塊を薄くスライスしたものを揚げた形態である。
• -In Kinki region, rather than cutting the different ingredients into strips, these ingredients are sliced thinly and then mixed together in tempura batter before being deep-fried.

• 庶民の祭礼（祭囃子）、神楽里神楽（里神楽）、獅子舞には篠笛が多く見られるが、龍笛や能管を用いる地方もある。
• Shinobue were often used in the rites and festivals (matsuri-bayashi festival music) of common people, satokagura (kagura dances held at somewhere other than the imperial court) and the shishimai (lion dance), but ryuteki or Nohkan were used in some regions.

• と、国・地方公共団体の機関に対しては満年齢の使用を義務付け、数え年を用いる場合は明示することを義務付けた。
• As described above, the government and municipalities were obligated to use the Western style age system and to specify so when there is a need to mention an age based on the traditional Japanese system.

• これも製法に関わる用語・表現と同じく、時代・世代や地方によってさまざまであるが、標準的なものを示しておく。
• Same as in the case of words and expressions for manufacturing methods, they differ depending on the period, generation, and district, but the standard words follow:

• 今日でも「餅を使わない雑煮」を作る地域には、かつてそうした禁忌のあった地方が含まれていると考えられている。
• Those rural areas where 'zoni without mochi' is made today are thought to have been part of the regions that had this taboo.

• 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
• There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.

• 在庁官人（ざいちょうかんじん）とは、日本の平安時代から鎌倉時代に、国衙行政の実務に従事した地方官僚の総称。
• Zaichokanjin is a general term for a local government official who undertakes the practical business of kokuga (local area) administration from the Heian period to the Kamakura period in Japan.

• 国司苛政上訴についても、受領層が私利私欲に溺れ、地方政治が混乱していたことの現れとする評価が一般的だった。
• Kokushi kasei joso was also commonly regarded as evidence of disrupting local governments with Juryoso (career provincial official class) seeking only for their own interests.

• アプリシオが最初に出現したのは、シャルルマーニュ（カール大帝）の南仏保有地であるセプティマニア地方である。
• The first emergence of aprisio was in the Septimania region, in southern France owned by Charlemagne (Charles the Great).

• 後に戦国大名や武将として活躍した一族はほとんどがこの時代に地方へと下向している（例 毛利氏、吉川氏など）。
• Most of the clans, who later accomplished territorial lords during the period of Warring States and warlords, went down to the provinces during this period (for example, the Mori clan and the Yoshikawa clan).

• しかし、780年（宝亀11年）には陸奥国で伊治呰麻呂の反乱がおこるなど、東北地方では蝦夷の抵抗が強まった。
• However, resistance by Ezo in the Tohoku region became stronger as seen in the revolt of 780 by KOREHARI no Azamaro in Mutsu Province.

• それは平安時代から鎌倉時代のように、戦乱は限られた地方で一瞬起こるものから、全国的、かつ常態となったこと。
• It was because the war spread nationwide and became something of a norm from instantaneous regional events between the Heian to Kamakura periods.

• 1925年（大正14年）には、東北地方を中心に19万ヘクタールに作付けされ、当時の代表的品種の一つとなった。
• In 1925, crops of Kameno-o were sown in the area of 190 thousand hectares in and around Tohoku region as the representative variety of rice at that time.

• 播磨地方の良質の小麦、揖保川の清流、赤穂の塩など原料に恵まれていたことから素麺作りが盛んになったと云われる。
• It is believed that somen production became active because the area was blessed with good ingredients such as high-quality wheat from Harima, clear flow of the Ibo River, and salt from Ako.

• また浅野家、井伊家、藤堂家、山内家等の旧藩主の協力や、喜多流に属する地方の能楽師たちも流派の存続に尽力した。
• Former feudal lords from the Asano family, the Ii family, the Todo family, and the Yamauchi family also supported the school, and other local Noh actors of the Kita school made efforts to maintain the school.

• しかし、利休饅頭（一部では「利久饅頭」の名も用いられている）という名前は共通でも、地方によってかなり異なる。
• However, while the name of Rikyu manju ('利久饅頭' is also used) is commonly used, there are varieties of Rikyu manju depending on regions.

• 秋季が旬であるが、亘理地方では他季節には、ホッキめし（冬）・しゃこめし（春）・アサリめし（夏）が提供される。
• The season for harakomeshi being autumn, during other seasons, hokki meshi (Sakhalin-surf-clam rice) (Winter), shako meshi (mantis shrimp rice) (Spring), and asari meshi (Manila clam rice) (Summer) are served in the Watari region.

• 逆に関東地方を始め、浜名湖以東の地域では酢に加えてケチャップを使うことが多く、この場合、あんの色は赤である。
• On the other hand, starting with the Kanto region and in the areas to the east of the Lake Hamana, in addition to vinegar, ketchup is often used so that the color of the gelee is red.

• 南禅寺豆腐（なんぜんじどうふ）とは、京都の臨済宗総本山である南禅寺周辺や山形県庄内地方でみられる豆腐の一種。
• Nanzenji tofu is a kind of tofu produced around Nanzen-ji Temple, the Grand Head Temple of Rinzai sect in Kyoto, and Shonai Region of Yamagata Prefecture.

• 戦国の混乱は、これらの成果を地方に拡散させることとなり、桂庵玄樹の薩南学派、南村梅軒の海南学派等が開かれた。
• The turmoil of the warring states spread these accomplishments to provinces, and led to the birth of the Satsunangaku school (school of Neo-Confucian in Satsuma) of Genju KEIAN, the Kainan school of Baiken MINAMIMURA, etc.

• 「大和」は本来、奈良地方を指すが、同時に日本全体を示す古い言葉でもある（この場合、古くは「倭」とも書いた）。
• The term 'Yamato' (大和 in kanji (Chinese character) itself originally referred to the Nara district, and at the same time, it is an old word indicating the whole of Japan (in this case, the kanji '倭' was used in old times).

• ごく一般的な銭湯の構造の例は次のようになっている（なお、この見取り図は関東地方の銭湯に多いパターンである）。
• A typical sento is structured as follows (the layout shows the most popular pattern of sento in the Kanto region):

• 繊維製品の納入が基本であり(正調)代わりに地方特産品34品目または貨幣による納入も認められていた(調雑物)。
• Paying tax by textile products was basic (called Seicho), while paying tax by 34 kinds of local indigenous products or money was also admitted instead (called Chozatsubutsu [miscellaneous things that were paid as tributes]).

• この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
• During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.

• 特に地方政治においては、国司へ大幅な行政権を委任する代わりに一定以上の租税進納を義務づける政治形態が進んだ。
• In regional politics, the Court delegated much administrative authority to Kokushi and in return, they bore the responsibility to pay taxes above a certain level to the government.

• そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
• Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.

• 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
• Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.

• 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
• As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).

• だが、実際には江戸時代も後期に入ると、都市・地方ともに新興商人の台頭が始まり、活発な展開を見せるようになる。
• However, the fact was that, during the late Edo period, up and coming merchants started to actively spread throughout cities and provinces.

• 剣客を生んだ地域を見ると、剣術道場の多かった関東地方（関八州）や、倒幕運動に積極的な薩摩国・土佐国が知られる。
• Kanto region (Kan hasshu) where a lot of Kenjutsu dojo (hall used for swordplay training) were located and Satsuma/Tosa province which actively participated in the movement to overthrow the shogunate are known as the places from which many expert swordsmen hailed.

• その結果昭和の戦前頃までには、地方の伝統的小劇場を除いて、枡席は日本の劇場からほとんどその姿を消してしまった。
• As a result, most masuseki were eliminated from theaters in Japan except for those in the traditional small theaters in local cities by the early Showa period.

• また同じ目的、祭神の祭りであっても、祭祀の様式や趣向または伝統などが、地方・地域ごとに大きく異なる場合も多い。
• In spite of the same purpose, and festival for enshrined deity, a style or variety of religious service, or a tradition differs greatly according to a province or region in many cases.

• 「筒袖」の着物の記録は東北地方の漁村で漁師(網衆)が主に着用した「筒っぽう」、「つっぽ」と呼ばれた着物がある。
• According to an ancient record, in some fishing villages of Tohoku region, tsutsusode were mainly worn by fishermen, and it was called 'tsutusppo' or 'tsuppo'.

• その後長い年月を経て、衰退した時期もあったが、関西地方を中心に活動を行い、西日本全体に「未生流」は知れ渡った。
• Subsequently for a long period of time, including some recessions, the 'Misho school' developed its activities mainly in the Kansai region and became popular over the western part of Japan.

• 郷土研究家の土井中照によると、南予地方の鯛めしが、今日の姿で紹介されるようになったのは昭和60年代以降のこと。
• According to Akira DOINAKA, a native researcher, Tai Meshi in the Nanyo area when first introduced has remained the same on and after 1985.

• 特に北米では人気があり、大都市では勿論、地方都市のスーパーマーケットですら寿司が売られていることが珍しくない。
• Sushi enjoys high popularity especially in North America, and it's not rare that sushi is also sold at supermarkets even in local cities as well as in big cities.

• また、地方では修験者と巫女が結びついて祈祷や鎮魂を目的とする民間習俗の色彩が濃い巫女舞も行われるようになった。
• Further development in mikomai took place in local areas, where shrine maidens and shugenja (ascetic monks) joined together and created new mikomai that were influenced heavily by the prayers and folkways aiming for repose of souls.

• 多くの地方自治体では落ち葉やせん定した枝葉は燃やせるゴミとして排出するか、堆肥化して処分するよう指導している。
• Many local governments instruct people to remove fallen leaves and branches and use them as burnable garbage or to dispose with in composting.

• なお、この小正月までが本来の松の内であり、関西や近畿地方では現在でも1月15日の小正月までが「松の内」である。
• Normally, matsu no uchi (the period in which matsu kazari (pine decoration) is displayed during the New Year) should last up to Koshogatsu; even today, matsu no uchi lasts until Koshogatsu of January 15th in the Kansai and Kinki regions.

• 中央政府と地方行政組織を結ぶ日本の古代道路（幅約6～12メートル）が整備され、さらに、関や駅なども整備された。
• The roads (6-12 meters wide) of ancient Japan which linked central government with regional administration organizations were built, and seki (barriers) and umaya (facilities for providing houses, food, etc.) were constructed.

• ところで、9世紀ごろから関東地方を中心として、富豪層による運京途中の税の強奪など、群盗行為が横行し始めていた。
• From the 9th century onwards especially in the Kanto region, millionaires who brought taxes to Kyoto were assaulted and robbed.

• 京阪神地方では、正月に用いたブリの骨や頭を酒粕・野菜・大豆などと一緒に煮て食べることから骨正月・頭正月とも言う。
• In Keihanshin (Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe) region it is called Hone (bone) Shogatsu or Atama (head) Shogatsu because people eat the bones and heads of yellow tales prepared for the New Year, simmering with sake lees, vegetables soybeans etc.

• 久田流を称して主に東海地方に広まるが、その一方両替町住邸は元治元年（1864年）の兵火により焼失して現在に至る。
• He named his school the Hisada school, and actively spread his teachings throughout the Tokai region; however, in 1864 the residence in Ryogae-machi was consumed in a fire caused by a war, and has not been rebuilt to this day.

• 第二次世界大戦中にイギリスがドイツのルール地方にあるダムを破壊するために開発した『ダムバスターズ』が有名である。
• The one which was developed by the United Kingdom during World War II in order to destroy a dam in the Ruhr area of Germany is well-known by the name of 'The Dambusters.'

• 源頼朝の怒りを買った源義経一行が、北陸地方を通って陸奥国へ逃げる際の加賀国の、安宅の関（石川県小松市）での物語。
• The story is set at the Ataka Barrier (now Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture) in Kaga Province, where MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and his company, on the run after having provoked the wrath of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, are passing through on their way to Mutsu Province via the Hokuriku District.

• 山陰や若狭では焼いた鯖をのせることもあり、特に出雲地方では江戸時代から「焼さば寿司」として日常的に食されていた。
• Roasted mackerel is sometimes used as a topping in Sanin and Wakasa, and especially in the Izumo region, this type has been eaten on a daily basis as 'Yakisaba-zushi' (rod-shaped sushi topped with roasted mackerel) since the Edo period.

• 店舗・家庭により好みの具が使用され、地方により果物（リンゴ、ウンシュウミカン、サクランボ等）を入れる場合もある。
• Each shop or home uses its own favorite ingredients, and fruits (apple, satsuma mandarin - Citrus unshu), cherry and so on) are sometimes used in some regions.

• 漫才（まんざい）は、古来の萬歳を元に、日本の近畿地方で独自に発達したとされる、主に2人組で披露される演芸・話芸。
• Manzai or comic dialogue is a type of entertainment or talk show performed mainly by a comedy duo, which has been uniquely developed in Japan's Kinki region based upon the traditional form of manzai observed on New Year's Day.

• 地方官制（ちほうかんせい）は、701年（大宝元）に制定された大宝律令で国・郡・里の三段階の行政組織に編成された。
• The local bureaucratic system was formed into a three-tier administrative organization of kuni (provinces), gun/kori (districts) and ri/sato (villages) under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in the year 701.

• また、中央政権は太閤蔵入地を通じてその地の財政・内政に関与することができるなど、豊臣政権は地方に発言力があった。
• The central administration was able to take part in the rural area's financial and domestic administrations through Hideyoshi's directly-controlled land, which indicated the local regions carried a lot of weight.

• 光仁天皇は、官人の人員を削減するなど財政緊縮につとめ、国司や郡司の監督をきびしくして、地方政治の粛正をはかった。
• The Emperor Konin paid attention to fiscal restraints, for example, by decreasing the number of officials and cleaning up of local administration by strictly controlling kokushi and gunji.

• また、江戸初期には数学の中心は京阪地方だったが、このころから江戸の関孝和の学統、関流が圧倒的な主流派になってゆく。
• At the same time, despite the fact that Kyoto had been the center of learning mathematics during the early Edo period, Seki school of mathematics, started by Takakazu SEKI of Edo, became overwhelmingly dominant around this time.

• 出没の伝えられる地方では、子供が遅くなるまで遊んでいると「一反木綿が出るよ」と言って戒める風習もあったそうである。
• In areas where this ghost was said to haunt, a child playing outside until dark was customarily warned, 'You will be haunted by Ittan-momen if you do not go home.'

• また、それらの団体が地方長官の許可を得て行う競馬であっても、地域の祭典の時期にあわせて開催されるケースが多かった。
• And when these organizations obtained permission from the local governors and the races took place, they were often held at the same time of local festivals.

• 同意の分類でも地方や世代などによって異なる用語が用いられることがあり（中取り / 中汲み 等）、統一されていない。
• In certain cases different terms are used for the classification of the same meaning depending upon the district and generation (example: nakadori/nakagumi etc.), and they are not uniform.

• 西日本では、濃口を刺身用（たまり醤油も使われる）、淡口を煮物や吸い物用など、使い分けは東海地方とさほど変わらない。
• In western Japan, koikuchi soy-sauce is used for sashimi (tamari soy-sauce is also used for it), and usukuchi soy-sauce is used for boiled food and soup; the way of using separate soy-sauces is similar to that of the Tokai region.

• この為、地方によっては普段腐ることがない梅干しが腐るため、何らかの異変が起きると言う迷信が伝えられている所もある。
• Consequently, in some regions the superstition has emerged that something unusual will happen when umeboshi, which usually don't go bad, begin to rot.

• 郡の制度は701年（大宝元）施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
• The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).

• 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末～8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
• In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.

• そして、家康が畿内を留守にしている隙をついて伏見城を落とし、次いで北陸地方や伊勢国伊勢方面の平定に乗り出していた。
• He then captured the Fushiki-jo Castle exploiting Ieyasu's absence from the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and after that he set out to suppress the Hokuriku region and Ise area in Ise Province.

• 九州地方は当時、薩摩国の島津氏が日向国の伊東氏、肥後国の相良氏、阿蘇氏、肥前国の有馬氏、龍造寺氏などを下していた。
• In Kyushu at that time, the Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province had defeated the Ito clan in Hyuga Province, the Sagara and Aso clans in Higo Province, and the Arima and the Ryuzoji clans in Hizen Province.

• 群馬県館林市地方は小麦の産地であり、日清製粉グループ本社の前身であった「日清製粉グループ本社沿革」発祥の地であった。
• Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture is now a wheat-producing area and the birthplace of the 'Head Office of Nisshin Seifun Group Inc. (original),' the predecessor of the 'Head Office of Nisshin Seifun Group Inc.'

• 地方文化の持つ入り組んだ複雑な体系よりも、「あーだこーだむずかしいこと言わない」平明さばかりが好まれた時代であった。
• It was the days when only the simplicity which was represented by a phrase 'Do not say difficult things' was favored rather than a complicated system of local culture.

• 太鼓台の差し上げは地方ごとの流儀が複数存在するが、最も多いものはやはり神輿と同様に担ぎ棒を高く持ち上げるものである。
• The way of sashiage of Taikodai varies from region to region; the most common way is that carriers lift the pole up high like Mikoshi.

• 栃の実の灰汁抜きは手間と時間が掛かり、また各地方・家庭で受け継がれているコツなどもあるため、未経験者にはやや難しい。
• Since it requires time and effort and also each district and home has its skills inherited, removal of harshness from conkers is a little difficult for inexperienced persons.

• あるいは鎌倉時代からこの地方を治めた武藤氏が京から能役者を招いた事があったのが伝説の背景なのではないかともいわれる。
• The legends are also said to be from the background that the Muto clan, who had governed the area since the Kamakura period, invited Noh players from Kyoto.

• 関西地方では「メンチ」という言葉は、「メンチを切る」という、喧嘩の際に使われるガラの悪い表現を連想させることがある。
• In the Kansai region, the word 'menchi' can suggest the expression 'menchi wo kiru' (to glare at someone), a vulgar expression used when fighting.

• 現在は殆ど見られないが、かつて、主に関東地方において、豆腐の売り歩きをする際に豆腐屋はラッパを吹きながら売り歩いた。
• Although seldom seen today, the tofu seller blow a bugle when carrying tofu on his sales route, mainly in the Kanto region.

• 同じように清酒酵母地方自治体開発の酵母とあわせて使用することを、開発の段階から想定もしくは理想としている場合が多い。
• It is also assumed or taken as ideal from the developmental stage to used with sake yeast developed by the municipality.

• 家康の関東入部に伴い、三河地方の畳職人も江戸に移り、必然的に江戸でも「田舎間」の畳を作り、それが標準となったという。
• It is said that with entering into the Kanto Region, the tatami craftsmen in the Mikawa Region inevitably moved to Edo and produced the tatami of 'inaka-ma,' which later became the standard.

• 一方、サンドイッチなどの軽食はデカ盛り近畿地方があり本店等で食べられる「京の朝食」はボリュームたっぷりの朝食である。
• On the other hand, there is dekamori Kinki chiho (extra-large helping in Kinki region) for light meals like sandwich and 'Kyo no choshoku' (breakfast of Kyoto), a large volume breakfast can be eaten within the main shop.

• 従前の軍事制度は、個別人身支配を前提とする軍団 (古代日本)及び地方有力者（郡司層）に依存する健児を柱としていた。、
• The pillars of the former military system were corps (ancient Japan), whose premise was people-based governance, and the kondei system (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)), which was dependent on locally influential people (gunji).

• こうした機関の実務官僚として、現地の富豪層・田堵負名層が採用され、在庁官人として地方行政の実務にあたるようになった。
• Local millionaires and tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager) were recruited as governmental officials responsible for practical works at these offices and were in charge of local administrative jobs as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).

• また彼らは古代以来の首長層に替わって、出挙を通じて公民を隷属下に収めていき、地方の人民支配の主体ともなりつつあった。
• Also, they took the place of the ruling-class since ancient times, forced the public into a servile position through suikyo (land lease at interest) and became dominant local governors of the people.

• 古都保存協力税（ことほぞんきょうりょくぜい）は、かつて京都市が制定した税条例に基づき実施された地方税のひとつである。
• The Kyoto Old Capital Preservation Cooperation Tax was one of the local taxes, which was once levied in accordance with a tax ordinance enacted by Kyoto city.

• 例えば、三河の水野氏が備後福山に立藩したため三河の言語が備後地域に流入され、福山地方の方言に三河方言が混ざっている。
• For example, the Mikawa dialect had been imported into the Bingo area since the Mizuno clan in Mikawa founded a domain in Bingo-fukuyama, while the Fukuyama dialect was mixed with the Mikawa dialect.

• 地方や家庭によって多様な方法があると思われるが、すぐ食べる事を前提とした現在において最も一般的と考えられる方法を示す。
• It may vary depending on the region or home, but the currently most common process is described as follows assuming that they will be consumed immediately.

• 天保年間には、畿内地方ではチロリがもちいられていたが、江戸ではすでに燗徳利（かんとっくり／かんどくり）が流行していた。
• In the Tempo era, chirori was used in the Kinai area, but kantokkuri/kandokuri (bottle for warming sake) became popular in Edo.

• 関西地方を中心に一部のうどん店においては、天かすを容器に入れて客席に出し、好きなだけ添えられるようにしている所もある。
• At some udon restarurants mainly in the Kansai region, tenkasu in the container is put on the table so that customers can freely use it as garnish.

• 米を原料とするものは、米菓煎餅（べいかせんべい）ともいい、主に関東地方で古くから煎餅と呼ばれて作られてきたものである。
• Senbei made from rice is also called beika-senbei (米菓煎餅), which has been made in the Kanto region since olden days under the name of senbei.

• 蘇民将来（そみんしょうらい　蘇民將來）とは近畿地方を中心に日本各地に伝わる説話、およびそれを起源とする民間信仰である。
• Somin shorai refers to a folk tale that has been told as a legend in Japan in mainly the Kinki region, referring to folk beliefs that originated in the folk tale.

• 赤白緑の3色のものが多いが、地方によっては黄色などを加えたりして5色、7色になっている餅を四角形に切って重ねてつくる。
• It generally has three layers of red, white, and green but in some regions, colors such as yellow are added to give five or seven colors with the mochi cut into squares and layered.

• ツィターはヨーロッパの楽器としては一般的なほうではなく、アルプス地方の民俗楽器（特にオーストリア）として扱われている。
• Zither is not a commonly-used musical instrument in Europe, but a folk instrument of the Alpine region (especially Austria).

• 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀の頃、地方の有力農民である田堵（たと）による田地開発とその私有地化が活発化した。
• In the mid-Heian period, from the late 10th century to the 11th century, farmland development and their privatization by Tato, local powerful farmers, had been accelerated.
• In the middle of the Heian period, around the late tenth century to eleventh century, development and privatization of rice fields by locally influential farmers called Tato (cultivators) were accelerated.

• このころには地方機関による公出挙の他、地域の富豪・有力百姓ら（田堵など）も零細百姓らを対象に私出挙を行うようになった。
• In addition to the Ku-Suiko managed by local administrative organizations, rich people and influential farmers such as Tato (cultivators) living in local areas implemented Shi-Suiko for petty farmers in those days.

• 南北朝時代から室町時代には、関東地方で武蔵七党など中小武士団による白旗一揆、武蔵平一揆などの国人一揆が盛んに結ばれる。
• From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, groups of small and middle-class samurai such as Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) had formed many kokujin ikki in the Kanto area including shirahata ikki and musashi hei ikki.

• 天台仏教・山岳仏教が日本各地へ広がり、豊後国東半島（豊貴寺大堂など）や北陸地方（平泉寺など）などで動きが顕著であった。
• Tendai Buddhism and Mountain Buddhism spread all over Japan and the regions where this was prominent included Kunisaki peninsula in the Bungo Province (including Main Hall in Fuki-ji Temple) and Hokuriku Region (including Heisen-ji Temple).

• 中国政府や地方政府が土地の乾燥化に拍車をかけるような政策をとるなどして、乾燥地域の拡大につながっているとの指摘もある。
• It is pointed out that both central and local governments of China have employed policies to accelerate the extent of making the land drier, leading to the expansion of dry area.

• そうした中で6世紀前期に近江国から北陸地方にかけての首長層を背景としたオホド王（継体天皇）が現れヤマト王統を統一した。
• During the early sixth century, King Ohodo (Emperor Keitai) appeared from among the chiefs of regions between Omi Province and the Hokuriku region and unified the Yamato royalty.

• 20世紀に日本の中央の政府（地方を除く）が国民服の様式を規定した法律は、国民服令と国民服制式特例だけであり、他にはない。
• The National Uniform Edict and the Special Case of the National Uniform System were only the laws promulgated by the central government, except for those of local governments, to stipulate the forms of the national uniform in the twentieth century.

• こうした京漆器の工芸品は大名同士の贈答品にも用いられ全国に伝播したことから、地方漆器の起源や生産工程に影響を与えている。
• As these handicrafts of Kyo-shikki were used as presents between daimyos (Japanese territorial lords) and spread all over Japan, they have influenced the origin and manufacture process of the other local lacquerware.

• 関西地方を始め、東海道沿いで言えば静岡県の浜名湖以西の地域では、あんの味付けには醤油を使うため、薄茶色の仕上がりになる。
• Starting with the Kansai region and in areas to the west of the Lake Hamana along the Tokaido highway, soy sauce is used for seasoning so that the color of finished gelee is light brown.

• 他県で使用されることもあれば、他の品種と交配して、その地方内外に適応する新たな品種の開発のための交配親となることも多い。
• They are used in other prefectures and are often used as parents for cross-fertilization in order to develop new varieties that adapt within and outside the district.

• 地方ともなれば、各県内中にわずか数軒から数十軒ほどであり、全国合わせても数百軒ほどである（料理業組合、芽生会加盟店数）。
• Even including the provinces, there are only a few to about some tens in each prefecture, so totally it is just about a few hundred in the whole nation (data from Traditional Japanese Cuisine Restaurant Association and Junior Traditional Japanese Cuisine Restaurant Association).

• 関西で言うところのぜんざいを汁粉と呼ぶ関東地方では、餅や白玉に汁気のない餡をかけたものを「ぜんざい」と称することがある。
• In the Kanto region where the dish known as zenzai in the Kansai region is called shiruko, 'zenzai' refers to the mochi or shiratama dumpling dish with a dry azuki bean paste.

• 一部地方では、みょうがぼち（岐阜県）、みょうが饅頭（熊本県）といった、みょうがの葉を使ったお菓子が今でも食べられている。
• In some parts of Japan, cakes containing Myoga are still eaten, such as Myoga-mochi (Gifu Prefecture) and Myoga-manju (Kumamoto Prefecture).

• 駅弁は、20世紀末期から地方色が強いもの、特定の食材を重視したものなどへの傾斜を深めたが、幕の内も依然根強い人気がある。
• In the late 20th century, ekiben tended to feature local specialties as well as specific ingredients but Makunouchi-bento remain popular.

• なお、収穫時にその実をすべて収穫しないカキノキの「木守柿」の風習と同様に、ユズにも「木守柚」という風習がある地方もある。
• Also, as well as the custom called 'Komorigaki' of the persimmon, in which the harvest leaves some of the fruit, the yuzu citron has the same custom, called 'Komoriyuzu' in some regions.

• それまで中央行政の経費は地方からの調・庸によっていたが、畿内に設定した官田の収益を行政経費に充てることとしたものである。
• The profit from Kanden in Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) was used for administrative costs but until that time, the expenditure had depended on the tax collected from the countryside, Cho (tributes) and Yo (labor).

• ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
• Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.

• マニュファクチュア生産は、大坂周辺や尾張国の綿織物業、桐生市・足利市・結城市など北関東地方の絹織物業などでおこなわれた。
• Manufacture developed in the cotton fabrics industry around Osaka and Owari Province as well as the silk fabrics industry in the north Kanto region such as Kiryu City, Ashikaga city, Yuki City and so on.

• その一方で、画一化した大手メーカーの味に飽き足らなくなった消費者が地方に残った小規模メーカーのサイダーを見直し始めている。
• Meanwhile, consumers who are not satisfied with the standardized taste of the saida produced by major manufacturers are beginning to reevaluate the saida made by small-scale makers left in the local area.

• 歌の歌詞は「七草なずな　唐土の鳥が、日本の土地に、渡らぬ先に、合わせて、バタクサバタクサ」など地方により多少の違いがある。
• The lyrics of the accompanying song are like this: 'Seven herbs, shepherd's purse, birds from China, towards the land of Japan, towards the place where they do not cross to, now together, Batakusa Batakusa ('Nanakusa nazuna toudo no tori ga, nihon no tochi ni, wataranusaki ni, awasete, Batakusa Batakusa)'; the song varies, depending on the area.

• 大阪地方を中心とする関西風お好み焼きの調理法の基本は、小麦粉の生地に刻んだキャベツを混ぜて、温めた鉄板上で焼くものである。
• The basic way of cooking Kansaifu-okonomiyaki centered on the Osaka region, is to mix shredded cabbage with the flour dough and grill it on a heated iron plate.

• 更には九州王朝が存在した証拠であるとする主張もあるが、東北地方と同じく、遺構は必ずしも曲水の宴が催された証拠とは言えない。
• Furthermore, there is an opinion that this is evidence that the Kyushu kingdom existed, but it cannot be said that the remains necessarily indicate that Kyokusui no en was in fact held there, which also applies to the case of the Tohoku region.

• その神功皇后は今の北九州地方に滞在中、夫仲哀天皇を亡くし住吉大神といわゆる「不倫」をしたとされるいわく付きの人物でもある。
• Empress Jingu was a mysterious character because she is thought to have had an 'extramarital affair' with Sumiyoshi Okami when her husband, Emperor Chuai, died while she was in present-day northern Kyushu region.

• 実際に防人軍団の外国勢力との交戦は、1019年に中国沿海地方の女真族が対馬から北九州を襲撃した刀伊の入寇の1度だけである。
• In actuality, the only conflict to have taken place between sakimori troops and a foreign force was the Toi invasion of 1019 in which Jurchen people from the coastal region of China invaded northern Kyushu through Tsushima Island.

• 七口の関（ななくちのせき）とは、中世に地方より京都に入る7つの街道（京都七口（きょうとななくち））に設置された関所のこと。
• 'Nanakuchi no seki' refers to the checkpoints which were set on the seven roads leading to Kyoto from outlying regions (Kyoto nanakuchi, Kyoto's seven entrances) during medieval times.

• このことによって、逆に地方における警察力の欠如の環境での生存確保のためには、紛争における自力救済が必要とされるようになった。
• Due to the above, however, self-help in settling disputes became necessary in order to make up for the lack of police force as well as to secure lives.

• 恵方巻、恵方巻き（えほうまき）は、節分に食べると縁起が良いとされる巻き寿司またはそれを食べる近畿地方を中心とした風習である。
• Ehomaki (written as 恵方巻 or 恵方巻き) refers to the maki-zushi (sushi roll) eating which on the day of Setsubun (the traditional end of winter) is considered to bring good luck, or the custom centered around the Kinki region of eating the ehomaki.

• 玄人の能楽師によるものではなく、何処の能楽流派にも属さず、約450年以上前から受け継がれて来たこの地方独自の郷土芸能である。
• Not played by professional Noh actors nor belonging to any Noh schools, it is an original local art that has been handed down for about over 450 years in this region.

• しかし、近年は関西地方でもスーパーなどで10銘柄程度の商品が普通に売られ、陳列スペースもほとんど関東と変わらなくなっている。
• However, in recent years about ten different brands of natto products are sold in supermarkets in the Kinki region, and the amount of display space has become nearly equal to that of the Kanto region.

• 江戸時代後期に東北地方（詳細不明）にて誕生し、1893（明治26）年前後に一般米の親株となったとも（複数説あり）伝えられる。
• There is a view that this variety was born in the Tokoku district in the latter half of the Edo period (though the details aren't known) and, in or around 1893, it became a parent of general-purpose rice (but there are also different views in this regard).

• 12世紀には既に荒廃していたが､付属の荘園群や地方官への推薦権（年挙）は中世まで残り、学館院別当の称号も名誉職として残った。
• Although it was already ruined by the 12th century, affiliated private estates and the chihokan (local official) recommendation (nenkyo) system remained up to the Middle Ages, and also, the title Gakkanin-betto (the chief officer of Gakkanin) also remained to indicate an honorary position.

• 彼らは自らもまた名田経営を請け負う富豪として、また富豪相互あるいは富豪と受領の確執の調停者として地方に勢力を扶植していった。
• The warriors became influential in rural areas as rich farmers who undertook the management of Myoden, or as mediators to solve conflicts between millionaires and zuryo or between millionaires.

• しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
• However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.

• 一方、商業都市として発展をみた大阪は海に近く、魚介も豊かで地方の産物も集まるところから、「天下の台所」と謳われるほどであった。
• On the other hand, because Osaka, having developed as a commercial city, was placed near to sea, fishes and seashells were available abundantly there and foodstuffs from other areas gathered there as well, being called the kitchen of Japan.

• その他にも、地方で落語をベースにした独自の活動を主体にしている、大分県の県南落語組合などのような社会人活動グループなどもある。
• Besides, there exist working people's activity groups including the Kennan Rakugo Union in Oita Prefecture, which mainly have original activities based on local Rakugo.

• この時代は、地方の国人衆や土豪層においても所領経営のためには読み・書き・計算などが必要と考えられるようになった時代でもあった。
• In this period, local lords and local clans considered it indispensable to acquire skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic for the management of their territories.

• これらのことに、地方の酒蔵はおおいに驚くとともに鼓舞され、各地で自分たちの水と米に適合した酒造りが研究・発展されることになる。
• The sake breweries in local districts were very surprised at these and inspired, and began to research and develop their sake brewing methods which were suitable for their own water and rice in various places.

• ちなみに出雲弁で「じんざい」は「ずんざい」（出雲地方は、ずーずー弁。また“ず”の音ははっきりと発音しない）のような発音になる。
• By the way, 'Jinzai' is pronounced as 'Zunzai' with the Izumo accent (In the Izumo region, the zu-zu dialect in which vowels are modified and pronounced as 'u' is common. And the sound 'zu' is not articulated).

• 特に柔術が盛んだった地方では、一つの村落に幾つもの道場が存在し、集落の若者の大部分が入門していたことが様々な記録に残っている。
• In local areas where jujutsu was especially popular, several practice halls existed in a single village and most young people there became the pupils, various historical records say.

• 地方の中小メーカーの存在は、地域の食文化に密接に関係するもののため、文化保全の意味も含めて、「残って欲しい」と惜しまれている。
• Middle and small manufacturers in local regions are closely related to the food culture in the local regions, and they are missed and asked to keep on their businesses from the aspect of preservation of culture.

• 油揚げを使った料理は信太・信田（発音は共にしのだ）と関西地方などで呼ばれるが、これは「葛の葉」という伝説にちなんだものである。
• Any dish that uses aburaage as an ingredient is called 'shinoda' in the Kansai region, referring to the legend of a fox that lived in the Shinoda Forest according to the folk story, 'Kuzunoha.'

• 販売する容量はおおかた２合、５合、１升（10合）（参照：日本酒単位）の三種類で、地方によってはごく稀に１合でも売られたという。
• The units of sake to be sold were mostly two goes (180 milliliters/go), five goes or one sho (10 goes/sho) (refer to units of Japanese sake), but it is said that sake of one go was sold in rare local places.

• また、室町時代後期以後に「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や地方からの名酒の流入もあったが、幕府はこれらに対しても課税を行った。
• There had been dedicated sake retailers called 'ukezake,' and reputed sake produced in rural areas had been sold in Kyoto since the late Muromachi period; and the bakufu also imposed taxes on them.

• また、座同士の連携なども盛んに行われ、生産地の座と消費地の座が連携したり、大都市の座が地方の座を支配したりすることが行われた。
• Za also actively cooperated with each other; for example, a za in a production area cooperated with another za in a consumption area, and moreover, a za in a big city controlled another za in a local area.

• これに対して足利義材は政元の元を逃れて地方へと落ち延び、近畿諸国は足利義稙派と足利義澄派（細川政元派）とわかれることとなった。
• On the other hand, Yoshiki ASHIKAGA escaped from Masamoto's hand and ran away to a province and provinces in the Kinki area were split into two fractions, one for Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and the other for Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA (fraction for Masamoto HOSOKAWA).

• 困窮する京都の公家や僧侶のなかには、戦乱で荒廃する京都を離れ、繁栄する地方都市へ下り、その地の大名や国人に頼るものがあらわれた。
• Some of the impoverished court nobles or priests in Kyoto left their places devastated by war, went down to prosperous local cities, and asked local daimyo (feudal lords) and kokujin (local lords) for help.

• 他の地方でも、乞食正月（石川県）、棚探し（群馬県）、フセ正月（岐阜県）などと言って、正月の御馳走や餅などを食べ尽くす風習がある。
• There are also customs to eat up meals and rice cakes prepared for the New Year in other regions such as Kojiki (beggars) Shogatsu in Ishikawa Prefecture, Tanasagashi (searching in shelves) in Gunma Prefecture, Fuse (offering) Shogatsu in Gifu prefecture.

• 昔から妊婦に関して「夫のふんどし（六尺）(地方によっては裸祭り参加者のふんどし)を腹巻にすると安産できる」と言う言い伝えがある。
• There is a legend on the belief that a pregnant woman may have an easy delivery if she wears as her belly-band the roku-shaku fundoshi loincloth of her husband (or of someone who participated in a naked festival, depending on regions).

• 日本の一部の地方では、通過儀礼として、一定年齢に達すると、成人を迎えた証として初めて褌を締める「褌祝」と言われる私的祭事がある。
• In some regions in Japan, people celebrate a private festival called 'fundoshi iwai' that is a rite of passage, where persons who reached a certain age would wear fundoshi loincloth for the first time as proof of attaining adulthood.

• 2006年には盛岡市の成人式で、新成人数人が暴れ、岩手県議会地方議会議員（当時）のザ・グレート・サスケと揉み合いになるなどした。
• In 2006, at the Seijin-shiki ceremony held in Morioka City, several new adults raged, and got into a shoving match with The Great Sasuke, (then) prefectural assembly member of Iwate Prefecture.

• 特に、京都市街の西北約20kmに位置する北山地方、現在の京都市北区 (京都市)中川を中心とする地域は、北山杉の産地として栄えた。
• Kitayama region, located approximately 20 km northwest of downtown Kyoto, which is currently the area around Nakagawa, Kita Ward, Kyoto City, was a prosperous source of Kitayama sugi.

• 東海地方では武士以外に庄屋・名主層にも弓術が普及し、現在でも「お祭り弓」と称して神社において祭礼と結びついた形で保存されている。
• In the Tokai region, besides being popular among the samurai, archery is also popular among Shoya (village headman) and in the Nanushi hierarchy (village headman); even now, it is preserved in the form of the so-called 'Omatsuri-yumi' (archery for the festival), which is related to festivals in the Shinto shrine.

• 大阪を中心とする近畿地方の繁華街には立ち食いか、椅子があってもカウンター形式の店があり、ソースの入った器を隣同士の客が共用する。
• Downtown areas in the Kinki region, particularly in Osaka, kushikatsus are usually served at bars with no stools or, even if there are stools, at bars that have only counters, where the sauce in the containers are shared with other customers.

• ゆえにグレゴリオ暦（新暦）になった現在でも関東は松の内1月7日後の1月11日、他の地方では1月20日（二十日正月）に行なわれる。
• For this reason, although the Gregorian calendar (the solar calendar) is now in use, the event is still held on January 11 after Matsunouchi ends on January 7 in the Kanto region, while in other regions it is held on January 20 (the end of the Lunar New Year).

• 武芸・武力を家業とする兵の家が軍事貴族へと発展し、地方官（受領）として赴任した際に現地の富豪百姓らとゆるやかな主従関係を結んだ。
• The Army clan which worked for military arts and force as a family business, developed into military nobles, and they established a gradual relation of master and servant with the local rich farmers when they transferred as a local official (Zuryo).

• 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官（受領）や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
• During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.

• この軍制改革は、地方に権限を移譲するという意味で、まさに当時その緒についていた王朝国家体制への転換改革と軌を一にするものだった。
• In terms of transfer of rights to local governments, this military reform was the same as the reform, which was starting around that time, to shift the country to a dynasty-based nation.

• 豊後国の大友義鎮は、島津氏の圧迫を回避するため、当時近畿、四国、中国地方を平定し天下統一の道を歩んでいた羽柴秀吉に助けを求める。
• In order to avoid pressure from the Shimazu clan, Yoshishige OTOMO in Bungo Province asked for the help of Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had suppressed Kinki, Shikoku, and Chugoku regions aiming at the unification of the whole country.

• しかし文化・経済の交流は続き、擦文時代には出羽地方の古墳の影響を受けた末期古墳が築造され、また恵庭市では和同開珎も出土している。
• Nevertheless, cultural and economic contacts continued and, in the Satsumon period, a Makki (Ezo-style) tomb was constructed inspired by tombs in the Dewa region and Wado Kaichin coins have been unearthed in Eniwa City.

• 地方行政にあたる国司は、郡司・富豪層に着目し、従来の個別人身支配の代わりに郡司・富豪層の在地経営を通じた支配へと転換していった。
• Kokushi (provincial governors) in charge of local administration focused attention on gunji (district managers) and the rich and powerful class, and changed management of the province to control through local management by gunji (district managers) and persons in the rich and powerful class.

• 明治維新いらい、以前の庄内藩の農政の影響もあって、山形県庄内地方は他地域では類を見ないほど民間での米に対する探究心は旺盛であった。
• Since the Meiji Restoration, people of Shonai Region in Yamagata Prefecture had an unparalled strong inquiring mind about rice cultivation, encouraged partly by their agricultural administration of previous governers of Shonai Domain.

• 大師様が小豆粥を食する際に用いたと考えられた箸は、地方によっては講の後に魔除けや子女の学問・技術の向上のまじないなどに用いられた。
• In some regions, the chopsticks, which were believed to be the same as those used by Daishisama (the Great Teacher) when eating azuki-gayu, were used after the event as a charm against evil or as a charm for children's excellence in studies and skills.

• この事から隠語で呼ばれる事も多くどぶや白馬（しろうま）、溷六（どぶろくまたはずぶろく）といった呼び方も地方によっては残されている。
• Accordingly, Doburoku is often expressed in jargon, such as Dobu, Shirouma and the name, 溷六 (Doburoku or Zuburoku) remains in some regions.

• 駄菓子という名称は、当時の高級菓子の名称である上菓子の対照としてつけられたもので、関西地方では雑菓子（ざつがし）とも称されている。
• Dagashi was named to mark the contrast with 'jogashi', which were snacks of a higher quality, and in the Kansai area dagashi are also called 'zatsugashi' (miscellaneous confectionery).

• 京都の場合、冷蔵技術が発達する前は若狭地方から運ばれる塩干物の塩鯖が貴重な海産物であり、この寿司が定着した（詳しくは鯖街道参照）。
• In Kyoto where salted mackerel, part of salted and dried marine products, brought from the Wakasa region was a valuable marine product before cold-storage technology was developed, this sushi was rooted (for details, refer to Saba-kaido Road (the highway used to transport fish such as 'saba' - mackerel - to Japan's ancient capital, Kyoto).

• 成人式（せいじんしき）とは、日本の地方公共団体などが、成人式を行う年度内に成人に達する人々を招き、激励・祝福する行事（イベント）。
• The Seijin-shiki ceremony is an event where local public bodies in Japan invite young people who enter adulthood during the fiscal year when Seijin-shiki is held, in order to encourage and cast blessings upon them.

• さらに、店舗と工場は信三郎の一澤帆布加工所が使用していることから、信太郎は、地方裁判所に店舗と工場の明け渡しを求める仮処分を行う。
• As Ichizawa Hanpu kakosho Ltd. operated by Shinzaburo was using the store and factory of Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd., Shintaro further filed an application for provisional disposition with the district court to obtain evacuation of the store and factory.

• 本来は地方の守護・地頭の出した書面や許可証であった物が、文字の読めない当時の民衆にとっては不思議な意味を持つ物となり、現在に至る。
• They were originally documents or licenses issued by local shugo and jito (military governors and manor stewards), but they were thought to have a mysterious meaning by the common people of the time who could not read or write, and this meaning has remained until today.

• 地方の郡司・百姓らが上京し、大内裏の陽明門（内裏の公門とされていた）前で国司の苛政・非法を太政官へ訴えるという形態が通例であった。
• Gunji or farmers of provinces commonly visited the capital to complain to the Daijokan about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi in front of Yomei-mon gate (the public gate of the Imperial Palace) of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).

• しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
• But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.

• もともと渡来銭などを持っていない一部の地方大名などは、むしろ領内から悪銭を排除するために撰銭を「公認」する度合いが強いからである。
• This is because some local daimyo who held no Torai-sen were more likely to permit erizeni acts officially to eliminate low-quality coins form their territories.

• 信濃は深志（現在の松本地方）に小笠原氏、北信を村上氏・高梨氏、木曾を木曾氏、諏訪を諏訪氏、東信に海野氏など国人領主が割拠していた。
• In Shinano, kokujin ryoshu made their own territory their base such as the Ogasawara clan in Fukashi (current Matsumoto region), the Murakami and Takanashi clans in the northern Shinano, the Kiso clan in Kiso, the Suwa clan in Suwa and the Unno clan in the eastern Shinano.

• 郷土料理は日本の地方で古くから食べられてきた料理であり、村おこしに使われるご当地料理、ご当地グルメ(ご当地ラーメンなど)とは異なる。
• Local dishes are traditional ones that have been eaten in various areas in Japan from ancient times, and are different from gotochi-ryori dishes (locally special dishes) or gotochi-gurume (local gourmets) (for example, gotochi-ramen), used for revitalizing villages.

• 銘は『源氏物語』中の宇治十帖を含む54名よりその名前が取られているものの、一部地方の地名や百人一首などを銘として利用するものもある。
• Most of the Meis were taken from 54 people of 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) including Uji jujo (The Ten Quires of Uji) but some of Meis were taken from a certain place name or Hyakunin-Isshu.

• 旧暦7月15日 (旧暦)のお盆は、ほとんどの地方で月遅れの8月15日に行われ、この時期を夏休み（お盆休み）としている会社なども多い。
• Obon, which was July 15 in the old calendar, is held on August 15 (one month later or 'tsuki-okure') in most areas, and there are many companies which have set the period around this day as Summer holiday (the Obon holiday).

• その一方で、地方のコンビニエンスストアやスーパーマーケットの食品売り場には、少なからずその地域特有の食品が並んでいるのも事実である。
• Meanwhile, the food section of convenience stores and supermarkets often have a few dishes peculiar to their local communities.

• このように米の使途の比重として、酒造りが大きくなってきた地方では、食用でなく酒造りに向いている米の探究が盛んに行なわれるようになった。
• In the regions where rice came to be used for sake brewing more and more in this way, the study of rice which was good for sake brewing rather than meals came to be made actively.

• 一方、国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は公領を自領のように扱いはじめ、田堵を在庁官人に任命し、郷司、保司等として地方行政官とした。
• In the meantime, kokushi who strengthened their rights by the contracting system of kokushi began to deal with Koryo as if it were their own property and appointed Tato as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who were such as Goji (a local government of official under ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) as their local government officials.

• 1966年1月24日、部落問題研究所が、朝田府連による会館占拠を解くことを求める仮処分命令申請書を京都地方裁判所に提出し、認められる。
• On Janurary 24, 1966, the Institute of Buraku Problem filed an application for a provisional disposition order to the Kyoto District Court to stop Asada Furen's occupation, and the Court approved it.

• 算定基準である昭和11酒造年度には、まだ大メーカーと地方の零細蔵の生産量の格差は小さかったため、割り当てられる酒米の量の差も小さかった。
• Since the disparity of the production amount between big manufacturers and local small sake breweries was still small in the Showa 11 brewing year which was the standard year of calculation, the disparity of assigned amount of rice for sake brewing was also small.

• - 民芸品や郷土玩具として、日本各地で古くからその地方独自の、様々な仕掛けを持つ玩具があり、現在でもみやげ物として、販売される物も多い。
• From many years ago, local communities all over Japan have produced various toys of their own as a folkcraft, or as a folk toy, equipped with various devices, and even today, many of these toys are sold as souvenirs.

• この風習は1980年代後半までは関東地方（東京）などを中心見られたが、1990年代には縮小していき大多数が白一色の素麺になってしまった。
• This custom was common around Kanto area (Tokyo) until the late 1980's, but it became less popular in the 1990's and now a majority of somen is white only.

• 全都道府県の54地方連盟（東京都は第一・第二・第三の3地区連盟、北海道は中央・西部・南部・東部・中部・北部の6地区連盟）が加盟している。
• Fifty-four local federations from all prefectures are affiliated (Tokyo Prefecture has three district federations--First, Second, Third--and Hokkaido has six district federations--Central, Western, Southern, Eastern, Chubu and Northern).

• しかし、公出挙のウェイトが大きくなってくると、地方機関の出挙運用に様々なトラブルが起こるようになり、利稲を確保できない状況も生じていた。
• With the role of Ku-Suiko increasing, however, various troubles occurred in the management of Suiko controlled by local administrative organizations, which caused difficulties in securing Rito.

• これらは細く長く明治以降もそのまま引き継がれ、けっして大規模ではないが確固としたシステムを基盤として今日の地方蔵にも残っているのである。
• This style has been handed down for a long period of time even after the Meiji period, although the business has not grown much, and still remains in local sake-factories, with the not-large-scaled but established system as its basis.

• 明応6年（1497年）には大内義興は少弐政資を滅ぼし、かつては鎮西の覇者であった少弐氏を肥前の一地方勢力に転落させることに成功している。
• Yoshioki OUCHI defeated Masasuke SHONI in 1497 and succeeded in making the Shoni clan, once the hegemony of Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) demoted to a regional power.

• 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
• From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.

• 戦乱といえば、15世紀前半から南部氏が仙北・鹿角に出兵（この鹿角争奪戦は永禄頃まで続く）、伊達氏の河北地方への侵食など領地争いが目立つ。
• With respect to wars, disputes over territories are prominent as seen in sending troops by the Nanbu clan to Senboku and Kazuno since the first half of the fifteenth century (this war over Kazuno continued until around Eiroku Era) and invasion into the Kahoku region by the Date clan.

• なお、一部の例外を除いて、各藩は藩士への知行体制を18世紀初旬までに地方知行制（現地領主制）から俸禄制（サラリー制）へと変遷させている。
• In addition, with some exceptions, by early in the 18th century, each domain had changed the fief system for retainers to provide a land into the salary system.

• 本来は課役負担者の確保が趣旨であったが、平安時代に入ると陰首・括出は地方より税負担の軽い畿内に移住するための法の抜け穴として利用された。
• The purpose of the regulation was originally to secure tax payers, but during the early Heian period, onshu and kasshutsu were used as a legal loophole to migrate to the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) where the tax burden was lighter than in other provinces.

• 国又は地方公共団体の機関が年齢を言い表わす場合においては、当該機関は、前項に規定する年数又は月数によつてこれを言い表わさなければならない。
• It also stated that, when the government or municipalities refer to the age of a person, such organization must describe the years of age or the number of months in accordance with the rule set forth in the previous paragraph.

• 板（蒲鉾板、あるいは空板（からいた）と呼ばれる）の上に半円形にすり身を盛り付けて作った「板蒲鉾」が一般的であるが、地方によって特色がある。
• Generally, kamaboko is made by putting the fish-meat paste on the wooden board ('ita,' 'kamaboko- ita' or 'kara-ita') in the form of a semicircle, but the products vary from one province to another.

• 官営紙漉き場であった紙屋（かんや）院は、平安時代の製紙技術のセンターであり、当時の最高の技術で紙を漉き、地方での紙漉きの技術指導も行った。
• The kanyain, which was a paper mill under the direct control of government, was the center for the techniques of paper making during the Heian period to make a paper using the best techniques available at the time and provide technical instructions for making paper in the provinces.

• その後、30年代半ばになると、本場の京都や大阪周辺の海老芋の産地が、次々と住地化されていったため、中遠地方が主産地となり現在に至っている。
• After that, around 1960, as the sources of ebi-imo around the land of its birth, Kyoto and Osaka, gradually became residential areas, Chuen became the main source, and has remained so up to the present day.

• 地方の食堂では鶏肉を用意する手間の関係で「親子丼」と称して、実際には炒め物に使う豚肉などを利用して「他人丼」が供されることがしばしばある。
• Restaurants in the country side often serve 'tanin-don' under tha name of 'oyako-don' in which pork used in stir-fried dishes is used instead of chicken to save preparing time and effort.

• 東北地方では製造途中の凍ったものを凍り豆腐として冷凍販売し、乾物の状態のものを凍み豆腐として区別して販売されているため、注意が必要である。
• In the Tohoku region, the frozen type is sold as kori-dofu, which is at the midpoint of production, and the dried type is distinctly sold as shimi-dofu, so it needs attention.

• しかし、公出挙でも年利50％と高利が認められていたので、国府や郡家などの地方機関は春になると正税（租庸調）の種籾を百姓へ強制的に貸与した。
• However, since charging high annual interest rates at 50% was admitted even in Ku-Suiko, local administrative organizations such as the Kokufu (provincial office) and Gunke (public office) started to forcibly loan seed rice to peasants in spring, although such seed rice should have been stored in the provincial offices' warehouse as Shozei, the rice tax (belonging to So-Yo-Cho system [a tax system, corvee]).

• 常置の国家正規軍がなくなったことから地方の治安は悪化し、国衙の厳しい調庸取り立てに反抗した群盗の横行が全国的に常態化するようになっていた。
• Because nationally legitimate permanent troops became extinct, the security of local areas deteriorated, and it became an ordinary state throughout the nation that bandits were rampant against stringent collections of taxes by kokuga (provincial government offices).

• 当時は城や柵（城柵官衙と呼ばれる施設）が作られ、その周囲に柵戸（きのへ）と呼ばれる民が関東や北陸地方から移民させられて耕作に当たっていた。
• At that time, castles and josakukanga (a castle-like facility used as governmental office) were constructed and people called Kinohe, forced to immigrate from Kanto and Hokuriku regions, lived around such castles and josakukanga, and were engaged in farming.

• 1987年3月24日、京都地方検察庁は市長が古都税の和解について交渉した過程において利益誘導にあたる事実はないとして不起訴の決定を下した。
• March 24, 1987: The Kyoto District Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the mayor because of no evidence of handing out benefits to his electoral district during his negotiation for the settlement of the Old Capital Tax.

• 広島県広島市を中心とする地方では、一般家庭でも外食産業でも「むすび」（ないしは「おむすび」）と呼ぶ傾向にあるが、無論「おにぎり」でも通じる。
• Particularly in and around Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture, both general household and food-service industry tend to call 'musubi' (also called as 'omusubi'), but of course 'onigiri' is understandable.

• 東海地方を含む西日本では「天かす」と呼ぶ人が全国平均より多く、関東、甲信越、北海道では「揚げ玉」という人が平均より多いという結果が出ている。
• In western Japan, including the Tokai region, the result showed that the number of people who called it 'tenkasu' exceeded the national average, while in the Kanoto, Koshinetsu, and Hokkaido region, the number of people who called it 'age-dama' are higher than the national average.

• また、北海道や東北地方では、川に遡上して産卵を終え死んだサケを、そのままでは味が落ち食用に向かないため、「鮭節」に加工する試みを行っている。
• In Hokkaido and some prefectures of the Tohoku region, attempts have been made to process the fish of dead chum salmon following the run up a river and spawning roe, into 'sakebushi (dried chum salmon),' because the raw fish tastes bad and is therefore inedible.

• 安政6年（1859年）に横浜港が開港すると、居留地の外国人が牛肉を欲しがり、地方から牛肉が運ばれるようになった（神戸市からと言われている）。
• In 1859, when the Yokohama Port was opened, large quantities of beef were brought in from rural areas (such as Kobe) on behalf of foreigners living at enclaves who hankered for beef.

• 土豪という用語は、室町・戦国期に頻出する歴史用語であるが、大和朝廷時代の歴史用語として、地方首長である国造層を指す語としても使用されている。
• Dogo is a historical term that frequently appears in relation to the Muromachi period and the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) but when used in reference to the period of Yamato dynasty, it refers to kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) class of local heads.

• 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
• During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.

• 広島県東部の備後国地方南部では、府中市 (広島県)を中心に、豚ミンチ肉を使用した府中風お好み焼き・府中焼きと呼ばれるお好み焼きが存在している。
• In the south parts of Bigo Province in the eastern parts of Hiroshima Prefecture, centering on Fuchu City (Hiroshima Prefecture), there is okonomiyaki called Fuchufu-okonomiyaki or Fuchuyaki, which includes minced pork.

• しかしながら、「お盆」時期についての解釈が地方によって異なることや、特別の追悼行事として行う場合もあり、日本全国で一斉に行われるわけではない。
• However, the events of Toro Nagashi are not performed simultaneously in Japan because the time of Bon festival is interpreted differently depending on region, and, in some cases, the event may be held as a special memorial service for particular persons from the past.

• 食味的には小豆の方が上であるが小豆は胴割れ（皮が破れること）しやすく切腹を連想させて縁起が悪いとされ、特に関東地方でささげを用いることが多い。
• Although red adzuki beans are better for eating than black-eyed peas, the former could be regarded as inauspicious since it might easily crack in body (or peel), which would remind one of seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), so that black-eyed peas may be used instead of adzuki beans, especially in the Kanto region.

• 例えば、雑煮、赤飯、おでんなどは地方によって味噌・醤油・塩・砂糖など味付けが異なり、かつ白味噌・赤味噌などの細かな分類がある為地域差が大きい。
• For example, some common dishes, such as zoni (vegetable soup containing rice cakes), sekihan (festive red rice) and oden (Japanese hotchpotch foods served in a pot), have different seasonings (soy sauce, salt, sugar, white miso or red miso, etc.) according to each local community, so they differ greatly from each other.

• 農村では名主、庄屋が幕府・大名と農村の橋渡しとして存在し、原則的に武士は農村にいなかったとされる（地方知行制を温存した仙台藩など例外はある）。
• A headman of a village called nanushi or shoya served as a bridge between the shogunate or domain government and the agricultural community, where no samurai was considered to live in principle, (with the exception of the Sendai Domain in which the Jikatachigyo system [the direct administration of the assigned fief by a shogunate retainer who transferred there] was preserved).

• その他高菜漬を具材として炒めた高菜チャーハンや、阿蘇名物の高菜めし、その他近畿地方では、刻まずに葉を広げておにぎりを包んだめはりずしも知られる。
• Other dishes are well known, such as Takana chahan, fried rice with takanazuke as an ingredient, Takana meshi (rice with takanazuke), the specialty of Aso, and Meharizushi, large sushi wrapped in the uncut pickled leaves of takana.

• 仏教がより寒冷な地方に伝播するにつれて、下衣が着られるようになり、中国に伝わる頃には本来の用途を失って僧侶であることを表す装飾的な衣装となった。
• In accprdance with propagation of Buddhism to cold areas, underwear was used and, when it arrived in China, it had lost its original usage and become decorative, symbolizing the wearer as a priest.

• もっとも、明治以前においても、江戸時代の経済発展に伴い、水運路の整備のため東北地方から九州まで河川改修が進み、物資の流通は飛躍的に伸びてはいた。
• It seems that, even before the Meiji period, rivers were improved in the areas from Tohoku to Kyushu to provide better water transportation routes, corresponding to economic development in the Edo period, and the amount of goods distributed throughout the nation increased greatly.

• かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
• In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.

• それに伴って、地方に土着した貴族や郡司らに出自する富豪層は、国衙から名田経営と租税収取を請け負う田堵負名へ成長し、より一層経済力をつけていった。
• Millionaires who were descents from aristocracy who had settled in the country or local magistrates grew into Tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager): they undertook cultivation of Myoden and tax collection from kokuga and expanded their economic power.

• 教えを受けない者があれば兵を挙げて伐つようにと将軍の印綬を授けられ、翌崇神天皇11年（紀元前87年？）地方の敵を帰順させて凱旋したとされている。
• They were appointed as generals to use armed force against and defeat those who would not accept the Emperor's precepts, and it was reportedly in the following year, the 11th year of Emperor Sujin's reign (87 B.C. ?) that these generals returned in triumph after subduing the local rebels.

• 家康は光秀討伐の兵を熱田区（鳴海とも）まで進めていたが、光秀が中国地方から反転した羽柴秀吉により討たれたという報を聞くと間髪入れず浜松へ戻った。
• Ieyasu, who had advanced the punitive army against Mitsuhide to Atsuta Ward (also said to have been Narumi), returned to Hamamatsu as soon as he heard that Mitsuhide was killed by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had just returned from the Chugoku region.

• なお広義では、田舎の地方公共団体の市民会館などでも落語などの興行が行われるが、こうしたケースも臨時的ではあるが、（出張）寄席と見なすことが出来る。
• Rakugo or other programs are sometimes performed in a rural place, for example, in a civic hall in a local municipality, and in a broad sense, such a place can also be called yose (on a trip).

• これも地方によって違うが、初盆の家の人は門口や、お墓に白一色の提灯を立て、初盆以外のお墓には白と赤の色が入った提灯を立てるなど、特別の儀礼を行う。
• Though this also depends on the region, there are special rituals, for example, households experiencing Hatsubon hang all white Chochin (Japanese paper lantern) at the gate or grave, while other graves have red and white Chochin.

• 愛媛県今治市では揚げる前にタレに漬けて味付けした鶏の唐揚げを「せんざんき」（「千斬切」の字も当てられる）、東予地方では同じものを「ざんき」と呼ぶ。
• In Imabari City, Ehime Prefecture, fried chicken made with chicken that was pre-seasoned by being soaked in sauce is called 'senzanki' (the Chinese characters '千斬切' are also used), and this same dish is called 'zanki' in the Toyo region.

• 棘のない実山椒（雌木）として兵庫県養父市八鹿町朝倉（市町村合併前は八鹿町朝倉）地方原産の朝倉山椒が有名だが日本各地に棘のない山椒の栽培が見られる。
• As for the mizansho (female tree) without spines, Asakura sansho, which is native to Asakura Yoka-cho, Yabu City, Hyogo Prefecture, is famous, but sansho without spines are cultivated throughout the country.

• しかし、全国に広がっている料理で、同じまたは似た呼び方であっても、食材、製法、味付けが地方毎に異なる場合もあり、「食の方言」と呼ばれることがある。
• However other dishes, though common nationwide and called by the same or similar name, have different ingredients, cooking methods and seasonings in each local community, and are sometimes referred to as 'food dialects.'

• 院政期になり北面武士・追捕使・押領使・各地の地方武士団が成立すると、質を重視する院は次第に防人軍団の規模を縮小し、大宰府消滅とともに消えていった。
• When Hokumen no Bushi (Northern Guard), Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents), Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent) and regional samurai groups formed during Japan's period of cloistered imperial rule, the cloistered emperors who emphasized the quality of troops gradually reduced the sizes of sakimori legions, and the system eventually vanished along with the Dazaifu.

• 中唐以後均田制が崩壊すると、宮廷や貴族、武人、地方の豪族などが個人で田畠を財産として私有する風潮が強まり、各地で荘田・荘園が形成されるようになる。
• After the middle of Tang dynasty the equal-field system collapsed and the imperial court, aristocrats, warriors, local ruling families and so on increasingly tended to own the fields (of rice and other crops) as their asset and in various regions shoden (field within a manor) and shoen came to be formed.

• 京都における官衙を含めた領主権力が強化され、座の権威を無視して営業税をかけたり、地方の商工業者が地元の領主と結びついて座の権威打破を図ろうとした。
• The power of feudal lords including government offices in Kyoto was increased, which made it possible for them to impose business taxes without the consent of za; further, local merchants and manufacturers tried to destroy the authority of za in cooperation with local lords.

• 日本の諸将は全州で軍議を行い、右軍、中軍、左軍、水軍に別れ諸将の進撃路と制圧する地方の分担を行い、守備担当を決め全羅道・忠清道を瞬く間に占領した。
• Japanese commanders held a council of war in Jeonju and divided themselves into the Right, Middle, and Left groups and the Navy and allocated marching routes and districts to conquer, and determined which troops were in charge of defense and immediately occupied Jeolla Province after marching from Chungcheong.

• 明治政府の地方行政としては、徳川家を駿府藩に移封し、京都府・長崎県・函館市を政府直轄の「府」とした以外は、原則として以前の藩体制が維持されていた。
• At the local administration level the Meiji government basically maintained the domain system, except they changed the Tokugawa family's domain from Edo to Sunpu, and they put Kyoto, Nagasaki, and Hakodate under direct control of the government by making them 'Fu' (Prefecture).

• 関東地方でも東京都多摩地区、即ち武蔵野（小平市、東村山市など）、埼玉県西部及び北部、群馬県などでは、そばよりもうどんを中心としている店が珍しくない。
• However, even in the Kanto region, there are some exceptional areas including the Tama area of Tokyo, namely Musashino area (Kodaira City, Higashimurayama City, etc.), the western and northern parts of Saitama Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, where not a few shops put emphasis on Udon noodles rather than Soba.

• この日には、各市町村で新成年を招いて成人式が行われる（ただし、豪雪の影響や帰省しやすい時期等を考慮してゴールデンウィークや盆に行われる地方も多い）。
• On this holiday each city and town invites those people who have turned twenty in the last year to a Coming of Age ceremony (in some regions it is held during Golden Week, a holiday in early-May, or during the Bon festival, the festival of Buddhist All Souls' Day, in order to avoid heavy snow and for it to be during a time when people can return to their birthplace).

• その後、春先（旧暦の正月は現在の2月初旬ころで春先だった）に採れる野菜を入れるようになったが、その種類は諸説あり、また、地方によっても異なっていた。
• Later, people began to add vegetables which grew in the early spring (the New Year in the old lunar calendar falls at about the beginning of February on the modern calendar, which was early spring in those days) into the porridge; there are various theories on what kinds of vegetables they were, and the types of vegetables varied according to the area.

• 書院造では、障子の格子桟の寸法が地方によって異なるので、書院紙は全国ほとんどの紙郷で漉かれたが、産地周辺で消費され、市場で流通することが少なかった。
• Shoingami was made in most of the kamigo (areas that produce handmade paper) around Japan; however, most of this handmade paper was consumed in the vicinity of the production areas, and only a small volume was distributed on the market because dimensions of lattice crosspieces of shoji varied according to districts.

• それ以外の成長段階の名前では、和名を決めるといった「名前の標準化」が行われていないため、それぞれの呼び名は、多くの場合、地方によってまちまちである。
• Because the 'standardization of names' according to growth stages other than the mature stage, such as the designation of the Japanese name, aren't made, they're frequently called by different names in different regions.

• 朝鮮への援兵を、同時期に行われた寧夏のボバイ、播州（四川省）の楊応龍の二人の辺境地方の地元民族首長反乱の鎮圧とあわせて、「万暦の三征」と呼んでいる。
• Reinforcement troops for Korea were called 'Three Expeditions in the Banreki Period' together with suppressing two other concurrent uprisings by local ethnic chiefs, Bobai in Ningxia and You Ouryu in Banshu (Sichuan Province).

• 政体書は、アメリカ憲法の影響を受けたものであり、三権分立や官職の互選、藩代表議会の設置などが定められ、また、地方行政は「御誓文を体すべし」とされた。
• The Constitution of 1868 was affected by the American Constitution, separation of powers (of administration, legislation, and judicature), gosen (mutual election) of government posts, and the introduction of domain parliament were stated and local administration was considered 'shall abide by Charter Oath.'

• しかしながら、一方ではこの時代の古文書、たとえば天平年間の地方諸国の収支報告書である正税帳などには「浄酒」（すみさけ/すみざけ）といった語も出現する。
• On the other hand, a word of 'sumisake' (also referred as 'sumizake') appears in the ancient documents of this age such as Shozeicho (balance sheets of tax rice), a financial report of local provinces in the Tenpyo era (729 to 749).

• また、1963年に中国地方を襲った昭和38年1月豪雪で、中国山地の農村から一家で離村し、高度経済成長期の広島市に移住した農家の主婦が開業した例も多い。
• And due to the extraordinarily heavy snowfall which struck the Chugoku region in January 1963, many families left farming villages in mountain areas of the Chugoku region and moved to Hiroshima City during the high economic growth period, where many farmers' wives opened shops.

• 奈良期はまだ、律令制による統治が有効に機能しており、律令制に基づく支配を地方まで貫徹するため、国司が任地へ赴き、現地支配を行う必要があったためである。
• This was because, during the Nara period, control based upon the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) functioned effectively and, to extend the control based on the Ritsuryo system over every part of the country, it was necessary for the kokushi to move to the assigned province to maintain direct control.

• この闘争は正にそうして発生した富をめぐって朝廷から地方統治と租税徴収を任された受領と、富を集積していた富豪百姓層が、激しく衝突したものだったのである。
• These conflicts were brought about by severe competition for wealth between Zuryo who took responsibility in the local governance and tax collection and the wealthy farmer class who were gathering wealth.

• 彼らは国司や押領使として勲功を挙げるとともに、赴任した地方に土着して国衙から公田経営を公認されるなど、自らの軍事力を維持出来るだけの経済基盤を築いた。
• Through distinguishing themselves as local governors or oryoshi, establishing themselves in the areas they were transferred to, and being officially permitted by kokuga to manage koden (field administered directly by a ruler), they established enough of an economic foundation to maintain their own military power.

• その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
• The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.

• 土佐でも南村梅軒が朱子学を講じて南学の祖といわれ、北陸地方でも清原宣賢が能登国の畠山氏、若狭国の武田氏、越前朝倉氏などの諸大名のもとで儒学を講じている。
• In Tosa, Baiken MINAMIMURA, who lectured on Neo-Confucianism, became known as the founder of Nangaku (Neo-Confucianism in Tosa); in Hokuriku region, Nobutaka KIYOHARA lectured on Confucianism for various daimyo such as the Hatakeyama clan in Noto Province, the Takeda clan in Wakasa Province, and the Asakura clan in Echizen Province.

• ただし、九州地方の一部では、初期の突取式捕鯨期には鯨油生産のみが行われて食用習慣が無く、皮下脂肪以外の鯨肉は沖合いに運んで廃棄していたという記録もある。
• However, in some parts of Kyushu, whales were only for producing oil and were not eaten in the hand-harpooning whaling era, and the record remains that the whale meat except subcutaneous fat were carried off the coasts and were dumped there.

• 安永年間より前の宝暦・明和年間（1751～71年）は、越前五郷地方は天候不順がつづき、大雨による洪水や日照り続きの干ばつによって農産物は大凶作となった。
• During 1751 and 1771, Echizen go-go suffered from serious famine because of unsettled weather such as a floods from heavy rain and also a long drought.

• 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
• Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.

• 吉田兼好の『徒然草』には貴族風の花見とそうでない田舎ぶりの花見の違いが説かれており、室町時代初期には地方の武士階級にも花見の宴は行われていたことが伺える。
• Kenko YOSHIDA explained the difference between a noble-style hanami and a countryside style hanami in 'Tsurezure Gusa' (the Essays in Idleness), and it is learnt that even the local samurai warrior society was enjoying a hanami feast in the early Muromachi period.

• また江戸時代初期、徳川家康が駿府城に隠居したとき、紀州からキシュウミカン（ホンミカン）が献上され、家康が植えたこの木が静岡地方のみかんの起源とされている。
• It is said that during the early Edo period when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA retired to Sunpu-jo Castle, he was given Kishu mikan (hon mikan, namely true mikan) from Kishu, and the mikan tree he planted there became the origin of mikan in the Shizuoka region.

• しかし、公出挙であれば、繁雑な事務を行わなくとも多額の収入を確保することができたので、地方機関の多くは百姓に対する強制的な公出挙を行い財源としたのである。
• On the other hand, Ku-Suiko enabled local administrative organizations to secure a large sum of income without troublesome clerical work; therefore, many of those organizations implemented forcible Ku-Suiko, exploiting peasants for acquiring financial resources.

• このため、昭和初期（地方によっては昭和20年代）まで酒は現在のように瓶で売られるのではなく、町の酒屋においてはまだ酒樽からの量り売りするのが主流であった。
• Therefore, until the early Showa period (or during the period from 1945 to 1954 in local regions), sake was sold mostly by measure from a sake barrel, not in a bottle.

• 現在、及川という苗字は岩手県の中部南部と宮城県の北部を中心としつつも（両県合わせて全及川氏の53％）、青森・秋田・山形・福島の東北地方各県に散在している。
• Currently, the OIKAWA family name centers on the middle and southern parts of Iwate Prefecture and the northern part of Miyagi Prefecture (53％ of all OIKAWA clan live in both prefectures), but was scattered around the prefectures of the Tohoku region such as Aomori, Akita, Yamagata and Fukushima.

• このため、桶売りに完全に頼っていた地方の零細蔵は相次いで倒産し、なんとか自立のきっかけをつかんだ蔵も地酒としての生き残り方を真剣に模索せざるをえなくなった。
• For this reason, the local small sake breweries who depended on okeuri completely went bankrupt one after another, and the sake breweries which could scarcely survive had to seek a way to survive by jizake seriously.

• Laverbreadは日本で言う「珍味」の類であり、同じウェールズでも北部山岳地方ではその存在を知らない人も多く、現地でも決してポピュラーな食べ物ではない。
• Laverbread is a kind of 'chinmi (delicacy)' in Japan, but in the north mountain region of Wales many people aren't familiar it, so it isn't a popular food there.

• また、山梨県や青森県の津軽地方、岩手県県北などの北東北の一部とその出身者の多い北海道では、小豆やささげを使うが砂糖を入れて甘い味付けにするのが一般的である。
• In addition to adzuki beans and black-eyed peas, sugar is commonly used to sweeten sekihan rice, the custom of which is practiced in some areas including Yamanashi Prefecture, the northern Tohoku region such as the Tsugaru area of Aomori Prefecture and the northern area of Iwate Prefecture, and in Hokkaido, where many people from the above areas now live.

• 土地の名物と称し、土産物として売られる菓子や漬け物には、実際には他の地域や外国で生産、加工されているものや、ラベルだけを地方のものに換えたものも少なくない。
• Some confections and pickles are called local specialties, and these products are sold as gifts, but in reality, most of these products are produced or processed in another area or country, with labels placed on the product identifying them as local dishes.

• 食品加工会社、飲食店、町おこしで開発された料理などに由来し、ある地域・地方の家庭料理に浸透した場合には、郷土料理と呼ばれる他に「ご当地グルメ」とも呼ばれる。
• Local dishes are also called 'gourmet cuisine in a particular locality' when the dishes, made up in a food processing company, a restaurant, or a campaign for local development, became part of home cooking in a certain area or district.

• 更に9世紀後半には、地域の富豪・有力百姓らの私倉を正倉と認め（里倉）、彼らに公出挙運用を請け負わせることで、地方機関の出挙収入の確保が図られるようになった。
• In addition, in the latter half of the ninth century, local administrative organizations attempted to secure income through Suiko by allowing rich people and influential farmers in local areas to undertake the management of Ku-Suiko after admitting the private warehouse possessed by those people to be Shoso (Riso).

• 地方によっては検見法が行われる所もあり、従前は検見法が行われていた所が願出によって定免法に変更し、また逆に定免法を廃して検見法に改めるなどさまざまであった。
• In some areas, kemi ho was adopted and the areas where once kemi ho was adopted asked for a change to jomen ho and vice versa, it varied in different areas.

• 開発領主たちは、国司の寄人として在庁官人となって、地方行政へ進出するとともに、本所から下司・公文などといった荘官に任じられ、所領に関する権利の確保に努めた。
• Kaihatsu-ryoshus became zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) as yoriudo of kokushi and advanced to the local administration and were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) such as geshi (a local official to manage a shoen estate), kumon (a local shoen official below the geshi in rank) and so on by honjo and tried to secure the rights on shoryo (territory).

• この行事に食べられる食品に菱餅、雛あられ、鯛やハマグリの料理（吸い物等）、ちらし寿司があり、地方によっては飲み物として白酒 (日本酒)、生菓子の引千切がある。
• At the festival, people eat hishi-mochi (red, white, and green diamond-shaped rice cakes), hina-arare (cubic rice crackers for Hina-matsuri), the dishes (soup, for example) of red sea bream or hamaguri (common oriental clam), chirashi sushi (literally, scattered sushi, or a bowl of sushi rice topped with an assortment of fish, vegetables, and the like); and in some regions, they have shirozake for drinking and the fresh sweet hichigiri (a round sheet of rice cake with sweet bean paste tucked inside it).

• さらに、鎌倉時代以降は朝廷の力が弱まり、京で作られた暦が地方へ伝達しにくくなったことから、各地で独自に宣明暦の暦法によった暦（民間暦）が作られるようになった。
• In addition, because the imperial court started to lose power after the Kamakura period, and it became difficult to distribute calendars produced in Kyoto to regional areas, calendars (private calendars) based on a method of making calendars of the Senmyo Calendar began to be produced independently in various parts of the country.

• ただし、文化 (元号)10年（1813年）ころの『風俗問答答書』には「草の餅はゝこ草をも用ひ候や」とあり、地方によってはハハコグサを用いる例も少なくなかった。
• However, from the description that 'Hahakogusa is also used for making kusamochi' which appears in 'Fuzokumondo-tosho' (Question and Answer on Cultural Matters) compiled around 1813, it is clear that many districts used hahakogusa as an ingredient.

• これらは地方によって氏神の化身とみなされる場合や、または神輿を先導する露払いの役目を持って町内を練り歩き、それをもてなす意味で沿道では賑やかな催しが行われる。
• These are sometimes regarded as an incarnation of ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) in some provinces, or parade with a role of outrider leading mikoshi, and joyous events are held along the street for the purpose of entertaining mikoshi.

• 祝食としては、壱岐島を中心とした九州で食べられる鯛素麺や滋賀県の長浜市を中心とした湖北地方で食べられる焼鯖素麺、広島県の婚礼に供される「鯛めん」が有名である。
• Known as a celebratory foods are sea bream somen eaten around Oki no shima Island in Kyushu, grilled mackerel somen eaten in the Kohoku area (area north of Lake Biwa) around Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture, and 'tai men' (literally meaning sea bream noodle) served in wedding banquettes in Hiroshima Prefecture.

• 東海地方には他に尾州久田流があり、大高（現在名古屋市緑区 (名古屋市)）の下村実栗が6代宗参の弟子の栄甫から久田流を習得した後、独自発案を含めて創流したもの。
• In the Tokai region, there was also the Bishu Hisada school, and after Mitsuyoshi SHIMOMURA in Otaka (Midori Ward in present day Nagoya City) studied the teachings of the Hisada school under Eiho, a student of the sixth generation grandmaster Sosan, he established his own independent school.

• 気候的に米作に適さず、近代まで米食の習慣がなかった沖縄県には現在も雑煮を食べる風習はないが、同じ琉球王国に属する鹿児島県奄美地方においては比較的普及している。
• In Okinawa Prefecture, where the practice of eating rice had not begun until modern times as rice was not produced there due to the climate, there is still no custom of eating zoni today; while zoni is relatively popular in the Amami region of Kagoshima Prefecture, which used to belong to the same Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa.

• また、天皇の家門安堵を行う権能は戦国時代 (日本)以後も存在しており、京都における天皇への奉仕（公事など）を怠る公家（地方下向者）を牽制する役目を有していた。
• Additionally, the emperor's function of giving approval to families continued after the period of civil war (in Japan), as did the function of checking on court nobles (those going down to the provinces) who had neglected their services to the Emperor in Kyoto (including public duties).

• また、鎌倉時代には津軽地方の豪族である安東氏が、鎌倉幕府の執権北条氏より蝦夷管領（または蝦夷代官）に任ぜられ、これら3種の蝦夷を統括していたとする記録もある。
• Another record states that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region, was appointed as an Ezo Kanrei (or Ezo Daikan (local governor)) by the Hojo clan, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, and that it controlled these three Ezo groups in the Kamakura period.

• 丹後地方は大型古墳が集中（網野銚子山古墳、神明山古墳、蛭子山古墳など）していることや、近年の発掘調査などから、古代に独自の勢力が存在していたと想定されている。
• It is believed that an independent power existed in Tango region in ancient times due to a large tumulus center found there (Aminochoshiyama Burial Mound, Shinmeiyama-kofun Tumulus, Ebisuyama-kofun Tumulus, and the like), as well as recent excavations and researches.

• しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
• However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.

• 古墳は７世紀に入っても築造され、地方によっては8世紀まで造られているが、仏教公伝の年とされる538年頃を境に、それ以後を飛鳥時代、以前を古墳時代と呼んでいる。
• Mounded tombs were still constructed in the seventh century - in some local provinces, even until the eighth century - however, with the year 538 (around when Buddhism was introduced into Japan, they say) being the boundary, the period before this year is called the Kofun period, and the time after this is called the Asuka period.

• 冒頭の「官武一途」は語は福岡孝弟の修正案で追加されたものであり、「官」とは太政官すなわち中央政府、「武」とは武家すなわち地方の諸侯、「一途」は一体を意味する。
• The word '官武一途 (no less than the civil and military officials)' at the beginning was added in the revised draft of Takachika FUKUOKA and '官 (the civil officials) ' means Daijokan (the Great Council of State) and central government, '武 (the military officials) ' means military families and regional lords, '一途 (no less than) ' means united.

• 本来は白いものであった（現在でも白い喪服を用いる地方もある）が、明治以降黒＝礼装の色と定められたことと、洋装の黒＝喪という感覚の影響で現代では黒が一般的である。
• Mofuku were originally white--in fact, people in some regions still wear white Mofuku--but, as black has taken root as the color of formal dress after the Meiji period, and the black Western clothing has been recognized as the mourning dress, Mofuku is black in general.

• 大手の酒類販売店が自己資本で飲食店（主に高級居酒屋・和ダイニングバーなど）を経営し、一般消費者層になじみの薄かった地方の銘酒などを試飲感覚で安価で提供している。
• Some big liquor shops manage restaurants (mainly high grade izakaya bars, dining bars of Japanese dishes and so on) with their own capital and provide local famous sake which used to be unfamiliar for common consumers for a cheap price in the sense of tasting.

• その後、「炉ばた」の一番弟子が大阪府で、二番弟子が北海道釧路市栄町で、ほか3名の弟子が東北地方の青森県や福島県などで炉端焼きの店を出した（大阪の店は既に閉店）。
• Later, the best apprentice at 'Robata' opened a restaurant in Osaka Prefecture, and the second best apprentice at Sakaemachi, Kushiro City, Hokkaido, and three other apprentices opened robatayaki restaurants in Aomori Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, etc. in Tohoku region (The restaurant in Osaka is already closed.)

• 関東地方における串カツとは、豚肉を3～4cm角に切ったものと、タマネギもしくはネギを切ったものを交互に串に刺し、豚カツの要領でパン粉をまぶして揚げたものである。
• In the Kanto region, kushikatsu refers to a skewer of pork sliced in three to four centimeters cubes and onions or green onions arranged alternately one by one, breaded and deep fried like a pork cutlet.

• なぜなら東京で発表され、早稲田周辺などで広まった新しい料理・カツ丼が、当時の食堂店主らの手で地方の各地域に持ち帰られ、(その地域での)「元祖」を名乗ったからだ。
• For the new dish 'katsudon' publicized in Tokyo and spread around the Waseda area was brought back by restaurant owners to their hometowns and became the 'original' (in the regions).

• 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
• On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.

• すでに9世紀後期の頃から、実際に租税収取を担当する地方行政の現場では、戸籍・計帳を基盤に置いた課税方式が後退し、土地に対する課税が積極的に行われる傾向にあった。
• As early as from the late 9th century, local administrative bodies, which were actually in charge of tax collection, tended to impose tax on land rather than collecting it based on family registration/keicho.

• 同法は墾田の永年私有を認めるものだったため、資本を持つ中央貴族・大寺社・地方の富豪（かつての豪族層）は活発に開墾を行い、大規模な土地私有が出現することとなった。
• As the law admitted a permanent ownership of cultivated lands, central aristocrats, large temples and shrines and local rich men (formerly the class of gozoku), who had capital, actively cultivated lands and then a large scale private ownership of land appeared.

• 平成時代へと突入した1990年代、コンビニエンスストアが地方でも一般的になり温かい弁当が一般化すると、駅弁でも化学反応を利用して加熱できるタイプのものが登場した。
• In the 1990's when the Heisei period started, convenience stores as well as warm bentos became popular in local areas, Ekiben heated by chemical reaction became available.

• 地方自治体は主要農作物種子法にもとづき、都道府県の農業試験場等で酒米品種の奨励品種決定のための試験を行い、優良な品種を農業者に対して栽培を奨励するのが通例である。
• Usually, under the Major Agricultural Products Seed Act, the agricultural experiment stations of the municipality and so on carry out tests to determine the recommended varieties of sakamai and recommend excellent varieties to farmers.

• 転勤先や赴任先がたまたまその地方の有名な祭礼の開催地であった場合は、有給休暇で祭礼の期間中、家族旅行に出かけた方が出費が安く済む、などといった笑えない実話まである。
• There is a true story which is not a laughing matter: The case in which a person's place of employment or new relocation is known for a famous festival, the person will find it less costly to take paid holidays and make a family trip rather than staying at home during the festival period.

• 解散後の稲葉、後藤、綾野小路は極東映画社へ、田中はフリーランスに、水原はマキノ雅弘のマキノトーキー製作所へ、五十鈴は大都映画を経て極東へ、高木は地方巡業の旅に出た。
• After the company was liquidated, Inaba, Goto and Ayanokoji joined Kyokuto Eiga-sha, Tanaka turned freelance, Mizuhara joined Masahiro MAKINO's company called Makino Talkie Seisakusho and Takagi began doing road shows.

• 安喰善知の門人には、松江藩の支藩である母里藩10代藩主松平直哉の子で子爵となった松平直敬があり、学習院や皇室で茶の湯の指導にあたるなどして関東地方に雲州流を広めた。
• A disciple of Zenchi AJIKI, Naoyoshi MATSUDAIRA, who was a son of Naotoshi MATSUDAIRA of the 10th lord of the Mori Domain, a branch domain of Matsue Domain, and received the rank of viscount, spread Unshu-ryu school in the Kanto region by giving instructions on tea ceremony at the Gakushuin School Corporation and to the Imperial family.

• 天文 (日本)15年（1546年）会津地方で蘆名盛氏に絵画の鑑賞法を授け、天文19年（1550年）には小田原市や鎌倉を訪れ、多くの名品に接し画僧達と交流したらしい。
• It seems that in 1546 in the Aizu region, he imparted the way of appreciation of paintings to Moriuji ASHINA, and in 1550 he visited Odawara City and Kamakura City where he came into contact and communicated with artist monks.

• 弘前の根笹派錦風流、浜松の普大寺の流れをくむ名古屋の西園流、京都の明暗寺の明暗真法流と明暗対山流、博多一朝軒、越後明暗寺、東北地方の布袋軒、松巖軒などの伝承である。
• Nezasa-ha Kinpu school of Hirosaki, the Seien school of Nagoya, which incorporates influences from the Fudai-ji Temple of Hamamatsu, the Myoan Jinpo school of Kyoto's Meian-ji Temple as well as the Myoan Taizan school, the Hakata Itchoken school, the Echigo Meian-ji Temple school, the Fusokan school of the Tohoku region, the Shoganken, and the like are schools that have been transmitted.

• 著名な歌人や宮廷人の作品ばかりではなく、東歌や防人歌など、地方の農民の素朴な感情をあらわした作品も多く収められており、このなかには心に訴える優れた歌が多くみられる。
• The Waka are not only by famous poets and court nobles, but also many poems showing unassuming sentiments of local farmers such as azumauta (poems in ancient Japan in the dialect of the eastern region) and sakimori-no-uta (poems by soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) and many of the latter are excellent ones which appeal to human sentiment.

• 名古屋を中心とする中部地方では、こんにゃくや豆腐などに八丁味噌をベースにしたたれを付けて焼いたり、それらを湯掻いて味噌だれをつけて食べる田楽（味噌田楽）も健在である。
• The Chubu region centering around Nagoya still has Dengaku (Misodengaku) in which konjac and tofu are either grilled with a sauce based on haccho miso (dark red miso) or boiled and eaten with Misodare dip.

• もともと2代杖信の弟子で西勝寺の皆乗院公道が秋田に茶道を普及していた縁があり、宗震は4回にわたって秋田を訪れ伝道に携わり、それ以来秋田を中心に東北地方に広まっている。
• At the edge of the earlier connections that Kodo KAIJOIN of Saisho-ji Temple who was a disciple of the second head, Joshin, spread tea ceremony in Akita, Soshin visited Akita four times to involve in the promotion and the school has known over the Tohoku region, especially in Akita since then.

• これらはノルマンディーやブルターニュ地方のガレット（そば粉のクレープ）に端を発するが、現在街角で見られるクレープの屋台が全てそば粉のガレットを扱っているとは限らない。
• The French crepes of street stalls, originated from galette (crepes made with buckwheat) in the Normandy and Bretagne regions, but not all French street stalls sell buckwheat crepes.

• 近畿地方では大阪市のイカリソース、神戸市のオリバーソースなど大手メーカーが以前からお好み焼き用のソースを販売しているほか、近年は広島市のオタフクソースも流通している。
• In the Kinki region, major manufacturers such as Ikari Sauce Co. in Osaka City, Oliver Sauce Co., Ltd. in Kobe City and so on have sold okonomiyaki sauce for a long time and recently those from OTAFUKU SAUCE Co., Ltd. in Hiroshima City have also been sold.

• 負名は、私出挙により得た50％の利子のうち30％分を公出挙の利子として地方機関に納入すれば残りの20％を正倉管理料、運用請負費用等として自分のものとすることが出来た。
• If Fumyo paid 30% of the total interest of 50% obtained through Shi-Suiko to local administrative organizations as interest for Ku-Suiko, they were allowed to keep the remaining 20% for themselves as a management fee for the Shoso and the cost for undertaking the operation, etc.

• 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
• As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.

• また、安芸国の小早川氏、伊予国の越智氏や河野氏、三浦半島の三浦氏、津軽地方の安東氏などは、陸の武士であると同時に支配下の沿海土豪からなる水軍を擁した海賊衆でもあった。
• And the Kobayakawa clan in Aki Province, the Ochi and Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Miura clan in the Miura Peninsula and Ando clan in Tsugaru region were not only samurai on land, but also Kaizoku shu (pirates) that held suigun navies made up of coastal local ruling clans.

• 弥生式土器は地理的に中国大陸や朝鮮半島に近い北部九州で最初に出現したもので、他の地方でも縄文式土器に代わって製作されるようになり、北海道を除く日本全国に分布している。
• The Yayoi pottery was made at first in the northern part of the Kyushu region, which is situated close to China and the Korean Peninsula, and then Yayoi pottery began to replace Jomon pottery in other regions as well, so the excavation site of the Yayoi pottery ranges nationwide except for Hokkaido Island.

• また、成立の経緯からして相撲文化と直結している料理であり、このため両国 (墨田区)界隈の他、地方場所の開催がある大都市、名古屋、大阪、福岡などにはちゃんこ料理店が多い。
• In light of the background of the establishment, the dish is directly connected to sumo culture and, therefore there are many chanko restaurants around Ryogoku (Sumida Ward), and in big cities such as Nagoya, Osaka and Fukuoka where regional tournaments are held.

• ここでは、地方自治体の試験研究機関、すなわち農業試験場、醸造試験所などで、気候や土壌を初めとした、それぞれの都道府県の自然条件を生かすように開発された酒米の品種をさす。
• This means varieties of sakamai that are developed by municipal experimental and research institutions such as agricultural experiment stations and brewing laboratories, so that the natural conditions of each prefecture--such as climate and soil quality--can be fully utilized.

• 地方によっては「施餓鬼」（きこん又はせがき）と呼ばれ、餓鬼道に陥った亡者を救ったり、餓鬼棚と呼ばれる棚を作り、道ばたに倒れた人の霊を慰めるなどの風習もこの頃に行われる。
• In some areas, they have Kikon or Segaki, a Buddhist service to save the suffering spirits in the realm of the gaki (hungry ghosts), and make a shelf known as a gakidana to provide comfort to the spirits of people who fell and died on the street.

• 特に、人口が密集した江戸において、最も小さな畳を基準としたのは、家康時代の三河地方では、質素倹約の立場から、京間に対して田舎間と称して意識的に小さな畳を使用させていた。
• Especially in Edo, a heavily-populated area, the smallest tatami was used as the standard because in the Mikawa region, when it was ruled by Ieyasu, the smaller tatami, which was called inaka-ma as opposed to kyo-ma, was forced to be used from the standpoint of modesty and frugality.

• また若者も、安定収入が得られる企業に就職を希望するようになり、かつての地方の青年が抱いていた「杜氏になれば御殿が建つ」といったイメージは、すでに過去のものになりつつある。
• In addition, young people now want to find a job at a company which can provide steady income, and the image that young people in countryside used to have, which was described as 'once becoming a toji, you can build a mansion,' is becoming old-fashioned.

• また、陶磁器の普及までは木椀を使用しており（九州では陶磁器の普及により木椀を用いる習慣がほとんど失われた一方、東北地方では近代にいたるまで木椀を多用する文化が残っていた。）
• Wooden bowls had been popular until ceramic-ware became widely used (In Kyushu, the custom of using wooden bowls has almost been lost due to the wide use of ceramic-ware, but in the Tohoku region, the culture of using many wooden bowls remained until modern times.)

• その改革は、地方官（国司）へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
• The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.

• 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀以降、地方の開発領主らは法的根拠に欠けた自らの私有地（荘園）を、国衙の収公から逃れるため受領層（中央の有力貴族や有力寺社）に寄進した。
• Starting from the late 10th century or the 11th century, which was the middle of the Heian period, local kaihatsu ryoshu started to donate their private lands (shoen) that they illegally owned to the zuryo (provincial officers such as dominant nobilities, temples, and shrines in the capital) in order to escape from confiscation by the kokuga (provincial government offices).

• 地方によって若干調理法は異なるが、軽く湯引きした物や、マリネ状にしたもの、そのまま生のウニや白身魚のような魚介類を、ライムや塩、生姜などの薬味、チリソースなどと和えて食する。
• The preparation methods differ slightly between different regions, but slightly boiled or marinated ingredients are eaten with raw sea urchin or white-fleshed fish that has been flavored with condiments such as lime or salt and ginger and then seasoned with chili sauce.

• 当時の幕府の法令は、今でいえば日本全国を対象とする法律であって、それに対し今の地方自治体が定める条例のように、江戸時代にも特定の藩や地域だけに認められた法度もたくさんあった。
• While the decrees of the bakufu at the time were today's national laws in Japan, there were many Hatto (law, ban) locally effective only in certain domains and regions in the Edo period as there are Jorei (ordinance) set forth by local governments today.

• - 水塚とは群馬県地方にみられる水害のときの避難施設であり、盛り土の上に木造二階建ての搭状の建物で１階が味噌や食料の貯蔵と家財道具の一時保管場所で2階が居住空間となっている。
• - The mizu-zuka was a shelter in a case of floods seen in regions of Gunma Prefecture, being a wooden tower building of two stories erected on an elevated earth; the first floor stored miso (soybean paste) and other food and temporarily stored household goods, whereas, the second floor was used as a living quarter.

• 古くは東北地方などで着物の上に纏う山袴として労働、日常生活の作業に用いられていたものであったが、太平洋戦争中に、厚生省によって「モンペ普及運動」として婦人会などで奨励された。
• They were once worn as yamabakama over a kimono for works and daily activities in the regions like Tohoku, but during the Pacific War, Ministry of Health and Welfare started 'Monpe promotion activity' and they were encouraged by Women's Club and such.

• 地方料理の一環として、小豆以外に白餡、栗、かぼちゃ、百合根、枝豆（ずんだ）を用いて作る場合もある（山梨県には「小豆ぼうとう」と呼ばれる餅の代わりにほうとうを入れたものもある）
• As a local specialty, shiruko is sometimes made from white haricot beans, chestnuts, winter squash, edible lily bulbs or green soybeans (and in Yamanashi Prefecture, there is also a type of shiruko known as 'azuki boto' in which hoto (wheat flour noodle dough cut into small pieces) is substituted for rice cakes.

• 他方、海から遠い地方ほど、食品としての水産品は貴重な存在であり、加工品であっても行事のときにそれらをハレの食膳に上らせることができるのは大きなステータスであったと考えられる。
• On the other hand, when an area is located remote from the sea, marine foods were more valuable there, and it is considered that, if a family could serve sea food, even though it was a processed one, on a celebratory occasion, it showed a great social status of the family.

• 国司苛政上訴（こくしかせいじょうそ）は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司（受領）の苛政・非法を中央政府（太政官）へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
• Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.

• のちに江戸時代に入ってからもしばらくは、地方によっては日本酒の歴史江戸時代後期まで、中央から招いた醸造技術者に対しては「杜氏」よりも「酒師」「麹師」という呼称が一般的であった。
• Brewing specialists who were invited from the capital city were generally called sakashi or kojishi rather than toji even after the Edo period began, or until the latter of the Edo period in some regions.

• 一方で鳥取藩の支藩鳥取東館の池田仲雅が志野流の茶道を好み、流祖像を作り大谷平奉弘を茶頭として志野流茶道を指導させたことから、志野流の元来の茶道が因幡地方に伝来することになった。
• On the other hand, the original tea ceremony style of the Shino school was passed on in the Inaba region because Nakamasa IKEDA, the lord of the Tottori Higashi Yakata, which was the branch domain of Tottori, preferred the style of the Shino school of the tea ceremony, built the statue of its founder, and let 大谷平奉弘 teach that style as sado (a person in charge of the tea ceremony).

• 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
• Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.

• いっぽう、庶民の社会的地位が高まり、商工業の発展にともなって町衆や農民が文化の担い手として登場したことから、文化の面でも幅広い交流がすすみ、庶民性や地方的特色がいっそう強まった。
• Meanwhile, as the social status of the common people rose with the development of commerce and industry, the merchant class and peasants emerged as supporters of culture; the broad cultural interaction was encouraged, and local or plebeian characteristics of culture were enhanced.

• また、海外の熱帯地方に生息する大型の地表徘徊性蜘蛛のグループタランチュラ科は、これらに因んで和名が付けられているが命名は後年近代に入ってからであり、直接的にはやはり無関係である。
• A family of tarantula, which falls under the category of the big ground spider living in the tropical region abroad, was given the Japanese name 'Tsuchigumo' after the above-mentioned meanings, but this name was given later in the modern age, so the family of tarantula has nothing to do with 'Tsuchigumo' mentioned here.

• 地方によっては、お盆の期間中には、故人の霊魂がこの世とあの世を行き来するための乗り物として、「精霊馬」（しょうりょううま）と呼ばれるキュウリやナスで作る動物を用意することがある。
• In some areas during the Bon festival period, they prepare animal figures made from a cucumber and an eggplant and called Shoryoma, used by the spirits of the deceased to come and go between this world and the other.

• 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
• Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.

• その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
• The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.

• しかし、四座に属し幕府御用を勤めていた鷺・大蔵二流に比べれば、明治以前の和泉流は名古屋（宗家、野村又三郎家）・京都・金沢（三宅藤九郎家）を中心として活動する地方流儀に過ぎなかった。
• However, compared with the two other main schools, the Sagi school and the Okura school serving as official Kyogen schools in the Shogun's court by belonging to Yoza (four troupes of Kyogen), the Izumi school before the Meiji period was no more than a local school performing Kyogen in and around Nagoya (base for the head family and the Matasaburo NOMURA family), Kyoto, and Kanazawa (base for the Tokuro MIYAKE family).

• この神事（佐陀神能）は取り替えた御座を清めるための採物舞と日本神話や神社縁起を劇化した神能などから成り、この流れを汲んだうえで演劇性を高めた神楽が中国地方中心に全国へ広がっている。
• This Gozagae Shinji (also known as Sata Shinnoh (a kind of Noh plays dedicated to Sata-jinja Shrine)), is composed by such as torimono-mai dance to purify newly placed mats for gods, and Shinnoh adopting various Japanese myths and legends of shrines, and in this school, the kagura has become more dramatic and spread all over the country, especially in Chugoku region.

• ただし、例えば土佐では皮を残さず切り落とすなど、地方によって異なり、切腹人があえて首を切断することを希望する場合もあり、必ずしも「抱き首」にしなければならないということはなかった。
• However, there were difference among different areas, such as the practice of completely severing the head in Tosa as well as instances in which the seppukunin wished that his head be completely severed, so it was not the case that 'daki-kubi' absolutely had to be carried out.

• なお、一般的な蕎麦ではないが、長野県松本市奈川地方にしゃぶしゃぶのような「長野県」（後述、各地の名物そば長野県を参照）という温かい鍋に蕎麦をつけてから食す変わった食べ方の蕎麦もある。
• It is not a common soba dish but, in the Nagawa area of Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, there is an unusual way of eating soba known as 'Nagano-ken' (Nagano Prefecture) (see Nagano Prefecture under Regional specialty soba around the country discussed later), a shabu-shabu like hot pot in which soba is dipped to eat.

• 昭和時代初期まで新潟県の酒米として代表的な品種であり、昭和初期の同地方の鑑評会の記録には男性的な亀の尾と対比をなす女性的な白藤の評価が多く残されたが、1930年代にいったん絶滅した。
• It was a representative variety of sakamai of Niigata Prefecture until the beginning of the Showa period, and the record of Kanpyokai in this district at the beginning of the Showa period recorded an evaluation of Shirafuji that is feminine in comparison with Kame no o, which was masculine, but it became extinct once in the 1930s.

• 和歌山県のみかんブランドでは有田みかんが全国的に有名だが、県内では「ジョインジュース」と呼ばれるものも名が知れている（近畿地方以外ではCMが無いので、近畿圏外の人は全く分からない）。
• Among the mikan-related products in Wakayama Prefecture, Arita mikan is famous all over the country, however, within the prefecture,' Join Juice' is also famous (Commercial message is only for Kinki region and people outside do not know about it.)

• 主となる惣菜に加え、一般的には白飯、味噌汁（あるいはその他のスープ）、漬物（関西地方では、漬物の代わりに塩昆布や昆布の佃煮が使われることもある）などが添えられることで定食の体を成す。
• As well as the main dish, the set menu usually includes white rice, miso soup or another kind of soup, and pickles, while in Kansai they sometimes serve salted konbu seaweed or boiled konbu dish instead of the pickles.

• 関西地方ではナポリタンをイタリアンと呼ぶこともあるが、具材を若干変えナポリタンとイタリアンの両方をメニューに載せている店もあり、何がナポリタンかの定義はレストランによりまちまちである。
• Although Naporitan is sometimes called Italian in the Kansai region, some restaurants have both Naporitan and Italian on the menu with slightly different ingredients, which leaves the definition of Naporitan up to the restaurants.

• 柏餅にはこのような由来があるが、四国地方などの近畿圏以西では、カシワの木が自生しておらず、元々端午の節句には粽を用いる為、サルトリイバラ科（サンキライ）の葉を代用して作られる事が多い。
• Kashiwamochi has such origin, but oak trees do not grow naturally in Osaka metropolitan district and to the west, such as the Shikoku region, so a leaf of Smilacaceae is mostly used as a substitute since Chimaki (a rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves) has originally been used for the Boy's Festival.

• この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県（コホリ）であり、のちに律令制における郡（コホリ）へと発展していったと考えられている。
• When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 源満仲以来の本拠地である多田に隣接する能勢地方は古くから源氏一族とも関係の深い土地であったと考えられ、能勢氏や地元の伝承などによると源頼光の長子・源頼国が最初に入部し開発したとされる。
• Lying next to Tada, which was the home to the Minamoto clan since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, the Nose region is considered to have been closely related to the Minamoto clan and according to the local and the Nose clan's tradition, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, the eldest son of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, first entered this place and exploited it

• それに伴い社会基盤は自前で行う範囲が発生した資金を町人（現在の地方議員と金持ちを兼ねた様な存在）を始めとする大店（おおだな）などが負担し、おもに大工、鳶、木材商などに従事する者が行った。
• Thus, the public infrastructure was supported financially by chonin (similar to present day rich local legislators) as well as odana (rich merchants), and was constructed by carpenters, scaffolding men, and timber merchants.

• どんどん焼きが進化したもので、大正時代の近畿地方にて、水で溶いた小麦粉を焼いて、刻みネギなど乗せて焼いた物に、ソースをかけた物が出されていた物が一銭洋食として駄菓子屋などで売り出された。
• It was evolved from the dondon-yaki (okonomiyaki wrapped around a wooden stick to take away), and in the Taisho period wheat flour mixed with water and baked with chopped green onion and sauce added onto it was sold at mom-and-pop candy stores in the Kinki region.

• その後、保科正之が陸奥国会津藩23万cと大身の大名に引き立てられたことがきっかけで、この「からつゆ」蕎麦の食べ方も会津地方に伝わり、発祥地の名を取って「高遠そば」と呼ばれるようになった。
• Later on, when Masayuki HOSHINA was promoted to a high-ranking daimyo figure (Japanese feudal lord) of the Aizu Domain in Mutsu Province with 230,000 goku (of rice, with one koku being 180.39 liters), 'karatsuyu' soba was introduced to the Aizu region and became known as 'Takato soba' after its birthplace.

• この逸話を基に岩手県内を始め各地に伝わる蘇民祭を始め、京都の八坂神社や伊勢・志摩地方の年中行事で厄除け祈願として、茅の輪潜りや蘇民将来護符の頒布、注連飾りなどの祭祀が盛んに行われている。
• Based on this episode, rituals such as Chinowa kuguri; going through a ring of Chigaya, distribution of talisman of Somin shorai, and shimekazari (sacred Shinto rope with festoons), are actively performed as a prayer for protection from evil in Somin-sai Festival that takes place in various places including within Iwate prefecture in the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in Kyoto and in Ise and Shima regions as an annual event.

• 西京味噌（さいきょうみそ）は、近畿地方を中心として広く作られる米麹を多く配合した白黄色の甘口味噌の通称で、通常味噌汁用の味噌が12%前後の塩分であるのに対し5%前後と低いのが特徴である。
• Saikyo miso is the common name for a whitish yellow sweet miso containing a high proportion of malted rice made mainly around the Kinki region; and the main characteristic of this miso is that while miso usually used for miso soup contains 12% salt, Saikyo miso contains only about 5% salt.

• 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期～11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
• It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.

• その起源は不明な点が多く、「まつろわぬ民」であった日本東部の民・蝦夷（えみし、えびす、えぞ）がヤマト王権・朝廷により東北地方へと追いやられながらも守り続けた伝承とする説が唱えられている。
• Many aspects of its origin are unknown and there is a theory that says it was a tradition that the people of eastern Japan, the Emishi (Ebisu, Ezo), who were considered 'Matsurowanu tami' (people who do not obey) preserved while they were being driven into the Tohoku region by the Yamato government/Imperial Court.

• 都市圏では昭和元年頃、地方でも昭和10年頃をピークに減少し、戦後、車両の払底・燃料難という事情から僅かに復活したことがあるが、現在では一般的な交通・運送手段としての人力車は存在していない。
• The number of jinrikisha decreased in the Tokyo metropolitan area around 1926, and peaked in the provinces around 1935, followed by a slight increase in number after the war when the vehicles and fuel were scarce; however, no jinrikisha are used for travel and transport nowadays.

• 地産地消が求められる中、清酒酵母とともに、現地適応性を持った酒米の開発は、それぞれの地方自治体にとって地元産清酒の品質向上、ひいては地域経済活性化や地場産業建て直しの重要な鍵を握っている。
• Given the situation in which the local consumption of locally produced products is required, the development of sakamai having local adaptability (together with sake yeast) is an important key for the municipality with respect to improvement in the quality of locally produced sake as well as the vitality of the local economy and the reconstruction of local industries.

• 山鉾の源流は大嘗祭で曳かれていた標山であると考えられているが、一部ではインドのオリッサ州地方で行われる4月の祭礼ジャガンナート祭の山車が山鉾のモデルになったものではないか、と言われている。
• The origin of the yama and hoko floats is believed to be shirushi yama (tall decorative float with wheels), that was pulled in Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor); some say that the yama and hoko floats originated from the floats in the Jagannatha Festival, a religious festival held in April in the state of Orissa, India.

• 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆（江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる）も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
• As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).

• 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
• From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.

• また、理研コンツェルンは理化学研究所の活動資金調達のために成立したユニークなコンツェルンであり、同族支配が行なわれず、「農村工業化」などを打ち出して新潟県柏崎市などで地方の工業化につとめた。
• The RIKEN conglomerate, however, was a unique Konzern established in order to procure capital for the activities of RIKEN (a major natural-science research institute in Japan); it was not managed by members of a single family but instead worked out a policy of 'industrialization of rural areas' and strived for that purpose in rural areas such as that of Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture.

• 関東七流は、日本神話で葦原中国平定を成功させた経津主神とタケミカヅチが香取郡鹿島郡 (茨城県)地方に居ついて以降、天孫降臨より香取神宮・鹿島神宮の神職に伝承され、その7家から発すると云われる。
• It is said that Kanto-Shichiryu was established by seven Shinto priest families from Katori-jingu Shrine and Kashima-jingu Shrine to whom the art of kenjutsu had been passed on by Futsunushi no kami and Takemikazuki when these kami settled in Katori county and Kashima county (Ibaragi Prefecture) after the conquest of Ashihara no nakatsukuni due to the tenson korin (descent of the grandson of the sun goddess).

• 鶴岡八幡宮流鏑馬（神奈川県鎌倉市、鎌倉まつり）、三浦道寸まつり笠懸（神奈川県三浦市）、明治神宮流鏑馬神事（東京都渋谷区、秋の大祭）など、関東地方を中心に活動するほか、海外での公演も行っている。
• They are active around mainly Kanto area such as in Tsuruoka Hachiman-gu Shrine Yabusame (Kamakura Festival, Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture), Miura Dosun Matsuri Kasagake (Miura City, Kanagawa Prefecture) and Meiji-jingu Shrine Yabusame Shinto Ritual (Autumn big Festival, Shibuya-ku Ward, Tokyo Metropolis) but they also have overseas performances.

• 現在の日本は世界の歴史的観点から見て明治維新からそう月日が流れておらず、食文化は都道府県の区分けによって分かれているのではなく、明治初頭の廃藩置県前まであった藩ごとの地方によって分かれている。
• From the viewpoint of world history, not many years have passed since the Meiji Restoration, and food culture is not classified by prefecture, but classified by region under a domain which existed before Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in the early Meiji period.

• 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配（人別支配）を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
• The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.

• 前方後円墳には畿内から吉備国（山陽地方）、筑紫国（北部九州）など各地の墓制（→弥生時代の墓制）が採り入れられているため、これらの地域勢力が連合し統一的な政治勢力となったことの反映だとされている。
• The fact that keyhole-shaped mounds combine tomb styles from different regions, such as Kinai, Kibi Province (Sanyo region) and Chikushi Province (Northern Kyushu), is believed to be evidence that these regional powers formed an alliance and became one unified power.

• 舞鶴地方で話される方言・舞鶴弁である「ちゃった」の名を冠したお祭りで、1975年（昭和50年）から舞鶴市や舞鶴商工会議所が主体となった「みなと舞鶴ちゃったまつり実行委員会」の主催で開催されている。
• This festival, with the name incorporating the Maizuru dialect 'Chatta' spoken in the Maizuru Region, has been held since 1975 under the auspices of 'Minato Maizuru Chatta Matsuri Festival Execution Committee' which is organized mainly by Maizuru City and the 'Maizuru Chamber of Commerce and Industry.'

• 明治初期に多くの柔術師範が藩指南役等の立場を失ったため、柔術は指導されなくなったように言われているが、実際には全国的に地方の村落などで逆に柔術が流行し、娯楽の一種のように受け入れられ大変広まった。
• After many jujutsu teachers lost their positions of an instructor at a clan in the early Meiji period, jujutsu is said to have got rare to be taught, but in fact, jujutsu became popular in local villages and other places nationwide, and it was loved like a kind of entertainment.

• また、いなごの佃煮やスズメバチの幼虫食などの昆虫食は、山形県、福島県、群馬県、長野県、大分県から熊本県を経て宮崎県・鹿児島県にかけての九州山地脊梁部などの山岳地方の郷土料理となっていることが多い。
• Insect dishes, such as locusts boiled in sweetened soy sauce and larva of the hornet, are mostly local to high mountain areas, such as those in Yamagata Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, and the backbone of Kyushu mountains from Oita Prefecture through Kumamoto Prefecture to Miyazaki and Kagoshima Prefectures

• この場合、北海道から北東北にかけての広がりを持った擦文時代を担った人々こそが蝦夷であったとみなし、北海道の蝦夷はアイヌ人に継承され、東北地方の蝦夷と国内に移配された俘囚は日本人に合流したとされる。
• In this case it is thought that the people who lived in the northern Tohoku region and Hokkaido and in the Satsumon period were the pure Emishi, but that those in Hokkaido turned into Ainu while the Emishi in the Tohoku region and the Fushu, who moved into the Japanese territory, became Japanese.

• 天正10年（1582年）3月に武田氏を滅ぼしたことで、織田氏の勢力は畿内（紀伊国を除く）から、東は中部地方（越後国を除く）にかけて、西は中国東部、四国の一部にかけてという強大な勢力に伸張していた。
• By defeating the Takeda Clan in May 1582, the power of the Oda Clan became huge with its territory ranging from the Kinai region (except Kii Province) through the Chubu region (except Echigo Province) to the east and the eastern part of the Chugoku region and a part of Shikoku in the west.

• 関東地方においては「小紋」という武士の裃（かみしも）に使われている柄も、これと同様の用途で用いることができるが、関西方面においては江戸小紋は色無地ではなく「小紋」の位置づけがなされている場合もある。
• In the Kanto region, the type of kimono with the pattern called 'komon' (kimono with fine pattern) which is used in the kamishimo (samurai costume, old ceremonial costume) may be used for similar purposes, but in the Kansai region, Edo-komon (fine patterns utilized in Edo) may sometimes be treated as 'komon' rather than iromuji.

• 秦氏のような、技術者の基盤の上に製紙の国産化が行われ、山城国が製紙の先進技術を誇り、和紙の技術センターの役割を担ったが、紙の需要が高まるにつれ、原料の麻や楮（こうぞ）は地方に頼らざるを得なくなった。
• Based on the craftsmen like the Hata clan, domestic production of paper was promoted and Yamashiro Province taking pride in advanced techniques for paper making, played the role as the technical center of Japanese paper, and accordingly, with the increase of paper demand the supply of materials such as hemp and kozo came to depend on the provinces.

• 現在では、花園神社（東京都新宿区）、大國魂神社 (府中市)（東京都府中市 (東京都)）、鴻神社（埼玉県鴻巣市）、寂光院（群馬県桐生市）など、関東地方各地の社寺で大鳥神社を勧請し、酉の市が行われている。
• Now, shrines and temples all over the Kanto region, including Hanazono-jinja Shrine (in Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo), Okunitama-jinja Shrine (in Fuchu City, Tokyo), Ko-jinja Shrine (in Konosu City, Saitama Prefecture), and Jakko-in Temple (in Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture), enshrine the divided spirit of the enshrined deity of the Otori-jinja Shrine and hold Tori no ichi.

• 七湊は越前国三国湊（坂井市）、加賀国本吉湊（白山市）、能登国輪島湊（輪島市）、越中国岩瀬湊（富山市）、越後国今町湊（直江津）（上越市）、 出羽国土崎湊（秋田湊）（秋田市）、津軽地方十三湊（五所川原市）
• Shichiso consists of seven ports: Mikuniminato in Echizen Province (Sakai City), Wajimaminato in Noto Province (Wajima City), Iwaseminato in Ecchu Province, (Toyama City), Imamachiminato in Echigo Province (Naoetsu) (Joetsu City), Tsuchizakiminato in Dewa Province (Akitaminato) (Akita City), and Tosaminato in Tsugaru region (Goshogawara City).

• 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
• According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.

• こうした背景には、現役の杜氏の高齢化とともに、以前は貧しい寒村であるがゆえに杜氏集団を輩出してきた地方が、農業や漁業だけでも暮らしていける社会になり、出稼ぎに行く必要がなくなったという時代的趨勢がある。
• Such situation is influenced by the aging of active toji people and the current trend in which the regions which used to produce toji groups due to their poverty are now transformed into the community which enables people to make enough income only by farming or fishing, without going to another place for work anymore.

• 滋賀県の鮒寿司のように、その地方の基本的食品がある一定の期間の貯蔵・熟成を経てから食べられる土地などにおいては、食品が熟成する時間と同じだけの時間が、酒質の完成にももとよりかかるように醸造される酒もある。
• In places where local basic food is eaten after storage and maturing for a certain amount of time like funazushi (fermented crucian carp sushi) in Shiga Prefecture, there is sake which is brewed using the same amount of time needed for maturing food to complete the sake quality.

• しかし4世紀後葉になると、東北（仙台平野・会津地方など）から南九州（日向・大隅など）まで前方後円墳の分布が急速に拡大しており、ヤマト王権の支配権がそれらの地域へ伸展していったことの表れだとする見方がある。
• However, during the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds spread rapidly from Tohoku (Sendai plain and Aizu Region) to southern Kyushu, which is seen as evidence of the Yamato Kingdom extending its hegemony in other areas.

• これは沖縄という一地方から発祥した唐手が晴れて日本の武道として認められた画期的な出来事だったが、一方でこの時、唐手は「柔道・柔術」の一部門とされ、唐手の称号審査も柔道家が行うという屈辱的な条件を含んでいた。
• This was a revolutionary event since karate, which had developed in a small region like Okinawa, was certified as a Japanese martial art, but at the same its significance was tainted by the fact that karate was categorized as one variety of judo/jujutsu and by the humiliating condition that karate ranks and titles should be judged by judo experts.

• 特徴のある地方色の強い料理や豪華な料理をおかずとして盛る場合には、その特徴のある料理の名などを冠して「○○弁当」などと呼ばれることが多いが、それらの中にも実態としては幕の内弁当に分類できるものが珍しくない。
• Some bento feature local specialties or luxurious food as accompanying dishes and are often named after these featuring dishes, but in reality, they can often be categorized as Makunouchi-bento.

• 播磨をようやく再び平定した秀吉は但馬国、因幡国に進出し、山名豊国らを降参させ、山名氏の反織田氏勢力と結んだ毛利氏の吉川経家を鳥取城の戦いにおいて破り、弟の豊臣秀長や宮部継潤に命じ山陰地方の征伐を進めさせた。
• After finally conquering Harima again, Hideyoshi entered into Tajima Province and Inaba Province, and reduced Toyokuni YAMANA to obedience, beat Tsuneie KIKKAWA of the Mori clan at the Battle of Tottori-jo Castle, who was part of the anti-Oda forces led by the Yamana clan, and ordered his brother Hidenaga and Keijun MIYABE to conquer the Sanin region.

• それらが大阪にも伝わり、コンニャクや豆の具を入れしょう油味で食べる「ベタ焼」「チョボ焼」が誕生し、それが各種鉄板料理へと派生、関西地方や広島県において現在「お好み焼き」と呼ばれるスタイルに発展したといわれる。
• They were introduced to Osaka and 'beta-yaki' (Japanese pancake) or 'chobo-yaki' (Japanese pancake) was born, that used konjac or beans as ingredients and were eaten in soy sauce, and they developed into various kinds of foods grilled on an iron plate, and in the Kansai region and Hiroshima prefecture the current 'okonomiyaki' style is said to have been established.

• こうした状況下で、朝廷は実情に適合した国政改革を進めていき（改革が最も進展したのは900年前後の寛平・延喜期）、地方行政の分野では、国司筆頭官（受領）に対して租税収取権・軍事権などの大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
• Under such a situation, the imperial court practically advanced national administration reform (the reform culminated during the Kanpyo and the Engi period around 900) and authority such as the right of tax collection, military affairs and so on were widely transferred to the leaders of kokushi (zuryo) in the local administration.

• 御膳酒は、それぞれの藩主の方針によって、将軍家と同じ伊丹酒や、そうでなくても同じ地方である摂泉十二郷の酒を御膳酒に指定した大名もいれば、自領の産業育成のため、国許（くにもと）特産の酒を御膳酒に指定した大名もいる。
• The selection of gozenshu differed according to the lord of each domain; for gozenshu, some daimyo selected Itami sake like the shogun family, or at least the sake from the same Sessen-juni-go (the twelve sake brewing districts in Settsu Province and Izumi Province shipping for Edo) where the Itami sake was produced, and some others selected the sake which was the local specialty of the hometown, for the purpose of industrial development of his own domain.

• 松囃子では、唱門師や散所などの芸能専業者のみならず村民や町人など各階層の人間が着飾り仮装し、京都においては花の御所へ、地方においては守護など各地の権力者の邸宅へ参向し、日本舞踊や囃子が披露され、祝辞が述べられる。
• In Matsubayashi, not only full-time performers, including Shomonji (lower-ranked diviner) and sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax), but also citizens in every class, including villagers and merchants, put on costumes todress up and visited Hana no gosho (residence of Shogun in Kyoto) or the lords called Shugo in each region; they performed the Classical Japanese dance and musical accompaniment and a congratulatory address was given.

• 更に応仁の乱以後になると、地方にあった公家や奉行衆の所領が戦国大名や国人達の押領を受けて収入が途絶え、礼銭収入無しでは日常生活も送れないほどの経済的苦境にも陥っていたため、禁令を出すこと自体が困難となってしまった。
• Since the Onin War, furthermore, Court nobles and the bugyoshu, whose shoryo in rural area were usurped by Daimyo in the Sengoku period and the kokujin (local samurai), lost their income and were too poor to sustain their lives without the income of the reisen, making it difficult to even issue a ban on the reisen.

• またこうした政と祭りに一致は中央政府に限らず、地方や町や集落でも、その年の吉凶を占う祭りや、普請としての祭りが行われ、「自治としての政」に対し資金調達や、吉凶の結果による社会基盤の実施の時期の決定や執政の指針とした。
• Such unity of politics and religion was not limited to the central government, however; in the provinces, towns and villages of Japan, festivals were held to determine whether the area in question could expect to enjoy good fortune or to conduct construction work so as to raise funds for 'autonomous matsurigoto' and, based on the results of the fortune telling, to determine when to start social infrastructure work and provide guidance for the administration.

• （関西系芸妓は正式にはお歯黒を付けるが現代では通常は付けない/関東系はお歯黒を付けない（関東系遊女は付ける）；どちらも引眉はしない）というのが一般的である（地方などは土地柄によって束髪に普通の化粧という場合もある）。
• (Formally speaking, in the Kansai region, they used to apply tooth blackening which they no longer practice today in general, whereas, in the Kanto region, they did not apply tooth blackening (while prostitutes in Kanto did) and neither drew eyebrows with charcoal or pencil and, depending on the location in some rural areas, they wore simply wore their hair up in a bun and regular makeup.)

• 個別の国司苛政上訴事案を観察すると、訴えられた国司らは、慣例で免除されていた税目を法令どおりに課税したり、当時よく発令された天皇代替わり新制に伴う地方税制に則った課税を行ったりと、彼らの遵法的な行政姿勢が見て取れる。
• Examining individual cases of Kokushi kasei joso, we can find law-abiding administrative stances of the sued Kokushi; some legally levied tax items not collected by customs or others levied local taxes, often collected in those days under a new system by the change of the emperors.

• 概して土地が乏しく夏場の耕作だけでは貧しかった地方の農民が、農閑期である冬に年間副収入を得るべく、配下に村の若者などを従えて、良い水が取れ酒造りを行なっている地域、いわゆる酒どころへ集団出稼ぎに行ったのが始まりである。
• Its origin is that peasants in a region where farming during only a summer period could not produce enough money due to poor lands formed a group involving young people in their villages, and they went to another region called sake-dokoro (a place famous for sake brewing) where people brewed sake using the local good water, in order to make some additional incomes during a winter period, which was an agricultural off-season.

• 三村家親は、出雲国尼子氏に代わって中国地方の覇者となった安芸国毛利氏に接近し勢力を備前国、美作国に広げたものの、備前浦上氏の傘下の宇喜多直家により家親が暗殺され、つづく明善寺合戦において三村氏は敗退、その勢力は衰えた。
• Although Iechika MIMURA, by approaching the Mori clan in Aki Province, who ruled the Chugoku region in place of the Amago clan in Izumo Province, expanded his territories to Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province, he was assassinated by Naoie UKITA, who was under the Urakami clan in Bizen, followed by the Mimura clan's loss at the Battle of Myozen-ji Temple and their decline.

• 律令国家・国衙の援助で広大な未開地を設定して開発する、自墾地系荘園（じこんちけいしょうえん）は地方に多く、すでに熟田化した墾田を買得・相博・譲与・寄進などで集積した、既墾地系荘園（きこんちけいしょうえん）は畿内に多い。
• There were many Jikonchi Kei Shoen in rural areas, in which vast wastelands were defined in order to develop the land with the aid of the Kokuga under the ritsuryo code, while, in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), there were many Kikonchi Ke Shoen, which were collected through purchase, exchange, transfer, and donation of well-cultivated rice fields called Konata.

• また、井戸端に集う女性たちを描いたもの（法華経巻七扇1）があり、そこには曲物を頭に乗せながら裸の子どもの手をひく袿なし姿の里の女、つるべで水を汲みのどをうるおす袿を着た旅姿の女が描かれ、当時の地方の庶民生活がしのばれる。
• Another painting that shows the everyday life of people at that time (the first fan of 'hokekyo' vol. 7) features women gathering around a well, with a village woman without an uchigi and carrying a wooden bucket on her head, leading her naked child by the hand, and another woman dressed for travel in an uchigi, quenching her thirst by drinking from the well bucket.

• 酒蔵が多い地方には、杜氏集団の出先機関のようなものを設置し、杜氏の空きのポストが出ると、すぐに同じ流派から次の杜氏が入って、その蔵の酒造りが途絶えないように、そして、その蔵の味が変わらないように、斡旋や仲介をほどこした。
• A branch office of a toji group was established in a region where there were many breweries, and when a toji post of a brewery became vacant, this office functioned as a coordinator or an agency to assign the next toji from the same school to that post immediately, so that the brewery was able to keep the same brewing method and the same sake taste.

• 当時の詳しい製法を知る資料には乏しいが、魚（または肉）を塩と飯で漬け込み熟成させ、食べるときには飯を除いて食べるなれ寿司「ホンナレ」の寿司と考えられている（ただ、熊野地方には「本馴れ鮓」と称するヨーグルト状の鮓がある）。
• Although materials were scarce to learn the detailed process used at that time, it is believed that sushi originated from 'honnare' sushi (genuine fermented sushi) referring to Nare-zushi which was made by fermenting fish (or meat) with salt and rice, and was eaten after removing rice (Kumano region has yogurt-like 鮓 (sushi) called 'Honnare-zushi,').

• 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
• During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.

• 朕、...ここに元老院 (日本)を設け、もって立法の源を広め、大審院を置き、もって審判の権を鞏（かた）くし、又、地方官を召集し、もって民情を通じ公益を図り、漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て、なんじ衆庶と倶にその慶に頼らんと欲す
• I…established Genro-in (the Chamber of Elders) to develop nation's legislation, and established Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court) to secure independence of the judiciary, and also summoned local officials to listen to the voices of the people and secure public interest, and aimed at a gradual shift to the constitutional system of government that provided benefits to both me and the public.

• 根菜類や芋類、こんにゃく、コンブ、油揚げなどを甘辛く煮たものをこう呼ぶことが多いが、煮しめにされる具材はその地方や季節でさまざまであり、肉類、ちくわやかまぼこなどの水産練り製品（いわゆる練り物）、地域によっては魚も用いられる。
• Dishes containing root crops, potatoes, konjac, konbu kelp, abura-age (deep-fried bean curd) among other ingredients, and simmered to taste salty-sweet are often called nishime; the ingredients of nishime, however, differ by region and the season in which nishime is cooked, and meats or fish sausages (so-called 'nerimono') such as chikuwa and kamaboko or in some regions, fish, also appear as ingredients.

• 杜氏の発生の前提として、まず日本酒の産業革命ともいうべき、鴻池善右衛門による大量仕込み樽の技法が慶長5年（1600年）に開発されたこと、さらに、幕藩体制が敷かれ、各地方において農民と領主の関係が固定したことの二つが挙げられる。
• There were two facts which triggered toji; firstly Zen-emon KONOIKE developed a technique of large-sized preparation barrels in 1600, which can be said to be the industrial revolution of Japanese sake, and secondly the shogunate and domain system was established and it settled a relation between peasants and their lord in each region.

• しかし一方で、日常では許されないような秩序や常識を超えた行為（ふんどし一丁、男性の女装等）も、「この祭礼の期間にだけは」伝統的に許されると認識する地方が多く、そのため賑やかな場面を指して「お祭り騒ぎ」などの言葉が派生している。
• On the other hand, order disallowed in the daily life and acts beyond the bounds of common sense (naked except for one's loincloth, dressing as a woman by men and so on) are recognized to be allowed traditionally 'only during the matsuri' in many provinces, and therefore, the term 'omatsuri sawagi' referring to a joyous scene was derived.

• 諸説があるが、関西地方では兵庫県神戸市兵庫区にある純神戸肉三ッ輪屋精肉店（明治34年創業、現三ツ輪屋総本店）が、東京の洋食店の「メンチボール」をヒントに昭和初期に、二代目水野三次氏が命名考案した「ミンチカツ」が始まりとされる。
• There are various theories; in the Kansai region, it is said to have begun at Genuine Kobe Beef Mitsuwaya Butcher Shop (present-day Mitsuwaya Sohonten (main store), established in 1901) during the early Showa period, using 'menchi boru' (meatballs) from a western-style restaurant in Tokyo as a hint, and the second owner, Mitsuji MIZUNO invented and named it 'menchi katsu.'

• 一定の時期に来訪する鳥や昆虫は人間の霊魂と同一視されることが多く、実在するニュウナイスズメは夏季に東北地方で繁殖し、秋季に全国に渡来して農作物に被害をもたらすことから、これが東北に左遷された実方の化身だと想像されたとの説もある。
• Birds and insects which migrate seasonally and on a regular basis are frequently identified as human souls, and therefore, one theory has it that Russet (or Cinnamon) Sparrows which actually breed in Tohoku region in summer, migrate all over the country and damage agricultural products in autumn would probably be associated with the incarnation of Sanekata who had been relegated to Tohoku.

• 京野菜（きょうやさい）とは、主に京都府地方で古くから品種改良が施されて誕生し、伝統的に生産され続けている野菜の品種群のことで、一般的に京の伝統野菜41品目とブランド京野菜21品目をさし、重複品目を含めた総品目は、43品目である。
• 'Kyo-yasai' is a general term for varieties of vegetables that were created by selective breeding a long time ago and have been produced in a traditional manner mainly in regions in Kyoto Prefecture, generally referring to 43 varieties of vegetables in total that fall under 'Kyo no Dento Yasai' (41 varieties certified by Kyoto Prefectural Government to continue to be produced in the traditional manner) and/or 'Brand Kyo-Yasai' (21 varieties certified o have reliable quality and to be produced at such an adequate and stable volume to enable distribution to the marketplace).

• 現在でも観光地などでのアイスクリーム売りやパンの移動販売、郊外から都心へ通う行商人（関東圏では千葉の行商人が良く知られる存在である）公園付近で定置で営業するおでんの屋台、祭りや縁日の的屋業などは地方、都心に限らず健在な地域も多い。
• Even today, ice cream sellers, mobile bakeries, peddlers coming into the city from the suburbs (in the Kanto area, peddlers from Chiba are well-known), oden (a Japanese dish containing all kinds of ingredients cooked in a special broth of soy sauce, sugar, and sake) yatai doing business in a fixed location near parks, and tekiya at festivals and fairs remain common not only in inner-cities, but in various regions.

• 1910年の改正競馬規程によって公認競馬以外の競馬は産牛馬組合またはまたは馬匹の改良増殖を目的とする団体が地方長官の許可を得なければ行うことはできないとされた際も、地域の娯楽のために行われる祭典競馬については規制対象から除外された。
• With the Rules and Regulations of Horse Racing revised in 1910, it was stipulated that races other than officially permitted ones could not take place unless permission of local governors was given to Sangyuba Kumiai (Union of horses and cattle) or organizations of which purpose was to improve the breeding or increase horses, however, saiten keiba as a local entertainment was omitted from such restrictions.

• 国または政府によって基本方針を策定し、その地域の関係者との協議を行い地方自治体である市町村や都道府県による観光圏の整備計画の作成とそれらの整備事業の実施に必要な事を関係する観光などの事業者とともに行い、その圏の発展を促すことを目指すもの。
• The aim is that the nation or government formulates the basic policy, has talks with the people involved in the area, works with relevant companies (including tourism operators) on the things necessary for preparation of the plan for the development of sightseeing area by the local government such as the municipalities or prefectures and the implementation of its development project, and promotes the development of that area.

• こうした事から以後も估価法は継続され、延喜14年（914年）には全国一律であった地方国衙の估価（絹1疋＝稲50束、綿1屯＝稲5束）を国例に合わせて変更する事を許し、天暦元年（947年）には畿内と丹波国に実情に合わせた引き下げを命じている。
• As a result, Kokaho continued after that, and in 914 the law permitted changing the koka in local kokuga that had been uniform throughout the country (1 roll of silk = 50 bunches of rice plant, 1 roll of cotton = 5 bunches of rice plant), and in 947 it ordered Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Tanba Province to reduce koka to suit the actual conditions.

• この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
• Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.

• 江戸時代になると、諸藩の藩主は、強大な統治権を得るために、家臣の知行を、土地を直接給付して独自に徴税を行わせる地方知行制から、藩が一括して徴税した米を中心とした農産物を家臣に給付して、その一部を商人を通じて換金させる蔵米知行に転換することを目指した。
• In the Edo period, the lord of each domain tried to change the fief system of their vassal from a local enforcement system in which the land was provided directly for the vassal and the vassal collected tax individually into kuramaichigyo in which the lord of the domain collected rice and farm products collectively and provided them for their vassal who, in turn, changed them into money through a dealer, in order to extend their ruling power.

• そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
• Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.

• 7世紀末まで日本列島を代表する政権は九州にありヤマト王権は一地方政権に過ぎなかったとする説もあるが、埼玉県稲荷山古墳と熊本県江田船山古墳から「ワカタケル大王」と推定される銘の鉄剣が出土していること、様々な考古学的遺物などから成立する余地はないと考えられている。
• There is an opinion that the main political regime of the Japanese Islands until the end of the seventh century existed in Kyushu and that the Yamato Kingdom was only one regional government, but since iron swords believed to be King Wakatakeru's were found in the Inariyama burial mound (Saitama prefecture) and the Eta Funayama burial mound (Kumamoto prefecture), this theory is not thought to be valid.

• 丹後王国論（たんごおうこくろん）は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方（今の京都府京丹後市辺り）を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの（丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される）。
• Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).

• また、現在でも北海道地方では、下の句かるたというやや特殊な百人一首が行われており、読み札に歌人の絵がなく、上の句は読まれず下の句だけが読まれ、取り札は厚みのある木でできており、表面に古風な崩し字で下の句が書いてあるという、江戸期の面影を残したかるたが用いられている。
• At present, in the Hokkaido region is found the trace of the uta-garuta of the Edo period; it is a unique game called 'Shimo-no-ku Karuta' using the yomi-fuda without the portraits of the poets and the thick wooden tori-fuda on which are written only shimo-no-ku in classical kuzushi-ji, and in that game, the players read only shimo-no-ku.

• また、郊外や地方のその地域おいて、１次産業に携わるような社会環境であっても、もう見ることのできないような、いわゆる民具などに代表される硯（すずり）や釜（かま）や釣瓶（つるべ）であったり、昔懐かしい生活としての「小豆洗い」や「泥田坊（田作りの土起し）」であったりもする。
• A yokai may also be a traditional everyday tool typified by items such as ink stone, kama (large cooking pot) or tsurube (bucket used for scooping water from a well) or a tool that is reminiscent of life styles of the olden days, such as 'aｚuki arai' (yokai which makes the sound of washing azuki beans near a person sleeping in a mountain) and 'dorotabo' (yokai appearing at a rice field, which has only one eye and three fingers in his hand), which are all tools that are no longer seen even in the farming environment of the suburbs and the countryside.

• 白酒の製法は、博多地方において古くから造られていた「練酒」が起源であると伝えられており、江戸時代から雛祭りの供物として扱われるようになったのは、平安時代からの風習である上巳（桃の節句）において、室町時代からモモの花を浸した酒を飲んでいたものが変化したと伝えられている。
• It is said that the method of manufacturing shirozake originates in the 'nerizake' brewed in the Hakata region from ancient times and that, from the Edo Period, it came to be used as an offering in the Doll's festival, a custom from the Heian Period, in place of the peach leaves soaked in sake which had been used from the Muromachi Period.

• 14世紀には、「渡党」（北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身）、「日の本」（北海道 (地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷）、「唐子」（北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷）に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献（『諏訪大明神絵詞』）が残っている。
• In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).

• 地方プロダクションであり近場に外注を出せる制作会社が無い事もあって、演出、作画、仕上げ、美術、撮影、デジタルエフェクトまでのプロダクション作業を社内で行なえる体制を構築しており、外注による分業体制を取るプロダクションに対して、スタッフのコミュニケーションが密に取れることが特徴となっている。
• Being a local studio with no production companies nearby to outsource to, Kyoto Animation has established systems capable of in-house production processes including staging, drawing, finishing, art, filming and digital effects, so that one of its characteristics is the close communication among its staff compared with studios which establish division of labor through outsourcing.

• 北海道では小樽市、東京都内では浅草、埼玉県では川越市、千葉県では成田市、神奈川県では鎌倉市と中華街、静岡県では伊東市と掛川市、松崎町、岐阜県では高山市・郡上八幡、京都府では嵐山・左京区・東山区、奈良県では奈良公園、愛媛県では松山道後温泉、九州地方では福岡県の門司港、大分県の由布市で利用できる。
• Sightseeing tours are available in the following locations: Otaru City in Hokkaido Prefecture; the Asakusa district of Tokyo; Kawagoe City in Saitama Prefecture; Narita City in Chiba Prefecture; Kamakura City and Chinatown in Kanagawa Prefecture; Ito City, Kakegawa City, and Matsuzaki Town in Shizuoka Prefecture; Takayama City and Gujohachiman Town in Gifu Prefecture; the Arashiyama district, Sakyo Ward, and Higashiyama Ward in Kyoto Prefecture; Nara Park in Nara Prefecture; Dogo Onsen, Matsuyama, in Ehime Prefecture; and, in Kyushu, the port of Moji in Fukuoka Prefecture and Yufu City in Oita Prefecture.

• しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
• However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.

• 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
• As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).

• その他にも渡世人として各地方を渡り歩く的屋家業の者が、顔役に世話になる時の「仁義を切る」ときの口上が、やくざと違い「軒先三寸借り受けまして、、、」と始まる事、舌先三寸（口車）で商売するや胸三寸（心意気）で商売するなど、または、屋台の骨組みが木材商で販売されている一番小さい構造材の三寸角であったことなどが挙げられる。
• Other theories are that some tekiya traveled around as toseinin (yakuza-like gamblers) who, unlike yakuza, when paying their respects for the local boss, used to open their speeches with the phrase 'if I may borrow three sun (around 9 cm) of your roof...' and who conducted business with flattery (known in Japanese as 'three sun of tongue') and determination ('three sun of heart') or that their stalls were made from the smallest pieces of wood available, which was three sun square.

• 藩は気候風土・政治文化・食文化などの関係によって多種多様の領土面積によって成り立っていた為、藩一つ全体が鹿児島県となった鹿児島藩などは別に、山形県・岩手県など複数の藩が一つにまとまった都府県では地方ごとに食文化が異なる状況が生じている（県交通機関の発達していない時代、国境の多くは山脈等の自然地形によって分かれている為）。
• Since a domain was formed by a wide variety of number of territories in accordance with climate and natural features, political culture, food culture, etc., a different food culture was born in each region in prefectures which were formed as a result of merging two or more domains such as Yamagata Prefecture, Iwate Prefecture, etc., except for Kagoshima Prefecture which was formed by one domain, Kagoshima Domain (this was because in a period when prefectural transportation facilities did not develop, many borders were set out according to natural landscape such as mountain ranges).

• 甲斐国武田氏領内における城を中心として見られる迎撃と射撃が補完しあう拠点としての曲輪馬出や、関東地方の後北条氏領内や九州北部地域の城を中心として見られる敵の侵攻経路を管制する堀城の堀、あるいは、火縄銃が多く流通した畿内を中心として見られる射撃拠点としての矢倉や望楼を多く伴う城など、地域ごとにさまざまな縄張りへの工夫が見られる。
• Depending on the region, various devices in nawabari (castle plan; general term for the layout of a castle and its component structures) are seen such as kuruwa umadashi (walls of a Japanese castle and it refers to one of the types of the arrangement of a defensive territory around the castle) that is mainly seen in castles in the territory of the Takeda clan in the Kai Province and which is used as a base for interception and shootings, supplementing each other, moat of horijiro (castle surrounded by a moat) for controlling the route of invasion of opponents which is mainly seen in castles in the territory of the Gohojo clan in the Kanto district or in the northern part of Kyushu, and castles with many yagura and boro (watch tower) used as bases for shooting, which are mainly seen in Kinai, in which a large number of matchlock guns were traded.

• 江戸時代までは統一名称は無く地方により呼び方が異なり、「乱破（らっぱ）」「素破（すっぱ、“スッパ抜き”という俗語の語源）」「水破（すっぱ）」「出抜（すっぱ）」「突破（とっぱ）」「透破（とっぱ）」「伺見（うかがみ）」「奪口（だっこう）」「草」「軒猿」「郷導（きょうどう）」「郷談（きょうだん）」「物見」「間士（かんし）」「聞者役（ききものやく）」「歩き巫女」「かまり」「早道の者」などがある。
• Until the Edo period, there was no standardized name for ninja and it varied in each region, for example, there were name such as 'Rappa', 'Suppa (素破) (the origin of a slang word 'Suppanuki' meaning divulgation)', 'Suppa (水破)', 'Suppa (出抜)', 'Toppa (突破)', 'Toppa (透破)', 'Ukagami', 'Dakko', 'Kusa', 'Nokizaru', 'Kyodo', 'Kyodan', 'Monomi', 'Kanshi', 'Kikimonoyaku', 'Arukimiko', 'Kamari' and 'Hayamichi no mono'.

• また、地方によって、小豆餡をまぶしたものをぼたもち、黄粉を用いたものをおはぎ、こし餡を使ったものをぼたもち、粒餡や煮た小豆そのままを使ったものをおはぎ（逆の場合もあり）、餡ではなく中の米の状態によって区別し、完全に餅の状態までついたもの（皆殺し）をぼたもち、ついた米の粒が残っているもの（半殺し）をおはぎ、季節によって呼び分け、春夏はぼたもち、秋冬はおはぎとするなど、さまざまの場合がある。
• The names also vary with locality; in some regions, the rice cake coated with azuki-an is called botamochi and the rice cake coated with kinako-an is called ohagi; in some regions, the rice cake coated with koshi-an (completely ground an) is botamochi, the rice cake coated with tsubu-an (not completely ground an) or with azuki (non-ground red azuki beans) is ohagi; in other regions, the rice cake coated with koshi-an is ohagi and the rice cake coated with tsubu-an or with azuki is botamochi; in some regions, mochi of mina-goroshi (literally, 'killing all', completely pounded mochi) is botamochi and mochi of han-goroshi (literally, 'killing a half', not completely pounded mochi) is ohagi; in some regions, in spring and summer it is called botamochi, and in fall and winter it is called ohagi.

• 江戸時代を通じて、基本的に酒はその造り方、流通、販売に至るまで商人がプロデュースするものであったが、上記のような理由から藩という地方自治体が酒造りを立案し、伊丹酒や灘五郷や奈良流など当時の酒造先進地域より酒師（さかし - 杜氏とほぼ同義）や麹師（こうじし）といった技術者を少なからぬ藩費で招聘し、土地の大商人に醸造設備などを整備させて始めた地酒のことを、後世から便宜上藩造酒（はんぞうしゅ）と呼ぶ。
• While sake was basically produced by the merchants throughout the Edo period in all fields of brewing methods, distribution and sales, local governments or domains, due to the above reasons, started to brew Jizake (local sake) called, in later ages for convenience, Hanzoshu (sake brewed by the domains) by preparing brewing plans, inviting at no small expenses of the domain's technical experts such as Sakashi (sake brewer) (almost the same meaning as Toji [sake brewer]) and Kojishi (a person in charge of the koji-manufacturing) from the advanced regions in sake brewing like Itami sake, Nada gogo (five districts in Nada), Nara style sake and so on and making local wealthy merchants maintain brewing facilities.