国境: 325 Terms and Phrases

• 国境
• national border
• provincial border
• Kunizakai
• frontier
• Borders

• 国境線
• border
• border line

• 三国境
• Mikunizakai

• 国境平
• Kokkyoudaira

• 国境山
• Kokkyouyama

• 国境峠
• Kunizakaitouge

• 脱国境
• weakened border
• porous border
• open border

• 無国境
• borderless

• 国境警備
• border security

• 国境警察
• border police

• 国境地帯
• border zone

• 国境越え
• cross-border

• 国境紛争
• international border dispute

• 大泊国境線
• Otomari border route

• 国境警備兵
• border guard

• 国境警備隊
• border patrol
• border guard
• border guards

• 国境を侵す
• to violate the border
• to invade the frontier district

• 北部国境州
• Northern Borders Province

• 帯状の国境
• the zonal frontier

• 英国国境局
• UK Border Agency

• 国境検問所
• Border checkpoint
• International border crossings

• 国境を越える
• cross the border

• 国境のとりで
• barrier

• 中ソ国境紛争
• Sino-Soviet Border Conflict (1969)

• 中印国境紛争
• Sino-Indian War

• 国境を越えて
• over the border
• across the border

• 日ソ国境紛争
• Soviet–Japanese border conflicts

• 中越国境紛争
• Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–1990

• 軍政国境地帯
• Military Frontier

• ロシア国境軍
• Border Guard Service of Russia

• 国境を固める
• to fortify the frontier

• 国境をなす流路
• reach forming a boundary

• 国境なき医師団
• Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)
• Doctors without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres
• Médecins Sans Frontières

• 国境なき記者団
• Reporters Without Borders

• 国境地方の住民
• an inhabitant of a border district

• 国境線の画定問題
• Issues on border demarcation

• 国境をまたぐ湿地
• transboundary wetland

• アラスカ国境問題
• Alaska boundary dispute

• 中国の国境検問所
• Border crossings of China

• 音楽に国境なし。
• Music is universal.

• 音楽は国境を越える
• Music knows no borders
• Music crosses all borders

• 国境の南、太陽の西
• South of the Border, West of the Sun

• 以前悪名高い国境の町
• formerly a notorious frontier town

• タイ王国国境警備警察
• Border Patrol Police

• ウクライナ国家国境庁
• State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

• 国境をパトロールする人
• someone who patrols the borders of a country

• アメリカ＝メキシコ国境
• Mexico–United States border

• 国境を不可侵にした防備
• fortifications that made the frontier inviolable

• 彼は国境を越えて行った。
• He passed across the border.

• それが簡単に国境を越える。
• It crosses the border with ease.

• カナダ＝アメリカ合衆国国境
• Canada–United States border

• ドイツ・ポーランド国境条約
• German–Polish Border Treaty (1990)

• ドイツ民主共和国国境警備隊
• Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic

• 国境に集められたネパール軍
• Nepalese troops massed at the border

• 国境での生活のきびしい状態
• the rugged conditions of frontier life

• 海角七号 君想う、国境の南
• Cape No. 7

• 明日中には国境を越えます。
• We'll be across the border by tomorrow.

• 彼らは国境を越えて行った。
• They passed across the border.

• 亡命者は無事国境を越えた。
• The refugee crossed the line safely.

• 有害廃棄物の国境を越える移動
• transboundary movements of hazardous waste

• 清・朝国境線問題（朝鮮―清朝）
• Issues on border demarcation between the Qing dynasty and Korea (Korea - Qing dynasty).

• アメリカ合衆国税関・国境警備局
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection

• エチオピア・エリトリア国境紛争
• Eritrean–Ethiopian War

• 紛争地域を通って区切られた国境
• a delimited frontier through the disputed region

• 2つの国は長く国境を接している
• The two countries share a long border

• その亡命者は無事国境を越えた。
• The refugee crossed the line safely.

• 日向国・豊後国国境の朝日嶽城主。
• He was the lord of Asahidake-jo Castle at the border between Hyuga Province and Bungo Province.

• 米国とメキシコの国境となっている
• boundary between the United States and Mexico

• メキシコ国境のテキサス西部の都市
• a city in western Texas on the Mexican border

• カナダ国境と接する米国北西部の州
• a state in northwestern United States on the Canadian border

• アルゼンチン−ブラジル国境の大滝
• a large waterfall on the border between Argentina and Brazil

• これが、日本の対露国境の根拠となる。
• This became an evidence for Japan to fix a border to Russia.

• 国境を越えて酒類を不法に密輸入する人
• someone who illegally smuggles liquor across a border

• メキシコ国境のテキサス南西部の三角野
• a triangular area in southwestern Texas on the Mexican border

• Campaignbox 日ソ国境紛争
• Campaignbox Soviet–Japanese border conflicts

• 国境でパスポートの提示を求められた。
• I was asked for my passport at the border.

• 国が国境内の航空交通を統制する占有権
• the exclusive right of a country to control the air traffic within its borders

• （米国国境近くの）メキシコの組立工場
• an assembly plant in Mexico (near the United States border)

• 国境でメキシコと接する米国南西部の州
• a state in southwestern United States on the Mexican border

• 満州においてソ連国境線の警備にあたる。
• He stood guard at the border with the Soviet Union in Manchuria.

• スイスとの国境をなすイタリア中北部の州
• a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland

• 国境をパトロールする警官たちのグループ
• a group of officers who patrol the borders of a country

• 国境なき記者団#世界報道自由ランキング
• Press Freedom Index

• 彼女は、国境を越えて、タバコを密輸した
• She smuggled cigarettes across the border

• 不法移民は国境警備隊によって挑戦された
• The illegal immigrant was challenged by the border guard

• フランスはイタリアと国境を接している。
• France borders Italy.

• 険しいその道が国境へ行く唯一の方法だ。
• The steep path is the sole access to the border.

• 兵士たちは警戒しながら国境へ向かった。
• The soldiers proceeded to the frontier with caution.

• 圧力はインド、パキスタン国境で増している
• Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

• ペンシルベニアの唯一の現存する国境小要塞
• the only surviving frontier blockhouse in Pennsylvania

• 確立した国境または所有権の範囲を越えるさま
• transcending established national boundaries or spheres of interest

• アルジェリア国境近くのモロッコ北東部の都市
• a city in northeastern Morocco near the Algerian border

• 以前は、国境の治安を維持した馬に乗った警官
• formerly a mounted lawman who maintained order on the frontier

• 最も離れた国境地域まで旅行したことがあった
• had traveled to the farthest frontier

• 兵士達は警戒しながら国境に向かって進んだ。
• The soldiers headed for the frontier with caution.

• 彼は国境警備兵の姿を見て命からがら逃げた。
• He ran for his life at the sight of the border guard.

• 輸出は国境を越えた商業活動のひとつである。
• Exporting is a commercial activity which transcends borders.

• 公爵の領地の国境から、はるか彼方にあった。
• beyond the boundaries of the duke's dominions.

• 百済の国境沿いに近い伽耶の地のみに存在する。
• They are only seen in Gaya near the border of Paekche.

• インドの国境近く（標高23,891フィート）
• near the Indian border (23,891 feet high)

• 国境地帯の地方官が辺境伯で、後に侯爵となる。
• The local officials in national-boundary areas were called Markgraf, later becoming marquis.

• 大ブリテン島にあるのローマ皇帝の北部国境を示す
• marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain

• 河内国・大和国境付近にいくつかのルートがある。
• There are a number of routes near Kawachi and Yamato Provinces.

• 旅行者が検査のために止められる（国境などの）場所
• a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance

• チュニジア国境の近くのアルジェリア北東部の港湾都市
• a port city of northeastern Algeria near the Tunisian border

• ザンベジ川の滝で、ジンバブエとザンビアの国境にある
• a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia

• ヒマラヤ山脈中央、チベットとネパールの国境にある山
• a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal

• 使節団は空路を利用して国境までの最短距離を行った。
• The mission took the direct route by air to the boundary.

• ドイツ国境近く、フランス東部のライン川に面した都市
• city on the Rhine in eastern France near the German border

• クウェート国境沿いのイラク軍戦車の通行を禁止する地域
• No-Drive Zone

• インドとチベット間の国境線に1500マイル伸びる山脈
• a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet

• カナダとの国境近くの湾にある、ワシントン州北西部の町
• a town in northwestern Washington on a bay near the Canadian border

• ハングオーバー!! 史上最悪の二日酔い、国境を越える
• The Hangover Part II

• 険しいその道を行く以外に、国境へ辿り着く方法はない。
• The steep path is the sole access to the border.

• 国または地域の境界または国境のどちらかの側で成る地域
• district consisting of the area on either side of a border or boundary of a country or an area

• インドの国境から1000マイル西に広がる中国西部の山脈
• a mountain range in western China that extends eastward from the Indian border for 1000 miles

• 国境線またはその境のすぐ内側の地帯（しばしば防壁のある）
• an international boundary or the area (often fortified) immediately inside the boundary

• フランスとの国境線に近いビスケー湾の北部スペインのある町
• a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border

• 超大国が激しい国境紛争を解決するために本格的に交渉した。
• The superpowers negotiated in earnest for the settlement of the intense conflict.

• タイとビルマ国境地方で話されているチベットビルマ諸語の言語
• the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands

• タブリーズとトルコの西の国境の間のイラン北西部の浅い塩水湖
• a shallow saline lake in northwestern Iran between Tabriz and the western border of Turkey

• 国境問題での小競り合いから重大な国際紛争へと広がりました。
• A small border dispute ballooned into a major international incident.

• その国境には、トランクの中身を見るチェックポイントがある。
• There's a checkpoint at the border where they look in your trunk.

• コンゴ東部の都市で、キブ湖北端、ルワンダとの国境近くにある
• a city in eastern Congo at the northern end of Lake Kivu near the border with Rwanda

• 部品がメキシコに輸送され、完成品は国境を越えて送り返される
• parts are shipped into Mexico and the finished product is shipped back across the border

• 中国北西部と国境を接するアジア中西部の陸地に囲まれた共和国
• a landlocked republic in west central Asia bordering on northwestern China

• 具体的には国境線画定や外交儀礼、藩属国の地位が争点となった。
• Specifically, border demarcation, diplomatic ceremony or position of hanzokukoku became a point in dispute.

• 国境は東西を旅するのに五ヶ月、南北を旅するのに三ヶ月かかる。
• It took five months to travel from the eastern end of the territory to the western end while three months from the southern end to the northern end.

• 違法移民を（通常、メキシコ国境を越えて）米国へ密入国させる人
• someone who smuggles illegal immigrants into the United States (usually across the Mexican border)

• ビザンチン帝国の皇帝で、帝国の東部国境をペルシア人から守った
• Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians

• 米国とカナダの間の国境は、世界最長の警備員のいない国境である
• the border between the United States and Canada is the longest unguarded border in the world

• フランスの東部国境を守るために第二次世界大戦前に建てられた防壁
• a fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border

• イスラエルとエジプトの国境付近で、地中海南東部の海岸沿いの地域
• a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt

• メキシコ国境の近くのサンディエゴ湾の南カリフォルニアの美しい町
• a picturesque city of southern California on San Diego Bay near the Mexican border

• イングランドとスコットランドの間の恒常的な国境戦争は終わった。
• The constant border wars between England and Scotland came to an end.

• グルジアとの国境にある北コーカサス山脈の南西ロシアの自治共和国
• an autonomous republic in southwestern Russia in the northern Caucasus Mountains bordering on Georgia

• 愛発関（あらちのせき）とは、近江国と越前国の国境に置かれた関所。
• Arachi no-seki was a sekisho (checking station) on the border between Omi Province and Echizen Province.

• これは、薩摩と日向国の国境で月照を斬り捨てるというものであった。
• This was essentially the casting of him over the border between the Satsuma Province and the neighboring Hyuga Province.

• イスラエルが1948年の独立戦争で勝利した土地の境界を示す国境線
• the border marking the boundaries of the land that Israel won in its 1948 war of independence

• スイスとイタリアの国境にあるアルプスの山（14、780フィート）
• a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high)

• モンゴル国境近くの山に源を発し、概して北向きに流れてカラ海に注ぐ
• rises in mountains near the Mongolian border and flows generally northward into the Kara Sea

• その地域では人、物、金、すべて国境を越えて移動することができる。
• People, goods and money are all free to move across national borders in the region.

• 米国の作家で、国境の生活について書いた（1873年−1947年）
• United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947)

• 早雲は伊豆国との国境に近い興国寺城（現沼津市）と所領を与えられた。
• Soun was granted Kokuji-jo Castle and some land (present-day Numazu City near the border of the Province of Izu).

• 「監視署」とは、日ソ国境の北緯50度線の密貿易を監視する官署である
• 'Guard Post' is a government office, which watched out for smuggling at the border to Russia at fifty northern latitude.

• 訴訟の後は日露国境画定交渉のため派遣された榎本武揚全権公使を補佐。
• After the trial he assisted Takeaki ENOMOTO, the Minister Plenipotentiary, who was sent to Russia as a special envoy for the negotiation to fix the national boundaries between Japan and Russia.

• 有害廃棄物の国境を越える移動及びその処分の規制に関するバーゼル条約
• Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

• 信長は、勝頼自刃の時には国境すら越えておらず岩村城に滞在していた。
• When Katsuyori committed suicide, Nobunaga did not even cross the border, and stayed at Iwamura-jo Castle.

• ネパールとチベットの国境のヒマラヤの山（標高28,208フィート）
• a mountain the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (28,208 feet high)

• タジキスタン北東部の、中国との国境付近（標高2万4590フィート）
• near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)

• メキシコとの国境に近いペコ川のそばのニューメキシコ州南東部のある町
• a town in southeastern New Mexico on the Pecos River near the Mexican border

• メキシコ国境近くのカリフォルニア南部（サンディエゴの南）の工業都市
• an industrial city in southern California (south of San Diego) near the Mexican border

• 6月に京方は幕府軍を迎え撃つべく美濃国と尾張国の国境の尾張川に布陣。
• In June, kyogata (the Kyoto side or supporters of the Imperial court in Kyoto) lined up at the Owari-gawa River, the border between Mino and Owari Provinces, to be ready for the army of bakufu.

• その地域では人、物、金、すべて国境を越えて移動することが自由である。
• People, goods and money are all free to move across national borders in the region.

• アリゾナ州の町で、メキシコ国境に接し、反対側にメキシコのノガレスがある
• a town in Arizona on the Mexican border opposite Nogales, Mexico

• アルゼンチンとチリ国境にあるアンデス山脈の山頂（21、457フィート）
• a mountain peak in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (21,457 feet high)

• チベットとネパールの国境の、ヒマラヤ中部の山（高さ27890フィート）
• a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (27,890 feet high)

• 関東制圧を目指す政虎にとって、背後の信越国境を固めることは急務であった。
• For Masatora who was aiming to conquer Kanto, it was urgent to secure the border of Shinano and Echigo Provinces behind them.

• 積雪のため信越国境が封鎖されている時期であり、長尾方諸将の動揺を誘った。
• The borders between Shinano Province and Echigo Province were closed due to accumulated snow in this season, and this situation made military commanders on the Nagao side unrest.

• 長禄 2年11月 1日　近江・越前国境、×甲斐敏光・孝景 ─ ○堀江利真
• December 15, 1458: The army of Toshimitsu KAI and Takakage was defeated by the army of Toshizane HORIE at the border between Omi Province and Echizen Province.

• 北朝鮮に発し、南西に流れて朝鮮湾に注ぐ（北朝鮮と中国の国境の一部を成す）
• rises in North Korea and flows southwest to Korea Bay (forming part of the border between North Korea and China)

• アルゼンチンとチリの国境にあるアンデス山脈中の山（22、057フィート）
• a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,057 feet high)

• アルゼンチンとチリの国境にあるアンデス山脈中の山（22、572フィート）
• a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,572 feet high)

• 山城国・丹波国国境の愛宕山 (京都市)（標高924メートル）山頂にある。
• The shrine is situated on the summit of Mt. Atago (Kyoto City, 924 m) which straddles what was the border between Yamashiro Province and Tanba Province.

• この市境は、長尾街道までは摂津国（後に和泉国）と河内国の国境でもあった。
• A part of this border to Nagao-kaido Road was also used to be a border between Settsu Province (later Izumi Province) and Kawachi Province.

• われわれと密接な関係にある国境の南の国々に対しては、特別な約束をしよう。
• To our sister republics south of our border: we offer a special pledge. . .

• 国境線画定の動きは、強固な宗属関係にあった清朝と朝鮮の間にも持ち上がった。
• There was a movement to fix borders between the Qing dynasty and Korea, which were under strict relation of a suzerain power and a zottkoku.

• 短い川で、セント・クレア湖からエリー湖へ、米国とカナダの国境に沿って流れる
• a short river flowing from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie along the border between the United States and Canada

• ヒマラヤ山脈中央、チベットとネパールの国境にある山（25、726フィート）
• a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (25,726 feet high)

• ジュネーヴの南、フランスとイタリアの国境にある（標高15、781フィート）
• on the border between France and Italy to the south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)

• すなわち、現在の日本国の国境線とは微妙にズレた範囲が縄文土器の分布域である。
• In other words, the distribution of the Jomon earthenware is not confined strictly within the border of today's Japan.

• 承応3年（1654年）、隣藩である宮津藩の京極高広と国境などをめぐって争う。
• In 1654, he fought against Takahiro KYOGOKU of Miyazu Domain, the neighboring domain, over a border of domains.

• 西側の山腹を、摂津国（現在の大阪府）と山城国（現在の京都府）の国境がよぎる。
• On the west side of the mountain, there is a border between Settsu Province (now Osaka Prefecture) and Yamashiro Province (now Kyoto Prefecture).

• 国境なき医師団を設立したベルナール・クシュネルはイラク戦争に反対しなかった。
• Bernard Kouchner, who established Medecins Sans Frontieres, did not oppose the Iraq war.

• アルゼンチンとチリの国境にあるアンデス山脈中の山（標高22,310フィート）
• a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,310 feet high)

• その後、伊東忠太一行がミャオ族の建築物研究に雲南省のチベット国境付近に赴いた。
• Following this letter, Chuta ITO and his group launched an exploration in Yunnan Province near the Tibetan border to study the architecture of the Hmong ethnic group.

• また、オランダの地図に樺太の日露国境が北緯50度線となっていることを発見する。
• Also, he knew that on a Dutch map the border between Japan and Russia at Karafuto Island was situated at latitude fifty degrees north.

• ヒマラヤ山脈中央、チベットとネパールの国境にある山（標高24、780フィート）
• a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high)

• あなたの城壁を築く日が来る。その日には国境が遠く広がる。 (ミカ書 7:11)
• A day to build your walls-- In that day, he will extend your boundary. (Micah 7:11)

• 留意すべきなのは、こうした国境画定の働きかけは朝鮮側からなされたという点である。
• It should be noted that the movement of fixing borders was proposed by Korean side.

• 辛加知には変事に備え愛発関（近江国と越前の国境の関所）を固めることが求められた。
• Shikachi was asked to guard Arachi no-seki checking station (a checking station between Omi Province and Echizen Province) in preparation for coups.

• OECDの｢回収作業が行われる廃棄物の国境を越える移動の規制に関する理事会決定」
• OECD Decision of the Council concerning the Control of Transfrontier Movements of Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations

• 回収作業が行われる廃棄物の国境を越える移動の規制に関する理事会決定(OECD)
• Decision of the Council concerning the Control of Transfrontier Movements of Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations (OECD)

• 南アジアのイスラム共和国で、北と西と東の国境はインドと接し、南はベンガル湾に臨む
• a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south

• チャド湖南のカメルーンとナイジェリア国境地域で用いられている、チャド語派の言語群
• a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad

• 軍資金を調達に出ていた藤本鉄石が合流して出発、国境の千早峠を越えて大和国へ入った。
• Tenchu-gumi departed after it was joined by Tesseki FUJIMOTO who had been raising war funds, and after passing Chihaya Pass, the border, the group entered Yamato Province.

• 氏政は小仏峠や御坂峠など相甲国境に先鋒を派遣した後、2月下旬に駿河東部に攻め入る。
• After dispatching the spearhead to Kobotoke-toge Pass and Misaka-toge Pass which were located at the border between Sagami Province and Kai Province, Ujimasa invaded the eastern part of Suruga near the end of February.

• 加藤清正の一隊は威力偵察のため国境を越えて明領・オランカイ（兀良哈）へ攻め入った。
• Kiyomasa KATO and his troops invaded Orangkai in Ming's territory surpassing the border for the purpose of reconnaissance in force.

• 発生源から離れた地域に被害を及ぼす、国境を越えた環境問題の典型的な例の1つである。
• Kosa constitutes a typical cross-nation-boundary problem that causes damage to areas far away from the problem source place.

• 丹波と丹後の国境を守る神様が祀られており、福知山藩の鎮守としても栄えた神社である。
• Shrine in which a deity protecting the border between Tanba Province and Tango Province is enshrined, and which flourished as a village shrine of the Fukuchiyama clan.

• 逢坂関（おうさかのせき、あふさかのせき）は、山城国と近江国の国境となっていた関所。
• Osaka no seki (the Osaka Barrier, 逢坂関) was the border between Yamashiro Province and Omi Province.

• 主はエドムの国境に近いホル山で、モーセとアロンに言われた、 (民数記 20:23)
• Yahweh spoke to Moses and Aaron in Mount Hor, by the border of the land of Edom, saying, (Numbers 20:23)

• 軍事面としては、その管轄下に防人を統括する防人司を置き、西辺国境の防備を担っていた。
• For military affairs, sakimori no tsukasa that supervised border soldiers was placed under its jurisdiction to protect the western border.

• 承平 (日本)6年（936年）6月、良正・貞盛と共に下野国境にて将門と合戦になった。
• In June 936, with Yoshimasa and Sadamori, he battled against Masakado at the boundary of Shimotsuke Province.

• それを知った百済の王は、二人の仲を保とうと、大磐と韓子を百済との国境まで呼び出した。
• When the King of Baekje discovered the conflicts, he called for Oiwa and Karako to come to the border of Baekje.

• 京方は美濃と尾張国の国境の尾張川に布陣するが、少ない兵力を分散させる愚を犯していた。
• The capital faction formed defensive battle lines along the Owari river, the provincial borders of Mino and Owari (part of modern-day Aichi Prefecture), unwisely dispersing their already outnumbered forces.

• また、足軽を帰農させ軽格の「郷士」として苗字帯刀を許し、国境・辺境警備に当たらせた。
• Furthermore, foot soldiers who returned to faming were given goshi` (rural samurai) status and as such were permitted use a surname and wear swords as well as guard province borders and to patrol frontier areas..

• また古より丹後国と若狭国を接する国境の峠として数多の合戦が行われたことでも有名である。
• The Pass is also famous as a historical battle field for a number of battles, as it was on the border between Tango Province and Wakasa Province.

• 信濃・美濃国境の神坂峠を過ぎるとき、乗っている馬が橋を踏み外し、馬ごと深い谷へ転落した。
• When he was passing through the Misaka Pass located on the boundaries of Shinano Province and Mino Province, his horse missed its footing on a bridge, and he and his horse fell into a deep valley.

• ブリテン島の丘陵地帯で、北部のスコットランド国境から南部のトレント川にかけて広がるところ
• a system of hills in Britain that extend from the Scottish border in the north to the Trent River in the south

• 国境線画定という問題の深化とともに、近代国際法が受容されていったといえる（秋月2002）。
• As the problem regarding the borders became more serious, the acceptance of modern international law was promoted (Akizuki 2002).

• そしてヨセフはエジプトの国境のこの端からかの端まで民を奴隷とした。 (創世記 47:21)
• As for the people, he moved them to the cities from one end of the border of Egypt even to the other end of it. (Genesis 47:21)

• 12世紀末の時点で児玉党が武蔵国国境を越え、その勢力を上野国南部にまで広げていた事が分かる。
• It suggests that the Kodama party spread its power over the border of Musashi Province into the southern part of Kozuke Province at the end of the twelfth Century.

• 近江国と山城国の国境を形成していたことから、逢坂山との山間は古くより交通の要所となっていた。
• Due to its being located at a boundary between Omi Province and Yamashiro Province, the area between this mountain and Mt. Osaka was a strategic point for transportation.

• 京都市との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
• According to a legend, a demon called Shuten-doji lived in Oe on the border with Kyoto City and was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.

• 愛宕山（あたごやま、あたごさん）は、京都府京都市右京区の北西部、山城国と丹波国の国境にある山。
• Mt. Atago (Atagoyama or Atagosan in Japanese) is a mountain located in the border between Yamashiro Province and Tanba Province, the northwest part of Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• 主はあなたの国境を安らかにし、最も良い麦をもってあなたを飽かせられる。 (詩篇 147:14)
• He makes peace in your borders. He fills you with the finest of the wheat. (Psalms 147:14)

• また、足軽を帰農させ軽格の「郷士」として苗字帯刀を許し、国境・辺境警備に当たらせることもあった。
• Ashigaru were also allowed to return to farming and granted the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword as goshi (country samurai) of keikaku (noncommissioned officers) who served as provincial border and frontier guardsmen.

• 同年6月、京方は幕府軍を美濃と尾張の国境の尾張川で迎え撃つことになり、重忠は墨俣町に陣を置いた。
• In June same year, kyogata (the Kyoto side or supporters of the Imperial Court in Kyoto) waited for the army of bakufu at the Owari-gawa River, which was the border or Mino and Owari, and Shigetada had his army ready in Sunomata Town.

• 中国を統治した王朝で（紀元前206年から西暦220年の大部分）、国境を広げ、官僚制度を作り出した
• imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

• 下山の言葉に乗った信雄は直ちに国境にあった丸山城 (伊賀国)を修築し、侵略の拠点とすることにした。
• Nobuo who was in on Shimoyama's words immediately repaired Maruyama-jo Castle (Iga Province) located on the border and decided to make it a foothold.

• 江戸から遠くなっているのは、「譜代の将は敵が攻めてくる国境に配置する」との、家康の配置方針による。
• That they were sent so far from Edo was due to Ieyasu's deployment policy to 'deploy fudai no sho (military commanders that were hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) on the border where enemies would make their attack.'

• この協約は、1910年の日本による韓国併合に先立って、清と大韓帝国との国境を画定させる意味を持った。
• Before Japan annexed Korea in 1910, this agreement had a significance demarcating a border between Qing and the Korean Empire.

• 日本国外においては古くから国境を越えた交易が盛んであり、外貨両替、金融などを扱う両替商が多く存在した。
• Outside Japan where cross-border transactions flourished from ancient times, there were many money changers who dealt with foreign money exchange and finance.

• 天文20年（1551年）、氏康によって興国寺城を奪われたものの、すぐに奪還して黄瀬川を国境としている。
• Although Yoshimoto was once deprived of Kokuji-jo Castle by Ujiyasu in 1551, he rapidly regained it and defined the border with the Kise-gawa River.

• 更には朝鮮の国境豆満江を越えてオランカイ（兀良哈・現在の中国東北部）へ進攻するなど数々の武功を挙げた。
• Furthermore, Kiyomasa distinguished himself in many actions including his advance to Orangkai (present northeastern region of China) crossing the Korean border, the Tomanko River.

• それらの功績を評価されて黒歯常之は河源道経略大使となり、国境警備や屯田開発、城塞の設置などに奔走した。
• He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Kogen region as a reward for these contributions and worked hard to guard boarders, develop colonies, and construct fortresses.

• かつてはワイオミングとメキシコ国境の間に住んでいたが、現在は主にオクラホマに住むショショーニ語群の人々
• a member of the Shoshonean people who formerly lived between Wyoming and the Mexican border but are now chiefly in Oklahoma

• 『野郎に国境はない』では冨士眞奈美が旅客機の乗客として小林旭の隣に乗り合わせる美女としてワンシーン出演。
• In 'Yaro ni Kokkyo wa nai' Manami FUJI created a cameo as a beautiful passenger who happened to sit in a seat next to Akira KOBAYASHI on a plane.

• こうして、フランスがミラノを失うには、最初はルドヴィーコ公[1]が国境で暴動を起すだけで十分だったのに、
• Thus to cause France to lose Milan the first time it was enough for the Duke Lodovico(*) to raise insurrections on the borders;

• 総勢5,800（鹿鳴峠の軍勢を入れると6,100）の軍勢が4月、豊後、豊前の国境に集まり、合戦が始まった。
• In May, the armies, numbering in all 5800 men (6100 men, if the army at Kanagoe-toge pass is included) assembled on the border between Bungo and Buzen, and commenced fighting.

• 日本が支配領域を北に拡大するにつれて、しばしば防衛のために戦い、反乱を起こし、又国境を越えて襲撃を行った。
• As Japan expanded its territory, the Emishi often fought for self-defense, carried out revolts and performed attacks across borders.

• イザナミの墓所の伝承地は、日本神話に記される比婆山や熊野市有馬のほか、雲伯国境を中心として日本各地にある。
• Besides Hibanoyama Mountain and Arima, Kumano City which are described in Nihonshoki, there are numerous places throughout Japan where Izanami is said to be buried, especially around the border between Izumo and Hoki.

• こうして、フランスがミラノを失うには、最初はルドヴィーコ公[1]が国境で暴動を起せすだけで十分だったのに、
• Thus to cause France to lose Milan the first time it was enough for the Duke Lodovico1 to raise insurrections on the borders;

• 重衡は行家らを伊勢と尾張の国境墨俣川の戦いにて打ち破り尾張を制圧するが、それ以上は東に兵を進めず都に戻った。
• Shigehira defeated Yukiie and others in the Battle of Sunomatagawa that happened at the border of Ise and Owari, and gained control of Owari but Shigehira went back to capital without going any further eastward.

• 良質な砂鉄がとれる雲伯国境地域や備前国と、政治文化の中心である山城国・大和国などに刀工の各流派が現れてきた。
• Schools of sword craftsmenship appeared in the border area between Izumo and Hoki, and Bizen Province where there was good iron sand, and Yamashiro Province and Yamato Province which were the center of politics and culture.

• また、紀和国境の果無峠は、前述の通り、龍神・熊野・高野および大峯の各地を結ぶ交通路として利用され続けていた。
• As explained above, Hatenashi Pass at the boundary of Kiwa continued to be used as a community road connecting Ryujin, Kumano, Koya and Omine.

• つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
• In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.

• この間、伊達家と上杉家は大規模な軍事衝突こそ起こらなかったものの、国境付近での小競り合いと緊張関係は依然続いた。
• Between these times, any major military clash did not occurred between the Date family and the Uesugi family, but a skirmish and tension still continued around the border.

• 南の北海道とは宗谷海峡で隔てられ、北は緯度50度線国境でソ連と接し、西の間宮海峡、東のオホーツク海に囲まれていた。
• In the South, Karafuto-Cho was separated from Hokkaido by the Soya Strait, in the North it bordered to Russia at fifty northern latitude, in the West it was surrounded by the Mamiya Strait and in the East by the Sea of Okhotsk.

• 有害廃棄物の国境を越える移動についての環境上適正な管理を実効的に実施するための戦略計画(2000年-2010年)
• Strategic Plan for the Implementation of the Basel Convention (2000-2010)

• その時、使武者から国安を奉じた則安と義照を筆頭とする乾の軍勢が国境を越え、一の砦、二の砦を包囲したとの報せが入る。
• Then a messenger informed that the troops of Inui led by Noriyasu having Kunimaru and Yoshiteru crossed the border and besieged the First and the Second Fort.

• 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
• As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).

• 上田は東信濃の小県郡にあり、この付近は上田城築城以前から武田氏・上杉氏・後北条氏の国境として不安定な地域であった。
• Ueda is located in Chiisagata-gun in eastern Shinano, and this area had been unstable before Ueda-jo Castle was built because it was the border of the Takeda clan, Uesugi clan, and the Gohojo clan.

• ただしその理由は一つだけ、テレビ番組の場合には物理的媒体に固定されて国境を意図的に越える行為がなかったからである。
• there is no willful traversal of a country's borders with a television show fixed in a tangible medium.

• 享禄元年（1528年）には国境の神戸境川（長野県諏訪郡富士見町）において信虎勢を撃破し、積極的に領国を拡大していった。
• In 1528, he smashed the Nobutora force at Sakai-gawa River, Godo on a frontier (present-day Fujimi-cho, Suwa County, Nagano Prefecture) and actively expanded his territory.

• 官軍の佐伯伊多智は越前に馳せ急ぎ、まだ事変を知らぬ辛加知を斬り、物部広成に愛発関（近江と越前の国境の関所）を固めさせた。
• SAEKI no Itaji of the Imperial army rushed to the Echizen Province and killed Shikaji who did not know about the rebellion, and made MONONOBE no Hironari close Arachi no-seki checking station (on the border of Omi and Echizen provinces).

• 有害廃棄物の国境を超える移動及びその処分の規制に関するバーゼル条約が日本国について効力を生ずる日（平成五年十二月十六日）
• The day on which the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal comes to effect in Japan (December 16, 1993)

• しかし当時、密貿易に関わる倭寇も含め、このような国境沿岸の貿易商にとっては、国籍はそれほど意味をもたなかったと思われる。
• At that time, however, nationality may have hardly mattered to such traders, including the wako involved in smuggling, along the coasts on national borders

• 平氏軍は越前、加賀の反乱勢力を破って5月には加賀・越中国境の倶利伽羅峠で義仲軍と対峙したが敗北する（倶利伽羅峠の戦い）。
• The Taira clan troops defeated the rebellion troops in Echizen and Kaga, and in May, they met and lost to Yoshinaka's troops at Kurikara Pass between Kaga and Ecchu Province (the Battle of Kurikawa Pass).

• 酒呑童子（しゅてんどうじ）は、京都市と丹波国の国境の大枝（老の坂）に住んでいたとされる鬼の頭領（盗賊であったとも）である。
• Shuten Doji was the chief of the oni (a kind of demon or ogre), who were believed to live on Oi no Saka (Oi Hill Road) in Oe at the border between Kyoto and Tanba Province (he may also have been a robber).

• そのため近代国際法に基づく固定した国境線の画定を行うとするならば、それは周辺諸国との紛争の種として浮上せざるをえなかった。
• As the result, if a country tried to fix its borders based on modern international law, it would certainly be a seed of conflict between neighboring countries.

• 8月中旬、山名持豊は4500騎をもって但馬・播磨国境の真弓峠に攻め込み、この方面を守る赤松義雅と数日にわたり攻防があった。
• Around the middle of September, Mochitoyo YAMANA pushed into Mayumi Pass, a border between Tajima and Harima Provinces, with his 4,500 horsemen and engaged in fierce battles for several days against Yoshimasa Akamatsu who was defending in those area.

• 一方で、美濃国と国境を接する甲斐国の武田信玄に対しては、信玄の四男・武田勝頼に養女（遠山夫人）を娶せることで同盟を結んだ。
• On the other hand, Nobunaga made an alliance with Shingen TAKEDA in the Kai Province bordering Mino Province by having his adopted daughter (Fujin TOYAMA) marry with Shingen's fourth son Katsuyori TAKEDA.

• 一方、武田軍の支隊が安曇郡の信越国境近くの小谷城（おたりじょう、長野県北安曇郡小谷村）を落とし、別方面から長尾軍を牽制する。
• On the other hand, a branch troop of Takeda's forces took Otari-jo Castle (located in Otari Village, Kita-Azumi County, Nagano Prefecture) in Azumi County, located near to the border between Shinano Province and Echigo Province, indirectly holding the movements of Nagao's forces in check from another direction.

• また、後北条氏は変に即応して上野や甲斐南東の郡内への侵攻し、上野では武蔵との国境神流川で滝川一益の軍を撃破（神流川の戦い）。
• Furthermore, in response to the war, the Gohojo clan invaded districts in Kozuke and southeast Kai, and defeated an army of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA at the Kanna-gawa River on the border between Kozuke Province and Musashi Province (the Battle of Kanna River).

• 補給路が途絶えた石山本願寺の戦力は幾分和らいだとみたのか、同年11月9日山城国と摂津国の国境にある大山崎町に5万兵で進軍した。
• Troops of the Oda clan might think that war capability of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple somehow decreased because of blockage of supply route and, on December 17, 1578, a troop of 50,000 soldiers charged forward to Oyamazaki-cho located on the border of Yamashiro Province and Settsu Province.

• 当時の江戸は、武蔵国と下総国の国境である隅田川の河口の西に位置し、日比谷入江と呼ばれる入江が、後の江戸城の間近に入り込んでいた。
• Indeed, Edo was established west of the Sumidagawa River estuary which served as a provincial border between Musashi Province and Shimosa Province, and Hibiya inlet stretched across the area where the Edo Castle was later constructed.

• 5月27日には柴田勝家らの北国勢の支援のために信越国境を越えて、春日山城を指呼の間に望む越後国の二本木（上越市）辺りまでに乱入。
• On May 27, 1582, Nagayoshi crossed the border between Shinano and Echigo Provinces to support the armies of northern provinces, including Katsuie SHIBATA's army, and invaded into the area around Nihongi (present-day Joetsu City) in Echigo Province, from where Kasugayama-jo Castle could be seen at a short distance.

• 泉源寺村は丹後の最東端に位置し丹後若狭の国境に近いことから選んだとされ、長男が領する若狭の小浜にも度々足を運んだともいわれている。
• Sengenji Village was chosen since it was located at the most eastern part of Tango and closest to the border of Tango-Wakasa, and she occasionally visited Obama in Wakasa ruled by her eldest son.

• 北端は難波宮（大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）で、南端は長尾街道・竹内街道・河内国和泉国国境との交点のいずれか（全て堺市）と考えられる。
• The northern end of this road is Naniwa no Miya Palace (Chuo Ward, Osaka City) and the southern end is considered to be the crossing point with either Nagao-kaido Road, Takenouchi-kaido Road or the border of Kawachi Province and Izumi Province (all are located in today's Sakai City).

• 自天王は大和国・紀伊国国境付近の北山（奈良県吉野郡上北山村か）あるいは三之公（同郡川上村 (奈良県)）に本拠を置いていたといわれる。
• Jitenno is said to have located his headquarters in Kitayama (present-day Kamikitayama-mura, Yoshino-gun, Nara Prefecture?) around the border between Yamato Province and Kii Province, or Sannoko (Kawakami-mura, Yoshino-gun, Nara Prefecture).

• 仲麻呂一族は八男の藤原辛加知が国司の越前国を目指すが、官軍が越前国衙へ急行して、まだ事変を知らぬ辛加知を斬り、国境の関を固めてしまう。
• The Nakamaro family moved toward Echizen Province, where his 8th son, FUJIWARA no Sakachi served as Kokushi, but the Imperial army rushed to Echizen Kokuga and killed Sakachi, who still hadn't known about the incident, and deployed forces on the barrier of the border.

• さて、バラクはバラムがきたと聞いて、国境のアルノン川のほとり、国境の一端にあるモアブの町まで出て行って迎えた。 (民数記 22:36)
• When Balak heard that Balaam had come, he went out to meet him to the City of Moab, which is on the border of the Arnon, which is in the utmost part of the border. (Numbers 22:36)

• 結果として北部国境付近にある児玉党（児玉庄氏）本宗家を継ぎ、栗崎の領地を守る事となったのは、家長の四男（家次の弟）である本庄時家である。
• As a result, it was Tokiie HONJO, the fourth son (younger brother of Ietsugu) of Ienaga who ended up succeeding his father as the head of the head family of Kodama party (Kodama Sho clan) located near the north border and keeping its Kurisaki territory,

• 下野国と下総国の国境で連合軍は将門軍の先手に攻めかかるが、意外な抵抗にあい一旦退却しようとしたところに将門の本隊が到着して突撃してきた。
• At the border between Shimotsuke and Shimousa Provinces, the allied forces launched an attack on the first line of the Masakado army, but were met with unexpected force which led them to retreat, at which time they were rushed by the main unit of the army.

• このうち西海道には大宰府（だざいふ）が筑前の国に置かれ、国境の防衛や外交事務に当たるとともに、管内諸国島を国、郡、里の三段階で統轄した。
• Among these, Saikaido contained Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) which was located in Chikuzen Province and, in addition to protecting national borders and conducting external affairs, served to govern all islands under its jurisdiction according to the koku-gun-ri system (province-district-village system).

• 1880年代に国境線画定の会談（「勘界会談」）がもたれたが、その結果豆満江（図們江）・鴨緑江をもってとりあえず国境線とすることとなった。
• There was a meeting to fix borders in 1880's ('Kamgye Conference') and as the result, the Tumen river (図們江 in Chinese) and the Yalu river became borders between Korea and China.

• 耳川の戦いにより有力な臣下を多数失い、急速に衰退しつつある大友氏にあって、国境線の守りを任されると言うことは充分に抜擢であったのであろう。
• For those who served the Otomo clan which had lost a lot of powerful vassals in the Battle of Mimi-kawa and was in rapid decline, it should have deserved exceptional promotion to be entrusted to defend the border.

• 第1回帝国議会では施政方針演説において「主権線」（国境）のみならず「利益線」（朝鮮半島）の確保のために軍事予算の拡大が必要であると説いた。
• At the first meeting of the Imperial Diet, he made an administrative policy speech and claimed that it was necessary to increase the military budget in order to keep both the 'sovereign line' (the border) and the 'interest line' (Korean peninsula).

• 宇喜多秀家が領していた備前国岡山市から先は毛利の勢力範囲であったため、織田軍と毛利軍は備前・備中国国境地帯で攻防を繰り広げることとなった。
• Since the areas beyond Okayama City, Bizen Province, which were governed by Hideie UKITA, were under the influence of Mori, the Oda forces and the Mori forces ended up having fierce battles around the borders between Bizen Province and Bitchu Province.

• これは東アジア諸国とロシアとの間に結ばれた国境条約であるが、やがて東アジア諸国内においても国境確定の動きが現れてくることは不可避であった。
• Those were treaties regarding borders between East Asian countries and Russia, and it was unavoidable that there was a movement to confirm the borders among East Asian countries later.

• 丹波国との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ（但し、この大江は大江町であると言う説もある）、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
• A demon called Shuten-doji is said to have lived in Oe on the border with Tanba Province although some believe the Oe indicated a different location of Oe-cho; according to a legend, Shuten-doji was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.

• また、ロシア帝国との間では1875年に、樺太・千島交換条約が締結され、それまで日露雑居地とされた樺太および千島列島における日露国境が確定した。
• Also in 1875, the government concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire to determine the border between Japan and the Russian Empire in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which was a mixed residential quarter of Japan and the Russian Empire until then.

• 朝鮮はこれら中国産品を、朝貢貿易や国境貿易で入手することができたが、日本は明への入港を拒絶されていたため中国密貿易船の来航を待つしかなかった。
• While Korea was able to obtain those Chinese products through the tribute trade and border trade, Japan could not do anything but wait for the Chinese smuggling ships, as Japan had been denied entry to Ming.

• この方針は全ての海洋に適用されており、その中にはこうした水域についてそれぞれ独自の名称をつけている複数の国々の国境が接している海域も含まれます。
• This policy applies to all seas, including those bordered by multiple countries that may each have their own names for such bodies of water.

• 「わたしはモアブのあざけりと、アンモンの人々の、ののしりを聞いた。彼らはわが民をあざけり、自ら誇って彼らの国境を侵した。 (ゼパニヤ書 2:8)
• I have heard the reproach of Moab, and the insults of the children of Ammon, with which they have reproached my people, and magnified themselves against their border. (Zephaniah 2:8)

• 岡本の考えは、日露和親条約は条約締結権のない徳川家の家臣が結んだものだから、天皇親政の時代には改めて国境を決定しなければならないというものだった。
• OKAMOTO thought that since a vassal of the Tokugawa family without the right of conclusion of a treaty contracted the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, the border must be determined anew at the period of direct rule by the emperor.

• これは郡山藩主本多政勝と高取藩主植村家政が幕命を受けて紀和国境のルートを調査した文書だが、この中には「中道筋」なる名で小辺路がとり上げられている。
• The document was drawn up by the lord of the Koriyama Domain Masakatsu HONDA and the lord of the Takatori Domain Iemasa UEMURA who had investigated the roads of the boundary of Kiwa Province by the order of the shogunate; and it recorded Kohechi in the name of 'Naka-michisuji' (literally 'middle route').

• 上杉謙信の死後に起きた御館の乱では、はじめ上杉景虎支援を目的に信越国境へ派遣されたものの、のちに乱を制した上杉景勝との甲越同盟では取次役を務めている。
• In the Otate War, which took place after the death of Kenshin UESUGI, he was first dispatched to the border of the Shinetsu region for the purpose of supporting Kagetora UESUGI; later, he worked as a liaison for the Koetsu Alliance with Kagekatsu UESUGI, who won the war.

• 柴田勝家 - 上杉対策を前田利家、佐々成政らに託し京に向かったが、越前・近江国境の北陸道に到達したところで合戦の情報が入り、そのまま清洲城に向かった。
• Katsuie SHIBATA: Leaving anti-Uesugi maneuvers to Toshiie MAEDA, Narimasa SASSA and others, he headed for Kyoto, but when he reached Hokurikudo on the border of Omi and Echizen provinces, he learned of the outbreak of the battle, and went straight on to Kiyosu-jo Castle.

• その過程で日本の境界領域であった旧琉球王国領域や、樺太を除く蝦夷地（北海道の大部分と千島列島）、小笠原諸島を完全に日本の領域内におき、国境を画定した。
• In the process, the government placed the former Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo area except Sakhalin (almost all areas of Hokkaido and Kurile Islands) and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) completely into the Japanese territories, fixing the boundaries of Japan.

• 将門の岳父でありいわば親権者でもある良兼も放っておけず、承平6年（936年）6月、良兼は良正や国香の子平貞盛らと共に下野国境にて将門と対戦するが敗れた。
• Yoshikane, who was the father-in-law of Masakado and his sponsor, could not turn a blind eye to this, and in June, 936, Yoshikane fought against Masakado at the border of Shimotsuke Province along with Yoshimasa and the son of Kunika, TAIRA no Sadamori, but they were defeated.

• もっとも、20世紀以降の美術については、作者がもっぱら海外で制作していたり、国境を越えて幅広く活動していることが多く、上記の考え方は必ずしも妥当しない。
• And the above-mentioned idea about the geographical range does not always apply to the art from the 20th century, because many Japanese artists have come to produce their arts only in foreign countries or make their activities worldwide.

• 両軍は睨み合いとなったが、輸送部隊を襲われたことにより物資が不足、甲駿国境に位置する大宮城での苦戦、さらに駿河征服を企む家康も氏康と同盟を結んで信玄と敵対した。
• Both armies were stuck, but Shingen's army was short on supplies due to the transportation party having been attacked, and faced a tough battle at Omiya-jo Castle that was located along the border between Kai Province and Suruga Province, while Ieyasu, who aimed to subdue Suruga, allied with Ujiyasu and came into conflict with Shingen.

• このヒエラルキーが特異なのは、中国王朝が直接支配する領域とそれ以外の地域とが国境のような確固たる分断線によって区切られず、連続したものとして捉えられている点である。
• Uniqueness of this hierarchy was that the area directly controlled by Chinese dynasty and other areas were not separated with clear separating lines such as border between countries but recognized as continuous one.

• 三田藩が陣屋を置いた三田町は、周辺の摂津・播磨内陸部の国境地帯が幕府領、小藩領、関東諸藩の飛地領、旗本領等の錯綜地であったこともあり、商業の一大中心地として栄えた。
• Mita-cho, where Sanda Domain established its jinya, flourished as the center of commerce because it was close to the border between Settsu Province and Harima Province (where many territories of the shogunate, small domains, detached areas of domains in Kanto region, and hatamoto were located).

• 高徳は天皇一行を播磨・美作国国境の杉坂まで追うものの、その時既に天皇一行は院庄（現・岡山県津山市）付近へ達しており、完全な作戦ミスの前に軍勢は雲散霧消してしまった。
• Takanori went to Sugisaka, the border of Harima and Mimasaka Provinces, to catch up the Emperor and the escort, but they already almost reached Innosho (today's Tsuyama City, Okayama Prefecture) by that time, and his troops were dispersed like mist because of this wrong strategy.

• 当初は碓井峠を越えてきた真田・依田に対して勝利し、駿豆国境方面でも布陣する豊臣方諸将に威力偵察するなど戦意は旺盛であったが、秀吉の沼津着陣後には、緒戦で山中城が落城。
• At first, the Hojo clan was highly motivated in fighting the war, beating the Sanada and Ida clans invading from Usui-toge Pass, and scouting to discover the force levels of warlords on the Toyotomi side in the Suruga-Izu border, and so so on, but after Hideyoshi arrived at Numazu, the Hojo clan lost the following battle and was forced to surrender Yamanaka-jo Castle.

• 天正10年（1582年）2月、織田信長の嫡子の信忠が武田征伐に乗り出すと、駿豆国境間の情報が途絶していたため当初情報の少なかった氏政は氏邦に上野方面から情報収集させた。
• In March 1582, when Nobutada, a legitimate child of Nobunaga ODA, launched the campaign of conquering the Takeda clan, Ujimasa ordered Ujikuni to gather information from Kozuke Province to compensate the information shortage in Suruga and Izu Provinces, as the information network in those two provinces had been shut down.

• これに先立って駿豆国境間が手切れに及んだことを知った氏政・氏直は、17日には北条領国内の家臣・他国衆に対して小田原への1月15日参陣を命じて迎撃の態勢を整えるに至った。
• Before the order, Ujimasa and Ujinao, who were informed of the 手切れ in the border of Suruga and Izu Provinces, organized their army to attack the Hideyoshi army by ordering the vassals of the Hojo clan and other local samurais on December 17 to join the upcoming battle against Hideyoshi in Odawara on February 19.

• トルコに100万人以上のアルメニア人を殺して、1915年に国境地帯から彼らを強制的に取り除くと認めさせるように1975年に形成された好戦的なマルクスレーニン主義者テロ組織
• a militant Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization formed in 1975 to force Turkey to acknowledge killing more than a million Armenians and forcibly removing them from border areas in 1915

• このことから、『隋書』の「其國境東西五月行、南北三月行、各至於海（国境は東西五月行、南北三月行で各海である）」は大和からもたらされた本州についての情報によるとする説がある。
• From this, there came a theory that the statement in 'Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), 'Its national boarders are five month from east to west and three months from south to north by a ship, surrounded by the sea,' is based on information of Honsyu brought by Yamato.

• 長安はまた、家康に対して武蔵国の治安維持と国境警備の重要さを指摘し、八王子500人同心の創設を具申して認められ、ここに旧武田家臣団を中心とした八王子500人同心が誕生した。
• Nagayasu also pointed out the importance of maintaining the security and guarding the provincial border in Musashi Province, and asked and received permission to create Hachioji Five Hundred Lower Class Officials with the former vassals of Takeda clan.

• 大永年間には対外勢力との抗争が本格化し、大永4年（1524年）には、関東における両上杉氏と新興勢力の北条氏の争いに介入し、都留郡の甲相国境付近では相模国境で北条勢と争った。
• During the Daiei era (1521-1528) the battles against external forces became severer and in 1524, Nobutora joined the battle between the both Uesugi clans and the emerging power of the Hojo clan in the Kanto region and fought against the Hojo force around the border of Sagami Province and Kai Province in Tsuru County.

• 歩き巫女に国境は無く、全国何処でも自由に行けたため、関東から畿内を回って口寄せや舞を披露し、時には売春もしながら情報を収集し、ツナギ（連絡役）の者を通じて信玄に逐一報告した。
• Because the arukimiko were allowed to freely cross the border and go everywhere, they gathered information, acted as liaisons with and reported everything to Shingen, performed kuchiyose (spiritualism) and dances, and sometimes prostituted themselves in the Kanto and Kinai regions (provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).

• アフリカ南西部の川で、アンゴラ中央に始まり東と北に流れ、（アンゴラとコンゴの国境の一部を形成し）コンゴを突き抜けて北西に進み、コンゴとコンゴ共和国との国境でコンゴ川に流れ込む
• a river of southwestern Africa that rises in central Angola and flows east and then north (forming part of the border between Angola and Congo) and continuing northwest through Congo to empty into the Congo River on the border between Congo and Republic of the Congo

• 正平23年（1368年）に足利義詮、足利基氏が相次いで没すると、新田義宗と脇屋義治は再度上野、越後国境周辺で挙兵するが、上野沼田荘で敗れ、義宗は戦死し、義治は出羽国に逃走した。
• After Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and Motouji ASHIKAGA died one after the other in 1368, Yoshimune NITTA and Yoshiharu WAKIYA once again raised their armies around the border of Kozuke and Echigo Provinces, but was defeated at Kozuke Numata no sho (manor); Yoshimune was dead in battle and Yoshiharu ran away to Dewa Province.

• 9月7日、7歳の朝原内親王は大和国国境で桓武天皇と百官の臣下達に見送られ、斎宮寮頭賀茂朝臣人麻呂や斎宮内侍・従五位下藤原朝臣栄子・その他乳母・女官達に付き添われ伊勢へ下向した。
• On October 18, after Emperor Kanmu and all the government official's aides came to see Imperial Princess Asahara off at the boarder of Yamato Province, she left for Ise accompanied by the Chief of the Saigu Office, Kamo no Asomi Hitomaro and a lady-in-waiting for Saigu, Jugoinoge (Junior Firth Rank, Lower Grade), FUJIWARA no Asomi Eishi, and other wet nurse and court ladies.

• イザナミが、火の神であるカグツチを産んだために陰部に火傷を負って亡くなると、そのカグツチを殺し（その血や死体からも神が生まれる）、出雲国と伯伎（伯耆国）の国境の比婆山に埋葬した。
• When Izanami died from the burns to her genital organ she had received while giving birth to Kagutsuchi, the god of fire, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi (from whose blood and dead body new gods were born) and buried Izanami's body in Hibanoyama mountain located on the border of the provinces of Izumo and Hahaki (Hoki).

• さてモアブびとは皆、王たちが自分たちを攻めるために上ってきたのを聞いたので、よろいを着ることのできる者を、老いも若きもことごとく召集して、国境に配置したが、 (列王紀2 3:21)
• Now when all the Moabites heard that the kings had come up to fight against them, they gathered themselves together, all who were able to put on armor, and upward, and stood on the border. (2 Kings 3:21)

• たとえば清朝とロシアの間で結ばれた璦琿条約（1858年）や、日本と同じくロシア間で締結された樺太・千島交換条約（1875年）などは、清朝・日本両国の北方の国境線を画定するものであった。
• For instance, there were treaties such as the Treaty of Aigun (1858) between the Qing dynasty and Russia and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) between Japan and Russia were to confirm northern borders of the Qing dynasty and Japan.

• またマナセの子孫の国境に沿って、ベテシャンとその村々、タアナクとその村々、メギドンとその村々、ドルとその村々で、イスラエルの子ヨセフの子孫はこれらの所に住んだ。 (歴代志1 7:29)
• and by the borders of the children of Manasseh, Beth Shean and its towns, Taanach and its towns, Megiddo and its towns, Dor and its towns. In these lived the children of Joseph the son of Israel. (1 Chronicles 7:29)

• この時高徳は、播磨国・備前国境の船坂峠において、一族郎党二百余騎で佐々木道誉ら率いる五百騎の天皇護送団を強襲、後醍醐天皇の奪還を画策するが、天皇一行の移動ルート誤判によって失敗に終わる。
• At that time, Takanori and a group of 200-odd horsemen consisting of his family and his retainers planned to raid the escort for the Emperor consisting of 500 horsemen led by Doyo SASAKI at Funasaka-toge Hill, which was the border of Harima and Bizen Provinces, in order to recapture the Emperor, but his plan ended in failure because he made a mistake in finding out the Emperor's traveling route.

• 司馬懿の提言で、長期にわたる抗争を繰り広げていた呉 (三国)・蜀それぞれの国境付近（淮河流域、関中）でも軍屯が展開され、これにより安定した食糧供給を維持した魏は、両国との争いを有利に進めた。
• With the suggestion of Sima Yi, Gunton were developed near the borders with the Go (Three States Period) (area along the Huai River) and Shu (Guanzhong), countries that they had long been in battle with, and Wei was able to have a stable supply of provisions, which was advantageous in fighting these two countries.

• 明治時代の京都府令によると、京都から伏見街道（後に京都・伏見間の経路は竹田街道に変わる）を通り、伏見を経て、巨椋池の小倉堤上を通り、木津川 (京都府)を泉大橋で渡り大和国境に至る道を大和街道。
• According to an order of Kyoto Prefecture issued in the Meiji period, the road starting from Kyoto and through Fushimi-kaido Road (the road section from Kyoto and Fushimi later renamed Takeda-kaido Road) to Fushimi and onward over Ogura-zutsumi Bank in Ogura-ike Pond, crossing Izumi-ohashi Bridge over Kizu-gawa River and reaching the boundary to Yamato Province is named Yamato-kaido Road.

• 昭和42年（1967年）以降、香港のショウ・ブラザーズに招かれ、自身の『野郎に国境はない』、『狂った果実』、『猟人日記』をそれぞれリメイクした他、渡辺祐介脚本（ノンクレジット）の『飛天女郎』を監督。
• After 1967, invited by Shaw Brothers in Hong Kong, he remade his own works such as 'Yaro ni Kokkyo wa nai' (He does not care about national borders), 'Kurutta Kajitsu' and 'Ryojin Nikki' and directed 'Hiten Joro' (Trapeze Girl) for which the scenario was written by Yusuke WATANABE (with no credit).

• それでも政盛の孫の高梨政頼の頃まで独立性を保ってきたが、村上氏を撃破した甲斐国の武田信玄の侵攻を受け、弘治 (日本)年間（1555 - 1558）に本拠地中野郷から信越国境に近い飯山郷まで後退した。
• Until the time of Masayori TAKANASHI, a grandson of Masamori, the Takanashi clan remained independent, but Shingen TAKEDA, of Kai Province, who had destroyed the Murakami clan, invaded the land of the Takanashi clan and they retreated to the Iiyama area close to the boundary of Shinano and Echigo from Nakano, the base, between 1555 and 1558.

• 北畠顕家が陸奥国より足利義詮の守る鎌倉を落し京へと攻め寄せた際には、これを迎え撃つべく、高師泰、高師冬、細川頼春、佐々木氏信、父の佐々木道誉らと共に近江国と美濃国の国境へと赴き、顕家の進軍を阻止する。
• When Akiie KITABATAKE, after capturing Kamakura which was guarded by Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, closed in on Kyoto from Mutsu Province, Hidetsuna went to the border between Omi Province and Mino Province together with KO no Moroyasu, KO no Morofuyu, Yoriharu HOSOKAWA, Ujinobu SASAKI and his father, Doyo SASAKI, and stopped Akiie's march.

• 「童子切」の作者である雲伯国境の安綱は古伝書には時代を9世紀初めの大同年間（806年頃）とするが、現存作品を見る限りそこまで時代は上がらず、平安中期、10世紀末頃と見るのが刀剣史では通説となっている。
• Although an ancient document mentions that Yasutsuna from the border area between Izumo and Hoki who made 'Doji-giri' sword lived in the early 9th century, as seen in his existing work, it is widely believed that he didn't live in those days, but rather in the mid Heian period at the end of 10th century.

• 天文 (元号)4年（1535年）には今川攻めを行い、国境の万沢（南巨摩郡富沢町）で合戦が行われると、今川と姻戚関係のある北条氏が籠坂峠を越え山中（南都留郡山中湖村）へ侵攻され、小山田氏や勝沼氏が敗北している。
• In 1535, he started attacking Imagawa and a battle occurred at the border of Manzawa (Tomizawa-cho, Minamikoma County), the Hojo clan who had a matrimonial relation with the Imagawa clan invaded Yamanaka (Yamanakako-mura, Minamitsuru County) via Kagosaka-toge Pass and defeated the Oyamada clan and the Katsunuma clan.

• 主はこう言われる、「アンモンの人々の三つのとが、四つのとがのために、わたしはこれを罰してゆるさない。これは彼らがその国境を広げるために、ギレアデのはらんでいる女をひき裂いたからである。 (アモス書 1:13)
• Thus says Yahweh: 'For three transgressions of the children of Ammon, yes, for four, I will not turn away its punishment; because they have ripped open the pregnant women of Gilead, that they may enlarge their border. (Amos 1:13)

• あなたと契約を結んだ人々はみな、あなたを欺き、あなたを国境に追いやった。あなたと同盟を結んだ人々はあなたに勝った。あなたの信頼する友はあなたの下にわなを設けた、しかしその事を悟らない。 (オバデヤ書 1:7)
• All the men of your alliance have brought you on your way, even to the border. The men who were at peace with you have deceived you, and prevailed against you. Friends who eat your bread lay a snare under you. There is no understanding in him.' (Obadiah 1:7)

• イスラエルの人々は、「ルベンの子孫、ガドの子孫、およびマナセの部族の半ばが、カナンの地の国境、ヨルダンのほとりのイスラエルの人々に属する方で、一つの祭壇を築いた」といううわさを聞いた。 (ヨシュア記 22:11)
• The children of Israel heard this, 'Behold, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh have built an altar in the forefront of the land of Canaan, in the region about the Jordan, on the side that pertains to the children of Israel.' (Joshua 22:11)

• 三関のほか、東海道の駿河・相模国境には足柄関、同じく東海道の常陸・陸奥国境には勿来、東山道の信濃・上野国境には碓氷峠、同じく東山道の下野・陸奥国境には白河関、北陸道の越後・出羽国境には鼠ヶ関がそれぞれ設置された。
• In addition to the three major barrier stations, several other barriers were also erected, including: along the Tokaido Road, the Ashigara no seki Barrier on the border of Suruga and Sagami Provinces and the Nakoso barrier on the border of Hitachi and Mutsu Provinces; along the Tosando Road, the Usui-toge Pass Barrier on the border of Shinano and Kozuke Provinces and the Shirakawa-no-seki Barrier on the border of Shimotsuke and Hitachi Provinces; and along the Hokurikudo Road, the Nezumigaseki Barrier on the border of Echigo and Dewa Provinces.

• アメリカに隣接した地域でイギリスの法律が自由に執行されるのを廃し、そこに独裁的な政府を樹立し、その政府がこのアメリカの植民地にも同じような独裁制を導入しようとする例に、また格好の手段となるように、国境を拡大しようとする法律
• For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

• 深草から伏見街道と分岐し、大亀谷を通り八科峠を越え六地蔵に至り、宇治川右岸を通り宇治を経て大久保で大和街道と合流、相楽郡棚倉村（現在の木津川市）で大和街道と分岐し木津川を渡り相楽村を経て大和国境に至る道を郡山街道としている。
• The road that starts at Fukakusa, splitting away from Fushimi-kaido Road, passing through Okamedani, Yashina-toge Pass and into Rokujizo, next running along Uji-gawa River's right bank into Uji, and merging with Yamato-kaido Road at Okubo and splitting from the road at Tanagura-mura Village, Soura-gun County (present-day Kizugawa City) to cross Kizu-gawa River, entering Soura Village and reaching the boundary with Yamato Province is named Kooriyama-kaido Road.

• 天正元年（1573年）8月に越中国と加賀国の国境にある朝日山城を攻めた際に、一向一揆による鉄砲の乱射を受けて謙信は一時撤退を命じたが、吉江景資の子・与次だけは弾が飛び交う中で奮戦して撤退しようとしなかったため、謙信は与次を陣内に拘禁した。
• Kenshin ordered a temporarily withdrawal due to random shooting by an uprising of Ikko sect followers while attacking Asahiyama-jo Castle at the border between Ecchu Province and Kaga Province in September 1573, he demanded Yoji, the son of Kagesuke YOSHIE, to remain in custody within the camp as he fought bravely in a flurry of bullets and did not withdraw as ordered.

• 別表第二に三五の二の項を加える改正規定中同項（一）に係る部分及び同項（二）に係る部分のうち（一）に掲げるものを除く部分　有害廃棄物の国境を超える移動及びその処分の規制に関するバーゼル条約が日本国について効力を生ずる日（平成五年十二月十六日）
• The part of the provision for adding row 35-2 to appended table 2 that relates to (i) of the same row and the part that excludes those listed in (i) from the part that relates to (ii) of the same row:　The day on which the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal comes to effect in Japan (December 16, 1993)

• 平安京から山陰道を下る場合、山城国と丹波国の国境にある大江坂に設けられた大江関（おおえのせき）を必ず越えて京と別れを告げることになった事から、古くから歌枕の地として知られていた（平安遷都以前にも淀川経由で平城京に向かう場合の経路とされている）。
• People using the Sanin-do Road from Heian-kyo, passed through Oeno-seki (the Oe gate station) placed on Oeno-saka Slope, located in the boundary between Yamashiro Province and Tanba Province, in order to bid farewell to the capital; therefore, it was known as a place of utamakura (a place name often used in ancient Japanese poems) (even before the capital was moved to Heian-kyo, this route was used for going to Heijo-kyo via Yodo-gawa River).

• しかし、近世以降、古事記解読に初めて成功した本居宣長の古事記伝の話と、鉄製品を作る最良の砂鉄の産地ここ雲伯国境地帯であることから、島根県安来市伯太町のものが支持されていた歴史があり、母里藩の古地図にも峯山大権現と記されているのが確認されている。
• However, from the 19th century, because of Norinaga MOTOORI's 'Kojikiden' (Commentaries on the Kojiki), which successfully interpreted the 'Kojiki' for the first time, and the fact that the Izumo-Hoki provincial border area produces the best iron sand for making ironware, Hakuta-cho in Yasugi City, Shimane Prefecture was once supported as the likely site, further supported by the confirmation that Mineyama-daigongen appears on an old map of Mori Domain.

• ただし、大化の改新直後の大化2年（646年）に諸国に対して国の境界についての文書あるいは地図を献上するように命令が出され、律令政治下においては民部省に国境把握の義務があり、図書寮には地図保管の義務があったため、当然政府内で地図が作られていた筈である。
• Nevertheless, in 646 right after Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era), an instruction to submit documents concerning province boundaries or maps was issued to all the provinces, and Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) in the government according to the Ritsuryo codes was responsible for the borders, and Toshoryo (Government Library) was responsible for storing maps, and so it is natural to believe that maps were made in the government.

• ヤベヅはイスラエルの神に呼ばわって言った、「どうか、あなたが豊かにわたしを恵み、わたしの国境を広げ、あなたの手がわたしとともにあって、わたしを災から免れさせ、苦しみをうけさせられないように」。神は彼の求めるところをゆるされた。 (歴代志1 4:10)
• Jabez called on the God {The Hebrew word rendered 'God' is 'Elohim.'} of Israel, saying, 'Oh that you would bless me indeed, and enlarge my border, and that your hand might be with me, and that you would keep me from evil, that it not be to my sorrow!' God granted him that which he requested. (1 Chronicles 4:10)

• 実際にはこの「国境」を越えた清朝領域に越境した朝鮮人が多数に上ったため、彼らをどう保護するかという問題とも絡んで、この後大韓帝国となっても清朝との国境線画定の話し合いは断続的に行われたが、豆満江・鴨緑江を国境線とすることが次第に既成事実化していった。
• Actually, there were a number of Korean people who crossed the border, then negotiations between Korea and the Qing dynasty were held regarding protection of the Koreans even after Korea became the Korean empire, and the borders of the Tumen river and the Yalu river gradually became an accomplished fact.

• その成果のひとつは、戦争中の1904年8月にアムステルダムで開催された第二インターナショナルの第6回大会で、片山潜とロシア代表のゲオルギー・プレハーノフがともに副議長に選出されて会議場で握手を交わし、社会主義者の国境を越えた連帯と協力を確認したことである。
• One of the results was that Sen KATAYAMA and the Russian representative, Georgii PLEKHANOV, were elected as vice-chairmen and shook their hands in the 6th convention of the Second International held in Amsterdam during the war in August, 1904 and then they confirmed socialist's solidarity and cooperation across the border.

• 旧丹波国・播磨国の国境にあたる現在の兵庫県篠山市今田町には、一ノ谷の戦いの際に搦手として丹波路を進軍した源義経の軍勢を土地勘のある行綱がこの場所で出迎えて案内したことにより全員無事越境することができたとの地元伝承が存在する「タダ越峠」と呼ばれる山道がある。
• A lore is handed down at a mountain path called 'Tadagoe-toge Pass' in present-day Konda-cho, Sasayama City, Hyogo Prefecture, a boundary region between former Tanba Province and Harima Province, that all the armies of Minamoto no Yoshitsune, that advanced to Tanbaji (Tanba road) as karamete (backdoor) on the Battle of Ichinotani, could get over the pass safely, thanks to Yukitsuna, who was familiar with the area and met the armies at this place to lead them.

• 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
• Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.

• スペインとフランスの国境、ピレネー山中のルルドや、ローマ、エルサレムと並ぶ西方キリスト教（カトリック）の三大巡礼地の1つ北スペインのサンティアゴ・デ・コンポステーラ（ここへの巡礼の物語を時間と空間を越える神の存在への問いかけの物語にしたフランス映画で「銀河」がある）など。
• Lourdes in the Pyrenees on the border between Spain and France, the three holy places of western Christianity (Catholic), namely, Rome, Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela ('La Voile Lactee' is a French movie that made a story out of a pilgrimage into a dialogue on the existence of God over time and space) were such locations.

• やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球（なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった）を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
• The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.

• 明治六年政変で征韓論派を一掃して主導権を握った大久保利通ではあったが、この時の明治天皇の勅裁はロシアとの国境を巡る紛争を理由とした「延期」（「中止」ではない）とされたため、ロシアとの国境が確定（1875年5月7日に樺太・千島交換条約締結）した際には征韓論派の要求が再燃する可能性が高かった。
• Although Toshimichi OKUBO gained the initiative, rooting out pro-Seikanron members during Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), Emperor Meiji's pronouncement of that time was that Japan postponed (not abandoned) dispatching troops to Korea due to a border dispute with Russia, which left a strong possibility for reigniting demand from pro-Seikanron once the border with Russia was determined (The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on May 7, 1875.)

• 藩は気候風土・政治文化・食文化などの関係によって多種多様の領土面積によって成り立っていた為、藩一つ全体が鹿児島県となった鹿児島藩などは別に、山形県・岩手県など複数の藩が一つにまとまった都府県では地方ごとに食文化が異なる状況が生じている（県交通機関の発達していない時代、国境の多くは山脈等の自然地形によって分かれている為）。
• Since a domain was formed by a wide variety of number of territories in accordance with climate and natural features, political culture, food culture, etc., a different food culture was born in each region in prefectures which were formed as a result of merging two or more domains such as Yamagata Prefecture, Iwate Prefecture, etc., except for Kagoshima Prefecture which was formed by one domain, Kagoshima Domain (this was because in a period when prefectural transportation facilities did not develop, many borders were set out according to natural landscape such as mountain ranges).

• 豊臣秀吉が天正5年に備前国・美作国・播磨国の国境付近で毛利氏への見せしめに、女・子供200人以上を子供は串刺しに、女は磔にして処刑した行為（同年12月5日の羽柴秀吉書状）、武田信玄・上杉謙信等の敵を奴隷として売却すること（ルイ・ソテロ等、当時の伝道師の日記）や敵方の女性を競売にかけたり（小田井原の戦い）といった行為等もことさら珍しいことではなかった。
• For example, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI executed more than 200 women by transfixing children with a spear and crucifying women as an example to the Mori clan near the borders of the Bizen, Mimasaka and Harima Provinces in 1577 (according to a letter of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as of January 22 in the next year), and Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI and other daimyo sold enemy as slaves (according to the diaries of missionaries in those days such as Luis SOTELO) and put enemy women up for auction (the Battle of Otaihara), which was not so unique.

• 『若くて悪くて凄いこいつら』の殺し屋役で、ガソリンを浴びて火だるまになる決死のスタントを自ら行う等、その体を張った演技と特異な風貌で中平にも度々起用されていた名バイプレーヤー・榎木兵衛の話によると、助監督時代からスタイリストとしてダンディーな中平であったが、面長な顔だったため、『野郎に国境はない』の時に鈴木ヤスシと榎木兵衛から「馬ヅラ」と言われて本気で怒ったそうである。
• According to Hyoe ENOKI, an excellent supporting actor who had often appeared in Nakahira's films because of his performance laying his life on the line and his unique appearance, for example, the part of a killer who did a desperate stunt to become a fireball with gasoline in 'Wakakute Warukute Sugoi Koitsura' (Young, evil, and excellent gays), Nakahira, who had been a dandy as a stylist since he was an assistant director, had a long face and got really mad when he was called a 'horse face' by Yasushi SUZUKI and Hyoe ENOKI at the time of shooting of 'Yaro ni Kokkyo wa nai.'

• ドラマなどでは人を殺すことを嫌う人物のように描写されることの多い秀吉であるが、実際には元亀二年に湖北一向一揆を殲滅したり（松下文書や信長公記より）、天正五年に備前・美作・播磨の国境付近で毛利氏への見せしめのために、女・子供二百人以上を子供は串刺しに、女は磔にして処刑する（十二月五日の羽柴秀吉書状より）等、晩年だけでなく信長の家臣時代でも、少なくとも他の武将並みの残酷な一面があったようである。
• Hideyoshi is often described as a person who did not like to kill people, but he seemed to have a cruel aspect at least as hard as other warlords not only in his last years but also when he was a vassal of Nobunaga; shown by such facts as he annihilated Kohoku Ikko Ikki (a riot by people who believe Ikko-shu) in 1571 (according to Matsushita Record and Nobunaga Kouki (Nobunaga's biography) and that he executed more than 200 women and children by impalement for children and crucifixion for women in 1577 (from Hideyoshi's letter as of December 5).

• 幕府軍によって変の首謀者たちが討たれ、剣が奪い返された後も神璽は後南朝に持ち去られたままであったが、1457年（長禄元年）に至って、1441年（嘉吉元年）の嘉吉の乱で取り潰された赤松氏の復興を願う赤松家遺臣の石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉らが、大和国・紀伊国国境付近の北山（奈良県吉野郡上北山村か）あるいは三之公（同郡川上村 (奈良県)）に本拠を置いていた後南朝に臣従すると偽って後南朝勢力を襲い、南朝の末裔という自天王・忠義王兄弟を殺害して神璽を奪い返した（長禄の変）。
• Shogunal forces hunted down and executed the ringleaders of the Incident and recaptured the sword, but the Grand Jewels remained with the Gonancho forces who fled in 1457, the surviving retainers of the Akamatsu clan - which had been crushed in the Kakitsu Rebellion of 1441 - including Taro ISHIMI, Tatewaki NIUNOYA, and Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, wishing to restore the Akamatsu clan's fortunes, went to the Gonancho headquarters at Kitayama near the provincial borders of Yamato and Kii Provinces (possibly referring to modern-day Kamikitayama village in Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), or perhaps at Sannoko (in Kawakami village of Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), and pretended to become vassals of the Gonancho before turning on them and striking down many of their forces, murdering Princes Jitenno and Tadayoshiten who were brothers and Imperial descendants of the Southern Court bloodline, before recapturing the Grand Jewels (in what became known as the Choroku Incident).