国: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 国の史跡
- National historic site
- 全国統一
- The unification of the whole country
- 山城国分寺
- Yamashiro Kokubun-ji Temple
- 国家間関係
- State-to-state relations
- 中国の水軍
- The suigun navy in China
- 国体の要素
- Basic ideas of national polity
- 戦国時代以降
- Period of Warring States and Onwards
- Since the Warring States period
- 三男:源義国
- The third son: MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni
- 東夷の小帝国
- Small empire of eastern barbarians
- 各国の取組状況
- Status of each country
- 署名・締約国数
- The number of signatory and ratification countries.
- 春秋・戦国時代
- Chunqiu and Zhanguo period
- - 倭国大乱。
- The Wakoku War took place.
- 教王護国寺宝蔵
- Hozo (treasure storehouse) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺講堂
- Kodo (lecture hall) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 日本国内での議論
- Discussions inside Japan.
- 日本国外での議論
- Discussions outside Japan
- 広南国ともいう。
- It was also called Quảng Nam.
- 第3章 帝国議会
- Chapter 3. The Imperial Diet
- 教王護国寺蓮花門
- Renkamon Gate of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺北大門
- Kitadaimon (literally, northern large gate) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺南大門
- Minamidaimon (literally, southern large gate) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺東大門
- Higashidaimon (literally, eastern large gate) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺慶賀門
- Keigamon gate of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺北総門
- Kitasomon (literally, northern main gate) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- - 国宝、東寺内
- National treasure; in To-ji Temple
- 新宮氏 (紀伊国)
- The Shingu clan (Kii Province)
- 新宮氏 (陸奥国)
- The Shingu clan (Mutsu Province)
- 長浜城 (近江国)
- Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Prefecture)
- 横山城 (近江国)
- Yokoyama-jo Castle (in Omi Province)
- 『三国志』の卑弥呼
- Himiko in 'Sanguo Zhi' (The History of the Three Kingdoms)
- 邪馬台国を治めた。
- She ruled the Yamatai Kingdom.
- 教王護国寺金堂国宝
- Kondo of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple (national treasure)
- 教王護国寺五重小塔
- Gojushoto (literally, small five-storied pagoda) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple
- 日本国憲法への移行
- Shift to the Constitution of Japan
- (令制国一覧参照)
- (Refer to the list of kuni (Provinces) under the ryo system)
- 日本国内情勢への影響
- Impact on domestic situations in Japan
- 中国の歴史書による。
- The following information is based on Chinese historical documents.
- 教王護国寺五重塔国宝
- Gojunoto of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple (national treasure)
- 中国前近代の身分呼称。
- A social status in premodern China.
- 55か国以上の国が締結
- Not less than 55 countries have ratified the protocol.
- 中国における発展段階論
- Development stage theory in China
- 城址は国指定特別史跡。
- Site of Azuchi-jo Castle is designated as a Special Historic Site by the national government.
- 農地拡大政策と律令国家
- Policy to expand farmland and ritsuryo kokka
- 開国後の大陸進出への影響
- Impact of the advance into the continent after opening of Japan
- 日向国国主伊東義祐の孫。
- The grandson of Yoshisuke ITO, Governor of Hyuga Province.
- 中国史における「封建制」
- Hoken system' in Chinese history
- 明治維新による国制の変化
- Changes in the national polity after the Meiji Restoration
- 律令国家の完成とその転換
- The completion and changes of the ritsuryo kokka
- 日向国(ひみか・ひむか)
- Himika or Himuka (日向国)
- これが大国実頼となった。
- Consequently, he became Saneyori OKUNI.
- 両国関係の本格化~途絶まで
- From the period of active relations to the period of interrupted relations
- 中国・唐代三階教の無尽蔵。
- Wu Chin Ts'ang of Sangai-kyo (Three Stages Sect) in the Tang Dynasty of China.
- 第4章 国務大臣及枢密顧問
- Chapter 4. The Ministers of State and the Privy Council
- - 国宝、詳細は平等院参照
- National treasure; for more information, refer to section for Byodoin Temple.
- 摂津国川辺郡多田より発祥。
- The family name 'Tada' originated from the place name of Tada, Kawabe County, Settsu Province (in the eastern part of which is now Hyogo Prefecture).
- 国交の再開~20世紀前半まで
- From restoration of diplomatic relations to the first half of the 20th century
- これらは国指定の名勝である。
- The gardens are government-designated places of scenic beauty.
- 国民の愚かなるにして狂なる。
- People are foolish and crazy.
- 両国の関係悪化は具体化した。
- The two countries' worsening relationship started to manifest itself in reality.
- 大日本帝国憲法第1条 天皇主権
- Article 1. The emperor's sovereignty
- 倭国、男性を王とした七、八十年
- For 70 or 80 years, the country of Wa had a man as its ruler.
- - 倭奴国が金印を授与される。
- Nakoku of Wa was given a gold seal.
- 大日本帝国憲法第2条 皇位継承
- Article 2. Imperial succession
- 大日本帝国憲法第11条 統帥権
- Article 11. Supreme command of the Army and Navy
- 大日本帝国憲法第4条 統治大権
- Article 4. Prerogative of Sovereignty
- 大日本帝国憲法第34条 貴族院
- Article 34. The House of Peers
- - 一部国宝、詳細は二条城参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Nijo-jo Castle
- - 一部国宝、詳細は大徳寺参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Daitoku-ji Temple
- 教王護国寺大師堂(西院御影堂)
- Daishido (hall for the Great Teacher) of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple (Saiin Goeido [hall dedicated to the sect's founder])
- - 一部国宝、詳細は妙喜庵参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Myokian.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は醍醐寺参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Daigo-ji Temple.
- 阿蘇(あそ)氏は、肥後国の氏族。
- The Aso clan originated in Higo Province.
- 1590年(天正18年)に帰国。
- They returned to Japan in 1590.
- また、残す東国の平定を目指した。
- He also aimed to suppress the remaining Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region).
- 大日本帝国憲法第14条 戒厳大権
- Article 14. Prerogative to declare a state of siege
- 大日本帝国憲法第12条 編成大権
- Article 12. Prerogative to organize the Army and Navy
- 大日本帝国憲法第13条 外交大権
- Article 13. Prerogative to control diplomatic affairs
- 大日本帝国憲法第73条 憲法改正
- Article 73. Provisions of the Constitution
- 大日本帝国憲法第31条 非常大権
- Article 31. Exercises of powers in cases of a national emergency
- また丹後国と天田郡は京都府へ編入。
- Tango Province and Amata County were incorporated into Kyoto Prefecture.
- 後周皇帝より禅譲を受けて建国した。
- He received a peaceful transfer of power from the Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty and established his kingdom.
- 大日本帝国憲法第20条 兵役の義務
- Article 20. Duty of military service
- - 一部国宝、詳細は北野天満宮参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for KitanoTenmangu Shrine.
- 国税庁は合意の存在を認めていない。
- The National Tax Administration Agency do not admit the existence of the agreement.
- 『晋書』邪馬台国からの最後の入貢。
- According to 'Jin shu' (a History of the Jin Dynasty), the last envoy to pay tribute traveled from the Yamatai Kingdom.
- 【現代中国語でのピンインでの表記】
- [Modern Chinese written in Pinyin]
- また、そこで作られた銃は「国友筒」。
- The guns that were made there were known as 'Kunitomo Tsutsu.'
- 下総国佐倉藩より石川忠総が入城する。
- Tadafusa ISHIKAWA moved from the Sakura Domain in Shimosa Province.
- 片輪車螺鈿蒔絵手箱(東京国立博物館)
- Katawaguruma Raden Makie Tebako (Toiletry Case with Cart Wheels in Stream): owned by Tokyo National Museum
- 注1)は気候変動枠組条約の附属書I国
- Note 1) is Annex I Parties of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
- 速瓶玉命を祭った国造神社が存在する。
- There is in fact the Kokuzo-jinja Shrine that enshrines Hayamikatama no mikoto.
- 暹羅 タイ王国のアユタヤ王朝である。
- Siam was the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand kingdom.
- 一益は上野を放棄して伊勢国に退いた。
- Kazumasu abandoned Kozuke and withdrew to Ise Province.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は賀茂別雷神社参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Kamo Wakeikazuchi Jinja Shrine.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は賀茂御祖神社参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Kamomioya-jinja Shrine.
- 教王護国寺灌頂院〔京都市南区九条町〕
- Kanjoin Temple of Kyoogokoku-ji Temple [Kujo-cho, Minami Ward, Kyoto City]
- 小早川隆景,立花宗茂,安国寺恵瓊対趙憲
- Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, Muneshige TACHIBANA and Ekei ANKOKUJI versus 趙憲
- 但馬国・氷上郡・多紀郡は兵庫県へ編入。
- Tajima Province, Hikami County and Taki County were incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture.
- 台湾も中国商船との出会いの場であった。
- Taiwan was also one of the places visited by Chinese trading ships.
- 明は中国商船の日本渡航も禁止していた。
- Ming also forbid the travelling of Chinese trading ships to Japan.
- 大日本帝国憲法は、7章76条からなる。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan consists of 76 articles in seven chapters.
- 朝鮮半島の『三国史記』新羅本紀による。
- The following information is based on 'Samguk Sagi' (the History of the Three Kingdoms), created on the Korean Peninsula.
- (それまでの国名は 斯廬国であった。)
- (Until then, the country had been called the 'Shiro Kingdom.')
- 代わって本多康俊が三河国西尾藩より入城。
- Yasutoshi HONDA moved from the Nishio Domain in Mikawa Province to take his place.
- 玉虫厨子(法隆寺)、天寿国繍帳(中宮寺)
- Tamamushi no zushi (The Beetle Wing Shrine) owned by Horyu-ji Temple/Tenjukoku-shucho (Embroidery of Long Life in Heaven) owned by Chugu-ji Temple
- 三河国加茂郡 (三河国)足助庄より発祥。
- It originated in Asuke no sho, Kamo County, Mikawa Province.
- 2004年5月には国の史跡に指定される。
- The area was designated as a national historic site in May 2004.
- アメリカ合衆国、カザフスタン、クロアチア
- The United States of America, Republic of Kazakhstan, Croatia
- 国家から給料として衣類を提供されていた。
- They were provided with clothing from the government as their stipend.
- ここに戦国大名としての阿蘇氏は滅亡した。
- This marked the fall of the Aso clan, the family of warlords.
- 義朝は東国に逃れる途中に知多で殺された。
- Yoshitomo was killed at Chita while he was fleeing to Togoku.
- 大日本帝国憲法第22条 居住・移転の自由
- Article 22. Freedom of movement
- 伯耆国における中世最後の戦いといわれる。
- It is referred to as the last battle in Hoki Province in the Medieval period.
- 狩野山雪:『雪汀水禽図』(京都国立博物館)
- Sansetsu NANO: 'Settei-Suikin-zu' (Waterfowl by Snowy Shore) owned by Kyoto National Museum
- つまり、先進国全体の総排出量は変動しない。
- That is, the total emissions amount of the whole advanced countries does not fluctuate.
- 国道307号 :彦根市・原町交差点が起点。
- National Route 7 starts at Hara-cho crossing in Hikone City
- 国道306号 :彦根市・外町交差点が終点。
- National Route 6 ends at To-machi crossing in Hikone City.
- また、七男:源義直は、河内国の石橋氏の祖。
- The seventh son: MINAMOTO no Yoshinao is the founder of the Ishibashi clan in Kawachi Province.
- 国体の要素としては、次の諸点が挙げられる。
- The following are factors of national polity.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条 公務への志願の自由
- Article 19. Right to be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally
- 国学 (学問)、尊王論、宝暦事件、明和事件
- Study of Japanese literature and culture (study), imperialism, Horeki Incident, and Meiwa Incident
- 地方の行政組織は、国・郡・里で統一された。
- Local administrative organizations were standardized as kuni (Province), gun (County) and ri.
- 光頼の後の大国家は米沢藩士として存続した。
- The Okuni family continued as a feudal retainer of the Yonezawa clan after Mitsuyori.
- 小国氏(おぐに-し)は、日本の氏族の一つ。
- The Oguni clan is a Japanese clan.
- 粉河寺縁起絵巻(粉河寺、京都国立博物館寄託)
- Kokawadera Engi-emaki (The illustrated handscroll of Legends of Kokawa-dera Temple): owned by Kokawa-dera Temple, and deposited in Kyoto National Museum
- 狩野探幽:『探幽縮図』(京都国立博物館ほか)
- Tanyu KANO: 'Tanyu shukuzu' (reduced-size copies made by Tanyu) owned by Kyoto National Museum and others
- 諸国から献上させた薬草を無料で貧民に施した。
- Seyaku-in provided to the poor, without a fee, medicinal plants that had been presented from all over Japan.
- これが外国使節を宿泊させる客館の初見である。
- This was historically the first guest house in Japan at which envoys from foreign countries could stay.
- 国内統一を果たした秀吉は、世界に目を転じた。
- Having finished unification inside the country, Hideyoshi turned his eyes overseas.
- そして肥前国の名護屋に城を築きそこに入った。
- Then he built a castle in Nagoya in Hizen Province, moving there.
- 信長は国掟を定め、武田遺領を家臣に分与する。
- Nobunaga established rules for his territory and divided the former territory of the Takeda clan among his vassals.
- 秀吉による四国征伐の中のひとつの戦いである。
- It is one of the battles in the initiative called the Shikoku Conquest, which was implemented by Hideyoshi.
- その後、多田荘は頼綱の長子源明国が継承した。
- After that, MINAMOTO no Akikuni, the first son of Yoritsuna, inherited Tada Manors.
- この、天皇が日本を統治する体制を国体という。
- This emperor's sovereignty system was called the national polity.
- また、帝国議会に憲法改正の発案権がなかった。
- And also, the Imperial Diet had no initiative of constitutional amendment.
- - 倭国王の帥升が安帝 (漢)に拝謁を願う。
- Suisho of the King of Wa requested an audience with Emperor An (Han).
- 大日本帝国憲法第10条 官制大権及び任官大権
- Article 10. Prerogative to organize branches of the administration, and to appoint and dismiss all civil and military officers
- 中国の文献を適当に混ぜ合わせて作文している。
- The edict was made from Chinese literature.
- 対外政策としては幕府は鎖国政策を布いていた。
- The shogunate government took up the seclusion policy as a foreign policy.
- 代わって、伊勢国長島藩より菅沼定芳が入城する。
- Sadayoshi SUGANUMA moved from the Nagashima Domain in Ise Province to take his place.
- 扇面法華経冊子(四天王寺、東京国立博物館ほか)
- Senmen Hokkekyo Sasshi (Lotus Sutra Booklet on a Fan): owned by some institutions, including Shitenno-ji Temple and Tokyo National Museum
- 本阿弥光悦:『舟橋蒔絵硯箱』(東京国立博物館)
- Koetsu HONAMI: 'Funabashi Makie Suzuribako' (Writing Box with Pontoon Bridge) owned by Tokyo National Museum
- 西大津バイパス 滋賀里ランプ → 国道161号
- From Shigasato ramp of Nishi-otsu Bypass to National Route 161
- 93% (-7%) - アメリカ合衆国(離脱)
- 93% (-7%) - The United States of America (defection)
- 同様にルソンや高山国(台湾)にも使者を出した。
- He sent envoys to Luzon and Takasagun (Taiwan) as well.
- 峰山藩(みねやまはん)は、丹後国に存在した藩。
- The Mineyama domain was a domain existing in Tango province.
- 朝鮮が東アジアの水軍大国になることはなかった。
- And Korea was never to be a nation with powerful navy in East Asia.
- 現行の日本国憲法との対比で旧憲法とも呼ばれる。
- It was sometimes called the former constitution in contradistinction to the current constitution, the Constitution of Japan.
- 全国に国分寺を建て、仏教的な天平文化が栄えた。
- Kokubunji (provincial monasteries) were built all over the country and the Buddhist Tenpyo culture, flourished.
- 軍団は各国に配置され、国司の管轄下におかれた。
- A military corps was deployed to each province and controlled by kokushi (provincial governors).
- 寛永11年(1634年)丹波国丹波亀山藩に転出。
- In 1634, he moved to the Tanba-Kameyama Domain in Tanba Province.
- 近江源氏の佐々木氏、後に近江国守護六角氏の居城。
- The castle belonged to the Sasaki clan of Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) and later to the Rokkaku clan, the Shugo (military commissioner) of Omi Province.
- 国道8号 :彦根市・外町交差点で306号と交差。
- National Route 8 crosses with National Route 6 at To-machi crossing in Hikone City.
- 中国の場合と同様、「書」も重要なジャンルであった。
- Similar to the case in China, calligraphy occupied an important genre in Japanese art history.
- うち一部が中華人民共和国越州窯のものと同定される。
- It was confirmed that some of the fragments were baked at the Esshu kiln, China.
- 源頼朝の祖父 源為義の庶子 杉本為国より発祥する。
- The Sugimoto clan came from Tamekuni SUGIMOTO, a child born out of wedlock of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, the grandfather of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- また日本国憲法には皇位が世襲される旨の定めがある。
- The Constitution of Japan stipulates that the position of the Emperor is hereditary.
- 憲法制定当初は井上毅らの国体論を基礎的原理とした。
- Just after the promulgation of the constitution, the national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE was a key principle of the constitution.
- 大宝律令の制定によって、律令制国家ができあがった。
- The enactment of Taiho Ritsuryo formed a nation managed under ritsuryo system.
- 他に、備中国の国人である石川氏がある(備中石川氏)。
- In addition to the above, there was the Bitchu Ishikawa clan, which was Kokujin (local samurai) of Bitchu Province.
- その後明智光秀は坂本城を拠点に近江国の平定を目指す。
- Later Mitsuhide AKECHI aimed to suppress Omi Province based on Sakamoto-jo Castle.
- 源頼信の三男源頼季を祖とする信濃国を本拠とした一族。
- This family line was founded by MINAMOTO no Yorisue, the third son of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, and was based in Shinano Province.
- 源頼信の次男源頼清を祖とする信濃国を本拠とした一族。
- This family line was founded by MINAMOTO no Yorikiyo, the second son of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, which was based in Shinano Province.
- 議定書で設定された各国の温室効果ガス6種の削減目標。
- Reduction targets of six greenhouse gases set for each country in Kyoto Protocol.
- 一、当関白様従り六十六国へ人掃の儀仰せ出され候の事。
- 1. Kanpaku orders sixty-six counties to execute the Expulsion Edict.
- 首都漢城占領に先立ち朝鮮国王は首都を捨てて逃亡した。
- Before the capital Hansong was occupied, the King of Korea had given up the capital and run away.
- 明人日本在留の明国商人11名にも朱印状が発行された。
- Shuinjo was also granted to eleven Ming merchants living in Japan.
- 本拠地が河内国であることから「河内源氏」と呼ばれる。
- They are referred to as 'Kawachi-Genji' because they are based in Kawachi Province.
- また、同国の八条院領高橋荘とも関連があったとされる。
- Also it is considered that it had a relationship to Takahashi-so of Hachijoin-ryo (estates of Hachijo-in), in the same province.
- 大日本帝国憲法第29条 言論・出版・集会・結社の自由
- Article 29. Freedom of speech, assembly and association
- 明治憲法、あるいは単に帝国憲法と呼ばれることも多い。
- The Constitution is also called 'the Meiji Constitution' or 'the Constitution of the Empire.'
- 上述の外国船打払令も家斉時代に発布されたものである。
- The edict to repel foreign vessels of 1825 stated above was also promulgated in the Ienari period.
- これに対しヨーロッパや中国等に多い方式が緩発式である。
- By contrast, the gradual ones are prevalent in Europe, China and other areas.
- 平治物語絵巻(東京国立博物館、静嘉堂、ボストン美術館)
- Heiji Monogatari Emaki (The illustrated handscroll of the Tale of Heiji): owned by Tokyo National Museum, Seikado Bunko Art Museum, and Boston Museum of Fine Arts each
- 南腹の斜面に曲輪を展開、家臣や国人領主の屋敷を配した。
- The Kuruwa was laid out on the mountain slope facing south, and they built the residences for the retainers and the Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords).
- 源義仲(木曽義仲)が信濃国木曽谷を領した頃から始まる。
- The family line dates back to the time when MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) wielded control over Kisodani, Shinano Province.
- このため10月になって朝鮮からの帰国命令が発せられた。
- The order to return to Japan was issued in November.
- 太泥 マレー半島中部東海岸のマレー系パタニ王国である。
- Patani was the Pattani Kingdom of Malay at the central eastern coast of Malay peninsula.
- 朝鮮半島は、三方を海に囲まれ中国ほどの大河を持たない。
- The Korean Peninsular, whose three sides are surrounded by the sea, does not have big rivers like China has.
- 国宝(天守等2棟)国の重要文化財(櫓、門、馬屋等5棟)
- National treasures (two structures including tenshu) and national important cultural properties (five structures including yagura, mon, umaya)
- - 卑弥呼、始めて難升米らを中国の魏 (三国)に派遣。
- Himiko first sent Nashime and others to Wei (the Three Kingdoms) in China.
- 東北地方北部以北は依然として律令国家の支配外であった。
- However, the northern part of the Tohoku region and further northwards were out of the ritsuryo kokka's control.
- なお江戸幕府は唯一李氏朝鮮とは正式な国交をもっていた。
- The shogunate government had official diplomatic relations only with Yi Dynasty Korea.
- - 松本清張が唱えた、日向(日向国)と関係するとの説。
- A theory by Seicho MATSUMOTO states that the name had something to do with Hyuga (Hyuga Province).
- 紀伝道では中国正史や『文選』などの講義が行われていた。
- In kidendo, lectures on Chinese historiography and 'Wen Xuan' were carried out.
- 細川高国は讒訴を信じ、度々自身の家臣を自害させていた。
- Believing false charges, Takakuni HOSOKAWA often forced his own vassals to commit suicide.
- この時、播磨国内の旗本領、藩の飛び地の一部が編入された。
- At that time, the Hatamoto domain in Harima Province and a part of the outlands of the domain were incorporated into Ikuno Prefecture.
- 勧修寺家の傍流 越後国守護 上杉氏の庶家に杉本氏がある。
- The Sugimoto clan is represented in a branch family of the Uesugi clan, Echigo no Shugo (the provincial constable of Echigo Province), a branch of the Kajuji family.
- この面積は日本全国の総森林面積の 13.3% に当たる。
- The amount of the area accounts for 13.3% of the total forest area in Japan.
- 惟豊は大友氏、相良氏と盟を結ぶことで領国の安定を図った。
- Koretoyo tried to stabilize his territories by establishing an ally with the Otomo and Sagara clans.
- 京都府には、287件が指定されている(うち国宝48件)。
- In Kyoto Prefecture, 287 buildings and structures have been designated (including 48 national treasures).
- 九州国立博物館の文化交流展示室ではこの説が紹介されている。
- This theory is being introduced in the Cultural Exchange Exhibition room of Kyushu National Museum.
- 筑紫館はまた外国商人らの検問・接待・貿易などに用いられた。
- Moreover, Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used for various purposes such as inspection of foreign merchants, entertainment and trade.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に英主・蘆名盛氏が現われ最盛期を迎えた。
- During the Warring States period (Japan), the wise lord Moriuji ASHINA brought the family to the height of its prosperity.
- 古代の日本においては国家の背骨は大阪湾、瀬戸内海にあった。
- In the ancient period of Japan, the backbone of the nation was in Osaka Bay and the Seto Inland Sea.
- しかし、当時欧米諸国以外で立憲政治を実現した国はなかった。
- However, at that time, no other countries except western countries could adopt constitutional government.
- 男の王が立つが、国が混乱し互いに誅殺しあい千余人が死んだ。
- A man was installed as king, however, the country fell into conflict, people accused and killed each other, and it resulted in over 1,000 death.
- 比較的正しい記事は、朝鮮など外国史料を参照したものである。
- Relatively trustworthy articles, such as those from Korea, make reference to foreign historical materials.
- 高句麗で最大の古墳は中国集安(しゅうあん)の大王陵である。
- The biggest Kofun in Goguryeo is Daioryo in Shuan City, China.
- 朝鮮へ派遣された諸将は八道国割を目標に要衝を制圧していった。
- Commanders dispatched to Korea conquered strategic points in accordance with Hachidokuniwari strategy.
- 幕末の開国を経て、明治初年に日本とスペインは国交を回復する。
- After the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan resumed diplomatic relations with Spain in the first year of the Meiji period.
- これら、阿蘇山への信仰・祭礼の記録は、隋書倭国伝にみられる。
- Records of these beliefs in Mt. Aso, rites, and festivals are contained in Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty).
- 6月から全国規模の日本100名城スタンプラリーが開始された。
- Since June 2007, the top 100 castles stamp rally on a nationwide scale has been carried out.
- 破風の位置は名古屋城天守や福山城 (備後国)天守に類似する。
- The position of the gable was similar to the castle tower of Nagoya-jo Castle and that of Fukuyama-jo Castle (Bingo Province).
- それにつれて中国においても海のもつ経済的な重要性が上昇した。
- With the increase, the economical importance of sea trading rose in China, too.
- そしてそれが、国家の維持と国威発揚に必要であると主張された。
- And those were essential for keeping national power and boosting national prestige.
- 708年には越後国に出羽郡をおき、712年には出羽国とした。
- In 708, Dewa County was established in Echigo Province and it was transformed into Dewa Province in 712.
- また、全国の諸藩には、郷士と呼ばれる自活する武士も存在した。
- There were also self-sustaining samurai called country samurai (who didn't live in the castle town) all around the country.
- 頼兼は伊豆国を地盤として鎌倉幕府とも繋がりを持ったとされる。
- Gaining a foothold in Izu Province (part of today's Shizuoka Prefecture), Yorikane is said to have linked with the Kamakura 'bakufu' (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 官戸(かんこ)は中国前近代および日本の律令制における身分呼称。
- Kanko ('guanhu' in Chinese) was the name of a social status that existed in premodern China and in Japan under the ritsuryo system.
- 遷都後、宮城の跡地は山城国分寺として再利用されることになった。
- After the capital was moved away from Kunikyo, the remains of the palaces were utilized for building Yamashiro Kokubun-ji Temple.
- 1590年7月21日(天正18年旧暦6月20日) 使節団帰国。
- July 21, 1590 - The mission returned to Japan.
- 天皇統治の正当性を根拠付ける国体論は、大きく二つに分けられる。
- There were roughly two kinds of national policy theories which justified the emperor's sovereignty.
- また日本国内でも一部の保守派に絶対君主制を目指す動きがあった。
- Even in Japan, some conservative activists aimed at an absolute monarchy.
- 上記の通り、各国憲法を研究して憲法草案を起草せよと命じている。
- As mentioned above, the emperor ordered the preparation of drafts of a constitution after studies on other countries' constitutions.
- 卑弥呼の宗女「台与」を十三歳で王に立てると国中が遂に鎮定した。
- It was only after Toyo, a 13-year-old girl from Himiko's family, was installed as queen that the country was finally brought to order.
- また東海・東山道諸国の民を城柵に移し、農耕や防衛に当たらせた。
- People from Tokaido and Tozando regions were moved to castles and josakukanga and forced to be engaged in farming and defense.
- 敗北した征夷大将軍足利義晴や細川高国らは京から近江国に逃れた。
- The defeated seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, Takakuni HOSOKAWA and others fled from Kyoto to Omi Province.
- 戦国時代_(日本)後期に石川数正を輩出した三河国の石川氏がある。
- There was the Ishikawa clan in Mikawa Province, from which Kazumasa ISHIKAWA came to the forefront in the late Sengoku period.
- 源満仲(多田満仲)の五弟源満快を祖とする信濃国を本拠とした一族。
- This family line was founded by MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi, the fifth younger brother of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka (TADA no Manju), which was based in Shinano Province.
- しかし1513年、島津氏と通じて惟豊を攻撃し、日向国に追放する。
- In 1513, however, Korenaga allied with the Shimazu clan, attacked Koretoyo, and drove him out to Hyuga Province.
- 正式名称は、気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約の京都議定書(英)。
- The formal name is Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
- 水軍は中国の南方を中心に海賊勢力に対する防衛力として維持された。
- And the suigun navy was maintained mainly in the southern part of China as a defense force against pirates.
- 一、日本ハ神国たる処きりしたん国より邪法を授候儀 太以不可然候事
- 1. Japan is the land of gods, and thereby it is not possible to accept the evil belief from the Christian countries.
- 内閣総理大臣は、国務大臣の首班ではあるものの対等な地位とされた。
- A prime minister was the head of ministers, but his status was equal as one of the other ministers.
- 帝国議会を開設し、衆議院は公選された議員からなること(第3章)。
- The Imperial Diet shall be established, and the House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people (Chapter 3).
- この憲法は、立憲主義の要素と国体の要素を併せ持つ欽定憲法である。
- The Constitution of Japan was a constitution enacted by the emperor based on factors of constitutionalism and the national polity.
- なお中国の歴史書では356年に「新羅」となったと記述されている。
- According to Chinese historical records, the country became 'Silla' in 356.
- 大日本帝国憲法第10条は、官制大権が天皇に属すると規定している。
- Article 10 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan defined that the emperor held the prerogative to control official affairs.
- またタイに渡った山田長政のようにその国で重用される例も見られた。
- Like Nagamasa YAMADA traveling to Thailand, there were some examples where Japanese people were given an important position in a foreign country.
- しかし戦後にはこの戦争に過大な兵役を課せられた西国大名が疲弊した。
- After the war, however, Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in western Japan), having suffered from too heavy a military service for the war, was impoverished.
- 石寺楽市は日本国内での文献上の初見で城下町に築かれたとされている。
- Ishidera Rakuichi was the first Rakuichi held in a castle town to be recorded in literature.
- 平安時代中期に近江国蒲生郡佐々木庄に下向した宇多源氏源成頼の子孫。
- 'Uda-Genji' are descendants of Uda-Genji MINAMOTO no Nariyori, who went down to Sasakisho, Gamo County, Omi Province in the middle of the Heian period.
- だが、日本美術を中国美術の亜流と見なすことも同様に誤りといえよう。
- However, if you regard Japanese art as a poor imitation of Chinese art, it might be wrong as well.
- その後解放されて長門国厚狭郡古帳に10000石を領する身となった。
- Later, he was released from confinement and allowed a domain of ten thousand koku in 古帳, Asa-gun (Asa county,) Nagato Province.
- 越中国では木舟城が地震で倒壊、城主前田秀継夫妻など多数が死亡した。
- In Ecchu Province, the Kifune-jo Castle collapsed due to the earthquake, and the castellan Hidetsugu MAEDA, his wife and others died.
- 源義家(八幡太郎義家)の孫源頼隆を祖とする信濃国を本拠とした一族。
- This family line was founded by MINAMOTO no Yoritaka, a grandson of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie (HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie), and was based in Shinano Province.
- 吉備津彦は、孝霊天皇の皇子で、母は倭国香媛(やまとのくにかひめ)。
- Kibitsuhiko was born as a prince of Emperor Korei and Empress Yamato no kuni kahime.
- 第16師団(だいじゅうろくしだん)は、大日本帝国陸軍の師団の一つ。
- The Sixteenth Division was one of the divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 柬埔寨 メコン河流域のプノンペンを首府とするカンボジア王国である。
- Cambodia of the Cambodia Kingdom had its capital, Phnom Penh, in an area along the Mekong River.
- 河内源氏(かわちげんじ)は、河内国に根拠地を置いた清和源氏の一流。
- Kawachi-Genji is a school of Seiwa-Genji based in Kawachi province
- 翌7日、衆議院は貴族院の修正に同意し、帝国議会での審議は結了した。
- On October 7, the House of Representatives approved the modifications added by the House of Peers, all the debates at the Imperial Diet were completed.
- 大日本帝国憲法34条は、華族の貴族院 (日本)列席特権を規定した。
- Article 34 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan provided Kazoku with the right to be members of the House of Peers (Japan).
- 後段の「皇基」とは「天皇が国を治める基礎」というような意味である。
- The foundation of imperial rule' in the latter part means 'the foundation for the Emperor to rule the nation.'
- まず大学寮の寮試にて中国正史より問題を出題して擬文章生を選抜した。
- First, gimonjosho were chosen in the examination at the daigakuryo, which asked questions about Chinese historiography.
- 香西元盛は、細川尹賢の讒訴を信じた細川高国によって自害させられた。
- Motomori KOZAI was forced to commit suicide by Takakuni HOSOKAWA who believed a false charge claimed by Tadakata HOSOKAWA.
- 大津城(おおつじょう)は、安土桃山時代に近江国滋賀郡大津にあった城。
- Otsu-jo Castle was located in Otsu, Shiga County, Omi Province in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- なぜ廃城になったか『信長戦国近江』によると2つの理由を紹介している。
- 'Nobunaga Sengoku Omi' introduces two reasons for the disposing.
- その後、会津には新たに越後国春日山から上杉景勝が120万石で入った。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI of the Kasugayama, Echigo Province, received the estate of Aizu and thereby obtained 1,200,000 koku (a rice-crop yield of approximately 216,000,000 liters).
- しかし1488年に三沢為国は尼子経久と戦って敗れ、その傘下に入った。
- In 1488, Tamekuni MISAWA was defeated by Tsunehisa AMAGO and came under the control of the Amago clan.
- 貞隆は右衛門尉と称され丹波国杉本に生まれ世に杉本殿と称されたという。
- It is believed that Sadataka was called Uemon no jo (the third-ranked official of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) and was born in Sugimoto, Tanba Province and called Sugimoto-dono.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代_(日本)まで内部紛争を繰り返した。
- The clan was subject to repeated internal conflicts from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Warring States period (Japan).
- 日本国内では専ら京都議定書の基準年との比較による増減率が提示される。
- In Japan, increase-decrease rates relative to the reference year of Kyoto Protocol are always indicated.
- 藩鎮(はんちん)は中国唐から北宋代まで存在した地方組織の名称である。
- Hanchin is a term used for the provincial organization that existed from the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty.
- そして警固衆を陸上の土豪や国人と同じように家臣団に組み入れていった。
- And they incorporated kegoshu as well as dogo (local clan) and kokujin (local samurai) into their group of vassals.
- 首府マニラが新大陸とのガレオン貿易の要港で、中国船の来航も多かった。
- Its capital, Manila, was the strategic port of the galleon trade with the New World, and many Chinese ships arrived there.
- 1585年7月、毛利輝元は一族の小早川隆景らを四国討伐に向かわせる。
- In July 1585, Terumoto MORI sent Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others of his family to participate in the conquest.
- 後北条に制圧された郡内を除いて国中から南信濃を確保し、新府城に入る。
- He obtained the middle of the province and southern Shinano except for the districts suppressed by Gohojo, and entered Shinpu-jo Castle.
- 日本国憲法では、これらの権利を永久不可侵の「基本的人権」と構成する。
- According to the Constitution of Japan, these rights were defined as 'basic human rights' which could never be violated.
- 中国には、埋葬に関して薄葬と厚葬という二つの対立する考え方があった。
- In China, there are two opposing thoughts about funerals, simple funerals and extravagant funerals.
- この説にたてば、邪馬台国はヤマト王権が拠った畿内にあったことになる。
- According to this theory, the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kinai District, which was under Yamato sovereignty (a political power in ancient Japan).
- 辻堂村西部は、大日本帝国海軍の横須賀海軍砲術学校辻堂演習場となった。
- The western part of Tsujido Village became the Tsujido maneuvering range of the Yokosuka naval gunnery school of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 大迂や荃廬などは清国に渡り、徐三庚や呉昌碩から直接篆刻を学んでいる。
- Some people, including Taiu and Senro, went to Quing and learned tenkoku directly from Xu Sangeng and Goshoseki.
- 子の石川憲之は慶安4年(1651年)に伊勢国伊勢亀山藩に転封となった。
- In 1651, his son Noriyuki ISHIKAWA was ordered to change the territory to the Ise-Kameyama Domain in Ise Province.
- 日本の古式銃の約四分の一は国友銘と云われ、「堺」と人気を二分していた。
- Approximately 25% of the firearms in Japan during this period carried the Kunitomo inscription and these were equal in popularity to guns produced in Sakai.
- 11月初め、陣代山内政綱がようやく京より帰国し観音寺城の防備を固めた。
- Jindai (a role), Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI finally came back from Kyoto and built up the defenses of the castle, in the beginning of November.
- 京都議定書の削減義務に対しては、日本国内で下記のような議論も見られる。
- The following are discussions in Japan on the reducing obligation in the Kyoto Protocol.
- 佐和山城(さわやまじょう)は滋賀県彦根市(近江国犬上郡)にある山城跡。
- Sawayama-jo Castle was a mountain castle (of which almost no trace remains today) and was located in Hikone City in Shiga Prefecture (what was once Inukami County of Omi Province).
- 9月、平戸城城主松浦鎮信 (法印)に命じて壱岐国の風本に城を築かせた。
- In October and November, he ordered the castellan of Hirado-jo Castle, Shigenobu MATSUURA (hoin), to have a castle constructed in Kazamoto in Iki Province.
- 河尻秀隆はあっけなく戦死し、森長可も美濃国に撤退するという事態に陥る。
- Hidetaka KAWAJIRI was abruptly killed on the battlefield, and Nagayoshi MORI had to withdraw to Mino Province.
- 一方で、当時の中国語から「ビミファ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- There is even one theory that 'Himiko' was meant to be pronounced 'Bimifa,' according to the Chinese of those days.
- 関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役、参勤交代、武家諸法度、武断政治、天草の乱、鎖国
- Battle of Sekigahara, the Siege of Osaka, the daimyo's alternate-year residence system in Edo (Sankinkotai), Laws Governing Military Households, military government, Shimabara Rebellion, and national isolation
- 海岸部を国道134号が通過している(演習場時代は北側を迂回していた)。
- National Route 134 passes the seashore area (it was detoured through the north side in the days of the maneuvering range).
- 徳川軍は甲斐から諏訪道を北国街道に進み、上田盆地の国分寺付近に兵を展開。
- Tokugawa's army proceeded from Kai to Hokkoku Kaido Road through Suwa-do Road and deployed troops near Kokubun-ji Temple in the Ueda Basin.
- 現在城郭の大半は宅地化され、推定地の中央には国道161号が貫通している。
- Presently, most parts of the place where the castle used to be have been developed as residential areas, and National Route 161 runs through the center of the estimated place of Sakamoto-jo Castle.
- なお、宗明の次男が三浦姓に復して美作三浦氏を起こし戦国大名として栄えた。
- Additionally, the second son of Muneaki returned to the Miura name; he originated the Mimasaka Miura clan, which then flourished as a warring lord.
- 吉良氏の所領である遠江国引馬荘(静岡県浜松市)の代官となった一流がある。
- A branch of the family came to take the post of daikan (regional administrator) of the Hikumaso, in Totoumi Province (now Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture) which was the territory of the Kira clan.
- 義賢の子の源義仲(木曽義仲)は信濃国木曾谷の豪族の中原兼遠の元で育った。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO), a son of Yoshikata, was fostered by NAKAHARA no Kaneto, a local ruling family based in Kisodani, Shinano Province.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- この点も、基本的人権の制約を「公共の福祉」に求める日本国憲法とは異なる。
- It was a difference from the Constitution of Japan which defined that basic human rights were limited only for the sake of 'public welfare.'
- 立憲主義によって議会制度が定められ、国体によって議会の権限が制限された。
- The assembly system was established based on constitutionalism, and assembly's authority was limited according to the national polity.
- この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
- On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.
- - 帯方郡から魏の使者が倭国を訪れ、詔書、印綬を奉じて倭王に拝受させた。
- A Daifang Commandery envoy of Wei visited Wakoku, offering the King of Wa an Imperial Rescript and an official seal.
- その渤海も、国力の充実とともに日本に対する「臣従」を必要としなくなった。
- However, as Balhae consolidated its national strength, it became unnecessary to follow Japan.
- これらの代表的なものには、西国三十三箇所や四国八十八箇所巡礼などがある。
- Typical examples of this period were the pilgrimage to the 33 Kannon temples in Kansai (Saigoku Sanjusansho) and the pilgrimage to the 88 temples in Shikoku (Shikoku Hachijuhakkasho).
- 以来、越後国の国人として承久の乱では頼連が北条朝時軍に参加するなどした。
- Subsequently, as Kokujin (local samurai) of Echigo Province, Yoritsura participated in the army of Tomotoki HOJO as part of the Jokyu War.
- 山家藩(やまがはん)は、丹波国何鹿郡(いかるがぐん)山家周辺を領有した藩。
- Yamaga Domain included the areas in and around Yamaga in Ikaruga no kori (Ikaruga County), Tanba Province as its territory.
- また海外へ派遣される国使や留学僧らのための公的な宿泊所としても用いられた。
- This facility was also used as public lodgings for Japanese envoy dispatched to foreign countries and for foreign priests.
- 北陸方面の平定には、越前国敦賀の大名である大谷吉継が担当することとなった。
- Yoshitsugu OTANI, who was a daimyo in Tsuruga, Echizen Province, assisted with the suppression of the Hokuriku area.
- 907年、朱全忠により禅譲劇が行われ、唐は完全滅亡、五代十国時代へと入る。
- An orderly succession by Quanzhong ZHU took place in 907, Tang fell completely, and the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began.
- が、これは徹底せず、密かに来航する中国船もあったが、十分な量ではなかった。
- However, this was not fully implemented and some Chinese ships visited Japan in secret, though not in large numbers.
- しかし唐以来、漸次南方の沿岸に海外から交易に訪れる外国の海上勢力が増した。
- However, during and after the Tang dynasty, the influence of foreign vessels visiting the southern costal areas for trade gradually increased.
- 豊臣秀吉は西国を平定し、朝鮮や琉球への服属を求めた接触を始めることとなる。
- Since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI suppressed Saigoku (western part of Japan - especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), he started to contact Korea and Ryukyu to make them subordinate states.
- 理由は、源為義はもっぱら京都におり河内国の領地にいた形跡がないことにある。
- The reason is that MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi was entirely in Kyoto and left no evidence of his presence in the manor of Kawachi Province.
- 前述するとおり、憲法の改正は大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定によって行われた。
- As mentioned above, the constitutional amendment was conducted following Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- この時期の律令国家は、戸籍と計帳で人民を把握し、租・庸・調と軍役を課した。
- The ritsuryo kokka in this period maintained control of the people through koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and imposed soyocho (taxes) and military service.
- 休戦を挟んで6年に及んだ戦争は、朝鮮・日本・明の三国に重大な影響を及ぼした。
- The war which lasted for six years including a cease-fire period, made a serious impact on Korea, Japan, and Ming.
- 金堂の東側は国分寺の鎮守社である御霊神社 (加茂町)の境内地だったとされる。
- On the east side of Kon-do was the grounds of Goryo-jinja Shrine (in Kamo-cho), a Chinju-sha Shrine (a protecting shrine) of Kokubun-ji Temple.
- またこの後の豊後国大友氏の改易事件などとともに, 事件後の処罰は苛烈だった。
- Those who took parts in Umekita Ikki were severely punished, including the Otomo clan of Bungo Province which was deprived of their fief.
- アメリカ合衆国はまだ京都議定書を批准していないため削減義務は課されていない。
- The reducing obligation is not imposed on the United States of America because it has not ratified Kyoto Protocol yet.
- まず、朝鮮に入貢を命じ、開かなければ討つ、と脅し対馬国の宗義調に折衝させた。
- First, he ordered that Korea pay tribute to him, threatening that if it did not obey his order, he would attack the country, and sent Yoshishige SO of Tsushima Province to conduct negotiations.
- 朱印船として用いられた船は、初期には中国式のジャンク (船)が多数であった。
- In the early period, there were many Chinese style Junk (ship) utilized as the Shuinsen.
- 魏晋南北朝時代、五代十国時代、南宋時代のように中国が南北の勢力で分割された。
- There were several periods in China when it was divided by the powers of north and south such as Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao periods, Wudai Shiguo period and Southern Sung period.
- 多田庄は頼綱の時代(頼国の時代とも)に摂関家に寄進され、摂関家領荘園となる。
- The ownership of Tada Manors was donated to the regent family in the reign of Yoritsuna (as well as of Yorikuni), so that Tada Manors became the estates owned by the regent family.
- 翌1883年(明治16年)に伊藤らは帰国し、井上毅に憲法草案の起草を命じた。
- Ito returned to Japan in 1883, and ordered Kowashi INOUE to prepare a constitution draft.
- これに対して『戦国の堅城』では、一定の防備が整っていたのではないかとしている。
- The book 'Sengoku no Kenjo' (Strong castle of the Warring States period), on the other hand, presumes that the castle had a certain amount of defensive preparation.
- その後坂本城は近江国における反織田信長に対する重要な軍事施設として使用された。
- Later Sakamoto-jo Castle was used as an important military facility as a defense against the anti-Nobunaga ODA forces.
- 文治元年(1185年)8月16日(旧暦)の除目で国司に任ぜられた6名が始まり。
- Monyo originated from six people who were appointed as Kokushi (provincial governors) at Jimoku (ceremony for the appointment of officials) on August 16, 1185 (old lunar calendar).
- 中国方面:羽柴秀吉を方面軍総司令官として、与力に黒田孝高や蜂須賀正勝らを配属。
- Chugoku region: Hideyoshi HASHIBA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Yoshikata KURODA and Masakatsu HACHISUKA were assigned as yoriki.
- 1853年にアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーが国書を持って来日し通商を求めた。
- Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States arrived in Japan with a presidential message in 1853 and demanded the establishment of a trade relationship.
- 占城 ベトナムによって南ベトナムの一隅に押し込められていたチャンパ王国である。
- Chiam Pa was the kingdom of Champa crammed in the corner of Southern Vietnam.
- 新当主である三法師は近江国坂田郡と安土城を相続し、秀吉には山城国が与えられた。
- As the new head of the family, Sanboshi inherited Sakata-gun in the Province of Omi and Azuchi-jo Castle, while Hideyoshi acquired Yamashiro Province.
- 大日本帝国憲法では、皇室の永続性が皇室の正統性の証拠であることを強調していた。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan emphasized that consistency of the Imperial Family was an evidence for their orthodoxy.
- 『戦国の武将たち』では「茶道具は毛利への手土産とみることができる」としている。
- 'Sengoku no Bushotachi' describes that 'tea utensils could be understood as calling presents to Mori.'
- この系統の他に、尾張国や丹後国または相模国などに移住した高梨氏もあったと言う。
- Other lines of the Takanashi clan are said to have moved to Owari Province, Tango Province or Sagami Province.
- 峰山海軍航空隊(みねやまかいぐんこうくうたい)は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊の一つ。
- The Mineyama Naval Air Squadron was one of the squadrons of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- その子の戸田氏鉄は元和 (日本)3年(1617年)に摂津国尼崎藩に転封となった。
- In 1617, his son, Ujikane TODA, was ordered to change the territory to the Amagasaki Domain in Settsu Province.
- 多数の小国家に分かれていた日本には、この頃から強大な権力をもった王権が成立する。
- Japan had been divided into small states, but around this period, a powerful royal authority was established.
- 氏郷は郷安を寵愛し、岩瀬郡の長沼城 (陸奥国)に3万5000石を与えて厚遇した。
- Ujisato favored Satoyasu and granted him the estate of Naganumajo Castle in Iwase District (Mutsu Province) with 35,000 koku (6,314 cubic meters of rice-crop yield).
- 室町時代末期には、新守護の京極氏に従い、出雲国の有力国人として成長を遂げている。
- Late in the Muromachi period, the Misawa clan achieved considerable growth as local samurai of Izumo Province under a new provincial constable, the Kyogoku clan.
- 国兼の首は名護屋城に届けられて浜辺に晒され、胴体は佐敷五本松に埋められたという。
- Kunikane's head was sent to the Nagoya-jo Castle and left on the beach as an example, and his body was buried in Gohonmatsu, Sashiki.
- この時点で、豊臣政権は日本全国に威令が及ぶ日本の統一政権として成立したのである。
- At that time, the Toyotomi government was established as the only government that could give orders to any place in Japan.
- 県庁は舞鶴城におかれ、後に同じ丹後国の宮津県や峰山県とともに豊岡県に統合された。
- The prefectural government was in the Maizuru-jo Castle, but later, it was consolidated into Toyooka Prefecture along with Miyazu Prefecture and Mineyama Prefecture of the same Tango Province.
- 華族は公法上は国家から特別待遇が与えられたが、私法上は士族、平民と同様であった。
- Kazoku could receive special treatments from the state under public laws, but they were treated in the same manner as shizoku and heimin under private laws.
- しかし、国力を大幅に消耗しており、藩鎮に対して強い態度を取れる状態ではなかった。
- However, he had greatly expended the nation's resources, and he was in no condition to confront hanchin.
- 議会は立法協賛組織であり、法律制定には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であった。
- Since the diet was a legislative support organ, it had to obtain the emperor's sanction and countersignature of Minister of State for establishment of new law.
- 1889年(明治22年)2月11日、大日本帝国憲法が発布され、国民に公表された。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated on February 11, 1889, and then announced to the public.
- 明治新政府は発足当初から公議を標榜し、その具体的方策としての国是を模索していた。
- From the beginning of inauguration, the New Meiji Government advocated fair discussion and sought national policy as the concrete measure.
- 西アジアや中央アジアなどとの交流も活発であり、首都長安は国際都市として繁栄した。
- There was also active exchange with West and Central Asia and the capital Changan flourished as an international city.
- 律令国家は、高度に体系化された官僚組織を維持するため、安定した税収を必要とした。
- In order to maintain a highly systemized bureaucratic organization, ritsuryo kokka codes needed stable revenue from taxes.
- また田と民は国家のものとされる公地公民制を取り入れ、戸籍により班田が支給された。
- Kochi Komin system, under which rice fields and people belonged to the nation, was adopted and handen (allotted farmland) was provided in accordance with the family register.
- 日本は唐の冊封はうけなかったものの、実質的には唐に臣従する朝貢国の扱いであった。
- Although Japan did not receive sakuho (homage by the Chinese emperor) from Tang, it was essentially treated as a tributary state which served Tang as a subject.
- 横山城(よこやまじょう)は近江国坂田郡(滋賀県長浜市堀部町・石田町)にあった城。
- Yokoyama-jo Castle was located in Sakata County, Omi Province (the present-day Horibe and Ishida-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).
- 加藤清正の一隊は威力偵察のため国境を越えて明領・オランカイ(兀良哈)へ攻め入った。
- Kiyomasa KATO and his troops invaded Orangkai in Ming's territory surpassing the border for the purpose of reconnaissance in force.
- 戦いに圧勝した家康は日本国内で不動の地位を得、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- Having achieved overwhelming victory, Ieyasu secured an impregnable position in Japan and he was appointed in 1603 to seii taishogun.
- つまり山の尾根そのものを土塁としていたのではないかと『戦国の堅城』は指摘している。
- The book 'Sengoku no Kenjo' points out that in fact the castle probably utilized the mountain ridge itself as its earthworks.
- 三沢氏(みさわし、みさわうじ)は、信濃源氏の後裔で、信濃国飯島郷地頭の一族である。
- Misawa clan (which is read Misawa-shi or Misawa-uji) was a clan acting as estate steward in Iijima District, Shinano Province, which were the descendants of Shinano-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- (これは秀吉による全国各地に豊臣家の蔵入地を設定した政策が、裏目に出たのである。)
- (Which meant Hideyoshi's policy of 'kurairechi' (land directly controlled by the Toyotomi clan) was unsuccessful in various ways.)
- 信濃源氏(しなのげんじ)は、中世に信濃国に土着し本拠とした源氏の氏族を指した呼称。
- Shinano Genji is a name given to the Minamoto clan who were native to and based in Shinano Province during the medieval period.
- 武蔵国多摩郡横山(現・東京都八王子市元横山町)を本拠として横山姓を称したとされる。
- It is believed that the party was based in Yokoyama, Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Moto-Yokoyama Town, Hachioji City, Tokyo) and gave themselves the family name of Yokoyama.
- 1905年(明治38年)7月18日に京都府で編成された大日本帝国陸軍の師団である。
- It was a division of the Imperial Japanese Army established in Kyoto Prefecture on July 18, 1905.
- 旧事本紀には、健磐龍命の子とされる速瓶玉命が初代阿蘇国造であったと記録されている。
- According to 'Kujihoongi' (Ancient Japanese History), Hayamikatama no mikoto, who was Takeiwa tatsuno-mikoto's child, was the first Asonokuni no miyatsuko.
- 国務大臣(各省大臣)に対する指揮監督権や任免権もないため、明文上の権限は強くない。
- The prime minister had no right to instruct, supervise, appoint, and dismiss respective ministers of state, so his authority defined under the constitution was not strong.
- 1876年に公布されたオスマン帝国憲法に次いで、アジアでは2番目の近代憲法である。
- It was the second modern constitution in Asia after the constitution of the Ottoman Empire enacted in 1876.
- 当時の自由民権家や新聞各紙も、同様に大日本帝国憲法を高く評価し、憲法発布を祝った。
- Democratic activists and newspapers of that time also highly evaluated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and celebrated its promulgation.
- 699年に三野城・稲積城が築かれ、律令国家は軍事力を背景とした支配を進めはじめる。
- In 699, Mino-jo Castle and Inazumi-jo Castle were constructed and ritsuryo kokka began to apply control backed by military force.
- しかし鎖国後は、もっぱら国内重視の政策が採られ、基本的に国内自給経済が形成された。
- After closing the country, however, the national policy focused exclusively on domestic affairs, and a domestically self-supported economy was formed.
- 徳川家康率いる東軍は、下野国小山市において三成ら西軍の挙兵を知って、軍を西に返した。
- The Eastern Camp led by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA came to know the rise of the Western Camp of Mitsunari and others in Oyama City, Shimotsuke Province and returned the army to the west.
- 御牧藩(みまきはん)は、山城国久世郡御牧(現在の京都府久世郡久御山町)に存在した藩。
- Mimaki Domain is a domain which was in Mimaki, Kuse County, Yamashiro Province (present-day Kumiyama-cho, Kuse-gun, Kyoto Prefecture).
- 武装男子埴輪(群馬県太田市出土、国宝)、「踊る男女の埴輪」(埼玉県出土)などが著名。
- There exist some well-known haniwa, such as the Man In Armor Haniwa (excavated in Ota City, Gunma Prefecture, and designated as a national treasure), and the Haniwa of the Dancing Man and Woman (excavated in Saitama Prefecture).
- 笹山遺跡(新潟県)出土品(十日町市所有)-いわゆる火焔形土器など57点が国宝に指定。
- The earthen vessels excavated at Sasayama Archaeological Site (in Niigata Prefecture) and owned by Tokamachi City: 57 pieces of earthen vessel, including what is called 'kaen-gata doki' (the flame-shaped earthen vessel), were designated as national treasures.
- この権威を利用して5月近江国の守護六角高頼を解任、代わりに京極持清を守護に任命した。
- By using this authority, he relieved Takayori ROKKAKU of the Shugo of Omi Province, and appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU instead to the same position in May.
- 16世紀の日本とスペインの間には、国家間関係が本格化する以前から人の往来が見られた。
- People came and went between Japan and Spain in the 16th century before the state-to-state relations went into full swing.
- 承久3年(1221年)の承久の乱で戦功を挙げた三沢為光は、出雲国三沢荘を与えられた。
- Tamemitsu MISAWA was awarded the Misawa manor in Izumo Province after his distinguished military service in the Jokyu War in 1221.
- さらに渤海国が遼によって滅亡(926年)したのち施設は衰え、鎌倉時代の頃に消失した。
- After the collapse of the Balhae Kingdom under the Liao dynasty in 926, Korokan had gone into steady decline to fade out from history around the Kamakura period.
- 恭仁京(くにきょう、くにのみや)は、奈良時代の一時期、都が置かれた山城国相楽郡の地。
- Kunikyo (also called Kuni no miya) was a place in Soraku District, Yamashiro Province that was designated as a capital for a period of time during the Nara period.
- AAU (Assigned Amount Unit) - 各国に割り当てられる排出枠
- AAU (Assigned Amount Unit) - emission allowances assigned to each country.
- なお、批准を拒否している米国においては、219都市が独自に京都議定書を批准している。
- And in America, which refuses to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, 219 cities have ratified it under their own authority.
- 一方、締約国会議 (COP) では条約の基準年を用いた増減率が提示されることが多い。
- On the other hand, in Conference of Parties (COP), increase-decrease rates relative to the reference year of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are often indicated.
- そうした分国支配の一環として、領国内の武士・領民を規制するために分国法が定められた。
- As part of control over one county, Bunkokuho was established to control warriors and farmers within its county.
- しかし、邑制国家の実態および宗族制度がいつごろ一般的となったかについては定説がない。
- However, there are no established theories for what Mura-based states were and when the Sozoku system became common.
- 世界各国で、米作を行っている山間地域には、ほぼ棚田のような耕作地を見ることができる。
- Cultivated fields very similar to Tanada can be seen in almost all the rice-cropping mountains around the world.
- しかしやがて鎖国の時代の到来とともに幕府艦隊も縮小され老朽化した安宅丸も解体された。
- But before long, with the arrival of sakoku (the period of isolation) the bakufu's fleet was reduced in size, and the aging Atake maru was scrapped.
- 東南アジア諸港へ赴く朱印船の多くは意外なことに中国産の生糸や絹の輸入が目的であった。
- Many Shuinsen that travelled to Southeast sea ports unexpectedly had the purpose of importing Chinese raw silk and silk products.
- 中国製品以外にも武具に使用される鮫皮や鹿皮、砂糖など東南アジア産品の輸入も行われた。
- They imported not only Chinese products but shark and deer skins used in weapons and products of Southeast Asia such as sugar.
- 当時中国では銀が不足していたため、朱印船の主要な交易相手である中国商人は銀を欲した。
- There was a shortage of silver in China during that period, and Chinese merchants, who were the main trading partners of Shuinsen desired silver.
- 時代劇の撮影などでも使われる天秤櫓は、長浜城 (近江国)から移築したといわれている。
- It is said that Tenbin-yagura (Balancing-scale Tower) often used for shooting of jidaigeki (historical play) was relocated from Nagahama-jo Castle (in Omi Province) and rebuilt in Hikone-jo Castle.
- なお、各国の憲法の中には、「憲法改正の限界」を憲法に明記していているものも存在する。
- The 'theory of limitation of constitutional amendment' was clearly stated in some constitutions of other countries.
- その結果、1881年(明治14年)10月12日に、次のような国会開設の詔が発された。
- Following this incident, the Imperial Rescript for the establishment of the national diet was issued in October 12, 1881, and its contents were as follows;
- 平城京は、中国の都長安を模した都を造営し、役人が住民の大半を占める政治都市であった。
- Heijokyo was built as a national centre of politics, mainly inhabited by officials, on the model of the capital of China, Changan.
- しかし、キリシタン禁教の強化と鎖国体制の完成によってこれらの関係は途絶し、幕末に至る。
- However, such relations were cut off due to the tightening of the ban on Christianity and the completion of the national isolation system, and the situation continued till the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- しかし朝鮮の立場は建国以来、明の属国であり、その外交方針をここで変える意思はなかった。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty had been a tributary nation to Ming since its establishment, and it would not change its diplomatic policies.
- 戦国時代に入った1484年、幕の平合戦で阿蘇惟憲が勝利を収め、ようやく一族を統一した。
- After the Period of Warring States started, Korenori ASO won the Battle of Makunohira in 1484 and finally reunited the clan.
- 宗族組織の解体とともに中国的な封建制度が崩壊していったことは、おおむね認められている。
- It is generally accepted that the Chinese Hoken system collapsed with the breakdown of Sozoku organization
- 島国日本では隣国の朝鮮と同様に、古代から沿海部に居住する海民が水上兵力として活躍した。
- In Japan, which is an island nation, from ancient times kaimin who lived in the coastal area flourished as armed forces on the water as well as in Korea.
- だが、このような国家の水軍による積極的な海上進出は明清時代を通じてむしろ例外に属する。
- But the aggressive advancement onto the sea by the government was rather exceptional during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
- 中でも馬屋は重要文化財指定物件として全国的に稀少であり、国の特別史跡に指定されている。
- Among the structures umaya is rare because it is a structure designated a national important cultural property, and it is also designated a special historic site.
- また帝国議会は法案提出権や予算協賛権を有し、予算審議を通じて行政を監督する力を持った。
- The Imperial Diet also had the right to submit law bills and to approve budgets, and the power of controlling administration using budgetary discussions.
- 神道では国学の隆盛に伴い、儒仏を廃した復古神道が唱えられ、一部では神仏分離が始まった。
- With respect to Shinto, reactionary Shintoism excluding Confucianism and Buddhism was advocated along with the development of the study of Japanese classics, and the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism started in some part.
- とくに、帰国した吉備真備や玄ボウは、のちに聖武天皇に重用され、政治の世界でも活躍した。
- In particular, when KIBI no Makibi and Genbo returned from Tang they were given important posts by the Emperor Shomu and were also active in the political world in Japan.
- しかし、日本の鎖国も中国の海禁と同じとして鎖国より海禁とする方が適当とする見解もある。
- However, there is an opinion that the term 'Sea Trafic Ban' was more appropriate than the term 'national seclusion' on the premise that both was the same.
- 紀伝道(きでんどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、歴史(主に中国史)を教えた学科。
- Kidendo is a subject in the daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code)) in Japan under the Ritsuryo system in which history (mainly Chinese history) was taught.
- 地理的に近い越後国にも所領があったことから越後の勢力の影響を高梨氏も受けるようになる。
- Geographically, the Takanashi clan came to be influenced by the force of nearby Echigo Province, where it had property.
- この2度の戦い通じて、真田昌幸という武将の名は「戦巧者」として全国に知られることになる。
- Through these two battles, the name of the busho (Japanese military commander) Masayuki SANADA became known nation wide.
- これに対し、ヨーロッパや西アジアのイスラム諸国、中国に多い方式は緩発式火縄銃と呼ばれる。
- On the other hand, the system common in Europe, Islamic countries in Western Asia and China is called gradual discharge matchlock.
- 近江源氏(おうみげんじ)とは、中世に近江国に土着し本拠とした源氏の流れを汲む一族の呼称。
- The name 'Omi-Genji' refers to the clan who originated from Genji (Minamoto clan) and settled in Omi Province as their home base in the Medieval period.
- 持統天皇2年(688年)には筑紫館で新羅国使全霜林を饗したと『日本書紀』に記されている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used to entertain 全霜林, an envoy of the Silla Kingdom in 688.
- 四国方面:信長の三男・織田信孝を方面軍総司令官として、与力に丹羽長秀や蜂屋頼隆らを配属。
- Shikoku region: Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga, was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagahide NIWA and Yoritaka HACHIYA were assigned as yoriki.
- ただし、全国の主要金山・銀山を支配していたため、財政的には豊臣氏が徳川氏を圧倒していた。
- However, as the Toyotomi clan owned the major gold and silver mines, they financially overpowered the Tokugawa clan.
- そして、この北陸方面軍の一員として、近江国大津城の城主・京極高次が加わっていたのである。
- And as a member of the Hokuriku area force Takatsugu KYOGOKU, the lord of Otsu-jo Castle in Omi Province, was part of the Yoshitsugu army.
- 孫の石田為久は源義仲を討ち取り、褒章として近江国石田村を与えられ、一族は同地に移住した。
- Tamehisa ISHIDA, a grandson of Yoshitsugu MIURA, was granted Ishida-mura village in Omi Province in reward for having slain MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and moved to the village with his clan.
- 分国法が規定する主な事項には、領民支配、家臣統制、寺社支配、所領相論、軍役、などがある。
- Main items that Bunkokuho regulated were control over farmers, discipline for retainers, control over temples and shrines, lawsuits about land, military service, and so on.
- その詳細な定義は国や研究者によって異なり、未だに世界各国で盛んな研究の対象となっている。
- Its detailed definition varies depending on the country/scholar and is an active research target in many countries of the world even now.
- 姫路城とともに遺構をよく遺している城郭で、1951年6月9日に国の特別史跡に指定された。
- The castle well preserves its ancient structural remnants like Himeji-jo Castle, and it was designated as Special Historic Site on June 6, 1951.
- 天皇が唯一の立法機関とされ、帝国議会が立法機関ではなく、天皇の立法協賛機関とされたこと。
- The emperor was thought to be the only legislative organ, so the Imperial Diet was defined just as a legislative support organ, not a legislative organ.
- 魏から親魏倭王の仮の金印と銅鏡100枚を与えられる(『三国志』では同二年(238年))。
- She was given an improvised gold seal of Shingi Wao and 100 bronze mirrors by the King of Wei (according to 'Sanguo Zhi,' this occurred in 238).
- 「朕、ここにわが建国の体に基づき、広く海外各国を成法を斟酌して、もって国憲を定めんとす。
- I'm aiming at the establishment of a national constitution based on Japan's national polity, and with reference to constitutions of other countries.
- 戦後景勝は、腹心の直江兼続の弟、樋口与七を養子に入れて強引に小国氏を継がせ、大国と改姓。
- After the war, Kagekatsu had a younger brother of his confidant Kanetsugu NAOE, called Yoshichi HIGUCHI, adopted, whereupon he took on the Oguni clan and changed the name to Okuni.
- 太平洋戦争中期に、逼迫する航空要員の大量育成を図るため、全国各地に訓練部隊が増設された。
- Training units were established throughout Japan half way through the war in the Pacific in order to meet the high demand for airmen.
- 城門は膳所神社、篠津神社、鞭崎神社に現存しており、それぞれ国の重要文化財に指定されている。
- The castle gates are now situated in Zeze-jinja Shrine, Shinozu-jinja Shrine, and Muchisaki-jinja Shrine, all of which are designated national important cultural assets.
- その後坂本城を目指している途中、山城国の小栗栖周辺で百姓らに襲われ死去したと言われている。
- Then it is said that while returning to Sakamoto-jo Castle, he was attacked by peasants and killed around Ogurisu in Yamashiro Province.
- 表面には「日本国」と「一円」そして「若木」が、裏面には「1」と製造年がデザインされている。
- On the head side are the designs for 'Japan', 'one yen' (both in kanji) and a sapling, while on the tail side is the number 'one' and the year of mintage.
- しかし玄宗に重用された中国の宰相李林甫により長城内節度使にも蕃将が任命されるようになった。
- However, Chancellor of China Linfu LIN, who was highly trusted by Xuanzong, made it possible even for non-Han generals to be assigned as setsudoshi stationed in the areas inside of the Great Wall.
- 島津氏は九州統一の総仕上げとして、大友氏所領である豊前国・豊後と筑前国への侵攻を開始した。
- To finish the unification of Kyushu, the Shimazu clan started to invade Buzen, Bungo, and Chikuzen Provinces, which were territories of the Otomo clan.
- 河内源氏の本拠地の河内国ではなく坂東を地盤とした義朝は勢力回復を企てて平治の乱を起こした。
- Yoshitomo, based in Bando not in Kawachi Province that was the stronghold of Kawachi-Genji, started the Heiji War in a bid to regain power.
- しかし、戦国時代 (日本)の日本にはヨーロッパのように弾幕で敵を阻止する戦術思想がなかった。
- In Japan at that time (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]), unlike in Europe, there were no tactical ideas of using artillery barrage to hold back enemies.
- 平城京に都があった時代の文化は、年号から「天平文化」と呼ばれ、国際色豊かな仏教文化が栄えた。
- The culture of this period, whose national capital was Heijo-kyo, was called Tenpyo culture after the imperial era, and it saw the prosperity of Buddhist culture with a highly cosmopolitan character.
- 1900年(明治33年)には日本初の美術史本と目される『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行された。
- In 1900, the book with the title 'The original draft of the brief history of Japanese art' was published, which is deemed the first book written on art history in Japan.
- 朝業は、堀江山城の山続きの北側500mほどの山頂に新たに川崎城 (下野国)を築き居城とする。
- Tomonari built Kawasaki-jo Castle (Shimotsuke Province) on the mountaintop approximately 500 meters north along the mountainous line of Horieyama-jo Castle.
- 糸島半島にあった伊都国には「郡使の往来、常に駐まる所なり」と記された外交施設が存在していた。
- There was a diplomatic facility in Ito Province of Itoshima Peninsula, which was recorded in a poem envoy from county always stop at this facility.'
- しかし、九州帝国大学医学部教授の中山平次郎が、万葉集の記述などを検討し福岡城址説を提唱した。
- But Heijiro NAKAYAMA, the professor of the Medical Department of Kyushu Imperial University, advocated an opiion that the construction site of Korokan was the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle after examining records including Manyoshu.
- 現在の博多から箱崎の海岸が貿易の中心となり、大宋国商客宿坊と名を変えた鴻臚館での貿易は衰退。
- As a result, with the transfer of the trade center from the present Hakata to the coast of Hakozaki, trade at Korokan, the name of which had already been changed to the Daisokoku shokyaku shukubo (lodgings in a temple for visitors from the Great Song Dynasty), declined.
- さらに同年、越前・加賀国で信長に反逆した一向宗徒を根絶やしにし、同地を支配下に置くに至った。
- In the same year, Nobunaga also eradicated the Ikko sect followers who rebelled against him in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces to take control of the area.
- 表面には「日本国」と「百円」そしてサクラが、裏面には「100」と製造年がデザインされている。
- On the head side are the designs for 'Japan', '100 yen' (both in kanji) and Japanese cherries, and on the tail side is the number '100' and the year of manufacture.
- 欧州が採択するバブルでは、欧州共同体15カ国のそれぞれの削減目標がEU指令で定められている。
- In the bubble system adopted by Europe, individual reduction targets are assigned to each of 15 countries in European Community by the EU directive.
- 1517年、惟豊は日向の国人甲斐親宣らの助力を得て惟長父子に反撃し、本拠地矢部町を奪還する。
- In 1517, with the help of Chikanobu KAI who was the Hyuga local lord, Koretoyo counterattacked Korenaga and his son and regained the clan's home ground called Yabe Town.
- 当初郡国制では諸侯に貨幣鋳造権や軍事権が認められていたが、徐々にこのような権力は回収された。
- Under the Gun Ken system, the right of coinage and military right were granted at first, but those rights were gradually forfeited.
- その秦を滅ぼした前漢では郡県を布く地方と新たに諸侯王を封建する地方とに分ける郡国制を行った。
- The former Han, which overthrew the Qin Dynasty, adopted the Gun Koku system which separated places of newly appointed lords from places using the Gun Ken system.
- 五覇については五行思想との関連から戦国時代になってから形成されたものであるという見方もある。
- Another version has it that Goha (five strong feudal lords in the Chunqiu period) was formed in the Zhangguo period due to the connection with Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).
- 1999年7月16日に発表された百選には、全国117市町村・134地区の棚田が選ばれている。
- The 100 best, which was published on July 16, 1999, includes Tanada in 134 areas of 117 municipalities all over Japan.
- これは当時中国の沿岸部で跳梁していた倭寇と呼ばれる海賊勢力を遠ざける必要もあったためである。
- This is partly because the dynasty needed to drive away pirates called wako (Japanese pirates) that were rampant in the coastal areas of China.
- 周辺諸国も唐と通交し、漢字・儒教・漢訳仏教などの諸文化を共有して東アジア文化圏が形成された。
- Various countries around China had friendly relations with Tang and the East Asian cultural sphere was formed with shared cultural features such as Chinese characters, Confucianism and Buddhism translated into Chinese.
- (一方スサノオをアマテラスとの確執から、邪馬台国と敵対していた狗奴国王に比定する説もある。)
- (On the other hand, there is an opinion that Susanoo could have been the King of Kuankoku, which fought against the Yamatai Kingdom as a result of discord between Susanoo and Amaterasu.)
- 中国正史は紀伝体で書かれていたことから、「紀伝」とも呼ばれそれが歴史(学)の代名詞となった。
- As Chinese historiography was written in a style called kidentai (biographical historiography), it was also called 'kiden,' becoming a synonym for history (study).
- 数年はここに陣屋を構えたが備中国阿曽(現:総社市阿曽)に移ったため備中高松城は廃城となった。
- After holding jinya (regional government office) in Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle for several years, they moved to Azo, Bitchu Province, now Azo, Soja City, leaving the castle deserted.
- 平安時代中期に摂津国川辺郡多田の地に武士団を形成した源満仲が「多田」を号したことから始まる。
- Tada began to be used by MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, who formed a samurai group in Tada, Kawabe County Settsu Province, in the middle of the Heian period.
- しかし、源氏が平家を倒すと、勢力を回復し河内国南部(現在の大阪府河内長野市)に勢力を拡大した。
- However, after the victory of the Minamoto clan over the Taira family, it resumed its sway and expanded its power to the Southern area of Kawachi Province (Kawachinagano City, Osaka Prefecture).
- 鎌倉時代後期の作で、肥後国の御家人竹崎季長が元寇における自分の戦功を描かせたものとされている。
- It is said that Suenaga TAKESAKI, a 'gokenin' (vassal of the shogun) in Higo Province, ordered to make the picture scrolls to describe his distinguished service in Mongol invasion attempts against Japan in the later Kamakura period.
- 藩祖・谷衛友は織田信長・豊臣秀吉に仕えた武将(大名)で、丹波国山家にて1万6000石を領した。
- Moritomo TANI, the first lord of the Yamaga Domain, was a military commander (daimyo) who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and controlled land worth 16,000 koku in Yamaga, Tanba Province.
- 比叡山は近江国と山城国にまたがっており、白鳥道と山中道の2つの道は両国を結ぶ道路が通じていた。
- Mt. Hiei stretches to Omi Province and Yamashiro Province, and two roads of Shiratori-do and Yamanaka-do connected the two provinces.
- その後一旦帰国するが、1929年(昭和4年)と1934年(昭和9年)にも満州駐剳任務に就いた。
- It temporarily returned to Japan, but was assigned to be stationed in Manchuria in 1929 and 1934.
- 長男:河内経国は河内源太と号し、その長男の源盛経 (河内源氏)は稲沢小源太を号し、稲沢氏の祖。
- The first son: Tsunekuni KAWACHI adopted the name Genta KAWACHI, and his first son, MINAMOTO no Moritsune (Kawachi-Genji) who called himself Kogenta INAZAWA is the founder of the Inazawa clan.
- 6月20日、政府は、大日本帝国憲法73条の憲法改正手続に基づき、憲法改正案を衆議院に提出した。
- On June 20, the government submitted the constitution revision proposal following procedures for amending the constitution defined in Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 大日本帝国憲法は、第1回帝国議会が開会された1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was come into effect on November 29, 1889 when the first Imperial Diet session was open.
- また、岡田内閣も右翼・軍部の攻撃を恐れ、国体明徴声明を出し、また美濃部の著書を発禁処分とした。
- Okada's cabinet issued Kokutai Meicho Seimei (Declaration of Clear Evidence of the National Polity) to avoid attacks from right-wing groups and the military, and banned Minobe's writings.
- 鎖国政策が実施される以前には、日本人の海外進出は著しく、東南アジアに多くの日本町が形成された。
- Before the seclusion policy was implemented, the Japanese had expanded remarkably overseas, with many Japanese towns found in Southeast Asia.
- 更に平安時代中期以後には、遣唐使廃止の影響で中国からの新規の学問風潮の流入が実質上停止された。
- In addition, new trends of studies substantially stopped coming in from China after the mid Heian period following the discontinuance of Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty.
- 真田昌幸が武田氏の下で上野国吾妻郡・沼田を平定後、徳川氏の下で小県郡を平定し、上田城を築城した。
- After Masayuki SANADA subdued Numata, Agatsuma-gun, Kozuke Province under the Takeda clan, he subdued Chiisagata-gun under the Tokugawa clan and built Ueda-jo Castle.
- 時の政権は仏教を厚く保護し、寺院の造営、仏像の造立、経典の書写などは国家の事業として実施された。
- The regime at that time protected Buddhism substantially, and implemented the Buddhism-related work, such as construction of temples, making Buddhist statues, and transcription of sutras, as a national project.
- 日本列島はいまだ先史時代であり、この時代の歴史は同時代の中国の史書によって間接的に知るほかない。
- Japan was still in the prehistoric age at that time, so we can only know about the Japanese history of this period indirectly from the contemporary Chinese history books.
- 旗本として出世の後、元和 (日本)3年(1617年)に相模国玉縄藩2万2000石の大名となった。
- Masatsuna rose through the ranks as hatamoto and eventually became the daimyo of the Tamatsuna domain in Sagami Province, with 22,000 koku.
- ただし、近年の研究では他の戦国大名も独自にこれらの政策に取り組んでいたことが明らかになっている。
- However, recent studies have revealed that other Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) also adopted these policies independently.
- 吉備国を平定したために吉備津彦を名乗ったと考えられているが、古事記には吉備津彦の名は出てこない。
- He is believed to have called himself Kibitsuhiko as he had suppressed Kibi Province, but there was no such name written in the Kojiki.
- セビリア万国博覧会に、「天主指図」を基に復元された安土城天主の一部(5・6階部分)が出展された。
- In 1992, a part of Azuchi-jo Castle tower (the fifth and sixth floors), which had been restored referring to 'Tenshu sashizu' (a blueprint of Azuchi-jo Castle keep), was exhibited at the World Exposition in Seville.
- 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
- After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.
- 初代藩主・京極高通 (丹後国峰山藩主)は朽木宣綱の次男として生まれたが、京極高知の養子となった。
- The first lord Takamichi KYOGOKU (lord of the Mineyama domain of Tango province) was born as the second son of Nobutsuna KUTSUKI and was adopted by Takatomo KYOGOKU.
- そして、大日本帝国憲法第1条にて、「大日本帝国ハ万世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス」と規定されたのである。
- Therefore, the sentence 'the Empire of Japan is ruled by emperors from the unbroken Imperial Family' was stated in the Article 1 of the Constitution.
- ちなみに、憲法改正無限界説においては、大日本帝国憲法には改正限界を規定する条文は存在していない。
- But, according to the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan did not define any limitations of constitutional amendment.
- さらに、帝国議会の一院に、公選されない貴族院 (日本)を置き、衆議院とほぼ同等の権限を持たせた。
- Furthermore, the House of Peers, which consisted of non-elected-members, was established as a house of the Imperial Diet, and it had almost the same powers as the House of Representatives.
- 豊国神社 (京都市)唐門(とよくにじんじゃからもん)〔京都市東山区大和大路通正面東入〕 - 国宝
- Karamon of Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City)[Yamato Ojidori Shomen Higashi-iru, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City] - National treasure
- なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年(明治17年)に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
- Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
- 一般的には、経綸の語は、経済政策に限らず国家の政策全般を意味するものとして理解されることが多い。
- Generally the word, keirin is understood as a word referring not only economic policy but also general national policy.
- そして輸入品であった永楽銭などに代わり、銭座を設けて寛永通宝などの国内貨幣を鋳造し、流通させた。
- In stead of imported bronze coins, Eirakusen, from the Ming Dynasty, the shogunate government established the coinage guild to mint domestic coins such as Kanei Tsuho coin for the circulating money in the country.
- 断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
- It began with the approach to restore diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty in Korea from Japan to Korea for sounding out the dispatch of Tsushinshi (Emissary).
- 伝・香川県出土銅鐸(東京国立博物館、国宝)、神戸市桜ヶ丘出土銅鐸(神戸市博物館、国宝)などが著名。
- There exist some well-known bronze bells, such as the bronze bell that is said to have been excavated in Kagawa Prefecture - this is owned by the Tokyo National Museum, and is designated as a national treasure - and the bronze bell that was excavated in Sakuragaoka, Kobe City - this is owned by the Kobe City Museum, and is also designated as a national treasure.
- 秀吉の治世としては太閤検地や刀狩令など日本全国の土地や民衆のすべてを管理する中央集権となっている。
- During the reign of Hideyoshi, he established a centralized administrative framework that controlled lands and people all over the country by conducting Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), giving commands to collect swords, and so forth.
- 帰国段階で明・朝鮮水軍の妨害を受け、露梁海戦を戦うことになるが、11月末までに全軍帰国を果たした。
- On their way back to Japan, despite the Japanese forces being hindered by the Ming-Korean navy at the Battle of Noryang, all returned to Japan by the end of December.
- 表面には「日本国」と「十円」そして平等院が、裏面には「10」と製造年、常盤木がデザインされている。
- On the obverse side appear the characters for 'Nihonkoku 日本国,' 'Juen 十円,' and Byodoin Temple, and on the reverse side appears the number '10,' the year of manufacture and stylized evergreen leaves.
- なお、日本では2002年5月31日に国会で承認され、2004年6月4日国際連合に受諾書を寄託した。
- In Japan, the Diet approved the ratification of the protocol on May 31, 2002, then Japan deposited the document of acceptance with the United Nations on June 4, 2004.
- 摂津国渡辺津(現・大阪市中央区 (大阪市))を本拠地とし、瀬戸内海の水軍系氏族の棟梁だった渡辺氏。
- The Watanabe clan based on Watanabe no tsu Port, Settsu Province (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), the head clan of suigun navies in Seto Inland Sea.
- 日本では、明治初年に始まる明治維新により、さまざまな改革が行われ、旧来の国制は根本的に変更された。
- After the Meiji Restoration which began in 1868, various reforms were implemented in Japan, and the national polity was radically changed.
- これらの説は、邪馬台国北九州説や卑弥呼・天照大神説と密接に結びついている(ただし不可分ではない)。
- These theories originate from the Yamatai Kingdom of northern Kyushu and the idea that Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu Omikai (the Sun Goddess), though the two are not inseparably related.
- から始まった天保の大飢饉は全国に広がり、都市でも農村でも困窮した人々があふれ、餓死者も多く現れた。
- Since the Tenpo Famine that ravaged in 1832 spread all over the country, many people became absolutely destitute in both cities and agricultural communities, and many died of hunger.
- また国友一貫斎(藤兵衛重恭)は「気砲」と呼ばれる蓄気ボンベ式の空気銃や高性能望遠鏡の開発で知られる。
- Ikkansai KUNITOMO (Tobeshigeyuki) was known for the development of high power telescopes and a compressed gas cylinder air gun called a 'kiho.'
- 永禄3年(1560年)に織田信長は今川義元を桶狭間の戦いで破ると、その勢いをもって美濃国を制覇した。
- Nobunaga ODA beat Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, and with that momentum, he conquered Mino Province.
- 1928年春季には連合競走の牝馬版である各内国産牝馬連合競走が創設され1937年秋季まで施行された。
- In the spring of 1928, the mare version of the united race, united races for homebred mares, was founded and conducted until the autumn of 1937.
- 土地を媒介とした国王・領主・家臣の間の緩い主従関係により形成され、近世以降の絶対王政の中で消失した。
- It consisted of loose, land mediated relations of master to servant among king, feudal lord, and retainer, and disappeared under absolute monarchy in the early-modern times.
- 周の封建制(後述)とは別に、中国史において唯物史観的発展段階論を適用した場合の封建制について述べる。
- Apart from the Hoken system in Zhou (which will be described later), the Hoken system will be described in view of the development stage theory based on materialistic conception of history.
- この後、金 (王朝)・モンゴル帝国との戦いまで、宋において軍人勢力が勃興することはなかったのである。
- After this, no military power arose during the Song Dynasty until the war with the Jin (Dynasty) and the Mongolian Empire.
- 中国では「南船北馬」という言葉があるように、長江を中心に水路が入り組んだ南方において水軍が発展した。
- In China, as the phrase 'south ship north horse (travel far and wide) indicates, suigun navy developed in the south, mainly in the area along the Yangtze River, where a maze of waterways ran through.
- 13世紀には、高麗はモンゴル帝国の攻撃を避けるために首都を江華島に移して数十年にわたる抗戦を続けた。
- During the thirteenth century, Goryeo transferred its capital to Gonghwa Island in order to avoid attacks from the Mongolian Empire, and continued resistance activities for decades.
- 駿河は同盟関係の徳川家康が領する一方、武田征伐に協調した隣国の相模の後北条氏は遺領を得られなかった。
- Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was Nobunaga's ally, was given Suruga as his territory, the Gohojo clan in the neighboring province of Sagami, which cooperated in the subjugation of the Takeda clan, was not given any of the former territory of the Takeda clan.
- 変後の混乱で、新領主への再就職の禁止や検地など新しい統治体制に不満を抱いていた甲斐国人の一揆が頻発。
- In the postwar chaos, there were frequent uprisings of people in Kai Province, who were frustrated at new systems of governance such as the land survey and the ban on re-employment by a new lord.
- 頼政は、摂津国の渡辺津(現・大阪市中央区)を本拠地とする滝口武者である嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏を郎党とする。
- Yorimasa took as followers the Watanabe clan, who belonged to the Saga-Genji--Takiguchi warriors--and whose stronghold was in Watanabetsu in Settsu Province (in modern-day Chuo ward, Osaka City).
- それまで日本は幕藩体制の中でバラバラの状況であり、一つの国家と国民という結びつきが出来ていなかった。
- Until then, Japan had been divided into many domains due to the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, and had not been regarded as a unitary nation of united people.
- 浮世絵:菱川師宣、鈴木春信、鳥居清長、喜多川歌麿、東洲斎写楽、葛飾北斎、歌川広重、歌川豊国、歌川国貞
- Ukiyoe: Moronobu HISHIKAWA, Harunobu SUZUKI, Kiyonaga TORII, Utamaro KITAGAWA, Sharaku TOSHUSAI, Hokusai KATSUSHIKA, Hiroshige UTAGAWA, Toyokuni UTAGAWA, and Kunisada UTAGAWA
- 8世紀初頭に律令国家に安定的に組み込まれていたのは、今の山形県庄内地方や宮城県中部以南までであった。
- However, only Shonai region in present-day Yamagata Prefecture and areas south of central Miyagi Prefecture were stably incorporated into ritsuryo kokka at the beginning of the eighth century.
- その中で、この問題を日本古代国家の形成途上における政治史の課題として位置づけたのは小林行雄であった。
- Yukio KOBAYASHI considered the issue as one of political history concerning the period of the development of the ancient state of Japan.
- その骨子は輸入規制と商品の国産化推進であり、長崎に入る異国船の数と貿易額に制限を加えるものであった。
- The main points were import restrictions and promotion of domestic production, while limiting the number of foreign ships coming to Nagasaki and the amount of trade.
- 甲斐から信濃、上野に及んだ武田遺領は織田家家臣に分与され、武田旧臣の信濃国人衆らは織田政権に臣従した。
- The property of the Takeda clan that spread from Kai to Shinano to Ueno was distributed to Oda vassals, and Shinano Kokujin-shu (local samurais) who had been Takeda vassals who came to serve the Oda government.
- 会議をまとめやすくするという外務省の思惑と、国内の温暖化対策を加速させるという環境省の思惑とがあった。
- There were two kinds of expectations: Ministry of the Foreign Affairs' expectation to organize the conference orderly and Ministry of the Environment's expectation to accelerate the environmental measures in Japan.
- 分国法(ぶんこくほう)は、戦国時代 (日本)に戦国大名が領国内を統治するために制定した法律規範である。
- Bunkokuho is a law established by warlords during the Sengoku period to govern their domains.
- 江戸時代後期には地方の飢饉や都市部での打ち壊し、蝦夷地や長崎への異国船の来航などで将軍権威が揺らいだ。
- In the second half of the Edo period, the authority of the Shogunate became shaky, affected by famine in the countryside, riots in the cities and the visits of foreign ships to Ezo district and Nagasaki.
- 中華人民共和国の雲南省、ベトナム、タイ王国、ネパール、インドネシア、フィリピンの棚田は特に有名である。
- Rice terraces in Yunnan Province of China, Vietnam, the Kingdom of Thailand, Nepal, Indonesia and Philippines are especially well-known.
- 織田信長は勢力拡大の過程で志摩国の守護九鬼氏出身の九鬼嘉隆を臣属させ九鬼氏を主体とした水軍を編成した。
- Nobunaga ODA, in the process of extending his influence, put Yoshitaka KUKI who came from Kuki clan, the Shugo in Shima Province, under his control and organized his suigun that consisted of mainly the Kuku clan.
- 丹後国主であった京極高知は己れの遺領である丹後を三子に三分割し、高通には峰山地方の1万石を相続させた。
- Takatomo KYOGOKU, the lord of Tango province, divided Tango into three and each of his three children inherited one of them and Takamichi, 10,000 goku (approximately 1.8 million liters in crop yield) in the Mineyama region.
- 14世紀後半になると、高麗も中国と同じように倭寇の入寇を受けるようになり、しばしば多大な被害を受けた。
- In the late fourteenth century, Goryeo came to be often invaded by wako as China was and suffered enormous damage.
- 1951年天守等7棟がに重要文化財に指定、うち2棟(天守、附櫓、および、多聞櫓)がに国宝に指定された。
- In 1951seven structures of the castle including tenshu were designated as Important Cultural Property, and among them two structures (tenshu, tsuke-yagura (Connecting Tower) and Tamon yagura (hall turrets)) were designated as National Treasure.
- 清和源氏の武士団を摂津国川辺郡多田(兵庫県川西市多田)に最初に形成した源満仲の三男の源頼信を祖とする。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, is regarded as the founder who formed the samurai group of Seiwa-Genji in Tada, Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Tada, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- におきた島原の乱後は全国でキリシタン取締りが徹底され、寺請制度などの制度によってキリシタンを摘発した。
- After the Shimabara War that occured in 1637, surveillance over Christians was set up across the country, and through the temple-parishioner system they were prosecuted.
- 一部の国主の藩を除いて、藩の領地は中心城と城下町周辺と、その他は少し離れた飛び地を持っていた(相給)。
- Except some domains of feudal lords owning more than one fief, the territory of a domain lay around the castle at the center and the castle town with enclaves a little apart (villages under control of several feudal lords).
- 小国氏は、質の高い資料において断続的に見られており、戦国期に至っても信用できる系図を持った氏族である。
- The Oguni clan appears intermittently in reputable historical materials and has a reliable genealogy even until to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- この河原山城の戦いは伯耆国内での中世最後の戦いと言われるが、戦いに至るまでに次のような経緯が存在した。
- Referred to as the last battled in Hoki Province in the Medieval period, the Battle of Kawarayama-jo Castle developed in the following way.
- 梅北一揆(うめきたいっき)とは、文禄元年(1592年)6月に、島津氏家臣・梅北国兼が起こした一揆である。
- Umekita ikki (Umekita Uprising) is an uprising instigated by Kunikane UMEKITA, a vassal of the Shimazu clan in July 1592.
- 平氏滅亡の年であり、源頼朝によって全国に守護地頭が設置された1185年を鎌倉時代の始期とすることが多い。
- The Kamakura period is commonly thought to have begun in A.D. 1185, when the Taira family fell and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo dispatched Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards) all over Japan.
- 黒井城の戦い第二次黒井城の戦いでほぼ丹波国を手中に収めると、1580年亀山城 (丹波国)の城主となった。
- After obtaining almost all of Tanba Province in the Battle of Kuroi-jo Castle, he became the lord of Kameyama-jo Castle in 1580.
- 新宮氏は新宮城_(陸奥国)を築城して居城とし、また、新宮熊野神社を厚く信仰して多くの寄進を行なっている。
- The Shingu clan built Shingu-jo Castle (Mutsu Province) and resided there, and had deep faith in Shingu Kumano-jinja Shrine and donated large amounts.
- 武蔵国忍藩(埼玉県行田市)そして川越藩主(同県川越市)であり智慧伊豆と謳われる松平信綱は大河内氏である。
- Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, who was the lord of the Oshi domain in Musashi Prrovince (Gyoda City, Saitama Prefecture) and of the Kawagoe domain (Kawagoe City, Saitama Prefecture), and who was revered as the 'Wisdom of Izu,' was a member of the Okochi clan.
- この年の10月20日連合国軍がレイテ島に上陸し、大本営はレイテ島の戦いを予定したが第16師団は壊滅した。
- The Allies invaded Layt Island on October 20 of that year, and the Imperial headquarters were planning the battle on Layt Island while the Sixteenth Division was annihilated.
- そこで、太政官の命により、田辺城 (丹後国)の雅名であった舞鶴城から藩名をとって舞鶴藩にしたものである。
- Therefore, it was renamed after Maizuru-jo Castle which was a pseudonym for Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) by order of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State).
- 後者の条件について、世界最大の温室効果ガス排出国であるアメリカ合衆国が国内事情により締結を見送っている。
- As for the latter condition, the United States of America, which emits the largest amount of gfreenhouse gases in the world, suspends the ratification because of its domestic situation at present.
- 京都会議の議長国であった日本には、会議を成功させるという、国内外の世論によるプレッシャーがかかっていた。
- Japan, the host country of Kyoto conference, was pressured to make the conference be a success by public opinions at home and from overseas.
- 全国の戸口調査を命じ、一村単位の家数、人数、男女、老若、職業などを明記した書類を作成して提出させたもの。
- It was mandated to take a census, such as the number of households, the given population, gender, age and occupation in village units and to submit the census in writing.
- 政府は、総司令部と折衝の上、3月6日に「憲法改正草案要綱(3月6日案)」を政府案として、国民に公表した。
- The government announced to the public 'the Outline of the Draft for a Revised [Draft on March 6]' on March 6, which was completed after deliberations with GHQ.
- 日本国憲法は1946年(昭和21年)11月3日に公布され、1947年(昭和22年)5月3日に施行された。
- The Constitution of Japan was promulgated on November 3, 1946, and came into effect on May 3, 1947.
- 何であれ中華思想に基づいた律令国家にとっては、「自らの支配下の外側にある人々という概念でしかな」かった。
- Whatever they may have been, for the ritsuryo kokka based on Sinocentrism, Ezo was 'simply a concept of people who were out of their control.'
- アヘン戦争の衝撃は、日本各地を駆け巡り、魏源の『海国図志』は多数印刷されて幕末の政局に強い影響を与えた。
- The impact of the Opium Wars shook the whole country, and mumerous copies of 'Illustrated Treatise on the Marine Kingdoms' by Wei Yuan were published and influened greatly on the political situation during the end of Edo period.
- 漁業では上方漁法が全国に広まり、瀬戸内海の沿岸では入浜式塩田が拓かれて塩の量産体制が整い各地に流通した。
- In the field of fishery, the advanced fishing method which had developed along the shore of the Inland Sea and Kumano spread across Japan, and the cultivation of salt fields in which brine is brought through tidal action along the coast of the Inland Sea improved the mass production of salt, which developed the nationalwide distribution system of salt.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)には小国政光が、天神山城 (越後国)を拠点に越後での南朝 (日本)方として活躍した。
- During the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), Masamitsu OGUNI played an active role on the part of the Southern Court army in Echigo, based in Tenjinyama-jo Castle.
- 毛利方は軍僧の安国寺恵瓊を黒田官兵衛のもとに派遣し、「五国割譲と城兵の生命保全」の条件で和議を提示した。
- Mori sent Ekei ANKOKUJI, a military monk, for Kanbei KURODA to offer peace negotiations under the conditions of 'the cession of the five countries and the security of the troops in the castle.'
- 中でも聖武天皇は仏教に深く帰依し、東大寺に大仏を造立し、また各国に国分寺・国分尼寺を建立することを命じた。
- Among others, Emperor Shomu became a devout believer in Buddhism, so he ordered to construct the Great Buddha in Todai-ji Temple, and construction of provincial monasteries and nunneries.
- 日本美術は、広い視野で見れば、アジア美術の一環であり、インド、中国を含む仏教圏の美術と見なすこともできる。
- From a broader perspective, Japanese art is deemed a part of Asian art, and it can also be deemed a part of the art of Buddhist countries, which includes India and China.
- 4月6日、日本100名城(52番)に選定され、6月から全国規模の日本100名城スタンプラリーが開始された。
- The castle was selected as No. 52 of Nihon 100 meijo (100 great castles in Japan) on April 6, and in those selected castles, the nationwide, Nihon 100 meijo stamp rally was begun.
- 永享5年(1433年)、新宮氏残党は越後国小川庄津川城を攻めたが、城代・金上氏によって撃退されて滅亡した。
- In 1433, the remainders of the Shingu clan attacked Tsugawa-jo Castle, Ogawa-no-sho, Echigo Province, but they were beaten back by the Kanakami clan, Jodai (the keeper of castle), and consequently went to ruin.
- 室町時代には出雲国を支配していた山名氏の傘下に入り、1391年には出雲守護山名満幸に従って明徳の乱に出陣。
- During the Muromachi period, the Misawa clan became affiliated with the Yamana clan, then ruler of Izumo Province, and accompanied Mitsuyuki YAMANA, who was a provincial constable of Izumo Province, to fight in the Meitoku War in 1391.
- また、飛騨国帰雲城は帰雲山の山崩れによって埋没、城主内ヶ島氏理とその一族は全員死亡し、内ヶ島氏は滅亡した。
- The Kaerikumo-jo Castle in Hida Province was destroyed by the landslides from Kaerikumo-san Mountain, and the castellan Ujimasa UCHIGASHIMA and all his family died, which also meant the extinction of the Uchigashima clan.
- 頼親は大和国の国司となり同国に勢力を拡大、その過程で興福寺などの南都勢力と武力衝突を起こして流罪となった。
- Yorichika became the kokushi (provincial governor) of the Province of Yamato, and extended his power across the Province; during this process he fought against the forces of Nanto (southern capital [Nara]), such as Kofuku-ji Temple, and was exiled.
- たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
- For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
- 一方海上についてみると、中国の東方には広大な海が広がるが、歴代の統一王朝は首都を内陸の関中や河南省に置いた
- Meanwhile, in terms of the sea, though there is a vast sea to the east of China, each successive unified kingdom set its capital in the inland Guangzhong or in Hunan Province.
- 秀吉は秀長を通じて戸次川の戦いで嫡男信親を失った長宗我部元親に大隅一国を与えようとしたが、元親は固辞した。
- Hideyoshi intended to provide the whole Osumi Province to Motochika CHOSOKABE who lost his heir Nobuchika in the Battle of Hetsugigawa, but Motochika firmly declined the offer.
- 天皇の行政大権の行使に国務大臣の輔弼を必要とする体制(大臣責任制または大臣助言制)を定めたこと(第4章)。
- The constitution provided ministers with the right to advise to the emperor when he exerted his prerogative, and ministers required to be responsible for their advice (Ministerial Responsibility System or Ministerial Advice System) (Chapter 4).
- 「実に英、米、仏の自由過激論者の著述のみを金科玉条のごとく誤信し、ほとんど国家を傾けんとする勢いだった。」
- 'They blindly believed only writings of ultra-liberal in Britain, America, and France, and their stream almost swept the nation away.'
- しかし9世紀になると「国なくして敵なく、損ありて益なし」といわれたように律令国家の関心は薄くなっていった。
- However, as the ninth century began, interest in ritsuryo kokka weakened as we can see from sources such as, 'If there is no nation, there is no enemy and there is only loss but no profit.'
- また、「壹與(ゐよ)」(「台与」)は、中国風の名「(倭)與」を名乗った最初の倭王であるなどと主張している。
- He also claimed that 'Iyo' (Toyo) was the first ruler of Wa, who assumed the Chinese-style name of '[Wa] Yo.'
- この戦いにより島津義弘は「鬼石蔓子」(おにしまづ)と恐れられ、その武名は朝鮮だけでなく、明国まで響き渡った。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU was feared as 'Oni-Shimazu' (Shimazu ogre) and his bushi name spread across not only Korea but Ming Dynasty.
- 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
- Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- これは、義務達成を難しいと考え、しかも緑被率の比較的高い国である日本、カナダが主張し、採用されたものである。
- Japan and Canada, who thought it difficult to achieve the goal of obligation and whose green coverage ratio is relatively high, insisted the adoption and eventually approved.
- 卑弥呼(ひみこ、175年頃? - 248年頃)は、日本の弥生時代後期における倭国の女王(倭王)とされる人物。
- Himiko (ca. 175- ca. 248) is said to have been a queen of Wa (Japan) who lived during the later Yayoi period.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 1876年(明治9年)9月6日、明治天皇は、「元老院議長有栖川宮熾仁親王へ国憲起草を命ずるの勅語」を発した。
- On September 6, 1876, the Emperor Meiji issued 'Ordinance to order the Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito to draft a national constitution.'
- 「自由民権家は皆明治維新を闘った尊皇家で、天皇の存在に国民の権利、利益の究極の擁護者の地位を仰ぎ見ていた。」
- Democratic activists used to be people with reverence for the emperor who had fought during the Meiji restoration, and they considered the emperor as the ultimate advocate of public rights and benefits.'
- このように衝突には至らなかったが、新羅の大国意識の高揚により、新羅使も779年を最後に途絶えることとなった。
- In this way, although no conflict occurred, envoys from Silla were discontinued after the final embassy in 779, due to Silla's rising sense of national greatness and prestige.
- しかし支配への抵抗も強く、特に720年には7年前に新設された大隅国の国守陽侯麻呂が殺害される事件が起こった。
- However, resistance against such control was also strong and in 720, YAKO no Maro, the Governor of Osumi Province established seven years previously, was killed.
- 例えば天保の改革を行った水野忠邦は中国でアヘン戦争が起こると直ちに無二念打ち払い令を撤回させたようにである。
- For example, Tadakuni MIZUNO who performed the Tenpo Reforms immediately ordered the withdrawal of the edict to repel foreign vessels when the Opium War occurred in China.
- 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
- As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).
- 城郭群が完成後は各城の在番軍以外は帰国する予定で、翌慶長3年(1598年)中は攻勢を行わない方針を立てていた。
- The plan was after the completion of the castles, the troops other than those staying to defend each castle, would return to Japan and no attacks would be conducted during the next year, 1598.
- 甲斐を制圧した徳川家康が南信濃へ、上杉氏は北信濃へ、そして北条氏は上野国から碓氷峠を越えて東信濃へと侵攻した。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who conquered Kai invaded southern Shinano, the Uesugi clan invaded northern Shinano, and the Hojo clan invaded eastern Shinano from Kozuke Province through Usui-toge Pass.
- 日本の文化は常に中国大陸および朝鮮半島を主とする外来文化の影響を受け、仏教が文化全般に多大な影響を与えていた。
- Japanese culture had been always influenced by foreign culture - mainly by that of China and Korea - and Buddhism introduced from them greatly influenced the whole of Japanese culture.
- 坂本城(さかもとじょう)は近江国滋賀郡坂本 (大津市)(滋賀県大津市下阪本3丁目の坂本城址公園内)にあった城。
- Sakamoto-jo Castle is the castle that existed in Sakamoto, Shiga County, Omi Province (in Sakamoto-joshi Park [Sakamoto-jo ruins of a castle park] 3-chome, Shimosakamoto, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると守護京極氏の所領を奪った尼子氏とは対立関係となり、尼子経久追放の中心として活躍した。
- During the period of warring states, the provincial constable Kyogoku clan was taken over its manor by the Amago clan which clashed with the Misawa clan by playing an active and central role in deporting Tsunehisa AMAGO.
- 豊臣氏の所領(蔵入地)も、全国合わせて222万石と、家康が関東で支配していた250万石に及ばない石高であった。
- The Toyotomi clan's territory (directly-controlled land) was 2,220,000 koku in total and was less than Ieyasu's territory in the Kanto region, which was 2,500,000 koku.
- 1589年、奥州統一を目指す伊達政宗に摺上原の戦いで大敗した蘆名義広は常陸国に逃走し、ここに蘆名氏は没落する。
- In 1589, Yoshihiro ASHINA was soundly defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara by Masamune DATA, who strived to unify the Oshu region, and fled to Hitachi Province, bringing an end to the Ashina clan.
- 封建制(ほうけんせい)とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
- The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.
- ここで培われた築城技術が安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけて相次いで日本国中に築城された近世城郭の範となった。
- The castle construction technology cultivated in this construction became the model of modern castles that were constructed nationwide one after another from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the beginning of the Edo period.
- 丹生島城は、宗麟がポルトガルより輸入し「国崩し」と名付けた仏郎機砲(石火矢)の射撃もあり、なんとか持ち堪えた。
- Nyushima-jo Castle managed to sustain itself using Furankiho (Ishibiya) (Ishibiya is literally, stone fire arrow) that Sorin imported from Portugal and called Kunikuzushi (literally, destroying a nation).
- 福岡はこの条文を「従来の鎖国的陋習を打破して広く世界の長を採り之を集めて大成するの趣旨である」と回顧している。
- Fukuoka looked back this provision as 'the aim is to break down evil customs from the past like national isolation and to take and accomplish advantages from the world.'
- 明治憲法制定により帝国議会が開設されるまでの間、自由民権派は御誓文の実現を求めて政府に対する批判を繰り返した。
- Until Imperial Diet was introduced based on Meiji Constitution, the Freedom and People's Rights group criticized the government repeatedly demanding realization of Charter Oath.
- 卑弥呼の死んだ時期は弥生時代から古墳時代への移行期に当たり、邪馬台国畿内説では卑弥呼の墓は古墳の可能性がある。
- The time of Himiko's death corresponds to a transition period between the Yayoi and Tumulus periods, and according to the Yamatai Kingdom Kinai theory, there is a possibility that Himiko's tomb was a tumulus.
- 秀吉はまず播磨国に進出し、小寺氏・屋塩赤松氏・龍野赤松氏を服従させ、反抗する佐用赤松氏を滅ぼし、支配を固めた。
- First, Hideyoshi broke into Harima, reducing the Kodera clan, the Akamatsu clan in Okishio, and the Akamatsu clan in Tatsuno to obedience, and destroyed the opposing Akamatsu clan in Sayo, to consolidate its dominance.
- しかし、秀吉はこれを拒否して「五国割譲と城主・清水宗治の切腹」を要求したため、交渉はいったん物別れに終わった。
- But Hideyoshi declined it and demanded 'the cession of the five countries and the seppuku of Muneharu SHIMIZU,' which failed to produce an agreement.
- この施設は筑紫館(つくしのむろつみ)と呼ばれ、唐・新羅・渤海 (国)の使節を迎える迎賓館兼宿泊所として機能した。
- This facility was called Tsukushi-no-murotsumi and functioned as the State Guest House and lodgings when the government invited the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, the Silla kingdom, and the Balhae Kingdom.
- イギリスでは、法律上、イギリス国王と貴族(ピアー、peer)以外の者を平民(コモナー、commoner)と呼ぶ。
- In the United Kingdom, people other than the King of England and peers are called commoners.
- 翌天正11年(1583年)正月、伊勢国の滝川一益が柴田勝家への旗幟を明確にして挙兵し、峯城や亀山城を落城させた。
- On January 24, 1583, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA of Ise Province raised his army and conquered Mine-jo Castle and Kameyama-jo Castle, clearly demonstrating his support of Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 保元の乱後から戦国時代 (日本)まで東は塩飽諸島から西は周防国上関町まで瀬戸内を勢力圏とした村上氏(村上水軍)。
- Murakami clan (the Murakami navy) that spread its influence after the Hogen Disturbance to the Sengoku period (Japan) in the Seto Inland Sea area from Shiaku Islands in the east through Kamiseki Town, Suo Province in the west.
- さらに大友氏の重鎮立花道雪の死により大友氏の支配が緩んだ筑後国の諸国人衆も傘下に収め、九州統一を目前にしていた。
- Having also conquered the territories of local lords in Chikugo Province, where the domination by the Otomo clan had weakened as the result of the death of Dosetsu TACHIBANA, a powerful leader of the Otomo clan, the Shimazu clan was just about to establish its rule over the entire island of Kyushu.
- 同時代の君主国憲法の多くが、立法権を君主と国会が共有する権能としていたことと比すると特異な立法例であると言える。
- Given that many of the other monarchial constitutions of the same period defined that a monarch and a government should share legislative power, it could be said that the Japanese constitution was a rare case.
- 国税庁と在日朝鮮人商工連合会の間で取り交わされたとされる以下の五項目の合意も五箇条の御誓文と呼ばれることがある。
- The agreement including 5 items made between the National Tax Administration Agency and Federation of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Korean resident in Japan is also called Charter Oath of Five Articles sometimes.
- 江戸時代初期は交易国であったイギリスやポルトガルなどからもキリスト教が伝えられたため、禁止令も徹底されなかった。
- Since Christianity was also brought from England and Portugal which were trading countries in the early Edo period, the ban was never completed.
- 国立国会図書館が運営する日本法令索引では、1979年に元号法制定によって一世一元の詔は実効性喪失と記載している。
- Index to Laws in Japan, run by the National Diet Library, mentions that the imperial decree of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor was lost its effectiveness by the Era Name Law which was established in 1979.
- しかし、日本は国力を充実させた新羅を「蕃国」として位置づけ、従属国として扱おうとしたため、ときに緊張が生まれた。
- However, despite the fact it had consolidated its national strength, Japan still considered Silla as a 'barbarian country,' and tended to treat it as a dependent, thus relations between two countries became tense from time to time.
- 古墳研究において業績を残した外国人に、イギリス人ウィリアム・ゴーランド(William Gowland)がいる。
- There was a foreigner by the name of William Gowland who has contributed to the study of Kofun in Japan.
- この前の記述は、247年(正始8年)に邪馬台国からの使いが狗奴国との紛争を報告したことに発する一連の記述である。
- The description before this depicts a conflict with Kunakoku that was reported by an envoy from the Yamatai Kingdom in 247.
- 河原山城の戦い(かわらやまじょうのたたかい)は天正13年(1585年)7月に伯耆国汗入郡の河原山城で起きた戦い。
- The Battle of Kawarayama-jo Castle is a battle that broke out in Aseri County, Hoki Province in July 1585.
- 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
- As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).
- 上田は東信濃の小県郡にあり、この付近は上田城築城以前から武田氏・上杉氏・後北条氏の国境として不安定な地域であった。
- Ueda is located in Chiisagata-gun in eastern Shinano, and this area had been unstable before Ueda-jo Castle was built because it was the border of the Takeda clan, Uesugi clan, and the Gohojo clan.
- 日本の美術は、古代以来、中国・朝鮮半島からの影響が大きいが、平安時代の国風文化をはじめ、日本独自の展開も見られる。
- Japanese art has been greatly influenced by Chinese and Korean art since ancient times, but it also developed a culture of its own, including Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the Heian period.
- だが、『信長戦国近江』によると「姫路城のような大天守と小天守が並び建つ壮麗な城だったのであろうか」と紹介している。
- But 'Nobunaga Sengoku Omi' introduces the castle by describing 'it must have been a splendid castle with dai-tenshu and sho-tenshu standing side by side.'
- 1869年(明治2年)8月10日 (旧暦)、久美浜県のうち但馬(一部除く)、播磨、美作3カ国が分離し、生野県が設置
- September 15, 1869: Tajima (except a part), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and consolidated into Ikuno Prefecture.
- なお、大宰府・陸奥国(後に出羽国を追加)にも漏刻は設置されたが、博士は置かれずに守辰丁が管理していたとされている。
- Rokoku was also installed in the provinces of Dazaifu and Mutsu (later Dewa Province was added), but Hakase was not appointed and Shushincho seemed to have operated the rokoku.
- そして、家康が畿内を留守にしている隙をついて伏見城を落とし、次いで北陸地方や伊勢国伊勢方面の平定に乗り出していた。
- He then captured the Fushiki-jo Castle exploiting Ieyasu's absence from the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and after that he set out to suppress the Hokuriku region and Ise area in Ise Province.
- 戦国時代(日本)には浅井氏の支城となり、元亀年間には浅井氏の家来である城主磯野員昌が織田信長らと激戦を繰り広げた。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the castle fell under the control of the Asai clan; during the Genki era (1570-1573), the retainer of the Asai clan and lord of the castle, Kazumasa ISONO, began a fierce conflict with Nobunaga ODA.
- 小藩とはいえ、戦国大名の京極高知が関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により賜った丹後一国の領土の一部を受け継ぐ由緒正しい藩である。
- It was a small but historic domain inherited as part of the territory under Tango province, originally given to Takatomo KYOGOKU, a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku period, because of distinguished war service during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- なお、国宝・彦根城築城400年の開催を機に、、2007年(平成19年)、小説を対象に、舟橋聖一文学賞が創設された。
- In 2007 on the 400th anniversary of Hikone-jo Castle Seiichi FUNAHASHI Literature Prize focused on novels was established.
- 源頼信は、河内国古市郡 (河内国)壷井(現在の大阪府羽曳野市壷井)を本拠地とし、香炉峰(こうろほう)の館を建てる。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu was based in Tsuboi, Furuichi-gun, Kawachi Province (Currently, Tsuboi, Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture), where he built Koroho castle.
- それゆえに、大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定に則り改正された以上憲法改正は正当であるとし、法的連続性は存在するとする。
- Therefore, the theory justified the Constitution of Japan because it was created by the amendment conducted according to the Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and insisted that it had legal continuity.
- 伊藤自身が本国に送った手紙では、グナイストは極右で付き合いきれないが、シュタインは自分に合った人物だと評している。
- Ito said in his letter to Japan that he could not be associate with Gneist because he was a right-wing extremist, but had a good chemistry with Stein.
- これは、国司に申請して開墾の許可を得て、一定期間内に開墾すれば、一定限度内で田地の永久私有をみとめるものであった。
- This system granted permanent ownership of rice fields (with certain restrictions) to any person who applied to their kokushi (provincial governor) for permission to carry out reclamation within a specified time period.
- 713年、靺鞨族や旧高句麗人(狛族)を中心に中国東北部に建国された渤海 (国)とは緊密な使節の往来がおこなわれた。
- Japan carried out rigorous diplomatic missions to Balhae, which had been established in 713 mainly by the Makkatsu tribe and people from former Goguryeo(狛族) in the north-eastern area of China.
- 渤海は、唐・新羅の対抗上727年(神亀4年)に日本に渤海使を派遣して国交を求め、日本に対し臣従するかたちをとった。
- In 727, Balhae sent an envoy to Japan asking for diplomatic relations in order to cope with Tang and Silla, and became a vassal to Japan.
- 翌6月4日に秀吉は安国寺恵瓊を呼び、割地を河辺川(高梁川)と八幡川以東とし、清水宗治自刃を和睦条件として提示した。
- On the following day, 3 July, Hideyoshi called Ekei ANKOKUJI, divided the land between Kawabe-gawa River, or Takahashi-gawa River, and Yahata-gawa River, and proposed the jijin (suicide by the sword) of Muneharu SHIMIZU as a condition for reconciliation.
- また舶載される書籍により、中国篆刻の情報が得やすくなり、明代の徐官『古今印史』や吾丘衍『学古編』などが刊行される。
- Also, due to the transport of books by ship it became easier to get information about the tenkoku in China, so that 'Kokon Inshi,' written by Jokan, and 'Gakukohen,' written by Go Kyuen, were published.
- これにより文明 (日本)年間から約100年間続いた伯耆国内での戦国動乱の時代もようやく終わりを迎えることになった。
- This helped put to an end to the time of upheaval by warring states in the Hoki regions, which had lasted for about a hundred years since the Bunmei era (1469-1487).
- 戦国時代 (日本)の摂津国の中川氏(中川清秀など)は、この石川氏の系統だとされる(親族の多田源氏の系統の説もある)。
- It is considered that the Nakagawa clan (represented by Kiyohide NAKAGAWA) in Settsu Province, which became eminent in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), had traced its lineage to this Ishikawa clan (There is also another theory that it descended from Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), which was related to the family).
- その後の1302年に三沢為長(為仲)が、因幡国鹿野町を経て往来し、この地で良質な砂鉄を採取して野たたら製鉄を始めた。
- In 1302, Tamenaga (also known as Tamenaka) MISAWA often visited this manor through Shikano-cho, Inaba Province, and started iron manufacturing by means of 'no-tatara-seitetsu' (iron manufacturing method) using high quality iron sand which could be obtained in the area.
- しかし2007年度の国内の排出量は逆に基準年に対して9.0%上回っており、現状から約15%の削減が必要となっている。
- However, the domestic emissions amount in 2007 is conversely larger than that of the reference year by 9.0% and about 15% reduction from the present state is necessary.
- 中でも、温室効果ガスの削減の具体的手法、数値目標については、各国の意見が対立する例が多く、個人レベルでも議論がある。
- Among them, as for specific measures and numerical goals for the reduction of greenhouse gases, there are lots of clashes of opinions among countries and also among individuals.
- 注2)欧州連合:EU加盟のうち旧15ヵ国(2004.5拡大前)は、EUバブルとして共同で-8%の削減約束を負っている
- Note 2) European Union: among EU membership, old 15 countries (before the expansion in May 2004) owe -8% reduction target collaboratively as EU bubble.
- 一、自今以後仏法のさまたけを不成輩ハ 商人之儀は不及申、いつれにてもきりしたん国より往還くるしからす候条 可成其意事
- 1. For those who do not try to prevent Buddhist law, such foreign merchants shall be allowed to come to or leave Japan any time after this.
- 他方、かって倭寇に苦しんだ明は日本船の中国入港を禁止しており、文禄・慶長の役で敵対国となってからはなおさらであった。
- Ming, which suffered the attack of Japanese pirates, forbade Japanese ships to visit Chinese ports and restrictions became partiulcarly severe after Ming and Japan fought a war during the Bunroku and Keicho eras.
- このため明国官憲の監視が及ばず、中国商船は合法的に来航できる東南アジア諸港で日本船との出会い貿易が行われたのである。
- As a result, Chinese trading ships met and traded with Japanese ships in ports at Southeast Asia where they could travel legally and outside the watchful eyes of the government authorities of the Ming Dynasty.
- ただし、厳密に考える歴史学者の中には、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏は源頼信に始まり源義忠または源為義に終わるとする。
- However, some strict historians think that Kawachi-based Kawachi-Genji began with MINAMOTO no Yorinobu and ended with MINAMOTO no Yoshitada or MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- そのために、天皇を中心として国民を一つにまとめる反面、議会に力を持たせ、バランスの取れた憲法を制定する必要があった。
- Therefore, the new constitution needed to make a power balance between the emperor and the diet by defining the emperor as the symbol to unite people and giving the powers to the diet.
- 政府は、内閣の下に憲法問題調査委員会(委員長・松本烝治国務大臣、松本委員会)を設置して、憲法問題の審議にあたらせた。
- The government set up the Constitutional Problems Investigation Committee under the cabinet (chaired by the Minister of State, Joji MATSUMOTO, the Matsumoto Committee) to investigate and study constitutions.
- また、福澤諭吉は主宰する「時事新報」の紙上で、「国乱」によらない憲法の発布と国会開設を驚き、好意を持って受け止めた。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA, also wrote in the 'Jiji Shinpo' which he organized, that he was surprised that the constitution was promulgated and the national diet was established without any 'national conflict,' and was pleased with it.
- 岩倉具視を中心とする勢力は、明治十四年の政変によって大隈重信を罷免し、その直後に御前会議を開いて国会開設を決定した。
- A group led by Tomomi IWAKURA dismissed Shigenobu OKUMA during the political upheaval in 1881, and immediately after that, they held a conference in the presence of the emperor and decided the establishment of a national diet.
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この「阿古」なる人物は荒木村重の側室で身辺を警護する女武者ではなかったかと解説している。
- 'Sengoku no Bushotachi' (literally, Commanders in Sengoku Period) gave an explanation that this person called 'Ako' could be Murashige's concubine who was a female warrior who guarded Murashige's security.
- 此上し別に行も候はじ、只早く大将尼崎へ御出有りて、中国・西国の諸将を語らはれ候はば、定めて援兵を出さるべきかにて候。
- As we cannot further continue such situations, you, the lord, go out to Amagasaki and negotiate with commanders of Chugoku Province and saigoku (western part of Japan, especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), they would send reinforcement troops.
- 実頼は後に上杉家から追放されるが、その後継者として兼続は弟・樋口秀兼の息子である大国光頼を指名し、家督を継承させる。
- Saneyori was later banned from the Uesugi clan, but Kanetsugu appointed a son of his brother Hidekane HIGUCHI, Mitsuyori OKUNI, and had him inherited as part of the family.
- 秀吉は宗治を武士の鏡として賞賛し、6月6日 (旧暦)には高松城に杉原家次を置いて山陽道を東へ向かった(中国大返し)。
- Hideyoshi praised Muneharu as a model for samurai, and by July 5, he left Ietsugu SUGIHARA in Takamatsu-jo Castle and headed east on Sanyodo Road, which is known as Chugoku Ogaeshi (the term refers to the reaction to the Honno-ji Incident by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, in which he rushed back to Bitchu even though he was in a battle with Mitsuhide AKECHI in Yamazaki which is near the boundary between Settsu Province and Yamashiro Province when he learned of the news).
- その後、多田の地は満仲の長子であった源頼光とその子・源頼国が継承し、頼国の五男・源頼綱以降、嫡流が「多田」を号した。
- Afterward, the real estate in Tada was inherited by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu (the eldest son of Mitsunaka), and then by MINAMOTO no Yorikuni (the son of Yorimitsu), and from MINAMOTO no Yoritsuna (the fifth son of Yorikuni) the lineage of the eldest son succeeded to the family name of 'Tada.'
- その一方、多くの朝鮮人捕虜が戦役で失われた国内の労働力を補うために使役され、また奴隷として海外に売られたこともあった。
- On the other hand, many Korean captives were roped into working as replacements of lost domestic labor for the war and some were sold overseas as slaves.
- 翌1889年(明治22年)7月21日に全国で4番目の電燈会社として、高瀬川 (京都府)西岸に社屋を設け営業を開始した。
- On July 21 in the following year of 1889, the business started as the forth electric power company in Japan, and the company headquarters were built on the west bank of Takase-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 1571年、比叡山焼き討ちの後、明智光秀に近江国滋賀郡が与えられ、織田信長の命によって京と比叡山の抑えとして築城した。
- In 1571, after the fire attack against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, the land of Shiga County, Omi Province was given to Mitsuhide AKECHI, and Sakamoto-jo Castle was built by the order of Nobunaga ODA as a defense against the forces of Kyo (the capital) and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
- 出雲国の国人領主であった三沢氏の出自は、清和源氏木曾義仲を祖とする木曽系、同じく清和源氏満快流の飯島系と言われている。
- Misawa clan, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) of Izumo Province, was reportedly oriignated from the Kiso line descended from Yoshinaka KISO of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto Clan), or the Iijima line descded from MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi who was also from Seiwa-Genji.
- 削減義務を負う国・地域(附属書I国)の、1990年から 2005年にかけての温室効果ガス排出量の増減割合を下表に示す。
- The increase-decrease rates of emissions of greenhouse gases from 1990 to 2005 in the countries and regions (Annex I Parties) being obliged to achieve the reduction goals are shown below.
- なお、運用細目は、2001年に開かれた第7回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議(COP7、マラケシュ会議)において定められた。
- And particulars of the operation were decided at Seventh Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP7, Marrakesh Conference) in 2001.
- 京都議定書の定める2012年以降の枠組みについては、「ポスト京都議定書」として国際的な話し合いがされている段階である。
- As for the framework defined by Kyoto Protocol after 2012, international meetings are being held to set a 'Post Kyoto Protocol.'
- 最初の統一王朝新羅の時代には、清海鎮大使張保皐が中国・日本まで股にかけた東アジアの大海上勢力を築きあげたことが名高い。
- During the period of the first unified kingdom Shilla, Cheonghaejin Ambassador Jang Bogo was famous for building large forces on the sea in East Asia, straddling as far as China, Japan.
- 戦略拠点としてその点に注目され、織田信長は佐和山城に丹羽長秀を入れ、ほど近い長浜城 (近江国)を豊臣秀吉に与えている。
- As Hikone attracted many warlords' attention as their strategic point, Nobunaga ODA placed Nagahide NIWA in Sawayama-jo Castle and gave Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI Nagahama-jo Castle (in Omi Province) which was near NIWA's castle.
- 2006年4月6日には日本100名城(50番)に選定され、6月から全国規模の日本100名城スタンプラリーが開始された。
- On April 6, 2006 the castle was selected the 50th Nihon 100 meijo (100 great castles in Japan) and the nationwide stamp rally of Nihon 100 meijo (100 great castles in Japan) started in June.
- 光秀は山崎の戦いで討たれ、織田家後継者及び遺領の配分を決定することを目的に、尾張国清洲城(愛知県清須市)で開催された。
- As Mitsuhide was killed during the Battle of Yamasaki, the conference was held at Kiyosu-jo Castle in Owari Province (Kiyosu City, Aichi Prefecture) for the purpose of deciding who should succeed the Oda family and how to distribute properties inherited from Nobunaga.
- 国民は、憲法の内容が発表される前から憲法発布に沸き立ち、至る所に奉祝門やイルミネーションが飾られ、提灯行列も催された。
- People were excited about the new constitution even before contents of the constitution were announced, and celebration gates and illuminations were seen everywhere, and a lantern procession was held.
- 1880年(明治13年)、元老院は「日本国国憲按」を成案として提出し、また、大蔵卿・大隈重信も「憲法意見」を提出した。
- In 1880, the Camber of Elders submitted 'Japan's national constitution draft' as a final draft, and the Minister of the Treasury, Shigenobu OKUMA also submitted 'My opinion on a constitution.'
- 1946年(昭和21年)6月25日、衆議院本会議における日本国憲法案の審議の初め、当時の吉田茂首相は御誓文に言及した。
- On June 25, 1946, at the beginning of consideration of the Constitution of Japan in the Lower House, Prime Minister Shigeru YOSHIDA referred to Charter Oath.
- 老中などの権力を持つ譜代大名は殆ど10万石規模の石高だが、経済の豊富な外様や国持大名には幕府政治に介在を許さなかった。
- Hereditary vassal daimyl (fudai daimyo) were allowed to fill a powerful post such as the senior councillor (roju) in spite of their economic strength being an annual stipend of hundred thousand koku in rice at most, while wealthy daimyo, such as outside daimyo (non-hereditary vassal daimyo) and a feudal lord with more than one fief (kunimochi daimyo) were not allowed to participate in the natilnal government.
- とりわけ承応2年(1653年)、長崎に渡来した独立 (禅僧)は学識深く、書を巧みとし、本国にいたときから著名であった。
- Particularly, Dokuryu, who came to Nagasaki in 1653, was a learned person and skillful calligrapher who had already achieved fame in his home country.
- 田中勝介等の使節団はドン・ロドリゴの帰郷に同船しヌエバ・エスパーニャを訪問、セバスティアン・ビスカイノに同行し帰国した。
- The mission including Shosuke TANAKA took the ship for the return of Don Rodorigo, paid a visit to Nueva Espana and returned to Japan with Sebastian VIZCAINO.
- 全国統一を達成した秀吉は、文禄元年(1592年)、明の征服を目指して、全国諸大名に李氏朝鮮への出兵を命じた(文禄の役)。
- In 1592 (the first year in the Bunroku era), Hideyoshi, who had unified the nation, ordered 'daimyo' (feudal lords) all over the country to dispatch troops to the Joseon Dynasty (Korea) in order to conquer Ming (the Bunroku War).
- 豊臣政権では、国政の執行官僚としての奉行は当初から存在していたが、体制を定めた体系的な法令は政権末期まで存在しなかった。
- Although the Toyotomi Government had 'bugho', magistrates as government bureaucrats who were in charge of national politics from its beginning, they didn't have any systematic laws until the end of the government.
- 1584年11月25日(天正12年旧暦10月23日) スペインの首都マドリードでスペイン国王フェリペ2世の歓待を受ける。
- November 25, 1584 - Entertained by Felipe the second, King of Spain, in Madrid, the capital of Spain.
- 3月12日 (旧暦)(5月3日)、勝家は前田利家、佐久間盛政ら3万の軍勢を率いて近江国柳ヶ瀬に到着し、布陣を完了させた。
- On May 3, Katsuie arrived at Yanagase in Omi Province with his army of 30,000 men including Toshiie MAEDA and Morimasa SAKUMA, completing the deployment.
- 戦国時代後期から江戸時代初期の大名が編成した水軍においては、安宅船と呼ばれる数十人から数百人が乗り組む巨船が配備された。
- From the late Sengoku period to the early Edo period, huge ships called Atake-bune that carried dozens of or hundreds of crew on board, were built and deployed.
- 築城には公儀御奉行3名が付けられ、尾張藩や越前藩など7か国12大名(15大名とも)が手伝いを命じられる天下普請であった。
- In building the castle, three kogiobugyo (shogunate administrator) were appointed, and the construction was tenka bushin (daimyo from every province helping the castle construction under the order of bakufu, shogunate) in which twelve daimyo (or fifteen daimyo) in seven provinces including Owari Domain and Echizen Domain was ordered to help.
- その中にあって日本の律令国家体制では、天皇は中国の皇帝と並ぶものであり、唐と同様、日本を中華とする帝国構造を有していた。
- Japan, included in this group of small empires, had a system of ritsuryo kokka, where the emperor was in a position comparable to the emperor of China and Japan had an imperial structure in which Japan was regarded as the center of the world, similarly to Tang.
- また他の一説には、(中国から見て)単に外来語であることを表す目印として先頭の文字を特別なものとしているというものがある。
- It is also said that special characters were used to express a name's foreign origin to a Chinese perspective.
- マニュファクチュア生産は、大坂周辺や尾張国の綿織物業、桐生市・足利市・結城市など北関東地方の絹織物業などでおこなわれた。
- Manufacture developed in the cotton fabrics industry around Osaka and Owari Province as well as the silk fabrics industry in the north Kanto region such as Kiryu City, Ashikaga city, Yuki City and so on.
- これは、義時の子孫のうち、一時下野国の小山氏を頼っていた一族が、蓮如に随行して三河に流れ着き、定住したのがはじまりという。
- It is said that the origin of the family was from Yoshitoki's descendants, which had once relied on the Oyama clan in Shimotsuke Province and later settled in Mikawa following Rennyo (head-priest of the Jodo Shinshu sect [the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism]).
- 天正10年(1582年)6月2日、明智光秀は中国攻めには向かわず本能寺の織田信長軍を急襲し、織田信長を炎の中に追い込んだ。
- On July 1, 1582, he did not leave for the attack on the Chugoku region, instead he attacked the army of Nobunaga ODA in Honno-ji Temple, and he drove his lord Nobunaga into the fire.
- 近代以降、中国史を専攻する学者たちは、カール・マルクスにより押された、「アジア的停滞」の烙印を何とかして剥がそうと試みた。
- After the modern era, scholars specializing in Chinese history have been trying to clear the label, 'Asian stagnation' put forth by Karl Marx.
- 続く戦国時代_(日本)においては、軍事力・兵站輸送力の観点より戦国大名の側から積極的に水軍の編成に対する働きかけを行った。
- During the following Sengoku (the Warring States) period, daimyo during the Sengoku period were actively engaged in organizing a suigun navy in view of military power and transport force.
- 憲法学の学説の一つに、憲法の基本原則(国体)を変更する憲法改正は、法的に不可能であるとするものがある(憲法改正有限界説)。
- One theory of studies of the constitution insisted that constitutional amendments which aim to modify the basic principles (national polity) of the constitution was legally impossible (the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment).
- このような情勢下、薩摩、長州ら政争を繰り返していた西国雄藩は坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎の周旋により、同盟を締結(薩長同盟)した。
- Under these circumstances, powerful domains in the western Japan such as Satsuma Domain, Choshu Domain, who repeated political strifes, concluded an alliance (the Satsuma-Chochu Alliance) through the intermediation of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA.
- これは、六角定頼時代に家臣団、国人衆を観音寺城へ居住させ、文献上では初めて「城割」を実施したためではないかと推定されている。
- This is probably because Sadayori ROKKAKU implemented Shirowari (breaking castles), and made his liegemen and Kokujin-shu live in Kannonji-jo Castle, for the first time in literature.
- また、各地の領主の招聘に応じその地に逗留・移住する銃工も多く、それら銃工の作品には「国友」銘のほか本名で鐫られたものも多い。
- Invitations from feudal lords throughout Japan meant many gunsmiths relocated to these areas, and many pieces produced by such individuals were inscribed both 'Kunimoto' and the gunsmith's real name.
- ところが高次は吉継が北陸から美濃国へと転進する最中に突如東軍に寝返り、手勢3000名を率いて大津城に籠城し防備を固め始めた。
- However, while Yoshitsugu was changing his course from the Hokuriku area to Mino Province, Takatsugu suddenly switched to the East side, led his 3,000 soldiers to Otsu-jo Castle and fortified the defenses there.
- 戦国中期頃から核家族の存在が確認されはじめ、客や遊侠といった誠実関係を中心とした支配-被支配の関係が見出されるようになった。
- Nuclear families were confirmed in the middle of the Zhangguo period and rulers and subjects relations base on sincere relationships such as Ke and Youxia.
- 秀吉はさらに淡路や四国を領有するとその沿海部の領主として子飼いの仙石秀久、小西行長、加藤嘉明、脇坂安治らの武将を送り込んだ。
- Also, as Hideyoshi possessed the land of Awaji and Shikoku, he dispatched Hidehisa SENGOKU, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshiaki KATO and Yasuharu WAKISAKA, who were all his vassals reared from an early age, to govern the coastal areas.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)には九州・瀬戸内海方面の武士や海賊が中国、朝鮮沿岸を荒らしまわり、倭寇と恐れられた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the period of Warring States in Japan, samurai warriors and pirates from the Kyushu and Inland Sea regions attacked ships along the coasts of China and Korea and were feared as Japanese pirates (called 'wako' in Japanese).
- 朱印状を携帯する日本船は当時日本と外交関係があったポルトガル、オランダ船や東南アジア諸国の支配者の保護を受けることができた。
- Japanese ships that carried Shuinjo (shogunate trade license) were protected by Portugal and Dutch ships and the rulers of Southeast Asian countries that had diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.
- 徳川幕府の西国への重要な備えとしての役割を担う彦根城も、彦根藩の各組織の管轄で天守以下倉庫等として徳川時代の大半を過ごした。
- The Hikone-jo Castle that had taken the purpose as important defense wall toward Saigoku (western part of Japan) spent most of the time in the Tokugawa Period as a warehouse and others under the jurisdiction of organizations in the domain.
- 金子氏には、この軍に降伏し毛利の軍門に降る選択肢もあったであろうが、主である土佐国の長宗我部元親に義理立てし徹底抗戦を決意。
- Moreover, the Kaneko clan could have chosen to surrender to Motoie's army and eventually to the Mori clan, but instead the decision was made to mount a do-or-die resistance out of a sense of obligation to the clan's feudal lord, Motochika CHOSOKABE, in Tosa Province.
- また、後北条氏は変に即応して上野や甲斐南東の郡内への侵攻し、上野では武蔵との国境神流川で滝川一益の軍を撃破(神流川の戦い)。
- Furthermore, in response to the war, the Gohojo clan invaded districts in Kozuke and southeast Kai, and defeated an army of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA at the Kanna-gawa River on the border between Kozuke Province and Musashi Province (the Battle of Kanna River).
- この表現が、日本国憲法前文の「日本国民は...この憲法を確定する」(民定憲法)の文言と矛盾することが一部学説で問題とされた。
- This emperor's statement became controversial, because some theories pointed out that it contradicted the phase 'the Japanese people... do firmly establish this Constitution' in the preamble of the Constitution of Japan (Constitution enacted by the people).
- しかし、政府はこれらの私擬憲法を持ち寄り議論することなく、大日本帝国憲法を起草したため、憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
- However, since the government drafted the Constitution of the Empire of Japan without discussing public ideas, they were not reflected in the constitution at all.
- しかし鎖国政策をおめるにつれてキリスト教の弾圧が強化され、には長崎市西坂で「元和の大殉教」として知られる大量処刑が行われた。
- However, along with the reinforcement of the seclusion policy, the crackdown on Christianity was strengthened, and a mass execution known as 'mass martyrdom in Genna era' was executed in Nishizaka of Nagasaki City in 1622.
- その後米国の例にならって高圧的に接触してきた西欧諸国ともなし崩し的に同様の条約を締結、事実上「開国日本の開国」してしまった。
- Thereafter, the shogunate government was forced to conclude similar treaties with other western countries following in the high-handed manner of the United States, and 'the opening Japan to the West' was carried out without intention.
- 1572年-1573年にかけて、木戸城、田中城 (近江国)を落城させ、また湖面より囲船にて湖北の浅井氏勢に襲撃し打撃を与えた。
- From 1572 through 1573, he attacked and defeated Kido-jo Castle and Tanaka-jo Castle (Omi Province), and he also attacked the Asai clan on the northern shore of Lake Biwa with battle ships and damaged the clan.
- 平安時代末期に浦野重遠の孫・足助重長が三河国足助町の地に住んで足助氏を称したことに始まり、代々飯盛城 (三河国)を本拠とした。
- It is said that in the late Heian period a grandchild of Shigeto URANO, whose name was Sigenaga ASUKE, lived in Asuke-cho, Mikawa Province and called himself the Asuke clan, and for generations since then it was based at Iimori-jo Castle, in Mikawa Province.
- 重範の死後、足助氏は南北朝時代 (日本)には南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を支援していたが、後に足助を離れて全国に散り散りとなった。
- After Shigenori's death, the Asuke clan supported Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (of the Southern Court) in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), but later the people left the Asuke clan and scattered throughout the country.
- 京都議定書は国家間での排出量取引のみを定めているが、より効果的な温室効果ガスの削減が可能な国内での排出量取引も行われつつある。
- Although the Kyoto Protocol defines the emissions trading to be carried out only among countries, the tradings are being done domestically in individual countries where the emissions reduction can be realized more effectively.
- 国王が諸侯に領地の保護(防衛)をする代償に忠誠を誓わせ、諸侯も同様の事を臣下たる騎士に約束し、忠誠を誓わせるという制度である。
- Under the system, a king makes feudal lords pledge loyalty in return for the protection of their domains, and the feudal lords make the same promise with retainers and make them pledge loyalty.
- 近代立憲国家の一般的な理解でさえも押しつぶされたこととなり、ここに大日本帝国憲法による立憲政治は、その実質を失ったことを示す。
- Due to this incident, the definition of a modern constitutional nation became obscure, and Japan's constitutionalism based on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan broke down.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- 平城京への遷都に先立って撰定・施行された大宝律令が、日本国内の実情に合うように多方面から検討し変更されるなどから上記が分かる。
- This can be seen in the fact that Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) - which had been chosen and implemented before the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo - was reviewed and adapted in various ways so that it would be more suitable for real Japanese society.
- 『日本書紀』により倭迹迹日百襲媛命の墓として築造したと伝えられる箸墓古墳は、邪馬台国の都の有力候補地である纏向遺跡の中にある。
- The Hashihaka Tumulus, which is said to be the tomb of Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto according to the Nihonshoki, is located in the Makimuku ruins--a possible location of the Yamatai Kingdom.
- しかし、江戸幕府の国防政策により大きな船が作ることが出来なかったため、樽廻船による日本沿海を周回する物資流通が大きく発達した。
- However, since the national defense policy of the shogunate government prohibited the shipbuilding of large vessels, the distribution of goods by taru-kaisen (cargo ships) circulating along the coast of Japan developed significantly.
- なお、郷村断層は、国の天然記念物に指定(1929年・昭和4年12月17日)され、現在、3か所で保存されており、見ることができる。
- The Goson Fault was designated as a national natural treasure on December 17, 1929, and today it can be observed at three spots where it is preserved.
- 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
- Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
- 唐が滅亡した後も唐の正朔を奉じ続けた呉 (十国)に見られるように、唐全体の経済を支える江南地域は比較的朝廷に対して恭順であった。
- As it can be seen in Wu (Ten Kingdoms) that continued to respect Tang's calendar even after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Jiangnan area, which supported the overall economy of Tang, was relatively obedient to the imperial court.
- しかし1571年(元亀2年)2月に磯野は降伏し、代わって織田氏配下の丹羽長秀が入城し、近江国犬上郡および若狭国支配の拠点とした。
- But in the second month of 1571, the Isono clan surrendered, and Nagahide NIWA, a vassal of the Oda clan, occupied the castle, taking the place of the Asai clan, controlling Inukami County Omi Province as well as Wakasa Province from there.
- 徳川家康自身は、五カ国領有時代から今川氏、武田氏の水軍を継承して向井正綱、小浜氏、千賀氏、間宮氏からなる徳川水軍を編成していた。
- As for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he took over the Imagawa clan's and the Takeda clan's suigun from the period occupied by five countries and organized his own suigun consisting of Masatsuna MUKAI, the Obama clan, the Senga clan, and the Mamiya clan.
- 豊後国の大友義鎮は、島津氏の圧迫を回避するため、当時近畿、四国、中国地方を平定し天下統一の道を歩んでいた羽柴秀吉に助けを求める。
- In order to avoid pressure from the Shimazu clan, Yoshishige OTOMO in Bungo Province asked for the help of Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had suppressed Kinki, Shikoku, and Chugoku regions aiming at the unification of the whole country.
- なお「○○天皇陵」といった呼称は、江戸時代の儒学者、国学者などの手による文献研究を踏襲し、明治時代に宮内省が比定しただけである。
- In addition, names such as 'Emperor's Tomb' were determined in the Meiji period based on literature study by Confucian scholars and scholars of Japanese classical literature in the Edo period.
- 7世紀後半に日本に導入された律令制は、中国のそれに倣って、国民を良民と賤民とに大別する良賤制を採用した(良賤の法、645年制定)。
- The Ritsuryo system, brought in Japan during the latter half of the seventh century, adopted the Ryosen system which largely divided the people into the Ryomin (lit. good people) and the Senmin (the lowly persons) after a model from China (the Law of Ryosen, enacted in 645).
- 分国法には、先行武家法である御成敗式目および建武式目の影響が見られるが、一方では、自らの分国支配の実情を反映した内容となっている。
- Bunkokuho was influenced by Goseibai Shikimoku and Kenmu Shikimoku while its contents reflected the actual conditions of control over one county.
- この地域は、1995年にフィリピン・コルディリェーラの棚田群として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産(文化遺産)に登録されている。
- This region was designated a World Heritage Site (cultural heritage) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1995, as a group of rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras.
- 日本でも絹は古代から産出したが、中国産に比べると品質が悪く、太平の世の到来で高級衣料である中国絹に対する需要が増大したためである。
- Silk was produced in Japan from ancient times but was poor in quality compared to Chinese, and the peaceful era saw an increase in the desire for Chinese silk which was needed to produce expensive clothing.
- 1876年にオスマン帝国(トルコ)がオスマン帝国憲法を制定し立憲政治を始めたが、わずか2年で憲法停止・議会解散に追い込まれていた。
- The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) enacted the first constitution in 1876 and introduced constitutional government, but only two years later, the constitution was abolished and the government was dissolved.
- この憲法は、天皇が黒田清隆首相に手渡すという欽定憲法の形で発布され、日本は東アジアではじめて近代憲法を有する立憲君主国家となった。
- This constitution was thought to be the constitution enacted by the emperor, so it was promulgated by handing it down from the emperor to Prime Minister, Kiyotaka KURODA, and Japan became the first constitutional monarchy with a modern constitution in East Asia.
- 前段の「智識を世界に求め」については、前述の横井小楠「国是三論」に「智識を世界万国に取て」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
- Regarding 'knowledge shall be sought throughout the world' in the first part, it seemed to have been adopted from 'knowledge shall be taken from the world' from above mentioned Kokuze Sanron by Shonan YOKOI
- 1875年(明治8年)、木戸孝允の主導により出された立憲政体の詔書で「誓文の意を拡充して...漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て」と宣言。
- In 1875, it was declared in Rikkenseitai no Shosho (An imperial edict for the establishment of the constitutional system of government) issued on the initiative of Takayoshi KIDO, 'expand the main idea of Charter Oath…gradually establish constitutional state.'
- もちろん律令にそう規定し、それを自負したり目指したことと、とりわけ唐や朝鮮諸国との関係に実態がともなったかどうかは別の問題である。
- Whilst these classifications were set forth in ritsuryo codes, boasted about and strived for, it's another question altogether whether they were actually realized in the relationship with Tang and the Korean kingdoms.
- 藩内改革派と保守派が藩政の主導権を争っていた長州藩では、5月、馬関海峡を航行中の外国船を自藩製の大砲で攻撃して「攘夷」を決行した。
- Choshu Domain, where reformists and conservatives were in a power struggle, carried out the exclusionist policy, bombarding a foreign vessel sailing through the Bakan Straits with home-manufactured cannons in May 1863.
- 逆に、蒲生秀行に対しては「御家の統率がよろしくない」として、会津若松92万石から下野国宇都宮12万石に大減封されてしまったのである。
- In contrast, the Aizu Wakamatsu estate of Hideyuki GAMO, with a size of 920,000 koku (approximately 160,000,000 liters of rice-crop yield) was largely limited to the Utsunomiya domain, Shimotsuke Province, with W120,000 koku (approximately 21,600,000 liters of rice-crop yield) as 'incapable of ruling the lower-ranking vassals.'
- 発祥は異なるが、「マイクロクレジット」と呼ばれる開発途上国の個人に対する融資も、同様に共同体を基盤にしている点を指摘する論者も居る。
- Some advocates point out that financing in developing countries called 'Microcredit' is also based on a community, though the origin is different.
- 信長の死が諸国へ伝わると、事実上空白地帯となったこの旧武田領を巡って、徳川氏・北条・上杉、および独立を狙った真田が対立を深めていく。
- As the news of Nobunaga's death spread from province to province, serious conflicts arose between different clans, including the Tokugawa, Hojo and Uesugi clans and the Sanada clan, which was striving to gain independence, over the former territory of the Takeda clan, which was left without a ruler.
- 「心を一にして」は日本国民の団結を表現する当時の決まり文句であり、江戸期の水戸学者の著作から後の教育勅語に至るまで広く使われている。
- 心を一にして (Shall be united) ' was cliche expressing the unity of Japanese people at the time and was used widely from literary works of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) academics in the Edo period to the Imperial Rescript on Education.
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- 日本もこれを「蕃国」高句麗の再来としてその朝貢を歓迎し、また新羅との対抗関係から、渤海との通交をきわめて重視し、遣渤海使を派遣した。
- Japan welcomed this tribute as the second coming of the 'barbarian country' Goguryeo and, highly valuing friendly relations with Balhae in relation to their struggle with Silla, they dispatched envoys.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 南蛮貿易により日本にもたらされた唐辛子は、文禄・慶長の役の日本軍によって朝鮮半島にももたらされ、キムチ等の韓国・朝鮮料理の礎を築いた。
- Red pepper, brought to Japan through trade with Spain and Portugal, was introduced to the Korean Peninsula by the troops of Japan in the Bunroku-Keicho War and established the basis of Korean cuisine such as kimchi.
- また、分家の上野国高崎藩(群馬県高崎市)の家系の替紋は高崎扇と呼ばれ、この形を基盤に高崎市立の高崎経済大学の高崎経済大学学章ができた。
- The alternative crest of one of the branches, in the Takasaki domain, Kozuke Province (Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture), is called Takasaki-ogi crest, and the school crest of Takasaki Economics University, which is a public university run by Takasaki City, was created from this crest.
- 生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、1869年(明治2年)、但馬(但馬北部の一部除く)、播磨、美作3ヶ国を生野県として分離した。
- As separatist movements was mounted in places dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office, three provinces of Tajima (except for a part of northern Tajima), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and formed Ikuno Prefecture in 1869.
- ただし、京都議定書第3条7に基づき各締約国は HFCs、PFCs、六フッ化硫黄の基準年として 1995年を選択できることとされている。
- However, according to Article 3.7 of Kyoto protocol, each participating nation is supposed to choose the year 1995 as a base year for HFCs, PFCs and sulfur hexafluoride reduction.
- 最終的に島津氏は九州の大部分を没収されたが、石田三成と伊集院忠棟による戦後処理の結果、薩摩・大隅国の2国を安堵され九州征伐は終了した。
- Although the Shimazu clan was finally deprived of most of its territories in Kyushu, it was granted the right to rule Satsuma and Osumi Provinces as a result of the post-war actions taken by Mitsunari ISHIDA and Tadamune IJUIN.
- 兵庫県川西市にある満願寺(川西市)の境内に、源国房、源光国、源明国、源仲政、源国直、源行国、源国基ら摂津源氏の武将7人の供養塔がある。
- On the grounds of Mangan-ji Temple in Kawanishi City in Hyogo Prefecture, there is a memorial tower dedicated to seven warriors of the Settsu-Genji: MINAMOTO no Kunifusa, MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni, MINAMOTO no Akikuni, MINAMOTO no Nakamasa, MINAMOTO no Kuninao, MINAMOTO no Yukikuni, and MINAMOTO no Kunimoto.
- 特に、独立命令による法規の制定(9条)、条約の締結(13条)の権限を議会の制約を受けずに行使できるのは他の立憲君主国に類例がなかった。
- The emperor could exercise the right to issue ordinances by his own order (Article 9), the right to conclude treaties (Article 13) without any interferenceof the government, and these rights were especially unique to Japan.
- 例えば、1880年(明治13年)4月に植木枝盛が起草し片岡健吉・河野広中らが提出した「国会を開設するの允可を上願する書」が著名である。
- For example, 'petition to establish the Diet' drawn up by Emori UEKI in April 1880 and submitted by Kenkichi KATAOKA and Hironaka KONO is well-known.
- 「美術館」という名称は1877年(明治10年)に東京・上野で開催された第1回内国勧業博覧会の陳列館の名称として使用されたのが初出である。
- Bijutsu-kan' was used as the word to mean an art exhibition building for the first time in 1877, when the First National Industrial Exhibition was held in Ueno, Tokyo.
- またこの周辺からは、大量の瓦、壺、甕、碗、鉢、擂鉢、天目茶碗の他、中国から輸入されたと思われる青磁、青白磁、白磁などの遺物が発掘された。
- In addition, in this part of the castle many relics were excavated such as roof tiles, pots, earthenware pots, bowls, basins, mortar, tenmoku tea bowls including seiji (celadon porcelain), seihakuji (bluish white porcelain) and hakuji (white porcelain), which are considered to have been imported from China.
- 光明皇后崩御の後は知院事2名が置かれ、平安京へ遷都後も、施薬院は五条室町近くに移されて続行し、山城国乙訓郡に施薬院用の薬園が設けられた。
- Following the death of Empress Komyo, two directors were installed; after the transfer of the national capital to the city of Heian-kyo, the Seyaku-in was also moved to the neighborhood of Gojo-Muromachi in order to continue the work; consequently, a private medicinal plant garden was established in Otokuni-gun, Yamashiro Province.
- 倭寇や女真族との紛争以外本格的な戦争経験がない朝鮮正規軍を、戦国時代 (日本)を経て大量の鉄砲を装備した日本軍が圧倒し連戦連勝を重ねた。
- The Korean regular force, which had never experienced a full-scale war except troubles with 'wako' (Japanese pirates) or the Joshin tribe, was overwhelmed and completely defeated by the Japanese military force, which was equipped with a large amount of guns after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- さらに、明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)には、廃藩置県が行われ、名実共に藩は消滅し、国家権力が中央政府に集中された。
- In addition, on August 29, 1871, the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was enforced, and feudal domains were practically abolished and the central government seized all ruling powers.
- しかし、現在の正確な計算では、いずれの日食も、邪馬台国の主要な比定地である九州本島や畿内の全域で(欠ける率は大きいが)部分日食であった。
- By today's astronomical calculations, however, these eclipses were actually only partial solar eclipses (though nearly full) over Kyushu Island and the whole Kinai District, both of which are presumed to be important territories within the Yamatai Kingdom.
- 幕府は江戸、大阪、京都に町奉行・所司代を置き重要視したが、その他伊豆国・日田市・長崎市・新潟県・飛騨国や重要鉱山に代官を配置し支配した。
- The shogunate government regarded Edo, Osaka and Kyoto as important, and established town magistrates (machi bugyo) and local governors (shoshidai), while governed Izu Province, Hita City, Nagasaki City, Niigata Prefecture, Hida Province and primary mines by placing administrative officials (daikan).
- また日本国で最初の天守が備えていたと言われており、城内には猪名野神社、上﨟塚砦、鵯塚砦、岸ノ砦、昆陽口砦などが築かれており堅城であった。
- It is said that Arioka-jo Castle was the first castle in Japan that had a keep and in its precincts there are Inano-jinja Shrine, Fort Jorozuka, Fort Hiyodorizuka, Fort Koyaguchi and so on and it was a strong castle.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府が衰え、河内国南部に楠木正成に代表される伊予橘氏(越智氏)などの系統の在地豪族が台頭すると、それに圧倒されて勢力を失った。
- However, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell into a decline and the local powerful clans, such as the Iyotachibana clan (the Ochi clan) represented by Masashige KUSUNOKI, emerged in the Southern area of Kawachi Province, it began to lose its power, being overwhelmed by such new forces.
- 中華人民共和国では万暦朝鮮戦争(ばんれきちょうせんせんそう、)もしくは朝鮮壬辰衛国戦争(ちょうせんじんしんえいこくせんそう、)と呼ばれる。
- In the People's Republic of China, it is called '万历朝鲜战争' or '朝鲜壬辰卫国战争.'
- やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
- After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
- もうひとつは1583年-1588年に大坂城を築城しており、大津の地が東海道や淀川を通じた北国を結ぶ上に重要視された為ではないかとしている。
- The other reason is that as Osaka-jo Castle was built from 1583 to 1588, the place of Otsu was recognized as more important to connect Hokkoku, the Tokai-do Road, and Yodo-gawa River.
- それに対して、長府藩に仕えた三沢家に伝わる史料では、同じ源氏でも、源満快の流れを汲んだ信濃国伊那郡飯島を本領とした飯島為国を祖としている。
- In contrast, according to the historical data reserved by Misawa family, who was retained by Chofu Domain, the founder of Misawa clan was Tamekuni IIJIMA whose main domain was Iijima, Ina county, Shinano Province and who was descded from MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi of the same Seiwa-Genji.
- 尼子氏の滅亡後に、山中幸盛や尼子勝久が尼子再興軍として出雲への侵攻を図り、旧尼子家臣団にも動揺が走り、再興軍に加わる国人や豪族が続出した。
- After the fall of the Amago clan, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Katsuhisa AMAGO organized an army to invade Izumo for the restoration of the Amago clan, which raised the morale among the old Amago retainers and induced local land lords and local ruling families to join the restoration army.
- 奈良時代のトイレ遺構の寄生虫卵分析により、ブタやイノシシを常食する外国人のトイレと日本人のトイレが別々に設けられていたことが判明している。
- Examination of parasite eggs collected from the toilet site in the Nara period shows that the foreigners subsisted on pork and wild boar and the Japanese used separate toilets.
- このとき、中国方面総司令官として備中にあった信長の家臣豊臣秀吉は、直ちに毛利輝元と講和して軍を東に返して、明智光秀を討った(山崎の戦い)。
- At that time, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, a vassal of Nobunaga's, who was in Bicchu (the western part of Okayama Prefecture) as a commander in chief of the forces coming from around the Chugoku region, immediately made a peace treaty with Terumoto MORI, lead his army back east and killed Mitsuhide AKECHI (the Battle of Yamazaki).
- 2月13日、総司令部は松本国務大臣と吉田茂首相に対し、2月8日に提出された「松本試案」に対する回答として、「マッカーサー草案」を手渡した。
- On February 13, GHQ handed 'the MacArthur draft' to the Minister of State, Joji MATSUMOTO and the Prime Minister, Shigeru YOSHIDA in reply to 'the Matsumoto draft' submitted on February 8.
- 憲法発布の勅語に「不磨ノ大典」とあったためか、1947年(昭和22年)の日本国憲法施行まで半世紀以上の間、一度も改正されることはなかった。
- Since the expression 'the constitution never worn thin' was used in the Imperial speech about the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Constitution had not been modified for more than 50 years until it was replaced by the Constitution of Japan in 1947.
- しかし、これに対し、稲田正次・松尾正人・佐々木克たちは、「天地の公道」は開国の方針や国際法を示すことだけではなかったと明確に説明している。
- However, in contrast, Masatsugu INADA, Masahito MATSUO, Suguru SASAKI explained clearly that 'the just laws of Nature' didn't only refer to a policy of opening of the country to the world and international law.
- いずれにせよ、弥生時代の日本語の発音および当時の中国語の音写の法則についてはまったく説が確立しておらず、したがってその意味も判然としない。
- In any event, there is not enough evidence of Yayoi period Japanese or the Chinese of those days to be certain of the original pronunciation or translation of Himiko's name.
- 宇喜多秀家が領していた備前国岡山市から先は毛利の勢力範囲であったため、織田軍と毛利軍は備前・備中国国境地帯で攻防を繰り広げることとなった。
- Since the areas beyond Okayama City, Bizen Province, which were governed by Hideie UKITA, were under the influence of Mori, the Oda forces and the Mori forces ended up having fierce battles around the borders between Bizen Province and Bitchu Province.
- さらに、毛利輝元率いる4万の援軍が接近しつつあり、秀吉は甲斐国武田氏を滅亡させたばかりの主君・信長に対して援軍を送るよう使者を向かわせた。
- Additionally, with the 40,000 support troops led by Terumoto MORI approaching, Hideyoshi dispatched a messenger to his lord Nobunaga, who had just defeated the Takeda clan in Kai Province, to send over support troops.
- こうして、日本の出征大名達は朝鮮を退去して日本へ帰国し、豊臣秀吉の画策した明遠征、朝鮮征服計画は成功に至らぬまま、秀吉の死によって終結した。
- Thus, the daimyo that went to war from Japan withdrew and returned to Japan and the expedition to Ming and the conquest of Korea intended by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was not achieved and was ended by Hideyoshi's death.
- 幕府開設当初、江戸の地はひなびた場所であり、上方が文化の先進地域であったが、やがて諸国の人材が集まる江戸に美術の担い手が集まるようになった。
- When the Edo bakufu was founded, Edo was just a rural area, while Kamigata was the cultural front line, but before long, Edo began to attract artists, because Edo became the mecca of local talents in other fields as well.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には大幅な城の改築が行われるが、六角義賢(承禎)・六角義治の頃には浅井氏に敗れる(野良田の戦い)などで衰退することになる。
- Although, the castle was rebuilt during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), in the generation of Yoshikata (Shotei) ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU, they were defeated in wars such as the Battle at Norada against the Azai clan.
- フェノロサや岡倉天心らは、政府から万国博出展のために「日本美術史」の解説を書いてほしいとの依頼を受け、短期間で日本の美術の通史を書き上げた。
- The Japanese government asked Ernest Fenollosa, Tenshin OKAKURA and others to write a guide of Japanese art history, which should be attached to the art works shown at the international exhibition, so they finished writing the complete history of Japanese art in a short period of time.
- '明智は、都から4レーグァほど離れ、比叡山に近く、近江国の25レーグァもあるかの大湖のほとりにある坂本と呼ばれる地に、邸宅と城砦を築いた。'
- 'Akechi built his residence and castle in the place called Sakamoto on the shore of the huge lake which is more than 25 legua in length and about four legua from Kyo and near Mt. Hiei in Omi Province.'
- 行家は治承・寿永の乱の際に以仁王の平家追討の令旨を全国の源氏に伝え挙兵を促すなど活躍したが、平家滅亡後に甥の源頼朝と対立し、敗れ殺害された。
- Yukiie played an active role in passing on to all Genji people in the country Prince Mochihito's order to hunt down and kill the Heike family and raise an army against the Heike clan during the Jisho-Juei War, but after the fall of the Heike clan he entered a conflict with his nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as a result of which he was defeated and killed.
- 古くはローマ帝国の皇帝の地位は後継者が先代皇帝の養子となる体裁をもつことや、まれに実際の血族に代襲させることで権威の正当性を継続させていた。
- In the ancient world, with regard to the status of an Emperor of the Roman Empire the legitimacy of authority was maintained by a successor keeping up the appearance of continuity by becoming the adopted child of the last Emperor; on rare occasions a blood relative succeeded by representation.
- 産業の未発達な発展途上国と比較して、人口一人当たりの温室効果排出量を議論するのはナンセンスであり、明らかに日本にとって不利な規定となっている
- It is nonsense to discuss the per capita emission amount of greenhouse gases of Japan by comparison with that of a developing country whose industry is immature, accordingly, the present regulations are unfair to Japan.
- 「大日本史」は光圀死後の正徳 (日本)5年(1715年)に藩主徳川綱條による命名で、同時代には「本朝史記」や「国史(倭史)」と呼ばれている。
- Dai Nihonshi' was named by TOKUGAWA Tsunaeda, the domain head, in 1715 after the death of Mitsukuni and it was called 'Honcho shiki' or 'Kokushi (Washi)' by contemporary people.
- 元章は国学の影響を受け、「明和の改正」と言われる能の詞章の大変更を行い、新たに謡本を編纂したが、本著はその目録に作者名を注記したものである。
- Influenced by the study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture, Motoakira undertook a major revision of noh poetry and prose known as the 'Meiwa no Kaitei' (lit. Major Revision during the Meiwa era) and compiled utaibon (books of words and musical notation for noh plays); this book has the names of its writers annotated in the catalogue of the book.
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この時尼崎城には毛利氏、石山本願寺、雑賀衆の御番衆もいたので、荒木村重の意見は通らなくなってしまったとしている。
- According to 'Sengoku no Bushotachi,' as there were observers of the Mori clan, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Saigashu were in Amagasaki-jo Castle at that time, Murashige ARAKI's opinion was not accepted.
- 一方、「もって死す」つまり「だから死んだ」と読んだ場合、この前に書かれている、狗奴国との紛争もしくは難升米の告諭が死の原因ということになる。
- On the other hand, under the translation 'so she died,' it can be interpreted that the cause of her death was a conflict with Kunakoku or Nashime's manifesto, which was written before this.
- またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
- In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.
- また、終戦直後より朝鮮人と対立していた的屋・博徒は、「不良在日外国人、七条署に押しかける」の報に接し、急遽500人が警察の応援に駆けつけた。
- Street vendors and gamblers who had been clashing with the Koreans since immediately after the end of the war learned that 'unlawful foreigners had forced their way into the Shichijo police station' and 500 of them rushed to the station to support the police.
- 並び称せられた「堺」の銃は、豪華な装飾金具や象嵌が施された「見た目の付加価値」であるのに対し、国友の製品は「機能美的」に洗練された秀作が多い。
- Whereas guns made in Sakai City, which was also well known for the manufacture of firearms, were famous mainly for their artistic value, such as elaborate metal works and beautiful inlays, many of the firearms manufactured in Kunitomo were excellent works of functional beauty.
- わずか3年余りの都であったが、日本の文化史上の重要事項である「国分寺・国文尼寺建立の詔」と、「大仏建立の詔」はこの都で出され、実行に移された。
- Although Kunikyo was a capital for only about three years, the Imperial Decree for the Construction of Kokubun-ji Temple and Kokubun-niji Temple and the Imperial Decree for the Construction of the Great Buddha, both significant events in Japanese cultural history, were issued and carried out at this place.
- 明治時代になると、西洋化近代化が国家目標になり、美術分野でもお雇い外国人による指導が行われ、芸術の本場と考えられたフランスへ留学する者もいた。
- In the Meiji period, the Japanese government set a national goal of westernization and modernization, and therefore, also in the art field, hired foreigners taught Japanese, and since France was deemed the home of art, some Japanese went there for study.
- しかし大津城はもともと琵琶湖の水運を利用して美濃国、越前国方面から運ばれてくる物資を安全に保管するための城郭であり、攻防戦には不向きであった。
- However Otsu-jo Castle was not suitable for battles, because the castle was originally used for safely preserving materials transported from Mino Province or Echizen Province by the waters of Lake Biwa.
- 福岡城址に駐屯する大日本帝国陸軍歩兵第24連隊に所属した鏡山猛が、弾薬庫の歩哨のかたわら鴻臚館の瓦の破片を採取したことも中山説の傍証となった。
- Nakayama's opinion was supported by Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA belonging to the 24th Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army which was stationed at the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle, who gathered fragments of tiles used for Korokan while watching the ammunition depot.
- 室町時代の守護大名は国ごとあるいは郡ごとの一円支配だったのに対し、秀吉は太閤蔵入地を設定して大名の支配を郷村単位の支配としたことに意義がある。
- While 'shugo daimyo' (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) during the Muromachi period reigned over a whole region or province, Hideyoshi established the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi and made the area that each feudal lord could reign 'goson' (a self-governing village).
- また、書名に国号を冠することや論賛の是非について、立原と史館員の藤田幽谷の間で対立が発生し、江館と水館の党派的対立に発展している(史館動揺)。
- A conflict took place between TACHIHARA and a staff, FUJITA Yukoku over whether the name of Japan should be added to the title or whether criticism of historical events, to the last, and the conflict developed to become rivalry between the Mito and the Edo groups (disturbed Shokokan).
- この考え方では、古代律令社会の解体から各地に形成された在地領主の発展を原動力として、領主層の独自の国家権力として鎌倉幕府が形成されたとみなす。
- In this view, the Kamakura bakufu was formed as an independent state power of feudal lords driven by the development of local feudal lords in various places after the breakup of ancient society based on the ancient Ritsuryo codes.
- そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
- The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.
- 湖と山の間、5kmほどの狭い平地に立地する彦根は、中山道と北陸道(俗に北国街道と称)が合流し、水陸から京都に至る東日本と西日本の結節点である。
- Hikone, located in a narrow plain area stretching about five kilometers between a lake and a mountain, is the point where Eastern and Western Japan meet and two roads Nakasen-do Road and Hokuriku-do (commonly called Hokkoku-kaido Road) join together, and from this point the roads to Kyoto by land or water begins.
- 李氏朝鮮は階級差別と搾取によって農民が春窮と呼ばれる毎年春に飢える状況が常態となっているほど生産性の低い統治を行っており、国土開発を怠っていた。
- Productivity of governance by Yi Dynasty Korea was so low that such situations called shunkyu (literally, poverty in springtime) in which farmers starved in the spring time because of class discrimination and exploitation and national land development was neglected.
- その後、石田氏と婚姻を重ねて京極氏の被官となり、戦国時代 (日本)には石田三成を輩出(石田三成が、名門蘆名氏の流れを自称した可能性もある)した。
- Thereafter, his family members entered into matrimony with the members of the Ishida family to be hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Kyogoku clan, from which Mitsunari ISHIDA was descended in the Warring States period (Japan) (Mitsunari ISHIDA may have announced himself a descendant of the distinguished Ashina clan).
- 光圀は元禄3年(1690年)に西山荘へ隠棲すると、国史以外の各種事業を停止して本紀の完成を促進させ、元禄10年には「百王本紀」として完成させる。
- Mitsukuni who secluded himself in Nishiyamaso in 1690 encouraged the staff to complete honki by stopping other enterprises than the Japanese history and 'Hyakuohonki' was completed in 1697.
- 家康は光秀討伐の兵を熱田区(鳴海とも)まで進めていたが、光秀が中国地方から反転した羽柴秀吉により討たれたという報を聞くと間髪入れず浜松へ戻った。
- Ieyasu, who had advanced the punitive army against Mitsuhide to Atsuta Ward (also said to have been Narumi), returned to Hamamatsu as soon as he heard that Mitsuhide was killed by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had just returned from the Chugoku region.
- そのなかには石川源氏こそが八幡太郎義家以来の河内源氏の本流であるとする見解もある(これは河内国を本拠地にしてこそ河内源氏という「在地的」視点)。
- Some even think that Ishikawa-Genji is the mainstream of Kawachi-Genji that can be traced back to HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie (MINAMOTO no Yoshiie) ('Residential' viewpoint that Kawachi-Genji is those who were Kawachi-based).
- (意味)我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
- (Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.
- ただ奈良時代における隼人はあくまで朝貢の対象であり、大隅・薩摩国の両国に班田が行われるのは、平安時代に入った800年(延暦19年)のことである。
- However, in the Nara period the Hayato people were merely subject to paying tribute and it was not until 800, after the start of the Heian period, that Handensei (state controlled land allotment) was applied to Osumi and Satsuma Provinces
- 豊臣秀吉による1回目の朝鮮半島出兵(文禄の役)の際、梅北国兼は前線基地である肥前国名護屋城へ向かう船を待つ名目で肥後国葦北郡芦北町に留まっていた。
- At the time of the first invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Bunroku Campaign), Kunikane UMEKITA was in Ashikita-cho, Ashikita County, Higo Province under the pretext of waiting for the boat for the Nagoya-jo Castle in Hizen Province, which was the frontline base.
- いずれにしても一揆勢は佐敷の北の八代城(現在の麦島城跡)を攻めたが失敗に終わり、加藤氏や肥後人吉城主相良氏の軍勢によって鎮圧され、国兼は死亡した。
- In any case, the rebel group, which unsuccessfully attacked the Yashiro-jo Castle (now in the remains of the Mugishima-jo Castle) north of Sashiki, was suppressed by the armies of the Kato clan and the Sagara clan which ruled the Higo Hitoyoshi-jo Castle, and the uprising ended in the death of Kunikane.
- その後も一進一退の攻防が続いたが、応永27年(1420年)に蘆名盛政は新宮城_(陸奥国)を落とし、当主・新宮盛俊は戦死し、残党は越後に落ち延びた。
- Even after that, they fought back and forth at each other, but in 1420 Morimasa ASHINA conquered Shingu-jo Castle (Mutsu Province) and Moritoshi SHINGU, the lord of the castle, was killed in battle and the remainders (of the defeated party) escaped to Echigo.
- 交渉に当たった対馬の宗氏は、これを何とか穏便に済まそうとして、秀吉が求める「朝貢使」の派遣を秀吉の全国統一の「祝賀使」の派遣に置き換えて要請した。
- The So clan in Tsushima, who negotiated between Hideyoshi and the Joseon Dynasty, pursuing a peaceful settlement, required the Joseon Dynasty to send 'celebratory delegates' for the unification of Japan, instead of 'tributary delegates,' which Hideyoshi had required.
- 排出量を排出枠内に抑えた国や事業で発生したクレジットを、排出枠を超えて排出してしまった国が買い取ることで、排出枠を遵守したと見做されるものである。
- The credits, provided by the countries which have succeeded in emissions reduction to meet the allowance or by activities for emissions reduction, can be bought by the countries which have emitted the gases over the emissions allowance and are regarded as compliance with the emissions allowance.
- 外国との条約締結を巡り幕府では朝廷に勅許を求めるべきであるとする意見が出され、鎖国政策を維持するか、開国するかにあたり朝廷の判断を仰ぐ事となった。
- Some in the Shogunate had the view that they should acquire Imperial permission from the Imperial Court in order to sign a treaty with a foreign country, and a decision was made to seek the judgment of the Imperial Court on whether to maintain the sakoku policy (seclusion) or an open-door policy.
- 709年には隼人の朝貢制度が始まり、朝廷において蝦夷とともに異民族たる「夷狄」が服属していることを示し、国家の儀礼において重要な役割を与えられた。
- In 709, the Hayato people began to pay tribute to the imperial court, asserting that Ezo and 'iteki '(barbarians) - who were considered different race - were to be subjugated, and thus given important role in National ceremonies.
- 天文学者の斎藤国治は、248年9月5日朝(日本時間。世界時では4日)に北部九州で皆既日食が起こったことを求め、これが卑弥呼の死に関係すると唱えた。
- Kuniji SAITO, an astronomer, claimed that a total eclipse of the sun over the northern part of Kyushu on the morning of September 5, 248 (according to Japan Standard Time; the 4th, according to Universal Time) had something to do with the death of Himiko.
- また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
- He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.
- しかし、西軍1万5000を大津城に釘付けにした功績は大きく、戦後、徳川家康は高次を召しだし、若狭国小浜城 (若狭国)8万2000石に加増転封させた。
- However, since Takatsugu's service of riveting the 15,000 solders of the West squad to Otsu-jo Castle was notable, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA sent for him after the war and gave him Wakasa Province as his territory with the ownership of Obama-jo Castle and the increased stipend of 82,000 koku (approximately 14.8 million liters of crop).
- もともとこの地域は自立意識の高い国人衆が多く、彼らと連合政権のような政治を実施していくために、城郭も広い屋敷をもつ曲輪が必要であったと思われている。
- From the beginning, there were many Kokujin-shu (local samurai) with independent spirits, and it is thought that the castle needed to have Kuruwa, which contain large residences, so as to help establish a coalition government with them.
- 観音寺城は現在、正確な曲輪の数はわからないが1000箇所以上の曲輪があり、その多くが石垣で囲まれた日本国内屈指の大規模な山城であったと見られている。
- Kannonji-jo Castle, which probably was one of the biggest mountain castles in Japan, contains, while not certain, more than a thousand Kuruwa, which are surrounded by stonewalls.
- さらに、源義朝に至っては東国に下り鎌倉・上総・下総などを本拠として活動していた時期が長く、その後も京都にとどまり河内国の領地との関係が希薄であった。
- Further, since MINOMOTO no Yoshitomo moved to Togoku (the eastern region of Japan) and was active in such provinces as Kamakura, Kazusa, and Shimousa as his stronghold for a long time, and later, he kept staying in Kyoto and had little connection with the manor of Kawachi Province.
- 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年(明治8年)の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年(明治13年)の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
- The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.
- 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
- There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると小国頼久は上杉謙信に仕え、第一次川中島の戦いでの後詰、越中国攻めでの遊軍、佐渡国征伐や関東遠征へも参加など、戦功をあげた。
- In the Sengoku period, Yorihisa OGUNI, who served Kenshin UESUGI, distinguished himself in a follow-up strike in the first battle of Kawanakajima, as reserve corps in the Ecchu attack and in punitive expeditions to Sado and Kanto.
- 8代将軍の足利義政は為政者としての務めを怠り、茶道、書道、唐物(中国渡来の文物)愛玩などの趣味にふけっていたが、そのため文化の振興には大いに貢献した。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA made light of his duty as a politician, and indulged in his hobbies, such as Japanese tea ceremony, calligraphy, and kara-mono (things imported from China), and ironically, he contributed to the advancement of the culture to a great extent.
- 1561年、大内領であった周防国・長門国を完全に制圧した毛利元就が出雲への本格的な侵攻を開始すると、赤穴氏、三刀屋氏とともに三沢氏も毛利氏に降伏した。
- When Motonari MORI launched a full-scale invasion into Izumo after completely conquering the Provinces of Suo and Nagato, which had been domains of the Ouchi clan, in1561, the Misawa, Akana and Mitoya clans surrendered to Mori clan.
- 第二は日本人にヨーロッパのキリスト教世界を見聞・体験させ、帰国後にその栄光、偉大さを少年達自ら語らせることにより、布教に役立てたいということであった。
- Second, have the Japanese see, hear, and experience the Christian world in Europe so that the boys could tell of its glory and greatness after returning to Japan, which would be useful for propagation.
- 古ゲルマン人社会の従士制度(軍事的奉仕)と、ローマ帝国末期の恩貸地制度(土地の保護)に起源を見いだし、これらが結びつき成立したと説明されることが多い。
- The retainer system (military duties) in the ancient German society and the land loan system (land protection) in the later Roman Empire are often seen as the origin, and it is often explained that the two systems were combined to form feudalism.
- これに対して唐末期から五代十国時代を奴隷制から封建制へ切り替わりと捉える前田直典の論が出され、戦前から1970年代に渡って激しい論争が繰り広げられた。
- On the other hand, Naonari MAEDA proposed a view that the social system changed from slavery to the Hoken system during the era ranging from the closing years of the Tang period through the Wudai Shiguo period, and the argument was heated from the prewar period through the 1970's.
- 国宝の天守、附櫓(つけやぐら)および多聞櫓(たもんやぐら)のほか、安土桃山時代 - 江戸時代の櫓・門など5棟が現存し、国の重要文化財に指定されている。
- Besides its tenshu, tsuke-yagura (connecting tower), tamon yagura (hall turrets), there are five structures designated national important cultural properties including yagura and mon from the Azuchi Momoyama through the Edo Period.
- これに対して良い感情をいだいていなかった波多野稙通は、十分な調べもないまま弟の香西元盛が自害させられたことを知り、怒りを爆発させ丹波国で反旗を翻した。
- Tanemichi HATANO, who did not have a favorable view towards this behavior, was informed that his younger brother Motomori KOZAI was forced to kill himself without being sufficiently investigated, and became so furious that he led a rebellion in Tanba Province.
- もっとも、20世紀以降の美術については、作者がもっぱら海外で制作していたり、国境を越えて幅広く活動していることが多く、上記の考え方は必ずしも妥当しない。
- And the above-mentioned idea about the geographical range does not always apply to the art from the 20th century, because many Japanese artists have come to produce their arts only in foreign countries or make their activities worldwide.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に、丹波氏の後裔である施薬院全宗が、豊臣秀吉に側近として仕え、正親町天皇より勅命で施薬院使に任ぜられ、形骸化していた施薬院を復興する。
- During the Warring States period, Zenso YAKUIN, a descendant of the Tanba clan, served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a close adviser and was appointed as the Yakuinshi by Emperor Ogimachi as an imperial order so as to reconstruct the Seyakuin that had lost its substances.
- そのため既存の勢力(武田氏・上杉氏等)のように、その軍団を構成する多数の国人・地侍の意向に配慮する必要もなく、独裁的に政治・軍事を展開することができた。
- Therefore, unlike existing powers (Takeda clan, Uesugi clan etc.), they were able to take political or military actions autocratically with no need to consider the wishes of the many local or provincial samurai who formed the army.
- 日本においても大日本帝国憲法下では天皇家の皇位始め(万世一系)、身分(華族・士族・平民)の世襲が定められており、これを打破するには閨閥を繋ぐ他なかった。
- In Japan, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulated the heredity of the Imperial throne of the Imperial family (unbroken line), and the heredity of a person's social status such as member of the peerage, warrior class or commoner; the only way to overcome this system of differentiation was through marriage and claiming a connection by blood line.
- 国内での単なる排出量削減を除く植林活動や、国外での活動、削減量の国家間取引など、温室効果ガスの削減をより容易にするための規定で、柔軟性措置とも呼ばれる。
- The term refers to provisions to ease the reduction of greenhouse gases such as tree planting activities, activities abroad, International Emissions Trading and so on, except for merely domestic activities of emissions reduction, and is also called flexibility mechanisms.
- しかし、米上院はバード・ヘーゲル決議を採択していたので、途上国が参加しない場合など、3項に当てはまる場合は、上院が議定書を批准しないことが決まっていた。
- However, as the U.S. Senate had adopted the Byrd-Hegel Resolution, the Senate had decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in the case where any incident which holds true with the article 3 of the resolution takes place such as absence of developing countries.
- 一、兵士をも上国の土、橋、会、桑も只今の如き次第にて、勿体なくも朝廷を擁し奉り、正義を抗し、周旋尽力の道を相遮り候時は、終に決戦に及ぶほかこれなくとの事
- Article 5 : We will make our forces come into Kyoto and Osaka, so if the clan of Hitotsubashi, Kuwana and Aizu (the allies of Bakufu) continue to commit the sacrilege of utilizing the Imperial Court, reject the implementation of the right, and block the mediation of the Satsuma Domain, we cannot help but fight a decisive battle against bakufu.
- 徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政は、関ヶ原の戦いの後、その軍功により18万石にて近江国北東部に封ぜられ、西軍指揮官・石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入城した。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa II, one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu, was given the land in northeastern part of Omi Province with 180 thousand goku crop yields by his distinguished military service, and entered Sawayama-jo Castle that had belonged to Mitsunari ISHIDA, his enemy and the commander of West camp.
- 甲斐一国は、武田親族衆の穴山信君に与えられた南西部の八代、巨摩2郡を除いて河尻秀隆に、信濃は森長可らに、上野は滝川一益に与えられ、統治を任せて帰国した。
- Much of Kai was given to Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, but the two southeast districts of Yatsushiro and Koma, which were given to Nobukimi ANAYAMA, a relative of Takeda; Shinano Province was given to Nagayoshi MORI and others; Kozuke was given to Kazumasu TAKIGAWA; and Nobunaga returned to his province leaving them to govern their respective provinces.
- 後に江戸幕府が「文治政治」の導入に伴って、再び帯刀規制に乗り出す事になった(1668年(寛文8年)、後1683年(天和 (日本)3年)に全国的に拡大)。
- Later, upon introducing 'bunchi seiji' (civilian government), the Edo bakufu resumed control over the custom of sword bearing (in 1688, which was expanded throughout the nation in 1683).
- そのことから、宝暦4年から7年(1754年-1757年)にかけて蕪村が丹後国宮津(現・京都府宮津市)で絵を修行していた間に描かれたものと推察されている。
- Based on that story, it is estimated that the Buson Yokai Emaki was painted during the period from 1754 to 1757, when Buson had been training as a painter in Miyazu, Tango Province (present Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture).
- 三代将軍徳川家光の時代には、封建制度の確立、鎖国の徹底、キリシタンの禁止が三大政策となり、キリスト教徒は殉教か棄教のいずれかを選択せざるを得なくなった。
- In the period of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, three major policies were established: the establishment of a feudal system, thoroughness of national isolation, and a ban against Christianity, which forced Christians to choose either martyrdom or renunciation.
- さらに五畿七道として、畿内と東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道の七道に区分され、その内部は66国と壱岐国・対馬国の2嶋が配分された。
- In addition, as Goki shichido (lit. 'five provinces and seven circuits,' the name for ancient administrative units), the whole region was divided into kinai (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), the 'seven circuits' of Tokaido, Tozando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido, which were divided into 66 provinces and two islands, Iki Province and Tsushima Province.
- 10月には徳川・北条の間で和睦が成立するが、その和睦条件として徳川傘下となっていた真田氏の上野国沼田市領と北条氏が制圧した信濃佐久郡を交換することとした。
- In October, Tokugawa and Hojo made peace, and as a condition for the peace, they decided to exchange Numata City, Kozuke Province of the Sanada clan and Saku County, Shinano Province conquered by the Hojo clan.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いの際、衛友は西軍に属して小野木重勝らと行動を共にし、東軍に与した細川幽斎(幽斎)の丹後国田辺城 (丹後国)を包囲する。
- During the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Moritomo, together with Shigekatsu ONOGI, joined the Western Camp as it besieged Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province, owned by Yusai HOSOKAWA who belonged to the Eastern Camp.
- この幽閉劇は、毛利氏による旧尼子家臣団への締め付けと出雲国の支配強化が狙いであり、三沢氏同様、旧尼子家臣団でもあった三刀屋久扶も追放の憂き目にあっている。
- This dramatic confinement was designed by the Mori clan to increase its pressure on the retainers of the old Amago clan and strengthen its lordship over Izumo Province, such that Hisasuke MITOYA who had been a member of the old Amago's retainer group also suffered exile in the same manner as those of the Misawa clan.
- この措置によって東南アジアで朱印船と競合することが多かったオランダ東インド会社が莫大な利益を得、結局は欧州諸国としては唯一、出島貿易を独占することになる。
- Due to this measurement, the Dutch East India Company that often competed with Shuinsen gained a huge profit, and it monopolized the Dejima trading post among European nations.
- すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古(古代)、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
- That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
- また、上奏権や建議権が限定付きながら与えられた(最終的には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であったが、建議権を通じた事実上の政策への関与が可能とされた)。
- And the Imperial Diet was also given limited rights to report and make proposals to the emperor (They could participate in politics using the right to make proposal to the emperor even though they needed to obtain approval of the emperor and countersignature of Minister of State when making a final decision.)
- なお、以下の文中では必要に応じて、各時代においてスペインの領土ないし勢力圏であった諸地域(ラテンアメリカ諸国やフィリピン等)での出来事にも触れる場合がある。
- In the following sentences, when necessary, we may refer to some events that occurred in the areas which used to be Spanish territories or in the sphere of their influence (Latin American countries, the Philippines etc.) in each time period.
- 日本では『日本書紀』以下六国史など史書は編年体で編纂されるのが常で、『史記』のような紀伝体の史書が編纂された先例はなく、史館員からの反対意見もあったという。
- History in Japan such as the six histories including 'Nihon shoki' were commonly compiled chronologically and because there was no history like 'Shiki' written along events, compiling staff had objections.
- 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
- He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
- 反面、河内国の源氏本領を相続し同地に本拠を置きつづけた、源義家の六男(あるいは五男とも)の源義時の子孫である石川源氏をしてその後の河内源氏と見る見方もある。
- On the other hand, the alternative view is that Ishikawa-Genji, the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki, sixth (or fifth) son of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, that inherited the main domain of Genji in Kawachi Province is the Kawachi-Genji thereafter.
- このうち、日本国国憲按は、皇帝の国憲遵守の誓約や議会の強い権限を定めるなど、ベルギー憲法(1831年)やプロイセン憲法(1850年)の影響を強く受けていた。
- Japan's national constitution draft was strongly influenced by the constitutions of Belgium (1831) and Prussia (1850), and insisted the emperor's compliance with the constitution and the strong authority of the assembly.
- そのため三都を中軸とする全国経済と各地の城下町を中心とする藩経済との複合的な経済システムが形成され、各地の特産物が主に大坂に集中し、そこから全国に拡散した。
- In this way, a complex economic system was formed, in which the nationalwide economy with three pivotal cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, and the regional economy of each domain interacted with each other especially in Osaka, where local specialties all parts of the country were concentrated to distribute to all over Japan.
- 摂津源氏の流れを汲む源頼行(源頼政の弟)を祖とする一族であり、頼行の孫である源頼連が鎌倉時代に越後国小国保(新潟県長岡市小国町)の地頭となり小国氏を称した。
- The first generation was MINAMOTO no Yoriyuki (a younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa), who was descended from Settsu Genji (Minamoto clan), and in the Kamakura period his grandchild MINAMOTO no Yoritsura became the jito (land steward) of Oguniho in Echigo Province (the present-day Oguni-cho, Nagaoka City, Nigata Prefecture) and took the name of Oguni.
- 源義親の子である塩谷頼純が大治 (日本)5年(1130年)頃、下野国塩谷郡に下り塩谷荘司として塩谷姓を創始したのがはじまりで、塩谷荘三十三郷三万八千町を支配。
- In or around 1130, Yorizumi SHIONOYA, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, went down Shioya County, Shimotsuke Province, adopted the name SHIONOYA and governed SHIONOYA manor, with its thirty-three go thirty-eight thousand cho.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
- However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.
- この水攻めの策は中国の春秋時代に晋 (春秋)の智伯が晋陽城を水攻めしたことからヒントを得たと考えられ、低湿地にある沼城の利点を逆手に取ったまさに奇策であった。
- Considered to have taken a cue from an episode in which Zhi Bo during the Chunqiu period in China conquered Jinyang Castle by inundation, the inundation tactic was a clever idea which made full use of the merits of numajiro that was a swamp.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には、源満快の子孫とされる摂津国宿野城の多田氏や、頼光流とする一方で源満季の後裔であるとの説が存在する多田満頼(甲斐多田氏)などが見られる。
- During the Sengoku (Warring States) period, there existed the Tada clan that is said to have been the descendant of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi, whose foothold was at Shukuno-jo Castle in Settsu Province, and there also existed Mitsuyori TADA (a member of the Kai-Tada clan), who is commonly said to have fallen under the lineage of Yorimitsu; some say he was the descendant of MINAMOTO no Mitsusue.
- これまで、国兼は佐敷城の留守を預かっていた安田弥右衛門らの偽りの投降に油断し、6月17日に境善左衛門によって斬殺され、一揆はわずか3日で鎮圧されたとされていた。
- It was believed that the uprising was suppressed after a mere three days, as Kunikane was fooled by the false surrender of Yaemon YASUDA and others who protected the Sashiki-jo Castle in the absence of its lord, and was killed by the sword of Zenzaemon SAKAI on July 25.
- 前代との大きな相違は、日本列島の文化が外来の文化や技術の影響を受けるようになったことであり、稲作農耕と金属器が中国大陸からもたらされ、文化は新たな時代に入った。
- What differed greatly from the previous period was that Japanese culture became influenced by foreign culture and technology, and rice growing and metal artifacts, both from China, led Japanese culture to a new age.
- 京都議定書の上位概念である気候変動枠組み条約では、一部の経済移行国を除き、基準年reference yearとして 1990年しか選択できないこととされている。
- According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is a superordinate concept of Kyoto Protocol, the base year, or the reference year must be 1990 for the participating countries except a part of economically developing countries.
- 戦国末期には宗族組織はほとんど崩壊あるいは変質していたため、諸侯は支配地の住民を宗族に基づいて支配するのではなく、個別人身的な支配関係を構築していったとされる。
- By the end of the Zhangguo period, Sozoku organizations collapsed or changed their nature, therefore, lords started to build rulers-and-subjects relations with people in their domain individually instead of ruling them based on Sozoku.
- 源氏武士団を形成した源満仲の子の源頼光は、本拠地の摂津国川辺郡 (兵庫県)多田(現・兵庫県川西市多田)の地を相続し、大内守護(内裏警備、天皇護衛)の任に就いた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu--the son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, founding father of the Minamoto clan warrior group--inherited the family's power base of Tada in Kawabe County of Settsu Province (modern-day Tada in Kawanishi City of Hyogo Prefecture), and was appointed the Ouchi shugo ('Protector of the Great Palace,' in charge of guarding the Imperial Palace and the Emperor).
- 各地の諸大名は、江戸藩邸や参勤交代の費用を捻出するために自藩産出の米や魚農産物を大坂に売ったため、大坂は諸大名の蔵屋敷が置かれ全国の特産品が並び、盛況を活した。
- In order to make money for maintenance of the domain residence in Edo and the cost of the alternate-year residence in Edo, feudal lords all over Japan sold their domestic products, such as rice, farm and aquatic products, in Osaka, where feudal lords built their warehouses and sales offices (kurayashiki), so local specialities were line up prosperously.
- 秀吉によって鋳造されたこれらの貨幣はいずれも褒章用、軍事費用の範囲に留まっており、流通を目的とした貨幣の鋳造が国内で再開されるのは江戸期の寛永通宝まで待たれる。
- These coins minted by Hideyoshi were used solely as rewards or to cover military expenses, and it was only in the Edo period, with the issuance of the Kan-ei-tsuho that minting of coins for the purpose of circulation was resumed.
- 芙蓉門には、木村蒹葭堂・池大雅のような大家や葛子琴・曽之唯・浜村蔵六・前川虚舟・源惟良などの優れた門弟が育ち、江戸時代後期以降、大いに隆盛し全国各地に広まった。
- Fuyo had masters under him such as Kenkado KIMURA and Taiga IKE, as well as disciples such as Shikin KATSU, Koretada SO, Zoroku HAMAMURA, Kyoshu MAEKAWA and Iryo GEN, so the school flourished and spread throughout the country after the late Edo period.
- 帰国後の南条氏は、毛利氏に属したままだった八橋城回復のため奔走、尾高城の奪還を目指す行松氏を支援するなどした結果、天正13年の春には念願の八橋城回復に成功した。
- Back home, the Nanjo clan made a great effort to recover Yabase-jo Castle, which was still in the territories of the Mori clan, and supported the Yukimatsu clan who were aimed at recovering Odaka-jo Castle, resulting in successfully recovering the long-sought Yabase-jo Castle by the spring of 1585.
- しかし慶長12年(1607年)、美濃国清水藩の稲葉通重と共に京都の祇園に赴いたとき、茶屋の女房をはじめとする美女七十八名に乱暴狼藉を働いた経緯を家康に咎められた。
- Ieyasu, however, accused Nobunari TSUDA of the incident which, in 1607, he and Michishige INABA from the Shimizu Domain of Mino Province, visited Gion in Kyoto and committed an outrage, sexually abusing seventy-eight beautiful women including the female proprietor of the tea house.
- 日本美術の流れを理解するには、常に中国や朝鮮半島の美術史と対比して考えねばならず、日本の美術が日本人のみの手によって自律的に発達したものと考えることは誤りである。
- Therefore, in order to understand the trend of Japanese art, it should always be compared with the art history of China and Korea, and if you think Japanese developed their art all by themselves, it is wrong.
- 白村江の戦いの翌年(664年)に行政機能は内陸の大宰府(現在の太宰府市)に移転、那津のほとりには大宰府の機関のひとつとして海外交流および国防の拠点施設が残された。
- After the transfer of the administrative function to the inland office 'Dazaifu' (Government Headquarters in Kyushu located at the present Dazaifu City) in 664, one year after the Battle of Hakusukinoe, a facility functioning as a base for overseas exchanges as well as national defense was left near Nanotsu as one of the organizations belonging to the Dazaifu.
- 鴻臚館という名称が難波館に用いられた年代は定かではないが、そののち承和11年(844年)に難波の鴻臚館が摂津国国府の政庁に転用され廃止されたとの記録が残っている。
- It is uncertain when the name Korokan was used for Naniwa-no-murotsumi, however, there is a record that Korokan in Naniwa was disused in 844 after being converted into a government office belonging to the provincial office of Settsu Province.
- 日本の数値目標が-6%になった経緯は日米欧の非公式会合での政治的合意によるものであり、アメリカ合衆国と日本が足並みをそろえたのは、途上国の参加を促すためであった。
- Japan's numerical goal of -6% was brought in through a political agreement at a non-official meeting between Japan, America and Europe, and the agreement between America and Japan was intended for encouraging developing countries to join the conference.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に比較的流動性があった侍と百姓が固定化されるのが天正9年(1582年)頃から始まった太閤検地や天正16年(1588年)の刀狩などによってである。
- The classes of samurai and peasants which had social mobility to some extent in the Warring States period (Japan) were fixed by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi) which started around 1582 and katanagari (sword hunt) which was carried out in 1588.
- その後、上杉謙信の支援を受けて一時的に所領を取り返したが、その後武田と長尾(上杉)の対立(川中島の戦い)の中で他の北信濃国人衆と共に上杉家の家臣化が進んでいった。
- After that, Kenshin UESUGI helped the Takanashi clan to get the manor back, but the Takanashi clan as well as other local lords in northern Shinano became retainers of the Uesugi family during the conflict between Takeda and Nagao (Uesugi) (Kawanakajima War).
- 上田合戦(うえだかっせん)は、信濃国の上田城(現:長野県上田市)と近隣の山城周辺、上田市の東部を南北に流れる神川付近などで行われた真田氏と徳川氏の戦いの総称である。
- The Battle of Ueda is a generic name for the battles between the Sanada clan and the Tokugawa clan fought around Ueda-jo Castle in Shinano Province (present day Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) and neighboring mountain castles, and around Kan-gawa River that runs north-south in the eastern part of Ueda City, etc.
- しかし、経久三男の塩冶興久の率いる反尼子同盟に加わり、興久の反乱に加担したため、1531年に尼子経久に藤ヶ瀬城が再度攻撃を受け、三沢為国らは捕虜となる事態も起きた。
- Since Tamekuni joined and sided with an ally in a rebellion against the Amago clan, which was led by Okihisa ENYA, the third son of Tsunehisa AMAGO, Tamekuni's Fujigasejo Castle was again attacked by Tsunehisa AMAGO in 1531 and Tamekuni MISAWA and his followers were held captive.
- しかし阿蘇惟将の代となった1578年、大友氏が耳川の戦いで島津氏に大敗を喫すると肥後の国人衆は島津氏や新興勢力の龍造寺氏と誼を通じ、阿蘇氏の領域を脅かすようになる。
- In 1578, during the generation of Koremasa ASO, however, when the Otomo clan was badly defeated by the Shimazu clan in the Battle of Mimi-kawa, local samurai lords in Higo allied with the Shimazu clan or Ryuzoji clan, which was an emerging clan at that time, to invade the territories of the Aso clan.
- 慶長元年9月1日、大坂城において明使を引見した秀吉は明の国書のなかの、「茲特封爾為日本国王賜之誥命(ここに特に爾を封じて日本国王に誥命賜う)」の部分を見て激怒した。
- On October 22, 1596, Hideyoshi had an interview with an envoy from Ming in Osaka-jo Castle, and he became furious when seeing the line of a diplomatic message dispatched by the sovereign in Ming, which said that 'We hereby especially recognize you and bestow upon you the title of King of Japan.'
- 源頼光は、満仲伝来の本拠地を相続したが、その後武家源氏の主流は、頼光の弟の源頼信にはじまり東国へ勢力を扶植し、武家棟梁となった河内源氏のものとなり、子孫が繁栄した。
- Although MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu inherited his family territory that had been passed down through generations since Mitsunaka, the principal members of the Minamoto clan, including Yorimitsu's younger brother MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, expanded their power in eastern Japan, marrying into the Kawachi-Genji clan, which served as the leader of all warriors in Japan, and thereby bringing prosperity to their descendants.
- 明治元年閏4月に明治新政府の政治体制を定めた政体書は、劈頭で「大いに斯国是を定め制度規律を建てるは御誓文を以て目的とす」と掲げ、続いて御誓文の五箇条全文を引用した。
- In April 1868, the Constitution of the New Meiji Government regime declared 'to define Charter Oath as the objectives, establish new national policy, systems and regulations' and consequently quoted whole texts of Five Articles.
- 事実、『隋書』にあり『日本書紀』に記述がない第一回目の遣隋使(名前の記述なし)の記事には、倭国の倭王が天と日を兄と弟としていた(「俀王以天爲兄 以日爲弟」)とある。
- In fact, according to the record of the first Japanese envoy to the Sui Dynasty in China, which was not written in the Nihonshoki, but in the Suishu, the King of Wa took the Heavens and the Sun as brothers.
- 特に嵯峨天皇は文学を重んじて『凌雲集』・『経国集』・『文華秀麗集』の三勅撰漢詩集が編纂され、漢詩作成のために必要な漢文学教育の基礎を中国正史由来の史学教育に求めた。
- In particular, the Emperor Saga valued literature and compiled three imperial anthologies of Chinese poetry called 'Ryounshu' (A collection from above the clouds), 'Keikokushu' (A collection of managing the country) and 'Bunka shureishu' (second imperial kanshi collection), seeking the basis of the Chinese literature education, which was necessary for Chinese poetry making, in the history education based on Chinese historiography.
- 鎌倉時代初期の多田経実に始まり大和国の国人(衆徒)として存続した多田氏は源満仲の後裔と伝え代々佐比山城に拠ったが、別族とも取れる記述が見られるなど系譜が明確でない。
- The Tada clan, as founded by Tsunezane TADA in the early Kamakura period, existed in Yamato Province (today's Nara Prefecture) as local samurai, and this clan, which is said to have comprised descendants of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, maintained a foothold at Sahiyama-jo Castle for generations; however, in some historical sources there are depictions that can be taken to mean that this lineage had nothing to do with the Tada clan mentioned above, so the detail of this lineage is unclear.
- しかしその年のうちに政盛が死去、越後では為景と新守護上杉定実の争いが起き、近隣の井上一族を始め北信濃の国人衆が上杉方に付き、唯一の長尾方として孤立していく事となる。
- However, Masamori died within the year, the conflict between Tamekage and Sadazane UESUGI, a new governor, took place in Echigo, local lords in northern Shinano (including the neighboring Inoue family) sided with the Uesugi, and the Takanashi clan was isolated as the Nagao side.
- 弥生式土器は地理的に中国大陸や朝鮮半島に近い北部九州で最初に出現したもので、他の地方でも縄文式土器に代わって製作されるようになり、北海道を除く日本全国に分布している。
- The Yayoi pottery was made at first in the northern part of the Kyushu region, which is situated close to China and the Korean Peninsula, and then Yayoi pottery began to replace Jomon pottery in other regions as well, so the excavation site of the Yayoi pottery ranges nationwide except for Hokkaido Island.
- 以仁王の乱(治承4年(1180年))で、祖父源頼政と父源兼綱を討たれた源顕綱は母と共に三河国額田郡大河内郷(現在の東名高速道路の岡崎インターチェンジの辺り)に落ちた。
- MINAMOTO no Akitsuna, who lost his grandfather MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and father MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna in the War of Prince Mochihito of 1180, fled to Okochi-go, Nukata County, in Mikawa Province (now near the Okazaki interchange of the Tomei Highway) with his mother.
- また、秀吉のもとに徳川家康・上杉景勝・毛利輝元・大友義統など各地の戦国大名が相次いで使者を派遣し、戦勝を慶賀し親交を求めたことも秀吉の畿内における権力掌握を象徴した。
- In addition, warlords across the country, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI and Yoshimune OTOMO, dispatched envoys to Hideyoshi one after another to celebrate his victory and to establish friendly relations with him, all of which also symbolized Hideyoshi's assumption of power in the Kinai Region.
- 阿蘇惟将は宿老・甲斐宗運の卓抜した軍略によってどうにか領国を維持するが、1581年にはついに相良氏が島津氏に降伏し、南から島津氏の圧力を直接受けることになってしまう。
- Although Koremasa ASO barely retained the territories owing to excellent military strategies by the chief vassal, Soun KAI, the Sagara clan surrendered to the Shimazu clan in 1581, causing the Aso clan to be directly pressured by the Shimazu clan from the south.
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢(ちょうせんしゅっぺいにおけるごとうぜい)では、豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役における、肥前国五島藩(福江藩、現長崎県五島列島)の動きについて述べる。
- Here is the article 'The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea' about the activities of Goto Domain in Hizen Province (Fukue Domain, the present Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture) in the Bunroku and Keicho War led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 当時穴山梅雪を伴い領国加増の御礼で安土城を訪問した後堺市にいた徳川家康は伊賀国越えにより難を逃れているが、遅れて出発した梅雪は木津川 (京都府)畔京田辺市で落命した。
- While Ieyasu TOKUGAWA--who was in Sakai City after a visit to Azuchi-jo Castle accompanied by Baisetsu ANAYAMA in order to show his appreciation for the increase of his own territory--escaped the hardship by traveling beyond Iga Province, Baisetsu, who departed later, was killed in Kyotanabe City on the Kizu-gawa riverfront (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 一族中で生き残った源有綱(戦いの時伊豆国にいた)や源広綱などは源頼光以来の摂津源氏の子孫を伝えたが、幕府を開いた頼朝と比べるならばもはや一御家人の境遇でしかなかった。
- Survivors of the family such as MINAMOTO no Aritsuna (in Izu Province at the time of the battle) and MINAMOTO no Hirotsuna continued the family line of Settsu-Genji from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, but they were, compared with Yoritomo who established the Kamakura bakufu, only gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate)
- 中国の史書に残るほどの人物であれば日本でも特別の存在として記憶に残っているはずであり、日本の史書でこれに匹敵する人物は天照大神(アマテラスオオカミ)しかないとする説。
- Another theory supposes that, if she was important enough to make it into the Chinese history books, then Himiko's name should have been recorded as with equal mention within Japan, and it is only Amaterasu Omikami who held such status in the Japanese history books.
- しかし、石山本願寺と毛利氏に呼応して味方であったはずの摂津国荒木村重が反乱を起こすと、播磨においても小寺氏、別所氏が反旗を翻すなど、中国征伐は当初から苦難が多かった。
- But the Chugoku Conquest was full of troubles, from the beginning as Murashige ARAKI in Settsu Province, who had supposedly been on Hideyoshi's side, cooperated with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Mori clan to rise in revolt while the Kodera clan and the Bessho clan led a rebellion in Harima.
- この戦いで、美濃国で行われた関ヶ原での決戦に秀忠軍を遅参させることに成功したが、肝心の関ヶ原では西軍の敗北に終わり、西軍に与した昌幸と信繁は戦後処理で死罪を命じられた。
- In this battle, Masayuki succeeded to cause Hidetada's army to be late for the Battle of Sekigahara in Mino Province, but in the battle of Sekigahara itself, the West Camp was defeated, and Masayuki and Nobushige who were on the Western Camp's side were sentenced to death.
- この時代の土器は1874年(明治17年)に帝国大学(現・東京大学)の隣地の向ヶ岡弥生町(現・東京都文京区弥生)から出土した壷形土器が学史的には最初の出土例とされている。
- Of all earthen vessels of this period, the crock-shaped vessel, excavated in Mukaigaoka-Yayoi-cho (the present Yayoi, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis) next to Tokyo Imperial University (today's Tokyo University) in 1874, was found for the first time in the history of Japanese archeology.
- 先進諸国の中で唯一京都議定書から離脱しているアメリカ合衆国政府は、産業界の自己経済利益のみを追求する考え方に基づき取り組みを拒否しているとの非難を国内外から浴びている。
- The United States of America, the only non-party member of the Kyoto Protocol among the developed countries, is accused domestically and internationally of seeking only economical benefits of the U.S. industries and refusing to commit the duty.
- 殷を方国の連盟の盟主と見る場合、封建された国はより殷の支配の強い国々であったと考えられ、したがって殷代には同族や直接支配下にあった部族の有力者が封建されたと考えられる。
- If the Yin were the leaders of the Hokoku league of countries, those granted countries must have been strongly controlled by the Yin, therefore, in the Yin period, the sovereignty over the country should have been given by the Zhou Dynasty to the same families and clans directly under control.
- 家臣団へは、勝家が越前国を安堵の上で、勝家の希望から秀吉の領地である長浜市を割譲され、長秀が若狭国安堵の上、近江国の2郡を、恒興は摂津国から3郡を、それぞれ加増された。
- For the vassals, Nagahama City, which had been the territory of Hideyoshi, was ceded to Katsuie upon his request, in addition to the ratification of his ownership of Echizen Province, and Nagahide acquired two districts of Omi Province, in addition to the ratification of his ownership of Wakasa Province, and Tsuneoki acquired three districts of Settsu Province.
- また崇神天皇に神意を伝える巫女の役割を果たしたとしており、これも「魏志倭人伝」の「男弟有り、佐(助)けて国を治む」(有男弟佐治國)という、卑弥呼と男弟の関係に一致する。
- She also acted as a shrine maiden to interpret divine will to Emperor Sujin, and had a relationship that corresponded to that between Himiko and her younger brother that was mentioned in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei: 'She had a younger brother and ruled the country with his help.'
- 宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
- Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- しかし、いずれも効果は薄く、特に上知令は幕府財政の安定と国防の充実との両方を狙う意欲的な政策であったが、社会各層からの猛反対を浴びて頓挫し、忠邦もわずか3年で失脚した。
- However, none of these policies worked well, least of all Land Requisition Orders, which was an ambitious policy aimed at both the financial stabilization and the reinforcement of the national defense, but fierce opposition from every social class threw back them and Tadakuni was overthrown in only three years.
- そのため、方略策(国家戦略)を論じる秀才と時務策(政策一般)を論じる進士の受験者を育成するために文章博士、明法の受験者を育成するために明法博士が設置されたとされている。
- It is understood that, under such circumstances, monjo hakase was established to educate applicants to take examinations of shusai who would discuss horyakusaku (national strategy) and those of shinshi who would deal with jimusaku (general policies), and myobo hakase, to educate myobo applicants.
- なお、戦力に自信のあった日本軍は上陸後も戦国の常識に従って何度も李氏朝鮮を交渉により服属させようと試みており、朝鮮の武力制圧が既定路線であるかのような認識は間違いである。
- The Japanese army, confident of their war potential, tried, even after their landing, to subjugate Yi Dynasty Korea by negotiation in accordance with common sense in the Warring States period and, therefore, it is wrong to conclude that subjugation of Korea by military power was the predetermined policy.
- このため規模こそ日本国内で屈指のものであるが、防備のための城というよりも、権威づけ、政治色の強い城ではあったため、単純な虎口、竪堀などはなく防御施設は貧弱と言われている。
- Consequently, although it was one of the largest castles in Japan, it is said that it did not have simple Koguchi (castle entrances) or Tatebori (moats parallel to mountain slopes), and there were not enough defense facilities, because the castle was built for politics and to show their power rather than to defend against the attacks of enemies.
- 天皇の住む都を「上」とする事から用いられ、特に江戸幕府は三河国以西の畿内(大和国・山城国・摂津国・河内国・和泉国)三州(近江国・丹波国・播磨国)を、「上方筋」と定義した。
- The city where the emperor lived was called 'kami' and the Edo government defined Kinai, west of the Mikawa Province (the Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi Provinces) and Sanshu (the Omi, Tanba and Harima Provinces) as 'Kamigatasuji.'
- そこに竹中重治が進み出て「その役目手前がつかまつる」として長浜城 (近江国)に向い、黒田長政を自分の領地である菩提山城に移動させ、そこで織田信長の命に逆らってかくまった。
- On that occasion, Shigeharu TAKENAKA stepped forward telling that he would do that job and went to Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province) and moved Nagamasa KURODA to Bodaisan-jo Castle in his territory and gave shelter to him there against Nobunaga ODA's order.
- 以下、千葉県13,112基、鳥取県13,094基、福岡県11,311基、京都府11,310基とつづき、全国合計では161,560基となる(平成13年3月末 文化庁調べ)。
- This is followed by Chiba Prefecture with 13,112, Tottori Prefecture with 13,094, Fukuoka Prefecture with 11,311, Kyoto Prefecture with 11,310 tumulses, and nationwide, there are a total of 161,560 kofun (according to a survey carried out by the Agency for Cultural Affairs at the end of March in 2001).
- このため、香西元盛の兄弟の波多野稙通と柳本賢治は、細川高国に八上城・神尾山城両城で反旗を翻し、阿波国守護細川晴元や黒井城主の赤井五郎の援軍を得て、桂川原の戦いで勝利した。
- For this reason, Tanemichi HATANO and Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who were Motomori KOZAI's siblings, led a rebellion against Takakuni HOSOKAWA at Yakamijo Castle as well as at Kannosanjo Castle, and they won the Battle of Katsurakawara with the support of Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who was the provincial constable of Awa Province, and Goro AKAI, who was the master of the Kuroijo Castle.
- 分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
- Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.
- 賤ヶ岳の戦い(しずがたけのたたかい)とは天正11年(1583年)、近江国伊香郡(現:滋賀県伊香郡)の賤ヶ岳附近で行われた羽柴秀吉(のちの豊臣秀吉)と柴田勝家との戦いである。
- The Battle of Shizugatake was a war which occurred in 1583 between Hideyoshi HASHIBA (later Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katsuie SHIBATA near Shizugatake Mountain in Ika District of Omi Province (present Ika County, Shiga Prefecture).
- そうしたとき、水路が入り組んだ南方江南の諸国は水路を天険の守りとし、強力な水軍を養成してしばしば北方の騎馬兵力を擁して軍事的に優越した華北諸国の軍を撃退することに成功した。
- During those periods, the countries in the south and along the Yangtze River were often able to fight off the army of Hubei (North China) which had power of cavalry and were superior to the southern army, by developing a powerful suigun navy and using their maze of waterways as a natural defense advantage.
- しかし、内閣総理大臣は機務奏宣権(天皇に裁可を求める奏請権と天皇の裁可を宣下する権限)と国務大臣の奏薦権(天皇に任命を奏請する権限)を有したため、実質的な権限は大きかった。
- However, since prime ministers had the rights to petition approval of the emperor, to announce the emperor's approval, and to petition appointment of ministers to the emperor, they could exercise strong powers.
- 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
- At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.
- 天平7年(735年)に遣唐使として渡って帰国した吉備真備が唐より中国正史をまとまった形で持ち帰った(吉備大臣三史櫃)のを機に文章博士が歴史をも合わせて講義することになった。
- It was when KIBI no Makibi, who was a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, brought back well organized Chinese historiography from Tang (Kibidaijin Sanshi hitsu (the authenticated Chinese history of Minister Kibi)) in 735 that monjo hakase began lecturing on history, too.
- 豊臣政権(とよとみせいけん)は、天正18年(1590年)、(ただし、実質的には天正13年(1585年))から、慶長8年(1603年)まで成立していた豊臣氏による日本国の政権。
- The Toyotomi government was a Japanese government that ruled the country from 1590 (in fact, 1585) to 1603.
- そして天正15年(1587年)には九州を席捲しつつあった薩摩国の島津義久を惣無事令に違反したとして討ち秀吉の前に遂に屈服させ(九州平定)、西国は完全に豊臣氏の支配下に入った。
- In 1587, Hideyoshi attacked and captured Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, who was going to control Kyushu, by condemning him for having broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (peace edict for Ou region) (the subjugation of Kyushu), which meant the western part of Japan was completely under Hideyoshi's control.
- 後に足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)(文治5年(1189年)~建長6年(1255年))が承久の乱(承久3年(1221年))の戦功により鎌倉幕府の命で守護職として三河国に入った。
- Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (1189 - 1255), the third head of the Ashikaga family, was later appointed to serve as the military governor of Mikawa Province by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a reward for his contributions during the Jokyu War of 1221.
- 降って治承4年(1180年)に源頼政が以仁王と語らって挙兵した際には、決起を促す諸国の源氏の一群の中に親治とその子達の名前が見え、なおも国内に一勢力を保っていたことが窺える。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito joined forces and raised an army; the names of Chikaharu and his sons appeared among the group of the Minamoto clan that encouraged insurrection in many districts, and this shows that Yamato-Genji still maintained their power within the province.
- また、国立民族学博物館へと活躍の場を移した梅棹忠夫(生態学→民族学・人類学)や、国際日本文化研究センターの設立に尽力した梅原猛(哲学)らも、この京大人文研の京都学派に含める。
- Moreover, Tadao UMESAO who moved the stage to the National Museum Ethnology (ecology to ethnology and anthropology), Takeshi UMEHARA (philosophy) who made an effort to establish an International Research Center for Japanese Studies, and others are also included in this Kyoto school.
- 紀伊国伊都郡志富田荘(和歌山県かつらぎ町)の棚田の反別、収穫量を記した建武 (年号)5年(1338年)の高野山文書では、「棚田一反御得分四十歩ハ・・・」と棚田の文字がみえる。
- The word 'Tanada' was mentioned in Koyasan Bunsho written in 1338, which recorded the yield and marking off of Tanada in units of 'tan' in Shibutasho, Ito County, Kii Province (today's Katsuragi-cho, Wakayama Prefecture), in a sentence '棚田一反御得分四十歩ハ.'
- 1935年(昭和10年)、貴族院 (日本)議員で陸軍中将の菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)が、当時通説的地位を持っていた統治機構に関する学説である天皇機関説を、国体に反するものと非難。
- At that time, the emperor organ theory was commonly accepted as evidence of the emperor's sovereignty, but in 1935, a member of the House of Peers and lieutenant general, Takeo KIKUCHI criticized the treaty for going against the national polity.
- この木戸五箇条が天下に布告すべき日本の国是として明治天皇の裁可を受け、1868年(慶応4年)3月14日、朝廷の規模の大きさを天下に確定させんとする木戸の狙い通り、誓約された。
- This Kido gokajo (Five Articles designed by Kido) was approved by the Emperor Meiji as Japanese national policy to be declared to the world and was pledged on March 14, 1868 just as Kido targeted to ensure the large scale of Imperial court to the world.
- 一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり(匈奴語の記述例など)、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'
- 清国船は年間30艘、交易額は銀6000貫にまで、オランダ船は年間2隻、貿易額は3000貫に制限され、従来は輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの国産化を奨励した。
- By limiting the annual number of ships from Qing to 30 and the value of trade to 6,000 kan (a unit) of silver, while from the Netherlands the anual number of ships, 2 and the value of trade to 3,000, these regulations encouraged domestic production of hitherto imported goods, such as cotton cloth, raw silk, sugar, buckskin, silk fabric and so on.
- 南条元続はそれに先立つ天正11年(1583年)の末に帰国しており、暫定的な形ではあるものの八橋城を除く東伯耆3郡を同12年(1584年)1月頃には毛利氏より引き渡されていた。
- Back to his home in the end of 1583, Mototsugu NANJO had been placed in charge by the Mori clan, though tentatively, of three countries in the east Hoki Province, except Yabase-jo Castle, by January 1584.
- 『荀子』や『春秋穀梁伝』のように「士商工農」とするものもあるが、中国では伝統的に土地に基づかず利の集中をはかる「商・工」よりも土地に根ざし穀物を生み出す「農」が重視されてきた。
- 'Xun Zi' (or Hsun Tzu) and 'Shunju Kokuryo-den' (Annotation of Guliang on Spring and Autumn Annals) described 'shi-sho-ko-no'; though in China, much more importance has traditionally been attached to 'no' who settled in the land and produced crops, as opposed to the 'sho' and 'ko' who did not till the land and aimed at reaping profits.
- こちらは東洋史学の貝塚茂樹、塚本善隆、藤枝晃、中国文学の吉川幸次郎、フランス文学の桑原武夫、植物学の中尾佐助、生態学から人類学にまたがる成果を挙げた今西錦司らが特に著名である。
- Especially noted people in this side are Shigeki KAIZUKA, Zenryu TSUKAMOTO, and Akira FUJIEDA in East Asian history, Kojiro YOSHIKAWA in Chinese literature, Takeo KUWABARA in French literature, Sasuke NAKAO in botany, and Kinji IMANISHI who achieved the results widening from ecology to anthropology.
- その後の治承・寿永の乱では、行綱が摂津武士を率いて源氏方の一翼として活躍したが、東国武士の棟梁となり清和源氏の嫡流を自認した源頼朝によって多田荘を奪われると多田源氏は没落した。
- Although Yukitsuna commanded Settsu warriors and participated actively in the Jisho and Juei Disturbances on the Genji side, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of the eastern warriors and heir of Seiwa-Genji, seized control of Tada Manor, resulting in the fall of the Tada-Genji.
- 政府は早急に西洋式の「ファイン・アート」(純粋美術)を導入してヨーロッパ諸国に恥じない芸術の体裁を整えようとし、一方日本の諸派の絵画などは旧弊なものとみなされ存続の危機に陥った。
- The Japanese government hurried to build a façade of geijutsu (art and other artistic skills) that could match the European countries' geijutsu through the introduction of the Western-style fine arts, while the traditional Japanese paintings of various schools faced a crisis of existence because they were deemed old-fashioned.
- 12月2日 (旧暦)(12月26日)、秀吉は毛利氏対策として山陰は宮部継潤、山陽は蜂須賀正勝を置いた上で、和睦を反故にして大軍を率いて近江国に出兵、長浜城 (近江国)を攻撃した。
- On December 26, Hideyoshi, who had earlier assigned Keijun MIYABE to the Sanin region and Masakatsu HACHISUKA to the Sanyo region to deal with the Mori clan, broke the truce and led his large army to Omi Province, attacking Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province).
- 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
- There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
- この条文を、戦前の研究者尾佐竹猛は、「旧来の陋習」は鎖国攘夷を指し、「天地の公道」は万国公法すなわち国際法の意味であり、この条文は開国の方針を規定したものとして狭く解釈していた。
- Regarding this provision, a researcher before the war Takeki OSATAKE interpreted narrowly that 'evil customs of the past' referred to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners and 'the just laws of Nature' meant international public law or international law, and he concluded this provision defined a policy of opening of the country to the world.
- 一説には、中華思想により、他国の地名、人名には『蔑字』を使っているため、このような表記になっている原田常治『記紀以前の資料による 古代日本正史』 同志社・婦人生活社 1976年。
- According to another account, 'characters of contempt' were used for the names of foreign places and people as a result of Sinocentrism (Tsuneji HARADA, 'Official History of Ancient Japan Based on the Materials before Kiki' Doshisha, Fujin Seikatsusha, 1976.)
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- 天正13年の7月、毛利氏の四国征伐に伴う出兵で西伯耆の軍勢が手薄になっている隙に南条元続支援の行松氏は1000余騎を率いて福頼元秀の守る汗入郡の河原山城を攻撃、これを落城させた。
- Seeing the lack of Mori's troops in the Conquest of Shikoku in July of 1585, the Yukimatsu clan, who were in support of Mototsugu NANJO, led a thousand-plus horses to attack Kawarayama-jo Castle in Aseri County governed by Motohide FUKUYORI, finally achieving the fall of the castle.
- 幕末、ヨーロッパの万国博覧会に出展した幕府や各藩の工芸品や美術品はすぐれた装飾品として絶賛され、日本の工芸へのヨーロッパからの関心が高まり、外貨を稼ぐ輸出品となる可能性が開かれた。
- In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the shogunate and some domains put handicrafts and art works in international European exhibitions, and they were highly praised as excellent decorations, so that Japanese crafts attracted the attention of European people, and their export enabled Japanese to gain foreign currency.
- また、左記はあくまで単年の排出量で比較した話であり、累積排出量で比べればその差は歴然としているため、その事にも配慮してEUなどの工業先進国は率先して京都議定書を締結したものである。
- And the above descriptions comes from the comparison in a single year emission amount and if compared in accumulated emission amounts, the difference will be obviously bigger; therefore, industrially developed countries such as EU and the like took the lead in ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
- 貿易は鎖国政策を布いていたために、主流は長崎市の唐人屋敷における中国、出島におけるオランダとの交易であるが、対馬藩を仲介した李氏朝鮮との倭館での交易も幕府の公認を受けたものだった。
- Under the seclusion policy, foreign trades were mainly limited to those with China at the Chinese residential area in Nagasaki, and with the Netherlands at Dejima island, but also through Tsushima Domain, trade with Yi Dynasty of Korea was authorized by the shogunate government at the consular office (wakan).
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- 教科書としては歴史からは「三史」と呼ばれた『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』と文学からは『文選_(書物)』を中心として、『三国志_(歴史書)』・『晋書』・『爾雅』などが用いられていた。
- The materials used as textbooks were 'Sanshi' (three historical records of ancient China), which included 'Shiki' (Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty), 'Kanjo' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty) and 'Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) from history and 'Wen Xuan' as a main book, and others such as 'Sanguo Zhi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty) and Erya from literature.
- 戦国時代(日本)に種子島へ鉄砲(火縄銃)が伝来された史実を領主である種子島久時が、父種子島時堯の鉄砲入手とその製法確立の過程を薩摩国大竜寺の和尚である南浦文之に編纂させたものである。
- The book is based on the account given by Hisatoki TANEGASHIMA, a local lord, concerning the historical fact of the transmission of guns (specifically, arquebuses) to Japan on Tanegashima island during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), describing how Hisatoki's father Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA had acquired guns and established his gun manufacturing process; this account was edited by the abbot of Satsuma Province's Dairyu-ji Temple, Bunshi Nanpo.
- 三男源義基は河内国石川源氏となり、義基の嫡男源義兼の石川氏をはじめ、石川源氏からは義時の四男源義広 (紺戸氏祖)の紺戸氏・源義資の二条氏・源信盛の万力氏・源有義の杭全氏などを出した。
- The third son, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto became Ishikawa-Genji in Kawachi Province, and Ishikawa-Genji became the origin of such clans as the Ishikawa of MINAMOTO no Yoshikane, the eldest son of Yoshimoto, the Kondo of MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (the founder of the clan), the fourth son of Yoshitoki, the Nijo of MINAMOTO no Yoshisuke, the Manriki of MINAMOTO no Nobumori, and the Kumata of MINAMOTO no Ariyoshi.
- 井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う(シラス)ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使(ウシハク)とは異なるとする(井上「古言」)。
- The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
- 698年には覓国使が南島に派遣され、翌年多褹(種子島)、夜久(屋久島)、菴美(奄美大島)、度感(トカラ列島または徳之島)が朝貢に訪れ、702年には行政組織としての多禰国が設置された。
- In 698, Bekkokushi (researchers sent to Kyushu and the Northern islands of Japan during the Nara period) were dispatched to Minami-jima Island and the next year Tane (Tanegashima Island), Yaku (Yakushima Island), Amami (Amami Oshima) and Tokara (the Tokara Islands or Tokunoshima Island) came to pay tribute and, in 702, Tane Province was established as an administrative organization.
- 中国では同様の政策を海禁政策と呼ぶが、中国の場合は主として沿海地域の倭寇をも含む海賊からの防衛及び海上での密貿易を禁止することが目的とされており、日本の鎖国と事情が異なる面もあった。
- A similar policy was called the Sea Traffic Ban Policy in China, but in this case, the policy was aimed to protect the coastal areas from pirates including Japanese pirates and to forbid illegal overseas trading, so that the situation in China was different with the national isolation of Japan to some extent.
- 早合(はやごう)は火縄銃等のマズルローダー(銃口から弾を込める方式の銃)の装填を簡便にするために用いられた「弾薬包」であり、戦国時代後期もしくは安土桃山時代から使用されていたと云われる。
- A hayago is a pouch for gun powder and bullet which was used to simplify the loading process for muzzle loaders (guns where bullets were loaded from the muzzle) such as matchlock and other guns, presumably from the latter part of the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) or from the Azuchi Momoyama period.
- ただし、ニューヨークのメトロポリタン美術館やロンドンの大英博物館の日本ギャラリーは、中国美術やエジプト美術のギャラリーに比べて規模も小さく、開設時期も比較的新しいということは事実である。
- It is true, however, that the Japanese art gallery of the Metropolitan Museum in New York and that of the British Museum in London are both smaller and newer than their Chinese and Egyptian art galleries.
- 明の冊封国であった李氏朝鮮に征明嚮導の意思はなく、秀吉は明への遠征のため先ず朝鮮の制圧を決め、文禄元年(1592年)4月(和暦。漢数字表記の月は以下同じ)、16万人の大軍を送ることとなる。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea, which had been Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) of Ming, did not have the intention of leading troops to conquer Ming and Hideyoshi decided to conquer Korea at first in order to make a successful expedition to Ming and a large army of 160,000 were sent in May 1592 (according to the traditional Japanese calendar).
- この時期、日本国外でスペイン人と出会った日本人のうち最も重要な人物は、自身キリスト教の洗礼を受け、1549年のフランシスコ・ザビエル(ナバラ王国出身)一行の来日を手引きしたヤジロウである。
- The most important person who met Spanish people outside of Japan at that period was Yajiro who was christened and helped Francis XAVIER (from the Kingdom of Navarrethe) and party visit Japan in 1549.
- 梅北一揆によって島津氏の政治的な立場は極度に悪化したが、検地やそれに伴う国人領主層の没落は結果として島津氏の大名権力を強化する事につながり、慶長の役で軍功をあげ名誉を挽回する契機となった。
- Although the political status of the Shimazu clan had fallen to the extremely precarious state as a result of Umekita ikki, the land survey by the administration and the fall of the local lords which was triggered by it actually strengthened the authority of the Shimizu clan as a feudal lord as a result, and in the Keicho Campaign, the Shimizu clan reclaimed its reputation for their distinguished military service.
- 「天壌無窮ノ宏謨(てんじょうむきゅうのこうぼ)」(御告文)という皇祖皇宗の意思を受け、天皇が継承した「国家統治ノ大権」(上諭)に基づき、天皇を国の元首、統治権の総攬者としての地位に置いた。
- The emperor inherited 'prerogative of sovereignty' following Imperial ancestors' will represented by the sentence, 'Promises which lasted forever like heaven and earth' in the Imperial instruction, and he acquired a status of a head of state and became a person who held all rights of sovereignty.
- 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」(明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない)と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
- After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
- 死刑執行人は被差別民として扱われていた国が多く、就業や婚姻において強い差別を受けていたため、特定の一族以外が死刑執行人の職に就くことを妨げられていたことが世襲が常態化した理由だと言われている。
- In many countries an executioner was victimized by society and strongly discriminated against in terms of jobs or marriage; therefore the role of executioner was usually limited to a specific social group or clan, and it is said that this is a reason for normalizing heredity.
- その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科(文章道)を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
- Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.
- 王政復古によって設置された三職(総裁、議定、参与)のうち、実務を担う参与の一員となった由利公正、福岡孝悌、木戸孝允らは、公議政体論の尊重と開国和親を基調とした新政府の基本方針を5ヶ条にまとめた。
- After Osei Fukko, three official positions (President, Legislators, and Councilors) were newly established, and some Councilors such as Kosei YURI, Takachika FUKUOKA and Takayoshi KIDO itemized a basic policy of the new government, based on esteem for parliamentary regime and opening of the country, into five articles.
- 例えば、草の根の人権憲法として名高い千葉卓三郎らの憲法草案(いわゆる五日市憲法)でも、天皇による立法行政司法の総轄や軍の統帥権、天皇の神聖不可侵を定めている点などは、大日本帝国憲法と同様である。
- For example, a constitution draft which was renownedas a grass-roots constitution written by Takusaburo CHIBA and others (so-called Itsukaichi constitution) shared the same points with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as defining that the emperor should have the executive powers, legislature, and judiciary, and supreme command of the armies, and this was sacred and inviolable.
- 横山党(よこやまとう)は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代にかけて、武蔵国多摩郡(現・東京都八王子市)横山庄を中心として、武蔵国(大里郡・比企郡 - 橘樹郡)および相模国北部に割拠した同族的武士団である。
- The Yokoyama Party, centered in the Yokoyama-sho estate in Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Hachioji City, Tokyo), was an armed group from the same family that existed from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and based themselves in Musashi Province (Osato County, Hiki County, and Tachibana County) and the northern part of Sagami Province.
- 安本美典は、卑弥呼がアマテラスだとすれば、邪馬台国は天(『日本書紀』)または高天原(『古事記』)ということになり、九州にあった邪馬台国が後に畿内へ移動して大和朝廷になったとする(邪馬台国東遷説)。
- Yasumoto states that if Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu, the Yamatai Kingdom would be Ten (according to the Nihonshoki) or Takamanohara (according to the Kojiki), which would mean that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in Kyushu, then moved to the Kinai region, where it became the Yamato Imperial Court (this is the theory of the Yamatai Kingdom being relocated to the East).
- 日本より高い削減目標を掲げた 欧州連合 などの西欧諸国が抑制に努めているのに対し、日本では +0.6% どころか +8% と増加しており、この状況になっても政府当局は効果的な対策を実施できずにいる。
- Western countries such as European Union, having a higher reduction target than Japan, aggressively promote the suppress of the emissions, while in Japan, the emissions amount increases not by +0.6% but by +8%, and in spite of facing such a situation, the government authority cannot take effective measures at present.
- 大韓民国においては、韓国人は銀行をさほど信用していないところがあるため、金銭を預ける際に利用するものとして、日本の頼母子講に相当する仲間内での契(ケイ)が存在しており、今なお利用する者は少なくない。
- In South Korea, there is Kei among associates which is equivalent to Tanomoshi-ko in Japan to use when depositing money because Koreans do not trust banks very much, and many people use Kei even now.
- それでも政盛の孫の高梨政頼の頃まで独立性を保ってきたが、村上氏を撃破した甲斐国の武田信玄の侵攻を受け、弘治 (日本)年間(1555 - 1558)に本拠地中野郷から信越国境に近い飯山郷まで後退した。
- Until the time of Masayori TAKANASHI, a grandson of Masamori, the Takanashi clan remained independent, but Shingen TAKEDA, of Kai Province, who had destroyed the Murakami clan, invaded the land of the Takanashi clan and they retreated to the Iiyama area close to the boundary of Shinano and Echigo from Nakano, the base, between 1555 and 1558.
- 朝田は三木府連だけでなく、同様に文化厚生会館に事務局を置いており三木と関係の深かった部落問題研究所や全国同和教育研究協議会(全同教)にも、一時府連が会館を管理すると告げ、事務局員を退去させる挙に出た。
- Asada told not only Miki Furen, but also the Institute of Buraku Problem, which was closely tied to Miki and had their office in the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall, and Zenkoku dowa kyoiku kenkyu kyogikai, the National Research Council for Dowa Education (Zendokyo) that the Kyoto Federation was temporarily in charge of the Hall, dismissing the staff from the Hall.
- むしろ古代ローマ帝国は例外的で、古代・中世世界における他の地域の多くの帝国、王国における皇帝や国王、貴族や行政官、騎士などの地位は、厳密な血縁関係を軸とした排他的な継承によって独占的に占有されてきた。
- The Roman Empire was rather exceptional; often in other regions, empires and kingdoms of the ancient and medieval world the status of an emperor, king, aristocrat, administrative official, or knight was strictly passed on through a blood line.
- 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
- According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- したがって、明治憲法に定められた改正手続きによって行われたのは便宜的・形式的なもので、実質的に日本国憲法は、改正ではなく「新たに制定」、両者の間の法的連続性は「実質的には無し」という解釈が取られている。
- So it meant that the constitutional amendment, which had been conducted following procedures defined by the Meiji Constitution (Constitution of the Empire of Japan), was merely expedient and perfunctory, and practically speaking, the Constitution of Japan was 'newly established,' not the amended version, and it had 'no substantial' legal continuity with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
- Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.
- 信長からは丹波国を平定させた明智光秀の軍を送るとの返事を得たものの、1日も早く備中高松城を落城させよという厳しい命が下り、秀吉が不安と焦りに駆られていたころ、軍師・黒田官兵衛孝高が水攻めの策を進言した。
- While Nobunaga replied that he would send the troops of Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had subjugated Tanba Province, but gave strict orders to conquer Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle as soon as possible, Hideyoshi, alarmed and frustrated, heard his strategist Kanbei Yoshitaka KURODA offer an idea of using inundation tactics.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- また、開発途上国は先進国側の率先した削減や技術移転・資金援助などを求めているが、自国の削減目標設定などにおいては、累積排出量の多さ(右グラフ参照)などを指摘し「温暖化は先進国の責任」との反発を見せている。
- And developing countries ask for the reduction led by the side of developed countries, technology transfer, financing help and so on, but in the setting of reduction target of their own countries, they point out a large size of accumulated emission amounts (see the right graph), then oppose to the developed countries, saying 'developed countries are responsible for global warming.'
- 明治時代になると近代国家に脱皮するためには中世封建制社会の身分制度を破棄することは避けて通れないと考えられ、政府により江戸時代の身分制度が廃止され四民平等(しみんびょうどう)の政策が採られることになった。
- In the Meiji period, it was considered that Japan would not be able to develop into a modern nation unless it broke away from its class system based in the medieval feudal society: therefore the government abolished the class system from the Edo period and enacted the policy of shimin byodo (the equality of four classes).
- この後双方とも周囲の勢力を自らの協力体制に持ち込もうと盛んに調略を行うが、北陸の柴田氏の後方にある上杉景勝や信孝の地盤である美濃国の有力部将・稲葉一鉄が羽柴秀吉になびくなど、やや秀吉に有利な状況にあった。
- While both sides then actively devised various stratagems in order to win over the surrounding powers, the situation became slightly advantageous to Hideyoshi HASHIBA, due to his gaining allies in Kagekatsu UESUGI, the man behind the Shibata clan in Hokuriku (the northern region), and Ittetsu INABA, a powerful commanding officer in Mino Province, the stronghold of Nobutaka.
- 大河内氏(おおこうちし)は、清和源氏、摂津源氏の一族で、源頼政の孫、顕綱(あきつな)が三河国額田郡大河内郷(愛知県岡崎市大平町字大河内・注、異説あり。洞町等)に移り住み、大河内氏を称したことを始まりとする。
- The Okochi clan is part of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), and is said to have been established when Akitsuna, the grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, moved to Okochi-go, Nukata County in Mikawa Province (which some have asserted to be the present-day Aza-Okochi, Ohira-cho, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) and called himself Okochi.
- 播磨をようやく再び平定した秀吉は但馬国、因幡国に進出し、山名豊国らを降参させ、山名氏の反織田氏勢力と結んだ毛利氏の吉川経家を鳥取城の戦いにおいて破り、弟の豊臣秀長や宮部継潤に命じ山陰地方の征伐を進めさせた。
- After finally conquering Harima again, Hideyoshi entered into Tajima Province and Inaba Province, and reduced Toyokuni YAMANA to obedience, beat Tsuneie KIKKAWA of the Mori clan at the Battle of Tottori-jo Castle, who was part of the anti-Oda forces led by the Yamana clan, and ordered his brother Hidenaga and Keijun MIYABE to conquer the Sanin region.
- 一般に日本に火縄銃を伝えたのはポルトガル人とされており、欧州の銃がそのまま持ち込まれたと思われがちであるが、当時日本で南蛮人と呼ばれたポルトガル人達の多くは、実はポルトガル本国から直接渡来した者は少なかった。
- Although it is generally believed that the Portuguese introduced matchlocks to Japan and that the European-style ones were brought in as they were, most Portuguese called Nanban-jin (literally, southern barbarians) in Japan at that time were actually not directly from Portugal.
- また、ヨーロッパやロシア、米国は、それぞれの国のエネルギー事情から、数値目標が達成可能かどうかや、経済に与える影響をあらかじめシミュレーションしていたが、日本は6%に対して、裏づけがないまま合意に至っている。
- Also, Europe, Russia and America had simulated previously whether or not the numerical goals could be achieved and the influence on the economy based on the energy situation of each country, but Japan agreed on 6% without deep consideration.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では日本へ派遣した使節が帰国し、その報告が西人派(正使の黄允吉は戦争が近いことを警告)と東人派(副使の金誠一は日本の侵略はあったとしても先の話と否定)で別れ、政権派閥の東人派が戦争の警告を無視した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea, delegates dispatched to Japan returned and the Seijinha group (黄允吉, who was seishi (senior envoy), warned that war would occur in the near future) and the Tojinha group (金誠一, who was the vice envoy, denied saying that invasion by Japan would not be in the near future) made different reports and the Tojinha group, the fraction in power, ignored the warning about the potential of war.
- 既に河内国の領内を本拠としていないにも関わらず「河内源氏」と呼称し続けることに対しての疑問もあり、源頼朝のように史料上明らかに河内に本拠を構えたことのない人物まで河内源氏と括ることへの違和感があるのは確かである。
- Questions are raised on calling them 'Kawachi-Genji' despite the fact that they were no longer based on the manor of Kawachi Province, and it is, indeed, unreasonable that those who were apparently never based in Kawachi according to historical materials, such as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, are included in Kawachi-Genji.
- 由利の出身藩である越前藩のために横井小楠が著した「国是三論」において「一国上の経綸」という章があり、そこでは主に財政経済について論じられていることから、その影響を受けた由利は経綸の語を専ら経済の意味で用いていた。
- In Kokuze Sanron (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy) written by Shonan YOKOI for Echizen Domain where Yuri came from, there is a chapter '一国上の経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) ' in which finance and economy were mainly discussed, because Yuri who was affected by that, always used the word '経綸' as economy.
- 宗家である宮津藩の京極氏はほどなく改易され、丹後田辺藩(舞鶴藩)の京極家も但馬国豊岡藩へ転封となったため丹後一国を領した京極高知の所領も、結果的にはこの峰山藩の1万3,000石だけが丹後に残るだけとなってしまった。
- Soon kaieki (change of rank) was made to the Kyogoku clan, the head family in the Miyazu domain, and the Kyogoku family in the Tanabe (Maizuru) domain of the Tango province was also transferred to the Toyooka domain of Tajima province, and thereby only this 13,000 goku in the Mineyama domain remained in Tango among the territories of Takatomo KYOGOKU who possessed the entire Tango province.
- s気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約の京都議定書3で定められており、土地利用・土地利用変化及び林業部門 (LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) 活動とも呼ばれる。
- In Kyoto Protocol of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is called Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF).
- 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書による温室効果ガス排出量管理に必要な各種排出量および森林吸収量の変化を推計するための基礎的数値については、各国が集計し報告することとなっている(京都議定書 5条・7条、情報の報告義務)。
- Each country has to collect and report basic figures to estimate the fluctuation of the amounts of various emissions and of forest absorption, which are necessary for the management of emission amount of greenhouse gases by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol (Articles 3 and 7 of Kyoto Protocol, obligation of information report).
- 平安時代中期に都の軍事貴族であった源満仲は、二度国司を務めた摂津国川辺郡多田庄を所領として庄内多田盆地(現在の兵庫県川西市多田周辺)に入部し、現在の多田神社(旧多田院)付近に居館を構えて周辺に郎党を住まわせたとされる。
- MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was a military aristocrat of the capital in the middle Heian period owned Tada Manors in Kawabe district, Settsu Province, an acting governor of which he had became twice, moved to the Tada basin in the manors (the present Tada in Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture), and lived in the mansion surrounded by his retainers' houses, in the vicinity of Tada-jinja Shrine (the previous Tada-In).
- 大日本帝国憲法(だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法)は、1889年(明治22年)2月11日に発布、1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- 三村家親は、出雲国尼子氏に代わって中国地方の覇者となった安芸国毛利氏に接近し勢力を備前国、美作国に広げたものの、備前浦上氏の傘下の宇喜多直家により家親が暗殺され、つづく明善寺合戦において三村氏は敗退、その勢力は衰えた。
- Although Iechika MIMURA, by approaching the Mori clan in Aki Province, who ruled the Chugoku region in place of the Amago clan in Izumo Province, expanded his territories to Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province, he was assassinated by Naoie UKITA, who was under the Urakami clan in Bizen, followed by the Mimura clan's loss at the Battle of Myozen-ji Temple and their decline.
- ちなみに、この戦闘は閑山島海戦(1592年7月、脇坂安治指揮の日本軍対李舜臣指揮の朝鮮軍)・幸州山城攻防戦(1593年2月、宇喜多秀家指揮の日本軍対権慄指揮の朝鮮軍)とあわせて韓国では「壬辰倭乱の三大捷」と呼ばれている。
- By the way, this battle are called in the Republic of Korea 'three major victories in Imjin Waeran' together with the Naval Battle of Hansan Island (July 1592, the Japanese army commanded by Yasuharu WAKISAKA versus the Korean army commanded by Yi Sun-sin) and the Battle of Henju-Sanson (the Battle of Haengju) (the Japanese army commanded by Hideie UKITA versus the Korean army commanded by Gwon Yul).
- 朕、...ここに元老院 (日本)を設け、もって立法の源を広め、大審院を置き、もって審判の権を鞏(かた)くし、又、地方官を召集し、もって民情を通じ公益を図り、漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て、なんじ衆庶と倶にその慶に頼らんと欲す
- I…established Genro-in (the Chamber of Elders) to develop nation's legislation, and established Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court) to secure independence of the judiciary, and also summoned local officials to listen to the voices of the people and secure public interest, and aimed at a gradual shift to the constitutional system of government that provided benefits to both me and the public.
- 多田庄は満仲の嫡子であった源頼光が継承し、頼光の長子源頼国を経て、その五男源頼綱に継承されたと一般的に考えられてきたが、頼光と頼国は専ら中級の貴族として都で活動しており多田との関係を示す史料は現在のところ確認されていない。
- Although Tada Manors were generally supposed to be inherited by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu who was an heir of Mitsunaka, by Yorimitsu's first child, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, and then by Yorimitsu's fifth son, Minamoto no Yoritsuna, Yorimitsu and Yorikuni were active in the capital as middle class aristocrats while there are no historical materials which connect them with Tada Manors.
- 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領(天領)として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'
- 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士(武士)が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
- Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.
- また、合戦終了の2日後の4月25日 (旧暦)(6月15日)に秀吉は中国地方の戦国大名・毛利輝元の重臣・小早川隆景に書簡を送り、自軍の勝利に終わったことを報告するとともに、中立状態にあった毛利氏の自らへの服属を暗にうながした。
- Two days after the end of the battle, on June 15, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, a senior vassal of the warlord Terumoto MORI in the Chugoku Region, to inform him that the battle had resulted in his victory, implicitly prompting the Mori clan, which had kept a neutral stance, to submit itself to Hideyoshi.
- この勅諭では、第一に1890年(明治23年)の国会(議会)開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること(欽定憲法)を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
- First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.
- 原古才村を蜂須賀氏が、松井から本小山までを堀尾吉晴、生駒親正、木下備中、桑山重晴、戸田正治らが、蛙ヶ鼻より先を但馬国衆が担当することとなり、浅野長政は船や船頭を集めて備中高松城が湖に浮かぶ島になった際の城攻めの準備にあたった。
- The Hachisuka clan was responsible for Harakosai Village, Yoshiharu HORIO, Chikamasa IKOMA, Bitchu KINOSHITA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Masaharu TODA for the areas from Matsui to Honkoyama, and the people of Tajima Province for the areas beyond Kawazugahana, while Nagamasa ASANO assembled boats and sendo (boatmen) to make preparations for attacking the castle when it would be floating on a lake.
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- ヨーロッパでのフューダリズム(封建制)が、外民族の移動・侵入などと強く結び付いて形成されたのに比し、日本の封建制はむしろ武士による統治などの国内的要因が主となって形成された(天皇を始めとする貴族は武士の権威を根拠付ける存在である)。
- In Europe, the formation of Feudalism (Hoken system) was closely related to foreigners' migration and invasion, the Hoken system in Japan, on the other hand, was mainly triggered by domestic factors including samurai ruling (nobility, including the Emperor, authorized the power of samurai).
- 一、伴天連其知恵之法を以 心さし次第に檀那を持候と被思召候へは 如右日域之仏法を相破事曲事候条 伴天連儀日本之地ニハおかされ間敷候間 今日より廿日之間に用意仕可帰国候 其中に下々伴天連に不謂族(儀の誤りか)申懸もの在之ハ 曲事たるへき事
- 1. The missionaries held temples' supporters with their wits as they desired and destroyed the Buddhist law, therefore, they should not be allowed in the land of Japan, and should prepare to leave and return to their country within twenty days from this day, and also those who harm the missionaries during this period shall be punished.
- それは国家の統治権が及ぶ範囲を「化内」、それが及ばない外部を「化外」と区別し、さらに化外を区分して唐を「隣国」、朝鮮諸国(この時代には新羅と渤海)を「諸蕃」、蝦夷・隼人・南島人を「夷狄」と規定する「東夷の小帝国」と呼ぶべきものであった。
- It was a country worthy of the name 'small empire of eastern barbarians' and classified its sphere of sovereignty as 'kenai,' everywhere outside of this as 'kegai' and further classified kegai into Tang (defined as a 'neighboring country') 'shoban' (literally, miscellaneous barbarians, consisting of kingdoms in Korea: Silla and Balhae in this period) and 'Iteki,' including Ezo (northerners), Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) and inhabitants in southern islands.
- 義綱は、改易となった後、慶長2年(1597年)正月2日より常陸国の佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)に仕え、慶長7年(1602年)に佐竹氏が出羽国に転封となると、これに従い、出羽国平鹿郡横手に移り十二所城代を務め、子孫は、佐竹氏の家老職などを務める。
- After Yoshitsuna was ordered 'kaieki', he served Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu (Master of the Western Capital Offices)) in Hitachi Province from February 18, 1597 and when, in 1602, the SATAKE clan was ordered to change its territory in Dewa Province, he followed this and moved to Yokote, Hiraka County, Dewa Province and served as Jodai (the keeper of the castle) of Junisho-jo Castle and his offsprings served as Karo (chief retainer) of the SATAKE clan and so on.
- 周の時代には中国的な封建制度は活期を迎えたと考えられており、各地に邑を基盤とした血族共同体が広汎に現れ、周はこれらと実際に血縁関係をむすんだり、封建的な関係をむすぶことによって擬制的に血縁関係をつくりだし、支配下に置いたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Chinese Hoken system was at its peak in the Zhou period, and blood relative communities based on Mura (large village) broadly emerged in many places, and Zhou formed fictitious blood relations to control them by making actual blood relations or feudalistic relations with them.
- 武蔵七党の一角を占める児玉党の本宗家3代目児玉家行(有道姓)の次男、児玉二郎家遠(後の塩谷家遠)が、武蔵国児玉郡大寄郷若泉庄の塩谷(現在の埼玉県本庄市児玉町塩谷)の地を父から与えられ、子孫が土着して名乗った事から始まる児玉党を構成する氏族。
- KODAMA Jiro Ieto (later, Ieto SHIONOYA), the second son of Ieyuki KODAMA (Arimichi name) of the third generation of the head family of the KODAMA Party, which occupied a part of the head family of the Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province), was given SHIONOYA's land of Wakaizumi-sho, Oyose-go, Kodama County, Musashi Province (currently Shioya, Kodama-cho, Honjo City, Saitama Prefecture) by his father and the offspring were localized and identified themselves as KODAMA and made up the KODAMA Party as a clan.
- また江戸時代には、対外的には長崎出島での中国・オランダとの交流と対馬藩を介しての李氏朝鮮との交流以外は外国との交流を禁止する鎖国政策を採った(ただし、実際には薩摩に支配された琉球による対明・清交易や渡島半島の松前氏による北方交易が存在した)。
- In the Edo period, as a foreign policy, the shogunate government adopted the national seclusion policy which banned interactions with foreign countries other than those with China and the Netherlands in Dejima island in Nagasaki and Yi Dynasty of Korea through the Tsushima Domain, (although actually Ryukyu under the control of the Satsuma Domain commerced with Ming and Qing, and the Matsumae clan in Oshima Peninsula traded with the Ainu).
- 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
- When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- 東京大学史料編纂所には『歴名』、国立歴史民俗博物館には「補任」の引用と見られる『補略』と呼ばれる書物が所蔵されており、その内容より「補任」は公卿を官位順に記したもの、「歴名」は親王・公卿・諸王・殿上人を官位順に記したものであったと考えられている。
- The Historiographical Institute of The University of Tokyo possesses 'Ryakumyo' and National Museum of Japanese History has books called 'Horyaku' cited from 'Bunin' and according to their contents, it is considered that 'Bunin' recorded court nobles in the order of official court rank and 'Ryakumyo' recorded Imperial princes, court nobles, Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), or tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) in the order of official court rank.
- 京都議定書(きょうとぎていしょ、英 Kyoto Protocol)は、気候変動枠組条約に基づき、1997年12月11日に京都市の国立京都国際会館で開かれた第3回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議(地球温暖化防止京都会議、COP3)での議決した議定書である。
- Kyoto Protocol refers to a protocol adopted at the 3rd Session of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Conference on Climate Change, COP3) held at Kyoto International Conference Center on December 11, 1997, according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
- 「美術」という日本語の単語は西洋語からの翻訳語であり、1873年(明治6年)、当時の日本政府がウィーン万国博覧会へ参加するに当たり、出品する品物の区分名称として、ドイツ語のKunstgewerbeの訳語として「美術」を採用したのが初出と言われている。
- The Japanese word 'bijutsu' is the translation of the Western word that means 'art,' and in A.D. 1873, the then Japanese government participated in the Vienna International Exhibition, and used for the first time 'bijutsu' as the translation of the German word 'Kunstgewerbe' in order to distinguish Japanese exhibits from others, they say.
- 江戸幕府の鎖国政策の進展により、幕府公認の朱印船の海外渡航すら難しくなり、1633年老中奉書船以外の海外渡航や帰国を禁止する第1次鎖国令が発令され、1635年にはすべての日本人の海外渡航と帰国を禁止する第3次鎖国令が発令されて朱印船貿易は終末を迎えた。
- It became increasingly more difficult even for government-certified Shuinsen ships to travel to other countries due to the isolationist policy of the shogunate government; in 1633, the First Seclusion Order, which forbade all ships other that those carrying official letters of the shogunate government to visit or return from other countries, was issued; and in 1935, the Third Seclusion Order, which forbade all Japanese to travel to or return from other countries, was issued, bringing an end to Shuinsen trade.
- 1609年(慶長14年)には前スペイン領フィリピンの総督ドン・ロドリゴがヌエバ・エスパーニャ(現在のメキシコ日本との関係)への帰任に際し海難で上総国岩和田村(現御宿町)に漂着し、1611年(慶長16年)にはセバスティアン・ビスカイノが答礼使として来日した。
- In 1609, Don Rodorigo, the Viceroy of the Philippines, a previous Spanish territory, had an accident at sea on his way back to his post in Nueva Espana and drifted down to Iwada Village, Kazusa Province (presently, Onjuku-machi), and in 1611, Sebastian VIZCAINO paid a visit to Japan as toreishi (errand to return a call or visit).
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 院政期に至ると庶流の源国房(明国の叔父)の系統や源仲政(明国の弟)の系統が北面武士などとして院に伺候したが、摂関家領である多田荘を継承した明国の系統は多田行綱(明国の曾孫)の代に至るまで院北面とはなっておらず、代々摂関家の私的武力としての性格を持ち続けた。
- In the cloistered government period, collateral lines such as MINAMOTO no Kunifusa (Akikuni's uncle) and MINAMOTO no Nakamasa (Akikuni's younger brother) served as the cloistered emperor's army while the line of Akikuni who inherited Tada Manors, the estates owned by the regent family, did not join the cloistered emperor's army and continued to be a private army for the regent family through the generation of Tada Yukitsuna (a grand-grand son of Akikuni).
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- 西欧のフューダリズムで複数の契約関係や、短期間での契約破棄・変更がみられたのと同様、日本でも実際のところ戦国時代 (日本)まで主従関係は流動的なものであり、「二君にまみえず」という語に示されるような主君への強い忠誠が求められたのは、江戸時代に入ってからである。
- Similar to the Western feudalism, under which multiple contractual relationships and dissolution/alteration of contracts were seen, in Japan, the master-and-servant relationship was fluid and unshaken loyalty as shown in the saying ' A faithful retainer will never serve two masters' was not required until the Edo period.
- 16世紀半ばにゴア州、マラッカ、マカオ等にポルトガルが拠点を築き、同国の保護下にイエズス会のアジア布教が本格化する中で、同時期に東アジア・東南アジアの各地を行き来していた日本人と、イエズス会の布教活動に参加していたスペイン人宣教師が接触する機会が生じたのである。
- In the middle of the 16th century, while Portugal created footholds in the Goa State, Malacca, Macao and other places, the Society of Jesus actively promulgated their mission in Asia under state protection, and in the same period, Japanese people coming and going among cities in the East and Southeast Asia had the opportunities to meet Spanish missionaries engaged in missionary work of the Society of Jesus.
- 、長崎の出島への折衝のみを前提としてきた幕府のこれまでの方針に反して、江戸湾の目と鼻の先である浦賀に強行上陸したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーとやむなく交渉した幕府は、翌年の来航時には江戸湾への強行突入の構えをみせたペリー艦隊の威力に屈し日米和親条約を締結した。
- In 1853 the shogunate government was forced to change the conventional foreign policy that foreign negotiation should be conducted only in Dejima island in Nagasaki and have talks with Matthew Perry of the United State who landed defiantly at Uraga, in the backyard of Edo, and next year concluded the Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, yielding to the pressure from the Perry squadron in readiness to enter the Edo Bay.
- 東回りでマカオの歴史にまで進出したポルトガルおよびポルトガル人とならんで、西回りで太平洋に進出マニラ・ガレオンを開拓しフィリピンの歴史を植民地としたスペイン帝国およびスペイン人は、16世紀半ば(戦国時代)に日本人が初めて接触したヨーロッパの国・ヨーロッパ人であった。
- The Spanish Empire and its people that advanced to the Pacific Ocean via an east-to-west route, developed Manila Galleon and made a colonial period in the history of the Philippines, as well as Portugal and its people that advanced to the history of Macao via a west-to-east route, were the first European country and people Japanese people met in the middle of the 16th century (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]).
- 工場等からの排出量は割り当てられた目標を達成し斬減傾向にあるものの、運輸・業務(事業所等)・民生部門の増加が目立ち、特に自動車の氾濫により自家用乗用車については 2004年現在で +52.6% もの著しい増加を見せており、全国で見ても総排出量の 16% を占めている。
- The emissions amount from factories and so on has achieved the allotted target and is in decline, but the increase of emissions from transportation operations (in business and so on) and civilian sectors has been prominent, and in particular due to a huge increase of cars, the emissions from private cars dramatically increased by +52.6% as of 2004 and accounted for 16% in the total emissions amount nationwide.
- 天正の陣(てんしょうのじん)は、1585年(天正13年)に全国統一を目指す羽柴秀吉(豊臣秀吉)の命を受けた中国・毛利氏の小早川隆景率いる軍勢が四国は伊予国新居郡(現在の愛媛県新居浜市)に上陸し、金子城城主 金子氏金子元宅率いる地元勢力を圧倒的な戦力で制圧した戦である。
- The Battle of Tensho (Tensho no Jin) was one in which the army led by Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, of the Mori clan in the Chugoku region, landed at Nii County, Iyo Province (the present-day Niihama City, Ehime Prefecture) in Shikoku in 1585, doing so at the orders of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), who was attempting to integrate the entire nation, and defeated the local troops led by the lord of Kaneko-jo Castle, Motoie KANEKO, of the Kaneko clan, with overwhelming force.
- 彼が帰国してから『日本のドルメンと古墳』(The Dolmens and Burial Mounds in Japan,1897)と『日本のドルメンとその築造者』(The Dolmens of Japan and their Builders,1889)とを発表した。
- After he went back to England, he published 'The Dolmens and Burial Mounds in Japan, 1897' and 'The Dolmens of Japan and their Builders, 1889.'
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
- Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
- これに対し、満仲の嫡流である頼光・頼国が所領を有さなかったとは考え難く、またこの時代は摂関政治の確立により武力を要する政変などが無くなっていたことなども踏まえ、多田庄の経営は一族や郎党の者に任せ自身は在京したものであるとの考察もなされているが、現時点では判然としていない。
- On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine that Yorimitsu and Yorikuni, the main line of Mitsunaka, did not inherit Mitsunaka's property while there were no conflicts needing military forces as the regency was established, so it is considered that Yorikuni and Yorimitsu left the management of Tada Manors to their families or retainers and stayed at the capital, but it is still controversial.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- 教綱の死で藤姓塩谷氏が断絶し、宇都宮正綱の四男塩谷孝綱が名跡を継いで宇都宮氏の影響下に入ったとする説(『下野国誌』所収「塩谷系図」)と、教綱の子に塩谷隆綱があって文明 (日本)10年(1478年)正月18日に塩谷弥五郎を養子に迎え家督を継がせたという説(「秋田塩谷系譜」)である。
- One theory states that with the death of Noritsuna the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family ended and Takatsuna SHIONOYA, the fourth son of Masatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, succeeded to the family name and came under the influence of the UTSUNOMIYA clan ('Family Tree of the Shionoya Family' printed in 'Shimotsuke-kokushi' (the record of Shimotsuke Province)); the other states that Noritsuna had a son called Takatsuna SHIONOYA and that he adopted Yagoro SHIONOYA on March 1, 1478 and had Yagoro succeed to the family ('Family Tree of the Akita Shionoya Family').
- ポスト京都議定書の協議が始まるようになると、温室効果ガス排出量削減の必要性は認めながらも「最も二酸化炭素排出量の多い産業である鉄鋼業では、日本のエネルギー効率は高いことから削減余地が少ない(のだから他国に削減させるべきである)」といった主張が、主に利益団体より出されるようになった。
- When a conference of Post Kyoto Protocol was about to begin, the following claims came out mainly from the interest groups relating to the steel industry: necessity of reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases could be understandable, however, in the Japanese steel industry, which emits the largest amount of carbon dioxide, there was no room for the reduction because the industry's energy efficiency had almost reached the technological limit, therefore further burdens of emissions reduction should be borne by countries other than Japan.
- 昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
- When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.
- 信濃国の大名がこぞって東軍に与するなか、あえて昌幸と信繁が西軍に与した理由は諸説あるが、昌幸の五女が石田三成の妻の実家である宇田氏に嫁いでおり、しかも昌幸二男信繁も三成と親交があり西軍に与した大谷吉継の娘を妻にしているという姻戚関係が、昌幸・信繁父子の選択に重要な影響を及ぼしたと言われている。
- There are several theories why Masayuki and Nobushige dared to side with the Western Camp while the daimyo in Shinano Province all sided with the Eastern Camp, and it is said that the matrimonial relation Masayuki and his son Nobushige had (Masayuki's fifth daughter married into the Uda clan, which is the family home of the wife of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masayuki's second son Nobushige, being associated with Mitsunari, married with a daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI who sided with the Western Camp) had a significant influence on their choices.
- こうした日本の銃運用の事情により、瞬発式火縄銃と同系譜のばねによる撃発機構を持つものの、ばねの力が強すぎて撃発時の振動が大きくなるため銃身がぶれたり、火花が飛んでから火薬に点火するまでのタイムラグがあるため、命中率が低くなるホイールロック式銃やフリントロック式銃も、既に戦国時代には輸入された。
- Under the gun-related circumstances in Japan, wheel lock and flintlock guns had already been imported during the Sengoku period, but in spite of the fact that they had a similar explosion mechanism to that of instantaneous discharge matchlock, the spring action was so strong that the barrel was unstable, and there was a time-lag between sparking and ignition, which caused a low accuracy rate.
- →中国・インドなどいわゆる開発途上国の排出量が増加しているのは事実であるが、2007年には世界最大の排出国であるアメリカ合衆国に匹敵すると言われる中国ですら人口一人あたりの排出量は約1/4であることの難しさも内包している(逆にいえば一人あたり排出量の多い国の削減幅が足りないという話にもなる)。
- ->It is a fact that the emission amount of developing countries such as China, India and so on is increasing, but in 2007, even in China, which is said to be comparable to the United States of America, the largest emitter in the world, the per capita emission amount is about 1/4 of the United States; this makes things difficult, in other words, the reduction rate of a country whose per capita emission amount is large is not enough.
- 京都議定書第3条では、2008年から2012年までの期間中に、先進国全体の温室効果ガス6種の合計排出量を1990年に比べて少なくとも 5%削減することを目的と定め、続く第4条では、各締約国が二酸化炭素とそれに換算した他5種以下の排出量について、以下の割当量を超えないよう削減することを求めている。
- Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol states a target in which the total amount of emissions of the six greenhouse gases in the developed countries should be reduced by at least 5% compared to that of 1990 during the period of 2008 through 2012, and in Article 4 it is stated that the total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide and other five gases the amount of which is expressed in the equivalent value of carbon dioxide should be reduced so that the emissions does not exceed the following assigned target values.
- なお、敗軍の将である京極高次に対して、家康はあの立花宗茂をよく押さえてくれたということから、関ヶ原後に高次の弟・京極高知を使者として高野山に派遣し、大名としての復帰を許しただけではなく、若狭国一国小浜城9万2000石 (単位)の所領を与えるなど、宗茂を大津城に引き付けたことを大いに賞賛したという。
- On the other hand, Takatsugu KYOGOKU received great praise from Ieyasu for attracting Muneshige TACHIBANA to Otsu-jo Castle and containing him there, so much so that after the Battle of Sekigahara he sent Takatomo KYOGOKU, Takatsugu's younger brother, to Koyasan and not only allowed him to return as a daimyo but also gave him the territories of Obama-jo Castle, comprised of 92,000 koku (unit), in Wakasa Province.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- このEU指令下では、京都議定書策定以前から技術のみに依存するのではなく化石燃料を使わない方法で化石燃料由来排出量を減らしてきた北欧諸国などは京都議定書の目標値が緩く設定されており(p.84)、例えばスウェーデンは +4%が認められているなど、具体的な成果を挙げている国については相応の評価がされている。
- Under the EU directive, Scandinavian countries, which have reduced the amount of emissions generated from fossil fuel by not only depending on technology but also lessening use of fossil fuel since the time before the formulation of Kyoto Protocol, are evaluated for their emissions reduction achievements and allowed to have lower reduction targets (p.84) in the Kyoto Protocol, for example, Sweden's target is +4%.
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
- Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.
- クリーン開発メカニズム (CDM Clean Development Mechanism) とは、先進国が開発途上国に技術・資金等の支援を行い温室効果ガス排出量を削減、または吸収量を増幅する事業を実施した結果、削減できた排出量の一定量を先進国の温室効果ガス排出量の削減分の一部に充当することができる制度である。
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism in which developed countries support developing countries in fields such as technology and finance so as to reduce the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases and/or carry out activities to increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorption; and a certain amount of the consequently reduced emissions can be used partly as an amount of emissions of greenhouse gases in the developed countries.
- しかし、単に八幡山、稲荷山、大塚山、茶臼山、車塚、船山、宮山などと称する地名は各地にいくらでもみられ、時には同郡、同国内に複数存在する場合もあるので、どこの八幡山かを区別するために、井辺八幡山古墳、埼玉稲荷山古墳、江田船山古墳、百舌鳥大塚山古墳などと大字またはそれより上位の地名を付して呼称するのが通例である。
- However, there are many different places with the same name across Japan, for example Hachiman-yama mountain, Inari-yama mountain, Otsuka-yama mountain, Chausu-yama mountain, Kuruma-zuka tumulus, Funa-yama mountain and Miya-yama mountain, and these names exist in many places and sometimes there are exactly the same names in a county or within an area of an old province; therefore, to distinguish the difference in those cases, usually the name of the oaza or higher rank names (such as the prefecture name) will be added to the original names, for example Inbehachiman-yama mountain Kofun, Inari-yama mountain Kofun, the Eta Funa-yama mountain Kofun and Mozuotsuka-yama mountain Kofun.
- 基準年を1990年に設定したのはロシアの批准を促すことなどにも配慮されたという国際政治の現場にありがちな話を指摘する向きや、「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた日本が6%もの高水準を求められている」といった論調により、「この議定書が締結・発効に至る過程で政治的に歪められている」とする意見が散見される。
- An opinion saying 'the Protocol was politically biased in the process of ratification and effectuation' is heard here and there along with the following views: setting 1990 as the reference year was to give time to Russia for ratification, which is quite a political consideration; Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industry, but is required for a high reduction level of 6%.
- 現段階から米国が参加しても、温度上昇を 2100年までに0.15セルシウス度改善したり、2.5センチメートル の海面上昇を抑えたりする程度の効果であり「地球温暖化を 6年程度遅らせるほどの効果である」「京都議定書が保守的に守られた仮定でも効果は限定的」との指摘もあるものの、一定の成果であるといった評価がされている。
- Even if America joins now, some point out that, the temperature increase issue will improve only by 0.15 degrees Celsius by 2100, a sea surface elevation of only 2.5 centimeters will be prevented, that is, 'the effect is such that global warming is slowed by about six years,' and 'the effect is limited if Kyoto Protocol is conservatively observed;' however, the Kyoto Protocol is considered to be a valuable achievement to some extent despite the above harsh comments.
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- 地球温暖化の地球温暖化の原因となる、温室効果ガスの一種である二酸化炭素 (CO2)、メタン (CH4)、亜酸化窒素 (N2O)、フロン類類 (HFCs)、フロン類類 (PFCs)、六フッ化硫黄(SF6) について、先進国における削減率を1990年を基準として各国別に定め、共同で約束期間内に目標値(削減目標参照)を達成することが定められた。
- As for the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Fluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are the causes of global warming, developed countries agreed to set reduction rates of emissions with respect to the 1990 levels respectively, and collaboratively aim to achieve the target rates within the committed period (see the reduction target).
- 92% (-8%) - オーストリア、ベルギー、ブルガリア、チェコ、デンマーク、エストニア、フィンランド、フランス、ドイツ、ギリシャ、アイルランド、イタリア、ラトビア、リヒテンシュタイン、リトアニア、ルクセンブルグ、モナコ、オランダ、ポルトガル、ルーマニア、スロバキア、スロベニア、スペイン、スウェーデン、スイス、イギリス、(欧州連合15か国)
- 92% (-8%) - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italia, Latvia, Principality of Liechtenstein, Republic of Lithuania, Luxemburg, Principality of Monaco, Holland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (European Union 15 countries)
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国・大韓民国では文禄の役を壬辰倭乱(じんしんわらん、、イムジンウェラン、戦役総称として使う場合もあり)、慶長の役を丁酉倭乱(ていゆうわらん、、チョンユウェラン)または丁酉再乱(ていゆうさいらん、、チョンユヂェラン)と呼んでいる(北朝鮮では壬辰祖国戦争(じんしんそこくせんそう、、イムジンチョグクチョンジェン)と呼ばれる場合もある)。
- In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, the Bunroku War is called Imjin Waeran (It is also used as the generic name of the Wars), and the Keicho War is called Chonyu Ueran or Chonyu Jeran (In the North Korea, in certain cases it is also called Imjin chogukuchonjen).
- 容易に李氏朝鮮の首都である漢城が陥落すると、日本の諸将は5月に漢城にて軍議を開き、各方面軍による八道国割と呼ばれる制圧目標を決めた(平安道から一番隊小西行長他、咸鏡道から二番隊加藤清正他、黄海道から三番隊黒田長政他、江原道から四番隊毛利吉成他、忠清道から五番隊福島正則他、全羅道から六番隊小早川隆景他、慶尚道から七番隊毛利輝元他、京畿道から八番隊宇喜多秀家他)。
- After Hancheong, which had been the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, fell easily, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Hancheong and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari (literally, dividing the country into eight routes) by each corps (the First Division of Yukinaga KONISHI and others from Pyeongan Province, the Second Division of Kiyomasa KATO and others from Hangyong Province, the Third Division of Nagamasa KURODA and others from Hwanghae Province, the Forth Division of Yoshinari MORI and others from Gangwon Province; the Fifth Division of Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others from Chungcheong Province; the Sixth Division by Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others from Jeolla Province, the Seventh Division by Terumoto MORI and others from Gyeongsang Province, and the Eighth Division of Hideie UKITA and others from Gyeonggi Province).
- この運動の開始および展開については、1920年のブリュリューク(ダヴィッド・ブリュリュック、ダヴィド・ブルリューク、1882年-1967年, Давид Бурлюк, DavidBurliuk)とパリモフ(ヴィクトール・パリモフ、1888年-1929年, Bиктор Пальмов, Victor Palimov)の来日に伴う、ロシア未来派の影響、および、1923年の村山知義のドイツからの帰国が大きくかかわっている。
- The origins and development of such movements were greatly influenced by Russian Futurism following a visit to Japan of David Burliuk (Давид Бурлюк, 1882 - 1967) and Victor Palimov (Bиктор Пальмов, 1888 - 1929) in 1920, and by the return of Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA from Germany in 1923.
- 「日本の憲法は御承知のごとく五箇条の御誓文から出発したものと云ってもよいのでありますが、いわゆる五箇条の御誓文なるものは、日本の歴史、日本の国情をただ文字に現わしただけの話でありまして、御誓文の精神、それが日本国の国体であります。日本国そのものであったのであります。この御誓文を見ましても、日本国は民主主義であり、デモクラシーそのものであり、あえて君権政治とか、あるいは圧制政治の国体でなかったことは明瞭であります」と答弁した。
- He answered 'As you know, it can be said that the Constitution of Japan started from Charter Oath. So-called Charter Oath of Five Articles was just written expressing the history and the state of affairs of Japan. The spirit of Charter Oath itself is the national policy of Japan and what Japan is. Seeing Charter Oath, Japan is a democratic country and democracy itself. It is obvious that the national policy was not monarchy or repressive government.'
- 太平洋戦争終結後、戦災復興のために各方面より無尽会社でも当座預金の取扱を可能としようとする要請が為されるようになったものの、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は当時、無尽を賭博的でギャンブルの一つであると見ており、これに難色を示したため、政府は当時の銀行並の業務を可能としつつも、無尽の取扱が可能で制度・監督上は無尽会社程度で設立可能な金融機関制度を企画、1951年に相互銀行法が成立し、日本住宅無尽株式会社を除く全社が相互銀行へ転換した。
- After the Pacific War ended, various quarters demanded to make it possible to handle checking accounts even in Mujin companies for war-damage reconstruction, but in those days the GHQ regarded Mujin as gambling and was against it, therefore, while making it possible to do business at a banking level at that time, the government planned a financial institution system where it would be possible to handle Mujin and set up a Mujin company level in the system to supervise, and thereby the Mutual Loan and Savings Bank Act was established in 1951 and all companies except Nihon Jutaku Mujin K.K. shifted to the mutual banking system.
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).
- その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ(寺田屋事件~西南戦争)、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
- As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.
- アイスランド、アゼルバイジャン、アラブ首長国連邦、アルジェリア、アルバニア、アルメニア、イエメン、イラン、インド、ウガンダ、エチオピア、エリトリア、オマーン、ガイアナ、ガーナ共和国、カーボヴェルデ、カタール、ガボン、カメルーン、ガンビア、カンボジア、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国、ギニア、ギニアビサウ、キプロス、キリバス、キルギス共和国、クウェート、グルジア、グレナダ、ケニア、コートジボワール、コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、コロンビア、サウジアラビア、シエラレオネ、ジブチ、ジャマイカ、シリア、シンガポール、スーダン、スリナム、スリランカ、スワジランド、赤道ギニア、セネガル、タンザニア、チュニジア、トーゴ、ドミニカ国、ドミニカ共和国、ナイジェリア、ナウル、ナミビア、ネパール、ハイチ、パキスタン、バヌアツ、バハマ、パラオ、バーレーン、バルバドス、ハンガリー、バングラデシュ、ブータン、ブルキナファソ、ブルンジ、ベナン、ベネズエラ、ベラルーシ、ベリーズ、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ、ボツワナ共和国、マケドニア共和国、マダガスカル、マラウィ、南アフリカ、ミャンマー、モーリシャス、モーリタニア、モザンビーク、モルドバ、モロッコ、モンゴル、ヨルダン、ラオス人民民主共和国、リビア、リベリア共和国、ルワンダ、レソト、レバノン
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