困難: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 困難
• difficulty
• distress
• trouble
• hard
• intractable
• recalcitrant
• labored
• hell and high water
• hell or high water
• matter
• strait
• arduous

• 困難な
• arduous
• difficult
• impossible
• thorny
• tough
• troublesome
• uphill

• 学習困難
• learning disability
• learning disabled

• 排尿困難
• dysuria
• inability to urinate
• difficulty in urination

• 呼吸困難
• labored breathing
• laboured breathing
• dyspnea
• dyspnoea
• respiratory distress
• dyspneic
• shortness of breath (SOB)

• 財政困難
• financial difficulties
• pecuniary embarrassment
• involvement

• 入手困難
• difficult to obtain
• difficult to get

• 生歯困難
• difficult eruption
• dysodontiasis

• 嚥下困難
• aphagia
• difficulty in swallowing
• dysphagia

• 起立困難
• dysstasia

• 困難な時
• a time of difficulty
• difficult times

• 月経困難
• dysmenorrhea

• 性交困難
• dyspareunia

• 書字困難
• dysgraphia

• 歩行困難
• difficulty in walking
• walking difficulty

• NP困難
• NP-hard

• 困難にする
• complicate

• 困難な仕事
• large order
• tall order
• difficult work
• a herculean task

• 困難である
• have trouble

• 困難な情勢
• difficult state of affairs

• 困難と戦う
• to contend with difficulties

• 困難と闘う
• to contend with difficulties

• 月経困難症
• dysmenorrhea

• 帰宅困難者
• travellers (e.g. commuters, students, etc.) who have difficulty returning home, esp. after a large-scale earthquake

• 困難の除去
• relief

• 幾多の困難
• trials and tribulations

• 困難耐える
• take it

• 不快な困難
• an unpleasant difficulty

• 無数の困難
• innumerable difficulties

• 呼吸困難感
• respiratory distress

• 呼吸困難症
• respiratory distress

• 性交困難症
• dyspareunia

• 困難のもと
• a source of difficulty

• 非常に困難な
• Herculean
• murderous

• 困難な立場で
• out on a limb

• 技術的に困難
• technically difficult

• 困難に陥れる
• to put (a person) in a fix

• 嚥下困難発作
• dysphagic stroke

• 磁化困難方向
• hard direction of magnetization

• 困難を逃れて
• be out of the woods

• 極めて困難な
• severe

• 困難時の援助
• assistance in time of difficulty

• 困難な方法で
• in a laborious manner
• in an arduous manner

• 名詞想起困難
• dysnomia

• 夜間呼吸困難
• nocturnal dyspnea

• 急性呼吸困難
• acute dyspnea

• 呼吸困難状態
• a dyspneic condition

• 弁済困難の認定
• Recognition of Difficulty in Payment

• 労作性呼吸困難
• exertional dyspnea
• irregular dyspnea

• 発作性呼吸困難
• paroxysmal dyspnea

• 呼気性呼吸困難
• expiratory dyspnea

• 呼吸困難症候群
• respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

• 起立性呼吸困難
• orthostatic dyspnea

• 吸気性呼吸困難
• inspiratory dyspnea

• 心臓性呼吸困難
• cardiac dyspnea

• 適正処理困難物
• hard-to-manage material to disposal

• 困難な道を歩む
• tread a thorny path

• 多少困難である
• somewhat hard

• 労作時呼吸困難
• exertional dyspnea
• dyspnea on exertion

• 安静時呼吸困難
• dyspnea at rest

• 有痛性排尿困難
• strangury

• 努力性呼吸困難
• exertional dyspnea

• 困難や問題なく
• without difficulties or problems

• 心因性月経困難症
• psychogenic dysmenorrhea

• 続発性月経困難症
• secondary dysmenorrhea

• 労作時の呼吸困難
• dyspnea on exertion

• Xが大変困難だ。
• X is very difficult.

• 困難を伴って運ぶ
• carry with difficulty

• 困難を伴い、鈍い
• labored and dull

• 呼吸が困難なこと
• difficult or labored respiration

• 困難に抑制されて
• held in check with difficulty

• 困難を隠したさま
• having concealed difficulty

• 多くの困難なしで
• without much difficulty

• ひどく困難なもの
• something outstandingly difficult

• 歩行が困難だった
• had difficulty walking

• 原発性月経困難症
• primary dysmenorrhea

• 機能性月経困難症
• functional dysmenorrhea

• 固定姿勢保持困難
• asterixis

• 困難または不便で
• with difficulty or inconvenience

• とても困難に歩く
• walk with great difficulty

• 長くて困難な歩行
• a long difficult walk

• 遣唐使の渡海の困難
• Difficult Sea Voyage of the Kentoshi (Japanese Delegates to China)

• 財政的に困難である
• be in the red

• 数多くの極端な困難
• trials and tribulations

• 困難で、悩まされる
• beset with difficulties

• 困難な状態での助け
• help in a difficult situation

• 困難に関係している
• involved in difficulties

• 発作性夜間呼吸困難
• paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• PND

• 夜間発作性呼吸困難
• paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

• インターロック困難
• interlock difficultly

• 運ぶのが困難なもの
• any load that is difficult to carry

• 困難や苦しみの原因
• a cause of difficulty and suffering

• 長く困難な旅行をする
• make a long and difficult journey

• 困難または歪曲なしで
• without difficulty or distortion

• 問題または困難なしで
• with no problems or difficulties

• 困難を伴って伝達する
• express with difficulty

• 問題が複雑になる困難
• the difficulties in which the question is involved

• 困難な時期を経験した
• fell upon trying times

• 彼は呼吸困難に陥った
• He fought for breath

• 心配を引き起こす困難
• a difficulty that causes anxiety

• 布教は困難をきわめた。
• Missionary work proved to be difficult.

• 特発性呼吸窮迫(困難)
• idiopathic respiratory distress

• 人を困難な事態から救う
• save the day

• 危険や困難を避けること
• an avoidance of danger or difficulty

• 困難のもつれからの解放
• release from entanglement of difficulty

• 困難な状況の慰めの側面
• a consoling aspect of a difficult situation

• 首尾よく困難を切り抜ける
• land on one's feet

• 成し遂げるのは困難である
• difficult to accomplish

• 直面した征服できない困難
• faced unconquerable difficulties

• 大きな困難を経て成功する
• succeeding with great difficulty

• 痛みを伴う排尿か排尿困難
• painful or difficult urination

• かなりの困難を持って動く
• move with great difficulty

• ～することに困難を感じない
• have no difficulty in ~ing

• 進むことを困難にさせるもの
• any structure that makes progress difficult

• 困難な、もしくは厄介な状況
• a difficult or awkward situation

• この問題は困難なものです。
• This question is not free from difficulty.

• 山頂に登頂が困難に存在する
• located inaccessibly on the top of a mountain

• 困難に関係なく、彼は続けた
• he carried on regardless of the difficulties

• 困難または試練でいっぱいの
• full of hardship or trials

• 困難に打ち勝って目的を達する
• make the grade

• それが非常に困難を極めます。
• It’s really arduous.

• 困難または障害から解放された
• freeing from difficulty or impediment

• 思いもよらない困難が起こった
• unsuspected difficulties arose

• 前方の困難によく気づいていた
• was well aware of the difficulties ahead

• 一般委託者債務の弁済困難の認定
• Recognition of a difficulty to repay the liabilities of a General Customer

• そのため、伝授は困難を極めた。
• Therefore, its initiation was extremely difficult.

• 努力によって乗り越えられる困難
• a difficulty that can be overcome with effort

• 進歩や目的達成を困難にする状況
• any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective

• 動くときに苦痛や困難を伴う特性
• the property of moving with pain or difficulty

• 自分を救い出しにくい困難か困惑
• a difficulty or embarrassment that is hard to extricate yourself from

• 当事者が突然直面する深刻な困難
• a serious difficulty with which one is suddenly faced

• 腸からの排泄が不規則で困難なこと
• irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels

• 扱ったり、克服するのが困難な特性
• the trait of being difficult to handle or overcome

• 困難に真っ向から取り組まないこと
• a failure to face some difficulty squarely

• 突然の厳しい困難に見舞われること
• a sudden and severe onset of trouble

• 彼は困難な状況にはまってしまった
• He was trapped in a difficult situation

• トラブルと困難を目の前にした忠誠
• loyalty in the face of trouble and difficulty

• 困難、混乱、または当惑でいっぱいの
• full of difficulty or confusion or bewilderment

• 困難にみえることは何もありません。
• and nothing seemeth hard,

• 彼は医学的に困難な状況に陥っていた
• he was trapped in a medical swamp

• 問題か困難が起こりそうであるところ
• where problems or difficulties are likely to occur

• 困難、または苦痛な問題、または葛藤
• hard or painful trouble or struggle

• 危険や困難に立ち向かうことを意味する
• brave

• その本当の重要性は想像が困難だった。
• whose true import it was difficult to imagine.

• 月経前の痛みと月経困難症を引き起こす
• causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrhea

• 歯なしで、大変な困難を伴いながら噛む
• chew without teeth and with great difficulty

• 山の高い部分の、接近が困難なシャレー
• an unapproachable chalet high in the mountains

• 仕事の重い負担、困難または責任をもつ
• bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities

• 予期せぬ困難に出会ったときにもらす言葉
• Uh-oh.

• どちらの道を選ぶかの判断を下すのが困難
• between a rock and a hard place

• 計画遂行が極めて困難となった場合の免責
• Discharge Granted Due to Extreme Difficulty in Execution of Plan

• 円滑な弁済が困難であると認められる債権
• Claims whose Smooth Repayment is Found Difficult

• 理解する、通常いくつかの最初の困難の後
• understand, usually after some initial difficulty

• 困難または障害にもかかわらず手に入れる
• get despite difficulties or obstacles

• 庭で栽培するのは困難または不可能である
• difficult or impossible to cultivate in the garden

• しかし新興の君主国には困難が生じます。
• BUT the difficulties occur in a new principality.

• 肝臓と脾臓はさらなる困難な状態にあった
• there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen

• 彼は困難をものともせずに癌を乗り切った
• He survived the cancer against all odds

• 彼女はこの困難な状況で理性的に行動した
• she acted intelligently in this difficult situation

• 複雑で、危機的でまたは普通でない困難さ
• a complex or critical or unusual difficulty

• 心配または感情的な緊張を引き起こす困難
• difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension

• （通常、金銭上の困難で）困っていること
• the state of being embarrassed (usually by some financial inadequacy)

• 困難、苦労または努力をしなくてすむこと
• freedom from difficulty or hardship or effort

• したがって、日本は経済的に困難に陥った。
• Therefore, Japan got into difficulty economically.

• 駅自体の立地上、車椅子等での利用は困難。
• Due to its location, the station is basically not wheelchair-accessible.

• 大変困難であると思われる問題に立ち向かう
• take the tiger by the tail.

• やっかいな、あるいは困難な状況または事態
• a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs

• 手続きに関する経験のなさは、困難を生んだ
• procedural inexperience created difficulties

• 理解困難でもったいぶった専門家の業界用語
• incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists

• これは、幕府による朝廷の制御を困難にした。
• The disruption hindered the bakufu from controlling the Imperial Court.

• 困難という意見が多くの委員から出されます。
• Many committee members express the opinion that it would be difficult.

• 困難に満ちていたし、実行不可能にも見えた。
• full of difficulty, perhaps impracticable.

• 困難な状況に対処することができるという特質
• the quality of being able to cope with a difficult situation

• 彼らはこの困難な時代の間、立派に振る舞った
• They conducted themselves well during these difficult times

• あなたは困難をすべて克服しなければならない
• You must overcome all difficulties

• 彼は困難さが増している一連の問題を指定した
• he assigned a series of problems of increasing hardness

• 不快であるか、または何か困難なものを避ける
• avoid something unpleasant or laborious

• なにか困難なことを制することに成功すること
• success in mastering something difficult

• 形づくるまたは扱うのが困難なまたは不可能な
• difficult or impossible to shape or work

• - 自力呼吸が困難になり、人工呼吸器を装着。
• Breathing on his own becomes difficult and he goes onto an artificial respirator.

• しかし、友純入籍の後、困難な事態が発生する。
• After the entry of Tomoito in the family register, however, difficulties occurred.

• また、保護のための放鳥も困難な問題を抱える。
• Hocho for species preservation is also faced with difficult problems.

• 従ってその具体的な定義を行うのは困難である。
• Therefore, it is difficult to define jogakuji in a specific way.

• しかし、上述のように明確な区別は困難である。
• However, as mentioned above, it's difficult to categorize them clearly.

• これを揚鞭といい、はなはだ困難な技術である。
• This is called Agemuchi and is an extremely difficult technique to perform.

• 困難な状況であなたの味方になってくれる良い人
• a good man to have on your side in a tight situation

• 困難を抱えているように、その日その日を暮らす
• live from day to day, as with some hardship

• 熱、炎症、筋肉痛、および嚥下困難を特徴とする
• characterized by fever and inflammation and muscular pains and difficulty swallowing

• 正確に評価することが困難かあるいは不可能である
• difficult or impossible to evaluate with precision

• 困難な位置の中で彼自身の平衡を保つアクロバット
• an acrobat who balances himself in difficult positions

• 彼の公職への就任はキューバの困難と一致していた
• his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba

• 経済的困難からの解放で快適な状態を増進すること
• a freedom from financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state

• 彼らはこの困難な問題にも陽気に対処しようとした
• they tried to deal with this painful subject jocularly

• この面白くなく困難な仕事を美化しないで下さい！
• Don't romanticize this uninteresting and hard work!

• スタイルまたは表現での困難さによって強調される
• marked by difficulty of style or expression

• 誰かに困難を引き起こしたことに対する後悔の表現
• an expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone

• しかし歌い方の伝承は絶え、現在解読は困難である。
• However, the transmission of the way of singing was lost, so it is hard to decipher at present.

• 影響を及ぼしたり、制御したりすることが困難なこと
• the trait of being hard to influence or control

• 困難なことではないけど、疑いの余地もなさそうだ。
• In this there is no difficulty, and they seem to be above suspicion.

• 物語は彼のより困難な小説より親しみやすそうである
• the tales seem more approachable than his more difficult novels

• 不鮮明で、困難で、難解な事柄に高度に長けた専門家
• an expert who is highly skilled in obscure or difficult or esoteric matters

• 純粋な試薬を得ようとするには、深刻な困難があった
• serious difficulties were encountered in obtaining a pure reagent

• 予測できず、思ってもみない、あるいは驚異的な困難
• an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty

• 患者は聞いただけでは文章を反復するのが困難である
• patient's have difficulty repeating a sentence just heard

• 特に、サイズや重さのために扱いや使用に困難である
• difficult to handle or use especially because of size or weight

• 現実的に、またはきっぱりと困難と事実に立ち向かう
• facing facts or difficulties realistically and with determination

• 必要な時、苦悩の時、または困難な時に手助けする人
• someone who gives help in times of need or distress or difficulty

• 山間部ということもあり、複線化は困難な状態である。
• Given the fact that the railway lies in the mountains, it will be difficult to double-track this section.

• 当該用途について他の物による代替が困難であること。
• It shall be difficult to substitute said chemical substance with any other substance with regard to said usage.

• これは特に困難な仕事を与えたときに最も目にします。
• This is most visible on particularly difficult tasks.

• 入手が困難な物品を販売することで不当な利益をあげる
• make an unreasonable profit, as on the sale of difficult to obtain goods

• でこぼこの丸石で舗装された表面を歩くのは困難だった
• walking was difficult on the irregular cobblestoned surface

• レポートは、困難な事実のデータの驚くべき不足を示す
• the report shows a surprising lack of hard factual data

• 難しい、または困難な方法で生じる、または引き起こす
• get or cause to become in a difficult or laborious manner

• 可能性がほとんどない、困難であるまたは発生するさま
• has little chance of being the case or coming about

• 日常生活ではそれだけの大金を用意するのは困難である。
• It was difficult to raise such a huge sum of money in their daily lives.

• しかし家計は引き続き窮乏し、品位保持も困難を極めた。
• However, the financial state of the family continued to be strained, and even holding on to the family status became extremely difficult.

• 登山道は不明瞭なので、到達するのは非常に困難である。
• The mountain trails are not clear and, therefore, it is very difficult to reach the mihashira-torii.

• 自分の代での版図拡大がこれ以上は困難であると悟った。
• He found it difficult to further extend his territory during his lifetime.

• 勝家は殿を努めるが困難を極め負傷し旗指物を奪われた。
• He was Shingari (the rear part of the army troops), but had a hard time and got injured, and the hatasashi-mono (battle flags) was taken away.

• 事業の継続が困難となった場合における措置に関する事項
• The matters on measures to be taken when difficulties arise in the continuation of the project;

• このため、仏教伝来年次が確定困難な一因となってきた。
• This has been one of the reasons for the difficulty in defining the introduction year of Buddhism.

• 呼吸していないか、困難を除いて呼吸することができない
• not breathing or able to breathe except with difficulty

• 彼らは、彼が困難に陥っているとき、精神的支援を与えた
• they gave him emotional support during difficult times

• 不可能なほどに困難な仕事となると長らく考えられてきた
• long thought to be an impossibly difficult operation

• 彼女は繊細で、洗練されていて、困難に慣れていなかった
• she was delicate and refined and unused to hardship

• 彼は自分が、やっかいな困難に陥っていることに気づいた
• finds himself in a most awkward predicament

• 探偵が最後に説明する前に読者が謎を解くのが困難な小説
• novel in which the reader is challenged to solve a puzzle before the detective explains it at the end

• 議論における気まずい（恥ずかしい、または困難な）瞬間
• awkward (or embarrassing or difficult) moments in the discussion

• 解決するのが不可能な特性（問題または困難さにおいて）
• the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it impossible to solve

• そのため、巨額の造営費を出すことは困難な状況にあった。
• Therefore, squeezing out a large amount of building expenses was difficult.

• これもまた制度研究を困難にさせている要因の一つである。
• This is one reason to the difficulty in understanding the system.

• 我が国の国際収支の均衡を維持することが困難になること。
• The maintenance of equilibrium of the international balance of trade of Japan becomes difficult.

• 漂遊負荷損(測定や計算によって定めることが困難な損失)
• stray load loss

• 銀行の融資を受けることが困難な人々に貸付を行う金融会社
• a finance company that makes loans to people who have trouble getting a bank loan

• 個人の関係に対処している感情的に不安定で持っている困難
• emotionally unstable and having difficulty coping with personal relationships

• 長く困難な実地訓練の年月により、彼らは能力を十分に得た
• Long hard years of on the job training had brought them to their competence

• 闘争、困難または不快なものへ進む傾向またはそれらを好む
• an inclination or liking for things involving conflict or difficulty or unpleasantness

• アラン島の生活はいつも荒涼とし困難であったーJMシング
• Life in the Aran Islands has always been bleak and difficult- J.M.Synge

• あるものが解決することを可能にする特性（問題や困難さ）
• the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it possible to solve

• 日本が困難な外交的取引を通じて辛うじて勝利を勝ち取った。
• Japan gained the victory barely through difficult diplomatic dealings.

• しかしこの計画は、財政上とうてい実現困難なものであった。
• However, there were financial constraints on the project.

• 旧東高野街道もその痕跡を辿ることが困難となってしまった。
• Now, there is no track can be found to trace the old Higashi Koya-Kaido Road.

• あなたのとこのハッカーは困難な問題に突き当たっている。
• Your hacker is stuck on a difficult problem.

• このカーネルの開発の困難さは予想をはるかに超えるもので、
• Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;

• このため、全ての荘園に共通する要素を見出すのは困難である。
• This makes it difficult to find an element common to all the Shoen in these respects.

• 彼が自分の取った方針を承認するにもはや何の困難もなかった。
• He had no difficulty now in approving of the course he had taken.

• 困難な水域を通って港へ出入りする船を案内する資格を持った人
• a person qualified to guide ships through difficult waters going into or out of a harbor

• もし、キリストがおそばにおられなければ、すべては困難です。
• but when Jesus is not present everything is hard.

• 私は、朝食に何を食べるべきかという解決困難な問題に直面した
• I faced the knotty problem of what to have for breakfast

• スコポラミンで鎮静状態となった人は、横になるのが困難になる
• someone sedated with scopolamine has difficulty lying

• 遠方に神社があるため、直接行くことが困難な人も気軽に出来る。
• It makes it easier for people to visit and pray at the Shinto shrines when they are physically situated far away and difficult to reach.

• あなたは、あなたのした全ての困難な仕事を考えると昇進に値する
• You deserve a promotion after all the hard work you have done

• ただ、「里」は長い距離であるので、直接計測するのは困難である。
• However, it is difficult to measure the length of 'ri' directly because it is long distance.

• 要するに「国家か法か」という回答困難な問題が発生したのである。
• In other words, a difficult problem, 'which Japan should choose, the state or the law?' arose.

• 彼はレースから離脱し、明らかに疲弊して息をするのも困難であった
• he dropped out of the race, clearly distressed and having difficulty breathing

• ただし鋳造貨幣というものは質量を均一に作成することは困難である。
• However, it is difficult to mint coins with uniform mass.

• また日元関係の悪化によって中国商人の博多定住も困難となっていた。
• In addition, the worsening relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty had made it difficult for Chinese merchants to live in Hakata.

• 発表当時は読本形式であったが、これでは実際の上演が困難であった。
• Kiri Hitoha, when published first, was in the style of Yomihon (copy for reading)--a style not suited for stage presentation.

• そのため、カーブが多く複線化も困難だった旧線は一旦廃線となった。
• Accordingly, the old tracks which have many curves and are difficult to be double-tracked, was once abandoned.

• 孤立状態の蝦夷地には物資欠乏のおそれがあり、前途は困難であった。
• Therefore, isolated Ezo was threatened to fall in the shortage of goods and had a lot of troubles.

• 前条の規定による再生計画の変更をすることが極めて困難であること。
• It is extremely difficult to modify the rehabilitation plan under the provision of the preceding Article.

• そうなると、わたしははなはだ困難な立場にあると思ったからである。
• that I felt myself placed in the weakest of positions.

• 長い困難な旅（山岳地方を通してのハイキングのような）をする旅行者
• a traveler who makes a long arduous journey (as hiking through mountainous country)

• これは、統治の技術の中でも、もっとも困難で複雑な問題の一つです。
• ―is one of the most difficult and complicated questions in the art of government.

• 女性が彼の男らしさに対する中傷への感度を理解することは困難である
• it is difficult for a woman to understand a man's sensitivity to any slur on his virility

• ウマの慢性肺気腫で、呼気が困難となり、脇腹を苦しそうに波打たせる
• a chronic emphysema of the horse that causes difficult expiration and heaving of the flanks

• しかし雪に阻まれ進軍は困難を極め、地理に詳しい木曽軍に翻弄された。
• However, snow prevented the troops from moving ahead and they were at the mercy of the Kiso forces, who knew the geography of the area well.

• 高等学校の増加で番号による区別が困難になったこともその一因である。
• Another reason was the fact that distinction using numbers became difficult due to an increase in the number of higher schools.

• どれも話にしか聞かない珍しい宝ばかりで、手に入れるのは困難だった。
• All of them are legendary rare treasures and difficult to get.

• そのため、徹底抗戦派と見られていた定敬の帰国は困難な状況となった。
• This made it difficult for Sadaaki, who was a member of the resistance force, to return home.

• 申立人が前号の証拠となるべきものを自ら収集することが困難である事由
• Grounds that make it difficult for the petitioner to collect the materials that are to serve as evidence set forth in the preceding item by himself/herself

• あなたのとこのハッカーは多分何か困難に突き当たっているのでしょう。
• Your hacker is probably stuck on something difficult.

• 僕たちは、すぐに今の状況がきわめて困難かつ危険であることを悟った。
• and we saw ourselves at once in a difficult and dangerous position.

• この困難から逃れるためには、これまた各種の実験をしてみるしかない。
• for out of this difficulty cannot otherwise extricate myself than by again seeking certain experiments,

• 困難なカリキュラムに対する準備ができておらず、多くの学生が退学した
• Many students drop out because they are not prepared for our challenging program

• 排便困難（通常、長時間連続した排便衝動の自発的な抑制の結果として）
• difficulty in defecating (usually as a consequence of long continued voluntary suppression of the urge to defecate)

• 俊乗坊重源は幾多の困難を克服して大仏を鋳造し、1185年、開眼供養。
• Chogen SHUNJOBO consecrated the newly made Great Buddha image in 1185 after overcaming numerous obstacles in its construction.
• Shunjobo Chogen overcame numerous difficulties to cast a Great Buddha statue, for which the consecration ceremony was held in 1185.

• しかし火を使うことは危険であるため、素人には困難なジャグリングである
• Since using fire is dangerous, it is difficult for unskilled jugglers to do this kind of juggling.

• 禁止する穀物によって修行の困難さにも差が出てしまうものとなっている。
• Therefore, the hardness of practice varies depending on types of grain that practitioners refrained from eating.

• これだけの巨像を造立するには想像を絶する困難があったものと思われる。
• It would seem to be unimaginably difficult to overcome the physical demands in the construction of such a gigantic Great Buddha statue.

• 明治4年（1871年）ごろ嵐が収まったが、長い間回復は困難であった。
• Although the storm of that movement calmed down around 1871, it took long to retrieve the normal system.

• 維新後は諸流派同様に困難な時期を送るが、これを乗り越えて現在に至る。
• Like other schools, the Yabunouchi-ryu experienced difficulty after the Meiji restoration, but it survived and continues to exist today.

• また、歴史の古い木造旅館では部屋風呂の設置が構造上困難な場合もある。
• Also, some of the older traditional ryokan with a wooden structure often cannot install additional bath tubs to their guest rooms.

• 人口増からくる困難も解決されたようで、人口は増加をやめたようでした。
• The difficulty of increasing population had been met, I guessed, and population had ceased to increase.

• 特に新鮮な空気の欠如と熱の存在によって呼吸をするのが困難になるような
• causing difficulty in breathing especially through lack of fresh air and presence of heat

• 大変な困難を伴った場合にのみ達することができる、あるいは全くできない
• capable of being reached only with great difficulty or not at all

• マートルの妹、キャサリンを捕まえるのは人々にとって困難なことだった。
• They had difficulty in locating the sister, Catherine.

• 予想外に解決できない困難を解くように見える実行中の作用因子のいずれか
• any active agent who appears unexpectedly to solve an insoluble difficulty

• まず、末期養子においては当主の意思を確認する事が困難であった事による。
• Primarily, it was difficult to confirm the will of the family head by that time the Matsugo yoshi was required.

• しかし、後述のようにこうした解釈のみで説明することは困難な部分もある。
• But, it is difficult to rely only on such explanation to account for everything, as discussed later.

• が、多数の念仏行者を率いて遊行を続けることは、さまざまな困難を伴った。
• However, continuing yugyo (traveling for the mission) with leading many nenbutsu practitioners accompanied various difficulties.

• 現在は田に囲まれた中の柿畑となっており、古墳と認識するのも困難である。
• Today it becomes a persimmon field surrounded by rice fields and it is difficult to recognize it as a tumulus.

• 特に開国後の貿易開始に伴う経済の困難と西洋の学問の流入に関心を抱いた。
• He was especially interested in economic difficulties and inflow of western learning associated with the initiation of trade after Japan opened its country.

• しかし平信徒は、特別の許可がないかぎりは、反対論を知ることは困難です。
• the laity, not unless by special permission, hard to be obtained.

• ひどい呼吸困難を引き起こし、痙攣性の痛みを伴う特徴のある喉や口峡の病気
• any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain

• また政府が国地勢を正確に把握していなかったために国土計画も困難であった。
• Also, since the government was not in control of the accurate topography of the country, national land planning was not conducted easily either.

• 観光関連産業には、許認可を要さない業種も少なくなく、把握が困難であった。
• It was difficult to figure out the situations of many businesses in the tourism industry which have nothing to do with the government approval and license.

• 当地は富士北麓は冷涼な気候と溶岩台地の地理的条件から稲作が困難であった。
• The north foot of Mt. Fuji, where Fujiyoshita City is located, is inappropriate for rice cultivation because of its geographical features such as the cool climate and lava plateau.

• そのため、元家の近江支配は六角党のゲリラ戦などで困難を極めたといわれる。
• Therefore, it was allegedly extremely difficult for Motoie to control Omi because of the guerrilla warfare by the Rokkaku party.

• 長上と比較して待遇や昇進は低く、五位以上に昇ることは極めて困難であった。
• As compared with Chojo, treatments and ranking were low, and it was extremely difficult for them to be promoted to a rank equivalent to or higher than Goi (Fifth Rank).

• なぜなら、新君主が遭遇するような困難は、そこにはなに一つないのですから。
• because there are none of those difficulties in it that are met with in new ones;

• そしてそういう困難との対決を戦闘と考えればわたしは勝利をおさめたわけだ。
• and my encounters with which I reckoned as battles in which victory declared for me.

• 大企業は非常に強力になっているので、それを有効に規制することは困難である
• big business is growing so powerful it is difficult to regulate it effectively

• 妻女山は戦術的に死地にあたり(兵を動かしにくく補給も困難で囲まれやすい)。
• Saijo-San Mountain is a tactically disadvantageous place (being difficult to move soldiers and to get supplies, and to be enclosed easily by enemy forces).

• 政権を掌握した大久保は、不平士族の不満を抑えることは困難であることを悟る。
• Seizing control of the government, Okubo recognized that it would be difficult to contain dissatisfaction of the discontented warrior class.

• これに加えて、義満は勢力が強すぎて統制が困難な有力守護大名の弱体化を図る。
• In addition to this, Yoshimitsu tried to weaken the powerful shugo daimyo that were hard to bring under control because they had become too powerful.

• その怒りは、モルモン教が直面している困難に向けられたものに間違いなかった。
• No doubt his anger arose from the hardships to which the Mormons were actually subjected.

• この問題は、それに関る全員の意志が変らないかぎり、なんの困難もありません。
• This question presents no difficulty, so long as the will of all the persons implicated remains unaltered;

• 矢尻かやりを取り除くのを困難にする中心から正反対に向かっている側面の先っぽ
• a subsidiary point facing opposite from the main point that makes an arrowhead or spear hard to remove

• 初期症状（寒け、咳、呼吸困難、および速脈）の後に、強烈な心血管虚脱が起こる
• initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea and rapid pulse) are followed by extreme cardiovascular collapse

• 棚田は1つの田当たりの耕作面積が小さく、「大型」農業機械の導入が困難である。
• Tanada has so small a cultivated area that it is difficult to introduce 'large' agricultural machines.

• 一般の歴史書でも、皇国史観に正面から反対する学説を発表する事は困難となった。
• It was difficult to get general textbooks published that had theories strongly opposed to Kokokushikan.

• 当時、京都では比叡山（延暦寺）の勢力が強大で、禅寺を開くことは困難であった。
• The influence that Mt. Hiei (Enryaku-ji Temple) commanded in Kyoto at the time made it extremely difficult to establish a Zen temple.

• この方法であれば、従来は解決困難とされていた距離も方角も矛盾無く説明できる。
• Using this method, the distance and direction, considered to be difficult to identify, can be consistently explained.

• 匂宮は宇治通いが困難なので、二月上旬に中の君を京の二条院に迎えることにした。
• Nioumiya who found it difficult to go down to Uji invited her to Nijoin in Kyoto in early February.

• 以上のように定義が定まっているとは言えないために、その実態把握も困難である。
• Due to a clear definition being lacking as mentioned above, it is difficult to grasp the picture of jogakuji.

• 個人のサービスのもっとはかない結果を、富の観念に含めるのはずっと困難である。
• The still more evanescent results of personal service are still more difficult to bring in under the idea of wealth.

• アイテムの識別が困難になる別の例は、デフォルトの GNOME で見られます。
• Another example of difficulty in distinguishing items can be found in the default GNOME theme.

• 何しろこの這い下りることは、這い上るのに何百倍して、困難なことだったからね。
• It was a hundred times more difficult than getting up.

• 彼らは困難な仕事を成し遂げることを楽しみ、労働者の効率を改善しているのです。
• they enjoy accomplishing difficult tasks, and improving worker efficiency.

• あなたのとこのハッカーは、まだその問題の困難さの程度を解析しきれていません。
• Your hacker hasn't figured out how hard the problem is yet.

• とはいうものの、個人の心理を研究する場合にも同様の困難は発生するものである。
• The same difficulty, however, presents itself in the psychological study of an individual.

• 暗号を使う人が多ければ多いほど、政府は暗号を根絶することが困難になります。
• The more people are using encryption, the harder it will be for governments to stamp it out.

• これに対して日本政府は遠隔地での兵站確保は困難であるとして陸軍の派遣は断った。
• The Japanese Government refused the request for the dispatch of the army saying that it was difficult to maintain military depots in such distant places.

• このため、古来より交通開発が困難であり、交通路が敷かれうる場所も限られていた。
• For this reason, development of transportation facilities has been difficult since ancient times and areas for construction of traffic routes were limited.

• 財政基盤の脆弱な知井村では広大な山林を対象とした事業の実施が困難であったこと。
• It was difficult for Chi Village, that had a weak financial base, to conduct business for the vast forest by itself.

• ）また男女別に浴槽を設定することは経営的に困難であり、老若男女が混浴であった。
• Because it was difficult, from the management perspective, to establish separate bathtubs for men and women, people would bathe together irrespective of age or sex.

• 9代・吉兵衛はこの困難な時代に名跡を継ぎ、奥村家の建て直しに成功、現在に至る。
• The ninth Kichibe succeeded the family during a period of hardship, but managed to reconstruct the Okumura family, which continues to this day.

• そして我が困難の解決のためには、あそこに下って行かなくてはならないのだ、と。
• and that there I must descend for the solution of my difficulties.

• ４．疑いもなく、君主は直面する困難や障害を克服すると、偉大なものとなるのです。
• 4. Without doubt princes become great when they overcome the difficulties and obstacles by which they are confronted,

• したがって、こうした人たちはその事業を成し遂げるのに大きな困難を抱えています。
• Therefore such as these have great difficulties in consummating their enterprise,

• 政党内閣は政党間の対立という困難な問題を処理できないままに1930年代を迎えた。
• Party cabinet continued into the 1930s, while still being unable to bring the difficult problem - confrontation between political parties - under control.

• しかし、6代から8代までは早世する当主が相次ぎ、家業の維持すら困難な状態となる。
• However, all heads of the family from the sixth to eighth died early one after the other and they were in trouble even to maintain their family business.

• 彼は若く、生の困難と苦しみとにいまだ無知であったので、自分の重い気分を訝しんだ。
• He was so young, and had known so little trouble, that he was bewildered.

• その後、全帝国の主人となろうとしていたセウェルスには二つの困難が残っていました。
• After this there remained for Severus, who wished to make himself master of the whole empire, two difficulties;
• After this there remained for Severus, who wished to make himself master of the whole empire, two difficulties;

• だが、史料上にも乏しくなり、中国商人の日本居住が困難になっていたと考えられている。
• But the instances of the trade between the two countries became scarce in historical materials, and it is considered that Chinese merchants residing in Japan had been already difficult by then.

• 将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満は統制が困難だった有力守護大名の弱体化を狙っていた。
• At that time, Yoshimitsu wanted to make the shogunate an autocratic power, and thus he aimed to weaken major shugo clans, whom he had trouble to control.

• 峠への登り口には「大型車通行困難」の標識があり、大型車の通行は事実上不可能である。
• As a road sign saying 'Hardly Passable by Large Vehicles' is placed at the approach of the pass, large-sized vehicles practically cannot drive the pass.

• この頃、同時期に日本映画に衰退の陰りが見え大きな映画会社の経営が困難になり始めた。
• At around this time, the Japanese movie industry began to show signs of decline, and large film companies began to experience management problems.

• 鳥取城攻めでは吉川元春の援軍を撃退し続けるという最も困難かつ重要な任務をこなした。
• At the siege of Tottori-jo Castle, he dealt with the most difficult and important task that kept repelling the reinforcements of Motoharu KIKKAWA.

• その困難な中で、この勧進は、時代の救世となるものとして、民衆から大きく支持された。
• Under such difficult circumstances, this solicitation for contribution was favorably accepted by the people as salvation of the times.

• 勉三は米一年分を大津（現在の豊頃町）に貯蔵したが帯広への輸送が困難な状況であった。
• Benzo stored a year's worth of rice in Otsu (present-day Toyokoro-cho), but it was difficult to transport it to Obihiro.

• また他宗派の信徒への布教や新しい寺院の建立を禁止されその勢力の拡張が困難になった。
• Additionally, they were banned from propagating their teachings to the believers of other sects and from constructing new temples, so it became difficult for them to extend their influence.

• もしその離れ家がそのまま空家になっているとすると、これはちょっと困難な問題ですね。
• If the cottage is now permanently deserted we may have some difficulty.

• 君主がそこに住みつくかぎり、彼からその国をもぎ取るのは、非常に困難となるのです。
• as long as the prince resides there it can only be wrested from him with the greatest difficulty.

• また、軍事力だけでは攻略は困難と判断した信長は諜略によって浅井家の内部分裂を謀った。
• Nobunaga, who decided that it would be hard to capture the enemies only with forces, framed a conspiracy to cause internal divisions in the Aｚai clan.

• 元勲世代からの総理大臣擁立は困難と考えた元老によって、新たに推されたのが桂であった。
• Genro (elder statesman) thought it almost impossible to elect a Prime Minister from the generation of Genkun (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration), so they decided to chose Katsura.

• ただし、後者においても、それをすべてにわたって明瞭に解明することは困難だとしている。
• But even the latter consider that it is difficult to understand all the connections between the paintings and the sutras clearly.

• しかし、鉄の加工技術が鍛造中心だった日本では鋳造製の大砲を製造する事が困難であった。
• However, in Japan, where iron was mainly processed by hammering, it was difficult to produce cannons.

• 北海道の密林と原野を開拓して理想郷を創造するというこの仕事は、実際には困難を極めた。
• The tasks of cultivating woodland and wasteland in Hokkaido and building a utopia were, in reality, a very troublesome endeavor.

• 三好党らによる戦乱などで困難を窮めながらも京都地区の布教責任者として奮闘した。極める
• He strove as the missionary in charge of the Kyoto district even under difficult circumstances such as it being war-torn by warring groups such as the Miyoshi clique.

• 宣教師は「誘惑に負けてはならない」「困難に立ち向かってこそ、徳は磨かれる」と説いた。
• The missionary taught her, 'Don't yield to temptation, your virtue will increase only when you tackle the difficulty.'

• 人はよくこう言いますわ、困難も二人で分かちあえば、なんとか耐えていけるものだって。」
• They say, though, that misery itself, shared by two sympathetic souls, may be borne with patience.'

• 貴殿が私が名を挙げた人々の行為と生涯を思い起すなら、それは困難ことではありますまい。
• This will not be difficult if you will recall to yourself the actions and lives of the men I have named.

• これこそが、大抵の人が経験したことのある、困難な創造的な仕事と最も類似したものです。
• This is the best analogy to difficult creative work that most people will have had experience with.

• その後世界各地に広がり、近年では日本人観光客がいない観光地を探すことの方が困難である。
• Later people's choice spread to various places around the world, and it is now difficult to find a tourist site where you cannot spot any Japanese.

• 戦争が長引くにつれ、衣料切符で新品の衣類を入手することは、きわめて困難になっていった。
• As the war was prolonged, it became difficult to obtain new clothes with clothing coupons.

• 旅客が行先を明瞭に告げられないほど又は人の助けなくしては歩行が困難ほど泥酔しているとき
• In the event that the passenger is completely drunk and he/she cannot tell the driver where to go or walk without someone's help.

• 最上階の設置が困難な場合は「天」または「雲」と書いた紙を天井に貼り、その下に設置する。
• When it is difficult to be installed on the top floor, it is put in below a piece of paper on which the letter of 'ten' (the sky) or 'kumo' (a cloud) is written.

• ある事件に対する影響を考慮した時、『万国公法』のみの影響と断ずることが困難な時がある。
• When we consider influence to a certain case, it is difficult to determine whether the case was just affected by 'Bankoku Koho' or by other factors.

• また、甲申政変の発生やコレラの発生などの臨時出費もあり、緊縮予算の維持も困難を極めた。
• In addition, unexpected expenses primarily for the occurrence of the Koshin seihen (Gapsin Coup in Korea) and the cholera outbreak made it extremely difficult to maintain the austere budget.

• 信用すべき同時代の文字資料が現れない限り、神武東征を学問的に立証するのは困難であろう。
• It seems difficult to prove Jimmu tosei academically unless trustworthy written documents of the time are found.

• 通詞の西善三郎からオランダ語学習の困難さを諭され、玄白はオランダ語習得を断念している。
• At that time, Zensaburo NISHI, a Dutch translator, admonished Genpaku against learning Dutch due to its difficulty, and Genpaku took the advice and gave up mastering the language.

• これを機に、秀吉は家康を正攻法で打ち破ることは困難と判断し、伊勢国の織田信雄を攻めた。
• After this, Hideyoshi came to consider that it would be difficult to defeat Ieyasu using regular tactics for attack, and attacked Nobukatsu in Ise Province.

• いずれにせよ古写本が現存していない状況のため、論争に決着をつけるのは困難な状況である。
• Anyway, since there exists no old maniscript, it is difficult to settle this argument.

• こうした幾多の困難を克服して、重源と彼が組織した人々の働きによって東大寺は再建された。
• It was the overcoming of these many difficulties as well as the work of Chogen and all of those working under him that resulted in the reconstruction of Todai-ji Temple.

• 鎌倉時代になり政治の実権が貴族から武士に移ると、大饗料理を維持することは困難となった。
• When the Kamakura period came, real political power passed into the hands of warriors from court nobles, and it was difficult to maintain daikyo ryori.

• 他の事業者が当該事業分野に属する事業を新たに営むことを著しく困難にする事情があること。
• Where there exist conditions which make it extremely difficult for any other entrepreneur to be newly engaged in the said particular field of business;

• しかしながら、街道は大部隊が通るには困難な地形であったために官軍は各地で薩軍に敗退した。
• Since the roads had difficult terrains for such big troops to advance, however, the government army were defeated by the Satsuma army in various parts along the highways.

• しかし、一方では、そんな長く困難な修行は、とても出来ないという拒否反応を招くこととなる。
• On the other hand, this thought provoked adverse reactions that no body could ever follow such a long hard practice.

• 当代の君主たちは、その兵士の法外な満足を与えるという困難は、さほどではなくなっています。
• that princes in our times have this difficulty of giving inordinate satisfaction to their soldiers in a far less degree,

• 過剰は上意下達関係を維持困難にして、交換による関係をほとんど無意味なゲームにしてしまう。
• Abundance makes command relationships difficult to sustain and exchange relationships an almost pointless game.

• 進化論の強い論証を取り扱うのに(上に述べたような)限定進化論に訴えても、同じ困難に陥る。
• Dealing with the strong case for evolution with an appeal to Limited Evolution (as defined above) runs into the same difficulties.

• 特に、同じように望ましくない選択肢から1つを選ばなければいけない場合の不安定で困難な状態
• state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options

• 当時最新鋭の銃であるが、国内では専用弾薬の調達が困難で、戦局に影響を与えることはなかった。
• This type of gun was state-of-the-art at the time, but it did not make a significant impact as it was hard for the bakufu to get the bullets specific to the rifles.

• 長興の没後、先例の蓄積である官文庫の古文書を失った大宮家は官務としての仕事が困難となった。
• Because the Omiya family lost the ancient documents in their kanbunko, which was an accumulation of works from the past generations, it became difficult for the Omiya family members to work as government officials after Nagaoki's death.

• しかしながら、温厚な性格で鎌倉幕府の信任も厚く、承久の乱前後の困難な朝幕関係修復に努めた。
• However, being good natured he was deeply trusted by the Kamakura bakufu and worked hard at the difficult job of restoring relationships between the Imperial Court and the bakufu around the time of the Jokyu War.

• 宮座の起源を明らかにすることは困難で一説には商業における座の成立と結びつける考え方もある。
• It is very difficult to clarify the origin of Miyaza; one theory holds that Miyaza was related to the establishment of Za, a type of monopolistic trade association of medieval Japan.

• 開示用電子情報処理組織を使用して電子開示手続を行うことが著しく困難であると認められるとき。
• when it is found that conducting Electronic Disclosure Procedures by use of the Electronic Data Processing System for Disclosure is extremely difficult.

• 社会層にとっては力よりも現実的な困難をするりとかわして行く狡知のほうが求められたのだろう。
• Rather than physical strength, perhaps, craftiness that enables one to maneuver through real-life difficulties was more desirable to the social strata.

• 単純に敵の虎口への侵入を困難にする目的の他に、一種の射撃陣地として虎口の防御を有利にする。
• In addition to simply making it difficult for the enemy to enter the castle grounds, it also functions as a shooting position to allow the defenders to protect the koguchi.

• 受益者の数が少ない場合は受益者負担が増え、受益者負担を減らした場合は費用回収が困難となる。
• Where there are few beneficiaries, the burden on each beneficiary will be greater, and it may become difficult to recover costs in the event that the burden is alleviated.

• 新店舗の建設の場合、建坪率が厳しくなることが多く、従来の建坪率では建設が困難なことが多い。
• The standard often requires a new building to have smaller floor space making it harder to rebuild a shop of the same size.

• しかし晩年に太平洋戦争が勃発、跡継ぎである長男も応召、研究も作陶も物資不足の中困難となった。
• In his last years, as the Pacific War began, his first son the successor was called up for military service, and it became difficult to continue studies and making pottery due to insufficient supplies

• 容姿は、起居するのも困難なほど腰が曲がっていたが曲が流れると少年のように舞ったと伝えられる。
• It is said that he danced like a boy when music was played although his back was too bent to straighten up.

• 前項の価額は、これを算定することができないか又は極めて困難であるときは、百六十万円とみなす。
• The value set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be deemed to be 1,600,000 yen when it is impossible or extremely difficult to calculate such value.

• しかし秘儀としての性格上、記録があまり残っておらず、その内容について知ることは困難であった。
• But in the nature of the secret ceremony, there remained little record and it was difficult to know about the details.

• 碑文は長年の風雪によって磨耗しており、「長」の字以外は肉眼で判別することは困難な状況である。
• The inscription has been so worn down away by wind and snow for many years that it is in a condition that to distinguish the characters except 'cho' (長) with the naked eye is impossible.

• 明治維新の後幕藩体制が崩壊、幕府、薩摩藩という庇護者を失った犬追物は技術保持が困難となった。
• After the Meiji Restoration and the demise of the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, Inuoumono lost its patrons such as the bakufu and the Satsuma clan and become difficult to maintain its techniques.

• 古典派経済学者にとっては、おそらく、この公理は価値ある物であると同時に困難のもとでもあった。
• To classical economists the axiom has, perhaps, been as much trouble as it has been worth.

• 母親の役割に彼女が克服できない困難はなく、二十五年間彼女は夫のために家事を賢く切り盛りした。
• The part of mother presented to her no insuperable difficulties and for twenty-five years she had kept house shrewdly for her husband.

• 其他、竹内金次郎も先日走り帰りて、語るにも、小銃の弾丸は樫木を用る等、実に困難を極めたりと云。
• Kinjiro TAKEUCHI, who ran back the other day, also talked that their hardships were so extreme, for example, as to have used hard tree chips for bullets for small guns.

• しかしこの形式に沿わない講談、落語は多数存在するため、内容や形式から分類することは困難である。
• Not all kodan and rakugo are formalized this way, however, making it difficult to categorize them by substance and form.

• 「1 - 2キロほどしか見通しもきかず、呼吸ですら困難なほどであった」と地元新聞は伝えている。
• A local newspaper reported that 'the visibility was only 1 to 2 km and it was difficult even to breathe.'

• したがって律令法のなかに、日本の古代社会の内部に行われていた法慣行を見いだすことは困難である。
• Thus, it is difficult to find examples of legal practices used in ancient Japanese society under ritsuryo law,.

• やがて、斎藤氏の没落によって東からの脅威は取り払われたが、六角氏の北進を阻むのは困難であった。
• In the course of time, the threat from the east had disappeared due to the fall of the Saito clan, however, it was difficult to block the Rokkaku clan's northing.

• したがって、どの国・どの地域にも貫通する一元的な国際秩序を見出すことは困難といわねばならない。
• Therefore, we have no other way but to say that it is very difficult to find uniform international order which apply to every country or district.

• 昭和20年に入ると、美保飛行場は実施部隊の駐留が相次ぎ、初歩練習・中間練習が困難となっていた。
• In 1945, the troops were successively stationed in Miho Airport, and it was getting difficult to have elementary and intermediate training.

• 親鎌倉派の関白九条兼実が失脚し、朝廷政治での頼朝の形勢が悪化し三幡の入内も困難な情勢になった。
• Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Kanezaen KUJO, who had been on favorable terms with the Kamakura clans, was ousted from power, putting Yoritomo's position at the Imperial Court government into danger and making the chance of Sanman marrying into Imperial family virtually impossible.

• 昔の不衛生な木樽では内部まで完全に殺菌することが困難だったため、頻繁に起こっていた現象だった。
• Hiochi happened frequently in the old days, because it was difficult to completely pasteurize sake in the wooden barrels of that time as their insides were insanitary.

• 現在は、様々な事情で作成が困難であるため、専門の木刀職人に流派独特のものを注文することが多い。
• Artisans specializing in bokuto often make these school-specific weapons to order as today, for various reasons, they are difficult to produce.

• チェザーレ・ボルジアに出し抜かれたりしなければ、アガトクレスと同様、彼を滅ぼすのは困難でした。
• And his destruction would have been as difficult as that of Agathocles if he had not allowed himself to be overreached by Cesare Borgia,
• And his destruction would have been as difficult as that of Agathocles if he had not allowed himself to be overreached by Cesare Borgia,

• このため、西洋の諸国では困難を極めた地積単位のメートル法への移行は、日本ではスムーズに行われた。
• Therefore, the units of acreage were easily switched to the units of the metric system in Japan, while it was a quite difficult task for Western countries.

• 建造物以外の有形の文化財については、生活様式の急激な変化等に伴い残存することが困難な状態にある。
• Tangible cultural properties other than architecture are in a difficult situation to survive because of abrupt changes in lifestyle, etc.

• 気温の関係で山廃酛や生酛を造ることが困難な九州地方等では純米酒や吟醸酒の酒母としても使用される。
• In the Kyushu region where it is difficult to produce Yamahaimoto or kimoto due to its air temperature, Koon-toka-moto is used as shubo for making junmaishu (sake made without added alcohol or sugar) and ginjoshu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperatures from rice grains polished to 60 % or less in weight).

• ただし、当時の出島では大規模な手術は困難であったために、膏薬を中心とした治療が多かったとされる。
• In those days, however, it is said that an extensive operation was difficult to perform in Dejima and so topical treatment was a mainstream.

• 70歳を越えた老僧が老眼鏡も無い時代に苦労して書写した写本であり、解読に困難な文字が少なくない。
• As a monk more than 70 years-old labored to make this manuscript in an age without reading glasses, there are quite a few letters that are hard to decipher.

• 留学先のドイツフライブルク大学で近眼のため顕微鏡を使うのに困難を感じ、西洋史学の研究に転向した。
• He then went on to study at the University of Freiburg in Germany, but he found handling microscopes difficult due to his nearsightedness, so he changed his research field to Western world history.

• 三総裁のうち吉村は傷が悪化して歩行困難となり脱落、もう一人の松本は負傷して失明状態になっていた。
• Torataro, one of the three presidents, dropped out since he could not walk due to festering wound, and Keido, the other of the three, was injured and lost his sight.

• 明治時代になると、封建制度が崩壊し、諸藩に庇護されていた各流派が財政的に困難に陥るようになった。
• The feudal system collapsed at the beginning of the Meiji period, and each school protected by a clan became financially unstable.

• また、京都市と向日市は市街地が連続しており、現地に行ってみても一目で市境を判別するのは困難である。
• The downtown areas of Kyoto City and Muko City are connected, making it difficult to easily determine the border.

• 天満橋駅までの高架複々線化に伴い、配線上駅の設置が困難であり、京橋駅にも近いことから廃止となった。
• With the completed construction work of the elevated quadruple track to Tenmabashi Station, the station was abolished due to the difficulty of installing wiring as well as the short distance from Kyobashi Station.

• しかし、十河ら国鉄幹部は将来の発展性を視野に入れ、あえて困難の多い広軌新線建設を決定したのである。
• However, with future expandability in sight, the executives of JNR, including Sogo, decided to lay new broad gauge railways that were supposed to include many difficult problems.

• しかし、この空知郡は内陸部に位置し物資の輸送等が困難であったことから海岸近くへの移転を申し入れた。
• However, as the Sorachi-gun County was located inland, which caused difficulty in transporting goods for example, Kuninao applied for permission to be relocated to a coastal area.

• 1893年頃、直次郎は発病し、しだいに歩行が困難になり、やがて寝たまま制作するような状態となった。
• In around 1893, Naojiro became ill, increasingly having difficulties with walking, and eventually he painted while lying in bed.

• 人の生命、身体又は財産の保護のために必要がある場合であって、本人の同意を得ることが困難であるとき。
• Cases in which the handling of personal information is necessary for the protection of the life, body, or property of an individual and in which it is difficult to obtain the consent of the person
• Cases in which the provision of personal data is necessary for the protection of the life, body, or property of an individual and in which it is difficult to obtain the consent of the person

• 事業を行うために必要な経営的基礎を欠く等その目的を達成することが著しく困難であると認められるとき。
• When it is found to be very difficult for the cooperative to achieve its purpose, such as lacking the managerial basis necessary for conducting the activities

• 自発的進歩の道程では初期の困難はとても大きく、それを克服する手段にはあまり選択の余地がないのです。
• The early difficulties in the way of spontaneous progress are so great, that there is seldom any choice of means for overcoming them;

• どの場合も、簡単に言うと、干渉の目的は、特定の商品を入手不可にするか入手困難にすることにあります。
• all cases, in short, where the object of the interference is to make it impossible or difficult to obtain a particular commodity.

• 困難または義務を逃れることを可能にするあいまいさ（特に法律または契約のテキストにおけるあいまいさ）
• an ambiguity (especially one in the text of a law or contract) that makes it possible to evade a difficulty or obligation

• 特に11世紀には内裏や大寺社の火災が多く、これらの再建を目的とした臨時課税が困難になる状況を来した。
• Especially in the 11th century, a number of fire disasters occurred in dairi (the Imperial Palace), main temples and shrines, and it was difficult to levy extraordinary taxes for their reconstruction.

• 人間の知らぬ世界の事を自信を以って強く告げてくるので、判別は困難で多くの場合、審神者は参ってしまう。
• When they tell receivers about a world which humans don't know with confidence, it is often difficult to judge if it is true and makes receivers embarrassed.

• このため、頼盛自身の心情をうかがい知ることはできず、実際の頼盛の姿を把握することは困難となっている。
• It is therefore difficult to access what Yorimori really thought, and to grasp what type of Yorimori actual was.

• 当該貨物に内蔵されており、かつ、プログラムの書換え及びプログラム媒体の取替えが物理的に困難であるもの
• a program which is embedded in said goods and for which reprogramming and media replacement are physically difficult; and

• しかし近年、国産のハゼノキは減少し既に入手が困難になりつつあり、将来的な資源の枯渇が懸念されている。
• However, it is becoming harder to gain hazenoki produced in Japan, and is believed that the resource will dry up in the future.

• 非対称アルゴリズムを用いたものであって、アルゴリズムの安全性が次のいずれかの有する困難性に基づくもの
• Those which use the asymmetric algorithm where the security of the algorithm is based on the difficulty of any of the following

• この君主国のあらゆる困難はそれを手に入れるよりも以前にあるのですが、この君主国を論じていきましょう。
• touching which all difficulties are prior to getting possession,
• touching which all difficulties are prior to getting possession,

• 国道429号が通っているが、すれ違い不能の狭路と見通しの悪いつづら折れのため通行はきわめて困難である。
• National Route 429 running through the pass is blind winding road which is so narrow that vehicles hardly go by each other and that makes the traffic extremely difficult to go through.

• この困難により逆に彼女の信仰は深まり、1591年、訪問したアレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノに絶賛される。
• This hardship strengthened her faith instead, and in 1591, she was praised highly by Alessandro VALIGNANO who was visiting Japan at that time.

• 当時の日本は、外国人の入国が困難であったため、とりあえず琉球に渡り、那覇市で日本語と日本文化を学んだ。
• At that time, because it was difficult for foreigners to enter Japan, he journeyed to Naha City in Ryukyu, and studied Japanese language and culture.

• これに対し永観二年(984)には「禁破銭令」が出される事態となり、新銭発行が極めて困難な状況になった。
• In response, the government officially announced in 984 the Kin-hasen Rei (an act banning the melting of coins to use as raw materials), making it extremely difficult to issue new money.

• また島津氏の薩摩藩では、およそ田畑にすることは困難であると考えられる土地まで検知帳に載せて徴税を行った。
• In the Satsuma Domain of the Shimazu clan, tax was collected based on the land survey list that even included the land not suitable for rice fields and vegetable fields.

• これは毛筆による筆跡では决と決の判別が困難なことがあり、翻刻時の判断で决か決が決まってしまうことによる。
• Because it is difficult to discern the difference between '决' and '决'from handwriting made with a brush, whether'决' or '决' is used depends on the judgment of persons who made transcripts.

• 現存作品の作風から狩野派の影響を探すのは困難だが、図様について、狩野派の絵本との類似点が指摘されている。
• It is difficult to see the Kano school's influence in Jakuchu's works; however, the similarity between Jakuchu's designs and Kano school's picture books has been suggested.

• 執行裁判所は、内覧の円滑な実施が困難であることが明らかであるときは、第一項の命令を取り消すことができる。
• An execution court may, when it is clear that smooth implementation of a preliminary inspection is difficult, revoke the order set forth in paragraph (1).

• この恵印灌頂を修めるものは数十年に一人出るか否かというほどに行満の道のりは厳しく困難なものであるという。
• It is said the completing the learning of Hsing-man of Esoteric practices is so difficult and strict that perhaps just one person in dozens of years will complete the learning.

• その後を嗣いだ11代正玄も早世、12代正玄は周囲の援助を得ながら、戦中・戦後の困難な時期に家業を支えた。
• Seigen the eleventh also died young, and Seigen the twelfth supported the family business during difficult times during and after the war with the help of people around him.

• 登録講習機関が天災その他の事由により建築物調査講習の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたとき。
• It has become difficult for a registered training agency to provide the whole or part of the building investigation training services as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

• アレクサンデル六世がその息子の公を強大にしようとしたとき、当面のまた将来の数多くの困難を抱えていました。
• Alexander VI, in wishing to aggrandize the duke, his son, had many immediate and prospective difficulties.
• Alexander the Sixth, in wishing to aggrandize the duke, his son, had many immediate and prospective difficulties.

• 問題の真の見方が直面し、決着をつけなければならない困難さの強度を、すべて感じとらなくてはならないのです。
• he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of;

• ただし、その当時発行したと思われる藩札とおぼしき紙片もあるが、虫食いや磨耗が激しく真贋の鑑別が困難である。
• Although a piece of paper, which may be a han bill issued at that time, still exists, it is difficult to determine if it is a han bill because of bug bites and damages.

• 平城京は大きな川から離れている為、大量輸送できる大きな船が使えず、食料など効率的に運ぶことが困難であった。
• Since Heijo-kyo was built far from a big river it was not possible to use a ship, so it was difficult to transport food efficiently.

• また、厳密な皇籍復帰に分類するのは困難であるが、白川伯王家（花山天皇子孫、花山源氏の家系) が挙げられる。
• It is not easy to be strictly classified as secession (of a prince) from the Imperial Family, but one example is the Shirakawahakuo family (Emperor KAZAN's descendant, Kazan Minamoto clan's family line).

• 安徳天皇を擁していてもその即位はクーデターによるものであり、平氏が自己の立場を正当化することは困難だった。
• Even if they supported Emperor Antoku, his ascension was by a coup d'etat and it was difficult for the Taira clan to maintain credibility.

• また、畠山氏の当主、畠山高政は勇将ではあったが、家中の状況は戦国の風潮があり、家臣団の統制も困難を伴った。
• Takamasa Hatakeyama, the family head of the Hatakeyama clan, was a brave general, but the Hatakeyama family itself was disrupted by the Sengoku mood shift, so controlling the vassals was difficult.

• その事業活動に係る製品、容器等が循環資源となった場合におけるその循環的な利用及び処分の困難性に関すること。
• Matters relating to difficulties in the cyclical use and disposal of products, containers, etc. involved in their business activities when they have become circulative resources;

• 指定信用情報機関が天災その他の事由により信用情報提供等業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたとき。
• When it has become difficult for the Designated Credit Bureau to implement its Credit Information Services in whole or in part due to a natural disaster or for any other reason.

• 一般には、それらを全て読破することは勿論、ましてや全ての意味を正確に理解することなどはきわめて困難である。
• Generally, it is very difficult to read all of them and understood all the meaning correctly.

• 歯科医師の確保が困難な地域にある病院又は診療所で法務大臣が告示をもって定めるものにおいて行う診療に係る業務
• Duties related to treatment carried out at a hospital or medical clinic designated in a public notice given by the Minister of Justice in an area where it is difficult to secure the services of a dentist.

• 同時に、オープンソース界での経験でおぼえた技術的な品質は、閉鎖的なソフトではほとんど実現困難なほど高い。
• At the same time, his open-source experience has taught him standards of technical quality that very little closed software can meet.

• 一連の戦いで両軍とも大きな損害を受け作戦継続が困難となったため、その後は終戦まで四平街付近での対峙が続いた。
• Both armies suffered massive casualties in a series of battles, and it became difficult for either army to continue their operations; thereafter the two armies spent the remainder of the war facing off along a front near the city of Siping.

• それらの方法が困難な場所は、田の地下に横穴を設け、湧き水や伏流水など地下に涵養された水を利用する場合もある。
• In areas where such measures were not feasible, a horizontal tunnel was sometimes built under the rice field in order to utilize recharged groundwater such as sump and subsoil water.

• 9世紀頃から律令法制と社会実情が次第に乖離していき、同世紀末には律令規定に基づく地方統治が困難となってきた。
• In ninth century, the Ritsuryo system gradually detached itself from the actual social situation and governmental administrations reign over the locals became more difficult.

• 応仁の乱以後、中宮昇進のための儀式の捻出が困難になると、摂家出身の后妃といえども女御に留まる場合が多くなる。
• After the Onin War, even consorts from the regent families tended to choose to remain in the Nyogo rank, because it became difficult to put together a sum of money for the ceremonies that they had to have when they were promoted to Chugu.

• 生駒家も織田信雄の側近であり、織田信忠の側近は斎藤家や美濃衆が務めているため、そちらからの考察も困難である。
• Members of the Ikoma famly acted as close advisors to Nobukatsu ODA while members of the Saito family and Mino-shu (hatamoto [direct retainers of the Shogun] who resided in Mino Province) acted as close advisors to Nobutada ODA, which makes it difficult to discuss from that perspective.

• オルガンティノははじめから京都地区での宣教を担当し、ルイス・フロイスと共に京都での困難な宣教活動に従事した。
• Organtino was in charge of missionary work in Kyoto from the beginning and, together with Luis Frois, engaged in missionary work in Kyoto, which was quite difficult.

• 模写作業は狭い金堂の中の狭い足場の上で行われる困難な作業で、なかなか進捗しない上に、手当もきわめて安かった。
• The reproduction was not only tough and lumbering task in the narrow scaffoldings in the cramped Kondo but also was extremely low-paid.

• 申請人が住所を有する地域において修得することが不可能又は困難である技術、技能又は知識を修得しようとすること。
• The applicant must intend to obtain technology, skills, or knowledge that are difficult or impossible to obtain in the region in which he/she resides.

• ＳｉＣ ＧＴＯ１１０の負の温度係数のため、従来のＳｉＣ ＧＴＯでの並列配列では、静的な電流分担が困難である。
• The negative temperature coefficient of the SiC GTO 110 may make static current sharing difficult in parallel arrays of conventional SiC GTOs.

• これに対して未開地（未墾地）は荒地、災害によって一時的に利用が困難となった土地は損田と呼ばれて区別されている。
• Opposed to this, non-cultivated, undeveloped lands were called Kochi, and property made temporarily unavailable due to disasters was called Sonden to distinguish the difference.

• これは、近世的な個人的武技に頼る戦闘では、近代戦において勝利を得るのが困難であることを理解していたからである。
• This is because they understood that an army depending on personal fighting ability like the one used in the early modern times would be difficult to win modern wars.

• これが胃酸によりシアン化水素毒性を発揮すると、痙攣や呼吸困難、さらには麻痺状態になって死亡するといわれている。
• It is said that if gastric acid causes hydrogen cyanide toxicity, people can develop spasticity, difficulty in breathing, and in the worst case die from paralysis.

• そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
• Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.

• ただし、その半農半兵という性質上、農繁期の動員は困難であり、長期にわたる戦役には耐えられなかったと推測される。
• However, in the nature that they were concurrently farmers, it is considered to be hard to mobilize them during the busiest farming season and thus it was impossible to make them fight battles over a long period of time.

• 前項の価額を算定することができないとき、又は極めて困難であるときは、その価額は百四十万円を超えるものとみなす。
• If it is impossible or extremely difficult to calculate the value set forth in the preceding paragraph, the value shall be deemed to exceed 1,400,000 yen.

• 禅の修行が厳しく、師家のほうでも敢えて禅人を苦しめるのは、富貴で平穏あれば仏道を求めることが困難だからである。
• The reason why the ascetic practices of Zen are strict and masters daringly afflict Zen practitioners, is that a rich and happy person finds it difficult to seek Buddhism.

• 1891年と1899年の経済不況時には経営困難に陥った私鉄サイドから買い上げの要望が出たが、2回とも見送られた。
• During the economic depression in 1891 and 1899, an economically strapped private railway company asked the government to take over the company but it was turned down twice.

• 『高橋氏文』そのものが高橋氏の正統性を誇示する目的と考えられるため、全てを史実として受け入れることは困難である。
• 'Takahashi uji bumi' itself was considered as an example of justice amongst the Takahashi clan, so it is difficult to accept everything as true.

• その結果、江戸時代の朝廷は五摂家の当主の合意のみでの運営が可能となり、天皇と言えどもそれに抗う事は困難となった。
• As a result, it became possible to administer the Imperial Court of the Edo period by the agreements of the Gosekke alone, so that it became difficult even for the Emperor to oppose the Imperial Court.

• 極楽寺坂切通しの突破を困難と判断した義貞は、干潮に乗じて稲村ヶ崎から強行突破し、幕府軍の背後を突いて鎌倉へ乱入。
• Based on his decision that breaking through Gokurakujizaka kiridoshi was impossible, Yoshisada broke through Inamuragasaki to take advantage of the low tide, attacking bakufu forces in the rear and then rushed into Kamakura.

• その存在が知られるのは解体新書の翻訳作業の困難を記した杉田玄白の『蘭東事始（蘭学事始）』を待たねばならなかった。
• The book became famous after Genpaku SUGITA issued 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (The Beginning of Dutch Studies) that described how difficult it was to put Ontleedkundige Tafelen into Kaitai Shinsho.

• 歩行不能になった後も折々は人力車で外出もしていたが、明治32年（1899年）夏頃以後は座ることさえ困難になった。
• He went out in a rickshaw periodically after becoming disabled, however, around the summer of 1896, he had difficulty even just sitting up.

• またそれらが歴史的な過程で絡み合い変容していく場合もあり、どれか一つをもって一般論を導き出すのは、困難といえる。
• Additionally, there is a case that these were combined and changed over a period of history so that it is said to be difficult to reach general ideas from any one originating point.

• また共和国が市民のうちの一人の支配に陥るのは、外国軍で武装してる場合より、自国軍で武装しているほうが、困難です。
• and it is more difficult to bring a republic, armed with its own arms, under the sway of one of its citizens than it is to bring one armed with foreign arms.

• というのは、彼が優れた人物で、その民衆から崇敬されていることが知れわたっていれば、攻撃するのは困難なのですから。
• for, provided it is well known that he is an excellent man and revered by his people, he can only be attacked with difficulty.
• for, provided it is well known that he is an excellent man and revered by his people, he can only be attacked with difficulty.

• そうではなくて、思慮分別というものは、困難の性質を見分ける方法を知り、より害の少いものを選ぶことにあるのです。
• but prudence consists in knowing how to distinguish the character of troubles, and for choice to take the lesser evil.

• 発行初年は二十一波のものであったが、鋳造に困難を来したため、翌年（1768年）からは簡略化した十一波に変更された。
• In the initial year of issuance, the number of waves on the coin was 21, but was changed to 11 in 1768 so as to make the minting easier because of difficulties in minting.

• しかし長い鎖国の間に西洋の軍事技術との差は開いて自製は困難であったから、ほとんどは外国商人から購入してまかなった。
• However, it was difficult to produce them by themselves as there was a large technological difference between Japan, which had closed itself for quite a long time, and Western nations, so most of the weapons were purchased from foreign traders.

• 小河原は広岡小之次郎らによって斬り倒されたが、有村も重傷を負って歩行困難となり、若年寄遠藤胤統邸の門前で自決する。
• OGAWARA was killed with a sword by Nenojiro HIROOKA, while ARIMURA, who was also seriously injured and had difficulty walking, killed himself in front of the gate at the residence of Tsunenori ENDO, the Wakadoshiyori (a 'Junior Elder').

• しかしユーザーにして見れば「何だか判らない不都合（競合）」であり、問題の判別は勿論、異常個所の修正は困難を極める。
• However, this is an 'incomprehensible inconvenience (competing)' from users' point of view and the adjustment of the problematic parts is extremely difficult, not to mention understanding the cause of the problem.

• ハッピーマンデー制度導入前は、1日のみの休みでは交通事情等の理由から故郷での成人式への出席が困難な成人も多かった。
• Before the Happy Monday System was introduced many people had difficulty participating in the one-day ceremony in their hometown due to the traffic.

• また、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し営業税の課税を検討したが、既に早田氏が課税しているため実行は困難と判断し中止している。
• Although the Korean Dynasty also wanted to impose a business tax on kokyowa, they found it difficult to carry out that idea because the Soda clan already imposed the equivalent tax, and they eventually gave up that plan.

• このため、それ以外の話は後世の付加の可能性が高いため、これらを元に史実を探ることは困難であるとする見方も存在する。
• Judging from the above, it is highly possible that other episodes were added afterward and therefore, some people assert that it is impossible to find out historical facts based on these manuscripts and printed books.

• 材料の入手が困難であった戦時中より詩、詞の創作を始め、1947年には寛次郎の詞「火の誓い」を棟方志功の板画で制作。
• He started to write poems and prose poetry during World War II when materials were difficult to obtain, and created his prose poetry 'Hi no chikai' (literally, fire oath) on a woodcut by Shiko MUNAKATA in 1947.

• 公衆衛生の向上又は児童の健全な育成の推進のために特に必要がある場合であって、本人の同意を得ることが困難であるとき。
• Cases in which the handling of personal information is specially necessary for improving public health or promoting the sound growth of children and in which it is difficult to obtain the consent of the person
• Cases in which the provision of personal data is specially necessary for improving public health or promoting the sound growth of children and in which it is difficult to obtain the consent of the person

• この為ユガケを挿したままでは物を掴む等の行為が困難になるため、弓射以外の作業を行う際はユガケを外す事となっている。
• For this reason, it is difficult to grasp something and so on with a yugake on, and they have to take it off when doing things except for kyusha.

• また共和国が市民のうちの一人の支配に陥るのは、外国軍で武装している場合より、自国軍で武装しているほうが、困難です。
• and it is more difficult to bring a republic, armed with its own arms, under the sway of one of its citizens than it is to bring one armed with foreign arms.

• 群集を構成する個人がばらばらでいる時と異なる性質を示すことは容易であるが、その原因を明らかにすることは困難である。
• It is easy to prove how much the individual forming part of a crowd differs from the isolated individual, but it is less easy to discover the causes of this difference.

• 五番目の部分には、著者が検討した肉体的な問題各種、特に心臓の動きや医学に関わるその他のさまざまな困難が書いてある。
• in the fifth, the order of the Physical questions which he has investigated, and, in particular, the explication of the motion of the heart and of some other difficulties pertaining to Medicine,

• しかし燃えるような熱心さに向かうなら、神の恵みと徳の愛によって、あなたは平安を得、困難が軽減されることでしょう。
• but if thou givest thyself unto zeal thou shalt find much peace, and shalt find thy labour the lighter because of the grace of God and the love of virtue.

• だが、平安時代に入ると、荘園の拡大によって租税の徴収が困難になった国司がそうした土地を荒田として届け出る例があった。
• However, with the enlargement of Shoen (private estates) in the Heian period, it became harder for the Kokushi (officers of local government) to collect taxes and there were cases where kokushi would report such property as koden.

• その結果、「長期間の住み込みによる衣食住以外は無給に近い労働」という丁稚奉公のスタイルを維持することが困難となった。
• As a result, it became difficult to maintain the form of decchi-boko comprising 'long-term live-in work with housing, food, and clothing virtually with no pay'.

• その途中失明という困難に遭遇しながらも、息子宗伯の妻である土岐村路の口述筆記により最終話まで完成させることができた。
• Though he met with difficulties including the loss of his sight in the course of writing, he barely managed to make it to the last episode with the help of Michi TOKIMURA, the wife of his son Sohaku, who took dictation.

• ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
• However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.

• 後白河を取り逃がした事で平氏が自己の正当性を主張する事は難しくなり、平氏は賊軍と認定され味方を集める事が困難となる。
• For the Taira clan, it became increasingly difficult to insist its legitimacy: it let Goshirakawa get away and the Taira clan was recognized as the rebel army resulting in difficulty getting allies.

• 他の図書館等の求めに応じ、絶版その他これに準ずる理由により一般に入手することが困難な図書館資料の複製物を提供する場合
• where, in response to the request of other libraries, etc., a reproduction of [a work constituting] library materials is furnished because such work is difficult to obtain due to such work being out of print or other similar reasons.

• が、他の阿閦仏、宝相仏、微妙声仏については図像的特色からこれらの仏であると特定することは困難で、決め手を欠いていた。
• However, the other depictions, such as Ashukubutsu, Hoso Butsu and Mimyosho Butsu, were difficult to indentify from their iconographic characteristics and the opinion was lacking decisive factors.

• 形（型）・演武を実用の観点からどのようなものをよいとするかは流派、武道家などにより様々であり客観的評価が困難である。
• From a practical standpoint, the question of which kind of 'kata' or demonstration is best will vary from one school to another, from one martial artist to another and so on, and it's difficult to make such assessments objectively.

• 「大和絵」とはどのような絵画を指すかを明確に定義付けすることは困難であり、時代によって意味・用法が微妙に異っている。
• It is difficult to define what kind of paintings the term 'Yamato-e' refers to clearly, and its sense and usage are subtly different depending on the period.

• 明治2年、養父の死により家督相続するが、将軍家が無くなり、茶道も斜陽の時期を迎えるという困難の中、家業の維持に苦心。
• In 1869, he succeeded as head of the family due to the death of his adoptive father, but the Shogun family had already disappeared and he took pains to maintain the family business during the decline of the tea ceremony.

• というのは、それは非常に注意を払い、きちんと見分けないと、君主がそれから身を守るのに困難を伴うような危険だからです。
• for it is a danger from which princes are with difficulty preserved, unless they are very careful and discriminating.

• それも戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、神木動座を行うこと自体が困難となり、文亀元年（1501年）を最後に姿を消すに至った。
• In 'the Sengoku period' (Period of Warring States), Shinboku Doza no Goso itself became difficult, and it came to an end in 1501.

• 備中国はもともと京兆家や阿波守護家など、他の有力守護家の影響が強く及んでおり、庄氏を初めとする国人統制も困難を極めた。
• The Bicchu Province was originally strongly affected by the other dominant Shugo families, such as the Keicho family and the Awa Shugo family, and the control of kokujin, including the Sho clan, was in utmost difficulty.

• 新幹線による貨物輸送は、最高速度や制動距離などの違いからダイヤグラム上で旅客列車と混在させることは現状では困難である。
• At present, it is difficult to operate cargo trains and passenger trains mixed in a train schedule, because of differences in the maximum speeds and in the braking distances.

• しかし、度重なる西欧列強との戦争によって、次々と朝貢国を喪失していき華夷秩序を維持することは事実上困難となっていった。
• However, it became impossible because the Qing dynasty continuously lost its chokokoku after several wars between Western countries.

• 車　京都府道・大阪府道79号伏見柳谷高槻線 (長岡京市側、島本町側ともに一部離合困難箇所があるので要注意) 駐車場完備
• By car: Kyoto and Osaka Prefectural Road No. 79, Fushimi Yanagidani Takatsuki Route (caution is required when merging and separating on both the Nagaokakyo City side and Shimamoto-cho side); a parking lot is available.

• 1959年の東京農業大学の平山教授の報告書では二つの例が報告されていたがほとんど地面に埋もれ修復も困難な状況であった。
• In a report by professor Hirayama's of Tokyo University of Agriculture in 1959, there were two examples cited, but most were buried in the ground and this was a difficult situation for restoration.

• しかしこの困難は、心が乱れていたので初めはどうにもできないもののように思われたが、実はちょっとしたものにすぎなかった。
• The difficulty, nevertheless, was but trivial, although, in the disorder of my fancy, it seemed at first insuperable.

• この種々（いろいろ）の話をする前に、もし君が協力してくれるなら、ここに一つの困難な、かなり危険な夜の仕事があるのだが、
• in the matter of these explanations, we have, if I may ask for your cooperation, a hard and dangerous night's work in front of us.

• しかしどんな優秀な分析者・観察者であっても、自らの行為を決定する無意識的動機を発見、特定することはなかなか困難である。
• The most subtle analyst, the most acute observer, is scarcely successful in discovering more than a very small number of the unconscious motives that determine his conduct.

• これらの人と同じように武力によって君主となった者は、君主国を獲得するのに困難を伴うけれど、それを維持するのは容易です。
• like these men, acquire a principality with difficulty, but they it with ease.
• Those who by valorous ways become princes, like these men, acquire a principality with difficulty, but they keep it with ease.

• さもないと、そういう困難さに立ち向かい、それを除去する、真理というものの分け前を、本当に得ることにはならないでしょう。
• else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.

• 酒類の入手をより困難にするという目的だけのために酒類に課税することは、完全な禁止と程度が違うというだけの方策であって、
• To tax stimulants for the sole purpose of making them more difficult to be obtained, is a measure differing only in degree from their entire prohibition;

• これら偽使派遣勢力は、図書に関しては印影を盗み木印を製作するなど高度な偽造技術を持っていたが、牙符の偽造は困難であった。
• As for toso, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys had advanced counterfeiting techniques such as stealing the seal and producing a wooden seal; however, they could not counterfeit Gafu.

• しかし、高位者の子孫には一定以上の位階に叙位する制度（蔭位の制）を設けるなど、当初からその目的は達成困難なものであった。
• However, it was not easy to attain this goal from the beginning because some systems, such as Oni no sei (the automatic promotion of people at the age of 21, whose parents were from Imperial Prince down to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents were higher than the third rank), were set up to give priority to the descendants of men of high rank to get promotion easily.

• 縁切寺（えんきりでら）とは、女性の側からの離婚が困難であった当時、そこに駆け込むことによって離婚が達成される尼寺である。
• The divorce temple was a convent, which was a safehouse for women seeking a divorce in those days when women had no right to obtain a divorce from their husbands; once a wife fled into there, she can obtain a divorce from her husband.

• ただ実際は現代と違い全国的な組織を作ることが困難であり、江戸で学んだ者が特に指導許可を得ずに故郷で指導した例も見られた。
• However, in fact unlike today it was difficult to build a nationwide organization, and several cases could be found in which someone that learned in Edo instructed in his hometown without getting permission to instruct.

• しかし、翌年以降は、盛暑の時期のために各種の行事催行が困難であることに配慮し、2か月後の10月31日を天長節祝日とした。
• However, considering the difficulties of holding various events due to the heat of the season, since 1914, tencho setsu celebration began to be held on October 31.

• ベースとなる原史料の種類・著者を推定することの最も困難な時期が、ちょうど源平合戦の時代1180年から1184年頃である。
• The most difficult time to make an assumption about the kind of source material and its author is between 1180 and 1184, around the time of the Genpei War.

• 傷が悪化して歩行困難となっていた吉村は一行から遅れ、駕籠に乗せられて運ばれていたが、27日に津藩兵に発見され射殺された。
• Yoshimura, whose wound was worsened and had difficulties in walking, fell behind the group and was transported by palanquin, but was found by warriors of the Tsu clan on 27 and shot to death.

• しかし陰謀家が民衆を怒らせるだけだとわかれば、彼が直面する困難には際限がないので、そうした計画を実行する勇気は挫けます。
• but when the conspirator can only look forward to offending them, he will not have the courage to take such a course, for the difficulties that confront a conspirator are infinite.

• もしだれかが最古の岩石層に複雑な生命形態を発見すれば、そういう発見はその予測と完全に矛盾するから、進化論は困難に陥いる。
• If someone were to locate a complex life form in the very oldest rock levels, evolutionary theory would be in difficulty, since such a finding would flatly contradict its predictions.

• また、木材価格の低迷が長期化するにつれて、大規模伐採をこのまま続けても分収金の形で地域還元することが困難になってきていた。
• Furthermore, as wood prices remained stagnant for a long period of time, it became difficult to make the yearly payment from the profit to the local communities, even though the logging business continued to be carried out on a large scale.

• 困難にぶつかりながらもマーティンが訳業を放棄しなかったのは、単なる名誉欲だけではない、彼なりの強い信念があったためである。
• The reason why Martin did not give up translating work although there was difficulties was not only simple honor but he had s strong belief of his own.

• しかし、それを行なうには株主総会を経て定款を変更することや、大阪市の同意を必要とすることなど、早期の立ち上げが困難だった。
• To do so however required the change of the company articles through a shareholder meeting and the consent from Osaka City amongst others that made an early project commencement impossible.

• そして、ブレイトンが注意深く通告されたように、場合によっては、理由の説明が困難な場所にこの連中が現れることもあるのだった。
• and, as Brayton had thoughtfully been apprised, it was more than a tradition that some of them had at divers times been found in parts of the premises where it would have embarrassed them to explain their presence.

• その当時の困難というのは、強い肉体や精神を持った人を、彼らの衝動を制御することを求めるなんらかの規則に従わせることでした。
• The difficulty then was, to induce men of strong bodies or minds to pay obedience to any rules which required them to control their impulses.

• 自由が過小評価される危険はないだろうし、自由と社会的統制の間の境界を調整することが並外れた困難を呈することもないでしょう。
• there would be no danger that liberty should be undervalued, and the adjustment of the boundaries between it and social control would present no extraordinary difficulty.

• 政治史という性質・史料の制約などもあり、証明は困難ではあるが、考古学的成果との連携などとも含め、今後の研究の進展が待たれる。
• It is hard to prove, since this is about political history with limited data; however, it is expected to have clearer information from close study in relation to the findings of archaeology.

• 電気・ガス・水道などライフラインが影響を受ける非常事態では、お湯の確保が困難な場合が多く、その場合はカップ麺は役に立たない。
• In the emergency situation that the lifeline such as electricity, gas, and water is affected, it is very often difficult to secure hot water and Kappumen is useless in such a case.

• しかし、供給困難な山間部や市街地においても供給区域でない地域があり、ボンベによるプロパンガスを使用している世帯も少なくない。
• However, in mountainous regions which face supply difficulties, and even some urban areas, there are some households which use cylinders of propane gas.

• 当時は五位と六位の間に身分上明確な一線が引かれ、官人の行動や儀制面で大きな差があったため、蔵人を一括することが困難であった。
• During that time, it was difficult to classify every official as a Kurodo because there was a clear distinction between the Fifth and Sixth ranks in terms of social status, as well as considerable differences between their social activities and custom rituals.

• 国幣社が設けられたのは、遠隔地の神社では祝部の上京が困難であるためとされているが、遠隔地でも重要な神社は官幣社とされている。
• Although it is believed that Kokuheisha was set up because hafuribe at shrines in distant provinces had difficulty in traveling to the capital city, some significant shrines in distant provinces were classified as Kanpeisha.

• 処分価格を付すことが困難な資産がある場合には、第一項の貸借対照表には、当該資産に係る財産評価の方針を注記しなければならない。
• In the case where there are assets whose disposal price is difficult to record, a balance sheet set forth in paragraph (1) shall include a note to show the policy for property valuation pertaining to said assets.

• また別の説では巫女やイタコといった「女性には霊がつきやすい」から荒修行が女性には困難であるという説明づけもされることがある。
• According to the other theory, there is an explanation that women have difficulty practicing severe unobstructed cultivation because 'women tend to be psychic,' like priestesses and Itako (people who can communicate with the dead).

• しかし、能の謡や鼓の掛け声などは低音を響かすことが大事とされており、気合や声域などが異なるための困難や違和感も見受けられる。
• However, as it is considered important to roll a bass voice in Utai (the chanting of a Noh text) and Kakegoe (shouts) of Tsuzumi in Noh.

• また、「凶のおみくじを利き腕と反対の手で結べば、困難な行いを達成つまり修行をしたことになり、凶が吉に転じる」という説もある。
• Furthermore, there is also a theory that if you tie a 'kyo' (bad luck) mikuji with the opposite hand to your better hand, then by achieving or performing such a difficult action you can turn bad luck to good.

• 第一項の規定による届出に係る託送供給約款により電気の供給を受ける者が託送供給を受けることを著しく困難にするおそれがないこと。
• It is unlikely that the recipients of electricity supply under the Wheeling Service provisions to which the notification given under paragraph 1 pertained would experience any difficulty in receiving the Wheeling Service.

• やる気は満ちており、やる気満々のところでは、私が注意を向けようとしてきた人々を手本とするなら、困難が大きいはずがありません。
• Here there is the greatest willingness, and where the willingness is great the difficulties cannot be great if you will only follow those men to whom I have directed your attention.

• 貴族の支援で君主の地位に就いた人は、民衆の助力でその地位に就いた人より、自分の地位を維持する上でより多くの困難を伴ないます。
• He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of the people,

• しかし、その後もその国を保持しようとすると、助けてくれた者たちからも、打ち破った者たちからも、無数の困難に見舞われるのです。
• but if you wish to hold it afterwards, you meet with infinite difficulties, both from those who have assisted you and from those you have crushed.

• しかし同月末に外国船に反撃され、砲台を占拠されるなど、実際には攘夷の困難さを身をもって知ることとなる（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• However, the foreign vessels fought back at the end of the same month and occupied the gun battery in Choshu (the Battles of Shimonoseki); actually, this incident provided a good opportunity for the Choshu clan to reconsider how difficult it would be to expel foreigners.

• これを　「常に月将を以て占時に加え、日辰陰陽を視て以て四課を立つ。」　と読み下すことは、漢文の知識があればさほど困難ではない。
• For persons who have a knowledge about kanbun, it may not be so difficult to read it as 'tsuneni gessho wo motte senji ni kuwae, Nisshininyo wo mite motte shika wo tatsu.' (Gessho and the time should always be used for divination and Shika should be derived by seeing Nisshinonmyo).

• これらは、文化財として一定の価値は認められるものの評価が定着しておらず、直ちに従来の指定制度による指定を行うことは困難である。
• Although they are valued in a certain way, it is difficult to be designated by the conventional designation system at once since their evaluation is not established.

• 9世紀末頃になると、百姓らの偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が顕著となり、軍事動員の対象となるべき百姓を各戸ごとに把握することが困難となった。
• At the end of the 9th century, false registration, vagrancy, or escape by farmers became prominent; therefore, it was difficult to know for each household who could be mobilized in military affairs.

• 日本社会において高度経済成長が達成された1970年代以降は、直接的な社会詠として事件等を取り上げることが大変困難となっている。
• Since the 1970s in which Japanese society achieved rapid economic growth, it became very difficult to raise incidents directly through shakaiei.

• ただし、珠光を含めこれら４名は、本人による文献史料がほとんど残っておらず、多くが伝承であり、その茶の本質を知るのは困難である。
• Since there are few historical materials written or recorded by these four people including Juko, much of the information now available is based on legend and it is hard to really know the nature of their styles of tea ceremony.

• 受託信託会社等が信託事務の遂行上著しく困難な状況に至り、信託財産に回復することのできない損害を生じ、又は生ずるおそれがある場合
• in cases where the Fiduciary Trust Company, etc. faces extreme difficulty in the implementation of trust affairs and is causing or is likely to cause irreparable harm to the trust property; or

• その上、そういう悪徳を行使しなければ、国家を守るのが困難であれば、それについての非難を受けることを、気に病む必要はありません。
• And again, he need not make himself uneasy at incurring a reproach for those vices without which the state can only be saved with difficulty,

• しかし、逆に言えば、そのような意見が出てくるということは、それだけ旧宮家復活には国民の支持を得ることが困難だということでもある。
• Conversely, however, the fact that such an opinion is presented also means that it is difficult to obtain public support for restoration of Miyake.

• 元より半神話の世界なので、正確な比定は困難であるが、現在の川上村 (奈良県)、或いは東吉野村などの吉野川沿いの地域が想定される。
• Needless to say, as it is a story of half-mythical world, it is difficult to identify correctly, a region along Yoshino-gawa River such as present Kawakami-mura (Nara Prefecture) or Higashiyoshino-mura is considered.

• その後、天平年間に行基が大改築を行い、参詣困難な山頂の蔵王堂に代わって山下にも蔵王堂（吉野・金峯山寺）を建てたとする伝承もある。
• There is also a legend that Gyoki later made major reconstructions between 729 and 749 and built another Zao-do hall lower down the mountain (Kinpusen-ji Temple on Mt. Yoshino) as the original was difficult to reach.

• 株式会社が業務の執行において著しく困難な状況に至り、当該株式会社に回復することができない損害が生じ、又は生ずるおそれがあるとき。
• when a Stock Company faces an extreme difficulty in executing business and the Stock Company suffers or is likely to suffer irrepara.le harm; or

• 投資法人が業務の執行において著しく困難な状況に至り、当該投資法人に回復することができない損害が生じ、又は生ずるおそれがあるとき。
• In cases where an Investment Corporation faces extreme difficulty in executing its business and said Investment Corporation suffers or is likely to suffer irreparable detriment; or

• こういう努めを適切に果さないと、得たものをたちまち失なうでしょうし、保持している間も、絶え間のない困難と厄介を抱えこむでしょう。
• And he who does not properly manage this business will soon lose what he has acquired, and whilst he does hold it he will have endless difficulties and troubles.
• And he who does not properly manage this business will soon lose what he has acquired, and whilst he does hold it he will have endless difficulties and troubles.

• また、財政難となった国は、「原則国有」としていた鉄道の建設が困難になり、代わって私有資本による鉄道建設が進んだ（→日本の鉄道史）。
• Facing a difficult financial situation, the national government became unable to construct railways, which the government had decided to be 'basically owned by the nation', and therefore, an increasing number of railways became to be constructed with private capital (refer to the railway history in Japan.)

• しかし、これは彼らが朝廷を軽視していたというよりも鐚銭ばかりが流通していて権力者でさえ良質な銭貨が入手困難であった事を示している。
• So many akusen circulated that even powerful persons could hardly obtain good quality coins, and Yoshihide was forced to disrespect the Imperial court.

• これは平城天皇が病弱でその子供達も幼かった事を考えて嫡流相続による皇位継承を困難と見た父・桓武天皇の意向があったともいわれている。
• It is said that this was the will of their father Emperor Kanmu, who believed a hereditary imperial succession would be difficult, considering Emperor Heizei's being in poor health and his children still being young.

• 京福電気鉄道は事業継続が困難になったとして、2003年に福井地区の鉄道事業（越前本線・三国芦原線）をえちぜん鉄道へ譲渡し撤退した。
• Given the difficulty of continuing the business, the Keifuku Electric Railroad Co., Ltd., transferred its railway business (the Echizen Main Line and Mikuni-awara Line) operated in the Fukui area to the Echizen Railway in 2003, thus withdrawing from the railway business.

• 朝鮮において知識人は、日本でもそうであるが、漢文の読み書きに堪能であって文章として理解する上で困難といえるものはなかったのである。
• Both in Japan and Korea, intellectuals were good at reading and writing Chinese and they did not have difficulty to understand Chinese book.

• 公益上、緊急に命令等を定める必要があるため、第一項の規定による手続（以下「意見公募手続」という。）を実施することが困難であるとき。
• when it would be difficult to follow the procedure provided for in paragraph 1 (hereinafter referred to as 'public comment procedure') because the urgent establishment of the Administrative Orders, etc. is necessary for the public interest;

• その後、栄叡は病死を装って出獄に成功し、江蘇・浙江からの出航は困難だとして、鑑真一行は福州から出発する計画を立て、福州へ向かった。
• After arrested, Yoei succeeded in escaping from prison, pretending to die of disease, and then Ganjin and his party headed for Fuzhou, where they had planned to set sail for Japan because they thought it difficult to sail from Jiangsu or Zhejiang.

• この物語の導師は仏で、旅をする人々は一切衆生、五百由旬の道のりは仏道修行の厳しさや困難、化城は二乗の悟り、宝処は一乗の悟りである。
• In this story, the Doshi (guru) was Buddha, the travelling people were Issai Shujo (all creatures), 500 Yojana road was harshness and difficulty of Buddhism ascetic practice, Kejo was Nijo enlightenment and the treasure spot was Ichijo enlightenment.

• 技術的に困難であった砂張（さはり：銅・錫・鉛の合金）の製法を発見して多くの名品を残しており、歴代の中でも鋳物の名人として知られる。
• Joeki found a formula for making an alloy of copper, tin and lead which was technically very difficult, and among the successive heads of the Nakagawa family, he was recognized as the master of cast metal who left numerous fine works.

• 第一項本文の規定による届出に係る託送供給約款により供給を受けようとする者が託送供給を受けることを著しく困難にするおそれがないこと。
• It is unlikely that the recipients of gas supply under the Transportation Service provisions to which the notification given under the main clause of paragraph 1 pertained would experience any difficulty in receiving the Transportation Service.

• というのも、その人は真理の知識に到達するのを阻害しているあらゆる困難やまちがいを乗り越えようと、まさに戦いを挑むことになるわけだ。
• For he truly engages in battle who endeavors to surmount all the difficulties and errors which prevent him from reaching the knowledge of truth,

• 君主国を獲得する上での困難は、一部は、彼らがその政権や保安を確立するために導入せざるをえなかった新しい規則や方法から生じるのです。
• The difficulties they have in acquiring it arise in part from the new rules and methods which they are forced to introduce to establish their government and its security.
• The difficulties they have in acquiring it rise in part from the new rules and methods which they are forced to introduce to establish their government and its security.

• しかしながら、オイルショックの影響や、用地取得の困難、沿線自治体の建設反対運動が激しかったこともあり、1983年に工事は中止された。
• However, the work was stopped in 1983, due to the so-called oil-shock, difficulties in obtaining necessary land and strong protests against its construction by autonomous bodies along the line.

• 元々中国と西欧とでは法に対する観念が全く異なる上に、国際関係についての考え方も大きく違っているため、その作業には大きな困難を伴った。
• The work involved large difficulties because concept of law was completely different between China and western countries, and there was a big difference in the way of thinking about international relations.

• 前項の規定にかかわらず、主務大臣は、事務処理上の困難その他正当な理由があるときは、同項の期間を三十日以内に限り延長することができる。
• Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the competent minister may extend the period set forth in the same paragraph by only up to 30 days, when there is a difficulty in administrative processing or any other justifiable reason.

• 入手困難な素材の中から楽器に良い条件をみたすわずかな一部分を選んで作っている貴重な竹であるので、失敗は許されない緊張と迷いが生じる。
• Such precious bamboo are from a small portion of selected materials that are difficult to obtain that meet the requirements for making good instruments, so tension and hesitation occurs as no mistakes can be allowed.

• しかし、言語も習慣も法も異る国土で国家を獲得すれば、そこには諸困難があって、その国家を維持するには幸運と多大な精力が必要となります。
• But when states are acquired in a country differing in language, customs, or laws, there are difficulties, and good fortune and great energy are needed to hold them,

• ただちに言えることですが、新興の国家にくらべると、世襲の国家で、君主の一族に長い間慣れ親しんだ国を保持するほうが困難ではありません。
• I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than new ones;

• 摂津国高槻藩では、財政基盤が脆弱で、国産品の専売制も困難であったため、借入、頼母子講、御用金といった起債の形で財政難の対策としていた。
• Since the financial foundations of Takatsuki Domain of Settsu Province were weak (they also had difficulties monopolizing local products), they floated loans by borrowing money and using Tanomoshi-ko (beneficial association) and goyokin (the money the shogunate temporarily charged farmers and merchants) to solve their financial difficulties.

• すでに12月に入っており寒気は厳しく積雪のある峻険な峠を越える事は不可能とも思われたが、一行は困難を乗り越え越前に入ることに成功した。
• It was already in December and really cold, and it was feared that they may not be able to go over the hill which was steep and had a lot of snow; however, they made it to Echizen.

• これらの討伐軍を打ち破り中山道を進んで京都に至る事は困難と予想されたので、天狗党は中山道を外れ北方に迂回して京都へ向って進軍を続けた。
• Tenguto judged that it was difficult to win a battle against the punitive force and arrive at Kyoto through Nakasen-do Road, and they circumnavigated to the north and proceeded.

• 現在では祝日法において天皇誕生日は「天皇の誕生日を祝う」と定められており、実質上天皇誕生日と天皇誕生祝日の分離は困難であると思われる。
• At present, the Act on National Holidays prescribes that the Emperor's Birthday is a day 'to celebrate the birthday of the Emperor' and it is practically difficult to separate the Emperor's Birthday from the day to celebrate the Emperor's Birthday.

• 朝鮮人水賊の活動は1470年代から活性化するものであったが、その活動はいずれが倭寇かいずれが朝鮮人水賊か識別を付けるのは困難であった。
• Korean pirates had been active since the 1470s, but it was difficult to distinguish the activities of Korean pirates and the activities of wako.

• 学校の財源であった所領が奪われ、古典籍を愛した豊臣秀次によって蔵書の一部が京都に持ち出されるなど、この時期の足利学校は困難に直面した。
• In this period, it faced difficulties because it was deprived of some of its lands and had some of its collection of books carried away to Kyoto by Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI., who loved old books.

• 大学生は冬休みが終わっていたり、社会人は既に正月三が日に休みをとっていて1月15日の成人式のためだけに帰省するのは困難な状況であった。
• Students whose winter vacation is over and working people who already took New Year's Holidays from January 1 to 3 have difficulties returning home only for the purpose of participating in the Seijin-shiki ceremony held on January 15.

• 旧来からの駅弁業者が、伝統的な駅弁のほかにコンビニ弁当に類似した比較的安価な弁当を販売している場合もあるため、厳密な定義は困難である。
• It is difficult to draw a clear line between Ekiben and 'convenience store box lunches,' because some Ekiben delicatessens with long history sell comparatively cheap box lunches similar to 'convenience store box lunches' besides their traditional Ekiben.

• 第一項の規定による届出に係る料金その他の供給条件により供給を受けようとする者が託送供給を受けることを著しく困難にするおそれがないこと。
• It is unlikely that the recipients of gas supply under the rates and other supply conditions to which the notification given under paragraph 1 pertained would experience any difficulty in receiving the Transportation Service.

• さて誰にもさして困難もなく、王は、上に述べた規則を守り、友邦を安全にし保護しておけば、イタリアでのその地位を保持できたと思われました。
• Let any one now consider with what little difficulty the king could have maintained his position in Italy had he observed the rules above laid down, and kept all his friends secure and protected;

• そうではなく、神を求め、神に祈り、神を賛美し、いかなる困難なときにおいても神に感謝するために、神の御名を用いなさい、という意味です。
• but will use it to call upon Him, pray to Him, praise Him and thank Him in all times of trouble.

• 戦闘において圧倒的な強さを示した連合軍であったが、その後の占領地支配には手を焼き、中国の領土支配の困難さに嫌でも気づかざるを得なかった。
• The allied army showed extreme strength during battles, but they found occupation challenging, and were made aware of the difficulty in conquering Chinese territory.

• 一方、一進会の宋秉畯も、韓日の対等合邦は国力の差から困難であると判断して韓日併合論を展開し、1910年、桂内閣により韓日併合がなされた。
• On the other hand, Song Byung-joon of Isshinkai was convinced that the equal consolidation of Korea and Japan would be difficult if considering the difference of the two countries' national power, so he next rolled out the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea which was finally concluded by Katsura Cabinet in 1910.

• しかし、応仁の乱以後は現地の武士達に対する押領によってほとんどの公家領は「不知行」となり、経済・治安の混乱は関銭収入の維持も困難とした。
• After the Onin War, however, most of the kuge-ryo turned to 'fuchigyo' which ceased to function properly due to the unlawful seizure of land and land rights by the local warriors ('bushi'), and the confused status of economy and social security made it difficult to maintain the income of barrier fees.

• 前項の規定にかかわらず、事業所管大臣は、事務処理上の困難その他正当な理由があるときは、同項の期間を三十日以内に限り延長することができる。
• Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the minister having jurisdiction over the business in question may extend the period of the preceding paragraph for up to 30 days in the case of difficulty regarding administrative processing or other justifiable grounds.

• しかし、同じく登録有形文化財となっていた阿倍野区の美章園温泉は燃料費の高騰や耐震補強工事の困難さなどを理由に、2008年2月に廃業した。
• However, Bishoen Onsen in Abeno Ward--also registered as a tangible cultural property--was closed in February 2008 due to the steeply rising fuel cost and the difficulty of anti-seismic reinforcement work.

• 原始宗教やシャーマニズム・アニミズムなどと呼ばれ、その信仰の対象は森羅万象に及ぶため、その行為でもある祭りを定義付けることは困難である。
• Since it was called a primitive religion, shamanism, animism and so on, and the target of its belief extended to shinrabansho (all things in nature), it is difficult to define matsuri which is also the action.

• 特定目的会社が業務の執行において著しく困難な状況に至り、当該特定目的会社に回復することができない損害が生じ、又は生ずるおそれがあるとき。
• in cases where a Specific Purpose Company faces extreme difficulty in the execution of its business and said Specific Purpose Company has suffered or is likely to suffer irreparable harm; or

• 第一項本文の規定による届出に係る料金その他の供給条件により電気の供給を受ける者が振替供給を受けることを著しく困難にするおそれがないこと。
• It is unlikely that the recipients of electricity supply under the rates and other supply conditions to which the notification given under the main clause of paragraph 1 pertained would experience any difficulty in receiving the Cross-Area Wheeling Service.

• 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
• In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.

• 文武天皇の死によってこの方式での継承が困難になったとき、それまで他言されなかった不改常典を明かし、藤原氏の補佐がない皇族を牽制したとする。
• It is said that when the death of Emperor Tenmu made it impossible to practice this form of succession, the existence of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, which had been kept a secret, was revealed to the public, in order to block the movements of the imperial family members that ware not able to count on the support of the Fujiwara clan.

• これらについて直系・嫡系皇位継承説の論者は、法に現れた理念が他の理念や利害と衝突して実現に困難をきたすことはままあることであると説明する。
• About these points, the proponents of the direct line imperial succession (code) theory or the legitimate child imperial succession (code) theory explains that it is quite usual that the ideal presented in a law collides with other ideals or interests and has to face difficulties to fulfill.

• また、大阪、神戸両市内の高架工事完成後は、大阪、神戸両駅での折り返しが困難になることから、外延部からの集客を兼ねて同区間で電化を実施した。
• This section's electrification also aimed to attract passengers from outside of the section because trains could not turn back at Osaka and Kobe Stations after the track was elevated in Osaka and Kobe.

• 灰野から先は落石や倒木、あるいは赤崎の大Ωループ橋のように朽ち果てて倒壊した木橋などが連続しており、軌道の復活はおろか歩行も困難を要する。
• In the remote areas beyond Haino, there are fallen stones, fallen trees, or rotten and collapsed tree bridges like the big Ω loop bridge at Akazaki one after another, and it is difficult to walk there, to say nothing of restoring the tramroard.

• だが、当時、国民は紙幣に不慣れで、また政府の信用が強固でなかったため、流通は困難で、紙幣100両をもって正金40両に交換するほどであった。
• However, since the Japanese people were not used to paper currency at the time and the new Meiji government had not yet gained public trust, the circulation of these bills was seriously restricted, and 100 ryo of Dajokan bills was often exchanged for 40 ryo of hard currency.

• しかしその自由さが趣のある茶会とするには難しい側面を含んでいて、名人と呼ばれる茶人にあっても真に趣を備えたものにするのは困難であるらしい。
• Since Nodate is based on a free-wheeling style that makes it difficult to present a zestful tea ceremony, it seems difficult for even a master of tea ceremony to present zestful Nodate.

• ここで桐野は官軍による包囲が極めて厳重であり、地形が非常に険しいことから薩軍の全軍が突破することは困難であると考え、熊本城の奪取を提案した。
• Here, KIRINO proposed that they should take back Kumamoto Castle, considering that the siege by the government army was quite tight, the terrain was rugged and therefore, it would be difficult for all forces of the Satsuma army to break through the siege.

• だが、憲法において議会に予算議定権および立法権が認められている以上、現実には政府が議会の多数党を無視して政権運営にあたることは困難であった。
• However, under the circumstances where the Constitution approved of parliament's power to decide a national budget and also to legislate, practically, it was difficult to ignore the opinions of the majority party while running the government.

• 数々の困難に遭いながらも、航海の途上に立ち寄ったイスラム教国で熱烈な歓迎を受けつつ、11ヶ月をかけて翌1890年6月ようやく日本に到着した。
• Despite encountering many difficulties on her journey, she received an enthusiastic welcome in the Islamic countries she stopped off at on her way home; she finally arrived back in Japan the next year in June 1890, with the voyage having taken 11 months.

• その後、早雲は相模方面へ本格的に転進し、関東南部の制圧に乗り出したが、茶々丸討伐の名目を失ったため、この後の軍事行動には多大な困難が伴った。
• Thereafter, Soun changed his direction and headed toward Sagami, aiming for control of the South Kanto area but struggled in his campaigns because he had lost his pretext of subjugating Chachamaru, his military actions involved much hardship.

• 行政機関の長は、経済的困難その他特別の理由があると認めるときは、政令で定めるところにより、第一項の手数料を減額し、又は免除することができる。
• When it finds that there is economic hardship or other special grounds, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order, the head of an Administrative Organ may grant a reduction of or an exemption from the fee set forth in paragraph 1.

• ただし到着した瞬間、アンリエッタ号事件とイングランド銀行強盗の件が重なって、フォッグ氏に、想像を超える困難が襲いかかる可能性もあるのだった。
• It is true that, once arrived, the affair on board the Henrietta, added to that of the Bank of England, might create more difficulties for Mr. Fogg than he imagined or could desire.

• 新しく獲得した国家を保持するさいの困難さを考えてみると、アレクサンダー大王が数年でアジアの支配者となり、まださして身を落つける間もなく死んだ
• CONSIDERING the difficulties which men have had to hold a newly acquired state, some might wonder how, seeing that Alexander the Great became the master of Asia in a few years, and died whilst it was yet scarcely settled

• 片荒による休耕地は放牧地などとして用いられたが、こうした土地に再度鍬を入れて農地として回復させる荒田打（あらたうち）を行うことは困難であった。
• The property in fallow years for Kataarashi were used as grazing land but it was hard to plow and restart (called Aratauchi) such property for agricultural use.

• 後難を避けるため史料の多くが故意に書き換えられたり、記録が抹殺されてしまったようで、その真偽を鮮明にすることが非常に困難となってしまっている。
• To avoid future trouble, it appears that many historical materials were intentionally rewritten and records were destroyed, making it extremely difficult to ascertain the truth.

• ホイストは彼にとっては競技であり、困難を伴う闘いであるにもかかわらず、体を動かすことがなく、疲れない闘いであることから、彼の趣味にあっていた。
• The game was in his eyes a contest, a struggle with a difficulty, yet a motionless, unwearying struggle, congenial to his tastes.

• ギリシア料理やカフカースの料理など、アジアとヨーロッパの境界に位置する国の料理は、隣接する地域の東洋料理（トルコ料理など）との区別が困難である。
• Dishes of those countries located on the borders of Asia and Europe such as Greek dishes and Caucasian dishes are hard to distinguish from Oriental dishes of the neighboring areas - Turkish dishes, for example.

• 府北部では中継局（福知山・舞鶴・宮津）がNHKとKBS京都（宮津はNHK第1放送のみ）のみで、これらの地域で在阪民放3局は受信困難な地域が多い。
• The relay stations in the northern part of the prefecture (placed in Fukuchiyama, Maizuru and Miyazu) support only NHK and KBS Kyoto (the one at Miyazu supports only the first channel of NHK-transmitted radiowave), and therefore, in many places of this area, it is difficult to receive the programs of the three private stations based in Osaka.

• 複線化により駅間で電車が行き違うことができるようにするためと思われるが、残りの区間は民家が密集して、用地の確保が困難であることから実現してない。
• These areas of land were secured to enable double tracks to be laid so that trains could pass between stations; however, because the areas of land that have not yet been secured are crowded with private houses and securing this land is proving difficult, complete double-tracking for the entire route has not yet been realized.

• 踏切からホームへは、レール面からホーム面までのゆるい階段のみであるが、駅自体が山の斜面にかかった所にあるので（画像参照）車椅子等での利用は困難。
• The route from the level crossing to the platforms can be accessed only by gentle stairs from the track level to the platform level, and the station is located on the mountainside, which makes for limited accessibility by persons in wheelchairs (refer to the image).

• 頼朝はそれまで軍事力を持って獲得してきたものを、朝廷との政治交渉によって、平時の状態でも確保し、補強しなければならない困難な状況に直面していた。
• Yoritomo was facing a difficult situation requiring that he maintain and reinforce what he had obtained with military force even during time of peace, by political negotiation with the Imperial Court.

• その後は越後府知事などを歴任したが、その当時、西園寺は10代の青年であり、この若さで任官できたのは家格の後光以外に理由を見出すことは困難である。
• After that, he served in positions such as the Governorship of Echigo Prefecture, but at that time, Saionji was a young man only in his teens, and it is difficult to find reasons other than his family connections for his being able to take on such a position at such a young age.

• また、密教などの現世利益的な修法になじんだ公家社会においては修行悟達を目的とする禅の宗風を受け入れる素地に乏しく、布教は常に困難に直面していた。
• In addition, as the court noble society was accustomed to teachings that eyed achieving earthly desires, such as Esoteric Buddhism, there was no background to accept Nonin's Zen teaching which aims to attain enlightenment through ascetic training and his propagation activities constantly faced difficulty.

• そうなると、外部の者がこの兄弟に手酷い印象を与える手段など想像するのも困難だし、そういう異様で念入りな犯行に及ぶに値する動機も見つかっていない。
• It is difficult to imagine, then, how an outsider could have made so terrible an impression upon the company, nor have we found any possible motive for so strange and elaborate an attempt.

• コンピュータ・プログラミングの技術的に困難な作業なしでインタラクティブなコンピュータープログラムを開発するのに用いることが可能であるソフトウェア
• software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming

• ただし大量生産される鋳造貨幣というものは質量を一定に製作することは困難で（最大2倍程度のばらつきはある）、質量の基準が開元通寳というわけではない。
• However, mass-produced metallic currency was difficult to be equalized in weight (at worst, the disparity was as large as almost twice) so Kai Yuan Tong Bao could not be said the standard of the weight of currencies.

• これらの海賊は、有力な在地領主、神人・供御人の特権を得た沿岸住民などが経済活動の合間に略奪しているケースが多く、国衙の力だけでは追討が困難だった。
• These pirates were in most cases prominent local landowners or coastal residents with privileges such as Jinin or Jugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) that were pirating when not conducting their usual commercial activities and were difficult to control with only the power held by the Kokuga.

• 第二次世界大戦以後は、児童福祉法の制定によって子どもの頃から仕込むことが困難になり、娯楽と接客の多様化により花柳界も衰退し、芸妓の数は減り続けた。
• After World War II, it became difficult to start training children due to the enactment of Child Welfare Law and the red-light districts declined with the entertainment and service industries becoming more diversified whereby the number of geigi continued to dwindle down.

• 法律や制度と言うものがいかに群集に影響を与えないかということうや群集が押しつけられた意見とは違う意見をもつことの困難さを群集心理学は明らかにする。
• It is only by obtaining some sort of insight into the psychology of crowds that it can be understood how slight is the action upon them of laws and institutions, how powerless they are to hold any opinions other than those which are imposed upon them,

• つまり、例えば、飲酒の手段をもっと高くつくようにするような方策をとったり、販売個所の数を制限して酒類の入手を困難にしたりすべきか、という問題です。
• whether, for example, it should take measures to render the means of drunkenness more costly, or add to the difficulty of procuring them by limiting the number of the places of sale.

• 調合・焼成の困難な赤色系の絵付を17世紀に成功させたのは、磁器を国内で初めて製作した有田焼以外ではこれが唯一の例であり、かつ陶器では国内初であった。
• This was the first and only example of a successful piece of earthen pottery with a reddish color paint in the 17th century aside from Arita-yaki (Arita pottery), which was the first Japanese porcelain, since reddish color paint requires a delicate glaze compound and burning.

• 事態を憂慮した二条良基は勧修寺経顕や尊氏と相計って、光厳・光明の実母西園寺寧子に治天の君となることを要請し、困難な折衝の上ようやく受諾を取り付けた。
• Yoshimoto NIJO was worried about the situation and in agreement with Tsuneaki KASHUJI and Takauji, he requested the biological mother of Kogon and Komyo, Neishi SAIONJI become Chiten no kimi and after various obstacles were overcome, he gained acceptance.

• 平安時代に令外官が増加すると律令で定められた職制が有名無実と化し、従来の官庁ごとに配列されている格では実際の政務には必要な情報の入手が困難となった。
• During the Heian period, as Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) increased, office organizations regulated by Ritsuryo became in names only, and obtaining information necessary for actual government affairs became difficult with kyaku (administrative regulations) that is organized by traditional authority.

• これによって長岡藩の兵力が減少したのみならず、人夫動員も困難となり河井継之助の長岡城奪還計画は大幅に遅れて、結果的に新政府軍に有利に働くことになる。
• However, the reduced military power of the domain due to this operation made it difficult for the domain to mobilize even its labor force and the plan to recover Nagaoka-jo Castle lead by Tsugunosuke KAWAI was largely delayed, which consequently worked favorably to the new government.

• 生母とされる生駒氏の喪主も茶筅丸（織田信雄）が務めており、織田信忠存命中の史料により、織田信忠と生駒氏を直接的に結びつける事は、現状では困難である。
• It is difficult at the present time to show a direct link between Nobutada ODA and the Ikoma clan as the host of the funeral of the Ikoma clan, who is said to be his birth mother, was Chasen-maru (Nobukatsu ODA) based on historical evidence of the time when Nobutada ODA was alive.

• だが、太平洋戦争の激化にともない劇場の閉鎖や上演演目の制限など規制が行われ歌舞伎の興行も困難になり、空襲で劇場が焼失するなど物的人的被害も多かった。
• However, as the Pacific War intensified, Kabuki performances became difficult owing to the authorities' regulations, such as the closure of theaters ＆ the restriction on performance programs, and casualties & property damages in the Kabuki community, such as the theaters' burning down by air raids, piled up.

• だから、この二つの国家を考察してみると、トルコという国家を獲得するのはとても困難だが、一旦征服すればそれを保持するのはとても簡単だとわかるでしょう。
• Therefore, he who considers both of these states will recognize great difficulties in seizing the state of the Turk, but, once it is conquered, great ease in holding it.

• ただし、そうした場合には技術・学術が実際に継承されているという点が重要視されており、そうした技術が衰退すれば世習の家柄でも子孫への継承が困難となった。
• However, in these cases, it was important that the actual techniques and knowledge were passed down, but if such techniques had declined, passing down the position was difficult even for a descendant of a hereditary family.

• 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明／野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
• It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.

• 鯨カツレツ、鯨ステーキ、鯨カレーなどの鯨肉料理の大半は、牛肉や豚肉の入手が困難だった時代に、鯨肉を代用獣肉という位置づけの食材として使ったものである。
• Whale meat in most of the whale meat dishes, such as whale meat cutlet, stake of whale meat, and whale meat curry, was used as a substitute of animal meat in the era when beef and pork were unavailable.

• もし皇帝のめぐみをもって、この強敵高句麗の勢いをくじき、よく困難をのりきることができましたならば、父祖の功労への報いをお替えになることはないでしょう。
• If we can unnerve Goguryeo's powerful force and overcome this difficulty with the Emperor's blessing, you will not change the reward for the meritorious deeds of my ancestors.

• また、これより前、寛永14年（1637年）から翌年にかけて起こった島原の乱においても、多くの浪人が一揆に加わったことが、その鎮定を困難にしたとされる。
• In the earlier Shimabara War (1637 - 1638), many ronins participated in the uprising which made its suppression difficult.

• 明治期以降、興福寺の境内は奈良公園の一部と化し、寺域を区切っていた塀や南大門もなくなり、天平時代の整然とした伽藍配置を想像することは困難になっている。
• In the Meiji Period the precincts of Kofuku-ji Temple were integrated into Nara Park, and the walls and the Nandai-mon Gate which marked the boundary were lost, so it is hard to imagine the original location of temple buildings in the Tenpyo Period.

• しかし、京都市全体の財政難なども問題となっていたことから、行政による運行は困難であると判断し、住民の手により自主的に運行をする形を目指すこととなった。
• However, it was considered that the government would have difficulty running the bus because of its financial condition, so the local people decided they would run thebus route independently.

• このころには言語や文化の変化や流れに従い原典をそのまま読むことも困難になってきたため、原典に引歌や故事の考証や難語の解説を書き添える注釈書が生まれた。
• Around this time, it was becoming difficult to read the original text in the course of changing language and culture, so commentaries to add the study of poetry quotations and historical events, and explanations of difficult words were generated.

• 普段使っている話し言葉に関係なく、書く文章に使われた文語文は、方言による意思疎通の困難を克服するという意味では、非常に便利に使われた全国的様式だった。
• Bungobun (sentences written in a literary style) used for written sentences regardless of spoken language used for daily life was a convenient nation-wide format used to overcome difficulties in communicating with dialects.

• だが現実問題として、長年培ってきた経済力、場合によっては軍事力を有する延暦寺以下の既存寺院に対抗して京都の中で独自の教団を打ち立てる事は困難であった。
• However, in reality it was difficult to establish an independent religious organization in Kyoto as opposed to established temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple, which acquired economic power over the years and in some cases had military forces.

• 綜芸種智院は、空海の死後10年ほど経た承和 (日本)12年（845年）、所期の成果を挙げることが困難になったとして、弟子たちによる協議の末売却された。
• The Shugei Shuchiin school was sold after discussions among disciples in 845, ten years after the death of Kukai, because it had become difficult to obtain the desired results.

• 近年では、大量生産の要求に応えるため、あるいは伝統的な製法では良質の藁を確保すること等が困難なこともあり、純粋培養した納豆菌を用いる製造が主流である。
• In recent years, in order to meet the requirements of mass production, or because of the difficulty in obtaining good-quality straw for the traditional method, the mainstream practice has been to use pure cultured bacillus subtilis natto.

• 他のエネルギーによる代替又は貯蔵が著しく困難であるエネルギーの供給については、特にその信頼性及び安定性が確保されるよう施策が講じられなければならない。
• With regard to the matter of supplying an energy source that is extremely difficult to either substitute with other energy resources or to store, measures shall be taken to specially secure its reliability and stability.

• そうした参考文献を理解するのが困難なら、あなたのとこのハッカーに、コピーを持ってないかとか、もし良ければ用語を説明してくれないかなと尋ねてみましょう。
• If you have trouble understanding that reference, ask your hacker if she has a copy, or would be willing to explain her terms.

• その反面、国鉄の保有する車輌は蒸気機関車だけでも174形式1118両、客車3067両、貨車20884両におよび、運用・整備・修理に大きな困難が発生した。
• On the other hand, it amassed a huge fleet of trains with 1,118 Model 174 locomotives, 3,067 passenger trains, 20,884 cargo trains and consequently faced an enormous difficulty for operation, maintenance, and repair.

• ピーク時には地元松阪市では、自分の家から道路を横切って向かいの家に行くことすら困難なほど大量の参詣者が町の中を通っていった、と当時の日記にかかれている。
• A diary at the time says that during peak periods, in the neighboring Matsuzaka City there were so many visitors passing through the town that the author had trouble going to the house across the street from his/her own.

• ただ、歴史的な経過から高島市側からの入林を完全にシャットアウトすることは困難であり、2007年には三国峠からのコースに限って入林できるようになっている。
• However, historically, it is impossible to shut out all routes to this forest from the Takashima City side, and it has made possible since 2007 to enter this forest from the route only via Mikuni-toge Pass.

• ジョーダンはこの時間に電話してくることが多かったが、それはホテルやクラブや知人の家々を渡り歩く彼女にとって、それ以外の時間を見繕うのが困難だったからだ。
• she often called me up at this hour because the uncertainty of her own movements between hotels and clubs and private houses made her hard to find in any other way.

• この時代の美術は多様化し、その性格を一言で言い表わすことは困難であるが、古代・中世の美術が宗教（仏教）中心であったのに比べ、著しく世俗化の傾向が強まった。
• This period's art was so diversified as to be difficult to define its character in a word, but it could be said to become extremely popularized, compared with the art of the ancient and middle ages, which was mainly occupied with religious (Buddhist) art.

• 列強のその時の思いは連合軍司令官ワルテルゼーの「列強の力を合わせたとしても、中国人の4分の1でも治めるのは困難であろう」ということばに言い尽くされている。
• Those thoughts of the allied nations were put in a nutshell with the words of Allied Supreme Commander Waldersee, 'It would prove difficult to conquer even a quarter of the Chinese people, even with all the allied powers combined.'

• また、駅の北側の線路は国道24号線と住宅が立ち並ぶ丘陵地に挟まれており、奈良線の複線化計画を進行させる際に複線化用地を捻出するのが困難な状態となっている。
• The tracks on the northern side of the station are laid between National Route 24 and a hilly area where many houses have been built, creating a situation that makes it difficult to find the means to come up with sufficient land when advancing the Nara Line Double Track Project.

• 全線電化の少し前に、武庫川の渓谷沿いに走っていたため複線化が困難であった生瀬～道場間について、トンネルの連続する複線の新線を新規に建設して切り替えられた。
• Shortly before all the sections were electrified, the section between Namaze and Dojo, which was difficult to double-track because the railway lay along the Muko-gawa River gorge, was newly constructed as a double-track railway having successive tunnels.

• その理由として「麦は虫がつきやすい、変敗しやすい、味が悪い、輸送が困難などの反対論がつよく」、その上、脚気予防（理屈）とは別のもの（情）もあったとされる。
• The reasons for this included the fact barley rice easily deteriorated and became infested with vermin, tasted bad and was difficult to transport, besides which practical concerns it is said there was another emotional resistance to barley rice.

• その一つの背景として、これまで読み捨て状態にされてきたため、データベースの不備が著しく、作品を目にする事自体に困難が伴う場合が少なくないという状況がある。
• One reason behind this is the fact that it is often difficult to see the comic work itself due to the insufficiency of comic database because comics have been disposed of after reading in the past.

• しかし、いかなる時代、いかなる国の人々も、これはいつでも人類の意見の一致をみてきた問題であるかのようにして、そこに困難があるとは気づきもしていないのです。
• Yet the people of any given age and country no more suspect any difficulty in it, than if it were a subject on which mankind had always been agreed.

• しかし私は、安全である実際的原理、念頭におくべき理念、この困難を克服しようとするあらゆる計画を検証する規準というのは、次の言葉で伝わるものと信じています。
• But I believe that the practical principle in which safety resides, the ideal to be kept in view, the standard by which to test all arrangements intended for overcoming the difficulty, may be conveyed in these words:

• しかしながら句読点も漢字も当てられていないので、通読はしてもその意味は何通りにでも理解出来てしまい、出口王仁三郎出現以前は正確な判読が困難と考えられていた。
• However, since it had neither punctuation marks nor kanji (Chinese characters), it could be understood in various meanings when reading it through, so it was considered to be difficult to make it out correctly before the emergence of Onizaburo DEGUCHI.

• もっとも、全ての藩もしくは領主が京枡に従った訳ではなく、また一部商人なども含めて不正目的で京枡と異なる枡を用いる場合もあったため、枡の統一は困難をきわめた。
• Not all clans and lords adopted kyo-masu, and some merchants used masu that were not kyo-masu for illicit purposes; this made the unification of masu extremely difficult.

• 第二項又は第三項の引致状は、保護観察官に執行させるものとする。ただし、保護観察官に執行させることが困難であるときは、警察官にその執行を嘱託することができる。
• The warrant of arrest under paragraph (2) or (3) shall be executed by probation officers; provided, however, that if it is difficult to get probation officers to execute it, its execution may be commissioned to police officials.

• 都道府県は、市町村が施行することが困難又は不適当な場合その他特別な事情がある場合においては、国土交通大臣の認可を受けて、都市計画事業を施行することができる。
• Prefectures may, by obtaining the approval of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, execute city planning projects in cases where it is difficult or inappropriate for municipalities to execute city planning projects and in other cases where special circumstances exist.

• 仏教はインドに起源を持ち、アジア各地に広まった宗教であるが、梵鐘に関してはその祖形をインドに求めることは困難であり、中国古代の青銅器にその源流が求められる。
• Although Buddhism is a religion that originated in India and has expanded throughout Asia, the origins of Bonsho are hardly found in India but in ancient Chinese bronze ware.

• 確かにマッカランが言うように、ひとたびなるほどと思わせる動機を見つければ、事件が困難であればあるほどそれが刺激になって、がんばろうという気になるものなのだ。
• and, as he said, once one could find a convincing motive, the difficulties of the case became so many incentives to effort.

• 複線化によって鳴滝～常盤間のように駅間で電車が行き違う事ができる様にする為と思われるが、残りの区間は民家が密集して、用地の確保が困難である事から実現してない。
• The double-track railway in this section will make it possible for inbound trains and outbound trains to pass each other freely, since the system is already established in the section between Narutaki and Tokiwa; however, this idea hasn't yet been achieved because the necessary land hasn't been ensured in other sections in which houses are densely packed.

• 旗本は石高が低い割には軍役負担が大きく、また石高調整のために相給が行われる事が多く、極端な場合では13名の旗本が1村を分割知行するなどその支配は困難を極めた。
• Hatamoto were obliged to bear larger military burden for smaller earnings (the amount of rice crop), and in addition, aikyu practice (dividing control of an area among more than one person) was done to adjust the amounts of rice crop among the hatamoto: For example, control right of a village was divided among 13 hatamoto in a particular case, making the control extremely difficult.

• 菱木政晴は世界には言語による教義表現を軽視する宗教もあり、宗教学や文化人類学の成果をもちいることによって困難なく抽出可能であるとして以下のようにまとめている。
• Masaharu HISHIKI said that some religions in the world place little value on expressing doctrine in words, but using the results of religious studies and cultural anthropology, State Shinto doctrines can be extracted without difficulty, and summarizes them as follows:

• しかし、実際には少しでも評判の悪い代官はすぐに罷免される政治体制になっており、私利私欲に走るような悪代官が長期にわたって存在し続けることは困難な社会であった。
• However, actually, the political system removed a daikan who was even slightly ill reputed without delay, so a bad daikan pursuing his personal greed could not exist for a long time in that society.

• しかし、横大路では新スタジアムの建設は困難であるとの判断となり、現実問題として京都市西京極総合運動公園陸上競技場兼球技場の改修を目指す方向で検討が進んでいる。
• But they eventually concluded that it was difficult to build a new stadium in Yokooji and the more realistic idea of renovating Kyoto Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium is now being studied.

• われわれは自由が生きのび勝利をおさめるためになら、どんな対価も支払い、どんな重荷にも耐え、どんな困難にも立ち向かい、味方を支持し、敵には対抗するということを。
• that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

• しかし、沿岸鯨類資源の枯渇から沖合い・遠洋へと漁場が移動するにつれ、冷蔵冷凍技術がない時代には持ち帰りが困難となり、徐々に食用とすることができなくなっていった。
• However, as whale resources along the coasts became depleted and sites of whaling changed to off the coasts or in remote sea areas, it became difficult to bring back caught whales in the ages when no cold storage nor freezing technology was available, making it gradually impossible to eat the meat.

• 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
• During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.

• これは、当時の文化先進地である西国において石垣を多用した築城が発達し、また東国においては、築城に適した石材の採取が困難であり、土塁の使用が多かったためとされる。
• It is understood that this is because castle construction using stone walls was developed in Saigoku which was culturally advanced area at that time and in Togoku, it was difficult to obtain stone materials which were suitable for castle building and therefore, dorui (earthen walls) were often used.

• このような三河の動揺が隣国・遠江へも伝播すると、正・誤の判別がつかない情報が飛び交う遠江領内は敵味方の見極めさえ困難な疑心暗鬼の状態に陥ってしまう（遠州錯乱）。
• Once the unrest in Mikawa Province was transmitted to the neighboring Totomi Province, the whole territory became wrapped in suspicion with people in panic wondering who would be friend or foe amid the chaos and whether the news was true or false (Enshu [Totomi Province] Confusion).

• ｈの表に定める率については、委託者の区分を行うことが困難な場合にあっては２５％とし、次に掲げる者に該当する場合にあっては委託者の区分にかかわらず１００％とする。
• With regard to coefficient h specified in the table, the value shall be 25 percent in cases where it is difficult to segregate by customer, and shall be 100 percent, notwithstanding the category of customer, in cases where the customer falls under any of the following:

• 戦前までは、このにがりを凝固剤に使用するのが主流であったが（一部では硫酸カルシウム（すましこ）も使われていた）、やがて統制品に指定されたため入手が困難となった。
• Although it was a mainstream practice to use this bittern as a coagulant before the war (calcium sulfate (sumashiko) was used by some makers), it soon became difficult to obtain the bittern because it was designated as controlled goods.

• しかし高麗の宋君斐・金賛が案内する蒙古の使節ら（正使・黒的、副使・殷弘）は巨済島まで来て、航海の困難を理由に引き返し、クビライに対して日本への通使の不要を説いた。
• However, the Mongol envoys (chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko), guided by So Kunhi and Kinsan from Goryeo, returned due to the difficulty of the voyage after reaching Geoje Island, and explained to Kublai that it was unnecessary to send envoys to Japan.

• もっとも時代が進んで社会が豊かになってくると消費生活の統制が困難となり、効果の低い奢侈禁止令が他度々出されては遵守が徹底されなというジレンマも抱えることとなった。
• However, as time went by and societies became richer and richer, it became harder to put people's consumption under control, resulting in a dilemma that many ineffective sumptuary laws were issued but not thoroughly observed.

• だが、それからすぐ同行名古屋支店において100万円の横領事件が発覚し、同年8月、臨時総会にて北浜銀行の事業継続は困難との理由を以て臨時休業を発表し解任を申し出る。
• Soon after, a one million yen embezzlement scandal erupted at the Nagoya branch of the bank and he proposed his dismissal from the president position due to its difficulty to remain as a going concern during the emergency shareholder meeting held in August of the same year.

• 日本銀行は、財務省令で定めるところにより、汚染、損傷その他の理由により使用することが困難となった日本銀行券を、手数料を徴収することなく、引き換えなければならない。
• The Bank of Japan shall exchange, without fees, Bank of Japan notes rendered unfit for further circulation due to defacement, mutilation, or other causes, pursuant to an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance.

• 下りホームには改札横のスロープ通路から、上りホームにはホーム裏から下記運輸課への入口を介して車椅子等での移動が可能であるが、定期乗車券販売所やトイレへの移動は困難。
• Although persons in wheelchairs can move to the platform for outbound trains through a ramp beside the ticket checkers and to the rear of the platform for inbound trains through the entrance to the Transportation Section, it's impossible for them to move to the commuter ticket sales office and/or the toilets.

• 当駅の前後にある同じような構造の駅はいずれも構内地下道を備えているが、当駅の場合は正月の激しい混雑に地下道では対応が困難なため、設置が見送られているものと思われる。
• Adjacent stations with similar layouts are provided with underground paths within their premises, but it's considered that such an underground path hasn't been provided here because the use of such a path wouldn't be sufficient to cope with the tremendous congestion during the New Year holiday season.

• 武川衆のように甲斐国内に存在した集団でありながら、親族とも譜代とも判別し難いのみならず、武田氏に服属していたのか同盟関係に近かったのかの判断が困難なグループがある。
• There are some groups including Mukawa shu (a group of samurai in Kai Province) that existed within Kai Province, and it is hard to determine whether those groups were Shingen's relatives or fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and whether they belonged to the Takeda clan or whether they had a relationship that bordered on being an alliance with the Takeda clan.

• 精神病院に長期間社会的入院を強いられていた患者が、退院した場合このような困難を経験することがあり、退院の際には入念なカウンセリングとトレーニングを受ける必要がある。
• When a patient who has been forced into 'social hospitalization' in a mental hospital for a long period of time leaves the hospital, he or she sometimes experiences such troubles, so it is necessary for them to receive careful counseling and training when leaving the hospital.

• 最近は絶滅のおそれのある野生動植物の種の国際取引に関する条約（ワシントン条約）により象牙の入手が困難のため高騰してはいるが、代用樹脂は学校教育用などに限られている。
• Although the price of ivory has soared recently because of unavailability caused by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention), substitute plastic is being used only for the products for school educational purpose.

• 無作為な変異が人間の目のようなものを生み出すことができると認めるのが困難だとしても、そういう構造の複雑さは、形而上的事物についての結論を出す十分な理由ではないんだ。
• Even if we have trouble accepting the fact that random changes could produce something like the human eye, the complexity of that structure is not a sufficient reason for making conclusions about metaphysical things.

• この困難に打ち勝つため、法と統制は、皇帝と闘争する教皇のように、その性格を制御するため、その生活全般を制御することを要求して、全人格にたいする支配権を主張しました。
• To overcome this difficulty, law and discipline, like the Popes struggling against the Emperors, asserted a power over the whole man, claiming to control all his life in order to control his character―

• すでに延若は脚が不自由になっており、動くことすら困難を伴う状態だったが、その五右衛門の迫力は圧巻で、記録映画では観客が感嘆のどよめきを漏らすのを聞き取ることができる。
• At that time, Enjaku had difficulty with his legs so he couldn't move smoothly,.However, in the movie, his Goemon is so powerful that the audience is sighed with admiration.

• 篠田統著『すしの本』（1970年）は、東南アジアの山地民の魚肉保存食を寿司の起源とあげ、高地ゆえ頻繁に入手が困難な魚を、長期保存する手段として発達したものとしている。
• 'Sushi Book' (1970) written by Osamu SHINODA described that preserved food of fish meat of hill folks in Southeast Asia was the origin of sushi, and was developed as a means of preservation of fish which was seldom available due to the highlands.

• 戦前の日活のフィルム倉庫の火災などにより、初期の習作『路上の霊魂』と新興キネマで撮った『霧笛』の二作しか現存していないため、最も評価の困難な監督の一人として知られる。
• Due to a fire that occurred in Nikkatsu's film warehouse before the war, only two movies exist, 'Rojo no Reikon' (Souls on The Road) as an initial study product and 'Muteki' which he shot in Shinko Cinema, so he is said to be one of the most difficult directors to evaluate.

• しかし菱木政晴は、世界には言語による教義表現を軽視する宗教もあり、宗教学や文化人類学の成果を用いることによって困難なく抽出可能であるとして以下の3項目にまとめている。
• However, Masaharu HISHIKI organized State Shinto's creed into three points below, saying that some religion disregard verbally expressing their creeds, but those creeds can be extracted easily by using the result of Philosophy of Religion and Cultural Anthropology.

• 槍などの刀以外の武器では、戦場の真っ只中で迅速に首を切り落とすのは、非常に困難であり、合戦では自らの功績を示すものが敵将の首級であった為、重要であったとする説がある。
• It was quite difficult to cut off a head quickly in the middle of a battlefield with Yari (spears) or weapons other than swords, and the cut head of the enemy general could show the achievement of a soldier in a battle, so it is said that swords were important.

• それが君主にたいする自然な敬愛からではなく、ただ自分たちの政府にたいする不満によるものなら、君主がこの連中と親しくするのは、ただ大きな苦労と困難を背負いこむだけです。
• and if it be not a natural affection towards him, but only discontent with their government, then he will only keep them friendly with great trouble and difficulty,

• また、銅鉱一つ発見されただけで元号を改めるほどの国家的事件と捉えられていた当時において大量の銅原料を確保する事は困難であり、流通量もそれほど多くなかったとの見方もある。
• Moreover, there is a belief that it was difficult to secure a large amount of raw copper for minting coins at the time as the discovery of only one copper mine became a national event; furthermore, there is an opinion that the amount of coins circulated was not much.

• ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパン（大阪市）のオープンなどレジャーの多様化や少子化などで入場者数が減少したため、営業継続は困難と判断され、2003年1月31日で閉鎖した。
• Diversification of recreational facilities including the opening of Universal Studio Japan (Osaka City), fewer children, and so on, reduced the number of the visitors, therefore it was closed on January 31, 2003 since continuing its business became difficult.

• 1950年（昭和25年）1月30日 - 四宮車庫の火災によって焼失した大津線車両22両のうち復旧困難な客車15両と老朽電動客貨車各1両（20形1両、撒水車1両）を廃車。
• January 30, 1950: Out of 22 passenger cars of the Otsu Line that were destroyed by the fire at Shinomiya Shako-depot, 15 passenger cars that were deemed impossible to repair were abolished in addition to an aging electric passenger car and a freight car (a model 20 car and a sprinkler car).

• 裁判所は、あらかじめ証拠調べをしておかなければその証拠を使用することが困難となる事情があると認めるときは、申立てにより、この章の規定に従い、証拠調べをすることができる。
• When the court finds that there are circumstances under which, unless the examination of evidence is conducted in advance, it would be difficult to examine the evidence, it may conduct an examination of the evidence pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter upon petition.

• ミラノの城塞は、フランチェスコ・スフォルツァが築いたものですが、国内のいかなる騒乱にもまして、スフォルツァ家の困難の種となってきましたし、これからもそうでありましょう。
• The castle of Milan, built by Francesco Sforza, has made, and will make, more trouble for the house of Sforza than any other disorder in the state.

• その結果、社会がその成員を自分自身の性格を形成するという困難から救うために用意した数少い鋳型のどれかに自分を適合させることは、有害な抑圧を蒙らなければ、できないのです。
• less capable, consequently, of fitting themselves, without hurtful compression, into any of the small number of moulds which society provides in order to save its members the trouble of forming their own character.

• 翻訳とは、原文の大意をつかんだ上で、原文のことばに最も近い自国語を探し出し、それを自然な文章へと改める作業であるが、翻訳の歴史が浅ければ浅いほど、その困難さは増えていく。
• Translation is a work in which the drift of the original is grasped at first and, then, words of the own language that is the closest to it, and the sentences are revised to make them natural ones, but, the shorter the history of translation is, the more such difficulties increase.

• 農産物の大凶作とともに製紙原料の楮（こうぞ）や雁皮（がんび）などの自生植物も採取が困難となり、特に鳥の子に用いる雁皮は栽培が不可能で、製紙業も原料入手難から困窮を極めた。
• Not only agricultural products but also wild plants such as kozo and ganpi that were the resources used to make paper, became difficult to collect, and because especially the ganpi used for torinoko was impossible to cultivate, paper manufacturing fell into extreme poverty because of the difficulty of obtaining materials.

• まず注意してほしいのは、他の君主国では貴族の野心と民衆の不遜と取り組めばよいだけですが、ローマ皇帝は兵士たちの残酷と強欲に耐えるという第三の困難を抱えこんでいたことです。
• There is first to note that, whereas in other principalities the ambition of the nobles and the insolence of the people only have to be contended with, the Roman emperors had a third difficulty in having to put up with the cruelty and avarice of their soldiers,

• 前項の規定による輸入割当ては、貨物の数量により行なう。ただし、貨物の数量により輸入割当てを行なうことが困難であり又は適当でない場合には、貨物の価額により行なうことができる。
• The import quota set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be allocated based on the quantity of goods; provided, however, that if it is difficult or inappropriate to allocate an import quota based on the quantity of goods, it may be allocated based on the value of goods.

• この原理を支持する上で、遭遇する最大の困難というのは、広く承認された目的へ向かう手段の正しい認識にあるのではなくて、一般に、目的そのものにたいする人々の無関心にあるのです。
• In maintaining this principle, the greatest difficulty to be encountered does not lie in the appreciation of means towards an acknowledged end, but in the indifference of persons in general to the end itself.

• 戦いの後、宇喜多秀家など13人は、立地上突出している蔚山・順天・梁山の三城を援軍の困難さを理由として放棄する案を豊臣秀吉に上申しているが、秀吉はこれを却下し上申者を叱責した。
• After this battle, thirteen commanders including Hideie UKITA submitted a proposal to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI on their plan to give up three castles, Ulsan, Suncheon, and Yangsan, located in projecting positions, because of the difficulty in sending a rescue force, but Hideyoshi rejected this proposal and scolded those who made the proposal.

• 後継首相の選定は、薩摩閥の推す松方正義が高齢を理由に辞退、同じく薩摩閥の山本権兵衛、山県閥の平田東助が政権運営の困難を理由に辞退したことで混迷し、大命は桂に降ることとなった。
• Selection of the successor to the prime minister was complicated due to the successive declines to assume the post; Masayoshi MATSUKATA, recommended by the Satsuma clique, declined it for his old age, and Gonbei YAMAMOTO of the Satsuma clique and Tosuke HIRATA of the Yamagata faction declined it for the anticipated difficulties to manage the administration, and in the end the Imperial command was issued to Katsura to form a Cabinet.

• しかし、現代において中国で生産される物には粗製濫造品が増え、一方の国産品は煎茶道愛好家の需要や好みを満足させるレベルに達しておらず、入手が非常に困難な道具の一つとなっている。
• Although today, since the Teiran baskets produced by China are increasingly inferior in quality while those produced in Japan have not reached the level of satisfying demands and tastes of Senchado fanciers, good Teiran is one of the tools rarely available in markets.

• 『里程大和著聞記』の記述には「道幅一尺」「難所」「牛馬常通不申」といった表現が繰り返し見られ、険しい峰道か峠道、あるいは獣道程度の道でしかなく、困難な道であったことが分かる。
• In the article about Kohechi in 'Ritei Yamato Chomonki', expressions like 'the road 1 shaku (about 30.3 centimeters) in width', 'dangerous spot', 'horses and cattle cannot go through the road' appear frequently, therefore it is known that at that time Kohechi was just a steep slope on a mountain or some animal trail that was very difficult for people to travel.

• こうしたことを思い起せば、アレクサンダーが容易にアジアの帝国を保持し、それ以外のピュロス等々の多くの者たちが、獲得した国を維持するのに困難をきわめたことは、驚くにたりません。
• When these things are remembered no one will marvel at the ease with which Alexander held the Empire of Asia, or at the difficulties which others have had to keep an acquisition, such as Pyrrhus and many more;

• さて、私人の状態から君主になるといった事態は才能か幸運のどちらかを前提条件にしているのだから、こうした二つのもののいずれも多くの困難をある程度は軽減するだろうことは明かです。
• Now, as the fact of becoming a prince from a private station presupposes either ability or fortune, it is clear that one or other of these two things will mitigate in some degree many difficulties.
• Now, as the fact of becoming a prince from a private station presupposes either ability or fortune, it is clear that one or other of these things will mitigate in some degree many difficulties.

• 当時、日本は戦争に対する多大な軍費への出費から財政が悪化し、ロシアでも血の日曜日事件 (1905年)など革命運動が激化していたため、両国とも戦争継続が困難になっていたのである。
• In thouse days, Japanese financial affairs deteriorated due to the enormous expenditure for war, and in Russia also, the revolutionary movements such as Bloody Sunday (1905) were growing worse, so it was getting difficult for the both countries to continue the war.

• 各駅にはワンマン運転列車用のほか、車椅子専用の乗車位置が別途に設けられているが、これは2003年暮れに125系の座席増設改造を行い、車椅子での車内移動が困難になったためである。
• At each station, the boarding positions for wheel-chairs and for the train which runs without conductors on board are differently set because the number of seats on Suburban Trains Series 125 was increased in late 2003 and it became difficult for wheel-chairs to move around in the vehicle.

• 勾留されている被告人が召喚を受けた公判期日に出頭することを拒否し、刑事施設職員による引致を著しく困難にしたときは、刑事施設の長は、直ちにその旨を裁判所に通知しなければならない。
• When an accused person who is in detention refuses to appear on a trial date for which he/she has been summoned, and is making it extremely difficult for an official of the penal institution to bring him/her to court, the warden of the penal institution shall immediately notify the court to that effect.

• 図像的特色からは尊名の確定が困難であるが、この絵と対をなす11号壁が普賢菩薩（釈迦如来の右脇侍）像であることから、8号壁の像は文殊菩薩（釈迦如来の左脇侍）像であると判断される。
• It is difficult to identify the image of the wall No. 8 by the iconographic characteristic, however, it is estimated as Monju Bosatsu (an attendant figure of the left of Shaka Nyorai) since the image on the wall No. 11, which is paired with the image on the wall No. 8, is Fugen Bosatsu (an attendant figure of the right of Shaka Nyorai).

• ですから、すべてをよく考えてみると、賢明な君主にとって、市民を養い守ることに失敗しなければ、その市民の気持ちを徹頭徹尾、確固としたものにしておくのは、困難なことではないのです。
• Therefore, if everything is well considered, it wilt not be difficult for a wise prince to keep the minds of his citizens steadfast from first to last, when he does not fail to support and defend them.
• Therefore, if everything is well considered, it will not be difficult for a wise prince to keep the minds of his citizens steadfast from first to last, when he does not fail to support and defend them.

• トルコの王国を獲得するのが困難である原因は、強奪者が王国の諸侯に迎え入れらることなんてありえないし、王の側近たちの反乱でその征服計画が助けられることを望みうべくもないからです。
• The causes of the difficulties in seizing the kingdom of the Turk are that the usurper cannot be called in by the princes of the kingdom, nor can he hope to be assisted in his designs by the revolt of those whom the lord has around him.

• しかし、敷地の拡張が困難なため網島駅（廃止）に起点を移設、さらにJR難波駅から奈良に路線網を持つ大阪鉄道 (初代)を合併し現在の関西本線を全通、湊町にターミナルを再度移転させた。
• Because it was hard to expand off the site, the origination was moved to Amijima Station (currently closed); Osaka Railway, which had railroad between JR Nanba Station and Nara, was merged and the current Kansai Main Line was opened, re-establishing a terminal at Minatomachi.

• これに対して幕府は「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や「日銭屋」と呼ばれる高利・日歩の新興金融業者に対しても課税を行うなどして税収低下を抑制しようとするが、税収回復は困難であった。
• As a countermeasure, the bakufu tried to curb the tax revenue decrease by imposing a tax on the'請酒' (sake retailer) and 'hizeniya' (new money-lender which lends money at a high interest rate with daily interest), however the tax revenue was not restored.

• 山岡荘八の小説『徳川家康』では、幼い頃から我慢に我慢を重ねて、逆境や困難にも決して屈することもなく先見の明をもって勝利を勝ち取った人物、平和を求める理想主義者として描かれている。
• In 'Ieyasu TOKUGAWA,' a novel by Sohachi YAMAOKA, Ieyasu was depicted as a person who restrained himself again and again from an early age, endured adversity and difficulties, and won victories with foresight, or as a realist seeking peace.

• 当事者がその発生に影響を及ぼすことが不可能又は著しく困難な事由であつて、当該当事者その他の事業者の事業活動に重大な影響を与えるものとして政令で定めるもの（イに掲げるものを除く。）
• a cause which it is impossible or extremely difficult for either party to exert his/her influence on the occurrence of and which may have serious influence on business activities of the parties or other business operators as specified by a Cabinet Order (excluding those specified in (a)).

• 仮差押命令は、金銭の支払を目的とする債権について、強制執行をすることができなくなるおそれがあるとき、又は強制執行をするのに著しい困難を生ずるおそれがあるときに発することができる。
• An order of provisional seizure may be issued when there is a likelihood that it will be impossible or extremely difficult to carry out compulsory execution for a claim for payment of money.

• 平安時代前期の仏像の中には、木彫り像の一部に木心乾漆技法を併用して表情、装身具などの細部を形づくっている例も多く、「木造」か「木心乾漆造」か、機械的に分けるのが困難な場合もある。
• Some Buddhist statues in the early Heian period were made based on carved wood figures, partially by mokushin-kanshitsuzo to create details such as facial expressions and accessories; therefore, in some cases, it is difficult to categorize them into 'carved wood figure' or 'mokushin-kanshitsuzo' (wood core dry lacquer technique) by rule.

• だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
• Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.

• 開業が昭和初期であり、東改札側は構造上エスカレータ、エレベーターが設置困難となっているため、車椅子利用者向けにコンベアが設置されている（西改札側にはエレベーターが設けられている）。
• The station opened in the early Showa period, so it's difficult to install an escalator or elevator on the east ticket gate side due to the structure of the station; therefore, a conveyer is installed for passengers in wheelchairs (an elevator is provided on the west ticket gate side).

• 裁判所は、前項に規定する重大な損害を生ずるか否かを判断するに当たつては、損害の回復の困難の程度を考慮するものとし、損害の性質及び程度並びに処分の内容及び性質をも勘案するものとする。
• When judging whether or not any serious damage would be caused as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the court shall consider the degree of difficulty in recovering from the damage and shall take into consideration the nature and extent of the damage as well as the content and nature of the original administrative disposition.

• というのは、人間というものは困難だと見てとれる企図には反対するものですし、自分の町の防備をきちんと固め、人民から憎まれていない君主を攻撃するのは容易なことではないと分るのですから。
• for men are always adverse to enterprises where difficulties can be seen, and it will be seen not to be an easy thing to attack one who has his town well fortified, and is not hated by his people.

• 本発明のいくつかの実施例は、従来のサイリスタでは、特に、動作温度が上昇すると、個々のオン抵抗値の差のため、サイリスタを並列にして実装することが困難であるとの認識から考えられている。
• Some embodiments of the present invention may arise from realization that conventional thyristors may be difficult to implement in parallel due to differences in inherent on-resistances, especially as operating temperatures increase.

• 溶接その他第四十四条第四項の容器の規格に適合することを困難にするおそれがある方法で加工をした容器にあつては、その加工が経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に従つてなされたものであること。
• In the case of a container fabricated by welding or by other means that could harm the container's conformity with the standards of containers under paragraph (4) of Article 44, such fabrication shall have been performed in accordance with the technical standards specified by an Ordinance of METI; and

• だが、これによって衆議院を敵に回した山縣の政権運営は次第に困難になり、北清事変後に憲政党が解党して伊藤博文らと立憲政友会を結成すると、政友会潰しを策して伊藤博文を後継に推して辞任した。
• But this gradually made YAMAGATA's government control difficult by making enemy of the House of Representatives, and after dissolution of the Constitutional Party and formation of Rikken seiyukai with ITO etc. after the Boxer Rebellion, he recommended ITO as his successor and resigned to aimed for dissolution of the Seiyu Party.

• なお、当駅以外の京都市内の京阪本線の駅では、東福寺駅・伏見桃山駅も駅の前後が踏切に挟まれており、大規模な工事を行わない限りは、中書島駅以北の準急・普通のみ停車駅の8連対応は困難である。
• Of the stations on the Keihan Main Line in Kyoto City, Tofukuji Station and Fushimi-momoyama Station have a similar problem, with a crossing placed at each end of the platforms of those stations, but without large-scale construction it would be impossible to enable Chushojima Station and the stations located further north, where only semi-express trains and local trains stop, to support eight-car trains.

• しかし、ラッシュ時には300%近い乗車効率に達していたことから超満員の乗客でドアガラスが破損するなど、もはや3扉クロスシート車主体でラッシュ輸送に対応することが困難な情勢になっていた。
• However, because the number of passengers reached nearly 300% of train's capacity and the glass of the doors was often damaged due to overcrowding of passengers, it became impossible to deal with the transport during rush hours with three-door cars equipped with cross-seats

• 外地にあった京城帝国大学と台北帝国大学では、日本の敗戦によって教授陣（日本人）が大量に日本に引き揚げたため、大学の建物は残っても修業年限全てに渡って充分な講義をすることが困難になった。
• Since many professors (Japanese) returned to Japan from Keijo Imperial University and Taipei Imperial University in the foreign parts due to the defeat of Japan, it was difficult to give sufficient lectures for the length of the course of study though the buildings of the universities remained.

• 特別養子縁組は、父母による養子となる者の監護が著しく困難又は不適当であることその他特別の事情がある場合において、子の利益のため特に必要があると認めるときに、これを成立させるものとする。
• A ruling of special adoption shall only be made if both parents of a person to be adopted are incapable or unfit to care for the child or there are any other special circumstances, and it is found that the special adoption is especially necessary for the interests of the child.

• 財産権上の請求でない請求に係る訴えについては、訴訟の目的の価額は、百六十万円とみなす。財産権上の請求に係る訴えで訴訟の目的の価額を算定することが極めて困難なものについても、同様とする。
• With regard to an action bringing a claim that is not on a property right, the value of the subject matter of suit shall be deemed to be 1,600,000 yen. The same shall apply to an action bringing a claim on a property right for which it is extremely difficult to calculate the value of the subject matter of suit.

• しかし、受験で過年度生しただけで式典参加が困難になる場合が多いうえ、前年に他市町村で成人式の対象とならなかった人が翌年、進学や転勤で札幌市に転入した場合、2年続けて参加できなくなった。
• However, besides cases where new adults could hardly participate in the ceremony unless they change their participation to the previous year because they are involved in taking examinations, there were also cases of new adults in other municipalities who were not subject to participation in the Seijin-shiki ceremony in the previous year who could not participate for two consecutive years when they moved to Sapporo City during the next year to proceed with their higher education or for being transferred.

• 同じような仕方で、また同じような理由から、文化のより初期の、非商業的段階では、所有権の概念を明らかに耐久性のある品物以外に適用することは、ほとんど根拠がなく、また極めて困難ことである。
• In a like manner and for a like reason, in an earlier, non-commercial phase of culture there is less occasion for and greater difficulty in applying the concept of ownership to anything but obviously durable articles.

• おそらく父は蘇我馬子の孫、蘇我倉山田石川麻呂・蘇我赤兄・蘇我連子・蘇我果安のうち誰かであると考えられるが、「郎女」とは貴族の女性の対する敬称であって、誰であるかを特定するのは困難である。
• Her father is believed to be one of the grandchildren of SOGA no Umako-- Soganokura-Yamada no Ishikawamaro, SOGA no Akae, SOGA no Murajiko, or SOGA no Hatayasu--however, as 'Iratsume' is a title for noblewomen, there is no clue to identify her farther.

• 一方では、この『愚管抄』の「少々アル」を論拠に、物語の成立は1220年以降とみる野村八良のような見解もあり、この曖昧な記載から『保元物語』の成立をうかがい知るのは困難であろうと思われる。
• While Hachiro NOMURA advocated a view that the tale would have been completed after 1220 based on the words in 'Gukansho,' 'I have heard there may be a little something of the sort,' so it seems difficult to know the process of writing 'Hogen Monogatari' with this ambiguous record as a clue.

• 日露戦争では補給が滞り現地調達も困難であったため、米のみで熱量（カロリー）を補給する事態となり、鴎外らによって麦飯の補給を止められた陸軍では、大量の脚気患者と死者を生み出す結果となった。
• During the Russo-Japanese War, the food supply got disconnected and it was difficult to procure on the spot, so the soldiers' energy (calories) came purely through rice, and as the supply of barley rice to the army was stopped by Ogai and others, it led to many cases of beriberi and many deaths.

• 前各号に掲げるもののほか、都道府県知事が開発審査会の議を経て、開発区域の周辺における市街化を促進するおそれがなく、かつ、市街化区域内において行うことが困難又は著しく不適当と認める開発行為
• Development activities, in addition to what are provided for in the preceding respective items, that are deemed by prefectural governors based on the deliberations at the Development Investigation Committee to have no fear of promoting urbanization in and around development areas and to be difficult or extremely inappropriate to implement in urbanization promotion areas.

• 係争物に関する仮処分命令は、その現状の変更により、債権者が権利を実行することができなくなるおそれがあるとき、又は権利を実行するのに著しい困難を生ずるおそれがあるときに発することができる。
• An order of provisional disposition relating to the subject matter in dispute may be issued when there is a likelihood that it will be impossible or extremely difficult for the obligee to exercise his/her right due to any changes to the existing state of the subject matter.

• それに対し、対馬は山がちで耕地が少なく土地を通じた領国支配は困難であった。そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた（宗氏領国）。
• On the other side, Tsushima was a mountainous country with small arable land, so it was difficult to govern the territory only with taxes imposed on the land.

• さらに義政自身も中風に倒れて政務を執ることが困難となったため、美濃に亡命していた弟の義視と和睦し、義視の嫡男・足利義材（義稙）を自らの養子に迎えることで第10代将軍に指名して後事を託した。
• Furthermore, Yoshimasa was stricken with paralysis, which made it difficult for him to assume administrative duties, so he made peace with his brother, Yoshimi, who had defected to the Province of Mino, and adopted Yoshimi's eldest son, Yoshiki (Yoshitane) ASHIKAGA, and assigned him as the 10th Shogun and entrusted him with the governmental affairs after his passing.

• この年10月に再上京する途上の頃より腰痛で歩行に困難を来すようになり、当初はリューマチと考えていたが翌・明治29年（1896年）、結核菌が脊椎を冒し脊椎カリエスを発症していると診断される。
• In October, around the time of making another trip to Tokyo, he began to experience difficulty in walking due to hip pain which was first thought of as rheumatism but in the following year (1896), it was diagnosed as an onset of spinal caries caused by tubercle bacillus affecting the spine.

• 組合員たる資格を有する者が組合に加入しようとするときは、組合は、正当な理由がないのに、その加入を拒み、又はその加入につき現在の組合員が加入の際に付されたよりも困難な条件を付してはならない。
• When a person qualified to be a member intends to join a cooperative, the cooperative shall not, without justifiable grounds, refuse said person membership or impose more difficult conditions on said person on becoming a member than those imposed when present partner joined the cooperative.

• 下請代金の支払につき、当該下請代金の支払期日までに一般の金融機関（預金又は貯金の受入れ及び資金の融通を業とする者をいう。）による割引を受けることが困難であると認められる手形を交付すること。
• With respect to the payment of subcontract proceeds, delivering a negotiable instrument which is found difficult to be discounted, by the date of payment of the subcontract proceeds, by a general financial institution (this term refers to a person who receives deposits or savings and lends funds as a business).

• 裁判所は、前項に規定する重大な損害を生ずるか否かを判断するに当たつては、損害の回復の困難の程度を考慮するものとし、損害の性質及び程度並びに処分又は裁決の内容及び性質をも勘案するものとする。
• When judging whether or not any serious damage would be caused as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the court shall consider the degree of difficulty in recovering from the damage and shall take into consideration the nature and extent of the damage as well as the content and nature of the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal.

• セグアンはたぶんそれを大金と考えないだろうが、ジミーは、一時の過ちはあったけれども、本来は堅実な本能を受け継いでいて、それだけのものを手に入れるにはどれだけ困難があったかよくわかっていた。
• Segouin, perhaps, would not think it a great sum but Jimmy who, in spite of temporary errors, was at heart the inheritor of solid instincts knew well with what difficulty it had been got together.

• 我々のあらかじめの認識をさらに反復したこの書簡が送付されたとき、紛争からの我々の撤退と、「既に困難な日韓交渉に要らぬ問題を入り込ませる。」ことを大韓民国に思いとどまらせることが期待された。
• At the same time this note was sent it was hoped that this more reiteration of our previously expressed views would withdraw us from the dispute and might discourage the Republic of Korea from "intruding a gratuitous issue in the already difficult Japan-Korean negotiations."

• 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
• The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.

• この説では冬季に行軍が困難であることや頼俊の報告は自分の不祥事の穴埋めをするための誇大報告とし、津軽半島、下北半島までが朝廷の支配下に入ったのは、その後の清原氏や奥州藤原氏によるものとする。
• This theory mentioned the awkward point of the expedition troops marching and fighting in the severe winter conditions of the northern part of Japan; it is assumed that the report of Yoritoshi to the Imperial Court stating the grand victory over Ezo was exaggerated in order to cover up his disgraceful matter of losing the important official instruments; in reality, the conquest of Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsula regions to be ruled under the Imperial Court was succeeded by the later expeditions operated by Kiyohara clan, or even later by the Oshu Fujiwara clan.

• だが、長年正妃的な地位にあり、3人もの親王を儲けた娍子の存在を無視することは道長でも困難であり、漸く娍子を皇后・妍子を中宮とすることで折り合いをつけたが、その後も道長は娍子側に圧迫を加えた。
• However, even Michinaga could not ignore the fact that Seishi's position was similar to a lawful wife and that she had given birth to three imperial princes, so he compromised for the time being by having Seishi as Empress and Genji as Chugu (the second consort of the Emperor), but he kept exerting pressure on Seishi and her supporters.

• 源氏物語のそれぞれの部分についての研究がより精緻になるに従って源氏物語全体に一貫した主題を見つけることは困難になり、「読者それぞれに主題と考えるものが存在することになる。」という状況になる。
• As the study becomes deeper and more specific regarding each part of 'The Tale of Genji,' it becomes harder to find a consistent theme in the work; therefore, circumstances arise in which 'each reader conceives his or her own theme.'

• 損害が生じたことが認められる場合において、損害の性質上その額を立証することが極めて困難であるときは、裁判所は、口頭弁論の全趣旨及び証拠調べの結果に基づき、相当な損害額を認定することができる。
• Where it is found that any damage has occurred, if it is extremely difficult, from the nature of the damage, to prove the amount thereof, the court, based on the entire import of the oral argument and the result of the examination of evidence, may determine a reasonable amount of damage.

• 刀の偽銘、贋作を見極めるには、五箇伝、各時代の姿（手持ちの重さ）、地鉄、焼き刃の特徴（匂い口、帽子）、中茎（姿、鑢目、棟仕上げ、目釘孔、銘の位置、銘そのもの）に精通していなければ困難である。
• To identify Gimei or counterfeit swords, one must be familiar with the Gokaden (classification of Japanese swords), figures in each period (weight of temochi; haft), iron, features of a blade (Nioikuchi, cutting part), haft (figure, yasurime [grinding grid mark], finished way of the back of haft, hole [mekugi holes], the position of inscription, inscription itself).

• というのも、その大臣はみな奴隷だから、買収するのはとても困難で、買収できたとしても、述べてきた理由から、彼らに民衆がつき従うはずもなく、彼らからはほとんどメリットを期待しようがないからです。
• for his ministers, being all slaves and bondmen, can only be corrupted with great difficulty, and one can expect little advantage from them when they have been corrupted, as they cannot carry the people with them, for the reasons assigned.

• ただ、熱い汁物を満たしたアルマイトの椀は、熱が直接手に伝わるため手に持って口に運ぶのが困難となることがしばしばあって犬食いを誘発することがあり、その後の犬食い問題の萌芽はこの時点で生じていた。
• However, it was hard for students to hold and bring anodized bowl filled with hot soup dishes to their mouths, because its heat was spread directly to their hands, and this sometimes induced Inugui, and the bud of later Inugui issue arose at this point.

• こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
• Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.

• 日本の鉄道の旅客輸送量は高水準であり、特に通勤列車として東京圏、大阪圏の主要路線と、都市間を結ぶ鉄道として東海道新幹線は、世界の鉄道でも類例を見つけることが困難なほどの高い輸送密度を有している。
• The passenger transportation volume of railways in Japan is high level, especially commuter trains operated on the major lines in the Tokyo area and Osaka area, and Tokaido Shinkansen connecting major cities has high transport density unlike any other railways in the world.

• 他に行つている事業が第三十五条第一項に規定する業務及び同条第二項各号に掲げる業務のいずれにも該当せず、かつ、当該事業に係る損失の危険の管理が困難であるために投資者保護に支障を生ずると認められる者
• a person whose additional business does not fall under any of the businesses prescribed in Article 35(1) and businesses listed in the items of Article 35(2), and who is found to cause hindrance to the protection of investors due to difficulties in managing risks of loss pertaining to said business;

• 第一項に規定する書面（以下この章において「保障契約証明書」という。）の交付を受けた者は、保障契約証明書を滅失し、若しくは損傷し、又はその識別が困難となつたときは、その再交付を受けることができる。
• The person who received the issuance of the document prescribed in paragraph 1 (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as 'Certificate of Contract on Insurance or Other Financial Security') may be reissued of the Certificate of Insurance and Security Agreement when it is lost or damaged or it became difficult to be discerned.

• しかしながら、原木の枯渇による伐り出しの困難さから、第47回式年遷宮から同じ御三家の尾張藩の領地である木曾谷に御杣山は移動し、以降（第51回式年遷宮のみ大杉谷に戻ったが）木曽を御杣山としている。
• However, because it became difficult to log the forest due to the depletion of raw wood in this region, Miso-yama was moved to Kiso-dani Valley which was in Owari Domain, also one of the Tokugawa Gosanke, after the 47th Shikinen Sengu, and it has stayed there ever since (only once returning to Osugi-dani Valley for the 51st Shikinen Sengu).

• 平安時代～室町時代のものは、薄葬によって位置を特定することが困難なものや陵が置かれた寺院が廃滅したことによって所在が不明になってしまったものなどが多く、ますます歴史学的・考古学的信頼度は低下する。
• The locations of many of the mausoleums built from the Heian to the Muromachi period are difficult to identify due to simplified burial styles, or are unknown due to temple closures, further reducing the historical and archaeological reliability of identification.

• 美貌を売り物にする女形役者がこうした役をつとめると、ふてぶてしい極悪人であることを観客に納得させることが容易ではなく、舞台演出が困難になってしまうことが配慮されていることもそのひとつの理由である。
• One of the reasons that those roles are not acted by onnagata actors, who are famous for their beauty, is that it is difficult to convince audience that they are villains, which will make it difficult to produce a drama.

• しかし、前代までの将軍たちと異なり、生き残ること自体が困難であった戦国時代を生き抜いて天寿を全うしたこと、また壮大な信長包囲網を作り上げたことなどから、非凡な才能を持った将軍であったとも思われる。
• But contrary to others who held the position, Yoshiaki seems to have been an unusually talented Shogun, considering that died a natural death in an age of wars, when it was difficult to survive and that he was able to wage a major siege against Nobunaga.

• 辞退の真因に関しては各説あるが、近衛が親近感をもっていた大日本帝国陸軍皇道派の勢力が相沢事件とそれに続く二・二六事件により失墜していたことから、政権運営の困難を感じていたのではないかとの説がある。
• There are various theories about the true reasons for his refusal, but according to one theory, he might have realized that the government would be difficult to handle following the defeat of the Army's ultranationalist Kodaha (Imperial Way) faction in the Aizawa Incident and the February 26 Incident that followed it.

• 検定に合格した気象測器には、国土交通省令の定めるところにより、検定証印を付する。ただし、その構造上検定証印を付することが困難な気象測器であつて、国土交通省令で定めるものについては、この限りでない。
• A verification mark shall, pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, be affixed onto any meteorological instruments that have passed a verification test. However, this shall not apply to those meteorological instruments difficult to affix a verification mark to for their structural reasons which are specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• なお、快速においても従来の80系ではラッシュ時に対応が困難になってきたことや、競合する各私鉄が1960年代前半に特急用の新車を投入したことから、1964年から113系近郊形電車が快速に投入されている。
• Meanwhile, type 113 suburban cars were introduced for Rapid service in 1964 because it became difficult for the existing type 80 cars to cope with the congestion during the rush hour and private railway companies introduced new cars for the super-express trains during the early 1960's.

• 行政庁は、前項ただし書の場合においては、当該名あて人の所在が判明しなくなったときその他処分後において理由を示すことが困難な事情があるときを除き、処分後相当の期間内に、同項の理由を示さなければならない。
• In the case referred to in the proviso of the preceding paragraph, but excepting cases where the locations of the subject parties have become unknown and other cases where circumstances make it difficult to show the grounds after the rendering of the Disposition, administrative agencies shall show the grounds for the Disposition concerned within the considerable period of time after its rendering.

• 前項の規定により執行を停止した場合において、当該執行の停止により市場における競争の確保が困難となるおそれがあるときその他必要があると認めるときは、公正取引委員会は、当該執行の停止を取り消すものとする。
• In the case of suspension of execution pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Fair Trade Commission shall, if it deems that the suspension of the said execution would be likely to make it difficult to ensure competition in the market or otherwise deems it necessary, rescind the suspension of the said execution.

• 時の醍醐天皇の外祖父であることから、大臣への昇進が検討されたが、当時左大臣藤原時平と右大臣菅原道真がおり、いずれも太政大臣昇進の資格を満たしてはいなかったために、大臣の席を空席にすることは困難であった。
• Since he was the maternal grandfather of Emperor Daigo, the imperial court considered promoting him to a ministerial position, but all available positions were already occupied at the time, with FUJIWARA no Tokihira serving as Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) and SUGAWARA no Michizane as Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and neither of them fulfilling the requirements to be promoted to Daijo Daijin (Grand Minister of State), making it difficult to leave these ministerial positions vacant.

• 信濃国では、小県郡矢沢（現・長野県上田市殿城）の仙石氏が文久２年（1862年）１２月、幕末の混乱による正銭の流通量減少による商取引上の困難を緩和するために十六文及び二十四文という小額面の銭札を発行した。
• In the Shinano Province, the Sengoku clan in Yazawa, Chiisagata County (present Tonoshiro, Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) issued small amount of zeni-satsu (a kind of Han-satsu) such as 16 mon (a unit of currency) paper money and 24 mon paper money in January 1863, to mitigate the difficult situation in trade that had been caused by the shortage of government-issued money due to the confusion that occurred during the end of the Edo period.

• 永正15年、朝倉氏によって越前を追放されて加賀に逃れていた本覚寺蓮恵が「三法令」の戦争の禁止によって越前への帰還が困難になると本泉寺蓮悟に苦情を申し立てて相論となったところ、蓮悟の上申で破門処分となった。
• In 1518, Rene of Hongaku-ji Temple, who had been banished from Echizen by the Asakura clan and sheltered in Kaga appealed to Rengo of Honsen-ji Temple that he would have difficulty in coming back to Echizen due to the prohibition of wars stipulated in 'Sanhourei' and disputed with him, as a result of which Rengo reported it to hoshu and Rene was excommunicated.

• これは、五味文彦により、当時有力な勧進僧であった鑁阿の影響を受けて、勧進という困難の完遂に伊勢の神のたすけを必要としたこと、東国や朝廷に、東大寺への注目をより集めることが目的であったことが指摘されている。
• Fumihiko Gomi points out that this is because Chogen needed help from the god in Ise to get through the difficulty of soliciting for contributions, being influenced by Banna, a powerful fund-raising priest, in addition to the aim to attract more attention to Todai-ji Temple from the eastern provinces and the Imperial Court.

• 前各号に規定する建築物又は第一種特定工作物のほか、市街化区域内において建築し、又は建設することが困難又は不適当なものとして政令で定める建築物又は第一種特定工作物の建築又は建設の用に供する目的で行う開発行為
• Development activities carried out with the purpose of building or constructing buildings or Category 1 special structures which, in addition to what are provided for in the foregoing respective items, are specified by Cabinet Order as buildings or Category 1 special structures whose building or construction in urbanization promotion areas is difficult or inappropriate.

• 再生債務者がその責めに帰することができない事由により再生計画を遂行することが極めて困難となり、かつ、次の各号のいずれにも該当する場合には、裁判所は、再生債務者の申立てにより、免責の決定をすることができる。
• Where it becomes extremely difficult for the rehabilitation debtor to execute the rehabilitation plan due to grounds not attributable thereto and all of the requirements listed in the following items are satisfied, the court, upon the petition of the rehabilitation debtor, may make an order of discharge:

• （ただし、家康と対抗可能な勢力を誇っていた前田利家が存命中は、徳川家が豊臣家を上回る権威を持つことは阻止できており、利家が秀吉の死から僅か8ヵ月後に病死しなければ家康の政権獲得は困難だったとも考えられる。）
• (However, the Toyotomi clan could control the Tokugawa clan while Toshiie Maeda was alive, because Toshiie could compete with Ieyasu: if Toshiie had not passed away only eight months after Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu might have had difficulty in gaining control of the government.)

• 鉱業権者又は租鉱権者は、鉱区若しくは租鉱区又はその附近において他人の土地を左に掲げる目的のため利用することが必要且つ適当であつて、他の土地をもつて代えることが著しく困難なときは、これを使用することができる。
• When it is necessary and appropriate to use the land of others in their mining areas or mining lease areas or in the vicinity thereof for the following purposes, and it is very difficult to substitute the land with other land, holders of mining right or mining lease right may use the land of others:

• 治天・天皇・皇太子の奪還は困難と見られたため、出家していた弥仁親王（光厳の子）を後光厳天皇とし、京都に残る天皇家の中で最高位者だった広義門院（西園寺寧子、後伏見の女御・光厳の生母）を治天とすることで対応した。
• They thought it would be hard to get their Chiten, Emperor, and Crown Prince back, they appointed Imperial Prince Iyahito (Emperor Kogon's son) as Emperor Gokogon, who was in the priesthood, they also decided to appoint Kogimonin (Neishi/Yasuko SAIONJI, Gofushimi's Nyogo (high-ranking lady in the court, Emperor Kogon's birth mother) as Chiten, who had the highest rank in the Imperial Family among those who remained in Kyoto.

• 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層（田堵という）へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
• At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).

• 長州藩出身の広沢真臣が薩摩や土佐などの贋貨鋳造藩から罰金を徴収してそれを引換の元手にすることで40両前後にまで引き上げる案も出されたものの、前述のように穏便な処置を望む意見が占める中では実現は困難と思われた。
• A proposal to collect a fine from domains which coined counterfeit money such as Satsuma and Tosa, and using this as a fund for the exchange, and raising the price to around 40 ryo was put out by Saneomi HIROSAWA from the Choshu Domain, but this was thought to be difficult to realize as most opinions desired a gentle punishment, like written above.

• なぜなら、これらの都市を攻撃して手に入れるは厄介で困難だと、誰もが思うようなやり方で防備を固め、適切な溝や城壁を備えており、十分な火砲を持ち、公共倉庫には常に一年間分の食糧、飲料、燃料を備蓄しているからです。
• because they are fortified in such a way that every one thinks the taking of them by assault would be tedious and difficult, seeing they have proper ditches and walls, they have sufficient artillery, and they always keep in public depots enough for one year's eating, drinking, and firing.

• 江戸時代の刑罰は共同体からの追放刑が基本であったため、町や村といった公認された共同体の外部に、そこからの追放を受けた犯罪者の共同体が形成され、その内部社会に通じた者を使わなければ犯罪捜査自体が困難だったのである。
• Because banishment from a community was a basic punishment in the Edo period, the communities of criminals who had been banished from authorized communities such as towns and villages were built outside of there, so criminal investigations themselves were difficult without hiring people who knew much about the inner societies.

• これを松田（蔵相）と原（内相）の更迭要求と見た西園寺はこれを機に総辞職をすることとなった（近年では、桂による反政友会工作の発覚や井上馨による増税による財政再建要求が実現困難であったことも原因として挙げられている。
• Saionji regarded it as Yamagata's demand to replace Matsuda (Minister of Finance) and Hara (Interior Minister) and his cabinet resigned en masse (recently, the following are considered as the reasons of the resignation: the anti-Seiyuto maneuver by Katsura was revealed; it would be difficult to carry out Kaoru INOUE's demand for financial reconstruction by increasing tax revenue.

• 理由として、食品衛生法で定められた高温・高圧での殺菌を行う（ただし、特性上完全な殺滅は困難。詳細は缶コーヒーの成分の節参照）ため、スチール缶が強度的な面から多用される状況、と全国清涼飲料工業会は見解を示している。
• As the Japan Soft Drink Association explains, sterilization should be conducted under the high temperature and humidity conditions required by the Food Sanitation Act (perfect sterilization is difficult, however; for details, refer to the section on ingredients for canned coffee) so, due to their strength, steel cans are used in large quantities.

• 被告人、被疑者又は弁護人は、あらかじめ証拠を保全しておかなければその証拠を使用することが困難な事情があるときは、第一回の公判期日前に限り、裁判官に押収、捜索、検証、証人の尋問又は鑑定の処分を請求することができる。
• The accused, suspect, or his/her counsel may, only before the first trial date, and when there are circumstances which suggest that it will be difficult to use the evidence unless it is preserved in advance, request a judge for a disposition on seizure, search, inspection, witness examination or expert examination.

• 良質な酒を生産しようと志しても、いまだ昭和17年（1942年）に制定された食糧管理制度の下に国民には米穀通帳（べいこくつうちょう）が発行され、酒造米も配給制となっていたために、満足のゆく原料の調達が困難であった。
• Even if they tried to produce good quality sake, it was difficult for them to get enough materials because the rice for sake brewing was received only through the ration system under the food-control system which was established in 1942 and issued rice and grain passbooks to public.

• 更に応仁の乱以後になると、地方にあった公家や奉行衆の所領が戦国大名や国人達の押領を受けて収入が途絶え、礼銭収入無しでは日常生活も送れないほどの経済的苦境にも陥っていたため、禁令を出すこと自体が困難となってしまった。
• Since the Onin War, furthermore, Court nobles and the bugyoshu, whose shoryo in rural area were usurped by Daimyo in the Sengoku period and the kokujin (local samurai), lost their income and were too poor to sustain their lives without the income of the reisen, making it difficult to even issue a ban on the reisen.

• その大口供給が一般ガス事業者の供給区域以外の地域であつて、一般ガス事業の開始が見込まれる地域において行われるものであるときは、その大口供給を行うことにより、当該一般ガス事業の開始が著しく困難となるおそれがないこと。
• Where the Large-Volume Supply is to be provided in an area other than the service areas of General Gas Utilities where the commencement of a General Gas Utility Business is expected, there is no risk of harm to the commencement of the General Gas Utility Business as a result of the provision of the Large-Volume Supply.

• 続いて前総理・松方正義と進歩党 (日本)党首の大隈重信の入閣を計画するが、これに大隈にライバル意識を抱く板垣と超然主義を固守する山縣が反発、これを見た伊藤はこれ以上の政権維持は困難であるとみて辞表を提出したのである。
• Subsequently, ITO schemed to take the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA and the leader of the Progressive Party (Japan), Shigenobu OKUMA into the Cabinet, but ITAGAKII who had a strong rivalry against OKUMA and YAMAGATA who persisted in the doctrine of superiority rebelled against this, and as a result, ITO considered that it was difficult to keep administration anymore and submitted the letter of resignation.

• 東大寺の再建には財政的、技術的に多大な困難があったが、養和元年（1181年）、重源は被害状況を視察に来た後白河法皇の使者である藤原行隆に東大寺再建を進言し、それに賛意を示した行隆の推挙を受けて東大寺大勧進職に就いた。
• The restoration of Todai-ji Temple was hampered by many financial and technical problems but in 1881 after Chogen came to inspect the damage, he made a proposal for the temple's restoration to Emperor Goshirakawa's messenger FUJIWARA no Yukitaka, who agreed and appointed him Todai-ji Temple Daikanjin.

• 前条第一項第二号又は第三号に掲げる保全処分又は公示保全処分を命ずる決定については、当該決定の執行前に相手方を特定することを困難とする特別の事情があるときは、執行裁判所は、相手方を特定しないで、これを発することができる。
• An execution court may issue an order granting the temporary restraining order or the temporary restraining order to give public notice set forth in paragraph (1)(ii) or (iii) of the preceding Article without specifying the opposite party when there are special circumstances that make it difficult to specify the opposite party prior to execution of such order.

• 助葬（じょそう）とは、身寄りのない生計困難者や身元不明の人などが死亡した後、生前の縁者や関係者によって葬儀が行われず、替わって社会福祉事業第1種社会福祉事業や慈善事業団体またはNPO法人などによって行われる形態の葬儀。
• A Joso means a type of funeral ceremony which, when a poor person with no relatives or an unidentified person dies, is observed by the first class social welfare work, charitable institutions or incorporated nonprofit organizations instead of relatives or the persons concerned in his or her lifetime who do not observe a funeral ceremony.

• なお、千手観音は経典においては千本の手を有し、それぞれの手に一眼をもつとされているが、実際に千本の手を表現することは造形上困難であるために、唐招提寺金堂像などわずかな例外を除いて、42本の手で「千手」を表わす像が多い。
• Additionally, although Senju Kannon is thought to have 1,000 hands and one eye in each of those hands, many statues show '1,000 hands' using 42 hands because it is difficult to in fact shape 1,000 hands (with minor exceptions such as Toshodai-ji Temple Kondo).

• その大口供給が他の一般ガス事業者の供給区域以外の地域であつて、一般ガス事業の開始が見込まれる地域において行われるものであるときは、その大口供給を行うことにより、当該一般ガス事業の開始が著しく困難となるおそれがないこと。
• Where the Large-Volume Supply is to be provided in an area other than the service areas of other General Gas Utilities where the commencement of a General Gas Utility Business is expected, there is no risk of harm to the commencement of the General Gas Utility Business as a result of the provision of the Large-Volume Supply.

• ミスター・シャーロック・ホームズとの親しい友情関係もずいぶん長く続いている。その中で見聞きした面白い体験や回想を時に応じて記録してきたが、ホームズ自身が宣伝行為を嫌っていたために公表にあたっては常々困難と直面してきた。
• In recording from time to time some of the curious experiences and interesting recollections which I associate with my long and intimate friendship with Mr. Sherlock Holmes, I have continually been faced by difficulties caused by his own aversion to publicity.

• ただし、神武天皇はその存在の実証が困難であり、また古墳の出現年代などから考古学上はヤマト王権の成立は西暦紀元後2世紀前後であるとされているため、神武天皇が西暦紀元前660年に即位したことが事実であるとは考えられていない。
• However, it is not thought to be a fact that Emperor Jinmu acceded to the throne in 660 B.C. by the Western calendar system because the presence of Emperor Jinmu is difficult to prove and establishment of the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) is archeologically believed to be in around the 2nd century A.D. based on the age of appearance of kofun (tumuli).

• 支援センターは、前項に規定する者が高齢者及び障害者等法による紛争の解決に必要な情報やサービスの提供を求めることに困難がある者である場合には、前条に規定する業務が利用しやすいものとなるように特別の配慮をしなければならない。
• When the persons provided for in the preceding paragraph are the elderly, the disabled or the like and find it difficult to request the provision of information and support necessary for the settlement of disputes based on the acts, the JLSC shall give special consideration to make it easier for them to utilize the support of the JLSC provided by the preceding Article.

• 都道府県中央会の会員たる資格を有する者が都道府県中央会に加入しようとするときは、都道府県中央会は、正当な理由がないのに、その加入を拒み、又はその加入につき現在の会員が加入の際に付されたよりも困難な条件を付してはならない。
• When a person qualified to be a member of a prefectural FSBA intends to join a prefectural FSBA, the prefectural FSBA shall not, without justifiable grounds, refuse said person membership nor impose more difficult conditions on said person on becoming a member than those imposed when present members joined the prefectural FSBA.

• 第二次世界大戦後は農村の過疎が進み、共同作業として行う葺き替えが困難になったこと、規制等により新たに建造することが簡便ではないこと、また、スギなどの木材価格が一時的に高騰し茅場が人工林化したことなどから急激に姿を消した。
• After the Second World War, thatched roofs disappeared rapidly because of the decrease in population in farming areas made it difficult to jointly re-thatch roofs, introduction of regulations that complicated new buildings and the price of wood, such as Japanese cedar, temporarily increased and kaya-growing areas were converted to artificial forests.

• 経済産業大臣は、災害その他やむを得ない事由により、基準利用量に相当する量の新エネルギー等電気の利用を第五条の規定により行うことが困難となった電気事業者の申出があったときは、当該届出年度の基準利用量を減少することができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may reduce Standard Amount of Use obligated to operator of electric utility in the Notification Year, when requested by an operator of electric utility for whom it has become difficult to use the amount of Electricity from New Energy, etc. equivalent to the Standard Amount of Use pursuant to the provisions of Article 5, due to unavoidable circumstances, such as disasters and other similar causes.

• 大衆のうち知的な部分が、個性の価値を感じとり、たとえより良いものへと向うものでなく、彼らにはもっと悪いものへと向うものであったとしても、違いがあるのは良いことだと分るのでないならば、そのことはますます困難になるでしょう。
• It will do so with increasing difficulty, unless the intelligent part of the public can be made to feel its value―to see that it is good there should be differences, even though not for the better, even though, as it may appear to them, some should be for the worse.

• これは結果的には大多数の農民の負担を高めることにつながり、また土地の所有者がおらず納税が困難な入会地が事実上、政府に没収されたことなどから伊勢暴動、真壁暴動など一揆（地租改正反対一揆）が頻発し、自由民権運動へ影響を与えた。
• In terms of the consequence, this high tax rate resulted in increasing the burden of majority of the farmers; therefore, peasant revolts against the land-tax reform erupted including the Ise Revolt, Makabe Revolt; the part of the reason these revolts occurred lied in that the government virtually confiscated common land (iriaichi) from which the government could not expect to receive taxes; these revolts gave influence to the Jiyu MInken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).

• 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
• In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.

• また、大正には、西舞鶴駅－宮津駅間の鉄道敷設に際し、当初、この峠を経て由良川に出、川沿いに北上させる計画であったが、工事に困難を極め、現在のルート（北近畿タンゴ鉄道北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線西舞鶴駅～丹後神崎駅）に敷設された。
• In addition, there was a plan to build a rail road between Nishi-Maizuru and Miyazu Stations across the mountain pass by jutting out at the Yura-gawa River and running it north along the river, but construction proved difficult and it was constructed on the current route (Kitakinki Tango Railway Miyazu Line Nishi-Maizuru Station - Tango Kanzaki Station).

• もっとも、寺社への寄進などは全面禁止はされず、それ以外の他人和与についても禁止が命じられた後も売買や譲与、担保の対価として結果的に他人和与が行われる事態が相次ぎ、鎌倉幕府としても御家人役の仕組を維持することが困難となった。
• But due to the facts that donation to temples and shrines was not completely banned and that other forms of wayo to others were also continuously made even after the ban order was issued after all in consideration of the trade and transfer or as a collateral, the Kamakura bakufu faced difficulties in maintaining the system of gokeninyaku (duty assigned to shogunal retainers).

• 鎌倉時代前期までは、公家の子弟が分家することによって新たな「家」が生み出されることが行われてきたが、後期に入ると経済的理由などから分割が困難となり、既存の家領の継承を巡って嫡子と庶子の争いなど各種の訴訟が生じるようになった。
• Although until the first stage of the Kamakura period new 'families' were produced as their young people established branch families, in the latter stage making new branch families became difficult due to economic factors and so forth; various suits arose, including ones between a legitimate child and a child born out of wedlock in regard to the succession of existing estates.

• しかし、平地式住居の場合、生活面が削平されて（けずられて）しまうと生活の痕跡の大半が失われてしまうことから、住居として把握することがきわめて困難になってしまうため、これまでに把握された平地式住居の具体的な例はきわめて少ない。
• However flat-land dwellings loses most of the evidence of living when living surface is scraped and it is very difficult to recognize it as a dwelling therefore very few clear examples of flat-land dwellings have been discovered.

• 電気事業者は、前項の規定により植物を伐採し、又は移植しようとするときは、あらかじめ、植物の所有者に通知しなければならない。ただし、あらかじめ通知することが困難なときは、伐採又は移植の後、遅滞なく、通知することをもつて足りる。
• An Electricity Utility shall, when intending to clear or transplant plants pursuant to the preceding paragraph, notify the owner of the plants in advance; provided, however, that if it is difficult to give notification in advance, it is sufficient for the Electricity Utility to give notification without delay after the clearing or transplantation.

• 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
• Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.

• 委託者保護基金は、通知商品取引員につき、前条の規定により一般委託者債務の円滑な弁済が困難であるとの認定を行つた場合には、速やかに、次条第一項の請求の届出期間、届出場所その他政令で定める事項を定め、これを公告しなければならない。
• When a Consumer Protection Fund has recognized that it is difficult for the Futures Commission Merchant Subject to a Notice to repay smoothly the General Customer Liabilities pursuant to the preceding Article, the Consumer Protection Fund shall promptly specify the period for notification and the place of notification for the request under paragraph (1) of the following Article and any other matters specified by a Cabinet Order and give a public notice thereof.

• 送還令書を執行する自衛官は、送還令書を発付された被収容者の体調の変化、送還地までの交通機関の運航の停止その他の送還令書に記載された執行方法による送還を困難とする事情が生じたときは、直ちに、捕虜収容所長に報告しなければならない。
• In the cases of changes of condition of the detainees to whom the written repatriation order is issued, suspension of transportation available to the place of repatriation or any other circumstance, which make it difficult to repatriate him/her in accordance with the method of repatriation described in the written repatriation order, the Self-Defense Forces personnel in executing the written repatriation order shall immediately report to the prisoner of war camp commander thereof.

• 電気事業者は、第一項の規定により他人の土地等を一時使用しようとするときは、あらかじめ、土地等の占有者に通知しなければならない。ただし、あらかじめ通知することが困難なときは、使用の開始の後、遅滞なく、通知することをもつて足りる。
• An Electricity Utility shall, when intending to use another person's Land, etc. temporarily pursuant to paragraph 1, notify the possessor of the Land, etc. in advance; provided, however, that if it is difficult to give notification in advance, it is sufficient for the Electricity Utility to give notification without delay after the commencement of the use.

• 京畿道まで進出した日本軍は、冬の訪れを前にして寒冷期の漢江渡河の困難さを鑑み、慶尚道から全羅道の沿岸部へ撤収し、文禄の役の際に築かれた城郭群域の外縁部（東は蔚山から西は順天市に至る範囲）に新たな城郭群を築いて久留の計を目指した。
• Before winter, taking into consideration the difficulty of crossing Han-gang during the cold season, the Japanese army, which advanced to Gyeonggi Province, retreated from Gyeongsang Province to the coastal area of Jeolla Province and tried to build a permanent camp by constructing a number of new castles on the outer border of the area of castles constructed during Bunroku war (ranging from Ulsan in the east to Suncheon-si in the west).

• 前項の規定による公告を公開買付期間の末日までに行うことが困難である場合には、公開買付者は、当該末日までに同項に規定する内容及び事項を内閣府令で定めるところにより公表し、その後直ちに同項の規定の例により公告を行わなければならない。
• When it is difficult to give public notice required under the preceding paragraph by the last day of the Tender Offer Period, the Tender Offeror shall publicly announce the details and the matters specified in the preceding paragraph pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance and give public notice as required under the preceding paragraph immediately after that.

• 菱木政晴は、世界には言語による教義表現を軽視する宗教もあり、宗教学や文化人類学の成果を用いることによって困難なく抽出可能であるとして国家神道の教義を以下のようにまとめている（「国家神道の宗教学的考察」「西山学報」1994年3月）。
• Masaharu HISHIKI states in 'Religious Considerations of State Shinto' ('Seizan Gakuho,' March 1994) that some religions in the world place little value on expressing doctrine in words, but using the results of religious studies and cultural anthropology, State Shinto doctrines can be extracted without difficulty, and summarizes them as follows:

• 犬又はねこの所有者は、これらの動物がみだりに繁殖してこれに適正な飼養を受ける機会を与えることが困難となるようなおそれがあると認める場合には、その繁殖を防止するため、生殖を不能にする手術その他の措置をするように努めなければならない。
• The owner of a dog or a cat shall, when he/she finds that there is a risk that the animal would breed freely and that it would be difficult to give the offspring an opportunity to receive proper care, endeavor to have surgery carried out to disable breeding or take any other measures in order to prevent breeding.

• たぶん読者諸君も、よく解ってくれるだろうと思うが、この全く休み無い立て続けの大活動の中で、事件の詳報をもたらすと云うことは、それはたしかに世の好奇心に大いに期待することには相違ないが、しかし私にとってはしばしば困難なことであった。
• In the whirl of our incessant activity, it has often been difficult for me, as the reader has probably observed, to round off my narratives, and to give those final details which the curious might expect.

• 弁護士、弁護士法人又は隣接法律専門職者がその地域にいないことその他の事情によりこれらの者に対して法律事務の取扱いを依頼することに困難がある地域において、その依頼に応じ、相当の対価を得て、適当な契約弁護士等に法律事務を取り扱わせること。
• Have an appropriate contract attorney at law handle legal affairs in areas where it is difficult to make a request to attorneys at law, legal professional corporations and related legal experts and specialists because of a shortage or lack of attorneys at law, legal professional corporations and related legal experts and specialists or other circumstances for persons in the area at a reasonable cost

• 基金は、通知金融商品取引業者につき、前条の規定により、顧客資産の返還に係る債務の円滑な履行が困難であるとの認定を行つた場合には、速やかに、次条第一項の請求の届出期間、届出場所その他政令で定める事項を定め、これを公告しなければならない。
• When a Fund has granted, under the provisions of the preceding Article, recognition to the effect that it is difficult for a Notifying Financial Instruments Business Operator to smoothly perform the obligation pertaining to refund of Customer Assets, it shall promptly specify the period and place of notification set forth in paragraph (1) of the following Article and other matters specified by a Cabinet Order and give a public notice thereof.

• 前号の規定による検査において、経済産業大臣が、承認外国製造事業者に対し、その所在の場所において職員に検査させることが著しく困難であると認められる特定計量器を期限を定めて提出すべきことを請求した場合において、その請求に応じなかったとき。
• In an inspection pursuant to the provision set forth in the preceding item, when the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has requested the approved foreign manufacturing business operator to submit within a time limit a specified measuring instrument that is deemed to be considerably difficult to be inspected by its officials at the approved foreign manufacturing business operator's location, the approved foreign manufacturing business operator has failed to respond to such request.

• 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島（主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島）の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
• As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.

• 内閣総理大臣は、前項の承認の申請があつた場合には、当該申請に係る業務を行うことが公益に反すると認められるとき、又は当該業務に係る損失の危険の管理が困難であるために投資者の保護に支障を生ずると認められるときに限り、承認しないことができる。
• Upon receiving an application for approval set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Prime Minister may choose not to grant approval only where the implementation of the business pertaining to the application is found to go against the public interest or hinder the protection of investors due to the difficulty in management of the risks of loss arising from the business.

• 温度、湿度、空気等について特別の条件を必要とする政令で定める事業の用に供する建築物又は第一種特定工作物で、当該特別の条件を必要とするため市街化区域内において建築し、又は建設することが困難なものの建築又は建設の用に供する目的で行う開発行為
• Development activities carried out with the purpose of building or constructing buildings or Category 1 special structures used for projects specified by Cabinet Order that require special conditions in respect of temperature, humidity, air, etc. but cannot be easily built or constructed in urbanization promotion areas because of the necessity of meeting such special conditions;

• 前二項に規定する場合において、相手方が、当該文書の記載に関して具体的な主張をすること及び当該文書により証明すべき事実を他の証拠により証明することが著しく困難であるときは、裁判所は、その事実に関する相手方の主張を真実と認めることができる。
• In the cases prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs, if it is extremely difficult for the opponent to make specific allegations concerning the statements in the document and prove, by other evidence, the fact that is to be proven by the document, the court may recognize that the opponent's allegations concerning such fact are true.

• 経済産業大臣は、災害その他やむを得ない事由により、基準備蓄量に相当する数量の石油を前条第一項の経済産業省令で定めるところにより保有することが困難となつた石油精製業者等の申出があつたときは、期間を定めて、基準備蓄量を減少することができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, if offered by the Oil Refiner, who has difficulty maintaining oil in a volume equivalent to the standard stockpiles in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry set forth in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article due to disasters or other unavoidable circumstances, reduce such standard stockpiles within a set period of time.

• 国防保安の上級理事会は、この時、イーター機構の事務局長に、直接、特にフランス以外の国籍あるいはフランスが一般秘密協定に署名していない国の人の場合、秘密情報使用許可手続きに影響を及ぼし得る、予見できる困難について、自分の見解を述べられる。
• the High Directorate of Defense and Security may, at this point, make his observations directly to the Director General of the ITER Organization, on the foreseeable difficulties which could affect the security clearance procedure, particularly in the case of citizens of other nationalities than French or of countries with which France has not signed a general security agreement.

• つまり、当時の政府もその具体額は把握しておらず、将来的にも全容を明らかにするのは困難である（3,000万両は過大であるとしても、現在明らかになっているだけで800万両近くあり、それを遥かに上回る金額の悪貨・贋貨が発行されたと考えられる）。
• In other words, the government at the time also did not know the concrete amount of fake money coined, and even in the future, uncovering the whole truth would be difficult (even if 30 million ryo is exaggerated, the amount made clear presently is still close to 8 million ryo, and much more bad money and counterfeit money is thought to have been issued.)

• 委員会は、事故等調査を終える前においても、事故等が発生した日から一年以内に事故等調査を終えることが困難であると見込まれる等の事由により必要があると認めるときは、事故等調査の経過について、国土交通大臣に報告するとともに、公表するものとする。
• The Board shall report the process and progress of the investigation of the accident, etc., to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and make it public, even before completing an investigation of accident, etc., when it finds it necessary for the reason that difficulties are expected in completing the investigation of the accident, etc. within one year from the day the accident, etc. occurred or for other reasons.

• 開発区域の周辺における市街化を促進するおそれがないと認められ、かつ、市街化区域内において行うことが困難又は著しく不適当と認められる開発行為として、政令で定める基準に従い、都道府県の条例で区域、目的又は予定建築物等の用途を限り定められたもの
• Development activities with their areas, purposes or use of scheduled buildings, etc. being limited by prefectural ordinances in accordance with the standard specified by Cabinet Order as those that are considered to have no fear of promoting urbanization in and around development areas and to be difficult or extremely inappropriate to implement in urbanization promotion areas.

• 当事者が直送をしなければならない書類について、直送を困難とする事由その他相当とする事由があるときは、当該当事者は、裁判所に対し、当該書類の相手方への送付（準備書面については、送達又は送付）を裁判所書記官に行わせるよう申し出ることができる。
• If, where a party needs to carry out direct sending of a document, there are grounds that make the direct sending difficult or other grounds that are found to be appropriate, said party may request the court to have a court clerk send (or, serve or send in the case of a brief) said document to the opponent.

• 前各項の規定は、法令若しくは条例の定める現状変更の規制及び保存のための措置その他の措置がとられていることにより第七十二条に規定する措置をとることが困難なものとして政令で定める建築物又は仮設の建築物であつて政令で定めるものには、適用しない。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to buildings specified by a Cabinet Order in the respect that it is difficult to take the measures prescribed in Article 72 for the buildings because measures for regulations on changing the existing state and for preservation and other relevant measures as prescribed in laws and regulations or prefectural/municipal ordinances have already been taken, or to temporary buildings specified by a Cabinet Order.

• しかし、当初検討された、京都市横大路運動公園の敷地利用計画は、交通アクセスや建設予算他の問題から、2006年6月26日、「サッカースタジアム検討委員会」（委員長＝松山靖史・京商京都スポーツ振興特別委員長）が「整備は困難」と最終報告書を公表。
• But while the plan to utilize the premises of Kyoto City Yokooji Sports Park was considered at first, on June 26, 2006 'Committee for consideration on a football stadium' (the chairman was Yasushi MATSUYAMA, Kyosho Kyoto Sports Promotion Special Committee Chairman) made public the final report that said 'carrying out that plan will be difficult' because of the problems with traffic access and the construction budget.

• 一般消費者が通常生活の用に供する繊維製品、合成樹脂加工品、電気機械器具及び雑貨工業品のうち、一般消費者がその購入に際し品質を識別することが著しく困難であり、かつ、その品質を識別することが特に必要であると認められるものであつて政令で定めるもの
• Among textile products, plastic goods, electrical appliances and apparatuses, and miscellaneous manufactured goods used by general consumers in their daily lives, those which are extremely difficult for general consumers to discern the quality of at the time of purchase, and with respect to which it is determined that there is a particular necessity to identify their quality, and are specified by Cabinet Order

• この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
• Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.

• この利点がもはやないところでは、人類の教師たちに、それに代わるものを、つまり、問題の困難さを、まるで学び手の転向に熱心な反対派の闘士が彼に強要しているかのように、学び手の意識に現前させる工夫を、提供するよう努力して欲しいと、私は思っています。
• Where this advantage can no longer be had, I confess I should like to see the teachers of mankind endeavouring to provide a substitute for it; some contrivance for making the difficulties of the question as present to the learner's consciousness, as if they were pressed upon him by a dissentient champion, eager for his conversion.32

• 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
• Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.

• しかし、長期にわたる攻囲戦によって次第に疲弊する一方、縁戚関係にあった信玄の支援を期待していたが、信玄の急死が大きな痛手となり、さらに朝倉、浅井などの同盟勢力が次々と織田氏によって滅ぼされたため抗戦継続の困難を悟り朝廷に和平の仲介役を依頼した。
• However, the siege developed into a war of attrition, and after serious setbacks such as the sudden death of his relative Shingen, from whom he had been hoping for assistance and the defeats by Oda of the alliance powers, such as the Asakura and the Asai, Kennyo came to realize the hardship of continuous war and asked court to be an intermediary for peace.

• 前項の担保を立てる場合において、遅滞なく第四条第一項の供託所に供託することが困難な事由があるときは、裁判所の許可を得て、債権者の住所地又は事務所の所在地その他裁判所が相当と認める地を管轄する地方裁判所の管轄区域内の供託所に供託することができる。
• When providing security as set forth in the preceding paragraph, if it is difficult for some reason to make a statutory deposit to an official depository set forth in Article 4, paragraph (1) without delay, a statutory deposit may be made, with the permission of a court, to an official depository within the jurisdictional district of the district court having jurisdiction over the obligee's domicile or the location of the obligee's office or any other place that the court finds to be appropriate.

• これに対しては、強力で勇敢な君主はその臣民に、あるときは災いは長くは続かないという希望を与え、またあるときは敵は残忍だという恐怖を与えて、彼にはあまりに向う見ずに思える臣民を巧みに避けて、こうした困難をすべて克服すだろうと、答えておきましょう。
• to this I answer that a powerful and courageous prince will overcome all such difficulties by giving at one time hope to his subjects that the evil will not be for long, at another time fear of the cruelty of the enemy, then preserving himself adroitly from those subjects who seem to him to be too bold.

• 毒物を使って行なわれる犯罪を困難にし、他の目的のために毒物を求める人の自由にたいしては、気にするほどの侵害を加えないことが、私には確かだといえる唯一の方法というのは、ベンサムの適切な言葉を借りると「予示証憑」といわれるものを提出させることです。
• The only mode apparent to me, in which difficulties may be thrown in the way of crime committed through this means, without any infringement, worth taking into account, upon the liberty of those who desire the poisonous substance for other purposes, consists in providing what, in the apt language of Bentham, is called 'preappointed evidence.'

• 元々は開墾などの形で土地を自然のままの単なる荒地や原野から食料などの生産（農業）に即した状態（→穀倉地帯・治水）に整備するのは、個人や小集団の手には余る仕事であったし、まして近隣地域からの侵略から守ることは、民兵を組織化するにしても困難が生じた。
• Cultivating the wilderness or wastelands and converting them into the appropriate condition for food production (agriculture) (breadbasket and flood control) exceeded abilities of individuals or small groups, and it was, by and large, still difficult to defend themselves from invasion by neighboring territories, even if they organized a militia.

• 前項の規定により宅地又はかき、さく等で囲まれた土地若しくは水面に立ち入らせる場合においては、あらかじめその旨をその所有者、占有者又は占用者に通知しなければならない。但し、これらの者に対し、あらかじめ通知することが困難であるときは、この限りでない。
• In cases the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency cause the staff members to enter either a building lot or a plot of land or water surface enclosed with fences, rails, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall so notify the owner, possessor, or occupant thereof in advance. However, this shall not apply when it is difficult to so notify said person in advance.

• これに対しては、強力で勇敢な君主はその臣民に、あるときは災いは長くは続かないという希望を与え、またあるときは敵は残忍だという恐怖を与えて、彼にはあまりに向う見ずに思える臣民を巧みに避けて、こうした困難をすべて克服するだろうと、答えておきましょう。
• to this I answer that a powerful and courageous prince will overcome all such difficulties by giving at one time hope to his subjects that the evil will not be for long, at another time fear of the cruelty of the enemy, then preserving himself adroitly from those subjects who seem to him to be too bold.

• けれど、公には途方もない大胆さと才能があり、どうすれば人を味方につけ敵にまわすか、よくわかっていたし、また極めて短期のうちに築いた基盤はとても強固なので、こうした敵軍に苦しめられたりせず、健康であったら、公はあらゆる困難に打ち勝ったことでしょう。
• Yet there were in the duke such boldness and ability, and he knew so well how men are to be won or lost, and so firm were the foundations which in so short a time he had laid, that if he had not had those armies on his back, or if he had been in good health, he would have overcome all difficulties.

• テレビドラマなどで鼠小僧のような窃盗が逃亡する際に千両箱を脇に抱えながら屋根上を飛び移るシーンがあるが、実際に1000両分の小判の入った千両箱の重さは15キログラム以上になることもあるため、脇に抱えて走ったり飛んだりしながら逃亡するのは困難である。
• We often see a scene in TV drama in which a thief like 'Nezumi kozo' (a Japanese thief and folk hero during the Edo period) are jumping over from one roof to another with a sen-ryo-bako under his arm, however, because a box full of koban of 1000 ryo often weights more than 15 kg, it is difficult to run and jump to escape with it under his arm.

• 総理在任期間は54日と最短であるものの、玉音放送の時点では戦争継続を唱える軍人も少なくなかったり（宮城事件参照）、同じ皇族の梨本宮も逮捕されるという非常に困難な時期に総理となったわけで、東久邇宮稔彦首相でなければこの急場を凌げなかったとも言われる。
• The fact that only held office for 54 days may be due to the fact that he became Prime Minister at an extremely difficult time when a large number of military personnel advocated the continuation of the war (Refer to the Kyujo [place where Emperor lives] Incident) and this was at the time of the broadcast of the Emperor's announcement of Japan's surrender as well as an Imperial family member, Nashimoto no Miya was arrested, thus some say that it was only Prime Minister Naruhiko Higashikuninomiya who could pull the country through the crisis.

• 前号の規定による検査において、経済産業大臣が、外国登録容器等製造業者に対し、その所在の場所においてその職員に検査をさせることが著しく困難であると認められる容器又は附属品を期限を定めて提出すべきことを請求した場合において、その請求に応じなかつたとき。
• When a demand issued by the Minister of METI for the purpose of inspection under the provision of the preceding item to a Registered Foreign Manufacturer of Containers, etc. to submit within a specified period the containers or accessories, the inspection of which by a staff member at their location is deemed extremely difficult to conduct, is not complied with;

• 前二号に掲げる職員のほか、その職務と責任に特殊性があること又は欠員の補充が困難であることにより定年を年齢六十年とすることが著しく不適当と認められる官職を占める職員で人事院規則で定めるもの　六十年を超え、六十五年を超えない範囲内で人事院規則で定める年齢
• In addition to those officials listed in the preceding two items, officials provided for by rules of the National Personnel Authority, who hold positions for which the mandatory retirement age of 60 is found to be extremely inappropriate because their duties and responsibilities have particularities or it is difficult to supplement the vacancies of those positions --　age provided for respectively by rules of the National Personnel Authority which shall be over 60 but not more than 65.

• 経済産業大臣、協会又は指定容器検査機関は、容器が容器検査に合格した場合において、その容器が刻印をすることが困難なものとして経済産業省令で定める容器以外のものであるときは、速やかに、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、その容器に、刻印をしなければならない。
• When containers have successfully passed the container inspection, except where such containers are those specified by an Ordinance of METI as inappropriate for stamping, the Minister of METI, the Institute or a Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body shall promptly stamp each of the containers in accordance with an Ordinance of METI.

• 元禄8年（1695年）9月に貨幣吹替え（改鋳）が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
• When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.

• 被告人が出頭しなければ開廷することができない場合において、勾留されている被告人が、公判期日に召喚を受け、正当な理由がなく出頭を拒否し、刑事施設職員による引致を著しく困難にしたときは、裁判所は、被告人が出頭しないでも、その期日の公判手続を行うことができる。
• When the court cannot be convened without the appearance of the accused, and the accused, who is under detention has been summoned to the trial but refuses to appear without justifiable reason, and it is extremely difficult for the officials of the penal institution to bring the accused to the court, the court may commence the proceedings of the trial without the appearance of the accused.

• そもそも日本で最初の出家者は尼であったが、その戒壇の設置に朝廷の許可が必要であった奈良時代以降、鎌倉時代くらいまで、戒壇の設置を許された東大寺や延暦寺などの戒壇が全て男性僧侶を対象としており、女性（尼）の授戒得度が困難であった点との関連も考えられている。
• The person who entered priesthood for the first time in Japan was an ama, but from the Nara period to the Kamakura period when the placement of a kaidan needed permission from the Imperial Court, all kaidans such as those at Todai-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple were subject to male priests so that it is believed the difficulty of women's jikai (handing down the precepts) and tokudo (entry to the Buddhist priesthood) were related to nyonin kinsei.

• こうして、生れながらか修練によって、大きな権限をもたない皇帝は、いつも打倒され、皇帝の多く、特に新に君主の座に就いた者は、この相反する二つの気性のもつ困難を認めながらも、兵士を満足させる傾向にあり、民衆が傷つけられることにはあまり気を懸けなかったのです。
• Hence it arose that those emperors were always overthrown who, either by birth or training, had no great authority, and most of them, especially those who came new to the principality, recognizing the difficulty of these two opposing humours, were inclined to give satisfaction to the soldiers, caring little about injuring the people.

• 前各項の規定は、法令若しくは条例の定める現状変更の規制及び保存のための措置その他の措置がとられていることにより第七十二条に規定する措置をとることが困難なものとして前条第七項の政令で定める建築物又は仮設の建築物であつて同項の政令で定めるものには、適用しない。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to buildings specified by a Cabinet Order under paragraph (7) of the preceding Article in the respect that it is difficult to take the measures prescribed in Article 72 for the buildings because measures for regulations on changing the existing state and for preservation and other relevant measures as prescribed in laws and regulations or prefectural/municipal ordinances have already been taken, or to temporary buildings specified by a Cabinet Order under the same paragraph.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、犯罪等により従前の住居に居住することが困難となった犯罪被害者等の居住の安定を図るため、公営住宅（公営住宅法（昭和二十六年法律第百九十三号）第二条第二号に規定する公営住宅をいう。）への入居における特別の配慮等必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State and Local governments shall take such necessary measures as giving Crime Victims special consideration for moving into public housing (public housing stipulated in Article 2, item (ii) of the Act on Public Housing (Act No. 193 of 1951)), in order to stabilize residence for Crime Victims who have difficulties in continuing to live in their prior housing due to Crimes.

• 近年においては『増鏡』著者の有力説とされる二条良基の研究家である小川剛生の見解として、二条良基が『増鏡』成立に深く関わったとしつつも、現役の公家政治家でかつ最終的に持明院統に仕えた良基を直接の筆者とすることの困難を挙げて、「良基監修・忠守筆者」説を唱えている。
• In recent years, Takeo OGAWA, who is the researcher of Yoshimoto NIJO, the man who is strongly believed to be the author of the 'Masukagami' advocated a new theory of the 'Masukagami' being `edited by Yoshimoto and written by Tadamori,' given the fact that, although Yoshimoto NIJO contributed to the completion of the 'Masukagami,' Yoshimoto was a politician and eventually served Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu), which makes it difficult for him to write such literary work.

• わたしはといえば、わたしが学問において何らかの真理を発見しおおせたとするなら（そしてこの文に含まれている内容で、多少の真理が発見できたことは示せていると信じるが）、それはわたしが原理的な困難5つか6つを克服しおおせたことの帰結にして結果にすぎないと断言できる。
• As for myself, if I have succeeded in discovering any truths in the sciences (and I trust that what is contained in this volume 1 will show that I have found some), I can declare that they are but the consequences and results of five or six principal difficulties which I have surmounted,

• また、仮に需要があったとしてもそもそも銅の生産量が絶対的に少なかった当時の日本では実物貨幣に代わるだけの銅銭の製造は始めから困難であった（銅鉱の発見を機に元号を「和銅」と改めてしまう程当時銅は貴重であり、また後述のように時代が下るにつれて急速に品質が悪化している）。
• Also, even if there had been enough demand, the volume of copper production had been absolutely small, which made it impossible, from the beginning, to supply sufficient copper coins and substitute material money then-current in Japan (copper was so precious then in Japan that its era was renamed 'Wado (literally, Japanese copper),' upon discovery of copper ore mines, and, as described afterward, the quality of copper coins had rapidly deteriorated as time went on.)

• 前号の政令で定める繊維製品の原料又は材料たる繊維製品のうち、需要者がその購入に際し品質を識別することが著しく困難であり、かつ、同号の政令で定める繊維製品の品質に関する表示の適正化を図るにはその品質を識別することが特に必要であると認められるものであつて政令で定めるもの
• Among raw materials or other materials for textile products, all as specified by Cabinet Order in the preceding item, those which are extremely difficult for consumers to discern the quality of at the time of purchase, and with respect to which it is determined that there is a particular necessity to discern their quality in order to ensure proper labeling of the quality of textile products as specified by the Cabinet Order in the same item, and are specified by Cabinet Order

• なお、暦書を私的に持つことは雑令の秘書玄象令で厳しく規制されたために朝廷外に人材を求めるのは困難であり、平将門が「新皇」を名乗って文武百官を任じた際も暦博士は任命できず、同様に吉野朝廷（南朝 (日本)）も暦博士を置けなかったらしく、その元号が入った具注暦は存在しない。
• Because the private possession of rekisho (explanatory books concerning calendars) was strictly regulated by Hishogenjo-rei edicts, which were classified as Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters), it was difficult to recruit personnel outside the Imperial Court; therefore, when TAIRA no Masakado proclaimed himself as a 'new emperor' and nominated Bunbu Hyakkan (all the officials, both military and civil), he was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and in the same manner the Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court (Japan)) was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and consequently there is no Guchu-reki (annotated calendar) that includes its gengo (era name).

• 前項の規定にかかわらず、行政機関の長は、事務処理上の困難その他正当な理由があるときは、同項に規定する期間を三十日以内に限り延長することができる。この場合において、行政機関の長は、開示請求者に対し、遅滞なく、延長後の期間及び延長の理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, when there are justifiable grounds such as difficulties arising from the conduct of affairs, the head of an Administrative Organ may extend the period of time prescribed in the same paragraph for up to thirty days. In this case, the head of an Administrative Organ shall without delay notify the Disclosure Requester in writing of the extended period and the grounds for the extension.

• 前項の規定にかかわらず、行政機関の長は、事務処理上の困難その他正当な理由があるときは、同項に規定する期間を三十日以内に限り延長することができる。この場合において、行政機関の長は、訂正請求者に対し、遅滞なく、延長後の期間及び延長の理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, when there are justifiable grounds such as difficulties arising from the conduct of affairs, the head of an Administrative Organ may extend the period of time prescribed in the same paragraph for up to thirty days. In this case, the head of an Administrative Organ shall without delay notify the Correction Requester in writing of the extended period and the grounds for the extension.

• バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆（中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの）が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
• Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.

• 古い史料による確認は困難なものの、母である糠手姫皇女（田村の御名は彼女から継承されたものである）が舒明よりも20年以上長く生きて天智天皇3年（664年）に死去している事や、子である天智天皇らの年齢を考えると、ほぼ正確な年齢（もしくは数年の誤差）ではないかと見られている。
• Although confirmation using old historical materials is difficult, his age of death is thought to be nearly exact (or with a few years of error), considering the age of his son, the Emperor Tenchi and others, and that his mother, Nukadehime no Himemiko (the name of Tamura was succeeded from her) lived for more than 20 years after his death and died in 664.

• 特許権又は専用実施権の侵害に係る訴訟において、損害が生じたこと が認められる場合において、損害額を立証するために必要な事実を立証することが当該事実の性質上極めて困難であるときは、裁判所は、口頭弁論の全趣旨及び 証拠調べの結果に基づき、相当な損害額を認定することができる。
• In litigation concerning the infringement of a patent right or exclusive license, where the court has determined that damage actually arose and where it is extremely difficult for the court, due to the nature of the facts, to prove the facts necessary to determine the amount of damage, the court may determine a reasonable amount of damage based on the entire import of oral argument and the result of the examination of evidence.

• 前項の規定にかかわらず、行政機関の長は、事務処理上の困難その他正当な理由があるときは、同項に規定する期間を三十日以内に限り延長することができる。この場合において、行政機関の長は、利用停止請求者に対し、遅滞なく、延長後の期間及び延長の理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, when there are justifiable grounds such as difficulties arising from the conduct of affairs, the head of an Administrative Organ may extend the period of time prescribed in the same paragraph for up to thirty days. In this case, the head of an Administrative Organ shall without delay notify the Suspension of Use Requester in writing of the extended period and the grounds for the extension.

• 不正競争による営業上の利益の侵害に係る訴訟において、損害が生じたことが認められる場合において、損害額を立証するために必要な事実を立証することが当該事実の性質上極めて困難であるときは、裁判所は、口頭弁論の全趣旨及び証拠調べの結果に基づき、相当な損害額を認定することができる。
• In a suit regarding the infringement of business interests by unfair competition, where damages were found and it is extremely difficult to prove the facts necessary for proving the amount of damages due to the nature of said facts, the court may determine a reasonable amount of damages based on the overall purport of the oral arguments and the results of the examination of the evidence.

• 育成者権又は専用利用権の侵害に係る訴訟において、損害が生じたこと が認められる場合において、損害額を立証するために必要な事実を立証することが当該事実の性質上極めて困難であるときは、裁判所は、口頭弁論の全趣旨及び 証拠調べの結果に基づき、相当な損害額を認定することができる。
• In litigation pertaining to the infringement of a breeder's right or an exclusive exploitation right, where the court has determined that damage actually arose and where it is extremely difficult for the holder of a breeder's right or of an exclusive exploitation right, due to the nature of the facts, to prove the facts necessary for proving the amount of damage, the court may determine a reasonable amount of damage based on the entire import of oral argument and the result of the examination of evidence.

• 著作権、出版権又は著作隣接権の侵害に係る訴訟において、損害が生じたことが認められる場合において、損害額を立証するために必要な事実を立証することが当該事実の性質上極めて困難であるときは、裁判所は、口頭弁論の全趣旨及び証拠調べの結果に基づき、相当な損害額を認定することができる。
• Where, in a lawsuit pertaining to an infringement on a copyright, right of publication or neighboring right, it is found that damages have been incurred, but it is extremely difficult to prove the facts necessary to establish the amount of damages due to the nature of such facts, the court may determine an appropriate amount of damages on the basis of the entire import of oral proceedings and the results of the court's examination of the evidence.

• 室町幕府が成立すると、守護領国制が確立されていく過程で公家や寺社などの荘園領主は守護の軍事力に依拠しなければ年貢・公事の徴収が困難となり、反対に守護はその立場を利用して国内の荘園・公領に段銭などの形で独自の公事を賦課することで領国支配の強化と財政基盤の構築を図るようになった。
• After Muromachi bakufu was founded, in the process of establishing Shugo-ryogoku system, it became difficult for lords of the manor such as kuge, temples and shrines to collect nengu and kuji unless they relied on the military power of shugo, on the other hand, shugo made a use of their position to impose their original kuji to shoen and koryo in form of tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), so that they could have enhanced the control over daimyo's territory and built financial base.

• そのほか、釈迦が入滅してから1500年が経過すると仏教はその有効性を失うとする末法思想を背景に、末法の世において娑婆世界で成道すること（自力聖道門）の困難を主張し、それを放棄することでいったん阿弥陀仏の極楽浄土へ往生してから成道すること（他力浄土門）を提唱する浄土教も起こった。
• The Jodo (Pure Land) sect also appeared, preaching, based on the Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), that Buddhism loses its effectiveness 1500 years after Shakyamuni's death, the difficulty of Jodo in this corrupt world in the era of Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) (Jirikishodomon), and that, by giving it up, one can perform Jodo in the Pure Land of Amida Buddha after dying (Tarikijodomon).

• しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など（独身者には困難である）様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
• This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.

• これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと（この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む）が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
• This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).

• 裁判所は、罰金、科料又は追徴を言い渡す場合において、判決の確定を待つてはその執行をすることができず、又はその執行をするのに著しい困難を生ずる虞があると認めるときは、検察官の請求により又は職権で、被告人に対し、仮に罰金、科料又は追徴に相当する金額を納付すべきことを命ずることができる。
• When the court, in rendering a fine, petty fine or collection of a sum of equivalent value, deems that it will be impossible or difficult to execute the judgment should there be a delay until the judgment becomes final and binding, the court may, upon a request by the public prosecutor or ex officio, order the accused to provisionally pay an amount equal to the fine, petty fine or collection of sum of equivalent value.

• 法第十三条第一項の政令で定める製品は、次の表の上欄に掲げる第一種特定化学物質ごとにそれぞれ同表の下欄に掲げる製品（日本国内において生産される同種の製品により代替することが困難であり、かつ、その用途からみて輸入することが特に必要なものとして経済産業大臣が指定するものを除く。）とする。
• The products specified by the Cabinet Order set forth in paragraph (1) of Article 13 of the Act shall be those listed in the right-hand column of the following table for each Class I Specified Chemical Substance listed in the left-hand column of said table (excluding products designated by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry as being difficult to be substituted for by equivalent products produced in Japan and whose import is especially necessary in view of their usage).

• 前項の規定により関税・外国為替等審議会の意見を聴く場合において、関税・外国為替等審議会が当該事案の性質にかんがみ、第三項に規定する四月の期間内に意見を述べることが困難である旨を申し出た場合には、同項に規定する対内直接投資等を行つてはならない期間は、同項の規定にかかわらず、五月とする。
• Where the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business hear the opinions of the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and other Transactions pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, if the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and other Transactions replied that it was difficult to state its opinions within a period of four months prescribed in paragraph 3 by taking into consideration the character of the case, the period in which inward direct investment is prohibited prescribed in the said paragraph shall be five months, notwithstanding the provision of the said paragraph.

• これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである（ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している）。
• Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)

• 特許庁長官は、次に掲げる者であつて資力に乏しい者として政令で定める 要件に該当する者が、特許料を納付することが困難であると認めるときは、政令で定めるところにより、第百七条第一項の規定による第一年から第三年までの各 年分の特許料を軽減し若しくは免除し、又はその納付を猶予することができる。
• Where the Commissioner of the Patent Office recognizes a person who falls under any of the following paragraphs and meets the requirements of Cabinet Order to be recognized as a person with insufficient funds has difficulties paying the patent fees, the Commissioner of the Patent Office may, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, grant the person a reduction of, exemption from or deferment of the payment of the patent fees for each year from the first to the third year under Article 107(1):

• 指定地域密着型介護予防サービスの確保が著しく困難である離島その他の地域であって厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当するものに住所を有する居宅要支援被保険者が、指定地域密着型介護予防サービス以外の地域密着型介護予防サービス又はこれに相当するサービスを受けた場合において、必要があると認めるとき。
• when a Municipality determines it necessary in a case when an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Support that is domiciled on an isolated island or other location where it is significantly difficult to secure Designated Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care and where it is defined by standards provided by an the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare, receives Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care other than Designated Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care or equivalent services;

• 地方委員会は、仮釈放を許すか否かに関する審理においては、その構成員である委員をして、審理対象者と面接させなければならない。ただし、その者の重い疾病若しくは傷害により面接を行うことが困難であると認められるとき又は法務省令で定める場合であって面接の必要がないと認められるときは、この限りでない。
• In examinations for whether or not parole should be permitted, the Regional Board shall have its constituting Board members interview the person subject to examination; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases in which it is recognized that the severe illness or injury of such person makes the interview difficult or cases in which it is recognized that an interview in the case in question is prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice as being unnecessary.

• 前項の規定により関税・外国為替等審議会の意見を聴く場合において、関税・外国為替等審議会が、当該事案の性質にかんがみ、第三項に規定する四月の期間内に意見を述べることが困難である旨を申し出た場合には、同項に規定する技術導入契約の締結等をしてはならない期間は、同項の規定にかかわらず、五月とする。
• Where the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business hear the opinions of the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and other Transactions pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, if the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and other Transactions replied that it was difficult to state its opinions within a period of four months prescribed in paragraph 3 by taking into consideration the character of the case, the period in which the Conclusion of a Technology Introduction Contract shall not be conducted prescribed in the said paragraph shall be five months, notwithstanding the provision of the said paragraph.

• 指定居宅介護支援及び基準該当居宅介護支援の確保が著しく困難である離島その他の地域であって厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当するものに住所を有する居宅要介護被保険者が、指定居宅介護支援及び基準該当居宅介護支援以外の居宅介護支援又はこれに相当するサービスを受けた場合において、必要があると認めるとき。
• when the Municipality determines it necessary in a case when an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care who is domiciled on an isolated island or other area where it is significantly difficult to secure Designated In-Home Long-Term Care Support or In-Home Long-Term Care Support Applicable to Standards and in a location that qualifies pursuant to standards as determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare receives In-Home Long-Term Care other than Designated In-Home Long-Term Care Support and Designated In-Home Long-Term Care Support that qualifies with standards or service equivalent to those services;

• 指定居宅サービス及び基準該当居宅サービスの確保が著しく困難である離島その他の地域であって厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当するものに住所を有する居宅要介護被保険者が、指定居宅サービス及び基準該当居宅サービス以外の居宅サービス又はこれに相当するサービスを受けた場合において、必要があると認めるとき。
• when a Municipality determines it necessary in a case when an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care who is domiciled on an isolated island or other area where it is significantly difficult to secure Designated In-Home Service and In-Home Service Applicable to Standards and is in a location that qualifies with the standards as determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare, receives In-Home Service other than Designated In-Home Service or In-Home Service Applicable to Standards, or services equivalent to those services;

• 特許庁長官は、次に掲げる者であつて資力に乏しい者として政令 で定める要件に該当する者が、出願審査の請求の手数料を納付することが困難であると認めるときは、政令で定めるところにより、自己の特許出願について前条 第二項の規定により納付すべき出願審査の請求の手数料を軽減し、又は免除することができる。
• Where the Commissioner of the Patent Office recognizes that a person meets the requirements of Cabinet Order to be recognized as a person with insufficient funds, and that the person has difficulties paying the fees for a request for the examination of an application, the Commissioner of the Patent Office may, in accordance with Cabinet Order, grant the person a reduction of or exemption from the payment of the fees for the request for the examination of the person's own patent application payable under Article 195(2), where the Commissioner of the Patent Office recognizes that the person falls under any of the following paragraphs:

• 指定介護予防支援及び基準該当介護予防支援の確保が著しく困難である離島その他の地域であって厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当するものに住所を有する居宅要支援被保険者が、指定介護予防支援及び基準該当介護予防支援以外の介護予防支援又はこれに相当するサービスを受けた場合において、必要があると認めるとき。
• when a Municipality determines it necessary in a case when an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Support that is domiciled on an isolated island or other location where it is significantly difficult to secure Designated Support for Prevention of Long-Term Care, and Preventive Long-Term Care Support Applicable to Standards, and where it is defined by standards as determined by an Ordinance of the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare, receives Preventive Long-Term Care Support or equivalent service other than Designated Support for Prevention of Long-Term Care or Preventive Long-Term Care Support Applicable to Standards;

• 家庭裁判所は、第十七条第一項第二号の措置をとつた場合において、直ちに少年鑑別所に収容することが著しく困難であると認める事情があるときは、決定をもつて、少年を仮に最寄りの少年院又は刑事施設の特に区別した場所に収容することができる。ただし、その期間は、収容した時から七十二時間を超えることができない。
• If there are circumstances under which immediate commitment in a juvenile classification home is found extremely difficult following the implementation of the measures prescribed in Article 17, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the family court may, by a ruling, provisionally commit the Juvenile to the nearest juvenile training school or to a specially separated place inside the nearest penal institution; provided, however, that the period shall not exceed 72 hours from commencement of the commitment.

• 駅前と言うべき所からは、レール面からホーム面までのゆるい階段のみであるが、駅自体が府道から石段を上がったところに立地しているので、車椅子等での利用は一見困難に見えるが、府道から駅の少し出町柳駅側にある「大神宮社」という神社の参道を経由し、上記の第4種踏切を渡るとスロープのみで駅ホームに到達できる。
• Because the station is located at the top of the stone steps from the prefectural route, and since gentle stairs are the only way to get to the platform level from the track level, the accessibility to the station is seemingly limited for persons in wheelchairs; however, the station can also be reached from the prefectural route via an approach to the shrine called 'Daijingusha' located on the Demachiyanagi Station side close to the station, via the level crossing (Class 4) and a slope up to the platform.

• 執行文は、債務名義について次に掲げる事由のいずれかがあり、かつ、当該債務名義に基づく不動産の引渡し又は明渡しの強制執行をする前に当該不動産を占有する者を特定することを困難とする特別の事情がある場合において、債権者がこれらを証する文書を提出したときに限り、債務者を特定しないで、付与することができる。
• In cases where any of the following grounds exist with regard to the title of obligation and there are special circumstances that make it difficult to specify, prior to carrying out compulsory execution of delivery or surrender of real property based on such title of obligation, the person who possess such real property, a certificate of execution may be granted without specifying the obligor only if the obligee has produced a document proving such facts:

• 1928年（昭和3年）の本宅の焼失、スターの大量退社に揺れるマキノプロで逆境に燃えた光雄の兄・弱冠20歳のマキノ雅弘は、山上伊太郎と時代劇の傑作『浪人街』を生むが、翌年の1929年（昭和4年）7月25日、省三が亡くなるとマキノプロの経営は困難になり1930年（昭和5年）に年末給料不払で争議が起こる。
• When Mitsuo's older brother Masahiro MAKINO was as young as twenty to overcome adverse situations such as the loss of his family's house in a fire in 1928 and the loss of many actors and actresses who quit Makino Productions, he produced a masterpiece of period drama 'Roningai' with Itaro YAMAGAMI, but upon Shozo's death on July 25, 1929 the next year, it became difficult to continue the operation of Makino Productions and there was a conflict about the non-payment of salaries at the end of 1930.

• 学校教育において明治期には武術は教育に教育困難でかつ有害であるとされていたが、講道館や大日本武徳会による柔道（柔術）、剣術の統一の基本技制定や集団教育法など教授法改良により明治44年（1898年）に旧制中学校の課外授業に撃剣（剣術）と柔術が導入され、名称は武道、剣道、柔道とされ、必修の正課になった。
• During the Meiji period, Bujutsu was considered to be difficult and harmful in school education, but in 1898 'gekiken' (kenjutsu, swordplay) and jujutsu were introduced as an extra lesson in the junior high schools of the old education system through the improvement of pedagogical methods such as the method of mass education or the unification of the basic skills of judo (jujutsu) and kenjutsu by the Kodokan Judo Institute and Dainippon Butoku-kai (Great Japan Federation of Martial Arts), and the lessons were called 'budo,' 'kendo' and 'judo' as compulsory, formal subjects.

• 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
• These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.

• ところが、配偶者からの暴力は、犯罪となる行為をも含む重大な人権侵害であるにもかかわらず、被害者の救済が必ずしも十分に行われてこなかった。また、配偶者からの暴力の被害者は、多くの場合女性であり、経済的自立が困難である女性に対して配偶者が暴力を加えることは、個人の尊厳を害し、男女平等の実現の妨げとなっている。
• Nevertheless, even though spousal violence constitutes a serious violation of human rights, as well as being a crime, efforts to relieve victims have not always been adequate in all instances. In addition, the majority of victims of spousal violence are women. When women who find it difficult to achieve economic self-reliance are subject to violence from their spouses, it adversely affects the dignity of individuals and impedes the realization of genuine equality between women and men.

• 容積率に余裕を持って建てられているものが多いので、住宅需要の高い地域であれば、高層化を行って戸数を増やし、増えた分の住戸を売却して建設資金をまかなう、という手法も可能であるが、住宅需要が乏しい地域で採算の見込めない団地、あるいは既に容積率いっぱいに建てている団地の場合は建て替えが困難になっている例もある。
• There are many buildings constructed with surplus space, so if particularly large housing demand occurs in one area, it is possible to cover construction funds by building additional storys and selling them; however, for some danchi, rebuilding is problematic partly because housing demand is very limited with little prospect of profitability and partly because that danchi has used full floor-area ratio and there is no space remaining

• 指定介護予防サービス及び基準該当介護予防サービスの確保が著しく困難である離島その他の地域であって厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当するものに住所を有する居宅要支援被保険者が、指定介護予防サービス及び基準該当介護予防サービス以外の介護予防サービス又はこれに相当するサービスを受けた場合において、必要があると認めるとき。
• when a Municipality determines it necessary in a case when an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Support who is domiciled on an isolated island or other location where it is significantly difficult to secure Designated Preventive Service of Long-Term Care and Preventive Long-Term Care Service Applicable to Standards and is in a location that is subject to standards as determined by an Ordinance of the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare receives Preventive Service of Long-Term Care other than Designated Preventive Service of Long-Term Care and Preventive Long-Term Care Service Applicable to Standards or equivalent services;

• 「曼荼羅」はもっとも狭義には密教曼荼羅を指すが、日本においては、阿弥陀如来のいる西方極楽浄土の様子を表わした「浄土曼荼羅」、神道系の「垂迹（すいじゃく）曼荼羅」など、密教以外にも「曼荼羅」と称される作品がきわめて多く、内容や表現形式も多岐にわたり、何をもって「曼荼羅」と見なすか、一言で定義することは困難である。
• Mandala' means Esoteric Buddhism mandala in the narrow sense, but in Japan, there are many works called 'mandala' other than those of Esoteric Buddhism, such as 'Jodo Mandala' which expresses Saiho Gokuraku Jodo (Western Pure Land) where Amida Nyorai (Buddha of Paradise) resides and 'Suijaku Mandala' of Shinto Religion, and their contents and styles of expression are also so diversified that it is difficult to define in a word what should be regarded as 'mandala.'

• 施行日において新令第十一条第一項の規定に基づく告示により指定した資本取引のうち、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与することを妨げることとなる事態を生じ、新法の目的を達成することが困難になると認めて新法第二十一条第一項の規定により許可を受ける義務を課した資本取引であることを当該告示において特定した資本取引
• Among capital transactions designated by a public notice based on the provision of Article 11, paragraph (1) of the New Order as on the date of enforcement, capital transactions which were specified by the public notice as those for which the obligation to obtain permission is imposed pursuant to the provision of Article 21, paragraph (1) of the New Act, deeming that they might cause a situation that hinders Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace and makes it difficult to attain the purpose of the New Act

• 文化財保護法は「重要文化財につき、所有者が判明しない場合又は所有者若しくは管理責任者による管理が著しく困難若しくは不適当であると明らかに認められる場合には、文化庁長官は、適当な地方公共団体その他の法人を指定して、当該重要文化財の保有のため必要な管理（中略）を行わせることができる」と規定している（同法第32条の2）。
• In accordance with the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, Ordinance 32, Clause 2, 'If it is unclear as to the owner of an important cultural property, or if it is obviously admitted that the management by the owner or the management representative is noticeably difficult or improper, the chief officer of Agency for Cultural Affairs may then assign a suitable local public entity or other corporation to perform the necessary management (…details omitted…) in order to protect the important cultural property concerned.'

• なお、篠山口駅から柏原駅までの間は谷川駅を経由するため遠回りをしており、さらに途中の川代渓谷は急曲線続きで速度が上がらず、たびたび崖崩れが発生し防災上も問題があることから、過去に何度か谷川駅を通らない鐘ヶ坂176号線沿いに鐘ヶ坂を越えるルートへの移設が検討されてきたが、現在の利用状況では新線の建設は困難と考えられる。
• People have often examined the idea of moving the section to a route whereby the train crosses Kanegasaka pass along National Route 176 without stopping at Tanikawa Station because of the following three reasons: operation through Tanikawa Station in this section means an indirect path to run the train between Sasayamaguchi Station and Kaibara Station, the train can't pick up speed due to many sharp curves along Kawashiro Gorge, and this section has difficulties from the perspective of disaster prevention such as in the case of a landslide; accordingly, it seems very difficult to build a new route, given the manner in which this section has been used.

• 経済産業大臣は、前条第一項の規定によりその職員に検査をさせ、 又は同条第四項の規定により機構に検査を行わせた場合において、その所在の場所において検査をさせ、又は検査を行わせることが著しく困難であると認められ る電気用品があつたときは、その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has had officials of the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry conduct an inspection pursuant to paragraph (1) of the preceding Article or has had NITE conduct an inspection pursuant to paragraph (4) of the same Article, and any Electrical Appliances and Materials are found to be difficult for the ministry officials or NITE to inspect at the place where they are located, the Minister may order the owner or possessor of such Electrical Appliances and Materials to submit them within a certain time limit.

• 当事者が遠隔の地に居住していることその他の事由により出頭することが困難であると認められる場合において、その当事者があらかじめ裁判所又は受命裁判官若しくは受託裁判官から提示された和解条項案を受諾する旨の書面を提出し、他の当事者が口頭弁論等の期日に出頭してその和解条項案を受諾したときは、当事者間に和解が調ったものとみなす。
• Where it is found to be difficult for a party to appear due to living in a remote place or any other grounds, if the party has submitted a document stating that he/she accepts the proposed terms of settlement presented in advance by the court or an authorized judge or commissioned judge, and the other party has appeared on the appearance date and accepted such proposed terms of settlement, it shall be deemed that both parties have reached a settlement.

• 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷（ゆのごう）の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部（はせつかべ）氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
• It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.

• 定数2名の文章博士を5系統で世襲・独占するという形態が成立した背景には、文章博士は天皇や摂関以下公卿と面識を得る機会が多く、1度就任するとそれ以上の昇進が困難であった他の博士と比べて比較的短期間で弁官などの要職に転任して、その後も学識経験者として文章博士と同様の社会的信頼・地位を得ることが可能であったことによるとされている。
• It is said that those five families were able to monopolize the quota of two monjo hakase by heredity because a person who once became monjo hakase could be promoted, capitalizing on his many opportunities to be acquainted with influential figures such as emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, to an important post such as benkan (a key position in the Grand Council of State called Dajokan) in a relatively shorter period of time than could other types of hakase who were hardly able to rise to a higher post and, further, because he could continue to gain the social trust and status, even after that, as a distinguished academic just as monjo hakase could.

• 基金は、前条第一項又は第三項から第五項までの規定による通知を受けた場合には、投資者の保護に欠けるおそれがないことが明らかであると認められるときを除き、当該通知に係る金融商品取引業者（以下「通知金融商品取引業者」という。）につき、顧客資産の返還に係る債務の円滑な履行が困難であるかどうかの認定を、遅滞なく、行わなければならない。
• When a Fund has received a notice under the provision of paragraph (1) or paragraphs (3) to (5) of the preceding Article, it shall grant recognition of whether it is difficult for a Financial Instruments Business Operator pertaining to said notice (hereinafter referred to as a 'Notifying Financial Instruments Business Operator') to smoothly perform the obligation pertaining to refund of Customer Assets without delay, except when it is found that there is obviously no risk of insufficient protection of investors.

• 主務大臣は、前条第一項の規定によりその職員に立入検査をさせ、又は 同条第四項の規定により機構に立入検査を行わせた場合において、その所在の場所において検査をさせ、又は検査を行わせることが著しく困難であると認められ る消費生活用製品があつたときは、その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• In cases where the competent minister has caused his/her official to conduct an on-site inspection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article or has caused NITE to conduct an on-site inspection in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (4) of the preceding Article, if there are any consumer products that are found to be extremely difficult for the official or NITE inspect on-site, the competent minister may order the owner or possessor to submit them within a period designated by the competent minister.

• 小規模個人再生においては、再生計画認可の決定があった後やむを得ない事由で再生計画を遂行することが著しく困難となったときは、再生債務者の申立てにより、再生計画で定められた債務の期限を延長することができる。この場合においては、変更後の債務の最終の期限は、再生計画で定められた債務の最終の期限から二年を超えない範囲で定めなければならない。
• In the case of rehabilitation for individuals with small-scale debts, if, after an order of confirmation of the rehabilitation plan is made, it becomes significantly difficult to execute the rehabilitation plan, upon the petition of the rehabilitation debtor, the term for debt specified in the rehabilitation plan may be extended. In this case, the final due date for debt as modified shall be within two years from the final due date for debt initially specified in the rehabilitation plan.

• 経済産業大臣又は都道府県知事若しくは特定市町村の長は、前条第一 項の規定により、その職員に検査させた場合において、その所在の場所において検査させることが著しく困難であると認められる計量器、特殊容器又は特定物象 量が表記された特定商品があったときは、その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, the prefectural governor or the head of a specified municipality may, when he/she has caused its officials to make an inspection pursuant to the provision of paragraph 1 of the preceding Article and find any measuring instrument, special container or specified commodities with the indication of the quantity of specified physical phenomena which is deemed considerably difficult to be inspected by them at the place such items are located, order its owner or possessor to submit the same within a fixed period of time.

• 宗教的信仰は生存のための闘争では(困難な時期に希望を与え、他の人が生き残れないところで生存可能にしてくれて)大きな強みとなる(と論じることもできるわけだ)のだから、ダーウィン理論の無神論的含みを認めるのを拒否するのは、理論の点で完全に理にかなっている(宗教的信念に向う傾向のようなものが遺伝的な形質だと認めるなら、なおさらそうだ)。
• Since a religious faith (one could argue) is a great asset in the struggle for life (giving hope in hard times, enabling a person to survive where another might fail), then the refusal to accept the atheistic implications of Darwinian theory is perfectly understandable in terms of that theory (especially if we accept that something like a predisposition to religious belief is a heritable trait).

• だから、この人の行動や才能をよく考えてみると、見てきたとおり、彼が傑出したものとなったのは、誰かの好意によってではなく、軍務で一段づつ登りつめたことによってであって、その昇進には幾多の困難と危険を伴い、またその後、大胆にも何度も危険を冒すことによってその地位を守ったのだから、運に帰すべきものは、全くといっていいほど見当たりません。
• Therefore, he who considers the actions and the genius of this man will see nothing, or little, which can be attributed to fortune, inasmuch as he attained pre-eminence, as is shown above, not by the favour of any one, but step by step in the military profession, which steps were gained with a thousand troubles and perils, and were afterwards boldly held by him with many hazards and dangers.
• Therefore, he who considers the actions and the genius of this man will see nothing, or little, which can be attributed to fortune, inasmuch as he attained pre-eminence, as is shown above, not by the favour of any one, but step by step in the military profession, which steps were gained with a thousand troubles and perils, and were afterwards boldly held by him with many hazardous dangers.

• この傾向がもっとも完全に実現している国、つまり社会も政府ももっとも民主的な国、アメリカ合衆国では、多数派の感情は、彼らと比肩する以上に派手で贅沢な生活様式にたいして、不愉快と感じ、それがまあまあ有効な贅沢禁止法として作用しており、連邦の多くの部分で、高額所得者は民衆の反感を買わないような支出方法を見出すことが現実に困難となっているのです。
• It is affirmed that in the country where this tendency is most completely realized―where both society and the government are most democratic―the United States―the feeling of the majority, to whom any appearance of a more showy or costly style of living than they can hope to rival is disagreeable, operates as a tolerably effectual sumptuary law, and that in many parts of the Union it is really difficult for a person possessing a very large income, to find any mode of spending it, which will not incur popular disapprobation.

• 危険物についてその危険性を勘案して政令で定める数量（以下「指定数量」という。）未満の危険物及びわら製品、木毛その他の物品で火災が発生した場合にその拡大が速やかであり、又は消火の活動が著しく困難となるものとして政令で定めるもの（以下「指定可燃物」という。）その他指定可燃物に類する物品の貯蔵及び取扱いの技術上の基準は、市町村条例でこれを定める。
• The technical standards for the storage and handling of hazardous materials less than the quantity designated by Cabinet Order taking into consideration the dangerousness of the hazardous materials (hereinafter referred to as the 'designated quantity'), and of straw products, wood-wool and other goods designated by Cabinet Order as goods which will, once having caught fire, lead to the quick spread of the fire or make it extremely difficult to carry out fire extinguishing activities; (hereinafter referred to as 'designated flammable goods') or other goods similar to designated flammable goods, shall be specified by municipal ordinance.

• その一方で、称徳天皇や道鏡が清麻呂を流した事で2番目の神託を否認した以上、最初の神託に基づいて道鏡への皇位継承を進めることも可能であった筈なのに事件以後に全くそうした動きを見せていない事や逆に藤原氏らの反対派がこの事件を直接の大義名分として天皇や道鏡排除に積極的に動いていない事から、道鏡がこの事件に深く関わっていたとする証拠を見出す事は困難である。
• On the other hand, it is difficult to find the evidence that Dokyo was deeply involved in this incident because of the following reasons; Empress Shotoku did not proceed with the move to let Dokyo ascend the throne based on the first oracle although she could have done so after she and Dokyo denied the second oracle and exiled Kiyomaro; furthermore, there was no active movement in the opposition factions such as Fujiwara clan concerning the removal of Empress Shotoku or Dokyo using this incident as a legitimate reason.

• 前項に定める場合のほか、経済産業大臣は、居住者による特定資本取引が何らの制限なしに行われた場合には、第二十一条第二項各号に掲げるいずれかの事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認めるときは、政令で定めるところにより、当該特定資本取引を行おうとする居住者に対し、当該特定資本取引を行うことについて、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• In addition to the cases prescribed in the preceding paragraph, when the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry finds that if the specified capital transactions by a resident are conducted without any restrictions, it will cause any of the situations listed in the items of Article 21, paragraph 2, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a resident who intends to conduct the specified capital transactions, the obligation to obtain permission for the implementation of the specified capital transactions.

• 更に京都の町は江戸幕府以前からの様々な法令・慣習などが定められており、奉行所の与力・同心がこれらを把握する事が困難となっていたために、彼らからの諮問を受けた町代が先例などに基づいて回答を行う事も町代の重要な職務となるなど、奉行所の職務・運営を円滑化に必要な事務業務の代行が町代に委任されるようになって、町奉行の組織維持のための一端を担うようになっていった。
• As ordinance and convention had been established in the towns in Kyoto before the Edo period, which ranged too wide for police sergeants and constables to comprehend, it became also an important duty for Machidai to answer the questions from the police sergeants and constables based on the precedents--As such, Machidai became authorized to act as a proxy in execution of secretarial works necessary for facilitating the duties and operations of the Kyoto city magistrates' office, thereby contributed to keep organization of the city magistrates' office.

• 占有移転禁止の仮処分命令（係争物の引渡し又は明渡しの請求権を保全するための仮処分命令のうち、次に掲げる事項を内容とするものをいう。以下この条、第五十四条の二及び第六十二条において同じ。）であって、係争物が不動産であるものについては、その執行前に債務者を特定することを困難とする特別の事情があるときは、裁判所は、債務者を特定しないで、これを発することができる。
• In the case of an order of provisional disposition prohibiting transfer of possession (meaning an order of provisional disposition issued to preserve the right to claim the delivery or surrender of the subject matter in dispute, which is intended to implement the following measures; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 54-2 and Article 62), wherein the subject matter in dispute is real property, a court may issue the order without specifying the obligor when there are special circumstances that make it difficult to specify the obligor prior to the execution of such order:

• 受託者がその任務を怠ったことによって次の各号に掲げる場合に該当するに至ったときは、受益者は、当該受託者に対し、当該各号に定める措置を請求することができる。ただし、第二号に定める措置にあっては、原状の回復が著しく困難であるとき、原状の回復をするのに過分の費用を要するとき、その他受託者に原状の回復をさせることを不適当とする特別の事情があるときは、この限りでない。
• When any of the cases listed in the following items has occurred due to the trustee's breach of the duties, the beneficiary may demand that the trustee take the measures specified in the respective items; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the measures specified in item (ii), if it is extremely difficult to restore the trust property, if the restoration would require excessive expenses, or if there are other special circumstances where it is inappropriate to have the trustee restore the trust property:

• しかしその後、同申入れを検討した自民党デジタルアーカイブ小委員長の野田聖子衆議院議員や山口俊一衆議院議員が2005年（平成17年）に同党から離党しており（のちに復党）、また国立国会図書館が将来的に行うとしている網羅的収集は、同時にわいせつ物、児童ポルノ、プライバシー侵害情報の流布などによる違法行為の助長が指摘されていることから、実現は困難であるともいわれている。
• However, the House of Representatives member Seiko NODA and the House of Representatives member Shunichi YAMAGUCHI, who suggested this proposal, left the LDP in 2005 (but rejoined later); it has also been pointed out that the NDL's future plan for the comprehensive collection of information could promote illegal acts through the circulation of obscene products, child pornography and privacy-infringing information, so it is said that the realization of the proposal will be quite difficult.

• 主務大臣は、指定調査機関が第二十六条第一項の規定により調査の業務の全部若しくは一部を休止した場合、前条第一項の規定により指定調査機関に対し調査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じた場合又は指定調査機関が天災その他の事由により調査の業務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において、必要があると認めるときは、調査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• In the event that a designated evaluation body suspends in whole or in part evaluation activities pursuant to the provision of Article 26 paragraph (1), a designated evaluation body is ordered to suspend in whole or in part evaluation activities pursuant to the provision of Article 27 paragraph (1), or a natural disaster or other cause impede the conduct of evaluation activities by a designated evaluation body, the competent minister shall, if deemed necessary, conduct evaluation activities in whole or in part himself.

• 同じ思考形態の拡張によって、ダーウィン理論の心臓部にある無作為性(創造の目的という観念によって生物が駆り立てられ形造られて欲しい人にとっては困難の源泉)を、興味深い仮説か一時的仮象として、事物の真理に対応しているわけではないが、限定された状態にある人間の精神が自然についての有用な歴史的理解を構成するためには受け入れるしかないなにかとして、ぼくは容認することができる。
• By an extension of the same form of thinking, I could accept the randomness at the heart of Darwinian theory (the source of so much difficulty for anyone who wants life driven and shaped by a sense of creative purpose) as either an interesting hypothesis or as a temporary appearance, something which does not correspond with the truth of things, but which is something the human mind in its limited condition must accept in order to construct a useful historical understanding of nature.

• 『選択集』の中で、「大集月蔵経云我末法時中億億衆生起行修道未有一人得者（『大集月蔵経』にのたまはく、「わが末法の時のうちの億々の衆生、行を起し道を修せんに、いまだ一人として得るものあらじ」（『浄土真宗聖典七祖篇』（原典版・註釈版）』本願寺出版社より引用）と『安楽集』より引用し、対極にある「聖道門」の主教が困難で、証し難いことを示し、聖道門を捨て浄土門に入る根拠とした。
• Citing that 'Daiju gatsuzokyo' shows 'Though so many people in Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) practice and learn, no one has achieved.' ('Jodo Shinshu Seiten (Shichiso hen) (original version and commentary version)', cited from Hongwanji Publishing Company) from 'Anrakushu' in 'Senchaku-shu' (Passages on the Selection of the Nenbutsu in the Original Vow) to show that the opposite 'Shodo-mon' was difficult to be the main doctrine and to prove, he considered this as the reason to enter Jodo-mon instead of Shodo-mon,.

• 経済産業大臣は、 指定試験機関が第二十五条の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第三十二条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若し くは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要がある と認めるときは、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself administer the whole or part of the examination affairs of a designated examining body in the cases where: the designated examining body has suspended the whole or part of the examination affairs with permission granted under Article 25; an order has been issued to the designated examining body to suspend the whole or part of the examination affairs pursuant to Article 32, paragraph (2); or the Minister finds it necessary to do so because it has become difficult for the designated examining body to administer the whole or part of the examination affairs as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

• 船舶執行の申立て前に船舶国籍証書等を取り上げなければ船舶執行が著しく困難となるおそれがあるときは、その船舶の船籍の所在地（船籍のない船舶にあつては、最高裁判所の指定する地）を管轄する地方裁判所は、申立てにより、債務者に対し、船舶国籍証書等を執行官に引き渡すべき旨を命ずることができる。急迫の事情があるときは、船舶の所在地を管轄する地方裁判所も、この命令を発することができる。
• When there is a likelihood that execution against a vessel shall become extremely difficult unless the certificate of the vessel's nationality, etc. are confiscated prior to the filing of a petition for execution against a vessel, the district court having jurisdiction over the location of the vessel's registry (or, for a vessel without registry, the place designated by the Supreme Court) may, upon petition, order the obligor to deliver the certificate of the vessel's nationality, etc. to a court execution officer. When there are pressing circumstances, the district court having jurisdiction over the location of the vessel may also issue such order.

• 文部科学大臣は、指定試験機関が第二十三条の規定による許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第二十四条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology shall conduct whole or part of the examination works by him/herself, when the designated examining agency suspends whole or part of the examination works by obtaining permission pursuant to the provision of Article 23, or when he/she ordered the designated examining agency to suspend whole or part of the examination works pursuant to the provision of Article 24 (2), or when he/she finds necessity to conduct whole or part of the examination works by him/herself in case that the designated examining agency faces difficulties to conduct whole or part of the examination works due to a natural disaster or other reasons.

• 経済産業大臣は、前条第一項に規定する場合において、製造業者、販売業者又は表示業者によつては当該家庭用品に係る表示事項を適正に表示することが著しく困難であると認めるときは、政令で定めるところにより、経済産業省令で、製造業者又は販売業者に対し、当該家庭用品については、経済産業大臣が表示事項を表示したものでなければ販売し、又は販売のために陳列してはならないことを命ずることができる。
• When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds that proper indication of labeling matters relating to said household goods by manufacturers, sellers or labeling contractors is extremely difficult in the case prescribed in the provisions of paragraph 1 of the preceding Article, as provided by Cabinet Order, he/she may order, by Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry manufacturers or sellers to refrain from selling or displaying for sale any such household goods that are not labeled with the labeling matters by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 経済産業大臣は、指定試験機関が第三十六条の六の許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第三十六条の十三第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の理由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs of a Designated Examining Body in the cases where: the Designated Examining Body has suspended the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs with permission granted under Article 36-6; an order has been issued to the Designated Examining Body to suspend the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs pursuant to Article 36-13, paragraph 2; or the minister finds it necessary to do so because it has become difficult for the Designated Examining Body to administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

• 経済産業大臣は、 登録機関が第三十四条の許可を受けて設定登録等事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第四十一条の規定により登録機関に対し設定登録等事務の全部若しく は一部の停止を命じたとき、又は登録機関が天災その他の事由により設定登録等事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要がある と認めるときは、当該設定登録等事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, when a registration agency has suspended the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, with the permission prescribed in the provision of Article 34, when the Minister has ordered a registration agency to discontinue the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, pursuant to the provision of Article 41, or when the Minister finds it necessary in a case where a registration agency has experienced difficulties and is unable to conduct the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part, due to natural disasters or other reasons, administer himself/herself the affairs of the registration of establishment, etc., in whole or in part.

• 第五条の規定の施行の際現に 電気事業者である者のうち、同条の規定に従って新エネルギー等電気の利用をすることが著しく困難であると経済産業大臣が認定したものに係る第四条に規定す る基準利用量は、同条の規定にかかわらず、第五条の規定の施行後七年間は、第四条の規定によって算定した量を新エネルギー等電気の利用の状況その他の事情 を勘案して経済産業大臣が定める方法により調整して得た量とする。
• Among persons who are actually operators of electric utilities at the time of enforcement of the provisions of Article 5, when the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry deems it to be very difficult for an operator of electric utility to use New Energy Electricity pursuant to the provisions of Article 5, the Standard Amount of Use as specified in the provisions of Article 4 shall be the amount obtained by adjusting the amount calculated pursuant to said Article using a method specified by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in consideration of the status of use and other circumstances pertaining to Electricity from New Energy, etc. in the seven-year period after the enforcement of Article 5, irrespective of the provisions of Article 4.

• 経済産業大臣は、指定試験機関が第八十四条の二の二の許可を受けて試 験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第八十七条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験 機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該試験事務の全部又は一 部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs of a Designated Examining Body in the cases where: the Designated Examining Body has suspended the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs with permission granted under Article 84-2-2; an order has been issued to the Designated Examining Body to suspend the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs pursuant to Article 87, paragraph 2; or the minister finds it necessary to do so because it has become difficult for the Designated Examining Body to administer the whole or a part of the Examination Affairs as a result of a natural disaster or otherwise.

• 保有個人情報（行政機関の保有する情報の公開に関する法律第五条に規定する不開示情報を専ら記録する行政文書に記録されているものに限る。）のうち、まだ分類その他の整理が行われていないもので、同一の利用目的に係るものが著しく大量にあるためその中から特定の保有個人情報を検索することが著しく困難であるものは、前章（第四節を除く。）の規定の適用については、行政機関に保有されていないものとみなす。
• Of the Retained Personal Information (limited to those recorded in Administrative Documents that exclusively contain the Non-Disclosure Information prescribed in Article 5 of the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs), those that have yet to be classified or otherwise put in order and from which it is extremely difficult to retrieve specific Retained Personal Information due to the existence of a very large amount of information pertaining to the same Purpose of Use shall be deemed as not being held by the Administrative Organ with respect to application of the provisions of the preceding Chapter (excluding Section 4).

• 指定地域密着型サービス（地域密着型介護老人福祉施設入所者生活介護を除く。以下この号において同じ。）の確保が著しく困難である離島その他の地域であって厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当するものに住所を有する要介護被保険者が、指定地域密着型サービス以外の地域密着型サービス（地域密着型介護老人福祉施設入所者生活介護を除く。）又はこれに相当するサービスを受けた場合において、必要があると認めるとき。
• when the Municipality determines it necessary in a case when an Insured Person Requiring Long-Term Care has a domicile on an isolated island or other area where it is significantly difficult to secure Designated Community-Based Service (except for Admission to a Community-Based Facility for Preventive Daily Long-Term Care of the Elderly Covered by Public Aid; the same shall apply hereinafter in this item) and in a location that qualifies with standards as determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare, and an Insured Person receives Community-Based Service other than Designated Community-Based Service (except for Admission to a Community-Based Facility for Preventive Daily Long-Term Care of the Elderly Covered by Public Aid) or an equivalent service to said services;

• 市町村は、第一項の申請があったときは、当該申請に係る被保険者の主治の医師に対し、当該被保険者の身体上又は精神上の障害の原因である疾病又は負傷の状況等につき意見を求めるものとする。ただし、当該被保険者に係る主治の医師がないときその他当該意見を求めることが困難なときは、市町村は、当該被保険者に対して、その指定する医師又は当該職員で医師であるものの診断を受けるべきことを命ずることができる。
• A Municipality shall, when the application as prescribed in paragraph (1) is submitted, request an attending physician of the Insured Person pertaining to said application for opinions regarding the status of illness or injury that is the cause of the physical or mental problems of said Insured Person, however, provided that the Municipality may, when there is no attending physician of the Insured Person pertaining to said application, or it is difficult to request for said opinion, etc., order said Insured Person to obtain the diagnosis of a designated physician or from the Municipality's personnel who is a physician.

• 前項の場合を除くほか、第二項の場合において、その請求権者が受けた損害の全部又は一部が、当該書類の虚偽記載等によつて生ずべき当該有価証券の値下り以外の事情により生じたことが認められ、かつ、当該事情により生じた損害の性質上その額を証明することが極めて困難であるときは、裁判所は、口頭弁論の全趣旨及び証拠調べの結果に基づき、賠償の責めに任じない損害の額として相当な額の認定をすることができる。
• In addition to the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, in the case referred to in paragraph (2), when the court finds that all or part of the damage sustained by the person who is entitled to claim damages was caused by any reason other than the decline in value of the Securities that should arise from the Fake Statement, etc. in the document, but it is extremely difficult to prove the amount of the damages arising from such other reason due to its nature, the court may, based on the entire import of oral argument and the result of examination of evidence, determine a reasonable amount of the damages for which the person liable for damages is not liable.

• 前項ただし書の規定による公開買付けの撤回等を行おうとする場合には、公開買付期間の末日までに、政令で定めるところにより、当該公開買付けの撤回等を行う旨及びその理由その他の内閣府令で定める事項を公告しなければならない。ただし、公告を当該末日までに行うことが困難である場合には、当該末日までに当該公告に記載すべき内容を、内閣府令で定めるところにより、公表し、その後直ちに公告を行うものとする。
• The Tender Offer shall, when making Withdrawal, etc. of Tender Offer under the proviso to the preceding paragraph, give public notice of his/her intention of Withdrawal, etc. of Tender Offer, the reason thereof and other matters specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance on or before the last day of the Tender Offer Period, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order; provided, however, that when it is difficult to give such public notice on or before the last day of the Tender Offer Period, the Tender Offeror shall publicly announce the matters to be stated in the public notice pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance and give the public notice immediately after that.

• 漁業者、漁業協同組合又は漁業協同組合連合会は、土地又は土地の定 着物が海草乾場、船揚場、漁舎その他漁業上の施設として利用することが必要且つ適当であつて他のものをもつて代えることが著しく困難であるときは、都道府 県知事の認可を受けて、当該土地又は当該定着物の所有者その他これに関して権利を有する者に対し、これを使用する権利（以下「使用権」という。）の設定に 関する協議を求めることができる。
• A fishery manager, Fisheries Cooperative Association or Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations may request the owner of land or of any fixture of land or any other person having a right concerning the land or fixture to deliberate concerning the establishment of the right to use it (hereinafter referred to as 'use right'), if approved by the Governor concerned, when it is necessary and appropriate to use the land or the fixture of land as a seaweed drying field, slipway, fish shed, or any other fishery facility and when it is very difficult to use any substitute in lieu of the land or fixture.

• その変動に影響を及ぼすことが不可能若しくは著しく困難であつて、事業者の事業活動に重大な影響を与える指標（前号に掲げるものを除く。）又は社会経済の状況に関する統計の数値であつて、これらの指標又は数値に係るデリバティブ取引（デリバティブ取引に類似する取引を含む。）について投資者の保護を確保することが必要と認められるものとして政令で定めるもの（商品取引所法第二条第五項に規定する商品指数を除く。）
• among indicators which it is impossible or extremely difficult for a person to exert his/her influence on the fluctuation in and which may have serious influence on business activities of business operators (excluding those specified in the preceding item) or statistical figures pertaining to social or economic conditions, indicators or figures specified by a Cabinet Order as those for which it is found necessary to secure the protection of investors with regard to Derivative Transactions (or other similar transactions) pertaining thereto (excluding commodity indices defined by Article 2(5) of the Commodity Exchange Act); and

• 施行日において新令第十一条第一項、第十五条第一項又は第十八条第三項の規定に基づく告示により指定した資本取引等のうち、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与することを妨げることとなる事態を生じ、新法の目的を達成することが困難になると認めて新法第二十一条第一項、第二十四条第一項又は第二十五条第四項の規定により許可を受ける義務を課した資本取引等であることを当該告示において特定した資本取引等
• Among capital transactions, etc. designated by a public notice based on the provisions of Article 11, paragraph (1), Article 15, paragraph (1), or Article 18, paragraph (3) of the New Order as on the date of enforcement, capital transactions, etc. which were specified by the public notice as one for which the obligation to obtain permission is imposed pursuant to the provision of Article 21, paragraph (1), Article 24, paragraph (1), or Article 25, paragraph (4) of the New Act, deeming that they might cause a situation that hinders Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace and makes it difficult to attain the purpose of the New Act

• 内閣総理大臣は、 指定試験機関が第二十四条の十八第一項の規定による許可を受けて試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第二十四条の十九第二項の規定により指定試験 機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難と なつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Prime Minister shall carry out Examination Affairs by himself/herself in whole or in part when a Designated Examining Agency has suspended its Examination Affairs in whole or in part with the permission provided in Article 24-18, paragraph (1), when the Prime Minister has ordered the Designated Examining Agency to suspend its Examination Affairs in whole or in part under Article 24-19, paragraph (2), or when the Prime Minister finds it necessary where a natural disaster or other cause has impeded the Designated Examining Agency from implementing its Examination Affairs in whole or in part.

• 一般委託者が認定商品取引員に対して有する債権（当該一般委託者の委託者資産に係るものに限る。）であつて委託者保護基金が法第三百六条第一項の政令で定めるところにより当該認定商品取引員による円滑な弁済が困難であると認めるものは、当該認定商品取引員の財産の状況及び法第二百十条の規定による保全義務の履行の状況に照らして完全な弁済ができないと認められる債権又は弁済に著しく日数を要すると認められる債権とする。
• Claims which a General Customer has on a Recognized Futures Commission Merchant (limited to those pertaining to Customer Assets of said General Customer) and whose smooth repayment by said Recognized Futures Commission Merchant is found difficult by the Consumer Protection Fund pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order as set forth in Article 306, paragraph (1) of the Act shall be claims whose complete repayment is found impossible or requires a considerable number of days in light of the status of the property of said Recognized Futures Commission Merchant and the status of performance of the duty to preserve under Article 210 of the Act.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の規定による制限をしようとするときは、当該工作物を設置しようとする者に対し、さく河魚類の通路又は当該通路に代るべき施設を設置すべきこと、もし、さく河魚類の通路又は当該通路に代るべき施設を設置することが著しく困難であると認める場合においては、当該水面におけるさく河魚類又はその他の魚類の繁殖に必要な施設を設置し、又は方法を講ずべきことを命ずることによつても、これをすることができる。
• In the event that the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries intends to impose a restriction pursuant to the provision set forth in the preceding paragraph, he/she may do so by ordering the person who intends to establish such structures to establish a route for anadromous fish or an alternative facility that can act as a substitute for such route, or if he/she considers that it is extremely difficult to establish such a route for anadromous fish or the alternative facility that can act as a substitute for such route, he/she may do so by ordering the person to establish a facility or take measures necessary for the breeding of anadromous fish or other fish within said water surface.

• 経済産業大臣は、第百六 十八条の三第一項又は第百六十八条の六第一項の規定により、研究所又は独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に検査を行わせた場合に おいて、その所在の場所において検査を行わせることが著しく困難であると認められる計量器、特殊容器又は特定物象量が表記された特定商品があったときは、 その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she has caused the AIST or the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as the 'NITE') to make an inspection pursuant to the provisions of Article 168-3, paragraph 1 or Article 168-6, paragraph 1 and find any measuring instrument, special container or specified commodities with the indication of the quantity of specified physical phenomena which is deemed considerably difficult to be inspected by them at the place such items are located, order its owner or possessor to submit the same within a fixed period of time.

• 前項に定める場合のほか、財務大臣は、居住者又は非居住者による同項に規定する資本取引（特別国際金融取引勘定で経理されるものを除く。）が何らの制限なしに行われた場合には、次に掲げるいずれかの事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認めるときは、政令で定めるところにより、当該資本取引を行おうとする居住者又は非居住者に対し、当該資本取引を行うことについて、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• In addition to the cases prescribed in the preceding paragraph, when the Minister of Finance finds that if capital transactions prescribed in the said paragraph (excluding those whose accounting is settled in the Special International Financial Transactions Account) by a resident or a non-resident are conducted without any restrictions, any of the following situations will arise, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a resident or non-resident who intends to commit the capital transactions, the obligation to obtain permission for implementation of the capital transactions.

• 都道府県知事又は特定市町村の長は、指定定期検査機関から第三十二条 の規定による検査業務の全部若しくは一部の休止の届出があったとき、前条の規定により指定定期検査機関に対し検査業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたと き、又は指定定期検査機関が天災その他の事由により検査業務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該 検査業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• When the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality has been notified by a designated periodic inspection body of its suspension of its inspection services in whole or in part pursuant to the provision of Article 32, when the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality has ordered, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a designated periodic inspection body to suspend its inspection services in whole or in part, or when it has become difficult for a designated periodic inspection body to execute its inspection services in whole or in part due to a natural disaster or for other reasons, he/she shall execute the inspection services in whole or in part him/herself if he/she finds it necessary.

• 経済産業大臣は、前条第一項の規定によりその職員に、又は同条第五項の規定により機構にガス用品の製造、輸入又は販売の事業を行う者の営業所、事務所その他の事業場に立ち入り、検査をさせ、又は検査を行わせた場合において、その所在の場所において検査をさせ、又は検査を行わせることが著しく困難であると認められるガス用品があつたときは、その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has caused officials of the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to paragraph 1 of the preceding Article or caused the NITE pursuant to paragraph 5 of the said Article to enter the business office or other office or other workplace of a person engaged in manufacturing, importing or selling Gas Equipment and conduct an inspection, and as a result, any Gas Equipment has been found that seems significantly difficult for the ministry officials or the NITE to inspect at the place where it is located, the Minister may order the owner or possessor of the equipment to submit it by a certain time limit.

• 文書提出命令の申立てをする場合において、前条第一項第一号又は第二号に掲げる事項を明らかにすることが著しく困難であるときは、その申立ての時においては、これらの事項に代えて、文書の所持者がその申立てに係る文書を識別することができる事項を明らかにすれば足りる。この場合においては、裁判所に対し、文書の所持者に当該文書についての同項第一号又は第二号に掲げる事項を明らかにすることを求めるよう申し出なければならない。
• Where a person files a petition for an order to submit a document, if it is extremely difficult to clarify the matters set forth in paragraph (1)(i) or (ii) of the preceding Article, it is sufficient when filing the petition to clarify, in lieu of said matters, any matters by which the holder of the document can identify the document pertaining to the petition. In this case, the person shall request the court to request the holder of the document to clarify the matters set forth in item (i) or item (ii) of said paragraph.

• 人件費に加えて、建設期間中に幾つかのＲ＆Ｄが未だ必要となるだろう。例えば、全ての加熱電流駆動方式のＲ＆Ｄは高い優先順位のもとで実施する必要がある。ＥＤＡはＩＴＥＲを実施するための設計上の原則に資するものであるが、コンポーネントの製作過程での、工程の改善や設計の変更、あるいは予期せぬ困難さのために、新たな試験が要求されるかもしれない。従って、建設期間中そのための経費として60-80 kIUAを 計上している。
• In addition to personnel costs, some R&D during construction will still be necessary. For instance, R&D for all heating and current drive methods is required with high priority. Although the EDA has provided the principle qualification of design solutions to be implemented in ITER, during the manufacturing of components, proposed process improvements and design changes or unexpected difficulties could require new tests. It is therefore prudent to expect a spending in R&D of 60-80 kIUA during ITER construction.

• 気象庁長官は、 指定試験機関が第二十四条の十五第一項の規定により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、前条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部 若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要が あると認めるときは、第二十四条の五第三項の規定にかかわらず、試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 24-5, paragraph (3), administer all or part of examination affairs him/herself when he/she finds it necessary to do so in the case where the designated examining body has suspended all or part of examination affairs pursuant to the provisions of Article 24-15, paragraph (1), the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has ordered the designated examining body to suspend all or part of examination affairs pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, paragraph (2), or it has become difficult for the designated examining body to administer all or part of examination affairs due to a natural disaster or for other reasons.

• 基金は、認定金融商品取引業者の一般顧客の請求に基づいて、前条第一項の規定により公告した日において現に当該一般顧客が当該認定金融商品取引業者に対して有する債権（当該一般顧客の顧客資産に係るものに限る。）であつて基金が政令で定めるところにより当該認定金融商品取引業者による円滑な弁済が困難であると認めるもの（以下「補償対象債権」という。）につき、内閣府令・財務省令で定めるところにより算出した金額の支払を行うものとする。
• Based on a request by a General Customer of a Recognized Financial Instruments Business Operator, a Fund shall make payment of an amount calculated pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance and Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance with regard to the claims which said General Customer had held against said Recognized Financial Instruments Business Operator on the day a public notice was given under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article (limited to those pertaining to Customer Assets of said General Customer), which the Fund finds it difficult for said Recognized Financial Instruments Business Operator to smoothly pay pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as 'Claims Subject to Compensation').

• 委託者保護基金は、認定商品取引員の一般委託者の請求に基づいて、前条第一項の規定により公告した日において現に当該一般委託者が当該認定商品取引員に対して有する債権（当該一般委託者の委託者資産に係るものに限る。）であつて委託者保護基金が政令で定めるところにより当該認定商品取引員による円滑な弁済が困難であると認めるもの（以下「補償対象債権」という。）につき、主務省令で定めるところにより算出した金額の支払を行うものとする。
• Based on a request by a General Customer of a Recognized Futures Commission Merchant, a Consumer Protection Fund shall pay an amount calculated pursuant to the provisions of an ordinance of the competent ministry with respect to the claims which said General Customer had held against said Recognized Futures Commission Merchant on the day a public notice was given pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article (limited to those pertaining to Customer Assets of said General Customer) and which the Consumer Protection Fund finds it difficult for said Recognized Futures Commission Merchant to repay smoothly, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as the 'Claims Subject to Compensation').

• 内閣総理大臣及び財務大臣は、基金が法令、法令に基づく行政官庁の処分若しくは当該基金の定款若しくは業務規程に違反した場合又は業務若しくは財産の状況によりその業務の継続が困難であると認める場合において、公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当であると認めるときは、その設立の認可を取り消すことができる。この場合においては、行政手続法第十三条第一項の規定による意見陳述のための手続の区分にかかわらず、聴聞を行わなければならない。
• Where a Fund has violated laws and regulations, a disposition by government agencies based on laws and regulations or its articles of incorporation or operational rules, or where continuation of the Fund's business is found to be difficult based on the status of its business or property, the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance may, when they find it necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors, rescind the authorization for the establishment of the Fund. In this case, they shall hold a hearing irrespective of the categories of procedures for hearing statements of opinion under the provision of Article 13(1) of the Administrative Procedure Act.

• 国は、沿岸の海域の諸問題がその陸域の諸活動等に起因し、沿岸の海域について施策を講ずることのみでは、沿岸の海域の資源、自然環境等がもたらす恵沢を将来にわたり享受できるようにすることが困難であることにかんがみ、自然的社会的条件からみて一体的に施策が講ぜられることが相当と認められる沿岸の海域及び陸域について、その諸活動に対する規制その他の措置が総合的に講ぜられることにより適切に管理されるよう必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the coastal sea areas and land areas, where recognized suitable for the measures to be implemented in a unified manner upon the natural and social conditions, to be managed properly, by the regulatory and other measures to the activities implemented in the integrated manner, in consideration of the fact that there are difficulties in keeping on enjoying the benefit brought by the resources, natural environment and others of the coastal sea areas in the future only by implementing the measures with respect to the coastal sea areas when issues in the coastal sea areas are originated by the activities on land.

• また安政年間頃から寛永通寳銅一文銭、鉄一文銭、および真鍮四文銭などの通用において額面からの乖離が著しくなり、文久永宝の発行に至り相場は混乱し、文久2年（1862年）12月に幕府は改めて天保通寳を100文で通用させるよう通達を出したが、実際に100文銭としての通用は困難との申し出もあり、幕府は慶応元年（1865年）閏5月に、鉄一文銭＝1文および天保通寳＝100文の基準に対し以下のような増歩通用を認めざるを得なくなった。
• Furthermore, under the significant deviations from the face value since around Ansei era (1854 to 1859) in circulating the Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen (copper Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon), the tetsu ichimonsen coins, and the shinchu shimonsen coins, and so on, the issuance of Bunkyu-eiho (a coin first minted in Bunkyu era [1854 to 1859]) brought the disorder of the exchange market; therefore in January 1863, the bakufu reordered to fix the rate of the Tenpo-tsuho by 100 mon, however, by reports that this rate was impossible and others, in June 1865, the Edo bakufu had to accept to circulate it by the fair market price not by the face value as follows with the standard of the tetsu ichimonsen coin equivalent to one mon and the Tenpo-tsuho equivalent to 100 mon:

• 財務大臣は、前項の届出に係る対外直接投資が行われた場合には、次に掲げるいずれかの事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認められるとき又は第十条第一項の閣議決定が行われたときに限り、当該対外直接投資の届出をした者に対し、政令で定めるところにより、当該対外直接投資の内容の変更又は中止を勧告することができる。ただし、当該変更又は中止を勧告することができる期間は、当該届出を受理した日から起算して二十日以内とする。
• Where outward direct investment pertaining to a notification set forth in the preceding paragraph has been made, the Minister of Finance may, only when he/she finds that the outward direct investment will cause any of the following situations, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act or when a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1 has been made, recommend the person who has given notification of the outward direct investment to change the content of the outward direct investment or discontinue the outward direct investment pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order; provided, however, that the period for making a recommendation of the change or discontinuance shall be within 20 days from the day of acceptance of the notification.

• 経済産業大臣は、 指定修習機関が第十六条の十一第一項の規定により実務修習事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、前条第二項の規定により指定修習機関に対し実務修習事務 の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定修習機関が天災その他の事由により実務修習事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合にお いて必要があると認めるときは、第十六条の三第三項の規定にかかわらず、実務修習事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall conduct whole or part of the practical training affairs by him/herself, when the designated practical training agency suspends whole or part of the practical training affairs pursuant to the provision of Article 16-11 (1) or when he/she ordered the designated practical training agency to suspend whole or part of the practical training affairs pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, or when he/she finds necessity to conduct whole or part of the practical training affairs by him/herself in case that the designated practical training agency faces difficulties to conduct whole or part of the practical training affairs due to a natural disaster or other reasons notwithstanding the provision of Article 16-3 (3).

• 指定試験機関が第五十八条の八第一項の許可を受けて試験事務の 全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、経済産業大臣が前条第二項の規定により指定試験機関に対し試験事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定試験 機関が天災その他の事由により試験事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において経済産業大臣が必要があると認めるときは、経済産業大 臣又は委任都道府県知事は、当該試験事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• When a Designated Examining Body has suspended all or a part of the examination services by obtaining permission under paragraph (1) of Article 58-8, when the Minister of METI has ordered a Designated Examining Body to suspend all or a part of the examination services in accordance with paragraph (2) of the preceding Article or when the Minister of METI deems it necessary to do so in the event a Designated Examining Body finds it difficult to implement all or a part of the examination services due to a natural disaster or other reasons, the Minister of METI or the Consigning Prefectural Governor shall directly conduct all or a part of the examination services.

• 主務大臣は、登録特定原動機検査機関が前項の許可を受けてその特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第二十三条第五項の規定により登録特定原動機検査機関に対し特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は登録特定原動機検査機関が天災その他の事由によりその特定原動機検査事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において必要があると認めるときは、その特定原動機検査事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• When registered inspection bodies for specified engines have suspended the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines, with the permission of the competent minister as prescribed in the preceding Paragraph, or when the competent minister has ordered registered organizations for inspection of specified engines to suspend the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines pursuant to the provision of Paragraph 5 of Article 23, or when the competent minister has found it necessary to do so in the event it has become difficult for registered inspection bodies for specified engines to execute the whole or a part of their inspection business of specified engines due to a natural calamity or other reasons, the competent minister shall execute himself/herself the whole or a part of the inspection business of specified engines.

• 法務大臣は、登録を受ける者がないとき、第九百五十条の規定による電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があったとき、第九百五十四条の規定により登録を取り消し、又は調査機関に対し電子公告調査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、調査機関が天災その他の事由によって電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となったとき、その他必要があると認めるときは、当該電子公告調査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• When no person obtains a Registration, when a notification to suspend or discontinue all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation under the provisions of Article 950 is given, when rescinding a Registration or ordering an Investigation Body to suspend all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation pursuant to the provisions of Article 954, when it becomes difficult for an Investigation Body to implement all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation due to a natural disaster or on any other grounds, or in any other cases where it is found necessary, the Minister of Justice may himself/herself carry out all or part of the business of Electronic Public Notice Investigation.

• 事業協同組合又は事業協同小組合の作成する計画に基づき工場又は事業場（以下「工場等」という。）を集団して設置する組合員の利用に供する当該事業協同組合又は事業協同小組合の事業をその工場等の設置に相当の期間を要する一部の組合員がその間に利用することが困難であるため、当該事業の運営に支障が生ずる場合における当該事業　当該計画に基づく工場等の設置が完了した日のうち最も早いものを含む事業年度終了の日から起算して三年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める期間
• Businesses of the business cooperative or the minor business cooperative to be provided for the utilize of partner who will collectively establish factories or workplaces (hereinafter referred to as 'factories, etc.') based on a plan prepared by the business cooperative or the minor business cooperative, in the case where the administration of said Businesses will be hindered due to some partner who require a considerable period of time for establishing said factories, etc. finding it difficult to utilize the Businesses during that time-　The period specified by a Cabinet Order not exceeding three years from the final day of the business year containing the earliest of the dates of termination of the establishment of factories, etc. based on said plan

• 地方公共団体は、その地方の自然的条件の特殊性又は公共施設の整備、建築物の建築その他の土地利用の現状及び将来の見通しを勘案し、前項の政令で定める技術的細目のみによつては環境の保全、災害の防止及び利便の増進を図ることが困難であると認められ、又は当該技術的細目によらなくとも環境の保全、災害の防止及び利便の増進上支障がないと認められる場合においては、政令で定める基準に従い、条例で、当該技術的細目において定められた制限を強化し、又は緩和することができる。
• In cases where, in consideration of the special nature of local natural conditions and the present state and future prospects for development of public facilities, construction of buildings and other land use conditions, it is deemed difficult to realize preservation of the environment, prevention of disasters and promotion of conveniences only by detailed technical provisions specified by Cabinet Order set forth in the preceding paragraph, or cases where it is deemed that no impediments to preservation of the environment, prevention of disaster and promotion of conveniences will arise even if the said detailed technical provisions are not followed, local governments may strengthen or relax restrictions established by the said detailed technical provisions by ordinance in accordance with the standard specified by Cabinet Order.

• 内閣総理大臣は、 第二十四条の三十六第一項の登録を受けた者がいないとき、第二十四条の四十三の規定による講習事務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第二 十四条の四十六の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は登録講習機関に対し講習事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録講習機関が天災その他の事 由により講習事務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたとき、その他必要があると認めるときは、講習事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• The Prime Minister may conduct Training Affairs by himself/herself in whole or in part when there are no persons registered under Article 24-36, paragraph (1), when notification of the suspension or abolition of Training Affairs in whole or in part has been given pursuant to Article 24-43, when the Prime Minister has rescinded the registration set forth in Article 24-46 under that Article or has ordered the Registered Training Agency to suspend its Training Affairs in whole or in part, when it has become difficult for the Registered Training Agency to conduct its Training Affairs in whole or in part as a result of a natural disaster or other causes, or in other cases where it is found to be necessary.

• 気象庁長官は、離島、湖沼、山林、原野又はこれらに類する場所で、気象、地象、地動、地球磁気、地球電気又は水象を観測する場合において、あらかじめ所有者又は占有者の承諾を得ることが困難であり、且つ、当該物件の現状を著しく損傷しないときは、前項の規定にかかわらず、所有者又は占有者の承諾を得ないで、当該業務に従事する職員に、障害となる植物又はかき、さく等を伐除させることができる。この場合においては、すみやかにその旨を所有者又は占有者に通知しなければならない。
• In the case of observing meteorological phenomena, terrestrial phenomena, tremors and ground deformations, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, or hydrological phenomena in an isolated island, a lake or swamp, a forest, a wilderness area, or a place similar thereto, if it is difficult to obtain prior approval from the owner or possessor thereof and no considerable damage is inflicted on the existing state of said property, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, cause the staff members engaging in said services to clear or remove the plants, fences, rails, etc. that would cause interference without obtaining approval from the owner or possessor thereof. In this case, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency shall promptly notify the owner or possessor to that effect.

• 前項の財産目録に計上すべき財産については、その処分価格を付すことが困難な場合を除き、法第七十七条第一項において準用する会社法第四百七十五条（第一号及び第三号を除く。）に掲げる場合に該当することとなった日における処分価格を付さなければならない。この場合において、法第七十七条第一項において準用する会社法第四百七十五条（第一号及び第三号に係る部分を除く。）の規定により清算をする会員商品取引所の会計帳簿については、財産目録に付された価格を取得価額とみなす。
• With regard to the property to be recorded in an inventory of property set forth in the preceding paragraph, the disposal price as on the day when the case has fallen under the cases set forth in the provisions of Article 475 (excluding item (i) and item (iii)) of the Companies Act as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 77, paragraph (1) of the Act shall be recorded excluding the case where it is difficult to record the disposal price. In this case, with regard to the accounting books of a Member Commodity Exchange which is about to go into liquidation pursuant to the provisions of Article 475 (excluding item (i) and item (iii)) of the Companies Act as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 77, paragraph (1) of the Act, the price recorded in the inventory of property shall be deemed to be the acquisition cost.

• 市町村が、災害その他の厚生労働省令で定める特別の事情があることにより、介護予防サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。）、地域密着型介護予防サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。）又は住宅改修に必要な費用を負担することが困難であると認めた居宅要支援被保険者が受ける次の各号に掲げる予防給付について当該各号に定める規定を適用する場合においては、これらの規定中「百分の九十」とあるのは、「百分の九十を超え百分の百以下の範囲内において市町村が定めた割合」とする。
• In a case when a Municipality applies provisions as prescribed in the following items to a prevention benefit listed in the said items that an Insured Person Requiring Support receives, for whom it is deemed to be difficult to pay necessary expenses for Preventive Long-Term Care Service (including equivalent services), Community-Based Service for Preventive Long-Term Care (including equivalent services), or Home Modification due to a disaster or other special reasons as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, the term "90 percent" in these provisions shall be deemed to be replaced with "the percentage provided by a Municipality within the range of more than 90 percent to 100 percent or less":

• 生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用は、生物の多様性が微妙な均衡を保つことによって成り立っており、科学的に解明されていない事象が多いこと及び一度損なわれた生物の多様性を再生することが困難であることにかんがみ、科学的知見の充実に努めつつ生物の多様性を保全する予防的な取組方法及び事業等の着手後においても生物の多様性の状況を監視し、その監視の結果に科学的な評価を加え、これを当該事業等に反映させる順応的な取組方法により対応することを旨として行われなければならない。
• Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity shall be carried out for the purpose of making responses by a preventive method in which biodiversity is conserved while endeavoring to enrich scientific knowledge and by an adaptive method in which the state of biodiversity is monitored even after project, etc. is started, scientific evaluations are made on the monitoring results and the evaluation results are reflected on said project, etc., taking into consideration that biodiversity is based on a subtle balance and involves many phenomena that have yet to be scientifically explained and that it is difficult to regenerate biodiversity once it is damaged.

• 市町村が、災害その他の厚生労働省令で定める特別の事情があることにより、居宅サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。）、地域密着型サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。）若しくは施設サービス又は住宅改修に必要な費用を負担することが困難であると認めた要介護被保険者が受ける次の各号に掲げる介護給付について当該各号に定める規定を適用する場合においては、これらの規定中「百分の九十」とあるのは、「百分の九十を超え百分の百以下の範囲内において市町村が定めた割合」とする。
• In a case when a Municipality applies the provisions as prescribed in the following items to a Long-Term Care Benefit as listed in said items received by an Insured Person Requiring Long-Term Care for whom it is deemed difficult to pay the necessary expenses for In-Home Service (including equivalent services), Community-Based Service (including equivalent services), Facility Service, or a Home Modification due to disaster or other special reason as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, the term "90 percent" in the referenced provisions shall be deemed to be replaced with "the percentage determined by the Municipality within the range of more than 90 percent to 100 percent or less":

• 製品、容器等の製造、販売等を行う事業者は、基本原則にのっとり、その事業活動を行うに際しては、当該製品、容器等の耐久性の向上及び修理の実施体制の充実その他の当該製品、容器等が廃棄物等となることを抑制するために必要な措置を講ずるとともに、当該製品、容器等の設計の工夫及び材質又は成分の表示その他の当該製品、容器等が循環資源となったものについて適正に循環的な利用が行われることを促進し、及びその適正な処分が困難とならないようにするために必要な措置を講ずる責務を有する。
• Business operators engaged in the manufacturing, sale, etc. of products, containers, etc. are, pursuant to the Basic Principles, in the course of business activities, responsible for taking necessary measures to prevent or reduce the incidence of such products, containers, etc. from becoming wastes, etc., including by increasing the durability of the products, containers, etc. concerned, and by strengthening systems for conducting repairs to these goods. At the same time, these business operators are responsible for taking necessary measures to facilitate the proper cyclical use of, and to minimize the difficulties involved in the proper disposal of, such products, containers, etc. that are circulative resources, by improving the design of these products, containers, etc., indicating their materials or components, and other means.

• 主務大臣は、第十二条第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第二十三 条の規定による適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第二十七条の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は国内登録検査機関に 対し適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、国内登録検査機関が天災その他の事由により適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが 困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• When no person is registered under Article 12, paragraph (1), or when the suspension or discontinuation of the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business is notified pursuant to the provisions of Article 23, or when the registration under Article 12, paragraph (1) was revoked or the suspension of the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business is ordered of a domestically registered conformity inspection body pursuant to the provisions of Article 27, or when it has become difficult for a domestically registered conformity inspection body to conduct the whole or a part of a conformity inspection business due to natural disaster or other events or in any other case deemed necessary by the competent minister, the competent minister may conduct in person the whole or a part of such conformity inspection business.

• 第一項の規定による居住の用に供する建物の賃貸借（床面積（建物の一部分を賃貸借の目的とする場合にあっては、当該一部分の床面積）が二百平方メートル未満の建物に係るものに限る。）において、転勤、療養、親族の介護その他のやむを得ない事情により、建物の賃借人が建物を自己の生活の本拠として使用することが困難となったときは、建物の賃借人は、建物の賃貸借の解約の申入れをすることができる。この場合においては、建物の賃貸借は、解約の申入れの日から一月を経過することによって終了する。
• In cases of a lease pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) for a building used for a residence (limited to those pertaining to buildings having floor area (in the case where a part of the building is the object of the lease, the floor area of said part) of less than 200 square meters), when it becomes difficult for the building lessee to use the building as his/her principal residence due to an unavoidable circumstance such as a work-related transfer, the receiving of medical care, or the necessity of providing care to a relative, the building lessee may request to terminate the building lease. In this case, the building lease shall be terminated when one month has passed since the day of the request to terminate.

• 都道府県は、前条第七項の規定による届出又は通知の内容が、同条第四項の規定により都道府県が述べた意見を適正に反映しておらず、当該届出又は通知に係る大規模小売店舗の周辺の地域の生活環境に著しい悪影響を及ぼす事態の発生を回避することが困難であると認めるときは、市町村の意見を聴き、及び指針を勘案しつつ、当該届出又は通知がなされた日から二月以内に限り、理由を付して、第五条第一項又は第六条第二項の規定による届出をした者に対し、必要な措置をとるべきことを勧告することができる。
• When a prefecture finds that the contents of a notification or report under the provision of paragraph (7) of the preceding Article do not properly reflect the opinions that the prefecture had presented as prescribed in paragraph (4) of the same Article, and when it finds that it is difficult to prevent the occurrence of a situation that may have extremely harmful effects on the living environment of the surrounding area of the large-scale retail store pertaining to said notification or report, the prefecture may, while having heard the opinions of the municipality and considered the guidelines, recommend that the person who has made a notification as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (1) or Article 6, paragraph (2) take the necessary measures, by attaching the reason therefor, only within two months from the day on which said notification or report was made.

• 経済産業大臣は、第九条第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第 三十六条の規定による適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第四十一条の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は国内登録検査 機関に対し適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、国内登録検査機関が天災その他の事由により適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施する ことが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself conduct the whole or part of the Conformity Assessment operations when there is no person who is able to obtain the registration set forth in Article 9, paragraph (1), when a notification of suspension or abolition of the whole or part of the Conformity Assessment operations has been issued pursuant to Article 36, when the Minister has, pursuant to the provisions of Article 41, rescinded the registration set forth in said paragraph or ordered a Domestic Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies to suspend the whole or part of its Conformity Assessment operations, when it has become difficult for a Domestic Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies to conduct the whole or part of its Conformity Assessment operations due to a natural disaster or other reason, or other cases when the Minister deems necessary.

• 執行裁判所は、債務者又は不動産の占有者が、価格減少行為等（不動産の価格を減少させ、又は不動産の引渡しを困難にする行為をいう。以下この項において同じ。）をし、又は価格減少行為等をするおそれがあるときは、最高価買受申出人又は買受人の申立てにより、引渡命令の執行までの間、その買受けの申出の額（金銭により第六十六条の保証を提供した場合にあつては、当該保証の額を控除した額）に相当する金銭を納付させ、又は代金を納付させて、次に掲げる保全処分又は公示保全処分を命ずることができる。
• When an obligor or a possessor of real property has committed or is likely to commit a price reducing act, etc. (meaning an act that reduces the price of real property or makes the delivery of real property difficult; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), an execution court may, upon petition by the highest purchase offeror or the purchaser, issue the temporary restraining order and/or the temporary restraining order to give public notice set forth in any of the following items, until the execution of a delivery order, while requiring payment of money equivalent to his/her purchase offer price (or, in cases where the guarantee set forth in Article 66 has been provided in the form of money, a price deducting the amount of said guarantee) or payment of the price:

• 気象庁長官は、 第九条の登録を受けた者がいないとき、登録検定機関から第三十二条の九第一項の規定による検定事務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、前条 第一項若しくは第二項の規定により第九条の登録を取り消し、又は同項の規定により登録検定機関に対し検定事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録 検定機関が天災その他の事由により検定事務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたとき、その他必要があると認めるときは、検定事務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• The Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may administer all or part of the verification affairs him/herself when no person has obtained the registration set forth in Article 9, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has been notified by a registered verification body of the suspension or abolition of verification affairs, in whole or in part, pursuant to the provisions of Article 32-9, paragraph (1), the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has rescinded the registration set forth in Article 9 pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2), the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency has ordered a registered verification body to suspend all or part of the verification affairs pursuant to the provisions of the same paragraph, it has become difficult for a registered verification body to administer all or part of verification affairs due to a natural disaster or for other reasons, or the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency otherwise finds it necessary to do so.

• 経済産業大臣は、第三十六条の二の二第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第三十六条の二十三の規定による検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第三十六条の二十六の規定により同項の登録を取り消し、又は登録ガス工作物検査機関に対し検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、登録ガス工作物検査機関が天災その他の事由により検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself perform the whole or a part of the services for Inspections of a Registered Gas Facilities Inspection Body in the cases where: there is no person registered pursuant to Article 36-2-2, paragraph 1; notification of the suspension or abolition of the whole or a part of the services for Inspections has been given pursuant to Article 36-23; the registration made under Article 36-26 has been rescinded or an order has been issued to the Registered Gas Facilities Inspection Body to suspend or abolish the whole or a part of the services for Inspections pursuant to Article 36-26; it has become difficult for the Registered Gas Facilities Inspection Body to perform the whole or a part of the services for Inspections due to a disaster or otherwise; or it is necessary for any other reasons.

• 文部科学大臣は、 指定保障措置検査等実施機関が第六十一条の二十三の十五の許可を受けて保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、第六十一条の二十三の十六の 規定により指定保障措置検査等実施機関に対し保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は指定保障措置検査等実施機関が天災その他の事 由により保障措置検査の業務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となつた場合において必要があると認めるときは、当該保障措置検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うものとする。
• When any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. has obtained the permission set forth in Article 61-23-15 and suspended all or part of the work for safeguards inspections, when the Minister of MEXT has ordered any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. to suspend all or part of the work for safeguards inspections, pursuant to the provision of Article 61-23-16, or when the Minister of MEXT finds it necessary in the event that it has become difficult for any designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. to implement work for safeguards inspections due to a natural disaster or other reason, the Minister of MEXT shall him/herself conduct all or part of the work for the relevant safeguards inspection.

• 執行裁判所は、裁判所書記官が入札又は競り売りの方法により売却を実施させても買受けの申出がなかつた場合において、債務者又は不動産の占有者が不動産の売却を困難にする行為をし、又はその行為をするおそれがあるときは、差押債権者（配当要求の終期後に強制競売又は競売の申立てをした差押債権者を除く。次項において同じ。）の申立てにより、買受人が代金を納付するまでの間、担保を立てさせて、次に掲げる事項を内容とする保全処分（執行裁判所が必要があると認めるときは、公示保全処分を含む。）を命ずることができる。
• In cases where no purchase offer was made when the court clerk had a sale implemented by the method of bidding or an auction, if the obligor or the possessor of the real property has committed or is likely to commit an act that makes the sale of the real property difficult, the execution court may, upon petition by an obligee effecting a seizure (excluding an obligee effecting a seizure who filed a petition for a compulsory auction or an auction after the time limit for a demand for liquidating distribution; the same shall apply in the following paragraph), issue a temporary restraining order containing the following matters (including a temporary restraining order to give public notice, if the execution court finds it to be necessary), while requiring provision of security, until a purchaser pays the price:

• 信三郎は、「第2の遺言書」の作成時点では既に脳梗塞のために要介護状態で書くのが困難であった事、「第1の遺言書」が巻紙に毛筆で書いて実印を捺印しているのに対して、「第2の遺言書」が便箋にボールペンで書かれていること（但し、法律上は用紙は関係ない）、捺印している印鑑が「一澤」ではなく信太郎の登記上の名字「一沢」になっていることから、当時社長だった三男・信三郎は信太郎が保有する「第2の遺言書」の無効確認を求め提訴する（故・信夫の弟で、当時専務であった元社長・恒三郎も同様の疑問を投げかけている）。
• The third son Shinzaburo (then president) filed a suit seeking reversal of the 'second will' which Shintaro owned, based on that: at the time of creating the 'second will,' Nobuo, who suffered a stroke, did not have the capacity to draw up a will while under conditions requiring nursing care; in contrast to the 'first will' written with a brush on rolled paper with a registered seal, the 'second will' was written with a ballpoint pen on letter paper (note that the form of paper is not a legal issue); and the seal placed on the second will was not 'Ichizawa (一澤),' but 'Ichizawa (一沢)' which was the registered family name of Shintaro (Tsunesaburo (the former president, then executive director), the younger brother of the late Nobuo, also made the same argument).

• 委任都道府県知事は、登録試験問題作成機関が第六十九条の二十三第一項の規定により試験問題作成事務の全部若しくは一部を休止したとき、厚生労働大臣が前条第二項の規定により登録試験問題作成機関に対し試験問題作成事務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、又は登録試験問題作成機関が天災その他の事由により試験問題作成事務の全部若しくは一部を実施することが困難となった場合において厚生労働大臣が必要があると認めるときは、第六十九条の十一第三項の規定にかかわらず、当該試験問題作成事務の全部又は一部を行うものとする。
• When an Organization that Prepares Registration Examination Questions discontinues the whole or a part of Examination Question Prepara.ion Affairs pursuant to the provisions of Article 69-23, paragraph (1), or when the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare orders an Organization that Prepares Registration Examination Questions pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article to suspend the whole or a part of Examination Question Prepara.ion Affairs, or when it has become difficult for an Organization that Prepares Registration Examination Questions to conduct the whole or a part of Examination Question Prepara.ion Affairs due to a disaster or other reasons, the Entrusting Prefectural Governor, when the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare determines it necessary, shall conduct the whole or a part of said Examination Question Prepara.ion Affairs notwithstanding the provisions of Article 69-11, paragraph (3).

• 差し押さえられた債権が、条件付若しくは期限付であるとき、又は反対給付に係ることその他の事由によりその取立てが困難であるときは、執行裁判所は、差押債権者の申立てにより、その債権を執行裁判所が定めた価額で支払に代えて差押債権者に譲渡する命令（以下「譲渡命令」という。）、取立てに代えて、執行裁判所の定める方法によりその債権の売却を執行官に命ずる命令（以下「売却命令」という。）又は管理人を選任してその債権の管理を命ずる命令（以下「管理命令」という。）その他相当な方法による換価を命ずる命令を発することができる。
• When a seized claim is one subject to a condition or one with a due date, or when it is difficult to collect such claim since it relates to counter-performance or due to any other grounds, the execution court may, upon petition by the obligee effecting a seizure, issue an order to transfer such claim to the obligee effecting a seizure at the price specified by the execution court in lieu of payment (hereinafter referred to as a 'transfer order'), issue an order that orders a court execution officer to sell such claim by the method specified by the execution court in lieu of collection (hereinafter referred to as a 'sale order'), issue an order to appoint an administrator and order the administrator to conduct administration of such claim (hereinafter referred to as an 'administration order'), or issue any other order that orders a realization through a reasonable method.

• 独占的状態があるとき は、公正取引委員会は、第八章第二節に規定する手続に従い、事業者に対し、営業の一部の譲渡その他当該商品又は役務について競争を回復させるために必要な 措置を命ずることができる。ただし、当該措置により、当該事業者につき、その供給する商品若しくは役務の供給に要する費用の著しい上昇をもたらす程度に事 業の規模が縮小し、経理が不健全になり、又は国際競争力の維持が困難になると認められる場合及び当該商品又は役務について競争を回復するに足りると認めら れる他の措置が講ぜられる場合は、この限りでない。
• When a monopolistic situation exists, the Fair Trade Commission may order the relevant entrepreneur, pursuant to the procedures provided for in Section 2 of Chapter VIII, to transfer a part of its business or to take any other measures necessary to restore competition with respect to the relevant goods or services; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where it is found that such measures may, in relation to the said entrepreneur, reduce the scale of business to such an extent that the expenses required for the supply of goods or services which the said entrepreneur supplies will rise sharply, undermine its financial position, or make it difficult to maintain its international competitiveness, or where such alternative measures may be taken that is found sufficient to restore competition with respect to the relevant goods or services.

• 鉄道事業者は、鉄道に 係る災害による損失又は鉄道事業の一部の廃止により生じた損失若しくは鉄道事業の用に供する施設（車両を含む。以下「鉄道事業用施設」という。）の除却に 要する費用が多額であつてその全額をこれらの事由の生じた事業年度において負担することが困難な場合には、当該損失及び費用に相当する額を、国土交通大臣 の許可を受けて、当該事業年度の決算期において、貸借対照表の資産の部に計上し、繰延資産として整理することができる。この場合には、当該決算期から五年 以内に、毎決算期に均等額以上の償却をしなければならない。
• In the case the loss from a disaster pertaining to the railway or the loss from the termination of a part of railway business or the cost for retirement of the facilities used for railway business (including vehicles. Hereafter referred to as 'Facilities for Railway Business'.) is large and it is difficult to bear the total amount in the business year in which these events occurred, the Railway Business Operator may record the amount equivalent to the said loss and cost in the asset section of the balance sheet at the time of closing of the said business year and amortize them as deferred assets by obtaining a permission by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. In this case, the amortization not less than the averaged amount shall be made at the closing of every business year within five (5) years from the said business year.

• なお、1921年（大正10年）8月1日に東海道本線のルートが逢坂山トンネル・東山トンネルの開通によって馬場～京都間で変更・短縮される事になった際に、至便性を上げるため五条通の市街地近くに駅を移設する案と、新しい市街地の開発を図るため京都北部を周回するルートに変えて、二条駅が現在設けられている付近に新しい京都総合駅を設けようという案もあったが、市街地付近に線路を引き込むのは予算や用地・工事の面で困難であった事と、京都付近で線路を周回させるのはトンネル開通に伴う距離短縮効果を失わせるという事から、どちらも立ち消えになった。
• Moreover, on August 1, 1921, when the route of the Tokaido Main Line in the section between Baba and Kyoto was to be changed and shortened thanks to the opening of Osakayama Tunnel and Higashiyama Tunnel, two plans--one being to transfer the station toward the urban area around the Gojo-dori Street in order to enhance the convenience, and the other being to change the existing route to a circuitous route in the northern part of Kyoto and construct a new Kyoto general station near the present Nijo Station so as to promote the development of a new urban area--were proposed to improve the utility, although eventually both plans faded, owing to the difficulty of budgeting and construction extending the line close to the urban area as well as the inconvenience that if the line were to go around Kyoto the distance shortened by the opening of the tunnels would be offset.

• 裁判所は、予告通知者又は前条第一項の返答をした被予告通知者の申立てにより、当該予告通知に係る訴えが提起された場合の立証に必要であることが明らかな証拠となるべきものについて、申立人がこれを自ら収集することが困難であると認められるときは、その予告通知又は返答の相手方（以下この章において単に「相手方」という。）の意見を聴いて、訴えの提起前に、その収集に係る次に掲げる処分をすることができる。ただし、その収集に要すべき時間又は嘱託を受けるべき者の負担が不相当なものとなることその他の事情により、相当でないと認めるときは、この限りでない。
• When a petition is filed by an advance noticer or a recipient of advance notice who made a response set forth in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article and it is found that the petitioner has difficulty collecting by him/herself any material as evidence that would be obviously necessary for showing proof should the action pertaining to the advance notice actually be filed, the court, before the filing of the action, may make any of the following dispositions pertaining to such collection of evidence, after hearing opinions of the party to whom the advance notice has been given or the response has been made (hereinafter simply referred to as the 'opposite party' in this Chapter); provided, however, that this shall not apply where the court finds it inappropriate to do so on the grounds that the time required for the collection or the burden borne by a person to be commissioned for the collection would be unreasonable:

• 個人情報取扱事業者は、本人から、当該本人が識別される保有個人データが第二十三条第一項の規定に違反して第三者に提供されているという理由によって、当該保有個人データの第三者への提供の停止を求められた場合であって、その求めに理由があることが判明したときは、遅滞なく、当該保有個人データの第三者への提供を停止しなければならない。ただし、当該保有個人データの第三者への提供の停止に多額の費用を要する場合その他の第三者への提供を停止することが困難な場合であって、本人の権利利益を保護するため必要なこれに代わるべき措置をとるときは、この限りでない。
• Where a business operator handling personal information is requested by a person to discontinue providing to a third party such retained personal data as may lead to the identification of the person on the ground that the retained personal data is being provided to a third party in violation of paragraph (1) of Article 23, and where it is found that the request has a reason, the business operator shall discontinue providing the retained personal data to a third party without delay. However, this provision shall not apply to cases in which it costs large amount or otherwise difficult to discontinue providing the retained personal data concerned to a third party and in which the business operator takes necessary alternative measures to protect the rights and interests of the person.

• 財務大臣は、居住者又は非居住者による資本取引（第二十四条第一項に規定する特定資本取引に該当するものを除く。）が何らの制限なしに行われた場合には、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行することを妨げ、若しくは国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与することを妨げることとなる事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認めるとき又は第十条第一項の閣議決定が行われたときは、政令で定めるところにより、当該資本取引を行おうとする居住者又は非居住者に対し、当該資本取引を行うことについて、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• When the Minister of Finance finds that if capital transactions (excluding those falling under specified capital transactions prescribed in Article 24, paragraph 1) by a resident or non-resident are conducted without any restrictions, it will cause a situation that prevents Japan from sincerely fulfilling obligations under treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed or from making its contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act, or when a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1 has been made, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a resident or non-resident who intends to commit the capital transactions, the obligation to obtain permission for implementation of the capital transactions.

• 第一項の規定により障害物を伐除しようとする場合（土地の試掘又はボーリングに伴う障害物の伐除をしようとする場合を除く。）において、当該障害物の所有者及び占有者がその場所にいないためその同意を得ることが困難であり、かつ、その現状を著しく損傷しないときは、国土交通大臣、都道府県若しくは市町村又はその命じた者若しくは委任した者は、前二項の規定にかかわらず、当該障害物の所在地を管轄する市町村長の許可を受けて、ただちに、当該障害物を伐除することができる。この場合においては、当該障害物を伐除した後、遅滞なく、その旨をその所有者及び占有者に通知しなければならない。
• When obstacles are about to be felled or removed pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (excluding cases in which obstacles are about to be removed or felled in line with a test drilling or boring of land), if it is difficult to obtain the consent of the owners and possessors of the obstacles due to their absence from the place, and when felling or removal does not incredibly damage the existing state, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Prefectures, the municipalities or and individuals ordered or commissioned thereby may, upon obtaining the permission of the mayors of the municipalities that have jurisdiction over the area in which said obstacles located, immediately fell or remove said obstacles, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs. In such cases, they must notify the owners and possessors without delay that they have felled or removed said obstacles.

• 市町村は、前条第一項の規定による通知が行われた場合においては、当該通知に係る第一号被保険者（災害その他の特別の事情があることにより、特別徴収の方法によって保険料を徴収することが著しく困難であると認めるものを除く。次項及び第三項において同じ。）に対して課する当該年度の保険料の全部（厚生労働省令で定める場合にあっては、その一部）を、特別徴収の方法によって徴収するものとする。ただし、当該通知に係る第一号被保険者が少ないことその他の特別の事情があることにより、特別徴収を行うことが適当でないと認められる市町村においては、特別徴収の方法によらないことができる。
• A Municipality, in a case when notification is issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, shall collect all of an insurance premium (in a case as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, a portion of said insurance premium) of said fiscal year that is imposed upon a Primary Insured Person pertaining to said notification (except a person for whom it is determined significantly difficult to pay the insurance premium by the method of special collection due to disaster or other special circumstances; the same shall apply in the following paragraph and paragraph (3)) by the method of special collection, however, provided that an insurance premium may not be collected by the method of special collection in a Municipality that is determined inappropriate to implement special collection due to a limited number of Primary Insured Persons pertaining to said notification or other special circumstances.

• 国は、生物の多様性が微妙な均衡を保つことによって成り立っており、一度損なわれた生物の多様性を再生することが困難であることから、生物の多様性に影響を及ぼす事業の実施に先立つ早い段階での配慮が重要であることにかんがみ、生物の多様性に影響を及ぼすおそれのある事業を行う事業者等が、その事業に関する計画の立案の段階からその事業の実施までの段階において、その事業に係る生物の多様性に及ぼす影響の調査、予測又は評価を行い、その結果に基づき、その事業に係る生物の多様性の保全について適正に配慮することを推進するため、事業の特性を踏まえつつ、必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall, taking into consideration that it is important to give considerations at an early stage in advance of implementation of projects that have an impact on biodiversity, since biodiversity is based on maintenance of a subtle balance and it is difficult to regenerate biodiversity once it is damaged, take necessary measures, in consideration of the characteristics of projects, to promote project operators, etc. that conduct projects that are likely to have an impact on biodiversity to survey, predict or assess impact of the projects on biodiversity from the stage of planning the projects to the stage of their implementation and to give proper consideration to conservation of biodiversity pertaining to the projects based on the results.

• 例外的な場合として、ある締約者の国内機関が関係する調達取り決めに従った物納による調達が困難である場合、この国内機関は事務局長に通知する。事務局長及びその国内機関は、責務を果たすために受け入れ可能な復旧計画の作成に努める。そのような計画が同意された場合、それに応じて調達取り決めは改訂される。しかし、受入れ可能な計画に同意できない場合、国内機関はイーター機構が調達を実現する費用をまかなえる資金を機構に提供しなければならない。その資金は調達責任の移転に伴う管理及びその他の費用を含む。機構が全体計画日程を保てるように、国内機関はできる限り速やかに資金を移転する。
• In exceptional cases, where the Domestic Agency of a Party encounters difficulty in providing one (or part) of its in-kind procurements in accordance with the relevant Procurement Arrangement, this Domestic Agency shall inform the Director General. The Director General and the Domestic Agency shall seek to develop an acceptable recovery plan for fulfilling its obligation. If such a plan is agreed, then the Procurement Arrangement will be revised accordingly. If, however, it is not possible to agree on an acceptable plan, then the Domestic Agency must provide the ITER Organization with the funds necessary to cover the costs of the realization of the procurement by the Organization. Such funds shall also cover the administrative and other costs for the Organization associated with the transfer of procurement responsibility. The funds shall be transferred by the Domestic Agency as soon as possible so as to enable the Organization to attempt to preserve the Overall Project Schedule.

• 経済産業大臣は、第三十九条の十一第一項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、前条第二項において準用する第三十六条の二十三の規定による適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、同項において準用する第三十六条の二十六の規定により第三十九条の十一第一項の登録を取り消し、又は国内登録ガス用品検査機関に対し適合性検査の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき、国内登録ガス用品検査機関が天災その他の事由により適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があると認めるときは、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself perform the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections of a Domestic Registered Gas Equipment Inspection Body in the cases where: there is no person registered under Article 39-11, paragraph 1; notification of the suspension or abolition of the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections has been given pursuant to Article 36-23 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph 2 of the preceding Article; the registration made under Article 39-11, paragraph 1 has been rescinded or an order has been issued to the Domestic Registered Gas Equipment Inspection Body to suspend or abolish the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections pursuant to Article 36-26 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph 2 of the preceding Article; it has become difficult for the Domestic Registered Gas Equipment Inspection Body to perform the whole or a part of the services for Conformity Inspections due to a disaster or otherwise; or the minister finds it necessary to do so for any other reasons.

• 優先的破産債権である給料の請求権又は退職手当の請求権について届出をした破産債権者が、これらの破産債権の弁済を受けなければその生活の維持を図るのに困難を生ずるおそれがあるときは、裁判所は、最初に第百九十五条第一項に規定する最後配当、第二百四条第一項に規定する簡易配当、第二百八条第一項に規定する同意配当又は第二百九条第一項に規定する中間配当の許可があるまでの間、破産管財人の申立てにより又は職権で、その全部又は一部の弁済をすることを許可することができる。ただし、その弁済により財団債権又は他の先順位若しくは同順位の優先的破産債権を有する者の利益を害するおそれがないときに限る。
• Where a bankruptcy creditor who filed a proof of claim for salary or claim for retirement allowance, both of which are preferred bankruptcy claims, is likely to have difficulties in maintaining his/her living standards unless he/she receives payment of these bankruptcy claims, the court, before permission is granted for the first time for the final distribution prescribed in Article 195(1), simplified distribution prescribed in Article 204(1), consensual distribution prescribed in Article 208(1) or interim distribution prescribed in Article 209(1), upon the petition of a bankruptcy trustee or by its own authority, may permit payment of the claim in whole or part; provided, however, that this shall apply only if such payment is not likely to harm the interest of a person who holds a claim on the estate or any other preferred bankruptcy claim with the senior or same priority.

• 経済産業大臣は、第五十条の二第三項、第五十二条第三項又は第五十五条 第四項の登録を受ける者がいないとき、第七十四条の規定による安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部の休止又は廃止の届出があつたとき、第七十八条の規定によ り第五十条の二第三項、第五十二条第三項若しくは第五十五条第四項の登録を取り消し、又は登録安全管理審査機関に対し安全管理審査の業務の全部若しくは一 部の停止を命じたとき、登録安全管理審査機関が天災その他の事由により安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部を実施することが困難となつたときその他必要があ ると認めるときは、当該安全管理審査の業務の全部又は一部を自ら行うことができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may him/herself perform the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations of a Registered Safety Management Examination Body in the cases where: there is no person registered pursuant to Article 50-2, paragraph 3, Article 52, paragraph 3 or Article 55, paragraph 4; notification of the suspension or abolition of the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations has been given pursuant to Article 74; the registration made under Article 50-2, paragraph 3, Article 52, paragraph 3 or Article 55, paragraph 4 has been rescinded or an order has been issued to the Registered Safety Management Examination Body to suspend or abolish the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations pursuant to Article 78; it has become difficult for the Registered Safety Management Examination Body to perform the whole or a part of the services for Safety Management Examinations due to a disaster or otherwise; or the minister finds it necessary to do so for any other reasons.

• 特定排出者は、前条第一項の規定による報告に係る温室効果ガス算定排出量の情報が公にされることにより、当該特定排出者の権利、競争上の地位その他正当な利益（以下「権利利益」という。）が害されるおそれがあると思料するときは、当該温室効果ガス算定排出量に代えて、当該特定排出者に係る温室効果ガス算定排出量を事業所ごとに合計した量（当該量によることが困難であると認められる特別な事情がある場合においては、当該特定排出者に係る温室効果ガス算定排出量を主務省令で定めるところにより合計した量。次条第二項第二号において同じ。）をもって次条第一項の規定による通知を行うよう事業所管大臣に請求を行うことができる。
• If there is believed to be a risk that the rights, competitive standing, or other legitimate interests (hereinafter referred to as 'rights and interests') of a specified emitter could be injured by the publication of information on carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions pertaining to a report prescribed in Paragraph (1) of the preceding article, then that specified emitter may submit a request to the minister having jurisdiction over the business in question, asking that the notification prescribed in Article 21-4, Paragraph (1) be conducted using the total value of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions related to that specified emitter for each place of business (or the carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions pertaining to that specified emitter, totaled as specified by Competent Ministerial Order, if there are found to be special circumstances making it difficult to use that value; the same shall apply in Article 21-4, Paragraph (2), Item (ii)) instead of the carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions in question.

• 委託者保護基金は、前条第一項又は第三項の規定による通知を受けた場合（同条第一項の通知がない場合であつて、当該委託者保護基金の会員が同項各号のいずれかに該当することを知つたときを含む。）には、委託者の保護に欠けるおそれがないことが明らかであると認められるときを除き、当該通知に係る商品取引員（同条第一項の通知がない場合に当該委託者保護基金が同項各号のいずれかに該当することを知つた商品取引員を含む。以下「通知商品取引員」という。）につき、その一般委託者に対する委託者資産の返還に係る債務（以下この章において「一般委託者債務」という。）の円滑な弁済が困難であるかどうかの認定を遅滞なく行わなければならない。
• When a Consumer Protection Fund has received a notice under paragraph (1) or paragraph (3) of the preceding Article (including the case where there is no notice under paragraph (1) of the same Article but when said Consumer Protection Fund learns that its member has fallen under any of the items in the same paragraph), it shall make recognition of whether or not it is difficult for the Futures Commission Merchant pertaining to said notice (including a Futures Commission Merchant which said Consumer Protection Fund has learned has fallen under any of the respective items of the same paragraph in the case where there is no notice under the same paragraph; hereinafter referred to as the 'Futures Commission Merchant Subject to a Notice') to repay smoothly any liabilities pertaining to the return of Customer Assets to the Futures Commission Merchant's General Customer (hereinafter referred to as 'General Customer Liabilities' in this Chapter), except when it is found that there is clearly no risk of a lack of protection of customers.

• 個人情報取扱事業者は、本人から、当該本人が識別される保有個人データが第十六条の規定に違反して取り扱われているという理由又は第十七条の規定に違反して取得されたものであるという理由によって、当該保有個人データの利用の停止又は消去（以下この条において「利用停止等」という。）を求められた場合であって、その求めに理由があることが判明したときは、違反を是正するために必要な限度で、遅滞なく、当該保有個人データの利用停止等を行わなければならない。ただし、当該保有個人データの利用停止等に多額の費用を要する場合その他の利用停止等を行うことが困難な場合であって、本人の権利利益を保護するため必要なこれに代わるべき措置をとるときは、この限りでない。
• Where a business operator handling personal information is requested by a person to discontinue using or to erase such retained personal data as may lead to the identification of the person on the ground that the retained personal data is being handled in violation of Article 16 or has been acquired in violation of Article 17, and where it is found that the request has a reason, the business operator shall discontinue using or erase the retained personal data concerned without delay to the extent necessary for redressing the violation. However, this provision shall not apply to cases in which it costs large amount or otherwise difficult to discontinue using or to erase the retained personal data and in which the business operator takes necessary alternative measures to protect the rights and interests of the person.

• 当初計画のＥＤＡ終了が近づき、参加極はＥＤＡの期間を3年間延長するという合意をまとめて、ユーラトム、日本、ロシア連邦の3極により署名された。米国は一年間に限り参加することに合意した。その時参加極は、財政上の理由から、当時に設計されていた装置の建設に進むことの困難さを認識し、技術目的の要求を下げてコストを大幅に低減（約50 %）しつつも、計画目標に合致する技術目的を採択した [2]。このＥＤＡ延長期間は、1998年に改訂された技術目標の下に設定された低コスト設計、及び工学Ｒ＆Ｄ計画の完遂のために充てられた。これらの活動の結果はＩＴＥＲ所長によって提示され、ＩＴＥＲ理事会によって承認されたＩＴＥＲ最終設計報告書に反映されている [3]。
• With the approaching end of the original period set for the EDA, the Parties negotiated an agreement extending the EDA period for three years which was signed by three Parties, Euratom, Japan and the Russian Federation. The USA agreed to participate for one additional year. At that time the Parties, recognizing the possibility that they might be unable, for financial reasons, to proceed to the construction of the then foreseen device, adopted a less demanding set of detailed technical objectives [2] that would still meet the overall programmatic objectives but at a significantly reduced cost (about 50%). The EDA extension period was primarily devoted to developing a design under the revised technical objectives set in 1998, as well as completion of planned technology R&D projects. The results of these activities have been reflected in the report of the ITER design presented by the ITER Director and approved by the ITER Council [3].

• 財務大臣は、法第二十一条第一項又は第二項の規定に基づき居住者又は非居住者が資本取引を行うことについて許可を受ける義務を課する場合には、あらかじめ、告示により、これらの規定のうちいずれの規定に基づき許可を受ける義務を課するかを明らかにした上で、その許可を受けなければならない資本取引を指定してするものとする。ただし、同項の規定に基づき居住者又は非居住者が資本取引を行うことについて許可を受ける義務を課する場合において、当該資本取引の指定を告示により行うこととした場合には法の目的を達成することが困難になると財務大臣が認めるときは、当該資本取引の指定は、財務省及び日本銀行における掲示その他の財務省令で定める適切な方法により、行うことができるものとする。
• Where the Minister of Finance imposes, pursuant to Article 21, paragraph (1) or (2) of the Act, on a resident or a non-resident the obligation to obtain permission for conducting capital transactions, he/she shall do so designating capital transactions that require permission, after clarifying, in advance, by a public notice, the provision, among these provisions, based on which the obligation to obtain permission is imposed; provided however, where the Minister of Finance finds that it would become difficult to achieve the purpose of the Act if the capital transactions are to be designated by a public notice in the case of imposing, pursuant to the said paragraphs, the obligation to obtain permission for capital transactions by a resident or a non-resident, he/she may designate the capital transactions by a posting at the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan or by other appropriate method specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance.

• 事業協同組合その他の特別の法律により設立された組合（法人格を有しないものを除き、当該特別の法律において、正当な理由がないのに、構成員たる資格を有する者の加入を拒み、又はその加入につき現在の構成員が加入の際に付されたよりも困難な条件を付してはならない旨の定めのあるものに限る。）又はこれに相当する外国の法人（以下「組合等」という。）は、その構成員に使用をさせる商標であつて、次の各号のいずれかに該当するものについて、その商標が使用をされた結果自己又はその構成員の業務に係る商品又は役務を表示するものとして需要者の間に広く認識されているときは、第三条の規定（同条第一項第一号又は第二号に係る場合を除く。）にかかわらず、地域団体商標の商標登録を受けることができる。
• Any association established by a special Act, including a business cooperative (those which do not have juridical personality are excluded, and limited to those which are established by a special Act providing, without a just cause, that the association shall not refuse the enrollment of any person who is eligible to become a member or that the association shall not impose on any of its prospective members any condition that is heavier than those imposed on its existing members) or a foreign juridical person equivalent thereto (hereinafter referred to as an 'Association, etc.') shall be entitled to obtain a regional collective trademark registration with respect of any of the following, provided that the trademark is used by its members and, as a result of the use of the said trademark, the said trademark is well known among consumers as indicating the goods or services pertaining to the business of the applicant or its members, notwithstanding the provision of Article 3 (except a case falling under item (i) or (ii) of Article 3(1)):

• 国は、製品、容器等が循環資源となった場合におけるその循環的な利用が適正かつ円滑に行われることを促進するため、当該循環資源の処分の技術上の困難性、循環的な利用の可能性等を勘案し、国、地方公共団体、事業者及び国民がそれぞれ適切に役割を分担することが必要であり、かつ、当該製品、容器等に係る設計及び原材料の選択、当該製品、容器等が循環資源となったものの収集等の観点からその事業者の果たすべき役割が循環型社会の形成を推進する上で重要であると認められるものについて、当該製品、容器等の製造、販売等を行う事業者が、当該製品、容器等が循環資源となったものの引取りを行い、若しくは当該引取りに係る循環資源の引渡しを行い、又は当該引取りに係る循環資源について適正に循環的な利用を行うよう、必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• In order to promote the appropriate and smooth cyclical use of products, containers, etc. when they have become circulative resources, with regard to the products, containers, etc. for which it is deemed necessary for the State, local governments, business operators and citizens to share their respective roles properly, and for which the roles of the business operators concerned are deemed important in establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society from the viewpoints of the design of such products, containers, etc., the selection of their raw materials, and the collection, etc. of such products, containers, etc. when they have become circulative resources, the State shall, after taking into consideration the technological difficulty in disposing of the circulative resources concerned, the possibility of cyclical use of such resources, etc., take necessary measures so that business operators engaged in manufacturing, selling, etc. of such products, containers, etc. may collect such products, containers, etc. which have become circulative resources, or deliver such circulative resources collected, or make appropriate cyclical use of such circulative resources collected.

• 主務大臣は、居住者が非居住者との間で行う役務取引（第一項第一号に規定する特定技術に係るもの及び第三十条第一項に規定する技術導入契約の締結等に該当するものを除く。）又は外国相互間の貨物の移動を伴う貨物の売買に関する取引（第一項第二号に規定するものを除く。）（以下「役務取引等」という。）が何らの制限なしに行われた場合には、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行することを妨げ、若しくは国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与することを妨げることとなる事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認めるとき又は第十条第一項の閣議決定が行われたときは、政令で定めるところにより、当該役務取引等を行おうとする居住者に対し、当該役務取引等を行うことについて、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• When the competent minister finds that if service transactions between a resident and a non-resident (excluding those pertaining to Specified Technology prescribed in paragraph 1, item 1 and those which fall under the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. prescribed in Article 30, paragraph 1) or transactions related to the buying and selling of goods involving the movement of goods between foreign states (excluding those prescribed in paragraph 1, item 2) (hereinafter referred to as the 'Service Transactions, etc.') are conducted without any restrictions, it will cause a situation that prevents Japan from sincerely fulfilling obligations under the treaties and other international agreements it has signed or from making its contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act, or when a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1 has been made, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a resident who intends to conduct the Service Transactions, etc., the obligation to obtain permission for the implementation of the Service Transactions, etc.

• 財務大臣は、法第九条第一項の規定に基づき、通貨の安定を図るため緊急の必要があると認める場合において、次の各号に掲げる者に対し当該各号に定める資本取引（法第二十条に規定する資本取引をいう。以下同じ。）に係る取引の停止を命ずるときは、第一号に定める取引にあつては告示により、第二号又は第三号に定める取引にあつては第二号又は第三号に掲げる者に対する通知により、その停止を命ずる取引の範囲を指定してするものとする。ただし、第一号に掲げる者が行う同号に定める取引にあつては、その停止を命ずる取引の範囲の指定を告示により行うこととした場合には法の目的を達成することが困難になると財務大臣が認めるときは、当該取引の範囲の指定は、財務省及び日本銀行における掲示その他の財務省令で定める適切な方法により、することができるものとする。
• When the Minister of Finance orders, pursuant to Article 9, paragraph (1) of the Act, those listed in the following items to suspend transactions pertaining to capital transactions prescribed respectively in those items (meaning capital transactions prescribed in Article 20 of the Act; the same shall apply hereinafter) in the cases where he/she finds it urgently necessary for the purpose of maintaining the stability of currency, he/she shall do so designating the scope of transactions subject to the suspension order by a public notice for transactions prescribed in item (i) or by a notice to those listed in item (ii) or (iii) for transactions prescribed in item (ii) or (iii); provided, however, that with regard to transactions prescribed in item (i) which are conducted by those listed in the said item, when the Minister of Finance finds that it would be difficult to achieve the purpose of the Act if the scope of transactions subject to the suspension order is designated by a public notice, the scope of the transactions may be designated by a posting at the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan or other method specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance.

• 経済産業大臣は、居住者による特定資本取引（第二十条第二号に掲げる資本取引（同条第十二号の規定により同条第二号に準ずる取引として政令で定めるものを含む。）のうち、貨物を輸出し、又は輸入する者が貨物の輸出又は輸入に直接伴つてする取引又は行為として政令で定めるもの及び鉱業権、工業所有権その他これらに類する権利の移転又はこれらの権利の使用権の設定に係る取引又は行為として政令で定めるもの（短期の国際商業取引の決済のための資本取引として政令で定めるものを除く。）をいう。以下同じ。）が何らの制限なしに行われた場合には、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行することを妨げ、若しくは国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与することを妨げることとなる事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認めるとき又は第十条第一項の閣議決定が行われたときは、政令で定めるところにより、当該特定資本取引を行おうとする居住者に対し、当該特定資本取引を行うことについて、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds that if specified capital transactions by a resident (meaning capital transactions listed in Article 20, item 2 (including those specified by Cabinet Order as transactions equivalent to item 2 of the said article pursuant to the provision of item 12 of the said article), which are specified by Cabinet Order as transactions or acts committed by a person who imports or exports goods directly accompanying the import or export of the goods, or which are specified by Cabinet Order as transactions or acts pertaining to the transfer of the mining right, industrial property right or other right equivalent thereto or establishment of the right to use these rights (excluding those specified by Cabinet Order as capital transactions to settle short-term international commercial transactions)), are conducted without any restrictions, it will cause a situation that prevents Japan from sincerely fulfilling obligations under the treaties and other international agreements it has signed or from making its contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act, or when a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1 has been made, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a person who intends to commit the specified capital transactions, the obligation to obtain permission for the implementation of the specified capital transactions.

• ものづくり基盤技術は、我が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を支えることにより、生産の拡 大、貿易の振興、新産業の創出、雇用の増大等国民経済のあらゆる領域にわたりその発展に寄与するとともに、国民生活の向上に貢献してきた。また、ものづく り基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者は、このようなものづくり基盤技術の担い手として、その水準の維持及び向上のために重要な役割を果たしてきた。我ら は、このようなものづくり基盤技術及びこれに係る業務に従事する労働者の果たす経済的社会的役割が、国の存立基盤を形成する重要な要素として、今後におい ても変わることのないことを確信する。しかるに、近時、就業構造の変化、海外の地域における工業化の進展等による競争条件の変化その他の経済の多様かつ構 造的な変化による影響を受け、国内総生産に占める製造業の割合が低下し、その衰退が懸念されるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術の継承が困難になりつつある。 このような事態に対処して、我が国の国民経済が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を通じて今後とも健全に発展していくためには、ものづくり基盤技術に関 する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、ものづくり基盤技術の積極的な振興を図ることが不可欠である。ここに、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策 を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• By way of supporting the development of the manufacturing industry, which is Japan's fundamental industry, core manufacturing technology has contributed to the development of all areas of the national economy such as expansion of production, promotion of trade, creation of new industries, and increase in employment, and has contributed to improving the lives of the citizenry. In addition, workers engaged in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology have played an important role in maintaining and improving the level of the technology in their capacity as supporters of such core manufacturing technology. We believe that the economic and social role of such core manufacturing technology and workers who engage in operations pertaining thereto will continue to be an important element in the foundation of the existence of the State in the future. Recently, however, due to changes in the employment structure, changes in competitive conditions resulting from factors like the progress of industrialization overseas, and other diverse and structural changes in the economy, the share of the manufacturing industry in Japan's gross domestic product has fallen, and concerns about a decline in the industry have grown, and the smooth succession of core manufacturing technology is becoming difficult. In order to deal with such a situation and to maintain the sound development of Japan's national economy through the development of the manufacturing industry, which is a fundamental to the State, that the active promotion of core manufacturing technology is indispensable, while a social tendency to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology is enhanced. We hereby establish this Act so as to drive forward measures for the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.