問: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 問丸
- Toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants)
- Toimaru (specialized wholesale merchant)
- 問屋場
- Toiyaba (administration office)
- Toiyaba (administrative offices)
- Tonya (Japan)
- 準問屋
- Juntoiya (similar to Toiya)
- 学問源流
- Gakumongenryu (The Origin of Learning)
- 軍票問題
- Problems related with Japanese military currency
- 書名の問題
- Problems associated with the book title
- 問屋の義務
- Obligations of Toiya
- 公使常駐問題
- The problem of the permanent residence of ministers
- 将軍継嗣問題
- Problem of heir of Shogun
- The Issue of Shogun's Heir
- 後継将軍問題
- Issue of Shogunate succession
- 三職推任問題
- Sanshoku suinin mondai (the question of the three alternative positions
- 2000年問題
- Y2K bug
- year 2000 problem
- 交通問題の解決
- Resolution of traffic problems.
- 大教院神殿問題
- The issue on Daikyoin Shrine
- 統帥権干犯問題
- The affair of the supreme command interference and violation of the rights
- 外交儀礼の問題
- Issues regarding diplomatic ceremony
- 問屋の権利義務
- Rights and obligations of Toiya
- 問屋の法律関係
- Toiya related laws
- 室町期の問注所
- Monchujo in the Muromachi period
- 鎌倉期の問注所
- Monchu-dokoro in the Kamakura period
- 松食い虫の問題
- Pine Weevil Problem
- 鴨川歩道橋問題
- Controversy over a footbridge
- 教部省を巡る問題
- The issues over Kyobusho
- 影武者説の問題点
- Problems with the Imposter Theory
- 男爵・枢密顧問官
- He was a baron and Privy Councilor.
- 条約締結後の問題
- Problems after concluding the treaty
- - 外務省顧問。
- - Served as an adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- 明治の悪贋貨問題
- Meiji's bad counterfeit money problem
- 説の歴史と問題点
- The history and problems of the theory
- 国境線の画定問題
- Issues on border demarcation
- 宗主権―主権問題
- Suzerainty and sovereignty issues
- 新寮建て替え問題
- Construction of a new dormitory
- 大化の改新の疑問点
- Questions about the Taika Reforms
- 人事問題と留守政府
- Personnel affairs and Rusu-seifu
- 徳川家定の後継問題
- Successor issue of Iesada TOKUGAWA
- 問題点と今後の課題
- Remaining problems and future problems to be tackled
- - 歴史教科書問題
- History textbook issues
- 道鏡の皇位簒奪疑問説
- Skeptical views towards Dokyo's plot to usurp the Imperia Throne
- 政友会分裂問題と解党
- Splitting problem of the Seiyu Party and dissolution
- - 外国事務局顧問。
- - Served as an adviser to the Bureau of Foreign Affairs
- 贋貨・悪貨の交換問題
- The problem of exchanging counterfeit and bad money.
- 徳川家定の後継問題。
- Successor issue of Iesada TOKUGAWA
- 皇位継承問題との関連
- Relation to succession to the Imperial Throne
- ピッツバーグ睡眠質問票
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
- PSQI
- この事件に対する疑問説
- Skeptical views towards this incident
- 日朝間の懸案:書契問題
- The pending problem between Japan and Korea: a problem of diplomatic correspondence
- 「皇帝、倭王に問う。」
- I want to ask the king of Wa about the following.'
- 鉄甲船にまつわる疑問点
- Questions about tekkosen
- - 園芸、釣り、学問。
- Gardening, fishing and learning.
- これを三問三答という。
- This was called sanmon santo.
- 合法・非合法は問わない。
- It did not matter whether it was legal or illegal.
- 問(とい)とも呼ばれる。
- They were also known as Toi.
- 現存し公開されている問屋場
- Toiyaba still remaining and open to the public
- 訳:武芸や学問を嗜むこと。
- Translation: You should be fond of military arts and learning.
- 公使謁見問題(日本―清朝)
- Issues on meeting with an emperor (Japan - Qing dynasty)
- 公使派遣問題(日本―朝鮮)
- Issues on dispatch of ministries (Japan - Korea)
- その他 歴代の将軍継嗣問題
- Other problems of heirs of Shoguns
- 徹底した検問などが行われた。
- They held the thorough inspections and so on.
- 明治政府初の外交問題となった。
- That incident became the first diplomatic problem for the Meiji government.
- 清・朝国境線問題(朝鮮―清朝)
- Issues on border demarcation between the Qing dynasty and Korea (Korea - Qing dynasty).
- 研究上疑問視されることが多い。
- Many cases are questioned whether they were true by researchers.
- そのため効果としては疑問がある。
- Therefore, there is a doubt about the effectiveness of the Gonin-gumi.
- このため将軍継嗣問題が起こった。
- This have rise the Shogun successor crisis.
- 一 天子諸芸能ノ事、第一御学問也。
- 一 天子諸芸能ノ事、第一御学問也。
- 江戸幕府の外交顧問としても働いた。
- He also worked as a diplomatic adviser to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし問題はこれで終わらなかった。
- However, this was not the end of the problem.
- 琉球・台湾の帰属問題(日本―清朝)
- Ryukyu and Taiwan attribution issues (Japan - Qing dynasty)
- 鎌倉幕府3代将軍・源実朝の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 3rd shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo
- 室町幕府8代将軍・足利義政の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 8th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA
- 江戸幕府7代将軍・徳川家継の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 7th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ietsugu TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府4代将軍・徳川家綱の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 4th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ietsuna TOKUGAWA
- 室町幕府4代将軍・足利義持の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 4th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA
- 江戸幕府初代将軍・徳川家康の後継問題
- Successor issue of the first shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府2代将軍・徳川秀忠の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 2nd shogun of the Edo bakufu, Hidetada TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府8代将軍・徳川吉宗の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 8th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府5代将軍・徳川綱吉の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 5th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA
- - 黄砂問題に関する合意形成も行う。
- Consensuses about kosa problems have been built there as well.
- この時の交換比率は大きな問題であった。
- The exchange rate was a big issue.
- 室町幕府13代将軍・足利義輝の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 13th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA
- 江戸幕府10代将軍・徳川家治の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 10th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Ieharu TOKUGAWA
- 江戸幕府13代将軍・徳川家定の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 13th shogun of the Edo bakufu, Iesada TOKUGAWA
- 訊問が進むにつれ、全員が謀反を白状した。
- As the torturing progressed, all of them confessed about the rebellion.
- 天子が修めるべきものの第一は学問である。
- The most important thing the emperor should pursue is learning.
- こうした状況は帝国議会でも問題となった。
- The topic was discussed at the Imperial Diet as well.
- 政所や問注所、事務官僚の家に残る公文書類
- Official documents remaining in Mandokoro, Monchujo, and residences of the government officials
- つまり学問と徳に秀でた人物を指している。
- In other words, it referred to a person who was man of both learning and great virtue.
- 捕縛された信徒たちは激しい拷問を受けた。
- Christians thus captured were terribly tortured.
- 本拠地は廻船問屋の白石正一郎邸に置かれた。
- Their home ground was located at a Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) Shoichiro SHIRAISHI's residence.
- (米価の場合は札差・米問屋が対象となる)。
- (In the case of the rice price, fudasashi [a trader who received or sold rice preserved in a depository by the Edo Shogunate and domains on behalf of the government] and rice warehouse merchants were eligible for Haishakukin.)
- 片歌を二回繰り返したもので、問答歌が多い。
- It is a repeated form of Katauta, and most of the Sedoka is Mondoka (dialogue poem).
- 著書には「井蛙抄」「愚問賢註」などがある。
- Literary works of his include the 'Sei-a sho' and the 'Gumon kenchu.'
- 左院(さいん)とは明治初期の立法諮問機関。
- The Sain was a legislative and consultative body in the early Meiji period.
- 執拗な拷問の結果、ついに男性は惨殺された。
- He died under brutal torture.
- 日露戦争の後頃から郡制廃止の問題が起こった。
- Around the time after Russo-Japanese War, controversy erupted over abolition of Gunsei.
- 問屋場はまた、駅亭、伝馬所、馬締ともいった。
- They were also called ''Ekitei,'' ''Tenmasho,'' or Majime.''
- 上、所司(しょし)をしてその風俗を問わしむ。
- Through his servant, the emperor asked the envoy about the culture of Wa.
- そこで、義経はシカはこの道を越えるかと問う。
- Yoshitsune then asked if a deer could cross this road.
- 平賀源内は、安永3年正月に杉田玄白宅を訪問。
- Gennai HIRAGA visited the house of Genpaku SUGITA on February 11, 1774.
- しかも、子はなくその後継者問題が急浮上した。
- In addition, he had no children and the problem of a successor arose.
- 訊問を受けた乙人は主人の川継の謀反を白状する。
- During the hearing, Otohito confessed about the rebellion planned by Kawatsugu.
- この数値は、田中正造の国会質問でも使用された。
- This number was used when Shozo TANAKA was summoned to the hearing at the Diet.
- 「貧富論」は、いわゆる銭神問答のひとつである。
- On Poverty and Wealth' is a so-called dialogue about money.
- 正盛の武功は疑問とされ、義親生存の噂が流れた。
- Masamori's military exploits were considered to be questionable and a rumor of Yoshichika's living was spread.
- 問屋と相手方の法律関係(b商法第552条1項)
- Related laws for Toiya and concerned parties (Article 552, paragraph 1 of the commercial code)
- 事件は外交問題となり、宋素卿は投獄されて獄死。
- The incident became a diplomatic issue, and Sokei SO was imprisoned and died in prison.
- 物部氏とともに仏教受容問題で蘇我氏と対立した。
- As well as the Mononobe clan, the Nakatomi clan came into conflict with the Soga clan over the acceptance of Buddhism.
- 将門はただちに上京して検非違使庁で尋問を受ける。
- Masakado immediately went to Kyoto and was interrogated at the Kebiishicho (Office of the Police and Judicial Chief).
- ところが、この条文を巡ってはいくつか問題がある。
- However, there are some problems on this provision.
- さらにその教養をベースとした漢詩の才が問われる。
- In addition, he needs to have a talent for Chinese poetry based on such education.
- そのため、環境問題としてとらえられる場合もある。
- Therefore, this phenomenon is sometimes considered as an environmental problem.
- その後、寮の自室に軍事問題研究会の看板を掲げた。
- Thereafter, he put up a sign saying 'Military affairs study group' on the door of his room in the dormitory.
- 執政者と諮問回答者が別々にいた?(若井敏明の説)
- The administer was a different person from an inquiry answerer? (the theory by Toshiaki WAKAI)
- その後、皇位継承問題が国民的議論として浮上した。
- Later, succession to the Imperial Throne became a discussion across the nation.
- 武井守正 男爵・鳥取県知事・石川県知事・枢密顧問官
- Morimasa TAKEI: Baron, the Prefectural governor of Tottori Prefecture, the Prefectural governor of Ishikawa Prefecture, the privy councillor
- そもそもの発端は西郷隆盛の朝鮮使節派遣問題である。
- It all started with Takamori SAIGO's issue that was an envoy dispatching to Korea.
- 条約を結んでいる各国を訪問し、元首に国書を提出する
- To visit the countries that had a treaty with Japan, and submit the official letters to the heads of these countries.
- しかしそれに伴い、多くの問題が発生するようになる。
- However, in accordance with that, many problems occurred.
- -橋梁設計、帰国後も日本の鉄道全権顧問を委嘱(英)
- - Planned construction of various bridges; even after he left Japan, he was asked to serve as a general advisor on Japanese railways
- この問題に対して編纂されたのが『系図纂要』である。
- 'Keizu Sanyo' (Edo Period Pedigree Charts) was compiled to solve this problem.
- 初代問注所執事(長官)には、三善康信が任命された。
- Yasunobu MIYOSHI was appointed as the first head of the Monchujo.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、皇位問題への禁忌意識は消えた。
- The taboo on issues of the Imperial Throne was eliminated after the World War II.
- 朝鮮政府の許可あれば、来日することも問題なしとする。
- Japanese people can come to Japan if they have permission from the Korean government.
- 7日、武藤金吉は衆議院で、暴動に関する質問を行った。
- On 7, Kinkichi MUTO asked questions about the riot at the House of Representatives.
- 問題の解決を後世に託して終了したとも言えなくはない。
- It can be also said that it ended with asking future generation to solve problems.
- その後、黒田も開拓長官を辞めて内閣顧問の閑職に退いた。
- Later, KURODA also retired from director of the Hokkaido Development Agency and moved to a less important position of a Cabinet advisor.
- 学問的には朱子学を批判し、伊藤仁斎の古義学に対抗した。
- Academically, it criticized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) and rivaled Kogigaku (the study of ancient principles) by Jinsai ITO.
- このため、この後には鉱毒問題はないという主張もされる。
- Based on the compositions, the company had explained that they had not had any problem of the mining pollution after that.
- このうち一番問題になったのは、上から3番目の項である。
- The most controversial question was the third question.
- サンデー毎日編集長を経て、役員待遇編集局顧問を務めた。
- He served as the chief editor of Mainichi Weekly News as well as the executive advisor of the editorial office.
- 将軍は、行幸のときこれを訪問客に見せ、そして進上した。
- The shogun showed it to visitors before giving it away.
- この訪問に際しては、提灯行列も出るなどの歓迎を受けた。
- During the visit, the Emperor received hearty welcome, such as the lantern procession.
- 以降、江戸期を通して歌道は三条西家の家職的学問となる。
- Thereafter, through the Edo period the art of waka became the Sanjonishi Family's studies of the family business.
- 上記のような公地公民論は、次第に疑問視される傾向にある。
- The tendency to doubt the above view on Kochi Komin system is gradually increasing.
- 大院君は清に連行され査問会にかけられ、天津に幽閉された。
- Daewongun was seized by the Qing troops, put through a hearing, and confined in Tianjin City.
- 南関東では、打製・磨製を問わず石鏃や石剣はほとんどない。
- In Southern Kanto region there were very few flint arrowheads and stone swords of both chipped stone tool and ground stone tools.
- こうした贋造は無関係な人物による執筆の場合に問題となる。
- These forged writings becomes a problem when they were written by persons who were not related to the original writer.
- 安政6年(1859年)オランダ商事会社顧問として再来日。
- In 1859, he came back to Japan as an adviser of the Dutch Trading Company.
- しかし、替地による余波は、領民に耐え難い諸問題を残した。
- Nevertheless, the kaechi left a host of problems in its wake that the denizens of the territory found very difficult to endure.
- 老中はその事案について評定所に諮問することになっていた。
- The roju consulted Hyojosho about such cases.
- 人権問題の解消を促す流れの中で、芸娼妓解放令が出された。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei was announced in the process of settling the incident which involved a human rights issue.
- ただし、崇神・垂仁天皇らの実在性には疑問視する人も多い。
- However, many people doubt the existence of the Emperor Sujin and the Emperor Suinin.
- 8月(司法制度、訴訟手続き、問注所・侍所の組織と職掌)、
- August: Judicial system, law procedures, organization and management of monchujo (board of inquiry) and samurai-dokoro (board of retainers.)
- が、20世紀末期頃からその存在が疑問視されるようになった。
- Since the end of the 20th century, however, the existence of the system has been doubted.
- また、公地公民制の存在自体が疑問視されるようになっている。
- Also, the existence of the Kochi komin system itself has been questioned about.
- 錦鶏間とは本来は京都御所内の部屋の一つ、御学問之間のこと。
- Kinkei no ma was originally one of the rooms of Kyoto Imperial Palace, Gogakumon no ma (the study room).
- 中山道 奈良井宿 → 上問屋史料館 (長野県木曽郡楢川村)
- Nakasendo Narai-juku => Kamidonya Museum (Narakawa Village, Kiso County, Nagano Prefecture)
- - 文部省顧問(督務官・学監)(1830-1905)(米)
- - Served as an adviser to the Ministry of Education (director and dean)
- もっとも問題なのは『平治物語』『平家物語』との関係である。
- The influences exerted on 'Heiji Monogatari' and 'Heike Monogatari' are most controversial.
- 一条兼良の『花鳥余情』、一条冬良の『世諺問答』などによる。
- It is based on 'Kachoyojo,' a book written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, and 'Seigen mondo,' a book written by Fuyuyoshi ICHIJO.
- 取り調べで特に拷問や自白の強要が行われたという記録はない。
- There is no record of torture or forced confession during the examination.
- 質問は10ヶ条あり、主だった5条は次のような内容であった。
- There were 10 questions, and five major questions were as follows.
- 古今東西を問わず、贅沢は一種の犯罪であると考えられてきた。
- Through all ages and civilizations, luxury has been considered a kind of crime.
- 訴人(原告)からの訴状を問注所が受理し、引付衆へ進達する。
- The Monchujo (the court of justice) accepted a complaint from the sonin (plaintiff) and delivered it to the hikitsukeshu.
- 特に近衛忠熙は孝明天皇からの信任が厚く顧問として活躍した。
- Particularly, Tadahiro KONOE, who enjoyed the deep confidence of Emperor Komei, worked as an adviser.
- ペリーは首里城への訪問を打診したが、王国側はこれを拒否した。
- Perry made inquiries about a visit to Shuri-jo Caste, but the Kingdom refused.
- 松平正直 男爵・宮城県知事・熊本県知事・内務次官・枢密顧問官
- Masanao MATSUDAIRA: Baron, the Prefectural governor of Miyagi Prefecture, the prefectural governor of Kumamoto Prefecture, the Undersecretary of the Interior, the privy councillor
- 柳原前光:伯爵・元老院議長・駐露公使・賞勲局総裁・枢密顧問官
- Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA: He was a count, chairman of the Chamber of Elders, Resident Envoy to Russia, President of Decoration Bureau and the Privy Councilor.
- とくに李退渓の学問は日本の林羅山や山崎闇斎らに影響を与えた。
- Especially, the learning of The Ghe LEE affected Razan HAYASHI, Ansai YAMAZAKI, and others in Japan.
- オランダ語の通詞は長崎市にいるので質問することも難しかった。
- There were some interpreters in Nagasaki City, which was however too far to ask any question to them.
- 当該地域の領有権及び領土問題に関する詳細は樺太の項目を参照。
- For details on territorial rights or territorial disputes of this area see Sakhalin.
- 突っ込んだ話は行われず、若干の質問・応答のみで終了となった。
- Additionally, during the meeting they did not pursue in depth discussion, but instead, concluded this meeting with several sessions of questions and answers.
- 質問後、事件を知ると、2日後に再度事件について質問を行った。
- After he knew about the Kawamata Incident, he questioned about this incident again two days later.
- 政治に対する学問の独立性及び中立性を考えさせるものになった。
- This incident made people think of the academic independence and neutrality for the politics.
- 平安期には問注を行うための特定の場所は定められていなかった。
- There was no designated place where the monchu was held during the Heian period.
- 華族の中にも特権身分制度に疑問を持ち爵位を返上する者も現れた。
- Some people from the peerage wondered about the privileged class system and gave up their peerage.
- 要するに「国家か法か」という回答困難な問題が発生したのである。
- In other words, a difficult problem, 'which Japan should choose, the state or the law?' arose.
- しかし、このような説には以下のような点が問題として挙げられる。
- However, the following can be suggested as problems for such theories.
- 勧進を続ける文治年間の重源のまえには、新たな問題が起きていた。
- Chogen, who had been soliciting contributions during the Bunji era, faced new problems.
- および徳川家の存廃と常にセットとして語られるべき問題であった。
- Then, there was the additional issue up for consideration, how to proceed with the elimination of the Tokugawa family.
- さらに参議と各省の卿の分離問題で、両者は決定的な対立を迎える。
- In the end, they fell into open conflict over the issue of separating the Councillors from the Ministers.
- 問屋の収入は、取次の引受けに対して委託者が支払う手数料である。
- The income of Toiya are charges for the service, paid from consignors for Toiya undertaking commissions.
- そして、こうした問題を解決するため、親王任国の制度を奏上した。
- In order to solve these problems, he proposed the Emperor establish the Shinno-ningoku system.
- 頼朝の尋問に対し法華経を一心に唱え一言も発せず命を差し出した。
- Toshihira kept chanting the Hokke-kyo Sutra sincerely without saying a word during the interrogation by Yoritomo and surrendered his life.
- こうして、建築はもっぱら工学的な学問と考えられる風潮が強まった。
- As a result, there developed a tendency to view architecture solely as an engineering concept.
- そもそも増師問題は、当初は陸軍・政友会間での妥協が図られていた。
- In the first place, the Japanese Army and the Seiyukai were seeking a compromise on the increase of two army divisions.
- 神田警察署に連行された逮捕者は、腹を蹴られるなどの拷問を受けた。
- The arrested people were taken to the Kanda police station and tortured (e.g., kicked in the belly).
- また、公武の宿泊、休憩のため問屋場、本陣、脇本陣などがおかれた。
- In addition, toiyaba (administration office), honjin (officially appointed inn), and waki honjin (sub-honjin) were established for court nobles and samurai to stay and rest.
- 常人らは「ならば、なぜ軍兵を率いて押し寄せて来たのか」と問うた。
- Tsunehito and others asked him 'Then why did you come here with your army?'
- 陸軍の系譜においては、幕府ではフランスから軍事顧問を招いていた。
- As regards the developmental pedigree of the Japanese Army, under the bakufu military advisers were invited from France.
- このため、奥右筆の周辺には金品に絡む問題も生じたと言われている。
- It is said that there were problems related to money around Oku-yuhitsu because of this.
- やがて明治末年ころから学問的な本文研究の努力が本格的に始まった。
- Before long, around the late Meiji period, the academic study of text was being conducted in earnest.
- なお、同様の杖が拷問用に使われる場合もあり、これを訊杖と呼んだ。
- Similar canes were used for torture, but then they were called jinjo.
- なお県の役人については検死に問題なかったとして処罰なしとなった。
- Regarding the officers, they were unpunished because there was no fault in their postmortem inspection.
- 現在では、ある問題や相手の態度に対して取られる方策のことをいう。
- Currently, a countermeasure taken against a certain issue or other party's attitudes.
- 譜代家臣の数の少なさは浅井氏の近江支配には大きな問題点であった。
- The scarce number of the hereditary vassals was, therefore, a serious problem for the Azai clan ruling ruling over Omi Province.
- 代表的な歌人:大伴旅人・大伴家持・山上憶良『貧窮問答歌』・山部赤人
- Main poets: OTOMO no Tabito, OTOMO no Yakamochi, YAMANOUE no Okura (famous for his poems 'Bingu-mondoka'), and YAMABE no Akahito
- ただ、統帥権干犯の問題を回避するには有効な方法だったかもしれない。
- However, it might have been an effective way in order to avoid the matter of supreme command interference and violation of rights.
- 質問27および28に記されたいわゆる「忠誠登録」が論争の的となる。
- Questions 27 and 28, the so-called 'Loyalty Registration' became subject of controversy.
- 主に近世の伝馬所(問屋場)に発祥した伝馬地名が各所に残されている。
- Place names including the word tenma still remain in various places where mainly modern tenmajo (post stations) were set.
- 非凡な歴史観がうかがえる問答体の書で三巻本・六巻本・八巻本がある。
- It is a work in the style of a dialogue that shows a remarkable historical viewpoint, and is divided into three, six or eight parts.
- 師、美樹の学問が、この文体の礎となったことは、うなづける話である。
- It is reasonable that his mentor Miki's teaching formed the style.
- なお、押出し決行日は、田中の国会質問日があえて選ばれたものである。
- By the way, the date of demonstration was selected to coincide with the day when Tanaka would pose a question about a mining pollution problem at the National Diet session.
- 家光の時代には、取り潰される藩も多く、浪人が増え、社会問題化した。
- Under the rule of Iemitsu, many domains were abolished and an increase in the number of ronin (masterless samurai) became a social problem.
- だが、北野社側も自己の運上金収入に関わる問題でありこれを拒絶した。
- However, Kitano-sha Shrine rejected the request because the issue had to due with their own tax income.
- この時点では宮本英雄法学部長が文部省に釈明し問題にはならなかった。
- At this point, the dean of the Faculty of Law, Hideo MIYAMOTO apologized to the Ministry of Education and this was not a problem.
- 日本は通信使の一行をとおして先進学問と技術を学ぼうと懸命であった。
- Japan was keen to learn advanced science and technology through the Tsushinshi envoy.
- また、初学者のための学問所直轄の教授所が深川・麻布・麹町にあった。
- For elementary learners, Kyoju-sho under the direct control of Gakumonjo were established in Fukagawa, Azabu and Kojimachi.
- 以降、問注所執事は鎌倉・室町期を通じて三善氏が世襲することとなる。
- From then on, the members of the Miyoshi clan served as the head of the Monchujo for generations during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
- 吾妻鏡には、頼朝邸内の東西にある小さな建物を問注所と号したとある。
- Azuma Kagami describes that Monchujo were two small buildings located on the east and west sides of the Yoritomo's residence.
- 忠能の孫の中山孝麿は宮内庁東宮職や東宮大夫、宮中顧問官を歴任した。
- Takamaro NAKAYAMA, who was a grandson of Tadayasu filled various posts including being a member of the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs of the Imperial Household Agency, Togu-daifu (the Lord Steward to the Imperial Prince) and imperial court councilor.
- その中で、勢道家出身の大王大妃たちの垂簾聴政が問題になったりした。
- Under such circumstances, the reign behind the curtain by Daio ohi from the Seido family (勢道家) came to be an issue.
- 室町時代の一条兼良は、政治以外に、学問や連歌の文化的活躍も残した。
- Kanera ICHIJO, during the Muromachi period, was active not only in politics but also in the cultural world such as academics and renga (linked verse).
- 同時代史料には全く名前が出てこないため実在を疑問視する意見もある。
- There is an opinion which questions her existence since no documentation in that period mentioned her.
- これに対して吉良は抜刀はしていないので理由の如何を問わず無罪となる。
- Kira, on the other hand, did not draw his sword, and therefore was found not guilty.
- これを上杉聡や中村拡三らは賤民差別から部落問題の発生の移行期とみる。
- Satoshi UESUGI, Kozo NAKAMURA and others consider this period transition from discrimination of humble or lowly people to the outbreak of Buraku (hamlet) issue.
- そして夏の陣直前に豊臣方から離れたため、戦後に罪には問われなかった。
- He did not suffer punitive action from the Tokugawa side later after the war because of his departure from the Toyotomi camp prior to the Summer Siege.
- 近江佐々木氏の家中問題も絡み、六角義賢の近江における権威は低下した。
- Yosikata ROKKAKU declined his authority in Omi with the family trouble of Omi Sasaki clan also involved.
- 奈良原繁 男爵・日本鉄道会社社長・元老院議官・沖縄県知事・宮中顧問官
- Shigeru NARAHARA: Baron, the president of Nippon Railway, Genroin gikan, (councillor of Chamber of Elders or Senate) the Prefectural governor of Okinawa Prefecture, the imperial court councillor
- 奈良原繁:男爵・日本鉄道会社社長・錦鶏間祗候・沖縄県知事・宮中顧問官
- Shigeru NARAHARA: He was a baron, president of Nippon Railway, Kinkei-no-ma shiko, Okinawa Prefectural Governor, and Imperial Court Councilor.
- この問題は、日朝双方の国交に対する思惑がすれ違ったことが原因である。
- The root of this problem lied in Japan and Korea's differing expectations regarding diplomatic relations.
- 同時期、アリゾナ州では期限を問わず1世による一切の借地が禁じられる。
- In the same period, the State of Arizona banned members of the first-generation from leasing land regardless of the length of time.
- 支那問題を研究するとともに各般の調査に従事し、各種事業の助成を図る。
- It studied China problem with engaging in various researches to promote many operations.
- そして10月23日、学内において建て替え問題に関する団交が開かれた。
- A mass bargaining session on the problem of reconstruction was held on October 23.
- すなわち問注所は東国の一般民事訴訟を取り扱っていたということになる。
- Therefore Monchujo handled general civil suits in Togoku.
- イラク:クウェート侵攻での国際的に問題だと宮内庁側の一方的な取り消し
- Iraq: The invitation was cancelled by Imperial Household Agency due to the invasion of Kuwait, which was considered an international issue.
- なお行忠の祖父高行は枢密顧問官で明宮(大正天皇)の御教養主任だった。
- Yukisada's grandfather Takayuki SASAKI was privy councilor and a head of education for Harunomiya (Taisho Emperor).
- この事件は私立学校における教育の自由や学問の自由に関する議論となった。
- This incident provoked controversy on the freedom of education and learning at private schools.
- 岩村通俊 男爵・勲一等旭日大綬章・北海道庁長官・貴族院議員・宮中顧問官
- Michitoshi IWAMURA: Baron, Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, the director general of the Hokkaido government, the member of Kizokuin, (the House of Peers) the imperial court councillor
- (本項の語意に於ける「問屋」とは、運送業を意味する。問丸を参照せよ)。
- ('Tonya' (warehouse merchant) in this article means transportation business. cf. Toimaru)
- 逆に悪質な販売店では、初期不良品を「相性の問題だ」で済ます場合もある。
- On the other hand, vicious dealers might falsely blame the problem as 'the problem of compatibility' even if it was a defective product in the first place.
- 訳:元の主人から問題のあるとされた者を家来として召し抱えてはならない。
- Translation: Do not accept a retainer who was a hindrance to his ex-master.
- 山岡は西郷を知らなかったこともあり、まず陸軍総裁勝海舟の邸を訪問する。
- Since Yamaoka would not have a chance to meet with Saigo, Yamaoka first visited the residence of Kaishu KATSU, Rikugun Sosai.
- 殿様趣味の枠を超えて、自ら蘭学研究を行ったり、学問の奨励するなどした。
- Their interest transcended lordly outside interests, including their personal engagement in Western studies, promotion of learning, and so on.
- が、「学問を修め、文章をよくする人」であることが文人たる所以といえる。
- However, 'being educated and good at literature' was a prerequisite for a Bunjin.
- 一方、田中正造は事実を知らず、国会で鉱毒問題に関する質問を行っていた。
- Shozo TANAKA, however, was not informed what was going on in Kawamata when he was raising questions about the copper-mine poisoning at the National Diet session.
- 幕府の増収に貢献したが、いろいろ問題点も多く1730年に廃止となった。
- While the rule contributed to an increase in the Bakufu's revenue, it faced many problems and was abolished in 1730.
- モンゴル、中国、韓国では、黄砂による被害は大きな社会問題となっている。
- In Mongolia, China and South Korea, the damage due to kosa is considerable, becoming a social problem.
- ここで晴季は先年の信長への三職推任問題を念頭に秀吉に関白就任を勧めた。
- With Nobunaga's sanshoku-suinin-mondai of a few years back in mind, Harusue at this point recommended that Hideyoshi assume the position of Kanpaku.
- 1184年(元暦元)10月20日 (旧暦)、鎌倉に問注所が設置された。
- The Monchujo was established in Kamakura on November 25, 1184.
- 秀吉からは布令無視を詰問されたが、徳川家康らの周旋もあり窮地を脱した。
- Although Hideyoshi questioned Masamune closely about his failure to obey the edicts, Masamune had a narrow escape thanks to the mediation of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 但し、高見王の名は同時代の史料に名前が見えないので系譜には疑問も残る。
- However, since the name of the Prince Takami is not found in historical sources from the relevant period, there is some doubt about this lineage.
- 第四 顧問又ハ參與官ノ名義ヲ以テ現ニ韓國ニ傭聘セラルル者ハ總テ之ヲ解傭ス
- Item 4. All those currently in the service of Korea with the position of advisor or counselor shall be removed from their duties.
- 『隋書』「東夷傳俀國傳」は高祖楊堅の問いに遣使が答えた様子を載せている。
- The section called 'the Record of Eastern Barbarians, the Record of Wakoku (Japan)' in 'Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) includes a scene between Emperor Wen, who was the founder of the dynasty, and an envoy.
- 煙害に困った足尾町赤倉地区の住民が1920年に煙害問題安定期成会を結成。
- The residents in Akakura area of Ashio-machi which damaged by air pollution by the mines' smoke formed the air pollution committee in 1920.
- 明治6年6月森山帰国後の閣議であらためて対朝鮮外交問題が取り上げられた。
- In June 1873, the problem of diplomacy with Korea was highlighted at the cabinet meeting again after Shigeru MORIYAMA was back to Japan.
- 貴賤老若男女問わず信仰をあつめた東大寺の力がよく伝わるエピソードである。
- This episode clearly shows the power of Todai-ji Temple, in which many people had faith regardless of rank, age, and sex.
- 関八州では目明かし、関西では手先、または口問いと各地方で呼びかたは異なる。
- Okappiki were called 'Meakashi' in Kanhasshu (the Eight Provinces of the Kanto region) and 'Tesaki' or 'Kuchitoi' in the Kansai region, and in this way, the names were different from area to area..
- 失敗の責任が問われ、家老や銀札奉行などが切腹や蟄居など重い処分が下された。
- Some people such as the karo (chief retainer) and the ginsatsu bugyo (commissioner of the ginsatsu) were held accountable for the failure and were sentenced to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) or chikkyo (being confined to home).
- 5つの要素を並列的に図案化できる図形として、洋の東西を問わず使われてきた。
- It has been used in all countries as a figure that can design five elements in parallel.
- なお、昭和期には海軍大臣人事が問題となって内閣の死命が制せられた例はない。
- Besides this, there was no example of a Cabinet being held up by issues of the Navy Minister's personnel affairs during the Showa period.
- また、部落問題民をも奇兵隊に取り入れていたという事実も特筆するべきである。
- The fact that Kiheitai Army involved people in Buraku problem was worthy of special mention.
- 元寇以来、内外に諸問題が噴出する中で幕政運営を巡って両者の対立は激化する。
- Confrontation and rivalry became intense over government administration amid internal and external issues erupting one after another since the Mongol invasion attempts on Japan.
- 萩藩の代官・井上宇兵衛は事件の顛末を萩藩に報告し、徳山藩に詰問状を発した。
- Uhei INOUE, the daikan (the bakufu-representing officer at a clan) of the Hagi clan, reported the Hagi clan about the details of the incident, and sent an inquiry letter to the Tokuyama clan.
- 地方民会や三新法など地方自治に関係のある、地方行政を巡る諸問題を審議した。
- They discussed about various matters of district administration related to the local assembly and three local new laws.
- 檀家の無い寺院は、古い新しいを問わず他の寺院に合併することにしたらどうか。
- Should the temples without Buddhist parishioner whether new or old be merged with the other temple?
- 年収100万円で学問三昧の暮らしを送ったが、1980年に栄養失調でダウン。
- He concentrated on his study while earning one million yen a year, but fell ill in 1980 due to malnutrition.
- 廻船問屋は江戸時代に至っても運送業と卸売業の性格を併せ持ったままであった。
- Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) kept both the roles of transportation operation and wholesale agent, even after entering the Edo period.
- 当時、慶勝は徳川慶喜の辞官納地問題に際し、領地返上に反対の立場をとっていた。
- In those days, Yoshikatsu took the stance to oppose to giving up the territories on Jikan nochi (an order for surrendering the Shogunate post and domains to the Imperial Court) of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- 岩村通俊:男爵・農商務大臣・宮中顧問官・北海道庁 (1886-1947)長官
- Michitoshi IWAMURA: He was a baron, minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Imperial court councilor and Director General of the Hokkaido government (1886-1947).
- また景初3年、正始元年の銘の鏡もリアルタイムのものとして問題なく理解できる。
- That mirrors inscribed with 239 and 240 were also made in those years is understandable without question.
- 関所(せきしょ)とは、交通の要所に設置された、徴税や検問のための施設である。
- Sekisho (barrier station) were facilities installed at the important points of traffic, in order to collect taxes and perform inspections.
- 中央集権化を推進していくうえで、この問題は是非とも克服してゆかねばならない。
- Upon the implementation of centralization, this problem had to be overcome at whatever cost.
- 同局は地方当局に対して指示を出すとともに、地方当局からの問い合わせに答えた。
- The Secretariat commanded the provincial regulators, as well as answering inquiries from them.
- むしろ、政策以上に紛糾と対立を引き起こしたのは財政と人事を巡る問題であった。
- It was financial and personnel affairs besides political issues that brought about more dispute and confrontation.
- しかし、第一条のみは絶対に受けられないとして断固拒否し、西郷と問答が続いた。
- Yamaoka insisted that he would never accept article number one, rejected the condition of the article number one and continued an exchange of dialogue with Saigo.
- 士族であるか平民であるかを問わず島民全てみな署名血判して書状を作成していた。
- They wrote a letter with all islanders' signs and sealed it with their blood, regardless of Shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) or Heimin (commoner).
- 販売の場所は路上や空き地、公園の一角を間借りするか、あるいは戸別訪問をする。
- They use streets and empty lots, borrow a corner of parks as places for selling, or visit each house to sell their products.
- 背景に、次期将軍を予定されていた足利義視の排斥問題も絡んでいると伝えられる。
- It is said that the expulsion of the anticipated successor as shogun, Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, was involved in the events leading up to the dispute.
- それに伴う犯罪の増加など、現代まで続く都市問題が見られるようになった。
- This led to urban problems, such as rising crime, which still continue to the present day.
- しかし、この伝説には疑問も多く、松平氏の先祖を粉飾するための伝説とされている。
- However, the truth of this legend is questionable and is perhaps used to enrich the history of the MATSUDAIRA Clan.
- 展示された地域からの激しい抗議により、博覧会は外交問題化していくことになった。
- Because people from the regions where introduced in those pavilions strongly opposed to the exhibition and this became a diplomatic issue.
- これらの問題、つまり三権分立や司法のあり方などは活発に議論されるようになった。
- People started to conduct lively discussions about these issues, how the separation of powers and the judiciary should function.
- 朝鮮はそれまでの高麗の国教であった仏教を排し朱子学を唯一の学問(官学)とした。
- Korea discarded Buddhism that was the previous state religion of Goryeo an set Neo-Confucianism as the only method of learning (government school).
- また、南北戦争時にエイブラハム・リンカーン大統領の軍事顧問的立場にあった軍人。
- He served as military man acting as a military adviser for Abraham LINCOLN during the Civil War.
- この問題は、学問の自由(特に歴史学)と国体とのかかわり方について一石を投じた。
- This incident raised a question on the relationship between the academic (especially, historical) freedom and the nation's political system.
- 朱子学(しゅしがく)とは、南宋の朱熹によって再構築された儒教の新しい学問体系。
- Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) was the new learning system of Confucianism reconstructed by Hsi CHU in Southern Sung.
- 9月末から10月上旬にかけて学生センター職員が二度にわたって吉田寮を訪問した。
- From the end of September to early October, officers of the student center visited Yoshida dormitory twice.
- また江戸には、下り酒を引き受ける江戸酒問屋下り酒の地廻り酒というものがあった。
- In Edo, there were kudari-zake-donya (wholesalers handling kudari-zake).
- 学問所では、毎月の定日に経書の講義や会読、小試・大試などの試験もおこなわれた。
- At the Gakumonjo, on a fixed day of each month, lectures or discussions on scriptures were given along with short or long quizzes.
- 平成18年(2006年)6月6日、 シンガポール・タイ王国訪問前の記者会見にて
- The Emperor made this remark on June 6, 2006 at the press conference held ahead of the visit to Singapore and the Kingdom of Thailand.
- 原内閣以後、研究会は政党内閣・非政党内閣を問わずに閣僚を入閣させるようになった。
- After HARA Cabinet, Kenkyukai sent its members into the Cabinet without concerning whether it was a party cabinet or a non-party one.
- そのため、江戸の問屋商人を中心とする従来の流通機構が徐々にほころびを見せ始めた。
- Therefore, traditional distribution system led by wholesalers in Edo began to collapse.
- 錦織は、家宅侵入罪に問われ禁固処分を受けるとともに、偏執的な行動が批判を受ける。
- NISHIGORI was accused of unlawful entry and was punished by imprisonment, and the public criticized his actions as paranoia.
- 結局、この問題は「朝鮮国主上之宝」という玉璽を新鋳して押下批准することになった。
- In the end, Korea made a new Imperial Seal called '朝鮮国主上之宝', and used this on the document at ratification.
- なお、上記のような理由により、「偽書か否か」と「正典か否か」は当然別問題である。
- In addition, from the above reasons, 'whether it is a gisho or not' or 'whether it is a sacred book or not' are different problems.
- 入会山紛争、砥部騒動をはじめ諸農民問題、海上漁業権に関する網代騒動などがあった。
- Chief among such problems were, for farmers, disputes over common farming areas on hills and the Tobe Disturbance, while problems for fishermen included the Ajiro (wickerwork) Disturbance over ocean fishing rights.
- 政党内閣は政党間の対立という困難な問題を処理できないままに1930年代を迎えた。
- Party cabinet continued into the 1930s, while still being unable to bring the difficult problem - confrontation between political parties - under control.
- 阿部の意向を受けた三人は「大赦律」などを参照にしつつも旧来の問題点を洗い出した。
- On behalf of Abe the three men thoroughly examined customary controversial points while referring to the 'Taisharitsu.'
- このように、アジアの他の地域でも同様の越境汚染問題があることが分かってきている。
- In this way, it has also become known that similar across-boarder problems exist in other areas of Asia as well.
- そこで、信輔と昭実は争うように大坂城の秀吉の許を訪問して自己の正当性を主張した。
- Then, Nobusuke and Akizane were both in a rush to visit Hideyoshi at Osaka-jo Castle to insist on the legitimacy of their own arguments.
- そのため上述のような厳格な規定は適用されず、殺害自体の刑事責任も問われなかった。
- The strict rules mentioned above were not applied to Bureiuchi, and the lord was not held criminally responsible for killing his vassal(s).
- しかしそのうち鎌倉市中の一般民事訴訟については問注所ではなく政所が所管していた。
- However, it was Mandokoro, and not Monchujo, which held jurisdiction over general civil suits within the city of Kamakura.
- なお奥州藤原氏が実際に藤原氏の係累であるかについては長年疑問符がつけられていた。
- The question whether the Oshu Fujiwara clan was actually related to the Fujiwara clan had not been settled for a long time.
- 彼らは、天皇廃立を企てた奈良麻呂らに対して過酷な尋問や拷問を行った人々でもあった。
- They were the people who performed the intense interrogation and torture against Nakamaro and others who planned the enthronement and dethronement of the Emperor.
- 大久保利通亡き後、明治政府はいつ立憲体制に移行するかという疑問が持ち上がっていた。
- After the death of Toshimichi OKUBO, there was a dispute among the government regarding transitional period to constitutional government system.
- だが、この場合の「施し」というものが具体的にどのような痕跡を指すのかが問題である。
- The question is, however, what the 'marks' specifically refer to.
- これらのうち不当に低く評価された金貨は問題外とされ、論争の焦点は銀貨へと絞られた。
- Of those arguments, gold coins were left out of the negotiation because they were too lowly valued, and the negotiation was focused on silver coins.
- 当時、日本とロシアの関係が問題となっており、河野は心中深く決心するところがあった。
- At that time, relationship between Japan and Russia was at issue, and KONO really did make up his mind.
- なお「旅宿問答」は伊勢貞丈の『安斎随筆』に引用されているもので、現存はしていない。
- Also, 'Ryoshuku mondo' was quoted in 'Ansai Zuihitsu (essay)' by Sadatake ISE, but it no longer exists.
- またパークスは、徳川慶喜が外国に亡命することも万国公法上は問題ないと話したという。
- Additionally, Parkes informed the officers of International Law allowing for Yoshinobu's asylum in a foreign nation.
- 唐代になると科挙制度が整備され学問さえ修めれば誰もが官僚になれる機会が与えられた。
- In the Tang period, the Imperial Examination System was established and anyone who learned was given a chance to become a bureaucrat.
- 儒教思想は実践的であることから学問を行えば自ずと徳が磨かれるものと見なされていた。
- Since the Confucian thought put a high value on practicality, it was regarded that leaning naturally promotes learners' virtue.
- 発生源から離れた地域に被害を及ぼす、国境を越えた環境問題の典型的な例の1つである。
- Kosa constitutes a typical cross-nation-boundary problem that causes damage to areas far away from the problem source place.
- 日本では、これらの諸国に比べて被害は軽く、環境問題として取り上げられることが多い。
- In Japan, the damage is not so serious compared with these nations, and kosa is usually taken up as an environmental problem.
- 文化面では、欧米から新たな学問・芸術・文物が伝来し、その有様は文明開化と呼ばれた。
- In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.
- 株仲間(かぶなかま)とは、問屋などが一種の座を作り、カルテルを形成することである。
- Kabunakama was a type of guild formed as a cartel by warehouse merchants.
- このため、この両家を新家として一括りにしてもいいのかについては疑問視する説もある。
- Hence, it is sometimes questioned whether these two families can be grouped with the other shinke families.
- 大院君は清に連行され、李鴻章による査問会の後、天津市に幽閉された(1882年8月)。
- In August 1882, Daewongun was taken to Qing, and was confined in Tianjin City after a hearing by Li Hongzhang.
- 江戸時代から1945年まで、即位説は論者の道徳的姿勢にも関わる問題と意識されていた。
- The enthronement theory was considered to be associated with the morals of advocates in the Edo period to 1945.
- また、実際問題として欧米での日本に対する評価が明らかに欧化政策を境に変わっていった。
- However, in practice, the public estimation of Japan in Western countries obviously changed after the policy of Europeanization.
- 一方、将軍・足利義高(後に義澄と改名)を擁立して覇権を掌握した政元にも問題があった。
- On the other hand, Masamoto who obtained hegemony by installing Yoshitaka ASHIKAGA (later changed his name to Yoshizumi) as shogun, also had a problem.
- 家集「都氏文集(としぶんしゅう)」には詔勅や対策の策問などの名文がおさめられている。
- He is known for several famous literary compositions, including his personal literary collection, the 'Toshi bunshu' (the Miyako clan Literary Collection) as well as Imperial Rescripts and questions for the Taisaku.
- こうした知識の累積がやがて学問として体系化されて有職故実へと発展していくことになる。
- This accumulation of the knowledge was later systematized into a lerning to be developped into Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).
- また、黄砂とは別の問題である大気汚染などが、黄砂の悪影響を増大させている側面もある。
- There is also the aspect that air pollution, not directly related to kosa, has increased bad effects of kosa.
- が、それでも押板があった程度だ、ともいえ、大きな問題ではないという考え方もありえる。
- However, it could be said that there was just oshiita and it might not be a big problem.
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代には、京都の公家が古典研究や有職故実の学問の担い手となっていた。
- From the Kamakura to the Muromachi period, nobles in Kyoto took responsibility for studying the classics or Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).
- なお現在、移転後の地(現鎌倉市立御成小学校前)には「問注所旧蹟碑」が立てられている。
- Today the 'historical monument of Monchujo' stands in front of the Kamakura City Onari Elementary School, which was the site of the relocated Monchujo.
- 『書紀』の編年方針全体の問題であるから、ここから直ちに大友皇子の即位には結びつかない。
- Since this is a matter of the policy of chronology of 'Chronicles of Japan,' it was not directly associated with the issue of the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
- しかし、哲学館の卒業試験を検定した視学官隈本有尚が中島徳蔵の出題した内容を問題視した。
- However, Aritaka KUMAMOTO who examined the graduation exam of Tetsugakukan, pointed out a problem regarding the contents which Tokuzo NAKAJIMA prepared.
- 博覧会開催前に清国の皇族や高官を招待していたため、すぐに外交問題となったためであった。
- This was because it quickly became a diplomatic issue as the Imperial family and high officials had been invited from Qing before the opening of the Exhibition.
- 新井が家宣の諮問に応じて提出した膨大な政策資料が廃棄処分にさえされている模様でもある。
- Even huge amounts of political documents submitted by Arai in respond to Ienobu's request seems to have been scrapped.
- ところが、11月に入ると義嗣の取調べにあたった富樫満成から出された報告が問題を呼んだ。
- However in November (old calendar) the report from Mitsunari TOGASHI, Yoshitsugu's interrogator, caused a problem.
- 明和8年(1771年)の春、中川淳庵は、江戸参府中の出島商館長(カピタン)を訪問する。
- In the spring of 1771, Junan NAKAGAWA called on the Capitão (head) of the Dejima Factory during the Edo shogunate years.
- ただし収容された無宿は元々犯罪者崩れだったため、様々な問題を引き起こすことも多かった。
- However, the homeless who were accomodated there used be criminals, so they often caused troubles as follows:
- 訪問においては、参朝はいうまでもなく、宮門で下乗、下馬をさせ、寺社もまたそれに準じた。
- To visit the imperial court, needless to say, people had to dismount their horses or alight from their palanquins at Miyamon gate (a court gate), which manner was followed by visitors to shrines and temples.
- シドニー号事件(シドニーごうじけん)は、日清戦争のとき、日仏2国間で問題となった事件。
- This incident occurred between Japan and France during The Sino-Japanese War
- 第一回交渉では和宮の処遇問題と、以前山岡に提示された慶喜の降伏条件の確認のみとなった。
- During the first negotiation meeting, the content for discussion focused on two main points; the issue regarding the treatment of Princess Kazunomiya, and the conditions for the surrender of Yoshinobu; these concerns of Saigo were presented to Yamaoka prior to the meeting.
- 脱亜思想を示した著作としては、福澤諭吉の『学問のすゝめ』や『文明論之概略』などがある。
- There are some literary works describing Datsua-shiso thought, such as 'Gakumon no susume' (An Encouragement of Learning) or 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.
- これは印刷・編集といった諸問題から発行日が記載されたものとずれたのだと考えられている。
- It is thought that this was because the actual publishing date delayed from the date printed on the bulletin because of some problems such as printing and editing.
- 問屋営業の典型例として、証券会社における証券の売買仲介(ブローカレッジ)があげられる。
- The brokerage at a broker house can be cited as a typical example of what Toiya do.
- しかしながら、石垣の構築と土塁の構築には工事量に差があることを無視している問題がある。
- However, this view has a problem that the fact that there is a difference in the amount of work for construction of stone walls and dorui is ignored.
- 撰銭を巡る問題は、16世紀の日本に強力な中央政権が存在しなかったことにも起因していた。
- Problems centered on the erizeni act were also generated partially because no strong centralized government existed in Japan during the sixteenth century.
- 江戸時代後期に直弼は老中阿部正弘の死後に大老となり、将軍後継問題では南紀派を後援した。
- At the end of the Edo period, Naosuke became a Tairo after a Roju (senior councillor of the Tokugawa shogunate) Masahiro ABE's death, and as to the issue of the successor to the Shogun, he supported the Nanki group (a group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kishu-Tokugawa family).
- また首謀者である奈良麻呂の名が続日本紀に残されていないが、同じく拷問死したと考えられる。
- Furthermore, even though Naramaro's name did not appear in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), he was considered to be dead in jail like other members.
- 第六条 主任大臣ハ其ノ所見ニ由リ何等ノ件ヲ問ハス内閣総理大臣ニ提出シ閣議ヲ求ムルコトヲ得
- Article 6: Each minister has the right to submit any matter for which he or she is responsible to the Prime Minister, and may request a Cabinet meeting.
- 大杉の妻らを証人として喚問した8月22日の第2回公判を経て、判決は8月29日に下された。
- The decision was handed down on August 29, after the second public trial on August 22 in which OSUGI's wife was summoned as witness.
- 帰途はアジア各国への訪問も行われたがこれはヨーロッパでの滞在に比べれば短いものであった。
- They also visited Asian countries on their way back, however, they didn't stay in these countries longer than in European countries.
- さらに政府がこの問題で判決を譲ったのは、元老内部の抗争の影響があったためとする説もある。
- There is another theory that struggle among Genro (elder statesman) was the reason why the government had to give up the death penalty of Tsuda.
- 国家学会設立の背景には、近代日本の学問研究における「政治学」の自立が大きく関わっている。
- Independence of 'political science' in academic research of modern Japan was closely related to the background of foundation of Kokkagakkai.
- 鳥羽天皇の崇徳天皇への譲位問題より始まり、鳥羽法皇が崩御したのをきっかけに崇徳院が挙兵。
- Emperor Sutoku was forced to abdicate the throne by Emperor Toba, so Sutoku-in raised an army upon the demise of the Cloistered Emperor Toba.
- この時、伊達政宗は羽黒山麗に本陣を構えていたが、片倉景綱を呼び、福島城中の様子を問うた。
- At this time, Masamune DATE had set up the headquarters at the foot of Mt. Haguro and called Kagetsune KATAKURA to ask the situation in the Fukushima-jo Castle.
- ここで訴訟や政治問題などの処理が行われるとともに、院文殿に記録所の機能が兼ね揃えられた。
- Lawsuits and political issues were processed at the venue, and the venue also served as Kirokujo (Land Record Office) of the in-no-fu-dono.
- そのため、学校・学部さえ問わなければ、華族は帝大卒の学歴を容易に手に入れることができた。
- Therefore, kazoku could easily take a degree from Imperial University, if they were not choosy about specific universities or specific departments.
- 尋尊のもとで友幸は陰陽道や暦道のことのみならず、政治顧問的な役目を果たしていたとされる。
- Aside from accomplishing his duties of Onmyodo and Rekido (study of the calendar), he also served as political advisor to Jinson.
- 翌7月3日 (旧暦)(7月27日)、右大臣・藤原豊成、中納言・藤原永手らが小野東人を訊問。
- On the following day, July 27, Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Toyonari, Chunagon (a vive-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Nagate, and others visited ONO no Azumahito and had a hearing.
- ミュアヘッドも文部省の見解に対してイギリスから反論するなど、日英間の国際問題となりかけた。
- Muirhead opposed to the opinion of Ministry of Education from Britain, the incident was about to be an international incident between England and Japan.
- 同年、藩主に就いた井伊直憲は、文久2年(1862年)直弼の罪を問われ10万石を減封された。
- In the same year, Naonori II became the lord of domain, and in 1862, his yield was reduced by 100,000 koku because he was accused of Naosuke's sins.
- この問答を聞いていた広嗣軍の隼人3人が河に飛び込んで官軍側へ渡り、官軍の隼人が助け上げた。
- On hearing this, three soldiers of Hayato of the Hirotsugu army jumped into the river, crossed the river to the side of the government army, and were helped by Hayato of the government army.
- 山内容堂は12日、辞官納地問題を松平春嶽の周旋に委任することを求める建白書を新政権に提出。
- Yodo YAMAUCHI submitted a petition to the new administration on 12, to suggest to delegate the Jikan Nochi issue to the mediation of Shungaku MATSUDAIRA.
- 崇徳側についた教長らは次々と捕らえられ、頼長の居場所などを聞き出すために拷問にかけられる。
- Norinaga and others who have sided with Sutoku are captured one after another, and they are tortured and asked where Yorinaga is.
- 義和団の源流は何かという問題と並んでよく論じられるのが、清朝の列強への「宣戦布告」である。
- The Qing dynasty's 'proclamation of war' toward the allied western powers was often debated alongside the search for the origin of the Boxers.
- 国境線画定という問題の深化とともに、近代国際法が受容されていったといえる(秋月2002)。
- As the problem regarding the borders became more serious, the acceptance of modern international law was promoted (Akizuki 2002).
- 主人はまた飴を売ってやるが、女は「どこに住んでいるのか」という主人の問いには答えず消えた。
- The storekeeper sells her some candy and asks her, 'Where do you live?,' but she is gone without answering his question.
- この頃、日宋貿易につながる海上交通ルート・瀬戸内海は、海賊の跋扈が大きな問題となっていた。
- Around this period, the Seto Inland Sea, part of the sea route in trade between Japan and Song, was infested with pirates.
- 仁和寺門跡である守覚法親王の質問を受けて、従三位兵部卿であった基親が著したと言われている。
- Motochika, Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and Minister of the Hyobu-sho (Ministry of Military Affairs), is said to have written the book after being asked questions by the chief priest of the Ninna-ji Temple, Cloistered Imperial Prince Shukaku,
- これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
- In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.
- これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡は位貴くも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたことにより大問題となる。
- As Monjo hakase (professor of literature) FUJIWARA no Sukeyo told Mototsune that 'Ako was a high-ranking position with no jobs,' this phrase developed into a big problem.
- しかし将軍家や守護家の家督相続問題などで宗全と対立し、東軍の総帥として足利義視を推戴した。
- However he opposed Sozen on the issues in succession of the Shogun and Shugo family headship and he sipported Yoshimi ASHIKAGA as a commander of the eastern army.
- また古代甲斐における国衙が八代郡 (甲斐国)であることからも義光の入国は疑問視されている。
- Further, this oral tradition is being questioned in the light of the fact that the kokuga (provincial government office) of Kai Province was located in Yatsushiro-gun (Kai Province) at the time.
- 『大鏡』は大友皇子が天武天皇になったとする単純な誤りがあり、史料としての信頼性に疑問がある。
- 'Okagami' (the Great Mirror) contains an erroneous description that Prince Otomo became Emperor Tenmu, and there is a question about its reliability as a historical document.
- 主として歴史学において(つまりはその文献の史的側面が問題とされる場合に)用いられる語である。
- Gisho are words used mainly for historical learning (that is, in cases where historical aspects are called into question).
- 現在では標準語の普及もあって、異なる方言話者の間でも意思疎通に大きな問題を生じることはない。
- Those who speak in different dialects have no trouble communicating today, thanks to the popularization of the standard dialect.
- 引退した老将が孫と曾孫からの問いかけに答える形で源氏と東国武士の歴史を語る形式を採っている。
- The book is written in a format that a retired old army general told stories of Genji and the history of Togoku Samurai by answering his grandchild's and great-grandchild's questions.
- 赤舌日といふこと、陰陽道(おんやうだう)には沙汰なき事なり(陰陽道では問題にしないことだ)。
- The Onmyodo teachings have nothing to say on the subject of Shakuzetsu-nichi Day.
- 将軍継嗣問題(しょうぐんけいしもんだい)とは、幕府の次期征夷大将軍(将軍)の選定を巡る政争。
- The problem of heir of Shogun means a political strife of selection of the next Seii Taishogun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo) (Shogun) of the bakufu.
- その結果、かえって流通の混乱を招き、水野失脚後の1851年、冥加金不要の問屋仲間として再興。
- As a result, it caused a distributional disruption and in 1851, after the fall of Mizuno, kabunakama were reestablished as toiyanakama (group of warehouse merchants) in which no render was needed.
- 士族や富裕商人、富裕農民だけではなく、身分を問わず苗字を付けることが認められた(国民皆姓)。
- All people, not only those in the warrior class and affluent merchants and farmers, were allowed to have their surnames regardless of their titles (Kokumin kaisei).
- 鎌倉幕府において雑務沙汰を所管したのは、東国については問注所、鎌倉市中については政所だった。
- In the Kamakura bakufu, monchujo (a court of justice) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) and mandokoro (Administrative Board) in Kamakura City held jurisdiction over Zatsumusata.
- 清水谷実英(さねあきら)は明治17年7月7日伯爵位を授けられ、宮中顧問官、掌典次長を務めた。
- The peerage of count was conferred upon Saneakira SHIMIZUDANI on July 7, 1884 and he served as an imperial court councilor and shotenjicho (the deputy chief of shotenshoku, the section of the Imperial Household Agency handling the court rituals).
- この後すぐに獄に移され、永手、百済王敬福、船王らの監督下、杖で全身を何度も打つ拷問が行われた。
- Soon after the confession, he was transferred to a jail and tortured by repeated beating with a stick under the supervision of Nagate, Kyofuku KUDARANOKONIKISHI, Prince Fune, and others.
- 塩焼王は直接関与した証拠がなかったために臣籍降下(「氷上塩焼」と改名)することで不問とされた。
- Prince Shioyaki was not punished because there was no evidence indicating his direct involvement in the rebellion; however, his position as a member of the Imperial family was revoked, demoting him from nobility to a subject (changed his name to 'HIKAMI no Shioyaki').
- その上で、神に審議を問うという形で、二人が同時に熱湯の中に入った石を取り出して神棚に安置する。
- After that, they would both simultaneously put their hands in boiling water, take out a stone, and then place it on the Shinto altar in order to ask the shrine's gods for consideration.
- 問屋場(といやば)は、江戸時代の街道の宿場で人馬の継立、助郷賦課などの業務を行うところでした。
- Toiyaba were administrative offices in post stations on roads during the Edo period, which mainly dealt with relays of riders and horses as well as sukego fuka (labor from the neighboring villages to help the primarily imposed village).
- 中国がアヘン戦争に敗北すると日本国内でも対外的危機意識が高まり、幕閣では海防問題が議論される。
- After China lost the Opium War, the awareness of foreign risk rose in Japan and cabinet officials of the Shogunate discussed the issue of coastal defense.
- このため、1882年伊藤はドイツ(プロシア)の憲法事情を研究するという名目でドイツを訪問した。
- Therefore Ito went to Germany in 1882 to study the circumstances around the constitution of Germany (Prussia).
- そんなとき、小川武平が請願へ千葉町に上京したとき、夜店で福澤諭吉の「学問のすゝめ」を購入した。
- Meanwhile, Buhei Ogawa purchased a book 'Gakumon no susume' (recommendation of studying) written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA at a night stall when he went to Chiba town to petition.
- 『学問源流』(がくもんげんりゅう)は、江戸時代中期に那波師曾(魯堂)によって書かれた漢学史書。
- 'Gakumongenryu' is a history book of the study of Chinese classics written by Shiso NABA (Rodo NABA, NABA is also pronounced NAWA) in the middle of the Edo Period.
- 最終的にフランス軍事顧問団による教育が行われることになり、1866年に伝習隊の編成が行われた。
- The bakufu rikugun was eventually educated by the French military advisory group, and in 1866, Denshutai was organized.
- その才能は同時代の大歌人藤原公任にも賞賛され、正に男女を問わず一、二を争う王朝歌人といえよう。
- Her talent was praised even by her contemporary, the great poet FUJIWARA no Kinto, and she was truly one of the best court poets of either gender.
- 第1期においては、『源氏物語』は上流下流を問わず貴族社会でおもしろい小説としてひろく読まれた。
- In the first term, 'The Tale of Genji' was widely read as an interesting novel by both the upper and lower classes in aristocratic society.
- しかし、清国政府は革命党の問題に悩まされている最中であり、容易に日本の条件を受け入れなかった。
- The Qing government, however, did not readily accept the condition offered by Japan because they were suffered by the problem of Revolutionary Party.
- 米価と諸色のバランスの調整は、いわゆる「幕政改革」の一環として必ず取り上げられた問題であった。
- Adjustment of a balance between rice price and shoshiki was an issue that always came up as part of so-called 'reformation of the shogunate government.'
- 福澤の代表作『学問のすすめ』第4篇において、学者とは官職に就くべきでなく、野にあるべきである。
- In the chapter four in 'Gakumon no susume' (recommendation of studying), Fukuzawa's representative work, he describes as follows; 'Scholar should not work for government but stay in private sector.'
- さらに、『寛政重修諸家譜』『新編相模国風土記稿』など、幕府の編纂事業も学問所がおこなっていた。
- Gakumonjo also edited documents for Bakufu: 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu)' and 'New edition of Sagamino kuni fudoki,' and so forth.
- 昌平坂学問所では異学の講義を禁じられたが、国内の異学派による学問や講義を禁じられたわけではない。
- In Shoheizaka School, while the heterodox leanings were prohibited, learnings and lectures of Japanese heterodox schools were still allowed.
- 同じく京都では柳原において騒動が始まり、米問屋を打ちこわすなどして1升30銭での販売を強要した。
- At the same time, a riot started in Yanagihara, Kyoto City, which destroyed rice warehouse merchants and forced a sale of rice for 30 sen per 1 sho.
- 鎖国下の当時、西洋の学問を学ぶことはある程度容認されていたが、幕府によって制限が設けられていた。
- It was accepted to study Western learning to some extent during the national isolation period at that time, but there were some restrictions imposed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- なお、このうち「旅宿問答」は『新続古事談』を引用しており、源瑜と公瑜はおなじ人物であるとされる。
- Among them, 'Ryoshuku mondo' referred to 'New continuation of Kojidan,' and Genyu and Koyu are considered to be one and the same.
- 連歌をおこなうときは、貴賤を問わず参加者は、紙に書き取る執筆を中心に円になって、一座をつくった。
- The participants lined up in a circle around a writing written on paper when performing the renga without regard for high or low social status.
- 秀吉は文禄・慶長の役を実行したが、その最中に死去し、後継者問題も抱えていた豊臣政権は弱体化した。
- Hideyoshi died while the Bunroku-Keicho War he started continued, and the Toyotomi government became weakened because there was a problem of who should succeed his position.
- 朝鮮王朝は倭寇に防備情報が漏れることを恐れており、密貿易のみならず癒着そのものも問題視していた。
- The Korean Dynasty worried about a leakage of their defensive preparations to wako, and they regarded the collusive relationships as a serious problem.
- また、彼らの郎党には半士半農の者もおり、農繁期の動員に対して不満をもたれるといった問題もあった。
- Also, as among their retainers, some of them were half warrior half farmer, the local lords had a problem that their retainers would have complaints against mobilization during the busy farming season.
- 講書始(こうしょはじめ)とは毎年1月に天皇の学問始の一環として学者による進講を行う皇室年中行事。
- Koshohajime (New Year lecture in the court) is an annual event of the Imperial court in which Shinko (Scholars give a lecture or explain achievements to the Emperor, the Empress, and the nobility) is given by scholars as a part of the Emperor's start of learning in January every year.
- 四等官の他、品官として罪人を裁く判事が設置され、また罪人に対する糾問にあたる解部も設置されていた。
- Besides Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks), there were additional posts such as Hanji (Judicial Officer) for judging criminals as Honkan (a general term of government posts excluding Shitokan), as well as Tokibe that engaged in interrogating criminals.
- これら抗争によって両派とも巨頭になり得る人材を失い、問題の解決と関係の修復を行う力を失っていった。
- Because of these disputes, both factions lost their talented persons who could lead each faction, and they lost the power to resolve the issues and reconcile with each other.
- その反面、天皇が学問に励む事自体は古来より律令法に定められるまでもなく必要不可欠な事とされていた。
- On the other hand, it had been considered essential for the emperor to pursue learning from the ancient times, which was needless to be defined in the Ritsuryo law.
- これにより韓国政府は、日本政府の推薦者を韓国政府の財政・外交の顧問に任命しなければならなくなった。
- With this, the Korean government had to appoint recommendees of the Empire of Japan as their governmental officials in finance and diplomacy.
- このため、東京帝国大学・京都帝国大学の教授は大学の自治と学問の自由への侵害として総辞職を宣言した。
- This caused all the professors at Tokyo Imperial University and Kyoto Imperial University to proclaim their resolve to resign protesting this was the usurpation of autonomy in a university and academic freedom.
- 日本製説の研究者からは以下のような疑問点が指摘されているが、卑弥呼の鏡説の研究者からの反論もある。
- Researchers advocating that the mirror was produced in Japan point out the following questions while those advocating Himiko's mirror disagree.
- 問題点は整理すると以下の通りであり、木満致と蘇我満智を同一人物であると実証することは不可能である。
- As the issues listed below reveal, it is impossible to prove that SOGA no Machi and Machi MOKU were the same person.
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- ついには山岡が、もし立場を入れ替えて西郷が島津忠義を他藩に預けろと言われたら承知するかと詰問する。
- Finally, Yamaoka questioned Saigo, 'As if we could switch our points of view, then please consider that you would be ordered to place Tadayoshi SHIMAZU (the lord of the Satsuma Domain) into the custody of another domain. Would you accept that?'
- 「大化の改新大化の改新の疑問点(乙巳の変)」は九州年号の大和(大化)元年(695年)のことである。
- `The question about the Taika Reforms' (Isshi no hen (the Murder in the Year of Isshi) is the first year of Yamato in the Kyushu era, 695.
- しかしながら、越智氏の乱と持氏、義昭との連携については確たる証拠がなく疑問であるという論者もいる。
- But some people advocate that there is no clear evidence of linkage between the Ochi clan war and Mochiuji and Yoshiaki, and therefore it must be left as an open question.
- 犯行時には四条隆平男爵が醍醐家を訪問しており格太郎を捕らえるも、忠敬とその長女為子が犠牲となった。
- When this was carried out, Takatoshi SHIJO, baron, visited the Daigo family and arrested Kakutaro, but Tadayuki and his eldest daughter, Tameko, were killed.
- 聖武太上天皇はこれを問題としなかったが、翌天平勝宝8歳(756年)2月、これを恥じた諸兄は辞職した。
- The Retired Emperor Shomu was not concerned with this information; however, Moroe, ashamed of his actions, resigned from his position in March, 756.
- 十津川郷士も半ば脅迫でかき集められたこともあり、天誅組の強引な指示には疑問を持つ者が少なくなかった。
- Since the samurai in Totsukawa Village had been conscripted by half-threat, there existed quite a few who questioned the coercive instructions made by Tenchu-gumi.
- 浅野内匠頭と吉良上野介のそれぞれの領地で産出する塩の製法と販路の問題で対立があったという説があった。
- One theory states that there was a conflict between Asano Takumi no Kami and Kira Kozuke no Suke over the process of making and marketing salt which was produced in their territories.
- 家老は、特別な大藩を除き2人から数人程度、置かれたが、政治改革や世継ぎ問題に絡んで派閥抗争が起きた。
- Even though with two or more Karo officers were installed, except in especially large domains, factional strife still occurred in relation to political reforms and succession issues.
- しかし歴史学者が取り組んだ当面の課題は皇国史観の払拭であったため、皇位継承問題の重要度は低くなった。
- However, since the urgent task for historians was elimination of the Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto), the priority of succession to the Imperial Throne decreased.
- 工部大学校校長・学習院院長・華族女学校校長・清国駐剳特命全権公使・韓国駐剳特命全権公使・枢密顧問官。
- He was the principal of the Imperial College of Engineer and principal of both Gakushuin and Kazoku Jogakko (girl's school for Kazoku new nobility), resident envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Qing and Korea, and a Privy Council.
- 騒動は次第に米問屋から炭坑へと場所を移し、9月12日の三井三池炭鉱の騒動終了まで、50日間を数えた。
- The riots gradually moved from rice warehouse merchants to coal mines and it took 50 days until the riot in Mitsui Miike coal mine ended on September 12.
- 政所や問注所に特別な形で保管されていた文章、あるいは事務官僚の家に伝わった公文書類もあると思われる。
- These are considered to be the accounts specially preserved in Mandokoro and Monchujo, or official documents passed down in the officials' houses.
- それは、先の降伏条件でも問罪の対象として名指しされた松平容保の会津藩(および弟の松平定敬)であった。
- One of the scapegoats the new government directed its focus on was the lord of the Aize Domain Katamori MATSUDAIRA (and the younger brother, Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA); he was an accusation target of the new government, because of his connection to the original Edo edict.
- これに加えて、環境問題への関心が高まっていることなどもあり、黄砂に対する社会的な関心も高まっている。
- In addition, with interest in environmental problems being heightened, social interest in kosa has increased as well.
- 鎌倉時代に運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ね、後には、一般の商品も取り扱うようになった組織問丸に由来する。
- The term is derived from the name of an organization in the Kamakura period called Toimaru, which was first engaged in transportation operations, warehousing, and commissioned sales, and later became involved in handling general goods as well.
- この事件、ひいては足利義輝の幕権強化を考えるに当たって問題となるのが、義輝の三好家との距離感である。
- A major factor to be considered in discussing this incident as the attempt by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to strengthen the Bakufu's authority is his perceived sense of distance from the Miyoshi family.
- まず輸送部門に関しては、はじめは廻船を差配する廻船問屋という稼業が酒屋とは別個に存在し営業していた。
- First, concerning the transportation sector, Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port), not sakaya, controlled cargo-vessels initially.
- いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
- Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.
- そして、このような学問所は藩校のモデルとなり、江戸時代後期には、藩校の教官養成の機能も果たしていた。
- Thus Gakumonjo became a model school for hanko (a domain school), in the latter days of the Edo period, Gakumonjo played a role in the training of teachers for hanko.
- 目安とは訴状のことであり、政治・経済から日常の問題まで、町人や農民などの要望や不満を人々に直訴させた。
- Meyasu means petition, and he let townspeople and farmers to petition requests and complaints regarding politics, economy and other issues in their daily lives.
- 1891年からたびたび田中正造が国会で質問したにもかかわらず、政府は積極的には鉱毒対策を行わなかった。
- Although from 1891 Shozo TANAKA frequently raised the issue of the pollution at the Diet, the government did not actively take any anti mining pollution measures.
- まず、天平9年(737年)に天然痘が大発生、流行し、老若男女貴賤を問わず、多くの者が倒れたことがある。
- First, in 737, a smallpox pandemic broke out, and many people suffered terribly regardless of age, sex, and rank.
- 翌年2月にペルー政府は海軍大臣を来日させ、マリア・ルス問題に対して謝罪と損害賠償を日本政府に要求した。
- In February of next year, the Peruvian Government sent the navy minister to Japan and demanded an apology and compensation in terms of Maria Luz-related issues from the Japanese government.
- また、韓国のように、比較的経済が発展しているにも関わらず、欠食児童が社会問題となっている国も存在する。
- And, there is a country like Korea where even if the economy has relatively grown, the poorly-fed children becomes a social problem.
- この時期に問屋業者が増え、店自体の売上が均一化し、多くのぬけ荷品が闇市場に並ぶといった所があげられる。
- Wholesale merchants increased in number during this period and their profits equalized, resulting areas in which a great quantity of smuggled goods entered the black market.
- 江戸時代、領主と住人の仲介者として宿場町の自治行政を行うと共に問屋場を管理した町役人(宿場役人)の長。
- In the Edo period, as mediators between feudal lords and people, Toiya served as public administrators in Shukubamachi (inn town), and at the same time, were chiefs of Machi yakunin (officials in a post station) who were in charge of Toiyaba (administration office).
- 新羅、奄美訳語生・卜部・留学生・学問僧・傔従・雑使・音声生・玉生・鍛生・鋳生・細工生・船匠・柂師・傔人
- Silla and Amami interpreters, diviners, students studying abroad, Buddhist monks studying abroad, attendants, servitors, musicians, glass workers, hammer men, casters, wood craft workers, ship carpenters, chief quartmaster, and attendants of the mission
- 凶党を捕縛した後は、国衙の検非違使が尋問にあたり、捜査経緯をまとめた報告書を受領から太政官へ進達した。
- After gangsters were captured, the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at the kokuga interrogated the criminals, and zuryo sent to Daijokan a report describing how the criminal investigation was conducted.
- 頼朝邸内に多数の訴人が集まり、怒号・喧噪が飛び交ったため、頼朝はそれにうんざりし問注所の移転を命じた。
- Disgusted by the shouts and arguments exchanged within his compound, Yoritomo ordered the relocation of the Monchu-dokoro.
- 林羅山が「徳川家康が(清和源氏であると言う意味で)皇胤に当たる」と唱えたように、世代の遠近は問わない。
- As Razan HAYASHI mentioned that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was an Imperial descendant (it means Ieyasu was one of Seiwa-Genji or Minamoto clan), generation difference is not considered.
- 結局は会津・桑名に対して問罪の軍兵を派遣し、降伏すればよし、抗戦した場合は速やかに討伐すると修正された。
- After all, the new government had revised its punishment for the Tokugawa supporters in the Aizu and Kuwana domains; the new government would dispatch a military force for 'the accusation,' once there, a battle would be avoided if the two domains would surrender; then the new government would engage and conquer the domains, should the domains engage in a counter attack upon the new government.
- これは日露以外の各国は、それぞれが抱える諸問題のため多くの兵力を中国に送る余裕が無かったことに起因する。
- This was because nations other than Japan and Russia could not dispatch many military forces to China as they had their own various problems.
- 前回説得する側に回った田中も、今度は説得することはなく、押出し決行日に合わせて国会で質問することにした。
- Tanaka, who had previously dissuaded peasants from going for the demonstration, was now agreeable to their plan and decided to put questions to the National Diet session on the day of the demonstration.
- なお、犯罪などに問われると除籍(じょじゃく)処分によって昇殿が停止されて殿上の間にあった簡が撤去された。
- If persons were accused of crime and so on, they were given jojaku shobun: their names were removed from a record, their shoden were canceled and the kan with their names on in the Denjo no ma was removed.
- 問題の長期化によって昭実が1年以上務めれば結果論的に昭実の論が正しかったとされる可能性があり面目を失う事
- 2) If the prolonged dispute let Akizane serve as Kanpaku for more than a year, Akizane's points might be considered valid as a result and Sakihisa would lose face,
- 後には、様々な展開を見せ始め、一般の商品も取り扱うようになって室町時代には問屋へと展開するものもあった。
- As a result of expansion of their business, Toimaru began handling other general goods, and by the Muromachi period, some of them had also started the wholesale business.
- 「問注」とは、訴訟等の当事者双方から審問・対決させること、あるいはその内容を文書記録することを意味する。
- The term 'Monchu' means to question both parties in connection to a case, to have them confront each other, and to record the details of the case.
- 以上の引付衆・問注所・侍所の所管地域は東国に限られており、西国については京の六波羅探題等が所管していた。
- The above mentioned Hikitsukeshu, Monchujo, and Samurai-dokoro handled cases that took place in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region); Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) controlled cases that took place in Saigoku (the western part of Japan).
- しかし天皇の意志に背くことは出来ずに爵位を受けたが、この時には華族制度を疑問視する意見書を提出している。
- Since being unable to renegade the emperor's will, he finally accepted the offer of the peerage, however, at the same time, he submitted a paper opposing the kazoku system.
- 辰野の教え子、伊東忠太は法隆寺が日本最古の建築であることを学問的に論じ、ここに日本建築史が第一歩を記した。
- The first step in the study of Japanese architectural history occurred when one of Tatsuno's students, Chuta ITO, academically proved that Horyu-ji Temple was Japan's oldest structure.
- 彼は全身ずぶ濡れのうえ、脱いだ衣類を小脇に抱えていた為、警察官は無賃乗車もしくは窃盗犯とみて詰問していた。
- He was soaking wet and had his own clothes in his arms; therefore, the policeman interrogated him thinking that he had caught a train without paying or committed robbery.
- 佐野出身の衆議院議員田中正造は1891年以降、たびたび国会で鉱毒の質問を行い、鉱毒の害は全国に知れ渡った。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives from Sano made enquiries at the parliament beginning in 1891, and the damages by the mining pollution became public throughout the nation.
- - それまでは車や牛車で人を誤って死傷させても罪に問われなかったが公事方御定書では流罪にするようになった。
- Although no one had been punished when they killed or injured someone by car or ox-drawn carriage, Kujigata-osadamegaki provided that it was subject to deportation.
- 幕末の1855年、徳川幕府は長崎に海軍伝習所を開設し、オランダからカッテンディーケらを招き軍事顧問とした。
- In 1855 of the end of Edo Period, the Tokugawa shogunate established a Japanese Naval School in Nagasaki and invited several Dutchmen, notably Willem Huyssen van KATTENDIJKE, to serve as advisers on military affairs.
- これに対し、これに応対した徳山藩の代官・米田儀兵衛は問題の場所が徳山藩領に相違ないと主張して譲らなかった。
- For this, Gihei YONEDA, the daikan of the Tokuyama clan, adamantly insisted that the site where the incident occurred was within the Tokuyama domain territory.
- 女戸主が隠居するには、年齢は問わないが、ただ完全な能力を持つ相続人が相続の単純承認をすればそれでよかった。
- When a female head of a family wanted to retire, only a simple acceptance of the succession by a successor with full ability, regardless of age, was necessary.
- しかし短期間で郵便事業は行き詰まり、1898年にはフランス人クレマンセーが通信事業の顧問として招聘された。
- However the postal service was soon left stranded therefore a French man Clemenceau (クレマンセー) was invited as an advisor in 1898.
- 剛勇で知られた義親がそれまでさしたる武名もなかった正盛に簡単に誅されたことに疑問を持つ者は少なくなかった。
- Not a few people doubted that Yoshichika who was famed for his bravery was killed so easily by Masamori who did not have such military fame.
- 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
- There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.
- 問丸(といまる)は、年貢米の陸揚地である河川・港の近郊の都市に居住し、運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ねる組織。
- 'Toimaru' were organizations specialized in transport, warehousing and commission sales, which based themselves in cities by the rivers and ports where nengumai (rice paid as land tax) was unloaded.
- 室町幕府も当初は訴訟処理機関として問注所を設置したが、記録文書の管理や簡易訴訟のみを取り扱うにとどまった。
- At the beginning, the Muromachi bakufu established the Monchujo also as a body that dealt with lawsuits, but its function remained only to manage the recordings and summaries of lawsuits.
- 当初、問注所は訴訟に対する裁判事務は行わず、武家棟梁である源頼朝へ訴訟事案を進達することを任務としていた。
- In the beginning, the Monchu-dokoro did not handle the judicial administration pertaining to lawsuits, but simply conveyed to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of samurais, the details of lawsuits.
- 疑問文の語尾に付ける「~か?」が、京都や大阪等では「~け?」となることが有るが、舞鶴では「~こ?」となる。
- In Kyoto or Osaka, many people put the postfix 'ke?' instead of standard 'ka?' in interrogative sentence, however, in Maizuru, this 'ka' or 'ke' turns to 'ko?'
- 戦後の部落解放運動の歴史のうえで、部落問題の視点による天皇制批判の好材料としてたびたび議題に上げられてきた。
- In the history of the postwar Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement, it has been raised as a good example to criticize the Emperor system from the point of view of Buraku problems.
- 以後、壬申の乱研究が盛行し、乱のあらゆる側面が活発に論じられようになると、即位問題もその中で取り上げられた。
- Many studies were made on the Jinshin War, its various aspects were discussed actively, and the enthronement issue was also considered.
- 幕末には日本も開国を余儀なくされて英語による英学、ドイツ語による獨逸学などの新たな学問が流入するようになった
- At the end of the Edo period, Japan was forced to open up to the West, and new learning such as German studies in the German language flew into Japan.
- 貿易規則そのものには穀物の輸出入及び港税が不当に低く抑えられていることを除けば、さして問題となる箇所はない。
- Except for the unfairly low tariff on the export and import of grains and on the ports, there were no points that caused a problem in the trade regulation itself.
- 文学における著者や来歴をめぐる問題は、この様に多様な要素を含んでおり、全時代一律に論じることは適切ではない。
- The problems regarding writers and their origins include these various aspects, and they can not be discussed uniformly throughout all ages.
- しかし、『白山記』と郡山記を比較してみるとき、伴存の学問が円熟期を迎えていたことをうかがい知ることができる。
- However, it is clear that Tomoari's learning reached its maturity then, comparing 'Hakuzanki' and Gunzanki.
- 左内はこれを聞いて、ひごろの疑問が解決したことを喜び、もう一つ、これからの世の勢力の動きについて翁に尋ねた。
- Sanai is pleased with his story because his long-held doubts have been dispelled, and he asks one more question about a movement of a power struggle in the future.
- その後室町時代前期にかけて『貴嶺問答』・『雑筆往来』、そして中世往来物の代表作とされる『庭訓往来』が現れた。
- Then, by the early Muromachi period, 'Kirei Mondo,' 'Zohitsu Orai' (also called 'Zappitsu Orai') and 'Teikin Orai' (a collection of letters used for family education), which is considered to be the most important work of oraimono from the medieval time, were all written.
- 清原夏野はこうした課題に加えて、当時親王が八省卿を兼務する慣例が成立していたことに問題があることを指摘した。
- KIYOHARA no Natsuno pointed out, in addition to the above problems, that the practice of appointing Imperial Princes to hasshokyo (the ministers of eight ministries) was problematic.
- なお、近年の研究では、荘園の職の体系についての理解としての「職権留保付寄進」という概念に疑問が呈されている。
- In addition, recent studies question the concept of 'contribution with reserving authority' as the understanding of the shiki system in shoen.
- しかし、安定した幕府政治も完璧という訳ではなく、様々な矛盾は当初から内包され、次第に問題化していくことになる。
- In spite of being stable, the politics of the Edo bakufu was far from perfect, so various contradictions inherent in the regime became problematic year by year.
- 8月15日午前9時、官吏抗拒罪及び治安警察法違反に問われた逮捕者14名に対する裁判が東京地方裁判所で開かれた。
- On August 15 at 9:00 a.m., the fourteen arrested people, accused of resisting the government officials and violating the Security Police Law, were on trial at the Tokyo District Court.
- つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
- In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.
- 書契問題を背景として生じた日本国内における「征韓論」の高まりに、大院君が非常な警戒心を抱いたことも一因である。
- Another reason was that Daewongun felt a great cautiousness against the debate over sending a military expedition to Korea in Japan which had occurred from the problem of diplomatic correspondence.
- 勘文の範囲は刑事・民事を問わず行われ、後には明法道とは直接関係のない問題についても勘申が行われる場合もあった。
- The scope of kanmon covered both criminal and civil affairs, and later reports on matters which were not directly related to Myobodo were sometimes submitted.
- 『月堂見聞集』では鋳造量を35万貫余(約1,310トン)としているが、慶長銀の海外流出高から考えて疑問である。
- 'Getsudo-kenbunroku'(record of society from 1679 to 1734) says that minting amount was a little more than 350,000 kan (about 1,310 ton), but it is doubtful considering the amount of keicho-gin that was distributed to foreign countries.
- 美人であるという奥方に興味を持った正太郎は、女についていき、奥方と悲しみを分かち合おうと訪問することとなった。
- Shotaro gets interested in the wife, who has been well known for her beauty, and he follows the woman to visit the wife and share sorrows with her.
- ロイヤル・タイラーの訳(2001年)は一層この傾向を強めたもので、豊富な注を持ち、学問的な精確さを持っている。
- A translation by Royall TYLER (2001) enhanced this inclination with academic precision and copious notes.
- 文人(ぶんじん)とは、中国の伝統社会に生じたひとつの人間類型であり、「学問を修め文章をよくする人」の意である。
- The term 'Bunjin' refers to a type of people in traditional society in China and 'an educated person who is good at literature.'
- ほとんどの士人は高い志をもち学問に励んでいるが、その中で経世済民に相応しい官位に就ける士人は至極わずかである。
- Most of Shijin had high motivation and studied hard, but only a few among them were able to take an appropriate official position to govern a nation and provide relief to people.
- また、黄砂に吸着されて運ばれるさまざまな物質のうち、有毒な物質による生物への被害や環境汚染が問題視されている。
- Various substances are stuck to kosa and are carried with the kosa, but the damage and environmental pollution caused by harmful substances of them are considered constituting a problem.
- 1995年(平成7年)の阪神・淡路大震災を経て、近年本寮の耐久性、耐震性について学内外から疑問を持たれていた。
- After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake occurred in 1995, questions have been raised from the people both inside and outside of the university about the durability and quake resistance of the dormitory.
- この問題は、皇帝直轄地である王領(fisc)のうち、未耕作で不毛な地帯を西ゴート族へ割り当てることで解決した。
- This problem was solved by allotting the uncultivated and barren areas in the land of the direct rule of the emperor (fisc) to the west Goths.
- 元慶の乱が始まる直前に、秋田城の対北海道蝦夷の饗給の増大は、出羽国の財政を圧迫するまでに問題化していたという。
- Immediately before the Gangyo War, the increase in the cost of Akita-jo Castle to appease the Emishi in Hokkaido had become a problem, to the extent that the finances of Dewa Province were put under pressure.
- 10世紀後期に入ると、試験問題の出典が予め受験者に通告されたり、権力者による情実の横行などがしばしば行われた。
- In the latter half of the 10th century, it was often the case that entrance exam questions were given to applicants in advance, or that preference was given to particular applicants by influential people.
- また、勧学田の拡張や大学教官への職田設定、学生に対する学問料・給料(学資)支給制定などの財政支援策も採られた。
- Daigaku-ryo also promoted financial assistance measures such as the expansion of kangakuden, the offering of shikiden (a rice field provided for dainagon and the higher rank) to professors, and the provision of a study stipend and salary (financial aid) to students.
- 『貫首秘抄』に、摂関・蔵人らが天皇の御作法や政治への顧問、幼帝の教育の方法を知るための必見の書と書かれている。
- It is described as a must-read for Sekkan (regents and advisers) and Kurodo (Chamberlain) to learn the Emperor's manners and the way of working as a political advisor and educating young emperors in 'Kanjuhisho' (accounts on the hints on Kurodo, written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori).
- 問注所(もんちゅうじょ、もんじゅうしょ)は、日本の鎌倉幕府・室町幕府に設置された訴訟事務を所管する機関である。
- The Monchujo was a government body of the Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which was responsible for judicial affairs.
- 大隅国の石築地賦役文書に拠れば、武家領や本所一円地を問わずに田1反あたり1寸の割合で石築地役が賦課されたという。
- According to the Stone Tsuiji Fueki (slave labor) Document of Osumi Province, stone tuiji labor was imposed at the rate of 1 sun (old unit of length,) per tan (old unit of land) of rice field, whether it belonged to the territory of samurai families or honjo ichienchi (over the territory of the Imperial court).
- シベリア鉄道の極東地区起工式典に出席するため、ニコライは艦隊を率いてウラジオストクに向かう途中、日本を訪問した。
- To attend the groundbreaking ceremony of the Trans-Siberian Railroad for Far Eastern countries, Nicholas and his Russian fleet made a visit to Japan on the way to Vladivostok.
- 田中は1951年の論文で倭姫即位説の論拠だった「中天皇」を倭姫とする説を突き崩し、問題は白紙に返ることになった。
- Tanaka published a thesis that denied the theory that 'Chutenno' was Yamatohime no Okimi, which was the basis of argument of the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory and got the issue back to where it was at the start.
- 編纂者の候補として最も有力な太田時連(問注所の三善氏)は「武家宿老故実者」として足利氏の室町幕府にも仕えている。
- The most likely compiler Tokitsura OTA (MIYOSHI in Monchujo) also served the Ashikaga clan's Muromachi bakufu as 'a senior vassal with full knowledge of precedent.'
- 自由民権運動の穏健派(改進党など)に近い立場をとり、『国民之友』では進歩的な言論や欧米での社会問題が紹介された。
- Minyu-sha took the position close to moderates faction of The Freedom of People's Rights Movement (such as Kaishin Party), and progressive comments and European and American social problems were introduced in 'Kokumin no Tomo'.
- 国司が引き渡しを命じると、永基は法師の首を斬り梟首したが、誰の首かもわからず、永基は検非違使の尋問を受けている。
- At the order of Kokushi (provincial governor), Nagamoto beheaded the hoshi and exposed his head to the public, but it was not clear whose head it was and Nagamoto was questioned by kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers).
- しかし高橋克彦は、自著『火城』(PHP研究所、ISBN 4-041704-103)でこの伝聞に疑問を呈している。
- However, Katsuhiko TAKAHASHI posed a question over this rumor in his own book 'Kajo' (PHP Institute Office; ISBN 4-041704-103).
- だが、近世に入って江戸幕府が士農工商を問わずに発令した贅沢を禁じる法令及び命令の一群はその中でも群を抜いていた。
- In the early-modern times, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) announced a series of laws and ordinances to ban luxuries for every walk of life, such as samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants, in Edo society, and a prominent number of such laws and ordnances were issued.
- 当時、朝鮮は医学先進国であり、内科・外科・鍼・灸などを習得するために倭館に来るものが藩医、町医を問わず多かった。
- Since Korea was the pioneer in the medicine field at that time, a number of doctors, both town doctors and doctors working at a public clinic, came to wakan to study internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and so on.
- その結果1199年(建久10)4月1日 (旧暦)、問注所は別の場所へ移転されたが、その直前に頼朝は死亡していた。
- Although the Monchu-dokoro was relocated on April 27, 1199, Yoritomo had died shortly before the relocation.
- 右大臣豊成が訊問から外され、再度、永手らを左衛士府に派遣し小野東人、答本忠節(たほのちゅうせつ)らを拷問にかけた。
- Udaijin Toyonari was removed from the hearing and Nagate and others were re-sent to Saejifu to torture people including ONO no Azumahito and TAHO no Chusetsu.
- 更に、新規に定められたものは朝幕関係規定以外は宮中座次など、むしろ朝廷内部で紛糾していた問題に関連する部分が多い。
- Besides, the new stipulations except for those about the relationships between the imperial court and the bakufu are mostly about the issues which had led confusion in the imperial court including precedence of the imperial court.
- 江戸城外の辰ノ口にあり、幕政の重要事項や大名旗本の訴訟、複数の奉行の管轄にまたがる問題の裁判を行なった機関である。
- Having been located at Tatsuno-guchi, outside the Edo-jo Castle, the institution handled important government issues, suits among Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and Hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo Shogunate), and trials for cross-jurisdictional problems that involved one or more Bugyo (the shogunate administrators).
- 一 韓国政府ハ日本政府ノ推薦スル外国人一名ヲ外交顧問トシテ外部ニ傭聘シ外交ニ関スル要務ハ総テ其意見ヲ詢ヒ施行スヘシ
- The Korean government shall appoint a foreigner whom the Japanese government recommends as the diplomacy adviser of the Korean government and all the diplomatic matters shall be consulted with this person before implementation.
- しかしユーザーにして見れば「何だか判らない不都合(競合)」であり、問題の判別は勿論、異常個所の修正は困難を極める。
- However, this is an 'incomprehensible inconvenience (competing)' from users' point of view and the adjustment of the problematic parts is extremely difficult, not to mention understanding the cause of the problem.
- 沖の山炭坑の騒動は付近住民を加えた数千人規模の騒動に発展し、米問屋、屋敷の打ちこわしや遊廓への放火などが起こった。
- While the riot in Okinoyama coal mine developed into a riot of several thousand people including local residents, Uchikowashi of rice warehouse merchants and residences and arsons to brothels took place.
- ある日、学問の師匠の神官、安倍弓麿のもとから帰るとき、東南からの激しい雨になり、傘をたたんで漁師小屋で雨宿りした。
- One day, when he goes back home from his mentor ABE no Yumimaro, a priest at Shingu, the rain began to pour down from the southeast, so he folds his umbrella and takes shelter from the rain in the fisherman's hut.
- しかしこの経典の如き扱いにもかかわらず、日本における国際法の理解が急速に進んだかといわれれば疑問とせざるを得ない。
- Although 'Bankoku Koho' was treated like a scripture in Japan at that time, whether understanding of international law proceeded at a rapid rate or not remains questionable.
- 海外では、アフリカを中心に多くの開発途上国で食糧不足の問題が深刻化しており、日本でいう欠食児童も多く存在している。
- In other countries, a deficiency of food became a serious problem in many developing countries mainly in Africa and children, a substantial number of so called 'Poorly-fed Children' in Japan, exist.
- また、軍事力強化を優先する余り、仮想敵国の状況が現実の日本を取り囲む状況を反映しないというという点も問題とされた。
- With the firm commitment to enlarge the military force, it became a problem that the situation of the imagined enemies did not reflect the circumstances surrounding Japan.
- 但し家来に対する管理能力に問題があるとみなされ「家中不取締」として御役御免や閉門といった処分をうけることもあった。
- However, when a lord was considered to have some problems in his ability to manage his vassals, he was sometimes regarded as 'unable to control his house' and given such punishment as retirement or house confinement.
- 『日本書紀』に拠ると、推古天皇が病没した後にその後継問題が発生し、蘇我氏の庶流境部摩理勢らは山背大兄王を擁立する。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', a successor issue appeared after the death of Emperor Suiko and SAKAIBE no Marise; SAKAIBE no Omimarise, a branch of the Soga clan, supported Prince Yamashiro no oe.
- だが、兄の安宿王が白状したため捕らえられ、久奈多夫礼(頑に狂った者の意)と改名させられた後、拷問を受けて死亡した。
- But when the Prince Asukabe, who was his older brother, made a confession, he was captured, forced to change his name to Kunatabure (stubbornly mad), then tortured to death.
- この軍令と国務大臣が補弼するところの軍政(軍に関する行政事務)の範囲についての争いが原因で統帥権干犯問題が発生する。
- The conflict of the sphere between the military order and the military government (the administrative affairs about the army) assisted by the Minister of State led to the occurrence of the affair of the supreme command interference and violation of the rights.
- 10日夜に名古屋鶴舞公園において米価問題に関する市民大会が開かれるとの噂が広まり、約20,000人の群集が集結した。
- As it was rumored that a citizens' rally about a rice price issue was held in Tsuruma Park of Nagoya City on the night of the 10th, approximately 20,000 people gathered there.
- が、見栄えの問題と、大仏の背面が隠れ、状態がわからないこと、光背の修築に邪魔なことから、重源から撤去が望まれていた。
- However, Chogen had been requesting removal of the ugly-looking hill covering the back of the Great Buddha, which hindered the repair of the halo including condition checks.
- 明法勘文(みょうぼうかんもん)とは、明法博士ら明法道の学者(明法家)が、諮問に対する解答として勘申した文書(勘文)。
- Myobo kanmon is kanmon (report) prepared by scholars (Myobo-ke) of Myobodo (study of Codes) including Myobo hakase to respond to consultation.
- しかしながら、徳山藩の旧記『徳山御還附一件』によると問題の場所はわずか10間足らずの出入りに過ぎなかったようである。
- However, according to an old document named 'Tokuyama Gokanpu Ikken' of the Tokuyama clan, the place in question was located in less than 18 meters inside or outside the boundary.
- 続いて、同様の手続を経た版籍奉還も外交問題よりは紆余曲折があったものの、6月17日に実施されることとなったのである。
- In the following, return of lands and people to the emperor which had passed through the same process, was also decided to be implemented on June 17, although it was more complicated than diplomatic issues.
- 治承3年(1179年)11月、近衛家の所領継承問題に端を発し、ついに清盛は兵を率いて京都へ乱入してクーデターを断行。
- Then in the twelfth month (eleventh month in old lunar calender) of 1179, beginning with the succession dispute over the Konoe family's territory, Kiyomori eventually led soldiers in a raid into Kyoto and launched a coup d'etat.
- かつては京友禅を鴨川の流れにさらす「友禅流し」が行なわれていたが、水質悪化などが問題となり1970年代に中止された。
- Kyo-Yuzen fabrics used to be rinsed in the Kamogawa River (called 'Yuzen Nagashi'), but, due to water pollution, the method was discontinued in the 1970's.
- しかし明治時代の終わり頃から即位説の根拠に疑問が提出され、21世紀初めの現在では即位はなかったとみる見方が有力である。
- By the end of the Meiji period, however, the reasons for the enthronement theory were questioned and now, at the beginning of the 21st century, it is generally understood that the prince was not enthroned.
- 一 韓国政府ハ日本政府ノ推薦スル日本人一名ヲ財務顧問トシテ韓国政府ニ傭聘シ財務ニ関スル事項ハ総テ其意見ヲ詢ヒ施行スヘシ
- The Korean government shall appoint a Japanese national whom the Japanese government recommends as the financial advisor to the Korean government and all financial matters shall be consulted with this person before implementation.
- 彼らは条約調印は止むを得ないが、「違勅調印」を不敬だとして、井伊を詰問するために不時登城(定式登城日以外の登城)した。
- They realized there was no choice but to sign the Treaty, however as signing it without Imperial sanction would be a great impropriety towards the Imperial family, they made an unscheduled visit to the castle (dates for visiting normally had to be designated) in order to consult with Ii.
- 諸藩の藩校でもこれにならうものも出、朱子学に反対する学問を唱えていた儒者は生徒が少なくなり困窮したものもあったという。
- Some domain schools followed these examples, and as a result, some Confucians who had taught different leanings opposed to Neo-Confucianism lost many of their students and fell into great difficulty.
- 大隈は伊藤博文や井上馨を通じて省内に抱える政策課題などの諸問題について下問を行い、渋沢ら改正掛が企画・立案を担当した。
- Okuma asked Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE questions on political challenges in the ministry, and Kaiseigakari such as Shibusawa took in charge of planning ・framing.
- この「学問を修める」とは経書経学(儒学的知識)を中心に、史学・漢学など幅広い知識を有する読書人であることを前提とする。
- It was assumed that 'an educated person' had wide knowledge of studies such as History and Sinology, centering on Keisho (most important documents in Confucianism) and Keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism).
- そして、1930年に発生した昭和恐慌により農村は大打撃を受け、東北地方を中心に各地で欠食児童が深刻な社会問題となった。
- The farmers were greatly affected by the Showa Depression in 1930, and the poorly-fed children became a serious social problem in various regions mainly in Tohoku.
- つまり、問屋は自己の名義で取引を行い取引の相手方に対する権利義務の主体となるが、その取引による損益は委託者に帰属する。
- In other words, although, Toiya make deals under their own name and become the ones that assume rights and obligations to the parties that Toiya are making deals with, the profits and losses from the deals are restored to the consignor.
- しかし、小説・映画・ドラマ・アニメの舞台やロケ地を聖地と見なし、それらを訪問する事を巡礼(聖地巡礼)と称する事もある。
- However, the word 'pilgrimage' is also used to mean visiting the location of scenes in novels, movies, dramas, and animation, considering these places as equivalent to holy places.
- 中国が唐の時代、「策問」と称して天子が時事または経義をもって出題し、士がこれに応じて奉る文章を「対策文」と称していた。
- In Tang Dynasty China, the Emperor gave current affairs or creed related tests called 'sakumon,' and warriors wrote answers to the Emperor's questions, which was called 'taisakumon.'
- 外務大丞、清特命全権公使、ロシア帝国公使、元老院 (日本)議長、枢密院 (日本)、宮中顧問官を歴任し、伯爵に叙された。
- He successively served as Gaimu taijo (Senior Secretary of the Foreign Ministry), Envoy Extraordinary to the Qing Dynasty, minister-counselor to the Russian Empire, chairman of Japan's Genroin (Chamber of Elders), a member of Japan's Privy Council, and Imperial Court Councilor; subsequently, he was awarded the rank of count.
- 一方、姪の飯豊女王は執政はしたが諮問に預かったのではなく、青海皇女の指名に基づいて飯豊女王が執政したのである」という。
- On the other hand, the niece Iitoyo no himemiko administered, but was not asked questions and she administered based on the appointment by Aomi no himemiko.'
- 彼等は「大日本至大至忠楠公招魂表」と書かれた札を立てて長岡宿での検問を実施、江戸への勅書搬入を阻止しようとしたのである。
- They conducted inspections at Nagaoka-shuku Station holding a sign which said 'Dainihon shidai shiko kusunoki-kou shokon hyo' and tried to stop the chokusho to be brought in Edo.
- 式日は幕政の重要事項の諮問を行う日となり、初期には主要な構成員であった老中が、諮問が行われる式日にのみの出席に変わった。
- Shikijitu was set as a day of consultation for important government issues, and the Roju, who initially had been a major member, came to attend only the shikijitsu, the day of consultation.
- 戊申詔書による風紀引き締めと同時に社会主義運動を弾圧、幸徳事件の摘発や南北朝正閏問題への介入、出版物の取締強化を行った。
- The cabinet not only enforced discipline by Boshin Shosho (imperial edict, decree issued in 1908) but also cracked down on socialism, conducted the prosecution of Kotoku Incident (The High Treason Incident), intervened the legitimacy of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and strictly regulated publishing.
- 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
- Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
- しかしそれは成立時期の問題よりも、上座部仏教と大乗仏教の間での教義の違いを反映していると言えよう(→大乗非仏説を参照)。
- But this difference is not due to a difference in the establishment of teachings, but is thought to be due to a difference of doctrine between upper seat Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism (cf. doctrine that Mahayana is not Buddhism).
- また、シャルル・シャノワーヌ大尉らフランス軍事顧問団による直接指導も導入され、その訓練を受ける伝習隊が新規に編成された。
- Direct training by French military advisors including senior lieutenant Charles Chanoine was introduced, and Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) was newly organized to be instructed by them.
- だが、公家法・武家法問わず他人和与の悔返を認めることは取引関係の不安定をもたらすことから、法理としては認められなかった。
- Wayo to others, however, was not allowed to be canceled by the principle of either court noble law or bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government) out of fear that if permitted, cancellation of wayo to others would destabilize a transactional relationship.
- 「照会」問題―この「照会」とは列強が西太后に引退を求めたとされる文書であり、これを見て激昂した彼女が宣戦を決めたという。
- The 'reference' problem: This 'reference' was the document from the allied western powers demanding the retirement of Empress Dowager, and she decided to declare war after being enraged by it.
- 明治4年(1871年)9月には正院から左院に『上公』・『公』・『亜公』・『上卿』・『卿』の5等級に分ける案が下問された。
- In September of 1871, the central state council presented the following plan to the council of the Left for investigations there: Classifying kazoku into these five ranks, 'Joko' 'Ko' 'Ako' 'Jokei' and 'Kei.'
- また、鎌倉幕府の初代問注所執事となった三善康信もこの一族とされ、子孫として町野氏・太田氏・飯尾氏・布施氏らが挙げられる。
- This lineage of the Miyoshi clan also included Yasunobu MIYOSHI, the first head of Monchujo (Board of Inquiry) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his descendants include the Machino, Ota, Iio and Fuse clans.
- 「忍刀(忍者刀)」と呼ばれる刀剣は実在してはいるが、現実に忍がこの形状の刀を装備していたのかについては疑問とする説もある。
- Although the swords called 'Shinobigatana (Ninjato)' exist, there is a theory that says that it is doubtful whether Ninja actually were equipped with swords of this shape.
- しかし、これらは広い範囲には流通しなかったと考えられ、また、通貨として流通したかということ自体に疑問も投げかけられている。
- However, it is thought that Fuhonsen coins were not circulated widely; furthermore, there is doubt if the coins were actually circulated as currency.
- それらの多くは政所や問注所に關係ある諸家の筆録、その他の記録であろうし、それらに政治的曲筆が入り込む可能性は少ないだろう。
- He says that most of them were written records of the various families related to Mandokoro and Monchujo, so it is unlikely to be politically misrepresented.
- この点につき『学問のすすめ』や『文明論之概略』の執筆時期と重なるとはいえ、少なすぎると指摘する研究もある(戸沢1991)。
- Some researches pointed out that this number of his articles were too small even though they were written in the same period when he was writing 'Gakumon no susume' and 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization).
- 大小および有名・無名を問わなければ1つの村に複数以上といわれる存在があったため、近年、郷土史などの観点から注目されている。
- If we disregard the size or whether it is famous or not, there was more than one castle in a village and therefore, they attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of local history.
- また三浦居住の恒居倭の増加に伴い様々な問題が生じ、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し強硬な姿勢で臨むようになる(恒居倭の増加節参照)。
- An increased number of kokyowa (Japanese people living on the Korean Peninsula who had no intention of becoming naturalized Koreans) living in Sanpo also caused various problems, and the Korean Dynasties started to take a harsh stance towards them (see the 'Increase in Number of Kokyowa' section).
- 寛政異学の禁(かんせいいがくのきん)とは、1790年(寛政2年)、江戸幕府老中松平定信が寛政の改革で行った学問の統制である。
- Kansei Igaku no Kin was an academic control performed during the Kansei Reforms in 1790, by a roju (senior councilor) of the Edo Shogunate, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA.
- いままでこの問題だけで論争がおこっていたが、近年注目されているのが、上原真人の法華堂(三月堂、羂索堂)金光明寺金堂説である。
- This issue has been intensively argued, but in recent years the theory of Mahito UEHARA, where the Hokke-do Hall (the Sangatsu-do Hall and the Kensaku-do Hall) was regarded as the Kon-do Hall of Konmyo-ji Temple, has been attracting attention.
- この当時の大養徳国の政治の実態はよく分かっておらず、どう大養徳国金光明寺の建設計画に関っていたのか、疑問が残るところである。
- The actual political system in Yamato Province of those days is not known, and it is not clear how the provincial government was involved in the construction plan of Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province.
- この模型はアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー提督が2回目の日本訪問に際して大統領から将軍への献上品として持参したものであった。
- This model was presented to the Shogun as a gift from the President of the United States of America by Commodore Matthew Perry on his second visit to Japan.
- 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
- 国際競技大会でスポーツ選手の応援として自発的に『君が代』が歌われる光景については、強制していない面で問題視しない意見がある。
- There is an opinion that scenes in which 'Kimigayo' is sung voluntarily as encouragement for sports persons in international competition is not problematic because it is not done unurged.
- 単立であるというのは、あくまで法制度上の問題であって、単立だからといって必ずしも思想・信条的な面で独自性があるとは限らない。
- Being Tanritsu does not mean it has uniqueness in the aspects of its belief or thought, because it is only a matter of the legal system.
- また、口分田は原則として売買・譲渡・質入などが禁じられていたにもかかわらず、奈良時代後期頃から質入などの問題が発生していた。
- Although it was prohibited to trade, transfer and pawn kubunden, problems, such as pawning kubunden, began arising starting towards the latter half of the Nara period.
- 同事件においては隠居していた前当主義央が殺害されたばかりか、騒動の責任を問われてた、嫡孫の当主義周は、改易の憂き目にあった。
- In this incidence, not only the former head of the household of Yoshinaka who had been retired was killed, but also Yoshimasa, the family head, had a hard time receiving the punishment of Kaieki (forfeit to rank of Samurai and properties), as asked to take responsibility for the disturbance.
- 特に田畑関係に関しては、平安時代中期以降の荘園の発展とともに、それから必然的に生ずる地券関係の諸問題を扱う重要な役割を担った。
- Especially, in managing the fields, Minbu-sho played a key role in dealing with various affairs related to the title to an estate, which was a by-product of the development of Shoen (manor) since the mid Heian period.
- 江華島事件の問罪を前面に押し出しながら、実質的には条約を締結し、両国の懸案で長年解決しなかった近代的な国際関係を樹立すること。
- While emphasizing the reproof of the Ganghwa Island incident, they practically tried to conclude a treaty and establish modern international relationship with Korea, which had been left unsettled for many years.
- しかしその中に含まれていた旧勧学田が穀倉院に与えられたため、大学寮と穀倉院の間で紛争が起き、後の学問料設置のきっかけとなった。
- But as the former kangakuden which was included in Yoshio's confiscated property was given to Kokusoin (Imperial Granary), a conflict between Daigakuryo and Kokusoin occurred, and this became the motivation for establishing Gakumonryo (the scholarship for Monjosho who study at Daigaku-ryo in the Heian period).
- ここに小御所会議の結果は無意味化し、辞官納地問題は骨抜きとなり、かえって慶喜を含む諸侯会議派が勢いを得る結果となったのである。
- Here, the conclusion of Kogosho Conference was effectively nullified and Jikan nochi issue was watered down, which led, in contrast, the lords conference group, including Yoshinobu, to gain momentum.
- 先に触れた問注所の三善康連の父、三善康信(善信)であるが、確かに彼が残した記録が編纂のベースのひとつとして利用されたであろう。
- Yasunobu (Zenshin) MIYOSHI was the father of Yasutsura MIYOSHI of Monchujo mentioned above, and his record would have been used as one of the bases for compiling the book.
- 国歌の原歌が、古今和歌集の賀歌であるため、そもそも「我が君」の「君」が天皇であるのかどうか、ということがしばしば問題にされる。
- Because the original poem of Japan's National Anthem is a gaka in Kokin=Wakashu, it is often discussed whether or not 'kimi (literally, 'lord'') in 'wagakimi' means the emperor.
- 卒業試験試問を受験し、その試験結果が8割に達すれば式部省が実施する進士・明法・明経・算・秀才 (科挙)のいずれかの試験を受け、
- Daigaku-ryo students had to take graduation examinations, and if they achieved a mark of 80 percentages, they then had to take one of the following examinations given by the Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies): Sinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test), Myobo (law), Myogyo (the study of classic Confucian writings), San (mathematics), or Shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 惣村で問題や決定すべき事項が生じたときは、惣村の構成員が出席する寄合(よりあい)という会議を開いて、独自の決定を行っていった。
- When a problem to be resolved or a matter to be decided arose in the soson, a meeting called a yoriai was held and attended by members of the soson, and the decision was made by the soson.
- これにより山口は新聞紙条例違反の罪に問われ、3ヶ月(余罪も含めて1年2ヶ月)の禁錮に処せられていたが、翌年6月18日に出獄した。
- Due to this article he had been accused of violating Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations), sentenced to three months in prison (a year and two months in total with other charges), and discharged on June 18 the next year.
- 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
- Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
- また奥右筆のために独立した御用部屋が設置され、老中・若年寄などから上げられた政策上の問題を将軍の指示によって調査・報告を行った。
- There was an separated office placed for Oku-yuhitsu and they researched and released reports about policy issues sent by Roju (senior councilor) or Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) under the supervision of Shogun.
- 伝習隊(でんしゅうたい)とは、江戸幕府が幕府陸軍の精鋭部隊として編成した、フランス軍事顧問団の直接指導を受ける西洋式軍隊のこと。
- Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) refers to the western-style army which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the elite troops of the bakufu army, and was directly trained by the French Military Advisory Group.
- 大学においては国立大・私立大を問わず学ぶべき学科として位置づけられ、『万国公法』や他の国際法解説書によって近代国際法が学ばれた。
- In universities 'Bankoku Koho' was considered a compulsory subject both in national and private universities, and modern international law was lectured using 'Bankoku Koho' as well as other commentaries of international law.
- 特に江戸幕府13代将軍徳川家定の後継を巡って生じた安政年間の件が著名で単に「将軍継嗣問題」と呼んだ場合、この件を指すことも多い。
- The political strife of succession to the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA of the Edo bakufu in the Ansei era was very famous, and the 'problem of heir of Shogun' usually refers to this strife.
- 西欧言語習得が簡単になること、翻訳の際、西欧学問の用語をそのまま、つまり適切な訳語を作る苦労無しに、移入できることを理由とした。
- This was because learning Western languages became easier and because it became possible to import academic terms of Western leaning directly and without any trouble to create suitable translations.
- ただし、幹線道路は、地形上の有利不利を問わず、権力者の威光を示すために、城の裏に当たる搦手側は通さず、表に当たる大手側を通した。
- However, regardless of disadvantages/advantages geographically, main route roads did not go through the back of the castle but passed through the Ote side or front side of the castle to indicate the glory of the ruler.
- 特に出羽北部には荘園が存在せず、公領制一色の世界であったため、どの程度まで奥州藤原氏の支配が及んだかは疑問であるとする説がある。
- Especially in the northern part of Dewa Province, there were no shoen but only koryo (public lands), so some people say it cannot be asserted that the Oshu Fujiwara clan extended its power this far in the region.
- 成立から2ヶ月後に加藤高明外務大臣 (日本)が鉄道国有化に反対して辞任した。(ただし、実際には健康問題が絡んでいたとされている。)
- Two months after the establishment of the cabinet, Takaaki KATO, Minister of Foreign Affairs, resigned because he was against the nationalization of railways (in fact, however, he is said to have resigned due to his health problem).
- 清浦は枢密顧問官に転身する1906年まで貴族院議員として研究会に所属し、研究会を政党に対抗するための牙城として育成する事に努めた。
- Kiyoura belonged to Kenkyukai as a member of the House of Peers and made efforts to develop the faction as a stronghold to compete with political parties until 1906 when he became a Privy Councillor.
- 老中堀田正睦はこれを京都の朝廷に上奏したが勅許を得られず、13代将軍徳川家定の将軍継嗣問題とも関係して南紀派、一橋派の抗争となる。
- Although the treaty was brought to the court in Kyoto by roju Masayoshi HOTTA, it was not signed due to a struggle of succession concerning the heir of the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA between the Nanki group (Yoshitomi loyalists from the Kishu-Tokugawa family) and the Hitotsubashi group (Yoshinobu loyalists from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family).
- 近代化に対しては一日の長がある日本から、軍事顧問団(菊地節蔵陸軍歩兵中尉、堀本禮造陸軍工兵少尉及び美代清濯陸軍工兵少尉)を招いた。
- They invited a military advisory group from Japan, which had been one step ahead in achieving modernization (members: First Lieutenant of Army Infantry 菊地節蔵, Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers Reizo HORIMOTO and Second Lieutenant of Army Engineers 美代清濯).
- また学問分野では寛政異学の禁で朱子学を公式の学問とし、林家の私塾であった昌平坂学問所(昌平黌)を官立とするなど文武の奨励を行った。
- In the academic field, he issued 'Kansei Igaku no Kin' (Prohibition of heterodoxies in the Kansei era) and authorized 'Shushigaku' (Neo-Confucianism) as the official study, nationalized 'Shoheizaka Gakumonsho' (or called 'Shoheiko,' which had been the private school of the Hayashi family), and took other measures to encourage literary and military arts.
- 業務の主宰者は問屋と称され、その助役の年寄、さらに人馬の出入りや賃銭などを記入する帳付、人馬に荷物を振り分ける馬指などの者がいた。
- The master of Toiyaba was called Tonya and there were Toshiyori, who was Tonya's assistant, Chozuke, who registerd riders, horses and wages, and Umasashi, who alloted baggage to riders and horses.
- また、政府高官間の政争の産物である「大蔵省分割問題」も影を落としていた(内務省_(日本)設置による測量機構と税額算定機構の分離)。
- In addition, the problem of 'dividing the Ministry of Finance' cast a shadow into the land-tax reform; that is, the organization responsible for the land survey and the organization responsible for calculating amount of tax were separated owing to the establishing of the Ministry of Home Affairs; this split was the product of the political dispute.
- ワシントン会議 (1922年)に出席するために加藤友三郎海軍大臣が訪米した際に、誰が海軍大臣の代理を務めるのかと言う問題が生じた。
- When Tomosaburo KATO, the Minister of Navy visited the United States to attend Washington Conference (in 1922), a matter on the substitution of the minister of Navy's duty occurred.
- 日本では奈良時代に橘逸勢が842年に反逆罪に問われ、姓・官位を剥奪されて「非人」の姓を天皇から与えられたのが文献上の初例とされる。
- The first reference of the term 'Hinin' could be found in the literature describing that TACHIBANA no Hayanari faced treason charges in 842 and was deprived his surname as well as official rank; He was also reduced to the nonstatus signified by 'Hinin' by the Emperor.
- ここでは院政成立の政治史的な問題については触れないが、院政期になると天皇家も独自に家政的な機構を持ち始めるということがあげられる。
- It can be said that during the period of cloister governments the Imperial Family also started to have household management of its own although issues of political history related to formation of cloister governments are not the subject we deal here.
- この論争が始まったのは、江戸時代後期、新井白石が「古史通或問」において大和国説を説き、「外国之事調書」では筑後国山門郡説を説いた。
- These controversies began in the late Edo period, when Hakuseki ARAI discussed the Yamato Province theory in 'Koshitsuwakumon' and offered the Yamato County in Chikugo Province theory in 'Gaikokunokoto shirabegaki.'
- これを直ちに事実とすることには問題があるものの、陶部の工人(陶人)が新羅や百済の出身を多く抱えていたことの反映とみる考え方がある。
- This could not be soon regarded as a fact, but may be considered as a reflection of the fact that many of the Suebe craftsmen came from Silla and Baekje.
- 政元は第9代将軍・足利義尚が陣没して将軍継嗣問題が起こると、第10代将軍に清晃(堀越公方足利政知の子で後の足利義澄)を推していた。
- When the 9th shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, died and a problem regarding the shogun's heirship occurred, Masamoto recommended Seiko (son of Horigoe kubo Masatomo ASHIKAGA, and later Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA) become the next shogun.
- さらに8月には第一次日韓協約が締結され、韓国政府に財政と外交の日本人の顧問を受け入れ、条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
- Furthermore, the First Japan-Korea Agreement was concluded in August, which brought the Korean government to receive Japanese financial and diplomatic advisors as well as to sit at the negotiating table for the conclusion of a treaty.
- やがてそれは当時新たにつくられ始めた洋学(欧米学問)を教授する学校の法律用教科書として採用されるようになっていった(田2001)。
- Before long, it started to be adopted as a text book for jurisprudence in newly established schools where Western studies (Western and American knowledge) was taught (田 2001).
- 各地の大名は、伝来当初こそこの新兵器の実力を疑問視したが、合戦でその効果が証明されるとこぞって買い求め、自国での量産化に奔走した。
- At first, every daimyo doubted the real power of this new weapon, but as the effectiveness was confirmed through battles, they bought them and made every effort to mass-produce them in their respective territories.
- 五条家単独で12代横綱・陣幕久五郎に横綱免状を発給して以降、明治時代に吉田司家が西南戦争で西郷隆盛軍に加担してその責任を問われた。
- After the Gojo family independently issued a yokozuna license to Yokozuna Kyugoro JINMAKU, the twelfth, the Yoshida Tsukasa family was held responsible for being involved in Takamori SAIGO's army in the Seinan War during the Meiji period.
- 相馬事件がきっかけとなり、精神病者の監護(監禁および保護)の手続きについて問題意識が高まり、1900年に精神病者監護法が制定された。
- On the back of the incident, general concerns on how to treat people with mental illness, particularly on custody and protection, increased only to establish the Mental Patient Custody Act in 1900.
- 従来の通説では西洋の学問を中心にした集まりとされたが、主宰の勝助は儒学者であり、蘭学に限らない、より幅の広い集団であったようである。
- According to the traditional prevailing view, it was considered as a group centered on Western learning, but it seems to have been actually a group based not only on the Dutch, but also on a wide range of varied learning as the promoter, Katsusuke was a Confucianist.
- 二条河原の落書(にじょうがわらのらくしょ)とは、室町幕府問注所執事の町野氏に伝わる『建武年間記(建武記)』に収録されている文である。
- Nijo Kawaha no Rakusho are writings collected in 'Kenmu Nenkan-ki,' a record of the Kenmu era which was handed down in the Machino clan, which was the head of Monchujo (Board of Inquiry) in Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 関東大震災後の改組問題で雪嶺が退社したのちの政教社は、五百木良三・三井甲之ら日本主義者によって牛耳られるようになり、4月に解散した。
- After Setsurei resigned from Seikyo-sha in a reorganization after the Great Kanto Earthquake, Seikyo-sha began to be dominated by nationalists such as Ryozo IOGI and Koshi MITSUI, and was finally dissolved in April.
- 神官や儒者は思想上の問題から、戦闘にかかわる意思がないことを誇示するために、武士の印であった月代を剃らないでそのまま髪を残していた。
- Shinto priests and Confucians, in order to show that they had no intention to fight for ideological reasons, did not make Sakayaki (shaved forehead), which was a symbol of samurai (warriors), and retained their hair.
- 明六社誕生以前、まずこの問題について意見表明したのは前島密で、彼は漢字を廃止し、平仮名を英語のように分かち書きにすることを提唱した。
- Before the establishment of Meirokusha, Hisoka MAEJIMA showed his opinion about this for the first time, and he proposed to abolish kanji (Chinese characters) and write hiragara (Japanese syllabary characters) with putting space between characters like English.
- 問注所は当初、訴訟・裁判事務全般を所管したが、訴訟事案の増加に伴い、次第に事案が滞り始め、事務処理の迅速化が求められるようになった。
- As the Monchujo, which at first was responsible for lawsuits and judicial affairs in general, could no longer cope with the increasing number of lawsuits, much faster handling of the cases was called for.
- その勢力は津軽海峡を跨いで蝦夷地に及び、蠣崎氏ら蝦夷島南部の渡党(一般的には和人勢力とされているが疑問も呈されている)を被官とした。
- The influence of the clan extended even to Ezo crossing over the Tsugaru Straits, and the clan appointed Watari-to (the group of immigrants) settled in the south part of Ezogashima Islands (generally they are said to have come from the mainland, but there are different theories) as its hikan (low-level bureaucrat).
- 上記の若井敏明の説によれば、「叔母の青海皇女は後継をどうすればよいか諮問されて飯豊女王を指名しただけで、青海皇女は執政はしていない。
- According to the above theory of Toshiaki WAKAI, 'the aunt Aomi no himemiko was asked questions regarding the successor, she just appointed Iitoyo no himemiko and Aomi no himemiko did not administer.
- 実際には古来から兄弟間での天皇位の相続は一般的であり、それについて弓削皇子が葛野王に問いかけようとした矢先、葛野王は弓削皇子を一喝。
- Actually, the succession of the imperial throne between brothers was common from ancient time, and when Yuge no miko was going to ask Kado no okimi about this, Kado no okimi scolded loudly Yuge no miko.
- この法令は、江戸問屋の保護と物価高騰の抑制を目的としていたが、すぐに列強各国から、条約に規定する自由貿易を妨げる、と強い反発を受けた。
- Although this law was intended to protect warehouse merchants in Edo and to control steep price rise, it immediately met with strong opposition from powerful countries insisting that the law would hamper free trade policy as specified in the treaties.
- 字面から「偽り」すなわち無用と誤解されがちであるが、完全に学問にとって無意味とされる物は後述のオカルト的・詐欺的な例外を除けば少ない。
- Although gisho are apt to be misunderstood as being of no use, there are a few that are meaningless from an academic standpoint except for examples that involve the occult or are fraudulent.
- これが二条天皇の死後のものであることを考えれば、仮に「旅宿問答」の記述が事実であっても、『保元物語』のことを指しているとは思われない。
- Considering that the article appeared after the death of Emperor Nijo, the account in 'Ryoshuku mondo' can't indicate 'Hogen Monogatari,' even if what was written there is true.
- 「太平記」は中世から物語僧の「太平記読み」によって語られ、初等学問に置けるテキストの役割や江戸時代には講談で語られる物語の1つとなる。
- Taiheiki' was passed on from the medieval period by monogatari-so (storytelling priests) through taiheiki-yomi (taiheiki storytelling or storytellers) and was used as a text for primary study, later becoming one of the stories told in the kodan (vaudeville storytelling) of the Edo period.
- しかし、文房趣味の精髄をと問われれば、文物の鑑賞に終始する好事家であるばかりでなく、文房生活の享楽の追究であるといわなければならない。
- However, the essence of Bunbo Shumi was not only a dilettante who always appreciated products of culture but also a pursuit of the pleasure of life at library.
- このため、本当に行基が地図を作ったのかを疑問視して、「後世の人々が作者を行基に仮託したのが伝説化したものではないか?」という説もある。
- For this reason, doubting that Gyoki actually made the map, a theory says that 'People in a later period assumed that it had been authored by Gyoki, resulting in a legend to this effect'.
- 既存の独占販売権、非課税権、不入権などの特権を持つ商工業者(市座、問屋など)を排除して自由取引市場をつくり、座を解散させるものである。
- Rakuichi-rakuza was the creation of free trade markets and the dissolution of guilds with the exclusion of preexisting merchants and tradesmen (market and trade guild system, wholesalers etc.) with special rights such as exclusive sales rights, non-taxation rights and the right to keep tax agents from entering one's property.
- 蝦夷の生活を同時代人が正面から語った説明としては、659年(斉明天皇5年)の遣唐使と唐 (王朝)の高宗 (唐)の問答が日本書紀にある。
- As a description of the Emishi written by someone who lived during the same period in which they were present, a dialogue between a Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) and Gao Zong (Tang Dynasty) held in 659 is found in 'Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan).'
- 1793年に林述斎(じゅっさい)が林家をついで大学頭となると、それまで林家の家塾だった「湯島聖堂」が、正式に幕府直轄の学問所となった。
- In 1793, when Jussai HAYASHI inherited the Hayashi family and became Daigaku no kami, 'Yushima Seido,' which had been a government-backed school operated by the Hayashis, officially became Gakumonjo (a school) under the direct control of the bakufu.
- - 「教育基本法改正に伴い愛国心の表現を盛り込む事が、戦前の国家主義的な教育への転換になるのでは」という在日外国報道協会代表質問に対し
- This remark was made in reply to the question from representative of Foreign Press in Japan, 'Will including the expression of patriotism following the revision of the Fundamental Law of Education result in the conversion of the education style to the prewar nationalistic education?'
- 淳仁、仲恭が天皇であったことは明白で、単に諡号がなかっただけであったから問題にはならなかったが、「大友帝」の存在は学説に拠るものだった。
- Since it was clear that Junnin and Chukyo were emperors without posthumous titles, there was no problem, but the existence of 'Otomo Tei' was only based on theories.
- こういうわけで、明治初期までイデオロギー的発言は活発だったが、学問上の論争にとどまる限り、それがいずれかの有利不利に働くことはなかった。
- Various ideological theories were advocated before the early Meiji period, but none of them were judged correct as long as they were academic disputes.
- 地租軽減問題や行政整理では伊藤内閣と自由党も対立関係にあったことから、政局は伊藤内閣・自由党・硬六派による三つ巴の対立構図が形成された。
- As the Ito cabinet and the Liberal Party disagreed over land tax cuts and government reform issues, three-cornered confrontation among the Ito cabinet, the Jiyuto, and the Ko Roppa formed within the politics.
- また、有力な武将や公家との交際も広く、三条西実隆や細川高国、大内義興、上杉房能とも交流を持ち、今川氏の外交顧問であったとも言われている。
- Also, he had many influential warlords and court nobles as his associates, such as Sanetaka SANJONISHI, Takakuni HOSOKAWA, Yoshioki OUCHI and Fusayoshi UESUGI, and is said to have been a diplomatic adviser to the Imagawa clan.
- しかし同2月、伊賀で平維基の子孫らが、伊勢で平度光の子息らが蜂起し、両国の守護の経俊が赴いたが問答無用で襲撃され、無勢の経俊は逃亡した。
- However, in the same month, March, descendants of TAIRA no Koremoto and a group including sons of TAIRA no Koremitsu respectively raised a rebellion in Iga and Ise and Tsunetoshi, serving as the shugo in both the provinces, traveled to quell the rebellions, but he was attacked without having any talks and ran away lamely.
- このように、その後の研究によってこの3分類法はいろいろと問題点も指摘されるようになってはいるが、現時点でも一応は有効なものとされている。
- This is how these three groups came to be questioned by the following study, but for the meantime it is tentatively considered to be valid.
- 清朝でも公使派遣については当初受け入れられなかったが、日本と日清修好条規を締結する頃には、すでに公使の派遣自体は問題視されていなかった。
- In the Qing dynasty, dispatch of ministries was not accepted at first, however by the time of the conclusion of Japan - Qing Treaty of Friendship, the dispatch of ministries was not seen as a problem.
- 政府は自由党を刺激するのを避けるために植木の容疑は不問として、檄文に署名した島根県の小原鉄臣ら酒造業者5名のみを不応為罪で禁錮刑とした。
- In an attempt to avoid stimulating the Liberal Party, the government sentenced only Tetsuomi KOHARA and four other brewers from Shimane Prefecture who signed the manifesto to imprisonment for fuoizai (a minor offense), without charging Ueki with anything.
- 鳥羽伏見の戦いの報が江戸に伝わった直後の1月15日、関東取締出役渋谷鷲郎が関東一帯の村々から公私領を問わずに農民を徴兵する決定を下した。
- On February 8, 1868 (表記の変更), soon after the details of the Battle of Toba-Fushimi were informed to Edo, Washiro SHIBUYA, of the Kanto Torishimari Shutsuyaku (public security authorities of Kanto region under Edo bakufu), decided to conscript peasants from villages all over the Kanto region, no matter whether the village was of a shogunal demesne or a private territory.
- 問屋(といや、とんや)とは、現代における一般的意味としては卸売業者を指すが、歴史用語及び法律用語として用いられる場合は異なる意味を持つ。
- Toiya (Tonya) refers to a wholesale agent as a general meaning used today; it has different meanings, however, if it is used in the context of history or the law.
- そのために追剥ぎにあって所持品や衣服を奪われたうえ、暴行や拷問を受けて隠しておいた金銀の場所まで白状するように脅迫され、結局は白状した。
- However, they were robbed of these things and they were even attacked or forced, by torture, to tell the robbers where they had hidden gold and silver.
- 道祖王(麻度比と改名)、黄文王(久奈多夫礼と改名)、古麻呂、東人、犢養、角足(乃呂志と改名)は同日、過酷な拷問に耐えかねて次々と絶命した。
- Funado no Okimi (changed his name to Madohi), Prince Kibumi (changed his name to Kunatabure), Komaro, Azumahito, Koshikai, Tsunotari (changed his name to Noroshi) died one after another on the same day because of the severe torture.
- 帝国議会創設時には、61名が選出された(元老院議官27名、各省官吏10名、民間人9名、帝国大学代表6名、宮中顧問官6名、内閣法制局3名)。
- When the Imperial Diet was first established, 61 of the Chokusen Councilors were selected (27 Genroin gikan [councilors of the Chamber of Elders or Senate], 10 government officials from each ministry, nine ordinary citizens, six representatives from The Japan Imperial Academy, six imperial court councilors and three members from the Cabinet Legislation Bureau).
- 1940年11月の西園寺の死後は内大臣が重臣会議を招集して、重臣達に対して後継総理大臣の選定などを諮問する形式へと変更されることになった。
- In November 1940, after the death of SAIONJI, the form of the conferences was transformed in such a way that a naidaijin convened a meeting and inquired senior statesmen about the selection of a succeeding Prime Minister.
- そのため、小規模農民や中小規模の地主を問わず、滞納や逃亡、民田への不正な登録変更などが相次ぎ、国家は安定した収入を得る事が出来なくなった。
- Because of that, there were a succession of delinquency, desertation, illicit change of registration to private estate by small scale farmers and small or medium-sized landlords, and the state were unable to ensure the stable income.
- 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
- The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.
- 正徳は江戸時代の6代将軍徳川家宣・7代徳川家継の治世の年号で、主に将軍侍講(政治顧問)の新井白石と側用人の間部詮房らが実際の政権を担った。
- Shotoku is the name of an era ruled by the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the seventh shogun Ietsugu TOGUGAWA when mainly Hakuseki ARAI, the shogun's teacher and Akifusa MANABE, the lord chamberlain took the reins of government.
- 伊勢から熊野灘を経由して大阪湾に回航しているが、鉄板でトップヘビーになった船が波の荒い熊野灘を通り抜け出来るのかどうか疑問視する声もある。
- Although it navigated to Osaka Bay via the Kumano-nada Sea from Ise, some people doubt that a ship that was extremely heavy because of iron plates could pass through the rough Kumano-nada Sea.
- 地下請の実施は、領主側が惣村を信頼していることを意味するだけでなく、年貢納入が履行されなければ惣村の責任が強く問われることも意味していた。
- The implementation of jigeuke meant that a lord trusted the soson, and also that the responsibility of soson would be questioned strongly if it failed to pay the nengu.
- これについて笠松宏至は、「窪」は草書体の「問注」を重ねた文字であるとして、訴訟受付機関であったとしている(警護所であったとする説もある)。
- According to Hiroshi KASAMATSU, the Kubodokoro was a place where people filed lawsuits, because the kanji character for 'kubo' can be seen as the overlapped kanji characters for 'monchu' written in the cursive script style (there is also a theory that the Kubodokoro was a station for security guards).
- また、内地人とは異なる慣習を持つ者が住む地域に対して内地に施行されていた法令をそのまま外地にも施行するのが相当かという実質的な問題も生じた。
- Also, a practical question arose about whether it was proper to apply the laws, which had been enforced in the inland, without any modifications to Gaichi, where residents had different customs from the inland inhabitants.
- 将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
- The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.
- また、正しい地理観に基づいている『隋書』では、都する場所ヤマトを「魏志に謂うところの邪馬臺なるものなり」と何の疑問もなく同一視していること。
- Also, 'Sui shu,' which features reliable geographical information, without any question identifies the capital Yamato as 'Yamatai written in Wei chih'.
- 1802年9月、大阪長堀心斎町の板元 播磨屋五兵衛が出願した「弁惑書口訣」「天分捷径平天儀図解」の2冊に対して、暦に差支えないか問題となる。
- Similarly, in September of 1802, Gohei HARIMA, a publisher in Nagahori Shinsaibashi cho, Osaka, filed that some problems may arise in the calendar from the two books 'Benwaku book oral instruction' and 'Tenwakeshokeiheitengi graphic illustration.'
- もっともこの問題がクローズアップされたのが、最後の朝貢国朝鮮をどう捉えるかという清朝と西欧・明治日本の意見衝突の時であった(岡本2004)。
- The problem was mostly concerned at the time of conflict of ideas among the Qing dynasty, Western countries and Japan in the Meiji period about how to consider Korea, which was the last Choko country to Qing (Okamoto 2004).
- 協定文では、両国は韓国の国内政治への干渉を差し控え、かつ韓国政府の依頼で軍事または財政顧問を送る前に、互いに事前承認を求めることで合意した。
- The agreement stated that both nations had to withhold from interfering with the national politics of the Republic of Korea and seek each other's pre-approval before sending the military and financial advisers requested by the Korean government.
- 「領内が治まっていない」ことを公然と示すことができれば、領主側に匹敵する武力を集めずとも、責任問題を恐れる領主や代官への重大な圧力となった。
- Therefore, even commoners would exert great pressure on the daimyo (feudal lord) or daikan (local magistrate) by publicly showing that the territory wasn't properly administered, without preparing the military forces comparable to their lord because the lords were very afraid of having their responsibility questioned.
- 皇位継承問題の中で、男系を維持するために皇籍復帰を主張される昭和22年(1947年)に皇籍離脱した旧皇族11宮家は全て邦家親王が源流である。
- Through the discussion of the succession to the Imperial throne, in order to maintain the agnate blood line, the eleven former Imperial families which renounced their imperial status in 1947 insist on rejoining: those families are all originated from Imperial Prince Kuniie.
- 問題点の一つは、南東が高く北西が低い地形は、汚物を含む東南部からの排水が宮の周辺を流れることであり、また、都を囲む城壁や正門が存在しなかった。
- One of the problems was that, since the terrain was high in the southeast and low in the northwest, the drain from the southeast part including filth flows into the area around the Imperial Palace; also there were neither walls that surrounded the capital nor front gate.
- 17世紀後半から18世紀にかけて活躍した詩人・儒学者の程順則は、琉球における最初の学校明倫堂創設の建議を行うなど、琉球の学問に大きく貢献した。
- Shunze CHENG, who was a poet and Confucian scholar active from the late 17th century to the 18th century, proposed the foundation of the Meirindo school, the first school in Ryukyu, and greatly contributed to learning in Ryukyu.
- それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
- Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.
- 新井白石が記した「古史通或問」や「外国之事調書」では、その場所を大和国や山門郡と説いていることから、白石は「やまと」と読んでいたことがわかる。
- Given that Hakuseki ARAI suggested that the location was in Yamato Province and Yamato County in his writing 'Koshitsuwakumon' and 'Gaikokunokoto shirabegaki,' it is understandable that Hakuseki read it as 'Yamato.'
- しかしながら、策伝の俗姓を「平林」とすること、金森氏の仏教宗派は曹洞宗であること、以上2点は策伝が金森氏出身であることに疑問を残す部分である。
- Two lingering doubts remain about Sakuden's status as having been born into the Kanamori clan, however: his secular surname of 'HIRABAYASHI' and the Kanamori clan's (Buddhist) denominational affiliation with the Soto sect.
- しかし、学問的な興味だけではなく、生活様式や風俗・身なりに至るまで、オランダ流(洋式)のものを憧憬し、模倣するような者まで現れるようになった。
- However, not only from academic interest, but also the yearning of their way of living, customs, and personal appearance, people copied the Dutch (or Western) style came to appear.
- しかし幕末には禁裏御料は郷内の半分ほどで、村々の所領関係が異なることは、山国の諸村が一体となり山国神社の宮座を堅持していく上で問題も多かった。
- But by the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), the remaining territory controlled by the imperial house was about half of the interior of the region, and territorial relations among the villages had changed; the various villages in Yamaguni had joined together as organized parishioners of the same local shrine, the Yamaguni-jinja Shrine, and the new balance of power led to many conflicts over land control.
- しかし当時の日本は貨幣を自給できなかったことや鐚銭の問題もあり、貫高制の普及にともない、それを維持するに十分な貨幣流通量を確保できなくなった。
- However, since Japan at that time did not possess the capacity to self-supply the amount of money required, and also because it was facing the problem of bitasen (extremely low-quality coins), maintaining the sufficient money supply became impossible as kandaka sei became more and more widespread.
- なお、『武家名目抄』には「問注所は政所の別庁にて、ともに政事を沙汰する中にも、訴訟の裁判を本務とする所なり」(職名部(ハ)上)と記されている。
- In the 'Buke myomoku-sho' (Compilation of Historical Data of the Warrior Class), it is written (under the entries for the titles of offices of the first volume): 'Monchujo is a government body different from Mandokoro (Administrative Board) but makes political decisions together and functions as a court of justice.'
- 彼らを中心に構成する将軍の諮問機関である幕府評定所は12月23日 (旧暦)(2月8日)に以下のような浅野家寄りの意見書を将軍綱吉に提出している。
- Shogun's consultative body, the Bakufu Conference Chamber which consisted of those Cabinet officials submitted a written statement favoring the Asano family's side to Shogun Yoshitsuna;
- しかし、上原勇作陸軍大臣が辞表を提出、陸軍は軍部大臣現役武官制を盾に後任陸相の推薦を拒否したため内閣は総辞職に追い込まれた(二個師団増設問題)。
- However, the Cabinet was forced to resign en masse because Yusaku UEHARA, the Minister of Army, submitted his resignation and the military refused to nominate an incoming Minister of Army by hiding behind a rule that only an active military officer could serve as Army or Navy Minister (the issue of building additional two divisions).
- しかし、顕如退去後に長男の教如が講和に反して石山を占拠したため、本願寺は顕如と教如の2派に分かれ、顕如は誓約違反を問われることになってしまった。
- Meanwhile, the oldest son Kyonyo occupied Ishiyama against the peace agreement after Kennyo's retreat, causing Hongan-ji Temple to split into two schools, Kennyo's and Kyonyo's, and Kennyo was charged with violation of the oath.
- 興宣大院君派の扇動によって政権を担当していた閔妃一族の政府高官や、日本人軍事顧問、日本公使館員らが殺害され、日本公使館が襲撃を受けた事件である。
- In this incident, with the abetment by Heungseon Daewongun group, government high officials of Queen Min's family members who were in charge of administration, killed Japanese military advisors and Japanese legations were killed and the Japanese Legation was raided.
- 庚午事変(こうごじへん)は、1870年に当時の徳島藩淡路島洲本城下で洲本市在住の蜂須賀氏臣の武士が、家老稲田邦植の別邸や学問所などを襲った事件。
- Kogo Jihen was an incident in which vassals of the Hachisuka clan, who lived in Sumoto City, attacked the second residence of chief retainer Kunitane Inada and a place of study and other places near the Sumoto-jo Castle on Awaji-shima Island, Tokushima domain of that time in 1870.
- 」とあるが、三世一身法の施行からまだ20年しか経っておらず、三代を経過して農民の意欲が減退するという事態が本当に生じたかは、疑問が残る所である。
- However, it still remains doubtful whether farmers of the third generation were really discouraged after only twenty years from the enforcement of the Sanze Isshin Law.
- この論争の意義については、かつては学問的な論争と考えられていたが、実際には言いがかり的な論争も多く、中心は政治的・派閥的な争いとする見方も強い。
- The significance of the disputes was once regarded as an academic one; however, in fact, there were so many arguments just for objection that many people take the disputes mainly as political and sectional conflicts.
- また一条兼良の『花鳥余情』、一条冬良の『世諺問答』などには宇治十帖が紫式部の作ではなくその娘である大弐三位の作であるとする伝承が記録されている。
- According to 'Kachoyojo,' written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, and 'Seigen mondo (adage dialogue)' by Fuyuyoshi ICHIJO, 'Uji-jujo (Ten Quires of Uji)' was not written by Murasaki Shikibu but instead by her daughter, Daini no Sami.
- しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
- After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.
- また義堂周信の日記『空華日用工夫集』によれば、足利義満は義堂との議論において、しばしば自身の政の対象として「天下」「天下之人」を問題としている。
- According to 'Kugenichiyokufushu,' the diary of Gido Shushin, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA often talked on 'Tenka' and 'the people of Tenka' as the objects of his politics in the discussion with Gido.
- 義民とされた人々が極刑に処された理由としては徒党を組んだことが問題視されたものであり、越訴・直訴そのものが直接の原因ではないことに注意を要する。
- It should be noted that the reason why people who sacrificed themselves for justice received a capital punishment was that forming a faction was regarded as a serious matter and osso/jikiso themselves were not a direct reason.
- 全国の人民をして世界万国の学術に通じるようにさせ、そのため東西南京に大学校、町や村に小学校を設置して身分・居住地を問わず教育を与えるべきである。
- It is required to let common people learn so that they could obtain a same academic level as other countries of the world, and for that, it is necessary to establish colleges in the major cities and elementary schools in towns and villages to provide with an education regardless of ranks and place of residence.
- 続いて室町幕府も貞和2年(1346年)を皮切りに度々出され、観応3年(1352年)には、防戦を行った者も理由の如何を問わずに処罰の対象とされた。
- Subsequently, starting in 1346 such policies were frequently put in place by the Muromachi bakufu, and in 1352 even those who staged defensive wars were given criminal penalties regardless of their reasons.
- 江戸時代を通じて公対民の年貢率は一貫して下がる傾向があり(特に幕府直轄地において)逃散はそれほど深刻な問題とはならなくなっていったと考えられる。
- Since public versus private land tax tended to fall consistently throughout the Edo period (especially in government-ruled areas), it is thought that chosan was no longer serious issue.
- その後、やはり府域の広大すぎる事が問題視され、明治20年(1887年)11月4日には、かつて堺県の一部となっていた奈良県が再度分離される事になる。
- Subsequently, as expected, the increased size of the prefecture became an issue, and on November 4, 1887, what was once a portion of Sakai, Nara Prefecture, was once again portioned back.
- 江戸時代から建築に対する有職故実的な研究は行われていたが、学問として成立するのは明治時代以降である(建築という用語自体、明治時代に造られたもの)。
- The study of architecture has been conducted since the Edo period as part of greater studies on the practices of ancient court and samurai families, but it was only in the Meiji period that architectural study emerged as an independent branch of learning (the term 'kenchiku' [建築], meaning 'architecture', was itself coined in the Meiji period).
- 金花銀(きんかぎん)賦課を嚆矢とする租税の銀納化や一条鞭法(いちじようべんぼう)による金公課の一元化も官田問題の解決を重要な契機として推進された。
- Tax payment by silver begining with Kinkagin imposition and the standardization of tax payment by gold with Ichijobenbo were promoted as important opportunities for solving kanden problems.
- この問題をめぐっては他に、大友皇子ではなく天智天皇の皇后倭姫王が即位したとする倭姫王即位説、即位しなかったが政務をとったとする倭姫王称制説がある。
- There are other theories on this issue: the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory says that the empress of Emperor Tenchi, Yamatohime no Okimi, was enthroned instead of Prince Otomo, and the Yamatohime no Okimi Shosei theory says that Yamatohime no Okimi ruled the country without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne.
- 後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
- Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.
- 設置された都市の薬種問屋の代表は事前に江戸に集められ、本草学者丹羽正伯の講習を受けるとともに和薬種取締の基準・方法について意見の提出を求められた。
- The representatives of wholesale drug companies in those cities had been summoned to Edo beforehand, where they attended a lecture by Shohaku NIWA, a scholar of herbalism, and were required to submit their opinions on the standards and measures for controlling domestic materials of medicines.
- また21日には外国事務総督東久世通禧から諸外国の代表に対して、徳川方に武器・軍艦の供与や兵の移送、軍事顧問の派遣などの援助を行わないよう要請した。
- On the 21st, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, the ministerial governor of foreign affairs, and a representative of the new government, requested the representatives of foreign countries, to refrain from any show of support of the Tokugawa shogunate side; this included providing weapons, warships, the transferring of supporting troops and the sending of military advisers.
- 士官学校で少壮の士官に日本語や日本のことを教え、日本政府の高官のイスタンブル訪問を手引きするなど、日土国交が樹立されない中で官民の交流に尽力した。
- He taught the Japanese language and told of Japan to young officers at the military academy, and helped to arrange visits to Istanbul for high officials in the Japanese government; thus, he dedicated himself to cultivate international civilian and governmental exchanges when there were no established diplomatic relations between Japan and Turkey.
- そこに中国問題の深刻化、昭和金融恐慌、世界恐慌による経済危機、世界的な軍縮の流れに対する軍部の反発など、内外の危機に対して十分に対処しえなかった。
- Besides, the party cabinet administrations at that time failed to effectively deal with a series of crises in and out of Japan such as increasing problems in China, the Showa Financial Crisis, the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression, and Japanese military's protest against the global tendency toward disarmament.
- 「問題17条」と呼ばれる17条からなる質問形式においてまず攘夷の是非について問い、もし攘夷を行う場合についての対応策について公議人の意見を求めた。
- Following the questioning form consisted of 17 questions called 'article 17', they first questioned whether proceed the expulsion of foreigners or not and asked for the opinion of the lower house members about the measurement in case of the expulsion of foreigners implemented.
- 酒屋自身が樽廻船問屋として自前の船を所有し、腕のよい船乗りたちを雇い入れ、今でいうフェリー・ターミナルにあたる廻船艀を大坂に出店するようになった。
- Then sakaya itself came to operate kaisenfu, which corresponds to the present ferry terminal in Osaka, owning its own vessels as taru-kaisen-donya (a wholesaler handling cargo-vessels carrying sake barrels) and employing skilled sailors.
- 「軍の統帥権は天皇にあるのだから政府の方針に従う必要は無い」と憲法を拡大解釈して軍が大きな力を持つこととなった(権力の二重構造、統帥権干犯問題)。
- Stretching interpretation of the constitution the military insisted that 'they do not have to follow the government policies because the Supreme Command lies on the Emperor' and the military gained power (Dual System of Power and the Problem of the infringement of Independence of the Supreme Command)
- 延享元年(1744年)に伯耆国倉吉(鳥取県倉吉市)で、鳥取藩の家老荒尾氏の家臣だった父・岩室宗賢と、鉄問屋の娘であった母・おりんとの間に生まれる。
- She was born in Kurayoshi, Hoki Province (Kurayoshi City, Tottori Prefecture) in 1744 to her father, Soken IWAMURO who was a vassal of the Arao clan, a family of chief retainers of the Tottori Domain, and her mother, Orin who was a daughter of an iron wholesaler.
- 従って、この乱を「天慶の乱」と呼ぶ事には問題はないものの、単に「承平の乱」と呼んだ場合には事実関係との齟齬を生む可能性がある事に留意する必要がある。
- It should be noted that the wars may be referred to as the 'the Tengyo Wars', but they cannot simply be referred to as 'the Johei Wars' as this may be a contradiction of historical fact.
- 編纂が進むにつれてその思想体系などが整備され、やがて水戸学と呼ばれる学問の一派へと成長し、水戸藩士は皆等しく水戸学の尊皇論の影響を受けることとなる。
- As the compilation progressed, the system of thought came to be developed, which resulted in the formation of a school of learning called Mitogaku, and all the feudal retainers of Mito Domain were affected by the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) of the Mitogaku.
- そのため海軍の黎明期にはオランダ人が指導の中心となったが、明治新政府に替わってからはイギリス人を顧問に据えることでイギリスに習った海軍運営となった。
- As a consequence, in the early days of the Japanese Navy it was primarily Dutchmen who led the way; with the birth of the new Meiji government, however, Englishmen were employed as advisers, and as such, the administration of the Navy followed the British model.
- 特に問題となったのは朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じ、多大な利益を渤海にもたらした。
- The problem was that it took the style of tribute trade, so Japan was obligated to return severalfold kaishi (return gift) to correspond to a tribute from Bo Hai and produced great profit to Bo Hai.
- 引付衆は御家人の所領関係訴訟(所務沙汰)を扱い、問注所ではその他の民事訴訟(雑務沙汰)及び訴訟雑務(主に訴状の受理)を扱うという役割分担がなされた。
- Responsibilities were divided between the Monchujo and Hikitsukeshu; Hikitsukeshu dealt with Shomu-sata (lawsuits brought about by gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)), whereas Monchu-dokoro handled Zatsumu-zata (other civil cases) and served within the court (mainly receiving petitions.).
- また青海郎女は巫女というわけではなくて、単に皇位継承問題の対策を諮問されて、飯豊王の名を回答しただけであり、神託というようなものとはみなしていない。
- And Aomi no himemiko was not a miko and she was simply asked questions regarding succession to the Imperial Throne, and answered the name of Iitoyo no himemiko and did not give an oracle.
- 親王が京都付近で没したことは『園太暦』に見えているので、伝承そのものには疑問があるが、少なくとも子孫の木寺宮が入野に下向した事実はあったようである。
- Since it is known from 'Entairyaku' (Diary of Kinkata TOIN) that the prince died near Kyoto, there remain some doubts about the tradition itself, but at least there seemed to exist the fact that the descendant of the Kideranomiya family moved into Irino.
- 一方で、征夷大将軍徳川家定の後継者問題を巡る対立で水戸藩が中心となっていた、いわゆる一橋派に加担していた人物への弾圧を強めていった(「安政の大獄」)。
- Meanwhile, the main group of the bakufu also put more oppression to the persons who took part in the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) in which the Mito Domain was playing the central role regarding the problem of a successor of the Seii Taishogun Iesada TOKUGAWA (Ansei no Taigoku [suppression of extremists by the Shogunate]).
- 日本内外問わず、古都とされる場所には歴史的建造物などが残されている場合が多いため(慶州市・西安・ナポリ・ヴェネツィアなど)、多くは観光地となっている。
- In any countries, many of ancient capitals (Gyeongju City, Xian City, Naples and Venice, and so on) have become today major tourist spots, for they have abundance of historic buildings.
- 当時の新聞紙上では私学の自由を犯すものであるという見解が出る一方で、そもそもこの思想を教授した方法に問題があったのではないかという擁護論も交わされた。
- On the newspaper at that time there were opinions that the measure would hamper freedom of private schools, but on the other hand, some people supported the measure because they thought there might have been a problem in the way to teach the thought.
- このとき、家康が信長の居城である清洲城を訪問して、信長と家康との間で会見が持たれた上で同盟が締結されたことから、これは清洲同盟と呼ばれているのである。
- This alliance was called Kiyosu Alliance because, on this occasion, Ieyasu visited the Kiyosu-jo Castle where Nobunaga lived, to form the alliance after interviewing with Nobunaga.
- それでも第1回衆議院議員総選挙においては41議席を獲得し(院内会派名としては議員集会所)、民力休養問題では地租軽減を支持して共闘の姿勢は崩さなかった。
- Even so, the party gained 41 seats in the first election for the House of Representatives, and continuously worked together with the Liberal party in favor of reducing land taxes to encourage the private sector.
- 一定の年紀を過ぎると、その間の土地の所有・占有の事実をもって真実の権利関係如何を問わず、当該行為を行っていた者を正当な権利保持者として確認されること。
- It refers to confirming a person who has done the act in question as the legitimate right holder with the fact that he has possessed/occupied the land after a certain nenki (period) regardless of the real rights.
- 自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した(翌日、朝廷へ奏上)。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).
- しかし、この事件にふれた諸本は残されておらず、「旅宿問答」の言う「保元平治」が、本当に『保元』『平治』の物語のことであるのかどうかは、かなり疑わしい。
- Because no variant texts mentioning this incident exists, it is quite doubtful whether the 'Hogen and Heiji' in 'Ryoshuku mondo' really refers to the tales of 'Hogen' and 'Heiji.'
- 誰に問われるでもなく自分の人生を語るという自伝形式で、後深草天皇に仕えた女房二条の14歳(1271年)から49歳(1306年)ごろまでの境遇を書いた。
- Although no one requested it ('Towazugatari' literally means 'a tale nobody asked for'), Lady Nijo wrote her autobiographical tale as she served as Emperor Gofukakusa's lady-in-waiting from the age of 14 (1271) to around 49 (1306).
- この協定は、現代の大韓民国においては韓国の生存および主権問題に関して、アメリカがいかに信頼することができない国であるかの実例としてしばしば用いられる。
- In the Republic of Korea now, this Agreement is often used as an example of how the United States cannot be trusted with regards to Korean security and sovereignty issues.
- その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
- Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.
- このうち貴族や豪族の氏寺はともかく、村々の住民が信仰の中心として建てた小規模な寺まで実際に監督することが可能であったのかについては疑問が残されている。
- Among these, aside from family temples of nobles or local ruling families, whether small temples worshiped by people in villages could be supervised has been questionable.
- 鎌倉時代末になると問丸は、港湾を所有する領主に隷属して仕事をするだけではなく、その港湾を利用する他の領主の要求にも応じ、年貢米の輸送管理を引き受けた。
- By the late Kamakura period, Toimaru functioned not only as subordinates to the landlords who owned the ports, but also as agents which managed the transports of nengumai as to meet the demands of other manor owners who used the ports.
- なお、『姓氏録』を基に栗隈王の父を難波皇子とする説が広く行われているが、二者の活動年代には隔たりが大きく(約80年)、父子関係を疑問視する向きもある。
- There is an opinion that Kurikuma no Okimi was a prince of the Prince Naniwa, which is based on the description in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (New Selection and Record of Hereditary Titles and Family Names), but considering the long gap (about 80 years) between their active periods, some are dubious about their relation as a father and a son.
- だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
- However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.
- 次いで、ベックマンの推薦で東京の水道計画の技術顧問としてジェームス・ホープレヒトが招かれるが、来日早々ホープレヒトはベックマンの計画案を大幅に縮小した。
- Subsequently, James HOBRECHT who was recommended by Böckmann was invited as a technical adviser of the water project in Tokyo, but once Hobrecht arrived, he downscaled Böckmann's project to a large extent.
- 大友皇子が朝廷を主宰していたこと、壬申の乱が皇位継承をめぐって争われたことが重要なのであって、形式的な即位の有無は小さな問題にすぎないという態度である。
- Historians considered that it was important that Prince Otomo ruled the imperial court and the Jinshin War occurred regarding to the succession to the Imperial Throne, and whether formal enthronement was performed was a trivial problem.
- だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
- However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.
- 堆積場からの鉱石くずの流出は、既に1902年の第二次鉱毒調査委員会で指摘されている(しかし、第二次鉱毒調査委員会は特にそれを問題視することはなかった)。
- The outflow of the mineral waste from the deposit sites had been already pointed out by the second Research Commission of the Mining Pollution of 1902 (although the committee failed to recognize the significance of it)
- 他国の国分寺の整備主体が各国の政庁だったように、大養徳国でもそうであったとすると、問題は、大養徳国の行政主体となるべき国庁の実態が不明であることである。
- If the provincial temple was constructed mainly by the provincial government also in Yamato Province like in other provinces, the issue is that how the provincial government actually functioned as the leading administrative body in Yamato Province is unknown.
- 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.
- 会合では、100名近くの僧侶が集まったが、問題の2寺が出席しなかったので、護法会員の中から台嶺を中心に僧侶が38人有志で西方寺と光輪寺を詰問に向かった。
- Although there were nearly 100 monks in the meeting, the controversial two temples did not attend, therefore 38 voluntary monks centering on Tairei among the members from the Mikawa Goho Association went to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple.
- 『明六雑誌』の登場と広範な読者の獲得、その論説の地方新聞への転載とそれへの反響としての読者の投稿、これらは様々な問題関心を共有する言論空間を生み出した。
- The appearance of 'Meiroku Zasshi' and its wide readership, reprinting of those articles on local newspapers and readers' letters to them as responses led to create a space of speech which has a common interests against various problems.
- その末川は「この事件は滝川個人に加えられた弾圧ではなく、日本の学問の自由と大学自治に加えられた弾圧だったから京大事件と呼ぶべきだ」と繰り返し語っていた。
- Suekawa repeatedly said that 'This incident was not oppression of Takigawa as an individual but should be called the Kyodai Incident because this was oppression of academic freedom and university freedom in Japan.'
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- また体面を保つ為の出費も著しかったなど、一概に上野介のみを非難する向きも疑問があり、仮名手本忠臣蔵を盾に、自藩の失策を弁明しているとも受け取る事が出来る。
- At the same time, they also spent quite a lot of money to keep their dignity, and therefore, it is questionable to criticize only Kozuke no Suke, and one assumes that they were trying to cover up their own faults through Kanadehon Chushingura.
- 重臣会議(じゅうしんかいぎ)は、昭和時代に元老の職掌を引き継ぐ形で、後継の内閣総理大臣の選定や国家の重要事項に関して、天皇の諮問に答える形で開かれた会議。
- Senior statesmen's conferences, which took over the official duties of genro (retired elder Japanese statesmen), were held during the Showa period in the form of responding to the Emperor's request for advice regarding the selection of a succeeding Prime Minister and the nation's important issues.
- ヨーロッパでの訪問国は、イギリス・フランス・ベルギー・オランダ・ドイツ・ロシア・デンマーク・スウェーデン・オーストリア・イタリア・スイスの12カ国に上る。
- They visited as many as 12 countries in Europe which were Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Italy and Switzerland.
- 版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
- In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.
- 幕府は大目付永井尚志が長州代表を尋問して処分案を確定させ、老中小笠原長行を全権に内容を伝達して最後通牒を行うが、長州は回答を引き延ばして迎撃の準備を行う。
- Naoyuki NAGAI, Ometsuke (chief inspector) of the bakufu, interrogated the representative of Choshu to determine the sanctions, and appointed Nagamichi OGASAWARA as the plenipotentiary to deliver the ultimatum to Choshu, but the Choshu side postponed the reply to prepare for engaging the enemy.
- そこで政元直々の訪問による協力依頼を受けた実如は北陸・畿内の信徒を総動員して北陸門徒は周辺3国へ、畿内門徒は畠山氏の根拠地である河内国への侵攻を命令した。
- After receiving a cooperation request from Masamoto by his direct visit, Jitsunyo mobilized all his followers in Hokuriku and Kinai and ordered the ones in Hokuriku to attack the nearby three provinces and the ones in Kinai to attack Kawachi Province, the Hatakeyama clan's base ground.
- すなわち「東道西器」という中国の「中体西用」に似たスローガンを掲げ、新式軍隊や外交顧問を設置し、高宗は「公法」に依拠して国際社会に参加することを宣言した。
- Namely, Korea created a slogan '東道西器,' which was close in meaning with a slogan in China '中体西用' (to learn technology and culture of Western countries while centering on traditional studies and systems) and set up the new model army and advisers for diplomatic issues, and Gojong announced that Korea joined in the international society and abide by the 'Koho.'
- 1867年(慶応3年)、隠れキリシタンとして信仰を守り続け、キリスト教信仰を表明した浦上村の村民たちが江戸幕府の指令により、大量に捕縛されて拷問を受けた。
- In 1867, many people of Urakami village who had kept their faith as crypto-Christians expressed their Christianity and captured and tortured by order of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 幕府が学問に儒学の朱子学を採用したことから、覇者である徳川家より「みかど」が正当な支配者であるという尊王論が水戸徳川家(水戸藩)を中心として盛んになった。
- Because the Bakufu chose Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) as the academic subject to be studied, Sonnoron (Imperialism), which placed 'Mikado' (the Emperor) as the legitimate ruler rather than a hegemon of the Tokugawa clan, became popular among people such as the Mito-Tokugawa family (Mito Domain).
- 勲等の廃止においては与党の一部から反対も出たが、今後どの様な栄典制度となるか、官民格差是正や栄典法制定問題などがある中で、現在のところは不透明な情勢にある。
- Some members of the ruling party are opposing the abolishment of the medals for merit, but with the issues including removal of the disparity between public and private and the establishment of honor law, it is still undecided as to what kind of institution of honor will replace the medals for merit.
- 享保15年(1730年)の札遣い再開からは、領内の泉佐野の廻船問屋で加賀国の銭屋五兵衛と並び称された豪商の食野(めしの)家などの引請による銀札が発行された。
- Since issuing of han bills was again permitted in 1730, a ginsatsu guaranteed by wealthy merchants located in the territory, such as the Meshino family, who were a kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) in Izumisano no less famous than Gohei ZENIYA of Kaga Province, was issued.
- 第二次西園寺公望内閣のとき、緊縮財政による国家財政再建や行政整理を理由に、西園寺公望首相が、陸軍による「二個師団増設」の要求を拒否した(二個師団増設問題)。
- During the second Kinmochi SAIONJI Cabinet, because of the national financial reconstruction and the administration by reduced budget, Prime Minister Kinomochi SAIONJI refused the Army's 'two division expansion' demand (two divisions' expansion issue).
- また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
- Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.
- 1946年、文部省迷信調査協議会によれば「鬼門を避けるか」という問いに関して、信じるかどうかを別として「避ける」という回答が2/3に及んでいると報告された。
- In 1946, the Ministry of Education, council for superstition took a survey 'Is Kimon [demon's gate] to be avoided,' surprisingly one may believe or not, two thirds of the reply was 'Yes.'
- 渤海使(ぼっかいし)は渤海 (国)より日本を訪問した使節であり、728年から922年までの間に34回(このほか遼による派遣が1度)の使節が記録に残っている。
- Bokkaishi was the envoy to Japan from Bo Hai, and a record stated there were 34 visits (one visit from the Liao Dynasty) of the envoy during 728 to 922.
- しかし、少なくとも勢力間において発生する諸問題の解決に際して行使可能な手段として、武力、すなわち軍備の果たす役割に注目が集まる傾向にあったことは確かである。
- It is certain however, that there was a tendency that the role of military power, namely armaments, as at least available means in solving various problem occurring between such powers attracted attention.
- 天正10年(1582年)5月、朝廷は安土城の信長に使者を送って征夷大将軍・関白・太政大臣のうちから希望する官職に任じる用意がある事を伝えた(三職推任問題)。
- In May, 1582, the Imperial Court sent an emissary to Nobunaga at Azuchi-jo Castle to inform him of its being ready to award him the position of either Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Kanpaku, or Dajodaijin (Prime Minister) of his choice (the sanshoku suinin mondai, or the matter over the three recommended positions).
- しかし「沙至比跪」の逸話が史実と見なせるかには疑問の余地があり、これを考慮すると、『書紀』の襲津彦像は総じて没個性的で、各々の記事間にも脈絡がほとんどない。
- However, there is controversy as to whether the legend of 'Hisachiku' can be thought of a historical fact; if we take this into account, Sotsuhiko described in 'Nihonshoki' seems overall to be lacking in personality and articles referring to him do not seem to show coherence in their descriptions.
- 6世紀の氏姓制度成立以前において、「葛城」が本来的なウヂ名として存在したかについては疑問があり、ここでは従来の「葛城氏」の呼称を用いて便宜を図ることとする。
- Although it is doubtful whether the clan name 'Katsuraki' actually existed before the establishment of the system of clans and hereditary titles, this clan name is employed here for the sake of convenience.
- これに対して幕府は米1,500俵を京都市民への放出を決定、法度違反に関しては事態の深刻さから天皇や関白が行動を起こしたのももっともな事であるとして不問とした。
- In response to that, the bakufu decided to release 1,500 hyo (bales) of rice to the Kyoto citizen and to overlook the violation of the regulations as the act by the Emperor and the Kanpaku could be considered justifiable due to the serious situation.
- そして、留守政府の施策中において、使節団出発以前に構想されていなかった唯一の政策が使節団メンバーとの対立を引き起こした「西郷隆盛の遣韓問題」であったのである。
- And among policies made by Rusu-seifu, the only one that had not been worked over before the delegation's departure was 'Kenkan (sending an ambassador to Korea) issue of Takamori SAIGO,' which resulted in confrontation between the delegation members and Resu-seifu.
- 従って、公事(特に金公事)の増加によって吟味筋の吟味が滞ることは重大な問題と捉えられ、町奉行所が金公事の受付そのものを拒否する相対済令などがしばしば出された。
- Accordingly, it was thought a critical problem that investigation by ginmisuji stagnated due to increase of kuji (specifically kanekuji), so aitai sumashi rei (mutual settlement decree) with which machibugyosho (a town magistrate's office) could refuse receipt of kanekuji itself was often put in force.
- 慶応3年12月9日(1868年1月3日)、総裁・議定・参与の三職を置き、摂政・関白・征夷大将軍・内覧・勅問・国事掛・議奏・武家伝奏・守護職・所司代を廃止した。
- On January 3, 1868, three offices of Sosai, Gijo and Sanyo (all of them, roughly concilors) were established, abolishing the positions of Sessho Kampaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), Seii Taishogun (shogun, literally meaning, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Nairan (private inspection), Chokumon (questions by Emperor), Kokujigakari (officials in charge of state affairs), Giso (a position conveying what the congress decides to Emperor), Buke Tenso (a position conveying messages between Emperor and the shogunate), Shugoshiki (military governor) and Shoshidai (the shogunate's military governor stationed in Kyoto).
- 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
- It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.
- マーティンは1850年に来華して以来中国に留まり、天津条約の起草や北京同文館や京師大学堂での西欧学問教授、キリスト教伝道など多方面にわたり活動した人物である。
- After Martin came to China in 1850, he stayed in China and played important roles in various areas such as drafting of Treaty of Tianjin, teaching of western scholarship in Tongwen Guan in Beijing (literally, School of Combined Learning) and Imperial Capital University (former Peking University) and mission of Christianity.
- 政府のメディア規制を前にして官僚兼啓蒙者は啓蒙者たり続けられるのかという問題は、明六社同人間の温度差を浮き彫りにし、雑誌の行く末をめぐって対立することになる。
- The problem whether a bureaucracy who was an illuminator at the same time could continue to be an illuminator despite the governmental regulations against media showed clearly the difference among Dojin of Meirokusha and led to a conflict over the future of bulletin.
- 新政府内部には、財源の問題から反対論も出されたものの、参戦諸藩の軍事支出に伴う財政悪化が新政府への反感につながることを恐れた結果、恩賞が支給されることとなった。
- Although due to the financial resources an opposing argument appeared inside the new government, it decided to give rewards for fear that the domains' financial aggravation caused by military expenses in the battles might create ill feeling against it.
- 老中が各奉行から伺いが立てられた刑事事件に関する事案を評定所に諮問し、その答申である評議書を犯罪の事例、犯罪者の身分・年齢・性別などのよって分類・整理したもの。
- It was the documents by classifying and sorting Hyogisho, the reports of the criminal cases which each bugyo (magistrate) had asked the roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) to consult Hyojosho (conference chamber), by the case of crime, and the status, age, and gender of criminal, and so on.
- しかし御成敗式目第8条自体が単に武家社会における年紀法に関する考え方を示したに過ぎず、当時の公家社会において年紀法が採用されていたかどうかとは別次元の問題である。
- But the Goseibai-shikimoku Article 8 itself just shows the idea on the Nenkiho in the samurai society, and whether or not the Nenkiho was adopted in the Court noble society at the time is another issue.
- だが、豊臣政権・徳川政権によって不法行為の取締が強化される一方、分一などの発見者・救出者への法定による一定の権利保障が定められて問題の解決が図られるようになった。
- Toyotomi and Tokugawa governments tightened control of unlawful acts, but at the same time they tried to solve problems by instituting such laws as to assure Buichi and other particular rights of a finder or rescuer of drifting/drifted ships.
- このとき、義隆も隆房らの謀反を恐れて、自ら甲冑を着けて居館に立て籠もり、さらに隆房に詰問使を送るなどしたことから、義隆と隆房の仲は最悪の事態を迎えることとなった。
- At that time, Yoshitaka also barricaded himself in his residence with kacchu (armor) on by himself because of the fear of rebellion by Takafusa, and moreover sent questioners to Takafusa, that made the relationship of Yoshitaka and Takafusa worst.
- 商法で、自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買い入れをすることを業とする者と定義されており(b商法第551条)、問屋の行う売買は他人の計算においてなされる。
- The commercial code defines it as one who conducts distribution or purchases for others, under one's name, as a business, (Article 551 of the commercial code) and the buying and selling that is conducted by Toiya is determined by others.
- 以上のことが通説とされるが、翌年には毛利水軍は籠城中の三木城への兵糧搬入作戦も大々的に行っており、最近の研究では通説で言われるほどの大敗であったかは疑問とされる。
- These are commonly accepted theories, but in recent studies the theory of the Mori navy's major defeat is questioned because the Mori navy conducted an operation to deliver provisions to the besieged Miki-jo Castle on a massive scale in the next year.
- この事件により、一時、外国軍が神戸中心部を占拠するに至るなどの動きにまで発展したが、その際に問題を起こした隊の責任者であった滝善三郎が切腹する事で一応の解決を見た。
- This incident expanded to the temporal occupation of the center of Kobe by the foreign military, but the person in charge of the troop that caused the incident, Zenzaburo TAKI, committed suicide by disembowelment, which led to a tentative solution.
- 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
- In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
- ただ、この種の暗号説を用いれば、論者の都合でいかような解釈でも振り出すことができることは古代史ではよく知られており、今日学問的な論証として取り上げられることはない。
- It is well known in the field of ancient history that advocates can make various interpretations to their advantage by using this kind of cipher theory, so it is not regarded as an academic approach anymore.
- 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
- The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'
- この制度を復活させた広田内閣は、腹切り問答によって自らが制定した軍部大臣現役武官制による陸軍大臣と揉めて、議会を解散する要求を拒絶する代わりに総辞職に追い込まれた。
- The Hirota Cabinet, which revived this system, had a conflict due to the Harakiri Mondo (the Harakiri questionaires) with the Minister of War over Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei which he formulated himself, and was driven to resign instead of commanding the assembly to dismiss.
- なお、日本書紀によるとこの遷都には民衆から大きな不満があり、昼夜を問わず出火があったという(当時は政治に不満がある時、宮殿へ放火する風習があったと推測されている)。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), because the people were extremely unhappy about the moving of the capital, there were fire breakouts regardless of day or night (It is presumed that there was such a custom at that time that they set fire to the palace when the people were unhappy about politics.)
- しかし現状は、「異常な開墾計画の負担から逃れるため夜逃げする」「全国的に班田農民の浮浪人化問題が浮上する」といった傾向がみられ、結果的に開墾はあまりなされなかった。
- However, the situations were that 'many farmers skipped out by night to avoid the burden from the development plan' or 'the problem that the farmers of allotted farmland became a vagrant emerged as a social issue' and as a result the development plan was not really carried out.
- その結果が23日に纏められたものの、その質問自体が攘夷の方策について徹底的に問い質したもので、答えに詰まった公議人達は「攘夷は不可である」との回答を寄せたのである。
- Although the result was wrapped up on 23rd, the question itself was thoroughly about the policy of expulsion of foreigners so the lower house members who were stuck for an answer replied 'expulsion of foreigners are impossible.'
- 名電の運賃値上げを機にその不満が噴出し、市内路線の事業独占を糾弾すべくデモクラシー運動を展開する団体が鶴舞公園で主催した「電車賃値下問題市民大会」に多数が集まった。
- The frustration became more apparent when Nagoya Denki Tetsudo raised the fare, and one democracy organization held 'Public Meeting Concerning The Drop Of The Train Fare' at the Tsurumai park and many people gathered there to accuse their monopoly supply of the railroad service within the city.
- つまり彼らのいう日本人に見える「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」なるものは、'individual'('individuality')に照らされて浮かび上がった問題意識であった。
- In other words, Japanese 'slave sprit' which was pointed out by them was a problem which was recognized by confronting the term 'individual' ('individuality').
- 明治初期の刑法典である『改定律例』278条には「違勅罪」という罪名が置かれて違法とされたが、以後天皇の立憲君主化に伴って違勅そのものが罪に問われることは無くなった。
- In Article 278 of 'Kaiteiritsurei', a criminal code in the beginning Meiji Period, a charge named 'Ichokuzai' was established as an illegal act, but in line with the subsequent constitutional monarch of Emperors, accusing a person of Ichoku itself as a crime ceased.
- 貞隆は兄の且元と共に衰退していく豊臣氏を懸命に盛り立てたが、慶長19年(1614年)に起こった方広寺鐘銘問題を契機に兄と共に家康と内通していると秀頼らから猜疑された。
- Sadataka and his brother Katsumoto struggled to support the declining Toyotomi clan, but after the issue of Hoko-ji Temple Shomei (inscription on the bell) incident which occurred in 1614, Hideyori started to suspect he and Katsumoto secretly contacted with Ieyasu.
- 藤原四兄弟の子の系統はそれぞれ藤原南家、藤原北家、藤原式家、藤原京家と呼ばれ、それぞれの家に栄枯盛衰はあったものの、その後の政治や学問、文化に大きな足跡を残している。
- Each lineage of descendants of four Fujiwara brothers was called 'Fujiwara Nanke' (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'FUJIWARA Hokke' (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'Fujiwara Shikike' (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), and 'Fujiwara Kyoke' (the Western House of the Fujiwara clan); although they went through the rise and fall, they left a major mark on later politics, learning, and culture.
- 一進会を率い、韓日併合論を説いた宋秉畯らは朝鮮総督府中枢院顧問となり、合併後の朝鮮の政治にも大きく影響を与え続け、その後、その功績により宋秉畯には伯爵位が与えられた。
- Song Byung-joon and others who led Isshinkai and supported the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea assumed office as adviser of Chusuin (a government office in Korea) of Chosen Sotoku-fu and kept affecting on the Korean politics after the annexation, and later Song Byung-joon was given a title of count for his achievement.
- なお、元弘の変(元弘の乱のきっかけとなった)が発生した元弘元年(1331年)以後の変動については軍忠の有無を問わず一切無効として本主の進退(判断)に属するものとする。
- Change of ownership after 1331 when the Genko Incident (which triggered the Genko War) occurred shall be deemed invalid and subject to honshu's behavior (discretion), regardless of contribution in the war.
- 彼らは、輸入学問であった近代農学とは独立して、近世以前の在来農学の蓄積に基づき、単なる個人の経験の寄せ集めという段階を越えた実証主義的な態度からの技術改良を志向した。
- Being independent of the modern agriculture studies imported from abroad, they intended to make improvements on techniques from the viewpoint of positivism, based on the accumulation of the conventional agriculture studies before modern times, which was beyond the phase of the mere collection of personal experiences.
- これは儒教的な封建社会において金利を伴う取引が卑しまれた事に加え、こうした取引は相互信頼に基づくものであり本来は内部で解決されるべき問題であると考えられたからである。
- This was because, in Confucian feudal society, it was thought that deal accompanied by interest was vulgar, that it should had been based on the mutual trust, and that it was an issue basically to be settled inside.
- 武家の棟梁であり、実質的な第一執政者である征夷大将軍に、後継者が決まっていないことは国家の一大事であり、無難に嫡男に決まったケース以外は、頻繁に政治問題となっている。
- It was a national crisis that the successor of the Seii taishogun, who was the leader of samurai class and the practically main administrator, was not determined, and it often became a political problem unless the oldest son succeeded the Seii taishogun.
- また義隆が学問・芸術に熱心で、キリスト教布教を許し、公家や宣教師を積極的に保護したことから、大内領内には独特の山口文化(大内文化)が生まれ、文化的にも全盛期を迎えた。
- Additionally, because Yoshitaka was enthusiastic about learning and art, and also because he permitted Christian missionary work and voluntarily protected kuge (court noble) and missionaries, a unique culture of Yamaguchi (Ouchi culture) was born in the territory of Ouchi family, which led to a height also in terms of culture.
- 日本政府は治外法権(領事裁判権)、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
- The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
- ただし、古河鉱業側は、銅の被害のみを認め、カドミウムについては認めなかった(農民側も、調停申請にはあえてカドミウム問題は提示せずに早期解決を目指したという理由もある)。
- However, Furukawa Mining acknowledged their fault only on the damages by copper but not by cadmium (the peasants did not complicate the issue by mentioning cadmium in order to reach a faster resolution.)
- 根拠に描写がこなれているとか不自然であるとかいった主観的なものについては、学問的に検証できるものではなく、武田論文においても具体的な検証は何も行われていないとするもの。
- It is impossible to academically verify the subjective grounds such as that the descriptions are more sophisticated or less sophisticated, but TAKEDA didn't concretely examine these points in his thesis.
- なお、問題の行為が殺人であったりした場合には仇討・復讐の一環として下手人の代わりに質取対象者の生命を差し押さえて没収する行為も「質取行為」として正当なものとされていた。
- Even in the case of murder, seizing and taking a debtor's life instead of a murderer's as a part of adauchi (revenge including killing)/fukushu (revenge) was justified as a way of Shichitorikoi.
- 一方、外科の第一人者である栗崎道有によって傷口を数針縫いあわせ、軽傷ですんだ吉良上野介は、目付の大久保忠鎮、久留正清らから尋問を受けたが、「拙者は恨みを受ける覚えは無い。
- Meanwhile, after his wounds were stitched up by the leading doctor in surgical department Dou KURISAKI, Kira Kozuke no Suke was also questioned by the bakufu's inspectors Tadashige OKUBO and Masakiyo KUME and said 'I do not remember doing anything to upset Takumi no Kami.
- 共和演説事件(きょうわえんぜつじけん)は、第1次大隈内閣(隈板内閣)の文部大臣であった尾崎行雄が1898年8月21日に行った演説が問題となり、内閣瓦解の発端となった事件。
- The Republican Speech Affair was an event that the speech, which Education Minister Yukio OZAKI of the first Okuma Cabinet (the Wai-han Cabinet) made on August 21, 1898, caused a trouble and triggered a collapse of the Cabinet.
- だが、この問題以後、立憲政友会内部に陸軍への反発から、帷幄上奏を廃止して陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を再改正を行って、文官の軍部大臣就任を認めさせるべきとの主張が出された。
- However, after this matter, an assertion to abolish Iaku-joso, revise the government regulations of Army and Navy, and admit the civil officers to become the Minister of military was given inside Rikken seiyukai due to the opposition to the Military.
- 第2条では、天皇の国政に関する顧問は所管大臣と次官に限定した(元田の存在は例外であったが、専門の教育問題や天皇の個人的な問題以外での発言は事実上封じられることになった)。
- The Article 2 limited Emperor's national political advisors to the ministers and the vice-ministers having jurisdiction over the issues in question (Motoda was an exception but he was effectively forbidden to talk about other than education, his specialty, or Emperor's private problems).
- このため、小村寿太郎や鳥尾小弥太、法律顧問ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードがこれに反対意見を提出し、更に翌1887年には農商務大臣谷干城が辞表を提出する騒ぎとなった。
- Therefore, Jutaro KOMURA, Koyata TORIO, and Gustave Emile BOISSONADE submitted the adverse opinion, and furthermore, it caused a scene that Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Tateki TANI turned in his resignation in 1887.
- また、長年続いた礼銭の観念から賄賂に対する罪悪感は希薄な状態が続き、江戸幕府そして明治政府以後に至るまでこうした賄賂や買収を巡る問題が絶えない一因とも考えられるのである。
- It is also possible to suppose that the issues of bribery and corruption kept appearing from the Edo bakufu through and after the Meiji government because people had been accustomed to the concept of the reisen and not felt so guilty for a long time.
- 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
- Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
- 当時、在地豪族(地方軍事貴族)はたびたび国衙に反抗的な行動をとっていたが、中央の有力貴族との私的な関係を通じて不問になることが多く、実際に追討宣旨が下されることは稀だった。
- At that time, local powerful clans (local military aristocracies) often behaved disaffectedly to the kokuga (provincial government office), but it was overlooked due to the private relationship with central dominant nobilities, so an imperial decree to hunt down and kill Tadatsune was rarely issued.
- また、明治初期の国家意思形成の不統一性の問題もあり、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたり、法令の名称についても、「法」、「条例」、「規則」、「律」など様々であった。
- The early Meiji government internally lacked appropriate means of establishing a uniform direction over state governance, and there were laws and ordinances repeatedly issued with overlapping subjects, using various names for the laws, such as 'act,' 'bylaw,' 'order' and 'code.'
- お雇い(御雇)外国人(おやといがいこくじん)とは、幕末以降明治初期に、「殖産興業」などを目的として、欧米の先進技術や学問、制度を輸入するために雇用された欧米人のことである。
- The term 'oyatoi-gaikokujin' refers to the practice, common from the late Edo period into the early Meiji period, of hiring Europeans and Americans to foster the importation into Japan of the advanced technologies, scholarship and systems of Europe and the United States under the banner of 'Shokusan-kogyo' (encouragement of production and industry).
- その一方で、幕府政所、問注所、及び之に関係せる者等の日記、記録、文書、及び京都公家の日記などの資料よって編纂した部分が大部分を占め、その編纂も幼稚で余り斧削を加えていない。
- On the other hand, most of the work consists of diaries, records and documents of Shogunal Mandokoro, Monchujo, and people related to these offices, and also of diaries of court nobles in Kyoto, and the compilation work was clumsy and barely revised.
- しかし、お雇い外国人であるエドモンド・モレルの発案により、予算の問題や今後の鉄道敷設のことを考えると、加工しやすい国産の木材を用いたほうがよいということになり、変更された。
- However, the plan was changed because the employed foreigner Edmund Morel suggested using Japanese lumber, which was easier to process hence a better choice for future railway construction and also preferable in terms of the budgetary issue.
- 恒居倭の増加に伴い、恒居倭による漁場の占拠、恒居倭の倭寇化、密貿易の恒常化及び恒居倭と朝鮮人の癒着、三浦周辺朝鮮人の納税回避、朝鮮人水賊の活発化など、様々な問題が噴出する。
- The increased population of kokyowa caused various problems such as the occupation of fishing grounds by kokyowa, the pirate-like behavior by kokyowa, the consistent illegal trading accompanied by a collusive relationship between kokyowa and Koreans, tax evasion by some Korean who lived in the vicinity of Sanpo, and the emergence of Korean pirates.
- また舞鶴弁の「-しとってん」は標準語でいう「-しているの?」の疑問形であり、大阪弁の「しとってん」として使われる過去形とは全く異なり、発音のイントネーションが明らかに違う。
- Further, '~Shitotten' in Maizuru-ben dialect is the same as the interrogative '~Shiteiruno?' (Are you doing ~) in standard Japanese language while the same '~Shitotten' in Osaka-ben dialect is a past form, '~shite-ita' (I was doing ~) of standard Japanese and completely different from the Maizuru-ben dialect in its meaning and intonation.
- また、解放令とともに戸籍法の手直しが行われたものの、現場担当者の事務処理の混乱や意識改革の遅れもあって翌年編製された壬申戸籍における「新平民」表記問題につながることになった。
- Although the Family Registration Law was modified along with Kaiho Rei too, that led up to the issue of notation of 'sinheimin (new commoner)' in Jinshinkoseki (the family register drew up in 1872, the year of Jinshin, Mizunoesaru, according to the twelve zodiac signs in Chinese astrology) made up the next year, together with confusion of office work and delayed reform of consciousness.
- また藤原道長の正妻が源倫子であるなど、氏族として藤原氏と源氏が対立しているとは言えず個人的な対立関係の範疇を超えないとして、問いかけの前提の認識に問題があるとする見方が多い。
- Also, it is hard to say that there was a clan conflict between the Fujiwara and the Genji because of the facts such as FUJIWARA no Michinaga's wife was MINAMOTO no Rinshi, and such conflicts were within the scope of individual hostility; consequently, most people consider that the premise of the questions is wrong.
- 籠城組は各国の寄り合い所帯であったため、まず意思疎通が大きな問題となったが、英語・フランス語・中国語と数ヶ国語に精通する柴中佐はよく間に立って相互理解に大きな役割を果たした。
- The group of besieged was the meeting place of every nation, so mutual agreement was an important issue, and Goro SHIBA, who had multi-language skills in English, French, and Chinese, took part in negotiations and contributed greatly to the understanding of all parties.
- それはどちらかといえば東アジア諸国家対西欧(文明)に比重をおいて説明してきたが、以下では近代東アジア世界全体に及ぼした影響、あるいは東アジア諸国間に生じた問題について触れる。
- Therefore much weight was put in the explanations of conflict between East Asian nations and Western Europe (Civilization), but hereinafter influences in whole modern East Asia and issues in East Asian countries will be described.
- 特に以前武家伝奏として皇位継承問題に関与していた中院は天皇本人を前にして後水尾法皇と前将軍家綱が死んでから1年余りでその意向をひっくり返した天皇と綱吉を公然と罵ったのである。
- Especially Nakanoin, who had been involved in the imperial throne succession as a Buke Tenso (liaison officer between the Imperial Court and the Bakufu), abused the Emperor and Tsunayoshi, openly in the presence of the Emperor himself, for reversing the intention of Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo and former Shogun Ietsuna in only a little over one year after the deaths of both.
- 北山殿の会所は、奥向きの庭、異質な建物の舎利殿のとなりにあったともいわれているし、訪問した客から見れば、多種多彩なものが一度にはいってくる、豪奢な景色になっていたことだろう。
- The kaisho of Kitayamadono was said to have a garden at the back and Shariden (a hall that stores the bones of Buddha) with a unique architecture that must have been a colorful and luxurious scenery with various objects for the visiting guest.
- 第二次木津川口の戦いで敗北した毛利水軍であったが、翌年には三木城へ兵糧を運び入れる等、活発な活動を見せており、信長公記に見られるような一方的大勝利であったかも疑問とされている。
- The Mori navy, which was defeated in the second battle of Kizugawaguchi, started active movements such as carrying army provisions into Miki-jo Castle the next year, which makes the runaway victory recorded in Shincho koki doubtful.
- これは彼らが国民とは何かという問いをもって、西欧の書物を開く時、そこに頻出する'individual'あるいは'individuality'という語彙に触発されてのことである。
- This was influenced by the words 'individual' or 'individuality' which they often saw in the books of Western Europe when they had a question what the people was.
- 「いつ兵隊にとられるか分からない。戦場に行けば必ず死が待っている。そういった緊迫した状態で学問に打ち込んでいた。寄宿舎の連中は皆そうだった。それだけにお互いの連帯感は強かった」
- I didn't know when I was to be called up for military service. Being called up inevitably led to my death. I concentrated on my study in such a tense atmosphere. So did all of my colleagues in the dormitory. For that reason alone, we had a strong sense of solidarity.
- が、盛季以前の下国家の系譜は諸系図によりまちまちであり、一級史料に見える名と系図の名が一致しない等系図の信憑性に疑問が持たれているため、実態については、いまだ研究の途上にある。
- However, the pedigree of the Shimonokuni family before the time of Morisue varies depending on the various family trees, and as some of the names that appear in some family trees do not concord with the names that appear in the first class historical materials, the credibility of these genealogical records is questioned and the reality is still under study.
- 756年5月の聖武天皇崩御の際、天皇の遺詔により子の道祖王が皇太子に立てられるが、翌757年品行不良を理由に皇太子を解かれ、同年7月橘奈良麻呂の乱に加担したとして拷問され獄死。
- Although his son, the Prince Funado became the Crown Prince by the Emperor Shomu's will when the Emperor died, he was demoted from the Crown Prince due to his bad behavior in 757, then he was tortured and died in prison on the accusation of the involvement in the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro in July of the same year.
- このダムは鉱毒対策を目的の中に入れていなかったが、参議院議員近藤英一郎(当時)が商工委員会で質問を行った結果、このダムについては「水質保全に特に留意」することとされた経緯がある。
- This dam had not been for controlling mining pollution, however, after Eiichiro KONDO, a member of the House of Councilors (at that time) enquired at the committee of commerce and industry, it was concluded that 'it is especially important to keep water quality of this dam.'
- 自国の言語をどう表記するかということ、つまり国語国字問題は、文明開化を推進するにあたって、遅れた文明とされた東洋文明から離脱し、西洋文明に仲間入りする方法の一つとして論じられた。
- How to write a nation's script, that is, the problems pertaining to a nation's script, was discussed as one of the ways to leave from the Eastern civilization, which was regarded undeveloped, and to enter into the Western civilization when civilization and enlightenment was promoted.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- 結果として諸国列強に押し切られる形で滝善三郎という1人の命を代償として問題を解決する形にはなったが、これ以降、明治政府が対外政策に当たる正当な政府であるということを諸外国に示した。
- Consequently the matter was solved by sacrificing the life of a man, Zenzaburo TAKI, under the pressure by the powerful countries, but the Meiji government appealed to them its legitimacy as a government in charge of the diplomatic policy after that.
- のちの室町幕府や戦国時代 (日本)の家法にも強い影響を与え、広く武家法の基本となっただけでなく、優れた法先例として公家・武家を問わずに有職故実の研究対象とされた(「式目注釈学」)。
- It greatly affected family laws of Muromachi bakufu and the Sengoku period (Japan); it not only became the base of bukeho (samurai laws) but also was studied as great precedents of yusoku kojitsu (studies in ancient court and military practices and usages) by people, whether as court nobles or samurai families ('Shikimoku chushakugaku').
- 7月10日、東京に置かれた英国大使館を外務省への改編に伴って外務卿に就任した澤宣嘉と同じく大蔵省への改編に伴って大蔵大輔に就任した大隈がパークスを訪問する形式で予備会談が行われた。
- On July 10, a preliminary meeting was held in the form of visit Parkes in British Embassy in Tokyo by Nobuyoshi SAWA, who assumed the position of chief of Foreign Ministry accompanying the reorganization to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, along with OKUMA, who similarly assumed the position of Okura no taifu (senior assistant minister of the Minister of Treasury) accompanying the reorganization to the Ministry of Finance.
- この決定に対し、翌日の外国公使との交渉の席でさらに激しい抗議が行われ、英国公使ハリー・パークスらと大隈重信ら政府代表者たちは六時間にもわたって浦上の信徒問題を議論することになった。
- Negotiations with foreign ministers on the following day saw more fierce protests against the decision of the conference, with the discussion on the Urakami Christian problem between the British minister, Harry PARKES, and others and government representatives, including Shigenobu OKUMA, lasting more than six hours.
- 更に条約勅許問題を巡る開国派と攘夷派の対立も加わって事態は複雑となった(一橋派では島津斉彬は開国派、徳川斉昭は攘夷派に属し、互いに自己の外交路線実現のために一橋慶喜擁立を目指した。
- The conflict between kaikoku-ha (the open country wing) and Joi-ha (the expulsionist wing) about the issue of imperial sanction of the treaty worsened the situation (In the Hitotsubashi group, Nariakira SHIMAZU belonged to the kaikoku-ha, Nariaki TOKUGAWA belonged to the Joi-ha and they backed up Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI to realize their own foreign policies.
- 1996年、京都を訪問したフランスのジャック・シラク大統領(元パリ市長)は、枡本頼兼市長との会談でセーヌ川のポンデザール (パリ)(芸術橋)を模した橋を鴨川に架けることを提案した。
- French President Jacques Chirac (former Mayor of Paris) proposed a plan to build a footbridge modeling the Pont des Arts (Arts Bridge) over the Seine River in Paris when he visited Kyoto and met with Mayor Yorikane MASUMOTO in 1996.
- ただし皇太子の負傷に関しては、皇帝も皇太子も日本の迅速な処置や謝罪に対して寛容な態度を示しており、日本がこの問題を無事解決できた理由の一つにロシアの友好的な姿勢があることは疑いない。
- As for the injury of Nicholas, the Russian Emperor had a forgiving attitude following Japan's prompt actions and apology, and there is no doubt that this warm attitude of Russia helped Japan solve this difficult problem.
- 例えば、2005年の大河ドラマ『義経 (NHK大河ドラマ)』でも、そのように描かれている(もちろん、ドラマなので考証性は問題にならないが、この説が一般に流布しているという点である)。
- For example, in 'Yoshitsune' (NHK Taiga-dorama [Historical Drama]), produced in 2005, depicted as above (Of course authenticity as historical evidence is not very important since it was constructed as a dramatic production, but we can point out this theory was well circulate to the general audience.)
- 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
- In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.
- 義和団に殺害されたドイツ特命全権公使と日本書記官に対する清朝要路者の弔問(ドイツ公使には皇弟愛新覚羅載澧、日本書記官には戸部待郎那桐)と十分な賠償、さらに光緒帝本人の哀悼の意の表明。
- A visit of condolence to the late German envoy extraordinary and that to the late Secretary of Japan, both of whom were murdered by the Boxers, shall be made (Prince Aixin Jueluo Zaitan to Germany and Na'Tung, Vice-President of the Ministry of Revenue to Japan), sufficient reparations shall be paid and Guangxu Emperor himself shall express his regrets.
- 近世までの説としては、葉室時長説(『醍醐雑抄』)、中原師梁説(『参考保元物語』)、源瑜説(『旅宿問答』)、公瑜僧正説(『新続古事談』)などがあるが、現在ではどれも根拠は薄弱とされる。
- The various hypotheses that were made in the early modern times are all considered unreliable: Tokinaga HAMURO's hypothesis ('Daigo Zassho'), 中原師梁 hypothesis ('Reference on tale of Hogen'), Genyu's hypothesis ('Ryoshuku mondo'), Koyu Sojo's hypothesis ('New continuation of Kojidan, an episode on old accounts'), and so on.
- 多くの学者の努力によって「大島本」などの「青表紙」系統の写本や当時はすでに失われてしまったと考えられていた「河内本」系統の写本など多くの古写本が発見され、学問的な比較作業が行われた。
- Many old manuscripts such as 'Oshimabon (Oshima book),' which is a manuscript in the 'Aobyoshibon' line, and the 'Kawachibon' line manuscripts (which had already been considered lost in those days) were found, and these manuscripts were compared from the academic perspective.
- 『本願寺作法之次第』という本願寺に伝わる書籍には政元の山科本願寺参詣のためだけに蓮如の指示で精進料理ではなく戒律的に問題のある魚料理に献立を変更したいきさつが載せられている程である。
- A book handed down in Hongan-ji Temple, 'Hongan-ji saho no shidai' (The Orders of Manners in Hongan-ji Temple), writes about the situation where the menu was changed from a vegetarian dish to a fish dish which was problematic in terms of the doctrine, under Rennyo's instruction only for Masamoto's visit to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple.
- 延宝8年(1680年)に将軍徳川家綱が継嗣のないまま死去した際に、大老酒井忠清に徳川将軍に擁立されたとする宮将軍擁立説がある(→将軍継嗣問題継嗣決定前に将軍が死去したケースを参照)。
- There is a Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) theory that says he was enthroned as a Tokugawa Shogun by Tairo (chief minister) Tadakiyo SAKAI when the 4th Shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna died without an heir in 1680 (=> see 'Problem of heir of Shogun,' a case where a shogun died before the decision of an heir).
- 荻原は元禄小判による貨幣改鋳(金含有率を減らして貨幣流通量を増やす)によって財政問題を一時的に解決するが、結果として元禄期のインフレーション状況を生じることとなり、物価の高騰を招いた。
- Ogiwara tentatively resolved the financial crisis by reminting an old coin into 'Genroku koban' (the oval gold coin minted in the Genroku era) - he reduced the percentage of gold in the old coin, and increased the number of coins in circulation as a whole - but as a result, his policy caused inflation and a surge of commodity prices in the Genroku era.
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- 源五郎沢堆積場崩壊事故後の毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会との交渉については(それ以前から鉱毒問題に関しては)、「つねに前向きの姿勢で対処してきた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べている。
- And Furukawa (according to 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') 'had always, on the company's own motion, faced with' the negotiations with the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Morita after the Gengorozawa accumulation site had collapsed (and they say that since before the negotiation, they had been facing with the mining pollution.)
- ただし原典に忠実であるようにしているため、従来の系譜をそのまま利用しており、自分の家を勝手に有名な系図へ結びつけるという系図の仮冒を、校正せずにそのまま書いているという問題も存在する。
- Since it was designed to be faithful to originals, existing pedigree records were used as they were, and there is a problem that some families were intentionally linked to famous families and such errors were not corrected.
- そして、仲間事に至っては当事者間の強い信頼関係上に成立しかつ内容自体も収益性が強く反封建的・反道徳的なものであり、紛争が生じても仲間内の責任問題であるとして訴訟の受付は行われなかった。
- Nakamagoto couldn't be received because of thinking that it could be built on a strong relationship between two parties, that contents were for the sake of seeking their own interests against feudality and morality, and that the conflict was an issue of responsibility inside group.
- 治承元年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷事件により後白河天皇と平清盛の関係は危機的状況となったが、この時は清盛も首謀者の藤原成親・西光の処刑と参加者の配流にとどめ、法皇自身の責任は問わなかった。
- The relation between Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Kiyomori came into crisis due to the Shikagatani Incident in 1177, but Kiyomori limited the scale of the incident to the execution of FUJIWARA no Narichika and Saiko, who were the heads conspirators, and the exile of participants, and did not put the blame on the emperor at this time.
- 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国(高句麗、百済、新羅)との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
- While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
- 主として朝廷・院庁より個々の事件・問題に対する律令格式などによる法的解釈を諮問された場合の解答として行われるが、天皇や公卿などからの個別の質問や自問答による解答なども含まれる場合がある。
- It is mainly responses to the Imperial Court and In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) asking for legal interpretation of Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) concerning specific accidents and problems, but sometimes it contains answers to specific questions from the Emperor and Kugyo (the top court officials) and self-answered questions.
- この幕府追加法299の本文が『中世法制史料集』で知られるが、そちらでは宛先に大田民部大夫殿とあり、このとき問注所の執事であった三善康連のことであり、三善氏(大田氏)に伝えられたのだろう。
- The text of this additional law No. 299 can be read in 'A Collection of the Historical Material on the History of Law System in Medieval Ages,' and the addressee is OTA Minbu-daifu, (meaning the under secretary of Monchujo, MIYOSHI no Yasutsura) so it would have been handed to the Miyoshi clan (the Ota clan).
- 定住が開始された理由としては、それまで縄文人集団が定住を避けていた理由、すなわち食料の確保や廃棄物問題、死生観上の要請などが定住によっても解決出来るようになったためではないかと見られる。
- The reason for adopting sedentary life is assumed that the problems the Jomon people had in order to adopt the sedentary life up to that time were being solved; in fact, the Jomon people were able to solve problems of securing food, waste disposal issues, and the need to come to terms with the view of life and death in the sedentary life.
- この路線対立は、その後の辛亥革命や対米移民問題、第1次世界大戦などで対外硬が度々再燃して、結果的には対外的にはその方向に向かいながらも、「対外硬」という言葉が色褪せる原因となっていった。
- In the confrontation between two groups, the Taigaiko was reactivated due to the Xinhai Revolution, the immigration issue against the United States, or the First World War, and although they were led to the same direction externally, the word of 'Taigaiko' faded away.
- 両人は直ちに領内の村々に新政の趣旨を教えて回り、この巡回が終了した直後の明治4年(1871年)2月15日に出張所管内の寺院に出頭を命じ、宗教改革の一環である寺院の合併について質問をした。
- Both monks immediately taught the aim of new government around the villages in the domain and just after the end of the teaching tour, on February 15, 1871, Hattori issued a summons to appear in the temple in the branch office, and asked them about the merger of the temples which was a part of the Reformation.
- 結果から言えば「妻妾論論争」は、夫婦間の私的な空間における男女平等については積極的な問題提起をしたが、公的な空間における政治的・社会的な男女同権については消極的姿勢に甘んじたと言って良い。
- As a result, it can be said that 'a dispute on wives and concubines' raised questions about the equal between men and women at a private space between husband and wife, but that it was passive against the equal of political and social rights between men and women.
- 」(輸送品は道に連なり、倭人上京道路沿線住民は官吏・人民の区別なく、夜昼を問わず交易品の運搬に駆り出され、妻子に至るもその苦役を受け、荷物の重さに耐えかね牛は道に斃れる)と描写されている。
- Products to be exported are piled up on the streets, and all residents who live along the streets which Japanese people use for the travel to the capital city, both government officials and ordinary people, have to help the transportation of the products day and night; and furthermore, even women and children also have to do that duty, and cows which sink under a heavy burden just fall down on the street.'
- 男子後継者候補がまったくいなかったとすると、飯豊王の執政は問題の一時先送りにしかならず、後世の女性天皇と比べてもまったく類例のないことになる(それゆえ『日本書紀』を正しいとする説もある)。
- If there was no successor of a son, the administration by Iitoyo no himemiko is a mere postponement of the problem and comparing with later Empress she was totally exceptional (thus, some theory think 'Nihonshoki' was correct).
- 国家権力によって強制的に執行されたものであるとされてきた洞部落移転問題であったが、この認識に対する反証を行ったのが移転後の部落に生まれ育った辻本正教(後の部落解放同盟中央執行委員)であった。
- Although the relocation of Hora Buraku was considered to have been forcibly executed by the state power, Masanori TSUJIMOTO (later became a member of the central executive committee at Buraku Liberation League), who was born and brought up in this buraku after relocation, disproved this recognition.
- ただし、近年では物部氏の居住跡から氏寺(渋川廃寺)の遺構などが発見され、物部氏を単純な廃仏派として分類することは難しく、個々の氏族の崇拝の問題でなく、国家祭祀の対立であったとする見方もある。
- However, due to the recent discovery of the remains of former Shibukawa-ji Temple, which was an Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying for clan's glory) from the Mononobe clan's place of dwelling, it became difficult to categorize the clan as simply anti-Buddhist, and some say that it was a confrontation not over the matters of each clan's reverence, but over religious services over a national scale.
- 大久保利通死後の政局は、太政大臣三条実美・右大臣岩倉具視を擁して参議である伊藤博文・大隈重信らが支える明治政府と自由民権運動の対峙で推移していたが、明治政府の中では大きな問題が存在していた。
- In the political situation after Toshimichi OKUBO died, the confrontation was going on between Meiji government with Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO and Minister of the Right Tomomi IWAKURA as leaders, and Councilors Hirobumi ITO and Shigenobu OKUMA as supporters, and the members of Freedom and People's Rights Movement, but there was a big problem within the Meiji government.
- しかし、この「旅宿問答」では「保元平治、源ノ義賢、義平ト一(ひとつの)乱ヲ作出シ玉フ」とあるところをみると、久寿2年(1155年)の源義賢・源義平の争いを含んだ物語のことを述べているらしい。
- However, 'Ryoshuku mondo' states, 'In the periods of Hogen and Heiji, MINAMOTO no Yoshikata has created conflict with Yoshihira,' which implies a tale including the battle of MINAMOTO no Yoshikata and MINAMOTO no Yoshihira in 1155.
- 直接の編纂者について、八代国治が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者達を政所と問注所の吏員である大江広元の子孫(毛利、長井)、二階堂行政の子孫、三善康信の子孫達(大田、町野)ではないかとしたことは既に述べた。
- As mentioned already, Kuniji YASHIRO regarded the compilers of 'Azuma Kagami' as the descendants of Hiromoto OE (Mori, Nagai), Yukimasa NIKAIDO, and Yasunobu MIYOSHI (Ota, Machino), who were officials of Mandokoro and Monchujo.
- 兵士には、博徒・やくざ・雲助・馬丁・町火消などの江戸の無頼の徒を徴募して編成し、シャルル・シャノワーヌやジュール・ブリュネなどのフランス軍顧問により直接フランス式の調練を施された部隊である。
- The soldiers were composed of a gang of outlaws in Edo including Bakuto (gamblers), Yakuza (Japanese mafia), Kumosuke (shifty carrier), Batei (horse keeper) and Machibikeshi (civilian firefighters), and the troops received the French style military training directly from French military advisers, such as Charles Chanoine and Jules Brunet.
- しかしこれは、あくまでも古今和歌集賀歌として収録されたこの歌への考察であり、『和漢朗詠集』になってくると、朗詠は詠唱するものであり、どういう場で詠唱されたかという、場の問題が大きく出てくる。
- This consideration applies only to the waka adopted as gaka in Kokin-Wakashu, however, and, as far as 'Wakanroeishu' is concerned, because the 'roei (to recite)' means to chant and it is important under what situation it was chanted.
- 第10回衆議院議員総選挙において過半数に迫る187議席を獲得したものの、政友会の基盤が確固たるものになることを警戒した山縣有朋から財政政策の不備と社会主義取締の緩さを問題視する上奏が行われた。
- In the tenth general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Seiyu party won 187 seats, and almost became the majority; Aritomo YAMAGATA, who feared the stability of the party, reported to the throne that the cabinet was not effective in its financial policy or regulation of socialism.
- 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
- In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
- 仮にこの「日記」を『保元』『平治』の物語とおなじと認めた場合でも、『平家物語』の古態本である延慶 (日本)本などにはこの話はなく、本当に清盛生存時の事実を伝えているかどうかはかなり疑問もある。
- Even though it is conceded that this 'diary' is the same as the tales of 'Hogen' and 'Heiji,' Enkeibon, which preserves the original form of 'Heike Monogatari' but doesn't contain the same words, it is questioned whether it really tells the truth about the period when Kiyomori was alive.
- 彼は、朝鮮半島における問題の広範囲な解決が日露戦争の論理的な結果であり、もし韓国政府が単独で放置されるような事態になれば、再び同じように他国と条約を結んで日本を戦争に巻き込むだろうと主張した。
- Katsura stated that a comprehensive solution to the problem of the Korean Peninsula should be the logical outcome of this war, and that if left alone, the Korean Empire would continue to enter into treaties with other powers that would cause the same problem, which would result in bringing Japan into a fight again.
- また第二次世界大戦の敗戦国である日本の場合、かつて戦時国際法上、個人に対する戦争被害を敗戦国が補償する義務がなく、また連合国側が軍票の支払い義務を免除したため、後に国際問題になったことがある。
- When Japan was defeated in World War II, according to the international law of war at that time, defeated countries were not required to compensate for individual war damage and the Allies exempted Japan from the payment, which led to an international problem.
- 慶応4年3月15日に示された「五榜の掲示」の第三条で再びキリスト教の禁止が確認されると、沢と井上は問題となっていた浦上の信徒たちを呼び出して説得したが、彼らには改宗の意思がないことがわかった。
- After 'Gobo no Keiji' (five edict boards) was issued on April 7, 1868 with Article three stipulating once again the ban on Christianity, Sawa and Inoue summoned the Christians of Urakami in question and urged them to change their faith, but ended up finding that they would never obey.
- 彼らは流刑先で数多くの拷問・私刑を加えられ続けたが、それは水責め、雪責め、氷責め、火責め、飢餓拷問、箱詰め、磔、親の前でその子供を拷問するなどその過酷さと陰惨さ・残虐さは旧幕時代以上であった。
- At the place of exile, they were continued to be subjected to torture and lynching over and over, such as torture by water, snow, ice, fire, and starvation, locking in a box, crucifixion, and torture of children before their parents' eyes, which was more terrible, gruesome and brutal than in the old Shogunate period.
- 西南戦争以後の財政難と地租改正に対する農民の抵抗に悩まされた明治政府は、当時の日本の工業で最も生産額が多く、かつほとんどが国内消費に回されていて関税の問題も薄い日本酒に対する増税を度々行った。
- The Meiji Government, suffering from economic difficulties that had lingered since the Seinan War as well as peasants' resistance against the land-tax reform, raised tax on sake repeatedly because the sake brewing industry generated higher production value than any other industries in Japan at that time and sake is almost free from problems concerning customs duty as most of it was consumed within the country.
- このため、信長がこの問題にどう対応しようとしたのかについて諸説に分かれている(拒絶したとする説、征夷大将軍あるいは太政大臣に就任する事を内諾したとする説、結論が出る前に討ち死にしたとする説)。
- As a result of this, there are a few theories on how Nobunaga tried to deal with this offer: Nobunaga refused to accept any one of the positions, he unofficially agreed to accept the position of either Seii Taishogun or Dajodaijin, or he died in battle before reaching a conclusion.
- 平家残党は20年の雌伏を経て、将軍後継問題で揺れる幕府の動揺に乗じて建仁3年(1203年)12月、伊勢平氏若菜五郎が軍勢を率いて伊勢国の守護である山内首藤経俊の舘を襲撃し、再び反乱の兵を挙げた。
- After biding their time for 20 years, the remnants of the Taira clan led by Goro WAKANA of Ise Heishi took advantage of the turmoil in the government, which was caused by the shogun's successor issue, and attacked the house of Tsunetoshi YAMANOUCHI SUDO serving as the shugo of Ise Province to raise a rebellion again in January 1204.
- 屋台や行商や街商と重複する部分もあるが、行商は固定客に対しての訪問販売が主であり、街商は市や縁日で一所(ひとつところ)で留まって商売する事や物売りが必ずしも屋台ではなかった事から区別する事が出来る。
- Monouri partly overlaps with food stalls, peddlers, and stallholders, but differs from them in that monouri does not necessarily use the food stall, that peddlers mainly sell goods to fixed customers by door-to-door sales, and that street vendors do their businesses by occupying their places in bazaar or small-town festivals.
- 連歌は「筑波(つくば)の道」とも称されるが、これは連歌の起源を『古事記』にある、筑波山を詠みこんだ、ヤマトタケル(やまとたけるのみこと)と御火焼翁(みひたきのおきな)との唱和問答歌とすることによる。
- Renga is also called 'Tsukuba no Michi (street of Tsukuba)' because the origin of renga goes back to the Showa-Mondoka (chorus poetry in the form of question and answer) between Yamatotakeru no Mikoto and Mihitaki no Okina, which depicted Mt. Tsukuba and was collected in 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters).
- たとえば津田真道の「拷問論」を例とすると、明治になっても容疑者の取り調べには拷問が認められているが、こうしたことは文明国では認められていないもので、冤罪・司法への不信を生じさせる悪風だと論じている。
- For example, in 'An article about torture' Mamichi TSUDA described that although torture against a suspect was allowed even in the Meiji period, it was not usually allowed in civilized countries and that it was a bad custom which would cause false charges and distrusts in the administration of justice.
- 中世の経済的利益は座・問丸・株仲間によって独占され既得権化していたが、戦国大名はこれを排除して絶対的な領主権の確立を目指すとともに、税の減免を通して新興商工業者を育成し経済の活性化を図ったのである。
- Economic benefits in Japan during the middle ages were monopolized by za (guilds), toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants) and kabunakama (trade associations) but Sengoku daimyo abolished these and, as well as attempting to establish absolute feudal rights, aimed to stimulate the economy by fostering emerging merchants and tradesmen via the reduction and exemption of taxes.
- (ただし、外孫(娘の子)に対する悔返は本来は娘に準拠して悔返が認められるとしつつも、実際に問題が生じた場合には証文や所領の実態を見て判断することされ、外孫の実家との対立を抑制する方針が採られている)。
- (For Kuikaeshi against Sotomago [grandchild from a daughter married into another family], although it says that Kuikaeshi was allowed according as daughters, in reality, if there was an issue raised, it had to be judged by checking the deed and the shoryo [territory] to avoid confrontation against the family of the Sotomago.)
- これに、左内は興に乗って、なぜ富めるものの八割が貪酷で残忍なのか、そして、真にすばらしい働き者の人がなぜ貧しいままなのか、これは、仏教にいう前業のせいなのか、儒教のいう天命のせいなのか、と質問をした。
- Sanai becomes interested in him, and asks some questions like why eight of ten rich people are greedy and cruel, why the honest hard worker can't be rich, whether it is because of the actions in former lives in the Buddhist context, and whether it is because of the Will of Heaven in the Confucian context.
- 第一次日韓協約により韓国政府に派遣された財政顧問・目賀田種太郎は、韓国政府の財政を立て直すとして、韓国の造幣局であった典圜局を廃止させ、大阪にある造幣局に銭貨の製造を委託させるなどの施策を行っていた。
- Tanetaro MEGATA, a financial advisor dispatched from Japan to the Korean government under the terms of the First Japan-Korea Agreement, initiated several measures to rebuild the finances of the Korean government, including the abolishing of the 典圜局, the Korean mint; Megata commissioned a mint in Osaka to manufacture coins instead.
- 水野勝成の子・水野成貞は、旗本となったが、その子・水野成之(十郎左衛門)知行3,000石が幡随院長兵衛と乱闘し殺害したことは不問に処されたが、その後行跡怠慢により母の実家の蜂須賀家にお預かりとなった。
- Narisada MIZUNO, Katsunari MIZUNO's son, became a hatamoto, but his son, Nariyuki (Jurozaemon) MIZUNO, who had the chigyo (enfeoffment) equivalent to 3,000 koku, killed Banzuiin Chobei after being in a fight with him; his wrongdoing was condoned for this time, however, after that, he was sent to his mother's family house, the Hachisuka family, for being negligent of his duties.
- 宮福線 : 福知山駅(起点駅) - 厚中問屋駅 - 荒河かしの木台駅 - 牧駅 - 下天津駅 - 公庄駅 - 大江駅 (京都府) - 大江高校前駅 - 二俣駅 - 大江山口内宮駅 - ・・・至天橋立駅
- Miyafuku Line: Between Fukuchiyama Station (starting station) and Amanohashidate Station through Atsunakatonya Station, Araga Kashinokidai Station, Maki Station, Shimoamazu Station, Gujo Station, Oe Station (Kyoto Prefecture), Oe Kokomae Station, Futamata Station, Oe Yamaguchi Naiku Station, etc.
- 一例として、下記の林思雲の論文中で言及されている中国内での理解、そして韓国の新聞中央日報に掲載された金永熙(キム・ヨンヒ)国際問題大記者執筆の2005年11月25日のコラム「日本よアジアに帰れ」がある。
- As examples, there are responses within China as mentioned below in the thesis by Si Yun LIN and a column 'Japan, Come Back to Asia' by Young-hee KIM, a senior journalist in international affairs, published on November 25, 2005 in the Joong Ang Ilbo, a newspaper in Korea.
- 民事上の問題が生じた場合には当事者間の話し合い(相対)による解決が付かない場合にのみ「お上からの恩恵」として仲裁に乗り出すという名目で民事裁判が行われたものであり、民衆を法的に救済する制度ではなかった。
- Only in cases of civil problems which could not be solved by discussion (vis-a-vis) between the people concerned, civil trials were made in the name of arbitration as 'favor from the authorities', therefore, these trials were not an institution that would give the people legal aids.
- 戦国の武士の気風を受け継ぎ殉死などを行なうかぶき者を公秩序維持のため徳川家綱の代に禁止し、江戸幕府が、儒教の朱子学を公の学問としたため、信・義・忠を重んじ、気高い振る舞いを行なうのが武士であるとされた。
- The kabuki-mono (the crazy ones, dandy), who followed their master to the grave with the moral tone of bushi during the Sengoku period, were forbidden for the maintenance of public order during the generation of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the Edo bakufu authorized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) of Confucianism as public scholarship and thus the bushi should emphasize the faith, justice and loyalty and behave nobly.
- この制度の提言は、吉宗政権で政治顧問的待遇を受けた酒井忠挙が、京都所司代の松平信庸 (篠山藩主)が自らの領地からの収入だけでは任務に支障が生じていることを見て、吉宗に「重職役料下賜」を提言したことによる。
- The proposal for this system was based on a proposal for 'grant of yakuryo (executive allowance) to a person assuming an important post' given to Yoshimune by Tadataka SAKAI receiving treatments as a political adviser in the Yoshimune government when he saw that Nobutsune MATSUDAIRA (lord of the Sasayama clan) assuming Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) had difficulties in performing duties only with an income from own territory.
- しかし、古代の海岸線を元に考察しても、有利となる場所の相互間のみで変化があるだけで連続説あるいは放射説の根本部分に大きな影響を与えるほどの学説ではないことから現在ではこの点に関しては問題とはされていない。
- However, even if you look at the possible locations on the basis of the ancient coastline, it is no longer a very influential part of the contiguous journey theory or the radial journey theory because it would imply only minor alterations to distances where likely locations are concerned (Kinai region and Kyushu), thus, it is not treated as an issue to be discussed anymore.
- だが、単なる区画整理事業に過ぎず、数ヶ月から数年で可能な条坊の建設に何故300年も要したのか、300年にも亘って計画を維持する事が可能か、実施した者の正体は何か、 目的は何か、などの疑問や矛盾が発生する。
- However, it was the only works for land zoning, and some questionable and inconsistent points arose as to why it took 300 years for construction that could be completed within a few months to a few years, how the plan was maintained and implemented for the period of 300 years, what the purposes of the construction was, and who took charge of the work.
- しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
- However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
- 理論通りに行われれば、検見法のほうが負担がより公平になり採用されるはずであったが、これにもまた、幕府側にとっては経費がかかり、農民側では苦労が多かったし、不正が行われ、調査が確実でないなどの問題があった。
- In theory, kemi ho evens the tax burden, but it costs the bakufu a lot of money and peasants had a lot of trouble, also there were frauds such as uncertainty of the inspection.
- この後、朝鮮に拘泥するのは双方の為にならないとした日本と清国の間に1885年4月天津条約が結ばれ、双方とも軍事顧問の派遣中止、軍隊駐留の禁止、止むを得ず朝鮮に派兵する場合の事前通告義務などが取り決められた。
- Saying that it was useless for both to stick to Korea, Japan and Qing Dynasty agreed to the Tientsin Convention in April 1885, which stopped sending military advisers from both nations, banned stationing forces, and obliged prior notification to the other side in case of sending troops to Korea necessarily.
- しかしこの銘文自体が、「天皇」、「東宮聖王」などの語や「大御身労賜時」といった日本的な表現が使用されており、推古朝では早過ぎることや、書風に初唐の趣があることから初唐代のものとする説などがあり、疑問が多い。
- However, from the fact that on the inscription itself, words such as 'tenno' (emperor) and 'togu' (crown prince), and Japanese expressions such as 'oomimi itazuki tamaishitoki' (the emperor is sick) are used, which are too early to be used for the reign of Empress Suiko, and also from the fact that the writing style had a tenor of the early Tang period; accordingly there are theories that these expressions are from the early Tang period, leaving many questions.
- 政府は長年、この予防令による工事と、後述する渡良瀬川の改修工事(1927年竣工)で鉱毒問題は解決したとしてきたが、1993年、『環境白書』で、当時の対策が不十分で、根本的な解決とはならなかったことを認めた。
- For many years the government had been explaining that the works by the preventive measure and the renovation on Watarase-gawa River which was completed 1927 (see below) had solved the mining pollution, however, in the Environmental White Paper of 1993, they admitted that the then measures had been not enough to solve the fundamental issues.
- もっとも、鎌倉幕府初期の政所や問注所を運営していたのは、京都出身の明法道や公家法に通じた中級貴族出身者であったために全く鎌倉幕府が蓄積してきた法慣習が律令法・公家法と全く無関係に成立していた訳ではなかった。
- However, because Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry of early Kamakura bakufu were operated by people of the middle-ranked nobles from Kyoto with knowledge of Myobodo (study of Codes) and kugeho, the usage of the law accumulated by the Kamakura bakufu was not established unrelated to the ritsuryo law and the kugeho.
- 挙兵当時から右筆として居たのは藤原邦通だが、1184年頃から藤原俊兼、二階堂行政、大江広元、三善康信らの京史、つまり朝廷に仕えていた中・下級実務官僚が鎌倉に下り、後に政所となる公文所や問注所の担い手となる。
- FUJIWARA no Kunimichi was a senior officer of writing when the army was raised, but after around 1184, the middle and lower class officials serving the Imperial court such as FUJIWARA no Toshikane, Yukimasa NIKAIDO, OE no Hiromoto, and Yasunobu MIYOSHI went down to Kamakura to be in charge of Monchujo and Kumonjo, the Office of Administration which later became Mandokoro.
- 続いて5月21日から東京で開催された上局会議(東京会同)において、25日に公議所の結果を受けて「開国和親」を国策とする事の是非を問う明治天皇の勅問が提示され、28日に上局会議はこれを是とする勅答を提示した。
- And in the Jokyoku (a law-making body) meeting began in Tokyo on May 21, Meiji emperor's question brought up on 25 for questioning the need to make 'opening of a country to the world peacefully' a national policy in response to the result of the lower house and Jokyoku meeting showed the emperor's reply that this was positive on 28th.
- この点についてのNHKへの問い合わせに対して、NHK側は、「1985年の救出に直接関わったトルコ大使やトルコ航空機長など当事者の方々に確認したところ、エルトゥールル号事件のことは全くご存知ありませんでした。
- In response to inquiries to NHK about this issue, they said, 'We asked the people who had been directly involved in the rescue operation in 1985, such as the Turkish ambassador and the Turkish Airlines captain; however nobody knew about the Ertuğrul incident.
- 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
- Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
- なお、公議とは当時討幕派・佐幕派問わずに広く唱えられた公議政体論に由来すると考えられており、明治政府と戊辰戦争で敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の諸藩代表による議事機関にも公議所(白石城に設置)の名称が用いられている。
- Incidentally, it is said that Kogi derived from Kogi-seitai-ron (parliamentary regime theory) that was then widely advocated without regard to anti-Shogunate group or Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and Ouetsu-reppan alliance (alliance of strong domains in the northern part of Japan) also used the name of Kogisho (established at Shiraishi castle) for the assembly body of representatives of the domains who opposed to the Meiji Government at Boshin War.
- 元文3年(1738年)5月 (旧暦)に薬種問屋・薬種屋ら薬種業者が真物を覚えて品質が向上したことを理由に廃止されたが、実際は薬種流通の統制につながる和薬種改会所に対して業者の反感が強かったからと言われている。
- In June 1738, the kaisho was abolished because the quality of the materials improved as drug traders such as wholesale drug companies or drug sellers learnt to recognize genuine products; however, the true reason is said to be that there was a strong backlash from the traders against the possibility of the control of medicinal material distribution by Wayakushu aratame kaisho.
- 行事所(ぎょうじしょ)は、9世紀中頃に大嘗祭(だいじょうえ)などに現れ、徐々に恒常・臨時を問わず様々な行事に設けられた機能性を重視したプロジェクトチームであり、必要な物資の調達を含む行事事務全般を取り仕切る。
- The Gyojisho came into existence in the Daijoe (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) and so on in about the middle ninth century, gradually grew into a functionality-oriented project team in various regular/temporal rites and festivals, and dealt with general affairs of rites and festivals including supplying necessary goods.
- 賢豊は前述したように重臣の筆頭格であり人望も厚かったから、この事件(義治が賢豊を討ち取った名目は無礼討ちとされていた)は、佐々木六角氏の家督問題と関係して六角家臣団の義治に対する不信を持たせることにつながった。
- Since Katatoyo was regarded as the top of senior vassals and well respected as described above, this feud (the pretext why Yoshiharu killed Katatoyo being feigned to be bureiuchi (death penalty by sword slash for rudeness)) led up to distrust of Yoshiharu among the feudatory of Rokkaku clan in connection with the trouble of reigns of the both families of Rokkaku clan and Sasaki clan, the latter being Rokkaku clan's root.
- 一方、贈賄側の日本製糖取締役は、瀆職法、文書偽造罪、委託金費消違反に問われ、東京地方裁判所第四部刑事部が担当で1909年(明治42年)12月6日に判決言い渡しがあり、磯村は重禁固4年、秋山が同3年6ヶ月の実刑。
- On the other hand, the board members of Nihon Seito, the bribery suspects, were charged with violating laws for crimes of corruption, counterfeiting of documents, and consumption of a trust fund (Fourth Criminal Affairs Department of the Tokyo District Court was in charge for this), and Isomura was sentenced to a minimum term of 4 years in prison, and Akiyama was sentenced to a minimum term of 3 years and 6 months in prison on December 6, 1909.
- 三職推任問題(さんしょくすいにんもんだい)とは、天正10年(1582年)4月25日 (旧暦)、5月4日 (旧暦)両日付けの勧修寺晴豊の日記『晴豊公記(天正十年夏記)』の記事の解釈を巡る日本の歴史上の論争である。
- Sanshoku suinin mondai is a controversy in relation to the interpretation of the articles in Haretoyo KAJUJI's diary 'Haretoyo-koki (summer in the 10th year of Tensho)' dated April 25 (old calendar) and May 4 (old calendar) of 1582.
- こうして軍勢の統括者に提出された軍忠状は、内容に問題が無ければ、文書末尾(先頭の場合もあり)にその統括者の証判(花押)と文書を一読し承諾した旨(「一見了」「承了」「無相違」などの文言)が書かれて効力が発生する。
- When the Gunchujo was submitted to the administrator of the troops and certified to be true, the document took effect with the addition of the approval mark of the administrator (Kao [written seal mark]) at the end of the document (or the head in some cases) and with words along the lines of 'I looked through the above and agree that it does not differ from the facts.'
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- これによって部落問題が差別から解放されたわけではなく、むしろ江戸時代に有していた所有地の無税扱や死牛馬取得権などの独占権を喪失した事、大木の構想した生活改善事業も行われなかった事により、部落の生活水準は下降した。
- This did not emancipate Buraku problem (issue of discrimination against certain hamlets) from discrimination, in reverse the living standard of those Buraku (hamlets) declined because Buraku people lost the exclusive rights of non tax treatment of their demesne and acquisition of carcasses that they had enjoyed since Edo period and the service of life bettering was not carried out which was planned by OKI.
- 『天皇制と部落差別』と題して鈴木良により採り上げられたことをきっかけとして、天皇を主軸とした国家権力による横暴の好例であるとの論旨をもって、部落問題の原因を天皇制に求めるうえでの重要議題として認知されるに至った。
- Being focused on under 'Tennosei to Buraku sabetsu' (Emperor system and Buraku discrimination) by Ryo SUZUKI, this problem became recognized as an important issue to attribute the cause of Buraku problem to the Emperor system, with the theory that it was a good example of domineeringness by the state power having the emperor at its center.
- 伊藤は天皇に対して立憲君主制など西洋の制度・文物を導入することが天皇の権威を損ねるものではないことを説く一方で、天皇が閣僚の仕事ぶりに疑問や不満を抱いた時にはその意向を閣僚に伝え、時には天皇と閣僚の仲裁にあたった。
- Ito explained to the Emperor that the introduction of constitutional monarchy and other Western systems and products of culture would not hurt the Emperor's authority, and in order to mediate between the Emperor and bureaucrats, he communicated to bureaucrats Emperor's questions and dissatisfaction about their works.
- 久米邦武筆禍事件(くめくにたけひっかじけん)とは、久米邦武の論文「神道ハ祭天ノ古俗」を1892年(明治25年)に田口卯吉が主宰する『史海』に転載したのをきっかけに問題となり、帝国大学教授職を辞することとなった事件。
- The Incident of Kunitake KUME was the incident in which a thesis, 'Shinto wa saiten no kozoku' (Shinto Is a Remnant of the Ancient Custom of Worshiping Heaven) was reprinted in 1892, in 'Shikai' (Ocean of History) which Ukichi TAGUCHI edited, which caused a problem, and Kume lost his position as professor at the Imperial University.
- 強制的な拘束や拷問などを行わずに「神の意思」の名のもとで当事者の合意を得られる方法として広く行われたが、あくまでも双方の証人・証文などの証拠類を揃えて吟味した結果でも事実の成否が確定できない場合などに限定されていた。
- It was widely used as a method which enabled people to obtain agreements from both claimants without the exercise of detentions or tortures at 'the will of the gods,' but its use was limited only to the cases in which the truth could not be ascertained even after the thorough investigation of evidence such as witnesses or documents collected from the both parties.
- 幕政の改革は、鎖国体制から開国への移行に伴う尊王攘夷運動の激化、将軍継嗣問題を巡る一橋派・南紀派の対立などの政治的混乱の中で、薩摩藩主・島津斉彬や越前藩主松平慶永ら、開明的な大名らの間ではつとに必要性を叫ばれていた。
- In the midst of the political turmoil including an intensification of the Sonno Joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) caused by the change from the national isolation to the opening of the country to the world as well as the dispute over shogun's successor between the Hitotsubashi group (which supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) and the Nanki group (which supported Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA), the enlightened and farsighted daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) had been advocating the necessity of the political reform of the bakufu.
- その一年前に、金堂(大仏殿)が落慶したことを『東大寺要録』は伝えるが、他の堂宇の整備計画が進む中で、その様な短期間に大仏殿が完成できるか、その工事が大規模なものであったことが予想できるだけに、疑問の残るところである。
- According to 'Todai-ji yoroku,' the Kon-do Hall (the Great Buddha Hall) was completed one year before, but it is doubtful whether the Great Buddha Hall could be completed in such a short period with an ongoing project to improve other temple buildings since we can suppose the construction work itself was an enormous project.
- 眉輪王の物語が暗殺の実情を隠蔽する目的の述作であるとすると、眉輪王を匿ったために滅ぼされたという記紀の筋書きにも疑問が生じ、実際の滅亡原因は、大泊瀬皇子のライバルである押磐皇子と連携していたことにあった可能性が高い。
- If we interpret this incident in the story of Emperor Mayowa as a jussaku (literary work) which conceals the real reason of his assasination, there is a high possibility that the cause of their fall was due to the Katsuraki clan's alliance with Prince Oshihano, who was the rival for Prince Ohatsuse.
- 天皇もこの空気を敏感に察しており、淡路に流された廃帝(淳仁天皇)の謎の死、和気王の突然の処刑、天皇の異母妹である不破内親王の皇籍剥奪など皇族に対する粛清が次々と行われていき、皇位継承問題は事実上のタブーとなっていった。
- The Empress was also keenly aware of this atmosphere, and purges to the Imperial family were done one after another as follows: the dethroned Emperor Junnin's mysterious death, the sudden execution of the Prince Wake, sudden abridgment of register of the Imperial family from Imperial Princess Fuwa who was a younger paternal half-sister of the Empress; accordingly, the subject of the succession to the Imperial Throne became virtually a taboo.
- 即位説に反対して、谷川士清は安永3年(1774年)に『続大日本史私記』で水鏡の資料的価値に疑問をはさみ、即位のような大礼が天皇の死後すぐに行われたのは乱世でも考えにくいことで、乱が起きる前の時点ではなおさらだと論じた。
- Kotosuga TANIGAWA opposed to the enthronement theory and doubted the worth of Mizu Kagami as a historical material in 'Zoku Dainihonshi Shiki' (a commentary on Japanese history) in 1774 and asserted that it was inconceivable that a state ceremony of enthronement was held immediately after the death of the emperor even in a turbulent age, not to mention the war immediately followed the ceremony.
- しかし一方では権限を越えて条約改正交渉を行おうとしたことによる留守政府との摩擦、外遊期間の大幅な延期、木戸と大久保の不仲などの政治的な問題を引き起こし「条約は結び損い金は捨て 世間へ大使何と岩倉」と狂歌の題材にされた。
- On the other hand, they caused political problems such as a conflict with Rusu-seifu due to their attempt to negotiate for treaty revision which was beyond their authority, long delay of their return from overseas and a quarrel between Kido and Okubo, which became the subject of the kyoka (comic [satirical] tanka) that went like this, 'Failed in signing a treaty, threw out money, how can you explain to the world.'
- この疑問に対して『源氏物語』を著したのは藤原氏の紫式部ではなく源氏の源高明らであるとする推理作家である藤本泉の説、恨みをはらんで失脚していった源氏の怨霊を静める為であるという逆説の日本史などで論じた井沢元彦の説がある。
- As to these questions, Sen FUJIMOTO, a mystery writer, made a supposition that it was not Murasaki Shikibu of the Fujiwara clan but Takaakira MINAMOTO of the Genji clan who wrote 'The Tale of Genji,' and Motohiko IZAWA argued in 'The Paradoxical History of Japan' that it was to console the vengeful ghost of the Genji clan that had fallen, thereby holding a grudge.
- 武家諸法度・御定書・軍令・軍役・勤番・武具・行列・関所通行・服制・鷹狩などに関する諸規定から成り、しばしば発生する疑問やそれに関する回答について老中や目付に対する伺書の書式を用いて解説している(書札礼の役目も兼ねる)。
- The contents consisted of Buke shohatto (laws for the samurai families), osadamegaki (regulations by the bakufu), military orders and various other regulations concerning military services, kinban (regular duty), arms, processions, passing checking stations, the dress code system, and falconry, and frequently enquired questions and answers for them were also explained there using the enquiry format for Roju (senior councilor) or Metsuke (inspector) (the book could also be used for Shosatsurei (Epistolary Etiquette)).
- 更に、明徳4年(1393年)には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」が出され、幕府が京都の土倉・酒屋に対して座への加入を問わず一律に課税する事となり、本所の座への支配権は幕府の制限下においてのみ許されるという状況にあった。
- Furthermore, with 'Five rules regarding doso and sake shops scattered around Rakuchu' enacted in 1393, the bakufu taxed doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) and sakaya in Kyoto without exception regardless of guild membership, and, as a result, the honjo's sovereignty over the guild was allowed only under regulation by the bakufu.
- 農村向けのものとしては農事暦の要素を織り込んだ『田舎往来』・『農業往来』・『百姓往来』などが、都市の商人向けのものとしては『商売往来』・『問屋往来』・『呉服往来』・『万祥廻船往来』などが代表的な往来物としてあげられる。
- For farming villages, elements of the farming calendar were included in 'Inaka Orai' (A Letter on Farming Village) (also called 'Densha Orai'), 'Nogyo Orai' and 'Hyakusho Orai' (A Guide to Farming), etc. while 'A Guide to Commerce,' 'Toiya Orai' (also called 'Tonya Orai'), 'Gofuku Orai' and 'Banshokaisen Orai' and so on were the typical oraimono for merchants living in cities.
- 日本からは主に生糸が輸出されたが、生糸などの輸出品は、国内市場よりも貿易市場の方が高値で取引されていたため、生産地と市場を仲立ちしていた在郷商人は、江戸などの大都市の問屋ではなく、直接、開港場へ生産品を卸すようになった。
- Japanese main export was raw silk thread, and because exported goods such as raw silk thread were exchanged at higher prices on the trading market than on the domestic market, local merchants, who mediated between a place of production and market, began to sell products wholesale directly at open ports, not to warehouse merchants in big cities such as Edo (now Tokyo).
- そこで翌明治3年4月29日に政府はそれまでに自訴状を提出した藩の贋貨鋳造を赦免し、またそれ以外の藩でも箱館戦争終結以前の贋貨鋳造行為に関してはかつて明治政府と戦った斗南藩(旧会津藩)なども含めてその罪を不問にするとした。
- Consequently, on April 29, 1870, the government pardoned the domains that had handed in the jisojo before then, and also decided to overlook the coining of counterfeit money done by the other domains before the end of the Hakodate War, including the Tonami Domain (the old Aizu Domain) which used to fight with the Meiji government.
- 諸藩の鋳造額は不明だが、公式に届け出たものでは芸州藩は約19.6万両、久留米藩は約3万両、土佐藩は約5.1万両、薩摩藩は公式には明かさなかったものの、吉井友実が藩の会計係に問い詰めた上での推計は約150万両とされている。
- The amount coined for many domains are unknown, but the amount reported officially is: for the Geishu Domain, around 196 thousand ryo, for the Kurume Domain, around 30 thousand ryo, for the Tosa Domain, around 51 thousand ryo, and the Satsuma Domain did not officially disclose the amount, but the estimated amount after Tomozane YOSHII pressed the domain's accountant was around 1.5 million ryo.
- 翌9日未明、公卿たちが退廷した後、待機していた薩摩藩・芸州藩・尾張藩など5藩の軍が御所9門を固め、摂政二条斉敬をはじめ要人の御所への立ち入りを禁止した後、明治天皇臨御の下、御所内学問所において王政復古の大号令が発せられた。
- Before the dawn of the next day, the court nobles left the court and the armies of five domains, such as Satsuma Domain, Geishu Domain and Owari Domain, who had been on standby, guarded the nine gates of the Imperial Palace to prohibit Nariyuki NIJO and other government officials from entering the Imperial Palace, then the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule was announced at the Emperor's study room inside the Imperial Palace under the presence of the Emperor Meiji.
- 大津事件(おおつじけん)は、1891年(明治24年)5月11日に日本を訪問中のロシア帝国の皇太子・ニコライ(後のニコライ2世)が、滋賀県大津市で警備にあたっていた巡査・津田三蔵に突然斬りかかられ負傷した、暗殺未遂事件である。
- The Otsu Incident was a failed assassination attempt occurred on May 11, 1891, that the Crown Prince of the Russian Empire, Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) was attacked in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, by a patrol officer, Sanzo TSUDA, who guarded Nicholas during his visit to Japan.
- 東人の供述により、7月4日 (旧暦)(7月28日)に奈良麻呂をはじめ、道祖王、黄文王、大伴古麻呂、多冶比犢養(たじひのこうしかい)、賀茂角足(かものつのたり)ら、一味に名を挙げられた人々は直ちに逮捕され、永手らの訊問を受けた。
- By Azumahito's confession, people, including Naramaro, Funado no Okimi, Prince Kibumi, OTOMO no Komaro, TAJIHI no Koshikai, and KAMO no Tsunotari, who were considered to be members of the rebellion were immediately arrested and tortured by Nagate and others.
- 魏 (三国)の年号である「青龍3年」、呉 (三国)の年号である「赤烏元年」「赤烏7年」などの紀年鏡も見つかっており、単に邪馬台国にちなんだ偽作というのでは説明がつかないなどの疑問があり、学界では受け入れるところとなっていない。
- Because some date-inscribed mirrors such as '青龍3年' (235), which carries the name of the Wei dynasty era (Three Kingdoms Period) and '赤烏元年' (238) and '赤烏7年' (244), carrying the name of the Wu dynasty era (Three Kingdoms Period), have been found, the proposition that they were merely forged in relation to Yamatai is questionable, and hasn't been accepted in academia.
- もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官(後の外務省)より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている(「問題四条」)。
- Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.
- 使節団出発後、留守政府は学制・徴兵令・地租改正・太陽暦の採用・司法制度の整備・キリスト教弾圧の中止などの改革を積極的に行ったが、人事を巡る問題と征韓論を巡って留守政府と岩倉使節団の対立が激化して明治6年の政変に至る事になった。
- After the delegation departed, Rusu-seifu carried out reforms positively such as introduction of an educational system and Conscription Ordinance, land-tax reform, adoption of the solar calendar, improvement of the judicial system, a halt of Christian oppression, but confrontation between Rusu-seifu and Iwakura Mission was aggravated over personnel affairs and Seikanron, which led to the political change in 1873.
- 京都に10年ほど住んだ後にふたたび東京へ居を移した柳は、実業家大原孫三郎(株式会社クラレ、大原美術館、大原社会問題研究所などの創設者)より経済面の援助を得て、1936年(昭和11年)、東京・駒場の自邸隣に日本民藝館を開設した。
- After living in Kyoto for 10 years, Yanagi moved to Tokyo again, obtained financial help from Magosaburo OHARA (founder of Kuraray, Ohara Museum of Art and Ohara Institute for Social Research) and opened the Japan Folk Crafts Museum near his own house in Komaba, Tokyo in 1936.
- いま伝わるものとしては、塙保己一が紅葉山文庫本・学問所古本などをもって校訂を加え1803年(享和2年)に出版した刊本をはじめ、写本としては1304年(嘉元2年)、金沢貞顕が吉田定房の本をもって校訂した金沢文庫本系のものがある。
- Documents handed down to the present include the book published in 1803 by Hokiichi HANAWA, who revised old books of Momijiyama Library, old school textbooks and so on, and manuscripts of Kanazawa Library book line written in 1304 by Sadaaki KANESAWA who revised Sadafusa YOSHIDA's books.
- ところが、日本側が一旦帰国した森山からの報告を受けた後に、大阪会議や佐賀の乱への対応で朝鮮問題が後回しにされて「九月協定」への了承を先延ばしにしているうちに、朝鮮では大院君側が巻き返しが図られて再び攘夷論が巻き起こったのである。
- However, after Japanese side received a report from Moriyama who was coming back to home country for the time being, and while responding to the Osaka conference and the Saga War the Korea problem was left behind and postponed the approval for the 'September Agreement', and Daewongun regained his strength, and the principle of excluding foreigners arose again in Korea.
- 江戸時代初期からヤン・ヨーステンやウィリアム・アダムスなどの例があり、幕府の外交顧問や技術顧問を務め徳川家康の評価を得て厚遇されたほか、後にはフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトなども一時期幕府顧問になったという経緯もある。
- From the early days of the Edo period, there had been foreigners hired for this purpose in Japan, notably Jan JOOSTEN and William ADAMS, both highly esteemed and well treated by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who valued them as advisers to the bakufu on foreign diplomacy or technology; there was also the example of Philipp Franz Balthasar von SIEBOLD, who was employed briefly as an adviser for the bakufu.
- 比較的資料が残っている大坂の例を取ると、主たる問屋3名が会所頭取となり交替で会所役人を指揮し、その下に薬種屋仲間に属する121名が原則3名1組として1日交替(全40組)で会所に詰めて会所役人として検査及び改料徴収の任務を行った。
- In the case of Osaka, for which relatively many data remain, there were three main warehouse merchants serving as Todori (chiefs) of the kaisho, who took turns in supervising officials of the kaisho, and under them, there were 121 people belonging to Yakushuya nakama (the union of drug sellers), who were divided into groups by basically three people (40 groups in total) and worked at the kaisho every other day as the officials to conduct inspection and collect aratameryo.
- 1960年に石母田正はこの問題に鋭く切り込み、「諸国平均に守護地頭を補任し」は鎌倉時代の後期には他の史料にも見えることから、これは幕府独自の記録によったものではなく、鎌倉時代の後期の一般的な通説に基づく作文ではないかと指摘した。
- Tadashi/Sho ISHIMODA got to the heart of a problem in 1960, pointing out that the words 'set the Shugo and Jito at each province' can be seen in the other historical materials in the late Kamakura period, therefore it was not based on the governments original record but on the common view widely accepted at the time.
- 『源氏物語』に対して西洋の文学理論を適用することおよびそれに基づく分析手法を用いた結果導き出された「テーマ」に意味があるのかといった前提が問い直されていることも多く、それぞれがそれぞれの関心に基づいて論じているという状況である。
- People often doubted whether it was appropriate to apply the Western literary theory to 'The Tale of Genji' and whether the 'theme' derived from the analytical method based on the Western theory does make sense, so everybody would discuss it according to his or her interest.
- 質取行為(しちとりこうい)とは、中世日本において、別の地域に住む債務者から弁済を受けられなかった債権者が、債務者と同一の地域に住む第三者(債務者との面識の有無は問わず)の身柄あるいは財物を債務の賠償として私的に差し押さえる行為。
- In the medieval Japan, Shichitorikoi was an action of a creditor, who could not receive compensation from a debtor living in a different region, to capture a third person who lived in the same region as the creditor (regardless of whether the person is acquainted with the debtor or not) or to privately confiscate the person's properties as compensation for the debt.
- また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)(現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区)に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
- A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.
- 吉川広家の内通時に毛利氏は担ぎ上げられただけとの弁明により、所領は安泰であったが、敗戦後に大坂城で押収された書状に連判状に輝元の名があったことから徳川家康は約束を反故にし、輝元は責任を問われ周防国・長門国(長州藩)に減封された。
- As it was explained that Terumoto had been just deceived, when Hiroie KIKKAWA communicated secretly, Terumoto managed to keep his territories; however, as his name was found in a (secret) covenant under joint signature found in Osaka-jo Castle after the defeat, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA annulled the agreement, and Terumoto took the blame and his territories were diminished to the Suo Province and Nagato Province (Choshu Domain).
- 足高の制によって、役職を退任すれば石高は旧来の額に戻るため、幕府の財政的な負担が軽減できるというのが最大の利点であった(ただし、遠国奉行は出費の機会が他の役職よりも多いことを考慮されて足高の有無を問わずに役料が別個に支給された)。
- The greatest benefit of Tashidaka system was that a financial load of the bakufu would be reduced because an amount of yield was returned to the past amount after retiring from a post under this system (however, taking it into consideration that ongoku-bugyo [the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period] had more opportunities of spending expenses than people at other posts, yakuryo [executive allowance] was supplied separately whether or not tashidaka [wage] was paid).
- 木造フリゲート艦エルトゥールル号(1864年建造、全長76m)は、1887年に行われた日本の皇族、小松宮彰仁親王夫妻のイスタンブル訪問に応えることを目的に、訓練不足のオスマン帝国海軍の練習航海を兼ねて日本へ派遣されることとなった。
- In response to the visit to Istanbul by Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito and his wife from the Imperial family of Japan in 1887, it was decided that the Ertuğrul, a wooden frigate (built in 1864 with a total length of 76 m) would be dispatched, to Japan; this would also serve as a training voyage for the Ottoman Empire Navy, which lacked sufficient training at that time.
- もっともこの場合でも、当時の日本政府の財政事情(西郷隆盛も反対論の理由の一つに財政問題を挙げている)から、ヨーロッパやアメリカ合衆国の本線用の車両を購入して輸送するコストを考えれば、必ずしも日本政府の判断が誤りだったとはいえない。
- But even if it were the case, if the financial conditions of the Japanese government at that time (Takamori SAIGO also mentioned financial reasons to oppose the construction) and the expenses which would have cost to purchase and convey carriages for the main line from Europe or America are considered, it cannot be said that the decision of the Japanese government was a mistake.
- 将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年(1370年)に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
- During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- 一向宗宗名論争(浄土真宗が公式に否認している「一向宗」を宗派名として強要しようとした問題)を機に浄土真宗内部からも政府への反発が高まってきたこともあり、教部省の施策が暗礁に乗り上げると政教分離の観点から脱退するといった動きを見せた。
- However, triggered by the dispute over naming of the Ikko sect (the issue that government attempted to enforce the name of 'Ikko' as an official name on the Jodo Shinshu sect even though the sect had officially rejected it), the repugnance against the government grew within the Jodo Shinshu sect, and the Jodo Shinshu sect withdrew from Kyobusho after the policy of Kyobusho reached a deadlock on the basis of the separation of religion and politics.
- 日中戦争の端緒となった盧溝橋事件において「なぜ日本が中国の領域深くまで当然のように兵を置いていたのか」という疑問を聞くことがあるが、これは日本からすれば北京議定書に基づく権利の行使により、日本を含む8ヶ国の列強が各地に駐兵していた。
- In the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which triggered the Sino-Japanese war, a question 'why Japan stationed a troop for granted in such a deep place of China' is sometimes heard: That was only because Japan used its rights based on the Peking Protocol in the same way other seven Powers posted troops in various places.
- 現在では且元が家康の間諜を務めていたなどという説もあるが、且元は慶長19年(1614年)の鐘銘問題においても盛んに駿府の家康のもとに交渉に赴き、戦争回避などを努力していることから、彼はむしろ豊臣氏存続に心を砕いた忠臣だったと思われる。
- Although there are speculations today that Katsumoto provided intelligence to Ieyasu, he is believed to have been a faithful Toyotomi vassal that devoted himself to preserve Toyotomi clan, demonstrated by his diligent effort to avert warfare through frequent visits and talks with Ieyasu in Sunpu, over the Shomei issue of 1614.
- また、建築史学者と歴史家の間に法隆寺の建設年代に関する論争(法隆寺再建・非再建論争)が起こったが、現存する建物の様式論や、六国史などの文献研究はもとより、遺構調査など考古学の発掘成果も取り入れられるようになって、学問の深化が見られた。
- Historians and scholars of architectural history were in dispute about the year of construction of Horyu-ji Temple (and whether or not the temple had been rebuilt), which led to a more in-depth study of Japan's architectural history using methods such as archaeological excavation and surveying remnants of ancient structures, examining the styles of existing buildings and studying literature such as Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories).
- 「機務六条」が定められて以後、天皇は閣僚と直接謁見して政策について下問したりするようになり、また以前は「外国人」に対する恐怖から渋りがちだった外交団との謁見にも応じるなど、天皇自らが立憲君主としての振る舞いを積極的に行うようになった。
- After 'Kimu rokujo' came into practice, the Emperor proactively engaged himself in behaving as a constitutional monarch, for example, he started to meet directly with bureaucrats to ask about policies and also to accept the audiences with diplomatic corps which he would have been reluctant for fear of 'foreigners'.
- 更に東学党の乱などでゆれる朝鮮半島問題では、川上操六参謀次長とともに清国に対して強硬論を唱えて、日清戦争を開戦させるとともにイギリス・ロシア帝国からは好意的な中立を獲得して、下関条約締結まで終始日本側の有利に戦況を進める結果となった。
- And in the matter over the Korean Peninsula rocked by the Tonghak Uprising and others, he advocated hard line toward Qing with a vice chief of staff Soroku KAWAKAMI, and started the Sino-Japanese War, gaining favorable neutrality from the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire, which caused that Japan carried on the war advantageously from the beginning to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
- また、当時(1886年)の北海道全域の人口は26万5千人に過ぎず、うち半数以上にあたる15万1千人が松前藩時代以来の集住地域である函館県に集中し、逆に極寒の未開拓地が大半を占める根室県はわずか1万7千人という不均衡の問題が生じていた。
- Furthermore, while the population of the whole area of Hokkaido was only two hundred sixty-five thousand in 1886 and more than half of the population (one hundred fifty-one thousand) concentrated in Hakodate Prefecture where people had lived in groups since the age of the Matsumae Domain, and Nemeuro Prefecture which consisted mostly of extremely cold undeveloped land had a population of only seventeen thousand, and this posed a problem of an imbalance.
- 2004年当時、丹波町(京都府)が存在していたが、市町の違いがあるので、競合そのものに法律上の問題はなかったが、丹波町が周辺の町と合併して京丹波町が発足した2005年(平成17年)10月11日をもって、丹波市・丹波町の並存は解消した。
- At that time, there was a Tanba town in Kyoto, though there was no legal issue of competition, due to the difference between town and city, and the problem itself disappeared when Tanba town consolidated with the surrounding towns and renamed itself Kyotanba town on October 11, 2005.
- この問題の行方によっては薩英戦争同様の事態に進展する可能性もあり、さらに神戸が香港や上海市の様に理不尽な占領下に置かれる事態も起こり得たことから、滝善三郎の犠牲によって危機回避がなされたことは日本史の流れにおいても重大な出来事であった。
- Depending on the conclusion, this incident would possibly have developed into as serious a situation as Anglo-Satsuma War, and Kobe might have been put under the unreasonable occupation like Hong Kong or Shanghai City, so it is also important in the context of the Japanese history that the national crisis could be avoided at the sacrifice of Zenzaburo TAKI.
- 1886年(明治19年)、井上は東京において諸外国の使節団と改正会議を行うが、井上案は関税の引き上げや外国人判事の任用など譲歩を示したため、政府内で農商務大臣谷干城や法律顧問ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードらからの反対意見を受けた。
- In 1886, INOUE held the conference of revision with the delegation of the foreign countries in Tokyo, and proposed an appeasement plan such as to raise tariffs and to appoint foreign judges, so that he was opposed by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Tateki TANI and the government counsel Gustave Emile BOISSONADE.
- この時は巡回中の警官によって解散させられたが、住民らは集会をはじめるなど、米の販売を要望する人数はさらに増加していき、翌月8月3日には中新川郡水橋町で200名弱の町民が集結し、米問屋や資産家に対し米の移出を停止し、販売するよう嘆願した。
- They had been broken up by patrolling officers at that time, but people started to have meetings and the number of people who demanded to sell rice increased further, and moreover, nearly 200 residents gathered in Mizuhashi-machi town, Nakaniikawa County on August 3 to ask rice marketers and wealthy people to stop transporting rice and sell it.
- 桂・タフト協定(かつら・たふときょうてい、) とは、日本の内閣総理大臣兼臨時外務大臣 (日本)であった桂太郎と、フィリピン訪問の途中来日したアメリカ特使であり、後の第27代アメリカ大統領ウィリアム・タフト陸軍長官との間で交わされた協定。
- The Taft–Katsura Agreement was an agreement made between the Prime Minister of Japan Taro KATSURA, who was also the temporary Minister of Foreign Affairs, and William Howard TAFT, the United States Secretary of War and later the 27th President of the United States, who was also a special envoy visiting Japan on the way back from the Philippines.
- ただし、継体天皇の即位に当たっては前政権の支配機構をそっくりそのまま受け継いでいること、また血統の点でも前の大王家の皇女を妻として入り婿の形で皇位を継承していることなどから、これを「王朝」として区別できるかどうか疑問とする考え方もある。
- However, some scholars think that it is questionable to think that Keitai dynasty as a separate 'dynasty' because at the enthronement of Emperor Keitai he inherited the form of government as it was from the previous government, and in the blood line, he inherited the imperial throne as a man whose wife was a princess of the previous great kings family and became irimuko (man who takes his wife's premarital family name).
- 翌1887年(明治20年)、国民がこの案を知るところとなると、折からノルマントン号事件(1886年)で不平等条約の弊害が問題になっていたため、世論は激昂してこれを「国辱的な内容」と攻撃、全国的な民権運動が盛り上がった(三大事件建白運動)。
- In the next year, 1887, when people knew the proposal, they got furious (especially so because adverse effects of an unequal treaty were being discussed after the Normanton Incident [1886]) and attacked the proposal claiming that it was 'national disgrace,' and then the nation-wide democratic-rights movement was spread (the movement following sandaijiken-kenpaku [the petition for three major matters]).
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
- At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.
- 蘭癖らの舶来趣味に加え、新しい学問である蘭学が一定の市民権を得ていたことを受け、日本の伝統的正月行事に把われることなく、蘭学者たちが親睦を深め、自らの学問の隆盛を願い、最新情報の交換を行う集まりとして、以後も毎年行われるようになっていった。
- In addition to those Ranpeki's pursuit of foreign goods, and the fact that the new academic subject of Rangaku became widely accepted, the party was held from those time, not being tied to traditional Japanese New Year events, but as the place for the scholars to get together and exchange the latest information to increase their knowledge.
- 『吾妻鏡』1254年(建長6年)5月1日条の「人質の事(人間を質入すること)沙汰有り。・・・凡そ御制以後質人の事は、一向停止すべきの由と。此の如く申し沙汰すべきの旨、相州より問注所に仰せらると。勧湛・實綱・寂阿奉行たり」などはその例である。
- For example, according to the entry from 'Azuma Kagami' dated May 1, 1254, 'There is an announcement about taking hostages. … Taking hostages must be prohibited. This announcement has been sent from Soshu to Monchujo. 勧湛・實綱・寂阿奉行たり'
- こうして見ていくと、文筆の家ではもっとも露骨に顕彰されている三善康信の子孫で、時期に該当するのは1293年(永仁元)から1321年(元亨元)まで問注所執事であった太田時連が候補の筆頭として上がり、二階堂行貞もまた編纂者であった可能性が高い。
- Therefore Tokitsura OTA was considered the most likely compiler, as he was an under secretary of Monchujo from 1293 to 1321 when the work seems to have been compiled, and also one of the descendants of Yasunobu MIYOSHI, who was praised most plainly among the families of letters, and there is strong possibility that Yukisada NIKAIDO was a compiler, too.
- ただし現在、本説は、井上光貞、榎一雄、山尾幸久を始めとする複数の東洋史・日本史学者等から批判されており、主要な百科事典や邪馬台国論争史を著述した研究書においては記載されずに無視されている説であることに留意する必要がある(説の歴史と問題点)。
- However, please note that the theory is currently criticized by several scholars in the oriental history and Japanese history including Mitsusada INOUE, Kazuo ENOKI, Yukihisa YAMAO, and is also not contained in major encyclopedias or study books that contain the disputed history of Yamatai-Koku kingdom (the history and debatable points of the theory).
- 明六雑誌は当今の有名の諸学士論著する所にして、議事の確、行文の実なる、其警醒〔けいせい、警告・注意喚起〕の益、提撕〔ていせい、後進を励まし指導すること〕の功に於て他書の比す可きに非れば、在官伏野を問はず必らず一部を挟んで之を読まざるを得ず。
- Meiroku Zasshi is a bulletin in which today's famous scholars discuss and write articles and it is very unique in the points of authenticity of topics, accurate texts, interests that notices bring and merits to encourage and teach juniors, so that people in both public sector and private sector have to read with holding it on the forearm.'
- 政友会がこの問題を持ち出したのはその年に行われた第17回衆議院議員総選挙で大敗したことに加えて、田中義一前総裁(元陸軍大臣・総理大臣)の総裁時代以来、在郷軍人会が政友会の有力支持団体化したことに伴う「政友会の親軍化」現象の一環とも言われている。
- The reason why the Seiyukai (Rikken seiyukai) rose this matter was that they lost the 17th general election of members of the House of Representatives held that year, and in addition to that, since the period of the former Prime Minister Giichi TANAKA (former Minister of Army, Prime Minister), an association of reservists became the influential support group of Seiyukai which led to the phenomenon of 'pro-militarization of Seiyukai'.
- また、天皇の信頼する宮中側近を宮内大臣の管轄下の宮中顧問官に任じて天皇との直接的な関係を絶ったものの、漢学者として内外の信望の厚い元田を引き続き天皇の私的顧問として遇し、他の側近には爵位を与えて天皇と彼らの天皇への忠誠心を尊重する姿勢も見せた。
- Although he cut direct ties between the Emperor and his trusted close advisors in the Imperial court by assigning them to Imperial court councilor under the jurisdiction of Minister of the Imperial Households, he showed his respect for the Emperor and the close advisors' royalty for the Emperor by continuously treating Motoda, who gained both domestic and international prestige as a scholar of the Chinese classics, as the private advisor to the Emperor and by conferring the dignity of a peerage to other close advisors.
- 鎌倉幕府がそれ以前の武家政権である平氏政権と最も異なる点は「問注所」(後に評定所)と呼ばれる訴訟受付機関を設置したことで、これまでは地所の支配権をめぐる争いは当事者同士の武力闘争に容易に発展していたものをこれにより実質的に禁止することになった。
- The most striking difference between the Kamakura bakufu and the prior warrior government run by the Taira clan was the bakufu's creation of what was called the Monjusho (hereafter referred to as the Hyojosho or 'Office of Arbitration'), an organization devoted to hearing and ruling on legal disputes over land ownership; until this office was founded, final authority to own land rested with the side whose military might was greatest and disputes were resolved in a simple way--through force--but the new office substantially reduced such bloody conflicts.
- 2007年(平成19年)2月11日の市長選挙では現職の江守光起が引退を表明した事から、市立舞鶴市民病院の諸問題(民間病院への業務委託の是非)と江守市政の継続を唱えて前助役が、谷垣禎一・伊吹文明ら国会議員と一部の府会議員および自民党に推薦された。
- At the mayoral election held on February 11, 2007, after the incumbent mayor Mitsuoki EMORI had announced his retirement, the previous deputy mayor, who had raised problems such as those involving the Maizuru Municipal Hospital (the pros and cons of private consignment of its management), and advocated the continuation of the EMORI administrations, was recommended by Mps such as Sadakazu TANIGAKI/Bunmei IBUKI, some Kyoto Prefecture assembly members and the LDP.
- しかし、それら異本は、著者自身が一度も用いなかった「名山図志」なる語を書名としたり、正しくは「志」とすべきところを「誌」と書き誤るといった書誌学的な過誤だけでなく、学術的な博物誌であるにもかかわらず名所案内として解題するなど問題の多いものである。
- However, those alternative versions have problems not only bibliographical mistakes such as using the new title of 'Meizan zushi', a word the author never used, and misspelling '志' with '誌', but also the title was changed for a tourist information book when the original was an academic book on natural history.
- 巻末の跋文によれば、執筆の動機および命名の由来は、内大臣藤原伊周が妹中宮藤原定子と一条天皇に当時まだ高価だった料紙を献上した時、「帝の方は『史記』を書写なさったが、こちらは如何に」という宮の下問を受けた清少納言が、「枕にこそは侍らめ」と即答した。
- According to an afterword to the book, her motive for writing the book and the origin of the title came from the episode in which, when Naidaijin (minister of the center) FUJIWARA no Korechika presented to his younger sister FUJIWARA no Empress Teishi and Emperor Ichijo a bundle of paper, which was still expensive in those days, the Empress inquired, 'Emperor used the paper to copy 'Shiki (Records of the Grand Historian),' what do you think we could write on this?' to which Sei Shonagon answered, 'it (the book) would be good to use as a pillow.'
- 正税帳は民部省主税寮において勘会(監査)を受けて、関連資料との数値の不一致や未納・欠損が生じていないことが確認されると、民部省から正税帳使に託する形で返抄(請取書・領収書)が送付され、問題がある場合には正税帳は正税返却帳を添えられて送り返された。
- Once kankai (audit) had been done at Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) of Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) to make sure there was no digital inconsistency, unpaid or deficit compared to the related material, Minbusho issued and handed over the hensho (a document as receipts, but also as proof of delivery or transport when presented goods and paid money to government office) to Shozeichoshi, or if there was any problem, shozeicho was sent back along with shozei henkyakucho.
- これは、17世紀末には江戸十組問屋という10の同業者組合ができ、中でも酒、味噌、醤油を扱う「酒店組」には、徳川家康が三河を領していた小大名だったころから松平家に出入りしていた(あるいは、そのように自称する)三河出身者が多くまた繁盛したことによる。
- This is due to the following reason: Towards the end of the 17th century, ten guilds called Edo tokumidonya, each for a different kind of business, were established, and in particular, many merchants from the Mikawa Province, who had supplied goods to the Matsudaira family since the era when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was the daimyo (feudal lord) of the small Mikawa Province (or who said they were such persons), belonged to the 'sake store guild,' which handled sake, miso (fermented soybean paste) and soy sauce, and were prosperous.
- また、この分裂の際に正統派・革新派のどちらにも与しなかった金光庸夫・犬養健・太田正孝らは「中立派」(金光派ともいう)となり、翌1940年に発生した民政党の斎藤隆夫除名問題で除名を支持して正統派内で孤立した議員が中立派に加わって「統一派」と名乗った。
- Also, Tsuneo KANEMITSU, Takeru INUKAI, and Masataka OTA did not belong to either the orthodoxy faction or the reformists when the party split and they became 'the neutral faction' (also referred to as Kanemitsu faction) and in the following year, that is in 1940, councilors of orthodoxy faction who supported expulsion of Saito concerning the issue of the expulsion of Takao SAITO of Minsei Party (civil administration party) from the House of Representatives became isolated in the faction and joined the neutral faction, and then the neutral faction renamed their faction 'the unificationists.'
- これは、鎌倉幕府から新恩あるいは本領安堵の御下文(安堵状)を得ている所領であっても、現実に知行しないまま年数を経たものについては、20年経過した場合には右大将家の例(源頼朝の家中の先例)に従って権利の正当性についての理非を問わずに現状を変更しない。
- This means that a territory, newly given by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or with an official document approving the ownership (Andojo), which has not reigned by the owner in reality for over 20 years, does not allow the actual status changed without discussion about the legitimacy of the rights in accordance with the case of the Udaisho family (the precedent of the family of the MINAMOTO no Yoritomo).
- 政治的な重要事件に関する記述は役目の地位の問題から多くはないが、その代わり江戸時代の宮中儀式のあり方や日常の宮廷の状況、地下官人制度についての記録は詳細であり、公卿の日記・記録類では多くを見ることが出来ない事務方の動向について知ることが可能である。
- Because of the official status of the Hirata family, the records contain few descriptions about important political events; instead, they contain details of the Imperial Court ceremonies, daily life in the imperial court, and the lower ranking official system during the Edo period, providing movements of the secretaries which cannot be seen in the court nobles' diaries and records.
- 門脇が提唱したのは応神天皇の代に渡来した、百済の高官、木満致(もくまち)と蘇我満智(まち)が同一人物とする説で、鈴木靖民や山尾幸久らの支持を得た一方、加藤謙吉や坂本義種らが指摘したように、史料上の問題点が多く、蘇我氏を渡来人とみなす根拠は薄弱である。
- Yasutami SUZUKI and Yukihisa YAMAO both supported Kadowaki's assertion that the Baekje high official Machi MOKU, who is said to have arrived during the reign of Emperor Ojin, is one and the same individual as SOGA no Machi; but, as Kenkichi KATO and Yoshitane SAKAMOTO have pointed out, there are many historical discrepancies and little evidence to prove the migrant origins of the Soga clan.
- 実際にはこの「国境」を越えた清朝領域に越境した朝鮮人が多数に上ったため、彼らをどう保護するかという問題とも絡んで、この後大韓帝国となっても清朝との国境線画定の話し合いは断続的に行われたが、豆満江・鴨緑江を国境線とすることが次第に既成事実化していった。
- Actually, there were a number of Korean people who crossed the border, then negotiations between Korea and the Qing dynasty were held regarding protection of the Koreans even after Korea became the Korean empire, and the borders of the Tumen river and the Yalu river gradually became an accomplished fact.
- しかし上杉家家臣が編纂した「大河内文書」によると、小林平八郎は逃げようとしたところを赤穂浪士につかまり、「上野介はどこか?」「身分が低い家臣なので知りません」「身分の低い家臣がなぜ絹の寝巻きなど着ている?」という問答の末に首をはねられたといわれている。
- However, according to 'Okochi Bunsho' (Okochi's Record) which was edited by the retainers of Uesugi family, when Heihachiro KOBAYASHI was caught by Ako Roshi trying to escape, he was beheaded after being asked and answered 'where is Kozuke no Suke?' 'I am just a low ranking retainer and do not know anything.' 'why are you wearing a silk nightwear if you are a low ranking retainer.'
- この時、学生として倭漢直福因(やまとのあやのあたいふくいん)・奈羅訳語恵明(ならのおさえみょう)高向玄理(たかむくのあやひとくろまろ)・新漢人大圀(いまきのあやひとだいこく)・学問僧として新漢人日文(にちもん、後の僧旻)・南淵請安ら8人、隋へ留学する。
- Eight people went to Sui for study, including students such as YAMATOAYA no Ataifukuin, NARA no Osaemyo, TAKAMUKU no Ayahitokuromaro, IMAKI no Ayahitodaikoku and priests-in-training such as IMAKI no Ayahito Nichimon (who later became Somin) and MINABUCHI no Shoan.
- 続いて山縣伊三郎逓信大臣と阪谷芳郎大蔵大臣が鉄道予算の問題で対立して共に辞表を明治天皇に提出しようとした際には、両名を天皇の前に連れてくるだけの西園寺までが辞表を提出してしまい、原と寺内正毅陸軍大臣が必死に説得して西園寺の辞表のみを撤回させる騒ぎも起きた。
- After that, when both Isaburo YAMAGATA, the Minister of Correspondence and Yoshio SAKATANI, Minister of Finance, were going to hand in their resignationletters to the Emperor Meiji after their conflict over the railway budget problem, Saionji, who was only expected to take them to the emperor, handed in his own letter of resignation; Hara and Masatake TERAUCHI, Minister of Army, worked very hard to persuade Saionji to take back his resignation.
- 金村は継体天皇を迎え入れた功績があり、また任那の運営を任されており、武烈、継体、安閑天皇、宣化天皇、欽明天皇の5代にわたって大連を務めたが、欽明天皇の時代に百済へ任那4県を割譲したことの責任を問われ失脚し、摂津国住吉郡(現大阪市住吉区帝塚山)の邸宅に篭る。
- Kanamura was credited with the reception of Emperor Keitai, was appointed to govern Mimana, and was serving as Oomuraji during the reigns of 5 different emperors--Emperors Buretsu, Keitai, Ankan, Senka and Kinmei but, upon being ousted from power on the accusation of ceding 4 prefectures within Minama to Kudara in the reign of Kinmei, he hid himself in his home in Sumiyoshi County, Settsu Province (present-day Tedzukayama, Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City).
- 当時の政府は、外国人顧問から聴いた母国の植民地法制を参考にしつつ、日本の領域 (国家)たる外地(南樺太、台湾、朝鮮)には憲法の効力が及ぶのに対し、日本の領土ではない外地(関東州、南洋群島)には憲法の効力が及ばないという考え方を前提にして、統治方針を決めた。
- The government consulted foreign advisors and, referring to the legislation systems of the advisors' home coutries, established a governing policy based on the premise that the Constitution should be in force in Gaichi which were included in Japan's territories (Southern Sakhalin, Taiwan, and Korea) and should not be in force in Gaichi which were not included in Japan's territories (the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands).
- また、江戸幕府勘定方において財政に関する「吟味方」に対して民政に関する部門を「公事方」と称し、公事方御定書と呼ばれる法典が編纂され、民事・刑事を問わない訴訟に関する規定が設けられるなど、裁判全体または訴訟手続を指す意味での「公事」の語も長く用いられ続けた。
- Also, in kanjogata (accounting officer) of Edo bakufu, the department concerning civil administration was called 'kujikata (a post in charge of civil suit)' against 'ginmikata' concerning financial affairs, and a legal code called Kujigata-osadamegaki was established to prescribe suits regardless of civil trial or criminal court, thus, 'kuji' continued to be used for long time to refer to the whole trial or legal proceedings.
- 三室戸敬光は昭和初期に貴族院 (日本)議員(会派は研究会)に互選され、特に1935年(昭和10年)に起こったいわゆる天皇機関説問題に際して、男爵菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)議員とともに美濃部達吉を追求し辞職に追い込み、さらには国体明徴声明を岡田内閣に出させている。
- During the early Showa period, Yukimitsu MIMURODO was elected a member of the House of Peers (belonging to the group 'Kenkyukai') through mutual election; and in a dispute over the 'Emperor as an organ of government Theory' started in 1935, Yukimitsu, together with another member of the House, Baron Takeo KIKUCHI (a Japanese Imperial Army soldier), questioned Tatsukichi MINOBE, the advocate of the theory, and forced him to resign from the House of Peers, and also, made the Okada Cabinet to issue the Kokutai Meicho proclamation.
- どうか私と同じ志(仏教への信仰)をもってここに来た人達には、(様々な考え方の)空か有か(といった瑣末な事)を論じて(志を)滞らせることなく、自分の欲望を忘れて(学問や修行に励み)、後進の人達には世俗の苦労などを超越して悟りの境地を開いて欲しいと願うものである。
- I sincerely wish that those who come here with the same aspirations (faith in Buddhism) will abandon one's own desires (focus on learning and training) without wasting themselves on trivial matters of various thoughts, and those who are to follow will transcend worldly matters and open the path toward revelation.
- ただ、前述した明治初期における国家意思形成の不統一性の問題や、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたこともあり、布告・達が後の法令で明示的に廃止されなかった場合は、後に内容が矛盾する法令が制定されたとの解釈により効力を失ったのか否か疑義が生じたものもある。
- Because of the confusion within the early Meiji government as stated above which had led to many laws being issued for overlapping subjects, it was sometiimes doubtful whether Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi was deemed to cease to be effective due to establishment of a new contradicting law, in cases where such Fukoku or Tasshi had not been expressly abolished.
- これを機に証如も4月に長島から呼び戻した蓮淳とともに和議を図り、下間兄弟を今回の一揆の扇動者としてその責任を転嫁することで証如・蓮淳の責任を不問とし、彼らや近江などの畿内門徒の総破門を行うことを条件にこの年の11月に幕府・細川・六角との和議が成立したのである。
- At this timing, Shonyo began peace negotiations with Renjun who was called back from Nagashima in April, and Shonyo and Renjun were discharged by imputing the responsibility of having instigated this Ikki uprising to Shimotsuma brothers and, with the condition that they and all the followers in Kinai be excommunicated, the reconciliation between the bakufu, Hosokawa, and Rokkaku was achieved in November.
- 越訴方では越訴が正当と判断される場合には内談の場にて越訴頭人・越訴奉行人によって越訴状と落居事書(判決原案)との比較審理が行われ、先沙汰(原判決)が問題ありと判断された場合、御教書を発給して改めて奉行人を選定し、越訴頭人の指揮の下で正式な裁判が改めて開かれた。
- If the Ossokata determined that their osso were justifiable, the Ossotonin (head of the Ossokata) and the Ossobugyonin (officials in charge of retrials and accepting appeals) privately discussed and compared the petition for osso with the original judgment, and if they decided that the judgment was not fair, they issued a migyosho (document for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities), elected anew bugyonin, and started a formal trial under the command of the ossotonin.
- また、2007年7月13日には、金成萬(キム・ソンマン)前海軍作戦司令官(予備役海軍中将)が、Korean National Security Netで日本の防衛白書の竹島 (島根県)領有問題の記載に対しての反論および、対馬侵略計画を作成するよう主張している。
- Also, on July 13, 2007, Sung Man KIM, a former high-ranking officer specializing in naval tactics (specifically, a vice-admiral in the Navy reserve) spoke out on the Korean National Security Net against the claim of sovereignty over Takeshima island (by Shimane Prefecture) made in Japan's Self-Defense white paper, and also requested that he be allowed to draw up a plan for the invasion of Tsushima.
- 壬午事変(じんごじへん)とは、1882年7月23日に、大院君らの煽動を受けて、李氏朝鮮のソウル特別市(後のソウル特別市)で大規模な兵士の反乱が起こり、政権を担当していた閔妃の政府高官や、日本人軍事顧問、日本外交官らが殺害され、日本公使館が襲撃を受けた事件である。
- The Imo incident, (also known as the Jingo incident) was a massive soldiers' revolt that occurred under the incitement of Daewongun on July 23, 1882, in Seoul special city during the Joseon Dynasty (same as the later Seoul Special City), during which many people such as high-ranking government officials of Queen Min's, a Japanese military advisor, and Japanese diplomat were killed, and the Japanese legation was attacked.
- 第5条・第6条では決して壮健とは言い難い天皇の体調に配慮しつつも、健康問題を理由としてむやみに大臣との謁見を拒んだり、公務を滞らせる事態を最低限に留めて国務への影響を防ぐこととした(特に森有礼の御用掛任命の際の公務復帰拒否のような事態を防止する点が重要視された)。
- Article 5 and 6 stipulated, with due considerations to Emperor's health which was far from robust, that the Emperor would not immoderately reject audiences with ministers and other duties for health reason which would disrupt the flow of public service, to prevent national services from being affected (This placed importance in avoiding such situation as the Emperor would refuse to return to public service as was seen upon the appointment of Arinori MORI as Goyogakari).
- 二人は、原勝郎の問題提起、史料批判をさらに押し進め、それが当初思われていたような逐次記録ではなく、鎌倉幕府の政所や問注所の残る記録のみならず、京の鎌倉幕府の日記類まで参照しながら後世に編纂されたものであり、またそのなかには多くの誤りや曲筆があることを明らかにする。
- Referring to records of Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry, in the Kamakura bakufu and even diaries of the Kamakura bakufu in Kyo, they thought seriously about the question raised by Katsuro HARA and the criticism of the historical materials, revealing that Azuma Kagami wasn't a chronological record as had been originally thought, and was instead compiled in later ages, which means that it contains many errors and misrepresentations in writing.
- 連歌の作品として『水無瀬三吟百韻』、『湯山三吟百韻』、『葉守千句』があり、句集に『萱草』(わすれぐさ)、『老葉』(わくらば)、『下草』(したくさ)、紀行文に『白河紀行』、『筑紫道記』(つくしみちのき)、連歌論に『吾妻問答』、『浅茅』などがあり、古典の注釈書も多い。
- Among his renga are such works as; 'Minase Sangin Hyakuin' (Three poets at Minase), 'Yuyama Sangin Hyakuin' (Three poets at Yuyama), and 'Hamori senku'; among his collections of renga stanzas are 'Wasuregusa' (The Forgetting-Plant), 'Wakuraba' (Aging Leaves) and 'Shitakusa' (The Grasses Beneath); his travel records include 'Shirakawa kiko' (Journey to Shirakawa) and 'Tsukushi michi no ki' (Record of a Journey to Tsukushi); his treatises on renga poetry include 'Azuma mondo' (East Country Dialogues) and 'Asaji' (Cogon grass), and there are also many commentaries on classic literature.
- しかし、奈良時代はとかく政争が多かったが、大伴氏もそれに関わる事が多く、長屋王の変では長屋王と親しかった旅人は事件前後に一時的に大宰府に左遷された程度で済んだが、橘奈良麻呂(橘諸兄の息子)の変では古麻呂は拷問死、大伴古慈悲は流罪(称徳天皇崩御後に復帰。)に処された。
- The Nara Period was marked by political strife in which the Otomo clan was often involved and in Nagayao no Hen (the Conspiracy of Nagayao), Tabito, who was close to Nagayao, was temporarily transferred to Dazaifu as punishment, while in TACHIBANA no Naramaro no Hen (the Conspiracy of TACHIBANA no Moroe, which involved the son of TACHIBANA no Moroe), Komoro was tortured to death and OTOMO no Kojihi was deported, not to return until after the demise of the Emperor Shotoku.
- 鎌倉府が永享の乱で崩壊した直後の永享12年(1440年)、篠川御所足利満直は畠山満泰、畠山持重、石橋左近将監、石橋祐義、蘆名盛信、田村利政らに攻められて殺害されたとの説もあるが石橋氏らの関与は疑問が呈されている(実際に篠川御所を弑したのは石川氏であろうと言われる)。
- There was a theory that, in 1440, just after the downfall of the Kamakura government in the Eikyo War, Mitsunao ASHIKAGA (nicknamed Sasagawa Gosho) was attacked and killed by Mitsuyasu HATAKEYAMA, Mochishige HATAKEYAMA, Sakon no shogen ISHIBASHI, 石橋祐義, Morinobu ASHINA and Toshimasa TAMURA, etc, but questions remain about the Ishibashi clan's involvement (in fact, it is said that the Ishikawa clan killed Sasagawa Gosho).
- 桶狭間の合戦後に、岡崎城に入城した家康の許に、織田家からの使者として、たびたび、水野信元、久松定俊の両人が訪問し、言葉を尽くして、和順を促したという、しかしながら、家康はなかなか応じず、討死した義元の仇も報じない愚将の氏真に従えば武田・北条にその所領を奪われるは必定。
- After the Battle of Okehazama, Nobumoto MIZUNO and Sadatoshi HISAMATSU often visited Ieyasu entering Okazaki-jo Castle as envoy of Oda family to persuade him as much as possible in words to become the daimyo of the Oda side, however, Ieyasu did not accept their words so easily then they said that following the stupid commander Ujizane who did not revenge for Yoshimoto died in battle would surely end up Ieyasu losing his territory by the Takeda clan and the Hojo clan.
- (「皇帝問倭皇 使人長吏大禮 蘇因高等至具懷 朕欽承寶命 臨養區宇 思弘德化 覃被含靈 愛育之情 無隔遐邇 知皇介居海表 撫寧民庶 境內安樂 風俗融合 深氣至誠 遠脩朝貢 丹款之美 朕有嘉焉 稍暄 比如常也 故遣鴻臚寺掌客裴世清等 旨宣往意 并送物如別」『日本書紀』)
- 八代の編年などの推定などいくつかの点は、確かに五味文彦らによって修整はされるが、八代国治が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者達を政所と問注所の吏員である大江広元の子孫(毛利、長井)、二階堂行政の子孫、三善康信の子孫達(大田、町野)ではないかとした点を、五味文彦は更に詳細に証明していった。
- Although some points like Yashiro's conjectures about chronology will certainly be revised by Fumihiko GOMI, he examined and illustrated in greater detail the compilers of 'Azuma Kagami,' who were, according to Kuniji YASHIRO, descendants (Mori and Nagai) of Hiromoto OE, an official of Mandokoro and Monchujo, a descendant of Yukimasa NIKAIDO, descendants (Ota and Machino) of Yasunobu MIYOSHI.
- スペインとフランスの国境、ピレネー山中のルルドや、ローマ、エルサレムと並ぶ西方キリスト教(カトリック)の三大巡礼地の1つ北スペインのサンティアゴ・デ・コンポステーラ(ここへの巡礼の物語を時間と空間を越える神の存在への問いかけの物語にしたフランス映画で「銀河」がある)など。
- Lourdes in the Pyrenees on the border between Spain and France, the three holy places of western Christianity (Catholic), namely, Rome, Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela ('La Voile Lactee' is a French movie that made a story out of a pilgrimage into a dialogue on the existence of God over time and space) were such locations.
- 当時、南海電気鉄道は難波駅 - 和歌山市駅間、東武鉄道は北千住駅 - 久喜駅間の営業を行っていたが、和歌山方面には買収対象である関西鉄道の路線、関東北部へは同じく日本鉄道の路線があったため、国有化の対象に一時は含まれたことがあったものの、最終的には予算問題もあって外された。
- Nankai Railway operated between Namba Station and Wakayama City Station, and Tobu Railway operated between Kitasenju Station and Kuki Station, and both were considered for the buyout at one time, but as there were Kansai Railway in Wakayama district and the lines operated by Nippon Railway in Northern Kanto district which were both the buyout candidates, they were excluded from the buyout due to budgetary constraints.
- 李氏朝鮮との国交問題が暗礁に乗り上げている中、朝鮮の宗主国である清との国交締結を優先にすべきとの考えから1870年7月27日(明治3年6月29日 (旧暦))柳原前光・花房義質を派遣して予備交渉を行い、次いで正規の大使として伊達が送られ、副使となった柳原とともに詰めの交渉を行った。
- While the issue on the diplomatic relations with Joseon Dynasty was stranded on a reef, Japan considered that the diplomatic relations with Qing which was a suzerain power of Korea should be concluded in priority to that, therefore, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA and Yoshimoto HANABUSA were sent for the preliminary negotiations on July 27, 1870, followed by Date, a legitimate commander-in-chief, who led the negotiations to the final conclusions along with above mentioned Yanagiwara who had been appointed as a vice commander prior to it.
- だが、鎌倉幕府から見れば他人和与は御家人領の散逸のみならず、幕府と主従関係にある御家人にあたえた恩給知行が、主従関係にない第三者に和与された場合、第三者には「御恩」に対する「奉公」の義務が無く、義務違反による恩給地の取り戻し(収公)が不可能になるという問題も生じる可能性があった。
- From the standpoint of the Kamakura bakufu, however, wayo to others could lead territories of shogunal retainers to be scattered and lost as well as cause a problem that if the fief given to shogunal retainers who had a master-servant relationship with the bakufu as onkyu (rewards from a master to a vassal) was subject to wayo to a third party who was not in the master-servant relationship, the bakufu could not claim back the onkyuchi (land awarded by the lord) in compensation for the breach of obligations, as such third party was not obliged to 'serve' in exchange for the 'favor.'
- しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など(独身者には困難である)様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
- This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
- 明治維新では昌平坂学問所は新政府に接収され、併設された開成所(天文方の流れを組む)、医学所(種痘所の流れを組む)も共に1869年(明治2年)昌平学校、開成学校、医学校として再開し、同年大学本校、南校、東校となり、のち合わせて大学校となるが、1870年(明治3年)の学制改正で休校。
- Due to the Meiji Restoration, Shoheizaka Gakumonjo was condemned by the new government; Gakumonjo included Kaiseijo (which had a channel of tenmonkata (an astronomer appointed by bakufu)) and Igakusho (which had a channel of shutosho (vaccination institute)); they were reopened as a Shohei school, Kaisei school and medical school in 1869; these three became Daigaku Honko, Nanko and Higashiko in the same year and were later combined to be Daigakko, which was ultimately closed due to the revision of the school system in 1870.
- 韓日併合の目的を達成した一進会は、その後、韓国統監府が朝鮮内の政治的混乱を収拾するために朝鮮の政治結社を全面的に禁止したため、解散費用15万円を与えられ、他の政治結社と同様に解散したが、一進会を率いた宋秉畯らは朝鮮総督府中枢院顧問となり合併後の朝鮮の政治にも大きく影響を与え続けた。
- After Isshinkai accomplished the annexation between Korea and Japan, Kankoku Tokan-fu (South Korea Protection Agency) entirely forbade making any political association in Korea in order to suppress the political confusion in Korea, so they were compelled to dismiss as the other political associations did in exchange of 150 thousand yen given as dissolution allowance, but Song Byung-joon and others who had been leading Isshinkai assumed office as adviser of Chusuin (a government office in Korea) of Chosen Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Korea) and kept affecting on the Korean politics after the annexation.
- 従来の藩が租税として集めた米をまとめて江戸や大坂の蔵屋敷を経由して同地の米問屋に売却するというこれまでの米の流通システムが崩壊して、個々の農民が地元の米商人などに直接米を換金してその代金を納め、地元の米商人が全国市場に米を売却するようになるなど、商業や流通に対する影響も大きかった。
- The land-tax reform also had a large effect on Japanese commerce and distribution system; that is, prior to the reform rice collected as tax from various clans were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers in Edo or Osaka through storehouses of various clans in Edo or Osaka; the reform allowed farmers to change their rice to cash directly at local rice merchants, who sold rice to the market across the country; thus the previous distribution system collapsed.
- 同盟倶楽部は1892年11月20日に藩閥政権に失望した吏党系議員が民党側に離反した際に結成された院内会派、同志倶楽部は1893年12月5日に自由党_(明治)所属の星亨衆議院議長の不正問題で自由党が星議長の擁護の姿勢を変えないことに抗議した同党議員が離党して結成した院内会派であった。
- The Domei Club was an in-house faction that was formed on November 20, 1892, when the Rito (pro-government) lawmakers who were disappointed by the hanbatsu (domain clique) government defected from the Minto (anti-hanbatsu government political parties), while the Doshi Club was an in-house faction that was formed on December 5, 1893 by some members of the Liberal Party (in the Meiji period) who had left the party after protesting against the fact that despite improper acts perpetrated by Toru HOSHI, the speaker of the Lower House who was a member of the party, the party leadership maintained their stance in defending the speaker.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- しかし、山上憶良の「貧窮問答歌」などにも見られるように、親が子を思い、そのために何かをしてやりたいという気持ちは時代が違っていても変わることはなかったようで、資料の残っている以前から、親や大人たちが子どもや若者が1人前になっていく上で、何かの手助けや指導をしていたことは想像に難くない。
- However, as seen in 'Hinkyu mondo ka (Dialogue on poverty)', made by YAMANOUE no Okura, it seems that at any period the parents cherished their children and wanted to do something for them; it is easy to imagine that even long ago, before any document was made, parents or grown-ups have given help or guidance when their children or younger people were growing up.
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- ちなみに、「浦上一番崩れ」は1790年(寛政2年)から起こった信徒の取調べ事件、「浦上二番崩れ」は1839年(天保10年)にキリシタンの存在が密告され、捕縛された事件、「浦上三番崩れ」は1856年(安政3年)に密告によって信徒の主だったものたちが捕らえられ、拷問を受けた事件のことである。
- By the way, 'Urakami ichiban kuzure' is interrogations of Christians starting in 1790, 'Urakami niban kuzure' is an incident in 1839 where Christians were betrayed and captured, and 'Urakami sanban kuzure' is an incident in 1856 where leading worshipers were betrayed, captured, and tortured.
- 禅宗、時宗の寺院は、直ちに可否を記して提出したが、生活を檀家に頼っていた浄土真宗(以下、真宗)の寺院にとって、この様な合併は経済基盤を奪うものであり、死活問題であっため、浄土真宗の僧侶は、このような重大な案件は即答できないとして、藩に関わりのある西方寺と光輪寺に日延の申し入れを依頼した。
- The temples of the Zen sect and the Ji sect submitted the answers immediately, however, such a merger deprived the economic base and it was a vital questionfor the temples of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (described 'Shinshu sect' as follows) which lived on Buddhist parishioners, therefore the monks of Shinshu sect were not able to answer the critical questions immediately and requested to postpone the answer to the Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple which had a connection with the domain.
- 家康の嫡男松平信康は織田信長の命で切腹させられており、次男の結城秀康は豊臣秀吉(後に結城晴朝)の養子に出したため、後継は早くから三男の徳川秀忠に定めていたが、関ヶ原の戦いでの遅参など、資質に疑問を持った家康が四男松平忠吉も含め、功臣たちに後継者は誰が良いかを尋ねたという逸話が伝わっている。
- Ieyasu's eldest legitimate son Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA killed himself by order of Nobunaga ODA, and the second son Hideyasu YUKI was adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (and later by Harutomo YUKI), so the third son Hidetada TOKUGAWA was determined early on as his successor, but there was an episode that Ieyasu had a question about Hidetada's capability because he arrived late in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ieyasu asked his vassals, including the fourth son Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA, who was the appropriate successor.
- その様な中真宗大谷派の三河護法会はこの様な動きが他藩に波及することを恐れ、何度か協議を重ねた後まず宗規を破って請書を提出した西方寺と光輪寺を詰問するため、総監の碧海郡高取村専修坊星川法沢と幹事である同郡小川村(安城市)の蓮泉寺石川台嶺を中心に同年3月8日同郡矢作村暮戸に真宗僧侶の会合を開いた。
- Meanwhile, the Mikawa Goho (the defense of Buddhism) Association of Otani sect of Shinshu was afraid of spreading those movements into the other domains, therefore, the association held a meeting of Buddhist monks of Shinshu sect in Yahagi Village, Aomi County by Hotaku HOSHIKAWA, a Senju-bo (specialized monk) and a general office director, from Takatori Village, Aomi County and Tairei ISHIKAWA, a manager, from Rensen-ji Temple in Ogawa Village, Aomi County on March 8, 1871 in order to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple closely which submitted the letter of acknowledgement with the violation of the religious regulations after a series of conferences.
- しかしながら、家康による古活字本開版の準備が1603年(慶長8年)には始まっていることから、この説には疑問もあり、楮紙の古い料紙の32冊と、楮紙の古い料紙に修善寺紙を用いた補入が施されている10冊、修善寺紙のみの1冊の計43巻を家康は1603年(慶長8年)以前に一括して手に入れていたと推定される。
- However, a doubt about this view arose because Ieyasu had already begun to prepare to publish old typographic books in 1603, and it is conjectured that in 1603 he had already got 32 bundles of kozo (paper mulberry), 10 bundles of kozo to which Shuzenji paper was added, and a bundle of Shuzenji paper only, which came to 43 bundles all together.
- そして2年後、秀頼は右大臣に昇ったものの、この年に家康は将軍職も2年後に息子徳川秀忠に譲って将軍職の世襲の意思を表し、同じ年に九条兼孝に代わって一連の問題の発端となった近衛信尹(信輔改め、慶長6年(1601年)左大臣還任)が相論発生以来21年目にして関白に任命されて五摂家による持ち回りが復活した。
- Two years later, Hideyori was elevated to the position of Udaijin, and yet, Ieyasu yielded the position of Shogun to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, showing his determination to pass down the position by hereditary succession; in the same year, in place of Kanetaka KUJO, Nobutada KONOE (whose name had changed from Nobusuke and who had been reinstated to Sadaijin in 1601) was appointed to Kanpaku for the first time in twenty-one years since he had started the soron, having caused a series of troubles thereafter; here, the tradition of rotating the position of Kanpaku among the five sekke was restored.
- 『日本書紀』の説の問題点は、飯豊青皇女が執政を始めた時は億計尊・弘計尊の兄弟はもう宮中にいて、この兄弟の代理で一時的に政務を預かったにすぎないばかりか、ちょうど都合よくなぜか1年に満たない執政10ヶ月で死去して顕宗天皇が即位したため清寧天皇と顕宗天皇の間には空位年がないことになっていることである。
- The problem of the theory of 'Nihonshoki' is that Oke no mikoto's brothers had already been in Imperial Palace when Iitoyo no himemiko began her administration and on behalf of the brothers she just temporarily did administration and conveniently after her 10 months' administration, which was short for one year, she passed away and Emperor Kenzo was enthroned and thus there was no blank year between Emperor Seinei and Emperor Kenzo.
- これについて「参謀総長であった大山巌・山縣有朋が御前会議に出席している」という反証が出されるが、大山・山縣はこの時に元老の待遇を受けて、国政について諮問を受ける立場にあったために参加を求められたものであり、当時の記録類にも大山・山縣は「元老」として記載されて「参謀総長」という肩書きは書かれていない。
- As for the conference, counter-evidence was given saying 'the Chief of the General Staff Iwao OYAMA and Aritomo YAMAGATA attended the conference in the presence of the Emperor', however the reason why they were there was that they received treatment of Genro and had to be inquired about the state policy, also in the record at that time their titles were described not as 'the Chief of the General Staf' but 'Genro.'
- さらに翌年、岩倉具視以下岩倉使節団一行が、訪問先のアメリカ大統領ユリシーズ・S・グラント、英女王ヴィクトリア (イギリス女王)、デンマーク王クリスチャン9世 (デンマーク王)らに、禁教政策を激しく非難され、明治政府のキリスト教弾圧が不平等条約改正の最大のネックであることを思い知らされることになった。
- Furthermore, in the following year, the Iwakura Mission, led by Tomomi IWAKURA, was strongly criticized at each destination by the U.S. President Ulysses S. GRANT, Queen of England Victoria, and Danish King Christian IX for the anti-Christian policy, which made the Mission members realize that the Meiji Government's crackdown on Christianity was the biggest obstacle to the revision of unequal treaties.
- 近年注目されるミトコンドリアDNA研究によると、縄文人も弥生人もどちらも北東アジア(中国、シベリア、ブリヤート人、朝鮮半島)に類似したデオキシリボ核酸が多く分布しており、縄文人を南方系、弥生人を北方系とする埴原和郎の二重構造説は疑問視されてはいるが、日本民族が多重構造であること自体は肯定的な意見が強い。
- According to recent mitochondrial DNA research, both the Jomon people and Yayoi people have DNA resembling that of the people of North East Asia (China, Siberia, Buryat and Korean), casting doubt on the multiple structure theory of Kazuro HANIWARA, which purported the Jomon people to be a southern lineage and Yayoi people a northern lineage, though it confirms the multiple structure theory of the Japanese race itself.
- 1985年のイラン・イラク戦争において、イラクのイラン上空の航空機に対する無差別攻撃宣言に対し、イラン国内に取り残された日本人が、自衛隊の海外派遣不可の原則のために自衛隊機による救援を受けられなかったうえ、日本航空の組合問題により日本航空インターナショナル機による救援もできないために危機的状況にあった。
- In 1985 during the Iran-Iraq War, when Iraq proclaimed indiscriminate attacks to any aircraft flew over Iran, the Japanese people in Iran were stuck in a crisis because the rescue by Self-Defense Force was not made according to the principle that the overseas dispatch of Self-Defense Force troops is prohibited, and Japan Airlines did not fly JAL international airplanes because of a union issue.
- これは当時の町・村が高い自治意識を持って外部からの干渉を極力排除しようとした表れであったが、その一方で共同体の自治機能に基づく「内済」による解決の論理は、封建権力から見れば民衆間の揉め事は共同体内部で解決すべき問題であると捉え、支配者(公儀)は民衆に対する「恩恵」として訴願の権利を与える存在に過ぎなかった。
- This shows that towns and villages of the times had a strong sense of autonomy enough to eliminate interference of outside as much as possible, on the other hand, in the logic of the settlement out of court based on the autonomous function of community, feudal authories considered the conflict between people was supposed to be settled in the community, and that governors (kogi) were only taking a position that could give a right of appeal to people as a 'benefit'.
- だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
- Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- 伊藤らは天皇と宮中側の関係を改めさせようとしたが、急速に立憲制が確立することで公家出身の門地に依存してきた自分の地位が危うくなることを危惧した三条や岩倉は、元田や佐々木らの宮中側勢力を完全に抑えることには消極的で、大隈財政末期の外債発行問題などでは宮中側と連携して太政官側を動かそうとする動きも見せたのである。
- While Ito and others attempted to change the relationship between the Emperor and the Imperial court, Sanjo and Iwakura were disinclined to completely suppress the power of Imperial court side including Motoda and Sasaki, in fear that their own status defended by the lineage of court noble would be undermined by the rapid establishment of constitutionalism, and they even cooperated with the Imperial court side to put pressure on the Dajokan side over the problem of the issuance of foreign bonds in the closing days of Okuma finance.
- 上嶋家文書の真偽をめぐって学界では意見がわかれ、概ね否定的見解が主流であったが、後にその記載内容を裏書きする古文書が兵庫県揖保郡揖保川町新在家の豪農であった永富家(元楠木同族会顧問 鹿島建設株式会社会長鹿島守之助の生家)から発見され、この系図は江戸後期の写しであっても、古本を書写したものであることが証明された。
- The credibility of this document has been a controversial issue in the society of Japanese history that majority of them viewed as false; however, an old document that was found in the house of a wealthy farmer, the Nagatomi family (the birthplace of Morinosuke KAJIMA who was the chairman of Kajima Corporation and the former advisor of the Kusunoki family council) in Shinzaike, Ibokawa-cho in Ibo-gun, Hyogo Prefecture and it was revealed that this geneology recorded in this manuscrit during the late Edo Period was actually copied from an old document.
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- この契約書に関しては、1966年、参議院商工委員会で鈴木一弘委員(当時)が有効性があるのかと問いただしたところ、農林省、通産省の担当者は、それぞれ、契約書に署名した水利組合理事長に独断でそのような契約を結ぶ権限があったか疑わしく、また、契約後も鉱毒被害が発生していることから、永久示談の成立には否定的な答弁を行っている。
- Regarding this composition, in 1966, the Committee of Commerce and Industry of the House of Councilors, a member (at that time) Kazuhiro SUZUKI questioned its validity, and the representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry answered that they did not think the final composition had been valid nor was valid, since it was doubtful that the chairperson of the water supply union had had the authority to make such a composition with a company and after the composition the mining pollution had been ruining them.
- 明治14年に大阪府に編入されたことは廃藩置県後の県の整理の一環と見られるが、全国的に見ればその作業は完了しており、逆に大き過ぎる県の分割の方に問題が移りつつあった中での合併であった(現実に堺県の合併以後、北海道の再編と太平洋戦争後のアメリカ合衆国軍の軍政施行によって一時廃止された沖縄県以外に都道府県が廃止された例はない)。
- The fact that Sakai Prefecture was incorporated into Osaka Prefecture in 1881 was seen as part of the reorganization of prefectures after Haihan-chiken, yet, from the national level, the work had already been completed; therefore, it was more about the merge in the midst of the problem associated with partition of prefectures that were too big (in reality, after the merge of Sakai Prefecture, there have been no cases where the administrative divisions of Japan have been abolished, except for the reorganization of Hokkaido and the temporary abolition of the Okinawa Prefecture due to the military polices implemented by the US military after the Pacific War).
- 『日本書紀』によれば、清寧天皇の治世中にすでに仁賢天皇(おけのみこと)と顕宗天皇(おけのみこと)は発見されており、後継問題は解決されていたが、清寧天皇崩御後に億計尊と弘計尊が皇位を相譲したため、飯豊青皇女が忍海角刺宮(おしぬみのつのさしのみや、奈良県葛城市忍海郡の角刺神社が伝承地)で執政し、「忍海飯豊青尊」と称したという。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Emperor Ninken and Emperor Kenzo had already been discovered in the administration of Emperor Seinei and the successor issue was solved, but after the demise of Emperor Seinei, Oke no mikoto (億計尊) and Oke no mikoto (弘計尊) ceded the Imperial Throne and Iitoyo no himemiko engaged in state affairs in Oshinumi no tsunosashi no miya (Tsunosashi Shrine in Oshimi-gun, Katsuragi City, Nara Prefecture is the traditional place) and called herself 'Oshimi Iitoyo ao no mikoto.'
- だが、1883年頃から政府の圧力が強まり、加えて自由党の板垣退助の洋行問題を巡る疑惑追及を行うと、逆に自由党側からも前島や尾崎・犬養と関係が強く同党の機関紙となっていた郵便報知新聞などが政府の資金を受けているとの疑惑が出されて 岩崎弥太郎を海坊主になぞらえた「海坊主退治」キャンペーンが繰り広げられたことから、泥仕合となった。
- Around 1883, as the pressure from the government increased, the party looked into the alleged problems of the Liberal party concerning Taisuke ITAGAKI's going abroad, but instead encountered a backlash from the Liberal party to fling mud at each other, with a scandal that insisted Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper, the party's official publication, having a strong relationship with Maejima, Ozaki and Inukai, was financed by the government, through a campaign of to denounce 'monstrous' Yataro IWASAKI.
- しかし大津地裁で扱われるべき事件を正常な手続きなしで大審院に移したり(大逆罪の適用を考慮していた為、皇室罪に関する裁判はすべて大審院における一審において判決が下されることから、適用可否判断を含め地裁ではなく大審院に持ち込まれることになった)、裁判に直接関わっていなかった児島が干渉を重ねたことは裁判官の独立等の問題として残った。
- Basically, Tsuda's trial should have been handled by the Otsu District Court, but it was taken over by Daishin-in without taking a formal procedure (Since Tsuda's case could be treated as a high treason, Daishin-in, which handled all crime cases against the Imperial family, was required to judge whether it should be treated as a high treason and if so, rendered a judgment).
- だが、一向に新政府からの音沙汰がないのに不満を抱いた伊藤は、薩長土肥の藩主が版籍奉還の上表を行ったという報を聞きつけ、部下である県判事の中島、権判事の田中、同じく英学者で県出仕(顧問に相当する)の何と相談して建白書の提出を図り、これに偶々伊藤と面識を持った陸奥も加わって5人連名で提出したのが6ヶ条からなる『国是綱目』であった。
- However, Ito was frustrated because he had not heard a word from the new government, and once he caught a news that the lord of the domains (Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen) submitted the memorial to the emperor that they would return their lands and people to the emperor, Ito planned to submit the petition with his subordinates, Nakajima (Assistant Judicial Officer), Tanaka (Assistant Judicial Officer), Ga (Scholar of English, served for prefecture as an advisor), and also Mutsu who happened to get to know Ito joined them, and they all submitted in their five joint names 'kokuzekomoku' which was composed of the six points.
- 水田が多いことから溜池が至る所に点在していること、市内に古くから有数の釣りスポットである中山池があること、また近隣に一庫ダム(兵庫県)、日吉ダム、大野ダム、和知ダム(京都府)といった大規模ダムと由良川、保津川といった有数の鮎釣りスポットがあることから年齢問わず広いジャンルの「釣り」を趣味に持つ人が多く、他府県からの来訪者も多い。
- Many people of all ages in the city enjoy a wide variety of fishing, with many visitors from other prefectures due to the following reasons: first, farm ponds are scattered around the city due to the many rice fields; second, the city boasts the Nakayama-ike Pond, one of the best fishing spots from old times; and third, large dams such as Hitokura Dam (Hyogo Prefecture), Hiyoshi Dam, Ono Dam and Wachi Dam (Kyoto Prefecture) as well as rivers such as the Yura-gawa and Hozu-gawa Rivers, also being some of the best fishing spots, are situated nearby,
- 浅野内匠頭の弟であり、兄の養子に入っていた浅野長広は刃傷発生を知ると即刻伝奏屋敷(現在の東京都千代田区丸の内1-4日本工業倶楽部)から鉄砲州の上屋敷(現在の東京都中央区 (東京都)明石町 (東京都中央区)聖路加国際病院)に駆けつけたが、浅野内匠頭の正室の阿久里(後の瑤泉院)から上野介の生死について問われても答えられないほど狼狽していたといわれる。
- It is said that when Nagahiro ASANO, who was a brother of Asano Takumi no Kami and his adopted son, rushed from the residence for imperial envoys (current location of Japan Industrial Club at 1-4 Marunouchi, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo) to the Tepposhu Kamiyashiki (one of the residences granted to the feudal lord) (current location of St. Luke's International Hospital in Akashi-cho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo) as soon as he received the news about the attack, he was in such panic and unable to answer any question from Asano Takumi no Kami's wife Aguri (later known as Yozenin) about Kozuke no suke's survival.
- 明治新政府内では、明治元年(1868年)、総裁局顧問専任として政体書を建言し「官吏公選」や参議内閣制など新政府と新国家の骨格作りに尽力し続けた木戸孝允が実質的な初代宰相に相当し、留守政府を預かって四民平等など残されていた諸施策を断行した西郷隆盛が第二代宰相に相当し、明治六年政変以後ビスマルク然と君臨し始めた大久保利通が実質的な第三代宰相に相当する。
- Of the New Meiji Government, there were three virtual saisho (prime minister), Takayoshi KIDO proposed the Constitution of 1868 as a full-time advisor to the General Bureau in 1868 and contributed to structuring the frame of the new government and state system through 'kanri kosen (public election of government officials)', sangi naikaku sei (councilor cabinet system), Takamori SAIGO led the government and carried out remaining various policies such as shimin byodo (equality of all people) while some of highest ranks of governments were away on inspection trip to America and Europe (Iwakura Mission), Toshimichi OKUBO began to reign as if Otto von Bismarck after the Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (the political change in 1873, starting from disputes over Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea)).
- 江戸幕府が王政復古 (日本)により倒れると、薩摩藩・長州藩を中心に成立した明治政府は幕府から外交権を引き継いだが、戊辰戦争の終結によって明治政府が日本の正統な政府であることが諸外国に認められると、1869年2月4日(明治元年12月23日_(旧暦))に明治政府は江戸幕府が勅許を得ずに締結した条約には問題がある点を指摘し、将来的な条約改正の必要性を通知した。
- When the Edo bakufu was overthrown in the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan), the Meiji government, mainly established by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, took over the control over the diplomacy from the bakufu, and when the Meiji government was accepted by foreign countries as a legitimate government of Japan after the end of the Boshin War, it announced on February 4, 1869 that the it was necessary to revise the treaties in the future, pointing out that treaties concluded by the Edo bakufu without the admission of the Emperor had some problems.
- 弥生時代における鉄器の生産には、材料となる鉄を切り・折り取り、刃を磨き出すことによって作られる鏨切り技法と、鍛造により形を作り出す鍛造技法があることがわかっている(ごく一部の例について、鋳造により作られた可能性が示唆されているが、鉄を溶かすためにはきわめて高温の操業に耐えうる炉が必要であり、弥生時代にこのような技術が存在したかどうかは疑問視されている)。
- There are two types of ironware manufacturing methods during the Yayoi period; a cold chisel cutting method that cuts/breaks off iron material and grind to sharpen its edge, and a forging method that create shapes by forging (Although a very few cases are suspected with a possibility of the casting method, a furnace that can withstand operation at high temperature is required to melt iron and it is questionable if there was such technology during the Yayoi period.)
- 京都七口は元来、京都と七道を結ぶ街道の入口として設置されたと考えられ、大原口(小原口・八瀬口→北陸道)・鞍馬口(出雲路口)・粟田口(東三条口→東海道)・伏見口(宇治口・木幡口→南海道)・鳥羽口(→西海道)・丹波口(西七条口・七条口→山陰道)・長坂口(→(丹波道))の7つと言われているが、これは関所が廃止された江戸時代以後の説で史実に即しているのか疑問を持たれている。
- It is thought that Kyoto nanakuchi were originally set as entrances to the roads connecting Kyoto and seven circuits, and are said to be the Oohara entrance (the Ohara Entrance, the Yase entrance: the Hokuriku road), the Kurama entrance (the Izumo road entrance), the Awata entrance (the Higashi-sanjo entrance: the Tokai road), the Fushimi entrance (the Uji entrance, the Kohata entrance: the Nankai road), the Toba entrance (the Saikai road), the Tanba entrance (the Nishi-shichijo entrance, the Shichijo entrance: the Sanin road) and the Nagasaka entrance (the Tanba road); however, this theory came about after the Edo Period and when such checkpoints had been abolished, so there are doubts surrounding whether these are historical facts.
- つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族(人種)差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子(姑、嫁)が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」(『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
- For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).
- その後、通貨改革によって正貨・贋貨を問わず全ての現行貨幣を引き揚げて早急に(既に大隈より明治5年11月までという案が出されていた)に引き換えを行うこと、応急措置として外国人の所持する二分金(実は一番問題となっていた政府及び諸藩発行の悪貨・贋貨でもあった)の検査を行って、封包を行って検印を施し、それを行ったものについてはたとえ贋貨であっても正貨と等価による納税または交換を認めることを了承させられたのである。
- After this, the Japanese government was forced to consent to pulling out all current currency, regardless of it being specie or counterfeit (it was already proposed by OKUMA that this would be done by May 11), and exchanging it immediately, and as a temporary measure, the nibukin owned by foreigners (this bad money/counterfeit issued by the government and domains was the biggest problem) were to be examined, encapsulated, put a stamp of approval, and handed out, and those that went though this were to be accepted as tax payment or exchange equivalent to the specie even if it was counterfeit.
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- これは、2月に太政大臣に就任したばかりである近衛前久が5月に突如辞任していること、本能寺の変後の7月17日_(旧暦)に羽柴秀吉から毛利輝元に宛てられた手紙において、秀吉が信長のことを「大相国」と呼んでいるが、信長に対する太政大臣贈官が宮中で論じられたのは同年10月の事であること、加えてその結果出された贈官の宣命には「重而太政大臣」の語句があり、これを太政大臣の辞令が出されたのが2度目であると解釈して、1度目の辞令を三職推任問題の時に既に太政大臣就任の内諾を信長から得たことにより、非公式な内定が出されていたと解している。
- He thinks that the informal decision of appointing Nobunaga as Daijo daijin had been already made after confirming his informal consent when Haretoyo talked about Sanshoku suinin mondai based on the following facts: Sakihisa KONOE, who assumed Daijo daijin in March (February in old lunar calendar), abruptly resigned in June (May in old lunar calendar); Hideyoshi called Nobunaga 'Daishokoku' (the Grand Minister) in his letter to Terumoto MORI on August 15 (July 17 in old lunar calendar) after the Honnoji Incident, while the formal discussion at court on granting a posthumous title of Daijo daijin to Nobunaga was in October; and the subsequently issued Emperor's order of the posthumous title for Nobunaga contained a word 'choji Dajodaijin' (重而太政大臣) (the Grand Minister again), which Hashimoto believed meant the second appointment of Nobunaga as Daijo daijin.