商人: 822 Terms and Phrases

• 商人
• trader
• shopkeeper
• merchant
• Akindo
• dealer
• monger
• tradesman
• trafficker
• OK

• 大商人
• major dealer
• wealthy merchant

• 夜商人
• night shopkeeper

• 旅商人
• peddler

• 小商人
• small businessman
• petty trader
• petty merchant
• small merchant

• 商人沼
• Akindonuma

• 牛商人
• ox seller
• ox vendor

• 行商人
• peddler
• pedlar
• hawker
• faker
• huckster
• vendor
• itinerant traders

• 商人街
• business street

• 商人川
• Akindogawa

• 商人の
• mercantile

• 商人沢
• Akindosawa

• 商人留
• Akihitodome

• 商人鼻
• Akindobana

• 闇商人
• black marketeer

• ご用商人
• a purveyor to the government

• 近江商人
• Omi shonin

• 酒保商人
• Sutler

• 大道商人
• street vendor
• peddler
• hawker

• 武器商人
• arms dealer

• 中間商人
• middleman
• broker

• 商人根性
• mercenary spirit
• commercial motives
• a nose for profit
• moneygrubbing disposition

• 露天商人
• sidewalk vendor
• street peddler
• street vendor

• 商人気質
• mercantile mind-set
• mercenary spirit
• being intent on making a profit

• 縁日商人
• festival vendor

• 御用商人
• a purveyor to the government

• 古物商人
• antiques dealer

• 死の商人
• merchant of death
• arms dealer

• 昔の商人
• merchant of old

• 家畜商人
• vaquero

• 露店商人
• vendor

• 小売商人
• merchant
• tradesman

• 指定商人
• authorized merchant
• purveyor

• 果物商人
• fruiterer

• 商人団体
• guild

• 伊勢商人
• Ise shonin

• 毛皮商人
• Fur Trader
• a Fur Trader

• 毛皮商人肺
• furrier's lung

• 大阪商人。
• Osaka shonin (Osaka merchant)

• 古代の商人
• merchant of old

• 文房具商人
• stationer

• もぐり商人
• interloper

• 擬制的商人
• constructive merchant

• 小間物商人
• haberdasher

• 豪商・商人
• Wealthy merchants and tradesmen

• タバコ商人
• a Tobacconist

• ベニスの商人
• The Merchant of Venice (play by William Shakespeare)

• 出入りの商人
• one's regular tradesman

• 呼び売り商人
• huckster

• 毛皮商人の家
• Fur trader's house

• ジブチの商人
• Djiboutian merchants

• ヴェニスの商人
• The Merchant of Venice (play by William Shakespeare)

• 敷物を売る商人
• a merchant who sells rugs

• 若い砂の行商人
• a young peddler of sand

• 書籍を売る商人
• a merchant who sells books

• 紳士用装身具商人
• haberdasher

• 男性用服飾品商人
• haberdasher

• 行商人を指す古語
• archaic term for an itinerant peddler

• 巡回している商人
• an itinerating merchant

• 商人の氏名及び住所
• the name and address of the merchant;

• ５４．塩商人とロバ
• The Salt Merchant and His Ass

• １１３．三人の商人
• The Three Tradesmen

• 彼は有名な商人だ。
• He is a famous merchant.

• 商人への品物の販売
• the selling of goods to merchants

• 穀物を取り扱う商人
• a merchant who deals in food grains

• 江戸商人、上方商人
• Edo merchants, and merchants in Kyoto and Osaka

• 三井高利（御用商人）
• Takatoshi MITSUI (a purveyor to the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun])

• 子孫は商人となった。
• His descendants became merchants.

• 織物の商人（特に絹）
• a dealer in textiles (especially silks)

• 小売で商品を売る商人
• a merchant who sells goods at retail

• 男性の衣服を売る商人
• a merchant who sells men's clothing

• 汚く装ったラクダ商人
• a dirtily dressed camel driver

• マンチェスターの商人
• Mancunian merchants

• 安価な既製服を扱う商人
• a dealer in cheap ready-made clothing

• 商人が頭をあげると、」
• He raises his head, and - '

• 小銀杏：商人風の銀杏髷。
• Koicho: A merchant-style Ichomage.

• 商船は中型の商人船です。
• The Merchantman is a medium-sized merchant ship.

• あの商人は絹織物を商う。
• The merchant deals in silk goods.

• かつてのマフィンの行商人
• formerly an itinerant peddler of muffins

• 商人出身という説もある。
• There is also a theory that he was of the merchant class.

• 文房具や事務用品を売る商人
• a merchant who sells writing materials and office supplies

• 商人の固定位置（特に露天）
• a vendor's position (especially on the sidewalk)

• 鳥肉やその加工品を扱う商人
• a dealer in poultry and poultry products

• 会社以外の商人の支配人の登記
• Registration of Manager of Merchants Other Than Companies

• 商人はその政治家に贈賄した。
• The merchant bribed the politician.

• 行商人は連雀商人と呼ばれた。
• Traveling peddlers were called 'renjaku merchants' (so named for their use of renjaku, a wooden frame for carrying goods on one's back).

• 彼女は金持ちの商人と結婚した。
• She married a rich merchant.

• 商人は商品を売り買いする人だ。
• A merchant is a person who buys and sells goods.

• 安物または粗悪な商品を扱う商人
• a merchant who deals in shoddy or inferior merchandise

• 彼女は商人に100ドル値切った
• She beat the merchant down $100

• ジョージは商人として身を立てた。
• George set up as a merchant.

• 商人はその政治家に賄賂を送った。
• The merchant sent the politician a bribe.

• 手押し車で果物や野菜を売る行商人
• a hawker of fruit and vegetables from a barrow

• 金ではなく、物と物を交換する商人
• a trader who exchanges goods and not money

• キム・マンドク 美しき伝説の商人
• The Great Merchant

• 商人が通る道（ふつう隊を組んで）
• a route followed by traders (usually in caravans)

• 食料品（および日用品）を売る商人
• a retail merchant who sells foodstuffs (and some household supplies)

• 商人でも農場経営者でもなかった。
• nor was he a merchant or a gentleman farmer.

• 上総国山辺郡田間村の商人の三男。
• He was the third son of a merchant in Tama Village, Yamabe County, Kazusa Province.

• 江戸時代の伊勢国出身の商人である。
• They were merchants came from Ise Province in the Edo period.

• （近江日野商人館長・満田良順氏）。
• (Yoshinobu MANDA, Director of the Museum of Omi Hino Merchants).

• 彼には商人になった息子が２人いる。
• He has two sons who became merchants.

• ブラウンさんは羊毛を扱う商人です。
• Mr Brown is a wool merchant.

• 彼らは商人ではなくて、農場主です。
• They are not merchants, but farmers.

• 店を所有したり、経営したりする商人
• a merchant who owns or manages a shop

• と商人は女に近寄って声をかけた――
• he exclaimed, approaching her,--

• 彼はその商人を完全に信じていました。
• He believed the merchant entirely.

• 彼は政治家というよりもむしろ商人だ。
• He is not so much a politician as a merchant.

• 行商人は大きな包みを背負って運んだ。
• The peddler carried a big bundle on his back.

• 帆やロープ、その他帆船用具を扱う商人
• a dealer in sails and ropes and other supplies for sailing ships

• ヴェニスの商人 (2004年の映画)
• The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

• きゃッと声をあげて商人は逃げ出した。
• and he screamed and ran away. (2)

• ある瀬戸物の商人が口をはさみました。
• said a china merchant,

• 商人：水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営んだ。
• Merchants: Practiced by mizunomi, tenants, or hyakusho.

• 毛皮商人 (コート %amount%)
• A Fur Trader (%amount% Coats)

• 小売商人は卸しで仕入れて小売りで売る。
• A retail merchant buys wholesale and sells retail.

• これが商人らの競争を加速したと思われる。
• This may have accelerated competition among the merchants.

• 転じて、そのような商売をする商人を指す。
• It has changed its meaning to merchants running such a business.

• 大阪や九州、対馬の商人が多かったという。
• Most of them were merchants from Osaka, Kyushu, and Tsushima.

• その結果として、彼は偉大な商人になった。
• As a result, he became a great merchant.

• ヒンズー教の、商人および専門職のカースト
• a member of the mercantile and professional Hindu caste

• と出来る限りやさしく商人は再び云った――
• he said again, as gently as he could,--

• その長い一方の袖を以て商人に顔を隠して。
• hiding her face from him with one of her long sleeves.

• 博多商人の至本が綱司（船長）に指名された。
• A merchant in Hakata, Shihon, was designated as Goji.

• また上町商人からなる振武附属隊も作られた。
• In addition, an auxiliary troop of the Shinbu-tai troop, composed of merchants in Kamicho, was also organized.

• 日本人商人との貿易は居留地内に限定された。
• Trade between foreigners and Japanese merchants was only permitted within these settlements.

• - 取次を営業としておこなう商人のひとつ。
• A type of merchant that conducts commission businesses.

• ベテラン毛皮商人は毛皮をコートに変えます。
• The Master Fur Trader turns furs into coats.

• 法制よりもむしろ商人たちの慣習から生まれた
• derived from the practices of traders rather than from jurisprudence

• その人はホンコンで成功した商人でしてね。」
• a rich merchant at Hong Kong.'

• その結果、武士が商人に依存するようになった。
• As a result, in reality samurai became dependent on the merchants.

• タバコ商人 (葉巻タバコ %amount%)
• A Tobacconist (%amount% Cigars)

• その勤勉な商人は自分の祖先を崇拝しています。
• The industrious merchant worships his ancestors.

• 靴下（と（英国では）ニットウェア）を売る商人
• a tradesman who sells hosiery and (in England) knitwear

• お金持ちの商人の美しい花嫁となっていました。
• she was the beautiful bride of a rich merchant.

• 伊勢商人の屋号は主に「伊勢屋」「丹波屋」など。
• As their main trade names, Ise shonin used those such as 'Ise-ya' (store Ise), 'Tanba-ya' (store Tanba) and so on.

• 彼には息子が２人いるが、２人とも商人になった。
• He has two sons, who became merchants.

• ナポレオンは、イギリス人を商人の国民と呼んだ。
• Napoleon called the English a nation of shopkeepers.

• 金持ちの商人はその子を養子にして跡取りとした。
• The rich merchant adopted the boy and made him his heir.

• 多くの商人が、あらゆるものを売り買いしていた。
• mostly merchants ready to buy or sell anything.

• この行商人は、大酒飲みで獣のような人間でした。
• This man was a drunkard and a brute.

• 商人は蕎麦売りの足下に身を投げ倒して声をあげた
• and he flung himself down at the feet of the soba-seller, crying out,

• arti は手工業者や商人の同業者組合である。
• 'Arti' were craft or trade guilds,

• また、大阪の金持ちの商人の事情にくわしかった。
• He also knew well about rich merchants in Osaka.

• 父の地盤を引き継ぎ徳川家御用達商人をつとめる。
• He succeeded to his father's position and served as a merchant holding the Tokugawa family's warrant.

• 又江戸では伊勢出身の商人はかなり多かったらしい。
• Moreover, it is believed that there were quite a lot of merchants who came from Ise in Edo.

• 商人はわずかな街の共益金負担のみで無税であった。
• Merchants did not have to pay tax except a service charge for his/her own town.

• すなわち取引所に、商人どもの集っている中にいた。
• on 'Change, amongst the merchants;

• 商人に使用済みのボトル再生することを要求する法令
• a statute that would require merchants to reclaim used bottles

• 商人と野卑な男たち以外に家を訪れる者はなかった。
• No company came to the house, save dealers and coarse men.

• 博多商人の家格において「大賀格」が基準とされた。
• The 'Oga-kaku rank' was considered as the standard 'kakaku' (literally, family status or rank) among the merchants of Hakata.

• こうした商人もまた、土倉のルーツと考えられている。
• Doso are thought to have developed from these merchants.

• 又伊勢商人独自の情報ネットワークが指摘されている。
• Moreover, the Ise shonin are believed to have had their own information networks.

• 正保3年（1646年）に上洛、武士から商人に転業。
• In 1646, he came to Kyoto and changed his career from samurai to merchant.

• 室町時代の終わり頃、紀ノ国屋道林という商人がいた。
• At the end of the Muromachi period lived a merchant named Dorin KINOKUNIYA.

• ある晩、ひとりの商人が帰り道にその坂を登っていた。
• One night a merchant was walking up the slope on his way home.

• その少年は頭がよかったので、商人の取引に役立った。
• That boy was so clever that he was helpful to the merchant in dealing.

• 商人は彼女の無知に付け込んで、その絵を安く買った。
• The dealer took advantage of her ignorance and bought the picture very cheap.

• 商人はその手を軽く女の肩の上に置いて説き立てた――
• He laid his hand lightly upon her shoulder, and pleaded:--

• 徐ろに女は起ち上ったが、商人には背中を向けていた。
• Slowly she rose up, but turned her back to him,

• 商人が組織した組合などの事務所を「会所」と呼んだ。
• An office of a merchant guild or a similar association was called 'kaisho.'

• 大阪商人、伊勢商人と並ぶ日本三大商人の一つである。
• They are considered as one of the three major merchants in Japan along with merchants from Osaka and Ise.

• 明人日本在留の明国商人11名にも朱印状が発行された。
• Shuinjo was also granted to eleven Ming merchants living in Japan.

• 一方、日本の商人はポルトガル商船との交易を歓迎した。
• However, merchants in Japan welcomed trade with Portuguese coming aboard their merchant ships.

• 再興後は株数を増やされ、新興商人を取り込もうとした。
• After the reestablishment, they increased the number of shares and tried to take in emerging merchants.

• 大内氏や堺、奈良の商人の間でも独自の出版が行われた。
• The Ouchi clan as well as the merchants of Sakai and Nara began to produce their own unique publications.

• 町人地は、侍町の外側に配された商人や職人の町である。
• The townsmen district was located outside of the Samurai towns and was the town for merchants and craftsmen.

• 「寛明日記」によると、江戸の商人が流行らせたと言う。
• 'Kanmei Nikki' (Kanmei Diary) says merchants in Edo started the pilgrimage boom.

• ベテランタバコ商人はタバコから葉巻タバコを作ります。
• The Master Tobacconist makes cigars from tobacco.

• 江戸時代初期の豪商に多い「特権商人」の典型とされる。
• They are considered to be an epitome of a 'privileged merchant,' which was common among the wealthy merchants during the early Edo period.

• 『私の商賣』 - 商人としての面白さ、喜びを記した本
• 'My business' – A book stating interest and pleasure as a merchant.

• 著書「主従心得草」は近江商人の典型的な家訓とされる。
• His book 'Shujukokoroegusa' is regarded as a typical kakun (family percept) of Omi merchants.

• 下級武士・農民・職人・商人は一括して「平民」とされた。
• The low ranking samurai, the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants were collectively categorized as 'Heimin' (commoner).

• 山片重芳（升屋、大坂商人、仙台藩御用、山片蟠桃の主人）
• Shigeyoshi YAMAGATA (a money exchanger, a merchant in Osaka, a purveyor of the Sendai clan, the master of Banto YAMAGATA)

• 熊谷義比（長州藩御用商人、1795年 - 1860年）
• Yoshikazu KUMAYA (a purveyor of the Choshu clan, 1795 to 1860)

• 山城屋和助は長州人という縁故で兵部省御用商人となった。
• Wasuke YAMASHIROYA became a government contractor of Hyobusho (Ministry of Military) because he came from Choshu.

• 平安時代には桂女という女性の商人が洛中に行商を行った。
• In the Heian period, female traveling merchants called 'Katsurame' peddled in Rakuchu (central Kyoto).

• そこへ越後の縮緬商人新助が源左衛門に誤って突き当たる。
• Then Shinsuke, a merchant dealing with chirimen crepe, hits Genzaemon accidentally.

• 商人は引き返し、前よりもたくさんの塩を袋に詰め込んだ。
• The Peddler retraced his steps and refilled his panniers with a larger quantity of salt than before.

• 1960年代にイラン人の商人の子供達が結成したテロ組織
• a terrorist organization formed in the 1960s by children of Iranian merchants

• ロゼーヌはロゼーヌで、ボルドーの商人の息子だったのだ！
• Rozaine was Rozaine, the son of a Bordeaux merchant!

• この話は、かの国に通っている商人から聞いたものである。
• This is a tale passed down by merchants who traveled often to that province.

• この恩により、徳川家康の御用商人として取り立てられる。
• Based on this assistance he provided, he was granted Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's warrant as a merchant.

• 大坂は商人の町なので、江戸のような武士中心の町ではない。
• Unlike Edo, which was a city mainly of samurai, Osaka is a city of merchants.

• 大名貸し　大商人が蔵米を担保に大名に高利貸しをしたこと。
• Daimyogashi - When a major merchant lent money to a Daimyo at high interest with rice as collateral.

• 宗久は幕府の許可を得て御家人と商人間の仲裁を行っていた。
• By permission from the bakufu, Munehisa acted as an arbitrator for the gokenin and the merchants.

• 娘たちは商人がやって来たのを聞きつけて、みんな走り出た。
• The girls heard that a pedlar had come, and out they all ran,

• アキレスも他の子と一緒に商人が荷物を下ろすのを見ていた。
• Achilles with the rest to watch the pedlar undo his pack.

• ユリシーズは眉と髭を黒くし、フェニキア商人の衣装を着た。
• He blackened his eyebrows and beard and put on the dress of a Phoenician merchant.

• 商売または商人に関する、または、商売または商人に典型的な
• relating to or characteristic of trade or traders

• 『一商人として』 - 商人のあるべき姿と商売の要諦を教示
• 'As a merchant' – A book teaching what a merchant should be and the essence of business.

• 商人は到着から通商までの3か月から半年間を鴻臚館内で滞在。
• The merchants were obliged to stay inside the Korokan for three to six months, from their arrival until commercial transactions.

• 筑紫館はまた外国商人らの検問・接待・貿易などに用いられた。
• Moreover, Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used for various purposes such as inspection of foreign merchants, entertainment and trade.

• こうした商人は預かった財産を元手に金融業を始める者もいた。
• Some of those merchants started moneylending businesses using the fortunes they were asked to keep.

• その後、商人に信仰され、日本各地に普及していったのである。
• After that, they were worshiped by merchants, and spread to various places in Japan.

• 彼はそこの商人とよく取り引きしていたから、と言うのだった。
• with the merchants of which country he had principally traded.

• ロゼーヌは、自分はボルドーに住む大商人の息子だと言明した。
• It seemed that he was the son of a wealthy Bordeaux merchant.

• むかし丹波の国に稻村屋源助という金持ちの商人が住んでいた。
• A long time ago, in the province of Tamba (1), there lived a rich merchant named Inamuraya Gensuke.

• 松ヶ島の武士や商人を強制的に移住させて城下町を作り上げた。
• Merchants and samurai warriors around Matsugashima were forced to shift homes and a castle town was built.

• 田沼は平賀をオランダ商人のいる出島に遊学させた事もあった。
• Tanuma let him study in Dejima, where Dutch merchants lived.

• 江戸幕府の御用達商人を引継ぎ、長崎代官補佐役などを務める。
• He took over as a merchant holding the Edo bakufu's warrant, and he also served as an assistant to the local governor of Nagasaki.

• 浅野家のお出入り商人で赤穂浪士達の武器を調達したといわれる。
• As a merchant regularly he visited the Asano family, and is said to have prepared arms for the Ako roshi.

• 宋の商人は主に博多や越前敦賀へ来航し、私貿易が行われていた。
• The merchants in Sung mainly came to Hakata and Tsuruga, Echizen Province, to do private trade with Japanese.

• 商人は客商売ということもあってか、小さな控えめな髷を結った。
• Merchants preferred the small and plain topknot partly because they were engaged in the service industry.

• 家業を手伝うも商人には向かないと、母に相談して医業を学んだ。
• Although Norinaga had initially assisted in the family business, he later appealed to his mother that he would not be suitable for life as a merchant and instead studied medicine.

• 1849年（嘉永2年）に江戸に出て大豆等を扱う商人となった。
• In 1849, SHIMIZU moved to Edo, and became a merchant to deal with soybean products.

• 彼は博多商人の至本（国籍は不明）を綱司（船長）として推挙した。
• He recommended Hakata merchant Shihon (his citizenship is unknown) as captain.

• 江戸時代にも名主（なぬし）、庄屋、商人、武家において存在した。
• In the Edo period, they still served in houses of nanushi (village headman), shoya (village headman), merchants and samurai families.

• 富裕な商人も使用したが、公家や武家で着用されることはなかった。
• It was worn by affluent merchants, but was never worn by court nobles or the members of samurai family.

• 9世紀にスカンジナビアの商人によって設立された中世ロシアの国家
• the medieval Russian state established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century

• 大賀家はそののち博多商人の筆頭となり、大賀家は幕末まで続いた。
• The Oga family became head ('hitto' in Japanese) of all merchants of Hakata, and continued well into the Bakumatsu period (the last years of the Tokugawa shogunate).

• - 米商人が多く、1330年、後醍醐天皇が安価に米を拠出させた。
• Many rice merchants lived here and in 1330, Emperor Godaigo had them sell rice at a discounted price.

• また日元関係の悪化によって中国商人の博多定住も困難となっていた。
• In addition, the worsening relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty had made it difficult for Chinese merchants to live in Hakata.

• ベルナルディーノ・デ・アビラ・ヒロンはスペインの貿易商人である。
• Bernardino de Avila GIRON was a Spanish trading merchant.

• 商いも無事終わり、商人は宿へ帰ろうと、とある小川にさしかかった。
• His road home lay across a stream

• 「その中（うち）三枚は乾草商人の清算書で、受取済になっています。
• ``Three of them are receipted hay-dealers' accounts.

• 堺の大小路に居所を構える天王寺屋は堺でも有力商人として知られた。
• The Tennojiya, which took up residence in Oshoji in Sakai, was also known in Sakai as a powerful merchant.

• パーシー人の商人は、その多くが綿貿易によって一財産を築いていた。
• Many of the Parsee merchants have made great fortunes there by dealing in cotton.

• 自己又は第三者のためにその商人の営業の部類に属する取引をすること
• carry out, for himself/herself or for a third party, any transaction which is in the line of business of the merchant

• 反対に中小藩の中には商人側からの取引打切通知を受ける藩も現れた。
• On the other hand, some small or medium sized domains received a notice of deal termination from merchants.

• また、富裕な商人でもあり朝廷の財政に関わっていたといわれている。
• It is also said that he was a rich merchant and involved with the financial affairs of the Imperial Court.

• しかしアジア地域では同じような形態の商人もいまだ多く存在している。
• In Asia, however, there is still a lot of merchants who sell goods in such manner.

• この打ちこわしでは江戸に多かった西洋との貿易を扱う商人も襲われた。
• There were many trading merchants who had business with the West in Edo and during the riots, such merchants were also attacked.

• その後、江戸時代に歓喜天を鎮守として祀り、特に商人から信仰された。
• Later, during the Edo period, Kangiten was enshrined as a guardian deity and the temple came to be worshipped by merchants in particular.

• 本両替を利用したのは大名、有力商人など大口取引を行う者に限られた。
• Major customers of honryogae exchangers were limited to feudal lords and powerful merchants who handled large-amount transactions.

• 生産者、卸売商人又は小売商人が売却した産物又は商品の代価に係る債権
• a claim pertaining to the price of any product or goods sold by a manufacturer, wholesale merchant, or retail merchant;

• 江戸時代には商人身分は存在せず、士農工商の '商' は町人を指した。
• There was no merchant rank in the Edo period, and 'sho' (merchants) in Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) indicated townspeople.

• 江戸時代に庶民使いの漆器として、日野商人による行商で全国へ広まった。
• In the Edo period the Hino merchants peddled hinowan which became widespread as daily lacquerware all over Japan.

• 大量の品物を買って、そして究極の客にというよりは、商人に転売する誰か
• someone who buys large quantities of goods and resells to merchants rather than to the ultimate customers

• 4つのバルナの3番目：平民、ヨーマン農業者、商人、専門家のカテゴリー
• the third of the four varnas: the commoners or yeoman farmers or mercantile and professional category

• ハリエット・ビーチャー・ストーによる反奴隷制度小説での残酷な奴隷商人
• the cruel slave dealer in an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• ユリシーズはそれからフェニキア商人の恰好をして、背中に荷物を背負い、
• Ulysses then dressed himself like a Phoenician pedlar, with his pack on his back:

• 琥珀のロザリオを手にして、ラクダの傍らをゆっくり歩く貿易商人の話。
• of the merchants, who walk slowly by the side of their camels, and carry amber beads in their hands;

• 東本願寺当局者はもとより利害関係ある商人も連署して井上に嘆願書を提出。
• A petition was handed to Inoue signed by not only the authorities concerned with Higashi Hongan-ji Temple but also interested merchants.

• 春日神社-堺の有力商人から寄贈された手水鉢（ちょうずばち）が今も残る。
• Kasuga-jinja Shrine: There still remains chozubachi (a water basin used to rinse the hands or as a decorative element in gardens) donated by a powerful merchant in Sakai.

• 京都市指定文化財の杉本家住宅をはじめ、裕福な商人の多かった通りである。
• Many wealthy business people used to live on this street, beginning with the Sugimoto Residence which is a Kyoto City Designated Cultural Asset.

• 15世紀にフローレンスを支配した強力な商人と銀行家の上流イタリアの家族
• aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century

• 商人はクレジットカードの領収書と引き換えに手数料を引いた支払いを受ける
• merchants receive credit for credit card receipts less a processing fee

• 貉を見た最後の人は、約三十年前に死んだ京橋方面の年とった商人であった。
• The last man who saw the Mujina was an old merchant of the Kyobashi quarter, who died about thirty years ago.

• 田中家は代々丹波亀山藩の御用商人として取り立てられた商家として栄えた。
• Tanaka family continued to serve as goyo-shonin (a chartered merchant) for Kameyama Domain of Tanba Province and became a successful merchant.

• 付近の村落を城下に移住させたり、商人や職人を職種ごとに分けて移住させた。
• People from surrounding villages were moved into the joka and merchants and craftsmen were separated into their occupation.

• また商人の舟のように、遠い国から食糧を運んでくる。 (箴言 31:14)
• She is like the merchant ships. She brings her bread from afar. (Proverbs 31:14)

• こんな可憐なおもちゃが、絞首台と刑務所の御用商人だなんて、誰も考えまい。
• Who would think that so pretty a toy would be a purveyor to the gallows and the prison?

• 油問屋の奈良屋又兵衛の娘をめとった庄五郎は、油商人となり山崎屋を称した。
• Shogoro (Dosan) married a daughter of an oil merchant Matabe NARAYA, and became an oil-seller using the name Yamazaki-ya.

• 『平治物語』で「金商人」とされている事から、金売吉次の後身ともいわれる。
• It is also said that he was a reincarnation of Kichiji KANEURI for the reason that he was described as 'a gold dealer' in 'Heiji Monogatari' (The tale of the Heiji).

• 建設業界において、そのような商人は、『真鍮銘板』商人として記述されている
• in the building trade such a trader is picturesquely described as a `brass plate' merchant

• 江戸時代には、近江商人（八幡商人）による町の発展に大きな役割を果たした。
• In the Edo Period, it contributed to the development of the city by Omi shonin (Omi merchants), i.e. Hachiman shonin (Hachiman merchant).

• 正親町三条家との関連が強い官司と青苧商人のつながりより生じたものであろう。
• It seems to have been born of aoso merchants linked with government officials who had strong connections with the Ogimachisanjo family

• 1422年（応永29年） 美濃国国司が大山崎商人に不破関の無料通行を許す。
• 1422: The Kokushi (provincial governor) in Mino Province allowed the merchants from Oyamazaki to pass through the Fuwa-no-seki (Fuwa checkpoint) for free.

• 豊雄の姉は大和国石榴市（つばいち）に嫁いでいて、商人の田辺金忠の家だった。
• Toyoo's older sister marries a merchant called TANABE no Kanetada and lives in Tsubaichi, Yamato Province.

• 同月、海外渡航を試みて長崎でイギリス商人グラバーと接触するが、反対される。
• In the same year, Takasugi contacted an English merchant named Glover in Nagasaki, in an attempt to go abroad, but Glover rejected the proposal.

• 大賀 宗九（おおが そうく、? - 寛永7年（1630年））は日本の商人。
• Soku OGA (year of birth unknown -1630) was a Japanese trader.

• 父六左衛門は幕末頃、越前藩や佐賀藩の御用商人となり長崎屈指の豪商になった。
• Kendo's father, Rokuzaemon, became one of goyo-shonin (chartered merchants) for Domains of Echizen and Saga toward the end of Edo period, and succeeded as one of the leading wealthy merchants in Nagasaki.

• そこで、貿易商人が博多に長く滞留することなく、船を早く回航する必要が生じた。
• Therefore, trading merchants had to navigate ships constantly without staying in Hakata long.

• 嘉祥2年（849年）には唐商人53人の来訪が大宰府から朝廷へ報告されている。
• The Dazaifu reported to the Imperial Court that 53 merchants from the Tang Dynasty visited Dazai Korokan in 849.

• だが、生糸の輸入に関し外国商人が値段決定の主導権を有して利益を独占していた。
• However, at that time foreign merchants had the initiative in pricing decisions in importing raw silk threads and they monopolized the profits.

• また財政的に裕福な商人が豪奢な脇差を特注するなど、刀の新たな需要も発生した。
• New demand for Katana was also generated since financially well-off merchants specially ordered luxurious Wakizashi (medium length swords).

• 裕福な商人の娘などが使ったもので、既婚者や婚約を済ませたものは身に付けない。
• These product were used by daughters of rich merchants, but were not used by married or engaged women.

• このように江戸時代に入り商品化された酒は「商人の酒」といわれるようになった。
• In this way, the sake which was commoditized in the Edo period came to be called 'sake of merchants.'

• 他の会社又は商人（会社を除く。第二十四条において同じ。）の使用人となること。
• become an employee of any other Company or merchant (excluding any Company; the same shall apply in Article 24);

• 後に、貢納する物品の独占販売権を取得し、座に属する商人と同様の活動を行った。
• Kugonin later obtained exclusive sales rights of the products presented and conducted activities similar to those of merchants belonging to Za.

• 対して、江戸指物は江戸で発展したため、武家や町人・商人が用いる事が多かった。
• On the other hand, Edo-sashimono was developed in Edo, and its products were mainly used by samurai, townspeople, and merchants.

• 日野商人が全国に点在する木地師や塗師に技術指導をした上で製造委託をしていた。
• The Hino merchants contracted out wood masters and lacquerers, whom they had provided technical instructions, to produce Hinowan in various places.

• 元和年間（1615年～1623年）、日野商人の活躍により、日野塗が復興する。
• During the Genna era (1615 - 1623) Hino merchants vigorously promoted Hino lacquerware, which was thereby restored.

• 剃髪して宗林と号し、京都で隠棲し、茶道・商人（金融業）として余生を過ごした。
• Thereafter, he shaved his head, called himself Sorin and spent his rest of life in Kyoto as a man of tea and a merchant (financial business).

• ロイヤルシェイクスペア劇団は来週「ベニスの商人」を上演することになっている。
• The Royal Shakespeare Company is presenting The Merchant of Venice next week.

• パーシー人の中には、ボンベイでも指折りの金持ちとされる商人となった人もいた。
• among whom are counted the richest native merchants of Bombay

• 歴史上において、円仁の入唐求法を助けた新羅商人張保皐・金珍の存在が知られた。
• The existence of these Shiragi merchants, Jang Bogo and 金珍, who helped Ennin trying to do Nitto Guho (travelling the Tang for seeking the teaching of Buddhism), was known in history.

• 一方では、商人の経済活動が活発化し、都市を中心に庶民文化（化政文化）が栄えた。
• Meanwhile, economic activities by merchants became active, and a popular culture (Kasei culture) flourished mainly within the cities.

• その商才を江戸っ子から妬まれ、伊勢商人とともに「近江泥棒伊勢乞食」と蔑まれた。
• Their keen business sense was envied by the people of Edo, and they were maligned, together with Ise merchants, as 'Omi thieves and Ise beggars.'

• 次男・吉右衛門清定は仕官せず、母方の家業を継いで商人となり京にて表具屋となる。
• His second son Kichiemon Kiyosada did not enter government service, and succeeded the family business on his mother's side, becoming a merchant and a scroll mounter in Kyo.

• ある行商人が、塩の買い付けをするために、ロバを後ろから追って海岸へと向かった。
• A PEDDLER drove his Ass to the seashore to buy salt.

• 彼は会社の新聞の店張り場に競争相手の商人が入り込んでいないか見張るよう雇われた
• he was employed to see that his paper's news pitches were not trespassed upon by rival vendors

• 会津でも日野や松坂から多くの商人や職人を連れ、会津塗などの発展に力を尽くした。
• Many merchants and tradespersons were bought to Aizu from Matsuzaka and Hino, and efforts were made to develop Aizu lacquerware and other goods.

• こうした伴存の境遇を経済面で支援したのが、和歌山の商人の雑賀屋長兵衛であった。
• Under such a circumstance of Tomoari, it was Chobei SAIKAYA, a merchant from Wakayama (Wakayama Prefecture) who extended financial assistance to him.

• 田中 勝介（たなか しょうすけ、生没年不詳）は、江戸時代初期の京都の貿易商人。
• Shosuke(勝介)TANAKA (dates of birth and death unknown) was a trading merchant of Kyoto in the early Edo period.

• 江戸幕府は株仲間を結成させて特定商人の独占を認めることで商業統制を行おうとした。
• The Edo government intended to control commerce by forcing the formation of merchant guilds (kabunakama) and admitting monopolies by them.

• 商人最も数が多く、記録に残る限り65名、さらに婦人2名、琉球出身者1名を数える。
• It had the greatest numbers of merchants, consisting of sixty five members, two ladies, and one who originated from Ryukyu region (current Okinawa area).

• 町人（ちょうにん、まちにん）とは、江戸時代に都市に居住していた職人、商人のこと。
• Chonin (or machinin) is a term referring to craftsmen and merchants who lived in the urban area during the Edo period.

• そのため、江戸の問屋商人を中心とする従来の流通機構が徐々にほころびを見せ始めた。
• Therefore, traditional distribution system led by wholesalers in Edo began to collapse.

• その利益を運営資金に充当、また大名屋敷跡地を有力商人に資材置き場として賃貸した。
• Then they applied the profits to the management funding, and rented the sites of the mansions of feudal lords to influential merchants.

• そして、近代工業や鉄道などの建設を推進する政府は「商人」のようであると糾弾した。
• He further denounced the government as something like 'a merchant' since it promoted modern industries and the construction of railways.

• そこで江戸幕府は取り扱う両替商および商人への南鐐二朱銀に対する優遇措置を行った。
• So the Edo bakufu (shogunate) gave priority to exchangers and business people who dealt with Nanryo Nishu Gin.

• 近年では減っているが、「納豆売り」と呼ばれる行商人が納豆を売り歩くこともあった。
• Although the number has decreased in recent years, traditionally peddlers called 'natto uri' used to sell natto on the road.

• 打ちこわしは3日間にわたって続き米穀商や鴻池家のような有力商人の店が襲撃された。
• The destructive riot in Osaka lasted for three days, in which the stores of rice dealers and influential merchants, like Konoike family, were attacked.

• 非常に裕福なドイツの商人であり銀行家。親族経営と採鉱産業の株式保有で富を蓄えた。
• Extremely wealthy German merchant and banker. Amassed a fortune with family partnerships and Stock holdings in the mining industries.

• 商人はその手に偽りのはかりを持ち、しえたげることを好む。 (ホセア書 12:7)
• A merchant has dishonest scales in his hand. He loves to defraud. (Hosea 12:7)

• 甲府商人の経済力を背景に江戸から広重ら著名な絵師が招かれて幕絵製作を行っている。
• The economic power of merchants in Kofu enabled them to invite famous painters like Hiroshige from Edo to produce the banner paintings.

• 父は、大坂の商人を相手に藩の借財を扱う職にあったが、儒教に通じた学者でもあった。
• His father held a position of dealing with the merchants in Osaka from whom the domain was borrowing money, and was also a Confucian scholar.

• 1543年（天文 (元号)12年）、ポルトガル商人が乗った中国船が種子島に漂着。
• In 1543, Chinese ship with Portuguese merchants on board drifted down to Tanegashima Island.

• 赤穂城落去後は、浅野家お出入り商人だった京都高倉通り綿屋善右衛門邸に身を寄せた。
• When Ako-jo Castle was closed off, he stayed at 綿屋善右衛門's house on Takakura-dori Street in Kyoto as 綿屋善右衛門 was a purveyor of the Asano family.

• 対明貿易は、博多商人と連携し、堺商人と組んだ細川氏と競合しつつ遣明船を派遣した。
• In cooperation with merchants from Hakata, he sent ships to Ming China, competing with the Hosokawa family, which had ties with Sakai merchants.

• 伊勢商人（いせしょうにん）は、大阪商人、近江商人と並ぶ日本三大商人の１つである。
• Ise shonin (Ise merchants) were counted among the three major Japanese merchants along with Osaka shonin (Osaka merchants) and Omi shonin (Omi merchants).

• 近江商人の家訓として「買い手良し、世間良し、売り手良し」の「三方良し」が知られる。
• One of the family precepts of Omi shonin is known to be that of 'Sanpo yoshi' (benefit for all three sides), which teaches that in their business the merchant should take into consideration the benefits for the customer, society, and the vendor at the same time.

• 1401年（応永8）に博多商人肥富の献策で、僧祖阿と肥富を使節として明へ派遣する。
• Adopting the recommended proposal made by a Hakata merchant Koitomi, he sent a Buddhist priest Soa and Koitomi as envoys to the Ming Dynasty in 1401.

• 田沼意次時代には、さらに積極的に公認され、幕府の現金収入増と商人統制が企図された。
• During the time of Okitsugu TANUMA, it was more aggressively approved and the bakufu aimed at increasing its revenue and controlling merchants.

• これは幕府とその影響下にある商人による貿易利益の独占を図ったものであるとも言える。
• It can be said that the Shogunate planned to monopolize the profit gained by trading of raw silk threads by themselves and the merchants under their influence through the Itowappu system.

• その糸割符仲間に輸入生糸の価格決定と一括購入を許し、それを個々の商人に分配させた。
• And the Shogunate allowed the member merchants of the itowappu nakama to decide the prices of the imported raw silk threads and to buy in bulk and made them distribute the imported raw silk threads to individual merchants.

• 三田藩では領内のみならず、領外の多くの有力商人・農民をも自藩札の引請人としていた。
• Influential merchants and peasants both inside and outside of Sanda Domain guaranteed these han bills.

• また、在郷商人らも依然として港へ直接廻送を続けたため、法令の効果はあがらなかった。
• In addition because local merchants still continued to directly transport goods to open ports, the law did not produce satisfactory results.

• 家の戸は閉ざされること無く、旅の商人は野宿をする（ほど治安が良い））との評がある。
• It is said to be so safe that the doors of houses are never shut up and traveling merchants can sleep under the stars.

• そのため、「蘭癖」と称される人物には、学者よりも大商人や大名、上級武士などが多い。
• For this reason, there were more wealthy merchants, daimyo (feudal lords), and upper-class samurai (Japanese warriors) than scholars among those who were called 'ranpeki.'

• だが、史料上にも乏しくなり、中国商人の日本居住が困難になっていたと考えられている。
• But the instances of the trade between the two countries became scarce in historical materials, and it is considered that Chinese merchants residing in Japan had been already difficult by then.

• 文政7年（1824年）の『商人買物案内』には、唐紙屋として八軒の名が挙がっている。
• In the 'Shonin kaimono annai' (A guidebook for merchants' shopping) published in 1824, there are 8 names of karakami shops.

• また、この時代は身分が未分化で武士から商人、農民になることも、その逆も容易だった。
• In addition, in this period, the social status was not yet strictly specialized, and it was easy for a samrai to become a merchant or a farmer, and vice versa.

• 二代四郎次郎清忠は江戸幕府御用達商人となる一方、京都町人頭にも任命され権勢を誇る。
• The second generation Shirojiro Kiyotada, while he became a merchant with the Edo bakufu's (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) warrant, he was also appointed to the head of townspeople in Kyoto, and he became influential.

• 西川 利右衛門（にしかわ りえもん、生没年不詳）は、近江国出身の、江戸時代の商人。
• Riemon NISHIKAWA (date of birth and death unknown), born in Omi Province, was a merchant who lived during the Edo period.

• 吉次なる人物のように金を商っている奥州からやって来た商人がいた事は想像に難くない。
• It is natural to imagine that traders of gold like so-called Kichiji came up to Kyoto from Oshu.

• （近江商人はがめつく、伊勢商人は、貧乏な乞食のように、出納にうるさいと言う意味。）
• (This means that Omi shonin were greedy, while Ise shonin were persistent in income and outgo like poor beggars.)

• 偽の王城大臣使を派遣していたのは、対馬の宗氏と博多商人の連合体であったとされている。
• It was considered that a coalition of the So clan in Tsushima and merchants in Hakata dispatched the pseudo envoys.

• 当時中国では銀が不足していたため、朱印船の主要な交易相手である中国商人は銀を欲した。
• There was a shortage of silver in China during that period, and Chinese merchants, who were the main trading partners of Shuinsen desired silver.

• 木綿・呉服のほか、材木・紙・酒を扱った伊勢商人がおり、金融業・両替商となる者もいた。
• While some Ise shonin dealt in wood, paper, and sake besides cotton and kimono fabric, some of them started finance businesses and exchange shops.

• 住み込みの為に番頭や手代から礼儀作法や商人としての「いろは」を徹底的に叩き込まれる。
• Under the live-in system, the ABC's of shopkeeping, such as etiquette and formality, were thoroughly hammered in by banto (a head clerk) and tedai (a clerk).

• 武器商人トーマス・グラバーが長州藩や薩摩藩を相手に武器取引を行ったのは長崎であった。
• It was Nagasaki where the arms merchant Thomas Glover sold arms to Choshu and Satsuma Domains.

• 的屋は「露天商及び行商人」の一種であり、伝統的な文化を地域と共有している存在である。
• Tekiya are a type of 'stallholder and peddler' and are a part of an area's traditional culture.

• 17世紀前半の朱印船貿易時代の伊勢商人が持ち込んだ伊勢うどんをルーツとする説がある。
• A theory suggests that the noodles originated in Ise Udon, which was introduced there by Ise merchants who engaged in the trade by shogunate-licensed trading ships called Shuinsen in the first half of the seventeenth century.

• 自由党_(日本)や立憲改進党に対抗する政府与党を目指し、士族や商人らの支持を受けた。
• It aimed to become a ruling party which opposed to the Liberal Party or the Constitutional Progressive Party, and was supported by the warrior class and the merchant class.

• 商人の仲間はこれを商品として、小売商人の間に分けるであろうか。 (ヨブ記 41:6)
• Will traders barter for him? Will they part him among the merchants? (Job 41:6)

• 青苧座（あおそざ）とは中世後期に繊維素材である青苧を扱う商人たちで結成された座のこと。
• 'Aoso-za' refers to 'za' (the guild) of 'aoso' (Boehmeria nipononivea, a fiber material for clothing), which was established in the later middle ages of Japan.

• これによって抽分銭の請負って先に納付を行った堺商人が便乗者の決定権を持つこととなった。
• This system granted the right to decide the passengers to the Sakai merchants who undertook to prepay the Chubunsen.

• 8世紀末になると遣新羅使の正式派遣は途絶えたが、新羅商人の活動はむしろ活発化している。
• Around the end of eighth century, Japanese envoys to Silla were discontinued, but merchants of Silla intensified their activities.

• 1876年には国民の海外渡航や外国人商人との貿易を解禁し、完全な開国政策を打ち出した。
• In 1876, the policy of opening the country was implemented, then the ban on travelling abroad and trade with foreign merchants were lifted.

• 地域の新しい居住者のために、地方の商人からの情報および贈り物を伝える車輪の付いた乗り物
• a wheeled vehicle carrying information and gifts from local merchants for new residents in an area

• 英国の商人で、ロンドンの彼の父親の店を名門のデパートに広げた（1841年−1905年）
• English merchant who expanded his father's shop in London into a prestigious department store (1841-1905)

• 勝四郎は発奮し、家の財産をすべて絹にかえ、雀部曽次という商人と京にのぼることを決める。
• Katsushiro is stimulated and makes up his mind to turn his entire fortune into silk and go up to Kyoto with a merchant called Soji SASABE.

• 後にこれは商人などの同一職能民によって編成された座に対する公事へと発展することになる。
• It later developed to kuji, which was to be imposed on za consisting of the same professional group such as merchants.

• 主家の滅亡とともに商人に転身し、慶長から元和年間にかけて海外貿易を行なうようになった。
• Upon fall of the master's house, Soku became a merchant who carried on overseas trade in Keicho and Genna eras.

• 茶屋四郎次郎のように、いわば“死の商人”として戦国大名の兵站を請け負う商人も出現した。
• Merchants who contracted for heitan (logistics) of sengoku daimyo as 'merchants of death' such as Shirojiro CHAYA emerged.

• 山城屋は陸軍省から更に金を借り出し、フランスの商人と直接取引をしようとフランスに渡った。
• He borrowed more money from the Ministry of Army and went to France to deal directly with French merchants.

• 宗室ら博多商人が武力行使をちらつかせられ、半ば脅迫に近い形で奪われたのは歴然としている。
• Therefore it is obvious that Soshitsu and other merchants of Hakata were half-threatened and deprived of the tea canister by the armed force of Tanezane.

• 大阪出身で京都に住む商人が書いた、著名な料理人が後進のために書いたなどと推定されている。
• It is assumed that it was written by a merchant who was born in Osaka and lived in Kyoto, or by a famous cook for successors.

• 江戸から発生し、商人などの全国的交流や、出版・教育の普及によって各地に伝えられていった。
• Kasei culture arose in Edo (old Tokyo) and spread to various places along with the nationwide communications among merchants and dissemination of publishing and education.

• 応仁の乱後は日明貿易の日本における主導権は大内氏や細川氏、堺や博多の商人に移っていった。
• After the Onin War, the initiative for trade with Ming gradually moved to the Ouchi clan, Hosokawa clan and merchants in Sakai or Hakata.

• 彼女は亜麻布の着物をつくって、それを売り、帯をつくって商人に渡す。 (箴言 31:24)
• She makes linen garments and sells them, and delivers sashes to the merchant. (Proverbs 31:24)

• 当時は厩舎も馬であふれ、馬と商人と馬丁が行き交うあわただしい喧噪に充ちていたものだった。
• The stables had been full of horses, there was a great turmoil and come-and-go of horses and of dealers and grooms.

• 地震後の文化3年（1806年）には、領内の商人52人から総額1700両余を借金している。
• In 1806 after the earthquake, the domain borrowed money of more than 1700 ryo (currency unit) from 52 merchants of the territory.

• 弘治元年（1555年）、堺市の薬を主に扱う商人である小西隆佐の次男として京都で生まれた。
• In 1555, he was born in Kyoto as the second son of Ryusa KONISHI who was a merchant dealing mainly with medicines in Sakai City.

• さらに厳原藩吏や商人が従来のように朝鮮人に対し粗暴な振る舞いをしてはならないと告示した。
• He officially announced that the retainers of the Izuhara domain and merchants should refrain from conducting any violence against the Joseons as they used to do in the past.

• その後新興キネマを吸収した大映に移籍し、『大阪商人』などを制作するが、程なく応召される。
• Then, he transferred to Daiei, which absorbed Shinko Cinema and made 'Osaka shonin' (Osaka merchant) and others, but was soon called up for military service.

• 改革の3年後には、大いに成績をあげ、藩が大坂商人に借りていた金を返していく方針が立った。
• Three yeas later after the reform, he rendered a great achievement, and the clan was able to have a clear idea how to return the money borrowed from Osaka merchants

• 商人はすべての商いを標符で決算され、利益の一割を商人の取り分として残りは藩に納めさせた。
• Merchants conducted all business using the hyofu and could keep 10 percent of the profit, but they had to give the rest to the domain.

• このことから、綱司となった商人も中国人であったり、商船の建造が中国で行われた可能性もある。
• This shows the possibility that a merchant who became the Goji were from China or that the trading ship had been built in China.

• 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
• The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.

• 士農工商と江戸時代には最下層とされた商人の立場が、明治時代の経済の自由化とともに逆転する。
• The Shinokosho class system of the Edo period (consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) placed merchants in the lowest ranks; however, this rank was reversed due to the economic liberalization in the Meiji period.

• 大森彦七通りかかり、その霊剣たることを知り、家来に商人を起こさせ右剣を所望し、持刀となす。
• Hikoshichi OMORI happened to passed by the man and came to know that the sword had a soul, and he ordered his retainer to obtain the sword, ended up possessing the sword.

• 商人に化けて九州に潜入、地理すべてを絵に描き、攻め入る地点を書き送ったなどと記されている。
• It describes that he disguised himself as a merchant to sneak into Kyushu, where he drew pictures of all geographical features with points of attacks and sent them to Hideyoshi.

• だが、側用人牧野成貞の推薦によって幕府御用達の商人となってからはこうした動きも影を潜めた。
• Yet, owing to the recommendation of Narisada MAKINO who was a sobayonin (lord chamberlain), he became a merchant of the Shogunate's official business, and since then, those movements ceased.

• 綿屋は大坂の有力呉服問屋の1つで、ここで商人として活躍していく素地を造り上げる事ができた。
• WATAYA was one of the famous kimono fabrics wholesalers in Osaka, where he was able to lay the groundwork for succeeding as a merchant.

• そのため中世から近代にかけて近江商人と呼ばれる近江出身の商人が全国各地で活躍するに至った。
• Therefore, merchants from Omi, who were called 'Omi shonin' (Omi merchants) played active roles in various parts of Japan.

• 95人の株主のうち56人が大阪商人で、払込資本更生でも大阪商人の出資比率が31%を占めた。
• Fifty-six of ninety-five shareholders were merchants in Osaka, who occupied thirty one percent of paid-in capital.

• 幕府が派遣する使節には博多や堺市などの有力日本商人が随行し、その間で私的な貿易が行われていた
• Missions dispatched by the bakufu were accompanied by influential Japanese merchants from Hakata and Sakai City, and private trade was conducted among them.

• 士族や富裕商人、富裕農民だけではなく、身分を問わず苗字を付けることが認められた（国民皆姓）。
• All people, not only those in the warrior class and affluent merchants and farmers, were allowed to have their surnames regardless of their titles (Kokumin kaisei).

• その後、日本と中国各地の開港場に定期船航路が開けると中国人商人（華僑）が独自に進出してきた。
• Thereafter, once sea routes for ocean liners between Japan and every treaty port in China were established, Chinese merchants (overseas Chinese, or 'kakyo' in Japanese) entered the market by themselves.

• なお、この台詞につづく悪徳商人の台詞は、「いえいえ、お代官様ほどでは...」が代表的である。
• In addition, the typical line of the corrupt merchant following this line is 'No, I'm not a match for you, sir.'

• その若枝の頂を摘み切り、これを商業の地に運び、商人の町に置いた。 (エゼキエル書 17:4)
• he cropped off the topmost of the young twigs of it, and carried it to a land of traffic; he set it in a city of merchants. (Ezekiel 17:4)

• また天国は、良い真珠を捜している商人のようなものである。 (マタイによる福音書 13:45)
• 'Again, the Kingdom of Heaven is like a man who is a merchant seeking fine pearls, (Matthew 13:45)

• さらにその他には、常に物々交換で生きていてその伝統的な方法に従事し続けている商人たちもいる。
• Still others are traders who have always lived by trading and continue to follow their traditional ways.

• 乗客の中には軍人や政府職員が大勢いたし、阿片や藍の取引のために東海岸へ向かう商人たちもいた。
• Among the passengers were a number of officers, Government officials, and opium and indigo merchants, whose business called them to the eastern coast.

• 両替商（りょうがえしょう）とは、両替および金融を主な業務とする商店あるいは商人のことである。
• A money changer is a store or merchant who mainly deals with changing money and finance.

• お蔭参りに参加する者に対しては、大商人があって、店舗や屋敷の解放、弁当・草鞋の配布を行った。
• To facilitate the participants to pilgrimage to Ise-jinja Shrine, wealthy merchants opened their shops and residences to them, and distributed packed meals and straw sandals.

• 維新の動乱期、河井継之助のもと、長岡で戦い、河井の遺訓により商人として生きることを決意する。
• He fought in Nagaoka under Tsugunosuke KAWAI in the unquiet days of the Restoration and determined to live as a merchant following KAWAI's instruction before his death.

• 宗金（そうきん、生年不詳 - 1455年（康正元年））は、室町時代中期の博多の大商人である。
• Sokin (year of birth unknown - 1455) was a merchant in Hakata in the mid-Muromachi Period.

• 同様の思想で石田に先行する鈴木正三の職分説が士農工商のうち商人の職分を巧く説明出来なかった。
• Shosan SUZUKI's duty theory, which was a similar thought and preceded Ishida's, did not fully explain the duty of merchants among Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants).

• 仁寿3年（853年）に新羅商人の船で入唐、天安 (日本)2年（858年）に唐商人の船で帰国。
• He went to Tang on a Silla merchant ship in 853 and returned to Japan on a Tang merchant ship in 858.

• そのため、堺商人及びその影響下にあった他所の商人以外には勘合船に乗船できなくなってしまった。
• As a result, no merchants except the Sakai merchants and other merchants under their influence, could go on board the kangosen.

• 江戸幕府が特定の商人集団（糸割符仲間）に独占的輸入権と国内商人への独占的卸売権を与えていた。
• The merchants who imported raw silk threads in this system were called itowappa nakama (guild of raw silk thread importers) and it was the Edo Shogunate that gave this specific group of Japanese merchants called itowappu nakama the right to monopolize for buying raw silk threads from foreign merchants and the right to monopolize for selling the imported raw silk threads by wholesale to the domestic merchants.

• 現在の正倉院に所蔵されている唐や南方の宝物には新羅商人が仲介したものが少なくないとされている。
• It is believed that many of treasures from Tang and southern countries currently kept in the Shosoin (treasure repository) were mediated by merchants of Silla.

• 寛治5年（1091年）に宋商人李居簡が鴻臚館で写経した記述を最後に文献上から消えることとなる。
• The last record of Korokan is the description that 李居簡, a merchant from the Northern Sung dynasty, transcribed a sutra in Korokan in 1091.

• 明治以降には西川産業など企業として発展し、今日の大企業の中にも近江商人の系譜を引くものは多い。
• Many of the large-scale companies today, such as Nishikawa Sangyo which developed as a business enterprise after the Meiji period, have their origin as Omi shonin.

• なお中国は朝貢以外の貿易を認めていなかったため、対中貿易を担っていたのは民間の中国商人だった。
• During this time the Chinese government had not approved trade except for paying tributes to the court, so private Chinese merchants undertook the trading between Japan and China.

• 遅まきながら、関税自主権回復の必要性を悟った朝鮮側は、まず自国の在釜山商人に税を課しはじめた。
• Though it was rather too late, Korea realized the necessity of recovery of tariff autonomy, and started to impose tax to the merchants living in Busan.

• しかしながら当時はこのような大木を船に乗せる技術がなく、商人たちは輸送を躊躇する状況であった。
• However,in those days they did not have the art of loading such huge timbers onto a ship and merchants were hesitant about the transportation.

• 商人が数個の商号を使用して数種の営業をするときは、支配人が代理すべき営業及びその使用すべき商号
• in cases where the merchant conducts two or more types of business using two or more trade names, the businesses to be represented by the manager and the trade name to be used; and

• また、貨幣経済が浸透し、多くの御家人が経済的に没落し、凡下と呼ばれる商人階層から借財を重ねた。
• Moreover, a money-based economy had begun to proliferate, which led to the financial ruin of many gokenin as they fell deeply into debt with members of the merchant class, looked down upon as Bonge ('commoners').

• 例外は若狭武田氏末裔を名乗る（実際は商人出身か？）蠣崎氏で、津軽海峡沿いの中小豪族を統一した。
• An exception was the Kakizaki clan, which announced themselves as the descendants of the Wakasa Takeda clan (in reality, from a merchant?), and it unified small and middle-sized gozoku in the area along the Tsugaru Straits.

• あなたは自分の商人を天の星よりも多くした。いなごは羽をはって飛び去る。 (ナホム書 3:16)
• You have increased your merchants more than the stars of the skies. The grasshopper strips, and flees away. (Nahum 3:16)

• 英国の商人で、ロンドンの店を買収し、息子が名門デパートへと拡大させた（1800年−1885年）
• English merchant who took over a shop in London that was expanded by his son into a prestigious department store (1800-1885)

• 彼らに対してイギリス商人は、アヘンと呼ばれているひどい薬を毎年百四十万ポンドも売りつけている。
• to whom the English merchants sell every year the miserable drug called opium, to the amount of one million four hundred thousand pounds

• この行商人は、主人からはぐれた大きな犬を見つけたら、盗んでパトラッシュの替わりにしたでしょう。
• and he would steal, to replace him, the first large dog that he found wandering alone out of sight of its master.

• 地元京都では商人と言うより琵琶湖疏水の設計者である田辺朔郎と共に「水運の父」として有名である。
• Locally, in Kyoto, he is well-known as 'the father of water transport' rather than a merchant, along with Sakuro TANABE, who was the designer of Lake Biwa Canal.

• 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
• Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.

• この時、一族の中には昭光に従い角田に移ったものと、刀を捨て農民・商人として残るものとに分かれた。
• On this occasion, some members of the clan followed Akimitsu and moved to Kakuda, the others abandoned the samurai status and remained in Ishikawa as farmers and merchants.

• これは、実質上の通貨の切り上げになると同時に銅銭を多く取り扱う大商人に有利な制度として定着した。
• This meant actual revaluation of currency and at the same time, it became established as a favorable system for merchant princes who handled a great number of copper coins.

• 伊勢商人として、最も代表的な存在は江戸に呉服店越後屋を出店し三井家の基礎を作った三井高利である。
• The most representative person among the Ise shonin was Takatoshi MITSUI, who opened the kimono shop (draper) Echigoya in Edo and laid the foundation of the Mitsui Family.

• 自由商業都市を目指し安土城下などの商人・職人を呼び寄せ、碁盤上に区切った城下町に居住区を設けた。
• In the drive to create a free commercial town, he encouraged merchants and artisans living close to Azuchi-jo Castle to relocate and created a residential area that was divided into squares.

• またすみの二階のへやと羊の門の間は金細工人と商人たちがこれを修理した。 (ネヘミヤ書 3:32)
• Between the ascent of the corner and the sheep gate, the goldsmiths and the merchants made repairs. (Nehemiah 3:32)

• 宗湛は秀吉に気に入られ、豪商としての特権を与えられて以後は博多商人の第一人者として栄華を極めた。
• Hideyoshi liked Sotan, so he gave him the privilege of a wealthy merchant's status; thus Sotan was at the height of prosperity as the leading merchant in Hakata.

• 宋の商人陳和卿は、船の難破により博多にとどまっていたところを重源に雇われ、指導することとなった。
• A merchant from Sung, CHIN Nakei, who stayed in Hakata due to wreck of his ship, was hired by Chogen as a leader.

• さらに『ベニスの商人』の翻案物を上演、これが日本におけるシェークスピアものの嚆矢といわれている。
• Then he represented the translated version of 'The Merchant of Venice' which is said to be the first Shakespeare play in Japan.

• 江戸時代後期には大森（現在の東京都大田区大森）の海苔養殖技術が諏訪海苔商人を介して全国に伝わった。
• In the late Edo period, the cultivation technique of nori in Omori (currently, Omori, Ota ward, Tokyo Prefecture) was introduced nationwide by 'Suwa nori syonin (Suwa nori merchants).'

• 小伝馬町の商人である守田治兵衛が2000人分の軍服の製作を引き受け、試行錯誤しながらも作り上げた。
• Jihe MORITA, a merchant of Kodenma-cho, took the order of 2,000 military uniforms, and created them through trial and error.

• 商人は、ロバの計略を見て取ると、またもや、海岸へと引き返し、今度は、塩の代わりに海綿を買い付けた。
• The Peddler saw through his trick and drove him for the third time to the coast, where he bought a cargo of sponges instead of salt.

• 細かい手作業で身を立てたり、商人で出世した者もいたが、やけになって強盗などの犯罪に走った者もいた。
• Some did fine craft work to earn a living, some others became successful merchants, but there were some who became desparate and committed crimes, like robbery

• 天正14年（1586年）、再度上洛して今度は畿内の諸大名や堺市の大商人・津田宗及らと親交を深めた。
• In 1586, he went to the capital (Kyoto) again and developed close personal relationships with territorial lords and Sogyu TSUDA, who was the wealthy merchant in Sakai City.

• 明治5年（1872年）、山縣は陸軍出入りの商人、山城屋和助に陸軍の公金を不正融資して焦げ付かせる。
• In 1872, he used official army funds to make illegal loans to Wasuke of Yamashiroya, a merchant who was doing business with the army, and allowed the loans to be unrecoverable.

• 三代四郎次郎清次は引き続き幕府御用達商人をつとめ、更に朱印船貿易での特権を獲得し、莫大な富を得る。
• The third generation Shirojiro Kiyotsugu continued to serve as a merchant holding the bakufu's warrant, and furthermore, he obtained the special privilege to the shuinsen boeki (trading by ships with a shogunal charter for foreign trade from the late 16th century to the mid-17th century) and he acquired great wealth.

• 趙淞陽という清国南京市の来舶商人が丸山 (長崎市)に遊び、陶斎はこの中国人と花魁との間に生まれた。
• Shoyo CHO, a Chinese merchant from Nanjin City, Qing visited a brothel in Maruyama (a redlight district in Nagasaki City) and Tosai was born between that Chinese man and a courtesan.

• そこで栗山利安、母里太兵衛、井上九郎次郎らが商人に変装し有岡城に潜入し投獄されている場所を特定した。
• Toshiyasu KURIYAMA, Tahei MORI, Kurojiro INOUE and so on dressed as merchants and sneaked into Arioka-jo Castle and identified the place where Yoshitaka KURODA was imprisoned.

• 庶民の中には、大商人や藩財政に貢献があったものなどに士分が与えられ、苗字帯刀を許されるものもあった。
• Some commoners who helped domain finances or were wealthy merchants were given Shibun and allowed Myojitaito.

• そのため朝鮮人ともめ事を起こすことになっていくが、当然、対馬商人たちは日本側が引き取り裁判を行った。
• The merchants in Tsushima began to cause troubles with Korean people, but naturally they were taken in and tried by the Japanese court.

• 「蚊帳ぁ、萌黄の蚊帳ぁ」という独特の掛け声で売り歩く行商人は江戸に初夏を知らせる風物詩となっていた。
• Mosquito net peddlers with their call of 'Kaya! Moegi no kaya!' (lit. Mosquito nets! Light green mosquito nets!) were an indication that summer had arrived in Edo.

• そのため、一部からは粗悪品を巧みな口上で不当な価格で売る真っ当でない商人との蔑視を受けた歴史を持つ。
• As a result, they were looked down upon by some as merchants who schemed to sell inferior products for more than they were worth.

• 堀の北側を武士、南側を町人の居住区域とし、さらに、町人の居住区の西を商人、東北を職人の居住区とした。
• Samurai families were to live on the north side of the canal, and the common folk were to be located on the south side, which was divided further, with merchants on the western part of the area and artisans on the northeastern side.

• アウダにはパーシー人の親類がいて、その中にホンコン在住の著名な商人となった人がいるということだった。
• She had, it seems, a Parsee relation, who was one of the principal merchants of Hong Kong,

• やがて、博多津などを中心とする九州北部沿岸に唐や新羅商人による交易場が形成されるようになっていった。
• Later, trading posts were built up by the merchants from Tang and Shiragi in the northern shore area of Kyushu centering on Hakatanotsu.

• また、町人の職業が「工」か「商」かを制度的に区別することはなく、商人を職人より冷遇する制度もなかった。
• Townsmen were not distinguished systematically by their occupation whether they were 'ko' or 'sho,' and there was no system of discriminating merchants against artisans.

• なお、こうした風潮は商人間のみに留まらず、朝廷や幕府から庶民に至るまで広がっていったと考えられている。
• This trend is considered to have spread not only among merchants but also among the Imperial Court, bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and common people.

• 隠元には、後水尾天皇を始めとする皇族、幕府要人を始めとする各地の大名、多くの商人たちが競って帰依した。
• Emperor Gomizunoo, the Imperial family members, senior officials of the bakufu, rural feudal lords, and many merchants became believers of the Obaku Sect of Ingen.

• これらの努力によって茶の湯は、庄屋、名主や商人などの習い事として日本全国に広く普及していったのである。
• These efforts made chanoyu lessons for the village headman, headman and merchants, and became popular across Japan.

• または、大道芸にて客寄せをし商品を売ったり芸そのものを生業にする大道商人（だいどうしょうにん）である。
• Also, it refers to peddlers who use performances to attract customers, then selling goods or charging for the street performance itself.

• 商人（会社を除く。以下この項において同じ。）の支配人の登記において登記すべき事項は、次のとおりとする。
• The matters to be registered in relation to the registration of a manager of a merchant (excluding a company; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) shall be as follows:

• この風潮は守護大名から荘園領主、惣村指導者、土倉などの有力商人、果ては一般民衆まで社会全体に定着した。
• This trend was established in the whole society among Shugo daimyo, lords of the manor, leaders of the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing associations), prominent merchants such as the doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), and even commoners.

• しかし、藩財政は厳しく、江戸・大坂の大商人からの借金に対しては何度も踏み倒して貧乏細川と嫌われている。
• However, the finance of the clan was a hard one and they were disliked and called 'indigent Hosokawa,' as they repeatedly failed to pay debts to those great merchants in Edo and Osaka.

• しかも放埒な性質のため、巧（たくみ）な詐欺手段で有名なロンドンの商人から、莫大なお金を取ったのだった。
• but of incurably vicious habits, who had by an ingenious system of fraud obtained huge sums of money from the leading London merchants.

• 両替商・その他商人は贋金による取引を一切禁じる（贋金が鋳造・流通している事実を内外に正式に公表する）。
• Money-exchange business and other exchanges by merchants using counterfeit money is strictly forbidden (the fact that Japan was coining and circulating counterfeit money would be announced to Japan and foreign countries).

• 会合衆は、堺の有徳者（有力商人）で構成され、能登屋や臙脂屋（べにや）などの有力商人がその任にあたった。
• Egoshu comprised the affluent (influential merchants) in Sakai, and influential merchants such as Notoya and Beniya served as Egoshu.

• さらに新安沈船に限らず、この時期の寺社造営料唐船の多くは本来、博多を拠点とした商人が主体であったとする。
• Furthermore not only the wrecked ship, but many other Jishazoeiryotosen in this period were considered to have been in effect mainly sponsored by trading merchants based in Hakata.

• また、藩の家臣は禄高に応じた銀の額の標符が渡され、買い物毎に商人がその標符に取引を書き込む形式を取った。
• Moreover, vassals were given a hyofu with the amount of silver coins depending on their stipends, and merchants wrote business records on it whenever they made a purchase.

• しかし、この処分によってその全てが貸し倒れ状態になり商人の中にはそのまま破産に追い込まれる者も続出した。
• As a result of the above policy, however, all of daimyo-gashi became irrecoverable loans and some merchants went bankrupt.

• 七ツ口は、女中たちの部屋方や商人たちが用いていたが、七ツ時(午後4時)に閉められたためにこの名が付いた。
• Nanatsuchuchi was named because this door was closed at Nanatsudoki (4pm in modern times), and servants for jochu and merchants used this door.

• 当時の京都には富を蓄積した商人、五山版以来の職人、読者層が存在していたことが嵯峨本が生まれた背景である。
• Behind the birth of the Sagabon lay the fact that in Kyoto at the time there was already an existing base of readers in the form of a merchant class with accumulated wealth, and craftsmen from the Gozanban (Five Mountains Editions).

• 4月に大阪市の商人から100両借りた（押し借り）したときの添書きでは新見、芹沢、近藤の名前が並んでいる。
• In the note which they wrote when they borrowed 100 ryo (currency unit) from a merchant in Osaka City (by force) in May, there are names of Niimi, Serizawa and Kondo.

• 19歳のとき、東京深川の商人小宮福太郎と結婚したが、海軍に身を置くこととなったことを理由として離婚した。
• At 19 she married Fukutaro KOMIYA, who was a merchant in Fukagawa, Tokyo, but later divorced him because he joined the navy.

• 大坂にはすでに山口吉郎兵衛、伊藤九兵衛、平野平兵衛など、洋反物を取り扱って急速にのしあがった商人がいた。
• There were already merchants including Kichirobe YAMAGUCHI, Kyube ITO and Hebe HIRANO in Osaka who rapidly succeeded once they started to deal Western fabrics.

• そのため、実質を重視する商人にとって名目貨幣は受け入れ難く、含有銀量をもって取引しようとするものであった。
• So for business people, to whom value was important, nominal money was something hard to accept and they wanted to trade on the basis of silver content.

• 商人に対しては特権や保護の代償に営業税などを取り、各港からの津料、関所のからの関銭（通行税）も徴収された。
• Operating taxes, etc., were collected from merchants in exchange for the special privileges and protection provided to them, and Tsuryou (津料) was charged from various ports and Sekisen (tolls) from barriers.

• 1595年（文禄4年）、秀次自害により八幡城は廃城になったが、城下町は存続し、近江商人により繁栄を極めた。
• Although the castle was closed in 1595 with Hidetsugu committing suicide, the town continued to thrive, reaching a peak of prosperity with commercial operations of the Omi merchants.

• 御用商人への御用金の納入や大名貸しの踏み倒しなどの軋轢はあったが武家権力が社会の変化に追いついていかない。
• The samurai authority was unable to catch up with the changes in society, even though there were some struggles including payment of goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants) to each government contractor and failure to pay Daimyogashi (lending money to a daimyo with high interest).

• 僕がやつと一緒に暮らしていた間ずっと、やつの着ているものは変わらず、靴下を何足か行商人から買うだけだった。
• All the time he lived with us the captain made no change whatever in his dress but to buy some stockings from a hawker.

• 波止場で商売をする商人を除いて誰も見たいとは思わないような、薄ぎたなくて薄暗い、騒々しい市場に過ぎません。
• A dirty, dusky, bustling mart, which no man would ever care to look upon save the traders who do business on its wharves.

• 王は海峡を通る商人たちから通行税を取り立て、トロイアの対岸のヨーロッパの地方であるトラキアと同盟していた。
• The kings could make merchants who passed through the straits pay toll to them, and they had allies in Thrace, a part of Europe opposite Troy,

• 元隣は、京都の裕福な商人の家に生れたが体が弱く家業を廃して、漢学・医術を修学して生涯を町医者として送った。
• Though Genrin was born into a rich merchant family in Kyoto, his body was so weak that he abolished the family business, studied Sinology and medicine, and devoted himself as a town doctor.

• そして関ヶ原の戦いの後に黒田長政が移封されると、宗湛は天下の大商人から黒田氏の御用商人にまで成り下がった。
• When Nagamasa KURODA was transferred to another domain after the Battle of Sekigahara, Sotan, who had once been the country's wealthiest merchant, fell to the level of chartered merchant of the Kuroda clan.

• また、仙台藩が大坂の升屋の番頭である山片蟠桃に藩財政を総覧させたように財政を商人に任せるような藩も出てきた。
• At the same time, some domains entrusted merchants to administer its economy, and for example, Sendai domain asked Banto YAMAGATA, the clerk of Masuya Shop in Osaka, to make a comprehensive survey of the financial affairs.

• だが、実際には江戸時代も後期に入ると、都市・地方ともに新興商人の台頭が始まり、活発な展開を見せるようになる。
• However, the fact was that, during the late Edo period, up and coming merchants started to actively spread throughout cities and provinces.

• このため外国商人は日本へ銀を持ち込んで、金と交換し、上海などで再度銀と交換するだけで巨利を得ることができた。
• Therefore foreign merchants could obtain a lot of profits by only bringing silver into Japan, exchanging silver for gold and exchanging gold for silver again in foreign countries, such as Shanghai in China for example.

• もともとは足利義政の所有物であったが、彼の死後は持ち主を転々とし、堺の商人を通じて、博多の島井宗室へ渡った。
• Originally this tea canister was owned by the eighth shogun of the Muromachi Shogunate, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, but it was passed through many hands after his death, and later handed over to a tea master Soshitsu SHIMAI living in Hakata, Kyushu, by a merchant in Sakai, Osaka.

• なお、白土三平の漫画『カムイ伝』では、登場する商人・夢屋が「ヤタラ漬」の名で売り出し評判を呼んだものとある。
• Incidentally, according to the manga comic 'Kamui Den' (The Legend of Kamui) written by Sanpei SHIRATO, a merchant character Yumeya launched it with the name 'Yatarazuke' and acquired a reputation.

• 身を投げるのではないかと心配して、商人は足をとどめ、自分の力に及ぶだけの助力、もしくは慰藉を与えようとした。
• Fearing that she intended to drown herself, he stopped to offer her any assistance or consolation in his power.

• 彼が言うには、あの人はパーシー族のインド人で、美人として有名であり、裕福なボンベイ商人の娘ということだった。
• who, he said, was a celebrated beauty of the Parsee race, and the daughter of a wealthy Bombay merchant.

• しかし両替商にとって、この金銀含有量は大変重要な情報であり、密かに分析が行われ商人の知るところとなっていた。
• However, the rate of containment for gold and silver was very important information for money changer, and it was analyzed in secret, and the mechants knew the result.

• その後も大阪商人の持株比率が高くなり、重太郎は1887年1月に頭取となり、1898年1月までその職にあった。
• The shareholding ratio of merchants in Osaka continuously increased later and Jutaro had served as the president until January 1898 since January 1887.

• その後、領地内外の富裕な商人が藩札の札元となり発行を行い、その商人の信用によって藩札が流通した側面もあった。
• Later, they were issued through wealthy merchants who were prominent in the distribution of han bills.

• また、逆に社会の不安定さを反映して土倉を持つ商人に貴重な財産や文書などを預けて災害などに備える風潮も発生した。
• On the other hand, due to the instability of society, there was a trend of merchants who owned storehouses being asked to store precious assets or documents in order to keep them safe from accidents and disasters.

• 天正年間（1573～92年）に、堺の薬種商人が渡韓し線香の製法を導入製造したのが、日本最古の線香とされている。
• It is believed that Japanese Senko production was originated by a medicine merchant of Sakai who visited Korea during the Tensho era (1573 - 1592), and introduced the production technique and started production.

• これによって座の特定は否認されたが、反対に領主と結びついた特定の御用商人による支配が確立するきっかけとなった。
• As a result of this, privileges of za were denied, but this triggered the establishment of the control of specific goyo-shonin (chartered merchants) tied to feudal lords.

• 江戸時代にも存在していて、隠居した武士、肉体労働を伴わない医者や神職、僧侶、文化人、商人の間で用いられていた。
• Ecchu fundoshi existed in the Edo period, and they were used by retired samurai (warriors), as well as people who were not engaged in physical labor, such as medical doctors, Shinto priests, Buddhist monks, men of culture and merchants.

• 私たちの客は太りすぎでもったいぶってのんびりしていて、平凡な平均的イギリス商人のあらゆる特色を身につけていた。
• Our visitor bore every mark of being an average commonplace British tradesman, obese, pompous, and slow.

• 当時蒙古襲来による出費に苦しんでいた御家人達は先祖伝来の土地を売却し、商人などから借金をして生計を立てていた。
• The gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) at the time were suffering from the expenditure due to Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and had made a living by selling land they inherited from ancestors and borrowing money from merchants.

• 妻を失った後、傷心を癒す為か、パトロンであった商人を頼り、天明元年（1781年）から暫く、大阪府池田市に滞在。
• After his wife's death, from 1781 for a while, he stayed in Ikeda City, Osaka Prefecture, counting on his patron who was a merchant, probably in order to heal his grief.

• なお、自領内の商人からの融資については御用金の名目で行われていたため、大名貸の範疇には含まれないとされている。
• Meanwhile, financing from merchants in their own domain was not categorized as Daimyogashi, as it was done under the name of goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants).

• 彼の在職以前から大坂において江戸の商人が投機目的で幕府の認可を得た買占め行為を行い米価を不当につり上げていた。
• Before he was in office, merchants in Edo had bought up rice in Osaka for speculation purposes with the consent of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and unreasonably raised rice price.

• 伊勢商人のキャラクターとしては彼らの商売はかなり手堅かった事から「近江泥棒、伊勢乞食」と言う言葉が残されている。
• As Ise shonin had a character of running considerably sound businesses, a saying 'Omi-dorobo, Ise-kojiki' (Omi shonin are thieves, while Ise shonin are beggars) remains to represent such a unique character.

• 商人は一家一業を原則とし、全ての商品と蓄えられた米や金銀を半ば強制的に藩に納めさせ、改めて標符と商品を下付した。
• Each merchant was only allowed to run one business and was forced to give all his products and savings of rice, gold and silver to the domain first, then later, a hyofu and products were granted to the merchant by the domain.

• 当初は順調であったが、凶作による米の値上がりを見込んで商人らが米を隠匿するなどして藩札による買い上げを拒否した。
• Although han bills worked well at first, merchants expected the price of rice to go up because of famine, so they concealed rice and refused to trade it for han bills.

• 米価格が高騰することにより、地主や商人は米を投機へまわすようになり、次第に売り惜しみや買い占めが発生しはじめた。
• As the rice price soared, landlords and merchants started to speculate in rice and gradually withholding of rice and the buyout occurred.

• さらに、天保年間に信濃国の行商人・小林粂左衛門が諏訪地域の農家の副業として寒天作りを広め、角寒天として定着した。
• Further, during the Tenpo era Kumezaemon KOBAYASHI, a peddler from Shinano Province, promoted the manufacture of kanten as a second job among farmers in the Suwa area, and established it as kaku-kanten (agar in the shape of a rectangular bar).

• 信長は下京への焼き討ちは中止したが、幕臣や幕府を支持する商人などが多く住居する上京は許さず、焼き討ちを実行した。
• Although Nobunaga stopped setting fire to Shimogyo, he did not forgive Kamigyo, where Shogun's retainers and a lot of merchants supporting Bakufu lived, and set fire to this area.

• これがために、商人およびさまざまの品物を売る者どもは一、二回エルサレムの外に宿った。 (ネヘミヤ書 13:20)
• So the merchants and sellers of all kinds of wares lodged outside of Jerusalem once or twice. (Nehemiah 13:20)

• ツロの収入はシホルの穀物、ナイル川の収穫であった。ツロはもろもろの国びとの商人であった。 (イザヤ書 23:3)
• On great waters, the seed of the Shihor, the harvest of the Nile, was her revenue. She was the market of nations. (Isaiah 23:3)

• 「古今和歌集」仮名序では、「詞はたくみにて、そのさま身におはず、いはば商人のよき衣着たらんがごとし」と評される。
• In 'Kokin Wakashu' Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), it was written that 'his poems are excellent, but his appearance is not good enough, as a merchant wearing good cloth.'

• さて、日本には中世より、割符と呼ばれる為替の前身にあたる物を扱う「替銭屋」・「割符屋」と呼ばれる商人が存在した。
• In medieval Japan there existed merchants called 'kaesenya' or 'warifuya' who dealt with 'warifu' (tally), a precursor of money order.

• 特に一般の商人や民衆には金銀貨の真贋を見分けることは難しく、外国商人の中にも贋貨を入手して損害を受ける者も出た。
• Particularly, it was difficult for general merchants and people to distinguish real gold and silver coins from the fake, and there were foreign merchants who also acquired counterfeit money and suffered damage.

• {{plural:|one=ベテラン毛皮商人|other=ベテラン毛皮商人|default=ベテラン毛皮商人}}
• {{plural:%number%|one=Master Fur Trader|other=Master Fur Traders|default=Master Fur Trader}}

• 博多には平安時代の日宋貿易以来、北宋から渡来した商人が居を構える「唐房」あるいは「大唐街」と呼ばれる街域があった。
• Since the start of trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty during the Heian period, there had been a residential area called 'Tobo' or 'Daitogai,' residential areas in which merchants from Northern Sung Dynasty resided.

• さらに宣教師や商人によって日本人が奴隷として奴隷貿易事件が発生し、ここに至って豊臣秀吉はバテレン追放令を発布した。
• In addition to that, a slave-trade incident occurred in which missionaries and merchants sold Japanese people into slavery, which finally made Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI decide to issue the order expelling Jesuit missionaries.

• しかし長い鎖国の間に西洋の軍事技術との差は開いて自製は困難であったから、ほとんどは外国商人から購入してまかなった。
• However, it was difficult to produce them by themselves as there was a large technological difference between Japan, which had closed itself for quite a long time, and Western nations, so most of the weapons were purchased from foreign traders.

• 江戸に出てきた源左衛門がお富に瓜ふたつの芸者・おりよに横恋慕したことから、越後の商人・新助が悲劇に巻きこまれる筋。
• The plot is that because Genzaemon, who came to Edo, had illicit love with a Geisha (Japanese professional female entertainer at drinking party) Oriyo who is resembling Otomi, an Echigo merchant Shinsuke got involved in a tragedy.

• 毎月末、船場の商人の家で味噌を焼き、それを皿状にしたものを番頭が持って家々を回り、香ばしい匂いがあちこちに満ちる。
• At the end of every month, miso was grilled at a merchant's home in Senba, and it was shaped into a plate and carried around homes by the clerk, filling the air with aromatic scents.

• こうしたことから代官とは、百姓を虐げ、商人から賄賂を受け取り、土地の女を好きにする悪代官のイメージが広く浸透した。
• Due to the above reasons, the bad image of daikan—oppressing peasants, receiving bribe from merchants, and ruling local women－has widely spread.

• 商人が頭ばかり下げて、狡（ずる）い事をやめないのと一般で生徒も謝罪だけはするが、いたずらは決してやめるものでない。
• Like the tradespeople who bow their heads low but never give up cheating the public, the students apologize but never stop their mischiefs.

• 若い商人は物思いにふけり微動だにせず、黒人の地で美しい妻のことを考え、砂漠の白いユリを夢みて腰をおろしていました。
• the young merchant sits pensive and motionless, thinking of his beautiful wife, dreaming, in the land of the blacks, of his white lily beyond the desert.

• 馴染み客には後陽成天皇の皇子で近衛信尹の養子である関白近衛信尋や、商人で、当時の文化人の一人である灰屋紹益がいた。
• Her regular customers were Chancellor Nobuhiro KONOE, a son of Emperor Goyozei and later adopted by Nobutada KONOE, Joeki HAIYA, a merchant and a man of culture in those days, and so on.

• この間、新羅の商人張宝高（ちょうほうこう）に絁（あしぎぬ）を贈って唐の物産を得ようとしたが、張の死により失敗した。
• In the meantime, he tried to obtain the products of Tang by presenting ashiginu (a kind of silk cloth) to JANG Bogo, a merchant of Silla, but failed due to the death of Jang.

• 一、自今以後仏法のさまたけを不成輩ハ　商人之儀は不及申、いつれにてもきりしたん国より往還くるしからす候条　可成其意事
• 1. For those who do not try to prevent Buddhist law, such foreign merchants shall be allowed to come to or leave Japan any time after this.

• また商人に対して南鐐二朱銀による貸付の場合は江戸では一万両、大坂では四万両を限度として3年間、無利子、無担保とした。
• For business people, the Nanryo Nishu Gin loans were up to 10,000 ryo in Edo (Tokyo) and 40,000 ryo in Osaka, no-interest and no-collateral for three years.

• 江戸時代前期は、寛永通寳などの銭貨鋳造は民間の商人らによる請負事業であり、江戸幕府の許可制によるものが中心であった。
• In the early Edo period, mintage of coins including Kanei Tsuho was conducted mainly by private contractors, based on the bakufu's approval.

• ビジネス客主体の商人宿（駅前旅館など）、今日のビジネス旅館では食事なしの「素泊まり」又は朝食のみの設定のことも多い。
• Today, many shonin-yado (ekimae-ryokan for example) for business people, or business ryokan provide the option of 'sudomari' (stays without meals) or including only breakfast.

• 本願寺の僧侶の中では、軍事よりも政治や文化方面に通じており、堺の商人たちとも茶会などから交流があったといわれている。
• It is said that he was familiar with politics and cultural affairs rather than military affairs among the priests of Hongwan-ji Temple's, and that he communicated with the merchants of Sakai through tea parties and so on.

• また、その他の時代劇にも、悪代官と悪徳商人の密談の場として、あるいは悪役が娘を強姦する場所として、しばしば登場する。
• It was used as a place for secret talks between a corrupt bailiff and a merchant, or where a bad guy raped a girl in other historical dramas.

• また、近江商人の商売哲学「三方よし（買い手よし、売り手よし、世間よし）」は、他国での商売を通じて生まれた概念である。
• The regional merchant culture gave birth to the 'Sanpo-yoshi' principle ('good in three directions' meaning that commerce should not only benefit the buyer and the seller but also society as a whole) -- a business concept that emerged from the experiences of the merchants who engaged in trade with other regions of the country.

• 清の中国支配が始まり、清国との貿易で長崎には多くの清国商人が渡来し、彼らが清国の戯曲や民謡といった民間音楽を伝えた。
• After the Qing dynasty began in China, many Qing merchants came to Nagasaki for trade and they introduced the people's music, such as Qing plays and minyo.

• 海べに住む民よ、シドンの商人よ、もだせ、あなたがたの使者は海を渡り、大いなる水の上にあった。 (イザヤ書 23:2)
• Be still, you inhabitants of the coast, you whom the merchants of Sidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished. (Isaiah 23:2)

• 遣明船として遠洋航海用に艤装品を充実させ、外交使節や有力商人などの居室用の屋形を増設するなど大規模改修を行って用いた。
• These rented ships were used for Kenminsen after conducting major renovation such as the installation of hull fittings suitable for ocean navigation and the expansion of cabins for diplomatic envoys or influential merchants.

• 伊勢商人は、元々、戦国時代 (日本)中期から日本に流入してきた木綿を全国に出歩いて行って売りさばいていた存在であった。
• Ise shonin were originally merchants who had gone around the whole country selling cotton imported to Japan since the mid Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).

• 応仁の乱以降には堺を本拠とする管領家の細川氏や、乱で兵庫を得た大内氏、博多や堺市などの有力商人が経営するようになった。
• After the Onin War, the trade was managed by the Hosokawa clan; a Kanryo Family (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) putting headquarters in Sakai, the Ouchi clan that had won Hyogo as a reward after the war, as well as influential merchants in Hakata and Sakai City.

• この宣言は流通業者や商人などが戦争特需における物資高騰を狙い、売り惜しみをさらに加速させていくという状況を発生させた。
• This announcement caused the situation which distributors and merchants sought steep price rise of goods by war-time special procurements and further accelerated the withholding.

• 伊勢国の商人である大黒屋光太夫は1782年に漂流してアリューシャン列島からロシアへ渡り、10数年を経て帰国を果たした。
• In 1782, Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, a merchant in Ise Province, drifted and went to Russia via the Aleutian Islands, and returned to Japan ten years later.

• 旅館では一般に、利用者に貸し出す浴衣を客室内に用意している（但し、商人宿では浴衣を用意していないところも少なくない）。
• Ryokan typically provide guests with a yukata during their stay, found inside the guest room (however, many shonin-yado do not).

• 安土桃山時代には、都市部において豪商と呼ばれる新興商人が成長し、その富を背景にした豪華で大掛かりな文化傾向が見られる。
• In the Azuchi Momoyama period, newly emerging merchants who were considered wealthy merchants rose in power, and a tendency toward a luxurious and large-scale culture emerged, supported by their wealth.

• そのほかに貿易商および商人の取引、ならびにアラビヤの諸王と国の代官たちからも、はいってきた。 (列王紀1 10:15)
• besides that which the traders brought, and the traffic of the merchants, and of all the kings of the mixed people, and of the governors of the country. (1 Kings 10:15)

• しかしこういう理解を深めようとする純粋な努力のずっと以前から、商人たちは国外に乗り出し、哲学者を存在可能にしたのです。
• But long prior to these purer efforts of the understanding the merchant had been abroad, and rendered the philosopher possible;

• しかし両替商にとって、この金銀含有量は重要な情報であり、試金石などを用いて分析が行われ、商人の知るところとなっていた。
• However, the exchangers analysed it using touch stone because the imformation of the contained amount of gold and silver was important for them, and it came to merchants' knowledge.

• 金売吉次（かねうりきちじ）とは平安時代末期の商人で、奥州で産出される金を平安京で商う事を生業としたとされる人物である。
• Kichiji KANEURI was a merchant who lived in the late Heian Period, and it is said that he lived by trading gold produced in Oshu region in the capital, Heiankyo (present Kyoto).

• {{plural:|one=ベテランタバコ商人|other=ベテランタバコ商人|default=ベテランタバコ商人}}
• {{plural:%number%|one=Master Tobacconist|other=Master Tobacconists|default=Master Tobacconist}}

• 山城屋事件は1872年（明治5年）陸軍省の御用商人山城屋和助が陸軍省から無担保で借り受けた公金を返済できず自殺した事件。
• The Yamashiroya Incident was an incident that Wasuke YAMASHIROYA, a government contractor for the Ministry of Army, committed suicide when he was unable to repay the public money he had borrowed from the Ministry without collateral in 1872.

• この日本側の措置に東莱府使は激怒して、10月には日本公館への食糧等の供給を停止、日本人商人による貿易活動の停止を行った。
• Toraifu side was so angered by these acts that they stopped supply of food etc. to Nihon Kokan and also prohibited the trading activities by Japanese traders.

• 現在、かつての本間家の別館は本間美術館となっており、庄内藩の御用商人だった風間家の1対の傘福が雛壇とともに飾られている。
• The former annex of the Honma family is Honma museum now and is decorated with a pair of Kasafuku once owned by the Kazama family who were purveyors of the Shonai Domain, together with hina dolls on a tiered platform.

• したがって現在では、こうした商人の群像の集合体が「金売吉次」なる人物像として成り立ったのではないかと考えられる事が多い。
• Therefore, at present, it is often considered that a collective form of such merchants might have been created as a fictitious personality of 'Kichiji KANEURI.'

• 1655年（明暦元年）中国商人の抵抗（この背景には鄭成功がいたと言われている）を受け糸割符仲間は解散し、市法売買となった。
• In 1655 Itowappu nakama was dissolved owing to the protest the Shogunate received from the Chinese merchants; (it is said that there existed Seiko TEI [Zheng Chenggon]) in the background of this protest; afterwards, the Shogunate controlled the trade of raw silk threads by trade control called 'shibo baibai' in which appraisers selected from the merchants from the above mentioned 5 cities appraised the goods brought by foreign merchants and trade was executed with the set price based on those appraisals.

• 幕府・藩が直接経営者となるのではなく、商人・豪農に請け負わせ、その利益を収奪するところに近代以降の専売制度との違いがある。
• It differs from the monopolization in the modern times in that the bakufu and domains did not directly manage it but made merchants and wealthy peasants do it by contracts and robbed the profits of them.

• 主に帯刀を許されない身分の者（農民・商人・職人）の護身用の武器として、また、日本の武術各流派では隠し武器として用いられた。
• Kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon of self-defense for the rank of people who were not permitted to wear a sword (peasants, merchants, craftsmen) and in addition it was used as a hidden weapon in various schools of Japanese martial arts.

• 関東での一切経書写の検校や筑紫観世音寺講師などを歴任した後、842年（承和 (日本)9年）唐の商人李処人の船で唐に渡った。
• After he served as a proofreader of hand-written Issai-kyo Sutra in the Kanto region and a lecturer at Chikushi Kanzeon-ji Temple, he went to Tang in 842 on a ship owned by Ri Shojin, a merchant of Tang.

• 1815年、商人の山崎権兵衛が、歌舞伎役者の市川団十郎と岩井半四郎に、歌舞伎の「夏祭浪花鑑」で博多帯を締めて演じてもらう。
• In 1815, a merchant named Gonbei YAMAZAKI had Kabuki actors, Danjuro ICHIKAWA and Hanshiro IWAI wear Hakata obi sash to perform the Kabuki drama 'Natsumatsuri Naniwa-kagami' (Summer festival in Naniwa).

• 特に江戸時代から昭和のはじめ頃までに形成された、商家（しょうか、商いの場や仕事の場を兼ねた商人や職人の家）の街並みをさす。
• The term 'machiya' specifically refers to the townscape consisting of merchant houses (houses of merchants and craftspeople that is a combination of family residence and shop) which was formed during the Edo period through the beginning of the Showa period.

• にも関わらず、情報を入手した中央の貴族が家来や商人に命じて大宰府よりも先に来航者と接触して交易を行う例がしばしば見られた。
• However, those aristocrats with the information about the foreign merchants often ordered their servants or related merchants to reach out them, and traded with before Dazaifu.

• 大名貸（だいみょうがし）とは、大坂・京都・江戸などの有力商人によって財政窮乏に苦しむ大名（藩）に対して行われる金融のこと。
• The term 'daimyogashi' refers to a loan for a daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) or a domain in financial droughts arranged by influential merchants in Osaka, Kyoto, Edo, and so on.

• 「商業の本質は交換の仲介業であり、その重要性は他の職分に何ら劣るものではない」という立場を打ち立てて、商人の支持を集めた。
• He had established point of view, 'commercial essence is the broking business of exchange, and the importance is not inferior to other duties in any way,' and gained merchant's support.

• この場所にて小栗は武蔵国・相模国の郡代横山のもとにいる美貌の娘である照手姫のことを行商人から聞かされ、文を商人に頼み渡す。
• In this place, Oguri heard from a peddler about the Princess Terute who was a beautiful young woman staying with Yokoyama, the administrator of a town in Musashi Province and Sagami Province, and asked the peddler to deliver his letter to her.

• そこで幕府は1604年（慶長9年）、御用商人茶屋四郎次郎を主導者として京都・堺市・長崎の特定商人に糸割符仲間をつくらせた。
• Thereupon, in 1604 the Edo Shogunate established itowappu system by having selected merchants from Kyoo, Sakai, and Nagasaki form itowappu nakama (guild of raw silk threads importers); in forming the itowappu nakama, the Edo Shogunate made Shirojiro CHAYA, the government contractor, the leader.

• 士農工商（しのうこうしょう）とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分（官吏・百姓・職人・商人）の上下関係を指す概念である。
• Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.

• 応仁の乱後、堺商人が抽分銭の請負業務を行い、出航前に予め輸入品の利益額を想定して抽分銭を先に経営者側に納付する制度を取った。
• After the Onin War, Sakai merchants undertook the task of Chubunsen under a system in which they prepaid the Chubunsen to the management based on the amount of profit to be generated from imported goods that was preliminarily estimated by them in advance of departure.

• 元や明ではすでに銅銭の信用が低下しており、貿易を独占するような権門や大商人たちはこれを安い元手できわめて容易に入手していた。
• In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the credibility of copper coins had been degraded, and the influential families and the merchants engaging in large-scale trade who monopolized oversea trade could get these coins by selling inexpensive things and quite easily.

• 一方、外国商人側も文禄・慶長の役の失敗や関ヶ原の戦いの影響によって生じた日本の国内経済の混乱による販売不振に悩まされていた。
• Meanwhile, the foreign merchants' side also had suffered from sales slumps owing to the economic chaos in Japan which resulted from Japan's failure in the Bunroku-Keicho War and the effects of the Battle of Sekigahara.

• 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
• Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.

• その後、日野商人の主力商品が薬に代わったことや、宝暦6年1756年の日野大火（市街地の約８割を焼失）で打撃を受け徐々に衰微。
• The production of Hinowan gradually declined partly because the merchants replaced their major merchandise with medicine, and partly because Hino was devastated in 1756 by a great fire (that reduced about 80% of the downtown to ruins).

• 没薬、乳香など、商人のもろもろの香料をもって、かおりを放ち、煙の柱のように、荒野から上って来るものは何か。 (雅歌 3:6)
• Who is this who comes up from the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all spices of the merchant? (Song of Solomon 3:6)

• もろもろの民の中の商人らはあなたをあざける。あなたは恐るべき終りを遂げ、永遠にうせはてる』」。 (エゼキエル書 27:36)
• The merchants among the peoples hiss at you; you are become a terror, and you shall nevermore have any being. (Ezekiel 27:36)

• 煖炉はずっと以前に和蘭のある商人が拵えた古い物で、周囲には聖書の中の物語を絵模様にした、風変りな和蘭の瓦が敷き詰めてあった。
• The fireplace was an old one, built by some Dutch merchant long ago, and paved all round with quaint Dutch tiles, designed to illustrate the Scriptures.

• 享保の改革では、米価が下がっているのに諸色が下がらないのは商人たちが不当に利益を得ているからだとして価格引下げを命じている。
• In the Kyoho Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in the Kyoho era) a rollback order was issued to the merchants, alleging that the shoshiki showed no sign of easing in spite of the declined rice price because the merchants profited unfairly.

• 目と姿かたちで東部の出身だとわかる一人の若い商人が、鼻をならしている白い馬にのって、物思いにふけりながら歩を進めていました。
• A young merchant, a child of the East, as I could tell by his eye and his figure, rode pensively forward on his white snorting steed.

• また、家に帰ろうとすると、ミルクを買ってくれる商人の中で、小さい荷車に少したきぎを放り込んでくれる優しい人がいたりしました。
• or some kindly trader would throw some billets of fuel into the little cart as it went homeward,

• 様々な国籍を持つ船員、商人、船のあっせん屋、ボーイ、農夫たちが、汽船がすぐ着くだろうということで、あちこち駆けまわっていた。
• Sailors of various nations, merchants, ship-brokers, porters, fellahs, bustled to and fro as if the steamer were immediately expected.

• 行長は商人の子であることなどから文治派というイメージがあるが、当時の商人は少なからず武力を抱えていたことを忘れてはならない。
• Since Yukinaga was a son of a merchant, he gives the impression of a civilian government group, but it should be kept in mind that merchants of the time held military power.

• 明治になり、西洋文化の影響で牛肉食が始まり松阪牛の普及に伊勢商人が貢献したように近江商人の活躍があったためともいわれている。
• During the Meiji Period, people started to eat beef under the influence of the western culture and Omi shonin (Omi merchants) reportedly contributed to the spread of beef consumption as Ise shonin (Ise merchants) did to the spread of Matsuzaka beef.

• 寧波市の市舶司と日本商人との間のトラブルにより街が放火・掠奪される事件があり、間諜（スパイ）の容疑で雪村友梅が捕えられている。
• When trouble between Shihakushi and Japanese merchants triggered arson and looting on a street in Neiha City, Sesson Yubai was arrested and charged with being a spy.

• 徳川家康はスペインとの貿易に積極的姿勢を見せ、京都の商人田中勝介を当時スペイン領のヌエバ・エスパーニャ（メキシコ）に派遣した。
• Ieyasu TOKUGAWA adopted the posture of actively promoting trade with Spain, and sent Shosuke TANAKA, a merchant in Kyoto, to Nueva Espana (present Mexico) that was a territory of Spain at that time.

• 特にこうした商人が続出した大阪（大坂から改称）は経済的に大打撃を受けて、日本経済の中心的地位から転落する要因となったのである。
• Osaka was particularly hard hit since many such merchants were in Osaka, and it became the cause for Osaka's fall from being in a position as the center of Japanese economy.

• 戦後、名和長年と同じく辰砂の採掘権と技術を有した商人的武装集団の頭目説、散所の長者説などが出されたが、いまだ定説は存在しない。
• After the World War II, there were several theories as to the family origins such as the Kusunoki being the chief of an armed group of merchants who possessed the rights and skills of cinnabar exploitation, for example, like Nagatoshi NAWA, or billionares in sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax); to date, none of these theories have been proven.

• この商人がある晩おそく紀国坂を急いで登って行くと、ただひとり濠（ほり）の縁（ふち）に踞（かが）んで、ひどく泣いている女を見た。
• One night, at a late hour, he was hurrying up the Kii-no-kuni-zaka, when he perceived a woman crouching by the moat, all alone, and weeping bitterly.

• そのツリーは、金持ち商人の家のガラス戸を通して見たことのあるものよりもずっと大きく、 もっとたくさん飾り付けがしてありました。
• it was still larger, and more decorated than the one which she had seen throughthe glass door in the rich merchant's house.

• こうして教育を受けて後、お園は父の一族の知人――ながらやと云う商人に嫁（かたづ）けられ、ほとんど四年の間その男と楽しく暮した。
• After she had thus been educated, she was married to a friend of her father's family -- a merchant named Nagaraya;-- and she lived happily with him for nearly four years.

• 蔵田氏は越後の苧商人を統括するとともに長尾氏（上杉氏）御用商人として長尾景虎（上杉謙信）の軍事活動を経済的な面から支えていた。
• The Kurata clan unified the aoso merchants in Echigo Province, and backed up the military activities of Kagetora NAGAO (Kenshin UESUGI) in economy as its purveyor.

• 天安 (日本)2年（858年）には留学僧円珍が商人李延孝の船で帰朝し、鴻臚館北館門楼で歓迎の宴が催されたと『園城寺文書』にある。
• There is a description in the 'Onjo-ji bunsho' (documents compiled by Onjoji Temple) that a welcome party was held at the guest house in the north part of Korokan when the monk Enchin returned to Japan after studying abroad by a ship owned by the merchant Enko LI (李延孝) in 858.

• 李氏朝鮮の都・漢城（現在のソウル）にも通交を求めてくる日本の大名や商人を接待するための施設「東平館」が存在し、倭館と通称された。
• In the Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, there was also a facility named 'Dongpyoung-gwan,' or commonly called wakan, that was used to entertain Japanese Daimyo and merchants asking for commercial intercourse.

• ただし、堺商人の影響力の及ばない西国の大内氏が経営する勘合船にはこの規定が及ばず、依然として帰港後に独自に抽分銭を徴収していた。
• However, the vessels managed by the Ouchi clan based in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) were beyond the reach of the above regulation, and the Chubunsen was still independently collected after their return to port.

• 江戸幕府が市場の米を買い上げ貯蔵して米価の引き上げを促すとともに、諸藩や江戸・大坂の有力商人達にも強制的に同様の措置を行わせた。
• The Edo Shogunate purchased rice from the market and stored it away to regulate rice prices, and required all the domains and influential merchants in Edo and Osaka to do the same..

• これは当初来日する外国商人は中国の開港場から来る者が多く、日本は漢字が通用するので中国人買弁が通訳として同行してきたためである。
• Chinatowns sprang up because at first most foreign merchants came to Japan from the treaty port concessions of China, and as Japanese people could understand written Chinese characters Chinese compradors accompanied the merchants as translators.

• また、荻原は御用商人からの収賄や貨幣改鋳に関して巨額の利益を収めたなど、汚職の噂が絶えなかった（新井著「折たく柴の記」による）。
• In addition, there were endless corruption rumors for Ogiwara such as bribes from government contractors and enormous amounts of profit in relation with reminting the coins (in accordance with 'Oritaku Shiba no ki' [autobiographical essay] written by Hakuseki ARAI).

• その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
• In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.

• おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代（10世紀）に既に出揃っている。
• All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.

• なお、以上より転じて、前垂れをよく締めていた商人、商家の奉公人をさして（職人などと対比的に）「前垂れ（掛け）」と言うことがある。
• Derived from an actual outfit, the word 'maedare' or 'maekake' is sometimes also used to refer to merchants and their employees (as opposed to craftsman or other professions) as they often wore a maedare.

• インドでは、まず中国人の運搬装置の商人が使い始めた1914年にその中国人たちが人力車を乗物として使用できるように許可を申請した。
• In India, Chinese traders initially started using them in 1914 to transport goods and then applied for permission to use them to transport passengers.

• 初代の四郎次郎清延は本能寺の変後、本国へ逃亡する途中の徳川家康一行を支援し、それがきっかけとなり徳川家御用達商人の一人となった。
• The first generation Shirojiro Kiyonobu assisted Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's party on its way fleeing back to its home province after the Honnoji Incident, and this enabled him to become one of the merchants with the Tokugawa family's warrant.

• 近江商人（おうみしょうにん）は、主に鎌倉時代から江戸時代、明治時代、大正時代、昭和時代にかけて活動した近江国・滋賀県出身の商人。
• Omi shonin refers to merchants from the Omi Province (present-day Shiga Prefecture) who were active from the Kamakura period through to Edo, Meiji, Taisho and Showa periods.

• しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
• But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.

• 近隣の麻田藩では大坂商人で西本願寺家臣の石田敬起（大根屋小右衛門）による改革で藩札は農民側の管理に委ねられて適切に運用されていた。
• In nearby Asada Domain, a reform was conducted by Takaoki ISHIDA (Koemon DAIKONYA), the vassal of Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, and as a result their han bills were managed and circulated properly by peasants.

• これに対して、外様大名の京屋敷は留守居など下級役人しか置けず、場合によっては御用達を務める商人に管理が委託されている場合もあった。
• The Kyo-yashiki of the Tozama daimyo, contrarily, were allowed to maintain only low-level officials such as Rusui (caretaker or keeper (official post in the Edo era)) and in some cases, the management of a Kyo-yashiki was entrusted to a purveyor.

• さらに、商人町でせっかちな人が多く食事を早く済ませたい要望が多かった土地柄を反映して、調理時間を短縮するために茹で置きが広まった。
• Besides, reflecting the characteristic of this commercial area where lots of impatient people desired to finish meals as quick as possible, noodles were generally boiled beforehand to shorten cooking time.

• また、地の商人たちも彼女のために泣き悲しむ。もはや、彼らの商品を買う者が、ひとりもないからである。 (ヨハネの黙示録 18:11)
• The merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, for no one buys their merchandise any more; (Revelation 18:11)

• 江戸時代中頃にはこの通りを往来する旅人や商人を目当てに、料理屋や旅籠、酒屋などが店を構えるようになり、酒楼娯楽の場へと姿を変えた。
• In the mid-Edo period, restaurants, inns, liquor shops targeted at travellers and merchants started to be established along the street, changing the district into a restaurant and amusement area.

• かつて、斎藤道三は北条早雲らと並ぶ下克上大名の典型であり、僧侶から油商人を経てついに戦国大名にまで成り上がった人物だとされてきた。
• Dosan rose in the world from a monk, through an oil-seller, to a Sengoku daimyo, and along with Soun HOJO, Dosan was considered the epitome of a man's rise to a daimyo by gekokujo (the low oppress the high).

• 具体的には、旧領の日野・松阪の商人の招聘、定期市の開設、楽市楽座の導入、手工業の奨励等により、江戸時代の会津藩の発展の礎を築いた。
• Merchants of the former domains of Hino and Matsuzaka were welcomed to the town, regular scheduled markets were organized, free markets and free guilds were introduced and handicrafts were encouraged etc, all of which laid the foundations for development in the Aizu domain in the Edo period.

• また、このような多趣味の傾向からか収集癖も持ち合わせていたようで、隠居後も博多の商人を通じて書画や茶器を大量に購入、収集している。
• He seemed to be a collectomania with many hobbies and bought and collected many calligraphic works and paintings and chaki (tea utensils) through merchants in Hakata after retiring.

• これらの曾我多賀氏、豊田佐藤氏、福地織田氏、田原本平野氏は、それぞれ領外で取引関係にある多様な在郷商人などが引請の銀札を発行した。
• These Soga-Taga clan, Toyota-Sato clan, Fukuchi-Oda clan, and Tawaramoto-Hirano clan issued gin-satsu, which was undertaken by various local merchants who resided outside their respective territories but with whom they had transactions.

• 呂宋 助左衛門（るそん すけざえもん、永禄8年（1565年）? - 没年不詳）は、戦国時代 (日本)の和泉国堺市の貿易商人である。
• Sukezaemon RUSON (1565? - year of death unknown) was a trader in Sakai City, Izumi Province during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States [in Japan]).

• しかし、宗室と宗湛は秀吉取立て商人であり、大賀宗九は黒田氏取立て商人というわけで、歴史学というジャンルでは、両者の性格は全く違う。
• While Soshitsu and Sotan were merchants under the patronage of Hideyoshi, Soku OGA was a merchant under the patronage of the Kuroda clan: the natures of the two types of merchants appear completely different through the history.

• そんな中、競合商人が少しでも有利な条件で参入するために「寺社造営」という看板を掲げることで、日本の政治権力（武家、寺家）と提携した。
• In these situations, competing merchants joined hands with the political force of Japan (samurai families or families that own and resided in temples) with a pretext of building temples and shrines to compete with more profitable conditions.

• 経済面では、地主や問屋商人の中には工場を設けて分業や協業によって工場制手工業生産をおこなうマニュファクチュアが天保期には現れている。
• In the Tenpo era, a new economic style, manufacture, emerged among landowners and wholesallers, who set up factories with the principle of division of labor or cooperation.

• 彼らは「公卿は官禄は高くても貧しく、我輩の商賈（大坂商人）に手を下くる（へつらう）。世の中に富より尊いものがあろうか」と考えている。
• They believe that 'the aristocracy may be elevated in status but is poor and ingratiate themselves to us Osaka merchants and there is nothing more important in the world than wealth.'

• このような中、志布志港の商人山下弥五郎が観音様のお告げを受けたとして、米を運ぶのと同じ運賃で畿内までの輸送を買って出ることになった。
• Yagoro YAMASHITA, a merchant of Shibushi port, offered to transport them to Kinai region at the same charge as transporting rice; he said he had received an oracle from Kannon (Buddhist deity of mercy).

• 一方、酒によって多大な利益を得る商人から、いかにして租税をとりたてるかが幕府にとって頭の使いどころでもあり、頭の痛い問題でもあった。
• On the other hand, how to collecting tax from merchants who got enormous profits by sake was extremely creative means for the bakufu and also was a difficult problem.

• 中世日朝交易は、通交使節による進上と回賜、朝鮮王朝による公貿易、日朝双方の商人による私貿易の三つの形態が組み合わさったものであった。
• The medieval trade between Japan and Korea consisted of three trading styles: shinjo (courtesy visits with gifts) by trading envoys and kaishi (luxurious return gifts), the public trade by the Korean Dynasty, and private trade by Japanese and Korean merchants.

• この初代～三代までが茶屋家の商人としての絶頂期であり、角倉了以の「角倉家」、後藤庄三郎の「後藤家」とともに「京の三長者」と言われた。
• The first through third family heads marked the pinnacle of the Chaya family as merchants, and they were known as 'the three millionaires of Kyoto' along with 'the Suminokura family' of Ryoi SUMINOKURA and 'the Goto family' of Shozaburo GOTO.

• 函館の商人らと共に前年の開拓使官有物払下げ事件の影響で設立が危ぶまれた北海道運輸会社（後の日本郵船の一部）を設立し海運業に乗り出す。
• He founded Hokkaido Transportation Company (a part of the future Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, NYK Line) to go into the field of the marine transportation business with other merchants in Hakodate, even though the establishment of the business had been once doubted because of the influence of the Affair of Government Property Disposal occurred at the Hokkaido Development Commissioner office.

• また、ポルトガル商人に対しては生糸の独占的利益を得ていた為、これを削ぐことを目的として京都・堺・長崎の商人に糸割符仲間を結成させた。
• Against the Portuguese merchants who had exclusively gained profits from trade of raw silk, Ieyasu made merchants in Kyoto, in Sakai and in Nagasaki form itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) to diminish their profits.

• そして、そこ並んでいたのは、商人の商家や職人の工房であり、それに対し、公家や武家は、より洪水の危険の及ぶ東洞院通以東に居を構えていた。
• The merchant houses and factories of the craftspeople lined the street, whereas the courtiers and military families had homes east of the Higashinotoin-dori Street, which was more prone to flooding.

• この事件をきっかけに寧波に近い双嶼や、船山諸島など沿岸部で日本人商人との私貿易、密貿易が活発化し、倭寇（後期倭寇）の活動となって行く。
• This incident led to increased private trade and smuggling with Japanese merchants at coastal areas such as Shuangyu near Ningbo and the Zhoushan Islands, as well as activities of wako (koki wako [the 16th-century wako pirate-traders]).

• なお、公式文書などでは、幕府が直接行う買い上げは「かいまい」、商人達に強制的に行わせるものは「かわせまい」と呼称させて区別されている。
• In the official documents, when the government purchased rice it was referred to as 'Kai-mai', while rice purchases by merchants was referred as 'Kawase-mai'.

• 天正初年（1574年）、本願寺が織田信長に挑戦したとき、今井郷民のほとんどは商人であり武家は川井家の一族郎党を中心にした戦力であった。
• In 1574, when Hongan-ji Temple challenged Nobunaga ODA, most of the Imai-go residents were merchants and samurai families as war potential included mainly the family and retainers of the Kawai clan.

• これらの絵画史料から、館の前をたまたま通りがかった商人らが郎党に拉致され、武芸訓練として斬首される様子などをうかがい知ることができる。
• These pictorial materials include various scenes such as the decapitation of merchants, who were abducted by retainers after accidentally passing in front of the gate, on the pretext of military art training.

• 一説によると、「商人の町」大阪では開きやすい腹を切るが、「武士の町」江戸では「腹を切る」ことを忌み嫌ったために背中から切るのだという。
• According to one theory in Osaka, the 'city of merchants,' the belly was split open because it could be cut easier; on the other hand, in Edo, the 'city of samurai,' 'slashing the belly' (harakiri) was considered a taboo, so that the back was slit open.

• その後の大徳寺は、貴族、大名、商人、文化人など、幅広い層の保護や支持を受けて栄え、室町時代以降は一休宗純をはじめとする名僧を輩出した。
• Following this, Daitoku-ji Temple enjoyed the patronage and support of a wide range of people including aristocrats, Daimyo, business people and cultural figures and, from the Muromachi period, produced a string of eminent monks including Ikkyu Shojun.

• この商人であったという説は、久秀と同世代の斎藤道三も久秀と同じような人生を歩んでいることから可能性があるとして出てきている説でもある。
• This theory has been conjectured based on Dosan SAITO, who was his age and who led a life parallel to his.

• 楠葉 西忍（くすば さいにん、応永2年（1395年） - 文明 (日本)18年2月13日（1486年3月18日））は、室町時代の商人。
• Sainin KUSUBA (1395 - March 18, 1486) was a merchant who lived in the Muromachi Period.

• 榎本は貿易商で、島津・毛利・山内・前田・蜂須賀ら大名家が幕府に内緒で銃を買い入れていた武器商人で、維新後は生糸の輸出で財をなしていた。
• Enomoto was a trader and a weapon dealer from whom feudal lord families including Shimazu, Mori, Yamauchi, Maeda and Hachisuga had purchased guns secretly from the shogunate, and after the Meiji Restoration, he made a fortune by export of raw silk thread.

• 貿易を通じて商人から得たのか、あるいはベトナムは朝貢使節を清朝に派遣していたので、そのときに買い求めたものかもしれないと考えられている。
• It is considered that it was brought by merchants or bought in China and brought back to Vietnam by tributary delegates, which Vietnam sent to the Qing dynasty.

• 一方日本では遣唐使の廃止以降、鴻臚館での貿易は続けられていたものの、一般の宋の商人は博多や敦賀に来航し、民間レベルでの貿易を行っていた。
• On the other hand, in Japan, after abolishing their envoy to the Tang Dynasty, they continued trade in Korokan and also the commerce with ordinary Chinese merchants continued on the private-sector level at Hakata and Tsuruga.

• 貸し手の商人達から見れば大名貸は一種の不良債権であり返って来る見込みは薄くても名目上は資産として認められ、また社会的な地位ともなりえた。
• From the standpoint of merchants who lent money, daimyo-gashi was the nominal assets and the basis of their social status in spite of the fact that they were a kind of bad loan and their collectability was low.

• この他、雪斎は臨済宗を中心とした領内における寺社・宗教の統制や、在来商人を保護する商業政策なども行ない、今川氏の最盛期に大きく貢献した。
• In addition to these, Sessai contributed greatly to the height of prosperity of the Imagawa clan by controlling temples and religions, mainly those of the Rinzai sect, and implementing commercial policy to protect local merchants in the Imagawa territory.

• ツロにむかってこれを定めたのはだれか。ツロは冠を授けた町、その商人は君たち、その貿易業者は地の尊い人々であった。 (イザヤ書 23:8)
• Who has planned this against Tyre, the giver of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth? (Isaiah 23:8)

• ソロモンが馬を輸入したのはエジプトとクエからであった。すなわち王の貿易商人がクエから代価を払って受け取って来た。 (歴代志2 1:16)
• The horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt and from Kue; the king's merchants purchased them from Kue. (2 Chronicles 1:16)

• これらの品々を売って、彼女から富を得た商人は、彼女の苦しみに恐れをいだいて遠くに立ち、泣き悲しんで言う、 (ヨハネの黙示録 18:15)
• The merchants of these things, who were made rich by her, will stand far away for the fear of her torment, weeping and mourning; (Revelation 18:15)

• %ref% に勝利し、あなたはついに独立を勝ち取った！ ヨーロッパの商人に売却するときには、もはや関税には税金や王室の干渉がありません。
• You have defeated the %ref% and finally gained independence! Your Customs Houses may now freely sell to European merchants without tax or royal interference.

• 津田 宗及（つだ そうぎゅう、生年不詳 - 天正19年4月20日 (旧暦)（1591年6月11日））は、安土桃山時代の堺市の商人、茶道。
• Sogyu TSUDA (year of birth unknown - June 11, 1591) was a merchant of Sakai City and a chajin (master of the tea ceremony) who lived during the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

• 村井章介は、この船は博多を拠点とする貿易商人が主体となったもので、東福寺や幕府は多くの荷主の中の一つに過ぎなかったのではないかと推測する。
• Shosuke MURAI suggests that trading merchants based in Hakata were main sponsors for this ship and that Tofuku-ji Temple and the bakufu were only the shipper.

• 丸ゆべしの代表的な産地に石川県輪島市が有名になったのは、輪島塗の行商人が携行食として、また顧客への手土産として広まったとの説が有力である。
• According to a widely-accepted theory, Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture became famous as a typical production area of Maru Yubeshi because peddlers of wajima-nuri lacquerware carried it as portable food and also as a calling present to customers.

• 商人同士の会合や接待の場に欠かせないのは芸者（男女を問わず）の存在であったために自然発生的にほかの土地から出奔した芸者が深川に居を構えた。
• Geisha (both male and female) were in great demand for a gathering of merchants or entertaining business contracts, so naturally, such Geisha who had run away from their hometown settled in Fukagawa.

• そこで義満は出家し、太政大臣も辞した「日本国准三后源道義」の名義で1401年（応永8年）に博多の商人肥富と僧祖阿を使節として明に派遣する。
• Then, Yoshimitsu became a priest, and then sent a merchant called Koitsumi from Hakata City and the priest Soa as missionaries to Ming in 1401, with the aristocratic title of 'Junsangu of Japan, Michiyoshi MINAMOTO,' instead of using the higher (but samurai) title of 'Taisei Shogun.'

• 当初はポルトガル商人だけであったが、1633年（寛永10年）に中国（明→清）商人、1635年（寛永12年）にはオランダ商人にも適用された。
• At first the foreign merchants the itowappu nakama negotiated were Portuguese merchants only, but in 1633 Chinese merchants (Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty) and in 1635 Dutch merchants came to export raw silk threads under the itowappu system.

• この詩の中で、越（華南）の商人が当時既に宝刀と呼ばれていた日本刀を日本まで買い付けに行くことやその外装や容貌などの美術的観点が歌われている。
• This poem describes a merchant of Yueh (South China) who goes to Japan to buy Japanese swords already being called treasure swords given their artistic qualities found in the fittings and appearance.

• さらに三浦周辺の地方官吏や辺将（朝鮮王朝の地方武官）に止まらず朝鮮王朝中央高官の中にさえ、商人に便宜を図り密貿易に関与する者が出現している。
• In addition to local officials and hensho (local governors) around Sanpo, some higher-ranked officials of the central government of the Korean Dynasty began to provide merchants some assistance and participate with them in the illegal trading.

• 日本において馬とは、刀剣や鉄砲と同じように兵器として扱われていたので、武士以外の身分（商人や農民）などは通常、乗馬することを禁止されていた。
• In the past, horses had been considered to be one of weapons, such as swords and guns, therefore, the people except for the bushi class, such as tradesmen and peasants, had been forbidden to ride horses.

• 江戸はもともと幕府の計画によって造られた都市で、初期は江戸城を中心として周囲に武家地を造り、そこに商人や職人を移住させる形で発展していった。
• The city of Edo was originally built based on the shogunate plan and then developed by building a warrior's district around Edo-jo Castle and allowing merchants and craftsmen to move to the city.

• そしてこれは、その日に廃された。そこで、わたしに目を注いでいた羊の商人らは、これが主の言葉であったことを知った。 (ゼカリヤ書 11:11)
• It was broken in that day; and thus the poor of the flock that listened to me knew that it was the word of Yahweh. (Zechariah 11:11)

• 住友 政友（すみとも まさとも、天正13年11月11日 (旧暦)（1585年12月31日） - 慶安5年（1652年））は、江戸時代の商人。
• Masatomo SUMITOMO (December 31, 1585 - 1652) was a merchant in the Edo period.

• 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
• After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.

• 貞清は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に与して戦後は茶人・商人となっていた人物で、その妻について石田三成の娘、大谷吉継の妹、真田信繁の娘などの諸説がある。
• Sadakiyo joined the Western Camp at the Battle of Sekigahara, and after the war, he became a tea master and a merchant, and there are several theories about his wife, which is said to be the daughter of Mitsunari ISHIDA, a younger sister of Yoshitsugu OTANI, or the daughter of Nobushige SANADA.

• しかしながら、収入を増やすために米の生産量を増やすと米価が下がると言う様になかなか思うようにはいかず、商人たちが経済の主導権を握るようになる。
• However, the policy did not work well as the increase of rice production for the purpose of the revenue increase resulted in the decrease of rice price, and merchants came to take control of the economy.

• 特に伊勢参りに向かう人々が津市や松阪市を経由していく事から、彼から諸国の情報を手に入れられた事が伊勢商人の発展につながっていると見られている。
• Particularly, it is believed that the information on various areas all around Japan, which was brought by people making a pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine) because they went to Ise Shrine via Tsu City and Matsuzaka City, helped the Ise shonin develop.

• 世界的に見てもこういった業態は多々存在し、都市部の市場で仕入れた物品を村落などを巡回する形で売り歩いた商人などの例は古今東西で枚挙に暇が無い。
• Many of those business conditions can be globally seen, for example, a lot of merchants who traveled around villages to sell goods purchased from markets in urban areas can be seen in all ages and countries.

• 維新後、佐竹家御用商人だった菅原新五郎の高弟の成瀬峯雲が東京で伝授したことにより、石州流成瀬派、石州流林泉寺派、石州流古閑堂派などに分派した。
• After the Meiji Restoration, Houn NARUSE, a top student of Shingoro SUGAWARA, who was a purveyor of the Satake family, taught the Nomura-ha in Tokyo, where it split into the Sekishu-ryu Naruse-ha, the Sekishu-ryu Rinsenji-ha and the Sekishu-ryu Kokando-ha branches.

• 『めぐり』の商人たちは5月14日に大坂を出立し、高野山から小辺路をへて熊野に入り、本宮・新宮・那智を巡拝し、中辺路を通って大坂へ帰着している。
• According to 'Meguri,' the merchants including the writer left Osaka on May 14, walked Kohechi from Mt. Koya to Kumano to visit Hongu-taisha Shrine, Shingu Shrine and Nachi-taisha Shrine, and used Nakahechi to return to Osaka.

• 735年になって唐国欽州（現・中華人民共和国広西チワン族自治区欽州、トンキン湾に面する）在住の崑崙商人に助けられ、欽州へ脱出することができた。
• In 735, a Champa merchant, who lived in Qinzhou in Tang China, helped them to escape to Qinzhou (present Qinzhou in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of People's Republic of China, facing the Gulf of Tonkin.)

• 江戸時代初期には伝統的に有力商人が多かった京都の商人からの借り入れも多かったが、京都自体の経済的地位の低下によって大名貸との関係が薄くなった。
• Many loans were arranged by merchants in Kyoto as there were traditionally a large number of powerful merchants there in the early Edo period, but the connection of Daimyo and Kyoto became weaker as the position of Kyoto in economy declined.

• 唐の都の長安は西アジアやインドからの使節や商人が集まる国際都市となり、長安を中心にさまざまな商品や知識が日本を始め東アジア各地に広まっていった。
• Chagan, the capital of Tang became an international city with envoys and merchants from West Asia and India, and various kinds of commodities and knowledge were spread to Japan and East Asia from Chagan.

• 頭が弱い悪徳商人の息子である新吉が自分の部屋の壁に画いたからかさ小僧の落書きが、踊りながら壁から抜け出たと同時に笑い声と共に実体化して誕生した。
• Shinkichi, the son of a feeble-minded, corrupt merchant drew a picture of the karakasa-kozo on the wall of his room; the karakasa-kozo then came to life, laughing as he danced out of the wall.

• シバとラアマの商人は、あなたと取引し、もろもろの尊い香料と、もろもろの宝石と金とをもって、あなたの商品と交換した。 (エゼキエル書 27:22)
• The traffickers of Sheba and Raamah, they were your traffickers; they traded for your wares with the chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold. (Ezekiel 27:22)

• 足利義満は、応永8年（1401年）に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
• Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.

• それに対して新興商人側も「新座」と呼ばれる座を結成して既成の座と同様の特権を求める動きが現れ、更に「孫座」と呼ばれる第三の座すら現れる例もあった。
• In order to cope with these changes, emerging merchants began to establish za called 'shin-za' (literally, 'new za') for the sake of the same privileges as existing za had, and some of them even formed the third form of za called 'mago-za' (literally, 'grandchild's za').

• 伊藤忠兵衛 （いとう ちゅうべえ、天保13年7月2日 (旧暦)（1842年8月7日） - 1903年（明治36年）7月8日）は日本の商人､実業家。
• Chubei ITO (August 7, 1842 - July 8, 1903) was a Japanese merchant and businessman.

• 三井 高利（みつい たかとし、元和 (日本)8年（1622年） - 元禄7年5月6日 (旧暦)（1694年5月29日））は、江戸時代の商人である。
• Takatoshi MITSUI (1622- May 29, 1694) was a merchant who lived during the Edo Period.

• また「町人」と「商人」は異なる身分とみなされていたとする実証的研究もあり、実際の江戸時代の身分制度はかなり錯綜した複雑な構造を持っていたようである。
• As shown in an empirical study which inferred that 'townsmen' and 'merchants' were categorized into different classes, the actual class system in the Edo period was quite a complex and complicated structure.

• これらの道具を所持していたという事実が、珠光が還俗して商人になったという論の大きな根拠であった（このために「村田珠光」の名前で流布したのでもある）。
• The fact that Juko owned these utensils was the grounds for the assertion that he once returned to secular life (this is the reason why he has been generally known with by the name 'Juko Murata').

• しかし裏を返せば、織りたてでは生地が硬く着心地がよくないため、裕福な商人は番頭などに自分の紬を着せて柔らかくなった所で自分で着用したという話もある。
• On the other hand, the new fabric feels stiff, and it is not comfortable to wear it, so wealthy merchants often let their head clerks wear it till it softened up, and later they wore it themselves.

• 生後１３か月も経たないうちに、パトラッシュは、北の果てから南の果てまで、青い海から緑の山まで行商するのに慣れていた金物の行商人の持ち物になりました。
• Before he had entered his thirteenth month he had become the property of a hardware dealer, who was accustomed to wander over the land north and south, from the blue sea to the green mountains.

• さて、穀物と葡萄酒とオリーブ油はギリシア人にはとても必要だったのだが、それを供給するフェニキア商人に金や青銅をこれ以上払うのはもういやになっていた。
• Now corn, and wine, and oil were sorely needed by the Greeks, who were tired of paying much gold and bronze to the Phoenician merchants for their supplies.

• 政友は、この商人の心得を説いた『文殊院旨意書（もんじゅいんしいがき）』を残し、その教えが住友の家訓となって現在も「住友精神」として受け継がれている。
• Masatomo explained these principles of merchants in his book 'Monjuin Shiigaki' (Warnings by Monjuin), whose teachings became the Sumitomo family's precepts and have been handed down to the present day as 'the Sumitomo Spirits.'

• その後、長崎の商人渡辺元の援助を受け、「菅仲甫」という変名を用いて中国語や風習などを密かに学び、1895年に辮髪を結って横浜市の清国商館に勤務する。
• Later he secretly learned the Chinese language and customs under the name of 菅仲甫 with the help of Gen Watanabe, a merchant in Nagasaki, and in 1895 worked at the Qing mercantile house in Yokohama City with his hair shaped in benpatsu, a Chinese hairstyle in the Qing era.

• だが、後世に入ると武士や商人・農民など身分それぞれの必要に合わせた知識や慣習を盛り込んだものや習字用の｢字尽し｣など書簡形式をとらないものが著された。
• In later years, some oraimono were composed of knowledge and customs necessary for each social status, such as samurai, merchants and farmers, while 'Jizukushi,' which were not in the form of correspondence, were compiled for calligraphy practice.

• 三田藩が藩領外の商人に対しても自藩領内での藩札の使用を義務付けていたこともあり、摂津国西部から播磨国東部にかけてのかなり広い地域で同藩の札は流通した。
• Since Sanda Domain obliged outside merchants to use han bills issued by the domain within their territories, han bills were extensively circulated from the western part of Settsu Province and the eastern part of Harima Province.

• 元禄時代になり、葛籠屋甚兵衛という江戸の商人が規格サイズ（約87×53×45cm）を婚礼の道具として作り出し、庶民にも親しみやすいものになっていった。
• In the Genroku era, a merchant in Edo (Tokyo), Jinbe TSUZURAYA, made and sold unified size baskets (about 87 x 53 x 45cm) as bridal furniture and they became popular products for the common people.

• 一説では上杉家に出入りする商人の斡旋により、京都で景勝に見初められて側室になったといわれているが、詳細な史料は存在せず、側室となった経緯は不明である。
• One theory has it that she was introduced to Kagekatsu by a merchant who visited the Uesugi family, and became his concubine in Kyoto, although there is no historical material revealing details, thus how she became a concubine is yet unknown.

• いうなれば、いつも酒造株高と酒造米高に生じる格差をうまく利用して幕府の政策の裏をかいていた商人たちに対し、今度は幕府が商人たちの裏をかいたわけである。
• In a manner, merchants had outwitted the bakufu's policy by taking advantage of the difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake, but this time around, the bakufu got around the merchants.

• 南蛮貿易（なんばんぼうえき）とは、日本の商人とスペイン、ポルトガルの商人（南蛮人）との間で16世紀半ばから17世紀初期にかけて行われていた貿易である。
• Nanbanboeki indicates trade that was carried on between merchants in Japan and those in Spain or Portugal during the era from around the middle of sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.

• 積荷木簡の中には「綱司」（交易船長の意）という字を記すものが110点あり、その多くは「綱司私」と記され、商人の私的交易品が多く含まれていたことが伺える。
• 110 pieces of the Tsumini mokkan have the mark 'Goji' (meaning the captain of a trading ship) on them and the most of them have 'Goji shi' (items for the private use of Goji), suggesting that many private trading goods for merchants were included.

• 幕府から見れば、酒株制度には酒造石高をめぐって一つの弱点があり、酒屋ら商人たちがそこをうまく利用すると、幕府に入る酒税が先細りになっていく恐れがあった。
• The bakufu considered that the sakekabu system had a weakness in the point of the amount of sake brewing, and it was afraid that tax revenue would decrease if merchants including sake breweries hit the weak point.

• 江戸時代の幕藩体制のもとではどこの大名家にも確たる家風と家訓が存在したと言われ、更に一部の商人や農民の間でも家風の確立と家訓・家憲の作成が行われていた。
• In the Edo period, every daimyo (feudal lord) family under the shogunate system was said to have a firm kafu and kakun, and even among some merchants and peasantry families, kafu was established and kakun and kaken were prepared.

• このほかに貿易商および商人の携えて来たものがあった。またアラビヤのすべての王たちおよび国の代官たちも金銀をソロモンに携えてきた。 (歴代志2 9:14)
• besides that which the traders and merchants brought: and all the kings of Arabia and the governors of the country brought gold and silver to Solomon. (2 Chronicles 9:14)

• De Wittは偉大なるオランダの政治家。商人を代表して産業と商業を推奨した。また彼はオランダがイギリスとの戦争を終結する際の重要な条約の交渉を行った。
• De Witt was a great Dutch statesmen. He represented the merchants and a encouraged industry and commerce. He also negotiated several important treaties for the Dutch to end wars with England.

• だが、どの藩も財政難は深刻化する一方であり、藩側による蔵元・掛屋の解任や証文の破棄などによる一方的な債務破棄（踏み倒し）やこれに伴う商人の破産が起きた。
• However, every domain's financial difficulty got worse and worse and some domains started to repudiate their debt by dismissing their kuramoto or kakeya or abandoning their bonds, which made merchants bankrupt.

• 赤穂藩は領地が山に囲まれた地形のため、領外との取引を行う商人などを除き、領内での藩札の専一流通が確実に行われていたことは多くの史料によって確認されている。
• Many historical articles state it is certain that people, except for merchants who had business with outsiders, used only han bills within the territory because mountains surrounded the territory of Ako Domain.

• このような武装集団だけでなく、神社に隷属した芸能者・手工業者・商人なども神人に加えられ、やがて、神人が組織する商工・芸能の座が多く結成されるようになった。
• Not only armed groups, but also performers, craftsmen, and merchants joined jinin, and over time, many commerce, industry, and entertainment guilds were organized by jinin.

• 倒壊家屋が多かったため、地震後の復興景気により大工や木材商が莫大な利益を上げたことを風刺し、これらの職人や商人がナマズに感謝する姿を題材にしたものもある。
• Because a large number of houses were destroyed and carpenters and lumber dealers earned a tremendous amount of profits thanks to a booming restoration economy after the earthquake, there ware also prints that satirized this and show carpenters and lumber dealers thanking a catfish.

• さらに、1973年には、トルファンのアスターナ石窟中の509号墓から、開元20年（732年）の、ソグド商人の石染典ら一行が使用した過所の現物が発見された。
• Moreover, in 1973, the original of Kasho used by a group including 石染典, a Sogdian merchant, in 732 was found in the 509th tomb in the Astana Cave in Turpan.

• 今井 宗久（いまい そうきゅう、1520年（永正17年） - 1593年8月31日（文禄2年8月5日 (旧暦)））は、安土桃山時代の堺の商人、茶人である。
• Sokyu IMAI (1520 - August 31, 1593) was a merchant in Sakai and a chajin (master of the tea ceremony), who lived in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

• 実際、幕府が国内沿岸を運行する唐船の警固を西国の御家人に命じた例がいくつか見られるものの、外洋に出た後の航海は護衛せず、基本的には商人たちに放任されていた。
• Although there were, in fact, several cases where the bakufu ordered Saigoku-gokenin to guard Tosen running along domestic coasts, the government did not guard the ships after they ran out into the open sea and basically left the guard to the merchants..

• 釜山の倭館は朝鮮側が日本、特に対馬藩の使節や商人を饗応するために設けた施設であったが、明治政府は対馬藩から外交権を取り上げ、朝鮮との交渉に乗り出そうとした。
• The Japanese consular office in Busan was established by Korea to entertain Japanese envoys and merchants especially from the Tsushima domain, but the Meiji government tried to deprive the Tsushima domain of the diplomatic rights and start direct negotiations with Korea.

• ところが、テアテラ市の紫布の商人で、神を敬うルデヤという婦人が聞いていた。主は彼女の心を開いて、パウロの語ることに耳を傾けさせた。 (使徒行伝 16:14)
• A certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one who worshiped God, heard us; whose heart the Lord opened to listen to the things which were spoken by Paul. (Acts 16:14)

• もっとも、全ての藩もしくは領主が京枡に従った訳ではなく、また一部商人なども含めて不正目的で京枡と異なる枡を用いる場合もあったため、枡の統一は困難をきわめた。
• Not all clans and lords adopted kyo-masu, and some merchants used masu that were not kyo-masu for illicit purposes; this made the unification of masu extremely difficult.

• また、菅原道真が遣唐使廃止について上奏した「請令諸公卿議定遣唐使進止状」（『菅家文章』）にも在唐中の僧侶が唐の商人に道真への手紙を託したことが記されている。
• An episode that a monk in Tang sent a letter addressed to Michizane by a Shiragi merchant, has been also written in the proposal for stopping Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China ('Kanke bunso' [an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane]) that reported to the Imperial Court by SUGAWARA no Michizane.

• だが、慢性的な財政難に苦しむ借手側の藩も勿論のこと、既に多額の貸付を抱えてしまった貸手側の商人も全ての大名貸から手を引けるような状況ではなくなりつつあった。
• However, it was very difficult for merchants to walk away from daimyogashi because they already arranged large amount of loans, and it was also hard for domains who were suffering from chronic financial difficulty.

• 『宇治拾遺物語』には、保輔が自分の屋敷の蔵の床下に穴を掘り、商人を蔵に呼びつけて物を買ったそばからこの穴に突き落として殺していた、という説話が語られている。
• The 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (a collection of Tales from Uji) contained a story in which Yasusuke made a hole under the floor of the storehouse in his residence, called merchants there one after another, bought goods and killed them by pushing them down the hole.

• 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
• In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'

• 饅頭屋宗二によるいろは順引きの国語辞典『節用集』、また堺市の商人・医師であった安佐井野宗瑞によって明版の医書『医書大全』が飜訳・刊行されたのも戦国期であった。
• It was in the Sengoku Period that the following books were published: 'Setsuyoshu' (a Japanese-language dictionary in iroha order) written by Soji MANJUYA, and 'Ishotaizen' (The Complete Book of Medicine), a medical book in Ming's language, translated by ASAI no Sozui, who was a merchant in Sakai City and a physician.

• その縁で商人（金融業）として成功した宗林は、大阪の役で戦死した信繁の正妻（おかねの実母で、大谷吉継の娘あるいは養女）竹林院を生涯に渡って援助したと伝えられる。
• It has been passed down that Sorin, who had succeeded as a merchant (financial business) through the connection, assisted Chikurin-in, the legal wife of Nobushige (Okane's mother and a daughter or adopted daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI), throughout her life after Nobushige died in the Siege of Ozaka.

• 既に江戸時代中期頃から各藩ともに深刻な財政難を抱えており、大坂などの有力商人からいわゆる「大名貸」を受けたり領民から御用金を徴収するなどして辛うじて凌いでいた。
• Every domain had faced serious financial difficulties since the middle of Edo period, and barely survived by borrowing money from leading merchants in Osaka etc, so-called 'daimyo-gashi' (lending money to daimyo), or collecting goyokin (money temporarily charged on farmers and merchants) from the people of the domain.

• 鎌倉時代の1241年に円爾（弁円）と共に宋 (王朝)から帰国した博多商人の満田弥三右衛門（1202年-1282年）が持ち帰った唐織の技術が博多織の始まりとなる。
• Hakata-ori textile started in 1241 in the Kamakura period, when a Hakata merchant Yazaemon MITSUDA (1202-1282), who came back to Japan with Enni (Benen) from Song (dynasty), brought the Chinese weaving technique.

• 一二六番地と云うのは大きな二軒の商店の間にある出入口で、曲りくねって石の階段がありましたが、そこから何階もある各階の、会社や商人の事務所へ行けるらしいのでした。
• 126B was a passage between two large shops, which led to a winding stone stair, from which there were many flats, let as offices to companies or professional men.

• そのため、公家や武家、寺社が金を取って商人や百姓に会符を貸し出して御定賃銭で輸送させることが行われたため、幕府はこうした行為をしばしば禁じたが、効果は無かった。
• Because, in line with this circumstance, court nobles, samurai families, temples and shrines started to earn money by lending efu to merchants and farmers who wanted to transport their own baggage at the official rate, the Edo bakufu often cracked down on this business, but without effect.

• また、草間直方や石田敬起（大根屋小右衛門）のように藩政改革に助言を行って藩財政の再建に協力することで、自らの持つ債権の踏み倒しを回避しようとする商人も存在した。
• There were merchants such as Naokata KUSAMA and Takaoki ISHITA (Shoemon ONEYA) tried to avoid their bonds repudiated by cooperating for reconstruction of the finance of domains by advising for the reformation of a domain's governance.

• 日本の統治下で、李朝時代の特権商人が時代に対処できず没落する一方、旧来の地主勢力の一部が乱高下する土地の売買などによって資金を貯め、新興資本家として台頭してきた。
• Under the rule of Japan, merchants privileged in the Yi Dynasty period went to ruin failing to adapt to the trend of the era, while some conventional landlords who raised funds by buying and selling the land of which prices violently fluctuated gained power as emerging capitalists.

• 藩財政の窮乏を打開するために商品生産を藩が保護・奨励し、藩営の国産会所（物産会所）を設けて、買い上げと販売を請負商人などに独占させ、その利潤を藩の収入に充当した。
• In order to solve their financial problems, the domains protected and encouraged the production of goods, set up domestic meeting places (meeting places for productions) run by them, made merchants monopolize the purchase and sales by contracts, and gained the profits to fill the income of the domains.

• 旅館の種類には、観光利用や行楽利用主体の温泉旅館や観光旅館、割烹旅館（料理旅館）などのほか、都市部にあるビジネスや修学旅行利用主体の商人宿（駅前旅館など）がある。
• There are various types of ryokan: kanko-ryokan (resort ryokan) and onsen-ryokan (ryokan with hot springs) for sightseeing and pleasure: kappo-ryokan (ryori-ryokan, or ryokan for Japanese cuisine): shonin-yado (ekimae-ryokan, or ryokan in front of a railway station for example) in urban areas for business people or students on school excursions.

• このようにして広まっていった包むための布としての風呂敷の呼称は、やがて「風呂で敷く布」から、「包む布」として行商人たちによって全国に広められていったと考えられる。
• The name of Furoshiki as a piece of cloth for wrapping was spread that way and is thought to have been dispersed nationwide over time by peddlers as 'wrapping cloth' rather than 'cloth spread out on the floor of Furo.'

• 以後恵方巻の習慣は、昭和初期の大阪では船場の商人の間で行なわれていたようで節分の「丸かぶり（切り分けずに「丸ごとかじりつく」の意）ずし」の広告チラシも作成された。
• It seems that later, the custom of ehomaki was conducted among merchants in Senba, Osaka in the early part of Showa period; the publicity leaflet of 'marukaburi zushi' ('marukaburi' means 'biting into the whole piece' without cutting it) for Setsubun was created.

• 彼が食事をするときには、クラブの持つすべての台所や貯蔵所や出入りの商人たちによって提供された、最もみずみずしい食べ物が、テーブルの上に所狭しと並べられるのだった。
• When he breakfasted or dined all the resources of the club - its kitchens and pantries, its buttery and dairy - aided to crowd his table with their most succulent foods.

• 江戸時代に入ると貫、匁の表記が主流となり、銀何匁（銀何貫）と表記されこれを銀目と称し、また秤量銀貨は商人の通貨であったことから、商品取引相場の多くは銀建であった。
• In Edo period, kan and momen were mainly used to express the weight such as silver by what monme (silver by what kan), which was called ginmoku, and since silver coins were used by weight standard as a currency of merchant, trading was conducted mainly by silver.

• これによって各国の公使や商人達に明治政府の本気ぶりを見せるとともに海外に流出した贋二分金を日本に再度持ち込ませて検勘を受けさせる時間的余裕を与えなかったのである。
• Through this, the Meiji Government showed the ministers and merchants from other countries that they were serious, along with not giving them time to bring back counterfeit nibukin which spilled abroad to Japan again to have it go through the authenticity test.

• しかし、日本の近世期においては、主として町方において商人組合や地域の公的な集会所・事務所・取引所として用いられた独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
• However, in Japanese early-modern times the term 'kaisho' was sometimes used for an independent structure like a merchants association, or a public local gathering hall, office and exchange market, mostly in the urban areas.

• 元治元年（1864年）、一部の尊攘倒幕派は朝彦親王邸への放火や容保の殺害を計画、長州藩と長州派公卿との連絡役でもあった武器商人の古高俊太郎に大量の武器を用意させた。
• In 1864, some anti-Shogunate samurai, planning to set fire to the residence of Imperial Prince Asahiko and murder Katamori, had Shuntaro FURUTAKA, an arms dealer who also served as a liaison between the Choshu clan and pro-Choshu nobles, procure a large number of weapons.

• 応永年間（1394年～1428年）の初め、博多の商人肥富（こいとみ、こいつみ・こいずみとも）が明から帰国し、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満に日明貿易の利について説得した。
• At the beginning of the period from1394 to 1428, Koitomi (also known as Koitsumi, Koizumi), a merchant of Hakata, came back to Japan from Ming and convinced Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of the Muromachi bakufu of the interests of the Japan-Ming trade.

• 1917年のロシア革命に端を発し、寺内正毅内閣により7月12日にシベリア出兵宣言が出されると需要拡大を見込んだ商人による米の買占め、売惜しみが発生し米価格が急騰した。
• In 1917 when the Russian Revolution broke out, prompting the Masatake TERAUCHI cabinet to announce on July 12 the dispatch of troops to Siberia, rice merchants anticipated a sharp rise in demand and curbed rice sales, causing rice prices to skyrocket.

• 律令国司における掾が転じて、後世、朝廷（江戸時代は嵯峨御所、明治以後は宮家）から、出入の商人や刀匠、浄瑠璃の芸人などに対して、その技芸を顕彰する意味で下賜された官名。
• Based on Jo used for Kokushi under the ritsuryo system, the Imperial Court (Sagagosho during the Edo period, and branches of the imperial family after the Meiji period) gave the official title Jo to regular merchants, sword smiths, performers including Joruri performers and the like to honor their accomplishments in later generations.

• 松坂時代、日野から多くの商人や職人を引き連れて松坂の街づくりを推進したが、会津転封により完成を見届けることは出来ず、あとに入ってきた服部一忠、古田重勝に引き継がれた。
• During the Matsuzaka era, Ujisato brought many merchants and tradespersons from Hino to help build the town, but was transferred out of Aizu before the work was completed and the subsequently assigned Kazutada HATTORI and Shigekatsu FURUTA were left to carry on the work.

• 更に江戸幕府も大名救済と商業抑制のために宝暦11年（1761年）以後、幕府御用金の藩への実質的な貸付や幕命から商人に対して親藩への強制的な貸付命令を行うようになった。
• In addition, in 1761, the Edo bakufu started loaning bakufu goyokin (special tax imposed on merchants for the bakufu) to domains and ordering merchants to arrange loaning to domains that were related to the Tokugawa clan in order to save Daimyo and control merchants.

• 現在の全羅南道莞島に根拠地を置いた張保皐は、新羅南部の群小海上勢力を傘下に収め、唐・日本と手広く交易活動を行い、中国沿海諸港に居住するイスラーム商人とも交易を行った。
• Bogo JANG, who based his headquarters in the current Wando District, South Cholla Province, put minor groups on the sea of the southern Silla and widely traded with Tang and Japan as well as Islam merchants residing near the ports along the coast of china.

• 明和2年（1765年）以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、それまで主に民間の商人による請負事業であった銭座が金座の統制下に置かれる事となった。
• After 1765, kin-za and zin-za (see the article of gin-za [history]) also were in charge of the operation of casting coins and as a result gin-za which had been a contracting business by private merchants was under the regulation of kin-za.

• このため、各藩の高度な工芸品などの調達や儀式典礼に関する知識・情報の収集、自藩の産物の売り込みや商人からの借財などの金融取引など、大坂の蔵屋敷に近い役割を果たしていた。
• The Kyo-yashiki residences played a role in purchasing high-level artifacts of each domain, collecting the knowledge/information on ceremonies and rites, promoting the sale of the products of their own domains and financial dealings like borrowing from merchants, and so on which were close to the role of the Kurayashiki (Warehouse-residence) in Osaka.

• 経済の急成長に伴い大量に発生した新興地主や新興商人が紛争の絶えない時代に開墾や内外の通商を通じて発展し、自らの実力に相応しい発言力を社会に対して要求した時代でもあった。
• It was also a period in which emerging landlords and merchants grew in a large number along with the quick growth of the economy developed through land reclamation and trading in the period in which quarrels last and required a voice that corresponded to the raw power of society.

• その要因として、17世紀頃までに「印籠」・「根付」のセット普及が、高級武士・公家から茶道・商人・町人までに及び、その粋なファッション表現が昇華されたから、と考えられる。
• The reason is considered that by the 17th century sets of 'inro' and 'netsuke' had spread not only among higher-ranking samurai and court nobles but also among people involved in tea ceremony culture, as well as merchants and townspeople, as an expression of style.

• 安政条約によって外国商人が外国銀貨で日本の商品を購入することが許されたが、当時の質量に基づく相場はSpanish dollar 100枚に対して一分銀が311枚であった。
• Since the Ansei Treaty had been signed, foreign merchants were allowed to buy Japanese goods with foreign silver coins, and their exchange rate at that time was 311 ichibu-gin silver coins against 100 Spanish dollar.

• 江戸時代の中ごろになると、強引な客引きや飯盛り女を嫌ったり、一人旅をする行商人などから、安心して泊まれる宿が欲しい、という要望が増えたため、各地で旅籠による組合が出来た。
• In the middle of the Edo period, there was an increasing demand from guests who disliked aggressive runners or meshimori onna and peddlers who traveled alone for the inn where guests could stay in peace and as a result association of hatago was established in various places.

• 鎌倉時代後期から、名門武家・公家を始めとする旧来の支配勢力は、生産力向上に伴い力をつけてきた国人・商人・農民などによって、その既得権益を侵食され没落の一途をたどっていた。
• Since the late Kamakura period, old-established ruling powers including celebrated samurai families and court nobles suffered gradual deprivation of their vested interest by kokujin, merchants, and farmers, who had been gaining power along with the enhancement of productivity, and were in a consistent process of downfall.

• 楚州の新羅人約語（通訳のこと）・劉慎言に帰国の便船探しを頼み（彼は新羅語・唐語・日本語を操れるトリリンガルであった）、彼の見つけた新羅商人金珍の貿易船に便乗して帰国する。
• He asked Shun-yin LAU, the Sillan interpreter from Chuzhou (a trilingual who could speak Sillan, Chinese, and Japanese), to find a ship to Japan, and they returned on the ship of Jin KIM, a Sillan merchant.

• 北風 正造（きたかぜ しょうぞう、（天保5年2月11日 (旧暦)（1834年）3月20日 - 明治28年（1895年）12月5日）は、江戸時代末期から明治時代の日本の商人。
• Shozo KITAKAZE (March 20, 1834 - December 5, 1895) was a Japanese merchant from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period.

• 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
• During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.

• 戦後の研究では還俗して商人になったとされてきたが、珠光64歳の時期に当たる『山科家礼記』に「珠光坊」という記述が発見されたことから、現在では一生僧侶であったと改められている。
• Based on postwar research, it was once believed that he had returned to secular life and become a merchant, but currently it is generally believed that he had been a Buddhist monk throughout his life because of the discovery of 'Yamashinake raiki' (diary of Hisamori OSAWA, zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) of the Yamashina family), which was written in the year when Juko was 64 years old, in which he was referred to as 'Jukobo' (monk Juko).

• そこで商人の側としては、幕府の次なる政策を先読みして、たとえば酒株酒造石高を水増し申告しておき、減醸石高を言いつけられても商売にさしつかえないように図ったりした店も多かった。
• On the merchant's part, many of stores foresaw the next possible measures by the bakufu to try not to be hindered in their business, for instance, they made a padded filing for the Sakekabu/Kokudaka (yield) of sake brewing preparing for a possibility that they were required to reduce their sake brewing Kokudaka.

• 各地で食べられているうどんには小麦の生産される土壌、気候、醤油などの醸造業や漁業などの地場産業、流通を担う商人などの存在により、その地域独特の郷土料理となっているものがある。
• Each region has their own Udon noodles regarded as a special dish cherished because of the suitable soil and climate for growing wheat by local industries such as brewing industries of soy sauce and fisheries, as well as by merchants and others involved in distribution.

• そこでアブラハムはエフロンの言葉にしたがい、エフロンがヘテの人々の聞いているところで言った銀、すなわち商人の通用銀四百シケルを量ってエフロンに与えた。 (創世記 23:16)
• Abraham listened to Ephron. Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver which he had named in the audience of the children of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, according to the current merchants' standard. (Genesis 23:16)

• 大御所時代には武士のみならず僧・商人・学者、更には英国人・ウィリアム・アダムス（武士として知行を与えたのは家康のみ）と実力も考慮して登用し、江戸幕府の基礎を作り上げていった。
• In his Ogosho era, he employed, based on competence, priests, merchants and scholars in addition to samurai, and furthermore, William Adams, an Englishman (it was only Ieyasu who gave a foreigner a territory as a samurai), to establish the base of the Edo bakufu.

• やがて時代が下って北宋・高麗・遼の商人とも交易を行ったが、11世紀には、聖福寺 (福岡市)・承天寺・筥崎宮・住吉神社 (福岡市)ら有力寺社や有力貴族による私貿易が盛んになった。
• Trade had been realized with the merchants from the Northern Sung dynasty, the Goryeo dynasty and the Liao dynasty as well, however, private trade developed by influential temples including Shofukuji Temple (in Fukuoka City), Jotenji Temple, Hakozakigu Shrine and Sumiyoshijinja Shrine (in Fukuoka City), and powerful nobles was prosperous in the 11th century.

• 後世の為替と同じ様に先に相手先近くの商人が商品購入のために発行した割符を購入して相手先に送り、相手が受け取った割符を発行者に換金を要求してその代金をもって決済する仕組であった。
• Similar to the currency exchange of later days, tally worked as follows: one party bought a tally issued by a merchant near the other end to buy merchandise and sent the tally to the other party in advance; the other party requested the issuer to cash the tally he had received, and settled the transaction with money.

• 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛, 不啻如兄弟, 言語飮食, 利害緩急, 無不共之。」
• The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:

• 海の入口に住んで、多くの海沿いの国々の民の商人であるツロに対して言え、主なる神はこう言われる、ツロよ、あなたは言った、『わたしの美は完全である』と。 (エゼキエル書 27:3)
• and tell Tyre, you who dwell at the entry of the sea, who are the merchant of the peoples to many islands, thus says the Lord Yahweh: You, Tyre, have said, I am perfect in beauty. (Ezekiel 27:3)

• わたしは羊の商人のために、ほふらるべき羊の群れの牧者となった。わたしは二本のつえを取り、その一本を恵みと名づけ、一本を結びと名づけて、その羊を牧した。 (ゼカリヤ書 11:7)
• So I fed the flock of slaughter, especially the oppressed of the flock. I took for myself two staffs. The one I called 'Favor,' and the other I called 'Union,' and I fed the flock. (Zechariah 11:7)

• 商人によれば、十二歳に満たない少年少女は売り物にならず、十二歳を迎えても代価は三ポンドを下回るのが普通であり、最高値でも三ポンドと半クラウン程度になるにすぎないとのことだった。
• I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange;

• 伏見宮貞成親王は『看聞日記』で、比叡山の事件を噂した茶商人が即座に斬首された事につき「万人恐怖シ、言フ莫レ、言フ莫レ」（『看聞日記』永享七年2月8日_(旧暦)条）と評している。
• Prince Fushiminomiya Sadanari in his 'Kammon Diary' commented on an incident in which a tea merchant who talked about the Hieizan incident was beheaded on the spot, saying 'Everyone fears, say nothing, say nothing' (from the 'Kammon Diary' entry of February 8, 1435).

• だが、攻撃の主要な対象が今まで徴税を行ってきた幕府や諸藩及びこれと結びついた村役人・御用商人などに向かったことによって、結果的には幕府・諸藩の軍事行動の足を引っ張る結果となった。
• However, these revolts resulted in hindering the military action of the Edo bakufu and the domains, because the main targets of the revolts were directed to those who had been the authority of taxation until then, such as the Edo bakufu and the domains, as well as the people related to the authorities, such as village officers and chartered merchants.

• その一方で炭供御人、氷室供御人など様々な手工芸品を扱ったため、貢納物を超える生産物は諸国往来権を持つ彼ら自身により流通経路に載せられ、商人としての活動も行っていたと見られている。
• On the other hand, Kugonin handled various handicraft products such as sumi (charcoal) Kugonin and himuro (warehouse for ice) Kugonin and, therefore, it seems that they also acted as merchants because of the fact that their products, in excess of those presented to the Imperial court, were sold in their distribution networks by themselves utilizing their right to travel to various provinces.

• また、古代コーンワル語にも気をひかれたホームズは、私の記憶によると、古代コーンワル語がカルデア語と類似関係にあり、主としてフェニキアの錫商人たちに由来しているのだ、と言っていた。
• The ancient Cornish language had also arrested his attention, and he had, I remember, conceived the idea that it was akin to the Chaldean, and had been largely derived from the Phoenician traders in tin.

• すなわち「妻を好い身代の商人の家から向かへた」という設定は「十露盤（ソロバン）の桁」を変えれば日英同盟の寓喩であり、「知足」のテーマは対華21ヶ条要求への批判として浮上してくる。
• That means that 'marrying a wife from a wealthy merchant' was 'digit of an abacus,' a metaphor for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and the theme of being satisfied with 'one's lot in life' could be a criticism of the 21 Demands to China.

• なお、当時の大坂町奉行阿部正蔵は幕府に対して「諸藩の専売制」「一部商人の不正取引」「抜売買の横行（正規外の流通ルート）」を諸色高直の原因として対策を上申したが、採用されなかった。
• Shozo ABE, Osaka machi-bugyo (town magistrate of Osaka) of that time, submitted a countermeasure for shoshiki-kojiki citing 'domains' monopoly,' 'illegal trading by certain merchants' and 'flourishing nukiurikai (抜売買) (the trade outside normal distribution channels)' as a factor of shoshiki-kojiki, however, it was not adopted.

• 父の天竺人（この天竺がどこを指すかは不明。インド、ジャワもしくはアラビアの可能性もあり）の商人・ヒジリは足利義満の時代に来日し、京都の相国寺に居住して絶海中津の庇護を受けていた。
• His father, who was a foreigner possibly from India, Java or Arabia, came to Japan as a merchant in the days of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and lived in Shokoku-ji Temple, Kyoto, under the aegis of Chushin ZEKKAI.

• 更には江戸の都市政策（町火消の創設、小石川養生所の設置）、西洋知識禁制の緩和（漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和、甘藷栽培など）、商人対策（相対済まし令、株仲間の公認など）などの諸改革も行われた。
• And moreover, he implemented various reforms, such as renewing Edo city through establishing local fire brigades and Koishikawa Hospital, mitigating prohibition of Western knowledge through various measures (lifting an embargo on the import of Western books translated into Chinese characters, permitting cultivation of sweet potatoes, and so on), and handling matters about merchants (issuing Mutual Settlement Decree on money matters, permitting 'kabu nakama' [a kind of cartel formed by wholesalers and other merchants], and so on).

• 主に都市部において、買占めなどによる物価高騰の原因とされた者に対して行われることが多いが、一揆に伴って、領主の悪政と結びついたとされた特権商人や村役人に対して行われることもあった。
• People who were considered to cause the price increase by buying up goods were often attacked by Uchikowashi mainly in urban areas, but with uprisings, sometimes privilege merchants and village officers who were considered to link to maladministration of their feudal lord were also attacked.

• また江戸時代には、鎌倉時代から続く商工業が飛躍的に発達し、犬上・愛知・神崎・蒲生・高島の各郡、特に八幡 (近江八幡市)・日野町 (滋賀県)・五個荘町などから近江商人を多く輩出した。
• In the Edo period, trade and manufacture, which started in the Kamakura period, markedly developed and such counties as Inukami, Echi, Kanzaki, Gamo, and Takashima, especially Hachiman (Omihachiman City), Hino-cho (Shiga Prefecture) and Gokasho-cho produced a lot of Omi merchants.

• 特にイギリスは幕末以来薩摩藩と多額の取引を行っており、その際に支払われた贋金が無効と言う事になれば、イギリスの商人や企業が打撃を受け、日本の貿易は大混乱に陥る事を警戒したのである。
• England in particular had traded large amounts of money with the Satsuma Domain since the end of Edo period, and Parkes was cautious about the possibility that if the counterfeit money paid during this time was to become invalid, English merchants and businesses would suffer losses, and Japanese trade would fall into great confusion.

• 末吉孫左衛門（すえよし まござえもん、元亀元年（1570年） - 元和 (日本)3年3月26日 (旧暦)（1617年5月1日））は、江戸時代初期に朱印船貿易で活躍した大坂の大商人。
• Magozaemon SUEYOSHI (1570 to May 1, 1617) was a great merchant in Osaka who was very active in Shuinsen Boeki (trading by ships with a shogunal charter for foreign trade) during the early Edo period.

• 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官（貿易担当官）、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
• Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.

• この南宋銭や明の粗悪な通貨を「今銭（京銭・南京銭）」「洪武・永楽」「新銭（いまぜに）・制銭」などと総称し、インフレを恐れる商人らは唐・宋（北宋）時代の良貨と区分し卑しむようになった。
• These coins from the Southern Sung Dynasty and low-quality coins from the Ming Dynasty were called 'Imazeni' (Kinsen, Nankinsen), 'Kobu, Eiraku,' or 'Imazeni, Seisen,' and merchants and others who were afraid that inflation could be generated differentiated good-quality coins from bad-quality ones and came to despise the latter coins.

• 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
• In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.

• この時期は対馬の有力者が明などに渡航し不在であることを知り、また同時に朝鮮国内の在留商人らを一斉に抑留するなど、防備の弱体に乗じ一般民衆を標的にした周到な計画であったことが知られる。
• At this point in time, it was known by Korean military planners that the most powerful inhabitants of Tsushima were away on voyages to Ming China and elsewhere, and moreover as the invasion was launched they ordered the simultaneous internment of all Japanese merchants living and operating within Korea, revealing how carefully they had planned this assault to take advantage of the weakness of Tsushima's defensive preparations and target the general population (not only the Wako).

• その後に金細工人のひとりマルキヤという者が、召集の門と向かい合っている所を修理して、すみの二階のへやに至り、宮に仕えるしもべたちおよび商人の家にまで及んだ。 (ネヘミヤ書 3:31)
• After him, Malchijah one of the goldsmiths to the house of the Nethinim, and of the merchants, made repairs over against the gate of Hammiphkad, and to the ascent of the corner. (Nehemiah 3:31)

• ステレオタイプな場面設定としては、夜、悪代官の屋敷において悪徳商人（廻船問屋とされることが多い）との謀の際に、悪徳商人から袖の下（小判を詰めた菓子箱など）を渡された状況が挙げられる。
• As a stereotyped situation, when he plots together with a corrupt merchant (a freight broker in most cases) at the residence of the Akudaikan at night, he is given a bribe (such as a confectionery box full of koban [former Japanese oval gold coin]) by the corrupt merchant.

• 時にミデアンびとの商人たちが通りかかったので、彼らはヨセフを穴から引き上げ、銀二十シケルでヨセフをイシマエルびとに売った。彼らはヨセフをエジプトへ連れて行った。 (創世記 37:28)
• Midianites who were merchants passed by, and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of silver. They brought Joseph into Egypt. (Genesis 37:28)

• 日米修好通商条約や安政五カ国条約の締結により、1859年（安政6年）から函館港・横浜港・長崎港の3港で貿易が開始し、港に居留する外国商人と日本の商人との間で取引が行われるようになった。
• Following the conclusion of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan as well as the Ansei Commercial Treaties, trade started in three ports such as Hakodate Port, Yokohama Port and Nagasaki Port from 1859, and merchants in Japan began to have dealings with foreign merchants living in these ports.

• 幕府の力がしだいに弱まるようになると有力寺社（相国寺、三十三間堂など）や有力守護大名（細川氏、大内氏など）が船主となり、これに博多や堺の商人、瀬戸内海の町、水夫が結びついて貿易を行った。
• With the power of bakufu gradually declining, influential temples/shrines (Shokoku-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple etc) or influential shugo-daimyo (territorial lords as provincial constables) (the Hosokawa clan, the Ouchi clan etc.) became the shipowners and traded in corporation with merchants in Hakata and Sakai as well as sailors in the towns located in the coastal region of Seto Inland Sea.

• 久保田藩佐竹家の御用商人菅原新五郎から、その高弟成瀬峯雲が東京で茶湯の教場を開いたのが林泉寺であり、その林泉寺の住職夫人が成瀬峯雲の後をついで林泉派を創てたのが初代家元の福井心月である。
• Houn NARUSE (成瀬峯雲) who was a highly ranked disciple of Shingoro SUGAWARA (菅原新五郎), a merchant patronized by Satake family of Kubota Domain, started the class of chato (an offering of tea and hot water made to Buddha or the spirit of the deceased) at Rinsen-ji Temple in Tokyo, and the wife of the chief priest of the Rinsen-ji Temple, Shingetsu FUKUI (福井心月), succeeded Houn NARUSE to establish and serve as the first head of the Rinsen group.

• すべての国民は、彼女の姦淫に対する激しい怒りのぶどう酒を飲み、地の王たちは彼女と姦淫を行い、地上の商人たちは、彼女の極度のぜいたくによって富を得たからである」。 (ヨハネの黙示録 18:3)
• For all the nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her sexual immorality, the kings of the earth committed sexual immorality with her, and the merchants of the earth grew rich from the abundance of her luxury.' (Revelation 18:3)

• ただし先物市場は、1730年に江戸幕府が大坂の堂島米会所にその許可を与えたのが世界最初であり、このような最先端の金融取引に対する理解を、商人でもない武士に期待すること自体が無理との声もある。
• However, the futures market that was established by Dojima Rice Market in Osaka with a permission of the bakufu in 1730 was the first futures market in the world, and some people think that it was impossible for a samurai, who was not a merchant, to understand such a new financial market.

• フェニキア人はユダヤ人のそばに住む人々で、同じ人種で同じ言語を話していたが、そのころはパレスチナの農民で土地を耕し、羊や豚を飼っていたユダヤ人とは違って、偉大な商人で航海者で奴隷盗っ人だった。
• The Phoenicians were a people who lived near the Jews, and were of the same race, and spoke much the same language, but, unlike the Jews, who, at that time were farmers in Palestine, tilling the ground, and keeping flocks and herds, the Phoenicians were the greatest of traders and sailors, and stealers of slaves.

• こうした事態に対応するため、江戸の問屋商人らの要望も受けた江戸幕府は、1860年に、生糸、雑穀、水油、蝋、呉服の五品目について、必ず江戸の問屋を経由する法令 - 五品江戸廻送令 - を発出した。
• To deal with such situation, and in response to the wishes of wholesalers in Edo the Edo bakufu issued the Law for Transporting Five Articles through Edo, which was a law providing that merchants never failed to get through the warehouse merchants in Edo regarding five articles such as raw silk thread, cereals, hair oil, wax and draperies in 1860.

• 1284年に弘安の徳政、さらに1297年に永仁の徳政令を実施して没落する御家人の救済を図ったが、恩賞不足や商人が御家人への金銭貸し出しを渋るなど、かえって御家人の不満と混乱を招く結果に終わった。
• The bakufu did try to save such financially ruined gokenin by ordering two rounds of debt forgiveness, the 1284 Koan Tokusei ('benevolent rule,' a euphemism for the mass forgiving of debts) and then the 1297 Einin Tokusei, but as they could not provide sufficient rewards and yet were reluctant to allow merchants to loan money to gokenin, the bakufu's efforts only ended up exacerbating disgruntlement among the gokenin, inviting further chaos and disorder.

• 京都市中に造り酒屋などが発生したが、文安の麹騒動のように市中の商人同士で商圏をめぐって争いごとが起こると、そうした俗世の混乱とは無縁に淡々と酒造りを続ける僧坊酒がさらに評価を高めることになった。
• Sake breweries developed in Kyoto City but soboshu, made by temples which quietly continued brewing sake without being bothered by worldly complication, was more highly-esteemed as merchants in town began to fight over the market as in the case of Bunan no Koji Sodo (Riot caused by rice malt sellers in the Bunan era).

• 商人どもは忙しそうに往来したり、衣嚢の中で金子をざくざく鳴らせたり、幾群れかになって話しをしたり、時計を眺めたり、何やら考え込みながら自分の持っている大きな黄金の刻印を弄（いじ）ったりしていた。
• who hurried up and down, and chinked the money in their pockets, and conversed in groups, and looked at their watches, and trifled thoughtfully with their great gold seals;

• そんな中、商人による大判の退蔵が行われ大判の調達に不足をきたし、その後、文政小判に対し二十両、天保小判に対し三十二両まで高騰していた大判相場が、天保大判の発行により下落し二十両二分で落ち着いた。
• Under such a circumstance, merchants stored the Oban away, which led to a lack of Oban available, and later the Oban prices which had climbed to twenty-ryo to Bunsei-Koban and thirty two-ryo to Tenpo-Koban were lowered and settled at twenty-ryo two-bu because of the issuance of Tenpo-Oban.

• また、商人同様に教育は不要であるとされていた女子の教育の必要性を考え、伊藤博文、勝海舟らと女子教育奨励会を設立、成瀬仁蔵らとともに日本女子大学、伊藤博文との関係で東京女学館大学の設立に携わった。
• Considering the necessity of education for females, which was thought to be unnecessary like for merchants, he established Joshi Kyoiku Shorei Kai (association to promote female education) with Hirobumi ITO and Kaishu KATSU and was involved in the establishment of Japan Women's University due to the relationship with Jinzo NARUSE and Tokyo Jogakkan College with Hirobumi ITO.

• 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決め、小伝馬町の商人である守田治兵衛が2000人分の軍服の製作を引き受け、試行錯誤しながらも作り上げた。
• In 1864 when the Edo bakufu raised the army of the punitive expedition of Choshu Domain on the pretext of the skirmish at the Kinmon Gate, the bakufu decided to make a Western style military uniform for the army, and a merchant Jihei MORITA in Kodenmacho in Edo undertook the order and managed to tailor 2,000 military uniforms by trial and error.

• 上総国出身で商人だった伊能忠敬（1745年 - 1818年）は隠居後に学問を本格的に開始し、江戸で幕府天文方の高橋至時（1764年 - 1804年）に師事し、測量・天体観測などについて修めていた。
• Tadataka INO (1745 - 1818), a merchant from Kazusa Province, started to study in earnest after retiring from the business and studied measurement and astronomical observation in Edo under Yoshitoki TAKAHASHI (1764 - 1804) of Tenmonkata (Astronomical Institute) of the Edo Bakufu.

• 伊勢地方に多くの作品が残ることから、かつては伊勢の出身とされたこともあったが、近年の研究の進展により、「丹波屋」と号する京都に商人の子として生まれ、本姓を三浦と称したことなどが明らかになっている。
• Since many of his works remain in the Ise region, it used to be thought that Shohaku was from Ise, but recent research has revealed that he was born to a Kyoto merchant with a surname of Miura, who owned a store named 'Tanbaya.'

• また「貢金については三万両は甚だ過分であり、先例で広く定められているのも千両に過ぎない。特に近年商人が多く境内に入り、砂金を売買して大概掘り尽くしているので、求めには応じられない」と返答している。
• He also replied, 'As for the donation, 30,000 Ryo is too much and the amount should be only 1,000 Ryo according to precedent. More especially in recent years, merchants entered into the province, trade and dig up gold dust, therefore I can not meet your request.'

• メジャーな酒屋と違って、マイナーではあるが独自の投資経営技術で関東から東北にかけて幅広く小さな酒蔵や造り酒屋をたくさん展開した、近江商人の江州蔵（ごうしゅうぐら）という酒屋の形態も忘れてはならない。
• The sakaya style called Goshugura described in the following should be also remembered: Being minor unlike the sakaya that was major, Omi shonin (merchants in the Omi Province) deployed many small-sized sake-factories and tsukuri-zakaya throughout the Kanto to Tohoku regions using their own business management technology.

• 真鍋村に移った20代の頃から藤田東湖、会沢正志斎、加藤桜老（儒学者、笠間藩士）､大久保要（土浦藩士、戊午の密勅に参画）、色川三中（国学者、幕府の醤油御用商人）、藤森弘庵（儒学者）らに学び、交友した。
• Since his twenties when he moved to Manabe Village, he had learned from and kept company with Toko FUJITA, Seishisai EIZAWA, Ourou KATO (Confucian scholar and feudal retainer of Kasama Domain), Kaname OKUBO (feudal retainer of Tsuchiura Domain joining a secret imperial decree called Bogo no micchoku), Minaka IROKAWA (Japanese classical scholar and soy sauce purveyor to the bakufu) and Koan FUJIMORI (Confucian scholar).

• この話は、武蔵の養子伊織の出自が泥鰌捕りの童であったという話と共に、戦いの時に武蔵が島に渡るときの梢人であったとする小倉商人の村屋勘八郎なる人物が、正徳2年（1712年）に語ったものと記されている。
• According to the record, that tale was told in 1712 by Kanpachiro MURAYA, a tradesman of Kokura; Kanpachiro told that he had been the steersman for Musashi to cross to the island; according to Kanpachiro, Musashi's adopted son Iori had been catching loaches to sell when he had been a child.

• 一方、大きな経済力を身につけながらも社会的には低く見られていた商人の家庭では、武士に対抗して豪華な武具の模造品を作らせ、幟の代わりに黄表紙の挿絵などを見ると五色の吹流しを美々しく飾るようになっている。
• On the other hand, merchant families, who were seen as being of lower social rank despite their considerable economic power, hired the creation of replicas of luxury arms against the samurai, as well as beautifully decorated five-color streamers instead of nobori, according to illustrations on kibyoshi (an illustrated book of popular fiction whose cover is yellow).

• また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
• Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.

• また、おまえの中では、あかりもともされず、花婿、花嫁の声も聞かれない。というのは、おまえの商人たちは地上で勢力を張る者となり、すべての国民はおまえのまじないでだまされ、 (ヨハネの黙示録 18:23)
• The light of a lamp will shine no more at all in you. The voice of the bridegroom and of the bride will be heard no more at all in you; for your merchants were the princes of the earth; for with your sorcery all the nations were deceived. (Revelation 18:23)

• 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件（儀式）付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民（商人）の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
• The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.

• いわゆる貿易も、当初の頃はこういった行商で都市間を巡回していた商人らが担っており、これが交通・輸送技術の発達にも従い、より組織化され相互連結されて海外貿易などの極大な交易網に発展していったと考えられる。
• In the earliest years, merchants peddling from city to city had taken a role in so-called trade, so it is considered to be developed into massive trade routes including overseas trades after the routes were organized and connected each other according to the development of transport technologies.

• 平野屋寿三郎（ひらのや じゅさぶろう?）・煎餅屋半兵衛（せんべいや はんべえ?）は、共に商人ながらこの年5月の勅使・大原重徳東下の際に士分となり供をしていたが、収賄や横領などを行ったため評判が悪かった。
• Although merchants, Jusaburo HIRANOYA (?) and Hanbei SENBEIYA ?) were raised to a samurai class when Shigetomi OHARA left Kyoto for Edo as an Imperial Envoy in May of the same year (old calendar), and they had attended to him, they had a bad reputation for accepting bribery and embezzlement.

• このような世相の中、それらが元による都市部の治安の悪化、一揆・打ちこわしの激化により不満が高まり、江戸商人への権益を図りすぎたことを理由に贈収賄疑惑を流されるなど、次第に田沼政治への批判が集まっていく。
• Under these circumstances, people were unhappy due to worsened public peace in urban areas and the intensification of uprisings and destructive urban riots, Tanuma was suspected of bribery because he safeguarded the interests of merchants in Edo, and Tanuma's politics gradually began to be criticized.

• 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
• The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.

• 上杉軍の行動を支える軍費の大半は通商によって得られており、頼山陽が美談として激賞した「敵に塩を送る」という逸話も、実際には軍費調達の必要上から甲斐・信濃の商人への塩販売を禁じなかっただけと見ることも出来る。
• Most military expenditures supporting the Uesugi army were obtained by commerce, a highly praised anecdote 'send salt to the enemy' was admired by Sanyo RAI as a heartwarming story, in actual fact Kenshin did not prohibit the selling of salt by the merchants in Kai Province and Shinano Province as an important source of funds for military expenditure.

• 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている（家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある）。
• It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)

• 日本政府は円仁を無事連れ帰ってきた金珍ら新羅商人に十分に報酬を報いる様に太政官符を発し、ここで9年6ヶ月に及んだ日記『入唐求法巡礼行記』の筆を擱いている（『行記』847年（承和14年）12月14日条。54歳）
• The Japanese government gave out daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) to award Jin KIM and the Sillan merchants who had safely brought back Ennin, and the diary, 'Nitto Guho Junrei Koki' that had lasted for nine years and six months ended that day ('Koki,' December 14, 847 entry, Aged 54).

• 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
• The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.

• また、これと関係があるかは不明だが、『ドラゴンクエストIII そして伝説へ…』のSFC版、GB版では商人の町、『ドラゴンクエストIV 導かれし者たち』のDS版では移民の町にもアンナという名前の娘が登場している。
• Also, it is not known whether it is related to this or not but a girl named Anna also appears in the town of merchants in 'Dragon Quest III: And Thus Into Legend…,' Nintendo's Super Famicon Version and Game Boy Version, and in the town of immigrants in 'Dragon Quest IV: Chapters of the Chosen,' Nintendo DS Version.

• 占有者が、盗品又は遺失物を、競売若しくは公の市場において、又はその物と同種の物を販売する商人から、善意で買い受けたときは、被害者又は遺失者は、占有者が支払った代価を弁償しなければ、その物を回復することができない。
• If a possessor purchased lost or stolen goods in good faith at an auction or in a public market, or from a merchant who sells similar Things, the victim or person who lost the Thing may not recover the Thing unless he/she reimburses the possessor for the price paid.

• また、徳川家に服する諸大名の屋敷が設けられ、江戸に居住する大名の家臣・家族や、徳川氏の旗本・御家人近世の御家人などの武士が数多く居住するようになるとともに、彼らの生活を支える商人・職人が流入し、町が急速に拡大した。
• Also, residences of many daimyo (feudal lords serving the Tokugawa family) were built, and a large number of daimyo's vassals and families, and shogunal bannermen and retainers moved in, followed by the influx of merchants and craftsmen who supported the lives of those people, all of which contributed to the rapid expansion of the town.

• なお、戦国時代には、出雲国神門郡一窪田・吉野や石見国安濃郡太田北郷等に所領を持ちつつ、国人佐波氏の有力家人となり、雲州商人司に任ぜられた石橋氏の一族と思しき石橋源左衛門尉や石橋新左衛門尉が「島根石橋家」に登場する。
• In the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), having the territories in Hitokubota and Yoshino, Kando County, Izumo Province as well as in Otakitago, Ano County, Iwami Province, Genzaemon no jo ISHIBASHI and Shinzaemon no jo ISHIBASHI, possibly of the Ishibashi clan, both of whom became the influential retainers of the Sawa clan, a local lord, and were appointed as head of merchants of Unshu (= Izumo County), emerged from the Shimane Ishibashi clan.

• 島井(嶋井) 宗室（しまい そうしつ、天文 (元号)8年（1539年）- 元和 (日本)元年8月24日 (旧暦)（1615年10月16日））は、戦国時代 (日本)、安土桃山時代から江戸時代の博多の商人、茶道である。
• Soshitsu SHIMAI (1539 - October 16, 1615) was a merchant in Hakata and a master of the tea ceremony who lived from the period of warring states, Azuchi-Momoyama period to the Edo period.

• 大倉喜八郎や福田増兵衛といった政商、第一銀行といった大資本が朝鮮貿易に参入するようになると、対馬商人たちは経済的に脇に追いやられるようになり、本来貿易が許されないはずの開港地の外縁へと暴力的に進出していくようになる。
• As the businessmen with political ties, Kihachiro OKURA and Zohei FUKUDA, and the holders of great capital such as the Bank of Daiichi started to enter the trade with Korea, the merchants in Tsushima were expelled economically and furthermore advanced violently to the outskirts of the open ports.

• また、近江商人が日本各地に分散して上方を日本の物資の集散地および金融の中心地へと変えた（江戸幕府は、上方を直轄地とし、さらに御三家の内、東廻り航路の友ヶ島水道に紀州徳川家、東海道・中山道合流地に尾張徳川家を置いた）。
• And the Omi merchants dispersed in various areas in Japan, changing Kamigata area to a collection and distribution center and financial center of Japan (the Edo shogunate directly controlled Kamigata area, and moreover, among three privileged branches of Tokugawa family, placed the Kishu Tokugawa family on the Tomogashima Channel in the eastward sea route, and the Owari Tokugawa family on the junction of Tokai-do Road and Nakasen-do Road).

• 農村向けのものとしては農事暦の要素を織り込んだ『田舎往来』・『農業往来』・『百姓往来』などが、都市の商人向けのものとしては『商売往来』・『問屋往来』・『呉服往来』・『万祥廻船往来』などが代表的な往来物としてあげられる。
• For farming villages, elements of the farming calendar were included in 'Inaka Orai' (A Letter on Farming Village) (also called 'Densha Orai'), 'Nogyo Orai' and 'Hyakusho Orai' (A Guide to Farming), etc. while 'A Guide to Commerce,' 'Toiya Orai' (also called 'Tonya Orai'), 'Gofuku Orai' and 'Banshokaisen Orai' and so on were the typical oraimono for merchants living in cities.

• 中世ヨーロッパにおける神秘主義の中には、そういった商人の作り上げた嘘が真に受けられたと考えられる物品も数多く伝わっており、例えば「ウニコール」（イッカクの牙）がユニコーンの伝説と関連付けられ、解毒薬として流通していた。
• In mysticism of the Medieval Period of Europe, many goods with lies spread, which were created by merchants and thought to be accepted, for example, 'Unicorne' (fangs of unicorns) circulated as antidotes, related to a legend of unicorns.

• その中で盂蘭盆(うらぼん)に使う蓮の実や蓮の葉が特に珍重された事や、商品の多くを蓮の葉や蕗（ふき）の葉の皿の上に置いて売っていたという事などから、季節物を扱う商人を「蓮の葉商い」（はすのはあきない）と呼ぶようになった。
• Because lotus seeds and lotus leaves used in the Urabon Festival (a festival of the dead held on Buddhist All Souls' Day, which is usually around the 15th of July or August, depending on the local custom) were accorded particularly high value, and most goods that were put on trays using lotus leaves or leaves of fuki (Japanese butterbur) were sold, persons dealing with seasonal goods were described as being in the 'trade of lotus leaves.'

• 近江商人は八幡堀の地の利を活かし、地場産物（畳表、蚊帳、米、酒など）を陸路や水路を利用して各地へ搬出し、各地の産物を持ち帰り、再び各地へ送り出すといった「諸国産物回し」と呼ばれる商法によって、各地の産業振興に貢献した。
• Taking advantage of Hachiman-bori Canal's geographical advantage, Omi merchants adopted a trade scheme called 'Shokoku Sanbutsu Mawashi (circulation of goods among regions)' in which they shipped local goods (tatami straw mats, mosquito nets, rice, rice wine and others) via land and water and returned with goods from other regions, which in turn were shipped elsewhere, and through this cycle contributed to industrial development in various parts of the country.

• 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
• Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.

• 毛皮取引所にアップグレードすることができる毛皮商人の家は、毛皮からコートを生産するために使います。植民地の人口が6に達してから、Adam Smithが大陸会議に参加することで毛皮工場にアップグレードすることができます。
• The fur trader's house, which can be upgraded to a fur trader's post, is used to produce coats from furs. Once the colony's population has reached 6, it can be further upgraded to a fur factory, provided that Adam Smith has joined the Continental Congress.

• 実際において唐など外国からの使者や商人などの来航者を乗せた船が九州に到着すると、大宰府から朝廷に報告が出され、これに対して、朝廷では大宰府に命じて来航者を博多津に置かれていた鴻臚館などの施設に引き止めて手厚く待遇した。
• When a vessel with foreigners such as envoys and merchants arrived at Kyushu, Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region) reported the Imperial Court about it and the Imperial Court ordered Dazaifu to stop the foreigners and give them warm welcome in the facilities such as Korokan at Hakatanotsu, Kyushu.

• 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓＝農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
• In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.

• 日本からは主に生糸が輸出されたが、生糸などの輸出品は、国内市場よりも貿易市場の方が高値で取引されていたため、生産地と市場を仲立ちしていた在郷商人は、江戸などの大都市の問屋ではなく、直接、開港場へ生産品を卸すようになった。
• Japanese main export was raw silk thread, and because exported goods such as raw silk thread were exchanged at higher prices on the trading market than on the domestic market, local merchants, who mediated between a place of production and market, began to sell products wholesale directly at open ports, not to warehouse merchants in big cities such as Edo (now Tokyo).

• 外国商人達は日本側のこうした強硬なやり方に不満を抱いたものの、公使達がこれを受け入れていること、正貨との等価交換によって不十分ながらも補償を受けられたと判断されたことで損害賠償などを求める動きは一応収束することになった。
• Foreign merchants were discontent with these drastic measures, but the movements such as asking for compensation for loss were put an end, because the ministers had accepted these measures, and also because, although they judged that it was not enough, they still received compensation through equivalent exchange with specie money.

• エルサレムおよびユダのすべてのなべは、万軍の主に対して聖なる物となり、すべて犠牲をささげる者は来てこれを取り、その中で犠牲の肉を煮ることができる。その日には、万軍の主の宮に、もはや商人はいない。 (ゼカリヤ書 14:21)
• Yes, every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah will be holy to Yahweh of Armies; and all those who sacrifice will come and take of them, and cook in them. In that day there will no longer be a Canaanite in the house of Yahweh of Armies. (Zechariah 14:21)

• 角倉家は茶屋四郎次郎の「茶屋家」、後藤庄三郎の「後藤家」とともに「京の三長者」といわれる権勢を誇っていたが、他の2家が徳川家康に接近することで急成長したのに対し、角倉家はその以前より成功していた商人であったところが異なる。
• Along with 'the Chaya family' of Shirojiro CHAYA and 'the Goto family' of Shosaburo GOTO, the Suminokura family held the reins of power as 'the three millionaires in Kyoto,' but the Suminokura family differs from the two families because while these two families grew rapidly by becoming close to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the Suminokura family was already a successful merchant even before then.

• 山路愛山（彌吉）は回想録『命耶罪耶』の中で子供の頃（静岡時代）に彰常より、これからは「商人の道」を学ぶように諭された時に武士の子としての誇りから「卑しむべき商人たらんよりは寧ろ自殺するこそよけれ」と叫んだことを記している。
• Aizan (Yakichi) YAMAJI wrote the following story in his commentaries entitled 'Meikatsumika': when Akitsune tried to convince Aizan in his childhood (in Shizuoka) that he should learn 'the way of merchant' from that time on, Aizan spoke out proudly as a son of samurai family that he would rather kill himself than become a humble merchant.

• 株仲間における事務所・集会所を会所と呼称し、役員や事務職員などが詰めて共有財産の管理や外部との交渉、所属商人との連絡や管理、重要決定を定める会合の招集、商品の品質検査など、株仲間や所属商人、取扱商品に関する管理などを行った。
• An office or a gathering place for kabunakama (a merchant guild) was called 'kaisho,' and the officers or clerical staff who were stationed there carried out management of the guild, its member merchants and dealing commodities, including the management of common properties, negotiations with outside parties, communication and management of its member merchants, organization of meetings for crucial decisions, quality check of commodities, etc.

• 会津藩には武士身分で構成される正規治安部隊、京都見廻組（組長＝佐々木只三郎）があり、農民・商人身分で構成される新撰組（組長＝近藤勇）は、会津藩の京都における非正規治安部隊（後年は近藤らは幕臣になり正式な治安部隊になる）である。
• In the Aizu Clan, the formal security force was the Kyoto Mimawarigumi (Commander = Tadazaburo SASAKI), and Shinsen-gumi (Commander = Isami KONDO), composed of men with the social position of farmers/merchants, was the non-formal security force of the Aizu Clan for the Kyoto area (in later years, KONDO and others became vassals of the shogunate, and thus Shinsen-gumi became a formal security force).

• もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官（後の外務省）より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている（「問題四条」）。
• Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.

• また、大名貸に伴う大坂から江戸への貨幣の流出は、江戸商人による大坂からの物資買付とともに、武士とその生活を支える商工業者による消費都市江戸と「天下の台所」と呼ばれた大坂との間に高度な為替の仕組を生み出す間接的な要因にもなった。
• Also, money outflow from Osaka to Edo due to daimyogashi and Edo merchants buying goods from Osaka became remote causes of creating a sophisticated system of currency exchange between Edo, a consumer city of samurai and people in trade and manufacture who supported lives of samurai, and Osaka, a city called 'the kitchen of Japan.'

• 京都呉服商人の手島堵庵(1718--86)、をはじめ「松翁道話」を著した布施松翁(1725--84)、心学道話の最高峰とされる「鳩翁道話」の柴田鳩翁(1783--1839)、このほかに・斎藤全門・大島有隣等優れた人材を輩出した。
• It produced many talented persons, including Toan TEJIMA (1718-86), a kimono fabrics dealer of Kyoto, Shoo FUSE (1725-84), author of 'Shoo Dowa,' Kyuo SHIBATA (1783--1839), author of one of the best Shin school (Mind school) dowa (talks on the way) 'Kyuo Dowa,' Zenmon Saito and Urin Oshima.

• このため、借手側の藩は商人に対して扶持米を与えて藩士と同様の待遇を与えるなどの厚遇策によって商人の関係断絶を回避し、貸手側の商人は締貸し・分貸しなどの融資額の制約を設定したり枝手形を発行して投資者を募ることで危険の分散を図った。
• Therefore, domains, the borrower, gave merchants special treatments, such as paying Fuchimai (salary rice) and giving the same treatment as hanshi (the feudal retainers of a domain) to avoid dissociation with merchants, and merchants, the lender, also tried to scatter the risk by setting limit of credit or issuing sprit bills and raising investors.

• 現在でも観光地などでのアイスクリーム売りやパンの移動販売、郊外から都心へ通う行商人（関東圏では千葉の行商人が良く知られる存在である）公園付近で定置で営業するおでんの屋台、祭りや縁日の的屋業などは地方、都心に限らず健在な地域も多い。
• Even today, ice cream sellers, mobile bakeries, peddlers coming into the city from the suburbs (in the Kanto area, peddlers from Chiba are well-known), oden (a Japanese dish containing all kinds of ingredients cooked in a special broth of soy sauce, sugar, and sake) yatai doing business in a fixed location near parks, and tekiya at festivals and fairs remain common not only in inner-cities, but in various regions.

• また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
• In addition, 'Agechi-rei' (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of 'daimyo' and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.

• 更に大坂堂島米会所に所属する米仲買・米方両替である「浜方」と呼ばれる商人から、米切手を担保として融資を受ける浜方先納と呼ばれる融資を得ることもあったが、この方法は通常の大名貸の方法では融資が受けられなくなった藩が採ることが多かった。
• Besides, there was another way to borrow money on rice-check from merchants called 'hamakata' who were rice brokers in the Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange House, but it was an option for domains who could not arrange loans by a usual procedure of daimyogashi.

• この中にはシルクロードを行き交った商人たちのように、命懸けで山越え・砂漠越えをして点在する集落に物品を持ち込んだ者もいれば、そうやって多くの商人の手を経てもたらされた異国の物品をまことしやかな（しばしば嘘の）説明を付けて売る者もいた。
• Some of them brought goods to dotted villages by crossing over the mountains or deserts at their own peril like merchants who had come and gone along the Silk Road, others sold the foreign goods purchased through a lot of merchants with glossy explanation (sometimes including lies).

• 上記のごとく寺社造営料唐船は、幕府や寺社側の必要性から派遣されたというのが通説であったが、近年の研究では、むしろ貿易船の主体は博多などの商人であり、利潤の一部を寺社の造営費用にあてるというのは看板に過ぎなかったとの見方が提唱されている。
• A prevailing view on the Jishazoeiryotosen was that, as described above, they were dispatched out of necessity of the bakufu or shines and temples, but recent studies suggest that merchants in Hakata rather had the purpose of trade and that the willingness to use a part of profits for the building expenses were only a pretext.

• また日本ではインフラ確立など、植民地統治のプラス面が評価されがちだが、それに対し結局は台湾人でなく日本人の利益を第一義に考えての投資、優遇された日本人商人による搾取、日本の食糧庫・南進基地に位置づけられ、工業化が遅れたなどの批判もある。
• The Japanese tended to mention the positive side of the colonial ruling such as establishing the infrastructure, on the other hand, some mentioned the investment that was allegedly done for the benefit of Japanese, not Taiwanese, the exploitation by the privileged Japanese merchants, delayed industrialization as a result of Taiwan being positioned as a source of food or a base for southward advancement.

• だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛（堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している）などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
• However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).

• 更に今日かつての平安京からは当時の唐物の代表的商品である中国製陶器が多数発掘されており、遣唐使の減少にも関わらず平安遷都以後においても中国から大量の陶器が流入しており、それらの多くは民間の商人の手によってもたらされていたと考えられている。
• Today, many potteries, the flagship product of karamono (things imported from China) that time have been excavated from the remains of Heiankyo, and many think that although the number of the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China declined, and even after the transfer of national capital to the city of Heiankyo, many potteries were brought from China into Japan and many of those were brought by private merchants.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
• Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.

• パークスは薩摩藩・長州藩を支援して明治政府の成立に協力していた経緯があるだけに、政府が極秘で改税約書に違反した悪貨を鋳造していることに気づいていたが、これを放置しておくことは日本と貿易を行うイギリス商人の利益に反することであると考えていた。
• Having the background of cooperating with the formation of the Meiji Government by supporting the Satsuma and Choshu Domain, Parkes realized that the Meiji Government was breaking the kaizeiyakusho and secretly coining bad money, but thought that leaving this matter alone would go against the profit of English merchants who were trading with Japan.

• 更にこうした一連の遣り取りが内外に伝わると2月28日には横浜居留地の商人たちが会合を開いて明治政府に贋貨によって生じた損害賠償を求める事を決議し、更に一部の商人が今後の回収に期待して暴落した贋貨を買い占めるなど様々な思惑が動き出し始めていた。
• Furthermore, when this series of exchange spread around Japan and foreign countries, people began to move on their various ideas, for example, merchants of Yokohama settlement held a meeting on February 28, and decided to seek compensation from the Meiji Government for the damage caused by counterfeit money, or some merchants started to buy up the counterfeit money which had slumped anticipating the next recall.

• 天領や多くの藩では枡座から購入して自領に流通させていたが、歴史ある大藩の中には自藩伝来の枡を固守したり、京枡と同一の枡を自藩もしくは自藩指定の枡座（多くは藩内の商人）に製造させたりするなど独自の藩法に基づく枡を用いて幕府の命令を拒絶した（藩枡）。
• Though shogunal demesne and many domains purchased masu from their Masu-za to distribute in their own territories, some of the major historic domains held firmly to their ancestral masu, while others ordered their designated Masu-za, most of whom were merchants in the domain, to manufacture masu identical to kyo-masu, thus refusing the orders from the shogunate government; this custom is called 'han-masu' (masu of the domain).

• 以後も他人和与の禁止と徳政令によって恩給地の流出の阻止を図ろうとする武家政権側と徳政令からの公的保護や対抗文言を備えようとする商人・寺院などの第三者側、更に中世後期には徳政一揆によって流出した土地の回復を図ろうとする農民らを巻き込んだ対立は続いた。
• Thereafter, conflict continued between the military government which tried to prevent the outflow of onkyuchi by banning wayo to others and introducing the tokuseirei and third parties such as merchants and temples that sought to put themselves under public protection from the tokuseirei and to prepare the wording to counter it, further involving peasants who tried to regain lost land by tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) in late mediaeval times.

• こうした中、儒教では利益の追求は欲望を生み出して人間を堕落の方向に向かわせると考えられ、商工業に携わること自体が本来の人間があるべき姿に反する行為として否定的に捉えられていたが、実際には貨幣経済や産業の発達により商人が経済の主導権を握るようになった。
• In Confucianism, it was thought that profit pursuing would lead to desires that would ultimately cause a human being to deteriorate and that activities of involved in commerce and industry themselves would be contrary to what a human being should be; nevertheless, under the above-mentioned circumstances, merchants took the initiative in an economy based on the development of a monetary economy and industry.

• 江戸時代になると、諸藩の藩主は、強大な統治権を得るために、家臣の知行を、土地を直接給付して独自に徴税を行わせる地方知行制から、藩が一括して徴税した米を中心とした農産物を家臣に給付して、その一部を商人を通じて換金させる蔵米知行に転換することを目指した。
• In the Edo period, the lord of each domain tried to change the fief system of their vassal from a local enforcement system in which the land was provided directly for the vassal and the vassal collected tax individually into kuramaichigyo in which the lord of the domain collected rice and farm products collectively and provided them for their vassal who, in turn, changed them into money through a dealer, in order to extend their ruling power.

• 1869年 旧会津藩の武器御用商人だったジョン・シュネルが、旧会津藩士ら約40名ほど（詳細な記録がないため正確な人数は不明）を連れ、明治政府に無許可でカリフォルニア州ゴールド・ヒルに移住、茶と養蚕を目的とした「若松コロニー」を作るが、僅か2年で頓挫。
• In 1869, without any permission from the Meiji Government, John SCHNELL, a merchant of weapons for the former Aizu Domain, led about 40 immigrants including former feudal retainers of the domain to Gold Hill in California and built the 'Wakamatsu Colony' for tea and sericulture production, which ended in failure after two years.

• シバ、デダン、タルシシの商人、およびそのもろもろの村々はあなたに言う、『あなたは物を奪うために来たのか。物をかすめるために軍隊を集めたのか。あなたは金銀を持ち去り、家畜と貨財とを取りあげ、大いに物を奪おうとするのか』と。 (エゼキエル書 38:13)
• Sheba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions of it, shall tell you, Have you come to take the spoil? have you assembled your company to take the prey? to carry away silver and gold, to take away livestock and goods, to take great spoil? (Ezekiel 38:13)

• 18世紀以降には、大坂高麗橋付近に住む氏名不詳の商人による元文3年（1738年）の『熊野めぐり』（以下、『めぐり』と略記）、伊丹の酒造家、八尾八佐衛門の家人による延享4年（1747年）の『三熊野参詣道中日記』（以下、『道中日記』と略記）などが見られる。
• As for the diaries about visiting Kumano written after the 18the century, there remain 'Kumano Meguri' (hereinafter quote it as 'Meguri') written in 1738 by a merchant with an unknown name who lived near Korai-bashi Bridge of Osaka and 'San-Kumano Sankei Dochu Nikki' (hereinafter quote it as 'Dochu Nikki') written in 1747 by a retainer of Yazaemon YAO, a brewer of Itami.

• このように家康は小判を基軸とする「両」の貨幣単位による通貨の全国統一を理想としたが、四進法の計算の煩雑性、実質を重視する観点などから秤量銀貨を使用する商人の力は依然として強大で権力で抑えるまでには至らず、既存の体系を其のまま踏襲する形となったとされる。
• Like that, Ieyasu's ideal was the unification of the currency of the whole country using currency unit'Ryo' based on Koban, however, he was forced to follow the existing system due to cumbersome calculation of quaternary and powerful merchants who used a silver-by-weight standard for real value reasons who couldn't be supressed by authority.

• 秀吉の父・弥右衛門は百姓であったとされるが、百姓＝農民とするのは後代の用例であり、弥右衛門の主たる生業は織田家の足軽だったとする説もある（一説には百姓では思いつかないような発想などから秀吉は武家へ仕官以前は針の行商人で商人出身であったという説がある）。
• Hideyoshi's father, Yaemon was said to be a 'Hyakusyo', but it is a later way to see 'Hyakusyo' as a farmer and there is an opinion that his main business was 'Ashigaru' (conscripted foot-soldiers) of ODA clan (there is an another opinion that Hideyoshi was a peddler of needles before serving warlords and had a origin of merchant class, judging from his different ideas which a farmer could not hit).

• 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産（資本）を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
• After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.

• スナイドル弾薬の調達を担当した陸軍省の西郷従道と原田一道は、大量の弾薬を調達すべく、海軍省から弾薬製造設備を借り受けたり、外国商人から空薬莢500万個の購入を計画したり、あるいは清国から弾薬を借り受けるなど、前線で戦う兵士達の火力を支える弾薬調達に東奔西走した。
• Tsugumichi SAIGO and Ichido HARADA of the Army Ministry, who were responsible for supplying Snider Ammunition, rushed about frantically busy supplying ammunition to support firepower of soldiers fighting in the front line by taking every possible measures like obtaining permission to use the facilities to produce ammunition from the Navy Ministry, planning to purchase 5 million empty cartridge cases from a foreign merchant, and borrowing ammunition from the Qing dynasty in order to supply a great deal of ammunition.

• 秤量銀貨が商人に広く受け入れられたのは、秤量により実質価値を定めることの合理性、「貫」、「匁」、「分（ふん）」を単位とする十進法の計算の利便性、また馬蹄銀などの銀錠（銀挺、灰吹銀と呼ばれる銀塊）を高額取引用通貨の中心とする中国との取引が盛んであったことなどが挙げられる。
• The reason that silver by weight standard was widely accepted by merchants are as follows; 1. Rationality where value is defined by standard 2. Convenience where calculation is made by decimal method by the unit of 'kan','monme' and 'fun'(unit of weight) 3. Trade with China, where ginjo (silver mass called by gincho and cupellated silver) such as batei-gin was the main currency for trading by high price, was frequently conducted.

• 商人宿と呼ばれる比較的低価格のビジネス利用主体の旅館（いわゆるビジネス旅館）では、古くから1人1部屋利用が比較的多いが、観光旅館や温泉旅館では（とくに高級旅館の場合）、1部屋を2人以上で利用することを前提とした運営となっているところが多く、1人での宿泊を認めない場合も多い。
• Although relatively low priced ryokan used for business trips, called 'shonin-yado' or 'business ryokan,' have traditionally accommodated one guest per room, many resort ryokan or onsen-ryokan (hot spring ryokan), especially high-end establishments, usually do not accept a solitary guest, because their business plans assume two or more guests per room.

• これまで酒屋たちは基本的に、幕府からどのような政策が下っても自分の商売に実質的な損をきたさないように、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差をうまく利用し、あらかじめ求められた数値を水増し申告しておくなどして対処してきたが、この十分の一役米に対しては今までの「商人マジック」が使えなかった。
• Until then, breweries had basically taken advantage of the difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake to deal with any policies made by the bakufu, such as by overstating the required value in advance, so that their business would not suffer a loss, but 'the merchants' magic' they had used could not work on the obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing.

• 例えば1546年に薩摩国に上陸したポルトガルの商人ジョルジェ・アルバレス（フランシスコ・ザビエルにヤジロウを紹介し訪日を促した人物）は、当時の日本人が米から作る蒸留酒（原文ではorraquaオラーカアラビア語のアラクに由来するポルトガル語）を常飲していたことを記録に残している。
• For example, in 1546 Jorge Alvares, a merchant from Portugal who landed in Satsuma Province (who introduced Francisco Xavier to Yajiro and encouraged him to go to Japan) recorded that the Japanese at the time used to drink distilled liquor (written as orraqua in the original: a Portuguese word originated from araq in Arabic) made from rice.

• 明治2年1月7日、パークスの呼びかけでフランス・アメリカ・イタリア・ドイツの各国公使が相次いで新政府に対して「新政府（明治政府）が改税約書に違反した通貨を鋳造しているという噂があるために通貨の相場が暴落して商人たちが損害を受けている」として贋貨一掃のための措置を採る事を要求した。
• On January 7, 1869, with the call of Parkes, ministers from France, America, Italy, and Germany successively demanded the new Japanese Government to take measures to wipe out the counterfeit money because 'since there are rumors that the new government (Meiji Government) are coining money that goes against the kaizeiyakusho, the market place for money is crashing and merchants are suffering damage.'

• またこの事件は、争いに明け暮れる京都市中の商人たちとは無縁に坦々と生産が続けられた、奈良の『菩提泉（ぼだいせん）』『山樽（やまだる）』『大和多武峯（たふのみね）酒』、越前の『豊原（ほうげん）酒』、近江の『百済寺酒』、河内の『観心寺酒』などの僧坊酒がさらに評価を高める原因にもなった。
• In addition, this incident led to a higher reputation of Soboshu such as 'Bodaisen,' 'Yamadaru' (literally, barrel in a mountain), and 'Tafunomine sake' (sake on Mt. Tafunomine) in Nara, 'Hogen sake' (literally, sake of rich field) in Echizen Province, 'hyakusaiji sake' (sake of Hyakusai-ji Temple) in Omi Province and 'Kanshinji shu' (sake of Kanshin-ji Temple) in Kawachi Province, which were uneventfully produced with no influence from the belligerent merchants in Kyoto.

• 従来の藩が租税として集めた米をまとめて江戸や大坂の蔵屋敷を経由して同地の米問屋に売却するというこれまでの米の流通システムが崩壊して、個々の農民が地元の米商人などに直接米を換金してその代金を納め、地元の米商人が全国市場に米を売却するようになるなど、商業や流通に対する影響も大きかった。
• The land-tax reform also had a large effect on Japanese commerce and distribution system; that is, prior to the reform rice collected as tax from various clans were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers in Edo or Osaka through storehouses of various clans in Edo or Osaka; the reform allowed farmers to change their rice to cash directly at local rice merchants, who sold rice to the market across the country; thus the previous distribution system collapsed.

• そのような背景の中で「二重の利を取り、甘き毒を喰ひ、自死するやうなこと多かるべし」「実の商人は、先も立、我も立つことを思うなり」と、実にシンプルな言葉でCSRの本質的な精神を表現した石田梅岩の思想は、近江商人の「三方よし」の思想と並んで、「日本のCSRの原点」として脚光を浴びている。
• Within the context, Baigan ISHIDA's thought, which expressed the essential spirit of CSR with very simple words, such as 'taking double profit and eating sweet poison often cause destruction' and 'a true merchant thinks others as well as one self,' is spotlighted as 'the origin of Japanese CSR,' along with 'Sanpo-yoshi principle' of Omi shonin (Omi merchants).

• ――清朝を貿易従事といった理由から出国し、帰国しないで海外に居を定めた華僑について、清朝は積極的な保護をしてこなかったが、西欧諸国が貿易を立国の根本に据え、海外の商人を積極的に保護していることを知るようになると、清朝も「万国公法」によって華僑の保護に乗り出すようになった（茂木2000）。
• Traditionally Qing dynasty had not provided protections for Chinese who lived abroad for purposes such as trade; however, the Qing dynasty came to know that western countries set commerce as foundations of a country and actively protected merchants in foreign countries, then the Qing dynasty also started providing protection for Chinese abroad based on 'Bankoku Koho' (Motegi 2000).

• また博多商人の島井宗室や神谷宗湛らと交友し、日明貿易や日朝貿易も行った（しかし実際に明国や朝鮮などとの貿易で利益をもたらしていたのは15世紀後半辺りまでで、三浦の乱を契機に少なくとも明・朝鮮との貿易関係は衰退し、名義上大友氏の看板を利用した対馬の国人や博多の豪商らに実利は移ってしまった。
• In addition, he had friendships with Soshitsu SHIMAI, Sotan KAMIYA and others of Hakata merchants and carried out trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China as well as Japan-Korea Trade (however, they actually gained profit by trading with the Ming Dynasty in China and Korea until the late of 15th century and such trade declined after the Sanpo War while actual profit was transferred to local lords on Tsushima Island utilizing the nominal sign of the Otomo clan and wealthy merchants in Hakata).

• これは徳川家康が通貨統一にあたり、以前から秤量銀貨が大坂を中心として商人に広く使用されている実情を踏まえ、この形態をそのまま継承し、慶長銀を豊臣秀頼の膝元である上方に流通させることにより、常に天下は徳川のものであることを知らしめ全国統一を円滑に進めるという、したたかな政略のひとつであった。
• In unification of the currency, it was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's ambitious strategy to show people that he was a ruler of the country facilitating the smooth unification of the country, by way of taking over the system in which silver by weight standard had been widely used among merchants centering around Osaka, as well as distributing the keicho-chogin in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), the base of Hideyori TOYOTOMI.

• こうした取引は循環的かつ継続的に毎年繰り返されるが、正貨獲得時期と正貨支出時期が一致するとは限らず、正貨獲得以前に支出を要する場合には、販売予定の年貢米や特産品を担保として有力商人（特に蔵屋敷に出入りする蔵元や掛屋）から金銀を借りて、実際に入ってきた年貢米や特産品をもって返済することになる。
• As the timing of inflow and outflow of specie money did not always match although this business was done every year cyclically and continuously, when expense was needed before attaining the current money, it was unavoidable to borrow gold and silver from powerful merchants (especially kuramoto [sake brewer] or kakeya [merchants dealing in finance]), putting up their annual rice tax or local special products which were to be sold later as security, and they paid back when such rice tax or products were actually delivered.

• しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案（中井源左衛門・日野商人）（小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』）や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設（日野商人）、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
• In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)から室町初期に完成した『庭訓往来』には、「城下に招き居えべき輩」として多くの商人、職人の名を列挙しており、襖障子に関係するものとして唐紙師、経師、紙漉き、塗師、金銀細工師などが挙げられており、襖建具が分業化された職人を必要とするほどに、武士階級に相当普及していた事とが知れる。
• In the 'Teikin-orai' (Epistolary for Home Instruction) completed from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, many names of merchants and workmen are described as 'people who should stay in the castle town' including masters of fusuma-shoji such as kami-shi, kyo-ji, paper making, craftsmen of lacquer ware and handiworks, and craftsmen of gold and silver handiworks, which shows that fusuma-shoji was widespread in the samurai class and they required specialized craftsmen.

• その三連目で「すめらみことは戦いに　おおみずからは出でまさね（天皇は戦争に自ら出かけられない）」と唱い、晶子と親交の深い歌人であったが国粋主義者であった文芸批評家の大町桂月はこれに対して｢家が大事也、妻が大事也、国は亡びてもよし、商人は戦ふべき義務なしといふは、余りに大胆すぐる言葉」と批判した。
• In the third verse of the poem she wrote that the Emperor was not allowed to join the war himself; a literary critique Keigetsu OMACHI who was a close friend of Akiko, but at the same time a nationalist, criticized her by stating 'it was too audacious to say that what matters to you is your family and wife, that it doesn't matter if your country is destroyed, and that merchants are not bound to fight in the war.'

• もっとも、かつては神功皇后の三韓征伐が史実と考えられていたこと、鎌倉時代の『曾我物語』（妙本寺本）においても日本の西の果てを「鬼界・高麗・硫黄嶋」と記されており、島国に住む日本人（外国と接する機会のある僧侶や商人などの例外を除く）における長年にわたる対外意識の希薄さが背景にあったと考えられている。
• This is because of such a background that the conquest of three Korean countries by Jinguu Empress was believed as a truth and that Japanese who lived in an island country (except priests or merchants who had a chance to meet foreigners) were less conscious on abroad for a long time, as 'Soga monogatari' (Myohonji-bon) written in Kamakura Period described western Japan as 'Kikai, Korea and Io-island'.

• 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
• Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.

• 学術的にはほとんど取り上げられていないものの、陰謀史観の一つとして、本来は吉良上野介の側を陥れるはずだった陰謀に浅野内匠頭が利用されたとの説、桂昌院の従一位叙任を阻止しようとした御台所鷹司信子の陰謀説、幕府の役人と結びついた塩商人が赤穂の塩を狙い、赤穂藩を潰して天領にし儲けを得ようとしたという説もある。
• Although they are hardly picked up in academic settings, some of the conspiratorial views of history include Asano Takumi no Kami being used to trap Kira Kozuke no Suke, the wife of a Shogun Nobuko TAKATSUYA trying to stop Keishoin from receiving Juichii (Junior First Rank), a salt merchant working with a bakufu official to eliminate the Ako Domain and turn it into bakufu land in order to gain profit by selling salt in Ako.

• このため、日本の大名、商人らが朝鮮に通交する者が急増したが、彼らの中には交易に不都合があると倭寇に変貌するような者もいたので、朝鮮政府は1407年頃国防上の見地から興利倭船の入港地を慶尚左道都万戸所在地の東莱県富山浦（現在の釜山広域市）と慶尚右道都万戸所在地の金海府乃而浦（現在の慶尚南道鎮海市）に限定した。
• Therefore, the number of Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) and merchants trading with Korea rapidly increased, but because some of them turned into wako (Japanese pirates) once they found unfavorable terms of trade, the Korean government eventually restricted the port of entry for koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea) only to Busanpo, Tongne Prefecture (present Busan Metropolitan City), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang left-sided Prefecture was, and, Naijiho, Jinhae Prefecture (present, Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang right-sided Prefecture was, around 1407.

• こうして形成された薩摩藩への悪評（世論も大きな影響を持っていた）は薩摩藩の京都・大坂での活動に大きな支障となったので、西郷は6月11日に大坂留守居木場伝内に上坂中の薩摩商人の取締りを命じ、往来手形を持参していない商人らにも帰国するよう命じ、併せて藩内での取締りも強化し、藩命を以て大商人らを上坂させぬように処置した。
• The bad reputation that the Satsuma Domain had rested on things like this, and caused them no small interruption of their activities in Kyoto and Osaka, Saigo was ordered by Dennai KOBA of Osaka Rusui to regulate the activeity of the merchant of Satsuma who is in Osaka on June 11, and he gave the order to merchants who did not have Orai-tegata (travel permit) to go return to their points of origin, and also made strict regulations in the domain, and took measures against merchants coming to Osaka by command of domain.

• 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家（なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった）だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ～、よけろ～」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
• In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.

• しかしながら、それ以外の読者たちにも、この論文における同じ原理がすべての社会活動において機械技師たちと同等の効力が適用されるであろうということ、また家庭の管理、農場の管理、小さいもから大きなものまで全ての商人のビジネス管理、教会、慈善施設、大学、および政府の省庁の管理にも同じように適用できることを理解してもらいたいと考える。
• It is hoped, however, that it will be clear to other readers that the same principles can be applied with equal force to all social activities: to the management of our homes; the management of our farms; the management of the business of our tradesmen, large and small; of our churches, our philanthropic institutions our universities, and our governmental departments.

• この事件については、京から比叡山の炎上の光景がよく見えたこともあり、山科言継など公家や商人の日記や、イエズス会の報告などにはっきりと記されている（ただし、山科言継の日記によれば、この前年の10月15日 (旧暦)に浅井軍と見られる兵が延暦寺西塔に放火したとあり、延暦寺は織田・浅井双方の圧迫を受けて進退窮まっていたとも言われている）。
• In part because the glow of the flames on Mt. Hiei was visible from Kyoto, this event is clearly recorded in the diaries of merchants, court nobles such as Tokitsugu YAMASHINA, and also in reports by the Jesuits (actually, according to Tokitsugu YAMASHINA's diary, soldiers thought to be the Asai army set fire to Enryaku-ji Temple's Saito on October 15 (old calendar) of the previous year, so Enryaku-ji Temple was stuck between a rock and a hard place, getting hit by both Oda and Asai).

• 9世紀前半、山東半島の港町・赤山（当時多くの新羅商人が居留するところとなっていた）に赤山法華経院を寄進するとともに、短期で帰国しなければならなかった入唐請益僧円仁の長期不法在唐を実現（不法在留を決意した円仁のために地方役人と交渉して公験（旅行許可証）下付を取り付ける）したのを始め、円仁の9年6ヶ月の求法の旅を物心両面にわたって支援した。
• In the early ninth century, Jang supported Ennin both physically and mentally for his one-and-a-half-year pilgrimage in search of law by donating the Chisan Fahua Temple in the port city of Chisan in the Shandong Peninsula (where many Silla merchants were residing), saving Ennin from an unlawful overstay in Tang when he was only allowed to stay there for a short while (by negotiating with a local officer to have his Kugen [visitor permit] granted when Ennin decided to overstay).

• だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう（宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる）ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
• However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).

• 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ（表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い）、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧（仕事）の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった（催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた）。
• The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).

• 江戸幕府は貨幣の全国統一を行うべく、三貨制度（小判、丁銀、銭貨）の整備を行ったが、これは既存の貨幣流通すなわち、大坂の商人を中心とする極印銀すなわち秤量銀貨の流通と、庶民の渡来銭の使用に加えて、武田信玄が鋳造させた甲州金の貨幣単位である「両」、「分」、「朱」を踏襲したものであり、家康の尊敬する武将であった信玄の甲州金の四進法の体系を採用したのであった。
• Edo bakufu improved three currency system (Koban, Chogin ［collective term of silver］and coin) to unify the currency of the whole country: it consited of the existing currency circulation; hallmark silver which was a silver-by-weight standard used by mainly merchants in Osaka and Torai-sen (imported currency from China) used among commers, and the currency unit, 'Ryo' 'Bu' and 'Shu', based on quarternary system of Koshu gold which was cast by the order of Shingen TAKEDA whom Ieyasu looked up to.

• このように、商人は「お上」の命に唯々諾々と従う存在であるのだから、政治的基盤が未だ脆弱で「お上」としての権威を十分に持っているとは言えない明治政府が慌てて貨幣改革を行うことによって、万が一命令が行き渡らずに「お上」（＝明治政府）に対する「万民の信」の無さと無力ぶりを内外に示すことになっては政権の崩壊につながると考え、通貨改革を不要不急のことと捉えていた。
• Like it says above, merchants were people who obediently followed the Okami (political authorities)'s orders, so OKUBO thought that if the Meiji Government, which was still feeble and did not have enough authority as the 'Okami' (political authorities) reformed the currency in a flurry, by doing so if in the worst case scenario, the orders did not get across, this would reveal the lack of 'people's trust' in the 'Okami' (political authorities) (Meiji Government) and their powerlessness to their own country and foreign countries, which would lead to the collapse of the government, therefore he considered the monetary reform was nonessential and nonurgent.

• そのため現在の台湾の教育・民生・軍事・経済の基盤は当時の日本によって建設されたものが基礎となっていると主張する意見（李登輝など）と、近代化の中の日本の役割を過大評価することは植民地統治の正当化と反発する意見、台湾は日本への農作物供給地として農業を中心に発展させられたため工業発展に遅れたと主張する意見、日本商人の搾取によって富が奪われたとする意見（図解台湾史、台湾歴史図説）も提示されている。
• Therefore, there are different opinions about the ruling by Japan as follows; one opinion is that the infrastructure of Taiwan, such as education, people's livelihood, military and economy, was based upon one built by Japan at that time (Teng-hui LEE and others) and other opposing opinions are that overestimating the role of Japan in modernization leads to a justification for colonial rule, Japan imposed an agriculture-centered policy to make Taiwan a supply source of agricultural products to Japan and it resulted in delaying industrial development and the wealth of Taiwan was deprived by Japanese merchants Taiwan (Illustrated History of Taiwan, Illustration of Taiwanese History).

• 江戸時代を通じて、基本的に酒はその造り方、流通、販売に至るまで商人がプロデュースするものであったが、上記のような理由から藩という地方自治体が酒造りを立案し、伊丹酒や灘五郷や奈良流など当時の酒造先進地域より酒師（さかし - 杜氏とほぼ同義）や麹師（こうじし）といった技術者を少なからぬ藩費で招聘し、土地の大商人に醸造設備などを整備させて始めた地酒のことを、後世から便宜上藩造酒（はんぞうしゅ）と呼ぶ。
• While sake was basically produced by the merchants throughout the Edo period in all fields of brewing methods, distribution and sales, local governments or domains, due to the above reasons, started to brew Jizake (local sake) called, in later ages for convenience, Hanzoshu (sake brewed by the domains) by preparing brewing plans, inviting at no small expenses of the domain's technical experts such as Sakashi (sake brewer) (almost the same meaning as Toji [sake brewer]) and Kojishi (a person in charge of the koji-manufacturing) from the advanced regions in sake brewing like Itami sake, Nada gogo (five districts in Nada), Nara style sake and so on and making local wealthy merchants maintain brewing facilities.

• 特に八月十八日の政変の前後からは、商人を装い「枡屋喜右衛門」を名乗っていた元毘沙門堂家臣・古高俊太郎を仲介者として、寺島忠三郎や久坂玄瑞ら京に残った勤王派の長州藩士達が、粟津義風・前川茂行といった有栖川宮の諸大夫や家臣達と複数回にわたり接触し、両者の間で密会の場を設けたり密使を潜伏させあうなどの交際を行っているほか、熾仁親王は粟津や前川に命じ、長州藩家老の益田兼施宛に慰問の書状を出させたりしている。
• Especially before and after the political change on August 18, the samurai of the Choshu Domain, people loyal to the Emperor who remained in Kyoto such as Chuzaburo TERAJIMA and Genzui KUSAKA, had contacted various Taifu of Arisugawanomiya or aides many times, such as Yoshikaze AWAZU and Shigeyuki MAEKAWA through the former Bishamon do aides, Shutaro FURUTAKA (KOTAKA), who pretended to be a business man and named 'Kiemon MASUYA,' they had contact by organizing to have a place for secret meeting, or they both exchanged secret messengers in hiding to each others, Prince Taruhito ordered Awazu and Maekawa to send a letter of consolation to the Chief retainer of a feudal lord of Choshu Domain, Kanenobu MASUDA.

• また、当時は商人に高等教育はいらないという考え方が支配的だったが、商業教育にも力を入れ商法講習所（現一橋大学）、大倉喜八郎との関係で大倉商業学校（現東京経済大学）の設立に協力したほか、創立者大隈重信との関係で早稲田大学、創立者三島中洲との親交で二松学舎（現二松学舎大学）、野田（大塊）卯太郎との誼で学校法人国士舘（創立者・柴田徳次郎）、井上馨に乞われ同志社大学（創立者・新島襄）の寄付金の取り纏めに関わった。
• Although there were ruling thoughts that higher education was not required for merchants at that time, he emphasized commercial education and cooperated for the establishment of Shoho Koushujo (current Hitotsubashi University) and Okura shogyo school (current Tokyo Keizai University) due to the relationship with Kihachiro OKURA, Waseda University due to the relationship with Shigenobu OKUMA and Nishogakusha (current Nishogakusha University) due to close relationship with the founder Nakasu MISHIMA, and Kokushikan (founder: Tokujiro SHIBATA) due to the relationship with Utaro NODA (Taikai) and was involved in coordination of donation for Doshisha University (founder: Joe NIJIMA) at the request of Kaoru INOUE.

• 極端の場合として領内の凶作にも関わらず、貸付の停止を恐れた藩が農民から強制的に徴収して蔵屋敷に送って、同一年の年貢米を担保に複数の商人から融資を受ける例や、返済実績の確保を行ったために蔵屋敷に大量に米が送られているにも関わらず領内は飢饉で餓死者が出るという「飢饉移出」が発生して餓死者の発生に伴って耕作者のいない田畑が発生して更なる財政収入の悪化をもたらして更なる大名貸を依頼するという悪循環が発生した例もあった。
• There were some extreme cases such as an example that domains who were in fear of termination of loaning collected rice from farmers forcibly and sent the rice to their kurayasiki to arrange finance loans from several merchants by putting the rice as security, or another example that domains who were giving priority on repaying sent a large amount of rice to their kurayashiki even though people were dying from starvation in their territories, which created a bad circulation of more need of arranging daimyogashi because of worsened financial inflow caused by less farmers on farmland after starvation.

• 関東地方・東北地方を中心に江戸商人との取引も行われ、江戸商人による大名貸の例もみられるが、江戸は江戸幕府本体及びその親衛隊として江戸に常住した旗本の年貢米・特産品の売却地でもあり、幕府財政安定を意図した米価維持のための諸藩への廻米制限令が出されることもあり、藩にとっては安定した資金調達先にはなり得なかった（結果的に江戸への米は幕府米・旗本米・商人米が大部分を占め、関東・東北諸藩の年貢米の一部が売却されるのみとなる）。
• There were some examples of Edo merchants who did daimyogashi mainly to domains in the Kanto and the Tohoku regions, but Edo did not become a stable financial source for domains because annual rice tax and special products of the Edo bakufu or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who lived in Edo to guard the bakufu were sold in Edo, and sometimes the bakufu ordered restriction of rice delivery out of Edo for rice-price keeping operation for the bakufu's fiscal stability (as a result most of rice that were dealt in Edo were from the bakufu, hatamoto, and some merchants, and only partial amount of rice from domains in the Kanto region and the Tohoku region were dealt).

• 本来、行商人や旅人（たびにん）の場所の確保や世話をする世話人が集まって組織となり神農会と呼ばれる庭主（組合）が起こったが、現在では、そのほとんどが各地の暴力団の傘下組織となり、一部には本来一番肝心な世話することを怠って何もしない「庭主」が「○○会○代目」、「○○組分家」、「○○会○○一家」と名乗り、競合する出店を脅迫し排除したり、挨拶に来るよう呼びつけ行商人などから着到（その地区の世話人に世話になる場合、到着した際に挨拶として持っていく手土産）名目で金品をたかる組織も存在する。
• Originally, unions of niwanushi, known as Shinno Associations, were formed by groups of mediators who secured spots for and looked after peddlers and travelers, but these days, most are affiliated with criminal gangs, with some 'niwanushi' completely ignoring the 'taking care of' part, which was originally the most important, and while claiming to be the 'n-th niwanushi of such-and-such society' or from 'a branch of so-and-so kumi' or 'the such-and-such family of so-and-so society,' they threaten and exclude rivals and demand gifts and money in the name of chakuto (gifts for caretakers of the area when merchants arrived, in a sign of greeting) from newly-arrived merchants seeking their services.

• 商法（明治三十二年法律第四十八号）第二編第一章（第五百一条から第五百三条まで及び第五百二十三条を除く。）（総則）の規定は相互会社の行う行為について、同編第二章（売買）の規定は相互会社が商人又は相互会社（外国相互会社を含む。）との間で行う売買について、同編第三章（交互計算）の規定は相互会社が平常取引をする者との間で行う相殺に係る契約について、同編第五章（第五百四十五条を除く。）（仲立営業）の規定は相互会社が行う他人間の商行為の媒介について、同編第六章（第五百五十八条を除く。）（問屋営業）及び同法第五百九十三条（寄託）の規定は相互会社について、それぞれ準用する。この場合において、必要な技術的読替えは、政令で定める。
• The provisions of Part II, Chapter I (excluding Article 501 to 503 inclusive and Article 523) (General Provisions) of the Commercial Code (Act No. 48 of 1899) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the activities carried out by a Mutual Company; the provisions of Chapter II of said Part (Buying or Selling) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the buying or selling carried out by a Mutual Company with a merchant or another Mutual Company (including any Foreign Mutual Company); the provisions of Chapter III of said Part (Current Account) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the contracts pertaining to set-offs carried out by a Mutual Company y with its usual counter Parties; the provisions of Chapter V of said Part (excluding Article 545) (Brokerage Business) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the acting as an intermediary by a Mutual Company with regard to commercial transactions between third Parties; and the provisions of Chapter VI of said Part (excluding Article 558) (Commission Agent Business) and Article 593 (Deposit)) of said Code shall apply mutatis mutandis to a Mutual Company, respectively. In this case, any other necessary technical change in interpretation shall be specified by a Cabinet Order.