Honyaku Star - Search: 名字

名字: 173 Terms and Phrases

名字
surname
family name
Myouji
Japanese name

名字：
Surname:

名字帯刀
the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword (during the Edo period)

名字の由来
The Origin of the Family Name

地名・名字
Place name and Family name
Geographical names and family names

名字の一つ。
a family name.

沖縄県の名字
Okinawan name

名字は阿保とも。
His myoji (family name) is sometimes written in different Japanese characters; '安保' or '阿保.'

渡辺が名字です。
Watanabe is my family name.

ウクライナ人の名字
Ukrainian name

名前と名字の間の名前
a name between your first name and your surname

つづいて首の名字をいう。
Continuing on, the surname of the head was announced.

京都府綾部市上杉が名字の地。
They took their name from Uesugi in Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture.

豊臣宗家の本来の名字でもある。
It was also the original family name of the head family of TOYOTOMI.

同じ名字を持つ2人の少年の若い方
of the younger of two boys with the same family name

初名は千代造、元の名字は宇都野。
His first name was Chiyozo and his original myoji (family name) was Utsuno.

徳川氏は、徳川家康が創始した名字。
Tokugawa' is the family name used by the clan commenced by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

あなたの名字はどうつづるのですか。
How do you spell your family name?

氏や名字の次、諱の前に入れて名乗る。
Samurai used hyakkan na putting it after the name of his clan or surname, and before his imina (a personal name) (In Japan a surname comes first, and followed by a first name).

主に武家などにおいて名字を継承する。
The myoseki naming system mainly applied to the succession of family names amongst the samurai class.

この名字は信長から授けられたと見られている。
This family name seemed to be given by Nobunaga.

範圓の子である為頼に至って吉見を名字とした。
Yorien's son Tameyori chose 'Yoshimi' as his family name.

名字の由来は、松を寄進したためともいわれる。
It is said that the family name Uematsu derived from pine trees (matsu) that Masanaga donated.

維新後は今出川を改め、別称の菊亭を名字とした。
After the Restoration the family name, Imadegawa, was changed to another name: Kikutei.

同年9月、名字必称となり「大谷」の姓を用いる。
In September of the same year, with the enactment of Myojihissho (law requiring last names), he decided to use the name Otani.

翌月には「言仁」の名字が定められ、立太子した。
In the following month, Emperor Antoku was given the family name 'Tokihito' and became a crown prince.

日本の名字（姓）の神田も、上記の神田に由来する。
The family name Kanda also came from Shinden mentioned above.

「この名字を世の真宝となして、さらに福田なし。」
There is no Fukuden other than recognizing Biku in name only as the treasure of the truth.'

近江吉田荘、または出雲吉田村を名字としたという。
Omi-Yoshida-sho, or, it is said that the family name is Izumo-Yoshida-mura.

今川氏より今川の名字の使用を許されたとも伝わる。
It is said that he was permitted by the Imagawa clan to use his surname.

この際、秀吉から羽柴の名字を称すことも許された。
On this occasion, he was allowed by Hideyoshi to use the name of Hashiba.

その際、縁のあった武家名字「前田氏」を名乗った。
From then on, he referred to himself as a member of the Maeda clan, with whom they had a connection.

これによって始めて「及川」という名字が起こった。
This brought about the 'OIKAWA' family name.

明治維新後は、今出川を改め、別称の菊亭を名字とした。
After the Meiji Restoration, Imadegawa was changed to use another name, Kikutei, to be used as his family name.

同時に信濃から当地に移り、以後、名字も三沢と改めた。
At the same time, Tamenaga moved his residence from Shinano to this place, after which he changed his family name to MISAWA.

また、日本の名字（姓）の寺田も、上記の寺田に由来する。
Furthermore, Jiden or Terada as a family name also originated in jiden or terada described above.

このように、名田は名字の発祥に深い関わりを持っている。
Thus, myoden is deeply involved with the origin of surnames.

この時代「豊臣」は本姓としても名字としても使われている。
During this period, 'Toyotomi' was used as honsei (original name) as well as myoji (family name).

以来、非御家人の間にも名字を名乗ることが浸透していった。
Since then, non-retainers also began to use surnames.

地名をもって名字とし井上頼季と名乗り井上氏の祖となった。
He used the place name as his myoji (family name) calling himself Yorisue INOUE, and became an ancestor of the Inoue clan.

秀吉や秀長たちの名字はこれ以降も羽柴のまま変わっていない。
The family name of Hideyoshi, Hidenaga and others did not change and remained HASHIBA.

村岡が名であり、五郎が字であり、村岡五郎全体で名字といった。
Muraoka was his myo, Goro was his azana, and the whole string of MURAOKA no Goro was his surname.

明治時代には華族に列せられ、名字を足利に復して存続している。
The family was raised to the peerage and the line continues with family name returned to Ashikaga.

かといって頼綱が長崎とは別の名字を名乗ったという記録もない。
Nor is there any record to indicate that Yoritsuna used a different surname from Nagasaki.

重隆の子職隆には自らの養女を嫁がせ、小寺の名字を名乗らせた。
Masamoto additionally gave his adoptive daughter in marriage to Shigetaka's son Mototaka and had Mototaka go by the family name of KODERA.

徳川氏（德川氏、とくがわし）は、徳川家康が創始した日本の名字。
The Tokugawa clan name was created by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

古い資料には地侍とか｢名字の百姓｣などという言い方で現われる。
Ancient sources refer to them as 'jizamurai' or 'myoji no hyakusho' (farmers with surnames).

新左衛門尉は次第に頭角を現し、長井の名字を称するようになった。
Shinzaemonnojo gradually proved his talent, and he was allowed to use the family name of NAGAI.

源仕は同地に土着し、地名の箕田（みた）を名字として武士になった。
MINAMOTO no Tsuko stayed in the place and became a samurai, carrying Mita, the name of the place, as his surname.

元亀3年から天正元年までの間に秀吉は木下氏の名字を羽柴に改めた。
Hideyoshi changed his family name from Kinoshita to Hashiba during the period from 1572 to 1573.

名字は「菅野」と書かれる場合もあるが、それは実際には誤りである。
Her family name is sometimes written as '菅野' but actually this is incorrect.

百官名（ひゃっかんな）同様に、名字の次、諱の前に入れて名乗った。
Like Hyakkan na (a name taken after his/her or family's official rank), Azuma Hyakkan was put after Miyoji (a family name) and before Imina (a personal name).

秀吉達の潜在的な名字が「羽柴」のままであったという見方は存在する。
There is an observation that Hideyoshi and his family's latent myoji had been always 'Hashiba.'

なお、「おおぎまちさんじょう」は日本の名字では最も長い物であった。
OGIMACHISANJO was the longest surname in Japan.

また名字の表記について「得川（徳川）」か「世良田」かで論争がある。
There are disputes over whether the notation of his family name is 'Egawa (Tokugawa)' or 'Serada.'

皇室に名字がない事実も、天皇の王朝の古代史的な古さを証しだてている。
The fact that the Imperial family do not have a family name is thought to be evidence that they have lasted since ancient times.

鎌倉時代初期の、伊賀国守伊賀朝光以降、伊賀を名字としたとされている。
It is said that the clan began to use the family name Iga since IGA no Tomomitsu who was the Iga no kuni no Kami (Governor of Iga Province) in the early Kamakura period.

近世後期以降に部門別から仮名字数で細分するものが現れ、主流となった。
In the late modern age, there appeared a new form in which the words were divided by category and subdivided by number of kana characters, which became mainstream.

一方、播磨国赤松を名字の地とする赤松氏もまた村上源氏季房流と自称した。
Meanwhile, the Akamatsu clan (after Akamatsu of Harima Province) also called themselves the Suefusa line of Murakami-Genji.

名字を名乗っていることから判断しておそらく郷士となったものと思われる。
It is thought that he became a country warrior because he used his family name.

どうやら3代目太郎左衛門までは公認の名字をもたぬ百姓身分と考えられる。
It is considered that the SAKAMOTO family had been in a peasant status that was not entitled to have an accredited family name until the third generation Tarozaemon.

源氏（みなもと）の名字からもわかるように、先祖は皇族に連なる家の出身。
As her family name of MINAMOTO (Gen) suggests, her ancestors were related to the Imperial family.

孝高は謀反人の名字を名乗ることをよしとせず、本来の黒田の名字に改めた。
Taking a dim view of having the surname of a rebel, Yoshitaka returned to his original family name of KURODA.

また、西園寺の名字を名乗った有力な支流として伊予国の武家西園寺氏がある。
There was a samurai family--the Saionji clan in Iyo-no-kuni--as a major offshoot that used the Saionji surname.

梶原平三（かじわら・へいざ）といった「名字」＋「通称」の名乗りを求めた。
They were instead requested to use a name composed of 'myoji' (surname) plus 'tsusho' (common name): for example, KAJIWARA Heiza.

のちに水戸藩鈴木家は名字を雑賀と改め、代々の当主は孫市を通称としたという。
Afterwards, the Suzuki family of Mito Domain changed its myoji (family name) to Saiga, and it is said that the successive heads of the family adopted 'Magoichi' as their common names.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字不即得至不退轉者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should not instantly reach the Stage of Non-retrogression, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

同族や異族に限らず、同名字同士の家柄でも異なる家紋を使用することがあった。
Without regard as to whether Kamon belonged to the same or another clan, some clans used different Kamon from those of other clans who had the same Myoji.

時長の名字大曾禰は大曾禰荘（山形市）に由来しており、同地には明源寺がある。
Tokinaga's myoji (family name) is derived from the name of the place, Oosonesho (present day Yamagata City) where Myogen-ji Temple is located.

名字は宮本、また新免、通称は武蔵、本姓は藤原、諱は玄信（はるのぶ）である。
His original family name was Fujiwara, real name was Harunobu, and he called himself Musashi MIYAMOTO or Musashi SHINMEN.

鈴木を名字とする家の多くは穂積氏を本姓としており、熊野三山信仰と関係が深い。
Many families with their family name Suzuki has 'Hozumi' as the clan's original surname, and it is deeply connected with the belief in Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines in Kumano, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha Shrine, Kunamo-Hayatama-Taisha Shrine, and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha Shrine).

そのため、この時期の武士の所領は名田を単位としており、名田を名字の地とした。
Therefore their territories were formed on a myoden basis in those days, and their surnames were based on their myoden.

一般的には名字である「高」と、諱である「師直」の間に「の」を入れて呼ばれる。
NO was commonly used between surname and first name (Ko NO Moronao).

日本では、武家が「名字（苗字）の地」を「本貫」「本貫地」と呼ぶようになった。
In Japan, samurai families called their 'place of the surname' 'hongan' or 'honganchi (place of hongan).'

一方、主君より世襲の俸禄（家禄）を受け、名字帯刀などの身分的特権を持っていた。
On the other hand, samurai received horoku (salary), i.e. karoku (hereditary stipend), from his lord, and had privileges such as Myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword).

家祖冷泉為相の別の名字であった藤谷を家名として新しく家を立てることを許された。
He was granted authorization to form a new branch of the Kami Reizei family under the name of FUJITANI: another surname of the founder of the family Tamesuke REIZEI.

今日的な意味での姓（セイ）の特徴は、基本的にはこの苗字（名字）から発生している。
The characteristic of a family name in the current sense comes from this family name derived from Azana basically.

特定の名字がある都市に偏って分布してないかどうか調べるために相関係数を算出できる
I can run correlation tests to see if people with certain last names tend to have more biased exchange distributions within a city.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字壽終之後生尊貴家若不爾者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should not be reborn into noble families after death, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字至于得佛諸根闕陋不具足者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should, at any time before ascending to Buddhahood, have physical disabilities, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

本家・分家、家督、養子縁組、入り婿、部屋住み・やっかい者、後家・行ず後家、名字・屋号
Head family and branch family, family estate, adoption, Irimuko (man who takes his wife's premarital family name), Heyazumi (an adult-aged eldest son who has yet to come into his inheritance), Yakkaimono (dependent), Goke (widow) and Ikazu goke (unmarried old woman), and Myoji (family name) and Yago (house name)

三刀屋孝扶の子扶明は、名字を三刀屋から本姓の諏訪部氏に戻し、三刀屋氏は終焉を迎えた。
Sukeaki, son of Takasuke MITOYA, returned his family name to the original Suwabe, which was the end of the Mitoya clan.

ただし当初は足利氏を称しており、斯波を名字とするのは室町時代となってからのことである。
However, it initially called itself the Ashikaga clan and it wasn't until the Muromachi period that it started to use Shiba for its family name.

家紋は家の独自性を示す固有の目印的な紋章として生まれ、名字を表す紋章としての要素が強い。
A Kamon was created to serve as an unique emblem that represented a family's identity, clearly revealing the family name of its owner.

平安時代後期には源氏嵯峨源氏の源綱（渡辺綱）がこの地に住んで渡辺を名字とし、渡辺氏を起こした。
In the late Heian period, MINAMOTO no Tsuna (WATANABE no Tsuna) of Saga-Genji, the Minamoto clan, lived there and started the Watanabe clan by changing his family name to Watanabe.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字歡喜踊躍修菩薩行具足德本若不爾者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should not rejoice so greatly as to dance and perform the Bodhisattva practices and should not acquire stores of merit, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

加えて，Cathy のつづりをどちらにするかが名字と関連があるかどうかを調べることもできる。
and I can see if people's choices of spellings of Cathy are correlated with their last names.

義龍父の左近大夫（道三）の代になると、惣領を討ち殺し、諸職を奪い取って、斎藤の名字を名乗った。
After Yoshitatsu's father, Sakon no taifu (Dosan), succeeded his father Shinzaemonnojo, [Dosan] killed the heir [of the Nagai family], took over various political positions and then called himself SAITO.

南北朝時代 (日本)に日野俊光の四男柳原資明が居住していた柳原殿を名字として起こした家柄である。
This family was founded by Sukeakira YANAGIWARA, who was the fourth son of Toshimitsu HINO, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts using the name of the Yanagiwara dono where Sukeakira lived as the family name.

このような場合の報酬は名字帯刀などの身分特権や免租や効用便の利用許可などの租税特権などであった。
The rewards in this case were status privileges such as myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword) and tax privileges such as tax exemption and permission to use utility mail system.

そのため、この時期になると武士の名字の地（本貫地）は荘園、郡、郷、保を単位としたものに変化した。
Thus manors, gun, go, and ho became a basis of an origin place of a samurai surname (called honganchi) during that period.

最澄撰といわれる（偽撰説もある）『末法燈明記』に「末法には、ただ名字（みょうじ）の比丘のみあり。」
'Mappo Tomyo Ki' which is said to be selected by Saicho (this might be wrong) shows that 'Mappo has only Biku, Buddhist priest in name only'.

8月、頼長が養女の名字を側近の儒者に勘申させると、「多」の字に賛成意見が集まった（『台記別記』）。
In August, Yorinaga had his aides; Confucian scholars, suggest the first name of his adopted daughter; the name containing kanji character `多' was agreed to by many aides ('Taiki Bekki').

後に彼女の弟も幕府から高家として迎えられ、その際、こちらも縁のあった武家名字「戸田氏」を名乗った。
In later years, Tsubone's younger brother was also welcomed by the shogunate as a member of an elite family, so he began referring to himself as a member of the Toda clan, with whom they had a connection.

こうした名字のあり方は鎌倉時代の御家人級の、室町時代の国人級以上の上級武士の間で引き継がれていく。
This pattern of forming surnames was taken over by high-ranking samurai warriors, that is, the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun) class samurai during the Kamakura period and the kokujin (local samurai) class or higher classes samurai during the Muromachi period.

壱岐市では掛木古墳や平山古墳など、元々の土地の所有者の名字を古墳名につけると言う特殊な例も見られる。
In Iki city, there are kofun named after family names of land owners, such as Kakegi Kofun and Hirayama Kofun.

清和源氏源満快信濃源氏一族を称した三刀屋氏が有名で、この一族は出雲国に住した後に三刀屋を名字とする。
Among several branches of the Mitoya clan, the most famous one is the Mitoya clan, which claimed descent from a branch of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto line descended from Emperor Seiwa), a MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi line, Shinano Genji, and which bore the name of Mitoya after they settled in Izumo Province.

満快の曾孫である源為公が信濃国守として信濃に下り、伊那を名字とした子の伊那為扶が信濃源氏の祖となった。
MINAMOTO no Tametomo, great grandson of Mitsuyoshi, went down to Shinano as Governor of Shinano Province, where his son, Tamesuke INA, who took the family name of Ina, became the progenitor of Shinano-Genji.

その後、平安時代末期以降に勃興した武士階級が、所領とした土地（名田）を名字（苗字）とするようになった。
Later, the samurai class that suddenly rose to power after the late Heian Period began using their territory land (myoden) as their surname (myoji).

安達氏の庶家で、長泰から父の所領大曾禰荘（山形市）を由来とした大曾禰を名字とし、大曾禰長泰とも称される。
He was from the branch family of the Adachi clan and Nagayasu started to use the name Osone which was derived from his father's territory, Osone manor (Yamagata City), so he was also called Nagayasu OSONE.

当時、基本的に諱で呼ぶ事が出来るのは両親、主君そして敵であり、通常は名字＋官職名もしくは通名等で呼んだ。
At that time, the persons who could use imina in calling a man basically were the man's parents, the man's master or the man's enemies, and in such a situation, the family name with his governmental post name added, or the man's common name was usually used.

原文…設我得佛十方無量不可思議諸佛世界衆生之類聞我名字不得菩薩無生法忍諸深總持者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the sentient beings in the immeasurable and inconceivable Buddha-lands of the ten quarters who have heard my name should not gain the Bodhisattva's insight into the non-arising of all Dharmas and should not acquire various profound dharanis, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

また、天皇、皇族は氏（名字）を持たないが、これは日本人の氏は本来、天皇が臣下に与えるものであったからである。
The Emperor and Imperial Family members have no surnames, which were originally given by emperors to their subordinates.

彼らは、皇籍離脱後は、それぞれ宮号から「宮」の字を除いたものを名字として名乗り、民間人としての生活を始めた。
Their surname 'Miya' of the title Miyago was removed from their original name, and they started a new life as a subject.

漢文と万葉仮名の草書体（草仮名）とを混用し、中に女手（平仮名字体）や2字連続の草書体（連綿草）を含んでいる。
His writing is a mixture of classical Chinese and so-gana and also contains onnade (writing in hira-kana) and two-character renmenso (cursive style writing).

細川という名字は鎌倉時代13世紀に三河国額田郡細川郷（現在の愛知県岡崎市細川町周辺）に土着したことに由来する。
The surname Hosokawa originated from the fact that the family settled in Hosokawa-go, Nukata County, Mikawa Province (presently around Hosokawa-cho, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) in the 13th century of Kamakura period.

また、同名字でも複数の家紋を使用していることは常識化されていたため、公式に示すための正式な家紋を必要とされた。
In addition, it was common to use various Kamon among clans that had the same Myoji so official Kamon were needed to show their formal Kamon.

また同じ家族、名字を持つ者同士が家紋を共有し合っていたが、室町時代に突入すると同族同士で戦い合うことも増えた。
In addition, some families with the same Myoji had a common Kamon, but at the beginning of the Muromachi Period battles among them increased.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字不即得至第一第二第三法忍於諸佛法不能即得不退轉者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should not instantly gain the first, second and third insights into the nature of Dharmas and firmly abide in the truths realized by all the Buddhas, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

源平藤橘や物部、大伴と呼ばれる氏族が全盛期を誇った頃、何千という名字が生まれ、その後次第に家紋が用いられ始める。
When Shizoku, such as Minamoto, Taira, Fujiwara, Tachibana, Mononobe, and Otomo clans were in flourishing, thousands of Myoji were created and then Kamon gradually came into use.

兄景盛の出家後、その嫡子安達義景が安達氏の家督を継承して以降、時長の子長泰から大曾禰を名字とした分家が成立した。
After Kagemori, Tokinaga's elder brother, became a priest and his legitimate son Yoshikage ADACHI succeeded reigns of the Adachi clan, a branch family named Oosone as myoji was established by the son of Nagayasu.

そのため、室町時代以降の新興の中・下級武士たちの間では、再び名田を単位とした名字の名乗りが一般的になっていった。
This made the surname forming based on myoden popular again among samurai warriors in the newly-rising middle and lower classes from the Muromachi period onwards.

「豊臣氏」は本姓であって、「織田氏」（本姓は平朝臣）や「徳川氏」（本姓は源朝臣）などといった名字とは性質が異なる。
Toyotomi' was its honsei (original name) and it is different in character from the myoji (family name) in such cases as the 'Oda clan' (honsei was Taira no Ason) and the 'Tokugawa clan' (honsei was Minamoto no Ason).

横瀬氏は名字を由良氏と改め、新田義宗の子・横瀬貞氏の子孫とされているが、これといった確証がなく信憑性は薄いという。
The Yokose clan, who changed its family name to the Yura clan, is assumed to be descended from Sadauji YOKOSE, a Yoshimune NITTA's child, which would have little credibility without any specific evidence.

原文…設我得佛十方無量不可思議諸佛世界諸菩薩衆聞我名字壽終之後常修梵行至成佛道若不爾者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the immeasurable and inconceivable Buddha-lands of the ten quarters who have heard my name, should not, after their passing, always perform sacred practices until they reach Buddhahood, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

氏姓に取って代わることになる苗字（名字）は、このように字の一部分として発生し、さらに字から分離独立したものとされる。
A surname that replaced the clan name and hereditary title occurred in this way as a part of Azana and it seems that later it was separated from Azana and became independent.

ここにおいて、同姓の間でも、さらに族名を分かつ必要にせまられ、貴族では家名、武士では名字（みようじ）が生ずるのである。
In this situation, even among the people who share the same hereditary title, there arose the need to divide the clan name and in the case of nobles family name and in the case of the warriors surname came to be born.

これ以降、秀吉をはじめとする羽柴家の人物は自らの名乗りに専ら「豊臣」を使うようになり、いかなる名字も使用した形跡は無い。
After that, Hideyoshi and the other members of the Hashiba family began to use solely 'Toyotomi' to present themselves, and not a single use of any other myoji (family names) by them is traced.

日本の皇室には、そもそも姓がなく、名字も当然ないが、中国の歴代王朝の君主は姓を持ち、皇后には原則として異姓の者がなった。
There is no family name for the Japanese Imperial Family but the Chinese past monarchs had a family name and in principle, women with a different family name became the empress.

明治維新後に本姓と名字が法的に一本化されて現在見られる姓のあり方に統合されていくまで、木下家は本姓を変えることがなかった。
The Kinoshita family did not change its honsei (original name) until after the Meiji Restoration, when honsei (original name) and myoji (family name) were legally integrated into one, as the form which is seen today.

名字の「毛利」は、季光が父・広元から受け継いだ所領の相模国愛甲郡毛利庄（もりのしょう、現在の神奈川県厚木市周辺）に由来する。
The surname 'Mori' originates from the territory Morinosho in Aiko County, Sagami Province (present day surrounding areas of Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture), that Suemitsu inherited from his father, Hiromoto.

琳聖太子が日本に渡り、周防国多々良浜に着岸したことから「多々良」と名乗り、後に大内村に居住したことから大内を名字としたとする。
Since Rinsho taishi emigrated to Japan and docked at Tatarahama in Suo Province, he called himself 'Tatara,' and thereafter he moved to Ouchi Village, so he is said to have used a family name of Ouchi.

また全成の娘は藤原北家藤原魚名流の藤原公佐と結婚しており、その子阿野実直は母方の名字を称し公家としての阿野家の祖となっている。
On the other hand, Zenjo's daughter married FUJIWARA no Kimisuke, a lineage of FUJIWARA no Uona of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and her son Sanenao ANO founded the Ano family as a court noble from his maternal surname.

原文…設我得佛十方無量不可思議諸佛世界其有女人聞我名字歡喜信樂發菩提心厭惡女身壽終之後復爲女像者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the women in the immeasurable and inconceivable Buddha-lands of the ten quarters who, having heard my name, rejoice in faith, awaken aspiration for the Enlightenment and wish to renounce womanhood, should after death be reborn again as women, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

太平記中では備前の三宅一族が名乗った和田、今木といった名字で表記される場合もあり、「児島」を「小島」と書き換える表記も散見される。
In 'Taiheiki,' his name is written as Wada and Imaki, the names used by the Miyake family in Bizen Province, and 'Kojima' (written as 児島 in Japanese) is sometimes misspelled with 小島 throughout the book.

秀吉、秀頼は以降単に豊臣朝臣秀吉、もしくは豊臣朝臣秀頼と名乗り、羽柴の名字は臣下の大名が使用する称号として豊臣政権に使用され続けた。
After that, Hideyoshi and Hideyori simply called themselves TOYOTOMI no Ason Hideyoshi and TOYOTOMI no Ason Hideyori, and the family name, HASHIBA, continued to be used as the title for daimyo of their vassals during the Toyotomi regime.

明治時代に名字必称となると、浄土真宗本願寺派（西本願寺）の管長と、1602年に分かれた真宗大谷派（真宗本廟）の管長がともに姓とした。
Subsequent to the establishment of the Myojihissho system (which required people to adopt surnames) in the Meiji period, the kancho of the Honganji school of the Jodo Shinshu sect (Nishi Hongan-ji Temple) and the kancho of the Otani school of the Shinshu sect (Shunshu-honbyo Mausoleum), which was established when the Hongan-ji was split in two in 1602, both adopted Otani as their surname.

また、妻の名字である京極を称した息子の一人京極高通 (丹後国峰山藩主)は、京極高知の養子となり、丹後峰山1万3000石の大名となる。
Also, Takamichi KYOGOKU (the lord of Mineyama Domain, Tango Province), one of his sons who used his wife's surname Kyogoku, was adopted by Takatomo KYOGOKU and became a daimyo of Tanba-Mineyama with 13,000 koku (approximately 2.34 million liters of crop yield).

ちなみに日系アメリカ人の多い名字は田中、山本、中村、渡辺、佐藤、山田、木村、鈴木、加藤、吉田、高橋、小林、中野、林、斉藤の順に多い。
The common surnames among Japanese Americans are, in order of descending prevalence, Tanaka, Yamamoto, Nakamura, Watanabe, Sato, Yamada, Kimura, Suzuki, Kato, Yoshida, Takahashi, Kobayashi, Nakano, Hayashi, and Saito.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字皆悉逮得普等三昧住是三昧至于成佛常見無量不可思議一切諸佛若不爾者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should not all attain the samadhi called 'universal equality' and, while dwelling therein, should not always be able to see all the immeasurable and inconceivable Tathagatas until those Bodhisattvas too become Buddhas, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

徳川政権が松平氏の名字を限られた大名にしか許さなかったのに対し、豊臣姓を許された者は有力大名の家臣なども含まれるなど広範囲にわたっている。
While the Tokugawa government only allowed a limited number of daimyo to use its myoji, the 'Matsudaira' clan, those who were allowed to use Toyotomi's sei (original name) were widened, including some retainers of powerful daimyo.

例えば、「羽柴（官職）豊臣朝臣某」(例・徳川家康)もしくは名字は与えず「某（官職）豊臣某」（例・片桐且元）と名乗らせて自らの一族とみなした。
For example, as 'Hashiba, (government post), TOYOTOMI no Ason, personal name,' (ex. Ieyasu TOKUGAWA), he granted his sei and myoji, or, he did not grant his myoji, but made them call themselves as 'X, (government post), TOYOTOMI, personal name,' (ex. Katsumoto KATAGIRI), then he regarded them as his family members.

鎌倉幕府において、源氏一門は、血統や功績等により源姓を称することが許される御門葉と、源姓を称することが適わず、名字を称するものに区別された。
In Kamakura bakufu, the Minamoto family was divided into two types: gomonyo (a family with honorary status) who were allowed to use the family name Minamoto depending on their blood line or achievements; and families who were not permitted to call themselves Minamoto and used myoji (family name).

元来、ある特定の家を識別するために紋章を使用するという発想そのものが武家出自の考えかたであり、そもそも家格や名字には因習的な力や歴史があった。
The idea to use crests to identify a specific clan originated from the samurai class and the status of the clan, or Myoji, originally communicated it's power and history.

また、百姓､町人などは表向きは苗字を持たないことになっていたが、実際には江戸時代以前から伝えられた名字を私称していたケースも多々見受けられる。
Although persons like merchants or farmers were not allowed officially to possess their family names, there were many examples where family names handed down from the era before the Edo period were used privately.

原文…設我得佛十方無量不可思議諸佛世界諸天人民聞我名字五體投地稽首作禮歡喜信樂修菩薩行諸天世人莫不致敬若不爾者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the humans and devas in the immeasurable and inconceivable Buddha-lands of the ten quarters who, having heard my name, fall on their knees to revere and worship me, rejoice in faith and strive to practice Bodhisattva training, should not be respected by all the devas and people of the world, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

阿野という名字は、元々源義朝の子で、源義経の同母兄である阿野全成が駿河国駿東郡阿野荘を根拠とし、その地名を取って阿野と号したものが始まりとされる。
The name Ano originated with Zenjo ANO, the son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the older half-brother (with the same mother) of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, when he adopted the name Ano from Ano-sho, Sunto County in Suruga Province, where he was based.

江戸末期に岡田文圓が表した「新撰美濃誌」には、「岐阜中納言秀信の家臣百々越前守、ここに居りしゆえ、名字を百々と称しけるとぞ」と書かれたりしている。
In 'Shinsen-minoshi' (Newly Edited Annals of Mino Province) written by Bunen OKADA in the late Edo period, there is a statement that 'Dodo Echizen no kami, a retainer of associate chief of the councilor of state Hidenobu, was conferred a family name Dodo because he stayed here.'

玉造は元慶の乱の時に、政府側についた蝦夷の名字であるため、この915年十和田火山の噴火によって埋没した遺跡との関係があるのではないかと指摘された。
Tamatsukuri is a family name of the Emishi who had sided with the Imperial government during the Gangyo War, and accordingly it is pointed out that the family might have connected with the site buried by the eruption of the volcano in Lake Towada-ko in 915.

為扶の孫幸扶は諏訪部幸扶と名乗り、その子孫が出雲国飯石郡の三刀屋郷の地頭職を得て出雲に入り、地名の三刀屋を名字としたことが三刀屋氏の始まりとされる。
Sachisuke, grandson of Tamesuke, bore the name of SUWABE, whose descendant was hired as a manager and lord of manor in the Mitoya-go district in Iiishi-gun County of Izumo Province and moved to Izumo, and took the placename Mitoya as his family name, which was considered to be the beginning of the Mitoya clan.

なお、加兵衛もしくは信長と最初に会った時に「木の下」に立っていたのでこれを名字とした、とする俗説は極めて信憑性が薄く、事実ではないと考えられている。
In addition, he is said to have taken his surname (means beneath a tree) because he was standing under a tree when he met Kahei or Nobunaga for the first time, but it is lacking credibility and is not considered to be true.

原文…設我得佛他方國土諸菩薩衆聞我名字皆悉逮得清淨解脱三昧住是三昧一發意頃供養無量不可思議諸佛世尊而不失定意若不爾者不取正覺
Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the Bodhisattvas in the lands of the other quarters who hear my name should not attain the samadhi as referred to as 'pure emancipation' and, while dwelling therein, without losing concentration, should be unable to make offerings at once to immeasurable and inconceivable Buddhas, and the World Honored One, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

土岐頼貞の四男道謙の子孫、土岐久右衛門重頼が、美濃国池田郡東野村を本拠とし、土岐氏の居城である稲葉山城の北西（乾）の方角であったため名字としたという。
The origin of the surname is that Shigeyori hisaemon TOKI, a descendant of Yorisada TOKI's forth son Doken, was based in Higashino village, Ikeda County, Mino Province; in the northwest (inui) of Inabayama Castle: the castle where the Toki family usually resided.

時代設定を特に定めない、あるいは庶民にも名字を名乗ることが許された明治以降に置いた演出では、演者にゆかりのある噺家の本名に因みかつ一般的な姓が出る場合がある。
In productions where the period is unspecified or set from the Meiji period onwards when common people were allowed to have surnames, the performers occasionally introduce characters whose surnames relate back to the real names of the storytellers to whom they are related, and whose family names are common.

明和7年（1770年）6代目直益は郷士の株を買い長男・直海を郷士坂本家の初代とし、名字帯刀、すなわち公認の名字を名乗り身分表象として二本差す身分にたどりついた。
In 1770, the sixth generation Naomasu bought a stock for the title of Goshi and appointed his first son Naomi to become the first generation of goshi SAKAMOTO family, at which point the family reached the social status of Myoji-taito, i.e., to have an accredited family name and as a representation of this status carry two swords.

共通して「犬」の字を含む名字を持つ八犬士は、それぞれに仁・義・礼・智・忠・信・孝・悌の文字のある数珠の玉（仁義八行の玉）を持ち、牡丹の形の痣を身体のどこかに持っている。
The dog warriors, whose family names contain the kanji for 'dog' in common, have a peony-shaped bruise somewhere on their body, as well as a bead of Juzu (rosary) with the kanji for humanity, justice, courtesy, wisdom, loyalty, sincerity, filial piety and obedience respectively (Beards of Jingi-hachigyo [eight benevolences and righteousnesses]).

凡下平民の出自でこれといった一門衆家臣団を持たない秀吉は、有力家臣である大名や武家に任官の際に豊臣姓や羽柴の名字を与え、自らは豊臣氏の氏長者となることで統治しようとした。
Hideyoshi, who was from a family of ordinary commoner and had no hereditary vassals of the family, tried to strengthen his reign as the head of the uji no choja (the head) of the Toyotomi clan, by granting the name of the 'Toyotomi' or his myoji (family name) 'Hashiba' to those influential daimyo (feudal lords) and samurai families, when he appointed them to a certain government post.

家名の中でも特に知行の名前に由来し領主階級であることを示す名字を公称し（ということは苗字私称とは異なり本姓を有し）、打刀（大刀）と脇差（小刀）の2本の日本刀を腰に帯びること。
If a person was provided with a myojitaito right, he was permitted to officially use a family name that originated in a territorial name, indicating that the family belonged to the territorial lord class (this means using an original name, not a privately given name), and was also permitted to wear two Japanese swords, a uchigatana (a sword worn inside the 'obi ' belt) (a long sword) and a wakizashi (a short sword).

田原藤太の由来説には、相模国淘綾郡田原を名字の地としていたことによるとする説、幼時に京都近郊の田原に住んでいた伝説に求める説、近江国栗太郡田原郷に出自した伝説に求める説などがある。
There are various views on the origin of the name, TAWARA no Tota, such as a view that the Tawara, Yurugi-gun, Sagami Province was the place of the origin of the family name, a view based on the legend that he lived in Tawara near Kyoto in his childhood, and a view that is based on a legend that he was from Tawara-go, Kurita-gun, Omi Province.

相模国を本拠地とする平氏土肥氏の分枝で、鎌倉時代初期、源頼朝に仕えた土肥実平の子・小早川遠平が土肥郷の北部・小早川（神奈川県小田原市付近）に拠って小早川の名字を称したのが始まりと伝わる。
The clan branched off from the Heishi-Dohi clan and it is said to have started when Tohira KOBAYAKAWA, the son of Sanehira DOI, who was serving Yoritomo MINAMOTO, named himself as Kobayakawa from Kobayakawa of the north of the Dohi-go village (around Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture).

善導は、阿弥陀仏の本願（四十八願第十八願）に「乃至十念若不生者不取正覚」とあるのを、「我が名字を称すること下十声に至るまでもし生れずは正覚を取らじ」と読み、称名往生を誓ったたものと解釈した。
Zendo (Shan-dao) read '乃至十念若不生者不取正覚' in the Hongan (the eighteenth of the Forty-eight Vows) made by Amida as ' If, when I attain Buddhahood, the sentient beings of the ten quarters say my Name even ten times but do not attain birth, may I not attain the supreme enlightenment,' and interpreted it as the vow of Shomyo ojo (literally, people's birth in the Pure Land by the power of Shomyo).

そのため美しく人気のある家紋や描きやすい単純な模様の家紋ほど好まれる傾向にあり、同名字であっても異なる家紋を利用しているケースもあれば、異名字であっても同じ家紋を利用しているケースも多かった。
Consequently, more beautiful, popular, or simpler Kamon, that were easier to draw, tended to be favored, and while some clans who had the same Myoji used different Kamon, many clans who had different Myoji used the same Kamon.

吉良氏は「足利将軍家が滅んだ後は吉良氏が将軍職に」と定められた将軍継承権を有する家であったが、斯波氏も鎌倉時代以降、足利の名字を有し続け、幕府にて高い格式を誇り、引け目はないと主張したのである。
Although the Kira clan had the succession right determining that 'the Kira clan will become Shogun after Ashikaga Shogun Family falls,' Nobunaga insisted that the Shiba clan was equally high in status in Bakufu, maintaining the family name of Ashikaga after the Kamakura period.

また穂積姓の子孫ではなくても当時苗字を持つことを許されていた武家、源氏や平氏などの中で、信仰心の深い武家には神姓である鈴木姓を与えてきた故、鈴木の名字は瞬く間に東日本を中心に全国に広まったとされる。
It is also said that, in addition to the descendents of the families whose honsei (original name) was Hozumi, there were many samurai families which were given the family name 'Suzuki' for their devoted religious practices among those families who were allowed to have myoji (family name) at that time such as the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan, and in this way, the myoji (family name) of Suzuki quickly extended in the eastern Japan and other regions of Japan.

この壬申戸籍以後、旧来の姓（カバネ）は、それと一体化していた旧来の氏（ウヂ）とともに、法的根拠をもって一本化された「氏（シ、うじ）＝姓（セイ、本姓）＝苗字＝名字」に完全に取って代わられることとなる。
Since the Jinshin-koseki, the traditional kabane as well as uji were replaced with 'uji = family name' due to a legal basis.

藤原北家勧修寺流の流れを汲み、鎌倉時代の中頃まで京都の中級公家の家柄であった、重房の代に至って丹波国何鹿郡上杉庄（うえすぎのしょう、現在の京都府綾部市上杉町周辺）を領したことにより上杉を名字とした。
Belonging to the Kajuji line of the Northern (Hokke) Fujiwara, they were a middle rank aristocratic family until the mid-Kamakura Period, when Shigefusa Kajuji was put in charge of Uesugi no Sho in Ikaruga District of Tanba Province (present-day vicinity of Uesugicho, Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture), thereby acquiring the surname of Uesugi.

なお、名字および所領地の「浅井」の読みは「あざい」が正しく、「あさい」という読み方は誤りであると考えられてきたが、最新の研究では、やはり「あさい」が正しいという学説もある（宮島敬一著「浅井氏三代」参照）。
It had been established that 'AZAI' was the correct reading of '浅井', his family name and also the name of the territory, rather than the reading 'ASAI', however, some recent studies claim that 'ASAI' is actually the correct reading (see Keiichi MIYAJIMA's 'Asaishisandai' or 'The Three Generations of the Asai Family').
Although '浅井' has been pronounced as 'Azai' not as 'Asai' when it represents the family name and the territory, one of the theory based on the latest research states that it should be pronounced as 'Asai' (see 'Asai-shi sandai' [The Three Generations of the Asai Clan] by Kei-ichi Miyajima).

しかし、身分が鎌倉幕府の直臣たる御家人であることに変わりはなく、足利氏の庶流が足利家の家人になっていったのに対し、従来通りに足利の名字を称して一線を画した（庶流は細川氏、一色氏などと新たな家名を立てた）のである。
However, his social status was certainly Gokenin (Shogunal retainer) of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he traditionally maintained the family name of Ashikaga, distinguishing clearly between his family and the branch families of the Ashikaga clan which gradually became retainers of the Ashikaga family (the branch families adopted new family names such as the Hosokawa clan and the Isshiki clan, which made them famous).

明六社の核となった同人には森、西村に誘われて津田真道、西周 (啓蒙家)、中村正直、加藤弘之、箕作秋坪、福澤諭吉、杉亨二、箕作麟祥など、当時を代表する錚々たる知識人たちが参加した（以下の文では適宜単に名字のみを記す）。
The major members of Meirokusha were such excellent intellectuals in those days as Mamichi TSUDA, Amane NISHI (keimoka), Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI, who all were encouraged by Mori and Nishimura (only their surnames are written bellow).

『法華玄義』序には「妙者褒美不可思議之法也」、『維摩経』仏国品では「以斯妙法済群生」、また『法華経』方便品に「我法妙難思」、『涅槃経』名字功徳品「所説の種々の妙法、秘密深奥蔵門、悉くみなこの大般涅槃に入る」などとある。
'Hokke gengi' (subtle and profound essentials of the Lotus Sutra) mentions in its introduction that Myosha (skilled men) are rewarded with mysterious dharma; 'Yuimagyo' (Vimalakirti Sutra) mentions in its Bukkokuhon that public people may be rescued by this Myoho (supreme dharma); 'Hokekyo' mentions in its Hobenhon that Homyo (supreme dharma) is difficult to understand; 'Nehangyo' (the Nirvana Sutra) mentions in its Myoji-kudokuhon that any Myoho dharma of various theories, as well as any secrecy kept deep in warehouses, are all destined to enter the Great Nirvana.

「豊臣氏」姓とは「源氏」「平氏」「藤原氏」などと並ぶ本姓であるが、この本姓というものは「徳川氏」や「織田氏」、そして「羽柴氏」といった単なる名字とイコールではない（具体的には本姓、名字のそれぞれの項目を参照されたい）。
Toyotomi clan' family name is an original surname similar to 'Minamoto clan,' 'Taira clan,' and 'Fujiwara clan,' and original surnames are not equal to the mere family names such as 'Tokugawa clan,' 'Oda clan,' and 'Hashiba clan' (for more information, refer to sections for original surname and family name respectively.)

1776年（安永 (元号)5年）、水戸藩那珂郡山方町農民の、後に名字帯刀を許された中島藤右衛門（なかじまとうえもん）（1745年-1825年）が乾燥した球茎が腐らないことにヒントを得て粉状にする事を思いついたとされる。
It is believed that in 1776, Toemon NAKAJIMA (1745-1825), a farmer in Yamagata Town, Naka County, Mito Domain, conceived a bright idea of grinding dried konnyaku corms which he had found don't go bad, and then Myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and wear a sword) was awarded for his invention.

7月11日には近衛前久の猶子として関白宣下を受け、天正14年（1586年）9月9日には豊臣の姓を賜ってこれを羽柴から豊臣への改姓と誤解されることが非常に多いが、羽柴は名字、豊臣は本姓であり、両者は性質が異なる別物である。
On July 11 he was assigned to be Kanpaku as an adopted son of Sakihisa KONOE and given a surname of TOYOTOMI; this is understood as a change of surname from HASHIBA to TOYOTOMI, but HASHIBA was a family name (myoji) and TOYOTOMI was a surname (honsei), so they were different.

その後正長・永享期には嫡流と思しき「石橋左衛門佐入道」が在京すると共に、正長元年（1428年）の『満済准后日記』に「奥篠河殿、並伊達蘆名白河懸田川俣塩松石橋也」と登場し、安達郡東方を分郡に塩松を名字とする庶流を分出していた。
After that, in the Shocho and Eikyo eras, a direct descendant called 'Saemon-no-suke-nyudo ISHIBASHI' was living in Kyoto, while, as 'Mansai Jugo Nikki' (Mansai's diary) states '奥篠河殿、並伊達蘆名白河懸田川俣塩松石橋也' (Lord Sasagawa and Date, Ashina, Shirakawa, Kakeda, Kawamata, Shionomatsu, Ishibashi), a branch family of the Ishibashi clan surnamed Shionomatsu was living in eastern Adachi County.

が、当時の紀伊国造家や津守氏のように本姓はあっても名字の存在しない家や、源義高 (左兵衛権佐)流源氏のように姓と名字が同一の例も存在するなど、名字と本姓が必ず別であるという規則は無いこともあり、豊臣宗家の名字を断定することは出来ない。
However, there was no strict rule on that myoji (family name) and honsei (original name) had to be different as these examples show: in the cases of the Miyatsuko family of Kii Province, and the Tsumori family, the honsei (original name) existed but they had no myoji (family name), on the other hand, the Minamoto clan, the line of MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke [provisional assistant captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards]), the sei (surname) and myoji (family name) were the same, and therefore, it is impossible to conclude what was the myoji of the head family of TOYOTOMI.

「源平藤橘（げんぺいとうきつ）」と呼ばれる源氏、平氏、藤原氏、橘氏といった強力な氏族が最も名を馳せていた時代、地方に移り住んだ氏族の一部が他の同じ氏族の人間と区別をはかるため土地の名前などを自分の家名（屋号）とし、それが後の名字となった。
In the age of 'Gen Pei To Kitsu,' when a strong Shizoku family like the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, or the Fujiwara or Tachibana clans, were in their prime, a part of the Shizoku population that moved to local regions began to use other names, for example like a place name, for its Kamei (Yago, house name) to distinguish themselves from other people from the same clan, and this led to Myoji (family name) being used later.

藤原氏一族の藤原北家の藤原道兼の曾孫を称する藤原宗円が、源頼義、源義家の奥州安倍氏 (奥州)討伐（前九年の役）での功により宇都宮（現・栃木県宇都宮市宇都宮二荒山神社の別称）別当職に任じられ、宗円の孫の宇都宮朝綱から苗字（名字）として宇都宮氏を名のる。
In recognition of his military service for the subjugation of the Oshu-Abe clan (the subjugation of Oshu) (the Zen Kunen no Eki [the Early Nine Years' War]) by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, FUJIWARA no Soen who called himself a great-grandchild of FUJIWARA no Michikane of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan was appointed to the Bettoshiki (office of head administrator) of the Utsunomiya (another name of the present Utsunomiya Futaarayama-jinja Shrine in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture), and since the era of his grandson, Tomotsuna UTSUNOMIYA, the family had taken the surname of Utsunomiya.

石橋の名を地名に由来するのもだとすると、『姓氏家系大辞典』等では、下野国石橋が和義の名字のもととなったと想定しているが、鎌倉期の足利家領三河国設楽郡内にも石橋の地名があるし、京都市中にも石橋の地名があり、全国各地に石の橋に因んで存在し、未だに由来が判然としない。
Assuming that the name Ishibashi is derived from the name of a place, some writings including 'Seishi Kakei Daijiten' (a large dictionary of Japanese surnames) state that Kazuyoshi (or Masayoshi) Ishibashi adopted his surname from a place called Ishibashi, Shimotsuke Province, but the origin of the name Ishibashi is unclear because there are many places called Ishibashi; in addition to Ishibashi in Shitara County in Mikawa Province, the Ashikaga clan's territory in the Kamakura period, or another Ishibashi in Kyoto, there are the places which were named after a stone bridge (Ishibashi literally means 'Stone Bridge') throughout Japan.

また、上総権介常澄の子で上総広常の弟に相馬九郎常清がおり、源義朝の寄進した旧来の相馬御厨（北相馬）と、千葉常胤が寄進したときに追加され、かつ千葉氏庶流の名字の地の多い南相馬とが、それぞれ分割支配されて、上総権介常澄の子・相馬九郎常清が源義朝支配地を管理していた可能性もある。
Further, there was Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA, who was a son of Kazusa no gon no suke (provisional assistant governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi and a younger brother of Hirotsune KAZUSA, and there is a possibility that the old Soma-mikuriya (Kitasoma [northern Soma]), which was donated by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, and Minamisoma (southern Soma), which was added when Tsunetane CHIBA made the donation and included many regions with surnames of branch families of the Chiba clan, were separately dominated, and that Kazusa no gon no suke Tsunezumi's son Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA administered MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo's regions of influence.

明治政府は、1870年の平民苗字許容令、1872年（明治5年）の壬申戸籍編纂の二段階によって「氏（シ、うじ）＝姓（セイ、本姓）＝苗字＝名字」の一元化を成し遂げ、旧来の氏（ウヂ）・姓（カバネ）を公称することを自ら廃止したため、事実上、「藤原」などの旧来の氏（ウヂ）・「朝臣」などの姓（カバネ）は、その役割を完全に終えた。
The use of traditional uji including 'Fujiwara' and kabane including 'ason' was banned and finished its role when the Meiji Government was able to unify the 'uji = family name' by issuing the order to allow all commoners to have family names in 1870 and the compilation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872.

本願寺は戦国時代 (日本)には一向一揆の広がりのもとで戦国大名に伍する勢力をもったことから、戦国大名のひとつに数えられ、また門主の法名 (浄土真宗)や諱に本願寺を冠して「本願寺顕如」、「本願寺光佐」というように呼ぶことがしばしばあるがあくまで呼称の便宜上であり、本願寺門主の家系が本願寺を家の名字・姓としたわけでも、本願寺氏という氏が存在したわけでもない。
Interestingly, Hongan-ji Temple is counted among the warlords because it gained power equivalent to that of a warlord with the expansion of Ikko-ikki during the Sengoku period (Japan), and sometimes 'Kennyo HONGANJI' or 'Kosa HONGANJI' is used for Homyo (the Jodo Shinshu sect) of the monshu (chief priest) or for Imina with 'Honganji' being prefixed; however, it is used simply for the convenience of naming, as the family line of the monshu, the chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, never used Honganji as a last name or surname and there was no clan called Honganji.

ただしこの文章は、日蓮が「名字即菩提」をなどと、「名字」の語義に注目し「煩悩則菩提」などと同じく、「名字即（初めて正法を聞いて一切の法はみな仏説であると覚る位）」による転換を指し示したもので、単なる戒律を否定したものではない、あるいは「末法無戒」とは釈尊の法や戒律が末法では通用しないので、本仏である日蓮が明かした金剛宝器戒こそが末法に於ける戒律である、等々さまざまな説を生むきっかけとなった。
However, this text produced various theories: Nichiren focused on the meaning of a word 'myoji' (family name) and considered 'myoji soku bodai' (family names are Bodhi) as similar to 'bonno soku bodai' (earthly desires are Bodhi) and indicated conversion by 'myojisoku (when you listen to Shobo (the phase lasting 1,000 years following the death of the Historical Buddha) the first time, you realize that all laws are Buddhism teaching),' not just denial of religious precept; or laws of Shakyamuni and precepts are not valid in mappo, so only Kongoho kikan clarified by Nichiren, the principal object of worship, is the precept in Mappo.

信三郎は、「第2の遺言書」の作成時点では既に脳梗塞のために要介護状態で書くのが困難であった事、「第1の遺言書」が巻紙に毛筆で書いて実印を捺印しているのに対して、「第2の遺言書」が便箋にボールペンで書かれていること（但し、法律上は用紙は関係ない）、捺印している印鑑が「一澤」ではなく信太郎の登記上の名字「一沢」になっていることから、当時社長だった三男・信三郎は信太郎が保有する「第2の遺言書」の無効確認を求め提訴する（故・信夫の弟で、当時専務であった元社長・恒三郎も同様の疑問を投げかけている）。
The third son Shinzaburo (then president) filed a suit seeking reversal of the 'second will' which Shintaro owned, based on that: at the time of creating the 'second will,' Nobuo, who suffered a stroke, did not have the capacity to draw up a will while under conditions requiring nursing care; in contrast to the 'first will' written with a brush on rolled paper with a registered seal, the 'second will' was written with a ballpoint pen on letter paper (note that the form of paper is not a legal issue); and the seal placed on the second will was not 'Ichizawa (一澤),' but 'Ichizawa (一沢)' which was the registered family name of Shintaro (Tsunesaburo (the former president, then executive director), the younger brother of the late Nobuo, also made the same argument).