可能: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 予見可能
• foreseeable

• 分類可能
• classifiable

• 見学可能。
• Sightseeing is possible.

• もし可能ならば
• if possible

• 7連発が可能。
• It enabled seven shots to be fired in a row.

• 乗換可能な路線
• Lines available for transfer

• 利用可能エリア
• Usable areas

• 一筆書きが可能。
• It is unicursal.

• 現在も通行可能。
• Pedestrians can still walk through the tunnel today.

• チャージは可能。
• Recharging is possible.

• 乗換可能な鉄道路線
• Railways to which one can transfer

• 現在の利用可能エリア
• Present ICOCA Areas

• 女子学生のみ入寮可能
• Available to women students only

• 白抜き―降車のみ可能
• Filled in white: Dropping off only
• White outlined type indicates the bus stop designated as getting off only.

• 黒塗り―乗車のみ可能
• Filled in black: Boarding only
• Black fill indicates the bus stop designated as boarding only.

• 1000人の収容が可能。
• It can accommodate 1,000 people.

• 車両の通行が可能な峠である。
• Vehicles can run through it.

• 4線に増線、待避可能となる。
• The number of tracks was increased to four, which enabled the train to take refuge (wait for another train).

• 特急券・定期券とも購入可能。
• Limited express tickets and commuter passes can be purchased at this station.

• 車両での通行が可能な峠である。
• The pass is travelable for vehicles.

• 一時利用・月極契約ともに可能。
• Temporary usage and monthly contracts are available.

• 新規発売・チャージともに可能。
• It is possible to purchase a new card as well as recharge the card.

• 全ホーム8両編成の停車が可能。
• All the platforms are long enough to accommodate trains up to eight cars long.

• これと混同された可能性もある。
• This description can be a source of confusion.

• ICOCA・Jスルー利用可能駅。
• ICOCA and J-through cards can be used at this station.
• ICOCA/J-through cards can be used in this station.
• ICOCA and J-Through Card, both of which are passenger IC cards, are available for payment of railway fares at this station.
• The ICOCA and J-Through cards, both passenger IC cards, are available for payment of railway fares at this station.
• The ICOCA and J-Thru cards can be used.
• ICOCA and J-Thru cards can be used at this station.

• ICOCA・Jスルーが利用可能。
• The ICOCA and J-Thru cards can be used.

• なお特急券・定期券とも購入可能。
• Limited express train tickets and commuter passes can be purchased at this station.

• 両ホームとも8両編成の停車が可能。
• Both platforms can support eight-car trains.

• 移動式客席で100人ほど収容可能。
• It can accommodate 1,000 people using portable seats.

• 偽書の可能性が指摘されている史料の例
• Examples of historical materials that are suspected of being gisho

• （＊は今後利用可能になる予定の会社）
• 2. KANSAI THRU PASS compatible cards are scheduled to be introduced in the future.

• この他、以下の路線への乗換えが可能。
• Other than the above lines, passengers can transfer to the following:

• 特別急行券・定期乗車券とも購入可能。
• Limited express and commuter tickets can be purchased here.

• 偽書の可能性が指摘されている歴史書の例
• Examples of history books where the possibility of gisho is pointed out.

• が、互いに廊で繋がり往来が可能である。
• However, the quarters were connected by corridors that allowed residents to come and go between them.

• 詔勅（假の取消を命じる事が可能な事例）
• This Article 'Shochoku' (imperial rescript) was put here to mention about some case examples that allowed to command cancellation of leaves of any official.

• （1万5000と見ても可能性がある）。
• (It is estimated that they mobilized as many as 15,000 men).

• また、西大手筋停留所も利用可能である。
• It is also possible to get on at the Nishi-Otesuji bus stop.

• もちろん、かざしての利用も可能である。
• Of course you can use the card, simply holding it over the checker.

• 中在家信号場を除く全駅で列車交換可能。
• Cars can be changed at all stations except at the Nakazaike Signal Station.

• 注：訳には誤りを含む可能性が十分にある。
• Note: Translation may possibly include some errors.

• 暴発の士民鎮定の件は可能な限り努力する。
• Condition Number Six: The Tokugawa family should exert maximum effort in the suppression of any potential accidental discharge of samurais and retainers by the Tokugawa family or the former Tokugawa shogunate army.

• しかし同時代的には置換可能な語であった。
• However, in those days, both words could replace each other.

• なお特急券・定期券とも購入が可能である。
• Limited express tickets and commuter tickets are sold at the station.

• 同時に島式1面2線の行き違い可能な駅に。
• And at the same time, the station was equipped with one island platform with two tracks, which enables two trains to pass each other.

• 平野はホーム2面4線の待避可能駅である。
• Hirano Station has two platforms and four tracks, and trains can wait for other trains' passing.

• 岩国側の発券業務は岩国市交通局でも可能。
• When you planned to get on the bus in Iwakuni area, you could buy tickets at Iwakuni City Transportation Bureau.

• 縄文時代の草創期まで存続した可能性が高い。
• It is likely that it continued until the beginning of the Jomon period.

• これにより義経の九州落ちは不可能となった。
• This incident made it impossible for Yoshitsune to go down to Kyushu.

• ＃は京都市域バス共通回数券が使用可能な会社
• 3. The common commutation tickets for buses in the city can be used for payment.

• このため、上記私記の末裔である可能性がある。
• Therefore, it can be the legacy of the above private records.

• あるいは不可能ではなかったかと言われている。
• Or it is said that it was impossible for him to do so.

• 島式1面2線ホームを持つ行違い可能な高架駅。
• JR-Miyamaki Station is an elevated railway stop that has one island platform serving two tracks, thus enabling two trains to pass each other.

• 島式2面4線のホームを持つ待避可能な橋上駅。
• The station facilities comprise elevated two island platforms and four tracks on which slow trains taking refuge can stand by.

• これによりICOCAでショッピングが可能に。
• With this, shopping becomes possible with ICOCA.

• これにより近畿圏の私鉄でも利用が可能になる。
• Since then, ICOCA has been accepted in the private railway companies of the Kinki district.

• 駅構造は途中駅（交換可能駅）の面持ちである。
• This station has the appearance of a way station, at which the up train and down train can pass each other.

• 大きな流域実験の可能性を有する地形であること
• Its geographical shape provides the possibility that large-scale experiments can be conducted over river basin.

• 木曽義仲など名前すら知らなかった可能性がある。
• There is a possibility that even they didn't know the name of Yoshinaka KISO.

• また報告者によるひいきも行われた可能性もある。
• The reporter might have favored some over others.

• なお、湖西線へは4～6番線全てから出発が可能。
• Trains can depart from all of tracks 4 to 6 in order to enter the Kosei Line.

• 島式2面4線のプラットホームを持つ待避可能駅。
• This station has two island-type platforms and four tracks (one platform serving two tracks), and is equipped with passing facilities.

• 亀岡側単線・京都側複線の行き違い可能駅である。
• Because the Kameoka side of this station is a single-track section and the Kyoto side is double-track section, trains can use this station to pass each other.

• いずれも徒歩10分前後で乗り換えが可能である。
• Transferring to any of them is possible with a walk of approximately 10 minutes.

• 原則予約制で運営するからこそ可能な料金である。
• These taxi companies can achieve such low fares because they basically provide their services by advance reservation.

• 頼山陽の作と言われているが、仮託の可能性が高い。
• It is suggested that Sanyo RAI was the author of this book, but there is a high likelihood that it was written by another person under the guise of Sanyo.

• 上記の説についても、反論を挙げる事は可能である。
• It is possible to offer counterarguments against above views.

• 名古屋市市政資料館（複製資料での閲覧可能、無料）
• Nagoya City Archives (anyone can access reproduced materials without charge.)

• 国道上の峠であり、車両での通行が可能な峠である。
• Vehicles can use Kurio-toge Pass as it is on a national route.

• 全国にある八剣神社との関係の可能性も考えられる。
• There is a possibility that the Yatsurugi -jinja Shrine located nationwide have a relationship to this shrine.

• ゼミは3年次春学期より履修可能で、必修ではない。
• It is possible to take a seminar from the spring semester of the third year, and it is not a requirement.

• 前（南：下座）に移転させられている可能性がある。
• Therefore, there is a possibility that it was relocated to the front (south, shimoza (lower seat)).

• 出口側は通常の自動改札であるが横の通路から可能。
• The automatic ticket gate at the exit is a standard type, but a person in a wheelchair can enter the platform through a passage by the ticket gate.

• 枚方・高槻側の予約・発券業務は京阪バスでも可能。
• When you planned to get on the bus in Hirakata/Takatsuki area, you could make reservations and buy tickets at Keihan Bus office.

• この問題については、いくつかの可能性が考えられる。
• There are several possibilities regarding this issue:

• そのため、深夜・未明の仮眠受付も可能となっている。
• So, it is available for them to stay in these huts for taking a nap in the middle of the night or before dawn.

• 城主が使用されていた可能性が高いと考えられている。
• It is highly possible that hon maru, the main part of the castle, was actually lived in.

• これにより当日の次第・様子を知ることが可能である。
• And the diary shows us how the contest went and what it was like.

• 2面2線のプラットホームを持つ交換可能駅で地上駅。
• It is an aboveground station with two side platforms serving two tracks, allowing the inbound train and outbound train to pass each other.

• 横波に弱く無事に往来出来る可能性は低いものであった。
• The possibility for the ship to complete a round trip was low because the ship could not handle beam sea well.

• 車両での通行は可能だが、大原側が急勾配となっている。
• Although vehicles can run through it, the Ohara side is very steep.

• この間の段階的な制度変化の結果であった可能性も高い。
• It was highly possible that the time for ryosei province establishment was due to the result of the gradual change of the system during this period.

• 京都本線の列車は、当駅で優等列車の待避が可能である。
• Trains running on the Kyoto Line can pass superior trains at this station.

• 1枚のICOCAで分割定期券とすることも可能である。
• One ICOCA card can be used for a divided-section commuter pass.

• 幸魂・奇魂＝別魂・髪魂（分霊・形見）との解釈が可能。
• It is possible to understand that Sakitama and Kushitama equate to 'Betsutama and Kamitama' (a branch shrine for a deity and a memento).

• これにより、同じ規格の石器の剥片の量産が可能となった。
• This technique enabled lithic flakes to be standardized and mass-produced.

• 白鳥になる話の根幹が近江に在った可能性は否定できない。
• The possibility cannot be denied that the origin of the story of turning into a white bird was in Omi.

• 使者の位階に対応して使用可能な馬の数が決められていた。
• Corresponding to his ikai (court rank), he was able to use a fixed number of tenma.

• 2007年11月現在、改築工事中である（利用は可能）。
• As of November 2007, the station was under reconstruction, but passengers could use the facility.

• なお、女性でも就任可能な点は、皇位継承との違いである。
• The fact that women can take the position is different from imperial succession.

• 見た目は道祖神と酷似しているが、以下の条件で識別可能。
• Ohanjin looks very similar to Doso-jin (a god who prevents evil spirits from coming) in appearance, but can be distinguished by the following features.

• これは池嶋の移設により全便停車可能となったからである。
• This happened when Ikejima bus stop became accessible by all buses after relocation.

• 分割されているのは携帯可能なように折りたたむためである。
• The wooden float was divided into four parts so that they could be easily carried by folding them.

• その他にも名張駅発御杖村方面のバスでもアプローチが可能。
• In addition, the plateau can be accessed by bus leaving Nabari Station for Mitsue Village.

• 諸説有るが、平安時代には現在の流れであった可能性が高い。
• Although there are many opinions, it is highly likely that the river flowed in the Heian period as it does at present.

• 大宝律令の田令逸文にその由来を求めることが可能とされる。
• The origin of Jishi Koeki was found in an itsubun (fragments of a document) about a manager of tax officers under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) system.

• 相対式2面2線のプラットホームを持つ行違い可能な地上駅。
• It is an above-ground station with two platforms opposite each other and double tracks, at which trains can pass each other or pass others.

• 将来、両方向で優等列車の待避が可能な2面4線になる予定。
• In the future, the station will have two island platforms and four tracks that will allow the higher category train--in both its inbound and outbound services--to pass through the station.

• 明階までは所定の研修を受けることにより昇進が可能である。
• The ranks under meikai can be achieved after finishing the predetermined training course.

• 同志社大学にはない音楽系の科目などを取得することが可能。
• It's possible to take classes concerning music and so on which Doshisha University does not have.

• 本格的なゼミは2年次秋学期より履修可能で、必修ではない。
• It is possible to take the actual seminar from the fall semester of the second year, and it is not a requirement.

• 中世の京都は災害や盗賊などの災難に遭う可能性が高かった。
• In the Middle Ages there was a high risk of experiencing misfortune, such as disasters and theft.

• 広島側の予約・発券業務は防長観光バス・広交観光でも可能。
• When you planned to get on the bus in Hiroshima area, you could make reservations and buy tickets at Bocho Kanko Bus office or Hiroko Kanko office.

• この事件がなければ淡路島は今も徳島県であった可能性が高い。
• If these incidents had not happened, it would be quite possible that Awaji-shima Island would be still in Tokushima Prefecture.

• その子孫が家に伝わる文書を資料として提出した可能性が高い。
• The descendants of the family would probably have presented those documents as materials.

• だが楠木正成は、長期間の抗戦は不可能であると理解していた。
• Masashige KUSUNOKI, however, knew he couldn't afford a prolonged resistance.

• 順位が高い（1位に近い）ほど、次の皇位につく可能性が高い。
• Those higher in the order of succession (nearer to the first in line) have more chance of acceding to the throne next.

• 深見隧道は両側で完全に封鎖されており、通行は不可能である。
• Fukami-suido Tunnel is closed entirely on the both sides and impassable.

• 戦国時代後半の社会は、二つの相反する可能性を示唆していた。
• The society in the latter part of the Sengoku period suggested two opposite possibilities.

• 他国の分国に相当し、「家中」と言い換えることも可能である。
• Utsuro, also called 'Kachu,' was the equivalent of a Bunkoku (a province that was governed by a Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) or Sengoku daimyo in an integrated fashion) that was seen in other regions.

• Suicaとの相互利用によりICOCAエリアでも使用可能。
• The service became available in the ICOCA area due to the interoperability with Suica.

• 主要な林道はなるべく自動車の通行が可能なように整備された。
• Major forest roads were provided so that cars could run on them.

• 相対式2面2線プラットホームを持つ列車交換が可能な地上駅。
• It's an aboveground station having two platforms serving two tracks; the inbound trains and outbound trains can pass one another at this station.

• 山城屋は公金返済が不可能であったため、陸軍省内部で割腹自殺。
• Since YAMASHIROYA was unable to repay the public money, he committed suicide through disembowelment inside the building of the Ministry of Army.

• そもそも、急峻な崖を騎馬で駆け下るなぞ物理的に不可能である。
• In the first place, it is physically impossible to run down a steep cliff while riding a horse.

• しかしながら、斎藤の左利き説自体が史実である可能性は低い）。
• However, the possibility that the theory of SAITO being left-handed itself is the historical fact is low.)

• 結論が出されないままに記述された可能性があると指摘している。
• Oba suggested that the editors who did not come to a definite conclusion may have given two accounts of Japan.

• 範囲としては当初から宗尊親王までの予定であった可能性が高い。
• As far as the scope of the book is concerned, it seems as though the plan was to deal with Imperial Prince Munetaka from the beginning.

• 摂関政治の登場も上記の歴史的な流れの中で説明が可能であろう。
• The appearance of the regency might also be explainable in this historical context.

• 旧道は舗装されており、峠付近まで車両で走行することも可能だ。
• The old road is paved and it is possible to drive up to the pass by vehicles.

• また現代語との読みの異同・語義の相違を知ることも可能である。
• It also gives information about the difference in reading and meaning between the entries and modern words.

• 今出川口改札は700～2100の時間帯のみ利用が可能である。
• The Imadegawa-guchi ticket gate is only available between 7:00 and 21:00.

• 島式1面2線のホームの両外側に通過線のある待避可能な高架駅。
• It is an elevated station with a one-side, two-track island platform, and on each side of the platform it has a passing track that allows a train to wait for another.

• かつては列車交換可能駅であったが、交換設備は撤去されている。
• In the past, inbound trains and outbound trains met here to switch the tracks, but the facilities to enable such a function have been removed.

• 構内には、交換可能駅であった名残の相対式ホームが残っている。
• Another platform, which was once used to enable such a track-switching function, remains on the premises.

• プラットホーム形状と配置2面2線を有する行違い可能な地上駅。
• It is an above-ground station with two platforms and double tracks at which trains can pass each other or pass others.

• 単式・島式2面2線のプラットホームを持つ行違い可能な地上駅。
• It is an aboveground station with a one-sided platform (track on one side only) and another of the island type with one track, enabling trainｓ to pass each other or otheｒs.

• 現金（旧型機では硬貨および千円札に限る）でのチャージが可能。
• The card is rechargeable by cash (old-type machines only accept coins and 1,000 yen bills).

• 島式1面2線プラットホームを持つ、行違い可能な地上駅である。
• Hiyoshi Station is an aboveground station with a single platform serving two tracks that run in opposite directions, allowing trains to pass each other.

• そこで、柔軟に発給可能な宣旨という文書形態が登場したのである。
• Then, a style of document called Senji which were flexibly issuable appeared.

• 紫式部の自筆本に近い可能性のある重要な本文であるとされている。
• It is considered an important text that is possibly close to the manuscript written by Murasaki Shikibu herself.

• この五書は噂の域をでず詳細不明であり、実在しない可能性が高い。
• It is very possible that these five documents do not actually exist since there are only rumors and details are unknown.

• また、経済的に困窮した留学生も行き場を失っていた可能性がある。
• Also, foreign students who were in distress might have faced difficulty in finding affordable lodging.

• 法制化に伴い、法律上は法改正による国歌の変更自体が可能である。
• This legislation made it possible to change the national anthem by changes to the law.

• しかし、近年は地球温暖化に伴う滑走可能期間の短縮傾向が著しい。
• However, these days, the available period when people can enjoy sliding become apparently shorter due to global warming.

• 旧道であるダート路は峠付近で途絶えており、通行は不可能である。
• The former dirt road is impassable since it is closed halfway around the pass.

• 理由は，耐震強度が基準に満たしていない可能性があり危険なため。
• The reason is because its earthquake resistant level may not comply with the current standard and it is considered to be dangerous.

• 観桜シーズンにはライトアップされるため、夜間観桜も可能である。
• It is lit up during the cherry blossom season, and is possible to view the cherry tree at night.

• これは、日本の奥のありようから考えても可能性が低いものである。
• This was very unlikely to happen considering the condition of an ordinary wife of a nobleman in Japan.

• これらの曲はK特急が運転されない土休日は聞く事は不可能である。
• You can't hear these melodies on weekends and holidays because there is no service of the K-Limited Express on those days.

• 通信教育で唯一宗教科教員免許の取得が可能な所としても知られる。
• It is well known as the only school that provides a teacher's certificate in the department of Buddhism.

• 鏡作神社（磯城郡田原本町八尾　等周辺）とも関係の可能性がある。
• There is a possibility that it is also related to Kagamitsukuri-jinja Shrine (including areas around Yao, Tawaramoto-cho, Shiki-gun).

• 同年10月1日より同路線のでPiTaPaの利用が可能となった。
• On October 1 of the same year, the use of PiTaPa (multi functional IC payment card) was enabled for this bus route.

• そのため、天武天皇を咎めるような事実を記さなかった可能性が高い。
• There is a high possibility that any fact that could be a reproach to Emperor Tenmu was not recorded.

• その年の俸禄は没収されるが、1年後には同じ官位で復職可能となる。
• The horoku (salary) in the same year is forfeited, but in a year, they could come back to work at the same official court rank.

• 原詔は日本書紀に記載のとおりではなかった可能性が考えられている。
• The possibility is suggested that the original edict was not the same as described in Nihonshoki.

• 後には天窓や風呂先窓なども工夫され一層自在な採光が可能となった。
• After that a skylight and Furosaki window were incorporated, which enabled him to design more effective lighting.

• また、梅原は人麻呂と猿丸大夫が同一人物であった可能性を指摘する。
• In addition, Umehara pointed out the possibility that Hitomaro and Sarumarutayu were the very same person.

• 楽市とは、非課税等を通じて自由な売買を可能にした市のことである。
• Rakuichi was a market, in which people were able to trade freely without any taxes.

• その後別ルートでヨーロッパ製のものも日本に伝来した可能性はある。
• European ones might have been imported via a different route afterward.

• 1面2線のプラットホーム形状と配置を有する行き違い可能な高架駅。
• It is an elevated station where, with a platform serving two tracks, two trains going in opposite directions with each other can be served at the same time.

• 相対式2面2線のプラットホームを持つ、行違い可能な地上駅である。
• It is an aboveground station with two platforms opposite each other and double tracks and at which trains can either pass each other or allow the other to overtake.

• JR東日本のSuica利用エリアでICOCAが使用可能になった。
• ICOCA became accepted in the Suica area of JR East.

• これらは官人の子弟にとどまらず、民間人からの登用も可能であった。
• It was possible for commoners as well as sons of civil servants to gain appointments to these positions.

• 更には、戸籍制度の解体とともに戸籍関係の職務も遂行不可能になった。
• In addition, it became impossible for Jibu-sho to fulfill its duty related to family registers after the abrogation of the family registration system.

• つまり怪我をさせただけで死刑を宣告するのは法律上は不可能であった。
• It meant that they could not sentence the death penalty only for a injury case.

• 上記の所伝には、父新左衛門尉の経歴も入り混じっている可能性が高い。
• There is a strong possibility that a personal history of Dosan mentioned so far is mixed up with a career of Dosan's father Shinzaemonnojo.

• 伝符に使者の位階を示す刻みがつけられ、それにより判別可能であった。
• The denpu had a carving showing the rank of the envoy.

• 実際に皇族の子孫などであった可能性は高いが、その詳細は不明である。
• There is high possibility that that person was the descendant of the imperial family, but the details are not known.

• 大島城（下伊那郡松川町）での抗戦は不可能とし、大島城から逃亡する。
• They determined that a resistance at Oshima-jo Castle (Matsukawa-machi, Shimoina-gun), was impossible, and escaped from Oshima-jo Castle.

• このことから、造式のための調査報告書だった可能性が指摘されている。
• It would be safe to conclude that this book was a report submitted to the imperial court, that had been conducting investigations to establish enforcement regulations.

• この文化段階で、北方から相当数本州へやってきた可能性が否定できない。
• The possibility that a considerable number came from the north to Honshu at this cultural stage cannot be denied.

• ちなみに、佐久間信盛の追放に逆に光秀自身が関わっていた可能性もある。
• In addition, Mitsuhide himself may have joined to go against his dismissal by Nobumori SAKUMA.

• ただし実吉達郎はその著書でイリエワニが漂着する可能性を指摘している。
• However, Tatsuo SANEYOSHI points out in his book the possibility of estuarine crocodiles drifting to the shores of Japan.

• 受領は、その強大な権限を背景に、莫大な蓄財を行うことも可能であった。
• By utilizing his immense influence, the zuryo was able to accumulate immense wealth.

• そのため、長男の田村皇子にも王位継承の可能性はないかに思われていた。
• Therefore, it was considered that there was no possibility for her first son, the Prince Tamura to succeed to the throne.

• プラットホーム形状と配置2面3線の地上駅で、2面4線化も可能な構造。
• Located at ground level, the station has two island-type platforms with three tracks, and another track can be added.

• このうち500円がデポジット、残り1,500円が運賃などに使用可能。
• The price includes a returnable deposit of 500 yen and the remaining 1,500 yen can be used for transportation fares, etc.

• ここで考えられるのは、伊勢神宮内宮祭神の変更がなされた可能性である。
• What can be assumed here is the possibility that the deity enshrined in the Inner Shrine of Ise was changed.

• ◆…双方向乗車可能（ただし、津山方面への乗降は空席がある場合のみ可）
• Takinoyashiro Interchange/Hojo/Yamazaki Interchange/Sakuto/Mimasaka Interchange/Chugoku Katsumada (Chugoku Expressway): It operates both boarding and alighting only when there are vacant seats.

• 書紀の記述に信をおかず、同時に大友皇子の即位を認めない説も可能である。
• It is possible to doubt descriptions of 'Chronicles of Japan' and deny the enthronement of Prince Otomo as well.

• 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると、雑賀衆同士が戦った可能性を示唆している。
• 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai' (Warring Guns - The Mercenary Force) introduces the possibility that the members of Saikashu fought each other.

• 当時の軍隊には鉄砲の一斉射撃や速射に高い威嚇効果があった可能性が高い。
• It is highly likely that salvo and rapid firing had a great menacing effect on the army of the time.

• 揖斐宿に至った天狗勢は琵琶湖畔を通って京都に至る事は不可能と判断した。
• Tenguto arrived at Ibijuku and judged that it was not possible to go through the lakeside of the Lake Biwa to get to Kyoto.

• これらの（1）～（3）は全て一言に「物語」と定義することも可能である。
• (1) to (3) can all be defined as 'monogatari.'

• 弥生時代には農業、特に水稲農耕の採用によって穀物の備蓄が可能になった。
• During the Yayoi period, adaptation of farming, especially rice-paddy cultivation, enabled the storage of grain.

• 特定可能が50冊あったとする横山敬の集計(ref.横山敬,1981)。
• A tally by Takashi YOKOYAMA shows that there were 50 books in which the year and month were specified (ref. Takashi YOKOYAMA, 1981).

• このため、高明の関白就任の可能性を絶つために仕掛けたとも言われている。
• This is why some say there was a plot to eradicate the possibility of Takaakira's appointment to Grand Minister of State.

• （ただし顕広王は神祇伯就任以前から王氏であった可能性も指摘されている）
• (However, one theory suggests that Akihiro-o may have belonged to the O clan before his accession to the position of Jingi haku.)

• ヒノキの薄板を要で留めて、板の上部を紐で補強し折りたたみ可能にした扇。
• Hiogi is a fan made of slats of cypress wood tied together at the pivot and top of the slates are enforced with strings so that the slates can be folded.

• 疲労回復や冷え性、火傷などの効用があるとされるが、飲用は不可能である。
• Hot springs are believed to be good for fatigue, sensitivity to cold temperatures and burn injuries, but not for drinking.

• この案では損害もでず、また高麗の統治強化および南宋と日本の分断が可能。
• This plan could strengthen its governing power in Goryeo and isolate the Southern Sung Dynasty and Japan from each other, without suffering any damage.

• 当駅から木津方面が単線となっているため、交換可能駅としての機能も持つ。
• Because only a single track is provided from this station to the direction of Kizu, it's also provided with the function to switch the trains that use the single track.

• 1番線ホームは1両のみ、2・3番線ホームは2両編成の停車が可能である。
• The capacity of Platform 1 is only for a train with a car, while that of Platforms 2 and 3 is for a train with two cars.

• なお、3番のりばからは上り列車も発車可能であるが、定期での設定はない。
• Furthermore, it's possible for trains headed to Kyoto to stop at Platform 3, but that isn't the current arrangement.

• ただし、PASPYを導入しているバスなどでICOCAにチャージは可能。
• However, ICOCA can be recharged on the buses where PASPY is accepted.

• 地下区間で高速運転が可能になったことで若干の速達化が図られたといえる。
• The increase in speed was realized because high-speed operation became possible in the underground portion of the line.

• このことも、大彦が垂仁の時代の人物である可能性の高いことを示している。
• This fact also indicates the high possibility that Obiko lived in the era of the Emperor Suijin.

• （住吉大社本殿は国宝に指定されているため、改築は不可能となっている。）
• (The main building of Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine has been designated as a national treasure, so it can't be reconstructed.)

• また車輌を全国的に運用して各地方の繁忙・閑散に応じた配置が可能になった。
• Also, the utilization of railway vehicles were maximized in keeping up with the demand of the local seasonal change.

• 『万国公法』の翻訳は、幾人かの中国人の協力があってはじめて可能であった。
• Translation of 'Bankoku Koho' was possible only with cooperation by several Chinese persons.

• 私奴婢は地方の豪族が所有した奴婢であり、代々相続することが可能であった。
• Shinuhi refers to Nuhi owned by powerful local clans, and such clans could inherit Shinuhi from generations to generations.

• このようにして、軍部の政治介入が可能となり、軍部の政治的優位が確立した。
• This is how the political intervention of the military became possible and defined the military's political superiority.

• 特に上代以来の数々の和歌の歴史が可能にした数多くの本歌取りに特徴がある。
• Honkatori (adaptation of a famous poem) is a remarkable feature of it, having been facilitated by a long history of the waka poem since Jodai.

• なおかつ軍の後方に位置しながらも敵軍に襲われる可能性が高い部隊であった。
• Even though a Konidatai troop was positioned at the rear of the army, there was a high possibility that it would be attacked by the enemy.

• 12番線ホームは11番線と同様に島式ホームとすることが可能な形状である。
• Similarly, Platform 12 has a structure that would allow conversion to an island-style platform.

• それでも新快速運転中の京都～西明石間の直通運転は不可能となってしまった。
• Nevertheless, it has become impossible to run trains between Kyoto and Nishi-Akashi stations.

• だが、現地における兵粮米の賦課・徴発は兵士による濫妨を招く可能性があった。
• However, imposition and commandeering of military provisions in the field could cause solders' act of violence.

• 肉眼では解読が不可能な場合が多く、赤外線カメラを用いて解読作業をおこなう。
• It is hard to decode to the naked eye, so an infrared camera is used for decoding.

• それを踏まえ、この法の施行をもって永年にわたり私財とすることを可能とした。
• Considering this, the government issued Konden Einen Shizai Law that allowed farmers to regard the land as their permanent property.

• 逆に宗教的な目的を持った厭勝銭として造られた可能性も否定できないのである。
• Conversely, the possibility that it was made as incantation coin for religious purpose cannot also be ruled out.

• また、今後、さまざまな呼び方がされる新たな分野が登場してくる可能性はある。
• New and various names for new categories will most likely appear as time goes on.

• 春・秋の歌各三巻という構成は『後撰和歌集』を模した可能性が指摘されている。
• It is pointed out that the structure which has three volumes for Spring and Autumn would have been modeled after 'Gosen Wakashu' (A later collection of selected Japanese poetry).

• 「東北戦争」が長引けば、日本は再び“南北朝時代”に突入する可能性があった。
• It would have been possible to revert to 'the period of the Northern and Southern Courts' again in Japan if 'Tohoku War' were extended.

• そのため、これ以上の行軍は不可能と判断し雪濠を掘って露営することとなった。
• Therefore, they dug a moat in the snow and camped out, making a decision that it was impossible to march anymore.

• 中世ヨーロッパでは、自国で安定した金貨もしくは銀貨の供給が不可能であった。
• In the medieval period, European countries could not provide a stable supply of gold or silver coins by themselves.

• 同一市外局番の地域との通話は市内通話料金で利用可能（東松山単位料金区域）。
• Any call between areas under the same telephone area code is available at a local call rate (area under the Higashimatsuyama unit rate).

• 文永の役に関しては、台風の可能性はほぼなかったと、今日では見なす者が多い。
• Today, most people think that it is unlikely to have been a typhoon in relation to Bunei no Eki.

• 要するに内部での調整は不可能、クジ引で決めるしかなかったということである。
• In other words, adjustment within was impossible and had to be decided by lottery.

• 島式2面4線のプラットホームを持つ、待避・交換可能な橋上駅舎を持つ地上駅。
• This station is a ground station that has two island-style platforms for four tracks and a station building on the bridge, where trains can wait for other trains to pass as well as an inbound and outbound trains can pass each other.

• 単式・島式複合型2面3線のプラットホームを持つ、待避・行違い可能な地上駅。
• It's an aboveground station with a single platform serving a track as well as an island platform serving two tracks, being capable of handling traffic in both directions.

• 日中以降の野洲着新快速では米原（以遠）行き普通電車に乗り継ぎが可能である。
• There are connecting local trains available going further than Maibara Station after the Special Rapid trains terminate at Yasu Station from evening hours.

• 地上の信号機を車上から目視確認して運転する事は高速運転のため不可能である。
• Due to their high speeds, it is impossible to operate the trains while checking signals located on the ground from the trains visually.

• 杖の回数と同じ斤量の銅を納めることで罪を回避すること（贖銅）も可能であった。
• It was also possible to avoid punishment by paying copper coins weighing the equivalent to the number of strokes of the cane (shokudo, or atonement by copper).

• 天智天皇の時代になってようやく、飛鳥から近江へ朝廷を移すことが可能になった。
• It is the era of Emperor Tenchi when transfer of the capital from Asuka to Omi Province finally became possible.

• 具体的には、官位令に基づいて位階ごとに就任可能な官職が厳密に定められていた。
• Specifically, the government post that was possible to assume for each Ikai was strictly established based on the Court Ranking Law.

• そのため現在では紫式部が書いた原本の復元はほぼ不可能であると考えられている。
• Thus it is now considered nearly impossible to restore the original text that Murasaki Shikibu had written.

• 京北町側では現国道からの分岐直後にゲートで封鎖されており通過は不可能である。
• On the Keihoku Town side the road is closed with a gate immediately after it branches off from the current national route so it is not possible to drive through.

• 現在は各地方の法務局に厳重に保管されており、戸籍簿自体の閲覧は不可能である。
• It is severely kept by the Legislative Bureau in various places at present, and it is impossible to read the family record itself.

• この制度の下で、班給・課税・徴兵の台帳となる戸籍・計帳の作成が可能となった。
• This system enabled the creation of the family register and yearly tax records, which were to be used as the original registers in allotting land, imposing taxes, and conscription.

• 2002年（平成14年）3月23日 2面2線の行き違い可能駅、有人駅になる。
• March 23, 2002: It became a manned stop having two separate platforms with two tracks, thus enabling two trains to pass each other.

• 「ドリーム奈良号」では、京都駅で乗降する場合は周遊券での利用も可能であった。
• The passengers of 'Dream Nara-go' could use the excursion tickets when they got on/off at Kyoto Station.

• 一方西日本では遺跡数が少なく定住生活が前期には已に交替している可能性すらある。
• On the other hand, there are few remains in western Japan and there is a possibility that the people abandoned sedentary life by the early period.

• 君主の公的な表記としての「天皇」の採用は、天武朝であった可能性が高いとされる。
• The adoption of 'tenno' as the official notation of the monarch is said to be most likely during the reign of Emperor Tenmu.

• そのため新羅系須恵器（若しくは陶質土器）が伝播していた可能性が否定しきれない。
• For that reason, the possibility that Silla-group Sueki (or earthenware) was spread cannot be denied.

• 『時慶卿記』より遡るものとして次の記録があり、これらも阿国を指す可能性がある。
• The following records are older than the Tokiyoshi Kyoki, and may also refer to Okuni.

• 政府は、通達等で官憲による収容も可能とするとともに、患者の加持祈祷を規制した。
• The government permitted the authorities to send patients to Hibyoin and regulated an incantation and a prayer for a patient by notifications.

• 常時無人観測が可能だが、雲がある場合や濃度が高い場合は観測できないことがある。
• Measurements can be conducted at all times and unmanned, but it sometimes happens that measurement becomes impossible in cloudy conditions or when the density is high.

• 以下、影印・複製や直接閲覧により閲覧可能なものを筆写年代・刊行年代順に挙げる。
• In the following, the Wamyosho books that can be viewed by photographing, copying or directly viewing them are listed first for manuscripts in the order of the hand-copied ages and then for published books in the order of the printed ages:

• この船が再び元へ回航する際に、関東大仏造営料唐船として指定された可能性がある。
• When the ship returned to Yuan, it may have been designated as Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen.

• 山陰本線の駅ではあるが、綾部駅を介して直通してくる舞鶴線の一部列車も利用可能。
• The station is intended for the Sanin Main Line, but some trains on the Maizuru Line make stops at this station via Ayabe Station.

• ワンマン運転が可能な車両だが、223M・224Mにおいてのワンマン運転はない。
• Driver-only operation is possible but the 223M and 224M also carry a conductor.

• 偽書の可能性を疑われる歴史的文書は歴史書に限らず、様々な史料も俎上に載せられる。
• Historical documents suspected of being gisho, are not limited to historical books, various historical materials are also the target of criticism for being gisho.

• （ただし「国衆」を国人級の武士だと解すると、全戦死者はより増える可能性はある）。
• (The total number of the dead may increase if 'the people' in the citation is taken as kokujin-class warriors).

• つまり、それ以前は苗字を名乗る地盤すら持たない階層だった可能性も指摘されている。
• In other words, such a possibility is pointed out as he was born from a hierarchy which people had no surname.

• 二上山は死火山で、今後、噴火可能性はなく、地図で火山として分類されることはない。
• As Mt. Nijo is an extinct volcano, there is no possibility of an eruption in the future so that it is not classified as a volcano on a map.

• この書もまた、類書の形態を踏襲しており、この書を類書として見ることも可能である。
• This book also follows the style of Leishu and therefore can be regarded as a Leishu.

• 逆に言えば、戸籍・計帳の作成によって、上記の三制度の実施が可能となったのである。
• Conversely, the creation of the family register and the yearly tax records made it possible to enforce the three aforementioned systems.

• 線路が通る堤の上に島式1面2線のプラットホームを持つ、行違い可能な地上駅である。
• The station is above ground, the tracks are located on embankments, and there is an island platform with two tracks that can handle traffic in both directions.

• 近鉄京都線の近鉄丹波橋駅とは南口から連絡通路で結ばれており、乗り換え可能である。
• This station is connected to Kintetsu-Tanbabashi Station of the Kintetsu Kyoto Line by a walk-through from the south exit, and it is used for transfers.

• ICOCA・Jスルー利用可能駅（相互利用対象ICカードはICOCAの項を参照）。
• ICOCA and J-through cards can be used at this station (refer to the column on ICOCA for information concerning IC cards that are mutually usable).

• 佛教大学と小学校教諭免許状課程履修に関する協定を締結し小学校教論免許を取得可能。
• The agreement with Bukkyo University, concluded over the study of the elementary school teacher's license course, enables Ryukoku students to get the license at graduation.

• スルッとKANSAI、PiTaPa、京阪グループ共通バスカードが使用可能である。
• The KANSAI THRU PASS, PiTaPa and Keihan Group Common Bus cards can be used.
• Those pre-paid cards such as KANSAI THRU PASS, PiTaPa, Common bus card of the Keihan Group can be used for boarding.

• 手斧が大部分を占め、木材加工よりも骨の粉砕や皮なめしなどに使用された可能性が高い。
• Most of them were hand axes and it is highly possible that they were used for smashing bones and tanning rather than wood processing.

• とくに近鉄奈良線については大和西大寺駅、新大宮駅とともに地下化される可能性もある。
• Kintetsu Nara Line, however, could be an underground line, involving Yamato-Saidaiji Station and Shin-Omiya Station.

• ワニが空中の餌を取る行動はよく観察されるが、静止状態からではサメには不可能である。
• The behavior of crocodiles catching their food in the air is observed often, but this is not possible for sharks from a stand-still position.

• 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満や管領細川頼之が修訂に関係していた可能性も指摘されている。
• Some have suggested the possibility that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, and the kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA were involved in its revision.

• 山頂へのアクセスは山焼き前、新芽時期を除き可能（奈良奥山ドライブウェイに要確認）。
• The access to the mountain top is possible at any time, excluding before the mountain burning, and sprouting time (inquiry to Nara Okuyama Toll Road is needed).

• ドライプウェイも夏季は午前3時から通行可能で、ご来光を見る人のニーズに応えている。
• In the summer, the highway is available from 3 a.m., meeting the needs of climbers who come to pray to the rising sun.

• 子孫代々相続可能な永業田に対して、口分田は60歳になると収公すると規定されていた。
• It was specified that while eigyoden could be inherited from generation to generation, kubunden should be confiscated when the age of 60 was reached.

• このことは、口分田制度によらずとも一定の税収確保が可能となったことを示唆している。
• This suggests that a certain amount of tax became to be able to be secured without using the kubunden system.

• 伝承が混乱しているのか、或いは記紀の編集者が意図的に系図に手を加えた可能性が強い。
• Maybe the oral literature from this historical period was confused; or it is very possible that the editors of the 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' intentionally forged the contents of the genealogical charts of the Emperors.

• 峠への登り口には「大型車通行困難」の標識があり、大型車の通行は事実上不可能である。
• As a road sign saying 'Hardly Passable by Large Vehicles' is placed at the approach of the pass, large-sized vehicles practically cannot drive the pass.

• 一部「久美浜温泉」との表記もあり、久美浜シーサイド温泉との誤認防止の可能性もある。
• Some describe it as 'Kumihama hot spring,' possibly for the purpose of not being mistaken for Kumihama Seaside Onsen Hot Spring.

• 本丸部分で発掘された遺構は、礎石の規模や配列から推察して、邸宅遺構の可能性が強い。
• There is a strong possibility that, inferring from the scale and placement of the foundation stones, the remnant excavated in the hon maru (the keep of a castle) area is a residential remnant.

• その日以前にも既に3dayチケットなどに限って利用可能であった事業者・路線もある。
• The card can be used before the installation date for a certain transportation company or route but only as a three-day ticket, etc.

• 京都市動物園ほか -- 東山駅 (京都府)に近接しているが当駅からもアクセス可能。
• Kyoto City Zoo, etc. : The zoo is near to Higashiyama Station (Kyoto Prefecture), but it is also accessible from Keage Station.

• 女子だけではなく、男子も取得することが可能で毎年100人程度の学生が取得している。
• Not only female students but also male students can take the classes, and about 100 students attend them every year.

• 他、町火消が整備され、幕府が行っていた新田開発では、開発可能地の意見も参考にされた。
• Also, fire brigade was organized, and in the rice field development conducted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), opinions about possible rice fields were taken into consideration.

• いずれにせよ、こうした民衆の姿勢がその後の軍部躍進の一助となった可能性はあるだろう。
• Anyway, it was likely true that such people's thought later helped the Japanese army's surge.

• 文章にならない場合、当時の「お喋り」としての「物語」が現存する可能性はきわめて低い。
• The possibility of 'monogatari' as 'chatting' at that time being passed down to this day is very low unless it was written down.

• ただし分析可能であることと、同一の概念であることには差があるため、注意が必要である。
• However, even if it is possible to analyze such classical works, it does not mean that they were written according to the same concept as a narrative.

• 旧来の土浦海軍航空隊・三重海軍航空隊・鹿児島海軍航空隊だけでは収容が不可能であった。
• It was impossible to accommodate them only at old corps such as Tsuchiura Naval Air Corps, Mie Naval Air Corps, and Kagoshima Naval Air Corps.

• ただし、宗氏による通交権の集中は三浦の乱以前から行われていた可能性も指摘されている。
• However, it is also pointed out that the concentration of the trading rights in the So clan had possibly existed even before the Sanpo War.

• このように、諸藩の財政は表高では推し量ることは不可能であり、内高が重要な要素を持つ。
• Thus, it was impossible to estimate financial affairs of domains by omote-daka, and uchi-daka was the important factor.

• 大量の情報を分りやすい形で一覧可能となるように箇条書などの方法が取り入れられている。
• A method of itemization is used so that a lot of information can be searched through at a glance.

• 善戦するも鹿児島市市街の一部が焼失し、薩摩藩もまた攘夷の不可能性を悟ることとなった。
• The Satsuma clan fought well but they lost a part of the city, and found expelling foreigners nearly impossible.

• その反面、さらなる元寇の可能性を根拠として、御家人らへの恩賞給与は僅かにとどまった。
• On the other hand, the provision of onsho to gokenin remained low due to the possibility of further Mongol invasion.

• 神祇信仰の論理性の強化は、仏教側からの侵食に対抗し、これと共生することを可能とした。
• Because of the consolidation of the logicalness, Jingi belief was able to confront the invasion of Buddhism and symbioses with.

• 島式1面2線プラットホームを持つ高架駅で、京都方複線・園部方単線の交換可能駅である。
• Hanazono Station is an elevated station having one island platform with tracks; being equipped with a double track in the direction of Kyoto Station and a single track in the direction of Sonobe Station, the facilities of the station enable two trains to pass each other.

• ICOCAの相互利用対象であるPiTaPa（スルッとKANSAI協議会）も利用可能。
• PiTaPa (SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION) card, which is mutually usable between ICOCA, can also be used.
• PiTaPa, which is mutually usable with ICOCA, can also be used.
• PiTaPa (SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION), which is mutually usable with ICOCA, can also be used.
• PiTaPa Card is also available, which is compatible with ICOCA and is issued by Surutto Kansai Association.
• J-Thru cards (Surutto KANSAI Association) which are to subject to mutual use with ICOCA cards can also be used.
• PiTaPa (Surutto KANSAI Association) cards can be used, subject to mutual use with ICOCA cards.

• 相対式2面2線のプラットホームを持つ地上駅で、京都側複線・城陽側単線の行違い可能駅。
• It is an above-ground station having two platforms opposite each other and two tracks, double-tracked on the Kyoto side and single-tracked on the Joyo side, at which trains can pass each other or pass others.

• ただし、JスルーはJR線、スルッとKANSAI対応各種カードは京阪線でのみ使用可能。
• However, J-Thru cards can only be used on JR lines and KANSAI THRU PASS compatible cards can only be used on the Keihan Line.
• J-Thru cards can only be used on JR Lines and various KANSAI THRU PASS-compatible cards only on the Keihan Line.

• 入場も可能だが、事前に宇治駅 (JR西日本)（管理駅）に予約を入れておく必要がある。
• Admission is also possible, but booking in advance with Uji Station (JR West), the administrative station, is required.

• なお寺側は、歩くことが可能な人はケーブルカーを使用せずに参道を歩くことを勧めている。
• However, the temple recommends visitors, if they can, to walk the approach instead of getting on the funicular railway.

• 一部の車両のみ乗車可能（801Mは7号車のみ、805M・832Mは2号車のみ乗車可。
• Only some cars are available for passenger use (Car No.7 on 801M and Car No.2 on 805M and 832M.

• これによりコインロッカーのICOCA決済が可能になり、ICOCAが鍵代わりになった。
• With this service the usage of the coin-operated lockers can be settled with ICOCA, and the key has been replaced by ICOCA.

• 2004年（平成16年）3月1日 スルッとKANSAI対応カードが全線で利用可能に。
• March 1, 2004: The KANSAI THRU PASS and its corresponding cards came into service on the entire line.

• また『上記鈔訳』は、国立国会図書館の近代デジタルライブラリーで閲覧する事も可能である。
• 'Uetsufumi Shoyaku' can be viewed at the Modern Digital Library in the National Diet Library.

• だが、時代の変遷により、将来的に現在の時代区分の枠組みが変化する可能性は否定出来ない。
• However, it cannot be denied that the present framework of periodization may change in the future according to changing times.

• 賜田の支給という行為を通じて、天皇は特定の人物へ影響を及ぼすことも可能だったのである。
• This rule indicates that an emperor could have the influence on a particular person through his act of providing farmland.

• こうしておくと振付けるようにして敵の顔面に投げつけ、武器として使うことも可能であった。
• In this way, it was possible to use makibishi as a weapon by throwing it at the enemy's face like sprinkling it on the enemy.

• これらの条文は、後述するように文面自体は大化当時の原詔ではない可能性が示唆されている。
• It is suggested that these articles are possibly not the same with those of the original edict of the Taika era as mentioned later.

• 大岡は、〈連詩〉という概念をここから発展させて、外国語での詩作の可能性も追求している。
• OKA developed the idea of renshi (linked poem) from such discussions, as well as by pursuing the possibility of composing poems in foreign languages.

• 朝鮮王朝建国当初は入港場に制限はなく、通交者は随意の浦々に入港することが可能であった。
• When the Korean Dynasty was founded, there was no restriction on entrance ports, and foreigners who visited Korea for trade were allowed to enter any port.

• そのように暦を作成して極秘に調整した（日食や夏至・冬至の予定が狂う可能性が高くなる）。
• Thus they manipulated the calendar in secret (which raised the possibility that solar eclipses and summer and winter solstices would not occur according to the forecasts).

• 逆に言えば才覚が認められれば、下級官人や庶民の子弟でも文章生になることも可能であった。
• To put it differently, if they were recognized as capable, even sons of lower-ranking government officials or common people were able to become monjosho.

• この改革案は県令大山綱良の反対と地方の乱の発生により、その大部分が実行不可能となった。
• Opposed by prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA and triggered local rebellions, the most part of the reform bill cannot be put into effect.

• もっとも今出川家の取次役をしていた時期には十分な活動が行われていなかった可能性がある。
• In reality, it is possible that he did not do many of his duties while he was working as a Toritsugiyaku (gentleman-usher between the Bakufu and Court) of the Imadegawa family.

• 下り外側からは1・2番線に、湖西線からは2番線に、下り内側からは3番線のみ進入が可能。
• Trains from the outer outbound track enter tracks 1 and 2, and trains from the Kosei Line enter track 2, but trains from the inner outbound track can enter only track 3.

• 2001年に京阪鋼索客車が更新され、スルッとKANSAI対応カードが使用可能になった。
• In 2001, the cars on the Keihan Cable Line were updated, and it became possible to use the Kansai Thru compatible cards.

• 本書の成立に社寺の祈祷に対する朝廷からの恩賞問題が関わっていた可能性が指摘されている。
• From this fact, it is pointed out the there is a possibility that the birth of the books had something to do with prizes given by Imperial Court to shrines and temples for their prayers.

• 戦前の弾丸列車構想に際してすでに用地を取得しており、早い時期に着工する事が可能である。
• The necessary land had already been procured in the pre-war era for the bullet train plan, enabling the work to be started early on the project.

• デビットカードが使用できるものもあり、電波が届きデータの通信が可能であれば使用できる。
• A debit card is available for some taxis only if the radio wave condition is good and data can be transmitted.

• 牧野古墳（奈良県北葛城郡広陵町、押坂彦人大兄の墓である可能性が高い、径43メートルの円墳
• Bakuya Kofun (Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara Prefecture: there is high probability in this being the burial mound of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, a circle tumulus, 43 meters in diameter)

• しかし今度は偽太政官札が流通し始めており、偽造が不可能なほど精細な紙幣の発行が急がれた。
• However, since fake Dajokan-satsu started to circulate, it was urgent need to issue elaborate bills to avoid forgery.

• 一方、北部九州の後・晩期遺跡の遺物で焼畑農業が行われていた可能性が高いと考えられている。
• On the other hand, it is thought that there was a strong likelihood that the burn agriculture was employed at the remains in the end and the last periods in the northern Kyushu region.

• 1854年頃からは二分金用の千両箱や大判が収納可能なタイプも使用されるようになっている。
• From around 1854, other types of sen-ryo-bako such as those exclusively used for ni-bu-kin (a kind of gold coin) or those possible to store oban (former Japanese biggest oval gold coin) were also began to be used.

• また、測可能な言葉を省くことにより、余韻を残したり時間的な「間」を表現することにもなる。
• This enables the creation of an allusive feeling or the expression of temporal 'space.'

• ただ、百万町歩という数字はほぼ不可能であり、ただの理想、スローガンであるともされている。
• A million hectares were nearly impossible, so it may have merely been an idea or a slogan.

• 日本への将来した唐物の一端は東大寺正倉院の宝物や『日本国見在書目録』から推定可能である。
• Some of the karamono that were brought into Japan can be assumed from the treasures in Todaiji Temple Shosoin or 'Nihonkoku genzaisho mokuroku' (Catalogue of Present Books in Japan).

• 逆に最高位の地位を占めるという要件を満たせば庶流でも氏長者に就く可能性もあったのである。
• However, even a clan member from a branch family had a chance to become ujinochoja as long as he held the highest rank.

• また土地の私有が可能になると、小川荘や桑田荘・矢田荘および加舎荘などの荘園が開発された。
• Manors such as the Ogawa-sho, the Kuwada-sho, the Yada-sho and the Kaya-sho were built after private ownership of land was introduced.

• 将来の国有化の可能性をにおわせながら、実際は予定線の民間による建設を容認するなどとした。
• Hinting the possibility of nationalization in the future, in fact, the act allowed the construction of planned lines by private sectors.

• まず天下の事事物物の理に格（いた）るというが、どうすれば可能なのかという方法論への疑義。
• First, he questioned the methodology, asking how it was possible that the ri in everything in the world could be reached.

• Jスルーは自動改札機で使用することができないが、自動券売機での乗車券の購入は可能である。
• J-through cards can't be used for automatic ticket gates, but railway tickets can be bought from automatic ticket vending machines.

• 山陰本線の駅ではあるが、隣の綾部駅を介して直通してくる舞鶴線の一部列車も利用可能である。
• Although it's a JR Sanin Main Line station, the facility is also used for some of the trains running on the Maizuru Line that reach the station from the adjacent Ayabe Station.

• ただしICOCAエリアでは乗車券機能のみ利用可能で定期券機能と電子マネー機能は利用不可。
• However, in the ICOCA area only the ticket function is available so the functions of commuter pass and electric money can't be used.

• 基本的には資格が必要とされない為、心身ともに健康な女性ならば巫女になることは可能である。
• Because no qualification or certification is required for miko, basically any woman can serve as a miko as long as she is mentally and physically healthy.

• なお、アメノヒボコは新羅の王家、新羅建国神話、瓠公との関連の可能性があるとする説もある。
• Additionally, some say that Amenohiboko might have been connected to Koko, a Japanese retainer believed to have served Korean kings and help them found Silla.

• 元々が僧侶養成の機関であるため、全学科で浄土宗教師と浄土宗開教使の資格が取得可能である。
• It is possible to become a licensed Jodo sect teacher and missionary of the Jodo sect from any of the departments, because the institute is used extensively for training in Buddhist studies.

• （王寺の配線上、同一ホームでの接続は不可能なので、柏原で追い越した普通を待つ形になる）。
• (Due to the line arrangement at Oji, making a connection at the same platform is not possible, so the train has to wait for the local train it passed at Kashiwara).

• 西側の国道側入口から鞍馬方面の4番線ホームへは少し上がっているが車椅子等での移動は可能。
• There is a slight slope from the entrance on the National Route side on the west up to the Kurama-bound Platform 4, which is wheelchair-accessible.

• これは先行する事実をモデルにしないかぎり、名称をつけられず、議論も不可能であるためである。
• This is because unless the prior facts have not been modeled, names can not be given, and discussions can not be held.

• しかし、日本のある地域では、これらの国と交易関係があった可能性を考慮することも必要である。
• However, we need to consider the possibility that Japan might have been involved in a trade relationship with Northern China and other countries, from unspecified parts of Japan.

• 当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと。
• The leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command,

• 秀衡の舅で政治顧問であった藤原基成は一条長成の従兄弟の子で、その伝をたどった可能性が高い。
• Since FUJIWARA no Motonari, Hidehira's father-in-law and political adviser, was a son of Naganari ICHIJO's cousin, it is probable that he (Yoshitsune) depended on that connection.

• また大名・主要な幕臣・公家・社家などを収録範囲とし、可能な限り幕末まで系譜を伸ばしている。
• Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), main shogun's retainers, court nobles and shake (family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis) were covered and pedigree records were extended to the end of Edo period.

• だが歴史上において「目録」の用例を細かく分類した場合、以下のように分けることが可能である。
• However, mokuroku can be categorized as follows based on historical examples.

• なお、この時期に建仁寺の禅僧雪村友梅が入元しているが、この唐船と関連していた可能性もある。
• At that time, Sesson Yubai, a Zen priest of Kennin-ji Temple entered Yuan, which may have related to this Tosen.

• このことから、綱司となった商人も中国人であったり、商船の建造が中国で行われた可能性もある。
• This shows the possibility that a merchant who became the Goji were from China or that the trading ship had been built in China.

• 京都寄りに渡り線があり、異常時は折り返し運転が可能だが行われたことはない（向島駅で行う）。
• There is a crossover on the side toward the direction of Kyoto, and in a time of emergency the train can double back, although this hasn't yet occurred (normally, the train shuttles at Mukojima Station).

• 1934年（昭和9年）4月17日 待避線が造られ島式ホーム2面4線の緩急接続可能駅になる。
• April 17, 1934: With sidetracks added, the station layout was changed to that of two island platforms serving four tracks, thus enabling connections at this station between a local train and another, higher-class train.

• なお、京阪宇治線の乗り換え駅である地下鉄六地蔵駅でも大津線への連絡乗車券は購入可能である。
• Through-tickets to the Otsu Line are also available at the subway's Rokujizo Station, which is the station for transfer to the Keihan Uji Line.

• 中大兄皇子は氏族内の内部対立を利用して、勢力をそぎ、天皇家の力を伸ばしていった可能性が高い。
• It is highly possible that Naka no Oe no Oji cut the power of the clans by utilizing inner confrontation among them and extended power of the Imperial Family.

• 地下諸家の歴代当主の名前、父母の名、生没年月日、叙位・任官の履歴等を可能な限り記載している。
• It records, in as much detail as possible, such things as the names of the successive heads of Jige-ke families, the names of their fathers and mothers, the dates of their birth and death, and the history of their investitures and appointments to office.

• これにより、今まで最も古い貨幣とされてきた708年発行の和同開珎よりも古い可能性がでてきた。
• As the result, possibility arose that Fuhonsen coin was older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, which had been considered as the oldest coin.

• 『解体新書』刊行の際、幕府の禁に触れる可能性があったため、甫三を通じて大奥に献上されている。
• At the time of its publication, a book of 'Kaitai Shinsho' was presented to O-oku (inner palace of Edo-jo Castle) through Hosan KATSURAGAWA who had feared of any possibility to violate taboo of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• これ令外の官の特徴はその分担する政務において、完結的に処理することが可能だということである。
• The feature of this ryoge no kan was that the officials could process government affairs for which they were responsible all on their own.

• そのためこの校本から校合に採用された特定の写本の本文を復元することは原則として不可能である。
• Therefore it is basically impossible to restore the text of the particular manuscript adopted for collation out of this variorum.

• このため、以後の摂政・関白の任命には上皇（法皇）の意向を無視する事が不可能になってしまった。
• Because of this, after that it became impossible to ignore the wishes of the Retired Emperor (Cloistered Emperor) when appointing someone as regent or chancellor.

• そのため非公認の荘園への課税を可能にするため、荘園の公認化と領域を統合する一円化が行われた。
• To enable taxation with respect to accredited shoen, accreditation of shoen and unification of territories were carried out.

• 上記のように、京都が義仲の軍事制圧下にある状況で義仲の功績を全て否定することは不可能だった。
• As stated above, it was impossible then to completely negate Yoshinaka's achievements when Kyoto was under the control of Yoshinaka's force.

• PiTaPaでも可能であるが、SuicaやTOICAの場合は連絡口を使用できないこともある。
• To pass the transfer gates, PiTaPa can be used; however, in the case of Suica and TOICA, they can be rejected.

• それは、律令制的な統治方法によらなくとも、一定の租税を徴収することが可能になったからである。
• This was because it became possible to collect these taxes without relying on the Ritsuryo system of governance.

• 既存路線の高速化 (鉄道)や新規車輌の導入など改善策の実施が、財政難から不可能な会社もある。
• There are also some railway companies that cannot execute some improvement strategies, for example, putting their existing trains on a faster track and introducing new cars, due to their financial difficulties.

• このように実際の出生時期と出生届の提出時期が離れているため数年単位での年齢操作が可能であった。
• In this way, as there was always a gap between the time of actual birth and the time of birth registration, it was possible to manipulate the child's age by a few years.

• このため、家督を継承する可能性がある男子に対しては予め年齢を嵩上げする形で年齢操作が行われた。
• Therefore, the age of a boy in line to inherit his family estate was reported as a few years older than his actual age.

• 場内には釣り堀や料理店があり、釣り堀で釣った鱒を料理店に持ち込んで、調理してもらうことも可能。
• There are fishing pond and restaurant which offers visitors the service of cooking trout fished at the pond for eating in the premises.

• そのため、中農、富農が成立しないということは逆に農民が自立可能な程度の年貢であったことになる。
• Therefore the reason why middle-class or wealthy farmers could not become established was land taxes which were sufficiently heavy to prevent farmers from becoming independent.

• なお、この登山道は滋賀県道268号伊吹山上野線に指定されているが自動車通行は当然不可能である。
• This climbing trail is designated as Shiga prefectural road 268, Ibukiyama Ueno route, but automotive traffic is of course impossible.

• ただし、焚場の一部は道路整備事業により破壊される可能性がある（鞆の浦埋立て架橋計画問題参照）。
• Note that a road construction and improvement project may demolish a part of the tadeba (see an article of Issues regarding Tomonoura Reclamation and Bridge Formation Plan).

• 明人との交友があることから篆刻を学び自ら刻した可能性もあり、日本篆刻の先駆者のひとりとできる。
• It can be said that he was one of the pioneers of tenkoku in Japan because he had friends from Ming, and it is possible that he learned the tenkoku and engraved his own.

• 収穫不可な「損田」と収穫可能な「得田」に分類して在地における見込み租税額などを算定・記載した。
• In it, they divided the fields between 'sonden' (damaged fields) from which harvest could not be expected and 'tokuden' (productive fields) from which harvest could be expected, and calculated and recorded the expected amount of tax to be imposed on the local area.

• 地下鉄線の丸太町駅・四条駅などへの切符は購入可能であるため、誤購入防止のための注意書きがある。
• However, tickets for stations on the subway lines, such as Marutamachi Station and Shijo Station, can be bought here, and therefore a warning to prevent the purchase of the wrong ticket is displayed.

• 両線ともICOCA（西日本旅客鉄道）・PiTaPa（スルッとKANSAI協議会）の利用が可能。
• The ICOCA (West Japan Railway Company) and PiTaPa (Surutto KANSAI Association) cards can be used on both lines.

• 3線ともICOCA（西日本旅客鉄道）・PiTaPa（スルッとKANSAI協議会）の利用が可能。
• ICOCA (JR West) and PiTaPa (Surutto KANSAI Association) cards can be used on all three lines.

• 導入日はその事業者の路線でスルッとKANSAI対応プリペイドカードが利用可能になった最初の日。
• The installation date is the date when the Surutto KANSAI prepaid card is usable on certain transportation company routes.

• 携帯電話アプリのため日本のどこにいても申し込みが可能であり、オンラインチャージについても同様。
• Because the application software is available with cell-phones, you can ask for the usage record as well as recharging everywhere in Japan.

• 1999年（平成11年）4月1日 京阪線で「スルッとKANSAI」対応カードが利用可能になる。
• April 1, 1999: The interoperable cards with 'Surutto KANSAI (KANSAI THRU PASS)' became accepted on the Keihan lines.

• しかし、その後の時代、北武蔵で大きな勢力を築いていた壬生吉士(難波吉士と同族)の可能性もある。
• There is another possibility, however, that Owake no omi was Mibu no kishi (the same clan as Naniwa no kishi) that was very influential in north Musashi Province later years.

• しかし、室町幕府の軍事力によって維持される存在となっていた公家政権に抗うことは不可能であった。
• It was impossible, however, to resist the kuge administration which was maintained by the military force of the Muromachi bakufu.

• 後部左側窓ガラスに使用可能なカード会社のステッカーが貼られているので、客は乗る前に確認が必要。
• Stickers of available credit card companies are put on the left side of the rear window, so customers who want to pay by credit card need to check for them.

• そして、西南戦争直後に形成された侍補を中心とする宮中保守派の台頭がその可能性を現実のものとした。
• And, the emergence of the conservatives in the imperial court centered on the Jiho (an aide) that formed right after the Seinan War brought that possibility into reality.

• しかし中には不良品である可能性も含まれるため、購入店で個別に動作するかを確かめてもらう方が良い。
• It is better, however, to check if the individual parts operate normally at a shop where the computer was purchased as there is a possibility that it is a defective product.

• 唐の官人永業田は子孫代々への継承が可能であったが、日本の位田は死後に収公された点で異なっている。
• Kanjin-eigyo-den in Tang Dynasty could be succeeded to offspring for generations, but differently, iden in Japan were officially confiscated after ones' death.

• しかし、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
• However, their status of land possession actually lacked legal foundation and was therefore quite unstable, with a high possibility of confiscation of their lands by kokuga (provincial government offices).

• 車両での通行は可能であるが、峠前後は1.0から1.3車線程度の国道とは思えないほどの狭路が続く。
• Although vehicles can run through it, the road keeps narrow as 1.0 to 1.3 lanes in width ahead and behind the pass, hard to imagine it is a national route.

• 冬季通行止めにならない路線上にあるので積雪時にも通行は可能だが、雪により道幅は狭まることはある。
• The road is not snowbound as it is on the route which isn't blocked in winter, the width sometimes become narrower by snow.

• 最悪、武士としたまま名誉の死を遂げる切腹も申し付けられず斬首刑を受け、お家断絶の可能性もあった。
• In the worst case, the warrior was not given Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), the honorable death for warriors, but was beheaded and there was a possibility of Oie-danzetsu (disassociation from the family line).

• これは反対に当時の村内部で重層的な階層が形成されていたことを示していると考えることも可能である。
• In other words, it can be said that multilayered classes were formed within a village in those days.

• これは駅直下の立体交差が掘割構造になっており、その位置にバス停を設置する事が不可能なことによる。
• The background of the above is that the canal structure of the grade separate crossing situated just below the station made it impossible to place a bus stop there.

• 当駅の待避線（1番線・4番線）は8両編成の列車が待避可能であるが、ホーム有効長は7両分しかない。
• Eight-car trains can wait on the sidetracks (tracks 1 and 4), but the effective lengths of the platforms are only sufficient for seven-car trains.

• 運賃は220円で他の市バス路線と同じであり、定期券・回数券・一日乗車券等もすべて使用可能である。
• The fare is \220, as on other routes of the City bus, and all of the season tickets, and ticket books and one-day cards are usable.

• これは人口の少ない山添いルートを一直線に走りぬけるもので、高速運転が可能な線形 (路線)だった。
• Its route running straight along the sparsely populated mountain areas, made it possible for the line to provide high-speed operation.

• 王寺 - 河内堅上間の亀ノ瀬トンネルが地滑りで変形したため使用不可能となり、同区間が不通となる。
• Service was interrupted on the Oji-Kawachi-Katakami section because Kamenose Tunnel was deformed by a landslide.

• また領収書であるため、手持の貴金属による支払いに比べ、実際の経済力以上の物資の徴発が可能でもある。
• In addition, since military currency was a receipt, it was possible to get more commodities than the military force could actually buy with its precious metal.

• 年の変わりに詔を出す事は余り無く、正月一日に発布された可能性が少ないのではないかと言う指摘がある。
• There is rarely an Edict issued on a day the year changes and it has been pointed out that there is little possibility that the Edict was issued on the first day of the New Year.

• なお、詔勅の発布、官物の輸受、その他緊急時においては、朝廷はいつでも假を取り消すことが可能である。
• The Imperial Court could always cancel holidays for issuing imperial prescripts, receiving kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), and other emergencies.

• 問題点は整理すると以下の通りであり、木満致と蘇我満智を同一人物であると実証することは不可能である。
• As the issues listed below reveal, it is impossible to prove that SOGA no Machi and Machi MOKU were the same person.

• 実隆の筆によるものと推測され、この年11月に長女を出産した妻の妊婦像である可能性が指摘されている。
• It is conjectured that Sanetaka drew the picture, and some people pointed out that the woman in the nude could be his wife, who gave birth to the first daughter in November of the same year (old calendar).

• 玄室への埋葬終了後に羨道は閉塞石（積み石）や扉石でふさがれるが、それを空ければ追葬が可能であった。
• After an entombment, the passage is blocked by Heisokuishi (piled stones) or Tobiraishi (door stone), but added burial is possible when the block is removed.

• これは同じ曹を管理する博士が試験官になった場合に不正が行われる可能性があったためと考えられている。
• The reason was that if the hakase, who supervise the so to which the monjosho belonged, was to be the examiner, wrongdoing might be conducted during the examination.

• しかし、棚田まで、あるいは棚田間に舗装された道路を通すことで、「小型」農業機械の導入は可能である。
• However, it is possible to introduce 'small' agricultural machines by building roads to or between rice terraces.

• 相対式2面2線のプラットホームを持つ行違い可能な地上駅で、開業時からの木造駅舎が現在も残っている。
• It is an aboveground station having two platforms with two tracks at which trains can pass each other or allow the other to overtake, and the wooden station building that stood in the days of the station's inauguration remains.

• なお、Suicaショッピングサービスについては2008年3月18日より相互利用が可能になっている。
• The shopping services with Suica have been available since March 18, 2008.

• 乗車券機能とSuicaショッピングサービスについては、ICOCAエリアでも問題なく使用可能である。
• Its ticket function and Suica Shopping Service can be used without problems in the ICOCA area.

• この事件が謀略であったとして、幕府内の有力な東国御家人の支持なくしては実行不可能であったはずである。
• Even if this incident was their conspiracy, it would be impossible to be carried out without the support of the leading gokenin (vassals).

• また官田の耕作権は、民田の所有権と同様に売買が可能であり、地主層による官田の耕作権の集約も行われた。
• The right to cultivate kanden, like that of private estates, was tradable, and landlords collected the rights.

• 彼の経歴を考えると、平家に弱年より仕えていることから父である季遠も平家の御家人であった可能性が高い。
• Taking into consideration the fact that he had been serving the Taira family since he was young, his father Sueto was probably gokenin of the Taira family, too.

• 義輝個人の嗜好と言うよりも、三好氏との対抗上、もしくは三好氏の意向を受けての裁可である可能性が高い。
• It could be the Miyoshi clan's policy rather than Yoshiteru's own decision because the Miyoshi clan was more powerful than Yoshiteru.

• 冊子は巻子に比べて閲覧の便が高いが、巻子であれば後から手紙などの他の文書を貼り次ぐことが可能になる。
• The booklet shape was easier to read than kansu, but letters or other documents could easily be added later to kansu.

• そして、この段階で防ぐことができれば少ない労力で食い止めることが可能だと考えられ、重要視されている。
• Therefore, it is considered important to prevent desertification at this stage, because desertification can be prevented more efficiently at this stage.

• 車両の通行が可能な峠であり、センターラインこそないが2.0車線はゆうにある広い道路を有する峠である。
• Vehicles can run through the pass which has the wide road with more than two lanes wide, with no centerline.

• 鎖国をして海外勢力を排除する努力をしなかった場合、東南アジア同様に西欧の植民地となった可能性もある。
• If Japan had not strived to eliminate overseas powers by closing the country, it might have become a colony of West European countries similar to Southeast Asia.

• 陽明学にあって聖人となれる可能性があるのは、読書人のみならず普通の庶民にも十分あるとされるのである。
• In Yomeigaku, not only great readers but also ordinary citizens are considered to have a good chance of becoming sages.

• ただし、これは当該の国司の個人裁量によるものであったから、国司が交代すると無効になる可能性があった。
• Since kokushi gave such treatment entirely at his discretion, that exemption could be cancelled by a newly assigned kokushi.

• 相互利用により下記のSuica・TOICA・PiTaPa利用可能エリアでもICOCAの使用ができる。
• Based on the reciprocal usage agreement, ICOCA can be used in the following interoperable areas with Suica, TOICA and PiTaPa.

• 1897年(明治30年)4月、学区制が撤廃され、学区に縛られることなく高等学校の受験が可能となった。
• In April of 1897, the school district system was abolished, and it became possible to take entrance examinations for higher schools unrestricted by the school districts.

• それも不可能な場合には内大臣が任じられることになっていた（極稀に大納言が任命される例も存在はする）。
• Otherwise, Naidaijin (minister) was appointed as ichinokami; and very occasionally the Dainagon (Major Counselor) was appointed as ichinokami.

• ただし、近年の境内の発掘調査により、神護景雲以前よりこの地で祭祀が行われていた可能性も出てきている。
• However, recent excavations have suggested that rituals may have been held in this region before the Jingo-keiun period (767-770).

• 特急以上の速度で15分間隔で走る新快速から逃げ切るには線区最高速度90キロの旧形では不可能であった。
• Conventional type cars with a maximum speed of ninety km/h were unable to get clear of Special Rapid trains that were running faster than Limited Express trains at intervals of fifteen minutes.

• 埴輪からは、古墳時代当時の衣服・髪型・武具・農具・建築様式などの復元が可能であり、貴重な史料でもある。
• Haniwa were important as historical materials because the clothing, hairstyles, arms, farming tools, and architectures during the Tumulus period can be recreated from them.

• 外国人大使らは一年間にこのような両替を5～6サイクル程繰り返し、利益を上げることが可能であったという。
• It is said that foreign ambassadors could make profits by repeating such cycles of exchange five to six times a year.

• 『蜻蛉日記』、『和泉式部日記』、『紫式部日記』、『更級日記』などの作品にも影響を及ぼした可能性は高い。
• There is a strong possibility that it had great influences on 'Kagero Diary (The Gossamer Years),' 'Izumi Shikibu Diary,' 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' 'Sarashina Nikki (Diary),' etc.

• 現存数は慶長通寳よりもさらに少なく、広く流通したとは考えられず試鋳貨幣にとどまった可能性も考えられる。
• As the number of the coins in existence are much smaller than that of Keicho Tsuho, it seems unlikely that these coins were widely distributed, and it is possible that they were minted just as trial coins.

• 先進国は少ないコストで削減が可能となり、途上国は技術や資金の供与といった対価が望めるなどの効果がある。
• Developed countries can reduce the amount at a low cost and developing countries can get the provision of technology and money as a counter value.

• つまり源氏長者と奨学院別当及び淳和院別当の同一性は必ずしも保持されていなかった可能性もあることになる。
• In other words, there is a possibility that Genji choja was not identical with the betto of both Shogakuin and Junnain.

• 細かな点で異なる諸説があるが、多数の皇子の中で王位を継承する可能性が高い者が持つ称号とみなされている。
• Although the opinions are different from one another in details, it is generally considered that Oe was the title for the Imperial Prince who were most probably inherit the throne among a lot of the Imperial Princes.

• が全員疲労が激しく翌26日午前3時頃に火事になる可能性を恐れ炭火を消し、その後は暖を取ることは無かった。
• However, they put out the charcoal fire around 3 a.m. on the 26th, the next day, afraid of a fire because they were all extremely exhausted, and they never had warmth after that.

• 法定された金銀比価と市場価格のバランスが崩れると、市場価格が有利な方の貨幣が退蔵される可能性が高かった。
• When the proper balance was lost between the market price and the legally fixed exchange ratio between gold and silver, the currency that had more advantageous market price was likely to be kept as dead storage.

• 問題の長期化によって昭実が1年以上務めれば結果論的に昭実の論が正しかったとされる可能性があり面目を失う事
• 2) If the prolonged dispute let Akizane serve as Kanpaku for more than a year, Akizane's points might be considered valid as a result and Sakihisa would lose face,

• また、砂漠緑化や農業指導などは、日本など発生国以外の国も協力可能であり、実際に各地で活動が行われている。
• The nations where no kosa is produced, such as Japan, can also aid the activities to plant trees in deserts and to guide farming methods, and such activities have actually been done in various places.

• アジア・アフリカはいまだ（当時）古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
• Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.

• 下野国の武士足利俊綱・足利忠綱父子はこれに反対し、「騎馬武者の馬筏で堤防を作れば渡河は可能」と主張した。
• Warriors from Shimotsuke province, Toshitsuna and Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA--father and son respectively--argued against this, insisting that 'If we use the horses of our mounted warriors to create a sort of raft, we will be able to cross the river.'

• また、皇極・斉明天皇の宝皇女もその可能性が高いと平林章仁氏（大和高田市片塩中学校教諭）等は指摘している。
• Akihito HIRABAYSHI (a teacher of Katashio Junior High School in Yamatotakada City) and others point out that it is highly likely that the Empress Kogyoku or the Saimei was called Takara no Himemiko for the same reason.

• このように急ピッチでの遷都が可能であったのは、寺院も含めて建物の多くが藤原京からの移築だったことによる。
• The reason why transfer of the capital could be made so rapidly was that many buildings including temples were relocated from Fujiwarakyo.

• ある考証によると、12の位階の冠の色は次のようなものであった可能性が高いと推定されるが、断定はできない。
• From the study of historical evidence, it is presumed, though it can not be affirmed, that the colors for the twelve ranks were as stated below.

• 藤原為隆は重隆・朝隆・親隆の実兄であり、坊城家にかつてその由来が伝わっていた可能性もあるが、不詳である。
• Since FUJIWARA no Tametaka was a real brother of Shigetaka, Tomotaka and Chikataka, there was a possibility that the history of the book had been handed down in the Bojo family, but the truth remains unclear.

• 京都～米原間の全線で130km/h運転可能であり、特に京都～草津間は内側線も130km/h対応している。
• In the whole lines between Kyoto and Maibara the trains run at 130 km/hour and the trains operating on the inner lines between Kyoto and Kusatsu also run at 130 km/hour.

• 2007年9月1日からは、アーバンネットワーク以外では初めて中国地方の都市部135駅で利用可能となった。
• From September 1, 2007, for the first time, the card became usable at 135 stations located in the urban area of the Chugoku district, except for stations within the Urban Network Area.

• また、源実朝が征夷大将軍兼帯で右大臣に就任したことにより、征夷大将軍が大臣に就任することが可能となった。
• Since MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in the post of seii taishogun also assumed the post of udaijin (minister of the right), it became possible for the person in the post of seii taishogun to assume a daijin (minister) post.

• 崇神王朝、仁徳王朝、継体王朝の3王朝が存在した可能性は上記で記したとおりだが、それらについて詳しく述べる。
• The three dynasties of Sujin, Nintoku, and Keitai were possibly existed as previously mentioned, and details are described follows.

• しかしながら、従来の氏族制度を一度に変える事は不可能な為、日本流にかなり変更されている部分が見受けられる。
• However, because it was impossible to change the traditional shizoku (clan) system at once, there are seen portions which were significantly modified in a Japanese way.

• 鎌倉時代以降に付け加えられた、源氏賛美の部分があるとすれば、その可能性が最も高いのは「雁行の乱れ」である。
• If any parts which praised the Minamoto clan were added after the Kamakura period, it is highly possible that it was the description on 'the disturbed ganko' (lining up shoulder to shoulder like flying geese).

• いずれにせよ、今後の研究進展によって、既存の小説や映画とは異なった人物像が浮かび上がって来る可能性がある。
• Anyway, it is possible his different profiles from that of the novel and the movie will be revealed by further study.

• すなわち、国政の安定に伴い政治運営がルーティーン化していき、天皇の大権を臣下へ委譲することが可能となった。
• That is, the more stable the administration became, the more routine managing the government became, and that made it possible to devolve the emperor's power to exercise sovereignty to his subjects.

• 2人は有栖川宮・三条・大久保・江藤らと協議の上、同年7月7日に京都へ戻り、奠都が可能であることを報告した。
• Two of these men went to Kyoto on July 7 after discussions with Arisugawa no miya, Sanjo, Okubo, Eto and others, and reported that it was possible to transfer the capital.

• しかしこの奉安所の場合、校舎火災や地震などによる校舎倒壊の際などに御真影が危険に晒される可能性が高かった。
• However, in the Hoan-sho, there was a high possibility that the goshin-ei portrait would be exposed to danger, if the schoolhouse collapsed due to fires or earthquakes.

• 律令の枠内でも様々な名目で大土地所有が可能となっており、貴族層を中心に荘園が存在していたという事実もある。
• Even within the framework of the Ritsuryo system, it was possible under various pretexts to privately own large tracts of land, so that there existed private estates, owned mainly by families of noble rank.

• このことから、千葉常胤が、源義朝の傘下に入ることによって千葉常胤は領地の保全を図ったとの見方も可能である。
• Thus, it is also possible to infer that Tsunetane CHIBA was affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in an attempt to maintain his territory.

• 一戦場において単独で作戦を遂行する事が可能という意味において後述の特徴も併せて戦略単位といえる部隊である。
• This squad was a tactical battle unit in terms of its ability to execute plans independently on a battleground, as well as in terms of other characteristics mentioned later.

• 山科区唯一のJR駅であるため自転車利用者も多く、京都市の自転車駐車場(地下)だけで2000台近く駐車可能。
• Because Yamashina Station is the only JR facility in Yamashina Ward, many passengers reach the station by bicycle; accordingly, underground bicycle parking areas located in Kyoto City have a capacity to accommodate nearly 2,000 bicycles.

• こちらの方がバスの系統が多く、本数も多い（上述系統全てが発着するほか、37、59、205系統も利用可能）。
• More systems and services are available at this bus stop (including all the above-mentioned systems as well as systems 37, 59 and 205).

• だが、東国の将門が滅亡したことにより、兵力の西国への集中が可能となったため、朝廷は純友討伐に積極的になった。
• However, the fall of Masakado in Togoku made it possible for the Imperial Court to concentrate its military power in Saigoku where it became active in containing Sumitomo.

• 先行する近江令・飛鳥浄御原令に何らかの規定があった可能性はあるが、両者とも現存しないため、詳細は不明である。
• There is a possibility that there were provisions under Omi-Ryo (Omi administrative code) or Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) that preceded the Taiho code but since neither exists in print, details are unknown.

• 知らせを聞いた明治天皇はこの遭難に大いに心を痛め、政府として可能な限りの援助を行うよう指示したと伝えられる。
• Having received the news, the Emperor Meiji was deeply troubled and directed the government to help as much as possible, as they say.

• 埋没条里遺構を確認するには発掘の必要があるが、そうでない条里遺構は、専門家以外にも見つけることは可能である。
• To confirm buried jori remains, excavation is required, but it is possible for people other than specialists to find other jori remains.

• （なお、藤原隆能が本絵巻物を製作したグループのどれかの中にいた可能性はある。ないしは高いと考えられている。)
• (It has been considered that it is likely or highly possible that Fujiwara no Takayoshi was among one of the groups that created this picture scroll.)

• 計量分析においてもの安本美典による論文で紫式部が作者である可能性が低いとされたのをはじめ研究がなされている。
• There is a lot of research on this, including Biten YASUMOTO's paper on quantitative analysis which concludes that Murasaki Shikibu is not likely to have written Uji jujo.

• この経緯については、13世紀初頭に成立した無名草子や同世紀後半に成立した風葉和歌集の記述から推測可能である。
• It is possible to assume the process of writing by the descriptions of both Mumyozoshi (critique of tales), which was completed at the beginning of the 13th century, and Fuyo Wakashu (collection of Japanese poems based on fictional stories), which was compiled at the end of the same century.

• さらに近年の放射性炭素年代測定により弥生時代の始まりが少なくとも紀元前10世紀まで遡る可能性が出てきている。
• Moreover, there is a possibility of the start of the Yayoi period going back to at least the 10th century B.C. by recent radiocarbon dating.

• 紙の年代が成立時期に重なることから、これが『今昔物語集』として最初に書かれた原本そのものである可能性もある。
• Given that the paper of the Suzuka manuscript was produced during the same period in which the collection appeared, there is a possibility that it is the actual first, original text of 'The Collection of Tales of Times Now Past.'

• 一方で、乾いたときにワイパーやタオルで強く拭くと小さな傷を付けやすいため、修復不可能な傷を付ける原因となる。
• On the other hand, if the kosa that has become dry is wiped with wipers or a towel, the wiped surfaces are likely to be damaged, sometimes causing irreparable damage to be generated.

• また、天皇近親者の喪である諒闇（りょうあん）に際しては文官も巻纓冠を着用するが、柏挟との混同の可能性もある。
• It is said that civil officers also wore keneikan during ryoan (Court mourning of close relatives of an emperor), but there is a possibility that it is confounded with kashiwabasami.

• ただし、後述するように現在架橋を始めとする整備計画があり、鞆の町並みは近い将来大きく姿を変える可能性もある。
• Note that, as explained later, Tomonoura is today confronted with an issue of the bridge formation and other development plans which may largely change the appearance of the townscape of Tomo in the near future.

• これは、「開国」と「攘夷」という相反する対外思想が「討幕」という一つの行動目的へと収斂される可能性を生んだ。
• This created the possibility for the conflicting principles of opening the country and expelling foreigners to converge toward the goal of attacking the shogunate.

• しかし、六壬神課についての知識がないと、読み下すことはできたとしても、内容を理解することはほぼ不可能に近い。
• However, the contents are difficult to understand for persons who don't have knowledge about Rikujinshinka even though they can read it.

• その結果、戦国大名は軍事行動を行うための軍制整備の一環として、単独での戦闘が可能な備の編成を行う様になった。
• As a result, the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku Period) began to organize sonae with independent battling capability, as part of a military system improvement in preparation for military actions.

• 後者の場合、余りにも指揮する兵員数が多くなると全般指揮においてでも一人の将が完全に統率する事は不可能である。
• In the case of the latter, if there were too many troop members to be commanded then it would become impossible for one single commander to fully take even the overall command.

• ICOCAの相互利用対象であるSuica、TOICA、PiTaPa（スルッとKANSAI協議会）も利用可能。
• Suica, TOICA, PiTaPa (SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION) cards, which are mutually matched with ICOCA, can also be used here.
• Suica, TOICA and PiTaPa (by SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION), which are mutually usable with ICOCA, can also be used.
• The Suica, TOICA and PiTaPa cards, all compatible with ICOCA, are also available (PiTaPa Card is issued by the Surutto Kansai Association).

• 跡地は奈良ホテルとなり、一部の庭園はナショナルトラスト日本における展開により復元されて見学可能となっている。
• Nara Hotel was founded at its remained site and a part of its garden was restored by the National Trust Japan project, allowing modern-day visitors to view it.

• なお、当初は京都市の敬老乗車証の対象外であったが、住民からの要望を受け2006年10月から利用可能となった。
• Initially, the route was not included in the area where older people could use the Freedom Pass in Kyoto City; however, in October 2006, due to public demand, approval was given to use the pass.

• つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
• In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.

• 同時に、為朝は兄を射殺そうとすれば可能であったのに、不孝となることを思ってためらうという、優しさも見せている。
• Moreover, Tametomo could have shot his older brother but didn't; instead, he was merciful to him and hesitated about killing his brother because he thought it would be disrespectful toward him.

• ただし頼長と基之はそれ以前から備後、土佐の守護も併任されており、別に何らかの理由が存在した可能性が推測される。
• However some other possibilities are suspected as Yorinaga and Motoyuki appointed concurrently to the Shugo of Bingo and Tosa before taking the post.

• ただし峠の地蔵が祭られているところまでは行くことは可能であり、旧峠を目的として訪れる人の姿は見ることができる。
• However, it is passable to the place where Toge no Jizo (a stone statue keeping its eye upon the travelers on the pass) is enshrined, people who head for the old pass can be seen.

• 写真などでは木造の橋と思われがちだが、実際は本体は鉄筋コンクリート製（欄干のみ木製）で、車の通行も可能である。
• The bridge looks like a wooden bridge in photographs, but, its main body has a structure of reinforced concrete (only parapets are made of wood), and it is a practicable bridge also for cars.

• 卑弥呼の死んだ時期は弥生時代から古墳時代への移行期に当たり、邪馬台国畿内説では卑弥呼の墓は古墳の可能性がある。
• The time of Himiko's death corresponds to a transition period between the Yayoi and Tumulus periods, and according to the Yamatai Kingdom Kinai theory, there is a possibility that Himiko's tomb was a tumulus.

• 平成20年(2008年)、平安時代の回廊状大型区画施設遺構が発見され、石川郡庁があった可能性が出てきたという。
• In 2008, the remains of a large Heian period corridor-like structure were discovered and the possibility emerged that it could have once been the Ishikawa District office building.

• ICOCAの改札での利用率も半数を超えていることから、将来的にはICOCA専用改札機が設置される可能性がある。
• Now that the usage rate of ICOCA at the ticket gate has exceeded 50%, in the future there is a possibility of installing the automatic ticket checkers exclusive to ICOCA.

• また、別の方法を使うことで大阪駅10番窓口など一部のみどりの窓口では一体型カードへのチャージを可能としている。
• Some JR Ticket Offices, like Osaka Station window No. 10, offer a service of recharging integrated-type cards in a different but specific way.

• コピーそのものは明治半ばには可能であったが、基礎技術について自信を深めるには明治の末まで待たねばならなかった。
• They made it possible to produce copied goods during the middle of the Meiji period, but it was not until the end of the Meiji when they gained confidence in basic technology.

• 光緒帝を同行させたのは北京に残しておくことで列強を後ろ盾にした皇帝親政が復活する可能性を彼女が恐れたためである。
• She made Emperor Guangxu accompany her fearing that if she left him behind in Beijing direct imperial rule may be revived with the support of the allied western powers.

• 現役とは平時軍務に従事する常備兵役を指し、現役武官の人事は、内閣 (日本)の関与が不可能な天皇の統帥権に関わる。
• Geneki (active officer) refers to an individual in regular military service engaged in normal military affairs, and their administration is under the supreme command of the Emperor that the Cabinet cannot affect.

• もし、これが正しければ『続日本紀』編纂時には面積制限が現行法であり、その規定をそのまま採録した可能性が高くなる。
• If his researches were correct, restrictions on space of land may have been the current law when 'Shoku Nihongi' was compiled, and it increases the possibility that the stipulation was selected and put on record in exactly the same form.

• これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
• This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.

• ある巻では校合に採用されており、別の巻でも採用することが可能と考えられる写本であっても巻ごとに採用を選んでいる。
• He selected the manuscripts by checking each volume, even though certain volumes of the manuscript had already been chosen for collation and other volumes of the same manuscript had possibility to be chosen.

• 仮に安田の想定通りであれば、京における郎党（同盟軍）の子弟という、京武者コネクションでの動員の可能性が高くなる。
• If Yasuda's assumption is true, it is highly probable that he was mobilized because of the connection between samurai in the imperial capital, that is, the fact that he was a child of roto (allied troops) in Kyoto.

• 歌仙を巻いて、その後で付け合いの雰囲気や意図について解説対談を行うという形式によって、連句の可能性が追求された。
• Each time they completed another kasen, they would discuss and debate the poem's mood and purpose, thereby exploring the latent potential of renku as an art form.

• そのことから、刪定令格も同時に施行が停止された可能性はあるものの、その停廃時期については明らかにはなっていない。
• For that reason, it is possible that the enforcement of Santei Ryokaku Code was also suspended at the same time, even though when it was suspended or abolished is not clear.

• またこれ以外に、中国東北部（旧満州）、モンゴル北部、ロシアの一部なども発生源となっている可能性が指摘されている。
• It is also pointed out that, in addition to those described above, the sources of kosa occurrence may also exist in the northeastern part of China (former Manchuria), the northern part of Mongolia and some parts of Russia.

• その結果、江戸時代の朝廷は五摂家の当主の合意のみでの運営が可能となり、天皇と言えどもそれに抗う事は困難となった。
• As a result, it became possible to administer the Imperial Court of the Edo period by the agreements of the Gosekke alone, so that it became difficult even for the Emperor to oppose the Imperial Court.

• 本丸は三方を堀で囲まれ、南側は空堀を隔てて二の丸に面しており、さすがの織田信長軍も本丸への侵入は不可能であった。
• Honmaru was surrounded with moats on three sides and the southern side faced to ninomaru across karabori (dry moat) and even troops of Nobunaga ODA could not make their way into honmaru.

• 体部のほとんどが後補とみられるが胸前に紐の結び目を表す服制は古様であり、当初像の表現を踏襲している可能性がある。
• Although almost every part of the body seems to have been repaired at some point, the knot tying the string on the chest is done in an old style, and so is likely to replicate the original.

• CI-CAは利用できないが、専用回数券が奈良交通に移管された2007年11月1日より販売され、利用可能となった。
• The CI-CA card is not available, but the coupon tickets of Nara Kotsu Bus have been available since November 1, 2007 when the operation was transferred to Nara Kotsu Bus.

• 上述のように道行が赦免されたのだとすると、この事件はそもそも天智天皇の自作自演だった可能性がある、という説もある。
• According to a theory, if it was true that Dogyo was discharged as previously described, there was a possibility that Emperor Tenmu performed his own work in this case.

• 孝徳天皇4年、石川麻呂は冤罪で自殺に追い込まれているが、これも大化の政権の政権基盤が脆弱だった可能性を示している。
• In 648, Ishikawamaro was driven to suicide because of a false charge, this also indicating a possibility that the political footing of the Taika regime was weak.

• しかし、それを証する外部の有力な証拠がないことなどをもって序文の正当性に疑義を指摘し、偽書の可能性を指摘している。
• However, some people doubted the correctness in its preface and pointed out the possibility that the Kojiki was gisho in that no other supporting evidence was publicly available.

• 『浅野家文書』には毛利軍5万人と記されており、秀吉は初期情報のこの数字を元に信長の援軍を請求した可能性が存在する。
• In 'ASANO clan record' MORI troops was recorded as 50,000 so that it is possible to think that Hideyoshi requested relief columns based on this number of the initial stage of information.

• 等々の理由で古代からの伝来である可能性は極めて低く、古代史研究における歴史学的な価値は非常に低いと考えられている。
• Due to the above reasons, the possibility that they were handed down from ancient times is quite small and it has very low historical value in regard to the study of ancient history.

• 民部省札は太政官札の補完と民間の需要のために用いられて、民部省札1両分で太政官札1両と交換することが可能であった。
• Minbusho-satsu was used as a complement of Dajokan-satsu and for public demand, and 1 ryo of Minbusho-satsu could be exchanged for 1 ryo of Dajokan-satsu.

• 多くは天明の大飢饉や江戸幕府の重商主義政策による農業の破綻により、農村で生活を営むことが不可能になった百姓だった。
• Yet, many of them were farmers who became impossible to live in the farm village because of the Tenmei Famine or agricultural failure caused by the Mercantilism policy of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 金閣は明治時代に大修理が施されており、その際に詳細な図面が作成されていたことからきわめて忠実な再現が可能となった。
• It was possible to reproduce Kinkaku-ji Temple precisely because a detailed drawing had been created when Kinkaku-ji Temple was repaired greatly in the Meiji period.

• 禅譲を持ちかけられた義尋は、まだ若い義政に後継男子誕生の可能性があることを考慮して将軍職就任の要請を固辞し続けた。
• Hearing about the offer of the position, Yoshihiro, considering the young enough age of Yoshimasa to have an inheriting son, firmly declined the proposal for voluntary transfer of the Shogunate.

• また、安田政彦はこの説を支持しつつも、源氏・在原氏と同様に中国古典からの出典も存在した可能性について指摘している。
• Masahiko YASUDA also supports this theory but makes the point that the name could also have come from the Chinese classics, as the names of Minamoto and Ariwara clans did.

• なお十円硬貨にかぎらず硬貨を故意に腐食させることは、貨幣損傷等取締法により罰せられる可能性があるので注意されたい。
• In addition, one should note that the act of eroding coins including 10-yen coins is punishable by law due to the Act for the Regulation of Damaging, etc. of Subsidiary Coins.

• まず、妻女山の尾根の傾斜がきつく、馬が通るだけの余裕がないため、実際に挟み撃ちが可能かについて疑問が出されている。
• First, the slope of the ridge of Saijo-san Mountain is too steep for the passage of horses, and therefore, it is questionable whether the pincer operation was possible actually.

• 原則的には場所の制約を受けず（質取行為では禁じられているアジール的空間や権力者の保護下でも）に請求が可能であった。
• In principle, the levy of a kojichi was not restricted by location and it was possible to claim it even in places with right of asylum or when the debtor was under the protection of authorities (these were regarded as extraterritorial areas in the case of Shichitori, which was the attachment of property of a third party living in the same area of a debtor in default).

• そのため、命令を伝える間に蔵人の誤りその他により天皇の出した命令と上卿が実際に受けた命令が食い違う可能性もあった。
• That was why an error made by the kurodo or something happened in the process of conveying the edict might have resulted in a discrepancy between the order issued by the emperor and the order practically received by the shokei.

• 元木泰雄は、こうした中で義仲が目覚しい活躍をみせたことは、頼朝政権が崩壊する可能性さえもたらしかねなかったとする。
• Yoshinaka's enormously energetic activities in this situation could have created the potential for the collapse of the Yoritomo government, according to Yasuo MOTOKI.

• その名の通り千両の貨幣を収納することを目的とした箱で、小判あるいは一分金の包塊（25両）が40個分収納可能であった。
• As the name indicates, it was a box to store 1000 ryo, and a sen-ryo-bako was just enough to hold 40 koban or 40 wrapped lumps of ichi-bu-kin (a kind of gold coin) (equivalent to 25 ryo).

• 実物もいくつか伝わっているが、実際には履物程度の大きさの木片では浮力が足りず、人間1人を浮かせることは不可能である。
• Some original Mizugumo are handed down, but it is impossible for a person to float with them, as the float from the footwear is too small and thus the buoyancy is insufficient.

• 水城の建設等は、理科学的測定によれば『日本書紀』の記述等より90年以上も古くなり、大宰府本体も古くなる可能性がある。
• Based upon scientific measurements, the construction date of mizu-shiro (castles on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) was ninety years earlier than the construction date in mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), which was even earlier than the main body of Dazai-fu.

• だが、刊行された書を完全に回収することは出来ず、大正時代に刊行された『江戸叢書』によって全容を知ることが可能である。
• However, the books already published could not be recalled completely, and it is possible to know all of the contents through 'Edo-sosho' (Books on the Edo period) published in the Taisho period.

• 福知山市を通る路線の多くが単線で、福知山線については複線化を望む声もあるが利用者が少ないため現実的には不可能である。
• Many train lines in Fukuchiyama City are single-track, and although some people have requested that the Fukuchiyama Line be converted to double tracks, it is practically impossible due to the small number of users.

• またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
• And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).

• 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
• The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.

• なお、今日では手箱と称されているものの、当時は装飾経を収める経箱として造られたものである可能性が高いとみられている。
• Today, it is referred to as tebako (cosmetic box), it was probably intended as a kyobako to contain a decorative sutra at that time.

• また、JスルーはJR駅のみ、スルッとKANSAI対応各種カードとトラフィカ京カードは京都市営地下鉄の駅のみ利用可能。
• J-Through cards can be used only at JR stations, while cards supporting SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION and Traffica Kyoto cards are usable only at the subway stations.

• いずれのホームも有効長は7両分しかないが、線路の有効長は8両分あるので8両編成の回送列車が当駅に停車することは可能。
• The effective length of each platform is sufficient to accommodate a seven-car train, but with the effective lengths of the tracks being those for eight-car trains, deadhead trains of eight cars can stop at this station.

• 例えば、記紀の編纂自体に同時代の天武天皇・持統天皇朝の影響や朝廷・藤原氏などの恣意が加わった可能性が指摘されている。
• For example, it has been pointed out that there is a possibility that the editing of Kiki itself was influenced by the Court of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito, and that arbitrary opinions of the Imperial Court and the Fujiwara clan may have been included.

• 律令制度が完成したのは、大宝律令からであり、その大宝律令と重ね合わせて解りやすく『日本書紀』には記述した可能性が高い。
• The Ritsuryo system was completed after the Taiho Ritsuryo and it is highly possible that Taika Reforms were described in an easy-to-understand manner in 'Nihonshoki' in a way to overlap with Taiho Ritsuryo.

• 小田原城は、上杉謙信や武田信玄も落とせなかった堅城だが、季節的な理由で撤兵する可能性のない包囲軍の前では無力であった。
• Odawara Castle was a firm castle, which Kenshin UESUGI and Shingen TAKEDA could not capture, but it was powerless in front of surrounding troops which had no possible reason to withdraw in that season.

• 日本の律令下では上皇は天皇と同等の権限を持つとされていたため、こうしたやや変則的な政体ですら制度の枠内で可能であった。
• Under the system of centralized administration established with the ritsuryo legal codes, the Joko was considered as having authority equivalent to that of the Emperor, so even such an irregular form of government was possible within the framework of the system.

• 両エリア内でのチャージはSuica、PiTaPaそれぞれのカード対応の自動券売機、自動精算機、簡易入金機で可能である。
• In these areas the card can be recharged by the automatic ticket vending machines, automatic fare adjustment machines, simple rechargers for Suica, (TOICA) or PiTaPa.

• あらかじめ指定された金額（1,000円・2,000円・3,000円・5,000円・10,000円）でのチャージが可能。
• The card is recharged with predetermined amounts (1,000 yen, 2,000 yen, 3,000 yen, 5,000 yen, 10,000 yen) per operation.

• また、大化の改新前後の記述は文法ミスが多いことから（他の個所では文法ミスは一切存在しない）改竄の可能性が指摘されている。
• In addition, since there are many grammar mistakes in the descriptions about the age before and after the Taika Reform (there are entirely no grammar mistakes in other ages), it has been pointed out that there is a chance that the Chronicles of Japan was altered.

• 奴婢には、官奴婢と私奴婢が存在し、住まい及び結婚、職業の選択の自由に制限を受けており、法的に市場での売買が可能であった。
• Nobi who was divided into Kannuhi and Shinuhi, received restrictions on freedoms to choose where to live, to marry and to choose an occupation, and was tradable at a market legally.

• だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
• It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.

• そのため、現在ではその方法は実際には用いられなかったのではないかと考えられている（分解できた可能性はあるが現存しない）。
• Therefore, it is now believed that the method was not used actually (such scabbards might be disassembable but do not exist currently).

• それすらも自前で名乗る地盤を持たなかったとすれば、秀吉の出自は百姓身分ですらない、さらに下層の出身者である可能性がある。
• If Hideyoshi did not have a basis to use a surname, it is possible to think that he was not from farmer class but from lower class than farmer.

• 薩摩藩は、薩英戦争の経験から攘夷は不可能であると判断し、開国に論を変え、藩力の充実と先進技術の取得に努めることになった。
• The Satsuma clan concluded, from the Anglo-Satsuma War, that the expulsion of foreigners was impossible; thus it changed its opinion to one in favor of opening the country, and endeavored to strengthen the clan and acquire advanced technology.

• しかしその後も民間で後南朝の伝説や伝承は残り、貴種流離譚の一つとしてサンカに利用された可能性を滝川政次郎は指摘している。
• Yet even after this point, legends and folklore about the Gonanch forces remained in existence among the common people, and Seijiro TAKIKAWA pointed out that one of the tales of wandering aristocrats among the Sanka (mountain folk of Japan) may have made use of the Gonancho stories.

• これでも戦死者を過少報告している可能性もあるが、日本側の死者3万余との記録とも大きく食い違うため実体は今なお不明である。
• It is likely that a smaller number of casualties were reported, but in reality this remains uncertain due to the great difference in numbers for which the Japanese army proclaimed over thirty thousand casualties.

• だが世界恐慌の影響で京阪本体の経営が危うくなったことから、このような計画は実現不可能となり、1935年に免許が失効した。
• However, the Keihan Electric Railway entered a period of financial difficulty due to the Great Depression; thus it became impossible to carry out the plan, and the license expired in 1935.

• またJR東日本の新潟近郊区間の一部でのSuicaサービス導入により、新潟近郊区間の一部でもICOCAが利用可能になった。
• With the introduction of Suica service in some parts of the Niigata suburban section of JR East, ICOCA also became usable in some parts of the Niigata suburban section.

• まとめると、火之迦具土神とは、「輝く火の神」一部の可能性として「ものが燃えているにおいのする火の神」といった意味がある。
• In short, Hinokagutsuchi no Kami means 'a god of fire that is shining' or it can be regarded as 'a god of fire that carries the smell of something burning.'

• なお、埼玉県の稲荷山古墳から発掘された金錯銘鉄剣に見える乎獲居臣の上祖・意冨比垝（おほびこ）と同一人である可能性が高い。
• There is a high possibility that Obiko no Mikoto is identical to Ohobiko, an ancestor of Owake no omi and whose name is inscribed on the kinsakumei tekken (an iron sword with gold-inlaid inscriptions) that was excavated from the Inariyama-kofun Tumulus in Saitama Prefecture.

• そのため、秀吉は将軍職には興味がなく、単なる武家政権ではなく、公家を包括する新政権を志向していたと言う推測も可能である。
• For that reason, it is possible to speculate that Hideyoshi was not interested in the Shogun post, and wanted not a simple samurai government, but a new government that would subsumed the nobles.

• このため、先行した将門の動きが尚範の親族であった純友に何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性までは否定できないという考えもある。
• Some people believe that the incident caused by Masakado, as previously described, may have had some psychological effect on Sumitomo, as the relative of Hisanori.

• この「譜」と呼ばれるものが何であったのかについては明確な記録は残っていないが、下記など、さまざまな可能性が推測されている。
• Although there are no definite records of what this so-called 'Fu' was, the following possibilities have all been put forward.

• それらの多くは政所や問注所に關係ある諸家の筆録、その他の記録であろうし、それらに政治的曲筆が入り込む可能性は少ないだろう。
• He says that most of them were written records of the various families related to Mandokoro and Monchujo, so it is unlikely to be politically misrepresented.

• しかし実際には、足利将軍家には鎌倉公方、古河公方、堀越公方などの別家が多くあり、吉良氏が足利本家を継げる可能性は低かった。
• However, the possibility remained low for the Kira clan to be a successor of the head family of the Ashikaga clan, since there were many bekke (branch family) families in the Ashikaga Shogun family; the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region), the Kogakubo (descendants of one of the Ashikaga families that held the office of the Kanto district administrator), and the Horigoe Kubo.

• 襲津彦以降の氏人としては、葛城葦田宿禰・玉田宿禰・円大臣・蟻臣の名が知られ、その系譜は断片的に復元可能である（系図参照）。
• After the death of Sotsuhiko, records of the notable people from this clan, such as Katsuraki no ashita no sukune, Tamada no sukune, Tsubura no Okimi and Ariomi, enable us to partially recover their genealogy (See the genealogical chart).

• また確たる史料はないものの亘理郡の有力者で五位に叙せられ、陸奥の在庁官人として権守候補であった可能性は高いと見られている。
• It is also thought that Tsunekiyo was an influential person in Watari County who was titled Goi (Fifth Rank) and that it is very likely that he was a candidate for Gon no kami (a provisional governor) of Mutsu Province among zaichokanjin (locally hired government officials during the Heian period), although there are no historical materials that can validate it for sure.

• しかし、伝来した火縄銃は、マッチロック式で容易に点火出来る銃であり、従来の物とは比べ物にならないほどの速射が可能であった。
• However, the matchlock guns brought to Japan at that time could be ignited easily, and allowed firing quickly at a speed incomparable with previous guns in Japan.

• 憲法学の学説の一つに、憲法の基本原則（国体）を変更する憲法改正は、法的に不可能であるとするものがある（憲法改正有限界説）。
• One theory of studies of the constitution insisted that constitutional amendments which aim to modify the basic principles (national polity) of the constitution was legally impossible (the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment).

• もし、宗茂が1万を超える大軍を率いて本戦に参加できていたなら、東西両軍の勝敗は変わっていた可能さえ指摘されているのである。
• There is the possibility that if Muneshige had joined the Battle of Sekigahara with a force of more than 10,000, the outcome of the battle may have been different.

• 鉄板では海水によって腐食するため長期の運用は不可能であり、そのため銅板に換えたと考えられ、鉄甲船からの順当な発展型と言える。
• Iron plates would become eroded so easily by sea water that they were unfit for a long-term use, therefore, they were substituted by copper plates, which can be said to have made a reasonable development from a tekkosen.

• 彼らは律令政府に従っていたものの、外側の夷俘と呼ばれる従来通りのまま未だに排除された状況にある蝦夷と通じる可能性も存在した。
• Though they followed Ritsuryo-seifu Government, it is possible that they had contacts with other Emishi, called Ifu, who were still excluded as barbarians.

• このように現役武官制と言っても現役武官の誰でも陸相に出来るというわけではなく、「軍の総意」にかなわない人事は不可能であった。
• Thus, not every active officer was eligible to be a Minister of War even though it was called the active military officer system; it was impossible for candidates who did not meet 'the military consensus.'

• しかし、弥生時代の墳丘墓や古墳時代には墳丘周辺で副葬品のみられない埋葬施設があり、殉葬が行われていた可能性が考えられている。
• However, burial facilities without funerary goods were found in areas around funkyubo (mounded burials) of the Yayoi period and funkyu (burial mounds) of the Kofun period.it; therefore it is thought that Junso was possibly conducted.

• 政治と宗教の関係が密接であった当時の事情から『日本書紀』の記述が、厭勝銭に関する規定として置かれた可能性も否定できないこと。
• Considering the close relationship between politics and religion at the time, it is still possible that the description of 'Nihonshoki' was written as regulation of incantation coin.

• しかしその結果、義経は後白河の側近に編成された事になり、幕府への奉仕が不可能になったため、それが頼朝の怒りを招いたのである。
• However, as a result, he was incorporated into the Goshirakawa's close retainers, and it became impossible to render services for the Kamakura bakufu, and that resulted in raising Yoritomo's anger.

• 特に政府が頼りにしていた薩摩藩・土佐藩が自前の贋貨を大量に自己の領民に流通させている可能性があることもその危惧を高めていた。
• Particularly since the Satsuma and Tosa Domains which the government depended on, might have been circulating large amounts of counterfeit money to their people, it further raised its uneasiness.

• 2つに分裂した王家がさらに分裂する可能性が生じ、伏見は持明院統の分裂を防止するため富仁を後伏見の猶子とする措置をとっている。
• The possibility of further division threatened and Fushimi took measures to make Tomihito as Gofushimi's adopted heir.

• しかし、国司が交代すると認可を取り消される可能性も高く、境界などを巡って他の開発領主などと紛争が起こることもたびたびあった。
• However, it was highly possible that authorization to them were revoked upon the change of kokushi (provincial governors), and also, disputes with other kaihatsu-ryoshu often erupted over such elements as the border.

• なお、旧制度下においては、旧皇室典範第52条が特権の剥奪等も含めた皇族に関する懲戒を定めており、廃太子も法的に可能であった。
• In the old system, the former Imperial House Law article 52 defined the disciplinary punishment for the Imperial Family members including the deposition of privileges, and it was legally viable to disinherit a crown prince.

• ビューカードでチャージが可能なカード発売機でも、ICOCAの場合は現金によるチャージのみで、ビューカードには対応していない。
• With the automatic card vending machines that accept a View Card to recharge other IC cards, ICOCA should be recharged in cash because the View Card isn't usable for ICOCA.

• それから、伐採した材木を筏流しで由良川を和知まで流し、和知から列車で発送することで輸送コストの削減と大量搬出が可能になった。
• Then, by using trains to transport it from Wachi after rafting cut wood down the Yura-gawa River to Wachi made it possible to cut the cost of transportation and bulk-transportation.

• 発掘された古瓦の様式年代からもこの寺院が舒明天皇11年（639年）に建立された百済大寺に該当する可能性は高いと見られている。
• Judging from the style of the excavated old roof-tiles, there is a high posibility that this temple is Kudaradai-ji Temple which was build in 639.

• 文政再建の仮堂の中金堂は老朽化のため移築再利用も不可能と判断され、一部の再利用できる木材を残して2000年に解体されている。
• Due to the effects of time it was determined that it would be impossible to reuse or reconstruct the Bunsei Chukon-do in a different location, so it was completely demolished in 2000 except for some timbers which were saved for future use.

• 皇室にとって大事な神であったが、例えば、奉祀する有力氏族の存在など、皇室の単独神聖性について、危険な神であった可能性もある。
• Toyouke Daijin was an important deity for the Imperial family, but there was also a possibility that it was a dangerous deity who may endanger the uniquely sacred position of the Imperial family, for example due to the emergence of powerful clans who worshipped Toyouke Daijin.

• （もう一つの可能性としては、白村江の戦いでの敗北（663年）後に天智天皇が軍事制度・各種制度の改革を進めた時期が挙げられる。)
• (Another possibility is that establishment of ekiden-sei was made during the time when the military system and other various systems were reformed by Emperor Tenchi after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663).

• これらの遺構は南北方向のものが顕著で、東西方向のものは少ないことから、整然とした条坊域が整備されていたのではない可能性もある。
• In these remains, vertical streets are noticeable with few horizontal ones, so there is a possibility that the jobo area was not improved in a methodical way.

• このことにより茶室内の光を自在に操り必要な場所を必要なだけ照らし、逆に暗くしたい場所は暗いままにするということが可能になった。
• This made it possible to handle the lighting in the teahouse freely, so they could make some parts bright or dark as they like.

• 長い時間で見た場合、古代家産制を継承した家司制度が平安時代の変質を通じて中世主従制へと転換していったと考えることが可能である。
• In the long term, it is likely viewed that the Keishi system inheriting the ancient family property system came to be converted into the medieval master-servant system through the transformation in the Heian period.

• 後醍醐には正式な前天皇としての上皇の称号と待遇が与えられ、これで後醍醐には将来治天として政務を執る可能性が生じることになった。
• Godaigo was officially given the title and privileges of the retired emperor as the previous Emperor and Godaigo had the possibility of ruling as Chiten in the future.

• また、古事記の崇神天皇の条には、崇神が大彦の叔父と読める部分があることから、夫・崇神天皇と従兄妹関係だった可能性があるが不明。
• Also, since there are sections in the articles on Emperor Sujin in Kojiki which Emperor Sujin may be interpreted as an uncle of Obiko, she may have been cousins with her husband, Emperor Sujin, but it is not clear.

• 京都議定書は国家間での排出量取引のみを定めているが、より効果的な温室効果ガスの削減が可能な国内での排出量取引も行われつつある。
• Although the Kyoto Protocol defines the emissions trading to be carried out only among countries, the tradings are being done domestically in individual countries where the emissions reduction can be realized more effectively.

• また、2007年4月1日からPiTaPaが導入され、同時に西日本旅客鉄道（JR西日本）が発行するICOCAも利用可能になった。
• Further, PiTaPa was introduced on April 1, 2007 along with ICOCA, issued by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

• J-WESTカードとセットになっており、同カード決済によりチャージ機などでキャッシュレスで素早くクイックチャージが可能になる。
• This card is sold in a set with J-WEST Card, and it allows quick recharging from chargers, etc., without paying in cash but paying by card.

• 兄弟となるアジスキタカヒコネについては、各地の神社の伝承から事代主、一言主、大物主、大山咋神などがその異名同神の可能性が高い。
• It is highly possible that her brother Ajisukitakahikone is the same deity as Kotoshironushi, Hitokotonushi, Omononushi, and Oyamakui no kami, based on the legends of shrines across the country.

• 塔は方5間（初層平面の1辺に柱が6本立ち、柱間が5間あるという意味）の大規模なもので、伝承のとおり九重塔であった可能性が高い。
• The pagoda is a large quadrilateral structure called Ho-Goken (there are six columns on each of the four sides, with a space of five ken [about nine meters] between each column on the base layer) and it is highly possible that this was a nine-story pagoda as the tradition describes.

• また、実際役職に就くのは不可能である外様大名でも、「願い譜代」（外様から譜代にしてもらうこと）をしてなるものもいたようである。
• Although no Tozama daimyo (a daimyo who did not belong to the Tokugawa group before the Battle of Sekigahara) could become Roju, it seems that some Tozama daimyo became 'Negai daimyo' (who was allowed to become a Fudai daimyo from a Tozama daimyo) and then became Roju.

• この記録を信じるならば、この時点で頼家は存命していたわけであるし、幕府の使者があらかじめ用意された偽りの報告をした可能性が高い。
• If this description is true, it is highly possible that the envoy from the bakufu made a false report prepared in advance because Yoriie was alive at this point.

• しかし、本来の形は「古河城事」までの全14章で「大田道灌事」以下は『太田道灌記』をもとに後から挿入された可能性が指摘されている。
• However, it is pointed out that the original book consisted of 14 volumes in total ending with 'Koga Castle incidents,' and the chapters after 'Dokan OTA incidents' were probably inserted later based on 'The Record of Dokan OTA.'

• 絵の筆者は数人の手に分かれており、信実筆の可能性が高い後鳥羽天皇像（水無瀬神宮蔵、国宝）よりは様式的に時代が下るものと思われる。
• It seemed that several people were involved in drawing portraits, and their painting style was that of a later period than the style employed in the portrait of the Emperor Gotoba (Minase-jingu Shrine collection, National Treasure) that is highly likely to be the work of Nobuzane.

• 和解の和与は、訴訟で判決が出される前の段階（いずれの段階でも可能）に中人と呼ばれる第三者によって和与条件の摺り合わせが行われる。
• The third party called chunin coordinates conditions for wayo in the sense of settlement during the pre-sentencing stages of a lawsuit (coordination can be made in any stage).

• その一方でうかつに実施した場合、後任の太子の人選によっては宮廷内外に大混乱、最悪の場合内乱や国家の分裂を引き起こす可能性がある。
• On the other hand, if a prince is disinherited carelessly, the selection of his successor could raise havoc in the imperial court and its environment, or even cause a civil war or disruption of the country in the worst-case scenario.

• 弾薬や主要部品に関しては新旧の村田銃の間での互換性が成り立っていたため、弾薬などの大量生産が行われて効率的な補給が可能となった。
• Ammunition and major components were compatible with both new and old Murata guns, making mass production of ammunition and more efficient supplies possible.

• 以上から、信長の方面軍制度は、急激な勢力拡大を可能にしたが、同時に自分の首を絞めることとなったため、失敗したとも言えるのである。
• Therefore, it is safe to say that Nobunaga's regional army system was a failure, because it enabled him to extend his power but dug his own grave as well.

• 但し、後世において、功績のあった塩谷氏の一族の者に当主の地位を追贈した可能性もあるので、完全に架空の存在であるとも言い切れない。
• However, in subsequent years there was the possibility of giving the rank of family head to the members of the SHIONOYA clan family who rendered distinguished service, and therefore it's impossible to say they were completely fictitious characters.

• 長距離の遠征になればなるほど、小荷駄隊の重要性が増加する一方、その襲撃を受ける可能性とその損失による軍隊への打撃は大きくなった。
• The further the distance travelled in a campaign, the more important a Konidatai troop became, while also increasing the possibility of being attacked and the damage done to the army due to its loss.

• また発給者となる可能性が高かった左中弁・左少弁の署判の場合、単に「中弁・少弁」と書かれた（左大弁・右弁官にはこうした例は無い）。
• A signature placed by uchuben or sashoben, a person being most likely to issue an edict, was just 'chuben' or 'shoben' (there have been no previous cases in which sadaiben or ubenkan placed such a simple signature).

• JR西日本ではまず2005年2月1日から大阪駅に導入し、それが好評だったため、利用可能な店舗が京阪神のハートイン全店に拡大した。
• JR West first introduced it in Osaka Station from February 1, 2005, and as it proved to be popular, the number of shops accepting the card was extended to the entire Heart-in convenience-store chain in the Keihanshin area.

• 同時にこどもICOCAサービスも開始し、小学生以下の子供もICOCAの使用が可能になったが、この時は相互利用には対応していない。
• The service called ICOCA for Children simultaneously started, and children of primary school age and under became able to use ICOCA as well; however, at the time this type wasn't interoperable with Suica.

• 神祇官及び宣教使の権能や官員数から独自で宣教を行う事は不可能であり、具体的な施策は太政官を通さなければ何も出来ない状態であった。
• Jingikan and Senkyoshi were not authorized to perform teachings on their own based on its power or the number of officials, and therefore in fact no specific policy could be enforced without the permission of Daijokan (Grand Council of State).

• しかし、1985年（昭和60年）3月14日の国鉄ダイヤ改正で宮津線の貨物輸送が廃止され、同線でのニッケル鉱輸送が不可能となった。
• However, on March 14, 1985, the freight transportation on the Miyazu Line was ended with the change of the timetable of JNR, so nickel transportation via the railway was ended.

• 百姓等領民にとって転封は、領主の交替により、それまでに獲得してきた諸権利を否定される可能性もある為、反対一揆を起こすこともあった。
• For the people including peasants, Tenpo meant what the rights they had acquired before would be denied due to the changes of their feudal lords, so the people sometimes staged opposition uprisings.

• ただし、前述のように地方召上には懲罰的な意味合いを持つケースもあったために、移行の際のトラブルが御家騒動に発展する可能性もあった。
• However, as mentioned before, jikata-meshiage was a measure that sometimes had a punitive meaning, and therefore, the transferring to the other form of provision might provoke a family dispute.

• 8世紀半ばごろまで難波の百済郡には、「天皇」が藩屏として冊立する「百済王」の「小百済国」的実体が存続していた可能性さえ考えられる。
• It can be thought that there was a 'small Baekje country' of 'King Baekje' who was installed as hanpei (protector of the emperor) by the 'emperor' at the Kudara County of Nanba until the middle of the eighth century.

• この崇徳院説話については、類話が『発心集』『古事談』『撰集抄』にもみえており、口頭伝承なども含めて、影響を与えあった可能性が高い。
• A similar story of Sutoku-in also appears in 'Hosshin-shu (A Collection to Promote Religious Awakening),' 'Koji-dan (An Episode of Old Accounts),' and 'Senshu sho (A Collection of Tales),' and there is a strong possibility that there was a mutual influence among these works, including the oral transmission of tales.

• 平均してみれば、領地（領主の直轄地）は耕地可能な土地のおよそ3分の1を占有し、農奴の保有地はそれよりも広いというケースが多かった。
• On average, the land (the land directly controlled by the lords) occupied more than one-third of the cultivatable lands and the lands owned by serfs were wider than these.

• 島尻層泥岩は新第三紀、およそ2,500万年前から200万年前ごろの地層であり、このころにも黄砂が飛来していた可能性を示唆している。
• The Shimajiri Mudstone layer was formed in the Neogene period, or from approx. 25 million years ago to approx. 2 million years ago, suggesting that the kosa might have arrived in this area in that period as well.

• 同書には続けて、禅鳳から相伝したとして永正13年（1516年）常門孫四郎吉次の署名があり、この人物が実際の編者である可能性が高い。
• This book also includes the signature of Magojiro Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO who succeeded Zenpo in 1516, and it is highly likely that he served as editor.

• 駅内配線は、黄檗駅とは違い奈良線みやこ路快速の登場後に1番線による一線スルーに変更され、通過列車は減速をせずに通過が可能になった。
• Following the introduction of Miyakoji Rapid Service on the Nara Line, track No. 1 within the station yard has been converted to a thoroughfare (unlike Obaku Station), on which nonstop trains can overtake without slowing down.

• 混雑した駅構内では物販の支払いにICOCA電子マネーを活用することで、釣り銭のやりとりが省けてスピーディーな買い物が可能となった。
• In a crowded station, by using ICOCA Electric Money to the payment of the items, you can enjoy quick shopping and save the trouble of giving and taking change.

• JR4番のりばとKTR線のりばの間には柵がされているが、KTR線改札口を経由した連絡通路を介して、相互の平面乗り換えが可能である。
• There is a barrier between JR Platform 4 and the KTR platform, although passengers can change trains using an accessway through the KTR ticket gate.

• 本宅を囲う堀は本宅の防御とともに門田畠への灌漑機能も合わせて有していたことから、荘園内において高い生産力を持つことが可能となった。
• The moat constructed around the residence, which not only provided protection but also served as irrigation, enabled the local lord to enjoy high productivity in the manor.

• このため、軍部大臣現役武官制の採用によって組閣に軍部の合意が事実上必要となり、軍部によるその意向にそわない組閣の阻止が可能となった。
• Therefore, by employing Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, it was, in fact, necessary for the formation of a Cabinet to obtain the consent of the military and through the employment of this regulation the military was able to prevent the formation of any Cabinet.

• 単に「将棋」（日記中では「象戯」あるいは「将棊」と記されている）という記述もあるが、これは中将棋を示している可能性も指摘されている。
• Some people pointed out that the word 'shogi' (it was written with the Chinese characters '象戯' or '将棊'), to which either 'Small' or 'Medium' was not added, could have referred to the Medium shogi.

• これらの歌謡のなかには、もと民謡や俗謡であったものが、物語に合わせる形で適宜はめこまれたというものが相当数含まれている可能性が高い。
• It is highly likely that a great number of songs and ballads that were originally Minyo (a traditional folk song) or zokuyo (popular song, ballad, folk song, ditty) are appropriately contained in 'Kojiki' in accordance with the tales.

• 中でも否定の助動詞「～なふ」や命令の終止法に付く終助詞「～ろ」は、現代東日本方言の「～ない」「～ろ」に連なる可能性が指摘されている。
• Taking a couple of examples, the negative auxiliary verbs '-nafu' and the sentence-ending particle '-ro' that follows the imperative base form can be associated with '-nai' and '-ro' in the modern dialects of eastern Japan.

• また12面の大黒像を打った12面大黒丁銀は上納用あるいは祝儀用とされるが、この場合、極印打数からの享保と正徳との区別は不可能である。
• Daikoku-chogin where 12 hallmarks of daikoku were inscribed was used for payment to the authorities or celebration, but in this case, it is impossible to classify kyoho and shotoku by the number of hallmarks inscribed.

• これらの歎願の多くは結果的には却下されることが多かったが、大総督有栖川宮や参謀西郷隆盛などに何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性もある。
• The end result, although many of the petitions were rejected, was the possibility of directing some psychological impact upon the Dai Sotoku, Prince Arisugawanomiya, and the staff officer, Takamori SAIGO.

• 更に、実際の訴訟手続において法手続きに通じた公事宿・公事師と呼ばれる仲介人なくしては、内済・相対の合意や裁判の遂行は不可能であった。
• Moreover, in actual legal proceedings, agreement of settlement out of court or without arbitrator, or pursuance of trial was impossible without arbitrator called kujiyado or kujishi that was well informed about legal proceedings.

• 現在ハッジの希望者数は受け入れ可能人数を超えており、ハッジに参加するにはマッカを管理するサウジアラビア政府の発給する特別査証が必要。
• The number of people who wish to go on Haji has exceeded the number possible and currently a special visa from the Saudi Arabian government who manages the Mecca is required to participate in Haji.

• 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
• The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).

• しかし片側1車線が整備された区間と1.0車線の離合不可能な狭路の区間が断続的に繰り返し、急勾配や急カーブが連続する峠道となっている。
• Although, it is a slap with series of steep hills and sharp curves that well maintained sections with double lane and narrow sections at 1.0-lane wide, where a vehicle cannot pass an oncoming car, continue intermittently.

• 地質調査の結果、平安遷都より古い時代の高野川は、（現在のように）出町柳で鴨川と合流していたわけではないという可能性が指摘されている。
• A geological investigation result points out that, before the Japanese capital was moved to Heian-kyo, the Takano-gawa River might not have been merged into the Kamo-gawa River at Demachiyanagi (as at present).

• そのため、複数年にわたる記述である可能性が高いが、卑弥呼の死が247年か248年か（あるいはさらに後か）については説が分かれている。
• There is a strong possibility that they were recorded over several years, but opinions are divided on the year of Himiko's death, be it in 247, 248, or even later.

• 薩軍は勇戦し、4月9日、再び隈府に攻め入った官軍を撃退したが、弾丸・武器の不足によりこれ以上の戦闘を不可能と考え、赤星坂へ撤退した。
• On April 9, the Satsuma army bravely fought and drove off the government army that invaded Waifu again, but according to the judgment that it could not keep on fighting due to lack of bullets and arms, it retreated to Akahoshizaka.

• 目的は秀吉の朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)のための兵力把握や人夫の動員可能数の把握と言われているが、結果として兵農分離の一因ともなった。
• The goal was said to have determine the mobilization capacity of military force and workers to deal with Korean invasions (Bunroku and Keicho battles) by Hideyoshi and it also contributed to the separation of warriors and farmers.

• しかし、弘文院を大学別曹ではなく一種の図書館であったとする説もあり、和気広世個人が和気氏の氏上としての立場から支給した可能性もある。
• However, some people asserts that Kobun-in was a kind of library, not Daigaku-besso, and there is a possibility that WAKE no Hiroyo personally granted as the chief of the Wake clan.

• 十一面観音像（像高53.8cm）は、千手観音像より古い10世紀ないし11世紀の作と推定され、こちらが当初の本尊であった可能性もある。
• It is estimated that Juichimen Kannon-zo (statue height: 53.8 cm) was created earlier than Senju Kannon zo during the 10th or 11th century, and there is a possibility that this was the original honzon.

• さらに、鏡の鈕孔を長方形に作る癖を持つ、ある中国工人群が三角縁神獣鏡を製作しており、その手法が魏の官営工房に繋がる可能性が強いという。
• Besides, a group of Chinese craftsmen that made bodkins of the mirrors in a square shape made the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror and their skills could lead to government-operated crafts in the Wei dynasty.

• 朝鮮は、対西欧外交では宗主国清朝を前面に立てることで直接列強と対峙しないですむようなスタンスを可能な限り取り続ける外交戦略を選択した。
• Korea chose a diplomatic strategy to avoid direct contact with the powerful countries by being behind the Qing dynasty, the suzerain of Korea.

• この時、日本が朝鮮に出兵する可能性を清朝より知らされた朝鮮側では、李裕元や朴珪寿を中心に日本からの国書を受理すべしという声が高まった。
• At that time Korea was informed by the Qing dynasty of the possibility that Japan would dispatch troops, so Yuan YU, Gyu-su PARK and others insisted that Korea should receive the sovereign's message of Japan.

• すでに12月に入っており寒気は厳しく積雪のある峻険な峠を越える事は不可能とも思われたが、一行は困難を乗り越え越前に入ることに成功した。
• It was already in December and really cold, and it was feared that they may not be able to go over the hill which was steep and had a lot of snow; however, they made it to Echizen.

• 光秀は、叔母が斎藤道三の夫人で、信長の正室である斎藤道三娘（濃姫）とは従兄妹関係にあった可能性があり、その縁を頼ったのだともいわれる。
• Yoshiaki did so because Mitsuhide's aunt might be Dosan SAITO's wife and Mitsuhide himself might be a cousin of Nobunaga's lawful wife, a daughter of Dosan SAITO or Princess Noh, on which relationship Yoshiaki depended.

• 右隻の右2扇分と左4扇分との間、左隻の右3扇分と左3扇分との間に紙継ぎのずれが見えるため、もともと下絵として描かれていた可能性もある。
• The misaligned seams of the paper between the two right panels and the four left panels on the right screen and between the three right panels and the three left panels on the left screen suggest that the paper was meant for drafts.

• しかしこの頃から、徳川吉宗による殖産興業の一環として進められた政策により高麗人参の国内栽培が可能となり、人参代往古銀の鋳造は衰退した。
• However, from around that time domestic cultivation of Korean ginseng became enabled as a part of policy in which new industry is encouraged by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, and consequently, minting of Ninjindai Okogin declined.

• すなわち「魏志」がすべて宋時代の刊行本を元としているのに対し、それ以前の写本の中には、南を東と正しく記載したものがあった可能性もある。
• That is, while 'Wei chih' was based on written records from the Sung era, it is possible that some manuscripts before then described the south and east correctly.

• 嵯峨にはすでに高津との間に生まれた皇子業良親王がいたが、業良は先天的に心身に重篤な障碍を負っており、皇位継承は不可能とみなされていた。
• Saga already had a son with Takatsu called Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, but Nariyoshi had a severe physical and mental congenital disability and was considered to have no possibility of attaining the throne.

• このような開発田地の所有者を開発領主というが、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
• Owners of these developed rice fields were called kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) but their land ownership lacked legal basis and was so unstable that there was high possibility of the shuko by the kokuga.

• 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
• In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.

• 数十万石の大大名はその数個の備を一手としたものを更に複数、保有する事が可能となる（つまり一手部隊は10万石級大名と同様の戦力になる）。
• For high-class daimyo belonging to several tens of thousand koku class, it was possible to possess several multiple units of such sonae grouped into one te (a single unit) (that is, a single te unit of troops had military power equivalent to that of a daimyo belonging to 100,000 koku class).

• これを採用すれば、現存の『儀式』が実は『延喜儀式』であった可能性も浮上するが、同宣旨を『延喜式』編纂に関する宣旨とする説が通説である。
• According to the above view, there is a possibility that existing 'Gishiki' was in fact 'Engi Gishiki,' but the above-mentioned decree is commonly regarded as the decree for compiling 'Engishiki.'

• 理由は書紀に明記されないが、敵味方不明の地を行く際に、少年だった大津皇子の存在を隠し、従う者の誰かが山部王らの名を騙った可能性がある。
• No reason is mentioned in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identify because he was a minor, and a follower falsely called himself as Yamabe no Okimi since they could not identify friend or foe.
• No reason mentioned in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identity, and someone pretended to be Yamabe no Okimi, since entering the areas they could not identify friend or foe.

• e-kenet PiTaPa・三井住友カード・ANA PiTaPaカードなど分離型であれば、クレジット部分からのチャージは可能である。
• If the card is a separate type, such as e-kenet PiTaPa, Mitsui Sumitomo Card or Ana PiTaPa Card, it is possible to recharge from a credit card.

• この運転形態のため、大阪方面から湖西線へは京都でホーム対面、湖西線から大阪方面へは山科でホーム対面での乗り換えが可能で、利便性は高い。
• Due to this form of operation, passengers can change trains on the same platform: from Osaka it's convenient to change at Kyoto Station for the train to the Kosei Line, and from the Kosei Line it's convenient to change at Yamashina Station for the train to Osaka.

• しかし、大嘗祭の悠紀殿（千木は伊勢神宮外宮の様に外削ぎ）、主基殿（千木は伊勢神宮内宮の様に内削ぎ）の起源とも関係している可能性がある。
• However, it may be related to the origin of the Yuki-den building (the chigi (ornamental crossbeams on the gable of a Shinto shrine) in the sotosogi (the ends of the chigi are terminated with a vertical cut) form just like in the Gegu (outer shrine) of Ise-jingu Shrine), and the Suki-den building (the chigi is in the uchisogi (the ends of the chigi are terminated with a horizontal cut) form, just as in the Naigu (inner shrine) of Ise-jingu Shrine) of Daijo-sai festival.

• また、礫川全次はこの本は歴史書の体裁をとった明治の元勲山県有朋や伊藤博文への批判書だとしており、両者の圧力があった可能性を指摘している。
• Zenji ISOKAWA also asserts that the book also received backlash because although it took the style of a historical document, it was also a criticism of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO, outstanding statesmen who made great contributions during the Meiji era.

• 本書は、豊受太神が、葛城と縁の深いことを示唆し、別名とする天御中主尊の『中』に、何か深い意味が隠されていることを示している可能性もある。
• The book points out that Toyouke no Okami has a deep relationship with Katsuragi and the word '中' (naka) in the god's another name, Amenominakanushi no Mikoto (天御中主尊), may have some deep meaning in it.

• 朝鮮には憲法も選挙法も適用されていなかったが、朝鮮人も日本国籍を付与されていたため、内地における衆議院選挙に参加することは可能であった。
• Though neither the constitution or the election law was applied in Korea, the Koreans were given Japanese nationality and it was possible for them to join the Lower House election in the mainland.

• 律令の規定上、上皇は天皇と同等の権力行使が可能であり、天皇の実父であるという強みも得て、政治権力は摂政・関白から上皇へシフトしていった。
• As a retired emperor he was able to use power equal to an emperor under the provisions of the ritsuryo system, and had the advantage of being the real father of an emperor, so political power shifted from the regents and chancellors to the retired emperors.

• 相対式2面2線のプラットホームを持つ行違い可能な地上駅で、駅本屋側ホームが1番ホーム、跨線橋を渡って反対側のホームが、2番ホームである。
• It is an above-ground station with two platforms opposite each other and double tracks and at which trains can pass each other or pass others; Platform 1 is the one nearer the station structure, and Platform 2 is the opposite one crossing a passenger overpass.

• ただし、桂駅の京都本線との分岐部は、戦後の構内改造によって単線分の路盤に削られているため、再び完全に複線化することは不可能になっている。
• However, during the yard reform carried out after the war, the Katsura Station's turnover point with the Kyoto Main Line was largely scrapped, leaving only the roadbed for one track; therefore, it isn't possible to fully restore the line with a double track.

• ホツマツタヱよりも後世に作られた可能性がある記紀では、この辺りの情報がごっそり抜け落ちてしまったため、混同が生じているとする見方もある。
• Some say that in Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, which were possibly created after Hotsumatsutae, this topic was dropped entirely, causing confusion.

• なお、海龍王寺境内からは飛鳥時代から奈良時代前期の古瓦が出土しており、平城京遷都以前に何らかの前身建物が存在した可能性が指摘されている。
• In addition, old roof tiles used in the Asuka period through the first half of the Nara period were excavated from the Kaioryu-ji Temple precincts, which indicated that some preceding buildings might exist before the capital relocation to Heijo-kyo.

• さらに朝鮮政府の中央では大院君の支持者が交渉中止を求めたために議論が紛糾し、東莱政府も確実な回答を日本側に伝えることが不可能となっていた。
• In addition, because at the center of the Korean government, the supporters of Daewongun demanded halting the negotiation, the discussions became complicated, and it also became impossible for the Torai government to give a firm reply to the Japanese government.

• 同文書の発見により、従来、道三一代のものと見られていた「国盗り物語」は、新左衛門尉と道三の二代にわたるものである可能性が非常に高くなった。
• It has been viewed traditionally that Dosan took over the [Mino] province in one generation; however, because of the discovery of this document, it became very likely that this take over occurred over two generations, with Shinzaemonnojo and Dosan.

• しかし倭を九州とすると、「東の毛人」＝中国・四国・畿内、「西の衆夷」＝九州、「渡りて海北」＝朝鮮半島南部となり、比定地の特定が可能である。
• If Wa was Kyushu, the location described in 'Sungshu'can be identified in that 'east' refers to Chugoku, Shikoku, Kinai region, 'west' refers to Kyushu, 'a country in overseas' refers to the southern area of Korean Peninsula.

• ただし、これは一種の緊急避難の措置であり、危篤状態にあった当主が奇跡的に回復した場合などには、当主がその縁組を取り消すことも可能であった。
• However, as Matsugo yoshi was an emergency measure, if the family head managed to recover miraculously, he was able to cancel the adoption.

• なおかつ母親の出自（いわゆる「后腹」でなければ叙位される可能性は低かった）や天皇との親疎、藤原氏などの権力者との親疎も加味されて叙された。
• In addition, the status of the mother (the possibility to be conferred was low, unless being so-called 'kisakibara' [a child by an empress]) and the degree of intimacy with the emperor and influentials such as the Fujiwara clan were considered.

• この製錬所は鉱山から遠くないばかりか、製錬に必須の無煙炭を朝鮮半島の清津から、石灰岩を九州から船で輸送することが可能な便利な位置にあった。
• Not only was this smeltery not far from the mine, but it was conveniently located for transportation of vital requirements for smelting such as anthracite from Chongjin, Korean Peninsula and limestone from Kyushu by ship.

• 毛利方は清水宗治に対して救援の不可能なことと、秀吉に降伏するべきという旨を伝えたが、宗治は自分の命を城とともにしたいとしてこれを拒否する。
• Mori told Muneharu SHIMIZU that they were unable to rescue him and that he should surrender to Hideyoshi, but Muneharu refused to accept it, saying he would share his fate with the castle.

• また、元老でありながら参謀総長として戦争を指揮した山縣有朋の発言力が高まり、陸軍は「大陸帝国」論とロシアによる「復讐戦」の可能性を唱えた。
• The war increased the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA who took command in the war as the Chief of the General Staff, even though he was also a Genro (elder statesman), and the Army raised the possibility that Russia could develop into a 'Continental Empire' or pursue a 'War of Revenge.'

• またこの事により、あまり政治に関与しなかった将軍であっても、幕閣の完全な傀儡になる事はなく、政権の簒奪も未然に防止することが可能となった。
• Due to this fact, even if the shogun was not involved in politics, he would not become a complete puppet of the cabinet officials, and equally usurping of power could be prevented.

• これらの文章にある「略决では記載を省いた」という一文は、安倍家内では省かれたその記載の内容について伝授が行われていた可能性をしめしている。
• A paragraph saying 'I didn't mention in ryakketsu,' which is found in these sentences, indicates a possibility that oral tradition was inherited in the Abe family concerning what was omitted from explanation.

• 木津～同志社前間のホーム延伸工事完成後は行先ごとにホームが固定される可能性があるが、今のところ不明（2番のりばが一線スルーとなっている）。
• It is possible that the platform usage will be fixed in terms of direction after the completion of the platform extension work between Kizu and Doshishamae, but as of now the details aren't clear (however, Platform 2 will be used for passing through).

• 電気自動車を主力としていた嵐山バスは蓄電能力の関係から全線運行不可能の事態に追い込まれ、両者とも独立しての運行には幾多の障害が生じてきた。
• Arashiyama Bus, which mainly used electric cars, was also forced to cease the operation of all routes due to the limited battery capability, and both companies faced the challenge of doing business as independent entities.

• もっとも、奨学院自体は皇別氏族全体の施設でありその別当は源氏長者のそれとは異なり、平氏や在原氏などを含めた全体の長者であった可能性もある。
• Provided, however, that as Shogakuin itself was the facility for all of kobetsu-shizoku (families branched out from the Imperial family), there is a possibility that its betto was not Genji choja but the choja of all such families including the Taira clan and the Ariwara clan.

• 高速走行を行うため、在来線と同じ信号炎管や軌道短絡器による列車防護（他の列車を停止させること）では他の列車が停止しきれない可能性が高まる。
• In high-speed operations, it is highly possible that, for train protection (or to stop other trains for protection), use of fuses and short-circuiting-rails devices, both of which are used in regular railway lien operations, is inadequate.

• そのことから清和源氏でも満政流や満快流では血縁的に遠すぎ、当時の考え方では同族とは言えないことから、義忠流であった可能性が比較的に最も高い。
• There is a relatively strong possibility that he was of the Yoshitada lineage, because even though he belonged to the Seiwa-Genji, he was a too distant relative to both the Mitsumasa lineage and the Mitsuyoshi lineage, which according to the way people thought in those days, probably meant that they weren't of the same family.

• しかし、額田王の父・鏡王との血縁関係はなかったとしても、同じ「鏡」という名が付いている事から、同じく、鏡を作る氏族に養育された可能性はある。
• Even if Kagami no Okimi was not related by birth to Kagami no O, the father of Nukata no Okimi, the word 'Kagami' (a mirror) in their names indicates a possibility that they were raised by the same clan of mirror makers.

• 量目は4匁8分（17.8グラム）程度で慶長小判の規定である4匁7分6厘である可能性が高く、金品位も五十二匁二分位（84.3%）程度とされる。
• Its ryome is only 4 monme 8 bu (17.8gram) likely to be 4 monme 7 bu 6 rin which is defined ryome of Keicho Koban,and gold carat is only approximately 52 monme 2 bu (84.3%).

• これによって贋金100両を金札30両に引き換える事を表明するとともに事情によっては将来的に上乗せされる可能性がある事を仄めかす内容とされた。
• Hereby, along with expressing the exchange of 100 counterfeit ryo to kinsatsu 30 ryo, the content hinted at the possibility of adding more in the future according to the situation.

• 延喜式主税寮格式と正倉院文書の一部となっている天平12年（740年）作成の遠江国浜名郡の輸租帳の逸文からおおよその姿を知ることが可能である。
• It is possible to know the image from itsubun (a composition previously existed but doesn't exist now) of Yusocho of Hamana County, Totomi Province which was created in 740 and constituted part of Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Kyakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)) of Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) and Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Temple archives).

• 俗称として「文章道」という言葉もまた通用していた可能性はあるものの、「文章道」が公式な学科名として用いられたことは無かったと考えられている。
• The term 'monjodo' may have been used as a common name; however, it is believed that 'monjodo' was never used as an official name for the subject.

• 甲州金および江戸時代の通貨体系となった「両」および「分」は、これを基に定められた可能性が高く、薬種の量目も金銀の単位体系に準じたものである。
• ryo' and 'bu,' which were incorporated into Koshu-kin and the currency system of the Edo period, were highly likely to have been based on the previously-mentioned system, and the weight units' system of drugs was modeled after that of gold and silver.

• 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
• It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.

• 2・3番線は同一平面上にあるため、本線下り列車と宇治線列車の相互乗換は容易で、1・2番線は8両編成、3・4番線は5両編成まで停車可能である。
• With Platform 2 and 3 provided on the same plane, one can easily change from an outbound train on the main line to a train on Uji Line and vice versa; moreover, trains with up to eight cars can stop on Platform 1 and 2 and those with up to five cars can stop on Platform 3 and 4.

• また、1番線を使用しての折返しおよび後続列車退避が可能な信号配置になっており、かつては正月ダイヤ実施時に京都～桃山の区間運転列車も存在した。
• Platform 1 is used for shuttle operation and is where a special signal is installed for a train to take refuge from the following train, and there were times in the past when trains shuttled between Kyoto and Momoyama stations under a New Years' timetable then in effect.

• 日本の二大都市である東京 - 大阪間は、1958年から在来線の特急で日帰り可能になっていたものの滞在時間がわずか2時間余りしか取れなかった。
• Between Tokyo and Osaka, two big cities in Japan, making a day trip became possible from 1958 using the limited express on the regular railway line, but the time allowed to stay at the trip destination was limited to only two hours.

• 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
• The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible

• だが、竪穴自体が浅く、地上部分のある竪穴式住居についてもこのように呼ぶ研究者がいるので日本語の『竪穴式住居』と、ある程度置き換えが可能である。
• However, the name is used by some researchers also for the type of dwelling that is built on a shallow depression, with much of the house above ground and is therefore used to describe such dwellings to some extent.

• なお、全国的な徴兵制を敷くことを可能にした前提条件として、明治4年制定の戸籍法に基づいて翌明治5年壬申に壬申戸籍が編製されたことが挙げられる。
• As a precondition to realize the nationwide conscription, the creation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872 following the Family Registration Law enacted in 1871 should be mentioned.

• 伴善男、伴中庸、生江恒山、伴清縄らが捕らえられ厳しく尋問されるが（杖で打ち続けられる拷問を受けていた可能性もあり）、彼らは犯行を認めなかった。
• TOMO no Yoshio, TOMO no Nakatsune, IKUE no Tsuneyama, and TOMO no Kiyotada were arrested and interrogated (possibly tortured by continuous whipping), however, they denied having committed the crime.

• また、外戚関係を媒介に摂政関白として政務にあたる摂関政治と異なって、院政は直接的な父権に基づくものであったため、専制的な統治を可能としていた。
• Because insei was based on direct paternal rights, contrary to the Sekkan government, whereby the regents/kampakus conducted political affairs through their ties as cognates of the Emperor, insei facilitated a despotic form of government.

• また、建長年間（貞応と正嘉の間の時期）に押小路烏丸殿の施設が存在したかも不明であり、少なくても二条良実が押小路烏丸殿の主であった可能性は低い。
• Furthermore, there is a question as to whether the buildings of Oshikoji Karasumadono residence actually existed during the Kencho era (the period between the Joo era and Shoka era), and as such, the possibility that Yoshizane NIJO was the lord of Oshikoji Karasumadono is small.

• ここに秀長の本隊が救援にきたが、状況を見た軍監の尾藤知宣は救援は不可能、島津の軍に当たるべからずと秀長に進言し、秀長は救援の中止を受け入れた。
• Then the main force of Hidenaga arrived to relieve the allies, but seeing the situation, Tomonobu BITO, who was a gungen (assistant deputy general), figured that relief was difficult and advised Hidenaga not to become engaged with the Shimazu army, to which Hidenaga followed.

• 意見書によると、ロシアとの共同行為は、恩を感じた清国から艦隊や貯炭所の割譲または租借ができる唯一の可能性を与えるものである、と認識されている。
• According to a written statement, the concerted intervention with Russia was acknowledged among the high officials as the only way to get a cession or a lease of fleets and coal yards from Qing, as Qing would feel obligated to do so if the intervention was successful.

• その一方で農業生産性の低い土地では、連作が不可能なために人為的に耕作と休耕を繰り返す土地利用も現れたこうした土地を片荒（かたあらし）と呼んだ。
• On the other hand, property with low agricultural productivity could not sustain continuous cropping and property that was deliberately cultivated on alternate years was called Kataarashi.

• 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
• The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.

• しかし、土地課税原則のもとでは、田地の存在さえ把握していればそこを実質的に経営している富豪層から収取すべき租税を収取することが十分可能となる。
• Under the principle of tax on land, however, the government can collect tax from wealthy peasants who eventually manage the land in question only by confirming the existence of land.

• よって、花粉を多く発生させるところや人口密集地への影響の大きなところから林業面での対策を行うなど、効率的な取り組みができる可能性を秘めている。
• These have made it possible to implement forestry countermeasures and effective initiatives in locations that produce large quantities of pollen and in which there is a great effect on densely-populated areas.

• 今後もしばらくこの沿線の特に草津方では人口増が見込まれ、また県と地元市の公費補助による新駅設置や複線化の可能性もあり、さらなる展開もありうる。
• A population increase along the Kusatsu Line is expected for a while, especially in the Kusatsu area, so there is a possibility of installing a new station or double-tracking the line with the aid of public expense by the prefecture and local city.

• このため、制度上の臣下中最高位である左大臣・右大臣に中臣氏出身の鎌足を付ける事は古くから朝廷の政治に関って来た豪族の反感を買う可能性があった。
• Therefore, there was a possibility that appointing Kamatari of the Nakatomi clan to Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) or Udaijin (Minister of the Right), the highest posts of subjects based on the system, might provoke antipathy among powerful families which were traditionally engaged in politics at court.

• 単線／複線 … ∥：複線区間、◇：単線区間（列車交換可能）、｜：単線区間（列車交換不可）、▽：木津方面同士の列車交換不可、∧：ここより下は複線
• Single line/double line...//: double line section, <>: single line section (the interchange of trains is possible),|: single line section (the interchange of trains is impossible), (2): the interchange of trains for Kizu area is impossible, (3): the down below from here is double line.

• 一方、在来線の最高速度はごく一部に160km/h走行が可能な路線がある程度で、重要幹線でもおおむね120 - 130km/hにとどまっている。
• The maximum speed of regular train lines, on the other hand, is set at approximately 120 - 130 kilometers per hour for major lines, except for only a few lines on which some trains are operated at 160 kilometers per hour maximum.

• 1919年8月20日勅令により総督武官制を廃止し、制度上は文官でも総督就任可能としたが、実際には実現せず、斎藤以外の総督はすべて陸軍大将だった。
• By the imperial edict of August 20, 1919, military Sotoku system was abolished, which allowed a civil officer to assume the Sotoku post subject to the system, but this didn't realize in reality, and all the Sotoku other than Saito were Army Generals.

• 当初は練習機を備えて機上練習も可能だったが、昭和19年1月に初歩練習隊として第二美保海軍航空隊（だい2みほかいぐんこうくうたい）として独立した。
• In the beginning, it had trainer airplanes for onboard training, but in January 1944, it became an independent elementary training corps called 'the second Miho Naval Air Corps'.

• これに対して、受傷人骨の中でも、明らかに武器によってつけられたと考えられる傷のある人骨の存在は、戦闘の存在を示す証拠として扱うことが可能である。
• Among these human bones with trauma, there are human bones with a clear sign of weapon trauma and they are treated as the evidence of the existence of battles.

• これらの情報から、岡野はこの事件を平賀朝雅と平光盛ら池家一族が自己の勢力拡大のために平氏残党を唆して仕組んだ「自作自演」の可能性を指摘している。
• Based on these information, Okano points out the possibility that Tomomasa HIRAGA and the Ike family including TAIRA no Mitsumori attempted to get the remnants of the Taira clan to raise the rebellion for expanding their powers.

• その後、石田氏と婚姻を重ねて京極氏の被官となり、戦国時代 (日本)には石田三成を輩出（石田三成が、名門蘆名氏の流れを自称した可能性もある）した。
• Thereafter, his family members entered into matrimony with the members of the Ishida family to be hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Kyogoku clan, from which Mitsunari ISHIDA was descended in the Warring States period (Japan) (Mitsunari ISHIDA may have announced himself a descendant of the distinguished Ashina clan).

• 道路からほぼ平面の叡山電鉄駅舎内から叡電口コンコースへの通路と、叡電口コンコースからホームへはエレベータが設置されており車椅子等での移動が可能。
• Elevators are available from the Eizan Electric Railway station building, which is located almost on the ground level to the Eiden-guchi concourse, and from the Eiden-guchi concourse to the platform, allowing people to use a wheelchair and others.

• またこの年の春より施行された交通バリアフリー法基準にも適合されており、車椅子での乗降を可能とし、固定スペースを確保した仕様などを盛り込んでいる。
• They also conformed to the standard stipulated in the Barrier-Free Transportation Act, which came into force in the spring of that year, and they include various devices intended to facilitate wheelchair access and obtain the space to secure them.

• この結果、清朝は従来の華夷秩序に基づいてヨーロッパ諸国と外交することが不可能となり、新たに総理衙門を設けて対ヨーロッパ外交をおこなうこととなった。
• As a result, it became impossible for China to maintain the diplomatic relations with European countries based on the traditional order of kai (the Chinese vs. barbarians), and it established Sorigamon (the government body in charge of foreign affairs) in order to deal with the diplomacy with European countries.

• 銅の不純物は「銅気」（どうけ）、鉛分は「鑞気」（ろうけ）と呼ばれ精錬の過程で可能な限り除かれ、またイリジウムが多いと硬く加工しにくいものとなった。
• Impurity of copper is called 'douke', lead 'rouke', removing during the casting as best, and having much iridium made it difficult to cast.

• 1888年7月下旬、井上は農商務大臣としての入閣を要請してきた黒田清隆に対して手紙を送り、薩長藩閥による政治の支配を永続させることは不可能であり、
• INOUE sent a letter at the end of July in 1888, to Kiyotaka KURODA, who asked him to join the cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and proposed therein that it would be impossible to perpetuate the political rule by the Satsuma-Choshu domain clique.

• 峠から麓までアスファルトで舗装されており、道幅も1.8車線程度、狭窄しても1.5車線程度までにしかならないので、普通車同士の離合も十分可能である。
• The road is paved with asphalt from the foot to the peak with 1.8 lanes wide, or still with 1.5 lanes wide in the narrowest part, so standard-sized cars can pass each other easily.

• また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
• He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.

• 釈迦はこのような社会に登場し、すべての人々（牧畜業、漁業関係者などの生物の命を奪う職業の人々も含む）が輪廻転生可能であることを説き、信仰を集めた。
• Shakyamuni appeared in such a society and preached that every one (including those whose occupations required that they take the lives of living things, such as stockbreeders and fishermen) could perform Rinne Tensho, to whom believers gathered.

• さらに1987年の球場外野席改修工事で、破壊されたと考えられていた遺構の一部が良好な状態で発見され、残る遺構も同様に残存している可能性が浮上した。
• Furthermore, some of the ancient structural remnants were discovered in good condition when repair work for the outfield bleachers of the stadium was being conducted in 1987, which raised the expectation that other remnants were remaining.

• このオレンジ色の星が、ライチョウなど羽色が橙色系の胸をもつ鳥とともに、「朱雀」という瑞鳥のイメージの成立に、何らかの形で関与している可能性もある。
• This orange colored star, in addition to creating an image of the Ptarmigan or any other birds whose feathers are orange around the breast, may also have possibly influenced the establishment of the image of this auspicious bird 'Suzaku.'

• 台湾の海運業の改善と、日本の南方進出のための中継港湾基地として総督府は基隆港、高雄港の築港を行い、大型船の利用が可能な近代的港湾施設が整備された。
• The Sotoku-fu constructed Keeling and Kaohsiung Ports for improving Taiwanese maritime industry as well as for making them the transit bases for Japan's operation to the south, thus developing modern port facilities that were accessible by large vessels.

• それでも不足したために院宮分国制の導入や年爵で推挙できる位階の引き上げ（院政期には公卿である従三位まで推挙可能となる）なども行われるようになった。
• Still, due to the insufficient revenue, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was introduced and ikai (Court rank) was raised (up to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) for Court nobles during insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor)).

• 改札は1か所で、駅員配置駅となっており、自動改札機も設置されている（入場券は発売されておらず、入場のみ利用の場合は駅係員に申し出れば可能である）。
• It is a manned ticket gate with some automatic ticket checkers (no platform ticket is available, but it's possible to go to the platform to see someone off by informing the station attendant).

• 従って、この乱を「天慶の乱」と呼ぶ事には問題はないものの、単に「承平の乱」と呼んだ場合には事実関係との齟齬を生む可能性がある事に留意する必要がある。
• It should be noted that the wars may be referred to as the 'the Tengyo Wars', but they cannot simply be referred to as 'the Johei Wars' as this may be a contradiction of historical fact.

• 吉川元春夫人が絶世の醜女という説についても、吉川広家が存命中に成立した可能性がある『安西軍策』には元春夫人（熊谷氏）の器量が悪かったとの記述はない。
• Furthermore, regarding the claim that Motoharu KIKKAWA's wife was extremely ugly, no such description of Motoharu's wife (who was of the Kumagai clan) exists in the 'Anzai gunsaku,' which may have been produced while Hiroie KIKKAWA was still alive.

• 『雄略記』や『丹後国風土記』、『万葉集』「巻九」などに見られる8世紀の浦島物語の原話は伊預部馬養によって描かれた神仙伝奇小説であった可能性が大きい。
• There is a great possibility that the original story of Urashima Monogatari in the 8th century, which can be seen in 'Yuryaku-ki,' 'Tango no kuni Fudoki,' and the ninth volume of 'Manyoshu' among other sources, was written by IYOBE no Umakai as a bizarre novel based on concepts of Taoist immortality.

• 阿倍氏には『日本書紀』などでも外国への使者などに派遣される人物が多く、倉梯麻呂は家柄のみならずそれなりの見識を買われて新政権に参加した可能性が高い。
• Probably Kurahashimaro was invited to join the new administration due to his considerable wisdom rather than just for his family lineage, because many members of the Abe clan were sent to foreign countries as emissaries according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).

• ISDNは使用可能だが、ADSLやFTTHといった今日的な通信サービスは一切提供されておらず、携帯電話網も含めて今後整備される見通しは立っていない。
• ISDN is usable but no advanced communication services, such as ADSL and FTTH, are available, with no prospect of these services, including a cell-phone network, being provided.

• ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
• However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.

• 温室効果ガス削減が容易ではない国は少ない費用で削減が可能となり、削減が容易な国は対価を求めて大量の削減が望めるという、2つの効果を念頭に置いている。
• Two effects are taken into consideration, that is, the countries which have difficulty in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases can realize it at low cost, whereas the countries not having difficulty in reducing the emissions can achieve remuneration for the emissions reduction in large quantities.

• 現在の研究では、庶民の苗字は明治初めにもともと先祖伝来のものを戸籍に載せたとされるが、記録が伝わらないのでその正確な由来を尋ねることは不可能である。
• Today, it is generally acknowledged that the names of ordinary families that were recorded in the family register compiled during the early Meiji period had been inherited from their ancestors, but since no written records are available it is impossible to accurately identify the origins of these names.

• 静鉄電車降車時に残高不足となった場合は、全額現金精算となる（なおTOICAとの相互利用開始に伴い、周辺のJR東海の駅でもチャージ可能となっている）。
• If you find that the card is short of balance when you get off the Shizuoka Railway train, you'll be asked to adjust the whole amount of the fare in cash (however, given the interoperation with TOICA, ICOCA can be recharged at JR Central stations in the vicinity).

• この像は一見、未完成像かと思われるほど、体部の彫りが荒々しく、行基の作であるかどうかは別としても、専門仏師でない行者の制作である可能性もあるという。
• The statue's body was carved crudely as it looks unfinished at first glance, though if one ignores the fact that it was made by Gyogi or not, it may have been carved by a practitioner who was not a professional sculptor of Buddhist statues.

• 即ちこの地においては天照大神が冠を置かれた、御冠石（みこいわ）伝承とも相俟って天照大神と瀬織津姫がご一対の神々である、と認識されていた可能性が高い。
• In other words, it is highly possible that in this area, Amaterasu Omikami and Seoritsu-hime were regarded as a pair of gods, combined with the tradition of Mikoiwa Stone on which Amaterasu Omikami placed his headdress.

• 在来線を改軌せずに新幹線への乗り入れを可能にする軌間可変電車の開発が鉄道総合技術研究所により進められているが、現在のところ実用化の時期は未定である。
• Gauge-adaptable train-cars have been developed in Railway Technical Research Institute to enable trains to be operated through a Shinkansen line and a regular railway line without changing the gauge, but it is not decided yet when practical use of these train-cars is to start.

• しかし、令については、律令の注釈書として平安前期に編纂された『令義解』『令集解』に倉庫令・医疾令を除く全ての令が収録されており、復元可能となっている。
• However, with regard to the Ryo (the administrative and civil code) part, all rules and regulations except those regarding warehouse management and medical service are included in 'Ryo-no-gige' (commentaries on the Ryo) and 'Ryo-no-shuge,' (commentaries on the Civil Statutes) which were produced as annotation books of the Ritsuryo codes in the early Heian period; thus it is possible to restore the contents of the Rho book.

• 清朝軍によって襲撃・夜襲を仕掛けられることはあったものの、時折休戦が差し挟まれ、その間公使団と清朝とは話し合いをもったため休息することが可能であった。
• While there were surprise and night attacks by the Qing dynasty army, there were periods of cease-fire in between and people were able to rest while the group of envoys and Qing dynasty held meetings.

• 温帯ジャポニカによる水稲農耕の始まりも近年の稲DNAに基づく研究では、DNAの多様性が朝鮮半島の方が少ないことから南方経由の可能性が高いとされている。
• In research based upon rice plant DNA in recent years, it is assumed that the introduction of temperate Japonica cultivation by wet-rice agriculture was most likely introduced by the southern route since the variations in rice plant DNA were fewer on the Korean peninsula.

• 2007年に行われた本能寺跡の発掘調査で本能寺の変と同時期にあったとされる堀跡や大量の焼け瓦が発見され、本能寺を城塞として改築した可能性が指摘された。
• In an excavation of Honno-ji Temple, trench marks and a lot of burned tiles which seemed to have existed at the same time as Honno-ji no Hen were found, which scholars pointed out signal a possibility that Honno-ji may have been reconstructed for use as a fortress.

• 最近、土器の焼成失敗品や、強い熱を受けたために器壁が薄くはじけるように割れた土器に注目して、大規模な集落で土器が集中的に生産された可能性が提起された。
• Recently earthenware of firing failure and earthware with a cracked surface from high temperature are being studied and the possibility of intensive earthenware manufacturing in large-scale settlements were raised.

• 吉川真司は、この説に不備、不自然な点があることを指摘し、また、福寿寺は金鐘寺に吸収されて合併した可能性から、金堂の推定地について他の候補をあげている。
• Pointing out the discrepancies and unnatural points of this theory, Shinji YOSHIKAWA refers to another potential site of the Kon-do Hall due to a possibility that the Fukuju-ji Temple may have been merged with the Konshu-ji Temple.

• そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取（課税・徴税）単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
• Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.

• その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
• Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.

• これらの山小屋は、昼(10~16)は売店として営業しているほか、ご来光を待つ観光客や登山者のために、一部の小屋では仮眠のための宿泊も可能となっている。
• They are open during daytime (10 to 16) as a stand and some of them also provide accommodations for taking a nap for tourists and climbers who want to pray to the rising sun from the summit of the mountain.

• このうち貴族や豪族の氏寺はともかく、村々の住民が信仰の中心として建てた小規模な寺まで実際に監督することが可能であったのかについては疑問が残されている。
• Among these, aside from family temples of nobles or local ruling families, whether small temples worshiped by people in villages could be supervised has been questionable.

• 1904年（明治37年）に喜田貞吉が論文「女帝の皇位継承に関する先例を論じて大日本史の大友天皇本紀に及ぶ」を出して壬申年に女帝があった可能性を示唆した。
• In 1904, Sadakichi KIDA published a thesis 'the history of Emperor Otomo with precedents of succession of empresses to the Imperial Throne' to suggest that there was a possibility that an empress was put up in the Jinshin year.

• などがあり、すでに動作しているパーツやドライバが原因の可能性も考えられ、この状態に陥ると、解決を目指すよりも、諦めて構成を変更したほうが良い場合が多い。
• And, it is also possible that some operating parts and drivers are the cause and when the computer falls into such a state, it is often better to change the configuration rather than trying to solve the problem.

• 駅伝制の確立時期は7世紀後半ごろの日本の古代道路遺構が広い範囲で検出されていることから、改新の詔が契機となって、交通制度の整備が進められた可能性がある。
• Considering from the fact that ancient roads built in the latter half of the seventh century were discovered in a wide range of Japan, there is a possibility that Kaishin no Mikotonori triggered developments on the transportation system.

• このような異表記が見られるということは、かつては「上宮記」以外にも継体の出自系譜を伝える史料が存在した可能性（例えば『日本書紀』の系図）を示唆している。
• Since there were different writing expressions used for one person in historical books, we can also consider that there were possible historical materials which existed to support the origins of the family tree chart for the Emperor Keitai, other than the 'Joguki' (For example, family tree charts of 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).

• 古い遺品は見当たらないが、厳島神社の小型檜扇は胡粉地のうえ表裏ともほぼ同じ絵であるなど記録によくかなうことが注目され、これと同様の品だった可能性が高い。
• Although there is no articles left today, a small hiogi at the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine is whitewash and has the same pictures on the both faces as described in the old records, so it is highly possible that a whitewash fan was something like the one at the Itsukushima.

• こうした大規模な土木工事が可能になったということは、技術の発達とともに、多くの労働力を使えるだけの権力をもち、広範囲に支配を広げた王権の成立を意味する。
• The fact that such large-scale public works were possible implies the development of work skills and the establishment of the royal authority which not only had the power to mobilize a large workforce but also the control over a wide-ranging area.

• 新幹線ホームは高架駅部3階にあり、中央の通過本線を挟んでプラットホーム形状と配置2面2線だが、島式ホーム2面4線とすることを可能とした配置となっている。
• The platforms of the Joetsu Shinkansen, which are located on the third floor of the elevated station building, currently consist of two platforms for two tracks with the tracks for passing trains located in between; however, they are allocated in anticipation of possible expansion to two island-style platforms for four tracks.

• ただし、JスルーはJR線、スルッとKANSAI対応各種カードは京都市営地下鉄と京阪線、トラフィカ京カード（京都市交通局）は京都市営地下鉄でのみ使用可能。
• However, the use of J-Thru cards is limited to JR Lines, various KANSAI THRU PASS-compatible cards limited to Kyoto Municipal Subway Line and Keihan Line, and Traffica Kyo cards (Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau) can be used only on Kyoto Municipal Subway Lines.

• しかしそのことは、出口王仁三郎が高次の神霊の意志によって重要な部分に加筆を含めて編纂したという可能性を宗教法人大本が否定していると示すものではあるまい。
• However, this doesn't mean that Oomoto denies the possibility that Onizaburo DEGUCHI edited, including correction of important parts by the will of a high-ranking spirit.

• 明智光秀と上級将校たちは、（結果論として）信長を討つ事で明智軍全体を共犯者に仕立て、軍団員が引くに引けない状況を作り上げることを意図していた可能性もある。
• Mitsuhide AKECHI and his upper officers may have intended by attacking Nobunaga to make the whole Akechi army accomplices and create a situation from which they could not escape.

• また、水稲農耕の導入についても北部九州の一部地域では縄文晩期前半にまでさかのぼる可能性が指摘されているが、明確な遺構が発見されておらず、推測の域を出ない。
• Also the possibility that the adaptation of rice-paddy cultivation in parts of northern Kyushu that go back to the first half of the last of Jomon period is indicated, but clear evidence of ancient structural remnants have not yet been discovered and is still speculation.

• 坂東健雄は、高田説が通説であるとしながらも、どちらの説も決め手に欠けるとし、やはり、出版にいたる8年間に推敲が行われた可能性は否定できないことを指摘した。
• Takeo BANDO admitted that a theory advocated by TAKADA was commonly accepted, but both theories had no conclusive evidences and he pointed out that it would be difficult to deny the possibility of revising the work for the eight years until the book was published.

• しかし、「意富富杼（おほほど）＝大ホド」は継体の「袁本杼＝小ホド」と対応する名であることから、本来の系譜には継体の兄として位置付けられていた可能性もある。
• However, since the written characters of Prince Ohodo, '意富富杼' (Ohodo meaning large hodo), correspond to the characters of Keitai, '袁本杼' (Ohoso meaning small hodo), the possibility remains that Prince Ohodo was positioned as an elder brother of Keitai in the original genealogy table.

• また、上奏権や建議権が限定付きながら与えられた（最終的には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であったが、建議権を通じた事実上の政策への関与が可能とされた）。
• And the Imperial Diet was also given limited rights to report and make proposals to the emperor (They could participate in politics using the right to make proposal to the emperor even though they needed to obtain approval of the emperor and countersignature of Minister of State when making a final decision.)

• 同書は倭人が周王へ暢草（薬草）を献上したと記述しており、早ければ武王紀元前11世紀末頃、記述のある成王とすれば紀元前10世紀頃の出来事である可能性がある。
• The literature mentioned that Wajin presented the King of Zhou with Choso (medicinal plants), which was possibly in the late 11th century B.C. under the reign of King Wu of Zhou at the earliest, or in the 10th century B.C. if it was during the time of King Cheng.

• また、2006年1月21日からはPiTaPaと相互利用が開始され、京阪神エリアの私鉄・地下鉄のうちPiTaPaを導入している事業者でも利用が可能となった。
• From January 21, 2006, reciprocal usage with PiTaPa became possible, even on the private and subway railway companies in the Keihanshin area, where PiTaPa has been introduced.

• 大隈・河野敏鎌らが脱党したが、慶應義塾系と嚶鳴社系を中心とする事務委員7名による集団指導体制によって辛うじて解党は防がれたが、活動はほとんど不可能となった。
• Losing Okuma and Kono, the party narrowly survived by a collective leadership of seven secretariats consisting of Keiogijuku and Omeisha groups, but was nearly impossible to function as a political party.

• しかし、少なくとも勢力間において発生する諸問題の解決に際して行使可能な手段として、武力、すなわち軍備の果たす役割に注目が集まる傾向にあったことは確かである。
• It is certain however, that there was a tendency that the role of military power, namely armaments, as at least available means in solving various problem occurring between such powers attracted attention.

• もし作者が命名した題名があるのならこのようにさまざまな題名が生まれるとは考えがたいため、これらの題名は作者が命名した題名ではない可能性が高いと考えられている。
• If the author applied a certain title, such differences would not arise, so it is thought that these titles would not have been applied by the author.

• 岩手県の角塚古墳をはじめ、東北地方に多数の前方後円墳が築造された古墳時代には、津軽海峡の存在をはじめとする東北地方についての情報を大和が得ていた可能性もある。
• It is possible that Yamato obtained information on the Tohoku region including the Tsugaru Straits during the Kofun period (tumulus period), when a number of keyhole-shaped mounds including Tsunozuka-kofun (the Tsunozuka Tumulus) in Iwate Prefecture were built in the Tohoku region.

• 院政の下では、「治天の君」が次代・次々代の天皇を指名できたので、比較的安定した皇位継承が実現でき、皇位継承に「治天の君」の意向を反映させることも可能であった。
• Under the insei system, as the 'chiten-no-kimi' was able to nominate his immediate and subsequent successors to the throne, a relatively stable Imperial succession was possible; moreover, it was possible to reflect the intention of the 'chiten-no-kimi' in the Imperial succession.

• ただ、人体への影響、動植物や農作物への影響、工場などへの影響が発生したり、発生の可能性が指摘されたりしていることが、近隣諸国のメディアによって報道されている。
• However, media in the neighboring nations have reported that kosa has affected human bodies, animals, plants, farm products and factories in the county or that it has been pointed out that such situations may occur.

• 泗川は日本軍の策源地であった釜山広域市と日本軍最左翼の順天倭城・南海倭城の中間に位置する為、ここを落とされると西方にいる軍との連絡が分断される可能性があった。
• Since Sacheon City was located midway between Busan Metropolitan City of the supply base of the Japanese army and Suncheon Waeseong and Namhae Waeseong (Namhae Japanese Castle) at the extreme left wing of the Imperial Japanese Army, the communication with the army on the western side would be cut off if the city fell.

• また、陸続きの隣国が存在せず、また天皇を君主とした国家体制が続いてきたこともあり、隣国との通謀や亡命の可能性が低く、天皇を抜きとした政権転覆も考えにくかった。
• Japan was an island country and with its stable state system with the emperor, betrayal or defection to neighboring countries, as well as overthrowing the government without an emperor, was unlikely.

• この新制の審議手続と法文配列が以後の先例とされたことが、約200年後の九条兼実の日記『玉葉』建久元年11月1日条に記された手続の様子から知ることが可能である。
• It is possible to learn that the procedure for discussion in connection with this shinsei and arrangement of provisions of the law were made a precedent for issuance of the subsequent shinsei, from the description of the procedure in an article dated November 1, 1190 of 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane about two hundred years later.

• 新田義貞の妻（正妻は安東氏の娘）とされるが、新田義貞との関係が記されているのは『太平記』においてのみであり、年代的な推定などから創作である可能性が非常に高い。
• Although it is said that she was the wife of Yoshisada NITTA (his legally wedded wife was a daughter of the Ando clan), descriptions of her relationships with Yoshisada NITTA are included only in 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) and it is highly likely that they were imagenary, considering chronological estimates and others.

• 菱木政晴は世界には言語による教義表現を軽視する宗教もあり、宗教学や文化人類学の成果をもちいることによって困難なく抽出可能であるとして以下のようにまとめている。
• Masaharu HISHIKI said that some religions in the world place little value on expressing doctrine in words, but using the results of religious studies and cultural anthropology, State Shinto doctrines can be extracted without difficulty, and summarizes them as follows:

• 遠州は加賀藩の文化政策に関係があり、弟子筋の人物が加賀藩のために造園を行っていることから、遠州に所縁のある人物の作庭という可能性はあるが、作風が相違している。
• There is a possibility that the garden was created by somebody related to Enshu KOBORI as he had connections to the Kaga clan cultural policy and his disciples did create gardens for the clan, but there are differences in the style of the garden.

• 幕府法制では17歳未満の武家は養子を迎えることができず、17歳未満の当主が、危篤状態もしくは急死したとしても急養子を迎えられず家が断絶してしまう可能性があった。
• By Bakufu law, a samurai family with the head under the age of 17 could not adopt a child, so if the young head of the family had critical illness or died unexpectedly, the family faced the possibility of ending its line without an heir.

• その後、三国協商・日露協約締結によってその可能性は失われたものの、長年の国防における「海主陸従」状態の打破の好機と見ていた山縣はあくまでも策定の成案を目指した。
• The possibility of the war was lost due to the conclusion of the Triple Entente and the Russo-Japanese Agreement, but Yamagata who regarded it as the golden opportunity to break through the situation of 'Navy is a major, Army is a minor' in the longtime national defense, aimed at the final draft of the formulation.

• そもそも当時、公地公民制という概念が存在していなかった可能性が高く、また三世一身法・墾田永年私財法は、むしろ律令制を補強することを目的として制定されたのである。
• There is a high possibility that the notion of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and therefore, institution of Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were rather aimed at reinforcing the Ritsuryo system.

• しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
• However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.

• しかし、工事の最中に発見された小さな古墳が公にされないまま破壊されている可能性があるほか、2005年には古江古墳が破壊されるなど、小規模の古墳の破壊は今もある。
• However, there have been some cases of minor destruction of kofun such as the incident in which Hurue Kofun was destroyed in 2005, and here is also the possibility that minor kofun are secretly destroyed during construction.

• 九州王朝説を唱えた古田武彦は、『筑後風土記逸文』に記されている筑紫君の祖「甕依姫」（みかよりひめ）が「卑弥呼（ひみか）」のことである可能性が高いと主張している。
• Takehiko FURUTA, who advocated the Kyushu Dynasty theory, claimed that there was a strong possibility that the ancestor of Tsukushi no Kimi, 'Mikayori Hime,' (Princess Mikayori) whose name was written in 'Chikugo no Kuni Fudoki Itsubun' (a surviving fragment of the topography of Chikugo Province), was 'Himika.'

• 近代以後、日本の中国思想研究は、哲学（西欧の哲学）を模倣する必要に迫られた結果、朱子学の思弁的側面を強調し、これを以て哲学と比較可能であると見なすようになった。
• In the modern era, Japanese scholars of Chinese ideology have been required to follow philosophy (Western philosophy), and have therefore emphasized the speculative side of Shushigaku and considered it as comparable with the philosophy.

• 原価が安い生活必需品に高い専売価格を定めることによって莫大な財政収入を得ることが可能になる一方で、専売の過程において生じるリスクを抱え込む危険性も併せ持っていた。
• While it is possible to gain a huge income by setting monopoly prices higher for daily necessities of low cost, there can also be some risk in the process of monopoly.

• また、徳川綱吉の側用人であった柳沢吉保の日記には、生類憐みの令に関する記述があまりなく、重要な法令とは受け止められていなかった可能性が強いのではないかと推論する。
• Moreover, there are few records regarding the law in the diary of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, lord chamberlain of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, suggesting that there is a high possibility that the law did not have a high importance attached to it.

• 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす（しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む）ことは不可能であった。
• Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.

• そのため、高瀬川が北から鴨川に流入する地点は十条通付近まで移され、また一方で鴨川横断点の下流方向では鴨川からの取水が不可能となり、高瀬川は分断されることとなった。
• As a result, the junction at which the Takase-gawa River flows into the Kamo-gawa River from the north was relocated to an area near the Jujo-dori Street; on the other hand in a downstream area where the Takase-gawa crossed the Kamo-gawa river, it became difficult to carry out water intake from the Kamo-gawa River; as a result the Takase-gawa River was divided.

• しかし系図には疑うべき余地も多く、実際には源平合戦の際は井上一族では無く北安曇の仁科氏らと行動を共にしていたので、当時の慣習から見て別の一族であった可能性がある。
• However, because there are uncertain aspects of its genealogy and the Takanashi clan fought in the Genpei War along with the Nishina clan of northern Azumi, not the Inoue clan, the Takanashi clan probably doesn't belong to the Inoue clan, considering the custom of the time.

• フランスの植民地思想に影響を受けた原は、人種・文化が類似する台湾は日本と同化することが可能であるとし、台湾を内地の一部とし、内地法を適用させるというものであった。
• Hara, who was influenced by French colonialism, claimed that it was possible to assimilate Taiwan to Japan as Taiwanese were similar enough to Japanese in race and culture, and that Japan should treat Taiwan as a part of Japan and apply the Japanese law to Taiwan.

• そのため、彼らに経営状況を教える時には、軍事輸送用の臨時列車を走らせることまでも公開する必要に迫られる可能性があり、同時に軍事機密が外国に漏洩される恐れもあった。
• Therefore, when the companies told the foreign investors their managing status, the companies needed to tell them so far as to the information on running the extra trains for military transportation, and at the same time there was a fear that military secrets would leak to foreign countries.

• ICOCAの相互利用対象である東日本旅客鉄道（JR東日本）のSuica、スルッとKANSAI協議会のPiTaPa、東海旅客鉄道（JR東海）のTOICAも利用可能。
• East Japan Railway Company (JR East) SUICA Cards subject to mutual use with ICOCA cards, Surutto KANSAI Association PiTaPa cards and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tokai) TOICA cards also can be used.

• 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
• In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.

• 登場人物の同一性などについての源氏物語の本文の解釈について、さまざまに解釈が分かれる可能性がある中、系図を作成するためにはどのような解釈をとるのか決める必要がある。
• There are various interpretations of The Tale of Genji as to character's identity and so on, but in order to make a genealogy, it is necessary to decide which interpretation you accept.

• 」とあり、もしも光秀が更なる出世欲等からこのような行為を行い、後の調査で信長がそれを知ったとしたら、何らかの罰を受けることになりそれを恐れて変に及んだ可能性もある。
• He may have caused Honno-ji no Hen fearing that he would be punished if Nobunaga were to find out from later investigation that Mitsuhide did such a thing out of his desire to be promoted.

• また、黄砂自体はアレルギー物質ではないものの、汚染物質が付着したときに何らかの相乗効果を及ぼし、汚染物質が人体に及ぼす悪影響を増幅させている可能性も指摘されている。
• Although kosa itself is not allergen, the following possibility is pointed out: When pollutants stick to kosa, some synergistic effects are generated and the bad effects that the pollutants would affect human bodies are amplified.

• だが、婦敵討が行われた場合、本夫が姦夫の不正の証拠を出そうにも肝心の相手を討ち取ってしまったために自白させることが不可能であり、殺人罪として処罰されることがあった。
• But when megataki uchi was practiced, sometimes the husband was punished for the crime of murder because it was impossible for the husband to produce evidence by having the adulterer confess because he had killed the adulterer.

• 下りホームには改札横のスロープ通路から、上りホームにはホーム裏から下記運輸課への入口を介して車椅子等での移動が可能であるが、定期乗車券販売所やトイレへの移動は困難。
• Although persons in wheelchairs can move to the platform for outbound trains through a ramp beside the ticket checkers and to the rear of the platform for inbound trains through the entrance to the Transportation Section, it's impossible for them to move to the commuter ticket sales office and/or the toilets.

• CI-CA・NicoPa・Hareca・LuLuCaエリアはいずれもPiTaPaを重複して導入しているために、その相互利用によってICOCAが利用可能となっている。
• Since each of the areas of CI-CA, NicoPa and LuLuCa overlaps the PiTaPa area, their mutual operability enables the usage of ICOCA.

• 大和路線各駅では乗車カードとしてICOCAおよびこれと相互利用可能なICカード（ICOCAを参照）が、またJスルーが自動券売機で乗車券に引き換えることで利用できる。
• At each station on the Yamatoji Line, the ICOCA card and the IC card that is interchangeable with the ICOCA (see ICOCA), as well as the J Through (Jスルー) card can be used as a travel card by making an exchange at automatic ticket machines for a passenger ticket.

• この方式の場合、基地局の電波は常に送信されており、配車係がマイクの送信ボタンを離したときの「ザッ」と言う音（スケルチのテールノイズ）が聞こえないため判別可能である。
• In this system, radio waves are always transmitted from the base station, and thus it is identifiable because the squelch tail noise, a noise generated when staff in the dispatch control center lets go of the sending button of the microphone, cannot be heard.

• この当時にイギリスの死刑執行人を務めていたウィリアム・マーウッドが考案した物と金具の形状やロープの長さ、床の開き方などが酷似しており、参考にされた可能性が考えられる。
• The shape of metal fittings, the length of the rope and the way the floor opens are similar to those devised by William Marwood, who served as executioner in England in those days, so it is possible that his method was used as a guide for preparing the Scheme.

• 三河国の松平氏（徳川氏）の家臣で江戸時代に大名となった内藤氏は上述の丹波・周防の内藤氏と同祖とされるが、この間、戦国期までの事蹟は明らかではなく、仮冒の可能性も強い。
• This Naito clan, which was a vassal to the Matsudaira clan (the Tokugawa clan) in Mikawa Province and provided daimyo (feudal lords) during the Edo period, is documented to share ancestors with the Naito clans of Tanba and Suo mentioned above, but the history of the clan during the Sengoku period (the Warring States period) is not known, and there is strong possibility that the pedigree was fabricated.

• 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
• He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.

• この人物は尚氏の子弟か近親者と推定されている（なお、宮内庁書陵部所蔵松岡本は宛先を息子の大舘晴光とするが、晴光が九郎の名乗りを用いた記録は無く、別人の可能性が高い）。
• It is presumed that this person was either Hisauji's son or relative (Matsuoka-bon (one of manuscripts) possessed by Imperial Household Archives assumed the addressee was his son Harumitsu Odachi, but there are no records proving that Harumitsu called himself Kuro and therefore, he might be an another person).

• これは「特急」方向幕が用意されている（ただし、「K特急」表示は設定されていないので表示不可能）のと、ホーム有効長の関係で交野線内が5連までしか入線出来ないことが理由。
• KERS 2600 is used because it's equipped with the rollsign 'Limited Express' (the rollsign 'K-Limited Express' is not equipped, therefore it cannot be displayed) and because the platforms on the Katano Line can accommodate a train made up of five cars at most, owing to their effective lengths.

• しかし菱木政晴は、世界には言語による教義表現を軽視する宗教もあり、宗教学や文化人類学の成果を用いることによって困難なく抽出可能であるとして以下の3項目にまとめている。
• However, Masaharu HISHIKI organized State Shinto's creed into three points below, saying that some religion disregard verbally expressing their creeds, but those creeds can be extracted easily by using the result of Philosophy of Religion and Cultural Anthropology.

• 徳川幕府を正当化するために人物評価が偏っていたり矛盾していたりする点をふくめても、日本史に納得できる時代区分を最初に導入し、政治史を書くことを可能とした功績は疑えない。
• Even considering that some of his character evaluations are distorted and inconsistent in order to justify the Tokugawa shogunate, his contributions are undeniable and he introduced a convincing periodization of Japanese history for the first time and made it possible to write a political history.

• 大覚寺統は邦良の早世と後醍醐の謀反とで壊滅状態にあり、持明院統が皇位を独占することも不可能ではなかったが、後伏見は幕府の意向もあって両統迭立の原則にあくまで忠実だった。
• Although it was not impossible for the Jimyoin line to monopolize the throne since the Daikakuji line was in a devastated state with Kuniyoshi's early death and Godaigo's rebellion, Gofushimi was true to the principle of Ryoto tetsuritsu in accord with the bakufu's wishes.

• おごと温泉を除く待避可能駅とマキノには分岐器形状による分類を、上下線との両方向で使用できる信号設備（複線利用では閉塞区間があるが、単線で使用時は1閉塞扱い）を配置した。
• In the passing stations (except for Ogotoonsen Station and Makino Station), signal equipment, in which classification by the shape of turnout is available in both directions of inbound and outbound lines, was installed (block sections are provided on a double track but there is one block section on a single track).

• これについて歴史学者の佐々木隆 (歴史学者)は、山田が早世（1892年に49歳で死去）のために正式な任命の手続を得られなかった事実上の元老であった可能性を指摘している。
• About this, Takashi Sasaki (a historian) pointed out that Yamada might have been practically a Genre, although he could not be appointed to Genro officially because he died young (at the age of 49 in 1892).

• 同年5月25日には鉄道技術研究所（現：鉄道総合技術研究所）が、広軌新線ならば東京 - 大阪間の3時間運転は技術的に可能であるという報告を創立50周年記念講演会で述べた。
• On May 25, the same year, the railway technology research laboratory (present Railway Technical Research Institute) reported in the lecture meeting commemorating the 50th anniversary of the laboratory that, when new broad gauge railways were laid, it would be possible to operate trains on them in three hours between Tokyo and Osaka.

• また、廃藩置県や地租改正を行えば、数百年に及び封建制及び土地支配のあり方が破壊されてしまうものであり、武士・農民層に反政府行動に向かわせる可能性が高い性格の改革であった。
• In addition, since accomplishing Haihan-chiken and land-tax reform meant to destroy hundreds-year-long feudalism and the way the lands should be ruled, there was a high possibility in pursuing those reforms that samurai and peasants might have rebelled against the government.

• そうした修整はあるものの、『明月記』の他、『金槐和歌集』からの引用などは確かに確認されているし、また八代の指摘ではないが『十訓抄』なども顕彰記事に利用された可能性が高い。
• Although there were some modifications, some quotations from 'Meigetsuki,' 'Kinkai Wakashu' (The Golden Pagoda-Tree Collection of Japanese Poetry), and others were identified, and as YASHIRO pointed out, 'Jikkinsho' (A Miscellany of Ten Maxims) was also probably used for the public commendation of achievements.

• なお、元暦2年（1185年）滅亡することがなければ、平清盛の政権は鎌倉幕府とはまた違った、西国を中心とした独自の武家政権へ成長したのではないかとの可能性も指摘されている。
• It has been suggested that if it had not all ended in 1185, TAIRA no Kiyomori's government would have been different from the Kamakura bakufu, possibly developing into an original bushi government with the west provinces as its center.

• 比企広域市町村圏域内公共図書館の相互利用協定により、東松山市、滑川町、小川町、ときがわ町、川島町、吉見町、鳩山町、秩父郡東秩父村に住まい・通学通勤している者なら利用可能。
• The library is available to any person who lives in, or commutes to Higashimatsuyama City, Namegawa-machi, Ogawa-machi, Tokigawa-machi, Kawashima-machi, Yoshimi-machi, Hatoyama-machi and Higashichichibu-mura in Chichibu-gun, under the agreement for mutual use of public library within the larger municipal area in the Hiki area.

• それ以前の鞆の成り立ちがどのようなものであったかは、はっきりしないが、遺跡の分布状況などから、弥生時代にはすでにある程度の集落が成立していた可能性が高いと考えられている。
• Although the origin of Tomo until that is unclear, the distribution of ruins and others suggests that it is highly possible that some sort of settlement was organized to some extent in the Yayoi period.

• 蛇足ながら、5300系の電動式表示幕が非装備だった時代は、車体側面の現在表示幕となっている部分には「堺筋　急行」と、表示可能な3か所のうち2か所を点灯させて表示していた。
• Incidentally, when the Series 5300 wasn't equipped with an electric rollsign the train of this series would carry a plate comprised of three illuminable spaces on both sides of the body, where a rollsign is currently placed, and when the train (Sakaisuji-Junkyu) was operated the words Sakaisuji and Express were illuminated on the two of the three spaces with an unlit space in between, such as '堺筋　急行.'

• これらのことから、発掘に当たった奈良国立文化財研究所は、同年1月19日に、和同開珎よりも古く、683年に鋳造されたものである可能性が極めて高いと発表し、大々的に報道された。
• Therefore Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties which had excavated them, announced on January 19 of the same year that it was older than Wado-kaichin and highly probable to have been casted in 683, which was publicized widely.

• この背景には頼朝が上西門院の蔵人をつとめていたため、上西門院とその近臣・熱田大宮司家が待賢門院（後白河上皇・上西門院の母）近臣家出身の池禅尼に働きかけた可能性が考えられる。
• As a tentative explanation for why she intervened, Yoritomo had served Empress Dowager Josaimonin as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), and it is considered possible that he worked directly for Ike no zenni, who belonged a family of Atsuta Daiguji, that was a vassal of Empress Dowager Taikenmonin (the mother of both retired emperor Goshirakawa and Josaimonin, meaning her family had also served their lady's daughter, Josaimonin), while serving there.

• 巡礼は、体力的、経済的に可能な者に、一生に一度は行なうよう義務付けられている行為であるが、巡礼を果たしたムスリム（イスラム教徒）は、「ハーッジー」と呼ばれ、特に尊敬される。
• The pilgrimage is a duty to be fulfilled at least once during a lifetime for all followers who are physically and financially able, and a Muslim who has completed the pilgrimage is greatly respected and called 'al-haji.'

• そのような永続的な衝突を可能にしたほど経済が急速に質量ともに発達していき、それまでの無名の庶民が様々な形で成功を収めることができる経済成長期であったことが時代を支えていた。
• This period was supported by the fact that it was a period of economic growth in which nameless average persons could achieve success in various forms thanks to rapid quantitative and qualitative developments which enabled such endlessly repeated quarrels.

• これは御成敗式目が武家法・公家法に共通する法観念や「徳治」理念を抱合した法令という意味で公家法と対峙可能な法令だからであり、社会に広く受け入れられるものであったからである。
• That was because the Goseibai-shikimoku was comparable to the court noble law and widely accepted in the society since it incorporated the legal conception and 'tokuchi' doctrine (a doctrine for administration based on moral or humanity) common to the samurai law and court noble law.

• それらを基に当時の内務省嘱託太田亮（おおた あきら）を監督に校正し、原本との対校は不可能であったが、「神社明細帳」を参考に大正当時における所在地と社格を付記して刊行された。
• These materials were then proofread by a team headed by Akira OTA, a temporary-staff of the Home Ministry at that time, and, while it was not possible to check against the originals, the book was finally published containing additional data of the locations and the shrine rankings known at the time of the Taisho period, in the light of 'Jinja Meisaicho.'

• ただ、昭和40年度から2キロ台の駅間距離のある京浜東北線での運用開始に際し、103系のギア比を少し高速よりにセッティングする事や、MT54による通勤電車の可能性を模索した。
• When they were introduced in 1965 to the Keihin-Tohoku Line, where distances between stations is longer than two kilometers, their suitability as commuting cars was tested by adjusting the gear ratio for a little bit more high-speed or by using MT54.

• 佐久間軍記には、この追放について誰かの讒言によるものとする可能性を示唆しており、また、寛政重修諸家譜の信栄（正勝）の項には「後明智光秀が讒により父信盛とともに高野山にのがる。
• Sakuma Gunki suggests that the incident of his dismissal may have been plotted by someone who lied to entrap Nobumori, and says in the chapter on Nobuhide (Masakatsu) of Kansei choshu shokafu that later Mitsuhide AKECHI escaped to Mt. Koya with his father Nobumori after a betrayal.

• しかしながら、「父信長だけでなく兄信忠も死んだ事を知った信孝が、予想される織田氏の家督争いの有力者の一人になる可能性のある信澄を言いがかりをつけて殺害した」とする見方もある。
• However, there is a view that advocates 'Nobutaka, who knew that not only his father, Nobunaga, but also his elder brother, Nobutada, were killed, killed Nobusumi who might become a candidate for the family head of the Oda clan, by making a false charge.'

• 後の律令制の下での食封の規模をあてはめれば、湯沐邑は安八磨郡の一部ではなく、郡全体にあたるのではないかと考えられ、その郡の範囲は後の池田郡を含み、さらに広かった可能性もある。
• Taking into account a scale of Jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) under the later Ritsuryo system, Tomokuyu at that time seems to have not been a part of Ahachimanokoori but a whole district, and range of the district included later Ikeda District, possibly wider.

• 京阪京津線が同日から京都市役所前駅から同駅に乗り入れ区間を延伸したため、同線・京阪石山坂本線沿線から当駅を介して乗り換えが可能になり、嵐山・嵯峨野へのアクセスが便利になった。
• The section that the Keihan Keishin Line enters was extended from Kyoto Shiyakusho-mae Station to Ranzan-Tenjingawa Station on the same date, allowing passengers to transfer at Ranzan-Tenjingawa Station from the Keihan Keishin Line and Keihan Ishiyama-sakamoto Main Line, thereby improving access to Arashiyama and Sagano.

• その一方で、石高が1万石に満たないために旗本とされながら、参勤交代を行い、大名と同様の支配体制を保障された交代寄合は、やや主体性の高い紙幣発行の事情があった可能性も考えられる。
• On the other hand, for the kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period), that were Hatamoto but were obliged to keep Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo) and ensured the control system similar to that of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) because their earnings were less than 10,000 koku of rice (approximately 180 liters per koku), it is also considered that there might have been slightly more independent situations to issue paper money.

• だが、信長が出陣した時点で既に退却か長篠城強襲かを決定する必要があるため（信長の岐阜出陣は5月13日、三河牛久保から設楽原へ向かったのが5月17日）その可能性は低いことになる。
• This is however unlikely because they had to decide whether they would retreat or raid Nagashino Castle when Nobunaga set off with his troops (from Gifu on July 1 and left Ushikubo in Mikawa for Shitaragahara on July 5).

• その中で2006年より神戸～福知山系統（鉄道利用よりも大幅に速くて安く、乗り換えも不要である）が新設されたことは、阪神地区と北近畿の交通に、何らかの変化をもたらす可能性がある。
• Given the circumstances, the newly established bus route between Kobe Sannomiya Station and Fukuchiyama Station since 2006 have effectively changed transportation between the Hanshin area and the northern Kinki area, because the route needs far less time and money than the railway and there is no need to transfer between buses.

• 太秦天神川駅から御陵駅では、4両編成と6両編成の両方が発着する関係で、これらの駅ではホームドアは4両部分のみの開閉も行うことが可能になっており、現にそうした運用がなされている。
• Because two different types of trains--four-car and six-car trains--are used in the section between Uzumasa-tenjingawa Station and Misasagi Station, only the platform doors for four-car trains can be operated on the station platforms in this section, and they are in fact operated in this way.

• 石包丁は比較的何処にでもある材料から製作可能であったため、初期の稲作文化においては広く利用されたが、後に加工性に優れ丈夫で鋭い切れ味を持つ青銅器や鉄器の伝播にも伴い廃れていった。
• Because ishi-bocho was able to be made of materials that were found everywhere comparatively, it was used widely in the early stage of rice cultivation culture; however, later on as bronze ware or ironware that permitted various processes with firmness and sharpness spread, it began to be obsolete.

• また江戸時代の藩は，半独立国的存在であったことを考えれば，現代においてパスポートを取得して海外旅行に行くようなもので，事実上届出さえすれば自由に旅行は可能であったとの見方もある。
• However, according to a different theory, people were actually able to travel without restraint as long as they made notification, which is like traveling abroad after getting a passport in modern times, considering the fact that domains in the Edo period were like semi-independent states..

• しかも、万葉集に採録するにあたって、内容はもちろん万葉仮名表記に至るまで上進時のままで改変されていない可能性が高く、東国方言資料としての価値は東歌を凌駕するものと評価されている。
• Also, as the content of the poems was expressed in Manyo-gana when the poems were transcribed to the Manyoshu, Sakimoriuta is evaluated much higher than Azumauta as a valuable resource in relation to the dialects of the Togoku region.

• つまり、最初に渡来人が来たと考えられている北部九州や大陸系渡来人が移住した可能性のある瀬戸内・近畿地方でさえ、弥生時代初期の遺跡からは渡来系の人と判定される人骨の出土数は少ない。
• In other words, the number of excavated human bones confirmed as immigrants to ancient Japan are very rare in sites from the early Yayoi period, even in northern Kyushu where it is said immigrants to ancient Japan first entered, and in the Setouchi and Kinki region where it is believed continental immigrants to ancient Japan migrated.

• 大彦命に関しては、埼玉県の稲荷山古墳から発掘された金錯銘鉄剣に見える乎獲居臣（ヲワケの臣）の上祖・意冨比垝（オホビコ、オホヒコ）と同一人である可能性が高いとする見解が有力である。
• Regarding Obiko no mikoto, the most convincing explanation is that he was most probably identical to Ohobiko or Ohohiko, a forefather of Owake no omi whose name was inscribed on Kinsakumei-tekken (an iron sword with gold-inlaid inscriptions) excavated at the Inariyama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Inariyama) in Saitama Prefecture.

• また、東征前に政情不安から太陽に対して弓を引く神事を行ったという東征にも関与していた可能性をも匂わせる故地の候補地の伝承、自らを後裔と主張する矢追氏による自死したという説もある。
• There is also lore regarding the potential site of his death that hints at the possibility of his involvement in the eastern expedition because he performed a Shinto ritual prior to the eastern expedition in which an arrow was aimed toward the sun to solve political instability and there is also a theory passed down by Yaoi clan, who claim to be his descendants, that says he committed suicide.

• 第七款　朝鮮の沿岸は島嶼岩礁が険しいため、きわめて危険であるので、日本の航海者が自由に沿岸を測量してその位置や深度を明らかにして地図を編纂して両国客船の安全な航海を可能とするべし。
• Provision 7 - because the rugged and precipitous coast of Korea is extremely dangerous, the Japanese navigators should be able to measure the coast freely and make up a map to show the position and the depth in order to ensure safety of the navigation of passenger boats of both countries.

• ただし、『兵範記』保元元年8月27日の記事では為朝を捕縛した平家貞が特別に恩賞にあずかっており、為朝が崇徳院に味方した武士のなかでも特別な存在であったとみなされていた可能性は高い。
• However, an article in 'Heihan-ki' dated August 27, 1156, says that TAIRA no Iesada, who had captured Tametomo, received a special reward; this indicates that Tametomo was probably considered a particularly important man among the warriors who had sided with Sutoku.

• 為子内親王の死去をきっかけに妃が置かれなくなった（なお円融天皇に入内した尊子内親王が妃であった可能性を指摘する研究者もいる）ことと摂関政治の進展と密接な関係があると考えられている。
• With the death of Imperial Princess Ishi as start, it is considered that there was a close connection between abolition of Hi (some scholars pointed out possibility that Imperial Princess Sonshi who entered into the court for Emperor Enyu was Hi) and the development of the regency.

• 彦根城の天守がかつての大津城天守の用材を転用して建てられている可能性が、昭和32年（1957年）に行われた彦根城天守解体修理の際に符号、墨書きが見つかったことを根拠に示されている。
• When the keep of Hikone-jo Castle was disjointed and repaired in 1957, some notes and inscriptions in India ink were found, which indicates the possibility that the keep of Hikone-jo Castle was built from the materials once used in the keep of Otsu-jo Castle.

• 幕末、ヨーロッパの万国博覧会に出展した幕府や各藩の工芸品や美術品はすぐれた装飾品として絶賛され、日本の工芸へのヨーロッパからの関心が高まり、外貨を稼ぐ輸出品となる可能性が開かれた。
• In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the shogunate and some domains put handicrafts and art works in international European exhibitions, and they were highly praised as excellent decorations, so that Japanese crafts attracted the attention of European people, and their export enabled Japanese to gain foreign currency.

• 1997年以降、桜井市吉備（安倍文殊院の西方）の吉備池廃寺の発掘が進むにつれ、伽藍の規模、出土遺物の年代等から、この吉備池廃寺こそが百済大寺であった可能性がきわめて高くなっている。
• After 1997, as the remains of Kibiike disused temple, Sakurai City (in the west of Abe Monju-in Temple) were being excavated, the possibility that this temple was Kudara-daiji Temple became stronger judging from the scale of Buddhist temple and the era of the excavated survivals.

• また、日本貨物鉄道の大阪貨物ターミナル駅は新幹線貨物輸送で大阪府側の貨物取扱駅として用意されていた土地を転用したものといわれており、可能ならば実用化しようという姿勢自体は見られた。
• It is also said that the Osaka cargo terminal station of the Japan Freight Railway Company is located at the site where the cargo-handling station on the Osaka Prefecture side of the cargo Shinkansen line should have been placed, at least showing the posture that such a cargo transportation system should have been introduced if possible.

• 出現当初の銅剣や銅矛など武器形青銅器は、所有者の威儀を示す象徴的なものであると同時に、刃が研ぎ澄まされていたことなどから実際に戦闘に使われる実用武器としても使われていた可能性が高い。
• Weapon type bronze ware bronze swords and bronze halberds were a dignity symbol of the owner at the time of emergence, and it is possible that they were used as actual weapons, as its edge was sharpened.

• しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
• However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.

• しかしピストル自殺説（小笠原孤酒及び彼に取材した新田次郎が採っている）もあることや「凍傷の指で銃の操作は不可能」として新たな背景を探る松木明知の研究もあり、更なる検証・進展が望まれる。
• However, further verification is required as there are a theory of his having committed suicide with a gun (Koshu OGASAWARA and Jiro NITTA, who interviewed him, put forward this theory) and another theory, by Akitomo MATSUKI, that needs more background says, 'It was impossible for his frozen fingers to manipulate a gun.'

• 尾張国の戦国大名織田信長が、農民の子から足軽になった羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）を家臣に登用したように、実力次第では出世が可能になるのも、戦国大名の家臣団において見られたひとつの傾向であった。
• Within the Kashindan under a Sengoku daimyo, however, there was a trend to give promotions based on abilities; this was seen in the case of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) who had been born from a peasant family, became an ashigaru (common foot soldier) and was promoted to a vassal by Nobunaga ODA, a Sengoku daimyo in Owari Province.

• 相互利用開始当初の対象カードは大人用に限られ、こどもICOCAは利用できなかったが、2007年3月18日のこども用Suica発売開始と同時に、こどもICOCAも相互利用が可能となった。
• When the mutual application started, only the adult card was issued, so the ICOCA for Children was not admitted; however, with the launch of Suica for children (Suica Card for Kids) on March 18, 2007, ICOCA for Children became interoperable.

• また、終戦直後に国際基督教大学(ICU)教養学部の設立にたずさわった旧帝国大学卒の有力者たちはそのリベラル・アーツ・カレッジの理念に旧制高等学校のよさを継承させられる可能性を期待した。
• Furthermore, the graduates of former imperial universities, such as the influential people, who were involved in the establishment of the College of Liberal Arts at International Christian University immediately after the war, were hopeful about the possibility of passing down the advantages of the former higher schools to the principles of liberal arts colleges.

• また宣教に関しては国学、儒学を中心とした宣教は不可能と判断され、仏教勢力の地盤及び教化能力を汲み入れる為に神仏儒の合同布教体制となり、国民教化を行なう専門機関として教部省が設置された。
• It was judged that religious promotion centered on the study of Japanese classical literature and Confucism was impossible, and a system of promoting Shinto, Buddhism and Confucism together was introduced to use the base and promotion power of the Buddhist group, with Kyobusho established as an organization specialized in religious education of the Japanese.

• 井田は『歴史とテクスト――西鶴から諭吉まで』（光芒社、2001年）の104頁で、「脱亜論」の認定を行い、高橋義雄 (茶人)が起稿した可能性を排除できないとして、次のように結論付けている。
• On page 104 of his book 'Rekishi to Text - Saikaku kara Yukichi made' (History and Text - from Saikaku to Yukichi) (Kobosha Publishing, 2001), Ida concluded as below saying that he could not totally exclude the possibility of Yoshio TAKAHASHI (Chajin [a master of tea ceremony]) wrote it after conducting an identification of the author of the 'Datsu-A Ron.'

• 三・一独立運動に衝撃を受けた日本政府は、武力だけで朝鮮支配は不可能と判断し、また大正デモクラシー期における政党内閣の登場や、武断政治批判の日本国内世論にも配慮し、武断政治を一部変更した。
• The Japanese government, shocked by the March First Movement, found that it was impossible to rule Korea only by force of arms, and changed its Budan seiji partly, also in consideration of the emergence of the party cabinet in the Taisho Democracy period and Japanese domestic public criticism of Budan seiji.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)には一族のほとんどが南朝_(日本)方に付くが、それが却って一族の分裂・弱体化を回避する事になり、南北朝合一後に京都に復帰した後も公家社会に留まる事を可能にしたという。
• Most of the family took the Southern Court side in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but this in fact helped the family avoid to being broken up or weakened, which enabled it to remain part of the nobility on its return to Kyoto after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• ただし、幕府としても本来の趣旨は軍役奉仕であったため、藩財政が破綻して軍役が不可能となることは、参勤交代の趣旨を根底的に否定する事になるため、大名行列の制限を行うなどの措置を採っている。
• But because the bakufu introduced the system for military service, clans' failure to do military service owing to their financial difficulty was detrimental to the foundation of the system, which led the bakufu to take measures such as restricting daimyo-gyoretsu (daimyo's procession).

• なお今日では、各種防寒装備や登山用品の発達に伴い、従来は人跡未踏の地とされた地帯に人間が入り込んでも生存しつづける事が可能ではあるが、山岳信仰を尊ぶ地域住民の感情を非常に害する事もある。
• Today, with the development of various protective gear for cold weather and climbing, people can survive if they enter areas previously considered unbeatable, but they may deeply offend the feelings of local residents who value the Sangaku-shinko faith.

• それ以前においては、内宮に限らず全国の天照大神を祀る神社で瀬織津姫も一対となって祀られていた可能性があり、おそらく藤原氏系の人物が全国の神社から祭神瀬織津姫を抹消したのではないだろうか。
• Since, before these two events, there is the possibility of Seoritsu-hime being worshiped together in shrines where Amaterasu Omikami was worshiped, not only in the Inner Shrine of Ise-jingu-Shrine but across the country, it can be assumed that someone of the Fujiwara lineage perhaps deleted Seoritsu-hime as a deity to be enshrined from shrines nationwide.

• 昨今の地方公共団体の財政状態の悪化により補助金が減少あるいは停止されること、鉄道事業法の改正により届出だけで廃止が可能になったことが、地方私鉄を取り巻く環境をさらに厳しいものとしている。
• The environments surrounding the local private railways are becoming more and more severe because the amount of subsidy has been reduced or the payment of subsidy has completely stopped due to the severe financial situation of today's local public bodies and because after the Railway Business Act was revised, it is now possible to discontinue railway lines simply by notification.

• ただし、『古今集』の成立は『万葉集』よりも時代が下るので、この語釈が『万葉集』成立後にできあがったものという可能性も否定できず、そのまま『万葉集』の由来としてあてはめることには疑問もある。
• But as 'Kokin Wakashu' was completed after the 'Manyoshu,' the probability cannot be denied that the above interpretation was made after the completion of the 'Manyoshu;' therefore, it is questionable to suppose the part the origin of the 'Manyoshu.'

• 享保2年（1717年）の『武家諸法度』によると、城主は櫓・塀・門以下は届出をし許可を得たうえで補修することが可能で、石塁・石壁が壊れたときは奉行に報告し、その差図を受けることとなっていた。
• According to 'Buke Shohatto' (code for the warrior households) issued in 1717, a joshu could repair building parts equal to or less than a tower, fence or gate after submitting an application and obtaining an approval; and, when a stone wall was broken, the joshu was supposed to report to bugyo (commissioner [in charge of repair and management]) and to receive his instruction.

• 花の下連歌には、飛び込みの参加も可能で、連衆のなかに、高貴な身の人、例えば源実朝の側近で、和歌の名手あった素暹法師（東入道、俗名千葉胤行）やさらには太上天皇がお忍びでまぎれることもあった。
• Hananomoto-renga permitted unannounced participation, and among renju (participants of renga), high noble people, such as Sosen hoshi (Tonyudo, his common name was Taneyuki CHIBA), who was a close associate of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo and was talented at waka, and even Emperor Daijo (Dajo) joined secretly.

• 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
• From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.

• 家康の将軍任官時には、同時に秀頼が関白に任官されるとする風聞が違和感なく受け止められており、元服を前に秀吉の子として関白就任への可能性を残していた秀頼の存在は無視できないものになっていた。
• When Ieyasu was appointed Shogun, hearsay that Hideyori would be appointed Kanpaku at the same time was taken without any feelings of wrongness: therefore, Ieyasu could not ignore Hideyori, who might be appointed Kanpaku (chancellor) as Hideyoshi's child before his coming to age.

• その原点は、幕末の攘夷論や明治初期の征韓論などに求めることも可能であるが、直接的な原因としては、明治政府が条約改正に際して採った欧化政策とそれに対する反発としての国粋主義の高揚が上げられる。
• The origin can be considered the principle of excluding foreigners in the end of the Edo Period or Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in the early Meiji Period, however, the direct causes were that a policy of Europeanization at the revision of a treaty by the Meiji government and a nationalist fervor against the Europeanization.

• かつて東禅寺 (東京都港区)のイギリス公使館襲撃に加わっていた伊藤博文は、その後のイギリス留学を通じて攘夷が非現実的な方針であり、いつまでも実現不可能な路線に固執すべきではないと考えていた。
• Hirobumi ITO who used to be involved in British Legination Attack in Tozenji Temple had thought through study in Britain that anti-foreigner was unrealistic way and that it was wrong to cling to the unfeasible way.

• 大正10年（1921年）の山脇毅による「平瀬本源氏物語」の発見をはじめとする河内本諸写本の発見等によりすでに失われてしまったと考えられていた良質の河内本系の本文が実際に利用可能になったこと。
• The good-quality Kawachi-bon line text which had been considered already lost actually became available thanks to Hatasu YAMAWAKI's discovery of the various kinds of Kawachi-bon manuscripts such as 'Hirase-bon manuscript of The Tale of Genji' in 1921.

• 荘園の増大は摂関家などの有力貴族や彼らに保護された寺社などに莫大な収入をもたらす一方、国司等による税の徴収が不可能（すなわち公領の減少）となってしまうために国家財政に深刻な打撃を与えていた。
• An increase in the number of manors brought enormous income to powerful nobles such as sekkan-ke (regent family), as well as temples and shrines under their protection, but on the other hand, tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) became impossible (in other words, imperial demesne decreased), causing serious harm to national finance.

• いずれの方法においてもICOCAにチャージできる上限額は20,000円で、1,000円・2,000円・3,000円・5,000円・10,000円の5種類の単位で何度でもチャージが可能である。
• In every case, the ICOCA card's maximum rechargeable amount is 20,000 yen and the card is endlessly rechargeable with one of five fixed amounts: 1,000 yen, 2,000 yen, 3,000 yen, 5,000 yen and 10,000 yen per single operation.

• すべての駅で乗車カードとしてICOCAおよびこれと相互利用可能なICカード（ICOCAを参照）が、またJスルーが一部の駅を除いて自動券売機で乗車券に引き換えることにより利用することができる。
• For boarding cards, ICOCA and IC Cards (see ICOCA), used interchangeably with ICOCA, they can be used at all stations and the J Through Card can be used by exchanging it with a boarding ticket at the automatic ticket machine with the exception of some stations.

• これは、いわゆるバブル景気以降の大都市における地価の高騰で、新幹線で通勤・通学が可能な郊外（主に東京への通勤・通学を目的に栃木県、群馬県、静岡県東部が多い）の住宅に住む人が増えたためである。
• This is because, in and after the bubble economy era, the price of land in large cities rose steeply, and many came to live in the suburbs from where they could commute to their offices or schools if using Shinkansen (mostly in Tochigi Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture and the east part of Shizuoka Prefecture for commuting to offices or schools in Tokyo).

• ただし、この時期においても愛知県春日井郡や石川県嶺北地方（現在は福井県）での反対闘争のように一揆の可能性を秘めながらも自由民権運動家などと連携して数年単位での合法的な反対闘争を続けた例もある。
• However, even in this period, some conflicts that took place in Kasugai County, Aichi Prefecture and Reihoku region, Ishikawa Prefecture (at present Fukui Prefecture), did have aspects of revolt but basically took a form of legal conflicts that lasted for several years in cooperation with those who were involved in Jiyu Minken Undo.

• 現在の亀岡市街地から篠町にかかる地域は4世紀ころまでは湖沼地だったらしいが、秦氏の大堰川（保津川）治水工事などにより利用可能な土地となると、桑田神社や屯倉が建立されたりして人の移住が見られた。
• The area from the urban district of Kameoka City to Shino-cho is believed to have been a lake or marsh until the fourth century; however, the Kuwada-jinja Shrine and the Miyake (Imperial-controlled territory) were built and people began to settle in the area, once the Hata clan reclaimed the land through the improvement of the Oi-gawa (Hozu-gawa) River.

• そのため、事前に予測可能な現象は予報を出してこの日に国家行事などを行う事を避け、突発的な現象に対しては、天文現象を観測してその意味を占いによって解釈して支配者に報告して対策を練る必要があった。
• Therefore, advance warning was given for predictable phenomena, so that these days could be avoided when holding national events, while unforeseen incidents needed to be observed, interpreted by divination and reported to the rulers so that they could respond appropriately.

• 反証可能性に至っていないもの、地球温暖化の進行程度の差を指摘するものなどが多く見られ、いずれの場合も化石燃料由来温室効果ガスの地球温暖化効果自体を否定する科学的根拠が示されているわけではない。
• There are many theories, some of which are not convincing and some of which point out the difference in degree of the progress of global warming; in summary, any of them does not show a scientific ground for denying the influence of global warning caused by greenhouse gases originated from fossil fuel.

• また、2006年6月には京阪神地区の駅のコンビニエンスストア「ハートイン」と「デイリーイン」の全店でICOCA電子マネーが利用可能になり、ICOCA対応の自動販売機やコインロッカーも登場した。
• In June 2006, at all shops of two chain convenience stores in the Keihanshin area, 'Heart-in' and 'Daily-in,' ICOCA's electronic money started to be accepted, and the automatic vending machines and coin-operated lockers accepting ICOCA also became available.

• しかしながら明治末期ころから本格的な古写本の所在の調査とその比較が始まり、大島本など良質な本文を持つとされる古写本がいくつも発見されることにより青表紙本をもとに校本を作成することが可能になった。
• However, since around the late Meiji period, a thorough investigation of the place where the old manuscripts were kept and their comparison were begun, and many old manuscripts of fine quality such as Oshima-bon were found, which made it possible to make a variorum edition of the Aobyoshi-bon manuscripts.

• 『国史大辞典』の「後亀山天皇」項では、『帝王系図』吹上本の付紙を根拠に、天皇の生母が阿野実為の娘であることをほぼ確実とする一方で、この人物が嘉喜門院と同一人物ではない可能性のあることを示唆する。
• Based on a snip of paper pasted to a page of the Fukiage bon of 'Teio Keizu' (Genealogical Table of Emperor), the entry of 'Emperor Gokameyama' in 'Kokushi Daijiten' (Great Dictionary of National History) says that probably the Emperor's real mother was a daughter of Sanetame ANO, suggesting that the woman might have not been the Kakimon-in.

• 何ぞ不可ならん」と啖呵を切ったと言われている（『続本朝通鑑』）が、当時、即位に当たって神器の存在は必ずしも要件とはされておらず、治天による伝国詔宣により即位が可能であるとする観念が存在していた。
• Nothing is the matter' ('Zoku Honchotsugan' (history book edited by the Edo bakufu) he is said to have openly said, but the existence of the Sacred Treasures was not mandatory for ascension and the Denkoku Shosen by the Chiten was thought to have been sufficient in those times.

• ※大阪府域局のテレビ大阪（京都支社→京都市中京区烏丸通竹屋町角）も京都市山科区の東南部と山城国のほぼ全域、丹波国および丹後国の一部地域で直接受信可能（但し、本来の放送放送区域は大阪府地域のみ）。
• TV Osaka programs, which is for the Osaka Prefecture area (whose Kyoto branch office is located at Karasuma-Takeya-cho-kado, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City), can in fact be received directly in the southeast area of Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City, in the almost entire area of former Yamashiro Province, and in some areas of former Tanba Province and former Tango Province (however, the original broadcasting area is limited to the Osaka Prefecture area).

• 相互銀行では、無尽に類似した制度である相互掛金という相互銀行専用商品が可能であったが、相互掛金制度自体が無尽とは大きく異なるものであったことや、取扱が面倒なことから早期に有名無実の制度となった。
• For mutual banks, it was possible to have dedicated products for mutual banks called mutual premiums, a system similar to Mujin, but it became in name only in the early stages because the mutual premium system itself was very different from Mujin and managing it was tiresome.

• JR西日本線と他社線との乗り換え専用自動改札機（2枚投入が可能な自動改札機）を通る際は、最初に磁気きっぷ・定期券を入れ、その次にICOCAをタッチすると自動改札機で自動精算して通ることができる。
• When you transfer between the JR West lines and the other companies' lines, using an automatic transfer ticket gate, insert your magnetic ticket or magnetic commuter pass and after that touch it with your ICOCA card; the checker will automatically adjust your fare and allow you to pass.

• 京津三条駅から京阪本線へ乗り換える際は1枚の切符で可能であったが、東西線開通後は改めて切符を買いなおすことが必要になった（しかし2007年4月1日のPiTaPa導入である程度の改善は図られた）。
• When changing trains from Keishin Sanjo Station to Keihan Main Line, passengers could pass through the ticket gate with a single ticket, but after the opening of the Tozai Line, they had to buy a new ticket (although the situation was improved to some degree on April 1, 2007, by the introduction of PiTaPa, a smart card for payment of amongst other things, railway fares).

• 道長は天皇と関白が対立した場合には、政治的決定への決裁権も太政官以下の諸役人を直接指揮する権限も持たない関白が政治的には無力化する可能性があることを考慮して関白に就かなかったのだといわれている。
• It has been said that Michinaga did not become Kampaku because he saw the potential for the Kampaku to become politically powerless in a situation where the Emperor and Kampaku were opposed, because the Kampaku did not have political decision-making authority or the power to directly command the Daijokan or subordinate ministers.

• 例えば将来的に東京からの首都移転が行われた場合、東京の改称が行われた場合などに、それ以前と以後を区別する必要性から、明治以後の歴史の一括表現としてこの言葉が用いられる可能性があると考えられている。
• For example, if the capital is relocated from Tokyo or if Tokyo is renamed, the term 'Tokyo period' may be used for collectively referring to the period since the Meiji era in order to distinguish the times before and after such relocation or rename.

• 古来から従軍する兵士には兵糧携帯の義務があり、律令法においては糒6斗及び塩2升の自弁が定められていたが、実際には60日分に過ぎず、かつ大量の兵糧携帯は場合によっては行軍の妨げになる可能性もあった。
• From ancient times a soldier taking part in a campaign was obliged to carry army provisions and, under Ritsuryo law, they had to pay his own expenses: about 108 liter of dried rice and about 3.6 liter of salt, however, these supply would last only 60 days and carrying a large amount of food could hinder a march.

• 使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
• Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.

• また、江戸時代前期の国学者多田義俊が「十語五草」と呼んだ婦人の教養書一覧の中に「四鏡」や『枕草子』・『徒然草』とともに『弥世継』も挙げられていたことから、多田義俊が弥世継を読んでいた可能性もある。
• Also, there is a possibility that Yoshitoshi TADA, a scholar of Kokugaku (National Learning) in the first half of the Edo period, read Iya Yotsugi because he mentioned in a list of educational books for women called 'Jugo Goso' (Ten Narratives and Five Storybooks) along with 'Shikyo,' 'The Pillow Book' and 'Essays in Idleness.'

• 江戸時代における藩の経済は表向きは兵農分離と石高制の原則に基づいた自給自足的な体制（藩アウタルキー）によって運営されていたが、実際の幕藩体制において、全ての物資を自給自足可能な藩は存在しなかった。
• Even though the economy of a domain during the Edo period was ostensibly operated by subsistence economy system (the Han Autarkies) which was based on the principle of heinobunri (separation of the warrior class from the soil) and the Kokudaka system (tax system based on rice), it was impossible for any domains to be self-sufficient in all supplies.

• また、古代に「豊」を「て」、「で」、「てみ」、「でみ」、「とみ」、「どみ」等と読んだ可能性もある（この他にも、この山の名の由来についてはいろいろな面白い説があるが飯豊女王と関係ない話なので省略）。
• And there is a possibility that '豊' was read as 'te,' 'de,' 'temi,' 'demi,' 'tomi,' 'domi,' and so on in ancient times (in addition to this, concerning the origin of name of this mountain, there are many interesting theories, but they are not relevant to Iitoyo no himemiko and thus omitted.

• 現在は京阪神エリアの私鉄・地下鉄および一部の路線バス（PiTaPaエリア）、並びに東日本旅客鉄道（JR東日本）などのSuicaエリア、東海旅客鉄道（JR東海）のTOICAエリアでも利用可能である。
• Currently, the card can also be used in the following areas: all private and subway lines and some parts of bus lines (PiTaPa area) in the Keihanshin area; the Suica area such as East Japan Railway (JR East); and the TOICA area covered by Central Japan Railway (JR Central).

• これを「入鉄砲出女」と言うが、江戸在住の大名の妻が密かに領国へ帰国することと、江戸での軍事活動を可能にする江戸方面への鉄砲の流入の2つが、幕府によって厳重に規制されたのである（童謡「通りゃんせ」）。
• These were collectively known as the restriction on 'letting in guns and letting out women,' referring to the severe limitations placed by the bakufu on two things, namely the ability of the wives of daimyo stationed in Edo to return in secret to their own territories, and the influx of guns into the Edo region, the latter of which might render military action against the bakufu feasible (In a children's song, 'Toryanse' [Ain't gettin' by!].)

• もともと近年クウェート政界ではサリーム系王族よりもジャービル系王族の方が優位に立ちつつあったが、サアドの即位にあたって、ジャービル系王族を中心に、執務不可能を理由にサアドに退位を求める声があがった。
• In recent years, in the Kuwait political field, Jabir line royal family members had superiority over Salim line members, and upon Saad's ascension, there was a voice mainly from the Jabir line royal family members for Saad to abdicate because of his not being able to execute his duties.

• だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
• However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.

• 古事記では迦具漏比売とされるが、彼女は実兄日本武尊の曾孫に当たり、生物学的に不可能である（現に、日本書紀では応神天皇の后となっているし、古事記でも彼の名前の重複が認められる）ことから誤記と思われる。
• In Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), he was considered as Kagurohime, but since Kagurohime was a great-granddaughter of his real older brother, YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto, this was biologically impossible (it is actually described in Nihonshoki [the oldest chronicles of Japan] that she became the empress to Emperor Ojin, and his name is repeated in Kojiki, too).

• これに対しては、川上と後述する前澤輝政は、この印は現在の足利市伊勢町付近から出土した、という記述を近藤正斎が『右文故事』（1817年）中に残しており、本物である可能性も捨てきれない、と主張している。
• On the other hand, KAWAKAMI and Terumasa MAEZAWA (described later) said they could not get over the idea that the stamp may be genuine because Seisai KONDO described in his 'Yubun Koji (writings about bibliography in the Edo period)' in 1817 that the stamp had been unearthed from an area around present-day Ise-cho, Ashikaga City

• 司馬遼太郎は「『けいき』と呼ぶ人は旧幕臣関係者の家系に多い」とするが、倒幕に動いた肥後藩関係者でも使用が確認できる事から、広範囲において潜在的に慕われていた、あるいは好意を寄せられていた可能性もある。
• Though Ryotaro SHIBA commented that 'the name 'Keiki' was used quite often among those associated with the former Shogunate', the use of the name 'Keiki' was also confirmed among those related to Higo-han Clan who worked toward the fall of the Shogunate; there is a possibility that he was widely yet secretly respected and admired.

• これが通称としての「紀伝道」の成立である（ただし、『皇代記』には延暦24年（805年）6月に「紀伝儒者始」があったと記されており、紀伝博士成立以前に紀伝を担当する専門教員が置かれていた可能性がある）。
• This is how the name, 'kidendo,' was established (however, as 'Kodaiki' (The Chronicle of the Emperors) states that there was 'Kiden jusha hajime' (Start of Confucianism Class) in June, 805 (old lunar calendar), there is a possibility that an expert in teaching kiden had already been set up before kiden hakase).

• 大阪方面からの電化区間（大和路線）やICOCA・Jスルーの利用可能エリア（ICOCAの相互利用対象であるSuica（東日本旅客鉄道）・PiTaPa（スルッとKANSAI協議会）も含む）は当駅までである。
• The electrified section as well as the section where ICOCA and J-through cards (including Suica (East Japan Railway Company (JR East)) and PiTaPa (SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION), which are mutually usable with ICOCA) can be used, also extend from Osaka to this station.

• ちなみに「新幹線並み」と称されることもあるが、新幹線としては比較的低規格の東海道新幹線でも最小曲線半径は2,500mが基本となっているため、実際に新幹線並みのスピードで列車を走らせることは不可能である。
• It is sometimes said that the running speed is 'as high as the Shinkansen,' but considering that the minimum curve radius is basically 2,500 meters on the Tokaido Shinkansen, which is a relatively low standard compared with other Shinkansen trains, it's impossible to operate trains on the Kosei Line at speeds equal to those of the Shinkansen.

• 台湾総督は台湾の行政・司法・立法から軍事までを一手に掌握しうる強大な権限を持ったため「土皇帝」と呼ばれた程である（後に軍事権が台湾軍 (日本軍)司令官に移譲されたことにより、文官の総督就任が可能になる）。
• Power was highly centralized with the Taiwan governor wielding the public administration, administration of justice, legislation and military, therefore it was called 'Do Kotei', the local emperor (later, the military power was transferred to the Taiwanese army [Japanese army] so the civil officers could assume the governer).

• 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている（日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている）。
• Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).

• にも拘らずこのような駅名が付けられたのは、1902年に当駅付近から鳥羽街道までの間を結ぶ新道（現在の十条通）が通じ、鳥羽街道に出ることが可能になったことから、その最寄り駅として命名されたためと考えられる。
• However, this station was named as such because, in 1902, a new road (current Jujo-dori Street) connecting the vicinity of the station with Toba-kaido Road was constructed, making it possible to pass through to Toba-kaido Road, and it seems that the station was named after the fact that it was the nearest station to Toba-kaido Road.

• 当駅以東はICOCA・Jスルーの利用可能エリアから外れるため、これらのカード（ICOCAの相互利用対象であるSuica（東日本旅客鉄道）・PiTaPa（スルッとKANSAI協議会）も含む）は利用できない。
• The ICOCA and J-Through cards and, due to a reciprocal agreement, East Japan Railway Company's Suica card and SURUTTO KANSAI ASSOCIATION's PiTaPa card are not valid in the area to the east of the station.

• 実際に国分寺及びその周辺において古代に遡ることが可能な古瓦が出土されることや古代寺院の礎石と思われる石が残存していることから、全く根拠がない説とは言い難いが、今後の考古学的調査が必要とされるところである。
• It is hard to say that the theory is groundless because in and around Kokubun-ji Temple old roof-tiles which can be traced back to ancient times were unearthed, and a stone which seems to be a foundation stone of ancient temple remains, thus further archaeological investigations are necessary.

• この時点では寛永通寳は私鋳銭の域を出ないが、幕府が鋳造を命じたとされる慶長11年（1606年）鋳造の慶長通宝、および元和 (日本)3年（1617年）鋳造の元和通宝なども、これと同列のものである可能性がある。
• Although Kanei Tsuho was no more than privately-minted coins at this point, possibly Keicho-tsuho in 1606, which was said to be ordered by the bakufu, and Genna Tsuho, minted in 1617 were on the same level with Kanei Tsuho.

• （ただし、家康と対抗可能な勢力を誇っていた前田利家が存命中は、徳川家が豊臣家を上回る権威を持つことは阻止できており、利家が秀吉の死から僅か8ヵ月後に病死しなければ家康の政権獲得は困難だったとも考えられる。）
• (However, the Toyotomi clan could control the Tokugawa clan while Toshiie Maeda was alive, because Toshiie could compete with Ieyasu: if Toshiie had not passed away only eight months after Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu might have had difficulty in gaining control of the government.)

• 北丹鉄道の廃止によって盲腸線と化す可能性のあった宮守線は、1975年（昭和50年）に河守（大江） - 福知山間が建設予定線として追加され宮福線と改称、1979年（昭和54年）にこの区間についても着工された。
• The Miyamori Line, which could have become useless after the abolition of Hokutan Railway, was renamed the Miyafuku Line in 1975 when Komori (Oe) - Fukuchiyama section was added to its construction plan, and the construction work of this section started in 1979.

• これの危険な点は、例えば天皇に取り入った者が天皇の名を借りて実状にそぐわない法令をだしても、そのまま施行されてしまうという危険性があるというように、天皇を個人的に手に入れた者が政策の意思決定が可能な点にある。
• The dangerous aspect of it is the political decision-making can be possible for someone who get possession of emperor, for example, if someone who insinuated oneself into the emperor establish unreasonable regulations in the name of the emperor, there's possibility that it can become effective directly.

• 大きな荘園では（領地（領主の直轄地）での義務労役という大きな潜在的供給力を持つ領主がいれば、）農奴保有地の割合が大きかったのに対して、小さな荘園では、領地における耕地可能な面積の割合が大きくなりがちであった。
• In the case of large shoens (if the lords had the large potential supply, that is, the compulsory service in the land directly controlled by the lords), the ratio of the serf's lands was large, but in small shoens, the ratio of the cultivatable area in the land tended to be large.

• 安東氏の後裔である旧子爵秋田氏には、長髄彦の兄である安日彦の子孫という伝承が残っているが、これは蝦夷の祖を安日に求めた室町期成立の『曽我物語』の影響を受けている可能性が高いため、信憑性は低いと考えられている。
• The Akita clan, a former viscount family and the descendant of the Ando clan, had handed down a legend that, the Akita clan was the descendant of Abihiko, Nagasunehiko's older brother, however, it is considered to have little credibility due to the possibility that it was influenced by 'Soga Monogatari' (The Tale of Soga), the tale written in the eeriest days of the Muromachi period, in which the ancestor of Emishi (northerners) was claimed to be Abihiko.

• また、ヨーロッパやロシア、米国は、それぞれの国のエネルギー事情から、数値目標が達成可能かどうかや、経済に与える影響をあらかじめシミュレーションしていたが、日本は6%に対して、裏づけがないまま合意に至っている。
• Also, Europe, Russia and America had simulated previously whether or not the numerical goals could be achieved and the influence on the economy based on the energy situation of each country, but Japan agreed on 6% without deep consideration.

• さらに2007年4月1日にはPiTaPaが近畿日本鉄道や京都市交通局などにも導入されたことにより、関西の大手もしくは準大手私鉄・公営地下鉄のほとんどの路線でICOCAが使用可能となり、さらに利便性が向上した。
• Additionally, since PiTaPa was introduced in Kintetsu Railways and the Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau on April 1, 2007, ICOCA has enhanced its convenience, being accepted on almost all lines of the major and second-tier private railway companies and public subways.

• 百済寺の史料上の初見は11世紀の寛治3年（1089年）であり、聖徳太子創建との伝承がどこまで史実を反映したものかは不明であるが、百済寺という寺号から見て、この寺は渡来系氏族の氏寺として開創された可能性が高い。
• According to historical materials, Hyakusai-ji Temple first appears in the 11th century, 1089, therefore, it is unknown how much the legend of Prince Shotoku founding the temple reflects the historical facts, however, by seeing its jigo (literally, 'temple name') - Hyakusai-ji Temple, this temple was most likely to be built as a Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying clan's glory) for a clan formed by immigrants to ancient Japan.

• しかし、当該国がマネーサプライの拡大を嫌った場合、他の資産を民間に売却することによって自国通貨供給の拡大を阻止するという操作が可能であり、このような金不胎化政策はかならず他の国に金融引き締めを強いることになる。
• However, if the country does not want to increase the money supply, it can control and hamper the expansion by disposing of state-owned assets to the private sector, and such gold sterilization policy will impose credit crunch on other countries.

• 最終的な結論は、「特に精度の高い校本とは言い難い。この校本によっての『源氏物語』の本文研究や、校訂作業は全く不可能なこととは思わないが、非常に限られた調査しか出来ないことは承知しておかねばなるまい。」であった。
• So finally he concluded that 'it is hard to consider the work as a highly precise variorum. I do not think that it is totally impossible to carry out the text study of 'The Tale of Genji' and collation based on this variorum, but we have to understand that all we can do is the very limited investigation.'

• これは河内本が意味の通りにくい本文に積極的に手を加えて意味が通るようにする方針で校訂されたのに対して青表紙本では意味の通らない本文も可能な限りそのまま残すという方針で校訂されたためであるからだと考えられている。
• This is because positive efforts were made to revise the unclear sentences when the Kawachi-bon manuscript was made, while the Aobyoshi-bon was transcribed with the aim of preserving the original sentences as much as possible even though they were not clear.

• 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
• The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.

• 逆賊となり表向き武器の購入が不可能となっていた長州藩に変わって薩摩が武器を購入するなどの経済的な連携を経た後、慶応2年（1866年）正月、京都薩摩藩邸内で木戸孝允・西郷らが立ち会い、薩長同盟の密約が締結された。
• After some cooperative work, such as when Satsuma purchased weapons for the Choshu clan, who were officially regarded as a rebels and could not purchase them, both signed the secretive agreement to form an alliance at the Satsuma clan's residence in the presence of Takayoshi KIDO and Saigo in Kyoto in January 1866.

• 便所は2番ホームにあり、男女別の水洗式便所（2008年2月よりかつて存在した汲み取り式便所の隣に新たなトイレの建設工事を施行し、約１ヶ月の工事期間を経て完成し使用可能となり、汲み取り式便所は閉鎖・撤去された）。
• The toilet facility, located on Platform 2, is equipped with a flush toilet (the installation of a new toilet was carried out in February 2008 next to the vault toilet that existed at the time, and after about a month of work the newly completed toilet was made available; consequently, the vault toilet was closed and removed).

• しかし皇后、皇太后、太皇太后に関しては、民間出身者が天皇の代行として摂政位に就き、国事行為を行う是非を議論された事はなく、将来そのような状況になった場合、非常に難しい問題に発展する可能性があると懸念されている。
• However, regarding an Empress, Empress Dowager, or Grand Empress Dowager, the possibility of person of common birth entering a regent position as the emperor's agent and conducting national affairs has never been discussed; and some worry about the possibility that in the future if such a situation arose, it would develop into a very difficult problem.

• これは、古代においては、父系のみならず母系の血縁を由来とする氏族としての結合もあり、1個人が複数の血縁集団に属する可能性もあったために、地縁などの要素が加味されて所属する祭祀圏が決定されたものと考えられている。
• It is considered that, one person might also belong to a plurality of blood-related groups in the ancient days because connections as a family originated from blood relations not only in the paternal line but also in the maternal line were also existed and, therefore, elements such as local relations were added and a festival zone to which one person belongs was determined.

• 現存するのは主に鉄製や金銅製のものであるが、有機質材料が併用されていた可能性が指摘されており、近年は弥生時代終末期の遺跡から木製や革製、植物繊維を編んで漆を塗ったものなどさまざまな有機質材料の短甲も出土している。
• The Tanko existing now are mainly made of iron or gilt bronze, however, some pointed out that it is possible organic material was also used to make them and various Tanko made of organic material such as wood, leather and knitted plant fiber with lacquer on it were unearthed from the remains of the late Yayoi period in recent years.

• 序文については『日本書紀』で触れられた『天皇記』・『国記』に相当するものを装った偽書であり、物部氏の権威付けのために、その筋に近い物が創作した可能性が高いと言われている（藤原明『日本の偽書』文藝春秋、2004年）。
• With regard to the preface, it is considered that the preface is gisho, assuming that it corresponds to the prefaces for 'Tennoki' (a Record of the Emperors) and 'Kokki' (a National Record), and that a person familiar to the Mononobe clan created the story in order to give authority to the Mononobe clan (Akira FUJIWARA, 'Nihon no gisho' (a book of gisho, apocryphal book in Japan), Bungei shunju, 2004).

• また、ICカード乗車券はJR西日本ではICOCAとSuicaにPiTaPaおよびTOICA（電子マネー機能はICOCAとSuicaのみ）、近鉄・京阪・阪急ではICOCA・PiTaPaが利用可能（順次各社拡大予定）。
• As for IC cards, the ICOCA, Suica, PiTaPa and TOICA cards can be used for the JR West lines (only the ICOCA and Suica cards can used as electronic money), and the ICOCA and PiTaPa cards can be used for the Kintetsu lines, the Keihan lines and Hankyu lines (each company is scheduled to expand the service gradually).

• ただ、書簡中では若殿輩（わかとのばら）が逸（はや）らないようにこの鰻温泉を動かないとも記しているので、この「立つと決する」は内乱よりは当時西郷が最も心配していた対ロシアのための防御・外征を意味していた可能性が高い。
• Judging from other description in the letter that he would keep staying at Unagi Hot Spring so as not to make his young Lord impetuous, the words 'I will decide to raise the army' might have meant defense and campaign against Russia, which was his biggest concern in those days, instead of starting a civil war.

• 近隣の藩で藩札が発行された場合、領内の良貨（幕府貨幣）が悪貨（近隣の藩が発行した信用の裏付けの弱い紙幣）に取って代わられる、言い換えれば良貨を近隣他領に吸い上げられることは自領の経済活動に悪影響が及ぶ可能性があった。
• If neighboring domains issued han bills, there was a possibility that good currency (coins issued by the shogunate) was exchanged for bad currency (bills issued by neighboring domains which had low credibility), which could affect the economy of the domain.

• この惣官職は、畿内近国を軍事的に直轄支配することを目的に設置されたもので、平氏政権の武家政権としての性格を如実に表しており、平氏政権が本格的な武家政権へ成長していく可能性をここに見出しうると、学界では考えられている。
• This Sokan position was established to directly control the military aspects of Kinai and its surroundings, clearly indicating the characteristics of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government and the academic field considers that it is possible to see this as a possibility for the bushi government established by the Taira clan administration to grow.

• 眉輪王の物語が暗殺の実情を隠蔽する目的の述作であるとすると、眉輪王を匿ったために滅ぼされたという記紀の筋書きにも疑問が生じ、実際の滅亡原因は、大泊瀬皇子のライバルである押磐皇子と連携していたことにあった可能性が高い。
• If we interpret this incident in the story of Emperor Mayowa as a jussaku (literary work) which conceals the real reason of his assasination, there is a high possibility that the cause of their fall was due to the Katsuraki clan's alliance with Prince Oshihano, who was the rival for Prince Ohatsuse.

• だが、二条良実邸は後に内裏として用いられる二条富小路殿であったことが、『平戸記』寛元2年4月20日条に記された良実の冷泉殿から二条富小路殿への移転記事（「今夜殿下（二条良実）御渡二条富小路御所」）から確認可能である。
• However, the residence of Yoshizane NIJO was in fact Nijo Tomikojidono residence, which later served as the dairi (Imperial Palace), as is written in the June 4, 1244 entry of 'Heikoki' (Diary of TAIRA no Tsunetaka) ('Tonight the lord (Yoshizane NIJO) moved to Nijo Tomikoji residence').

• また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
• Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.

• 明は日本(幕府)に倭寇の取り締まりを求め、幕府も公船で貿易を行ない、私貿易を禁止すれば、既存の民間貿易の利得を幕府側で一手に引き受けることが可能になるという目論見から、勘合符を用いる貿易が推し進められることとなった。
• As the Ming dynasty required Japan (that is, the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) to crack down on the wako, the bakufu continued to trade using official ships and prohibited private foreign trade in the hope that they could exercise total control over existing profits from private foreign trade; thus, trade using Kangofu was implemented.

• しかしながら、新幹線については前述の理由に加え、国鉄時代と違い別会社の運行となっており、実現の可能性は低いと見られている（JR東海側の意向により、16両貫通の編成で無い限りは同社の路線への乗り入れは不可となっている。
• However, concerning the Shinkansen lines, the prospect of realizing a through operation is considered small for the following reason in addition to the reasons described above: Each Shinkansen line is operated by a separate company, in contrast to the era of Japan National Railways (JR Tokai has decided that 16-car trains must be used for a through operation).

• 水野は、古事記で没した年の干支が記載されている天皇は、神武天皇から推古天皇までの33代の天皇のうち、半数に満たない15代であることに注目し、その他の18代は実在しなかった（創作された架空の天皇である）可能性を指摘した。
• In the Kojiki, Mizuno focusing on that the Oriental zodiac signs of the year that emperor died were written for 15 emperors, short of half among the 33 emperors from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Suiko, pointed out the 18 rest emperors might not exist (fictional emperors).

• 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
• Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.

• 近代になると鞆の浦の拠点性はますます低下していき、1913年（大正3年）の鞆鉄道線開通により陸上交通の利便性は向上したものの、半島の先端という孤立した環境や開発可能な平野部が少ないことなどから近代化の波に取り残された。
• Modern Tomonoura had gradually lost its importance as a hub, and even the enhanced land traffic convenience based on the opening of railroads by Tomotetsudo Co., Ltd., in 1913 could not prevent Tomonoura from failing to catch up the others amid the sweeping tide of modernization due to locational disadvantages of being an isolated tip of peninsula and lacking developable plains.

• これは「河内本」が意味の通りにくい本文に積極的に手を加えて意味が通るようにする方針で校訂されたのに対して、「青表紙本」では意味の通らない本文も可能な限りそのまま残すという方針で校訂されたためであるからだと考えられている。
• This is because 'Kawachibon' was revised positively to make the obscure lines clear, while 'Aobyoshibon' was revised due to a policy of staying as close as possible to the original text.

• 南側、つまり楽市や六角氏の居館があった方向から攻め上ろうとすると、そこには強固な石垣がある平井丸、池田丸があり、また山裾の平地部分に部隊を展開しようとすると、観音寺城の支城、箕作城、長光寺城があり挟撃される可能性がある。
• If enemies attacked the castle from the south where the Rakuichi and the residences of the Rokkaku clan were located, the Hiraimaru (Kuruwa) and Ikedamaru (Kuruwa) areas were there with strong stone walls to block them; and if enemies tried to send troops to the flatland at the skirt of the mountain, there was a possibility of a pincer drive by the armies from Mitsukuri-jo Castle and Chokoji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles of Kannonji-jo Castle.

• また前述の荷前山陵のような大きな変動の余地のある項目がそのままにされていることから、延喜年間に細かい語句の修正が行われた可能性があるものの、現存の『儀式』の原本は貞観年間に編纂された儀式（書）であるとするのが通説である。
• Also, there is a possibility that the petty revision of words was made during the Engi era since changeable items such as Nosaki sanryo mentioned above remain unchanged, but it is commonly believed that the original of the existing 'Gishiki' is the Gishiki (book) that was compiled during the Jogan era.

• 1949年ごろから好転し始めた石油事情は代燃車からガソリン車への転換を可能とし、全国的に観光バス部門開設の申請が相次いたが、京都バスも1950年、新規免許申請に踏み切り、11月に一般貸切旅客自動車運送事業を営業開始した。
• As the transfer from substitute-fuel cars to gasoline cars had become possible since 1949 thanks to the improved oil supply, many companies across the country applied for licenses as sightseeing bus operators; in 1950, Kyoto Bus also applied for a license and introduced its general reserve passenger bus business in November of that year.

• しかし、新幹線には、割引料金に対する予約変更の優位性、発車場所へのアクセス性、前後のアクセスにJR線を利用する場合に運賃通算が可能、本数（輸送力）の多さと定時性、手荷物検査や持込品目の制限などの煩雑さがない優位性がある。
• However, Shinkansen has the following superiority: changes to discount tickets are allowed, access to departure places is easier, a through fare is applied when a JR line is used consecutively, lots of trains are available and operated as scheduled, and no cumbersome procedure of baggage checks is necessary nor restriction on things to be brought on board is imposed.

• 監禁の後も、藩主に改悛の情が見えず、あるいは偽りの様子としか受け取られない場合、再び悪行や暴政を行う可能性が高いと判断された場合は、藩主は強制的に隠居させられ、藩主隠居の旨幕府に届け出、嫡子や兄弟の妥当な人物が藩主となる。
• If the lord shows no sign of remorse or the remorse is seen as a pretense or the vassals think that the lord is highly like to sink into corruption and tyrannize again, the lord will be forced to retire, and the retirement is reported to the shogunate government and an appropriate person is chosen among legitimate children and brothers.

• 上述の単位に区画された土地において、里の横列を「条（じょう）」、里の縦列を「里（り）」とし、任意に設定された基点から、縦方向には一条、二条、三条と、横方向には一里、二里、三里というように、明快な位置表示が可能となっていた。
• For the land divided into the units described above, the horizontal row of ri was called 'jo' and the vertical row of ri was called 'ri,' and from the base point that was arbitrary set, each section could be clearly indicated such as ichi-jo, ni-jo, and san-jo (first jo, second jo, and third jo) vertically and ichi-ri, ni-ri, and san-ri (first ri, second ri, and third ri) horizontally.

• また、源頼朝が彼の命を助けて御家人の列に加えたことからも源頼朝と血縁的に近い人であったことが想像される(ただし、頼朝は親族に対して警戒心を抱いていたことを考えると、近すぎず遠すぎずといった微妙な位置であった可能性が高い)。
• It can also be imagined that he was a close blood relative of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who saved his life and added him to the member of gokenin (however, we should not forget that Yoritomo had wariness toward his relatives, so he would have probably kept his relatives at a discreet distance.)

• 謀議が事実であったかどうかは当時でも疑問視する向きが多く、西光と成親が清盛の呼び出しに簡単に応じていることから、平氏側（清盛）が院近臣勢力を潰すため、もしくは山門との衝突を回避するためにでっち上げた疑獄事件の可能性もある。
• Whether there in fact were any secret plans was questioned even at that point and since Saiko and Narichika readily attended to Kiyomori's call, there is a possibility that it was a plot by the Taira clan (Kiyomori) to destroy close aides of the cloistered government or evade confrontation with the Sanmon.

• 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
• The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.

• また、塩谷義通については、義綱が家督を継いだのは天正2年（1574年）11月のことであり、義孝の死去から10年のブランクがあるため、正室の子である義綱が元服するまでの間、繋ぎ的に塩谷氏の当主であった可能性も指摘されている。
• As for Yoshimichi SHIONOYA, it is pointed out that, as it was in November 1574 that Yoshitsuna succeeded to the position of family head and there was an unknown period of ten years after the death of Yoshitaka, until Yoshitsuna, a lawful wife's son, went through genpuku, possibly Yoshimichi might have been the family head on a tentative basis.

• 携帯電話でICOCAを利用できるサービスについては2008年3月現在発表されていないが、モバイルSuicaを利用すればICOCAエリアで携帯電話を使った乗降、およびICOCA電子マネー対応店舗でのショッピングは可能となる。
• Although the service that allows you to use ICOCA through cell phones hasn't been announced as of March 2008, if you make use of the Mobile Suica service you can get on and off the train with your cell phone in the ICOCA area, as well as do your shopping at stores that accept ICOCA Electronic Money.

• また、物語内容に反体制な要素が認められることから当時権力を握っていた藤原氏の係累ではなく、漢学・仏教・民間伝承に精通し、仮名文字を操ることができ、貴重だった紙の入手も可能な人物で性別は男性だったのではないかと推定されている。
• Also, there is something antiestablishment in the tale, so the author couldn't have been a descendant of the Fujiwara clan who held power in those days, therefore it is considered that the tale would have been written by a male writer who was familiar with the study of the Chinese classics, Buddhism, folklore, and able to write kana letters on paper, which was precious.

• その江戸幕府においても高家が大名に礼儀作法を伝授する際に受け取る「束脩」などは一種の幕府公認の礼銭であり、かの『忠臣蔵』の最初の場面である浅野長矩と吉良義央の遣り取りも実は「束脩」の性質を巡るトラブルと考える事も可能である。
• In the Edo bakufu, however, the 'sokushu' (initiation fees) that Koke (government position in charge of rituals and ceremonies) received from Daimyo when teaching manners can be considered to be a type of reisen officially recognized by the bakufu; in fact, it is possible to assume that the fight between Naganori ASANO and Yoshihisa KIRA in the first scene of the 'Chusingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers) was over the nature of the 'sokushu.'

• 桜町上皇と一条兼香が定めた寛延3年（1750年）の「官位御定」では、押小路家・壬生家が従三位に昇ることが可能であったのに対して、平田家は従四位上叙任を70歳以上とし、特別な功労がない限りは正四位下には昇進できないとしている。
• According to 'Kanni Osadame' issued in 1750 by the Retired Emperor Sakuramachi and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, the Oshinokoji family and the Mibu family were allowed to rise to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), but members of the Hirata family could be appointed Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) at the age of seventy or older, being not allowed to rise to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) unless special services were recognized in particular.

• 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが（山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた）、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
• SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.

• しかし名古屋高等検察庁時代に死刑執行に立ち会った三井環元検察官によれば死刑執行された死刑囚の身体は30分間ぶら下げるのが慣例となっており、30分もぶら下げることで「確実に」死亡しているため、現在では蘇生する可能性は皆無である。
• However according to Takamki MITSUI, former prosecutor, who attended executions when he was working at the High Public Prosecutors' Office in Nagoya, a body of a condemned usually is hanged about 30 minutes and the condemned will be dead for sure, there is no possibility of resuscitation today.

• なお、明治40年制定の現行刑法では、殺人未遂罪に相当すると考えられるが、現行刑法では、自ら積極的に行為を中止した場合（中止未遂）の場合を除き、未遂による減軽は裁判官の裁量によるため、殺人罪の法定刑である死刑となる可能性はある。
• According to the current penal code enacted in 1907, Tsuda may be accused of attempted murder, but still there is a possibility that he is sentenced death penalty, because commutation for failed criminal cases are decided at discretion of judges except when a criminal gave up completion of crime on his own will.

• こうした傾向は室町期に顕著となり、赤松氏による将軍足利義教の殺害（嘉吉の乱）、細川政元による将軍足利義材の廃立（明応の政変）、松永久秀による将軍足利義輝の殺害は、いずれも将軍家に対する主君押込めとして理解することが可能である。
• This sort of tendency is a striking feature of the Muromachi period; Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA being assassinated by the Akamatsu clan (in the Kakitsu Revolt), Shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA being driven from power by Masamoto HOSOKAWA and replaced (in the Meio Coup), and Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA's assassination by Hisahide MATSUNAGA can all be understood as examples of shukun oshikome (shutting away/ neutralizing their lords) against the Shogunal family.

• 1904年2月23日、開戦前に「局外中立宣言」をした大韓帝国における軍事行動を可能にするために日韓議定書を締結し、開戦後8月には第一次日韓協約を締結、大韓帝国の財政、外交に顧問を置き条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
• On February 23rd, 1904, Japan concluded the Japan-Korean Protocol enabling Japan to take military action in the Korea in spite of the fact that the Korean Empire had announced a 'Declaration of neutrality' prior to the outbreak of the war; This made the way for the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty in August 1904 in which Japan assigned advisers to Korean financial and foreign affairs departments to ensure that they consulted the Japanese government prior to concluding treaties with foreign powers.

• 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
• Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.

• 2002年2月1日に道路運送法・タクシー業務適正化臨時措置法の一部が改正施行され、事業はこれまでの免許制から許可制とし、事業者の車両数増減も届出のみで自由に可能になった（いわゆる「タクシー規制緩和」とはこれらの法改正を指す）。
• Part of the Road Transportation Act and the Act on Temporary Measures concerning the Regulation of Taxi Services were revised to come to effect on February 1, 2002, and accordingly, the system of the business was switched from the licensing system to the approval system, allowing operators of the business to freely conduct business only by reporting increases and decreases in vehicles (so-called 'relaxation of the taxi regulations' means the revision of these acts).

• 2006年7月1日から南海に、2007年4月1日から近鉄にそれぞれPiTaPaが導入されたことで、両駅の乗り換え改札口では、1枚のICOCAもしくは事前にチャージ済みのPiTaPaで自動改札機にタッチすれば乗り換えが可能である。
• Since PiTaPa was introduced in the Nankai Electric Railway on July 1, 2006, and in the Kintetsu Railway on April 1, 2007, at the stations of both companies you can transfer by passing through the transfer gate, making one touch on the automatic ticket checker with your ICOCA card or, in the case of PiTaPa, as far as your card has previously been recharged.

• 根本的な事実である律令国家体制下の編纂という時代の性質、編纂の主体が置かれていた天皇の臣下という立場の性質、政治的な地位の保全への期待という思想性、それらを無視して百済三書に基づく日本書紀の記述を読むことは全くもって不可能である。
• It is totally impossible to understand the descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje without regard to the backgrounds such as the period under the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, the position as a follower of the emperor who led the compilation, and the expectation to maintain their political status.

• しかし、この国替えは信長自身も数度行っており、信長はそれらを解決するために家族そのものの移住等を行いその度にその国を発展させてきたが、信長にとっては大した事ではないが家臣にとっては難しい問題であったが故の摩擦となった可能性もある。
• Nobunaga, who had himself changed his province several times, moved them to new provinces to develop the province, which may not have been a difficult matter for Nobunaga, but more so for his vassals, and was a possible cause of friction.

• 卑弥呼の没したとされる近辺に、247年3月24日と248年9月5日の2回、北部九州で皆既日食がおきた可能性があることが天文学上の計算より明らかになっている（大和でも日食は観測されたが北九州ほどはっきりとは見られなかったとされる）。
• Astronomical calculations have confirmed that total solar eclipses could have occurred on March 24, 247, and September 5, 248, in the vicinity of northern Kyushu where Himiko died (solar eclipses were observed in Yamato, but it is considered that they were not as clear as those in Kyushu).

• （ただし、同時代史料においては類似した句が見られるのみで、主に明治11年（1878年）の『武江年表』や大正3年（1914年）『江戸時代落書類聚』など、明治以降に出典が見られることから、後世に喧伝された歌である可能性も指摘されている。
• (Because major sources of the poem are 'Buko Nenpyo,' or 'Chronology of the Edo Period,' published in 1878, as well as 'Edo Jidai Rakusho Ruiju,' or 'Anonymous Documents of Social and Political Satire of the Edo Period,' published in 1914.) and this satirical poem is not found in contemporary publications, while similar poems do appear, one explanation for this is that the poem was both written and circulated after the fact, as is suggested by its major historical sources being published after the Meiji era.

• 理由として致命的な打撃を与えられなかったということもあるが、当時の処刑手順の定めでは「重石を架けて3分後に死相が現れてから縄を解くというもので、心臓停止後5分間経過するまで執行を継続しなければ蘇生する可能性がある事が指摘されている。
• Resuscitations occurred because the equipment was not able to provide fatal blow but also the instruction at that time stated 'the rope will be set free after 3 minutes after putting stone as weight, when seal of death is confirmed', however it is said unless the execution is continued 5 minutes after arrest of the heart, there is a possibility of resuscitation.

• 例えば、額から右眼にかけて致命的な傷痕があり、更に右手首を骨折していた人骨が見つかっているが、右手首の骨折は、攻撃から身を守る際につけられる、防御創と呼ばれる種類の傷としては一般的なもので、争いによる受傷者である可能性は極めて高い。
• For example, a human bone with fatal wound across the forehead to right eye and broken right wrist, which is a typical defensive wound that happens when defending from attack, was excavated, and it is very likely that the person was wounded by fighting.

• この時代、良質な写本の多くは大名や公家、神社仏閣などに秘蔵されており、どこがどのような写本を所蔵しているのかということすらほとんどの場合明らかではなかったため、複数の写本を実際に手にとって具体的に比較することは事実上不可能であった。
• In this time, most of the manuscripts in good condition were treasured by Daimyo (feudal lord), Kuge (court noble), shrines and temples, and it was not mostly revealed who had what kind of manuscript, so it was virtually impossible to take several manuscripts at one time and make a concrete comparison between them.

• 特に『尊卑分脈』の系図に下河辺行平の実子とある斎藤時員の元服が『吾妻鏡』1193年（建久4年）10月10日条に見えることもあり、この斎藤時員（野本時員）の子孫からその家伝・由来が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者の下に提出された可能性もあるという。
• 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Biographies of Nobles and the Humble) has an entry dated October 10, 1193, which says that a biological son of Yukihira SHIMOKOBE, Tokikazu SAITO's coming of age ceremony was held, so there is a possibility that the descendant of Tokikazu SAITO (Tokikazu NOMOTO) handed the family tradition or history to the compiler of 'Azuma Kagami.'

• 従来、この「沙至比跪」と襲津彦を同一人とし、『書紀』紀年を修正して干支2運繰り下げて、壬午年を382年と解釈すると、襲津彦は4世紀末に実在した人物であり、朝鮮から俘虜を連れ帰った武将として伝承化されている可能性などが指摘されてきた。
• If we assume that there was a time lag of 2 uns (120 years; 1 un is equivalent to 60 years) of kanshi (Chinese calendrical system) in the year recorded in 'Nihonshoki' and consider Sotsuhiko as the same person as 'Hisachiku,' there is a possibility that Sotsuhiko was a legendized man who existed in the 4th century and was sent to Korea around 382 and brought some prisoners from the war.

• この問題の行方によっては薩英戦争同様の事態に進展する可能性もあり、さらに神戸が香港や上海市の様に理不尽な占領下に置かれる事態も起こり得たことから、滝善三郎の犠牲によって危機回避がなされたことは日本史の流れにおいても重大な出来事であった。
• Depending on the conclusion, this incident would possibly have developed into as serious a situation as Anglo-Satsuma War, and Kobe might have been put under the unreasonable occupation like Hong Kong or Shanghai City, so it is also important in the context of the Japanese history that the national crisis could be avoided at the sacrifice of Zenzaburo TAKI.

• 灌漑施設（溝や池）を新設して墾田を行った場合は、三世（本人・子・孫、又は子・孫・曾孫）までの所有を許し、既設の灌漑施設（古い溝や池を改修して使用可能にした場合）を利用して墾田を行った場合は、開墾者本人一世の所有を許す、というものである。
• It says that when a man cultivates new rice fields by building new irrigation facilities (ditches or ponds), he is allowed to own the land for three generations (the person himself - his children - grandchildren, or his children – grandchildren - great grandchildren); when he cultivates new rice fields by using existing irrigation facilities (when he repairs old ditches or ponds and makes them usable), he is allowed to own the land for his own generation.

• そもそも当然のことながら本文の比較校合の作業が始められた昭和初期の時点で存在が明らかになっており、かつ比較校合が可能であった写本しかとりあげられておらず、その後発見された、あるいは価値が明らかになった多くの写本との比較は行われていない。
• In the first place, only the manuscripts where the existence was confirmed in the early Showa period, when the collating work started, and which he could collate were adopted, so many of the manuscripts found later or where the value was discovered were not collated.

• 勿論、訴訟機関に届け出ることなく、和与状を作成して和与を行うこと（私和与）は可能であったが、訴訟機関による公式な裁許や和与のとりまとめがあった場合には私和与は無効とされたため、訴訟機関の裁許はその和与状の内容実現を保障する役割を担った。
• Certainly, it was possible to make compromises by a Wayojo without reporting to any legal institution (private compromise), but private compromises were invalidated when judgments and compromises were sorted out by legal institutions, so their judgments guaranteed that the contents of the Wayojo would be carried out.

• 天保通寳は寛永通寳5～6枚分の量目に過ぎず、吹き減りおよび工賃を差し引いても一枚10文前後のコストで製造可能である為、幕府は地方での発行を「禁制」として認めなかったが、幕末期に偽装工作としての地方貨幣発行の陰で各藩による密鋳が横行した。
• Since the Tenpo-tsuho only weighed five or six Kanei-tsuho coins and it was possible to produce a coin in 10 mon even less labor charge and reducing the weight by minting, the bakufu did not admit to issue the coin in local areas as 'Kinsei' (taboo), however some clans secretly minted the Tenpo-tsuho behind the imitative deception of the local coin issuance in the end of the Edo period.

• 反対に「賢人右府」と呼ばれた実資がこの賢者の代表とされる四納言に含まれないのは、彼が右大臣に昇ったこともあるが、実資は有職故実に通じた賢人でかつ小野宮流の嫡流であったことから、道長の権勢に対抗することが可能な状況にあったところが大きい。
• And the reason why Sanesuke, although called 'Kenjin Ufu' (Wise Right Ministry), was not included in Shinagon, was that he was in a position that might threaten the power and influence of Michinaga, because Sanesuke was a person of wisdom with a vast knowledge of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquettes) and, moreover, a legitimate son of the Ononomiya family line.

• 安東氏の所領は稲作には必ずしも適さない土地に広がっており、その内陸部から得る利益は少ないものの、日本海に大きな交易網を形成することにより多大な経済的利益を得ることが可能な沿岸部の良港を押さえていたことから、海の豪族とする見方がされている。
• The Ando clan's territory, which was extended on the land infeasible for cultivation, and the profits gained from the inner land was scarce, however, the clan was gripping key ports along the coast, which had possibility to provide the clan an enormous benefit through a large-scale trading net in the Sea of Japan, and in this sense, the clan can be considered as a maritime local ruling family.

• 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
• As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.

• （なお、『姉言記』（文治4年6月30日条）には源通親の話として過去に源氏を外祖父に持つ者が院別当（両院もしくは奨学院）に補された例があり、代表例として藤原扶幹や藤原行成らを挙げている。彼らが源氏長者を兼ねていた可能性もあるが明証は無い）。
• (according to 'Shigenki' (dated August 1, 1188), MINAMOTO no Michichika mentioned that there were cases where persons whose maternal grandfather belonged to the Minamoto clan were appointed to the betto (of both schools or of Shogakuin), and cited the name of FUJIWARA no Tasumoto and FUJIWARA no Yukinari as examples. They may have been Genji choja concurrently, but there is no firm evidence)

• この背景に国鉄181系電車や国鉄101系電車に代表される1957年以降の新性能電車の登場や、気動車・ディーゼル機関車の動力伝達方式変速機の実用化で1953年の国鉄キハ10系気動車以降、長大編成運転可能となった気動車の台頭なども挙げられる。
• This background revealed the appearance of trains with new performance after 1957 represented by JNR 181 and 101 trains and the rise of diesel railcars which made it possible to pull a long and heavyweight train created from the realization of drive-line transmissions of railcars/diesel locomotives after JNR Kiha 10 railcars appeared in 1953.

• だが、この法令の目的の1つには廃藩置県を受けて、旧武士に対する特権廃止の一環として帯刀の禁止が検討されたものの、「武士の魂」と信じられていた刀を直ちに取り上げることは士族反乱につながる可能性がある為に様子見の一環として出されたとされている。
• For its modest sentiment, the purpose of Zanpatsu Datto Rei is now recognized as the very first attempt to prohibit wearing a sword as a part of policy to take away the rights of warrior class, of whom could cause the uprising if the policy simply forced seizure of their swords, which were believed to be 'the soul of samurai.'

• こうして見ていくと、文筆の家ではもっとも露骨に顕彰されている三善康信の子孫で、時期に該当するのは1293年（永仁元）から1321年（元亨元）まで問注所執事であった太田時連が候補の筆頭として上がり、二階堂行貞もまた編纂者であった可能性が高い。
• Therefore Tokitsura OTA was considered the most likely compiler, as he was an under secretary of Monchujo from 1293 to 1321 when the work seems to have been compiled, and also one of the descendants of Yasunobu MIYOSHI, who was praised most plainly among the families of letters, and there is strong possibility that Yukisada NIKAIDO was a compiler, too.

• その後、東西線の山科付近のルートの都合で、浜大津方面から京津線の山科での乗り入れは物理的に不可能となり、京津線と東西線との接続駅として、三条通を走る日ノ岡～御陵間に地下鉄御陵駅を新設し、ここに京津線の御陵駅を移設・地下化することに決まった。
• Subsequently, due to problems concerning the route of the Tozai Line near Yamashina, it became physically impossible for trains of the Keishin Line coming from the direction of Hamaotsu to connect to the Tozai Line at Yamashina, and thus the related parties decided to adopt the idea of newly establishing the subway Misasagi Station as a connection station of the Keishin Line and the Tozai Line, doing so in the section between Hinooka and Misasagi, which was running along Sanjo-dori Street, and thus to move Misasagi Station of the Keishin Line underground.

• 区間内の全駅で列車交換が可能なため、昼間（加茂発10時から15時）はおおよそ毎時1本で、その他の時間帯は毎時2本程度運行されている（単線で行き違いを行う列車があるため、各駅での次の列車までの運転間隔は、60分または30分の等間隔ではない）。
• As the exchange of cars can be accomplished at any station in the section, one train runs hourly during the daytime (departing from Kamo at 10:00 to 15:00) and two trains run during the other time zones (as trains wait for other train's passing, operational intervals at each station are not regular for example; every sixty minutes or every thirty minutes).

• このような傾向は室町時代に顕著となり、赤松氏による将軍足利義教の殺害（嘉吉の乱）、細川政元による将軍足利義材の廃立（明応の政変）、松永久秀による将軍足利義輝の殺害（永禄の変）は、いずれも将軍家に対する主君押込めとして理解することが可能である。
• This trend became eminent in the Muromachi period, and the murder of Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA by Akamatsu clan (Kakitsu War), dethronement of Shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA by Masamoto HOSOKAWA (Meio Coup) and the murder of Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA by Hisahide MATSUNAGA (Eiroku War) can all be understood as shukun oshikome of the shogun families.

• 河内王朝（応神王朝）は、宋書に倭の五王が10回にわたり遣使したという記事があり、それが傍証となり、倭の五王が河内王朝の大王であったことはほぼ間違いないとされることから、個々の大王に関しての比定は諸説あるとしても、王朝全体の実在の可能性は高い。
• The collateral evidence of the article in Sosho (the history books of Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of China compiled in 488) that the five kings of Wa (ancient Japan) sent envoys 10 times to Chinashows the five kings of Wa could be little doubt of being great kings of Kawachi Dynasty (Ojin Dynasty), while various theories are concerning the identification of each king, it is very likely that the whole dynasty existed.

• 岡山・広島エリアと島本駅・須磨海浜公園駅・はりま勝原駅・おおさか東線各駅に設置されている精算機は、アーバンネットワークエリア内設置機の機能に加え、5,000円と10,000円のチャージ、SMART ICOCA用のクイックチャージが可能である。
• The fare-adjustment machines installed at the stations in the Okayama and Hiroshima areas, as well as at Shimamoto Station, Suma-kaihinkoen Station, Harima-Katsuhara Station and the stations on the Osaka Higashi Line, are equipped with the function of recharging 5,000 yen and 10,000 yen, along with the Quick Charge function for SMART ICOCA, in addition to the same functions as the machines installed in the Urban Network Area.

• 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
• Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.

• 珍しい例では徳川家康の家臣団であった水野勝成は、大将格であったにもかかわらず一番槍をあげ軍令違反として処罰されている（表面的な理由は、大将格が序盤で戦死すると総崩れになる可能性を危惧したものだが、統率者としての自己顕示欲の強さを戒める面もある）。
• In a rare example, one of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's vassals named Katsunari MIZUNO was punished for taking the position of Ichiban-yari in spite of his status as general (this was ostensibly due to the concern that if the general had died at an early stage of the battle, his army would have suffered a debacle, but he was also punished as a warning against being too self-assertive as a leader).

• 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』（「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年）や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』（「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年）などがある。
• The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).

• この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
• Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.

• 妻・源順子は宇多天皇の皇女（養女とする説もある）であり、宇多天皇側近であった菅原道真とも親交があった（順子が道真の姪であった可能性がある。詳細は源順子を参照のこと）ために、宇多天皇や道真と対立していた長兄・時平からは疎んじられていたという説がある。
• There is a theory that he was out of favor with the eldest brother Tokihira, because his wife, MINAMOTO no Junshi, was the daughter (or the adopted daughter by some theories) of Emperor Uda, and because he was on good terms with the Emperor's close advisor SUGAWARA no Michizane, both of whom were in conflict with Tokihira. (It is also possible that Junshi was Michizane's niece; see MINAMOTO no Junshi for the details.)

• 政治的な重要事件に関する記述は役目の地位の問題から多くはないが、その代わり江戸時代の宮中儀式のあり方や日常の宮廷の状況、地下官人制度についての記録は詳細であり、公卿の日記・記録類では多くを見ることが出来ない事務方の動向について知ることが可能である。
• Because of the official status of the Hirata family, the records contain few descriptions about important political events; instead, they contain details of the Imperial Court ceremonies, daily life in the imperial court, and the lower ranking official system during the Edo period, providing movements of the secretaries which cannot be seen in the court nobles' diaries and records.

• 大阪親局（生駒山西中腹、アナログ19ch・デジタル18ch（リモコンキーID7））または枚方市局（アナログ21cn・デジタル27ch（リモコンキーID7））の受信となる（デジタル波は指向性の関係でアナログ波と比べると受信可能地域が狭くなっている）。
• The programs must be received, with the remote controller key ID number seven, from the radiowave broadcasted by the parent Osaka parent station (which is for analog channel 19 and digital channel 18 and is located in the middle of the western slope of Mt. Ikoma) or from that by the Hirakata City station (for analog channel 21 and digital channel 27) (the receiving area of the digital wave is limited compared with that of the analog wave, because of its directivity characteristics).

• 5300系の電動式表示幕が非装備だった時代は、車体側面の現在表示幕となっている部分には「堺筋　急行」と、表示可能な3か所のうち両端の2か所を点灯させて表示していた（残る1か所は2001年3月ダイヤ改正前まで設定のあった準急で、特急運用時には無表示）。
• When the Series 5300 wasn't equipped with an electric rollsign, the train of this series was carrying a plate composed of three illuminable spaces on both side of the body, where a rollsign is currently placed, and when the train (Sakaisuji-Kyuko) was operated, the words 'Sakaisuji' and 'Express' were illuminated on the two of the three spaces, leaving a space unlit in between, such as '堺筋　急行' (the remaining space in between was used for the semi-express, which had been operated until the timetable revision made in March 2001, but when this series was used as a limited express no description was illuminated).

• しかし、女性の集会の自由を阻んでいた新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動（1922年・大正11）や、女性が弁護士になる事を可能とする、婦人弁護士制度制定（弁護士法改正、1933年・昭和8）等、女性の政治的・社会的権利獲得の面でいくつかの重要な成果をあげた。
• Nevertheless, the campaigns did achieve some important results in acquiring political and social rights for women, for example the New Women's Association's successful campaign for the revision of Article five of the Security Police Law (1922), which banned women from joining political assemblies, and the amendment of the Lawyers Act (1933), whose revision enabled women to become lawyers.

• これらの中に含まれる本文は、通常の写本の中にある本文と比べて何らかの意図により改変されている可能性があると考えられることから通常の写本の中にある本文とは別の扱いをする必要があると考えられており、そのためにこれらをまとめて一つのグループとして取り扱っている。
• Compared with the regular texts of the manuscript, it could be considered that some were changed on purpose, so some people claim that these texts should be treated in a different way from the regular ones, therefore these are treated together as one group.

• この糸子の言をも樺山愛輔は「大体の風貌はあの通りとしても、個性的な魅力のある唇のもつニュアンスとでもいうか、そうした二つとない魅力的なものを現はすことは不可能であったわけだ、眼とか顔とか肩のもつ線とかは何とか表現することは出来たらうが、…」と解釈している。
• Aisuke KABAYAMA had an different than that of Itoko 'his appearance was similar to this, but the minute attractiveness and his characteristic lips, which were a one of a kind attractive feature of his, as well as his eyes, face, and shoulder line, were barely expressed...'

• しかしながら、両社はこの区間において在来線同士の直通運転を除き、新幹線と在来線の相互連携は特に見られない（特別企画乗車券「伊豆フリーQきっぷ」で、東京 - 熱海 - 三島間で東海道新幹線あるいは在来線特急（踊り子 (列車)）自由席の利用が可能である程度）。
• However, no specific example of cooperative operations between the Shinkansen line and regular railway lines exist in this section, except through train operations between regular railway lines (the only case available is Izu Free Q Kippu (a free pass to access the Izu Peninsula), with which either riding a Shinkansen train or the 'Odoriko' train (unreserved seats) on the regular railway line is allowed.

• 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている（こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている）。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)

• その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした（草莽）が、明治2年（1869年）に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定（5月28日）した。
• Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).

• この著書で水野は、古事記の記載（天皇の没した年の干支や天皇の諡など）を分析した結果、崇神から推古に至る天皇がそれぞれ血統の異なる古・中・新の3王朝が交替していたのではないかとする説を立てたが、これは皇統の万世一系という概念を覆す可能性のある繊細かつ大胆な仮説であった。
• In this book, MIZUNO, by analyzing description of the Kojiki (including the Oriental zodiac signs of the years an emperor died and okurina [the honorary name given to an emperor after his death]), came up with a sensitively exciting hypothesis that three dynasties in different blood lines such as old, middle, and new, were changed from Emperor Sujin to Empress Suiko, which could turn over the concept of the unbroken imperial line.

• 支出や行動が厳しく規制される反面、本業による手数料などを得ることができたことや、両班階級が財産を没収することすら忌み嫌ったために、李氏朝鮮時代に繰り返し行われていた庶民に対する過酷な財産徴収なども受けず、李氏朝鮮の中では唯一資本蓄積が可能な階級だったとも言われている。
• Although hakucho's expenditure and behavior were heavily restricted, they could earn commissions from their jobs, and escaped the terrible property collection, which was performed for the common people repeatedly, since yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) detested even to seize hakucho's property, therefore it is believed that hakucho was the only rank which could accumulate the capital in Joseon Dynasty.

• 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
• Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.

• また、上総権介常澄の子で上総広常の弟に相馬九郎常清がおり、源義朝の寄進した旧来の相馬御厨（北相馬）と、千葉常胤が寄進したときに追加され、かつ千葉氏庶流の名字の地の多い南相馬とが、それぞれ分割支配されて、上総権介常澄の子・相馬九郎常清が源義朝支配地を管理していた可能性もある。
• Further, there was Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA, who was a son of Kazusa no gon no suke (provisional assistant governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi and a younger brother of Hirotsune KAZUSA, and there is a possibility that the old Soma-mikuriya (Kitasoma [northern Soma]), which was donated by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, and Minamisoma (southern Soma), which was added when Tsunetane CHIBA made the donation and included many regions with surnames of branch families of the Chiba clan, were separately dominated, and that Kazusa no gon no suke Tsunezumi's son Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA administered MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo's regions of influence.

• 「脱亜論」の前段には福沢的でない「東洋に國するもの」、ごく稀な「力めて」「揚げて」、高橋の「了る」（福沢は稀）「横はる」が散見し、自筆草稿が発見されぬかぎり高橋が起稿した可能性を排除できないから、前回同様、福沢が高橋の原稿を真っ黒に塗抹したものとして、ほとんどＡとしておこう。
• In the first paragraph of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' there are some unusual expressions for Fukuzawa such as '東洋に國するもの,' '力めて' and '揚げて' which Fukuzawa rarely used, Takahashi's favorite word '了る' (Fukuzawa rarely used this) and '横はる;' so unless his hand written draft was found, we cannot totally exclude the possibility of the author being Takahashi but I say 'Almost A' assuming that Fukuzawa painted Takahashi's draft in black like he did before.

• 『古事記』敏達段の押坂彦人大兄皇子の系譜に百済王の名は見えず、妃糠手姫皇女所生の多良王（たらのみこ、舒明天皇同母弟）である可能性（「久多良王」の「久」が脱落したか？）が大きいと推察される一方、妃大俣王所生の茅渟王（ちぬのみこ、皇極天皇・孝徳天皇の父）と同一人と推定する説もある。
• In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), there was no name of Kudara no Okimi in Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko's genealogy in the Emperor Bidatsu's section, it is highly possible that the Kudara no Okimi was Tara no miko (a younger brother-uterine of the Emperor Jomei) who was born to Nukadehime no himemiko ('Ku' in 'Kutara no miko' may have been dropped?); on the other hand, there is another theory saying that he was Kinu no miko (the father of the Emperor Kogyoku and the Emperor Kotoku) born to Omata no miko.

• 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
• It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.

• 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
• After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.

• これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと（この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む）が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
• This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).

• 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通（師輔の次男）の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠（実頼の長男）の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家（師輔の三男）の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
• In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.

• しかしながら途上国の言い分である「先進国の結果責任に基づいて自主的に二酸化炭素排出量を減らす努力義務を途上国が負うのは身勝手」との意見も根強く、京都議定書の次のスキームを構築する作業は残念ながら遅遅として進んでおらず、京都議定書は一過性のもので失敗に終わる可能性が高いと見る意見がある。
• However, developing countries strongly insist that 'it is unfair for developing countries to undertake the obligation to reduce the emission amount of carbon dioxide voluntarily on the basis of the outcome brought about by developed countries,' and the task to establish the next scheme for Kyoto Protocol has regrettably made little progress, and some people say that Kyoto Protocol is transient and will probably end up as a failure.

• 死後に西郷の顔だと言われる肖像画が多数描かれているが、基となった1枚の絵（エドアルド・キヨッソーネ作）は、弟・従道の目元に、がっしりしていた従弟・大山巌の顔つきを合成したものであり、キヨッソーネは西郷との面識が一切無かったことから、実際の彼の顔とは異なり細い顔であるという可能性もある。
• After his death, many portraits were drawn of Saigo's face, a picture that became foundational (by Edoardo Chiossone) was a composition of around eyes from his brother, Judo, and also borrowed features from his cousin, Iwao OYAMA, and it is possible that Chiossone never met Saigo so the thin face pictured is in fact different from his face.

• ICOCAは、下記のJR西日本の近畿地区281駅・中国地区135駅の他、PiTaPaを導入している事業者やSuica導入5社の利用可能駅（首都圏・仙台・新潟地区の東日本旅客鉄道・東京モノレール・東京臨海高速鉄道・埼玉新都市交通・仙台空港鉄道）、JR東海のTOICAエリアでも利用できる。
• ICOCA can be used at the following 281 stations of JR West Kinki district, 135 stations of JR West Chugoku district, the stations of the entities where PiTaPa has been introduced, the five companies in which Suica has been introduced (Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Sendai Area and Niigata Area of JR East; Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd.; Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit, Inc.; Saitama New Urban Transit Co., Ltd.; Sendai Airport Transit Co., Ltd.), and the stations in the TOICA area of JR Central.

• この様子を阪急の免許申請時から見ていた京阪電気鉄道では、自社の路線においてもそのような事態になることを避けるため、おりしも電気鉄道の敷設がブームであり、淀川の北側の人口過疎地域に阪急神戸線と同じような高速運転可能な路線の敷設出願が各社から出されていたのに対して、京阪自身も出願を行った。
• Observing this situation, Keihan Electric Railway tried to avoid a similar complication over its line, and seeing that the electric railway construction had started a boom, it decided to apply for high-speed railway construction like the one that the Hankyu Kobe Line had achieved, in the under-populated area on the north of the Yodo-gawa River for which various companies had already filed applications.

• 逆に、後世の女帝のあり方から類推すると、男子皇族間の皇位継承争いの予兆があってそれを緩和ないし未然に防ぐ意図があったかとも思われる（少なくともこの時、後の継体天皇が属した応神天皇に連なる息長氏系と、倭彦王が属した仲哀天皇に連なる家系の二つはあり、他にも男系子孫がいた可能性もなくはない）。
• On the contrary, estimating from the later Empress, as there was a predictor of a succession struggle among male Imperial families, she is thought to have tried to prevent or ease it in advance (at least at that time, there were two family lines such as Okinaga clan descending from Emperor Ojin whom the later Emperor Keitai belonged to and the family line descending from Emperor Chuai whom Yamato hiko no o belonged to and it is possible for her to have had the other male descendants).

• 明治六年政変で征韓論派を一掃して主導権を握った大久保利通ではあったが、この時の明治天皇の勅裁はロシアとの国境を巡る紛争を理由とした「延期」（「中止」ではない）とされたため、ロシアとの国境が確定（1875年5月7日に樺太・千島交換条約締結）した際には征韓論派の要求が再燃する可能性が高かった。
• Although Toshimichi OKUBO gained the initiative, rooting out pro-Seikanron members during Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), Emperor Meiji's pronouncement of that time was that Japan postponed (not abandoned) dispatching troops to Korea due to a border dispute with Russia, which left a strong possibility for reigniting demand from pro-Seikanron once the border with Russia was determined (The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on May 7, 1875.)

• この本文は、現在確認されている限りで最も古い時代に記された『源氏物語』の本文ということになるが、「絵巻の詞書」というその性質上もともとの本文の要約である可能性などもあるため本来の『源氏物語』本文をどの程度忠実に写し取っているのか解らないとして本文研究の資料としては使用できないとされている。
• This text is the oldest among the existent texts of 'The Tale of Genji,' but it could be a summary of the work considering the fact that it was 'Kotobagaki of Emaki'; therefore, it is doubtful that the text is true to the original 'The Tale of Genji,' and it is considered unsuitable for the material of the text study.

• 豊岡方面への普通列車については、1・2番のりばに発着して京都方面の普通列車との対面乗換を可能とすることが多いが、2008年3月15日のダイヤ改正以降、京都方面と豊岡方面の普通列車の相互接続がないケースもあり、日中も豊岡方面行き普通列車が3・4番のりばに入るケースが多々見られるようになった。
• Local trains for Toyooka often arrive at or depart from Platform 1 or 2 so that passengers can change trains for Kyoto on the same platform; however, since the timetable was revised on March 15, 2008, not many local trains for Kyoto or Toyooka connect, and a lot of the local trains for Toyooka now use Platform 3 or 4 even in the daytime.

• 遠江国の輸租帳からは当時の減免措置（4分以下の損害ならそれに比例した減免を行う「半輸」、5分以上なら「田租免」、7分以上なら「租調免」、8分以上なら「租庸調免」）が忠実に行われていたことを伺わせ、かつその書式が150年以上後に書かれた延喜式所定の書式とほぼ合致することを知ることが可能である。
• From the Yusocho of Totomi Province, it is found that measures of reduction or exemption at that time ('Hanyu' conducting a reduction or exemption in proportion to damage if the damage was not more than four bu, 'Denso-men' (exemption from Denso) for damage not less than five bu, 'Socho-men' (exemption from Socho (taxes paid by rice and textiles) for damage not less than seven bu, and 'Soyocho-men' (exemption from Soyocho (taxes paid by rice, labor and textiles) for damage not less than eight bu) were taken faithfully, and it is possible to know that its form mostly accorded with the form prescribed by Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) which was written more than 150 years later.

• 高梨政盛の代に、越後守護代の長尾氏と関係を強めるため、長尾能景に娘（政盛と能景は同年代であるため、政高の娘である可能性が高い）を嫁がせるが、その娘が産んだ長尾為景（上杉謙信の父）が越後守護代となり、室町末期には越後で守護上杉氏と長尾家の争いが起きると、高梨氏もそれに巻き込まれることになった。
• In Masamori TAKANASHI's time, to strengthen the connection between the Takanashi and Nagao clans, the deputy governor of Echigo, Masamori, had his daughter marry Yoshikage NAGAO (since Masamori and Yoshikage were at the same age, she was probably a daughter of Masataka) and the daughter bore Tamekage NAGAO (the father of Kenshin UESUGI), who ultimately became a deputy governor of Echigo, so that the Takanashi clan was involved in the conflict between the Uesugi clan, the governor of Echigo, and the Nagao clan in Echigo during the late Muromachi period.

• これは朝鮮が惣無事令などの日本の法令の適用対象として認識していた可能性を示すもので、実際に5月9日の段階で秀吉夫妻に仕える「こほ」という女性に対して「かうらい国へ御人しゆつか（はし）かのくにもせひはい申つけ候まま」と記して、九州平定の延長として高麗（朝鮮）平定の意向もある事を示す書状を送っている。
• This shows Hideyoshi might think that Japanese laws and rules such as Soubujirei (an order to ban battles between Daimyo) should be implicated to Korea; in fact on May 9, he sent a letter to a woman 'Koho' who served Hideyoshi and his wife to suggest the idea of conquest of Korea (Joseon Dynasty) after the conquest of Kyusyu as following; ' I sent an emissary to Korea and ordered to conquest that country as well'.

• また、文部省が京大総長の具状を待たずに分限委員会を開き滝川の休職処分を決定したことは、京大における沢柳事件（1913年 - 1914年）以来、「教授会自治」として認められていた慣行（総長の具状は教授会の同意を必要とするというもの）を無視するものであったうえに帝国大学官制にすら違反する可能性があった。
• The decision for Takigawa's extended leave by the Bungen (change in employment status) board of the Ministry of Education without waiting for an explanation from the President of Kyoto University ignored the tradition of 'Ruling by the Board of Professors' that was established by the Sawayanagi Incident (1913-1914) at Kyoto University (the explanation of the president requires the consent of the board of professors) and may have possibly been against the Imperial University Rules.

• 青函トンネル内は国鉄時代に製造された旧型特急車両（通常制限最高速度120km/h）でも140km/h現示まで出せ、新幹線のアナログATCと互換性のある自動列車制御装置ATC-L形を採用している（ただしJR各社はATCシステムのデジタル化を進めており、北海道新幹線建設後は置き換えられる可能性が高い）。
• Even the old-type limited express manufactured in the era of JNR can run at a speed of 140 km/h (ordinarily, the highest speed is limited to 120 km/h) inside the Seikan tunnel, and the ATC-L type automatic train control device, compatible with the analog ATC used in Shinkansen, is employed (however, each JR company is digitizing the ATC system, and it is highly likely that the ATC-L will be replaced with a digital ATC after the construction of the Hokkaido Shinkansen line is completed).

• しかし、紫式部が中宮彰子に伺候したのは清少納言が宮仕えを退いてからはるか後のことで、二人は一面識さえないはずである（もっとも、角田文衞博士は論文「晩年の清少納言」で異説を提唱し、『権記』に見える一宮敦康親王の「少納言命婦」を手掛かりに、清少納言が定子死後もその所生の皇子女に引き続き仕えた可能性を指摘した）。
• However, it was long after Sei Shonagon left the Imperial Court that Murasaki Shikibu began to serve Empress Shoshi, so they couldn't have known each other (but Dr. Bunei TSUNODA advocated a different opinion in his thesis 'Sei Shonagon: Her Later Years,' and he pointed to the possibility that she might have continued her service at the Imperial Court after Teishi passed away, with reference to the word 'Shonagon Myobu' of Ichinomiya Atsuyasu Imperial Prince in 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's Diary).

• 併用軌道の専用軌道化、立体交差化などによる改良が重ねられ、現在も改良工事が計画（香里園から枚方市までの高架化計画が、国の2007年度予算で調査費が計上）されているが、110km/h走行が可能となった区間は京橋～守口市間の直線のみで、今もカーブは随所に残り、「京阪電気鉄道カーブ式会社」と揶揄されることもある。
• To date, various reforms have been undertaken, such as conversion from the shared tracks to exclusive tracks, and the construction of overhead crossings, and currently a new reform plan is ongoing (the survey expense has been allocated in the national budget of FY 2007 for an elevation plan of the section from Korien Station to Hirakatashi Station); however, since the section where the train is permitted to increase the speed up to 110 km/h is only the straight-line section between Kyobashi Station and Moriguchishi Station and still many curves remain throughout the line, the company is sometimes sarcastically called the 'Keihan Electric Curved-Railway Company.'

• 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族（戸口）の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
• This registration system not only served as a starting point of 'rokunen-ichizo' (literally, 'one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).

• 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」（『創業100年史』より）と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない（1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある）。
• It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)

• 男鹿半島の領主として確認される安藤孫五郎、安東太の両者や、「市川湊文書」に含まれている寺社修造棟札写に残る寂蔵、安倍忠季、安倍浄宗等が鹿季の南遷と伝えられている時代以前に遡れること、湊家以前の男鹿半島の領主を女川家と伝える伝承があること等から、湊家の成立と伝えられる以前に安東一族が秋田郡に土着していた可能性を指摘する見解
• The theory to point out the possibility that the Ando family had been already settled in Akita Country before the supposed time of the Minato family's establishment, based on such findings; the family's history can be dated back even earlier period than the time of Magogoro ANDO and Andota, both of whom are confirmed as the territorial lords of the Oga Peninsula, and also earlier than the time of the legendary Kanosue's Nansen (provincial capital's relocation to the south), about which Jakuzo, Tadasue ABE, Joso ABE, etc. described in the copy of Jisha shuzo munefuda (ridge tag with history of the reparation and construction of temples and shrines) compiled in 'Ichikawa Minato Monjo' (The letter of Ichikawa Minato), and that there is an oral tradition in which a family called the Onagawa family was the territorial lord of the Oga Peninsula before the Minato family.

• 高句麗古墳壁画（4世紀中頃とされる安岳3号古墳等）の墓主の画像に向かって右側に描かれている「節（せつ）」の形が、三角縁神獣鏡に描かれる笠松文様に似ていることや（壁画に比べて鏡の方が少し形が平ら）、もし魏から難升米に仮授せしめた黄幢（こうどう）が、この節と同じ形をしているものと仮定すると、黄色い橘の形にも見える可能性はある。
• The shape of the 'setsu' (a pattern which was presented by Chinese emperors or kings to emissaries) drawn on the observer's right of the picture of the person buried in the tomb in the Mural Painting of Koguryo Tomb (such as in the Angaku No.3 Tomb believed to be from around the middle of the fourth century) looks like the Kasamatsu Pattern drawn on the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo (Triangular-rimmed mirrors) (the one on the mirror is slightly more flat than the one on the mural painting), and assuming that the Kodo (Yellow Flag) tentatively given to Nashime by the Wei dynasty has the same shape as this setsu, it is possible that the shape looks like a yellow tachibana.

• 定数2名の文章博士を5系統で世襲・独占するという形態が成立した背景には、文章博士は天皇や摂関以下公卿と面識を得る機会が多く、1度就任するとそれ以上の昇進が困難であった他の博士と比べて比較的短期間で弁官などの要職に転任して、その後も学識経験者として文章博士と同様の社会的信頼・地位を得ることが可能であったことによるとされている。
• It is said that those five families were able to monopolize the quota of two monjo hakase by heredity because a person who once became monjo hakase could be promoted, capitalizing on his many opportunities to be acquainted with influential figures such as emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, to an important post such as benkan (a key position in the Grand Council of State called Dajokan) in a relatively shorter period of time than could other types of hakase who were hardly able to rise to a higher post and, further, because he could continue to gain the social trust and status, even after that, as a distinguished academic just as monjo hakase could.

• これにより市中心部への進出は達成されて利用客にとっての不満も解消したかに見えたが、相互乗り入れは実現したものの、既存路線から乗り入れ可能となった路線の停留所での乗り降りについて、「降車はできるが乗車できない」、逆に都心部から郊外へ向けては「乗車は自由だが降車は禁止」という、いわゆる「クローズドドアシステム」の制約を受けていた。
• Although it seemed that the company had achieved its objective of making inroads into the city center and passengers' dissatisfaction was resolved thanks to the aforementioned agreement, the company's operations were still restricted by the so-called 'closed door system' under which 'passengers could get off but weren't allowed to get on' at the bus stops of newly extended routes while 'passengers going from the city center to the suburbs could get on but weren't allowed to get off ' at those bus stops.

• 1981年に銀行法が全部改正された際に、「定期積金等」という定義によって、相互掛金は普通銀行での取扱も可能にはなったものの、銀行法以外の法律に基づいて設立された長期信用銀行、信用金庫、信用組合、農業協同組合、漁業協同組合、労働金庫の各根拠法は改正されなかったため、相互銀行法が廃止された現在では、普通銀行のみが取扱えるものとなっている。
• When the Banking Act was entirely revised in 1981, it became possible to handle mutual premiums in ordinary banks called 'regular deposits and others,' but each base law of long-term credit banks, credit unions, credit associations, agricultural cooperative associations, fishery cooperative associations, and labor credit associations established based upon the law, rather than the Banking Act, was not revised, therefore, now only the ordinary banks can manage it because the Mutual Loan and Savings Bank Act was abolished.

• しかし隣の丹波橋駅が奈良電気鉄道（現・近鉄京都線）との接続駅となったことから急行停車駅の座を奪われ、さらに京阪宇治線の分岐駅が土地買収などの関係で南隣の中書島駅となったことや、駅南北を踏切に挟まれてホームの8両対応化が不可能であることから、伏見区の中心部に所在するにもかかわらず、急行や特別急行列車・K特急が通過という状態となっている。
• However, although Fushimi-momoyama Station is situated at the center of Fushimi Ward, no express trains, limited express trains, or K-limited express trains stop there due to the following reasons: Tanbabashi Station, located adjacent to this station, started to be used by Nara Electric Railway (presently the Kintetsu Kyoto Line) as well, so express trains began making stops at Tanbabashi Station instead of Fushimi-momoyama Station; Chushojima Station, the next stop to the south of this station became the junction station for the Keihan Uji Line due to land acquisition and other issues; and the platforms could not support eight-car trains because pedestrian crossings are located to the north and south of the station.

• 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述（雄略即位前紀）からすれば、むしろ安康（允恭系）と押磐皇子（履中系）・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
• It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.

• 豊臣政権の三奉行・三中老が家康の上杉征伐を諌めた連書状に「今度直江所行相届かざる儀、御立腹もっともに存じ候」とあることや、上杉景勝が重臣にあてた書状の内容が直江状に酷似している点などから、「多数の伝本があり、少なからず異同も見られるが、全体としては信用できる史料」とし、「（家康を挑発した）追而書だけは後世の偽作の可能性がある」との見方を示した。
• He expressed his view that 'only the postscript (that provoked Ieyasu) may be a forgery from a later period' considering that 'there are many manuscripts with only a few differences, but they are generally reliable historical materials' because in the letter remonstrated with Ieyasu's conquest of Uesugi by three magistrates and arbitration office in the Toyotomi regime, it is written that 'your anger is quite reasonable since Naoe's conduct did not reach you this time', the content of the letter from Kagekatsu UESUGI to senior vassals was remarkably similar to that of Naoejo, among other things.

• 室町幕府においては、守護（守護大名）に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付（京納）が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
• In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.

• その一方で、称徳天皇や道鏡が清麻呂を流した事で2番目の神託を否認した以上、最初の神託に基づいて道鏡への皇位継承を進めることも可能であった筈なのに事件以後に全くそうした動きを見せていない事や逆に藤原氏らの反対派がこの事件を直接の大義名分として天皇や道鏡排除に積極的に動いていない事から、道鏡がこの事件に深く関わっていたとする証拠を見出す事は困難である。
• On the other hand, it is difficult to find the evidence that Dokyo was deeply involved in this incident because of the following reasons; Empress Shotoku did not proceed with the move to let Dokyo ascend the throne based on the first oracle although she could have done so after she and Dokyo denied the second oracle and exiled Kiyomaro; furthermore, there was no active movement in the opposition factions such as Fujiwara clan concerning the removal of Empress Shotoku or Dokyo using this incident as a legitimate reason.

• 弥生時代における鉄器の生産には、材料となる鉄を切り・折り取り、刃を磨き出すことによって作られる鏨切り技法と、鍛造により形を作り出す鍛造技法があることがわかっている（ごく一部の例について、鋳造により作られた可能性が示唆されているが、鉄を溶かすためにはきわめて高温の操業に耐えうる炉が必要であり、弥生時代にこのような技術が存在したかどうかは疑問視されている）。
• There are two types of ironware manufacturing methods during the Yayoi period; a cold chisel cutting method that cuts/breaks off iron material and grind to sharpen its edge, and a forging method that create shapes by forging (Although a very few cases are suspected with a possibility of the casting method, a furnace that can withstand operation at high temperature is required to melt iron and it is questionable if there was such technology during the Yayoi period.)

• 京阪電気鉄道京津線と京都市営地下鉄東西線との重複区間は、三条（三条京阪）～京阪山科（山科）間で、当初、京阪電気鉄道は、京津線の三条～京阪山科を廃止し、京阪山科から京都市営地下鉄東西線へ乗り入れる予定であったが、京都市営地下鉄東西線の線形（京都府道外環状線を北上し、京阪電気鉄道京津線と十字に交差）の問題などの理由から物理的に不可能となり、御陵に変更された。
• The operation of the Keishin Line of Keihan Electric Railway and that of the Tozai Line of Kyoto Municipal Subway overlap between Sanjo (Keihan Sanjo) and Keihan-Yamashina; initially it was planned that the operation between Sanjo and Keihan-Yamashina on the Keishin Line would be discontinued and Keihan trains should run into the Tozai Line at Keihan-Yamashina, but it was deemed physically impossible to execute the plan, mainly because of the linearity problem of the Tozai Line (the Tozai Line was laid along the Kyoto Outer Loop Expressway in the north-south direction, and the Keishin Line of Keihan Electric Railway and the Tozai Line of Kyoto Municipal Subway were to cross one another at right angles), and therefore it was decided that the Keihan trains would run into the Tozai Line at Misasagi.

• 具体的行為としては、ある人物が他者に無償で贈与する（その中でも自己の相続人に生前に贈与する行為と寺社や第三者に寄進する行為（他人和与）に分けることが可能である）「贈与」の意味での和与と訴訟当事者同士が和解をもって訴訟を終結させる（これに付随して権利が無条件で他者に移る、または自己の権利を放棄する状況が発生する場合がある）「和解」の意味での和与の2種類ある。
• Specifically speaking, there are two kinds of compromise: one is a comprise in the sense of 'donation' that one person donates to the other for free (in which it is possible to divide it into two actions: one is to donate to one's heir while they are still living and the other is to donate to the third party and temples and shrines [Taninwayo]) and the other is a compromise in the sense of 'reconciliation' that the parties in a suit end the suit by making a compromise (in which, incidentally, one's rights are unconditionally transferred to the other or one is forced to abandon their rights).

• 律令制下で確認できる雑戸としては、百済手部（大蔵省・内蔵寮に各10）・百済戸（大蔵省11・内蔵寮10）・雑工戸（造兵司、典鋳司にも造兵司・鍛治司鍛戸から出向した者が所属）・鍛戸（鍛治司338・別個に造兵司雑工戸217）・筥戸（筥陶司197）・飼戸/馬甘（左馬寮302・右馬寮260）が存在した（括弧内は所属官司、数字は職員令などで確認可能な法定の戸数である）。
• Under the ritsuryo system, such kinds of zakko are known to have existed as Kudarabe (10 each under Okura-sho [Ministry of the Treasury] and Kuraryo [Palace Storehouse Bureau]), Kudarahe (11under Okura-sho and 10 under Kuraryo), Zokuko (Zoheishi [Weapons-Manufacturing Bureau], and Imonono Tsukasa [Casting Bureau] also has workers dispatched from Zoheishi and Kanuchibe of Kajishi [Smithery Bureau]), Kanuchibe (338 under Kajishi plus 217 for Zokuko of Zoheishi), Hakohe (197 under Kyotoshi [the Ministry of the Sovereign's Household]), Shiko/Umakai (302 under Samaryo [Left Division of Bureau of Horses] and 260 under Umaryo [Right Division of Bureau of Horses]) (government offices which zakko belonged to are shown in parentheses with number indicating the statutory number of zakko, which can be identified in Shikiinryo [law which stipulates duties of the ministries]).

• 『日本三代実録』元慶8年7月8日条によれば、同年6月7日に光孝天皇から政務の要請された（通常、これを関白の開始とするが、「関白」という言葉自体は宇多天皇が出した仁和3年の詔が初出であって、太政大臣あるいは摂政としての継続の意味であった可能性もある）際に一旦これを辞退した際の基経の返答に「如何、責阿衡、以忍労力疾、役冢宰以侵暑冒寒乎。」という語句を含めている。
• According to the description of July 8, 884 in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' when Mototsune was requested on June 7 of the same year by the Emperor Koko to assume state affairs (although this request is generally believed to have been the beginning of his tenure of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), it could have been the request to continue to serve as Dajodaijin (grand minister) or Sessho (regent) since the word 'Kanpaku' was used for the first time in the shochoku issued by Emperor Uda in 887), he once declined and used in his reply the phrase of 'I wonder whether I can fulfill Ako's responsibilities even though I work hard regardless of heat and cold.'

• 『法曹至要抄』によれば、養老律令詐偽律の解釈を巡る明法家の先例の学説として「太上天皇宣」の偽造は詔書と同一の罪に当たるとする説を挙げており早くから知られていた可能性があるが、院宣に関する記録の初見は延長 (日本)7年（927年）の宇多天皇が伊勢神宮に宣旨を下されたことを受けて神宮側がその指示を神郡に向けて発した「延長七年大神宮勘注」（『大日本史料』一之六）である。
• According to 'Hososhiyo-sho', when the Myobo-ke (judicial officials) interpreted Yororitsuryo Sagi-ritsu (punitive clause regarding fabrication of official documents and government properties under the Yororitsuryo code) earlier, it was described that the fabrication of the Daijo Tenno Zen (a decree by the Retired Emperor) is a crime comparable to the fabrication of the Shosho (an imperial decree), which shows that the concept of inzen could have been in use early in the history. Nonetheless, the first record which mentions the term inzen is 'Encho Shichi-nen Daijingu Kanchu', taken from 'Dai Nihon Shiryo' (the Historical Materials of Japan) Vol.1, no.6, which was a document that, upon receipt of an imperial decree from Emperor Uda in 927, Ise-jingu Shrine issued as the Emperor Uda's instructions to Shingun (a district designated as a sanctuary which enjoyed certain privileges under an Imperial charter).

• この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり（ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能）、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
• Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.

• ここにおいて大久保も事の重大さを認識して、吉井や鹿児島市滞在中の西郷隆盛ら薩摩藩出身者と相談した上で大久保個人による形式で薩摩藩への建白書を提出して「皇国（日本）の安危興亡」を救うために「御国（薩摩藩）」が身を犠牲にすることで「天下に大義を唱える」ことが可能となることを論じて、直ちに贋貨鋳造を取りやめて事実を明らかにすることで、薩摩藩が他藩に対して優位に立てると主張したのである。
• Here, OKUBO became aware of the importance of the matter, and after consulting people from the Satsuma Domain such as YOSHII and Takamori SAIGO who was staying in Kagoshima City, OKUBO presented a petition individually, arguing that when 'your domain (the Satsuma Domain)' sacrifices its life to save the 'empire's (Japan) crisis,' then it becomes possible to 'preach the justice to the world' and he also insisted that by stopping the coining of counterfeit money and revealing the truth, the Satsuma Domain would be able to have an advantage over other domains.

• 本来この制度は、排出量の削減による取引上の利益により、さらなる削減意欲を生じさせることを意図したものであるが、逆に排出枠の設定方法によっては過去の排出量が既得権益のようになってしまったり、炭素クレジットの市場価格が化石燃料から再生可能エネルギーへの切り替えや省エネルギー等による排出量の削減にかかる費用よりも割安になってしまった場合に、本来必要な努力を減じさせるおそれもあると指摘されている。
• Originally this system was intended to arouse a further intention of emissions reduction promoted by the benefits of trading through the reduction of emissions, but conversely, it is pointed out that the system can lessen essentially needed efforts to reduce the emissions in the following cases: the amount of emissions of the past becomes vested interest or the like depending on a way of assigning the emissions allowances; if the market price of carbon credit becomes lower than the cost of exchange from fossil fuel to renewable energy or of emissions reduction by using energy-saving material.

• なお、相互利用している交通事業者のうち、近鉄はICOCAとPiTaPaの利用が可能である（SuicaやTOICAの相互利用は行っていない）が、近鉄名古屋線の近鉄名古屋駅のJR東海との乗り換え改札口では、ICOCAまたはPiTaPaとTOICAのうち2枚を組み合わせれば、2枚重ねてタッチすることで乗り換えができる（SuicaとPiTaPaの組み合わせなど、一部に利用ができない組み合わせがある）。
• Among the railway companies that conclude the reciprocal usage agreement, Kintetsu Railway accepts only ICOCA and PiTaPa (it doesn't interoperate with Suica and TOICA); however, at the transfer gate for the JR Central Railway service at Kintetsu Nagoya Station on the Kintetsu Nagoya Line, you can transfer by placing two of the three cards of ICOCA, PiTaPa and TOICA on top of one another (but in some cases a combination of Suica and PiTaPa doesn't work well).

• しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄（特に人工林）や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
• However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.

• 二種免許の取得資格がある者（普通第一種運転免許を3年以上取得している者）を教習生として雇い、二種免許を取得させる事業者もあるが（都内の大手タクシー会社では、グループに自動車教習所を持っている場合が多く、ここで二種免許取得のための教習が可能）､その場合数年（おおむね1～2年）の拘束期間が発生する（この期間を終える前に退職した場合、取得費用を返還しなければならないという契約で雇用されている場合が多い。ただし、法的な拘束力はない）。
• There are some taxi companies that hire people who have a right to take a Class II driver license (who took Class I driver license three years ago or before) as aspiring drivers and have them obtain a Class II driver license (many of the major taxi companies in Tokyo run a driving school as a group company, which can offer training to obtain a Class II driver license), but the people are usually tied to the company for a few years (most of the time, the aspiring drivers are supposed to agree to a contract saying 'if he/she quits the company before the training period is over, he/she must pay back the cost for obtaining the license.' before they were employed, but this is not legally binding).

• 問題の天正13年の朝廷の人事については『公卿補任』をはじめ当時の朝廷人事に関する史料・記録・文書の日付がバラバラで余りにも錯綜しているため、同年前半の任官記録を矛盾無く並べる事が事実上不可能で歴史学者の間でも頭を悩ませている問題であるが、大まかな流れとして左大臣が一条内基から二条昭実、更に近衛信輔に移り、右大臣は二条昭実から近衛信輔、更に菊亭晴季（前内大臣）に移り、内大臣は菊亭晴季から近衛信輔を経て秀吉の就任に至ったと考えられている。
• As for the matter over the personnel of the Imperial Court in 1985, historical materials, records, documents including the 'kugyo bunin' (list of high court nobles) list different dates for the matter, and thus, it is too distorted to put in order the dates of accessions in the first half of the year coherently, causing historians to puzzle over the matter; roughly speaking, however, it is assumed that the position of Sadaijin was transferred from Uchimoto ICHIJO to Akizane NIJO and then to Nobusuke KONOE, that that of Udaijin from Akizane NIJO to Nobusuke KONOE and then to Harusue KIKUTEI (former Naidaijin), and that that of Naidaijin from Harusue KIKUTEI to Nobusuke KONOE and finally to Hideyoshi.

• その説によれば、最初の神託は皇位継承以外の出来事に纏わる（恐らくはこの年に行われた由義宮（道鏡の故郷である河内国弓削）遷都に関する）ものであって、これに乗じた藤原氏（恐らくは藤原永手とその弟の藤原楓麻呂か）が和気清麻呂を利用して白壁王あるいはその子である他戸親王（称徳天皇の父・聖武天皇の外孫の中で唯一皇位継承権を持つ）の立太子するようにという神託を仕立て上げようとしたことが発覚したために清麻呂が流刑にされたとする可能性も指摘されている。
• According to this view, the first oracle was about an event not related to the succession to the Imperial Throne (perhaps it was related to the capital relocation to Yugenomiya Detached Palace [Yuge, in Kawachi Province, hometown of Dokyo] done in the same year), and WAKE no Kiyomaro was exiled because the plan by the Fujiwara clan (probably FUJIWARA no Nagate and his younger brother FUJIWARA no Kaedemaro) to make up an oracle using Kiyomaro was uncovered; according to this plan, the oracle says Prince Shirakabe or his son Imperial Prince Osabe should become Crown Prince (among the grandchildren of Emperor Shomu, Emperor Shotoku's father, born to his daughters married into another family, Imperial Prince Osabe was the only grandchild who had the right to ascend the Imperial Throne).

• なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
• The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).

• 古墳の編年などから大型古墳はその時代の盟主（大王）の墳墓である可能性が高いことなどから推測すると、古墳時代の前期（3世紀の中葉から4世紀の初期）に奈良盆地の東南部の三輪山山麓に大和古墳群・柳本大塚が展開し、渋谷向山古墳（景行陵に比定）、箸墓古墳（卑弥呼の墓と推測する研究者もいる）、行燈山古墳（崇神陵に比定）、メスリ山古墳、西殿塚古墳（手白香皇女墓と比定）などの墳丘長が300から200メートルある大古墳が点在し、この地方（現桜井市や天理市）に王権があったことがわかる。
• Assuming from the high possibility of large kofun (tumulus) being a tomb of leader (great king) of the time by the chronological order of kofun and others, the following kofun tumulus show there was a sovereignty in this region (present day Sakurai City and Tenri City): Yamato-kofun Tumulus Clusters and Yanagimoto Otsuka Tumulus built at the foot of the Mt. Miwa, in the southeast of Nara basin in the early Kofun period (from about the middle of the third century to the early fourth century), and large scattered kofun with the hill length of 300 meters to 200 meters such as Shibutani Mukoyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Keiko), Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus (surmised by some researchers to be a grave of Himiko), Andonyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Sujin), Mesuriyama-kofun Tumulus, and Nishitonotsuka-kofun Tumulus (identified as the grave of Tashiraka no Himemiko).

• また、イネの伝来ルートについても従来は朝鮮ルートが有力視されていたが、遼東半島や朝鮮北部での水耕田跡が近代まで見つからないこと、朝鮮半島での確認された炭化米が紀元前2000年が最古であり畑作米の確認しか取れない点、極東アジアにおける温帯ジャポニカ種（水稲）/熱帯ジャポニカ種（陸稲）の遺伝分析において、朝鮮半島を含む中国東北部から当該遺伝子の存在が確認されないことなどの複数の証左から、水稲は大陸からの直接伝来ルート（対馬暖流ルート・東南アジアから南方伝来ルート等）による伝来である学説が有力視されつつある（従来の説とは逆に水稲は日本から朝鮮半島へ伝わった可能性も考えられている）。
• Furthermore, although the Korean route was traditionally regarded as a likely introduction route for rice, the theory stating that rice-paddy plants were introduced through the direct introduction route from the continent (Tsushima Warm Current route/Southern introduction route from South East Asia) is now regarded as very likely from the several facts that remains of rice-paddy fields were not discovered in the Liaodong Peninsula and northern Korea until sites of modern times, the oldest carbonated rice found in the Korean Peninsula only goes back to 2000 B.C., the only a rice plants grown in a dry field were confirmed from that time, and genetic analysis of temperate Japonica rice (a rice-paddy plant)/tropical Japonica rice (a rice plant grown in a dry field) in Far East Asia shows no evidence of concerned genes from Korean Peninsula nor from North East China (Contrary to traditional theory, there is a possibility that rice-paddy plants had been introduced into Korean Peninsula from Japan.)

• 当初は京阪本線森小路駅（現在の千林駅に相当）から支線を分岐させて、新京阪線上新庄駅予定地から南へ延長した路線に赤川で合流させ、城東線（後の大阪環状線）桜ノ宮駅・天満駅を経由して梅田まで延伸し、同地に総合ターミナル駅を作ろうという構想（天神橋駅開業後に京阪本線は野江駅分岐、新京阪線は天神橋駅からの延伸に計画変更し、1932年に断念、1942年に免許失効。京阪梅田線も参照）を打ち出したが、城東線の高架化が関東大震災復興工事優先投資の方針から遅れることになったため、梅田延伸に関して高架化に伴う跡地の利用を考えていた京阪では、この新線は当面は実現不可能と考えて、代替地を探すことにした。
• The initial plan was as follows: bifurcate a feeder line from Morishoji Station on the Keihan Main Line (corresponding to the current Senbayashi Station); at Akagawa, connect it with the line proceeding from the project site of Kami-shinjo Station to the south, and then extend the line to Umeda Station via Sakuranomiya Station and Tenma Station on the Joto Line (later Osaka Loop Line); at Umeda Station, construct a general terminal station (after the inauguration of Tenjinbashi Station; subsequently, the plan was changed to bifurcate the Keihan Main Line at Noe Station and extend the Shinkeihan Line from Tenjinbashi Station, but the plan was abandoned in 1932 and the license lapsed in 1942 (see also the section on the Keihan Umeda Line); however, since the elevation of the Joto Line was postponed due to the investment policy that prioritized the reconstruction of the Great Kanto Earthquake, Keihan, which had anticipated extending the line up to Umeda Station by making use of the site of the Joto Line once it was elevated, decided to look for an alternate site, based on the perspective that this new line project wouldn't be feasible for some time.

• これについては、パスネットやトランパスでは、鉄道営業法第29条ノ1にある「有効ノ乗車券ナクシテ乗車シタルトキ（＝有効な乗車券を持たずに乗車したとき）」（ここでは初乗り運賃に満たない時）に「鉄道係員ノ許諾ヲ受ケスシテ左ノ所為ヲ為シタル者ハ50円以下ノ罰金又ハ科料ニ処ス（＝鉄道係員の許諾を受けないで左記の行為を行った者は50円以下～実際は1万円以上2万円以下～の罰金または科料に処する）」という条文に則っているためだが、スルッとKANSAIを含む関西の鉄道事業者が発行するカード（JR西日本のJスルーを含む）では、これを国土交通省に届け出て「特例扱い」（鉄道係員の許諾を受けている）としているため、カード残額が初乗り運賃に満たなくても入場可能となっている。
• Regarding the above, using Passnet or Tran-Pass, according to Railway Operation Act Clause 29, 1, there is a fine of under 50 yen, in fact more than 10,000 yen, less than 20,000 yen to the passenger who gets onto the train without having a sufficient ticket whose value is more than the base rate, and without letting train staff know; however, Surutto KANSAI is an exception and allows this, since their cards (including those issued by other member companies, including J-Thru of JR West) are permitted as an exception by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (it is considered that the passengers have informed the railway staff).