参: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 参加大学
- Participating Universities
- 参加武将
- Participating Busho (Japanese Military Commanders)
- 参照条文
- Referred Articles of Penal Code
- 参戦武将
- Military commanders participated in the battle
- The Busho in the Battle
- 皇居参観
- The public's visit to Imperial Palaces
- 主な参戦武将
- The main busho (military commanders) participated in the battle
- 臣部を参照。
- Refer to Shinbu (a group list of Chinese characters classified by the radicals).
- 冒頭を参照。
- Refer to the beginning part.
- いって参ります
- good bye
- I'm off
- see you later
- 参議 烏丸光広
- Sangi (councilor) Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU
- 村井所へ参候。
- I called on Murai's.
- 岩絵具を参照。
- Please refer to the section on Mineral Pigments for further details.
- 合壱町参段者。
- The land sold covers a total area of 1 cho and 3 tan (approximately 13,000 square meters).
- 参謀:西寛二郎
- Staff officer: Kanjiro NISHI
- 参謀長:岡沢精
- Chief of Staff: Kuwashi OKAZAWA
- 三十三間堂参照
- Refer to section for Sanjusangendo Hall.
- 昭和天皇を参照
- Refers to Emperor Showa.
- 大正天皇を参照
- Refers to Emperor Taisho.
- 明治天皇を参照
- Refer to Emperor Meiji.
- 不敬罪も参照。
- Refer to the section of 'Lese Majesty'.
- 歌詞はを参照。
- For lyrics refer to '.'
- 日本の銀貨も参照
- Also refer to Japanese silver coins.
- 銀座歴史を参照。
- See the history of Ginza.
- 参謀長:野津道貫
- Chief of Staff: Michitsura NOZU
- 藤原四家を参照。
- Refer to Four Fujiwara Families.
- ※時代行列も参照
- *See also Jidai Gyoretsu.
- 建武の新政参照。
- Refer to the section of 'Kenmu no Shinsei (The new government of Emperor Godaigo).'
- 後に参議院議長。
- He later became the president of the House of Councilors.
- 維新後は、参与。
- He became a Senior Counselor after the Restoration.
- 岩屋城の戦いも参照
- See the battle of Iwaya-jo Castle.
- 詳細はハッジを参照
- For more information, refer to the section on 'Haji.'
- 租税も参照のこと。
- Refer to Sozei.
- (民族も参照の事)
- (Also refer to Race.)
- 詳細は各項目参照。
- Refer to each item for more information.
- (令制国一覧参照)
- (Refer to the list of kuni (Provinces) under the ryo system)
- 詳細は龍谷大学参照
- For more information, refer to section for Ryukoku University.
- - 詳細は東寺参照
- For more information, refer to section for To-ji Temple
- 佐保姫の項、参照。
- See the section of 'Saho-hime.'
- (参照→貞純親王)
- (See Imperial Prince Sadazumi.)
- 官職は軍事参議官。
- His official government position was military affairs government adviser.
- 伊勢神宮への参道。
- The front approach to Ise-jingu Shrine
- 参加料は300円。
- The admission fee is JPY 300.
- 平家の落人も参照。
- Please refer to the section on the Fleeing Heike Warrior.
- 宇治山田陵墓参考地
- Ujiyamada mausoleum reference site
- 詳細は天龍寺船を参照
- For details, see Tenryujibune.
- 御家門を参照のこと。
- Refer to Gokamon.
- (検断沙汰も参照。)
- (Also refer to Kendan-sata (criminal cases).)
- 「宙字参號半印勘合」
- The no. 3 Kango of the matching seals with the Japanese letter of Chu (宙)'
- 詳細は律令制を参照。
- Refer to the article on the ritsuryo system for further information.
- - 詳細は妙心寺参照
- For more information, refer to section for Myoshin-ji Temple.
- - 詳細は仁和寺参照
- For more information, refer to section for Ninna-ji Temple.
- - 詳細は萬福寺参照
- For more information, refer to section for Manpuku-ji Temple
- - 詳細は曼殊院参照
- For more information, refer to section for Manshuin.
- - 詳細は碧雲荘参照
- For more information, refer to section for Hekiunso.
- - 詳細は清水寺参照
- For more information, refer to section for Kiyomizu-dera
- - 詳細は知恩院参照
- For more information, refer to section for Chionin Temple.
- - 詳細は酬恩庵参照
- For more information, refer to section for Shuonan.
- 但當日服者参朝可憚事
- However, those in mourning should refrain from coming to the court.
- 詳細は皇籍復帰参照。
- Please refer to 'Return to the Imperial Family' for details.
- 貴族古代も参照のこと。
- See also Ancient Nobles.
- (詳細は庄屋を参照。)
- (For details, see the article about Shoya [village headman in the Edo period]).
- (参照:金魚酒の横行)
- (Refer to the section of the rampant state of goldfish sake business.)
- 秀頼を江戸に参勤させる
- Hideyori shall go up to Edo for sankin-kotai (an alternate-year attendance)
- 詳細は建武の新政を参照
- For details, please refer to Kenmu no Shinsei (Kenmu Restoration).
- 「参勤交代」が一般的。
- Generally written as '参勤交代'.
- 詳細は尺を参照のこと。
- Refer to the article of shaku for details.
- 詳細は当該項目を参照。
- See appropriate items for details.
- 庭上に参向申しければ。
- If they come into the garden.
- 詳細は『永享記』を参照。
- See 'Eijunki' for more details.
- →(一会桑政権を参照)。
- (See Ichikaiso government).
- 「宇字参拾伍號半印勘合」
- The no. 35 Kango of the matching seals with the Japanese letter of U (宇)'
- 「宇字參拾参號半印勘合」
- The no. 33 Kango of the matching seals with the Japanese letter of U (宇)'
- (→詳しくは倭国を参照)
- (Please refer to 'Wakoku' for more details.)
- 参謀長:樺山資紀陸軍中佐
- Chief of Staff: Sukenori KABAYAMA, Lieutenant Colonel of the Imperial Army
- (卑弥呼=卑弥呼説参照)
- (See also the theory of Himiko [卑弥呼] = Himiko [卑弥呼].)
- 詳細は小御所会議を参照。
- See Kogosho Conference for details.
- (詳細は各項目を参照。)
- (See each item for details.)
- なお、下記略系図も参照)
- Please also refer to the following brief genealogy map.)
- 詳しくは南島町伝説を参照。
- For details, refer to the legend of Minamijima-cho.
- 詳細は花粉症を参照のこと。
- For further details, refer to 'Hay Fever.'
- 詳しくは悲田処の項を参照。
- Please refer to the section on Hidensho for details.
- 詳細はアイヌを参照のこと。
- For more details, refer to 'Ainu.'
- 蒙古皇帝国書を参照のこと。
- Refer to Letter of the Mongol Emperor.
- 詳細は冷泉家時雨亭文庫参照
- For more information, refer to section for Shigure-tei bunko library of the Reizei family.
- - 詳細は東福寺建造物参照
- For more information, refer to section for Buildings and Structures of Tofuku-ji Temple
- - 国宝、詳細は平等院参照
- National treasure; for more information, refer to section for Byodoin Temple.
- - 詳細は石清水八幡宮参照
- For more information, refer to section for Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine.
- (市制 (単位系)も参照)
- (Also refer to the article of Chinese Traditional System of Measurement)
- 瑞鶴荘の竣工、軍事参議官。
- In the same year, construction of Zuikakuso Villa was completed; and Prince Fushimi Sadanaru became a Military Sangi (councilors).
- 居所は、院参町西寄とした。
- Their residence was in Inzan-cho Nishiyori.
- 別称の松木家を参照のこと。
- See 'Matsunoki family', the other name for the Nakamikado family.
- 一般における『お宮参り』。
- It corresponds to 'Omiyamairi' (shrine visit) amongst the general public.
- 詳しくは農奴制の項目を参照。
- See the details in the section on the serf system.
- 直義の死後は幕府に帰参した。
- After Tadayoshi's death the clan returned to serving the bakufu.
- (詳しくは武家官位を参照。)
- (For more details, please refer to Buke-Kani (Official Court Titles for Samurai.)
- (東征の詳細は年表を参照。)
- (For more on the journey east, consult the chronology below.)
- 詳細は柳川一件を参照のこと。
- For more information, refer to the Yanagawa Incident.
- 今は暁参りとてひそかに参ず。
- It will now be conducted quietly at dawn.
- (騎馬隊日本の騎馬隊も参照)
- (See also the section on Japanese Cavalry under Cavalry).
- 参謀副長:児玉源太郎陸軍少佐
- Deputy Chief of Staff: Gentaro KODAMA, Major of the Imperial Army
- 詳細はフランス復古王政を参照
- For details, please refer to French Restauration.
- 毎歳夏四月中、参勤致スベシ。
- Perform Sankin (daimyo's biennial residence in Edo) every summer in April.
- 令制国の大和は大和国を参照。
- For details on ryoseikoku (province) of Yamato, refer to Yamato Province.
- 舞鶴鎮守府、与保呂川など参考
- Refer to sections Maizuru Chinjufu, Yohoro-gawa River, and so on.
- 正三位・非参議を極官とする。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank to which one can be appointed) was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 従二位・非参議を極官とした。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank one can be appointed to) was Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 従二位・非参議を極官とする。
- Kyokkan (the highest rank one can be appointed to) was Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 日露戦争では、参謀本部勤務。
- He fulfilled his duties at the General Staff Office during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 詳細はタギシミミの反逆を参照
- See 'Coup by Tagishimimi' for more detail.
- メディチ家による舞踏会に参加。
- Participated in a ball held by the Medici family.
- 詳しくは後述の元寇神風を参照。
- For details, refer to Kamikaze of Genko described later.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は大徳寺参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Daitoku-ji Temple
- - 一部国宝、詳細は二条城参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Nijo-jo Castle
- - 詳細は地主神社、清水寺参照
- For more information, refer to sections for Jishu-jinja Shrine and Kiyomizu-dera Temple.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は醍醐寺参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Daigo-ji Temple.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は妙喜庵参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Myokian.
- 詳しくは「飯豊」を参照のこと。
- See the details in 'Iitoyo.'
- 詳細はタギシミミの反逆を参照。
- For details, see the section of 'Rebellion of Tagishimimi.'
- 詳細は鎮西奉行、鎮西探題を参照。
- For details, see Chinzei Bugyo and Chinzei Tandai.
- 天主復元のために参考にされる史料
- Historical materials referred to the restoration of the castle tower
- 詳しくは、官位、位階の項を参照。
- For further details, see the sections 'Official Rank' and 'Rank.'
- 詳細は王政復古 (日本) を参照
- For details, please refer to Oseifukko (Japan) (Restoration of Imperial Rule in Japan).
- 詳細は下記「遊女の歴史」を参照。
- See the following 'the history of yujo' for further information.
- 地域名としての大和は大和を参照。
- For Yamato as the regional name, see 'Yamato.'
- 全文はウィキソースを参照のこと。
- Please refer to the Wikisource for the entire text.
- - 詳細は正法寺 (八幡市)参照
- For more information, refer to section for Shobo-ji Temple.
- - 詳細は舞鶴赤レンガ倉庫群参照
- For more information, refer to section for Maizuru red brick storehouses.
- 皇居において一般参賀が行われる。
- A general congratulatory palace visit is held in the Imperial Palace.
- 参謀本部に勤務の後、騎兵旅団長。
- After that, he worked for the General Staff Main Office, he became a brigade officer in the cavalry division.
- (図1参照)ぼてふり、におなじ。
- It is also referred to as botefuri (Fig. 1).
- (後述中国周辺諸国の律令を参照。)
- (Refer to the following section on 'Luli of the surrounding nations of China.')
- (→詳しくは律令制を参照のこと。)
- (Refer to 'Luli System' for details)
- 以後は鳥取藩若桜藩を参照されたい。
- From this point on, refer to the article of the Tottori Domain.
- (→詳しくは律令法を参照のこと。)
- (Refer to 'Luli Code' for details)
- 詳しくは天皇、太上天皇の項を参照。
- For further details, see the sections 'Emperor' and 'Retired Emperor.'
- - 一部国宝、詳細は北野天満宮参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for KitanoTenmangu Shrine.
- 旅順陥落後は、奉天会戦に参加した。
- They participated in Hoten battles after Lushun had surrendered.
- 日本の上皇については太上天皇参照。
- For joko in Japan, refer to the Daijo Tenno section.
- また新羅人参渡(まいわた)り来つ。
- Also, people of Silla came over.
- 子孫は正二位・非参議を極官とする。
- The kyokkan (the highest rank to which one can be appointed) of his descendant was Shonii (Senior Seccond Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- (「天武天皇年齢」の項も参照の事)
- Please refer to the section 'The Age of Emperor Temmu.'
- 三隅研次、池広一夫らが参加していた。
- Kenji MISUMI, Kazuo IKEHIRO and others were involved in the company.
- 戦闘には参加しないが名誉な職である。
- They did not participate in the battle, but this was an honorary job.
- 延喜の治および天暦の治も参照のこと。
- See also Engi no chi and Tenryaku no chi.
- 倭・倭人関連の中国文献も参照のこと。
- See Chinese literatures related to Wa or Wajin.
- (詳細はそれぞれの項目を参照のこと)
- (For further details, see each relevant section.)
- 参謀:鮫島重雄陸軍工兵中尉(4月-)
- Staff Officer: Shigeo SAMEJIMA, First Lieutenant of kohei (military engineers) (April -)
- 後に内大臣・中納言・参議が置かれた。
- Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior), Chunagon (Middle Counselor), and Sangi (councilor) were established later.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は賀茂御祖神社参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Kamomioya-jinja Shrine.
- - 一部国宝、詳細は賀茂別雷神社参照
- Partly, national treasure; for more information, refer to section for Kamo Wakeikazuchi Jinja Shrine.
- 新たに総裁、議定、参与の三職をおく。
- Establishment of the Three Posts, including president, gijo, and sanyo (councilor).
- enQueen Dowagerを参照
- Refer to enQueen Dowager
- 折悪くも三人は淀君の参詣に出くわす。
- Unfortunately the three happened to meet Yodogimi who is visiting the shrine.
- なお参考までにア行は次の通りである。
- For reference, A-row sounds were as follows:
- 詳細は有栖川宮詐欺事件を参照のこと。
- For details, please refer to the section on the Arisugawa no miya fraud incident.
- 母は女御滋野縄子(参議滋野貞主女)。
- Her mother was SHIGENO no Tsunako (daughter of Sangi (councillor) SHIGENO no Sadanushi) who was nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court - a consort of an emperor).
- (詳しくは『九暦』の項を参照のこと)。
- (The details can be found in the article on 'Kyureki' [The Diary of FUJIWARA no Morosue]).
- この点については六壬神課の項目を参照。
- Regarding this point, refer to the item of Rikujinshinka.
- 一方山県参軍も樫山にて戦況を観望した。
- On the other hand, Sangun YAMAGATA observed the war situation from Kashiyama.
- 押出しについては川俣事件も参照のこと。
- As for Oshidashi, also refer to 'Kawamata Incident.'
- 桓武天皇今上天皇の発言も参照されたし。
- Refer to the article of the Emperor Kanmu for the detail of the Emperor's remark on this issue.
- 承和7年(840年)参議に任じられる。
- In 840 he was appointed to State Councilor.
- 両者の比較については瞬発式火縄銃を参照。
- See instantaneous discharge matchlock for comparison between the two systems.
- 尊氏追討軍には多数の公家も参加している。
- Many court nobles also joined the army to search and kill Takauji.
- 昔は舞姫参入の儀式など事々しくありけり。
- In the past, the ceremony of the dancers' entrance was conducted on a large scale.
- その翌日、後藤、江藤、大木が参議となる。
- On the next day, GOTO, ETO and OKI became councilors.
- 参軍:山縣有朋陸軍中将・川村純義海軍中将
- Sangun: Lieutenant General of the Imperial Army Aritomo YAMAGATA and Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA
- 詳細は下記「伝統的宮中座次」の節を参照。
- Refer to the following section 'Traditional Kyuchu Zaji: Traditional Order of Precedence in the Imperial Court' for further information.
- - 神奈川県鎌倉市にある鶴岡八幡宮の参道
- The sando (approach) in Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine located in Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture.
- (詳細は皇位継承問題 (平成)を参照)。
- (For details, refer to the problem of succession to the Imperial Throne [Heisei].)
- 縁結びの神として遠方からの参拝客も多い。
- Many people from far away visit the shrine believing it as a god of marriage (matchmaking).
- 675年に十市皇女と共に伊勢神宮に参拝。
- In 675, Ahe no himemiko visited the Ise-jingu Shrine with Tochi no himemiko.
- (詳しくは「廷臣八十八卿列参事件」参照)
- (For more information, see 'Demo of eighty-eight retainers of Imperial Court.')
- 極官は清岡長時が得た参議・式部省である。
- The highest court positions achieved were Sangi and Shikibusho appointed to Nagatoki KIYOOKA.
- 我等ハミなみほりぎわへ、ひがしむきニ参候。
- 我等ハミなみほりぎわへ、ひがしむきニ参候。
- 藤原光能(参議・右兵衛督・皇太后宮権大夫)
- FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, who possessed the title of Sangi, Uhyoenojo (Captain of the Right Watch), Kotaigogu gon no daibu (Provisional Master of the Empress Dowager's Household).
- また、平時にも国司館に結番・参勤していた。
- Also in times of peace, they went to kokushi-kan (house of kokushi) and served by rotation.
- - ソビエト連邦対日参戦、豆満江を越える。
- The Soviet Union entered the war against Japan, and went over the Tumen River.
- 使者は正月の朝賀に参列し、皇帝を祝賀した。
- Envoys attended Choga (a New Year's greeting to the emperor by retainers) and celebrated the emperor.
- (詳しくは江華島事件また日朝修好条規参照)
- (See sections of Ganghwa Island incident and Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity for more details.)
- 参勤交代のために、街道や宿場が整備された。
- On the other hand, because of sankin-kotai, roads and shukuba (post stations) were maintained.
- 明治以後の歴代天皇については即位の礼を参照
- Please refer to the Enthronement Ceremony for the details on the successive emperors after the Meiji period.
- Refer to sokui no rei (ceremony of enthronement) for the successive Emperors in and after Meiji period.
- - 環境省によるプロジェクト(Web参照)。
- Projects by Ministry of the Environment (refer to the web site concerned).
- また一揆に参加する人は馬借や問屋や問丸など。
- Participants in an uprising included bashaku (shipping agents who used horses), toiya (warehouse merchants) and toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants).
- 班田収授は唐の均田制を参考にしたものである。
- Following the Equal-field system in the Tang Dynasty, the Japanese government introduced Handen Shuju.
- 行楽(参詣、花見、月見、紅葉狩り、雪見など)
- Outing (visiting temples and shrines, cherry blossom viewing, moon viewing, autumn leaves viewing and snow viewing)
- 参預会議体制はわずか数ヶ月しか持たなかった。
- The councilors' meeting system survived for only a few months.
- 家格は半家 (公家)、極官は従二位・非参議。
- The family status is hanke (family of lower ranking court nobles) (kuge -court noble), and the highest court positions appointed were Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 母は、参議左近衛中将五辻経氏の娘、藤原経子。
- His mother was the Councilor of State, lieutenant general of Imperial Guard of the left, Tsuneuji ITSUTSUJI's daughter, FUJIWARA no Keishi.
- 地球温暖化に関する緩和技術に関する議論を参照。
- See the discussions on the dispute and easing technique on global warming.
- そんな中、25日には秀吉は紀三井寺に参詣する。
- Meanwhile, Hideyoshi worshiped the Kimii-dera Temple on the 24th.
- (詳細は長篠の戦いをめぐる論点と詳細を参照)。
- (For more information see the section' Controversies over and Details of the Battle of Nagashino').
- 租・庸・調の詳細については、租庸調の項を参照。
- For further details on the rice tax, tax in kind, and tributes, see the section 'rice tax, tax in kind, and tributes.'
- 班田制の詳細については、班田収授法の項を参照。
- For further details on the rice field allotment system, see the section 'rice field allotment system.'
- 「日出処の天子......」の国書を持参した。
- He brought the sovereign's message as 'the Emperor of the Rising Sun.'
- なお「月」「日」には旧暦をあてる(下記参照)。
- As for 'month' and 'date,' those of old lunisolar calendar are applied (see the followings).
- 各藩の武装解除の過程については「鎮台」を参照。
- Concerning the process of disarming domains, refer to 'chindai' (garrison in the Meiji era).
- 年代順の詳細な経過については幕末の年表を参照。
- See the timetable of the Bakumatsu for detailed chronological accounts.
- それは、陵墓参考地として宮内庁が管理している。
- The Imperial Household Agency manages the Tanaka Ozuka Kofun as a primary referable mausoleum.
- 後白河は9月に、滋子を伴って熊野参詣を行った。
- Emperor Goshirakawa visited Kumano with Shigeko in October and November.
- この時の詳しい戦いの状況は観音寺城の戦いを参照。
- Please refer to the section of 'The Battle of Kannonji-jo Castle' for more details.
- 天皇方に参陣した源義朝のみが残り勢力は減少する。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who fought on the side of the Emperor, was the only survivor and the family power waned.
- 10月、明治六年政変で江藤、副島らが参議を辞任。
- In October, ETO and SOEJIMA resigned as councilors due to Coups of 1873.
- 朝鮮総督府設置に至る歴史については韓国併合を参照
- See the Annexation of Korea for the history before the establishment of the Chosen Sotoku-fu.
- (詳しくは征韓論、明治六年政変、西郷隆盛を参照)
- (See the sections on; Seikanron, Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), and Takamori SAIGO for more details.)
- 屯田兵は西南戦争、日清戦争、日露戦争に参加した。
- Tondenhei fought in wars such the Seinan War, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Russo-Japanese War.
- 騒動の発生地域・参加人員と軍隊出動、検挙者の処遇
- Area where riots occurred, participants and call-out of armies and treatment of people under arrest
- 招待状を出したが各国の事情により参列しなかった国
- The countries that had invitations but did not participated due to the circumstances of each country
- 死去時の官位は参議従三位治部卿兼左兵衛督大和守。
- When he died, his official court rank was Sangi Jusanmi Jibu-kyo (Councilor; Junior Third Rank; the chief of the Ministry of Imperial Household and Diplomat), and Sahyoe no Kami Yamato no Kami (the head of Left Guard of the Emperor; the governor of Yamato Province).
- 家格は名家 (公家)、従二位・参議を極官とする。
- The social standing of the family was Meika, upper rank of court nobles; the top rank the family could attain was Junii Sangi.
- The social standing of the family was Meika, upper rank of court nobles; the top rank the family could attiain was Junii Sangi.
- 戊辰戦争では参謀となり従軍し、会津藩を攻略した。
- He joined the army as a staff officer in the Boshin War and captured the domain of Aizu.
- 貞観3年(861年)参議を拝し、弾正大弼となる。
- He became a state councilor in 861, and became Daijo Daihitsu (assistant to the Minister of justice).
- - 皇室の重要な事項を合議、皇族も議員として参加
- Discussing matters important to the Imperial Family, together with imperial members who are also members of the council
- (直前の敗戦を口実に、参加を拒まれたとの説もある)
- (There is another theory that he was refused to participate in the conference because he had been defeated in the latest war.)
- 京や畿内・飛騨国(別項参照)へは賦課されなかった。
- Yo was not levied on the capital, Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and the Hida Province (Refer to the other section).
- 貴族院 (日本)に在職中だった柳田國男も参列した。
- Kunio YANAGITA, who was in the House of Peers, was also present.
- 著名な源姓の人物に関しては、源氏の人物一覧を参照。
- For famous persons of the Minamoto clan, see the list of the Minamoto clan persons.
- その史実については、伊達騒動その他関連項目を参照。
- As for its historical facts, refer to Date Sodo and other relevant sections.
- 生母は参議五辻忠継の娘、典侍五辻忠子(談天門院)。
- Her real mother was the daughter of Sangi (councillor) Tadatsugu ITSUTSUJI, Naishi no suke (a court lady of the first rank) Tadako ITSUTSUJI (Dantenmonin).
- 参議藤原玄上の女を娶り、源親頼・源親繁らを儲けた。
- He took the daughter of Sangi (councillor) FUJIWARA no Genjo as his wife and had children including MINAMOTO no Chikayori and MINAMOTO no Chikashige.
- 731年(天平3年)8月 (旧暦) 参議 (48)
- August, 731: Sangi (Councilor) (48)
- 内親王もこれによく参加し遊びや文芸などを楽しんだ。
- Imperial Princess Akenomiya also joined such gatherings to enjoy arts, literature and various plays.
- 軍勢の中からは脱落して幕府方に降参する者も出始める。
- Some men from his army began to drop out and surrender to the bakufu.
- 幕府に帰参していた山名時熙が50騎を率いて参戦した。
- Tokihiro YAMANA, who had been serving the bakufu, entered the battle with 50 cavalrymen.
- 江戸時代までの武士階級は戦闘に参加する義務を負った。
- The samurai class was obliged to participate in battle until the Edo period.
- 川村参軍が最初に着手したのは市民生活の安定であった。
- The first operation Sangun KAWAMURA started was to stabilize the lives of the general public.
- 古代日本の道路網の詳細は、日本の古代道路の項を参照。
- For further details on the road system of ancient Japan, see the section on 'Japan's ancient roads.'
- 10月25日に受理され、賛成派の参議5人は下野した。
- It was accepted on the October 25, and five councilors of the supporter stepped down from their public post.
- 農民軍参加者はのべ13万人を超えると推定されている。
- A total of more than 130,000 farmers are estimated to have joined the armed peasants.
- 1市両は50グラムである(市制 (単位系)も参照)。
- 1 liang is set equal to 50 grams (refer to the article of 'Chinese Traditional System of Measurement').
- 成婚のおりにはタイのシリントーン王女が式に参列した。
- Therefore, the Princess Sirindhorn of the Kingdom of Thailand attended his wedding ceremony.
- (出雲井晶『エピソードでつづる 昭憲皇太后』参照)。
- (Aki IZUMOI 'Empress Dowager Shoken Through Episodes' referenced).
- 軍事参議官、日仏協会総裁、在郷軍人会総裁などを歴任。
- He successively held positions like a government advising officer, President of the Franco-Japanese Society, and President of the association of reservists.
- 陵墓の名前などは、下記の宮内庁管理の天皇陵一覧参照。
- For the names of mausoleums, please refer to the following list of imperial mausoleums administered by Imperial Household Agency.
- これを「境内都市」(自治都市、宗教都市も参照)という。
- These were called 'Keidai toshi' (also refer to the articles on Autonomous city or Holy city).
- 東大寺正倉院所蔵の人参や桂心などの薬草も供されている。
- Seyaku-in offered medical plants including ginseng and cinnamon cortices, which had been stored in the Todaiji Shosoin.
- 3月3日 鳥取藩内参謀の河田左久馬が山国隊隊長を兼務。
- March 26: Sakuma KAWATA, of the general administrative staff of Tottori Domain, takes over the leadership of the Yamagunitai in addition to his other duties.
- 他の官営工場については官営模範工場の項目を参照のこと。
- For other government operated and managed factories, refer to the section of the Government-operated Model Factory.
- 1市里=1500市尺である(市制 (単位系)も参照)。
- 1 li is equal to 1500 shi-chi (1 over 3 meters, or approximately 33.3 centimeters) (see also the article of Shizhi [Chinese units system of measurement]).
- 戸籍・計帳の詳細については、古代の戸籍制度の項を参照。
- For further details on the family register and yearly tax records, see the section 'ancient family register system.'
- 1590年(天正18年):鍋島騒動(鍋島勝茂の項参照)
- 1590: Nabeshima feud (See Katsushige NABESHIMA)
- 現代武道のなぎなたについては「なぎなた」を参照のこと。
- Please see 'naginata' as in the form of a modern martial art.
- 江戸時代には遠方の寺社への巡礼、参拝がさかんになった。
- In the Edo period, people actively made pilgrimages to distant temples and shrines.
- (以後の経緯については、治承・寿永の乱も参照のこと。)
- (refer to the article on 'Jisho and Juei no ran' for further events)
- 永田町の跡地には衆議院議長公邸・参議院議長公邸がある。
- There is the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the official residence of the President of the House of Councilors in Nagatacho where a palace used to stand.
- ※月ヶ瀬梅林の歴史については歴史の節をご参照ください。
- Please refer to the corresponding section for the history of Tsukigase Bairin.
- (参考文献:戸矢学『陰陽道とは何か』 PHP新書より)
- Reference: Manabu TOYA, 'Onmyodo towa nani ka' (What is Onmyodo), published by PHP Shinsho
- 参預会議は長州藩の処分と横浜港の鎖港をテーマとしていた。
- The main agenda of the Sanyo-kaigi was punishment for the Choshu clan and exclusion of foreign ships from Yokohama-ko Port.
- (三好長慶から始まる三好政権について、「堺公方」を参照)
- (For information on the government by the Miyoshi clan commenced from Nagayoshi MIYOSHIA, refer to 'Sakaikubo' (the municipal government based in Sakai City).
- 越前一向一揆におけるものが有名である(下間頼照を参照)。
- A well-known ikki within ikki occurred in the Echizen ikko ikki (religious riot) (see Raisho SHIMOTSUMA).
- (ここは、鎌田元一や前之園亮一の部民制を主に参考にした。
- (The bemin system studied by Motokazu KAMADA and Ryoichi MAENOSONO were mainly referenced here.)
- 参勤交代における江戸と領地との往来が典型的な形態である。
- The typical form was traffic between Edo and territory in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- 参与岩倉具視、大原重徳、万里小路博房、長谷信篤、橋本実梁
- Sanyo: Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigetomi OHARA, Hirofusa MADENOKOJI, Nobuatsu NAGATANI, and Saneyana HASHIMOTO
- →巫女ではなく巫の項、及びシャーマニズムの項を参照のこと
- See the section of fu or kannagi (female spiritual medium) or shamanism, not of miko.
- 楊億(ようおく)は『新唐書』の編纂に参加した人物である。
- Youoku was one of editors of the 'Shintojo'.
- 天武天皇14年(685年)正月、浄大参の位を授けられた。
- In the New Year of 685, he was conferred jodai samu no kurai (the third rank of joi yoshina, four grades of joi, which corresponds to Shogoinojo, Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade in ranks for Shoo and shoshin, vassal of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code).
- 滋子の熊野参詣はこの時を含めて、記録上で四回確認できる。
- It was confirmed and recorded that Shigeko visited Kumano four times including this visit.
- 屋号の詳細については「歌舞伎役者の屋号一覧」の項を参照。
- For further details about yago, refer to the article 'Kabuki Yakusha no Yago Ichiran' (the Catalogue of Yago of Kabuki Actors).
- 滋賀県下で唯一、城郭建築が保存された(歴史・沿革を参照)。
- It is only castle in Shiga Prefecture that the castle architecture has been preserved (refer to History).
- ホルチン砂漠(同上)(参考:中国語版ウィキペディアの記事)
- The Horqin desert (same as above, located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China) (for reference: A description in the Chinese version of Wikipedia)
- 1万5000人の兵力が本戦に参加できなかった意味は大きい。
- It was significant that 15,000 soldiers were unable to make it to the main part of the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 脇差1つを挿し、時には戦いにも参加し、平時は雑用を行った。
- They sometimes participated in battles with a short sword and did odd jobs in times of peace.
- (その後の教育政策については教育基本法改正の動きを参照)。
- (For educational policies, refer to the movement of the Fundamental Law of Education)
- 一方で6月27日 (旧暦)には、信長へも徳川家康軍が参着。
- On the other hand, the troops of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA arrived at Nobunaga's on August 8.
- 黒田参軍は衝背軍を部署し、次の方面への一斉進撃を企図した。
- Sangun Kuroda stationed Shohaigun and planned simultaneous attacks in the following areas:
- この制度により、全国的な参勤交代制度の原形ができあがった。
- This system became the prototype of the nationwide sankin-kotai.
- 銅座・朝鮮人参座・真鍮座などの座を設け、専売制を実施した。
- He also established monopolistic trade association (za) such as the copper guild, the the ginseng guild, and the brass guild.
- 比較的正しい記事は、朝鮮など外国史料を参照したものである。
- Relatively trustworthy articles, such as those from Korea, make reference to foreign historical materials.
- 22日夕刻には山を降りて京極寺に参集し、強訴の態勢に入った。
- By the evening of January 17th, they came down from the mountain, gathered in the Kyogoku-ji temple, and got ready for a direct petition.
- もちろん加々美長清は富士川の合戦で、頼朝のもとに馳せ参じる。
- Of course, Nagakiyo KAGAMI ran to the side of Yoritomo on a horse at the battle of Fujikawa River.
- それぞれに水軍を編成させて九州征伐や小田原征伐に参戦させた。
- And then Hideyoshi made each of them organize their own suigun and join the Kyushu Conquest and the conquest and siege of Odawara.
- 柳営秘鑑にある徳川最古参の安祥譜代七家の一つであったという。
- It is said to have been one of the seven Anjo fudai families (a fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Anjo), which were the oldest among Tokugawa families, and appeared in Ryueihikan (a book describing events, regulations or standards, etc. of the Edo bakufu).
- 624年、唐は前代隋の律令を参考として新たに律令を制定した。
- In 624, Tang established a new ritsuryo code based on the ritsuryo code in the previous dynasty of Sui.
- 客はその酒屋からリースされている徳利を持参して買いにいった。
- A customer of a sakaya went to the shop to buy sake with a sake bottle the shop leased the customer.
- 22日、黒田参軍は八代から宮の原に出、ここで薩軍と激戦した。
- On February 22, Sangun KURODA advanced from Yatsushiro to Miyanohara and fiercely fought the Satsuma army.
- 中央官制の詳細は日本の官制律令制(大宝律令)以後の項を参照。
- For further details of the central governmental organization, see the section Japan's governmental organization, the Ritsuryo system (the Taiho Ritsuryo) and after.
- ベルギー(国王ボードゥアン1世 (ベルギー王)の国葬に参列)
- Belgium (The Emperor attended the state funeral of King Baudouin I [the King of Belgium])
- その後元に渡り福州大覚寺で古梅正友に参禅し、各地を巡拝した。
- After that he went to Yuan, and practiced Zen with Kobai Shoyu at Fuzhou Daikaku-ji Temple, then made a round of pilgrimages to various places.
- 「参会の公卿十余人、或いは馬に鞍し、或いは匍這う四方へ逃走。」
- A dozen court nobles accompanied; they made a getaway in all directions, some on saddled horses and some on all fours.
- 様々な陰謀説が議論されており実情は不明である(豊臣秀次参照)。
- The truth of the fact, however, is not known as there were various conspiracy theories (refer to the section on Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI).
- しかしながら、いずれも少しずつ異なっている(各国の黄砂参照)。
- However, they all differ slightly (refer to the section of kosa in various countries).
- 黄砂対策プラン(Web参照)を作成するなどの成果を上げている。
- This project has achieved some results, for example, the compilation of a plan to combat kosa (refer to the web site concerned).
- 今で言う「マイバッグ」のような「マイ徳利」持参が必須であった。
- It was essential to bring 'my sake bottle' like 'my bag' in the present day.
- およそ21万人(軍属を含む)が戦争に参加し、3万人が死亡した。
- Almost 210,000 people (including civilian war workers) participated in the war, of them 30,000 people died.
- 軍事制度の詳細については、軍団 (古代日本)、防人の項を参照。
- For further details on military service, see the section 'military service' (ancient Japan).
- 黒田清隆中将が参軍となり、この上陸衝背軍を指揮することにした。
- Lieutenant General Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed to Sangun to command the Shohaigun, which is to disembark.
- 参勤交代の起源は鎌倉時代にみられた御家人の鎌倉への出仕である。
- Sankin-kotai originated from Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu)'s serving in Kamakura during the Kamakura period.
- 宮中では、祝賀の儀、宴会の儀、茶会の儀、一般参賀が行なわれる。
- In the Imperial Court, a celebration, banquet, tea party and general congratulatory palace visit are held.
- 中院通富は江戸時代末期、国事に奔走し、明治維新後、参与となる。
- In the last days of the Edo Period, Michitomi NAKANOIN devoted himself to the interest of the state and, after the Meiji Restoration, was appointed to sanyo (councilor).
- が構えられていた(画像Heiankyo map.png参考)。
- The above gates were established. (Please refer to the images of Heiankyo map.png.)
- 罪を許され京へ帰参するついでに邪魔な与兵衛をも始末に来たのだ。
- He has come to kill Yohei, a nuisance for him, on the way back to Kyoto after having been forgiven.
- 3月23日と3月29日には参加諸将に対する論功行賞が発表された。
- On March 23 and 29, 1582, rewards given to participating warlords were announced.
- こうした、花粉症ビジネスに参入する自治体の動きも記しておきたい。
- The movement of autonomous bodies into such hay fever businesses is particularly noteworthy.
- また、江戸時代における会所については会所 (近世)を参照のこと。
- For Kaisho during the Edo period, please refer to Kaisho (early modern times).
- (本宣旨に対する評価の詳細については、後述意義・評価節を参照)。
- (See the section of significance and assessment below for the details of significance and assessment for this decree.)
- 職業としての「酒屋」への移行に関しては「中世以前」を参照のこと。
- For how the 'sakaya' business started, refer to the section of 'In the medieval period or before.'
- なお、江戸城留め置きとされた大名も、その子が大坂に参陣している。
- However, children of the daimyo forced to stay in Edo Castle joined the war.
- 地方官制の詳細は古代日本の地方官制律令制下の地方官制の項を参照。
- For further details on local governmental organization, see the section of 'Local government of ancient Japan: Local government under the Ritsuryo system.'
- 新井は長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にし、改革案を起案した。
- Arai developed a reform plan based on a proposal submitted by Kiyosuke OOKA, Nagasaki bugyo (the collective name of magistrates placed in important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period.)
- 屯田兵は全力が西南戦争に動員され、人吉方面への追撃戦に参加した。
- All tondenhei were mobilized into the Seinan War, and took part in pursuit battles in the Hitoyoshi region.
- (ちなみに従二位・参議・式部省・清岡長時は桑原長義の弟に当たる)
- (Incidentally, Nagatoki KIYOOKA, who was Junii (Junior Second Rank), Sangi (councilor), and Shikibusho, was Nagayoshi KUWABARA's younger brother.)
- 五島玄雅は、小西行長の軍に属し閑山島の攻略に参加し打ち破っている。
- Harumasa GOTO belonged to Yukinaga KONISHI's troops, and they took part in the invasion of Hansan Island and defeated the enemy.
- 安井喜内(秀次没後は浅野幸長に仕え、大坂の役では徳川方として参加)
- Kinai YASUI (After the death of Hidetsugu, he served Yukinaga ASANO, and at the Siege of Osaka, he joined the army of Tokugawa.)
- これは倒幕に参加していた薩長土肥の志士や公家の一部にも及んでいた。
- This outrage spread to the royalists from Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen, that participated in overthrowing the Shogunate, and some of the court nobles.
- そのため、後日の恩賞のため、参陣や軍功の事実を証する必要が生じた。
- Therefore participation in war or military exploits had to be proven for later rewards.
- 当時の政府首脳である参議の半数と軍人、官僚約600人が職を辞した。
- Half of the Sangi (councillor) that was the government leaders at that time, and about 600 military men and bureaucracies left their services.
- 日本は日英同盟に基づき連合国の一員として第一次世界大戦に参戦した。
- Japan, based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, joined in World War I as a member of the Allies.
- ただし、未発見の作者付に拠ったらしい少数の曲については参考になる。
- It has, however, become a reference for the small number of songs that appear to have been written by lost and unknown sakushazuke.
- この「入札」の結果を参考にして、主要閣僚は以下のように決定された。
- Referring to the results of the 'bid', primary cabinet members were selected as follows.
- この時参加した唐の水軍も、その主力は女真族で構成されていたという。
- The Joshin tribe comprised the main force of Tang's sea warriors in the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 冠位十二階の衣服については、高松塚古墳壁画の人物群像が参考になる。
- The depictions of people in the murals of the Takamatsuzuka tomb are useful for information on clothing for the twelve cap ranks.
- そのまま旅順攻囲戦に参加し、攻略の一翼を担って莫大な損害を出した。
- They participated in the Lushun siege warfare, and suffered enormous damage when capturing Lushin.
- 屯田兵は明治10年(1877年)に西南戦争に参加して戦闘を重ねた。
- Since the participation in the Seinan War in 1818, tondenhei had fought a series of battles.
- 大正4年(1915年) 免軍事参議官 元帥府に列し元帥の称号拝受。
- In 1915, Prince Sadanaru in his role as Military Sangi (a councilor) attended the Supreme Military Council, later he was discharged, and then he received the title of fleet admiral.
- 幕府滅亡後の1335年に北条時行らが起した中先代の乱にも参加する。
- In 1335, after the fall of bakufu, the clan participated in the Nakasendai War launched by Tokiyuki HOJO.
- 名前の読みが二種類あることについては、後醍醐天皇皇子の読みを参照。
- Having two ways to pronounce his name, please refer to the section of the Prince of Emperor Godaigo regarding the pronunciation.
- Please refer to the section of the Prince of Emperor Godaigo with regard to having two different ways of pronouncing the family name.
- Please refer to the chapter on the pronunciation of Emperor Godaigo's Prince's name, in terms of having two different ways to pronounce it.
- For the reason why his name has two ways of pronunciation, refer to 'pronunciation of prince names of Emperor Godaigo.'
- Refer to the section of how to read the names of princes of Emperor Godaigo because his name has two readings.
- See reading of the name of a son of Emperor Godaigo as to the two readings for his name.
- For reasons why the characters used for his name are read in two ways, see how the characters for Emperor Godaigo's other sons are read.
- 名前の読みが2種類あることについては、後醍醐天皇皇子の読みを参照。
- Please refer to the pronunciation of Emperor Godaigo's Prince as there were two different ways to pronounce his name.
- Refer to the section of readings for the name of the prince of Emperor Godaigo regarding the background of his name with two ways of reading.
- この報告に問題があった場合には京都メカニズムへの参加資格を喪失する。
- If there is a serious problem in the report, the country will lose the qualification to join the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 古都税の施行は古都税騒動と呼ばれる政治事件を起こした(経緯を参照)。
- The enforcement of the Old Capital Tax provoked an incident known as the Old Capital Tax Dispute (See the details below).
- また、暦注の記載に関しては『大唐陰陽書』などを参照したとされている。
- It is believed that they referred to 'Daito Onmyosho' (the book of yin and yang in the Tang era) and other books in order to write rekichu.
- 出仕していた大納言藤原愛発、中納言藤原吉野、参議文室秋津を捕らえた。
- The Dainagon (chief councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Chikanari, the Chunagon FUJIWARA no Yoshino, and Sangi (councilor) FUNYA no Akitsu were captured when they were working at the office.
- 九州王朝内の内紛であるとする主張もある(詳しくは九州王朝説を参照)。
- There is a thesis that the cause of the war was an internal conflict within the Kyushu dynasty (refer to the Kyushu dynasty thesis for detail).
- このために費用がかさみ、参勤交代は大名の財政を圧迫することとなった。
- Sankin-kotai was so costly that it placed an enormous financial burden on daimyo accordingly.
- 区別のため、前者を市尺、後者を公尺という(市制 (単位系)を参照)。
- For distinction, the former is called shi-chi and the latter gong-chi (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese units system of measurement]).
- 1221年に、後鳥羽上皇の倒幕活動に参加するために、仲恭天皇に譲位。
- In 1221 he passed the throne to Emperor Chukyo to participate in activities to overthrow the government together with the Retired Emperor Gotoba.
- 判者は藤原忠房が任じられていたが、当日不参のため法皇が直接判を下した。
- FUJIWARA no Tadafusa was appointed a hanja, but he was absent that day, so Cloistered Emperor Uda himself judged which tanka was better than the other.
- 各時代の詳細は、各時代区分項目(各節の冒頭のリンク先)を参照されたい。
- For more information about each period, refer to the term indicating each period (the link destination listed at the head of each section).
- 国内武士を追捕活動に参加させる動機付けとなったのは、勲功の保証である。
- What motivated samurai in a province to participate in the activities to capture criminals was the assurance that their achievements would be rewarded.
- そのため、特に「国郡部」を見る際に「元和古活字本」とともに参照される。
- Therefore, this book is used together with 'Genna kokatsuji-bon,' especially when referring to the 'province/county category.'
- (本項の語意に於ける「問屋」とは、運送業を意味する。問丸を参照せよ)。
- ('Tonya' (warehouse merchant) in this article means transportation business. cf. Toimaru)
- 関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役、参勤交代、武家諸法度、武断政治、天草の乱、鎖国
- Battle of Sekigahara, the Siege of Osaka, the daimyo's alternate-year residence system in Edo (Sankinkotai), Laws Governing Military Households, military government, Shimabara Rebellion, and national isolation
- また、交代寄合と呼ばれる格式の高い旗本は大名に準じて参勤交代を行った。
- Edo hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) of high social status called kotaiyoriai were subject to sankin-kotai like daimyo.
- なんらかの事情で参勤交代が免除される事があり、これを'用捨'と言った。
- When a clan was exempted from sankin-kotai for certain reasons, this was called 'yosha'(literary means forgiveness).
- 錦織久隆(1820年 - 1882年)は廷臣八十八卿列参事件に関わる。
- Hisataka NISHIGORI (1820-1882) was involved in the teishin hachiju-hachi kyo ressan jiken (demonstration of 88 retainers of Imperial Court)
- 母は内大臣花山院師継の養女、談天門院・藤原忠子(実父は参議五辻忠継)。
- His mother was an adopted daughter of the Naidaijin Morotsugu KAZANIN, named Daitenmonin FUJIWARA no Tadako (her real father was a sangi, Tadatsugu ITSUTSUJI.).
- 醍醐天皇の第16皇女で、母は更衣 (女官)藤原淑姫(参議藤原菅根女)。
- She was the sixteenth princess of Emperor Daigo, and her mother was a kisaragi (court lady) FUJIWARA no Yoshihime (daughter of Sangi - councilor, FUJIWARA no Sugane).
- 以来、越後国の国人として承久の乱では頼連が北条朝時軍に参加するなどした。
- Subsequently, as Kokujin (local samurai) of Echigo Province, Yoritsura participated in the army of Tomotoki HOJO as part of the Jokyu War.
- 天正6年(1578年)の上月城の戦いにも参加し、尼子氏の最期を見届けた。
- He also participated in the Battle of Kozukijo Castle in 1578 and witnessed the end of the Amago clan.
- 阿蘇惟時は後醍醐天皇側の武将として箱根・竹ノ下の戦いに参戦したが敗れた。
- Koretoki ASO fought the Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita as busho (Japanese military commander) of the Emperor Godaigo's force, but was defeated.
- 嘉隆率いる織田氏の水軍は長島一向一揆の征伐や石山合戦に参加して活躍した。
- Oda's suigun led by Yoshitaka joined the battle of Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) and Ishiyama war, where they made some achievements.
- 清盛は高倉院政の開始に当たって、高倉とともに安芸国厳島への社参を行った。
- Upon the start of Takakura's cloistered government, Kiyomori attended Takakura to give offerings at Itsukushima in Aki Province.
- 郎党と同様、武士に従いながら戦闘に参加したのが「家の子」(子弟)である。
- Like roto, 'ienoko' (followers) followed samurai and participated in battles.
- 天武天皇14年(685年)冠位を改訂し冠位四十八階に基づき浄大参を賜う。
- In 685, the Prince Osakabe received the rank of Jodaisan (Greater Third Pure), according to the revised ranking code, Kan I Shijuhakkai (48 grades of cap rank).
- なお 「東武」という言葉の由来については輪王寺・寛永寺等を参照されたい。
- Regarding the derivation of the word 'Tobu', please see the articles of Rinno-ji Temple and Kanei-ji Temple and so on.
- 石川憲之は検地政策や元禄国絵図作成などで功を挙げ、幕政にも参与している。
- Noriyuki ISHIKAWA, who achieved good results with a land survey policy and in the making of Genroku Kuni Ezu (a national land map), also participated in the shogunate administration.
- 昭和6年(1931年)から昭和15年(1940年)まで参謀総長を務めた。
- He was Chief of the Armed Forces from 1931 to 1940.
- 滋子は神仏に対する信仰が厚く、特に日吉神社と平野神社には頻繁に参詣した。
- Shigeko strongly believed in the gods and Buddha, she often visited especially Hiyoshi-jinja Shrine and Hirano-jinja Shrine.
- 生母は内大臣花山院師継の養女、談天門院・藤原忠子(実父は参議五辻忠継)。
- His real mother was an adopted daughter of the Naidaijin Morotsugu KAZANIN, named Daitenmonin FUJIWARA no Tadako (her real father was Sangi, Tadatsugu ITSUTSUJI).
- 誕生後50日目に賢所、皇霊殿、神殿の宮中三殿を、子が初めて参拝する儀式。
- A ceremony in which the child visits the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court including Kashikodokoro, Koreiden, and Shinden for the first time on the fiftieth day from the child's birthday.
- また、義澄方に参戦し自刃した「遊佐河内守」なる人物がいたことが分っている。
- Moreover, it has been known that there was 'Yusa, the Governor of Kawachi Province' who joined Yoshizumi's force and killed himself.
- 行程に若干異なる点があるが、巡礼にはイスラム教各宗派の信徒が共に参加する。
- There are slight differences, but the pilgrimage is taken together with the followers of the various schools of Islam.
- 1925年7月には第2回全国大会を京都帝大で開催、代議員80名が参加した。
- In July, 1925, the 2nd national gathering was held at Kyoto Imperial University, in which 80 representatives were participated.
- しかし、27日に上陸して本営を設けた川村参軍は情勢を判断して増援を求めた。
- Yet, having landed and established the headquarters in Kagoshima on April 27, Sangun KAWAMURA made a request for reinforcements based on his estimation of the situation.
- 唐の永徽律令(えいきりつれい、651年制定)を参考にしたと考えられている。
- It is believed that Eiki Ritsurei (the Ritsuryo code that was established in Tang Dynasty in 651) of Tang was referred to.
- ただし、後述する毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会はこの協定への参加を拒否した。
- However, the Association of Mining Pollution Eradication in Morita (see below) refused to join the agreement.
- 明治天皇の裁可により派遣延期となり参議西郷、板垣らが辞職する事態となった。
- The Emperor Meiji determined to hold over the dispatch, and Saigo and Itagaki, both Sangi, were forced to resign.
- 人参代往古丁銀(宝永7年(1710年)9月、5,337貫156匁、80%)
- Ninjindaioko Chogin (September 1710, 20 t, 80%)
- 今後の議論が待たれる(詳細は別項「皇位継承問題 (平成)」を参照のこと)。
- There is further discussion excepted in the future. (Please refer to the chapter on 'the issue of the Imperial succession' - Heisei)
- 今熊野社に参籠中だった後白河は、滋子の身を案じてただちに御所に戻っている。
- Emperor Goshirakawa who had confined himself in Imakumano Shrine was concerned about Shigeko's situation, he immediately returned to the Palace.
- 上皇方に参陣した為義は乱後に死罪となり、為義の子の源為朝は流罪に処せられた。
- Tameyoshi, who fought on the side of the retired Emperor, was executed after the War and his son, MINAMOTO no Tametomo was banished.
- 参考として、発生地側の新疆ウイグル自治区での砂塵嵐の日数を調べた統計がある。
- For a reference, on a kosa producing site, there is statistical data about the number of days when a sandstorm was generated in the Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region.
- (君が代に対する意見対立について詳しくは、国旗及び国歌に関する法律を参照)。
- (For more information on conflicting opinions concerning Kimigayo, refer to the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem.)
- 当時の軍隊は農民が多く、食料の配給や戦地での掠奪目的の自主的参加が見られた。
- Many of the troops in those periods were farmers, who voluntarily participated for food supplies or for the purpose of looting on battle fields.
- こうした事情は田堵、負名、受領、百姓、武士といった関連諸項目をも参照のこと。
- For more details, see sections of Tato and Fumyo, Zuryo, farmers and warriors.
- 戦いは膠着し、特に極楽寺坂では大舘宗氏が戦死するほど苦戦する(大舘氏参照)。
- These battles came to a deadlock, and especially on Gokurakuji-zaka Slope, Yoshisada's forces had a hard fight, symbolized by the death of Muneuji ODATE (cf. the article of 'The Odate clan').
- 20日には黒田清隆参軍率いる1箇大隊半と警視隊500名余が日奈久に上陸した。
- On February 20, one and a half battalions led by Sangun Kiyotaka KURODA and the Keishi-tai troop of more than 500 strong disembarked at Hinagu.
- なお近代の官制は近代日本の官制を、現在の官制については日本の国家機関を参照。
- Refer to the modern Japanese bureaucratic system for modern administrative system, and the Japanese state institution for the current administrative system, respectively.
- 大名には幕府によりその格式に定められた参勤交代と御手伝いの義務が課せられた。
- The shogunate government obliged daimyo to live in Edo every other year (Sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, which were determined according to their social status.
- 42代当主の参議・甘露寺勝長で明治に至り、子孫は華族に列し伯爵に叙せられた。
- During the Meiji Era the forty-second family head was Sangi (councillor) Katsunaga KANROJI, and the family was raised to the peer level and count.
- 橋本実斐(さねあや)は、貴族院議員、内務省参与官、文部省政務次官を歴任した。
- Saneaya HASHIMOTO served as a member of the House of Lords, the Counselor of the Internal Ministry, and the Vice-Minister of the Education Ministry.
- 熱鉄火杵処(ねつてっかしょしょ)については、十六小地獄 (叫喚地獄)を参照。
- As for Netsu Tekka Shosho, see Juroku Shojigoku (the Screaming Hell).
- 兄猾は来なかったが、弟猾は参上し、兄が磐余彦を暗殺しようとする姦計を告げた。
- Eukashi did not come but Otokashi did and told a vicious plan that his brother was going to assassinate Iwarehikono Mikoto.
- そうした花粉生産量の多いスギ林の面積は増え続けている(社会的側面の項を参照)。
- The area of such Japanese cedar forests consisting of trees producing large amounts of pollen continues to increase (refer to 'Social Aspects').
- 江戸から参加する役人は、往復各2日間を加えて、20日から1ヶ月間の出張となる。
- The government official participant from Edo needed from 20 days to one month, including two days each for the arrival and departure stages of the trip.
- 義光は足利軍の将として湊川の戦いに参戦、比叡山坂本の合戦において討ち死にした。
- Yoshimitsu participated in the Battle of Minatogawa as a leader of the Ashikaga army and was killled in the Battle of Hieizan Sakamoto.
- その一方で穢多専用であった業種への新規参入する人々が現れ、市場競争が始まった。
- On the other hand, some people started to newly enter the industry sectors that had once been occupied only by Eta, and consequently market competition emerged.
- 農作業は、集落住民と守る会会員、棚田オーナー(113組・517人)が参加する。
- The villagers, members of Senmaida hozonkai and owners of Tanada (517 people in 113 groups) participate in agricultural tasks.
- 軍忠状(ぐんちゅうじょう)とは、中世日本において、参陣や軍功などを証する書類。
- Gunchujo were documents that proved participation in battles and other military exploits in medieval Japan.
- 対する官軍も、山県参軍らが熊本城でおこなった軍議で各旅団を次のように部署した。
- For this, the government army deployed brigades as follows in a military meeting held by Sangun YAMAGATA in Kumamoto Castle:
- 1914年- 7月13日、日本はドイツ帝国へ宣戦を布告、第一次世界大戦に参戦。
- 1914: Japan declared war against the German Empire on July 13 to participate in World War I.
- 会議に参加した山内容堂は猛反対するが、岩倉らが押し切り、辞官納地が決定された。
- Although Yodo YAMANOUCHI firmly opposed the idea, the requirement, pushed by Tomomi IWAKURA, was decided.
- 天皇の髪の毛を盗んで佐保川の髑髏に入れて、宮中に持参して三度、厭魅したという。
- They stole the Emperor's hair and kept it in a skull in Saho-gawa River, and then brought it to the Imperial Palace and cursed to kill three times.
- 武光誠は、継体以前の大王は複数の有力豪族から出たとしている(以下の文献参照)。
- Makoto TAKEMITSU claims that great kings before Keitai were chosen from several powerful local ruling families (Refer to the following literature).
- 彼は豊臣秀吉に仕え、朝鮮出兵にも参戦、小西行長とともに講和交渉に活躍している。
- He served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was a member of the expeditionary force to Korea, and was involved in peace negotiations with Yukinaga KONISHI.
- 12月14日、徳子が法住寺殿に参上し着裳の儀を挙げ、滋子は徳子の腰細を結んだ。
- On December 14 (old calendar), Tokuko went to the Palace of the Hoju-ji Temple to hold a Chakumo ceremony (a ceremony for the girls equivalent to the boys coming-of -age ceremony), and Shigeko tied Tokuko's Koshiboso of the Mo clothing (part of the ceremonial attire of a Japanese court lady's tie).
- 当日、皇霊殿で儀式が行なわれるとともに、神武天皇陵には勅使が参向し奉幣される。
- On the day of Jinmu tenno-sai Festival, a ceremony is performed at the Korei-den (the Imperial Ancestors' Shrine), and an imperial messenger is sent to the Mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu to offer heihaku (Shinto offerings such as cloth, paper, and rope).
- 久扶は再興軍に参加することなく、吉川元春に起請文を提出して異心無きことを示した。
- Hisasuke did not participate in the restoration army, and presented written vows to Motoharu KIKKAWA to show that he harbored no treacherous designs.
- 近世に『一宮記』が参照された際は、『大日本国一宮記』が用いられることが多かった。
- In the early-modern period, 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' was usually quoted as the most popular catalog among many 'Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- 1221年の承久の乱においては上皇軍として参戦したが、一ヶ月あまりで鎮圧された。
- In 1221, they participated in the Jokyu War as the army of the Retired Emperor, but were defeated after about one month of the battle.
- したがって下記にある若党、中間、小者に分けた解説はあくまで参考程度の内容である。
- Therefore, the following description dividing them into wakato, chugen, and komono should be read only as a guide.
- また、日本は第三次日英同盟に基づき、連合国の一員として第一次世界大戦に参戦した。
- Japan, based on the third Anglo-Japanese Alliance, participated in the World War I as a member of the Allies.
- 国宝・重要文化財の指定手続、指定制度の沿革などについては、重要文化財の項を参照。
- For more information on the designation system and procedure for national treasures and important cultural properties, see the article on important cultural properties.
- 大日本帝国憲法はプロイセン王国やベルギーの憲法を参考に作成されたと言われている。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan is said to be written with reference to the constitutions of the Kingdom of Prussia and Belgium.
- 従って、あくまでも『年中行事歌合』は主要な参考文献の1つであったと考えられている。
- In view of the above, it is considered that 'Nenjugyoji Utaawase' was one of principal reference materials of 'Kuji Kongen.'
- その一方で一部に誤りが見られるものの、簡略平易な解説書として後世まで参考にされた。
- Although some mistakes are seen in this book, it was referred by posterity as a simple and easy-to-understand instruction manual.
- 召籠になったものは御前に参ること、御膳し従うこと、公事に従うことなどが禁じられた。
- Those who were under Meshikome were prohibited from visiting the emperor, eating or following and attending any official events.
- たとえば九州のスギは花粉が少ないことなどが知られている(上記の県別有症率を参照)。
- For example, it is known that the Japanese cedar trees on Kyushu produce little pollen (refer to the above prevalence rates by prefecture).
- 元親は兵力増強の為、十五歳以上から六十歳までの領民の中で戦に参戦できる者を集めた。
- Motochika collected people aged from 15 to 60, who could participate in the war to raise his troop strength.
- 初陣(ういじん)は日本における武士階級の子弟が初めて戦闘行為に参加することをいう。
- Uijin is the first battle that young people in the Japanese samurai hierarchy participated in.
- 久木野にいた干城隊八番中隊も参戦しようとしたが、大野の塁は官軍に奪われてしまった。
- Before the 8th company of the Kanjo-tai troop participated in the battle, the fort in Ono was seized by the government army.
- 薩軍は苦戦したが、大野からきた干城隊三番中隊の参戦により官軍を退けることができた。
- The Satsuma army, reinforced by the 3rd company of the Kanjo-tai troop from Ono, managed to defeat the government army in spite of the disadvantageous situation.
- 1940年(昭和15年)に両派とも解党して新体制運動に参加、大政翼賛会に合流した。
- In 1940, both factions dissolved and they took part in the new system movement, and then they joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
- (偽書としての疑いの程度やその根拠については、リンクされている各記事を参照のこと)
- (For more information on the degree to which such works are suspected of being gisho, and the evidence for that belief, consult the linked articles on each individual item.)
- なお、4日夜から日本公使は警護兵百数十を連れて朝鮮王宮に国王保護の名目で参内した。
- Also Japanese minister with a hundred and several tens of escorting soldiers entered the Korean palace at night on 4th on the pretext of protecting the king.
- 主導国はロシアであったが、ドイツの参加がなければ干渉が実現しなかったとも言われる。
- The effort was lead by Russia, but it is said that without Germany, the intervention could not be realized.
- 鎌倉時代・室町時代の間には本州の安東氏の影響下に置かれた(道南十二館・渡党参照)。
- During the Kamakura and Muromashi periods, southern end of Oshima Peninsula was put under the influence of the Ando clan in Honshu (Refer to Donan Juni Kan [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula] and Watarito [migratory group].)
- 明治29年(1896年) ロシア皇帝ニコライ2世の戴冠式に明治天皇の名代として参列
- In 1896, in the position of representative for the Emperor Meiji, Prince Sadanaru attended the enthronement ceremony for the Russian Emperor Nicholai II, as the official representative of the Emperor Meiji.
- 結婚・独立後も週に一度から数度は参内し、父昭和天皇と食事を共にすることも多かった。
- The Crown Prince Akihito visited the Imperial Palace a few times a week even after the marriage to be independent, having a meal with his father, the Emperor Showa frequently.
- 日本の冠(かんむり)は、公家や武家の成人が宮中へ参内などの際に頭に着用する被り物。
- Japanese Court caps are headgear for Court nobles and adult samurai to wear when they visit the Imperial Palace.
- 南北朝時代の近衛経忠は北朝の光明天皇の関白であったが、出奔して吉野朝廷に参加した。
- Tsunetada KONOE was the Chancellor for Emperor Komyo of the Northern Court, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, he ran way and joined the Yoshino Imperial Court.
- 会盟の誓約は神の権威を借りて会盟参加者に命令をできる関係を築くものと考えられている。
- It is thought that the oath of Kaimei establishes relations with members of Kaimei, under which the leader can give orders to the members by taking advantage of god's authority.
- 追捕官符の発布は、追捕に参加して勲功を挙げた者に対する恩賞給与を保証するものだった。
- An issuance of tsuibu kanpu assured that the persons who participated in the activities to capture criminals and realized distinguished achievements were to be rewarded.
- 丑の刻参りもこのように、妖怪を呼び出し、祟るために使役する点においては同じといえる。
- Ushi no koku mairi and Onmyodo were much the same in that they would summon specter and have them place a curse.
- 他、町火消が整備され、幕府が行っていた新田開発では、開発可能地の意見も参考にされた。
- Also, fire brigade was organized, and in the rice field development conducted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), opinions about possible rice fields were taken into consideration.
- 参加したフランス軍人らは五稜郭陥落前に箱館沖に停泊していたフランス船に脱出している。
- The French soldiers who got involved escaped to a French ship being at anchor off Hakodate calling for protection before the fall of the Goryokaku.
- 江戸幕府の支配下、各藩大名に対して参勤交代を強いたり、築城・治水工事を命じたりした。
- Under the control of the Edo bakufu, all daimyo were obliged to participate in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and to engage in castle construction and flood prevention works.
- 前3代と異なり、平成の即位の礼においては、一連の式典に外国の要人も多数参列していた。
- Unlike previous three Sokui no rei, many important persons attended Heisei's Sokui no rei from overseas.
- 699年に死亡した時、葬儀には皇族・臣下および百官の人々が参列する様にと勅があった。
- When she died in 699, an imperial edict ordered that the Imperial Family members, the vassals and all the officials to attend her funeral.
- 西川泰彦 『貞明皇后その御歌と御詩の世界-貞明皇后御集拝読』錦正社2007年を参照。
- Please refer to a book by Yasuhiko NISHIKAWA, 'The Empress Teimei: the world of her waka (Japanese poetry) and poems; Collections of poetry by the Empress Teimei', published from Kinseisha in 2007.
- 幕末に至って安政の改革で徳川斉昭(水戸徳川家)が海防参与となり、幕政参加を許された。
- In the Ansei Reform during the end of the Edo Period, Nariaki TOKUGAWA (the Mito-Tokugawa family) became a coastal defense officer and was allowed to participate in the shogunate government.
- 清華家に準じて昇進(ただし、摂家・清華家が任じられない参議を経て中納言となる)する。
- One was promoted following the Seiga family (however, he was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) after Sangi, which was not appointed to a member of Sekke and the Seiga family).
- 一時小山田氏とともに油川信恵に味方したがのちに信恵を討った武田信虎に許され帰参する。
- Although Toratoyo temporarily allied himself with the Oyamada clan and Nobushige ABURAKAWA, who fought against and lost to Nobutora TAKEDA, he was allowed to return to the Takeda family's service.
- 近衛府少将・中将を兼ね、参議から中納言、最高は大納言まで進むことができる武官の家柄。
- The Urin Family had the standing of the house of military officers, which could also serve as konoefu shosho (chujo) and could be promoted from sangi (councilor) through Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) up to Dainagon (chief councilor of state).
- 雲上明鑑に、「始祖は烏丸豊光六代正二位権大納言光広の末男正三位参議資忠なり」とある。
- Unjo meikan (the books giving a detailed view of the Imperial family and its offshoots) state that 'the founder was Suketada, Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) Councilor, who was the youngest son of Mitsuhiro, Shonii (Senior Second Rank) Gondainagon (Junior Chief of the Councilor of State) and six generations away from Toyomitsu KARASUMARU.'
- 典仁親王は和歌の門弟をとっており、光格朝にはその歌壇に参加する公家が少なくなかった。
- Imperial Prince Sukehito had disciples of Waka (Japanese poem), and many court nobles participated in tanka circles within Emperor Kokaku's Imperial Palace.
- 1989年(平成元年)1月9日に皇居正殿松の間で365人の参列者のもと執り行われた。
- The ceremony was held on January 9, 1989 in the Main Hall of Matsu (Pine) of the Imperial Palace with 365 people participating.
- なお、旧制では式年祭には、天皇自ら神武天皇陵へ行幸して参拝することが定められていた。
- Under the old system, it was speculated that the emperor himself visits the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu on shiki nen sai for worshipping.
- 真倉駅から国道を南西方向に約2km進むと参道入り口有り、そこより徒歩でおおよそ10分。
- The entrance of the approach is located about two kilometers southwest of Magura Station and it is about a ten-minute walk from there.
- その騒音は連日京都にまで届き、市民の中には弁当と水筒持参で見物に行く者まで出たという。
- It is said that the noise of the battle reached as far as Kyoto everyday and some citizens went to see the battle with lunch bags and water bottles.
- 以降の詳細は、北から奄美諸島の歴史、沖縄県の歴史、先島諸島先島の歴史などを参照のこと。
- For more information about the histories of these small islands, refer, starting with the northern areas, to the history of the Amami Islands, to the history of Okinawa Prefecture and to the Sakishima history of the Sakishima islands.
- すると一条家への義を感じる土豪がつぎつぎと参陣し、その兵力はたちまち3500に達した。
- Then the local clans who felt indebted to the Ichijo clan joined the army one after another, and the number of troops rose to 3,500 quickly.
- 乱後、大友皇子が東海道を下り、上総国に逃れたとする主張もある(詳しくは飯給駅を参照)。
- Also there is a thesis that after the war, Prince Otomo went down to Kazusa Province through Tokaido Road (refer to Itabu station for more detail).
- - 参勤交代の制度化、500石以上の大船の建造禁止(商船については1638年に撤回)。
- -Sankinkotai was insituted and the the building of ships more larger than 500 koku was banned (the restriction was withdrawn for commercial ships in 1638).
- 御所への立ち入りは藩兵が厳しく制限し、驚いた二条摂政や朝彦親王などにも参内を禁止した。
- The Domain soldiers strictly controlled entry to the palace, even refusing entry to the shocked Regent Nijo and Imperial Prince Asahiko.
- 参考までに21世紀(2001年(平成13年)以降)に入ってからの指定物件を挙げておく。
- As a reference, here follows a list of all those items designated national treasures so far in the twenty-first century (beginning in 2001).
- 水戸藩の要請を受けた幕府軍の追撃により壊滅させられる事件も発生した(天狗党の乱参照)。
- Another incident involved the pursuit and destruction of the bakufu's army, as demanded by Mito domain (See the Tengu Party War).
- また、蒲生君平は大和高田市にある築山古墳 (大和高田市)(陵墓参考地)を比定している。
- Kunpei GAMO compared it to a tumulus in Tsukiyama in Yamatotakada City, which is a place designated as a possible tomb of a member of the Imperial Family (ryobo sankochi).
- そのため、徳川家綱の補佐役として幕政に参与した保科正之は、幕府の役職にはついていない。
- Therefore, Masayuki HOSHINA held no post in the shogunate government although he took part in the government as an assistant to Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.
- 市民参加の各種イベントが行われ、芸妓による踊り船の運航や花火の打ち上げなどが行われる。
- Various events are held by citizens including the operation of odoribune (dancing boat) by geigi (geisha) and the sending up of fireworks.
- 勤労参加者には、天皇皇后及び皇太子・同妃より会釈を賜る(面会と挨拶伝達)ことができる。
- The volunteers will be granted bows from the Emperor and Empress as well as the Crown Prince and Princess (a meeting with and greeting to them).
- 先の応仁の乱では、幕府の管領を務めた細川勝元に従って、他の国人衆とともに合戦に参加した。
- During the Onin War, members of the clan had served Kanrei (Shogunal deputy) Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and fought battles as was the case for other governors.
- 惣村の結合の中心である宮座への参加が認められた百姓を惣百姓といい、惣村の構成員とされた。
- A peasant who was allowed to participate in the miyaza, or the center of the connection of soson, was called Sobyakusho (member of the soson village system) and was recognized as a member of the soson.
- 台湾神社、朝鮮神宮等の建立や参拝の強制など、国家神道と宗教政策(日本の宗教参照)の推進。
- Promotion of the State Shinto and religions policies (refer to Japan's religion) such as the enforced establishment of Taiwan-jinja Shrine and Chosen-jingu Shrine.
- 参勤交代(さんきんこうたい)は、藩の大名を定期的に江戸に出仕させる江戸幕府の制度である。
- Sankin-kotai is one of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)'s system that obligated daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) to reside in Edo periodically.
- そして翌・10月15日、天皇は参内した慶喜に大政奉還勅許の沙汰書を授け、大政奉還が成立。
- On the next day, November 10, the Emperor gave an instruction document showing the imperial sanction for Taisei Hokan to Yoshinobu who visited the Imperial Palace, and thus Taisei Hokan was completed.
- また、大名・旗本の格式や、参勤交代、手伝い普請などの形で負担すべき軍役の算出基準となる。
- Also, it served as estimation standard to determine social status of daimyo and hatamoto, or military service to be borne such as tetsudai-fushin (construction service which the cost was borne by each domain) or sankinkotai.
- 6月2日、イギリス・エリザベス2世 (イギリス女王)の戴冠式へ昭和天皇の名代として参列。
- He attended the coronation of Elizabeth Ⅱ (Queen of Britain) as the proxy of the Emperor Showa on June 2, 1953.
- なお、武官による侍従武官や皇太子に付される東宮侍従については、それぞれ項目を参照のこと。
- For details about aides-de-camp to the Emperor and details about chamberlains to the Crown Prince, refer to each section.
- 元参議院議員で日中友好に努めた西園寺公一は八郎の長男であり、春子や不二男の長兄にあたる。
- Kinkazu SAIONJI, who was a former member of the House of Councilors and worked to improve ties between China and Japan, is the eldest son of Hachiro SAIONJI and the eldest brother of Haruko and Fujio.
- 宮内庁では、国民の自主的な意思に基づく奉仕による皇居の清掃活動への参加を受け付けている。
- The Imperial Household Agency allows the public to voluntarily participate in cleaning the Palace.
- 参加者は左右の頭・親王・歌よみ・方人・判者・講師・員刺(かずさし)などによって構成された。
- The participants were two groups of chiefs, the imperial prince, 'utayomi' (tanka composer), 'kataudo' (submitter of tanka), 'hanja' (judge), 'koji' (presenter of tanka), 'kazusashi' (scorer), and others.
- 為虎は翌年の豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐にも参加し、文禄・慶長の役でも毛利軍の一員として活躍した。
- The next year, Tametora joined Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to go on an expedition against Odawara, and also took an active part as a member of Mori's force in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 室町時代には幕府の奉公衆(番衆)に加えられ直参の御家人となり、摂津の有力国人へと成長する。
- During the Muromachi period being enrolled on the hokoshu (or banshu; the shogunal military guard), the Nose clan became gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate) and grew into a powerful local lord in Settsu Province.
- 中国の水危機,, 中国の水供給と衛生状態, 中国の砂漠化問題, 中国の環境問題なども参照。
- Also refer to water crisis in China, water supply and sanitary states in China, desertification problems in China and environmental problems in China.
- この反乱には、伊集院氏名義の使船の乗組員が出港を遅延させ、乱の勃発を待ち受け参加している。
- The crew of the ship for an envoy of the Ijuin clan postponed their departure, and they waited for the rebellion to begin in order to participate in the war.
- 日本は日英同盟に基づき第一次世界大戦に参戦して勝利し、列強の一つに数えられるようになった。
- Japan entered the First World War based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and won the war, becoming counted as one of the great world powers.
- もう1つは日記や文書を内容ごとに目録を作成して後日に先例を調べる際の参考とするものである。
- The other type recorded the contents of diaries and documents for the purpose of checking precedents at a later date.
- これは、後白河の母・藤原璋子が白河法皇・鳥羽上皇に従って参詣した先例にならったものだった。
- Emperor Goshirakawa followed the custom and had his mother, FUJIWARA no Shoshi visited Kumano with the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa and the Retired Emperor Toba.
- この時の『天王寺屋会記』によると、'御座船を城の内より乗り候て、安土へ参'と記載されている。
- According to 'Tennojiya-kaiki,' the record of the tea ceremony at the time, there is a description to the effect that 'went to Azuchi, getting on a gozabune (a roofed pleasure boat) inside the castle.'
- 江戸時代は文化の担い手が庶民にまで拡がり、歌舞伎、俳諧、浮世絵、お陰参りなどが盛んになった。
- During the Edo period, the general public as well came to participate in cultural activities actively, and Kabuki, Haikai (seventeen-syllable verses), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Okage mairi (a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine) became popular.
- この際に参加出来たのは公卿全般ではなく、上皇・法皇が認めた特定の公卿並びに院近臣達であった。
- Not all court nobles were allowed to join the decision-making processes, and only specific court nobles and In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) could join.
- そうして釜山広域市に再び倭館が設置され、そこで日本人は米、木綿、朝鮮人参などを求めていった。
- Then Wakan was placed again in Pusan Metropolitan City, where Japanese bought rice, cotton, Asian ginseng, etc.
- 人だけでなく、乗り物、自家用車についての御祓いをしてくれ、遠方からもお参りする人が絶えない。
- They pray not only for persons, but also vehicles and private cars, so that many people constantly visit to this shrine from a distance.
- 3月30日、黒田参軍は別働第3旅団に娑婆神嶺、別働第1旅団・別働第2旅団に松橋を攻撃させた。
- On March 30, Sangun Kuroda made the detached 3rd brigade attack Shabashinrei, and made the detached 1st brigade and the detached 2nd brigade attack Matsubase.
- 反対(延期)派の参議である大久保、木戸、大隈、大木は辞表を提出、右大臣の岩倉も辞意を伝える。
- The councilors of opponents (pro-postponement) OKUBO, KIDO, OKUMA, OKI, submitted their letter of resignation, and the Udaijin (minister of the right) IWAKURA also offered his resignation.
- 陸軍省大日記 明治10年 「大日記 省内各局参謀近衛病院 教師軍馬局 2月水 陸軍省第1局」
- In 1877: The Diary of the Department of War: ''大日記 省内各局参謀近衛病院 教師軍馬局 2月水 陸軍省第1局'
- 娯楽:花見、潮干狩り、花火日本での歴史、紅葉紅葉狩り、江戸三座、大相撲、成田参詣、お伊勢参り
- Entertainment: cherry blossom viewing, shell gathering, fireworks in the Japanese history, viewing of autumnal leaves, Edo's three licensed kabuki theaters, grand sumo tournament, visit to Naritasan Shinsho-ji Temple, and pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine)
- 江戸に出仕(勤)した時は将軍にまみえる(覲)のが通例であるため、参勤は「参覲」とも書かれる。
- Because daimyo serving in Edo were granted an audience with the shogun (覲), '参覲'can be used as well instead of '参勤'.
- 陸軍省大日記 明治10年 「大日記 省内各局参謀近衛病院 教師軍馬局 1月水 陸軍省第1局」
- In 1877: The Diary of the Department of War: '大日記 省内各局参謀近衛病院 教師軍馬局 1月水 陸軍省第1局'
- 明治4年(1871年)には、廃藩置県が断行され、名実共に幕藩体制は終焉した(明治維新参照)。
- In 1871, traditional feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were introduced by the Meiji government, ending the feudal system both in name and reality (Article of the Meiji Restoration).
- 皇族出身の軍人・参謀では出色の才能を持ち、軍首脳部を動かして、1万人の将兵の撤退に尽力した。
- He had a remarkable talent for a military man and staff officer from the Imperial family, he motivated top military leadership and endeavored to have some 10,000 soldiers evacuated.
- 近年における即位の礼・大嘗祭関連儀式の具体的な日程等については、即位の礼の項目を参照のこと。
- Please refer to the article of Sokui no rei about the specific dates of Sokui no rei and the Onie no matsuri Festivals in recent years.
- 女形には市川九女八、阪東のしほ、その他の女優、本職の市川寿美蔵、市川新十郎その他が参加した。
- Female roles were acted by Kuwahachi ICHIKAWA, Noshiho BANDO and other actresses and professional female impersonators including Sumizo ICHIKAWA, Shinjuro ICHIKAWA and others.
- 崇神天皇11年(紀元前87年)4月、四道将軍が地方の賊軍を平定させて帰参、その様を奏上した。
- In the fourth month of 87 B.C., the Shido Shogun reported the suppression of rebels to the emperor.
- 沖縄県では県民の過半数が参加していると言われるほか、九州各地や山梨県などでもよく行われている。
- It is said that a majority of local people in Okinawa Prefecture have joined one, and it is often conducted in various places in Kyushu and Yamanashi Prefecture.
- 遣明船は本字号勘合を1号から順次持参し,浙江の布政司(行政府)と北京の礼部で底簿と照合される。
- The Japanese envoy ship dispatched to Ming China brought the Honjigo Kango in order from No.1, and they were compared with the Honji Kango teibo in the executive office in Zhejiang and the Ministry of Civil Administration in Beijing.
- 一方、松平忠輝は総大将を務める天王寺合戦で遅参したことが理由の一つとなり、翌年に改易となった。
- On the other hand, Tadateru MATSUDAIRA was given kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) the next year partly because he arrived late for the Battle of Tenniji in which he was a supreme commander.
- また、信長はこの合戦の直前、参陣しない細川幽斎や筒井順慶などへ鉄砲隊を供出するよう命じている。
- Just before this battle, Nobunaga moreover ordered Yusai HOSOKAWA and Junkei TSUTSUI who did not take part in the battle to provide teppo units for the battle.
- 永山武四郎本部長はロシアでコサック兵の制度を調べ、これを参考にして屯田兵拡大の具体策を立てた。
- Takeshiro NAGAYAMA, the director-general, examined the Cossac soldier system in Russia, and set up concrete measures of the tondenhei expansion on this model.
- 天武天皇8年(679年)吉野宮で吉野の盟約に参加し先の壬申の乱の様な戦渦を起こさぬ様誓約した。
- In 679 at Yoshino no miya, he joined the Oath in Yoshino vowing never to cause such calamitous war, the Jinshin War, to happen.
- 陸軍騎兵学校の教官をつとめ、太平洋戦争時には、大本営参謀として、ガダルカナル島作戦に参加した。
- He worked as an instructor at the cavalry school of army and in the Pacific War he took part in the Battle of Guadalcanal as staff officer of the Imperial headquarters.
- ちなみに幕末の舟橋在賢(あきかた)・舟橋康賢(みちかた)父子は廷臣八十八卿列参事件に加わった。
- Incidentally, the father-and-son pair from the end of the Edo period, Akikata FUNABASHI and Michikata FUNABASHI, joined the Teishin hachiju-hachi kyo ressan jiken (demonstration by the 88 retainers of the Imperial Court).
- 新家の場合には弁官のみで蔵人を兼ねず、途中で四府佐や八省輔を経た後に参議に任ぜられる家がある。
- In the case of new families, one was appointed to benkan and he didn't served as kurodo at the same time, and depending on families, one was appointed to Sangi (councillor) after the posts of Shifunosuke (left and right divisions of the Inner and the Middle Palace Guards) and senior and junior assistants of Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) in the middle of his career.
- 一部の家は近衛府や弁官を経ないで大納言を極官とするが、公卿となっても非参議に留まるものが多い。
- Some families advanced to Dainagon (chief councilor of state), the highest post attainable by appointment, without working their way up through Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) or Benkan (Oversight Department: a division of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) but, while having joined the ranks of Kugyo (the top court officials), many Hanke families tended to stagnate at the level of Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 建武の新政で飛騨国国司に任じられた参議姉小路高基が下向した事から、以後代々飛騨国司家とされた。
- Councilor Takamoto ANEGAKOJI moved to Hida Province to take up the post of governor after the Kenmu Restoration, and the family subsequently provided governors of Hida Province for generations.
- 宮内庁では、事前の予約に基づき、皇居はじめ京都御所、仙洞御所、桂離宮などの参観を許可している。
- The public are allowed to visit the Imperial Palaces in Tokyo, Kyoto and Sento, as well as the Katsura Imperial Villa and other establishments if they make advance reservations with the Imperial Household Agency.
- これ以後、親王将軍(宮将軍)が代々迎えられ、親王将軍は幕府の政治に参与しないことが通例となった。
- Following this, successive generations of Imperial Prince shogun (miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court)) was welcomed but generally did not participate in bakufu politics.
- 鎌倉期の幕府御家人に課せられた軍役は、大番役や追捕などであり、戦時には「いざ鎌倉」とはせ参じた。
- The military service imposed on the immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period included the guard duty in Kyoto and Kamakura, to search and capture and the like, and in wartime, they would summarily rush to the place, 'Iza Kamakura' (To Kamakura with haste).
- 関ヶ原の戦いでは長束正家は西軍に属し、関ヶ原に布陣していたが戦闘には参加できず水口城に敗走した。
- At the Battle of Sekigahara, Masaie NATSUKA joined the West Camp but was unable to participate in the battle and fled to Minakuchi-jo Castle.
- 連歌をおこなうときは、貴賤を問わず参加者は、紙に書き取る執筆を中心に円になって、一座をつくった。
- The participants lined up in a circle around a writing written on paper when performing the renga without regard for high or low social status.
- この動きは、初期荘園から寄進地系荘園(内部リンク「荘園」を参照)への移行を如実に表すものである。
- This movement clearly demonstrates the shift from early stage shoen to kishinchikei shoen (shoen that were originally donated by developers for the purpose of tax-exemption etc.) (refer to internal link 'Shoen').
- 山城国一揆は惣の農民らが参加している点で厳密には国一揆ではなく惣国一揆とでも言うべきものである。
- Strictly speaking, the uprising in Yamashiro Province was not a 'kuniikki' but a 'sokoku ikki', because the uprising was started by farmers belonging to so (a community organized by a self-governing association of farmers).
- 823年(弘仁14)2月、参議兼大宰大弐の小野岑守(おののみねもり)は、公営田の導入を建議した。
- In February 823, ONO no Minemori, who was Sangi (councillor) and Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) proposed the introduction of Kueiden.
- 戦況を懸念した満州軍 (日本軍)総参謀長兒玉源太郎大将は、大山巌元帥の指示を受け旅順方面へ着任。
- IJA Chief of Staff in Manchuria General Gentaro KODAMA, who was concerned with the war situation was deployed to the Lushun under the direction of Field Marshal Iwao OYAMA.
- 西にドイツの脅威を控えていたロシアは、ドイツの干渉参加により東に深入りしやすくなったからである。
- With Germany's decision to participate in the intervention in Japan, Russia, which was afraid of the power of Germany, a neighbor in the west, could focus more on its eastern rival, Japan.
- 正重は親しみやすい狂言を目指し、どのような小さな集会にでも気軽に馳せ参じて低料金で狂言を演じた。
- Masashige tried to perform spectator-friendly and easy to understand Kyogen and readily joined shows even if they were small and willingly performed Kyogen for a low performance fee.
- 1343年中国の元 (王朝)に渡ることを志し、博多聖福寺の無隠元晦(むいんげんかい)に参禅した。
- In 1343 he decided to go to Yuan (dynasty) in China, and he practiced Zen with Muingenkai at Hakata Shofuku-ji Temple.
- 現在、営業無尽を行う企業は「日本住宅無尽株式会社」ただ1社のみである(→「無尽会社」の項を参照)。
- At present, only one company operates Mujin, that is, 'Nihon Jutaku Mujin K.K.' (see Article 'Mutual loan company').
- この吉田郡山城の戦いでは久扶も尼子方の武将として参加したが、散々の敗北を喫し、出雲へと逃げ帰った。
- During the Yoshida Koriyamajo Castle War, Hisasuke participated as a warlord on the side of the Amago clan, but was soundly defeated and fled to Izumo.
- また朝鮮側が厳禁していた朝鮮人参の種が密かに日本に持ち出され、日本国内でも朝鮮人参栽培に成功した。
- Also, Asian ginseng seeds, strictly prohibited by the Korean government, were secretly brought to Japan, resulting in the success of cultivation of Asian ginseng in Japan.
- また元寇への復讐の意味合いから倭寇の活動が活発化したきっかけとも言う説がある(詳細は倭寇を参照)。
- There is a theory that Genko provoked wako (Japanese pirates) to active operation in revenge (for details, refer to Wako).
- この大乱は、邪馬臺國・邪馬壹國(邪馬台国参照)に居住する女子の卑弥呼が倭国王に就くことで収まった。
- This war ended in with the accession of Queen Himiko, who lived in Yamatai-Koku (Yamatai Kingdom, 邪馬臺國・邪馬壹國; see also Yamatai-koku).
- 帰る途中、西郷を守るために各地から私学校徒が馳せ参じ、鹿児島へ着いたときには相当の人数にのぼった。
- The Shigakko students rallied round SAIGO to guard him from various places on his way to Kagoshima, and SAIGO arrived in Kagoshima with a large number of the students..
- しかし、人民の精神の自立を伴わない憲法発布や政治参加に、不安も抱いていて、以下のように述べている。
- But, he was also concerned that people were still not psychologically independent even though the promulgation of the constitution and public's participation in politics were realized, and stated as below:
- また、生麦事件の賠償問題がこじれたことから7月2日薩摩藩と英国の間にも戦争が勃発(薩英戦争参照)。
- Also, war broke out between the Satsuma clan and Britain on July 2, after negotiations over compensation for damage caused by the Namamugi incident turned sour (Anglo-Satsuma War).
- 平安時代の僧侶・源光(げんこう=法然が師事した比叡山の僧)については、源光 (僧侶)を参照のこと。
- As for a Buddhist monk in the Heian period, Genko (the Chinese characters are the same as MINAMOTONO Hikaru; a monk who lived in Mt. Hiei under whom Honen studied), refer to Genko (Buddhist monk).
- 同月27日の即位の礼当日は、宣明使が宣明を読み上げ、参列者中筆頭位の者が寿詞を読、古歌を歌われた。
- On the 27th of the same month, the day of Sokui no rei, a proclaimer read out the manifesto, and highest ranked attendant offered congratulations and recited an old poem.
- 慈光寺澄中(1713年~1795年)が従二位・左馬寮に叙せられて以降、従二位・非参議が極官となる。
- After Suminaka JIKOJI (1713 - 1795) was appointed to Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Samaryo (Left Division of Bureau of Horses), the highest court positions appointed were Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 同家のもともとの居所は「西院参町」(京都市上京区)、菩提寺(本墓所)は京都・上京区の浄福寺である。
- The family's residence was originally located in 'Nishiin-san-cho' (Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City), and the family temple (the family tomb) was the Jofuku-ji Temple.
- 元弘3年(1333年)に太田守延に奉じられ、千種忠顕らとともに足利尊氏の六波羅探題攻撃に参加する。
- In 1333 the Prince was asked by Morinobu OTA to fight, he joined together with Tadaaki CHIKUSA, to attack Rokuhara Tandai; the Kamakura shogunate's agents stationed in Rokuhara, Kyoto, which were organized by Takauji ASHIKAGA.
- 参集する僧侶は60~100名前後に及び、御斎会、最勝講などの法会と比べても規模の大きいものであった。
- The number of priests who gathered at a Kinomidokyo ranged from 60 to 100, and this was on a larger scale than other hoe, such as the Gosaie (ritual for the Sutra of Golden Light performed at the Imperial Palace) and the Saishoko (the annual five days of lectures on the Konkomyo-saisho sutra).
- 時になれば舞姫は玄輝門に参入し、車を下りてから公卿が束帯してこれに従い、各自定められた五節所に入る。
- At a fixed time, dancers arrived at Genki-mon gate, stepped out of a car and entered a predetermined gosechidokoro accompanied by nobilities wearing sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress).
- 左右近衛府の陣に公卿の座を設定し、大臣以下の公卿と四位の参議以上の議政官が出席して、政務を討議した。
- The council, which was limited to those of Kugyo status (the highest echelon of the court nobility), was established at the camp of the Left and Right Divisions of the Inner Palace Guard, and was open only to those Kugyo (noble) of Daijin (Grand Minister) status or lower and Sangi (Councilors) who held at least the court rank of Shii (Fourth Rank); at council sessions members would debate government affairs and policies.
- 逆に明側は日字勘合(百道日字一号~百号)を日本に持参し、日本側の所有している日字勘合底簿と照合する。
- Meanwhile, the Ming side brought the Nichiji Kango (of which there were one hundred copies: Nichiji Nos. 1 to 100) to Japan, and they were compared with the Nichiji Kango teibo that the Japanese side possessed.
- こうした武力蜂起は日本警察や軍隊により悉く鎮圧され蜂起に参加した者の多くは逮捕、もしくは殺害された。
- The armed uprisings were all suppressed by the Japanese police or army, and many participants in these uprisings were arrested or killed.
- 陸軍の場合は陸軍三長官会議(陸相・参謀総長・教育総監)の合意によって新陸相を推挙することとしていた。
- In the case of the Army, a new War Minister was only recommended with the agreement of the Army's three Kami (three director generals) (War Minister, the Chief of the General Staff, and the Educational Commissioner).
- 不比等の長男藤原武智麻呂は中納言、次男藤原房前(ふささき)は、未だ参議(その後内臣になる)であった。
- The first son of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, was a Chunagon (middle councilor) and the second son, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, was still a Sangi (councilor; but he later became an Uchitsuomi or Naishin [government post equivalent of minister]).
- 死に行く弟に別れを告げ、皐月に二つの家宝を主君に持参することを命じ、合法こと高橋弥十郎は勇んで出る。
- Gappo, whose real identity is Yajuro TAKAHASHI, farewells his dying younger brother and orders Satsuki to deliver the two heirlooms to his lord, and then sets out with a spirit of courage.
- このころから、密教に関心を深め、1313年(正和2年)、かねてからの希望であった高野山参詣を行った。
- During this period the Emperor became interested in esoteric Buddhism, he visited Mt. Koya in 1313 where he had wished to go from long ago.
- 元弘元年(1331年)、後醍醐が2度目の鎌倉幕府討幕運動である元弘の変を起こすと、還俗して参戦する。
- When Godaigo initiated the Genko Incident which was the second movement to topple the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1331, he quit the priesthood and joined the war.
- 『日本書紀』『古事記』の神武天皇の記述は東征が大部分を占めており、詳細は神武東征の項目も参照のこと。
- Most descriptions concerning Emperor Jimmu in Nihonshoki and Kojiki are about Jimmu tosei (Eastern expedition of Emperor Jimmu); for details, refer to the section of Jimmu tosei.
- 国家の重大事などに際して専門家である官僚や学者に勘申を行わせて、太政官の陣定や院評定などの参考とした。
- In the event of a matter of national concern, the Imperial court ordered professional bureaucrats and scholars to submit Kanjin and used it as reference materials at Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and/or In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the Retired Emperor).
- - UNEP・ UNEP・UNESCAP・UNCCD・ADB・中国・韓国・モンゴル・日本の8者が参加。
- Participated in by the eight parties of UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), UNEP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), ADB (Asian Development Bank), China, South Korea, Mongolia, and Japan.
- 国内武士たちは、動員に応じる場合は自己の名前の直下に「奉」と記載し、応じない場合は「不参」と記載した。
- Each of the samurai in the province wrote under his written name 'Accept' when accepting the request or 'Will not participate' when not accepting.
- このため十巻本の写本には、しばしば下総本系の本を参照し、朱でその校異を書き入れているものも少なくない。
- Therefore, in not a few 10-volume book manuscripts, Shimosa book-related manuscripts are often referred to and corrections are written in red ink.
- 京都守備に当たっていた幕府や会津・薩摩軍と激突し、御所周辺を巻き込んだ合戦が行われた(禁門の変参照)。
- They clashed with armies of the bakufu, Aizu, and Satsuma, who were defending Kyoto, and a battle extending to the Imperial Palace developed (the Kinmon incident).
- 平安時代に蔵人所が設置されてその役割が急速に縮小され、多くは大納言、中納言、参議が兼任するようになる。
- Once the Kurodo-dokoro (Board of Archivists) was established in the Heian period, the role of chamberlains rapidly became less important, and eventually, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) or Sangi (councillor) also served as chamberlain.
- 「王」の身位は天皇との血縁関係で決まり、本来は官職に付随する性質のものではない(詳しくは皇族を参照)。
- Whether the title of 'prince' could be given or not was decided by the blood relationship with the emperor, and so a certain post was not essentially accompanied by the title (for details refer to the article of 'Imperial Family.')
- また、英国ジョージ5世 (イギリス王)の戴冠式に参列し、大日本水産会総裁、日仏協会名誉総裁などを歴任。
- Moreover, he attended the coronation of George V (King of the United Kingdom) and held prominent positions such as the President of Japan Fisheries Association and the honorary president of La Societe Franco-Japonaise.
- 牛車宣旨(ぎっしゃのせんじ)とは、内裏に参内する際に牛車に乗車したまま宮門を通過することを許可する勅許。
- Gissha senji was an imperial decree that allowed one to pass the Miya mon (Imperial palace gate) while riding on a gissha (ox-drawn carriage) when visiting the Imperial inner court.
- また、永保元年(1081年)秋の熊野詣の記事は特に「為房卿熊野参詣日記」として取り上げられることがある。
- A description about a visit Tamefusa made to the Kumano-jinja Shrine in the fall of 1081 is sometimes featured as 'Tamefusa-kyo Kumano Sankei Nikki' (Kumano Temple Visit Diary of Lord Tamefusa).
- 義家死後、義忠暗殺事件を経て、河内源氏を継いだ為義の時に保元の乱が起こり一族が敵味方に分かれて参加する。
- After the death of Yoshiie followed by the assassination of Yoshitada, Hogen War broke out in the period of Tameyoshi who succeeded Kawachi-Genji, and the clan was divided against itself.
- 単に印を押すだけでなく、その下に墨書で寺社名や参拝日などが書かれ、その墨書も含めて「御朱印」と呼ばれる。
- In addition to making an impression, information such as the name of the temple and the date of visit is written in ink below the impression, and the impression together with the ink writing are collectively called 'goshuin.'
- しかし石山本願寺が野田城・福島城の戦いに参戦すると、雑賀衆は一致して石山本願寺につき織田信長軍と戦った。
- However, when a group based in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple entered the battles of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle, Saikashu acted in unison to support the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple side, and fought against the army of Nobunaga ODA.
- 正徳の治については新井、間部が幕政に参与した期間が短く、また家宣死去後は反甲府派や門閥の抵抗が強まった。
- Arai and Manabe's involvement in politics was very short and resistance from anti Kofu group and lineage were getting stronger after Ienobu's death
- 律令制についての詳細は律令制を、官位制についての詳細は官位を、位階についての詳細は位階を、それぞれ参照。
- Refer to the 'ritsuryo system' for the ritsuryo system, 'official court rank' for official rank system, and 'Ikai (Court rank)' for Ikai, respectively.
- この解釈では心の内にある「性」(=理)を完成させるために、外的な事物の理を参照する必要は無いことになる。
- According to this interpretation, there is no need to reference the ri in the things outside one's mind to bring the 'sei' (= ri) in one's mind to perfection.
- 長逸は歴史からそのまま姿を消したが、政康はのちに豊臣氏の家臣として復帰し、大坂の役に参加し戦死している。
- Although Nagayasu disappeared from history, Masayasu re-emerged as a vassal of the Toyotomi clan and died in the Battle of Osaka.
- 757年(天平宝字元年)参議となり、中納言を経て762年(天平宝字6年)御史大夫(=大納言)に昇任した。
- He became a councilor in 757, and promoted to become the chief of controlling the officials (a chief councilor of state) in 762, after serving as a vice-councilor of state.
- 天平元年(729年)に勃発した長屋王の変後も昇進を続け、天平3年(731年)8月11日参議に任ぜられた。
- Even after the Nagayao no Hen (Conspiracy of Nagayao) in 729, he was continuously promoted and was appointed Sangi (counselor of Daijokan [Council of State]) on September 20, 731.
- しかし、鎌倉時代初期の菅原為長(高辻為長)(1158年-1246年)が参議に昇進して公卿の列に加わった。
- However, SUGAWARA no Tamenaga (Tamenaga TAKATSUJI) (1158 - 1246) from the early Kamakura period was promoted to a sangi (councilor) and the family joined the rank of court nobles.
- 準陵が42、髪歯爪塔などが68、伝承などから陵墓の可能性がある陵墓参考地が46あり、総数は896である。
- There are forty-two semi-mausoleums, sixty-eight Hasshiso-to pagodas, forty-six referable mausoleums that are considered as possible imperial mausoleums according to the tradition, so there are eight hundred ninety-six in total.
- なお、秀吉は開戦後も李氏朝鮮が降参するならこれを許し、明遠征への先導役を果たさせる考えを捨てていなかった。
- Hideyoshi still maintained the intention that, if Yi Dynasty Korea would surrender, he would accept it and make it a stepping stone for an expedition to Ming.
- 平安時代以降、公卿(三位以上及び参議)、氏の下に朝臣、諱の下に公(大臣)ないし卿という敬称を以って称した。
- From the Heian period, a person who was kugyo (sanmi [third court rank] or higher and sangi [councilor]) was called by putting Ason after his uji (clan name) as well as putting a honorific title as ko (minister) or kyo (minister) after his imina (real personal name).
- また、奇兵隊士の一部は農民一揆にも参加しており、明治時代初期に多発した士族反乱にも影響を与えたと言われる。
- It is also said that a part of the members of Kiheitai Army had participated in peasants-uprisings which would have influence on Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) that often occurred in the early Meiji era.
- さらに締結国が他の国1国以上と交戦した場合は、同盟国はこれを助けて参戦するよう義務付けられた(攻守同盟)。
- The treaty also required that, if either party of the alliance became involved in a war with one or more countries, the other party participate in the war to help the ally (the offensive and defensive alliance).
- エンゲルベルト・ケンペルという人物が、江戸参府旅行を経て帰国後書いた著書『日本誌』(1712年刊)がある。
- Engelbert KAEMPFER, who had experienced the duty of Edo Sanpu (duty imposed on the curator of the Dutch trading house in Dejima to visit Edo-jo Castle for paying tribute to the Shogun) while staying in Japan, wrote a book titled 'The History of Japan' (published in 1712) after he returned home.
- 明治4年(1871年)2月、角田市知事、大参事は、旧白石藩士の窮状を理解し、開拓使に協議のうえ政府に具申。
- In February 1871, the prefectural governor and chief councilor of Kakuda City acknowledged the distress that former Shiraishi feudal retainers suffered, and reported the situation to the central government after consultation with the Development Commission.
- 大久保は6月25日 (旧暦)(8月11日)に政府人事の大幅改造を断行して参議を西郷と木戸の2人に限定した。
- Okubo reshuffled the cabinet on August 11 and appointed only Saigo and Kido as sangi.
- 参勤交代で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣はかなりの数に上り、この結果、江戸の人口の約半数が武士となっていた。
- Because a large number of vassals of each clan went to Edo leaving their families in their domains owing to sankin-kotai, warriors accounted for about half the population in Edo.
- 平安時代の公卿・源光(みなもと・の・ひかる=仁明天皇皇子、右大臣)については、源光 (公卿)を参照のこと。
- Regarding a court noble in the Heian period, MINAMOTO no Hikaru (a prince of Emperor Nimyo, udaijin [minister of the right]), refer to MINAMOTO no Hikaru (court noble).
- 安藤氏の歴代藩主は、紀州藩の執政として紀州藩政に参与することが多かったため、和歌山城下に住む者が多かった。
- Since the successive lords from the Ando clan were often active in the administration of the Kishu domain, they tended to live near Tanabe-jo Castle.
- 以後、伊能らは文化13年(1816年)の第10次測量まで(第9次測量のみ伊能は不参加)日本全土を歩測した。
- Thereafter, INO and his men walked throughout Japan until the tenth survey conducted in 1816 (INO did not participate only in the ninth survey).
- 5月29日 (旧暦)(6月25日)に正四位下を授けられ、6月8日 (旧暦)(7月4日)に参議に任ぜられた。
- He was given the rank of Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) on June 29, and was appointed as Sangi (councillor) on July 8.
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、貿易へ新規参入もしくは拡大を図る者にとって、偽使は一つの有力な選択肢であった。
- Since the Medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, for those who sought to open up or expand their trade, the pseudo envoy was an effective option.
- 戦後処理終了後、秀吉はまもなく畿内に大阪城の築城を開始し、また同年5月には朝廷から従四位下参議に任命された。
- Completing the postwar process, Hideyoshi soon began to build Osaka-jo Castle in the Kinai Region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and in June of the same year, was appointed Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade), Sangi (councilor) by the Imperial Court.
- 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
- As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).
- 荘園領主の地位は、より上位の領主からの要求を請け負うことにより保証されていた(詳しくは封建制を参照のこと)。
- The status of lords of shoen was guaranteed by undertaking the demand of the superior lords (see the details in the feudalism).
- それに対し宗氏にとって通交の制限は受け入れられるものではなく、両者の間に確執が生まれる(交易の制限節参照)。
- However, such restrictions were unacceptable to the So clan, which gave rise to a feud between the two sides (See the section on the trade restriction).
- 延喜式によれば、布紙・穀紙・麻紙・斐紙・苦参紙など毎年合わせて2万枚を漉いて内蔵寮に納める規定となっていた。
- The Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) stipulated that a total of twenty thousand sheets of paper such as fushi (cloth made of paper threads), kokushi (paper made from paper mulberry tree), mashi (paper made from hemp), hishi (high-quality paper made from gampi tree), and kujinshi (paper made from sophora plant) should be produced, and delivered to Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) every year.
- もう一つは、それに不服の者については頼朝へ連絡し「沙汰」させる、というものである。(詳細は上記内容を参照)。
- The other was to notify Yoritomo and have him execute 'sata' on anyone who objected to the first subject (for details, please refer to the above contents).
- その後中世から近世にかけても、中国から大和民族を指す場合には「倭」と呼ぶことがあった(→例えば倭寇を参照)。
- Afterward from the middle ages to the early-modern times, '倭' was sometimes used to refer to the Yamato race by Chinese (please refer to 'wako' (Japanese pirates) as an example).
- 卑弥呼の次は男子が倭国王となったが再び内乱が生じ、女子の臺與・壹與(台与参照)が倭国王となって乱は終結した。
- Following Himiko, a male became a king of Wakoku, but another civil war occurred again, ending with accession of female Tayo (臺與・壹與, see also Tayo).
- ただ、陸軍省官制では大臣に「将官」をあてると定め(別表)、海軍省官制では特に定めを置かなかった(別表参照)。
- It was ruled that 'Shokan' will be placed as a minister (appendix) according to the Department of War regulations, however, there was no specification in the Department of the Navy regulations (see appendix).
- また、室町時代には伊勢詣や西国33ヵ所など寺社参りが流行し、応仁の乱の戦火などは各種都市の発達をもたらした。
- Moreover, during the Muromachi period the pilgrimage to the Grand Shrine at Ise, as well as the pilgrimage to the Thirty-Three Temples in Kinki with a statue of Avalokitesvara, were very much in vogue, and combined with the construction opportunities afforded by the fighting and conflagrations of the Onin War, this contributed to the growth and development of a wide variety of urban areas.
- 明治以前には、たとえ天皇の子供であっても親王宣下を受けない限り親王を名乗る事は出来なかった(参考:以仁王)。
- Before Meiji Period, even a child of an emperor could not announce himself as Shinno unless he received the title of Imperial Prince (Reference Prince Mochihito).
- 大内氏とは対立関係にあり、応仁の乱でも東軍方について参戦、以降戦国時代まで尼子氏らと組んで大内氏に対抗した。
- As the clan was in rivalry with the Ouchi clan, it sided with the eastern forces in the Onin War and continued to confront the Ouchi clan, until the Sengoku period, in alliance with the Amako clan.
- 慶長18年(1613年)に五辻家から綾小路高有(正三位・参議)(1595年 - 1644年)が入り家名再興。
- In 1613, Takaari AYANOKOJI (Shosanmi - Senior Third Rank), Sangi - Councilor) (1595 - 1644) joined the family from the Gojo family, and the family name was revived.
- 大正9年(1920年):国際連盟成立(大日本帝国常任理事国で参加)、ヴェルサイユ条約、株価が大暴落し戦後恐慌
- 1920: Establishment of the League of Nations (Empire of Japan' participation as a permanent member), Treaty of Versailles, the stock plunge and the post war depression
- 城主六角高頼、陣代山内政綱らは京都におり東西の戦闘に参加していたので、観音寺城の留守居役の伊庭行隆が迎え出た。
- The Rusuiyaku (guards of castles when the lords were absent) of Kannonji-jo Castle, Yukitaka IBA fought against him, because both the lord, Takayori ROKKAKU and the Jindai (representatives of lords), Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI were in Kyoto, fighting in the war.
- 一方で血縁と伝統的な主従関係の下に成立した譜代の家臣と実力を買われ登用された新参の軋轢も生まれることもあった。
- On the other hand, there were also conflicts between hereditary vassals, who held their status based on bloodline or traditional master-vassal relationships, and individuals who were newly appointed due to their abilities.
- また、参勤交代やお手伝い普請で多くの諸大名が街道筋の宿屋・旅籠に泊まったため、経済の流通が活発化したのである。
- In addition, as many feudal lords stayed at inns and taverns along main roads on the way to Edo for the alternate-year residence obligation or the site of construction work under the shogunate order, the economic circulation was activated.
- 翌年1875年には全国的な愛国社が結成されるが、大阪会議で板垣が参議に復帰した事や資金難により、すぐに消滅する。
- In1875, the Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) was formed nationwide by Itagaki but was soon disbanded as the party had financial issues and Itagaki returned to the position of Sangi (councillor) at the Osaka conference.
- 東横映画には、マキノ光雄と根岸寛一を中心に、大陸から引き上げた満州映画協会OBが製作スタッフとして参加していた。
- Within Toyoko Film Company there were some former members of the production staff of the Manchukuo Film Association who had returned from mainland China such as Mitsuo MAKINO and Kanichi NEGISHI.
- 同志社(旧英学校、神学校及び波理須理科学校)〔京都市上京区今出川通烏丸東入玄武町〕 - 詳細は学校法人同志社参照
- Doshisha (former English school, Seminary and Harris School of Science) [Genbu-cho, Imadegawadori Karasuma Higashi-iru, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City〕 - For more information, refer to section for the Doshisha.
- 統帥権は、慣習法的に軍令機関(陸軍参謀本部・海軍軍令部)の専権とされ、シビリアンコントロールの概念に欠けていた。
- The supreme command was thought to belong to military organs (the Staff Headquarters of Army and the Imperial Navy General Staff) by tradition, and not to be under civilian control.
- そうした中、赦免されたばかりの岩倉具視らが参内し、御所内学問所において明治天皇が「王政復古の大号令」を発令した。
- Despite this, the recently pardoned Tomomi IWAKURA and others entered the Palace, and Emperor Meiji issued the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule in the Palace's the study room.
- 明治時代以前には、たとえ天皇の子供であっても親王宣下を受けない限り親王を名乗る事は出来なかった(参考:以仁王)。
- Before the Meiji period, even a child of Emperor was not entitled to use the title of Imperial Prince unless he was given the title of Imperial Prince (Reference : Mochihito-o).
- 国民代表として内閣総理大臣、最高裁判所長官、衆議院参議院両院議長の行政司法立法の三権の長、全閣僚などが参列した。
- The Japanese Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the head of three branches of government-legislature, administrative, and judicial branches, the Speakers of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, all the Cabinet ministers attended the ceremony as the representatives of the nation.
- 毎年、4月3日には宮中三殿およびいくつかの神社で神武天皇祭が行なわれ、山陵には勅使が参向し、奉幣を行なっている。
- On April 3rd every year, Jimmu Tenno Sai (The Emperor Jimmu Festival) is held at the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court and several shrines, while an Imperial envoy goes to the Imperial mausoleum to offer a wand of hemp and paper streamers to the Shinto God.
- 在原氏(ありわらし)は、平城天皇皇子の阿保親王・高岳親王の子男が臣籍降下したことに興る皇別氏族(賜姓皇族参照)。
- The Ariwara clan originated from Emperor Heizei's Prince, Imperial Prince Abo and Imperial Prince Takaoka's children were demoted from nobility to subject, and they were the clan whose ancestors were from Imperial Family. (Please refer to the Imperial Family members who were demoted from nobility to subject.)
- 清盛は、1160年にそれまでの軍事貴族が就きえなかった正三位参議になると、1167年には太政大臣にまで昇り詰めた。
- In 1160, Kiyomori was appointed to shosanmi sangi (senior third rank royal advisor) that no other military aristocrats could be appointed to, and was then appointed to daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State) in 1167.
- 武士たちは在地にあって田地経営を行いながら武芸の鍛錬に励み、国衙から軍事動員が課せられたときは軍事活動に参加した。
- They worked hard at their training of martial arts while managing rice field, and whenever mobilized for military by kokuga (provincial government offices) they participated in the military activities.
- 参加者を左右二組に分けて課題の品物などを持ち寄らせ、審判を立てて何回戦かを競い、左右チーム総合の勝敗を決めるもの。
- It was played by splitting participants into teams of right and left, having them bring items of a subject to be compared against each other between the teams in several rounds, and having a judge determine which team won the game at the end.
- 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が登場すると、特に東国の名主の中には、幕府に帰参して御家人となり、地頭に補任される者も現れた。
- When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power toward the end of the 12th century, some myoshu farmers, especially those in eastern regions, gained positions in the shogunate government and became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) or were appointed as jito (local landlord).
- 7世紀後期、新羅は朝鮮半島の統一と唐の影響を抑制することに成功し、唐律令を参考としながらも独自の律令制を構築した。
- In the late seventh century, Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean Peninsula and restraining the interference of the Tang Dynasty, and although making reference to the Luli of Tang Dynasty, it constructed its own Luli System.
- 明は諸外国の国王名義の表文を持参した国家に対してのみ勘合貿易(朝貢貿易)を認め、それが無い場合には貿易を拒否した。
- The Ming Dynasty permitted tally trade only to the countries which brought a Johyobun with King's signature on it to Ming but otherwise refused to trade with.
- この他に都市ブルジョワ層や貧困層、博徒集団に至るまで当時の政府の方針に批判的な多種多様な立場からの参加も見られた。
- In addition to these two groups that led the movement, many people from various social backgrounds, including city bourgeoisie, the poor, and gamblers, who shared the opposition to the government, joined the movement.
- 中国には壬申の乱を「倭国」と「日本国」との戦いであるとする見解が存在したとする主張がある(詳しくは旧唐書を参照)。
- In China, there is a thesis that the Jinshin War was the battle of 'Wakoku' and 'Japan' (refer to the Jiu Tang Shu [Old Tang History] for more detail).
- 939年には伴保平が参議となり、久々に公卿が出たが、既に72歳の高齢で、950年に引退して以降は公卿は出なくなる。
- In 939, 72-year-old TOMO no Yasuhira was promoted to Sangi, becoming the first Kugyo (high court noble) from the clan in some time, though no Kugyo was chosen from the Tomo clan upon his retirement in 950.
- また金融制度でも旧幕府時代の貨幣制度を改めて、通貨単位として「円 (通貨)」を導入(1871年。新貨条例を参照)。
- The financial system was also revised, changing the currency system of the Shogunate period and adopting the 'yen'as the currency unit in 1871 (refer to the article of the 'New Currency Regulation').
- 参勤交代制度の目的は、諸大名に出費を強いることでその勢力を削ぎ、謀反などを起こすことを抑止するためだったとされる。
- The sankin-kotai system reportedly aimed to curb daimyo's power for uprisings or rebellious acts by putting financial burdens on them.
- それを明和年間、藤貞幹(藤原貞幹、誤伝により藤井貞幹)が見て「東大寺要録」を参酌して元明天皇陵刻字之碑を考定した。
- During the Meiwa era, Teikan TO (also called Sadamoto FUJIWARA, or mistakenly Sadamoto FUJII) saw the monument, and taking 'Todaiji Yoroku' (literally, Digest Record of Todai-ji Temple) into consideration, he identified it as the Empress Genmei's inscribed monument that used to stand at her mausoleum.
- 平高棟から17世の孫にあたる南北朝時代の西洞院行時(正三位・参議)(1324年 - 1369年)を祖とする堂上家。
- The Nishinotoin was a family of dojo kuge (nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of which the founder was Yukitoki NISHINOTOIN (Sangi (councilor) of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank)) (1324-1369) in the Northern and Southern Court period, who was 17 generations after TAIRA no Takamune.
- なお、この陵墓の近所には、別に同陵の有力な比定候補地が存在し、ここは陵墓参考地として、宮内庁の管轄地となっている。
- Near this Jobodaiin, there is another poossible place that SHIRAKAWA was entombed in, which is regulated by the Imperial Household Agency as Ryobo sankouchi.
- 明治2年2月18日、山国隊は大勢の見物人・出迎えのなか、鼓笛を奏して京都から山国への凱旋を果たし山国神社を参拝した。
- On March 30, 1869, the Yamagunitai was met by a tremendous crowd of onlookers as they marched, playing flutes and drums, from Kyoto to Yamaguni in a triumphant return, paying homage at Yamaguni-jinja Shrine.
- 朝鮮側は朝鮮人参、トラ皮などの朝鮮産品も輸出したが、江戸時代前期の最大の輸出品は生糸、絹織物などの中国産品であった。
- Korea exported to Japan not only Korean products including Asian ginseng and tiger leather, but also Chinese products including raw silk thread and silk textile, which were its biggest exports in the early Edo period.
- いっぽう久光率いる薩摩藩兵は帰国途中、生麦村で行列を横断しようとした英国人に斬りつける事件を起こす(生麦事件参照)。
- Meantime, on their way back to Satsuma, Hisamitsu's troops attacked British people who tried to cross the procession of the lord of the Satsuma clan in the village of Namamugi (the Namamugi incident).
- 検注目録(けんちゅうもくろく)は、検注帳の明細にあたる文書で荘園領主の元で保管されて土地支配や徴税の際の参考にされた。
- Kenchu mokuroku was an accounting document in the kenchucho which was kept by the manor owners for the purpose of governing their lands and imposing taxes.
- 滝川一益、北条氏政のその後の動きは神流川の戦いを、徳川家康、氏政、真田昌幸のその後の動きは天正壬午の乱を参照されたい。
- For subsequent movements of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and Ujimasa HOJO, refer to the article, Battle of Kanna River, and for those of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Ujimasa and Masayuki SANADA, refer to the article, the Tenshojingo War.
- こうした中で蓄積された日本人の不満は、1510年に三浦の乱という形で爆発するが朝鮮王朝に鎮圧される(乱の展開節参照)。
- Under those circumstances, the dissatisfaction had gradually accumulated among the Japanese residents, and eventually the Sanpo War occurred in 1510 as a result of the outburst of their dissatisfaction, but this was suppressed by the Korean Dynasty (see the section of Evolution of the war).
- 郎党は、武士と同身分であるとは言い切れないものの、在地武士と同様に騎乗する権利を持ち、戦闘に参加する義務を負っていた。
- Roto could not be declared as having equal status to samurai but had the right to ride a horse like local samurai and the obligation to participate in battles.
- 日本では、飛鳥時代に令(または律令)を制定する際、唐の制度を参考としたため、唐と同様に口分田が導入されたと考えられる。
- It is considered that, in Japan, kubunden was introduced as it was in Tang, because the system in Tang was used as a reference in establishing the ryo (or ritsuryo) code in the Asuka period.
- 参勤交代制度は、8代将軍・徳川吉宗のときに財政窮乏を理由に部分的緩和が行われた時期を除き、江戸時代を通じて堅持された。
- The sankin-kotai system was firmly maintained throughout the Edo period except during the era of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth Shogun, when the regulations were partially relaxed because of financial difficulty.
- 明治20年(1886年)陸軍大将に昇進し、近衛師団長、参謀本部を歴任、日清戦争では征清大総督に任じられ旅順に出征した。
- In 1886 he was promoted to Military General and successively held the position of Konoe divisional commander, in the General Staff Office, and he was appointed as Seisei Governor General and went to the front in Luchun in the Shino-Japanese War.
- 中世には、正式な宣旨のかわりに、取次ぎが「直衣を着て参内すべし」という手紙(消息)で着用者に通知する方法が一般化した。
- In Medieval times it was common to tell people wearing Noshi 'come to the Palace in your Noshi costume' through a messenger instead of issuing Senshi letter (Shosoku).
- 以下は、様々な証拠や証言、文書の記述などを参考に各学者・研究者などより出されている復元案の一部または想像図の概要である。
- The following is a part of ideas for the restoration or the summary of imaginary pictures proposed by scholars and researchers, etc. on the basis of various evidences, testimonies, documents and so on.
- 平安時代後期、藤原明衡が公家の文書作成のための参考とするために日本最古の往来物とされる『雲州消息』を執筆することとなる。
- During the late Heian period, FUJIWARA no Akihira authored 'Unshushosoku,' which is believed to be the oldest Oraimono (a textbook for primary education) in Japan, for court nobles to refer to when they prepared documents.
- 大衆は「幼主であっても内裏に参って天皇に訴え、勅定を承るのが先例・恒例である」と拒絶し、明雲の説得にも耳を貸さなかった。
- However, the daishu insisted, 'even if he is young, it is right to come to the dairi to appeal to the Emperor and hear a chokujo (something that the emperor decided) according to precedent and established practice' and ignored Myoun's persuasion.
- 第26代昭光は天正18年(1590年)、豊臣秀吉による小田原攻めに参陣しない伊達政宗を憚って自らも援軍の派兵を見送った。
- In 1590, Akimitsu, the twenty-sixth head of the family, postponed sending the reinforcements to the Invasion of Odawara headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, as he was afraid of Masamune DATE who did not participate in the invasion.
- 対する官軍(約50,000名)は山県参軍指揮のもと、延岡から北嚮きに, 以下のように配備し、薩軍を包囲殲滅しようとした。
- For this, under the command of Sangun YAMAGATA, the government army (approx 50,000 soldiers) deployed as follows to surround and rout the Satsuma army:
- しかしそれは成立時期の問題よりも、上座部仏教と大乗仏教の間での教義の違いを反映していると言えよう(→大乗非仏説を参照)。
- But this difference is not due to a difference in the establishment of teachings, but is thought to be due to a difference of doctrine between upper seat Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism (cf. doctrine that Mahayana is not Buddhism).
- 参議である板垣退助は閣議において居留民保護を理由に派兵を主張し、西郷隆盛は派兵に反対し、自身が大使として赴くと主張した。
- Sangi (the Councilor) Taisuke ITAGAKI insisted that Japan dispatch the military for protecting Japanese residents in Korea, whereas Takamori SAIGO opposed to send the military and insisted that he himself go to Korea as an ambassador.
- 朝鮮人の中には軍人・軍属として第二次世界大戦に参加した者(朝鮮人日本兵含む)や、慰安婦として働いた朝鮮人女性も存在した。
- Among the Koreans, some joined the World War II as military men or army civilian employees (including Korean soldiers of Japan), and some Korean women worked as Ianfu (comfort women).
- 参勤は一定期間主君(この場合は征夷大将軍)のもとに出仕すること、交代は暇を与えられて領地に帰り政務を執ることを意味する。
- Sankin means that daimyo served for the lord (Seii-Taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians] in this case) for a certain period, while kotai means that they returned to their domains on leave to attend to government affairs there.
- しかし、陸軍の旅順攻略参戦を頑なに拒む海軍の意向を受け、満洲軍総司令部の指示により旅順に向けて漸進を余儀なくさせられる。
- However, the Third Troops was forced to move gradually to Lushun under orders of the General Headquarters of the Japanese Army in Manchuria, which accepted the Navy's rejection of the participation of the Army in the capture of Lushun.
- なお、小山田信茂については戦力や当時の情勢から判断して別動隊に参加していたと推測されているが、史料上確認ができていない。
- It is guessed, based on the power of the forces and the situation at that time, that Nobushige OYAMADA participated in the separate troops, but the fact has not been confirmed by any historical document.
- 新家のほとんどが羽林家・名家 (公家)・半家 (公家)に属しており、公卿に昇進しても非参議に終わるケースが殆どであった。
- Most of the Shinke families had the status of Urin or Meike (type of court nobility) and Han-ke (type of court nobility), but, despite their promotion to the nobility, did not generally become councilors.
- 兄の平城天皇とも良好な関係を保っており、大同2年5月には、神泉苑に行幸した兄について献物を行い、終日宴会にも参加している。
- As he maintained a good relationship with his elder brother Emperor Heijo, he followed his elder brother on the occasion of an Imperial visit to Shinsen-en Temple in June 807, made an offering and participated in a party throughout the day.
- 他の学生は立命大での会議に参加したが、会議は市警当局に対する抗議集会に切り替えられ、市警本部に対する抗議デモが決議された。
- Although the other students joined in the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi after the incident, the meeting turned into an urgent protest against the authorities of the Kyoto City Police, and they voted on a demonstration at the headquarters of the City Police.
- もし、宗茂が1万を超える大軍を率いて本戦に参加できていたなら、東西両軍の勝敗は変わっていた可能さえ指摘されているのである。
- There is the possibility that if Muneshige had joined the Battle of Sekigahara with a force of more than 10,000, the outcome of the battle may have been different.
- このことは、院政下で活躍した北面武士などもその名簿を参照すると、侍身分以外の僧侶・神官などが多数含まれている事でも分かる。
- This is clear in the name list of Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), who were active under the cloister government, in which many Buddhist priests, Shinto priests, and others not of the samurai status were included.
- そして、「連判状」はんせいに代表される一揆契状に見られるように、局地的には全参加者が平等で民主的な合議制の場合が多かった。
- In most cases, ikki locally ensured equal treatment for all members within a democratic council system, as symbolized in ikki keijo (ikki deed) which is represented by the 'renpanjo' hansei.
- また三浦居住の恒居倭の増加に伴い様々な問題が生じ、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し強硬な姿勢で臨むようになる(恒居倭の増加節参照)。
- An increased number of kokyowa (Japanese people living on the Korean Peninsula who had no intention of becoming naturalized Koreans) living in Sanpo also caused various problems, and the Korean Dynasties started to take a harsh stance towards them (see the 'Increase in Number of Kokyowa' section).
- 対策が遅れている原因として、各国で黄砂の定義や分類(各国の黄砂参照)、黄砂に関する認識に相違点があることが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the recognition of kosa as well as the definition and classification of kosa (refer to the section of kosa in various countries) depends on the nation and the differences constitute one factor of delaying taking necessary measures.
- そのため、続々と酒類を取り扱うコンビニやスーパーが、以前の新規酒類販売規制地域にも、続々と参入することが大いに予想される。
- Therefore, it is considered highly likely that many convenience stores and supermarkets selling liquor will advance into the places where it was regulated for liquor sellers to open new shops.
- 雑務とは文字どおり「その他もろもろの仕事・案件」を意味する言葉であり、所務に対する用語として使用された(所務沙汰も参照)。
- Zatsumu literally means 'miscellaneous business' and was used in contrast to Shomu (see shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues) for reference).
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- しかしながら、河野が本営に帰還するよう命じられたことによる右翼の指揮官が不在となり、官軍の援軍の参戦、弾薬の不足となった。
- However, since KONO was ordered to return to the headquarters, the commander of the right flank became absent, and the Satsuma army ran out of ammunition, but on the other hand, reinforcements for the government army arrived.
- 特に1853年、浦賀沖に来航したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍艦隊の事を指す(黒船来航を参照のこと)。
- The term is mostly associated with the fleet of United States Navy ships, led by Matthew PERRY, that arrived off the coast of Uraga in 1853.
- なお、一部の参考書ならびに歴史書では、即位前の用明天皇を「橘豊日皇子(たちばなのとよひのみこ)」と表記しているものがある。
- Meanwhile, in some reference and history books, Emperor Yomei's name before his enthronement is referred to as 'Tachibana no Toyohi no miko.'
- その不満が後水尾天皇・霊元天皇両太上天皇による院政や宝暦事件・尊号一件・廷臣八十八卿列参事件などの形で噴出することになる。
- Their discontent erupted in the form of cloister governments by both former emperors Gomizuno (Emperor/Reigen Emperor), in the Horeki Conspiracy or Songo Ikken (incident) and Demo, of the 88 retainers of the Imperial Court.
- 明治45年・大正元年(1912年):オリンピック日本初参加(ストックホルム・オリンピック)、「タイタニック (客船)」遭難
- 1912: Japan's first participation in the Olympic games (in Stockholm), Sinking of the passenger boat 'Titanic'
- しかし、この上田での遅延だけでなく道中の悪天候も災いして、遂に9月15日の関ヶ原本戦に遅参するという大失態を犯してしまった。
- However, not only this delay at Ueda, but also bad weather along the way caused harm, and he made a cataclysmic gaffe to be late for the main battle of Sekigahara on October 21.
- この来日の際には、幕府に朝鮮国王直筆の親書、銅鏡が進呈され、また使節団が神君とされる大権現家康が眠る日光東照宮を参拝をした。
- The envoy that came to Japan in this occasion presented to the bakufu a message written directly by the King of Korea and bronze mirrors, and visited Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine where daigongen (Great Avatar) Ieyasu, considered having been Shinkun (a god-like head of Japan), was buried.
- これらの戦いでは織田方の被害も決して軽微なものとはいえず、信長の実弟織田信治をはじめ森可成・坂井政尚などの古参諸将を失った。
- In these battles, the damage at Oda side was not minor one, and senior warlords including Nobunaga's younger brother Nobuharu ODA, Yoshinari MORI and Masanao SAKAI were killed.
- 升の大きさは時代や地域によって大きく異なる(詳細は升を参照のこと)が、升と他の単位との関係はほとんど古代から変わっていない。
- The unit volume or capacity of the sho differs greatly according to the periods and the regions (refer to the article of sho for details), however correlation between the sho and other units has hardly changed from ancient times.
- 参考までに触れておくと、江戸時代の偽書とされる『天書』は、薨去の年月日を垂仁天皇93年(64年)2月24日 (旧暦)とする。
- For your reference, it should be noted that according to 'Tensho' (a chronological history of Japan), which is said to have been a falsified record in the Edo Period, his date of birth was the 24th day of the 2nd month of the 93rd year of Emperor Suinin's reign (old lunar calendar).
- 醍醐天皇の時代に三善清行が大学頭・文章博士を務めて参議まで至り、延喜3年(903年)頃にはカバネを宿禰から朝臣に改められた。
- In the era of the Emperor Daigo, Kiyoyuki (or Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI was appointed Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), rising to the position of Sangi (councilor), and the kabane (official status title) of the clan was changed from Sukune to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) around 903.
- 明治7年(1874年)7月8日、参内した稠宮は明治天皇から海軍軍人を志すよう命じられ、同月13日、海軍兵学寮予科に入学した。
- On July 8, 1874, Sawanomiya was recommended by Emperor Meiji to become a sailor when he visited the Imperial Palace, he entered into the preparatory course for the Naval Academy on July 13.
- また、その評の筆者である紀貫之を初め、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑といった著名な歌人たちが、歌合の参加者として曲中に名を連ねている。
- In this poetry contest, prominent poets including KI no Tsurayuki, the reviewer of the two, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune and MIBU no Tadamine are amongst the attendance.
- 直衣が許されるのは、多くが公卿(従三位以上もしくは参議以上)であるが、位階によって自動的に「雑袍宣旨」が下されるのではない。
- People who were court nobles, (higher rank than Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank - or state councilor) were allowed to wear Noshi, but 'Zappo Shenshi' was not automatically allowed because of official rank.
- 主従の契約は、御家人が鎌倉殿へ見参した際の名簿差出(みょうぶさしだし)によって行われ、幕府は御家人名簿により御家人を管理した。
- The master-servant relationship contract was managed by myobu (a piece of wood with a name inscribed on it) offered by a gokenin who visited Kamakura-dono, and the bakufu supervised gokenin using the Gokenin Meibo (name list of retainers).
- 前例の無い題材での和歌の会合であったために歌合の形式で開催され、また良基と参加者との連絡役には四辻善成・松殿忠嗣らがあたった。
- As this waka event used unprecedented subject matter, it was organized in the form of utaawase and Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI and Tadatsugu MATSUDONO served as liaison between Yoshimoto and participants.
- 他にも武川衆や後の徳川四奉行といった多くの人材が旧武田家臣で徳川氏に帰参していた成瀬正一 (戦国武将)を頼り、難を逃れている。
- There were many other people, including Mukawashu warriors (warriors active in the remote region of Kai Province) and those who later came to be known as the four major Tokugawa magistrates, who were protected by Masakazu NARUSE (military commander in the Sengoku Period), a former vassal of the Takeda clan who became a vassal of the Tokugawa clan.
- 南北朝時代には少なくとも旧勢力からは「悪党」と呼ばれる者の増加と参戦があり、例えば赤松円心や、楠木正成は代表的な悪党とされる。
- There was an increase of people called 'akuto' and their participation in wars during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) at least from former powers, and Enshin AKAMATSU and Masashige KUSUNOKI were their representatives.
- 販売する容量はおおかた2合、5合、1升(10合)(参照:日本酒単位)の三種類で、地方によってはごく稀に1合でも売られたという。
- The units of sake to be sold were mostly two goes (180 milliliters/go), five goes or one sho (10 goes/sho) (refer to units of Japanese sake), but it is said that sake of one go was sold in rare local places.
- 2年(401年)、蘇我満智(まち)・物部伊莒弗(いこふつ)・平群木菟(つく)・葛城円(つぶらのおおおみ)らを国政に参画させた。
- In 401, Emperor Richu ordered Soga no machi, MONONOBE no Ikofutsu, HEGURI no Tsuku and KATSURAGI no Tsubura no o-omi to participate in governmental affairs.
- 参加者には事前に歌う題材について割り当てられ、歌合の2日前には歌が良基の元に歌が届けられ、当日に発表される形式が採られたという。
- It is said that a subject was allotted to each participant in advance and their waka poems were delivered to Yoshimoto two days before the day of utaawase and announced on the day.
- そして石田三成など政務を執る奉行衆は20万石前後とし、外様には政権参与を原則的に許してないなど、政務者と軍事力の分離が図られた。
- Hideyoshi tried to prevent those in charge of government practices from having military forces; for example, Hideyoshi gave 200,000 koku to the 'bugyoshu' (group of magistrates), including Mitsunari ISHIDA, and didn't allow 'tozama' to participate in government affairs.
- 4月24日には、大学当局が吉田寮の建て替えに関する基本方針についての説明会が開催され、吉田寮側からは60名ほどの参加者があった。
- The authority of Kyoto University convened on April 24 a meeting to explain the basic policy for reconstruction and about 60 persons of the Yoshida dormitory side participated in this meeting.
- 翌1891年(明治24年)7月27日には、陸軍省官制を改正して、大臣および次官に「将官」をあてるとの定めを削除した(別表参照)。
- In July 2, 1891, the Department of War regulation was revised: the rule that a minister and Suke will be installed as 'Shokan' was crossed off.
- 当時の明治政府では、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論などで対立があり、樺山資紀や鹿児島県参事の大山綱良ら薩摩藩藩閥は台湾出兵を建言していた。
- At that time, the Meiji Government was divided over ideas such as Seikanron, a proposal to subjugate Korea, in which Satsuma domain clique including Sukenori KABAYAMA and Kagoshima Prefectural councilor Tsunayoshi OYAMA were suggesting that Japan dispatch troops to Taiwan.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- このクーデターの成功により新政府が樹立され総裁・議定・参与の三職が新たに設けられると、熾仁親王はその最高職である総裁に就任する。
- This coup was successful and the new government was established, three new positions of President, Gijo, and Councilor were established and the Imperial Prince Taruhito assumed the highest position of President.
- 締結した附属書I国(先進国、積極的に参加した諸国)の合計の二酸化炭素の1990年の排出量が、全附属書I国の合計の排出量の55%以上
- The total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties which have signed the treaty (developed countries, cooperative countries with a positive stance) in 1990 accounts for equal to or more than 55% of the total amount of that of all Annex I Parties.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは、嫡男川勝広綱とともに西軍に与して丹後国田辺城 (丹後国)攻撃(田辺城の戦い)に参加した。
- At the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), he and his heir Hirotsuna KAWAKATSU joined the West Army, and fought in the attack against Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province (the Battle at Tanabe-jo Castle).
- しかし京都から都を移してしまうことには反対が多く、江戸城の開城もあり、江戸を東京とすることで落ちついた(→東京奠都の項目を参照)。
- This problem was finally settled by changing Edo to Tokyo as the eastern capital, because many people were opposed to transferring the capital from Kyoto, and around this time, Edo-jo Castle capitulated (refer to the article 'Tokyo Tento' (transfer of the national capital to Tokyo)).
- 王政復古 (日本)において、幕府や摂政・関白の廃止と天皇親政が定められ、天皇の下に総裁・議定・参与の三職からなる官制が施行された。
- On the occasion of Osei-hukko (the restoration of Imperial rule in Japan), the new government abolished the Shogunate, the positions of Regent and Chief Advisor to the emperor, provided direct Imperial rule, and established a central government organization consisting of a president, a chairman (Gijo), and a councilor under the control of the Emperor.
- 例えば、天保12年(1841年)の紀州徳川家11代藩主徳川斉順の参勤交代では、武士1639人、人足2337人、馬103頭を擁した。
- For example, the sankin-kotai carried out by Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, the eleventh lord of the Kishu Tokugawa Family in 1841 consisted of 1639 warriors, 2337 laborers, 103 horses.
- 現在は天皇の嫡出の子、及び、天皇の嫡男系の嫡出の子(皇孫)で男子であるもの、また、天皇の兄弟を親王という(皇室典範6、7条参照)。
- Presently, the Emperor's legitimate sons and the sons of the Emperor's legitimate sons (Imperial grandson), along with the brothers of the Emperor are called Shinno (Referenced Imperial House Act article 6, 7).
- 14日、御典医筆頭のひとりで、中山慶子の執匙を務める山本隨が治療に参加、15日には光順も召集され、昼夜詰めきりでの拝診が行われた。
- On the 14th, one of the chief doctors to the emperor and Yoshiko NAKAYAMA's doctor who did daily check ups, 山本隨 participated in Emperor's treatment, Mitsuoki was also called in on the 15th, they continued the medical examinations on the Emperor day and night.
- そんな中、競合商人が少しでも有利な条件で参入するために「寺社造営」という看板を掲げることで、日本の政治権力(武家、寺家)と提携した。
- In these situations, competing merchants joined hands with the political force of Japan (samurai families or families that own and resided in temples) with a pretext of building temples and shrines to compete with more profitable conditions.
- とはいえ降参というのはあくまで名目上のことに過ぎず、雑賀衆の形式的な降伏と引き換えに織田勢が撤退したというのが事実に近いと思われる。
- However, it seems that they surrendered only nominally and that in fact, the Oda army withdrew in exchange for the nominal surrender of Saiga shu.
- 現在ハッジの希望者数は受け入れ可能人数を超えており、ハッジに参加するにはマッカを管理するサウジアラビア政府の発給する特別査証が必要。
- The number of people who wish to go on Haji has exceeded the number possible and currently a special visa from the Saudi Arabian government who manages the Mecca is required to participate in Haji.
- 初陣の年齢は個人差があるが多くの場合、元服前後の10代前半が多く、親は子供の将来の安寧を願い必ず勝てる戦いに参加させる傾向があった。
- Although the ages for uijin varied from person to person, in many cases the participants were in their early teens around genpuku (coming of age ceremony) and the parents were inclined to send them to a battle that they would doubtlessly win, wishing for their safety.
- 在地領主化した武士は、在庁官人となって国衙行政に参画する一方で、婚姻関係を通じて党を組み、武士団と呼ばれる結合関係を構築していった。
- The samurai who became local lords participated in kokuga administration as officers in the kokuga office, and at the same time, also established a relationship called a samurai group, through marital relations.
- その後、日本と清国の間で領土問題(台湾出兵参照)が発生し、日本の強硬な態度に驚いた清国は朝鮮に国書の受け入れ交渉をするよう指示した。
- Afterward, the territorial problem occurred between Japan and Qing (see also The Taiwan Expedition), then Qing feared Japan's strong attitude and they directed the Joseon Dynasty to receive the letter.
- 平安時代から続く、丑の刻参りという呪術があり、古くは神木(神体)に釘を打ち付け、自身が鬼となって恨む相手に復讐するというものである。
- There is an occult art called Ushi no koku mairi that has continued from the Heian period, which one would drive a nail into a sacred tree, become a demon and invoke a curse on a hated enemy.
- 目安箱(めやすばこ)は施政の参考意見や社会事情の収集などを目的に、庶民の進言の投書を集めるために設置した箱、及びその制度の事である。
- Meyasubako was a box which was set up to collect letters of proposal by the common people for the purpose of collecting opinions about administrative policies and information about the society, or the system thereof.
- しかしイギリスやアメリカの反対意見と局外中立の表明および征韓論にも反対していた参議木戸孝允の反対と辞任により政府は派遣中止を決める。
- However, the government decided not to dispatch the troops, because Britain and the US expressed oppositions against it and the government remained rather neutral, and because Sangi Takayoshi KIDO expressed his opinion against Seikanron and resigned in opposition to the dispatch.
- 慶長5年(1600年)に関ヶ原の戦いで徳川家康が勝利して覇権を確立すると、諸大名は徳川氏の歓心を買うため江戸に参勤するようになった。
- After Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and attained supremacy, various daimyo started to make their pilgrimage to Edo to gain the Tokugawa clan's favor.
- だが、住民からは旧幕府軍に対する反感が増し、新政府側のゲリラ組織「遊軍隊」に参加したり、新政府軍に内通する者も出てくる始末であった。
- However, residents' antipathy to the Old Bakufu was increasing, and some of them joined the 'Yuguntai', a guerrilla standing on the new government side, or worked as spies for the new government army.
- その他、皇位についていない親王の皇子が天皇の後継に立てられ即位した場合にも天皇の実父として院号が贈られた制度がある(太上天皇参照)。
- There was a rule that the Imperial Prince who did not ascend to the throne was given Ingo as the father of the Emperor when his son was enthroned. (See Daijo Tenno)
- 彼女の動静はほとんど記録が残っていないが、天武天皇4年(675年)の2月13日 (旧暦)、元明天皇とともに伊勢神宮に参詣したとある。
- While almost no written records exist on what she was doing, she reportedly visited the Ise-jingu Shrine with Empress Genmei on March 17, 675.
- これら一門大名は家格・官位などでは優遇されたが(将軍の親戚と言うだけであって譜代大名ではないので)幕政に参加する事は許されなかった。
- Those ichimon daimyo (family-related feudal lords) were favored in the Kakaku (family status) and official ranks, but never allowed to participate in the shogunate government, as they were only the shogun's relatives, but not fudai daimyo (feudal lords in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family).
- これは、アヘン戦争敗北を受けた清の香港割譲・開国など幕府の「危急存亡の秋」という特殊事情が反映されたものである(→安政の改革参照)。
- This was a reflection of the government's special circumstances, a 'critical moment,' such as the cession of Hong Kong by Qing after the defeat of the First Opium War, and the opening of the country to the world (refer to Ansei Reform).
- 慶長17年(1612)、安倍晴明の末裔である陰陽頭(従三位・非参議)・土御門久脩の次男・泰吉が分家して「倉橋」を称したのにはじまる。
- The family started when a decendant of ABE no Seimei, Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Buereau of Divination) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) Hisanaga TSUCHIMIKADO's second son Yasuyoshi created a branch family named 'Kurahashi' in 1612.
- 院政は本来、朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであり、『禁中並公家諸法度』ではそれを統制できなかった(この件については霊元天皇の項も参照)。
- Originally the cloistered government could not have been regulated under 'the laws for the Court during the Edo period' as it was beyond the regulated legal system within the Imperial Palace. (Please refer to the section of Emperor Reigen for further details.)
- 平安中期以降は官人らが政務処理に先例を参照するための歴史資料として『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『百錬抄』やその他各種の年代記が編纂された。
- During the middle era of the Heian period and later, government officials compiled various chronicles, including 'Ruiju Kokushi' (classified national history), 'Nihongi Ryaku' (a summary of Japanese chronologies), and 'Hyakuren sho' (history book from the Kamakura period), as the historical documents that they would refer to in conducting their political operations.
- もともとこの日に最も近い戊の日は、社日として氏子が氏神たる神社に参詣し、春は五穀豊穣を祈り、秋は実りある収穫に感謝する習わしがあった。
- A Tsuchinoe day that falls closest to the vernal or autumnal equinox day was originally known as a shanichi day, and shrine parishioners visited shrines which enshrined their local deities to pray for a good harvest on the spring shanich day or to thank for a successful harvest on the autumn shanichi day.
- 義満は将軍就任から5年後の応安6年(1373年)に参議、永徳元年(1381年)に内大臣に昇り、朝廷の一員として活動する意向を示していた。
- Yoshimitsu was promoted to Sangi (councilor) in 1373, five years after he was inaugurated as shogun, and to Naidainjin (Minister of the Center) in 1381, and he indicated his willingness to act as the member of the Imperial Court.
- 六角獄舎に捕縛されていた囚人の多くは火災が延焼することを恐れた役人により、釈放されることなく斬首されている(詳細は六角獄舎の項を参照)。
- Most prisoners in Rokkaku prison house were beheaded, instead of being released, by prison officers for fear of spreading flames (see the Rokkaku prison house for further details).
- 尊氏の参陣で志気が上がる尊氏軍が押し気味に戦局が展開し、翌日これを見た大友貞載、塩谷高貞は尊氏軍に寝返り、義助軍は総崩れとなり敗走する。
- Takauji's army whose morale was boosted by Takauji's participation in the war took the lead and on the following day, Sadatoshi (Sadanori) OTOMO and Takasada ENYA sold out to Takauji's army, thus Yoshisuke's army suffered a debacle and took flight.
- 第二回修信使の見聞、日本政府との交渉、そして『朝鮮策略』の持参によって、朝鮮の対外政策は欧米に対する開国政策へと舵をきり始めるのである。
- Through the experiences of the second training delegates, negotiations with the Japanese government, and bringing back 'A stratagem for Korea,' the diplomatic policy of Korea changed to the policy of opening of the country to Europe and the United States.
- 朝鮮には憲法も選挙法も適用されていなかったが、朝鮮人も日本国籍を付与されていたため、内地における衆議院選挙に参加することは可能であった。
- Though neither the constitution or the election law was applied in Korea, the Koreans were given Japanese nationality and it was possible for them to join the Lower House election in the mainland.
- また、1959年開局の日本教育テレビ(現在のテレビ朝日)に資本参加し同局番組の有力な供給源となるなど、来るべきテレビ時代に先手を打った。
- Additionally, Toei took the initiative at the beginning of the coming TV era: it made an investment in Nihon Educational Television (now called TV Asahi Corporation) to start broadcasting in 1959 and became a major source of programs for the TV station.
- 特に幕府・関白を介さず、朝廷から直接水戸藩へ勅書が出された件(戊午の密勅参照)は井伊ら幕閣の警戒感を強め、水戸藩への弾圧は苛烈を極めた。
- Among others, an incident in which the imperial court sent an imperial order directly to the Mito clan (Boshin no Micchoku) made Ii and the cabinet officials of the shogunate stay alert, and they clamped down on the Mito clan severely.
- 祖の房前は元正天皇朝で藤原四兄弟に先んじて参議に昇進すると、後に祖父藤原鎌足以来の内臣となり、元正天皇の側近として長屋王と政権を争った。
- The originator, Fusasaki, was promoted to councilor first among four Fujiwara brothers during the era of Emperor Gensho, later became the first Naishin (government post) since his grandfather, FUJIWARA no Kamatari, and fought as an aide close to the Emperor Gensho for political power against Nagayao.
- 明治元年(1868年)、8代・宮内大輔・芝山国典の養子(実は参議・坊城俊政の子)で、興福寺賢聖院住持の国映が復飾して「今園家」を興した。
- In 1868, the eighth family head, Kudai-taifu (post of Imperial Household Ministry) Kuninori SHIBAYAMA's adopted son Kokuei, who was the chief priest of Kofuku-ji Kensho-in Temple (also a son of Sangi (councillor) Toshimasa BOJO), created the Imazono family after exclaustration.
- 細かい砂の粒子や、粒子に付着した物質、黄砂とともに飛来する化学物質(黄砂の形状と成分での説明参照)などにより、さまざまな健康被害が生じる。
- Fine sand grains, the substances stuck to sand grains, and the chemicals coming flying together with kosa (refer to the description of Shapes and components of kosa) inflict various kinds of damage on health.
- これに対して細石(さざれ石の項目を参照)についての詳細など、先に述べた歌詞の正確な内容がほとんど知られていない事による誤解が広まっている。
- In this regard, there are misunderstanding due to the fact that above-described correct meaning of the words such as the details of sazareishi (pebbles) (Refer to the section for 'sazareishi (pebbles),' are hardly known.
- 官軍の参軍山縣有朋中将が鹿児島に到着した9月8日、可愛岳の二の舞にならないよう、「包囲防守を第一として攻撃を第二とする」という策をたてた。
- On September 8 when Sangun Aritomo YAMAGATA, Lieutenant General of the government army, arrived in Kagoshima, the army compiled a plan of 'The first priority should be given to siege, defense and guard, and the second priority to attack' so as to avoid the failure at Mt. Eno.
- また、元老でありながら参謀総長として戦争を指揮した山縣有朋の発言力が高まり、陸軍は「大陸帝国」論とロシアによる「復讐戦」の可能性を唱えた。
- The war increased the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA who took command in the war as the Chief of the General Staff, even though he was also a Genro (elder statesman), and the Army raised the possibility that Russia could develop into a 'Continental Empire' or pursue a 'War of Revenge.'
- 霊亀3年(717年)左大臣石上麻呂が死去すると、翌年長屋王は非参議から一挙に大納言に任ぜられ、太政官で右大臣藤原不比等に次ぐ地位を占める。
- When Sadaijin (Minister of the left) ISONOKAMI no Maro died in 717, Prince Nagaya was assigned to Dainagon (chief councilor of state) from Hisangi (advisor at large) at once, which was the highest ranking position among Daijokan (Grand Council of State) after udaijin (minister of the right) FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
- In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.
- その一方で、いわゆる公家法が形成されるようになると、明法家の法解釈や明法勘文が法源とされ、明法博士などの明法家が院評定に参加するようになる。
- On the other hand, after so called Kugeho (law of court nobles' society) was established, Myoho experts including the doctors of Myoho participated in the council because the law was based on the low interpretations of Myoho experts and Myobokanmon.
- 長寛2年(1164年)に厳島神社に奉納されたが、各巻の奥書を参照すると、全体の完成には仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)までかかったとされる。
- Reading the postscript to each volume of the scriptures donated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in 1164, one knows that it was not until 1167 that all of the scriptures were completed.
- 本家(ほんけ)は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造(荘園公領制、職の体系を参照)上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。
- Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section).
- 戦時には基本的に個々の兵士が兵糧を携帯するのが慣わしであったが、実際には大量の兵糧携帯が行軍の邪魔になることから数日分の持参が限界であった。
- Although it was a standard custom for each soldier to carry their own provisions, they were limited to carrying enough for only a few days since it was not practical to hinder the march by having them carry large loads.
- この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
- 表現を変更しました。
- 一部は彰義隊を結成し上野寛永寺に立て籠もったが、5月15日長州藩の大村益次郎率いる諸藩連合軍により、わずか1日で鎮圧される(上野戦争参照)。
- They formed troops known as Shogitai, and entrenched themselves in Ueno Kanei-ji Temple in Edo, but were suppressed within a day, on May 15, by the armed force comprised of several clans and led by Masujiro OMURA (Ueno War).
- 湯沐邑の用例として最も古い時代を参照するものとしては、平安時代に作られた『新撰姓氏録』に、「諸国に多治部を定めて皇子の湯沐邑にした」とある。
- The oldest reference to an example of Tomokuyu was in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility) composed in the Heian period, saying 'Tajibe (people who are privately owned by the Emperor and in charge of education for the Prince) was set in various districts to be Prince's Tomokuyu.'
- 交野家(かたのけ)は桓武平氏高棟王流で、西洞院時慶(従二位・参議)(1552年 - 1640年)の末子交野時貞(大膳大夫)を祖とする堂上家。
- The Katano family, which claimed to be descended from Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) TAIRA no Takamune-o line, belonged to the Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks); the founder of the family was Tokisada KATANO (Daizen no daibu, or Master of the Palace Table), who was the last son of Tokiyoshi NISHINOTOIN (Junii Sangi, or Junior Second Rank, Councilor) (1552 - 1640).
- しかしこれも身分表象としての二本差し帯刀の規制による象徴的なものに留まり(脇差参照)、農村に蓄えられた膨大な武器を消滅させるには至らなかった。
- This was no more than a symbolic policy of control over wearing two swords which represents the status (see wakizashi), and fell short of eradicating the great deal of weapons stored in the rural villages.
- 特に、家康がその武勇を恐れていた立花宗茂が関ヶ原の本戦に参加できなかったということは、家康にとっては幸運であり、西軍にとっては不運でもあった。
- The lack of participation by Muneshige TACHIBANA at Sekigahara was especially lucky for Ieyasu and unlucky for the West squad because Ieyasu feared Muneshige's gallantry in action.
- しかしこれは、代替わりに石清水八幡宮・賀茂神社へ社参するという慣例に反するものであり、園城寺・興福寺などは一斉に清盛へ反抗の姿勢を見せ始めた。
- But this was against tradition, which was to visit Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine and Kamo-jinja Shrine upon a change in emperor, leading to the Onjo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple simultaneously starting to oppose Kiyomori.
- 平城宮の朱雀門は1997年、考古学的研究と奈良県下の寺社に残る門を参考にして、五間三戸の二重門がかつての位置に等寸復元されている(平城宮跡)。
- Suzakumon Gate of the Heijo-Kyu Palace was restored in 1997 with a two-story structure, double roofs and a life-sized goken sanko (a gate where three of the five spaces between its columns are used as entrances); the restorations were based on gates that remain in temples in Nara prefecture (Heijo-Kyu palace ruin) and findings in archeological studies.
- 特に伊勢参りに向かう人々が津市や松阪市を経由していく事から、彼から諸国の情報を手に入れられた事が伊勢商人の発展につながっていると見られている。
- Particularly, it is believed that the information on various areas all around Japan, which was brought by people making a pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine) because they went to Ise Shrine via Tsu City and Matsuzaka City, helped the Ise shonin develop.
- 天正6年(1578年)7月三木合戦に参戦し、羽柴秀吉軍に属していた荒木村重は、突然戦線を離脱し居城であった有岡城(伊丹城)に帰城してしまった。
- In August, Murashige ARAKI who joined the Battle of Miki belonging to the troops of Hideyoshi HASHIBA, suddenly left the front line and returned to his residential castle, Arioka-jo Castle (also called Itami-jo Castle).
- そのため、近江令、飛鳥浄御原令を制定するなど、当時の政権は、唐・朝鮮半島の統治制度を参照しながら、王土王民思想に基づく国家づくりを進めていった。
- Therefore, the government at that time promoted the national development based on Odo omin shiso (the thought that all the land and people belong to the emperor), through the establishment of Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), Asukakiyomihararyo and so on, while referring to the governing system in Tang and Korean Peninsula.
- 1919年の三・一独立運動後、内地における大正デモクラシーの影響もあって「武断政治」は融和的な「文化政治」(朝鮮総督府文化政治参照)に転換する。
- After the March First Movement in 1919, owing to the Taisho Democracy in the mainland, 'Budan seiji' was shifted to conciliatory 'Bunka seiji (cultural government)' (See Bunka seiji in Chosen Sotoku-fu).
- 良港の有無・鉱山の有無・江戸までの参勤交代の距離、商業の発達に伴う税の徴収などを総合的に判断しないと、諸藩の実際の実力は、把握できないと云える。
- It can be said that in order to understand the actual power of domains, comprehensive judgment is required based on whether there are good ports or mines, the distance of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), tax collection according to the development of commerce, and so on.
- 明治21年(1888年)5月18日の勅命により、成年に達した親王は、枢密院 (日本)の会議に班列(列席して議事に参加すること)する権利を有した。
- The Imperial order decreed on May 18th, 1888, gave imperial princes who had reached the age of majority the right to attend (and participate in) meetings of the Privy Council (Japan) as Minister-without-Portfolio.
- 「祠堂祭」に参列を許されるのは、住友家ゆかりの者と、住友直系グループの社長会「白水会」のメンバーと、白水会卒業生(元社長)だけに限定されている。
- The people who are allowed to attend 'Shido-sai' are limited to those who are related to the Sumitomo Family and members of 'Hakusui-kai,' which is a group for the presidents of direct affiliates of the Sumitomo Group and graduates of Hakusui-kai (former presidents).
- 高倉永季の子の高倉永行(位階・参議)(生年不詳 - 1416年)以降は足利将軍家の衣文道の指導にも当たり、朝廷での有職故実を山科家にも伝授した。
- From the time of Nagasue TAKAKURA's son, Nagayuki TAKAKURA (Court Rank, Councillor, date of birth unknown - 1416) onwards, the family taught Emondo to the Ashikaga shogunate, and gave instruction in the court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette to the Yamashina family.
- 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷(尊攘)運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
- The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.
- 寺社の内部では政治権力による警察権は認められず(検断不入、不入の権 (日本)または守護不入を参照)、たとえ謀反人の捜査といえども例外ではなかった。
- In the internal area of temples and shrines, the police authority of political power was not admitted (refer to the articles on Kendan Funyu [refusal of criminal investigation of the Political power], Funyu no Ken [the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property] or Shugo Funyu [another name of shugoshi funyu, privilege of excluding agents of the shugo]) even in the case of the investigation of a rebel.
- さらに島津歳久が秀吉によって一揆の黒幕とみなされ、島津義久の追討を受けて死亡したほか、一揆に家臣が参加したという理由で肥後の阿蘇惟光が斬首された。
- In addition, Toshihisa SHIMAZU was accused of being the mastermind behind the uprising by Hideyoshi and was hunted and killed by Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, and Koremitsu ASO was also decapitated as a punishment for his vassals joining the uprising.
- 特に対馬は倭寇の一大拠点と目されており、対馬守護であった宗氏に対してもこうした協力が要請され、宗氏もそれに応え日朝交易に積極的に参加をしていった。
- Since Tsushima was considered one of the most important bases of the wako pirates, the So clan, who was the governor of Tsushima Province, was requested to cooperate with the Korean Dynasty, so the So clan responded to that request and eventually began to undertake active participation in the trade between Japan and Korea.
- 極官は参議止まりであったが、西洞院家の女子の多くは後宮に勤め、歴代の当主の多くは日記を記しており、当時の公家社会の様子を知る手がかりとなっている。
- Although the highest office achieved was Sangi, many women of the Nishinotoin family worked in the kokyu (empress's residence) and many generations of the family heads left diaries, valuable records of kuge society in each generation.
- それは藤原北家嫡流でありながら、摂関は2人でその後は大体が参議、出世しても大納言がやっとで、戦国時代 (日本)に早くも断絶してしまったからである。
- Despite being direct descendants of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the family only provided two Regents - subsequent generation getting no further than Councilor or, at best, Dainagon (chief councilor of state) - and was quickly discontinued in the Warring States period (Japan).
- 古墳はともかく、陵墓や陵墓参考地の大半が宮内庁の方針により事実上の学術発掘調査不可となっている現在、和宮は墓所が発掘調査された数少ない皇族である。
- Kazunomiya is one of the rare Imperial family members whose cemetery was excavated for investigation, since currently most Imperial mausoleum studied for reference are in fact not allowed to be excavated for investigation purposes, ancient tombs also fall under the policy of the Imperial Household Agency.
- また、引茶の接待や、夜には参集した貴族に対して酒肴の接待があったことから、時代を経るにつれて仏教法会より饗応の宴としての派手さが目立つようになった。
- In later years, Kinomidokyo became an extravagant wining and dining feast rather than a Buddhist mass due to nobles gathering for hikicha service and then food and drink service at night.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると小国頼久は上杉謙信に仕え、第一次川中島の戦いでの後詰、越中国攻めでの遊軍、佐渡国征伐や関東遠征へも参加など、戦功をあげた。
- In the Sengoku period, Yorihisa OGUNI, who served Kenshin UESUGI, distinguished himself in a follow-up strike in the first battle of Kawanakajima, as reserve corps in the Ecchu attack and in punitive expeditions to Sado and Kanto.
- 古代後期から、殉教者の遺骨によって奇跡がおき、参拝した巡礼者に病気が治癒したりや歩けなかった足が動くようになったなどの事例が報告されるようになった。
- From the late ancient times, miracles involving the remains of martyrs were reported where a pilgrim who came to offer prayers was cured of his disease or a cripple was able to walk.
- 南北朝末期、花の下連歌が廃れたとき、その代わりを担った、主に北野天満宮で張行された笠着連歌もまた、参加者の身分を明かさずにおこなわれるものであった。
- When Hananomoto-renga disappeared at the end of Nanbokucho (the Southern and Northern Court Period), the Kasagi-renga (a form of renga) that came in place of it was performed mainly in Kitanotenmangu Shrine without revealing the background of participants.
- その頃、サラエヴォ事件をきっかけとして第一次世界大戦が勃発すると第二次大隈重信内閣は日英同盟に基づいてドイツに宣戦布告し、第一次世界大戦に参戦する。
- When World WarⅠ broke out following the Sarajevo Incident, the second Shigenobu OKUMA administration declared war on Germany under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and entered the war.
- なお、明治以降から終戦までの天皇制は従来の天皇制と異なるとして、絶対主義的天皇制、近代天皇制という語が用いられることもある(天皇制ファシズム参照)。
- Because the Tennosei from the Meiji period until the end of World War II was different from traditional Tennosei, it is also called Zettaishugiteki Tennosei (Absolutistic Emperor System) or Kindai Tennosei (Emperor System of Meiji) (Refer to the section of 'Emperor System and Fascism').
- 阿倍氏には『日本書紀』などでも外国への使者などに派遣される人物が多く、倉梯麻呂は家柄のみならずそれなりの見識を買われて新政権に参加した可能性が高い。
- Probably Kurahashimaro was invited to join the new administration due to his considerable wisdom rather than just for his family lineage, because many members of the Abe clan were sent to foreign countries as emissaries according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- あまつさえ、豊臣秀頼を大和郡山に転封の上、将軍家に毎年参勤、高台院を人質に江戸にさし交わすこと、さもなくば攻めほろぼすとの無理難題を突きつけている。
- In addition, he made an unreasonable demand for the transfer of Hideyori TOYOTOMI to Yamatokoriyama, annual sankin (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo), and offering Kodaiin to Edo as a hostage, intimidating to attack the family otherwise.
- 平成18年(2006年)には父・秋篠宮文仁親王の三重県訪問に同行し伊勢神宮神宮式年遷宮の行事「神宮式年遷宮御木曳行事」を視察し、自ら行事に参加した。
- In 2006, the princess accompanied her father Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito when he visited Mie Prefecture and she observed and participated in 'Okihikigyoji' (the event to carry the lumber into the reconstruction site), one of the events in Jingu Shikinen Sengu (the event to reconstruct a shrine building every 20 years) of Ise Shrine.
- 雄略天皇は草香幡梭皇女に求婚する道の途中で、志貴県主(参考:志貴県主神社)の館が鰹木を上げて皇居に似ていると何癖をつけ、布を掛けた白犬を手に入れる。
- The Emperor Yuryaku, on his way to propose to Kusaka no Hatabi no Himemiko, found a scene to cavil about at the house of Shiki no Agatanushi (Shikiagatanushi-jinja Shrine), saying that it looked like the Imperial Palace with Katsuogi (ornamental logs arranged orthogonal to the ridge of a Shinto shrine) on the top, and obtained a white dog with a cloth on it.
- 一揆(連合、同盟)は元々、心を一つにするという意味を持っており、参加者が同一の目的のもとで、相互に対等の立場に立って、強く連帯することが一揆であった。
- An uprising (combination or alliance) originally meant the unification of people, whereby the participants strongly associated with a common purpose, doing so on equal footing.
- 織田信長、織田信忠、河尻秀隆、柴田勝家、丹羽長秀、羽柴秀吉、佐久間信盛、滝川一益、佐々成政、前田利家、水野信元、(一説には明智光秀も参戦)、野々村正成
- Nobunaga ODA, Nobutada ODA, Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, Katsuie SHIBATA, Nagahide NIWA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Nobumori SAKUMA, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Narimasa SASSA, Toshiie MAEDA, Nobumoto MIZUNO (also Mitsuhide AKECHI according to a theory), and Masanari NONOMURA.
- 日本書紀に天武天皇4年(675年)1月に薬や貴重な品が朝廷に献上された記録があることから、それらを伊勢神宮に持参するために彼女らが派遣されたという説。
- The second one is based on the record in the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) that medicines and precious goods were presented to the Imperial court in February 675, so they were sent to the Ise-jingu Shrine to take those presented articles.
- 五条家(ごじょうけ)は正二位・参議・大蔵省・菅原為長(高辻為長)の子五条高長(従二位・式部省)(1210年-1285年)を祖とする堂上家の公家である。
- The Gojo family is a kuge (family of court nobles) and a toshoke (hereditary lineage of court nobles above a certain rank), whose patriarch was Takanaga GOJO (Junii - Junior Second Rank), Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies) (1210 - 1285), who was a son of Shonii (Senior Second Rank), Sangi (councilor) and Ministry of Treasury, SUGAWARA no Tamenaga (Tamenaga TAKATSUJI).
- 陵墓参考地のために詳細な調査がなされておらず不明確な点があるものの、埴輪の存在が明らかでないなどの特徴から、前方後円墳終末期のものであるとの説が強い。
- This mausoleum is generally supposed to have been constructed as one of the last keyhole-shaped mounds judging from the fact that it does not furnish Haniwa (unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs (kofun)), although no detailed investigation has been carried out because this is just a referable mausoleum.
- 日本の歌物語『伊勢物語』には、藤原温子・春澄洽子・伊勢 (歌人)・藤原高経女と共に和歌の集まりに参加する姿が描かれており、歌人としても名を残している。
- In 'Ise Monogatari' (The tales of Ise), a tale of poems of Japan, she appeared as a poet who participated in waka gathering with FUJIWARA no Onshi, HARUSUMI no Amaneiko, Ise (waka poet), the daughter of FUJIWARA no Takatsune; she left her name as a poet.
- また鎌倉時代初期以前より近衛府の中将や少将(公卿以外の殿上人であっても)は宣旨を得ずに参内に用いることができたが、公卿でないものは無文直衣を使用した。
- Also Chusho (assistant position to Konoe fu) and Shosho (assistant position to Konoe fu, one rank below to Chusho) of Konoe fu (even tenjobito (a high ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) apart from the court nobles) were allowed to wear Noshi in the Palace without receiving Senshi since early Kamakura period, those who were not court nobles wore plain Noshi without a pattern.
- しかし、米上院はバード・ヘーゲル決議を採択していたので、途上国が参加しない場合など、3項に当てはまる場合は、上院が議定書を批准しないことが決まっていた。
- However, as the U.S. Senate had adopted the Byrd-Hegel Resolution, the Senate had decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in the case where any incident which holds true with the article 3 of the resolution takes place such as absence of developing countries.
- 奉公衆の湯河氏らも応仁の乱前後から畠山氏の内乱に参戦することが増え、畠山氏の軍事動員に応じ、守護権力を支える立場へと変化していった(教興寺の戦いなど)。
- Around the Onin War, hokoshu such as the Yukawa clan increasingly joined the internal insurrection of the Hatakeyama clan and changed into a position supporting Shugo's power, accepted with the military mobilization of the Hatakeyama clan (the Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple and so on).
- 広継の嫡男川勝継氏は織田信長に従い、天正元年(1573年)、信長の命を受けた細川幽斎に従って、山城国の淀古城攻め(淀古城第二次淀古城の戦い)に参加した。
- The son and heir of Hirotsugu, Tsuguuji KAWAKATSU served Nobunaga ODA, and in 1573, fought in the attack against Yodo-kojo Castle in Yamashiro Province (the second battle at Yodo-kojo Castle) under his superior Yusai HOSOKAWA who had been ordered by Nobunaga.
- 1487年の将軍に敵対する近江守護・六角高頼攻めには尾張・若狭など畿内近辺の諸大名が従い、1492年の足利義稙の河内攻めにも多くの軍勢が馳せ参じている。
- For attacking Omi shugo (Military Commissioner of the Omi Province, Takayori ROKKAKU, who stood against the shogun, in 1487, many daimyo of the areas near Kinai (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Owari and Wakasa joined and also for the attack on Kawachi by Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in 1492, many troops joined.
- それを受けた薩摩藩軍楽隊隊員の依頼を当時薩摩藩歩兵隊長である大山弥助(後の大山巌、日本陸軍元帥)が受け、大山の愛唱歌より歌詞が採用された(前節も参照)。
- Yasuke OYAMA, who was at that time the commander of the infantry of the Satsuma Domain, (later Iwao OYAMA, who was a marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army) received the request from the squad leader of the military band of the Satsuma Domain, who acted in response to the advice, and the words were adopted from Oyama's favorite song (Also, refer to the preceding clause).
- その結果三浦居留地は廃止され、通交も大幅な制限を受けることになり、宗氏は偽使の派遣や通交権の対馬集中といった活路を模索することになる(乱の顛末節参照)。
- Consequently, the settlement in Sanpo was closed and the trade was largely restricted, which made the So clan have to seek other possibilities such as the dispatch of gishi (envoys under false names who were sent to Korea in order to evade trading restrictions imposed by Korea) and the concentration of trading rights in Tsushima in order to survive (see the section of the Aftermath of the war).
- その藤原四兄弟が737年(天平9年)に天然痘の流行で相次いで死亡すると、皇族出身の橘諸兄が下道真備(のちの吉備真備)や僧玄ボウを参画させて政権を担った。
- After the four Fujiwara brothers died one after another in 737 because of an epidemic of smallpox, TACHIBANA no Moroe, who was from the Imperial Family, assumed control of the government by making SHIMOTSUMICHI no Makibi (later KIBI no Makibi) and the monk Genbo participate in the government.
- 1882年(明治15年)3月、「在廷臣僚」として参議・伊藤博文らは、政府の命を受けてヨーロッパに渡り、ドイツ系立憲主義の理論と実際について調査を始めた。
- A councilor, Hirobumi ITO and others went to Europe as 'government officials' on orders from the government in March, 1882, and started investigating theory and practice of German constitutionalism.
- 12月9日、王政復古 (日本)が下され、従来の将軍・摂政・関白などの職が廃止され、天皇親政を基本とし、総裁・議定・参与からなる新政府の樹立が宣言された。
- On December 9, the Restoration of the Imperial Rule (Japan) was declared, revoking traditional titles including Shogun, Sessho, and Kanpaku, and the new government, based on direct rule by the emperor, consisting of Sosai (President), Gijo and Sanyo (Councilor), was declared to be established.
- 花園天皇の在位の間、鎌倉幕府と折衝し持明院統と大覚寺統から交互に天皇を出すと言う取り決めを行おうとした(文保の御和談)が失敗に終わる(両統迭立を参照)。
- During Emperor Hanazono's reign, he negotiated with the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) and tried to establish an agreement to send a successor to the Imperial throne from either party, the Jimyo-in Imperial line or the Daikaku-ji Imperial line (Bunpo no go-wadan (negotiation for reconciliation)), however it was not realized. (Please refer to the Ryoto Tetsuritsu section.)
- 相模国の武士の代表として見られていた鎌倉景政(景政)、三浦の平太郎為次にしても、おそらくは親の代からの京武者コネクションによる参加と見てもおかしくはない。
- Kagemasa KAMAKURA (Kagemasa) and Heitaro-tametsugu of Miura viewed as the representatives of the Sagami Province may have participated due to the connection they had with samurai in Kyoto from their parents' generation.
- 選ばれた舞姫は練習に明け暮れ、新嘗祭の前々日である丑の日の夜に宮中へ参上、直に、「帳台試(ちょうだいのこころみ)」と称して常寧殿にて天皇に練習を披露した。
- Selected dancers spent days practicing until the evening of the day of the Ox (one of the twelve animals of the oriental zodiac), two days before the Niiname-sai festival, where they went to the Imperial Court and made a demonstration called 'Chodai no kokoromi' in front of the Emperor at Joneiden palace.
- 明治政府は有栖川宮熾仁親王を鹿児島県逆徒征討総督(総司令官)に任じ、実質的総司令官になる参軍(副司令官)には山縣有朋陸軍中将と川村純義海軍中将を任命した。
- The Meiji government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito to Governor-General on Suppression of the rebellion of Kagoshima Prefecture (supreme commander), and appointed Lieutenant General of the Imperial Army Aritomo YAMAGATA and Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA to Sangun (seconds-in-command), which were to be the virtual supreme commanders.
- 慶應2年12月11日(1867年1月16日)、風邪気味であった孝明天皇は、宮中で執り行われた神事に医師たちが止めるのも聞かずに参加し、翌12日に発熱する。
- On January 16, 1867, Emperor Komei was not well as he had the flue, but he attended a Shinto ritual held in the Imperial Palace although his doctors stopped him from attending, on the following day (on 12th), he had a fever.
- 吉野に逃れた大覚寺統の天皇(南朝)と、足利尊氏に擁立された持明院統の天皇(北朝)の対立時代=南北朝時代となる(以後の詳細は南朝の項目を併せて参照のこと)。
- The Emperor from Daikakuji-to (the Southern Court) escaped to Yoshino and Takauji ASHIKAGA backed up the Emperor from Jimyoin-to (the Northern Court), thus giving rise to a period of conflict known as the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (refer to the section on the Southern Court for additional details).
- 鎌倉時代後期の1333年(元弘3)に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動から元弘の乱が起こると、阿蘇惟時は護良親王の令旨を受け、足利尊氏らと京都の六波羅探題攻めに参加する。
- When the anti-shogunate movement by the Emperor Godaigo developed into the Genko War in 1333, which was in the late Kamakura period, Koretoki ASO received ryoji (an order) from the Imperial Prince Morinaga and cooperated with Takauji ASHIKAGA to attack Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 簡明な叙述であり、情熱的な文章であった為に広く愛読されたが、参考史料として軍記物語なども用いているため、歴史的事実に忠実であるとは言いがたい記事も散見する。
- Concise descriptions and enthusiastic sentences were very popular, however, it used those war chronicles and so on as reference historical materials and there are some articles found, which are hard to say to be true to the historical facts.
- 当初は自発的な参勤であったが、次第に制度として定着していき、3代徳川将軍家・徳川家光の時代の寛永12年(1635年)に武家諸法度の改定によって義務付けした。
- In the beginning, daimyo's sankin-kotai was voluntary, but it gradually became established as a system, and the 1635 edition of Buke Shohatto, issued in the era of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, made it obligatory.
- この相違の背景には、血縁関係が薄い(→継体天皇参照)次代の継体天皇の即位を正当化する意図が『書紀』側にあり、武烈天皇を暴君に仕立てたとする説が一般的である。
- The general explanation behind these differences is, that Emperor Buretsu was passed off as a tyrant in 'Shoki' with the intention to justify the enthronement of the next era's Emperor, Keitai, who was only distantly related (see Emperor Keitai).
- その後河鰭家(かわばたけ)から西洞院時慶(従二位・参議)(1552年 - 1640年)が入り、更に西洞院時慶の子供からは平松家、長谷家、交野家が分かれ出る。
- Thereafter, Tokiyoshi NISHINOTOIN (Sangi (councilor) of Junii (Junior Second Rank)) (1552-1640) was adopted into the Nishinotoin family from the Kawabata family and his children founded branch families of the Hiramatsu, Hase and Katano.
- 高倉家(たかくらけ)は藤原北家である藤原長良の子孫である藤原範賢の子高倉永季(ながすえ)(位階・参議)(1338年 - 1392年)を祖とする堂上家である。
- The Takakura family, one of the families of Dojo, was established by Nagasue TAKAKURA (Court Rank, Councillor, 1338 - 1392) whose father was FUJIWARA no Norikata, a descendant of FUJIWARA no Nagayoshi of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- しかしこれらはあくまでも一般的な傾向であって(参照日本酒日本酒度)、日本酒度が高ければ、あるいは完全醗酵させれば、それだけ辛いと直結して言えるものではない。
- However, this is just a general trend (refer to the sake meter value) and it cannot be immediately concluded that the higher the sake meter value is, or more complete the fermentation is, the drier the sake is.
- そして明治17年(1884年)には大図・中図が大日本帝国陸軍参謀本部 (日本)測量部(国土地理院の前身の1つ)によって作成された「地勢図」の基本図になった。
- Furthermore, the Ino large and medium-sized maps became the basis of 'Geographic map' made by the (Japan) Survey Department, Staff Headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army (one of the predecessors of Geographical Survey Institute) in 1884.
- しかし細川高国は逆に大内義興らと気脈を通じ、永正5年(1508年)3月17日伊勢参宮と称して京都を脱出、伊賀国守護の仁木高長に身を寄せるという大事件がおきた。
- But, a serious incident occurred -- In collusion with Yoshioki OUCHI, Takakuni HOSOKAWA fled from Kyoto on April 27, 1508 on the pretext of visiting Ise Shrine and took refuge with Iga no kuni Shugo (Provincial Constable of Iga Province) Takanaga NIKI.
- なお、緊急時には政が開かれず、会議が開かれる陣座に待機していた上卿がこれを確認した後で参議・少納言が結政所にいる弁官に請印を求める結政請印という手続もあった。
- In times of emergencies, Sei were not held but an upper courtier who was waiting at the meeting would confirm this, and the Sangi (councilor) or Shonagon would ask the Benkan at the Katanashi-dokoro to attach the seal to the document and this procedure was called Katanashi shoin.
- だが、戦争の絶えて久しい平和な時代にあっては領内の海上交通を管理したり、領内巡察や参勤交代などで大名が船旅するときに船を出したりする程度の役割でしかなかった。
- However, during peacetime when war did not exist for a long time, the roles of suigun navy were only to control the marine traffic in the domain or to offer the ship when their lord patrolled their domain and took a boat trip for sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate residence in Edo).
- 香川県琴平町の金刀比羅宮が全国に約600社あるの金比羅神社(こんぴらさん)の総本宮となっており、江戸時代後期には、金刀比羅宮に詣でる金毘羅参りが盛んになった。
- Kotohira-gu Shrine in Kotohira-cho, Kagawa Prefecture is the head shrine for the 600 or so Konpira-jinja Shrines (Konpira-san) in Japan and in the late Edo period, it was popular to visit Kotohira-gu Shrine and this was called Konpira-mairi.
- が、皇學館大學教授の清水潔によれば藤原通俊や大江匡房という知識人はその存在を知り才を磨く参考にしていたという、また一条兼良も有職故実の研究に活用したとされる。
- However, according to Kiyoshi SHIMIZU, a professor of Kogakkan University, some intellectuals such as FUJIWARA no Michitoshi and OE no Masafusa referred to it in order to develop their talents, finding its existence, and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO also utilized it for research of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette).
- 徳川方に参加していた稲葉一鉄、更に横山城を攻めていた氏家卜全、安藤守就らが織田軍の増援として駆けつけ、浅井軍の無防備な側面を突くと浅井軍も右翼から崩れ始めた。
- Ittetsu INABA, who had belonged to Tokugawa side, and others such as Bokuzen UJIIE and Morinari ANDO, who had been attacking Yokoyama-jo Castle, rushed over there to reinforce Oda troops and attacked Azai's vulnerable side, which eventually made Azai troops start collapsing from its right side.
- 特に木戸孝允は征韓論を否定しておきながら、同じ海外である台湾に出兵するのは矛盾であるとして反対の態度を崩さず、4月18日参議の辞表を提出して下野してしまった。
- Among others, Takayoshi KIDO, who continued to oppose, submitted a letter of resignation on April 18 and resigned from his post as a councilor, saying that dispatching troops to Taiwan was inconsistent with rejecting Seikanron because both means sending troops to foreign countries.
- 蝦夷国は1869年に北海道 (令制)の名称で広域地方行政区画とされ、琉球国は1871年に令制国として鹿児島県に編入し、後に沖縄県とした(世界大百科事典参考)。
- Ezo province was defined as wide area local administrative division in the name of Hokkaido (Ryosei), and Ryukyu province was included in Kagoshima Prefecture as a Ryosei province in 1871 (for reference; world unagridged encyclopedia).
- また正史をまとめるに当たり、最も参考にするのは前王朝の史官が残した記録であるので、その時点で都合の悪い所が消されていたり、粉飾されていたりする場合もあり得る。
- Moreover, in compiling seishi the most common sources are the records left by the chroniclers of the preceding dynasty, and it is likely that these records were edited as they were often written in order to excise anything that reflected poorly on the dynasty and can exaggerate the dynasty's good points.
- また、6世紀前半には仏教が朝鮮半島より伝来し(日本の仏教の項を参照)、さらに遣隋使・遣唐使の派遣もあって、農業・鍛鉄・建築など多方面にわたって技術が発展した。
- In addition, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from the Korean Peninsula in the first half of the 6th century (cf. the article on Japanese Buddhism) and through dispatches of missions to Sui and Tang Dynasty China technological developments were made in many areas including agriculture, iron working, and architecture.
- そして、実際には「封建王」的存在として朝廷すら支配していた徳川将軍でさえ、将軍宣下と上洛参内の時には天皇を「王」、将軍を「覇者」とする秩序に従っていたのである。
- Moreover, Tokugawa Shogun, who existed as 'feudal king' and even controlled the Imperial Court, however, followed the order calling himself 'supreme ruler' and the Emperor 'king' when he paid a visit to the Imperial Palace.
- 参考として、通常の黄砂の場合、舞い上げられた砂塵の3割が発生地に、2割が発生地の周辺地域に、5割が日韓や太平洋などの遠方に運ばれて落下・沈着すると言われている。
- As a reference, it is said that, in an ordinary kosa, 30 percent of the dust flung up into the air falls and stays in the place where the kosa originates, 20 percent in its vicinity, and 50 percent is moved to, falls in and stays in far places like Japan, Korea and the Pacific Ocean.
- 室町幕府は洛中に根拠を置いたために、武士の居住は減少し、再び寺院などが建てられて信仰の町としての趣が取り戻し、参詣客を相手とした芸能、茶売りなどの文化で賑わう。
- Because the Muromachi bakufu was based in central Kyoto, warriors living there decreased and temples, were again constructed and the town recovered religious character and became cheerful with cultural activities targeting visitors to temples with entertainment and tea stands.
- 歌合などでは、小貴族であっても和歌の腕がよければ選ばれて光栄に浴することも出来たので、身分の低い参加者のうちには文字通り命がけの覚悟で歌を練るものもいたと言う。
- Since even minor nobles would be able to have the honor of being selected if they were skilled at waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), especially utaawase, it is said that some of the people of low birth were desperate to come up with good poems, literally for their lives.
- 日明間では、日字勘合(日字号勘合)と本字勘合があり、本字勘合(百道:本字一号~百号)を日本の遣明船が明の港(寧波)に持参し、明の所有する本字勘合底簿と照合する。
- Between Japan and the Ming dynasty, Nichiji Kango or Nichijigo Kango (a tally or a trading license with the Japanese letter of nichi [日]) and Honji Kango (a tally or a trading license with the Japanese letter of hon [本]) were used; to trade, a Honji Kango (of which there were one hundred copies: Honji Nos.1 to 100) was brought by the Japanese envoy ship to the seaport in Ming (Ningbo), and compared with the Honji Kango teibo that the Ming dynasty possessed.
- 鉄砲は高価で貴重な兵器であったため、軍役として鉄砲を用意するよう義務付けられるのはある程度大身の者であることを考慮すると、この軍役率はそのまま参考にはならない。
- This rate cannot be taken at face value because only men of significantly high rank could have been obliged to provide for military service teppo which were expensive and rare at the time.
- 各地の諸大名は、江戸藩邸や参勤交代の費用を捻出するために自藩産出の米や魚農産物を大坂に売ったため、大坂は諸大名の蔵屋敷が置かれ全国の特産品が並び、盛況を活した。
- In order to make money for maintenance of the domain residence in Edo and the cost of the alternate-year residence in Edo, feudal lords all over Japan sold their domestic products, such as rice, farm and aquatic products, in Osaka, where feudal lords built their warehouses and sales offices (kurayashiki), so local specialities were line up prosperously.
- すでに皇室の公式行事では洋式の大礼服を着用する事が義務付けられていたが、生涯を通じて洋装を拒んだ幟仁親王だけは特例として明治天皇から束帯での参加を許されていた。
- Although people were required to be in full western dress in official events at the Imperial Court at that time, Emperor Meiji allowed Imperial Prince Takahito, who refused to wear Western-style clothes throughout his life, to attend events in Sokutai (traditional Japanese formal court dress) as an exception.
- 日本の数値目標が-6%になった経緯は日米欧の非公式会合での政治的合意によるものであり、アメリカ合衆国と日本が足並みをそろえたのは、途上国の参加を促すためであった。
- Japan's numerical goal of -6% was brought in through a political agreement at a non-official meeting between Japan, America and Europe, and the agreement between America and Japan was intended for encouraging developing countries to join the conference.
- 2005年(平成17年)6月17日、大韓民国慶尚南道馬山市では、毎年6月19日を『対馬の日』とする条例が宣布され、400人以上の市民が参加し『宣布式』が催された。
- On June 17, 2005, in the city of Masan in South Gyeongsang province in the Republic of South Korea, the date of June 19 of every year was declared 'Tsushima Day' by the local government, with more than 400 citizens of Masan participating in 'the proclamation ceremony.'
- 官軍主力隊本営では3月18日、野津鎮雄少将(第1旅団長)・三好重臣少将(第2旅団長)、参謀長野津道貫大佐、高瀬征討本営の大山巌少将などによって幕僚会議が開かれた。
- On March 18, in the headquarters of the main force of the government army, those including Major General Shizuo NOZU (1st Brigadier), Major General Shigeomi MIYOSHI (2nd Brigadier), Chief of Staff, Colonel Michitsura NOZU, and Major General Iwao OYAMA from the Takase punitive headquarters held the General Staff Council.
- なお、律令制とは、律令に基づく制度を意味する用語であり、律令自体については律令の項を、律令の持つ法典としての性質などについては律令法の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- The term Ritsuryo system refers to the system based on the Ritsuryo codes; for the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo,' and for features of the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo law.'
- 新天皇は宮内庁長官らに先導され皇族を従え松の間に臨場し、参列者に向合う形で正面の席に着き、剣・璽及び国璽・御璽を侍従が新天皇の前にある机に置く短い儀式が行われた。
- The new Emperor went to the Main Hall of Matsu of the Imperial Palace accompanying other Imperial Family members, guided by the Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Agency, he then sat down in the front seat facing the audience who attended the ceremony, there was a short ceremony with the chamberlain placing a sword and Ju and the seal of state and the Imperial Seal on the desk in front of the new Emperor.
- 主従3人のやりとりのうちに飯は炊けるが、食事のさなかに逆臣方に加担する管領・山名宗全(酒井雅楽頭に相当)の奥方・栄御前が現われ、持参の菓子を鶴千代の前に差し出す。
- As they have a talk, the rice is ready to eat, but when they are having a meal, Sakae Gozen, wife of Sozen YAMANA (corresponds to Sakai Uta no Kami) who is Kanrei (shogunal deputy) and supports the rebellious retainers, comes along with sweets and offers them to Tsuruchiyo.
- 公武合体派の一橋慶喜、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、島津久光らによる参与会議が成立する。
- Then an advisory council was formed by Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, who supported Kobu gattai, Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Head of the Aizu clan), who was the Military Commissioner of Kyoto, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (former Head of the Fukui clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (former Head of the Tosa clan), Munenari DATE (former Head of the Uwajima clan) and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU.
- また、それを攻める木曽義仲軍は、由緒正しい武士ばかりか「東国武士は夫(人夫)までが弓箭にたづさいて候えば」と報告されるように、人夫までが弓箭を携えて戦闘に参加する。
- The invading army of Yoshinaka KISO supposedly consisted of samurai from noble families as well as 'even the Buyaku (laborer) of Togoku samurai had Kyusen' that even laborers served as archers when joining battle.
- この梅北一揆はもともと遅れ気味であった島津氏の文禄の役参陣をさらに遅らせてしまう結果となり、島津義弘をもってして「日本一の遅陣」と言わしめるほどの失態につながった。
- Umekita ikki caused the further delay in sending of troops from the Shimazu clan that was already late in the Bunroku Campaign, as Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, the head of the Shimazu clan, recognized it as 'the slowest dispatch of troops in the country.'
- 秀吉の遺した莫大な金銀を用いて浪人衆を全国から集めて召抱えたが、諸大名には大坂城に馳せ参じる者はなく、ただ福島正則が蔵屋敷の兵糧を接収するのを黙認するにとどまった。
- Using a great amount of gold and silver, they employed many ronin across Japan, however, no daimyo hastened to Osaka Castle to join them, and Masanori FUKUSHIMA alone connived at the requisition of army provisions from Kurayashiki-warehouses.
- 松平忠直は、大坂城一番乗りの褒賞が大坂城や新しい領地でもなく「初花肩衝」と従三位参議左近衛権中将への昇進のみであったことを不満としており、後に乱行の末改易となった。
- Tadanao MATSUDAIRA, who made the first invasion into Osaka Castle, was dissatisfied with the incensive award for his achievement, which was neither Osaka Castle nor a new territory, but only 'Hatsuhana-katatsuki' and a promotion to Jusanmi Sangi (councillor in the Junior Third Rank) Sakone gon no chujo: In later years his dissatisfaction led him to kaieki after committing misconduct.
- 大名屋敷が再建され、参勤交代のために多くの武士が滞在するようになると、彼らの生活を支えるため江戸の町は急速に復興するが、もはや外堀内の江戸の町は狭すぎる状態だった。
- The town of Edo recovered as daimyo reconstructed their residences and as an ever increasing number of samurai migrated to the city in accordance to the Sankinkotai system, the town of Edo rapidly recovered to support their needs; but in practical terms, the town of Edo could not longer be contained within its outer moat.
- その後、師家の弟や息子の代には大納言や権大納言を輩出したものの、次の世代には位こそは正二位に進む事は出来ても、役職は中納言・参議がやっとというクラスまでに低下する。
- Although during the generations of Moroie's brother and son, other members of the Matsudono family held the posts of Chief Councilor of State and Acting Chief Councilor of State, the stock of the house declined, and subsequent generations advanced no further than Deputy Chief Councilor of State and Councilor with a Senior Second Rank.
- 太平次は酒を飲みながら、「俺は左枝の家臣だ。主君は住吉に蟄居していたが帰参が叶い間もなく京に上る。俺もいずれ武士となるから一緒に江戸に行こう」と仲居のお縫を口説く。
- Taheiji, while drinking, seduces Onui, a waitress, and says, 'I am a vassal of Saeki. My lord has been confined to his home in Sumiyoshi, but is allowed to return and will go to Kyoto soon. I will become a samurai before long, so let's go to Edo together.'
- 臨時陵墓調査委員会(1935年-1944年)で審議の結果、桓武天皇や安徳天皇など埋葬地以外が陵に治定されている前例を踏まえ、その跡地を整備、陵墓参考地に指定された。
- The site of Keijuin Temple was arranged and designated as a referable mausoleum according to the discussion in the extraordinary investigation committee of the Imperial mausoleums and tombs (1935 – 1944), which followed the examples of designated mausoleums that were not located where the dead were buried, such as those of Emperor Kanmu and Emperor Antoku.
- 11月、磯城に攻め入り、八咫烏に遣いさせ弟磯城は降参したが、兄磯城が兄倉下、弟倉下とともになおも逆らったため、椎根津彦が奇策を用いてこれを破り、兄磯城を斬り殺した。
- In November, Iwarehikono mikoto invaded Shiki and Otoshiki made an offer of surrender to him by sending yatagarasu, however, Eshiki still resisted him together with Ekuraji and Otokuraji, therefore Shiinetsuhiko defeated them by uncanny operations and killed Eshiki with a sword.
- 中世に入ると、狩衣が上流貴族にまで用いられはじめたため、烏帽子直衣は衰退、烏帽子直衣は院の御所に、太上天皇の許しを受けた者が参入する時に使用することが普通になった。
- In the Medieval period, Kariginu was worn by upper class court nobles, the formal headwear for court nobles and the Noshi became unpopular and it was commonly worn by people who had permission from a retired emperor to enter the retired emperor's Imperial Palace.
- 日本における黄砂濃度の最高値は、黄砂以外も含む浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の参考値ではあるが、2002年に0.79mg/m3(790µg/m3)という値が観測されている。
- The maximum kosa density ever observed in Japan was 0.79 mg per cubic meter (790µg per cubic meter) in 2002, although the value is to be used only as a reference, because it actually is a density value of suspended particulate matter (SPM) including kosa.
- 1867年から横浜市の大田陣屋で幕府伝習隊の教練をしていたフランス軍事顧問団から副隊長ジュール・ブリュネ砲兵大尉ら約10人がフランス軍籍を脱走して蝦夷政権に参加した。
- About ten soldiers including Assistant Chief Jules Brunet, Captain of Artillery Unit, deserted French Military Advisory Team which was giving a military drill to Bakufu Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) at Ota Jinya (regional government office) in Yokohama City from 1867, and abandoned the French national army to join the Ezo Government.
- 参詣の途中、山中にて激しい雷雨に遭い、気を失うほど疲労してしまい、供をしている者が後宇多天皇に輿に乗られるように勧めたが、高野山に到着するまで輿に乗らなかったという。
- It is said there was a heavy thunder storm on the way to the mountain, the Emperor was exhausted and he almost fainted, although his aides who were with him, asked the Emperor to get on the palanquin, he refused and kept on walking until he got to the Mt. Koya.
- 天皇の来学に先立ち、京大吉田(本部)キャンパスでは、2,000人にのぼる学生・教職員などが正門近くの本部(時計台)前広場(画像参照)に見物(あるいは歓迎)に押しかけた。
- At Kyoto University Yoshida (headquarter) campus, two thousand students/school personnel gathered, before the arrival of the Emperor, at an open space in front of the university headquarter building (clock tower) (refer to the picture) in order to see (or welcome) the Emperor.
- 宇喜多直家は当初は毛利氏の傘下として行動し、織田よりであった主君の浦上宗景を追放し下剋上を果たしていたが、織田氏と秀吉の力を知ると毛利氏を見限り秀吉に降参を申し入れた。
- At first, Naoie UKITA acted under the dominance of the Mori clan and climbed up the ranks after driving out Munekage URAGAMI, who was his lord but was more on Oda's side, but once he found out how powerful the Oda clan and Hideyoshi were, he gave up on the Mori clan and offered to surrender to Hideyoshi.
- が、治承・寿永の乱に嫡流であった多田行綱が源頼朝に疎まれ多田荘の所領を没収されると衰退し、以後一族の動向を伝える史料は断片的なものとなっている(多田源氏の項目も参照)。
- However, the lineage went into decline when Yukitsuna TADA, who belonged to the clan's lineage of the eldest son, was shunned and deprived of the real estate in Tada during the Jisho-Juei War by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter the historical materials making mention of what happened to the clan became fragmentary (see the article of 'Tada-Genji').
- この戦いで、美濃国で行われた関ヶ原での決戦に秀忠軍を遅参させることに成功したが、肝心の関ヶ原では西軍の敗北に終わり、西軍に与した昌幸と信繁は戦後処理で死罪を命じられた。
- In this battle, Masayuki succeeded to cause Hidetada's army to be late for the Battle of Sekigahara in Mino Province, but in the battle of Sekigahara itself, the West Camp was defeated, and Masayuki and Nobushige who were on the Western Camp's side were sentenced to death.
- また、帰洛した勅使両名及び院使・清閑寺熈定の3人を、事件後将軍へ何の取り成しもせずに傍観し、浅野長矩及び浅野家を見殺しにしたのはけしからんとして参内禁止の処分を行った。
- The Emperor also ordered two Imperial envoys who returned from Kyoto, and the messenger sent from retired emperor, Hirosada SEIKANJI to not be allowed to enter the Imperial Palace, since they did not act in the mediation towards the Shogun, and stood and watched the situation when Naganori ASANO and his family had to kill themselves.
- この時の強訴については、藤原道長の『御堂関白記』同年7月12日条に「寺侍法師等、只今来申云、大衆参上木幡山大谷云所、二千許参着云々」という記述が対応すると考えられている。
- The article on July 12 (in the lunar calendar), 1006, in 'Mido Kanpakuki' (FUJIWARA no Michinaga's diary), which goes, 'They said monk-soldiers have just come and made an appeal, and that about 2000 people arrived at the place called Kohatayama Otani, and so forth,' is thought to have mentioned this goso.
- また『兼見卿記』元亀3年(1572年)12月22日の記述よると、'明智見廻の為、坂本に下向、杉原十帖、包丁刀一、持参了、城中天守作事以下悉く披見也、驚目了'とされている。
- Also, according to the description of 'Kanemi-kyo Ki' (The Diary of Kanemi YOSHIDA) on February 4, 1573, there is a description that '明智見廻の為、坂本に下向、杉原十帖、包丁刀一、持参了、城中天守作事以下悉く披見也、驚目了.'
- ただしこの条文は自動参戦規定との矛盾を抱えていたため、実質的な効力は期待できなかったが、これは日本、イギリス、ロシアの3国を強く警戒するアメリカの希望によるものであった。
- This provision was contradictory to the provision for automatic participation in the war so that there was no expectation of its substantial effect, but it was added at the request of the US which was increasing its vigilance against the three countries: Japan, Britain and Russia.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 679年(天武8年)の吉野の盟約に参加した諸皇子に名を連ねていないこと、また『新撰姓氏録』に「浄広壱」とあることから、大宝律令成立直前に30歳前後で早世したと推定される。
- Because he was not included in the princes who participated in the Yoshino Pact in 679, and the rank of 'joko ichi' (the first rank of joi yoshina, four rank of joi, which corresponds to Shoshiinoge, Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade in ranks for Shoo and shoshin, vassal of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) appears in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility), it is likely that he had died right before the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was established, at the age of around 30.
- しかし、寛永11年(1634年)に後水尾天皇の命で同族の五条家から高辻遂長(かつなが)(正三位・参議・大蔵省)(1600年-1643年)を家督養子として家名が再興される。
- However, by the order of Emperor Gomizunoo in 1634, Katsunaga TAKATSUJI (Shosanmi - Senior Third Rank), Sangi, Okurasho (Minister of Treasury) (1600 - 1643) was adopted as the heir from the Gojo family, which belonged to the same family, and the family name was revived.
- この結果、寛永年間以後は摂関政治の時代ですら建前上決定に参与出来なかった朝議を摂政・関白が主宰し、清華家以下の公家は大臣であっても参加権・発言権が剥奪されるようになった。
- As a result, after the Kan-ei period the regent and chief advisor to the Emperor presided over the Imperial Court's decision that the regent and chief advisor to the Emperor were, as a general rule, not able to participate, even in the period of the Sekkan (regent to the Emperor) government; thus any court noble who was from the Seiga Family or another family of lower position would be deprived of the rights of participation and speaking, even if the court noble was a minister.
- 熾仁親王の薨去後、大山巌・山県有朋・西郷従道などが親王の銅像を建立することを提唱し、陸海軍人や一般から資金を募り東京・三宅坂の参謀本部の正門前に親王の騎馬像が建立された。
- After Imperial Prince taruhito passed away, Iwao Oyama, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Tsugumichi SAIGO suggested to build a statue of him, they collected the donations from soldiers, sailors, and ordinary people, the Prince's statue on horseback was built in front of the main gate of the staff office in Miyakezaka, Tokyo.
- 為房卿記(ためふさきょうき)は、後三条・白河・堀河・鳥羽天皇に蔵人・蔵人頭として仕え、大蔵卿・参議として活躍した藤原為房の日記で、「大記」「大御記」「大府記」とも呼ばれる。
- Tamefusa-kyo Ki, also called 'Daiki,' 'Daigyoki' and 'Daifuki,' is a diary written by FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, who served as Kurodo (chamberlain) and Kurodo no to (head chamberlain) and was active as Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) and Sangi (councilor) for Emperors Gosanjo, Shirakawa, Horikawa and Toba.
- 1910年代前半より、各旧制大学・旧制高等学校・旧制専門学校などでは社会科学研究会(社研)が組織され、1924年9月には49校の社研が参加する学生連合会(学連)が発足した。
- From the first half of the 1910s, Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai (Society for the Study of Social Science), or Shaken, has been organized in universities, high schools, vocational schools and so forth under the old system of education, and Gakusei Rengokai (Federation of Students), or Gakuren, in which Shaken from 49 schools participated, was inaugurated in September 1924.
- 「一色」など一色田に由来する地名は日本各地に残されており(一色を参照)、守護大名として知られる一色氏も元は三河国吉良荘一色(現在の愛知県幡豆郡一色町)を拠点とした一族である。
- There are various Japanese place names with 'Isshiki' derived from Isshikiden (refer to Isshiki) and the Isshiki clan known as a Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) originally came from a family based in Mikawa Province, Kira no sho Isshiki (present Isshiki Town, Hazu County, Aichi Prefecture).
- 大内義興の軍には、直臣である問田弘胤や陶興房の他、後に中国地方で敵味方に分かれ抗争する国人領主である尼子経久、吉川国経、毛利興元(毛利元就の兄)、吉見頼興などが参加していた。
- Takamori TOIDA and Okifusa SUE who were great vassals of Yoshioki OUCHI, Tsunehisa AMAGO, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) who later opposed in Chugoku region, Kunitsune KIKKAWA, Okimoto MORI (elder brother of Motonari MORI), Yorioki YOSHIMI and others had joined the forces of OUCHI Yoshioki.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- 舞姫の参入の由を聞いて天皇は直衣指貫に沓をはき、清涼殿東庇北の階下から、承香殿西南隅に仮に架けた長橋、承香殿南簀子、同馬道后町廊、常寧殿馬道その他の順路を経て大師の局に入る。
- Upon hearing of the arrival of the dancers, the Emperor, wearing noshi sashinuki (a court nobles informal costume) and kutsu (footwear) started from the northern lower level of the Seiryoden palace's east eaves and went to the daishi no tsubone (a room for daishi) via nagahashi, which was temporarily set at the southwest corner of Shokoden palace, minami-sunoko of Shokoden palace, medo kisakimachi no ro of Shokoden palace and medo of Joneiden palace.
- 3月26日、黒田参軍は別働第1旅団を左翼、別働第2旅団を中央、警視隊を右翼に配し、艦砲射撃の援護のもと三方から小川方面の薩軍を攻撃し、激戦の末、薩軍を撃退して小川を占領した。
- On March 26, Sangun Kuroda deployed the detached 1st brigade in the left flank, the detached 2nd brigade in the center, and the Keishi-tai troop in the right flank, and attacked the Satsuma army in the Kogawa area from the three directions under cover of naval bombardment and seized Kogawa by driving back the Satsuma army after a fierce battle.
- ドイツ帝国に宣戦布告したことにより、日清戦争後の三国干渉によってドイツが中国から得た膠州湾租借地、19世紀にスペインから得た南洋諸島を、日本は参戦後瞬く間に攻略して占領した。
- By declaring war against the German Empire, Japan, in no time after its entrance into war, captured and occupied the leased territory of Jiaozhou which Germany had gained from China in the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War, and the South Sea Islands which had been gained from Spain in the 19th century.
- 日本書紀皇極天皇三年(644年)3月の項に、軽皇子が朝参しなかった時、その宮に侍泊した中臣鎌子に寵妃阿倍氏をつかわして世話をさせたとあり、寵妃阿倍氏は小足媛と考えられている。
- There is a description in the section of March, 644 of Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), which is the Prince Karu made his favorite mistress, of the Abe clan to look after NAKATOMI no Kamako, who stayed the palace when the Prince Karu did not go to the Imperial Court; it is believed that this favorite mistress, of the Abe clan was Otarashihime.
- もうすでに…式神一人、内裏へ参れ」と言う声が聞こえ、目にみえないものが晴明の家の戸を開けて出てきて一行を目撃し「たったいま当の天皇が家の前を通り過ぎていきました」と答えたと。
- A shikigami (a type of spirit) has already come to the palace', whereupon something invisible opened the door, left the room, looked at the group and said, 'The Emperor has just walked past the front of the house.'
- この一揆には田尻但馬、伊集院元巣、桂忠詮、東郷甚右衛門といった島津家臣が参加し、それぞれの手勢に農民や町人が加わった反乱軍の人数は七百人であったとも二千人であったともいわれる。
- Other vassals of the Shimazu clan, such as Tashima TAJIRI, Genso IJUIN, Tadanori KATSURA, and Jinuemon TOGO and their followers also joined the uprising, and the number of the rebel group was said to have been 700, while a different source records 2,000, which included peasants and townsmen.
- 『隋書』「」で記述される607年に俀國王多利思比孤から派遣された遣隋使の使者が持参した隋への国書では、俀國王(倭国王)の表記を用いず、「」(日出ずるところの天子)と記している。
- The 'Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty)' states that Tarishihiko, the King of Wakoku, signed his name as the Emperor of the land where the sun rises, not the King of Wakoku, on the sovereign's message carried by a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China dispatched by him in 607.
- 1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
- In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.
- 文化財保護法による国宝の指定対象となるものは有形文化財であり、具体的には建造物、絵画、彫刻、工芸品、書跡、典籍、古文書、考古資料、歴史資料である(同法第2条第1項第1号参照)。
- The items that can be designated national treasures as specified in the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties are any items considered tangible cultural assets; specifically, they are broken down into the following categories: buildings, paintings, sculptures, crafts, calligraphy work, books, ancient documents, archaeological materials, and historical materials (for more information, see the first part of item one under Article 2 of the abovementioned law).
- またこれとは別に、北海道が三県一局時代函館県・三県一局時代札幌県・三県一局時代根室県に分割されていた時期がある(明治15~19年(1882~1886年)、三県一局時代を参照)。
- Separately, Hokkaido was once divided into Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture during the period called sanken-ikkyoku era (1882 - 1886, refer to sanken-ikkyoku era).
- この時期には安倍兄雄(?-808、御主人の玄孫、平城天皇時代の参議)、安倍安仁(793-859、引田臣系傍流、仁明天皇時代の大納言・近衛大将)という二人の有力高官を出している。
- During these years, there were two influential high officers from the Abe clan: ABE no Anio (?-808), who was the great-great-grandson of Miushi and served as Sangi (councilor) for Emperor Heijo; and ABE no Yasuhito (793-859), who was a member of a branch family of HIKITA no omi and served as Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) for Emperor Ninmyo.
- このダムは鉱毒対策を目的の中に入れていなかったが、参議院議員近藤英一郎(当時)が商工委員会で質問を行った結果、このダムについては「水質保全に特に留意」することとされた経緯がある。
- This dam had not been for controlling mining pollution, however, after Eiichiro KONDO, a member of the House of Councilors (at that time) enquired at the committee of commerce and industry, it was concluded that 'it is especially important to keep water quality of this dam.'
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- その後の南北朝の戦いでは、正平 (日本)3年/貞和4年(1348年)の四條畷の戦いで、道誉は二千余騎を率いて参じ、楠正行軍を撃退するが、その後の戦いで次男の佐々木秀宗が討たれる。
- After that, as for the battle between the North and South Courts, in 1348, Doyo participated in the battle of Shijonawate it with more than 2,000 horsemen to defeat Masayuki KUSUNOKI's army, but in the battle thereafter Doyo's second son Hidemune SASAKI was killed.
- 後醍醐天皇の『建武年中行事』や祖父二条良基の『年中行事歌合』などを参考にして元旦の四方拝から大晦日の追儺までの宮中行事100余を月の順序で記し、起源・由来・内容・特色などを記した。
- With reference to 'Kenmu nenchugyoji' (Annual Ceremonies of the Kenmu Era) written by Emperor Godaigo and 'Nenchu gyoji uta awase' (Annual Court Ceremonies Poetry competitions) written by Kaneyoshi's grandfather Yoshimoto NIJO, and so forth, the book contains some 100 imperial court functions from shihohai (ceremony called worship of the four quarters) on New Year's Day to tsuina (ceremony called to drive out evil spirits) on New Year's Eve in monthly order with the origin, source, details, and features.
- また、出兵に参加した大名たちによって連れてこられた朝鮮人儒学者との学問や書画文芸での交流、そして陶工が大陸式の磁器の製法、瓦の装飾などを伝えたことで日本の文化に新たな一面を加えた。
- New aspects were added to Japanese culture by intercommunion in scholarship and calligraphy and painting as well as creative writing with Korean Confucians who were brought to Japan by daimyo who took part in dispatch to Korea and transmission by potters of manufacturing process of continental ceramics and the decoration of roof tiles.
- 同年9月に開かれた被告2名の初公判では、被告側の弁護人として11名の弁護士(この中には先述の佐伯千仭が含まれている)のほか、田畑茂二郎ら3名の法学部教官が特別弁護人として参加した。
- At the first court hearing of the two defendants held in September of that year, 11 lawyers participated as the defendants' lawyers (including the aforementioned Chihiro SAEKI) along with 3 other law faculty staff such as Shigejiro TAHATA as special lawyers.
- 伏見城攻めの総大将は宇喜多秀家、副将は小早川秀秋で、その他に毛利秀元、吉川広家、小西行長、島津義弘、長宗我部盛親、長束正家、鍋島勝茂などが攻城側に参加し、総勢4万人の大軍であった。
- The army, which was attacking Fushimi-jo Castle, consisted of 40,000 soldiers led by Hideie UKITA, the commander-in-chief, and Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, the adjutant general, with other members including Hidemoto MORI, Hiroie YOSHIKAWA, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, Morichika CHOSOKABE, Masaie NAGATSUKA and Katsushige NABESHIMA.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めには、上方にかわる文化的な中心地ともなり、経済活動や参勤交代を通じた江戸を中心とする人の往来は江戸から地方へ、地方から江戸へ盛んな文化の伝播をもたらした。
- From the end of the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, Edo surpassed Kamigata (This is a commonly used term referring to Kyoto and the Kansai region) as a cultural center, and the active traffic of people between Edo and the provinces due to economic activities and the sankinkotai (a system that required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year) facilitated the active transmission of culture between Edo and the provinces.
- 伊勢下向の途上、波多神社(三重県津市)に参詣したときに十市皇女が詠んだ歌として「霰降りいたも風吹き寒き夜や旗野にこよひわがひとり寝む」という歌がこの神社の伝承として伝えられている。
- On her way going down to Ise, Tochi no Himemiko visited Hata-jinja Shrine (Tsu City, Mie Prefecture) and composed a poem, 'With hail and strong wind it's a cold night, I sleep alone tonight here in Hatano,' which is handed down in this shrine as a legend.
- 長谷家(ながたにけ)は桓武平氏高棟王流で、西洞院時慶(従二位・参議)(1552年 - 1640年)の五男長谷忠康(正三位・民部大輔)(1612年 - 1669年)を祖とする堂上家。
- The Nagatani family, which claimed to be descended from the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) TAIRA no Takamune-o line, belonged to the Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks); the founder of the family was Tadayasu NAGATANI (Shosanmi Minbu taifu, or Senior Third Rank, Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) (1612 - 1669), who was the fifth son of Tokiyoshi NISHINOTOIN (Junii Sangi, or Junior Second Rank, Councilor) (1552 -1640).
- 家格は半家_(公家)、大納言となった西洞院時成(1645年 - 1724年)及び中納言となった西洞院信堅(1804年 - 1891年)を除き、歴代当主の極官は従二位・参議であった。
- The Nishinotoin family was in the rank of hange (the lowest of dojo kuge), and, besides Tokinari NISHINOTOIN (1645-1724) who became Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Nobukata NISHINOTOIN (1804-1891) who became Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), the highest office held by the hereditary family heads was Sangi (councilor) of Junii (Junior Second Rank).
- 平安時代の宇多天皇がこの称号を初めて使ったとされているが、『続日本紀』には聖武天皇が譲位して法皇と称して東大寺の大仏開眼供養に参列していたことから、その出所には若干のぶれが生じる。
- Although it is generally believed that Emperor Uda during the Heian period used this title for the first time, because 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan Continued) says that Emperor Shomu joined the ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple under the title of Hoo after his abdication of the throne, its origin is not unified.
- 太平洋戦争では1941年(昭和16年)11月6日に第14軍 (日本軍)戦闘序列に編入され、緒戦のフィリピンの戦い (1941-1942年)に参戦し、マニラ陥落後フィリピンに駐屯した。
- The Fourteenth Division (Imperial Japanese Army) was dispatched to the front lines on November 6, 1941 and fought at the beginning of the war in the Philippines (1941-1942), and stationed there after Manila fell.
- 4世紀にキリスト教が公認されると、キリスト教発祥の地であるパレスチナ、ことにキリストの生地であるベツレヘム、受難の地であるエルサレムへ、その遺構に参拝する信者が旅行するようになった。
- In the fourth century, when Christianity became official, the birthplace of Christianity, Palestine, especially, the birthplace of Jesus Christ, Bethlehem, and the site of the Passion, Jerusalem, were destinations for followers to travel and worship.
- この乱を「洞の乱」とも呼ぶのはこの内乱に参加した伊達氏家臣は勿論、一般には外部の戦国大名と認識されている蘆名氏や最上氏・相馬氏などもこの乱の当時においては洞の一員であったからである。
- The reason why this internal war was also called 'The Utsuro War,' was because those who participated, the vassals of the Date clan as well as the Ashina, Mogami and Soma clans, who were generally regarded as independent Sengoku daimyo, were members of Date's Utsuro at the time of the war.
- しかし、その藤原南家が藤原仲麻呂の乱で衰退してしまうと、石川氏も平安京遷都後亡くなった正四位上・参議、石川真守(年足の孫、馬子の7代孫)を最後に公卿は出なくなり、歴史から姿を消した。
- However, as the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan entered a terminal decline after FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's Rebellion, the Ishikawa clan also failed to produce other kugyo (court noble) succeeding ISHIKAWA no Mamori (Toshitari's grandchild and the seventh generation of Umako's grandchildren), who was Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and sangi (Councillor), died after the transfer of the capital to the Heian-kyo, and would vanish from history.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- 延宝8年(1680年)に将軍徳川家綱が継嗣のないまま死去した際に、大老酒井忠清に徳川将軍に擁立されたとする宮将軍擁立説がある(→将軍継嗣問題継嗣決定前に将軍が死去したケースを参照)。
- There is a Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) theory that says he was enthroned as a Tokugawa Shogun by Tairo (chief minister) Tadakiyo SAKAI when the 4th Shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna died without an heir in 1680 (=> see 'Problem of heir of Shogun,' a case where a shogun died before the decision of an heir).
- 東福門院(徳川和子)付きの女官で西洞院時慶(従二位・参議)(1552年〜1640年)の娘行子(石井局)の養子となった石井行豊(従二位・権中納言)(1653年〜1713年)を祖とする。
- The founder of the family was Yukitoyo IWAI (Junii Gon Chunagon, or Junior Second Rank, Provisional Vice-Councilor of State) (1653 - 1713), who was an adopted son of Gyoshi (Iwai no tsubone) who was a daughter of Tokiyoshi NISHINOTOIN (Junii Sangi, or Junior Second Rank, Councilor) (1552 - 1640) and served Tofukumonin (Kazuko TOKUGAWA) as a court lady.
- 後に、「御陵山」と呼ばれていた佐紀盾列古墳群主な古墳(現 日葉酢媛命陵)が神功皇后陵とみなされるようになり、神功皇后の神話での事績から安産祈願に霊験ありとして多くの人が参拝していた。
- Later, Sakitatenami Burial Mounds (present Hibasuhime no mikoto ryo (The mausoleum of Princess Hibasu)) which had been called 'Omihaka yama' was considered to be Mausoleum of Empress Jingu, and many people visited this place where served as wonder-working deity for a safe birth according achievements of Empress Jingu in myth.
- この事件と同じ1951年、同学会を中心に京大生が企画・開催した「綜合原爆展 (京大)」は盛況を呼び、京都市民から好意的に迎えられていた(「質問状」でも天皇の原爆展参観を要望している)。
- In 1951, the same year as this incident, students of Kyoto university with the Dogakukai in the center held 'The synthetic exhibition of the A-bomb (Kyoto University),' and it attracted many people and was favorably received by the citizens of Kyoto (in the open letter, they asked the Emperor to visit the A-bomb exhibition).
- 治承元年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷事件により後白河天皇と平清盛の関係は危機的状況となったが、この時は清盛も首謀者の藤原成親・西光の処刑と参加者の配流にとどめ、法皇自身の責任は問わなかった。
- The relation between Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Kiyomori came into crisis due to the Shikagatani Incident in 1177, but Kiyomori limited the scale of the incident to the execution of FUJIWARA no Narichika and Saiko, who were the heads conspirators, and the exile of participants, and did not put the blame on the emperor at this time.
- そのため、戦国大名家の職制では、武者奉行と同格の戦闘経験が豊富な熟練の老臣が任じられるケースが多く、直接戦闘に参加して武功を上げるよりも輸送する小荷駄を敵軍から防衛する事が求められた。
- As a preventative measure, an accomplished roshin (key retainer) with a wealth of combat experience in rank with Musha bugyo (magistrate of warriors), who was often appointed in the organization of a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) family, was given the task of protecting the transport of Konida from enemy armies rather than directly joining the battle in order to distinguish himself.
- また、672年の壬申の乱の時は長徳の弟にあたる大伴馬来田(まぐた)・大伴吹負(ふけい)兄弟が兵を率いて功績を立てており、以後、奈良時代までの政界で大納言・中納言・参議等が輩出している。
- In the Jinshin War of 672, OTOMO no Maguta and OTOMO no Fukei, who were the brothers of Nagatoko, commanded the army with distinction, after which the Otomo clan produced Dainagon (Chief Councilors of State), Chunagon (Vice Councilors of State), and Sangi (Councilors) within the political world until the Nara Period.
- 老中首座の阿部正弘(備後福山藩主)は、海防参与徳川斉昭(水戸藩主)らや、松平慶永(越前藩主、のち春嶽)・島津斉彬(薩摩藩主)ら親藩・外様大名をはじめ、庶民にいたるまで対応意見を求めた。
- Masahiro ABE, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) (the lord of Bingofukuyama domain), asked a broad range of people, including a coastal defense officer Nariakira TOKUGAWA (the lord of Mito domain), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Echizen domain), Nariakira SHIMIZU (the lord of Satsuma domain), and other various kinds of lords across the country, as well as ordinary people, about how they should respond to the situation.
- 後世の実務の参考となるよう、先例を書き留めておく必要があることから、詳細な日記を残すことも求められ、勧修寺流は「日記の家」と称されるようになり、各家当主による日記も豊富に残されている。
- As they were required to leave detailed diaries which recorded historical precedents for future reference, the Kajuji/Kanjuji ryu were called 'the family of diaries,' and a number of diaries by the heads of the various families are still in existence today.
- この時代の薩摩琵琶の歌のひとつである『蓬莱山』に現在知られるものと同じ歌詞のものが見られ、よって現在の「君が代」は、明治期に薩摩人がここから採ったものとする説が有力である(次節も参照)。
- In 'Horaisan' which is a song for Satsuma biwa (Satsuma lute) in such period, there is a song that has the same words as the present Kimigayo and therefore the view that the words of the present 'Kimigayo' was taken from this song by a person from Satsuma during the Meiji Period is prevailing (refer to the following section).
- ただし、幕府としても本来の趣旨は軍役奉仕であったため、藩財政が破綻して軍役が不可能となることは、参勤交代の趣旨を根底的に否定する事になるため、大名行列の制限を行うなどの措置を採っている。
- But because the bakufu introduced the system for military service, clans' failure to do military service owing to their financial difficulty was detrimental to the foundation of the system, which led the bakufu to take measures such as restricting daimyo-gyoretsu (daimyo's procession).
- 清岡家(きよおかけ)は江戸時代に五条為庸(正二位・大納言)(1619年 - 1677年)の次男である清岡長時(従二位・参議・式部省)(1657年 - 1718年)が起こした堂上家である。
- The Kiyooka family is a toshoke (hereditary lineage of court nobles above a certain rank) established during the Edo period by Nagatoki KIYOOKA (Junii - Junior Second Rank), Sangi (councilor), Shikibusho (Minister of Ceremonies) (1657 - 1718), who was the second son of Tameyasu GOJO (Shonii -Senior Second Rank) Dainagon (chief councilor of state) (1619 - 1677).
- 寛永6年(1629年)の紫衣事件や将軍徳川家光の乳母春日局が無官のまま参内した事件に、江戸幕府への憤りを覚えた父の後水尾天皇から突然の内親王宣下と譲位を受け、興子内親王として7歳で践祚。
- The Empress succeeded to the throne at the age of seven as Imperial Princess Okiko after suddenly receiving the title Princess by Imperial order from her father, Emperor Gomizunoo, who was angry about the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) after the Shie Incident in 1629, and another incident, Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA's educator, Kasuga no Tsubone entered the Imperial Palace without any official position.
- 花の下連歌には、飛び込みの参加も可能で、連衆のなかに、高貴な身の人、例えば源実朝の側近で、和歌の名手あった素暹法師(東入道、俗名千葉胤行)やさらには太上天皇がお忍びでまぎれることもあった。
- Hananomoto-renga permitted unannounced participation, and among renju (participants of renga), high noble people, such as Sosen hoshi (Tonyudo, his common name was Taneyuki CHIBA), who was a close associate of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo and was talented at waka, and even Emperor Daijo (Dajo) joined secretly.
- これは当時、藩主島津忠恒が進めていた藩政改革がうまく行かず、家臣団の統制すらままならなかったからであるが、島津の不参加は一時「島津謀反」の噂を引き起こし、小倉藩の監視を受ける羽目となった。
- That was because Tadatsune SHIMAZU, the lord of the domain, unable to successfully carry out the reformation of domain duties, could not control his vassals as he wished, and as a result, their nonparticipation caused a temporal rumor of 'Shimazu Rebellion' leading to a position carefully supervised by Kokura Domain.
- 熊本城の包囲が解けた4月23日、政府は参軍川村純義海軍中将を総司令官として別働第1旅団(旅団長高島鞆之助)・別働第3旅団2個大隊(田辺良顕中佐)を主力とする陸海軍混成軍を鹿児島に派遣した。
- On April 23 when the siege of Kumamoto Castle was released, the national government sent an army-and-navy-mixed troop whose main forces were composed of the detached 1st brigade (led by Commander Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA) and two battalions of the detached 3rd brigade (led by Lieutenant Colonel Yoshiaki TANABE) to Kagoshima with Sangun Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy, as the Supreme Commander.
- 5月22日、川村参軍は第4旅団1個大隊半・別働第3旅団2個中隊を右翼、別働第1旅団2個大隊半を左翼として軍艦4隻と小舟に分乗させ、艦砲で援護しながら重富に上陸させて薩軍の後方を攻撃させた。
- On May 22, Sangun KAWAMURA made one and a half battalions of the 4th brigade and two companies of the detached 3rd brigade as the right flank and two and a half battalions of the detached 1st brigade as the left flank get on board four warships and small boats, and made the troops land at Shigetomi while supporting them with bombardment from the warships and made them attack the Satsuma army in the rear.
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- 直衣での参内は天皇との私的なつながりを持つことを意味し、外戚や侍読等には優先的に許されるのが本来であったが(『禁秘抄』)、中世には基準が曖昧化して、公卿である程度年数を経たものが許された。
- Wearing Noshi meant a close relationship to the Emperor, originally Noshi was allowed for maternal relatives or a lecturer in the Imperial Household to wear, ('Kinpisho'), in the Medieval period there was no strict rules as to who were allowed to wear Noshi, most of the court nobles who held their position for a few years could wear Noshi.
- 永徳期以後、朝廷の実権を掌握した義満に対して朝政参加のために必要な官職に関する実用的な知識を伝授するとともに、官職制度を含めた朝廷の再興を期待する良基の意向が反映されていると考えられている。
- It seems that Yoshimoto hoped to restore the Imperial Court as well as its officials system by giving practical knowledge of the court officials system needed to participate in the affairs of the Imperial Court to Yoshimitsu, who held the actual power in the Imperial Court since the Eitoku era.
- 貞治6年には仁木義長も幕府に帰参し、斯波義将も許されて上洛(越中守護に復帰)、さらに讃岐国に下っていた細川頼之(清氏の従兄弟)も上洛し、将軍義詮の下に有力守護らが従う足利幕府体制が確立する。
- In 1367, Yoshinaga NIKI submitted himself to bakufu, Yoshimasa SHIBA was permitted to return to Kyoto (reappointed to shugo of Ecchu Province), Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA (a cousin of Kiyouji) who was then in Sanuki Province came to Kyoto and finally Ashikaga bakufu system under which influential shugo submitted themselves to shogun Yoshiakira was established.
- また、家遠の子、塩谷維弘は、一ノ谷の戦いに参戦し、奥州合戦にて戦死し、維弘の子、塩谷維盛とその子である塩谷維光は、共に建暦3年(1213年)5月2日の和田合戦時に討死にしたと伝えられている。
- Ieto's son Korehiro SHIONOYA joined the Battle of Ichi no tani and was killed in the Battle of Oshu, while Korehiro's son, Koremori SHIONOYA, and his son Koremitsu SHIONOYA were killed together in the Battle of WADA on May 30, 1213.
- 熊本城にいた山県参軍は品川弥二郎大書記官からの官軍苦戦の報告と大山巌少将からの薩軍が熊本に突出する虞れがあるとの報告を聞き、急遽熊本城にあった予備隊第4旅団を戦線に投入するありさまであった。
- Upon receiving a report from Yajiro SHINAGAWA, Chief Secretary, that the progress of the battle was disadvantageous to the government army and a report from Major General Iwao OYAMA that Satsuma army might storm into Kumamoto, Sangun YAMAGATA in Kumamoto Castle hastily sent the 4th brigade, which was a reserve troop stationed in Kumamoto Castle, to the battle line.
- 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)、参謀に西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
- An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 平松家(ひらまつけ)は平氏平氏高棟王流で、西洞院時慶(従二位・参議)(1552年 - 1640年)の次男平松時庸(ときつね)(従二位・中納言)(1599年 - 1654年)を祖とする堂上家。
- Belonged to the lineage of the Prince Takamune of the Taira clan, the Hiramatsu was a family of dojo kuge (nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of which the founder was Tokitsune HIRAMATSU (Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) of Junii (Junior Second Rank)) (1599-1654), the second son of Tokiyoshi NISHINOTOIN (Sangi (councilor) of Junii (Junior Second Rank)) (1552-1640).
- また輦車の宣旨(牛車の通行を禁じた内裏内郭で、輦車に乗ることを許可する宣旨で、皇族・女御・大臣などのうち特定の者に賜った)を得た公卿たちが参内したときも、春華門の前で下車するのが恒例だった。
- When court nobles who were granted Teguruma no senji (special permission given to specific people in Imperial family, consort and ministers from the Emperor to enter the imperial palace in a handcart where an ox-drawn carriage was banned) arrived at Imperial Palace, it was a practice to get off their cart at the Shunka-mon gate.
- 特に母の皇極天皇が舒明天皇の前に結婚していた高向王との間に生まれた漢王と同一人物(つまり、天武異父兄説)ではないかとする考えが有名であるが、同一史料には矛盾は見られない(詳しくは下記参照)。
- Although according to a well known theory, the Emperor Tenmu and Aya no kimi, who was the son of the Empress Kogyoku and her former husband Takamukuo, was actually the same person (therefore the Emperor Tenmu was the older maternal half-brother of the Emperor Tenchi); there are no contradictions within the historical materials (The details are as follows.)
- 1937年(昭和12年)7月に日中戦争が勃発すると、師団は西尾寿造中将司令官の第2軍 (日本軍)戦闘序列に編入され華北戦線に投入、同年11月上海派遣軍隷下上海市戦線に転じ南京攻略戦に参戦した。
- The division was incorporated into the second army (Imperial Japanese Army) under Toshizo NISHIO, who held the title of Chujo (Middle Captain) commander when the Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, and it was placed in the frontlines of the Northern China battle line before joining the Shanghai Expeditionary Army on the Shanghai City battle line in November of the same year to participate in the Battle of Nanking.
- 法度は大名、徳川家家臣を対象として、当初は13ヶ条であったが、将軍の交代とともに改訂され、3代将軍の徳川家光が参勤交代の制度や大船建造の禁などの条文を加え、19ヶ条の定型となる(「寛永令」)。
- The code was aimed at daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and the vassals of Tokugawa Family and originally had thirteen articles, but was revised on the shogun's replacement, and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third shogun, added the system of Sankin-kotai (Daimyo's biennial residence in Edo), the ban on building large ships etc. so they finalised version contained nineteen articles ('Kanei rei' (Kanei code)).
- 寛永12年(1635年)の参勤交代制度のもとでは、諸大名は1年毎に江戸と自領を行き来し、妻子は人質として江戸に常住しなければならないと同時に、その旅費や江戸の滞在費を全て大名に負担させていた。
- Under the sankin-kotai system established in 1635, daimyo, in addition to residing in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, leaving their own families in Edo permanently as hostages, had to pay their own travel costs and living costs in Edo.
- 幕府側にはそれを拒否する力は無く、安政の大獄で失脚した徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽を政事総裁職、松平容保(会津藩主)を京都守護職とするなどの人事を含む改革を余儀なくされた(文久の改革参照)。
- The bakufu side was not yet strong enough to resist that messenger, and had to accept the reformation, including personnel affairs such as appointing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who lost his standing during the Ansei purge, as a guardian of the shogun, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA as Seiji sosai shoku (roughly, director-general of political affairs), and Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan) as Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) (See Bunkyu Reform).
- 海洋博の写真を収めた書籍「海 その望ましい未来」、海洋博の記録映画『公式長編記録映画 沖縄海洋博』にも開会式・閉会式に参列した皇太子夫妻の姿が収録され現在でも図書館などで目にすることができる。
- Umi, sono-nozomashii mirai' (literally, Preferable future of Ocean), a book illustrated with photographs related to the exposition, and 'An official long record film, Okinawa Ocean Expo,' a record film of the exposition, recorded the Crown Prince and Crown Princess attending both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony, which is still kept in libraries and so on.
- その後、1508年に忠嗣の玄孫にあたる松殿忠顕が従三位に叙せられて後に正三位参議となり、その子松殿家豊が従五位上に叙された後の系譜が途絶えており、戦国時代中期には断絶したものと考えられている。
- Tadatsugu's great-great grandson, Tadaaki MATSUDONO was promoted to the Junior Third Rank in 1508, and later to the Senior Third Rank as a Councilor, and Tadaaki's son, Ietoyo MATSUDONO reached the Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade, but the genealogical record ceases thereafter, suggesting that the family was discontinued during the Warring States period.
- それに替わって、俘囚を私兵として治安維持活動の実戦に参加したことのある受領経験者やその子弟で、中央の出世コースからはずれ、受領になりうる諸大夫層からも転落した者達が、地域紛争の鎮圧に登用された。
- Instead of this, people with zuryo experience or their children, who had participated in actual fighting or security duties using the barbarians as private armies and were off the career track of the central government and fell from the class of shodaibu who could become zuryo, were recruited to suppress regional conflicts.
- たとえば、現在の日本は日本国憲法に「主権者」は日本国憲法前文に「主権は国民に在する」と、「天皇」は日本国憲法第1条に「国民統合の象徴」とあるが、実情は「立憲君主」とみなされている(日本国参照)。
- For example, in the current Constitution of Japan, it is mentioned that 'sovereign power resides with the people' in its Preamble and 'the emperor' is 'the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' in Article 1, however, it is actually regarded as 'constitutional monarch' (refer to Japanese Nation).
- 江戸時代初期の女性で、江戸幕府3代征夷大将軍・徳川家光の乳母として有名な春日局も三条西家に縁のある人物で、三条西実条と猶妹の縁組をし、公卿である三条西家の息女として御所に参内し、局号を許された。
- Kasuga no Tsubone, a woman in the early Edo period who gained notoriety as a menoto (a woman providing breastfeeding to a highborn baby) of the third-generation Shogun of the Edo shogunate, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, was also related to the Sanjonishi Family; she made an arrangement to become an adopted sister of Saneeda SANJONISHI, whereupon she served the Imperial Palace as a daughter of the Sanjonishi Family and was given the title of Tsubone.
- 特に仲麻呂は淳仁天皇を擁立すると、息子3人(藤原真先・藤原訓儒麻呂・藤原朝狩)を参議とし前代未聞の親子4人を公卿とするなど権力を独占したが、天平宝字8年(764年)藤原仲麻呂の乱により失脚した。
- Nakamaro, in particular, backed Emperor Junnin and made his three sons (FUJIWARA no Masaki, FUJIWARA no Kusumaro and FUJIWARA no Asakari) sangi (councilors of state), whereby four people of Nakamaro and his sons became nobles and seized the dominant power; however, they fell from power as a result of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's war in 764.
- また伴信友が天保8年(1837年)に著した『神社思考』では、世の一宮記に書かれている神々は全て『延喜式神名帳』に載っていると記しており、伴信友も『大日本国一宮記』系統の本を参照していたと思われる。
- Besides, 'Jinja Shiko' by Nobutomo BAN (1837) says 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho had already listed all the gods which current Ichinomiya-Ki mention', so Ban seems to have had some Ichinomiya-ki which had been copied after 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- 当時の朝廷には政権を運営する能力も体制もなく、一旦形式的に政権を返上しても、公家衆や諸藩を圧倒する勢力を有する徳川家が天皇の下の新政府に参画すれば実質的に政権を握り続けられると考えてのことである。
- As the Imperial Court at that time had no ability and system to come into power, Yoshinobu thought that the Tokugawa family could practically have control over political administration if the family, which had a power to overwhelm Kugeshu (court nobles) and domains, participated in the new government under the Emperor even if the family formally returned the power.
- ところが、大谷廟堂は諸国の門徒の参詣と寄進を集めることから、のちに留守職をめぐって覚恵の子覚如と、覚恵の異父弟唯善との間で争いとなり、覚如が辛うじて勝利して自己の家系による留守職の世襲を確立した。
- However, because Otani-byodo Mausoleum drew pilgrimages and donations from various provinces, Kakue's child Kakunyo and Kakue's younger brother by a different father, Yuizen, started to fight for the position of caretaker; resulting in the narrow victory of Kakunyo, and therefore Kakunyo established the hereditary position of caretaker based on Kakunyo's family blood.
- 翌元和5年には秀忠自身が上洛して参内し、与津子の兄弟である四辻季継・高倉嗣良を含む近臣らを配流し、与津子と所生の皇女文智女王らを宮中より追放することなどで合意した(およつ一件、お与津御寮人事件)。
- In the following year, in 1619, Hidetada came to the Palace, and the issue was resolved by sentencing some close aides including Yotsuko's brothers, Suetsugu YOTSUTSUJI and Tsuguyoshi TAKAKURA to banishment, and expelling Yotsuko and Princess Bunchi from the Imperial Palace. (The Oyotsu incident, The Oyotsu oryonin incident)
- 唯一の根本的治療である減感作療法(治療の項を参照)に関しては、以前より保険での評価が低いことが普及を妨げているひとつの原因と指摘されていながら、これについても医療行政はなんらのてだてを打っていない。
- Regarding the desensitization therapy - the only effective fundamental therapy (refer to 'Treatment'), the health service also hasn't taken any action although its low assessment by the insurance industry has been identified as a factor inhibiting the widespread use of this therapy.
- 古参ともいうべき譜代の家臣と新参の家臣や出頭人との対立、藩政改革にともなう守旧派と改革派の対立、幕末期における信条の対立など、家臣間には主導権や藩政の方向性をめぐってあらゆる派閥抗争の動機があった。
- There were all conceivable motives for factional strife, such as rivalry between a veteran elder of established lineage and a newcomer retainer or group leader, clash between conservative and progressive groups over domain government reform, conflict over credo in the last years of the Edo Period, and disagreements over domain policy and race for power between vassals.
- 退却した薩軍は都城に集結していると予測した川村参軍は6月29日、別働第1旅団を海上から垂水・高須へ、第4旅団を吉田・蒲生へ、別働第3旅団を岡原・比志島経由で蒲生へ進め、都城を両面攻撃することとした。
- Predicting that the retreated Satsuma army were concentrated in Miyakonojo, Sangun KAWAMURA decided on June 29 to advance the detached 1st brigade to Tarumizu and Takasu by sea, the 4th brigade to Yoshida and Kamo, and the detached 3rd brigade to Kamo via Okaharu and Hishijima, to attack Miyakonojo from two sides.
- 太政官は、国政の意思決定を行う最も重要な機関であり、太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣・大納言(後に中納言・参議が加わる)による議政官組織とそれを実務面で補佐する少納言・左右弁官局・外記局から構成されていた。
- The Daijokan (Council of State) was the most important decision-making organization of the government and consisted of a legislative department composed of the Daijo Daijin (Grand Minister), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), and Dainagon (the Major Counselorof the state) (later, Chinagon [vice-councilor of state] and Sangi [minister] were added), and the departments that assisted them in their work, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), the Left and Right Benkan's (Controller) Offices, and the Gekikyoku's (Secretarie) Office.
- なお、武官にあたる自衛官(いわゆる制服組)のみならず、文民(文官)にあたる内部部局の防衛参事官、書記官等(いわゆる背広組)であっても、防衛大臣その他の国務大臣を兼ねることは禁じられていると解される。
- Also, even if a candidate was a Self-Defense Official (the so-called uniform team), a civilian (civil officer), the internal Defense Counselor, or secretary (the so-called sebiro (business suit) team), it is understood that it is prohibited to be appointed concurrently as the Secretary of State for Defense and any other Minister of State.
- なお、前方後円墳の出現は、ヤマト王権の成立を表すと考えられており、前方後円墳に宮山型の特殊器台・特殊壺が採用されていることは、吉備地方の首長がヤマト王権の成立に深く参画したことの現れだとされている。
- The appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound is thought to be representing the establishment of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and adopting Miyayama type of ceremonial vessel stand and ceremonial jar in large keyhole-shaped tomb mound showed that a chief of Kibi region deeply involved in the establishment of Yamato sovereignty.
- 後水尾天皇の側近だった西洞院時直(従二位・参議)(1584年 - 1636年)は長兄、長谷家の祖長谷忠康(正三位・民部省)(1612年 - 1669年)及び交野家の祖交野時貞(大膳職)は弟に当たる。
- Tokitsune's brothers were: Tokinao NISHINOTOIN (Sangi, Junii) (1584-1636) who was a close retainer of the Emperor Gomizuno (eldest brother); Tadayasu NAGATANI (Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank)) (1612-1669), the founder of the Nagatani family (younger brother); and Tokisada KATANO (Daizenshiki (Office of the Palace Table)), the founder of the Katano family (younger brother).
- 天文 (元号)10年(1541年)、尼子晴久率いる尼子軍が毛利氏の本拠である吉田郡山城を30,000の兵で攻めたものの、毛利軍の3,000の兵と大内軍の援軍によって撃退された(吉田郡山城の戦いを参照)。
- In 1541, the Amago army under the command of Haruhisa AMAGO attacked Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle, the base of the Mori clan, with 30,000 men; however, he was repelled by the 3,000 strong Mori army with reinforcements from the Ouchi clan (See Siege of Koriyama)
- しかし、それでもまだ全く衰退したわけではなく、平安時代初期の桓武朝においても、大伴弟麻呂は初代征夷大将軍となって坂上田村麻呂と共に蝦夷を討ち、後期の803年には国道が赦されて帰京し、参議に昇進している。
- However, even in spite of these incidents, the Otomo Clan did not entirely lose its power: OTOMO no Otomaro was appointed as the first Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and sent to defeat the Emishi (natives of the North, also called the Ezo), along with SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro in the early Heian period and in late 803, Kunimichi returned to the capital with an imperial amnesty and was promoted to Sangi.
- また、開発途上国は先進国側の率先した削減や技術移転・資金援助などを求めているが、自国の削減目標設定などにおいては、累積排出量の多さ(右グラフ参照)などを指摘し「温暖化は先進国の責任」との反発を見せている。
- And developing countries ask for the reduction led by the side of developed countries, technology transfer, financing help and so on, but in the setting of reduction target of their own countries, they point out a large size of accumulated emission amounts (see the right graph), then oppose to the developed countries, saying 'developed countries are responsible for global warming.'
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- 参勤交代などの江戸幕府の公用のために行う大名行列は幕府によって人数が定められており、1万石の小大名でも50人から100人を引き連れることを義務付けられ、102万石の加賀藩では最盛期に4,000人に及んだ。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu which was carried on for public purpose of Edo bakufu such as Sankinkotai had a fixed number of attendants, so even small feudal lords with only ten thousands Goku crop yields were obligated to take fifty to one hundred attendants, and the number of Kaga domain with one million twenty thousands Goku crop yields reached four thousands attendants at its peak.
- その一方で妃の存在は、外戚としての政治参加を期待する藤原氏のような貴族にとっては障害となる制度であり、実際に藤原基経の娘藤原穏子の醍醐天皇への入内が為子内親王が妃であることを理由に阻まれたと言われている。
- On the other hand, the presence of Hi was an obstacle to nobles like Fujiwara clan who were expecting to participate in politics as a maternal relative, and actually a daughter of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, FUJIWARA no Onshi was blocked to enter into the court because the Imperial Princess Ishi was Hi.
- 大喪の礼の参列者は、国外からはイギリスのフィリップ (エディンバラ公)、アメリカ合衆国のジョージ・H・W・ブッシュ大統領、フランスのフランソワ・ミッテラン大統領等、164か国・EC、27国際機関に及んだ。
- There was a large attendance at the ceremony of Taiso no Rei, and they were from 164 countries, the European Communities, and 27 international organizations, including Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh from the United Kingdom, President George H. W. Bush from the United States of America, and President Francois Mitterrand from France.
- 播磨をようやく再び平定した秀吉は但馬国、因幡国に進出し、山名豊国らを降参させ、山名氏の反織田氏勢力と結んだ毛利氏の吉川経家を鳥取城の戦いにおいて破り、弟の豊臣秀長や宮部継潤に命じ山陰地方の征伐を進めさせた。
- After finally conquering Harima again, Hideyoshi entered into Tajima Province and Inaba Province, and reduced Toyokuni YAMANA to obedience, beat Tsuneie KIKKAWA of the Mori clan at the Battle of Tottori-jo Castle, who was part of the anti-Oda forces led by the Yamana clan, and ordered his brother Hidenaga and Keijun MIYABE to conquer the Sanin region.
- 後水尾天皇の側近だった西洞院時直(従二位・参議)(1584年 - 1636年)及び平松時庸(ときつね)(従二位・権中納言)(1599年 - 1654年)を兄とし、交野家の祖交野時貞(大膳大夫)は弟にあたる。
- Tokinao NISHINOTOIN (Junii Sangi) (1584 - 1636), who was a close retainer of Emperor Gomizunoo, and Tokitsune HIRAMATSU (Junii Gon Chunagon, or Junior Second Rank, Provisional Vice-Councilor of State) (1599 -1654) were his elder brothers; Tokisada KATANO (Daizen no daibu, or Master of the Palace Table), the founder of the Katano family, was his younger brother.
- この間に上杉勢援軍との小競り合いや更なる増援の報に接し、家康は援軍(井伊直政(一部部隊は当初より参陣)、大須賀康高、松平康重の5000)を出すと共に一時撤退を下令、これを受け徳川軍は28日に上田より撤退した。
- During this time, upon skirmishes against reinforcements of the Uesugi Army and news of additional reinforcements, Ieyasu delivered reinforcements (5000 soldiers led by Naomasa II (some troops joined the battle from the beginning), Yasutaka OSUGA, and Yasushige MATSUDAIRA) while ordering a temporary retreat, and as a result, Tokugawa's army retreated from Ueda on October 21.
- 天武天皇8年(679年)5月6日 (旧暦)、天武天皇が吉野に行幸した際、鵜野讃良皇后(後の持統天皇)も列席する中、草壁皇子・大津皇子・高市皇子・忍壁皇子・志貴皇子と共に一同結束を誓う「吉野の盟約」に参加した。
- On May 6, 679, when Emperor Tenmu visited Yoshino, he participated in the Yoshino Pact to swear the unity of Prince Kusakabe, Prince Otsu, Prince Takechi, Prince Osakabe, and Prince Shiki in the face of Empress Uno no Sarara (later Emperor Jito).
- また文久の改革では島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らの主導で出された勅命を受け松平慶永(越前松平家)、徳川慶喜(一橋徳川家)が、将軍の命令(台命・たいめい)を受け松平容保(会津松平家)が幕政に参加している。
- And during the Bunkyu Reform, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the Echizen Matsudaira family) and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) participated in the shogunate government by an Imperial order released under the leadership of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU and the court nobles in the Imperial Court who supported the idea of uniting the court and the shogunate, as did Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the Aizu-Matsudaira family) by an order from Shogun (taimei).
- これに対して三条天皇は、大納言で没した父済時に右大臣を追贈することで娍子を皇后に立てたが、立后当日も道長の妨害に遭い、儀式に参列した公卿は、弟の藤原通任以外には藤原実資・藤原隆家・藤原懐平のみの侘しさだった。
- Against this, Emperor Sanjo additionally gave the title of Udaijin to her father Naritoki, who had died as Dainagon (a chief councillor of state), and made Seishi the Empress, but on the day of the ceremony for becoming the Empress, Michinaga caused a disturbance and sadly the Court nobles who attended the ceremony, excluding her younger brother FUJIWARA no Michito, were only FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, FUJIWARA no Takaie, and FUJIWARA no Kanehira.
- しかし、16日、天台座主・覚快が罷免となり親平氏派の明雲が復帰、17日、太政大臣・藤原師長、大納言・源資賢、参議・藤原光能、大宰大弐・藤原親信、越前国守・藤原季能、大蔵卿・高階泰経、陸奥国守・藤原範季らが解官。
- However, Kakukai, who was the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism was dismissed from his post on 23rd (16th in old lunar calendar) and Myoun of the pro-Taira clan party was reassigned, and FUJIWARA no Moronaga, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), MINAMOTO no Suketaka, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, Sangi (councillor), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, Governor of Echizen Province, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, Okurakyo (Minister of the Treasury), FUJIWARA no Norisue, Governor of Mutsu Province were dismissed from their court official posts on 24th (17th in old lunar calendar).
- その頃、明治政府の参与を免ぜられて京都に引籠もっていた愛宕通旭はかつて廷臣八十八卿列参事件にも加わった事があり、「天皇の藩屏」たる公卿が薩長の下級武士によって政治の中枢から切り離されていくことに苛立ちを感じていた。
- At the same time, Michiteru OTAGI, who had been dismissed from the position of councilor to the Meiji Government and retired to Kyoto, felt irritated that, despite having participated in the demonstration held by 88 retainers of the Imperial Court and been part of 'the protective wall for the emperor', he had now been cut off from the center of politics by lower-ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu.
- また征韓論に賛成する軍人、下野した参議近衛都督の引継ぎを行わないまま帰国した法令違反で西郷を咎めるどころか、逆に西郷に対してのみ政府への復帰を働きかけている事に憤慨して、板垣・後藤に近い官僚・軍人が大量に辞職した。
- Besides, military men who agreed to the Seikanron, they didn't blame SAIGO who returned home without training the replacement of the downfall councilor, Konoe-totoku (Commander-in-Chief of the Inner Palace Guard) that was violation of law, instead, on the contrary, they encouraged only SAIGO to make a comeback to the government, and the large numbers of bureaucracies and military men who were close to ITAGAKI and GOTO were resentful at it and resigned.
- 内容は(1)摂関制度(摂政・関白)の廃止(2)(慶喜の)将軍職辞職を勅許(3)江戸幕府の廃止(4)(新たに)総裁、議定、参与の三職をおくというもので、江戸幕府の廃絶と、天皇による新政府の成立を宣言するものであった。
- It was a declaration to abolish the Edo Shogunate and to establish a new Imperial government; more specifically, (1) abolishment of sekkan-seido (a system of regents and advisors), (2) imperial consent to Yoshinobu's resignation of Shogunate, (3) abolishment of the Edo Shogunate, and (4) appointment to the posts of three new offices, namely sosai (president), gijo (official post) and sanyo (councilor).
- そして、元弘元年(1331年)の後醍醐天皇による討幕の計画・元弘の乱では幕府が事前に知るところとなり天皇は笠置山 (京都府)に逃れるが、この時真先に馳せ参じて天皇に味方したのが7代目惣領・次郎足助重範であったという。
- In the Genko War of 1331, when the attack plan of Emperor Godaigo became known by the shogunate before the fact and the Emperor then evacuated to Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture, the seventh head, Jiro Shigenori ASUKE, rushed to him first to engage him in battle.
- 大倉喜八郎や福田増兵衛といった政商、第一銀行といった大資本が朝鮮貿易に参入するようになると、対馬商人たちは経済的に脇に追いやられるようになり、本来貿易が許されないはずの開港地の外縁へと暴力的に進出していくようになる。
- As the businessmen with political ties, Kihachiro OKURA and Zohei FUKUDA, and the holders of great capital such as the Bank of Daiichi started to enter the trade with Korea, the merchants in Tsushima were expelled economically and furthermore advanced violently to the outskirts of the open ports.
- 元々は禁裏や公家の諸家に除目などの公事の参考とするために同様の本が編纂・所蔵されており、それぞれの家にあった本が互いに貸借・校合されていく過程で詳細な山科家のそれが通行して他家の本が行われなくなったと考えられている。
- Originally, similar books were edited and possessed by the Imperial Palace or each clan of court nobles to consult for political operations and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as appointment ceremonies, and it is believed that the Yamashina family's detailed version was generally used and books in other families had been no longer in use in the course of borrowing and lending, or collating of those books of each clan.
- 江戸時代後期、慶応3年(1867年)に15代征夷大将軍徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行って江戸幕府が消滅し、山岡鉄太郎の斡旋により新政府軍の大総督府参謀である西郷隆盛と徳川家陸軍総裁の勝海舟の会談で江戸城の無血開城が決定する。
- In 1867 in the late Edo period, the Edo bakufu ruined due to the Taisei Hokan conducted by the 15th Seii Taishogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, then through the mediation of Tetsutaro YAMAOKA, the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle was decided at a meeting of Takamori SAIGO, a general officer of the grand government general, and Kaishu KATSU, president of the Tokugawa family's army.
- 序列は近衛家に次ぎ、九条家、二条家、鷹司家と同格扱いであった(なお、九条家とは南北朝時代_(日本)に嫡流を巡って相論となったが、後光厳天皇によりいずれも嫡流であるとの綸旨が下された。詳細は九条家の項目を参照のこと)。
- As for the ranking, the Ichijo Family was inferior to the Konoe Family but was equal to the Kujo, Nijo and Takatsukasa families (the Ichijo Family was opposed to the Kujo Family over the legitimate blood of the family during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), so the Emperor Go-Kogen gave the imperial order that both family lines should be the legitimate blood of the family. For details, see the item on the Kujo Family).
- 執匙の高階経由は痘瘡の治療経験が乏しかったため、経験豊富な西尾兼道・久野恭(いずれも小児科医)を召集して拝診に参加させた結果、いよいよ痘瘡の疑いは強まり、17日に武家伝奏などへ天皇が痘瘡に罹ったことを正式に発表した。
- Since the physician (equivalent to doctor) in charge of daily health checks, 高階経由, did not have much experience treating smallpox, Kanemichi NISHIO and Kyo HISANO (they were both pediatricians) who had treated smallpox before, were called in to participate in the medical examination, there was more possibility that the Emperor might have smallpox, on the 17th, the Imperial Palace made an official announcement to Buketenso (an Imperial official in charge of communications between the samurai and the court) that the Emperor was infected with smallpox.
- 寛永4年(1627年)に紫衣事件、徳川家光の乳母である福(春日局)が無位無官で朝廷に参内するなど天皇の権威を失墜させる江戸幕府のおこないに耐えかねた天皇は同6年11月8日、二女の興子内親王(のちの明正天皇)に譲位した。
- Because of the incidents such as Shie Incident of 1627, and another in which Fuku (Kasuga no tsubone), the wet nurse of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, went to the Imperial Palace as a common citizen, the Emperor could not take the situation whereby he had to live with the humiliation from the Edo government, so he abdicated the throne on November 8, 1627 and passed the position to his second daughter, Imperial Princess Okiko (later called Empress Meisho).
- 4月21日、薩軍は矢部浜町の軍議で、村田新八・池上が大隊指揮長を辞め、本営附きとなって軍議に参画すること、全軍を中隊編制にすること、三州(薩摩国・大隅国・日向国)盤踞策をとること、人吉をその根拠地とすることなどを決めた。
- On April 21, the Satsuma army held a military meeting in Yabehama-cho town and decided that Shinpachi MURATA and Ikegami should should resign from the post of commander of the battalions and be attached to the headquarters to participate in military meetings, that the whole army should be organized into companies, that the army should take the strategy of controlling the three provinces of Satsuma, Osumi, and Hyuga, and that they should set their base in Hitoyoshi.
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- そのため、今日では平安時代中期以後の人が「『貞観儀式』・『延喜儀式』があったのだから、格式と同様に儀式も三代揃っていたであろう」という考えから、両儀式を参考にして『弘仁儀式』と呼ばれる架空の書物を想定したと考えられている。
- Therefore, these days, it has been accepted that people after the mid Heian period might have thought up an imaginary book called the 'Konin Gishiki' after the two Gishiki 'Jogan Gishiki' and 'Engi Gishiki' based on the idea that the ' Gishiki should have been compiled for the three generations as the Kyakushiki had been, because 'Jogan Gishiki' and 'Engi Gishiki' had already been compiled.'
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- また、乾燥地帯が発生地ということは分かっているものの、飛来する砂塵の分析結果から、発生地は砂漠のみであるとする説、砂漠以外の乾燥した地域であるとする説、その両方であるとする説の3つが唱えられている(黄砂の成分・形状参照)。
- Although it is known that kosa originates in dry zones, there are the following three theories about the area where kosa actually originates: One of them limits the area to deserts alone, based on analysis of the dust that comes flying, another attributes the area to dry areas other than deserts, and the last one says that kosa originates in both deserts and dry areas (see the section of Components and shapes of kosa).
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- いまや徹底した反共主義の持ち主であった朴は在日本朝鮮人連盟(朝連、在日本朝鮮人総聯合会の前身)への参加を避け、1946年10月に在日本大韓民国民団の前身となる在日本朝鮮居留民団を結成し、初代団長を1949年2月まで勤めた。
- Bokuretsu who came out of prison as a committed anticommunist did not join Zai Nihon Chosenjin Renmei (present-day, Chongryon or General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) but formed Zai Nihon Chosen Kyoryumindan (present-day, Mindan or Korean Residents Union in Japan) in October 1946 and presided as the first organization head until February 1949.
- その後、信長からの上洛参集要求などを拒んで対立した越前国の朝倉氏に対し、元亀元年(1570年)4月には信長が越前への侵攻を開始すると、朝倉との縁(同盟関係、主従関係とも)も深かった長政は信長から離反し、織田軍の背後を襲った。
- Later, because, in June 1570, Nobunaga started invading Echizen Province against the Azai clan of the province, who refused his demands such as gathering for going to the capital and came to have a conflict with him, Nagamasa, who had also close relationship (alliance and lord-vassal relationship) with Asakura, seceded from Nobunaga and attacked Oda troops from behind.
- 熾仁親王は慶応3年(1867年)12月、王政復古により総裁の座に就き、戊辰戦争に際して東征軍大総督を務め、1877年(明治10年)の西南戦争で征討総督となり、1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争では陸海全軍の総参謀長を務めた。
- Prince Taruhito became the President after the restoration of Imperial rule in December 1867, but he also acted as Toigun Governor-General during the Boshin War, attack commander in the Seinan War (the Southwestern (Satsuma) Rebellion in 1877), and became Chief General of the Army and Navy in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894.
- しかし実際には自身が病弱である事、重度の吃音である事、実家の母から過大な期待を寄せられている事、同寺が観光客の参観料で運営されており、僧侶よりも事務職の方が幅を利かせるなどの現実から、厭世感情からくる複雑な感情が入り乱れていた。
- However, the truth was that it was much more complicated because HAYASHI was pessimistic towards life, based on him being rather sickly with serious dysphemia, while his mother had placed extremely high hopes on him.
- 大納言久我通堅の三男・参議久我通廉によって江戸時代当初に創設されたとされるが、その他、東久世家の起源には諸説あり、通廉を通堅の子下津俸庵(下津俸庵)の子とする説や、または、祖秀は久我晴通の孫で、祖秀の孫が通廉とする説などがある。
- It is said that the family was established in the Edo period by Michiyasu KOGA, the Sangi (Director of palace affaires) and the third son of Michikata KOGA who was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), but there are several views on the origin of the Higashikuze family: some say that Michiyasu was the child of Boan SHIMOZU who was the child of Michikata and others say that Motohide was the grandchild of Harumichi KOGA and that the grandchild of Motohide was Michiyasu.
- 本著は先に挙げた先行の作者付を参考にして書かれ、『金春八左衛門書上』、そして『観世太夫書上』・『自家伝抄』の一部を重視し、『能本作者註文』・『歌謡作者考』を参照しつつ、加えて現在知られていない伝書の説も取り入れたと考えられている。
- It is thought that this book was written based on the prior sakushazuke, emphasizes parts of 'Konparu Hachizaemon Kakiage,' 'Kanze Dayu Kakiage' and 'Jika Densho,' and draws inspiration from 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' and 'Kayo Sakusha Ko' in addition to incorporating the views of the texts now unknown.
- さらに、藤原不比等が養老4年(720年)に没すると、その子である藤原四兄弟(藤原武智麻呂、藤原房前、藤原宇合、藤原麻呂)はまだ若く、議政官は当時参議の地位にあった房前のみであったため、長屋王は皇親の代表として政界の主導者となった。
- When FUJIWARA no Fuhito died in 720, his sons Fujiwara four brothers (FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, FUJIWARA no Umakai, FUJIWARA no Maro) were still young and only FUJIWARA no Maro had the position of Sangi (councilor) as Giseikan (Legislature), so Prince Nagaya became a leader of the political world as a representative of Koshin.
- また『平家物語』に安徳天皇は実は女子であったのではないかという疑念を起こさせるような記述があることをもとにして、浄瑠璃・歌舞伎の「義経千本桜」などでは、女子であったという筋立てを採用している(渡辺199082-122ページ参照)。
- Because there is a description in 'The Tale of the Heike' to imply that the Emperor Antoku could have been a woman, in the story of Yoshitsune Sen-bon Zakura (Yoshitsune's one thousand cherry trees) of Joruri and Kabuki there is a story based on the possibility that Emperor Antoku was a woman (WATANABE, 199082; please refer to page 122).
- しかしながら、皇族男子は秋篠宮文仁親王以来、40年間誕生せず、皇太子徳仁親王の第一子も内親王である敬宮愛子内親王であったことから、女性天皇や女系天皇を認めるように皇室典範を改正しようとする動きが見られていた(皇位継承問題を参照)。
- However there were no male Imperial successors born into the family since Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito, for forty years, in addition to this, the Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Naruhito's first child was the Toshinomiya Imperial Princess Aiko, there was a movement to revise the Imperial House Act to allow female Emperors or Emperors in female lineage to succeed to the Imperial Throne. (Please refer to the issue of Imperial Succession)
- しかし外山・佐阿弥・十二次郎・観世元雅越智観世など他の作者付には見られない作者が挙げられ、これらの人物については信用のおける古書を参照しているとも考えることも出来、信頼には検討を要するとは言え、傍証が得られれば重要な資料となり得る。
- However, it includes writers such as Sotoyama, Saami, Junijiro, Kanze Motomasa and Ochi Kanze who do not appear in other sakushazuke and it can be thought that details regarding these individuals is based on credible ancient texts, so although it is important to remain skeptical, this book will become a valuable resource if its content can be corroborated.
- 主な会員は、東京朝日新聞の右田寅彦、栗島狭衣、二六新聞の岡鬼太郎、岡村柿紅、時事新報の伊坂梅雪、報知新聞の鹿島桜巷、演芸通信の小出緑水、東京毎日の杉贋阿弥、人民新聞の松本当四郎などであり、毎日新聞の岡本綺堂が作者として参加している。
- Its leading members were as follows: Nobuhiko MIGITA, Kigoromo KURISHIMA in the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, Onitaro OKA, Shiko OKAMURA in the Niroku Shimbun, Baisetsu ISAKA in the Jiji Shimpo, Oko KASHIMA in the Hocchi Shimbun, Ryokusui KOIDE in the Jiji Tsushin, Ganami SUGI in the Tokyo Mainich, Toshiro MATSUMOTO in the Jinmin Shimbun and so on, and Kido OKAMOTO in the Mainichi Shimbun as a writer.
- 外国元首・弔問使節の拝礼、参列者の一斉拝礼の後、再び葬列を組んで四谷四丁目、新宿三丁目、新宿四丁目、首都高速道路首都高速4号新宿線初台出入口、中央自動車道八王子インターチェンジを経て陵所(武蔵陵墓地昭和天皇陵「武蔵野陵」)へ向かった
- A funeral procession was re-formed after prayer by heads of states, funeral envoys from other countries, and other attendants, and then they went to His Majesty's Mausoleum named the Musashino no Misasagi in the Musashino Imperial Graveyard via Yotsuya 4-chome, Shinjuku 3-chome, Shinjuku 4-chome, the Hatsudai exit of the Metropolitan Expressway No. 4 Shinjuku Route, and the Chuo Expressway Hachioji Interchange.
- 西南戦争が最終局面に入った9月19日、西郷軍では一部の将士の相談のもと、山野田・河野主一郎が西郷の救命のためであることを西郷・桐野に隠し、挙兵の意を説くためと称して、軍使となって西郷の縁戚でもある参軍川村純義海軍中将のもとに出向いた。
- On September 19 when the Seinan War entered in the final phase, after having consulted some high-level samurai and officers in Saigo's forces, YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO visited Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of Saigo, as military messengers on the pretext of making an explanation of why they took up arms, concealing the real intention of pleading for SAIGO's life from SAIGO and KIRINO.
- しかし、孝明天皇は撫恤のための薪水給与は認めていたが、通商条約や異国人の入国には強く反対しており、また岩倉具視ら多くの公家が関白の幕府寄りの姿勢を批判したため(廷臣八十八卿列参事件参照)、堀田の工作にもかかわらず勅許は得られなかった。
- However, Hotta could not get permission primarily because the Emperor Komei strongly objected to the ideas of allowing foreigners to come into Japan and concluding a commercial treaty, though he did give permission for supplying fuel and water in mercy, and also because many aristocrats including Tomomi IWAKURA criticized Kujo for his attitude towards the shogunate (see the incident that 88 high-ranking aristocrats went on a sit-in protest).
- 禁門の変の2ヶ月前である元治元年5月9日(1864年6月12日)、熾仁親王は父・幟仁親王とともに国事御用掛に任命されて朝政に参画し、親長州派の立場から京都守護職・松平容保らの幕臣たちや、久邇宮朝彦親王ら佐幕派の皇族・公卿らと対立した。
- On June 12, 1864, two months before the Kinmon Incident, Imperial Prince Taruhito and his father, Imperial Prince Takahito were appointed as officials in charge of national affairs and took part in the planning politics in the Imperial Palace, since they were supporters of the Choshu Domain, they opposed Kyoto Protection official, Katamori MATSUDAIRA's close aides and supporters of the Shogun, Kuni no Miya Imperial Prince Asahiko.
- 設立の由来については、遣唐使として唐に渡った菅原清公が、唐の昭文館・崇文館を参考にして承和 (日本)元年(834年)頃に設立したとされているが、文章博士が設置された神亀5年(728年)以後に文章生を収容する宿舎があったとする見方もある。
- As the origin of foundation, it was accepted that SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who went as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, founded the Monjoin around 834 modeled after 昭文館 and 崇文館 in Tang -- On the other hand, there was another opinion that there had been a dormitory for monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) after 728 when the Monjo hakase was founded.
- また、10月から12月にかけて公武合体派の島津久光(薩摩藩主の父)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、一橋慶喜、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)が上洛、松平容保とともに朝廷参与会議に任命され、朝廷の下での雄藩の国政参画が実現した。
- During the months from October to December (according to the old lunar calendar) the powerful lords agreeing to the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, such as Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the head of the Shimazu clan), Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (the former head of the Fukui clan), Munenari DATE (the former head of the Uwajima clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (the former head of the Tosa clan), and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI came to Kyoto one after another, and they were appointed as members of the Sanyo-kaigi with Katamori MATSUDAIRA, then the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court began in the form in which the delegates of the Shogunate speak in the Imperial Court.
- その2か月後の8月27日に即位式が行われるも、途中で泣き出して中断したために慌てて乳母(蔵人頭・藤原邦綱の娘、成子)が授乳させてやっと落ち着いたという(参議・中山忠親が、赤ん坊には儀式よりも乳の方が大切であると機転を利かせたのだという)。
- Two months later, on August 27, the enthronement ceremony was held, however the ceremony was stopped because the Emperor started crying, his nanny (Kurodo no To, FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna's daughter Nariko) gave him some milk and he finally calmed down. (It is said that Tadachika NAKAYAMA, the quick witted state councilor, remarked that it was more important for the baby to have milk than have an enthronement ceremony.)
- 成綱の兄・源有綱は源頼朝の挙兵の際に参陣していることから、成綱もまた鎌倉幕府に従ったと思われる(神奈川県厚木市の「及川村」という地名は成綱または成綱の子・及川光綱の縁かとも思われるが、古くは「及河」とも書き「おいがわ」と濁って読むのが正しい。
- Apparently, Naritsuna also followed the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) because Naritsuna's elder brother, MINAMOTO no Aritsuna, joined MINAMOTO no Yoritomo when Yoritomo rose up in arms (the place name 'OIGAWA village' in Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture, seems to have had a relationship with Naritsuna or Naritsuna's son Mitsutsuna OIKAWA, but formerly it was also written as '及河' and was properly read as 'OIGAWA' in a dull sound.
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- 専売制度の対象となったのは阿片、タバコ(参照台湾総督府専売局松山煙草工場)、樟脳、アルコール、塩及び度量衡であり、専売政策は総督府の歳入の増大以外に、これらの産業の過当競争を防ぎ、また対象品目の輸入規制を行うことで台湾内部での自給自足を実現した。
- The monopoly system applied to opium, tobacco (refer to the section of Songshan Tobacco Factory established by Taiwan Sotoku-fu Monopoly Bureau), camphor, alcohol, salt and weights and measurement, and the monopoly policy contributed to an increase of the revenue as well as the realization of self sufficiency in Taiwan by preventing excessive competition in the field of each item and controlling the imports of these items.
- 後水尾天皇の側近だった西洞院時直(従二位・参議)(1584年 - 1636年)、平松時庸(ときつね)(従二位・権中納言)(1599年 - 1654年)及び、長谷家の祖長谷忠康(正三位・民部大輔)(1612年 - 1669年)はいずれも兄に当たる。
- Tokinao NISHINOTOIN (Junii Sangi) (1584 -1636), who was a close retainer of Emperor Gomizunoo, Tokitsune HIRAMATSU (Junii Gon Chunagon, or Junior Second Rank, Provisional Vice-Councilor of State) (1599 - 1654), and Tadayasu NAGATANI (Shosanmi Minbu taifu, or Senior Third Rank, Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) (1612 -1669), who was the founder of the Nagatani family, were his brothers.
- 参謀の西郷隆盛に補佐され官軍は東海道を下って行くが、この東征の旅路も実はのどかなものであり、親王は常に輿に乗って移動し、途中の宿場で馬の遠乗りをしたり、各地の名産品に舌鼓を打ったり、花見や和歌に興じたりする様子が親王自身の日記に書き残されている。
- The Prince was supported by a staff officer, Takamori SAIGO and as the government army was advancing down the Tokaido, it was recorded in Imperial Taruhito's diary that it was a quiet country road to the east, the Prince was on the palanquin, he went on horseback, riding to far places along the way, ate many nice foods which were popular in various places, and enjoyed looking at Cherry blossoms and writing poetry.
- この時代の寄親・寄子関係は、単に戦いへの一時的な参加を頼む・頼まれるという当座の関係から、寄親が寄子に所領や扶持を与える「給人的寄子」まで幅広く、更に大名が自己の寄子である有力武士に彼ら自身の寄子に与えるための所領(寄子給)が与えられる場合もあった。
- There were a wide range of Yorioya/Yoriko relationships in those days, from a temporary relationship of asking/being asked to participate in the battle to 'kyunin (upper class retainers)-like Yoriko' to whom Yorioya gave shoryo and salary, and in addition, sometimes there were cases where daimyo gave the dominant samurai, their own Yoriko, the shoryo (yorikokyu) to be given to the dominant samurai's Yoriko in turn.
- 「美術」という日本語の単語は西洋語からの翻訳語であり、1873年(明治6年)、当時の日本政府がウィーン万国博覧会へ参加するに当たり、出品する品物の区分名称として、ドイツ語のKunstgewerbeの訳語として「美術」を採用したのが初出と言われている。
- The Japanese word 'bijutsu' is the translation of the Western word that means 'art,' and in A.D. 1873, the then Japanese government participated in the Vienna International Exhibition, and used for the first time 'bijutsu' as the translation of the German word 'Kunstgewerbe' in order to distinguish Japanese exhibits from others, they say.
- これらは分轄相続によって、個々には弱小化してしまった小領主たる武士達が、他の勢力に飲み込まれないために、協力してまとまった勢力をつくりあげ、ひとつの武士団として戦に参加し、恩賞を得ようというものであり、「白旗一揆」や「桔梗一揆」はその旗印を名前とした。
- These small feudal bushi lords that weakened individually due to divided inheritance unified together to form a force that would not be pushed down by other forces, joined the battle as one bushidan to gain reward, and names of 'Shirahata Ikki' and 'Kikyo Ikki' came from the emblem on flags.
- 公署は旧台北市役所(現在の中華民国行政院)に設置され、国民政府代表の陳儀、葛敬恩、柯遠芬、黄朝琴、游弥堅、宋斐如、李万居の他、台湾住民代表として林献堂、陳炘、林茂生、日本側代表として安藤利吉及び諫山春樹が参加し、ここに日本による台湾統治は終焉を迎えた。
- The administrative office was established in the former Taipei municipal office (today's Executive Yuan of the Republic of China) and with Yi CHEN, Jing-en GE, Yuan-fen KE, Chao-qin HUANG, Mi-jian YOU, Fei-ju SUNG and Wan-ju LI representing the National government, Xiantang LIN, Xin CHEN and Mao-sheng LIN on behalf of the residents of Taiwan and Rikichi ANDO and Haruki ISAYAMA representing Japan, the ruling of Taiwan by Japan ended.
- 朝鮮における壬午事変・甲申政変や清の戊戌の変法の失敗、長続きしなかったイランのイラン立憲革命やロシア帝国のセルゲイ・ヴィッテ改革、ピョートル・ストルイピン改革などが典型である(朝鮮の改革運動については金玉均など、清の改革については光緒帝、黄遵憲なども参照)。
- The examples of unsuccessful reforms are as follows: the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Corp in Korea; the Hundred Days' Reform in Qing; the Persian Constitutional Revolution in Iran; and the Reform of Sergei Witte and the Reform of Pyotr Stlypin in Russian empire (Regarding the movement of the reforms in Korea, refer to the article of 'Kim Ok-gyun,' and regarding the reforms in Qing, refer to the articles of 'Guangxu Emperor' and 'Huang Zunxian').
- 独身の女帝に後継者はなく、度重なる政変による粛清劇によって天武天皇の子孫たる皇族がなかったため、左大臣藤原永手、右大臣吉備真備、参議藤原宿奈麻呂、同藤原縄麻呂、同石上宅嗣、近衛府藤原蔵下麻呂らによる協議が行われ、その結果を受けて、62歳で即位することとなった。
- As the Empress was single and had no successor, and because there was no imperial family members who were descendants of Emperor Tenmu due to the repeated purges in political changes, FUJIWARA no Nagate, Minister of the Left, KIBI no Makibi, Minister of the Right, FUJIWARA no Sukunamaro, Sangi (councilor), FUJIWARA no Tadamaro, Sangi, ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu, Sangi, FUJIWARA no Kurajimaro, Division of Inner Palace Guard, and others had talks, which led to his accession to the imperial throne at the age of 62.
- ついで諮詢を受けた皇族会議でも一部の皇族たちの反発が予想されたため、政府側は、皇族会議の議員は「自己の利害に関する議事」では採決に参加できないという皇族会議令第9条の規定を利用して採決を行わずに議長(当時は伏見宮貞愛親王)の判断のみで皇族会議を通過させている。
- Next, in the consultation of the Imperial meeting, it was expected that some Imperial members would be against the regulation, the government took advantage of Imperial Meeting regulations, which stated that members of the Imperial meeting are not allowed to vote in terms of 'proceedings related to their own benefit,' and the chairman (Fushiminomiya Imperial Prince Sadanaru at that time) let the proceedings pass through the Imperial meeting without taking vote.
- 16世紀半ばにゴア州、マラッカ、マカオ等にポルトガルが拠点を築き、同国の保護下にイエズス会のアジア布教が本格化する中で、同時期に東アジア・東南アジアの各地を行き来していた日本人と、イエズス会の布教活動に参加していたスペイン人宣教師が接触する機会が生じたのである。
- In the middle of the 16th century, while Portugal created footholds in the Goa State, Malacca, Macao and other places, the Society of Jesus actively promulgated their mission in Asia under state protection, and in the same period, Japanese people coming and going among cities in the East and Southeast Asia had the opportunities to meet Spanish missionaries engaged in missionary work of the Society of Jesus.
- また1580年から1640年までスペイン王がポルトガル王を兼ねたため(ポルトガルの歴史参照)、ポルトガル・イエズス会と密接な関係にある天正遣欧使節の一行も、ポルトガルから陸路スペインに入って各地を訪問、1584年11月にはマドリードでフェリペ2世に謁見している。
- Since the King of Spain also served as the King of Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (see the History of Portugal), the Tensho era mission to Europe, which was closely related to the Society of Jesus, entered Spain by land from Portugal and visited various places, and was presented to Felipe the Second in Madrid in November 1584.
- 9月16日_(旧暦)、勅使阿野季信は小倉邸に赴き、直ちに一宮を参内させて天皇に出家の挨拶をするようにという趣旨の勅命を伝えるが小倉実起はこれを拒絶、9月17日_(旧暦)に再度訪れた阿野は一宮を連れ出そうとするも、事の異常さに気付いた一宮に感づかれて失敗に終わった。
- On October 27, imperial messenger Toshinobu ANO visited Ogura's residence, and conveyed the imperial command to the effect that Ichinomiya should immediately visit the Imperial Palace and report his entrance into priesthood to the Emperor, only to be met by an outright refusal by Saneoki OGURA; on his revisit on October 28, Ano tried to take Ichinomiya with him, but his attempt failed as the prince sensed the abnormality of the situation.
- 大江匡房が康和2年(1100年)に、安楽寺(大宰府にあった菅原道真を弔う寺)に「安楽寺に参ず」(『本朝続文粋』所収)という詩を作り、その中で「累葉廊下の末葉たり」とあることから、少なくても平安時代後期までは菅原氏代々の文章博士によって継続されていたと考えられている。
- As a couplet in a poem titled 'Anraku-ji ni sanzu' (Visited Anraku-ji Temple) (contained in 'Honcho zoku monzui' (Further Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) composed by OE no Masafusa in 1100 to Anraku-ji Temple (SUGAWARA no Michizane's mortuary temple located in Dazaifu) had it 'Ruiyo roka no matsuyo tari' (I was the last leaf in a heap of leaves in the hallway), it could be estimated that the school had been kept by generations of the Monjo hakase of the Sugawara clan and at least until the late Heian period.
- 島津家がこの泗川の戦いで明軍を撃退して味方の組織的な撤退を可能にしたこと、また直後の露梁海戦で小西軍の脱出を可能にした(その際に、朝鮮水軍大将李舜臣を討取った)という功績は五大老達から高く評価されており、島津家は文禄・慶長の役に参加した諸大名で唯一の加増に預かった。
- Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) highly regarded the fine deeds of the Shimazu family, who defeated the Ming army and permitted the systematic retreat of its allies and assisted an escape of the Konishi army in the Battle of Noryang (they killed Korean Marine General Yi Sun-sin in the process) which occurred soon after, and the Shimazu family was the only one that was awarded with the estate among various daimyo that participated in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- これらのほか、宮内庁が現在管理しているものには、分骨所・火葬塚・灰塚など陵に準じるもの、髪・歯・爪などを納めた髪歯爪塔などの一種の供養塔、被葬者を確定できないものの皇族の墓所の可能性が考えられる陵墓参考地、などがあり、一般にはこれらを総称して陵墓(りょうぼ)という。
- Apart from these graves, the Imperial Household Agency currently manages various other properties, including quasi-mausoleums (such as cinerariums, cremation mounds and ash mounds), memorial pagodas used to bury hair, teeth and nails, and potential mausoleums with unidentified owners that have the possibility of being imperial family members' graves, and all these properties are collectively called mausoleums.
- 「うぬその儘に帰りなば、一家一門たたりが行く、討手に参った某を、山門とも思わずに、穴門すったるのほうず門、身共が仁王門になればよし、いやじゃなんぞともんすが最後、おのが命を寅の門、もんもがいても、もん叶わぬ、首を渡すか腕廻すか、返答はサア、サア、・・・・南門、南門。」
- If we let you go with nothing, a curse will be placed on our family and our clan. The one who has come as a killer does not consider it as a sanmon gate (temple gate), but handles it as ana-mon (hole gate) which is a nohozu mon (sloppy gate). If midomo (I) become the Nio-mon (Nio Gate, a gate to prevent devils), it is all right. Once I refuse it, my life will be a Torano-mon gate (Tiger Gate). Mon ga mogaite-mo mon kanawanu (No matter how hard I may struggle, I cannot attain my desire). Shall I give my head or take me up? Give an answer. Come on, come on....Nan-mon (South Gate), Nan-mon.'
- また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量 (VER Verified Emissions Reduction) が民間で取引されるようになったが(カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照)これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
- Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
- Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
- また近江は、「アラ」は鉄の古語であるということと、山砂鉄による製鉄や、その他の鉱物採取を実態としていた修験道はアラハバキ信仰を取り入れ、「ハバキ」は山伏が神聖視する「脛巾」に通じ、アラハバキはやがて「お参りすると足が良くなる」という「足神」様に変容していったと述べている。
- Additionally, Omi explains that 'Ara' is an ancient word for iron and Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts), which was actually involved in iron production using mountain iron sand and collecting other minerals, incorporated Arahabaki beliefs, and 'Habaki' is related to the 'Habaki' (shin guard) which Yamabushi (a mountain priest) considers holy and therefore Arahabaki eventually transformed into a 'god of feet,' considering 'your legs get better if you worship at the shrine.'
- このため、東軍に与して会津攻めに参加していたのだが、石田三成はその田辺城を制圧するために、西軍に与した小野木重次(小野木公郷)・前田茂勝・織田信包・小出吉政・杉原長房・谷衛友・藤掛永勝・早川長政ら、丹波国・但馬国の諸大名を中心とした軍勢、1万5000人に攻撃させたのである。
- Therefore, while Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was joining the army to attack the Aizu Domain as a member of the eastern army, Mitsunari ISHIDA raised an army of 15,000 soldiers mainly consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba Province and Tajima Province, such as Shigetsugu ONOGI (Kimisato ONOGI), Shigekatsu MAEDA, Nobukane ODA, Yoshimasa KOIDE, Nagafusa SUGIHARA, Moritomo TANI, Nagakatsu FUJIKAKE and Nagamasa HAYAKAWA, all of whom were members of the western army, to attack and capture Tanabe-jo Castle.
- 同じ日、京大の学生たちは会場使用を拒否した大学への抗議行動を終えたのち、わだつみ像歓迎のデモ、および立命大で開催中の復興会議に参加するため、約100名がデモ隊列を組んで近衛通を経由して鴨川 (淀川水系)にかかる荒神橋を渡ろうとした(当時鴨川の対岸には立命大キャンパスが存在した)。
- On the same day, some students of Kyoto University had been protesting against the authorities who hadn't permitted the use of the campus till the end; after the protest finished, a group of about 100 students started marching to join the parade of Ritsumeikan University students and to participate in the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi (that day it was held at Ritsumeikan University); through Konoe-dori Street they were about to go across Kojin-bashi Bridge above the Kamo-gawa River (Yodogawa River system) toward the campus of Ritsumeikan University which was located right across the bridge.
- 崇神天皇陵に比定されている行燈山古墳(墳丘全長約242m、後円部直径約158m、後円部高さ約23m)と吉備津彦命の陵墓参考地(大吉備津彦命墓)である中山茶臼山古墳(墳丘全長約120m、後円部直径約80m、後円部高さ約12m)はサイズがほぼ2対1の相似形であることが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that Andon-yama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Andonyama) which is identified with the Mausoleum of Emperor Sujin (having a total length of about 242 m, and the rounded part having a diameter of about 158 m and height of about 23 m) is similar in shape to the referential mausoleum of Kibitsuhiko no mikoto (the Tomb of Great Kibitsuhiko no mikoto) which is called Nakayama Chausuyama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Nakayama Chausuyama) (having a total length of about 120 m and the rounded part having a diameter of about 80 m and height of about 12 m), the ratio of which is about two to one.
- この説は北東北戊辰戦争に従軍した山本八十吉の話(『大館戊辰戦史』93頁)、斬殺された仙台使節の罪状書きに「尊氏の悪例」と書かれていた(『仙台戊辰史』)ことを根拠とする(中山吉弘編著『明治維新と名参謀前山清一郎』〔東京図書出版会、2002年 ISBN 4434013491〕を参照)。
- This theory was based on the story by Yasokichi YAMAMOTO who served in the Northern Tohoku Boshin War ('History of Boshin War in Odate', page 93) and on the fact that 'bad example of Takauji' was written in the indictment document of Sendai Shisetsu (an envoy from Sendai) who was killed with a sword ('History of Boshin War in Sendai') (See 'The Meiji Restoration and The Great General Staff Seiichiro MAEYAMA' compiled by Yoshihiro NAKAYAMA, [Tokyo Tosho Shuppankai (publishing company), 2002, ISBN 4434013491]).
- これは泰時が『法曹至要抄』や明法道の目安(訴状・陳状などの法律文書)を研究していたことや、編纂に参加しているのが泰時とともに六波羅探題を務めた叔父の北条時房(幕府連署)や京都の下級官人出身者やその子弟が中心であったのも御成敗式目の法源を武家慣習法ではなく公家法に求めたからと考えられている。
- It has been believed that the reason why Yasutoki studied 'Hososhiyo-sho' (a legal book compiled by the Sakanoue clan between the end of Heian period and the early Kamakura period) as well as the criterion of Myobodo (study of Codes) (legal documents of petition, petition for objection, and so forth) and why his uncle Tokifusa HOJO, a bakufu rensho (assistant to regents in bakufu) who had worked as Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) with him and person who had come from lower-ranking government official in Kyoto and their descendents participated in the compilation were that he sought the source of law not for the common law for samurai families, but for the court noble law.
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- この年に南宋を完全征服した元は、日本との同盟や南宋への牽制の必要もなくなった(後項参照)うえ、クビライは逃げ出した水夫より使者の処刑の報を知り、特に、通常の使者よりも高位(礼部侍郎)であった杜世忠の処刑に腹を立て、日本への再度の侵攻を計画し、1280年には侵攻準備のため征東行省を設置している。
- The conquest of the Southern Sung Dynasty in that year made it unnecessary for the Yuan Dynasty to align itself with Japan or warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty (refer to the relative paragraph described below), and further, Kublai became upset by the information brought by an escaped sailor about the execution of the envoys, particularly of Shizhong DU, who held a higher position (assistant minister of rites) than usual envoys, and consequently he planned to invade Japan again and in 1280 established the Eastern Expedition Field Headquarters to prepare for the invasion.
- しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
- However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
- また、塩谷氏については、小田原の役の際、直接参陣しなかったために改易されたとする見解もあるが、義綱は、天正17年(1589年)6月29日に上洛して秀吉に恭順の意を表しており、小田原の陣では、名代として家臣の岡本正親を派遣していることから、この時に改易になったとは考え難い(『ふるさと矢板のあゆみ』)。
- One theory states that the SHIONOYA clan was ordered 'kaieki' because they did not directly join the Siege of Odawara, but Yoshitsuna went to the capital (Kyoto) on August 10, 1589 to show reverence for Hideyoshi and, in the Siege of Odawara, he sent his retainer Masachika OKAMOTO as a representative; therefore, it isn't plausible that he was ordered 'kaieki' at that time ('Furusato Yaita no Ayumi (History of Our Hometown Yaita)').
- このため、『歴名土代』とは元々は「歴名」のうち「補任」(あるいはこれを元にした『公卿補任』)などの他の記録と重複する公卿などの記述を省いて、予め四位・五位の叙位が予定されている人名を列記し、実際の叙位が行われた後に「歴名」を参考にして日付などが追記され、更に校合の過程で一部の整理がなされたと考えられている。
- Therefore, 'Ryakumyo dodai' is considered to have originally listed the names of persons who were scheduled to be conferred a court rank of Shii and Goi and added dates etc. with the help of 'Ryakumyo' after the conferment of actual court rank and also organized parts of them in the process of collating, except for the descriptions of court nobles which overlapped other records such as 'Bunin' (or Kugyobunin based on this) among 'Ryakumyo.'
- 参加者はこの他に良基の2子である二条師良・二条師嗣、猶子四辻善成、叔父今小路良冬、五条為邦、松殿忠嗣、今川貞世、吉田兼煕、冷泉為邦(為秀の子)、東坊城長綱・東坊城秀長親子、宗久、頓阿・経賢親子、安倍宗時・羽淵宗信・丹波嗣長・丹波守長・鷹司忠頼・月輪家尹・頓乗(中御門俊顕)・薀堅(武藤為用)の計23名であった。
- Other than these two persons, twenty-three participated in the event including Yoshimoto's son Moroyoshi NIJO and Morotsugu NIJO, his adopted son Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI, his uncle Yoshifuyu IMAKOJI, Tamekuni GOJO, Tadatsugu MATSUDONO, Sadayo IMAGAWA, Kanehiro YOSHIDA, Tamekuni REIZEI (Tamehide's son), Nagatsuna HIGASHIBOJO and his son Hidenaga HIGASHIBOJO, Sokyu, Tona and his son Keiken, Munetoki ABE, Munenobu HABUCHI, Tsuunaga TANBA, Morinaga TANBA, Tadayori TAKATSUKASA, Ietada TSUKINOWA, Tonjo (Toshiaki NAKAMIKADO) and Onken (Tamenori MUTO).
- 正暦2年(991年)に最初の女院となった東三条院藤原詮子の待遇を定めるについては、まったく前例がない新儀であったことと、一条天皇の生母ではあるが、皇后の経歴がないために権威において一段劣る彼女をあえて后位よりも上位に位置づける必要があったことから、上皇の待遇が参考とされ、これがその後の女院の待遇の先例となった。
- In the decision of the treatment of Higashisanjoin FUJIWARA no Senshi who became the first nyoin in 991, the treatment of Joko was taken into account to decide her treatment because it was an unprecedented procedure and it was necessary to rank her, who was the real mother of Emperor Ichijo but inferior in authority to the Empress due to lack of the career as an empress, above the Empress, and that became the precedent of the treatment of following nyoins.
- 現段階から米国が参加しても、温度上昇を 2100年までに0.15セルシウス度改善したり、2.5センチメートル の海面上昇を抑えたりする程度の効果であり「地球温暖化を 6年程度遅らせるほどの効果である」「京都議定書が保守的に守られた仮定でも効果は限定的」との指摘もあるものの、一定の成果であるといった評価がされている。
- Even if America joins now, some point out that, the temperature increase issue will improve only by 0.15 degrees Celsius by 2100, a sea surface elevation of only 2.5 centimeters will be prevented, that is, 'the effect is such that global warming is slowed by about six years,' and 'the effect is limited if Kyoto Protocol is conservatively observed;' however, the Kyoto Protocol is considered to be a valuable achievement to some extent despite the above harsh comments.
- この契約書に関しては、1966年、参議院商工委員会で鈴木一弘委員(当時)が有効性があるのかと問いただしたところ、農林省、通産省の担当者は、それぞれ、契約書に署名した水利組合理事長に独断でそのような契約を結ぶ権限があったか疑わしく、また、契約後も鉱毒被害が発生していることから、永久示談の成立には否定的な答弁を行っている。
- Regarding this composition, in 1966, the Committee of Commerce and Industry of the House of Councilors, a member (at that time) Kazuhiro SUZUKI questioned its validity, and the representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry answered that they did not think the final composition had been valid nor was valid, since it was doubtful that the chairperson of the water supply union had had the authority to make such a composition with a company and after the composition the mining pollution had been ruining them.
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
- The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).
- 地球温暖化の地球温暖化の原因となる、温室効果ガスの一種である二酸化炭素 (CO2)、メタン (CH4)、亜酸化窒素 (N2O)、フロン類類 (HFCs)、フロン類類 (PFCs)、六フッ化硫黄(SF6) について、先進国における削減率を1990年を基準として各国別に定め、共同で約束期間内に目標値(削減目標参照)を達成することが定められた。
- As for the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Fluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are the causes of global warming, developed countries agreed to set reduction rates of emissions with respect to the 1990 levels respectively, and collaboratively aim to achieve the target rates within the committed period (see the reduction target).
- 日露戦争(にちろせんそう、露語 ルースカ・イポーンスカヤ・ヴァイナー、1904年(明治37年)2月6日 - 1905年(明治38年)9月5日)は、大日本帝国とロシア帝国(ロシアと同盟していたモンテネグロ(当時はモンテネグロ公国)も宣戦布告するも、実際の戦闘には参加せず)との間で朝鮮半島と満州(中国東北部)南部を主戦場として発生した戦争である。
- The Russo-Japanese War (Русско-японская война in Russian, February 6, 1904 - September 5, 1905) was a war which broke out between the Great Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire (Although Montenegro, [Then known as the Principate of Montenegro] which was in an alliance with Russia declared war against Japan, it did not participate battle.) and was primarily fought on the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria (northeastern China).
- 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀(秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎)による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊(巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊)による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬(世界最強火薬)、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
- 大日本帝国陸軍参謀であった石原莞爾は、「人類が心から現人神(あらひとがみ)の信仰に悟入したところに、王道文明は初めてその真価を発揮する。最終戦争即ち王道・覇道の決勝戦は結局、天皇を信仰するものと然らざるものの決勝戦であり、具体的には天皇が世界の天皇とならせられるか、西洋の大統領が世界の指導者となるかを決定するところの、人類歴史の中で空前絶後の大事件である。」と主張した。
- The general officer of the Imperial Japanese Army, Kanji ISHIWARA said 'Where all the human beings believe in the Arahitogami, the civilization of the rule of Right shows its real value for the first time. The last war, the final match between the rule of right and the rule of might is in fact a match between people who believe in the Emperor and people who don't. So the war is to decide if the Emperor becomes the Emperor of the world or the Western President becomes the leader of the world. This is the biggest event of all time in our history.'
- 大相撲力士のKONISHIKI、プロ野球選手のボブ・ホーナー、グラビアアイドルのリア・ディゾン、演歌歌手のジェロのようにアメリカから来日して日本でブームを巻き起こした人物や、日本市場に参入する外国企業、iPhoneのような海外からの新たな商品なども、安定していた業界を席巻し、また業界の秩序自体にも不可逆の変化をもたらし、時には日本側の強い抵抗を引き起こすことなどから、それぞれの業界の黒船と呼ばれることがある。
- The term 'Kuro-bune (black ship)' is also used for people who come from abroad and create news and/or start a new fad (such as sumo wrestler KONISHIKI, professional baseball player Bob HORNER, centerfold model Leah DIZON, and enka singer JERO), a foreign business that makes a break in the Japanese business market, new products that are brought to Japan from other countries (such as the iPhone), or anything that takes a stable market by storm, bring irreversible changes to a particular market and that at times may receive strong oppositiion from within Japan.
- 朝鮮併合がなった際、初代総督寺内正毅は『小早川、加藤、小西が世にあれば、今宵の月をいかにみるらむ(秀吉公の朝鮮征伐に参加された小早川・加藤・小西の諸将が今生きていれば、朝鮮を日本のものとしたこの夜の月をどのような気持ちでみられるだろうか)』と歌を詠み、外務部長だった小松緑はこれに返歌して、『太閤を地下より起こし見せばやな高麗(こま)やま高くのぼる日の丸(太閤殿下を蘇らせ見せ申し上げたいものだ、朝鮮の山々に高く翻る日の丸を)』と歌い、共に太閤の成し得なかった朝鮮の編入が成功したことを喜んだ。
- When annexation of Korea was completed, Masatake TERAUCHI who was the first Governor-General of Korea, composed a waka, 'If Kobayakawa, Kato, and Konishi were alive, how would they look the moon of tonight' (If Kobayakawa, Kato, and Konishi, who were commanders took part in the war by Hideyoshi to conquer Korea were still alive, how would they look at the moon of tonight after obtaining Korea for Japan) and Midori KOMATSU who was the secretary of foreign affairs, composed in reply to it 'I would like to awake Taiko (Hideyoshi) from the underground and make him look at Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) above the mountains of Korea' (I would like to revive Taiko and show him Hinomaru flaunting above mountains of Korea) and they were delighted at success to annex of Korea which Hideyoshi could not achieve.
- 「参第二百六十号副 第三坤天式十壱号 至急局百二十三号 スナイトル弾製造器械砲兵支廠江御備附之義伺 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 但一日六千発製出之分 右砲兵本廠ニ備附之分砲兵支廠江送達同廠ニ於テ右弾製作致候様仕度御達案相添此段相伺候也 十年二月十三日 第三局長代理陸軍大佐福原實 陸軍卿代理 陸軍少輔大山巖殿 伺之通相達候事 二月十三日 砲兵本廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 右砲兵支廠江備附右弾製作可為致ニ付其廠在来之器械至急同廠江送達可取計此旨相達候事 砲兵支廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器」
- 参第二百六十号副 第三坤天式十壱号 至急局百二十三号 スナイトル弾製造器械砲兵支廠江御備附之義伺 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 但一日六千発製出之分 右砲兵本廠ニ備附之分砲兵支廠江送達同廠ニ於テ右弾製作致候様仕度御達案相添此段相伺候也 十年二月十三日 第三局長代理陸軍大佐福原實 陸軍卿代理 陸軍少輔大山巖殿 伺之通相達候事 二月十三日 砲兵本廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 右砲兵支廠江備附右弾製作可為致ニ付其廠在来之器械至急同廠江送達可取計此旨相達候事 砲兵支廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器'
- 大久保は、説得に大院君が耳を貸すとは思えず西郷が朝鮮に行った場合必ず殺される(殺されずとも大院君が使節を拒否した場合は開戦の大義名分になってしまう)、そうなった場合結果的に朝鮮と開戦してしまうのではないかという危機感、当時の日本には朝鮮や清、ひいてはロシアとの関係が険悪になる(その帰結として戦争を遂行する)だけの国力が備わっていないという戦略的判断、外遊組との約束を無視し、危険な外交的博打に手を染めようとしている残留組に対する感情的反発、朝鮮半島問題よりも先に片付けるべき外交案件が存在するという日本の国際的立場(清との琉球帰属問題(台湾出兵参照)、ロシアとの樺太、千島列島の領有権問題、イギリスとの小笠原諸島領有権問題、不平等条約改正)などから猛烈に反対、費用の問題なども絡めて征韓の不利を説き延期を訴えた。
- OKUBO didn't think Daewongun lend an ear to persuasion, and thought SAIGO will be killed (even if he won't be killed, if Daewongun rejected the envoy, it can be a legitimate reason for outbreak of war) inevitably when he went to Korea, and he felt a sense of danger that they will start the war with Korea as a result, and his strategic decision that Japan doesn't have national strength at that time to strain the relationship (as a result, wage a war) with Korea, Qing, and eventually Russia, an emotional backlash to the remaining group that ignored agreement and about to dabble in diplomatic gambling, he strongly opposed because of the presence of a diplomatic matters (Ryukyu attribution issue with Qing [see the Taiwan expedition], territorial right problem on Sakhalin and Kurile Islands with Russia, territorial right problem on Ogasawara Islands [Bonin Islands] with England, revision of the unequal treaty) that must be dealt with before Korean Peninsula problem on Japanese international standing, and he correlated it with expenses etc and appealed postponement by telling disadvantage of subjugation of Korea.