厳: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 威厳
- dignity
- majesty
- solemnity
- gravity
- didnity
- state
- 宗厳
- Munetoshi
- Muneyoshi
- Sogon
- 厳保
- Itsuho
- Kaneyasu
- Toshiyasu
- Yoshiyasu
- 厳法
- Iwanori
- blue law
- blue laws
- 厳美
- Izumi
- Itsumi
- Iwami
- Genbi
- 厳木駅
- Kyuuragi Station (st)
- 浄厳院
- Jougoin
- Jogonin Temple
- Jogon-in Temple
- 厳二郎
- Iwajirou
- Genjirou
- Gonjirou
- 荘厳な
- glorious
- noble
- stately
- superb
- 厳格で
- hard as nails
- tough as nails
- 厳密に
- exactly
- strictly
- in a rigorous manner
- 林厳雄
- Hayashi Izuo (h) (1922.5.1-)
- 厳密さ
- rigor
- stringency
- fidelity
- 宝厳寺
- Takaraganji
- Hogon-ji Temple
- 光厳天皇
- Emperor Kougon (of the Northern Court)
- Kougon Tenno (1313-1364 CE, reigning: 1331-1333 CE)
- Emperor Kogon
- Emperor Kōgon
- 厳島神社
- Itsukushima Shrine
- Itsukushima Shinto Shrine
- Itsukushima-jinja Shrine
- 萩山教厳
- Hagiyama Kyougon (h) (1932.3.20-)
- 厳島の戦い
- The Battle of Itsuku-shima Island
- The Battle of Itsukushima
- Battle of Miyajima
- 後光厳天皇
- Emperor Go-Kougon (of the Northern Court)
- Go-Kougon Tenno (1338-1374 CE, reigning: 1352-1371 CE)
- Emperor Gokogon
- Emperor Go-Kōgon
- 厳しい現実
- harsh reality
- nitty-gritty
- 厳格な規則
- formality
- hard-and-fast rules
- 厳しい試練
- furnace
- ordeal
- a severe trial
- 厳しい規律
- regimentation
- rigorous discipline
- 全く厳密な
- mathematic
- mathematics
- 末弘厳太郎
- Suehiro Izutarou (h) (1888.11.30-1951.9.11)
- 大厳寺原牧場
- Daiganjiharabokujou
- 荘厳な雰囲気
- magnificence
- solemn air
- 戒厳令下にある
- be under martial law
- 対馬国:厳原藩
- Tsushima Province: Izuhara Domain
- 三札邪宗門厳禁
- 3. Ban evil religions and sects.
- 華厳宗(明恵)
- The Kegon sect (founded by Myoe)
- 東松浦郡厳木町
- Higashimatsuuragunkyuuragimachi
- 人を厳しく叱る
- give someone the edge of one's tongue
- 厳密修正写真図
- controlled mosaic photomap
- 柳生十兵衛三厳
- Yagyuu Juubee Mitsuyoshi (1607-1650)
- 警備が厳重である
- have tight security.
- 柳生十兵衛(三厳)
- Jubei YAGYU (Mitsuyoshi)
- 柳生宗厳(石舟斎)
- Munetoshi YAGYU (Sekishusai)
- 厳しくとがめられる
- get raped over the coals
- きわめて時刻厳守で
- punctual as the clock
- 光厳天皇の第一皇子。
- He was the first Prince of Emperor Kogon.
- 光厳天皇の第二皇子。
- He was the second Prince of Emperor Kogon.
- 平家納経(厳島神社)
- Heike-nokyo (the sutras dedicated by the Taira family): enshrined in Itsukushima-jinja Shrine
- 厳しい検査に合格する
- pass a strict inspection
- ~を厳重に取り締まる
- keep a tight lid on ~
- 後光厳天皇の第二皇子。
- He was the second Prince of Emperor Gokogon.
- 仙厳園附花倉御仮屋庭園
- Sengan'entsuketarikekuraokariyateien
- 宗矩は宗厳の五男である。
- Munenori was the fifth son of Munetoshi.
- 後光厳天皇-後土御門天皇
- The era of Emperor Gokogon to the era of Gotsuchimikado
- 九度山槇の砦(智荘厳院)
- The Fort of Maki of Mt. Kudo (Chisogen-in [智荘厳院])
- ~に対し厳しい態度を取る
- get tough with ~
- 山号は妙厳山、開山は日出。
- The sango is Myogonzan and the kaisan is Nisshutsu.
- 厳島神社(広島県廿日市市)
- Itsukushima-jinja Shrine (Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture)
- 警察の捜査は厳重を極めた。
- The police investigated the assassination in an extremely rigid manner.
- 後光厳院本 - 190話。
- Gokogoninbon (type of manuscript): 190 chapters
- カラシのように非常に厳格な
- keen as mustard
- 華厳寺 (京都市)(鈴虫寺)
- Kegon-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Suzumushi-dera Temple)
- 厳密には鏑矢とは別物である。
- Strictly speaking, it is different from Kaburaya.
- 厳格に定型化された礼式は無い。
- There is no strictly fixed etiquette.
- 平家納経の見返し絵(厳島神社)
- Flyleaves illustation on Buddhist scriptures donated by Heike (Itsukushima-jinja Shrine)
- 第5巻:厳島へ、後深草院死去。
- The fifth volume: She travels to Itsukushima, and the Cloistered Emperor Gofukakusa dies.
- 唐律のほうが範囲が広く厳しい。
- The extent to which the charge of enza or complicity was applied was wider, and the punishment was severer, in Toritsu.
- 屯田兵の生活規則は厳しかった。
- Tondenhei had to observe strict living regulations.
- ~に対する厳しい感情を和らげる
- ease up on ~
- 現状変更が厳しく規制されている。
- Strict restrictions are imposed on changing the current conditions.
- 「宗厳是を執るべしと上意あり。」
- 'And he ordered Munetoshi to take this wooden sword.'
- 厳密には卵かけご飯とは呼べない。
- Strictly it cannot be called tamago kake gohan.
- 冬の厳寒のさなかの手仕事である。
- It is manual work that is carried out in the coldest part of the year.
- 明治16年 - 華厳宗として独立
- 1883-Became independent as a temple of the Kegon sect.
- など、適用の条件は厳格であった。
- Like this, the conditions for application were strict.
- 大日本帝国憲法第14条 戒厳大権
- Article 14. Prerogative to declare a state of siege
- 有厳の次子(有尊の次子堯有の子)。
- The second son of Yugen (a son of Gyoyu who was Tomotaka's second son)
- 有厳の長子(有尊の次子堯有の子)。
- The first son of Yugen (a son of Gyoyu who was Tomotaka's second son)
- 筑紫広門の弟(厳密には時間差あり)
- The younger brother of Hirokado TSUKUSHI (strictly speaking, there was a slight time lag)
- 訳:新たに築城することは厳禁する。
- Translation: We strictly forbid building new castles.
- 後光厳天皇が写したとの後記がある。
- The postscript says Emperor Go-Kogon made a copy of the book.
- 反面、冬季は厳しい寒さに閉ざされる。
- On the contrary, in winter time, the mountain is closed up for the severity of the winter.
- 後光厳天皇をその一に当てる説もある。
- Some insist that one of them was Emperor Gokogon.
- 中年男性のおだやかで威厳のある表情。
- Calm and dignified expression of middle aged man.
- 厳島神社社殿(広島県廿日市市、国宝)
- Itsukushima-jinja Shrine building (Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture, a national treasure)
- この他に賛同した著名人として厳復がいる。
- Other prominent figures who supported the movement included Gen Puku (Yan Fu).
- 残留農薬に関する調査が厳重化され始める。
- Tighter inspection on residual pesticides began.
- 菅丞相の叔母、苅屋姫の実母で厳格な老女。
- She was a strict old woman who was the aunt of Kanshojo and the real mother of Princess Kariya.
- 以後、字数計上などの保護策が厳重になる。
- Thereafter, countermeasures for preservation of it became strict such as counting up the number of the characters.
- 光厳天皇の杖が生み出した『世界』に出現。
- Appeared in 'The World,' which was born out of Emperor Kogon's staff.
- 母は内大臣三条公忠の娘、通陽門院藤原厳子。
- His mother was Tsuyomonin FUJIWARA no Takako, the daughter of Kintada SANJO, who was a Naidaijin (Uchi no otodo: minister of the center).
- 新酒の仕込みには残暑の厳しい日が選ばれる。
- The preparation of materials for brewing new sake begins when the lingering summer heat is still severe.
- それを厳禁する旨が京の町触れに発せられた。
- An order was issued in Kyoto to strictly prohibit such activities.
- これは仏教の荘厳(しょうごん)に由来する。
- This is originated from '荘厳' (shogon, to decorate Buddha statues and temples) in Buddhism.
- 対馬国府中(厳原町の旧称)例:対馬府中藩。
- Fuchu, Tsushima Province (an old name of Izuhara-machi), example: Tsushima Fuchu Domain.
- 信仰するということの尊厳が損なわれかねない。
- The sanctity of 'believing and having faith' may be lost.
- 光厳の践祚とともに後伏見の院政が再開された。
- Upon the ascension of Kogon, Gofushimi started a cloistered government.
- このように、天皇自身からの試験も厳しかった。
- As shown by the number of demonstrations given, even the inspections by the Emperor were very strict.
- また光厳天皇も、丹波国弓削荘を施入している。
- Moreover, Emperor Kogon also donated Yuge no sho manor, Tanba Province.
- その意味では厳密には飛鳥におかれた宮ではない。
- In that sense, strictly speaking, they were not the palaces established in Asuka.
- これは水戸藩の財政を厳しくする一因でもあった。
- This was one of the causes of financial stringency of the Mito Tokugawa family.
- 平安時代には仏画の荘厳に截金が取り入れられた。
- In the Heian period, the kirikane technique was introduced for giving the stateliness to Buddhist paintings.
- 12月から翌年2月の厳寒期に寒天は製造される。
- Kanten is produced in a season of severe cold, from December to February of the following year.
- 塩冶判官切腹という厳粛な場面があるためである。
- This is because there is a solemn scene where Enya Hangan commits seppuku.
- 赤色の部分は厳密にはピンク色であることが多い。
- Precisely its red part is often pink.
- 「イセエビ」は厳密にはその中の1種だけを指す。
- Strictly speaking, 'Ise ebi' indicates only one species among them.
- なお、同事件では戒厳令(緊急勅令)も敷かれた。
- Besides, in this incident, a martial law (emergency imperial edict) was also proclaimed.
- そこでは、会所は、常時唐物によって荘厳された。
- The Kaisho there was usually majestic and adorned with Chinese artifacts.
- このため厳密には「降嫁」ではないとする説もある。
- Therefore, such cases are not considered 'koka' in a strict sense.
- 「肉類ならつくね」というのは厳密には誤りである。
- The popular notion that 'all ball-shaped meat is tsukune' is wrong in a strict sense.
- 楠木正成も認める威厳ある天皇として描かれている。
- Here he is described as an emperor with dignity recognized even by Masashige KUSUNOKI.
- 懽子内親王(1315-1361) - 光厳天皇妃
- Princess Kanshi, future Empress of Kogon)
- 特に妙厳寺(豊川市)は歌舞伎舞踊にきわめて近い。
- The makeup of the chigo of Myogon-ji Temple (Toyokawa City) especially resemble what is seen in Kabuki Buyo.
- また、織田信長は、撰銭をしたものに厳罰を与えた。
- Nobunaga ODA severely punished the persons who carried out erizeni acts.
- 姑として香淳皇后には何かにつけて厳しかったという。
- As a mother-in-law, the Empress Teimei seemed to take a stern approach with Empress Kojun for all things.
- 位の上下による序列は非常に厳しかったと伝えられる。
- It is said that hierarchical order in todoza was very strict.
- 厳密は忍者ではなく、伊賀忍者を管轄下においていた。
- Technically, he was not a ninja, but he controlled Iga ninja.
- 「法華経」巻八(普門品・陀羅尼品・厳王品・勧発品)
- Hokekyo' vol. 8 (Fumonhon, Daranihon, Gono-bon and Kanboppon)
- かつては上下関係は良くも悪くもたいへん厳しかった。
- A distinction between ranks used to be very strict for better or worse.
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦8月7日改称 →厳原藩
- Renamed August 7 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Izuhara Domain
- また、厳罰説を正しいと仮定した上での弁護論もある。
- Further, there is an argument to support the law on the basis the call for severe punishment was justified.
- 後光厳天皇宸翰書状 1巻 附:二条良基自筆書状1通
- One volume of Emperor Gokogon's Imperial letters and personal writings; supplement: one letter by Yoshimoto NIJO in his own hand
- このため、江戸幕府の刑罰は厳格に傾きがちであった。
- That is why punishments of the Edo Shogunate were inclined to be severe.
- 織田信長は、まず厳罰を課して撰銭の阻止を目論んだ。
- Nobunaga ODA initially aimed at prohibiting the erizeni act by imposing a severe punishment for such action.
- 広義門院は光厳上皇の実母として再び栄光を取り戻した。
- Kogimonin regained the glory as the birth mother of the Retired Emperor Kogon.
- (追号も諡号の一種とする説もあるが、厳密には異なる)
- (sometimes Tsuigo is considered to be a type of posthumous name, however strictly speaking these are two different names)
- 弥仁王も同年8月に無事践祚を終え後光厳天皇となった。
- In August 1351, Prince Iyahito became Emperor Gokogon after the ceremony of senso (accession to the throne).
- そのため、大峯奥駈道を除けば最も厳しいルートである。
- It is the severest route except for Omine Okugake Road.
- 行政や観光ガイドでもよく使われるが厳密な区分はない。
- Even though these names are often used by the administration and are mentioned in guidebooks, there is no rigid system of classification.
- 郭公だんご - 岩手県一関市の厳美渓で作られる団子。
- Kakko Dango (literally, 'cuckoo dango'): It is sold in Genbi-kei Valley in Ichinoseki City, Iwate Prefecture.
- 志ん生の闊達な芸風の対照に、文楽の謹厳な芸風がある。
- In contrast with Shinsho's frank performance style, Bunraku had a solemn performance style.
- しかし、柵戸の生活は厳しく、逃亡するものも多かった。
- However, sakuto lived harsh lives, and many of them got away.
- 厳密かつ実証的な校訂は後世に大きな影響を与えている。
- The strict and demonstrative castigation significantly influenced later ages.
- 情勢は栄仁親王の登極が実現するには厳しいものがあった。
- It was not the best situation for Imperial Prince Yoshihito to succeed to the throne.
- 最後の治天と呼べるのは、後光厳の子の後円融天皇である。
- The last Chiten might have been Emperor Goenyu, who was Emperor Gokogon's son.
- 荘厳具や意匠と相まって藤原末期の典型的な仏像といえる。
- Considering the ritual decorations and designs as well as these patterns, it can be said that this is a typical Buddha statue around the end of the Fujiwara period.
- しかしながら、厳密には前者後者はその使用範囲が異なる。
- However, strictly speaking, the ranges of use are different between the former and the latter.
- しかしながら、このような分け方は尺八ほど厳密ではない。
- However, the classification of the music into Honkyoku and Gaikyoku is not so strict as that for Shakuhachi bamboo flutes music.
- 航路の整備や入港管理を行い、宋船による厳島参詣を行う。
- He maintained the sea routes and administered the port entry and did the Pilgrimage to Itsukushima by Sung-era ship.
- 学芸諸般に優れた花園天皇の監修のもと、光厳天皇が親撰。
- Emperor Kogen selected poems under the supervision of Emperor Hanazono, who was excellent in arts and sciences.
- が、平安時代以降は必ずしもその範囲は厳格ではなかった。
- However, during the Heian period and afterwards, the range was not always as strict as prescribed.
- 勝らとの交渉が終了するまでは厳に攻撃開始を戒めていた。
- Then, Saigo strictly ordered no attack was to begin until he could finish the negotiations with Katsu and the other representatives.
- このため、京都市民の反応はおおむね厳しいものであった。
- As a result, the reaction of Kyoto citizens was unfavorable to students largely.
- しかし勢力を盛り返し翌年に光厳天皇の院宣を掲げて入京。
- The following year, he regained his power and entered the capital with inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) of Emperor Kogon.
- 我々は、この国内問題に関しては、厳正中立の立場をとる。
- We maintain neutrarity about this domestic issue.
- これは、厳しい旅が続く巡礼中は死と隣り合わせであるから。
- This is because severe journey of pilgrimage is next to death.
- 序がより荘厳に変化した真之序之舞(太鼓入りのみ)もある。
- In Shin no jo no mai (always accompanied on drums), the jo becomes more stately.
- お互いの店舗で厳しい生存競争にさらされていることが多い。
- Because the street stalls are often exposed to severe competition from one another, food prices are generally reasonable.
- 光厳から将来治天として政務を執る資格を奪う措置であった。
- This was a measure to prevent Kogon from ruling as Chiten in the future.
- また三浦の辺将に中央高官を任命し厳重な取締りを行わせた。
- The Dynasty also appointed a higher official of the central government to be the hensho of Sanpo in order to strengthen their control.
- 光厳天皇の正統としての即位は「無かった」ことになっている。
- The enthronement of Emperor Kogon as orthodoxy was considered to be 'nonexistent.'
- また内紛の起きていた厳島神主家の家督争いにも介入している。
- He also intervened in a succession dispute of the family of Itsukushima-jinja Shrine priest.
- ただ、地方や藩によって違いがあり、厳密なものではなかった。
- It was not a strictly uniform unit and there were certain differences depending on the district or feudal domain.
- 厳密にはお蔭参りには入らないがお蔭参りの影響を受けている。
- This is not included in okage mairi to be exact, but is influenced by okage mairi.
- 芸に対しては自分にも他人にも厳しく、傲岸なところもあった。
- He was strict with others and to himself about performance, and he was sometimes arrogant.
- なお現代の新陰流に伝わる、柳生宗厳の書に以下の記述がある。
- Furthermore, the following descriptions are seen in a book written by Muneyoshi YAGYU that has been inherited by the Shinkage-ryu School.
- 徳川慶喜の暴挙を補佐した人物を厳しく調査し、処罰すること。
- Condition Article Number Six: Any personnel who supported the reckless actions of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA would be subject to severe investigation and then would be subject to severe punishment.
- 第5条:日本国政府は韓国皇室の安寧と尊厳の維持を保証する。
- ARTICLE V: The Government of Japan undertake to maintain the welfare and dignity of the Imperial House of Korea.
- 計画に参画した皇子たちや貴族たちも死刑を含む厳罰に処された。
- Participating princes and aristocrats were also severely punished with punishment including execution.
- そのため、藤重藤厳という漆塗りの名工に修理のため預けられた。
- It was thus left in the care of a master craftsman in lacquer called Togen FUJISHIGE for repair.
- とくに元禄10年の酒株改めは全国で厳しく徹底して実施された。
- Especially in 1697, the revision of the sakekabu system was conducted nationwide in a thorough and strict manner.
- また蘭学を再び厳しく取り締まり、出版統制や風紀粛正を行った。
- Also, he restarted cracking down on Western learning, put the publication of books under his control, and tightened public morals.
- 補陀落は華厳経によれば、観自在菩薩(観音菩薩)の浄土である。
- According to Kegon-kyo (the Flower Garland Sutra), Fudaraku is the Pure Land of Kanjizai Bosatsu (Kannon Bodhisattva).
- 幕府は持明院統の光厳天皇を即位させ、元号を正慶と改めさせた。
- The bakufu enthroned the Emperor Kogen from the Jimyoin line and changed the imperial era name to Shokei.
- 英仏側の言い分は厳しかったが、公法上諒承せざるを得なかった。
- The claims of the British and French side were severe, but he could do nothing but accept it taking into account of the public law.
- また、門は夜の間厳重に閉じられ、城内外の行き来を制限された。
- The gates also were closed and heavily guarded at night and the foot traffic going in and out the castle was limited.
- 光厳上皇による直義追討令が出ると、12月には直義は南朝に降る。
- The Retired Emperor Kogen gave the Imperial order to attack Tadayoshi, and in December, Tadayoshi went to the Southern Court.
- 伝統的には仏像・仏画の衣や装身具を荘厳するために発達してきた。
- Traditionally, this technique was developed to make robes and accessories on Buddha statues or Buddhist paintings look stately.
- ミンククジラでは霜降り程度が弱く、厳密にはほとんど存在しない。
- On minke whales, the meat of this portion is less markedly marbled, with no marbled portion existing in the strict sense.
- 近体詩には句法や平仄、韻律 (韻文)に厳格なルールが存在する。
- Kintai-shi has strict rules about how to compose a poem, tone patterns and meter.
- 不動倉の鑰は都の太政官に進上されて、太政官で厳重に保管された。
- The key of fudoso (a warehouse sealed after the doyoso warehouse became full) was presented to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) of the capital to be securely stored.
- The key of fudoso was presented to Daijokan of the capital, and it was carefully kept by Daijokan.
- 春先で冷え込みが酷く、雨も降る厳しい状況の中で戦いは始まった。
- In the bleak weather of raining and great coldness in early spring, the battle started.
- また禁中並公家諸法度により、その言動も幕府から厳しく制限された。
- Also because of Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the Emperor and Kuge), his speech and behavior were also strictly limited.
- まもなく、出家して、楞厳定院御室・純仁と称し、一品に叙せられる。
- Soon after that he became a priest and was named 楞厳定院御室・純仁, and was honored with the first rank of princes.
- 日常使われる場合はさほど厳密ではなく、三味線という語も使われる。
- Normally, however, the use of the term isn't so strict, and the term 'shamisen' is also used for sangen.
- 従って、花柳界では、第一礼装の黒紋付に、帯留の使用は厳禁である。
- Accordingly, in 'karyu kai' (world of the geisha), using obidome on kuromontsuki (black kimono marked with the family crests), the most formal attire was strictly prohibited.
- ただしそこに到達するまでは厳しい生存競争に勝ち抜く必要があった。
- But they needed to win the struggle for survival to reach the status.
- 地方では、生類憐みの令の運用は、それほど厳重ではなかったようだ。
- In the countryside, it seems that the law was not so strictly enforced.
- 厳寒の中、用便用の桶と魚の異臭が籠る倉の中で倒れる者が続出した。
- In extremely cold weather and in a nishin-gura Storehouse filled with the smell of the toilet and rotten fish, many fell sick.
- この厳しい処罰は崇徳にもおよび、彼は讃岐に流されることに決まる。
- Sutoku is also punished heavily, and he is to be exiled to Sanuki.
- そのため、慶喜の死罪および徳川家改易などの厳罰には反対していた。
- Therefore, they stood against the severe penalties of Capital crime lobbied upon Yoshinobu, and the changing in the ranking of the Tokugawa family.
- これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- The use of the counterbalances other than those made by Shirobei GOTO was strictly forbidden to prevent fraud.
- 結衆は規律を厳守し、叛いた者は脱退させて、代わりの者を補充する。
- Members should strictly adhere to rules and non-adherents will be expelled and new members recruited instead.
- 末期養子がこのように厳しく禁じられたのは、次のような事情による。
- The circumstance concerning the prohibition of Matsugo yoshi was as follows.
- また、キリスト教(耶蘇教)は、新政府によって引き続き厳禁された。
- On the other hand, the new government maintained prohibition of Christianity.
- 幕府は、代わりに上皇の皇子・光厳天皇を立て、しばらく院政を行った。
- The government appointed the Retired Emperor's Prince, Emperor Kogon, to continue ruling the cloistered government.
- 山号は福源山、開基は上杉憲方(寺伝では首藤経俊)、開山は密室守厳。
- The sango is Fukugensan, the Kaiki is Norikata UESUGI (Tsuneyoshi SUDO according to temple history), and the kaisan is Misshitsu shugon.
- 厳密な区分ではないが、比較的知られたほうじ茶の種類を以下列挙する。
- The general classification of the more well-known types of hojicha is as follows.
- この流行は寛文3年5月(1665年)に殉死が厳禁されるまで続いた。
- This custom continued until it was banned in June 1665.
- 帰京した後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の皇位を否定し、建武の新政を開始する。
- Returning to Kyoto, Emperor Go-Daigo denied the legitimacy of Emperor Kogon's reign and started the Kenmu Restoration.
- そして、準備金が不正に流用される事の無い様に厳しい管理下に置いた。
- Their reserve fund was also strictly managed so as not to be used fraudulently.
- 桑田忠親は著書「戦国史疑」において、次のように厳しく批判している。
- In his book 'Questioning Civil War History' Tadachika KUWATA criticized MURAOKA's work as follows:
- そのため被害者1人に対し2人組ともが死刑になる厳罰判決が確定した。
- Therefore, for the one victim, both criminals were sentenced to death.
- 謹厳な大久保のイメージを貶めるものとして地元では多くの者が信じた。
- Many people in his home town willingly believed this rumor because they regarded Okubo with an inferior, contrary to his established grave image.
- 武家の女性は移動について庶民よりも厳しく女通行手形が必須であった。
- Control over movement of women in samurai families was stricter than that over the common people, and tsuko-tegata for women was indispensable.
- 藩論が返納となったことで激派への弾圧はいっそう厳しいものとなった。
- Since the domain decided to return the chokusho, the stronger oppression was put on the extremists.
- 版元の蔦屋重三郎は過料、京伝は手鎖50日という厳しい処罰を受けた。
- There was a severe punishment, and the publisher Juzaburo TSUTAYA assessed an enormous fine, while Kyoden himself was handcuffed for fifty-days.
- 江戸時代以降、江戸幕府により使用に厳しい制限をされるようになった。
- After the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) put strict limitations on the use of the term.
- 毛利元就による中国支配への契機となった厳島の戦いもこの時期である。
- The Battle of Itsukushima that triggered Motonari MORI's governance of the Chugoku region occurred around this time.
- 接待に使用する小道具も蒔絵の塗り膳や陶磁器の高価なものは厳禁した。
- It was also prohibited severely using high-priced utensils, such as makie (Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder) zen (trays with legs) or ceramics for entertainment.
- たとえば李退渓の著した『伝習録弁』は陽明学を批判して非常に厳しい。
- For example, Yi Toegye's 'Records of Learning' ('Jeonseup rok byeon') quite harshly criticized Yomeigaku.
- 北朝 (日本)の後光厳天皇以後は京都泉涌寺で開催されることとなった。
- Sennyu-ji Temple in Kyoto became a venue for a taiso after the time of Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
- 花園院の指導のもと『風雅和歌集』を親撰し、『光厳院御集』も伝存する。
- The Emperor edited 'Fuga Waka shu' (the collection of Waka poems during early Muromachi period) under the supervision of Hanazono-in, and 'Collection of Japanese Poetry by Kogonin' was given to history.
- 承安4年(1174年)3月16日、滋子は後白河と共に厳島に御幸した。
- On April 26, 1174, Shigeko visited Itsukushima together with Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 厳密に言えば早雲時代の北条家は「伊勢家」と称するのが正しいと言える。
- Therefore, strictly speaking, it would be correct to call the Hojo family in the days of Soun's 'Ise family.'
- 柏餅に用いるブナ科のカシワには、厳密には「槲」の字を使うのが正しい。
- For the fagaceous kashiwa used for kashiwamochi, it is correct to use the kanji '槲' to be exact.
- この際、寛典論を退けて厳刑に処すことを決したのは井伊直弼と言われる。
- It is said that Naosuke II dismissed the very concept of lenient treatment and decided to severely punish any opponents at this time.
- 貞治2年(1363年)、武家の執奏により後光厳天皇より綸旨が下った。
- In 1363, a samurai family suggested to Emperor Gokogon to make the anthology, and he gave the order.
- 朝鮮独立を求める運動や日本支配への抵抗運動は厳しく取締りが行われた。
- Movement for Korea's independence and resistance movement against Japan's rule were strictly cracked down.
- そこで、登場したのが光厳天皇時代の太政大臣であった今出川兼季である。
- That is when Kanesue IMADEGAWA, who had been Daijo daijin (Grand Minister of State) during the era of Emperor Kogon, appeared.
- 北朝方は、出家を予定していた弥仁親王を)を後光厳天皇として即位させた。
- The Northern Court side made Imperial Prince Iyahito, who was planning to become a priest, to ascend the throne as the Emperor Gokogon.
- 入京した尊氏は光厳上皇の弟光明天皇を即位させ北朝 (日本)が成立する。
- Takauji, after entering the capital, had Kogon's younger brother Komyo installed on the throne, creating the Northern Dynasty (of Japan).
- 「文禄甲午の年、聚楽紫竹村にて宗厳公の剣術始て神君(徳川家康)上覧。」
- 'In the Kogo year of the Bunroku era (in 1594), at Juraku Shitiku-mura, Jinkun (Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) saw Munetoshi-ko (Munetoshi)'s swordsmanship for the first time.'
- 2001年 ジョレス・アルフョーロフ、林厳雄、モートン・B・パニッシュ
- 2001: Zhores ALFEROV, Izuo HAYASHI, Morton B. PANISH
- 素朴な構成だが、その分選歌には厳しく、珠玉の詞華選といった感じである。
- Although the structure was simple, the poems were selected meticulously, therefore they look like selected gems of written expression.
- 鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府、安土桃山時代の政権も、ここを都として厳重に警備した。
- Kamakura bakufu, the government of the Azuchi Momoyama period, and Edo bakufu all placed their capitals in Kyoto City and placed them under heavy guard.
- 衣装の格式や着装者の身分によっていくつかの種類があり、厳格に使い分けた。
- There were several kinds of eboshi according to the formality of garments and the social status of the wearer, and the proper one was strictly chosen to apply.
- 厳密には料理ではないが、フグの部位を日本酒に浸した物も広く知られている。
- Although not strictly a dish, sake served with pufferfish parts inside is also widely known.
- 江戸時代には各地に関所や口留番所が設置され、人の移動は厳格に制限された。
- In the Edo period, sekisho (checking stations) and kuchidome-bansho (checkpoints) were set up at various places to strictly control the movement of people.
- 二審では冠弥右衛門らは敗訴し、訴訟費用や延納小作料の厳しい請求を受けた。
- Yaemon KANMURI and others lost the case at the second court and faced a strict levy of legal costs and arrears of farm rent.
- ただし、単なる越訴・直訴のみの法定刑は急度叱(厳重注意)に過ぎなかった。
- However, the punishment for simple osso/jikiso alone ended in stern warning.
- 神域は裸足で参拝しなければならないとの慣わしが現在も厳しく守られている。
- Even now, a custom in which people have to be barefoot to visit the holly precincts of the shrine is strictly observed.
- が、参謀西郷隆盛・林通顕らがかえって甲陽鎮撫隊による抗戦を厳しく咎めた。
- However, staff officers Takamori SAIGO and Michiaki HAYASHI severely rebuked the petition, because of the battle with the 'Koyo Chinbutai' army unit.
- 翌年の徳政令廃止とともに二階堂行藤・摂津道厳を頭人に任命して復置された。
- In the next year, it was reestablished with Yukifuji NIKAIDO and SETTSU no Dogen as ossotonin upon the repeal of the Tokuseirei.
- 清盛は高倉院政の開始に当たって、高倉とともに安芸国厳島への社参を行った。
- Upon the start of Takakura's cloistered government, Kiyomori attended Takakura to give offerings at Itsukushima in Aki Province.
- 極楽世界の荘厳もかくの如きか」と、その飾りつけとともに褒めちぎっている。
- It was as if it was the Shogon of the world of paradise,' and praised it and the decoration to the sky.
- 鎖国体制下では民間貿易は厳禁され、管理貿易が以下の四ヶ所でおこなわれた。
- Under seclusionism, nongovernmental trade was strictly prohibited, while controlled trade was allowed via the following four routes.
- また平清盛ゆかりの安芸国の厳島神社も当時の地方の文化水準の高さを物語る。
- The high standard in local regions at that time was recognized through Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province that was associated with TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 似絵の名品とされることもあるが、厳密には、小型の肖像である似絵ではない。
- They are sometimes classified as the famous items of nise-e, a Kamakura period realistic portraiture of courtiers and warriors painted in the yamato-e (Japanese picture) style; however, they are not exactly nise-e which is a small portrait.
- 色紙や懐紙として残る遺墨は、神々しく威厳に満ち、見る者を雅な世界へと誘う。
- His historical calligraphy of large square cards and paper for writing traditional verses were invested with an air of dignity; with their divine tone they would guide people to the world of courtliness.
- 気候は盆地部より比較的冷涼・寒冷で夏季は過ごしやすく、冬季は厳寒を極める。
- The climate there is rather cold in comparison with the basin area, accordingly it is comfortable in summer, while it is terribly cold in winter.
- 山号は楞厳山(りょうごんさん)、開山は日蓮、中興開山は護良親王の子・日叡。
- The sango is Ryogonzan, the kaisan is Nichiren, and Restoration patriarch was Nichiei, a son of Imperial Prince Morinaga.
- 密教の虚空蔵法の本尊が淡い色調で彩色され、銀泥と銀箔の截金で荘厳されている
- The principal image of Kokuzoho (an esoteric rite for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune) in Esoteric Buddhism is painted in light colors, and a stately atmosphere is given by use of gindei (silver paint) and gold leaf in the Kirikane technique.
- 訃報を知った姫君たちは、父の亡骸との対面を望むが、阿闍梨に厳しく断られる。
- The princesses, who are told about the death of their father, hoped to see his remains, but Ajari (a master in esoteric Buddhism; a high priest) refuses their request absolutely.
- その内容も武断的で厳罰と威嚇をもって犯罪を抑圧する事に重点が置かれていた。
- Its content was based on militarism that emphasized to suppress crimes by punishment and intimidation.
- 一方、武士や町人に対しても農民ほどの厳格さは無くても同様の規制が行われた。
- Meanwhile, the same kind of regulation was applied to samurai and townspeople, although they were not as severe as with farmers.
- その扱いは乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令に基づき厳しい管理がなされる。
- Milk constituents are strictly controlled according to the 'Ordinance regarding standard of element, etc. of milk and dairy products.'
- 六朝時代に芽生えた雅俗認識がより峻厳に研ぎ澄まされ、成熟したからともいえる。
- It can be said that this was partly because the recognition of elegance and secularity which had been created in the Six Dynasties Period was sharpened more severely and ripened.
- 男性的で端厳、杏仁形の眼、仰月形の鋭い唇、左右対称の幾何学衣文を特徴とする。
- This style was characterized by solemn and majestic masculine figures with apricot kernel-shaped eyes, lips of a sharp crescent shape and symmetric and geometric patterns on their clothes.
- 具体的には、官位令に基づいて位階ごとに就任可能な官職が厳密に定められていた。
- Specifically, the government post that was possible to assume for each Ikai was strictly established based on the Court Ranking Law.
- 僧尼令や僧綱が官寺・官僧を厳格に統制していたのは事実であると考えられている。
- It is thought that the Soni ryo and the Sogo strictly controlled the kanji and the official monks.
- 1602年(慶長7年)江戸幕府も辻斬を禁止し、犯人を厳罰に処することにした。
- In 1602, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited tsujigiri and announced that those who committed tsujigiri would be punished severely.
- 現在は各地方の法務局に厳重に保管されており、戸籍簿自体の閲覧は不可能である。
- It is severely kept by the Legislative Bureau in various places at present, and it is impossible to read the family record itself.
- 次の皇太子は邦良親王とし、その次を後伏見皇子の量仁親王(光厳天皇)とすること。
- Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi would be the next Crown Prince, succeeded by Imperial Prince Kazuhito (Emperor Kogon), the son of Gofushimi.
- 江戸時代には幕府より厳しい政令が設けられ、神社の山札がないと入山出来なかった。
- In the Edo period, Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued a strict order that people are allowed to enter the mountain only when they had a tablet of the mountain (山札) from a shrine.
- これが基となって朝廷に縁を持ち、南北朝時代には光厳天皇が山国郷に一寺を開いた。
- This brought about a relationship between the area and the imperial court, leading to the founding of a temple in Yamaguni-go by Emperor Kogon.
- これにも、水質で述べられているような厳しい基準を通過した酒造用水が用いられる。
- Even for such purposes, shuzo yosui that has fulfilled the rigid criteria described in the section for water quality, is used.
- 日本各地で見られるが、特に広島県の厳島神社から見えたという龍燈がよく知られる。
- It is seen in various regions in Japan, but in particular the ryuto seen from Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Hiroshima Prefecture is well-known.
- 日朝貿易は以前と同じく対馬藩に委ねられたものの、幕府の厳しい管理下に置かれた。
- The Japan-Korea Trade was under the bakufu's severe control although it was put into the hands of the Tsushima Domain as before.
- 生き延びた場合でもお家の士分の剥奪、家財屋敷の没収など厳しい処分が待っていた。
- Even when the attacked survived, he was severely punished, including deprivation of samurai class and confiscation of his house and household articles.
- これによって天皇は親王の立坊・譲位を決断することになった(『後光厳院御記』)。
- HOSOKAWA's advice led to the Emperor's decision on his son's investiture and his abdication from the throne, according to 'Gokoingyoki' (The Diary of Emperor Gokogon).
- 織田信長軍はその後警戒が厳重になり、織田信長自身も有岡城に督戦に訪れたりした。
- After that, guard against attack was strengthened in troops of Nobunaga ODA and Nobunaga ODA himself visited the area of Arioka-jo Castle for urging soldiers to fight vigorously.
- この厳しすぎる処分は、関ヶ原の戦いで蒲生家を東軍に与させる遠因にもなっている。
- This severe punishment became an indirect reason for the Gamo family's switching to the side of the Eastern Army during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 製作当初は金色に輝き、所有者の富と威厳を誇示する役割があったものと想像される。
- The bell is imagined to have given off a gold radiance at first, and to have flaunted the owner's wealth and dignity with the radiance.
- 『古事記伝』では、「五瀬」は「厳稲」の意味とし、穀物や食料の神の意と解している。
- According to 'Kojiki-den' (Commentary on the Kojiki), 'Itsuse' (五瀬) was understood as (厳稲) (literally, majesty of rice), and therefore, he was identified as the god of crops and foods.
- そのため吉野熊野国立公園のなかでも特に規制の厳しい特別保護地区に指定されている。
- Therefore, it is designated as a special protection area, which is strictly controlled, within Yoshino-Kumano National Park.
- 遺跡・景観保全のためやむを得ないが、この厳しい開発規制のため人口は減少している。
- The village's population has been decreasing because of these strict regulations, which is unavoidable in order to preserve historical sites and scenery.
- 客が流れていることと同時に、雇用機会も流れてしまい、ゆえに市の財政事情は厳しい。
- In addition to the outflow of customers, employment opportunities also flow out of city, bringing down the municipal financial situation.
- また厳密にはもともとこの寿星(南極老人)が単独で日本に伝わったのが寿老人である。
- Strictly speaking, Jurojin was originally Shouxing (Canopus) that had exclusively been introduced to Japan.
- (年号のみ記載のあるものは、厳密にはお蔭参りではないが、群参の顕著な年である。)
- (Years without detailed description indicate the year which saw many group pilgrimages which technically were not okage mairi.)
- 全体的に教祖信仰的な趣が強く、戒律も厳しくなく、他宗派との表だった論争も少ない。
- On the whole, this is based on the faith in the founder with few strict principles, so that there are few open disputes with other religions.
- 東宝劇団時代に伊藤雄之助を自殺する寸前にまで追い込むなど厳しい態度で臨んでいる。
- His attitude toward acting was so stern and resolute that while he was at Toho Theater Company he pushed Yunosuke ITO to the brink of committing suicide.
- そして市民の警察官に対する「厳つい」というイメージもよりいっそう強まっていった。
- And so was citizen's 'rugged' image of policemen.
- そのため、天皇の叔父でもある関白鷹司輔平も厳罰を覚悟して同様の申し入れを行った。
- Therefore, Sukehira TAKATSUKASA, who was the Emperor's uncle serving as Kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor), made a similar request, expecting to be severely punished.
- 町民階級などに至っては、生類憐みの令違反で厳罰に処された事例は少数であるとする。
- Some insist that there were very few cases of townspeople being severely punished for breaking the law against cruelty to animals.
- そこで幕府は全国の銅山から産出される銅を、大坂の大坂銅吹所に集め厳しく管理した。
- Then, bakufu collected bronze produced at copper mines across the nation at Osaka Cupellating Place and controled it with strict care.
- この絵から、垂木や角木の木口にも金箔で荘厳された大仏殿の様子を見ることができる。
- This picture shows the solemnity of the Great Buddha Hall, of which even rafter and square timber butt ends were gilded.
- この追加5か条は、前年の16か条よりはるかに厳しい将軍権力・政治権限規定だった。
- The additional five Articles were much severer limitations of shogun's authority and political power than the sixteen Articles of the previous year.
- そのため上述のような厳格な規定は適用されず、殺害自体の刑事責任も問われなかった。
- The strict rules mentioned above were not applied to Bureiuchi, and the lord was not held criminally responsible for killing his vassal(s).
- その後延喜3年(903年)の太政官符には朝廷による買上前の貿易が厳禁されていた。
- The Daijokanpu issued in 903, however, showed that the Dazaifu strictly prohibited any prioritized purchase before the Imperial Court.
- 奥吉野は山々が連なる山岳地帯で、古くは大峰とよばれ、厳密には吉野に含まれなかった。
- Okuyoshino is a mountainous region in which mountains continue and it was called Omine in ancient time and, in strict definition, it was not included in Yoshino.
- 広義門院が伝国詔宣を行うことによって崇光弟の後光厳天皇即位が実現することとなった。
- Kogimon-in gave the Denkoku Shosen (announcement to the nation), Suko's brother, Emperor Gokogon was able to ascend to the throne.
- その一方で、年々、衛生面での要求は厳しくなり、廃棄物に対する規制は強くなっている。
- Whereas, requirements from the aspect pf hygiene are getting higher from year to year, and regulations regarding waste are stricter than ever.
- これにも、水質の項で述べられているような厳しい基準を通過した酒造用水が用いられる。
- Even for such purposes, shuzo yosui that has fulfilled the rigid criteria described in the section for water quality, is used.
- このとき宗旦から贈られた四方釜にちなんで、大徳寺の翠厳から四方庵の額を受けている。
- After being given the yohogama (square kettle) from Sotan, he received funding for the yohoan (square hermitage) from Suigan, the abbot of Daitoku-ji Temple.
- 特に松平容保・松平定敬の両人に対しては、はっきり死罪を求める厳しい要求を主張した。
- Sanjo adamantly persisted in his demand for specific punishment; this was the execution of Katamori MATSUDAIRA and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA.
- 翌1337年(延元2年/建武4年)、尊氏は高師泰ら援軍を派遣し、厳しく攻め立てる。
- The following year, in 1337, Takauji sent reinforcements including KO no Moroyasu and carried out the violent attacks.
- 厳島神社の平家納経は「書跡・典籍」の部ではなく「絵画」の部で国宝に指定されている。
- The collection of Heike Nokyo (sutras donated by the Taira clan) owned by Itsukushima-jinja Shrine was designated a national treasure in the category of painting, not in the calligraphy or book category.
- 日本の世界遺産暫定リストにも記載されているが、世界遺産登録は大変厳しい状況にある。
- It has been on Japan's Tentative List of World Heritage Site, but the prospect that it would be registered as one of World Heritage Sites seems to be very unlikely.
- また、蒲生家に対する厳しい処分やその後における上杉景勝の入封に関しても疑問が残る。
- Besides, there are various doubts about the severe punishment of the Gamo family and Kagekatsu UESUGI's move to a new domain.
- 楯板で厳重な防備が施され、大鉄砲や大砲など強力な武装が取り付けられるようになった。
- Strong shield boards and powerful weapons such as odeppo (big gun) and cannons came to be equipped on the battle ships.
- 日常生活は質素を旨とし、自己を律すること峻厳にして、天皇としての威厳の保持に努めた。
- His policy of his everyday life was to live frugal and disciplined himself strictly, he tried to keep his authority as an emperor.
- 駅前の一部以外を除いてほとんどが風致地区であり、建築には厳しい制限がかけられている。
- Except some areas in front of the station, almost all the areas in Asuka-mura are scenic areas and strict restrictions are imposed on construction.
- 厳密には北方の「雄岳」(517m)と、南方の「雌岳」(474m)の2つの山頂がある。
- Strictly speaking, it has two peaks, namely, Odake in the north (altitude: 517 m) and Medake in the south (altitude: 474 m).
- 日記や故実書では厳密な使い方が普通で、歌論書や寺社縁起などではあいまいな用法が多い。
- In diaries and writings on records of the past, the word is usually used strictly, and in documents of theory about classic Japanese poem and legends of temples and shrines, the word is often used in the vague way.
- 西洋との交流は厳しく制限されたものの、長崎の出島を通じてオランダとの交易が行われた。
- Even though exchanges with western countries were strictly restricted, trades with the Netherlands were implemented through Dejima in Nagasaki.
- 事例としては柳生三厳の逸話であり、映画『七人の侍古典からの引用』にも引用されている。
- The story about Mitsutoshi YAGYU is one actual example of that, and the movie 'Shichinin no Samurai' (Seven Samurai) also quotes this story.
- ただし、酒造用水に課せられている水質基準は、水道水などと比べるとはるかに厳格である。
- However, water quality criteria applied to shuzo yosui is far stricter than for tap water.
- 天保の改革の風俗取締りは、当然、末番句を有する狂句界にも及び、取締りが厳しくなった。
- The clampdown on public morals during the Tempo Reforms, as a matter of course, also came to the world of kyoku, which had suebanku (erotic love poems), and regulations became strict.
- しかし上述したように必ずしも国人層・百姓層などを厳格に支配していたわけではなかった。
- However, as mentioned above, the shugo-ryogoku system did not always control strictly the kokujin stratum and the peasant stratum.
- 翌1336年、九州落ちしていた尊氏は持明院統の光厳天皇から院宣を受けて再び東上する。
- The next year in 1336, Takauji was bestowed an Imperial command from Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line while he was in hiding in Kyushu and he headed back east again.
- そのため、日比谷焼打事件をはじめとして各地で暴動が起こり、戒厳令が敷かれるに至った。
- Popular uprisings broke out in various places beginning with the Hibiya Incendiary Incident, and martial law was declared.
- 1371年(応安4年)に親王宣下を受け立太子され、即座に後光厳天皇の譲位を受けて即位。
- In 1371 after receiving the title Prince by Imperial order, he immediately succeeded to the throne after Emperor Gokogon passed the throne to him.
- 慶長14年に宮中女官の密通事件(猪熊事件)では、幕府の京都所司代に厳罰を要請している。
- In 1609, the Emperor demanded severe punishment for the shogunate's military governor stationed in Kyoto when the Inokuma Incident occurred, whereby a court lady committed adultery.
- 成婚当時は教育係の万里小路幸子という老女官に宮中での礼儀作法を厳しく躾けられ困惑した。
- At the begging of her marriage life, the Empress Teimei was taught civilities and rules of etiquette in the Imperial Court in a stern manner by Yukiko MADENOKOJI, a senior court lady and the educator,; this put the Empress Teimei in a difficult position.
- そして大内義隆に謀反し大内氏を事実上乗っ取った陶晴賢を1555年の厳島の戦いで破った。
- Subsequently, in the Battle of Itsukushima in 1555, Motonari defeated Harukata SUE, who rebelled against Yoshitaka OUCHI and had virtually taken over the Ouchi clan.
- 厳しい冬の寒さの中を裸で立ち向かわせることで、逞しい男らしさを演出させることであった。
- Also by letting men fight against each other naked in the severe cold weather, they could present themselves as strong.
- 泉涌寺妙厳院のある「白衣観音図」は、1471年(文明3年)に能阿弥が描いたものである。
- The 'Hakui Kannon zu' (painting of Kannon (Buddhist deity of mercy - wearing white) in Myogon-in, Sennyu-ji Temple was painted by Noami in 1471.
- 染めの工程とは違って厳冬のころ行うことが多く雪国の金沢では雪解け水にさらすこともある。
- Unlike the steps of dyeing, it is generally performed in cold winter, and the cloth is often washed in melted snow water in Kanazawa located in a snowy area.
- 正月(修正会)の荘厳として供える為、12月31日の朝の勤行のあと、夕の勤行までに飾る。
- Because it's offered as shogon (to decorate Buddha statues and temples) at shusho-e (the New Year's service), kagami-mochi is displayed after the devotional exercises on the morning of December 31st and before the devotional exercises in the afternoon.
- しかしながら、検定試験の合格率は5%と大変厳しく、有資格者の欠を充たすには程遠かった。
- However, only five percent of the candidates could pass the test, far too insufficient to fill the positions necessitated.
- 1~12条が天皇家および公家が厳守すべき諸規定、13条以下が僧の官位についての諸規定。
- Articles 1 to 12 are regulations what the Imperial family and the court nobles should have observed; and Articles 13 to the end are regulations on the official court rank of monks.
- 伊藤博文は死刑に反対する意見がある場合、戒厳令を発してでも断行すべきであると主張した。
- Hirobumi ITO insisted that if some people were opposed to the death penalty, the government should declare a state of martial law to enforce the death sentence.
- 御所への立ち入りは藩兵が厳しく制限し、驚いた二条摂政や朝彦親王などにも参内を禁止した。
- The Domain soldiers strictly controlled entry to the palace, even refusing entry to the shocked Regent Nijo and Imperial Prince Asahiko.
- 他に、平氏一門に属する人びとが厳島神社に奉納したものには舞楽面、獅子・狛犬などがある。
- Bugaku (court dance and music) masks, Shishi lion (left-hand guardian dog at a Shinto shrine), and komainu (a pair of stone-carved guardian dogs) were also dedicated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine by the Taira clan.
- 後白河院もみずから10代の頃より美濃国の青墓の傀儡を師として厳しく今様を修練している。
- Goshirakawa-in (Retired Emperor Goshirakawa) had been taking lessons of Imayo from Aohata no kugutsu in Mino Province since he was in his teens.
- このような例は貴賎結婚に極めて厳格だったヨーロッパの王室ではあまり見られないことである。
- This was not very common in European Royal Households where they were very strict about marriage with a commoner.
- 諡を持つ最後の天皇(明治天皇以後の追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には異なる)。
- He was the last Emperor who received a posthumous name. (Sometimes Tsuigo is considered to be a type of posthumous name, however strictly speaking these are two different names.)
- 室町幕府は天皇の弟の一人が寺院に預けられている事を知って急遽後光厳天皇として即位させた。
- The Muromachi bakufu received information that the Emperor's younger brother was left at a Temple, and they allowed him to hastily succeed to the throne as Emperor Gokogon.
- 以前よりは緩和はされてはいるが大規模店舗の出店も旧市街地においては厳しく制限されている。
- The city imposes severe restrictions on the opening of large retail stores in the old urban area. even though they aren't as severe as before.
- ただし、背脂醤油系のことをこってりと呼ぶ人も多く、それほど厳密に使われている訳ではない。
- However, its meaning is not concerete as many people still call the soy sauce with backfat type the 'thick type.'
- 中でも徳川家康は抜駆け行為に対し、一族郎党全員の切腹という、特に厳しい軍律を設けていた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA imposed particularly strict military law which stated that the entire family and all retainers of anyone attacking preemptively would be forced to commit suicide.
- なお、厳密な件数については、文化庁から公式の目録や図録が公表されていないため未詳である。
- Their precise number, however, is unknown as relevant official inventories or pictorial records have not been issued by the Agency for Cultural Affairs.
- 現在上演されている能の曲目の殆どは室町時代に書かれ、今日までに厳選されてきたものである。
- Almost of the songs of Noh which are currently played were written in Muromachi period and have been strictly selected until today.
- 江戸時代に体制教学であった朱子学は人間の欲望充足・利害への関心に厳しい抑制を求めていた。
- Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism), a system teaching and learning in the Edo period, required severe restraint against people's satisfaction of desires and interests.
- 江戸時代の貨幣の金および銀の含有率は、極秘事項とされ、民間での貨幣の分析は厳禁とされた。
- The rate of gold and silver contained in the coin in Edo period was confidential, and it was strictly prohibited to analyze the coin by ordinary citizen.
- The content percentage of currency was top secret and analysing the currency privately was banned in Edo period.
- 東大寺は、奈良市にあり、現在では華厳宗の大本山の、奈良時代から続く歴史ある大寺院である。
- Located in Nara City, Todai-ji, now the head temple of the Kegon sect, is a large temple built during the Nara period.
- また厳密には秀頼は関白宣下も氏長者にもなっていないので、生涯を羽柴姓で通したと思われる。
- Strictly saying, it seems that Hideyori's surname had remained HASHIBA during his all life because he was neither assigned to be Kanpaku nor the head of a family.
- 亀山は院評定制の改革に取り組み、一定の成果を上げて「厳密之沙汰」、「徳政興行」と評された。
- Emperor Kameyama who worked on improving the system of council supervised by a retired emperor; In Hyojo Sei, based upon his achievements, was thought to be an Emperor who exercises 'strict self discipline' and yet, operates a 'benevolent government.'
- 厳密に区別するのは難しいが、地歌の「端歌もの」同様、江戸時代以降花街や民衆の間で流行した。
- Kamigata uta has been popular like hauta mono of jiuta in geisha quarters and in the public from the Edo period though it is difficult to make a strict distinction between the two.
- ただし白髪・白龍などは長崎県でOEM生産しており、厳密には三輪そうめんと表示されていない。
- However, Shirahige and Hakuryu is produced by OEM in Nagasaki Prefecture, so strictly speaking, they are not labeled as Miwa Somen.
- 謹厳実直な性格で、周囲からは煙たがられつつも、芸事に対する姿勢の厳しさで一目置かれる存在。
- Although everybody tries to stay away from him due to his extremely serious and sincere nature, he is respected for his attitude toward the arts.
- ちなみに落語などに出てくる八公・熊公などは借家人であるため厳密に言えば町人にはあたらない。
- As a side note to this, Hachiko and Kumako, famous characters that appear in rakugo tales, are nagaya tenants, not townspeople in the strict sense.
- 特に江戸から西方へつながる東海道沿いの関所では、女性と鉄砲の通行が厳しい制限を受けていた。
- Restrictions on allowing women and firearms to pass were strict, particularly at the barrier checkpoints along the Tokaido Road from Edo on westwards.
- このうち、堺本系後光厳院本は『群書類従』に上下分冊、堺本の3種目は『新校群書類従』に収録。
- Among them, the Sakaibon group Gokogoninbon was separately collected in two volumes of 'Gunshoruiju (Japanese history book),' and three kinds of Sakaibon were collected in 'Shinko Gunshoruiju (library).'
- 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
- The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.
- 備の戦闘隊形は西洋のテルシオやテルシオテルシオへの挑戦などの陣形と異なり厳密な操典はない。
- Sonae's battle array was unlike the western-style tercio (Spanish square) or tercio to tercio attack formation in that there were no strict rules.
- 後者は法律関連の書籍の発刊が厳しく禁じられた当時に吉宗の特例の許可によって販売が許された。
- The latter received special sales permission by Yoshimune at a time when publication of legal books was strictly prohibited.
- 京と鎌倉は足利方に奪還され、北朝は神器と治天が不在であったが後光厳の践祚により再建される。
- Kyoto and Kamakura returned to the Ashikaga side, and although the Sacred Treasures and Chiten (ruling emperor) were absent, the Northern Court was re-established by the ascension of Gokogen.
- その改正は幕府そのものの尊厳を傷つけるものとして拒絶してくる事は目に見えて明らかであった。
- It was obvious that any amendment of this law would get rejected as it would affect the dignity of the Bakufu itself.
- ポーツマス条約の内容は、賠償金を取れないなど、多くの国民にとって予想外に厳しい内容だった。
- Many citizens were disappointed by the Treaty of Portsmouth, which did not grant Japan any reparations.
- 現在は個々の店舗が独立運営しており、厳密にはチェーン店ではない(よって、本店も存在しない)。
- At this time, each store runs their business independently, and therefore are not strictly considered to be chain stores (accordingly, there is no main store).
- ここで多用されるのはアキアミやその近縁種だが、これらは厳密にはアミではなくエビの仲間である。
- Actes japonicus and its related species are used to produce this kind of Shiokara, but strictly speaking, they are a kind of shrimp, not of mysid shrimp.
- 後に孕んで子を産むと、その子供は両牙が長く生え、尾と角を備え、厳として牛鬼のごとくであった。
- Later, she got pregnant and had a child, but it had two long fangs, a tail, and hones, which absolutely looked like Ushioni.
- 官職の高低により、下賜される亥の子餅の色(黒・赤・白)と包み紙の仕様に厳格な決まりがあった。
- Depending on a retainer's officiary title, the color of Inoko mochi (either black, red or white) to be given and the designs of its wrapping paper were strictly specified.
- また代官、目明し、同心、小者など役職、屋台など風俗については厳密な考証なしに描写されている。
- Positions such as daikan (local governor), meakashi (hired thief-catcher), doshin (policeman) and komono (lower servant) and everyday items such food stalls are depicted based on information collected without a rigorous study of historical evidence.
- 『吾妻鏡』と『平家物語』を創作であると捨てて、厳密に『玉葉』のみを採れば、下記の記述がある。
- If we eliminate 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari' due to their fictional natures, strictly interpreting only Gyokuyo,' then the depictions of the battles would change to the following.
- 全区画が外国人所有の治外法権の土地であり、日本人の立入が厳しく制限された事実上の租界である。
- All of the blocks were owned by foreigners and thus subject to the laws of extraterroriality, meaning the settlement was a true concession that Japanese nationals were severely restricted in entering.
- また源氏三代については、頼朝にはそれなりの敬意は払っているもののかなり手厳しいところもある。
- The book shows respect to Yoritomo to some extent, but sometimes severe comments are made about the Minamoto clan's reign.
- 定信の厳しい改革より、その前の田沼意次の多少裏のあった政治の方が良かったことを風刺している。
- It satirizes people who thought that old days of corrupt politics of Okitsugu TANUMA were better than the harsh reforms of Sadanobu.
- それでも前者における悔返は厳しく制限され、後者の他人和与の場合には悔返は一切禁じられていた。
- Either way, cancellation of wayo of the former kind was strictly limited, and cancellation of wayo to others of the latter kind was prohibited in any case.
- また武士を招集しながら派遣しなかったことは「有れども亡きがごとき沙汰」と厳しく批判している。
- Moreover, he criticized 'although there are, it is same as nothing' for not sending samurai who had been summoned.
- また、持明院統もまた、邦良親王の即位後に光厳天皇を皇太子にする事を条件にこの動きを支持した。
- The Jimyoin line also supported this movement on the condition that Emperor Kogon became Crown Prince after Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi ascended to the throne.
- 逃亡していた師仲は、神鏡を手土産に六波羅に出頭するが処罰は厳しく、下野国への配流が決定した。
- Moronaka, who had fled, returned and brought the Sacred Mirror back to Rokuhara as a gift, yet his punishment remained severe; he was exiled to Shimotsuke Province.
- しかし、5月9日、近江国の番場蓮華寺で自刃し、光厳天皇、後伏見天皇、花園天皇は捕らえられた。
- On May 9, they committed suicide with their swords at Renge-ji Temple in Banba of Omi Province, and the emperors Kogen, Gofushimi and Hanazono were arrested.
- 1923年9月1日に起きた関東大震災の2日後、戒厳令下に朝鮮民族が民衆によって私刑を受けた。
- Two days after the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, a series of lynching of Korean people by Japanese nationals occurred under martial law.
- 当時の日本陸軍は、まだしっかりした冬季装備と厳寒地における正しい防寒方法を持っていなかった。
- The Japanese Army in those days did not have proper equipment for winter and did not know how to combat cold in areas of intense cold.
- 宮室は楼観や城柵を厳しく設けていた(唯有男子一人給飮食 傳辭出入 居處宮室樓觀 城柵嚴設)。
- Her palace and lookout tower were enclosed within the strong Josaku (an official defense site).
- 日本三景はいずれも世界遺産登録に動いたが、現時点では厳島神社(登録)以外は登録に至っていない。
- Each of Nihon Sankei tries to have itself registered to World Heritage, but, so far, they have not been registered except Itsukushima-jinja Shrine (registered).
- (後述、但し厳密にはすべての火縄銃を「種子島」と云わず、比較的に太く短いものをさすことが多い)
- (As we'll see later, however, strictly speaking, all hinawaju were not called 'Tanegashima,' but those that were relatively thick and short were called that way.)
- なお「後醍醐」は分類としては追号になる(追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には異なる)。
- 'Go-Daigo' is categorized as an honorary name (in some cases the honorary name is considered a type of posthumous name, but strictly speaking, these two are different).
- 厳島には夜に多くの人がこれを見物し、特に島の最高峰である弥山 (広島県)からよく見えたという。
- Many people visited and looked at it at night in Itsukushima and it was seen well especially from Misen (Hiroshima Prefecture) which is highest peak of the island.
- イセエビは姿造りなどで供されることから、流通時には他の食用エビに比べて姿形が厳格に評価される。
- As Ise ebi are often served in the form of sugata zukuri (sashimi arranged in the original shape of a fish), its appearance is more strictly valued than other edible ebi (lobsters, shrimps, and prawns).
- そのため、婚礼や式典、葬儀など正式な場面での使用は厳禁で、マナーに外れ失礼とする考え方もある。
- Therefore, there are views that using obidome in formal occasions such as a wedding or funeral ceremony was strictly prohibited, because it was considered to be rude and bad-mannered.
- 神前で奉納する能楽(御神能)としては、厳島神社の桃花祭御神能と並んで日本を代表するものである。
- It is a leading Goshin Noh (Nogaku play dedicated to before the gods) along with Tokasai (a festival of offering peach blossoms to the enshrined deity) Goshin Noh of Itsukushima-jinja Shrine.
- 花園院のほか、後伏見天皇・光厳院・徽安門院ら後期京極派の代表歌人も30首以上の入集を果たした。
- More than 30 poems composed by representative poets of the later Kyogoku group such as Emperor Gofushimi, Kogonin, and Kianmonin were selected, as well as Hanazonoin's.
- 足利尊氏の執奏により、延文元年(1356年)6月、後光厳天皇から綸旨がくだり、1359年撰進。
- In July, 1356, Emperor Gokogon gave an order to make the anthology due to Takauji ASHIKAGA's suggestion, and it was completed and dedicated to the Emperor in 1359.
- これに違反すれば厳しい処罰があったが、生活困窮者や弱者の就業を目的とした幕府の政策でもあった。
- The bakufu severely punished monouri who violated the license, and also treated monouri as measures for providing jobs to the poor and the weak.
- 平和で安定したこの時代、知行高は、厳格な体系を持つ武士内部の身分指標の役割を持つようになった。
- During the Edo period when the society was peaceful and stabilized, chigyo-daka played the role of an index indicating the social status of a samurai within the samurai class where a strict system existed.
- 現地文化に対しては否定的な態度をとり、総督府統治に反対する朝鮮独立運動は厳しく取り締りされた。
- It had a negative attitude toward the local culture, and the independent movement of Korea against the Sotoku-fu's rule was strictly controlled.
- 特に大減封を経験した外様藩は、収入を増やして家臣団を維持するために内高を厳しく打ち出していた。
- Especially for tozama clans that experienced a large diminishing of the territory had been conducting strict land survey to calculate uchi-daka in order to increase their income and maintain the vassals.
- この例を、北朝を正統とする立場からは、光厳天皇の治世をはさんだ後醍醐天皇の重祚と見る意見もある。
- Some think that this is chosa of Emperor Godaigo after Emperor Kogen from the viewpoint of orthodoxy of the Northern Dynasty.
- 四条流の庖丁儀式とされる、巧みな庖丁さばきによる荘厳な技術披露が現在でも継承され、行われている。
- This solemn demonstration of the masterly performance showed skill in handling a kitchen knife, and is considered to be the kitchen knife ceremony of the Shijo School, and has been passed on as the Kitchen Knife Ceremony of Shijo School to this day.
- 天然ワカメが取れる磯や海域は畑や田と同じ不動産扱いされ、厳しい管理のもとで一族に代々相続される。
- The rocky shores and marine areas where natural seaweed can be caught are treated as property, like farms and rice fields; such areas are strictly controlled and have been subject to family succession for generations.
- 尊氏は九州へ落ち延びるが、翌年に九州で体制を立て直し、光厳上皇の院宣を得たのちに再び京都へ迫る。
- Takauji fled to Kyushu, but after reconstructing his army, he again approached to Kyoto in the following year, with a decree previously obtained from the abducted Emperor Kogon.
- 年若くとも並はずれた教養、政治的手腕、威厳を持つ厩戸は並み居る臣下からも一目置かれる存在となる。
- Prince Umayado who had extraordinary education, political competence and air of dignity in spite of his youth came to be a presence respected by a host of vassals.
- そのため他の郷の忍者よりも一層、例え仲間であろうと即座に処断できるような厳酷な精神も求められた。
- For the reason, they were required a much tougher spirit than other schools' Ninja, ready for the case that they need to make a prompt judgment even for their fellow.
- 山城国一揆は惣の農民らが参加している点で厳密には国一揆ではなく惣国一揆とでも言うべきものである。
- Strictly speaking, the uprising in Yamashiro Province was not a 'kuniikki' but a 'sokoku ikki', because the uprising was started by farmers belonging to so (a community organized by a self-governing association of farmers).
- 光厳天皇・光明天皇らの異母兄弟で、同母兄弟に長助法親王・亮性法親王・璜子内親王(章徳門院)がいた。
- Emperor Kogon and Emperor Komyo were his brothers of different mothers; Monk-Imperial Prince Chojo, Monk-Imperial Prince Ryosho, Imperial Princess Koshi (Shotokumonin) were his brothers with of same mother.
- 警備面でもひめゆりの塔事件を教訓として、本土から多数の警察官が応援のため増派、厳戒態勢が取られた。
- As for security, learning a lesson from the incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower, the National Police Agency enforced tight security measures by mobilizing the increased number of police officers dispatched from the mainland.
- 弘治元年(1555年)、安芸国宮島で陶晴賢は毛利元就の奇襲攻撃の前に自害して果てた(厳島の戦い)。
- In 1555, Harukata SUE, in the face of a surprise attack by Motonari MORI, committed suicide and passed away (the Battle of Itsukushima).
- 寒さの厳しい地方では、場所に限らず偶然の産物として発見され、普遍的に生産されてきた食品と見られる。
- In frigid regions, it was discovered accidentally regardless of the place, and therefore it seemed to be a universally manufactured food.
- もっとも厳密には踊りであってはならず、「語り」でなければならないという口伝がある(九代目團十郎)。
- Danjuro ICHIKAWA IX instructs disciples that, technically, this scene should be performed as a 'narration' instead of a dance.
- 厳しい塾の下宿から、貸本屋へ外出する方便として、「褌を外して袂へ忍ばせて置く」裏技を開陳している。
- There, he explained a trick on how to go out to a book-lending shop from a strictly controlled boarding house of a private school, and that was 'to hide my fundoshi loincloth inside of kimono's tamoto (a sleeve).'
- 柄物などは流派によって扱いが違い、厳しく制限されている場合と、まったく問題とならない場合とがある。
- Rules of cloth patterns vary depending on schools, and some schools strictly restrict the use of patterns while some schools have no restriction on the use of patterns.
- しかし、水替人足は非常に厳しい労役を強いられるものであり、更生というより懲罰という側面が強かった。
- However, Mizukaeninsoku demanded severe labor service, and it was more a punishment than a rehabilitation.
- この書する文字・書体にも文人の雅俗意識が峻厳に働き、その審美が書芸の発展のひとつの原動力となった。
- Bunjin showed a severe sense of elegance and vulgarian on these letters and the style of writing, and their sense of beauty was part of the motive power for the development of calligraphic arts.
- ただし江戸城大奥は、完全な男性禁制の場であり、火事など緊急時以外の男性の出入りは厳しく制限された。
- However, the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) of Edo castle was completely closed to all men and, except in case of an emergency, such as fire, male visitors were extremely limited.
- また朝鮮側が厳禁していた朝鮮人参の種が密かに日本に持ち出され、日本国内でも朝鮮人参栽培に成功した。
- Also, Asian ginseng seeds, strictly prohibited by the Korean government, were secretly brought to Japan, resulting in the success of cultivation of Asian ginseng in Japan.
- 秀吉は人も動物も皆殺しにするよう厳命し、城内にいた者は非戦闘員はおろか馬や犬猫に至るまで全滅した。
- Hideyoshi harshly ordered the killing of all people and animals, so that all in the castle including not only noncombatants but also horses, dogs and cats were killed.
- 神聖な場所とされるが故に、たいへん穢れを嫌い、例えば「次清」の別などの厳格な規律が存在するとされる。
- It is said that they have very strict rules such as a distinction between 'tsugi' (uncleanness) and 'kiyo' (cleanness) because this place is respected as a sanctuary which should avoid any impurity.
- だが途中荒れた道や、線形 (路線)勾配のきつい道が点在するので普段運動をしない人にとって多少厳しい。
- However, as there are bumpy roads or roads with high inclination dotting the mountain, the hiking can be tough for people who do not usually do any exercises.
- 元弘の変で後醍醐天皇は捕らわれて隠岐島に配流され、鎌倉幕府に擁立された持明院統の光厳天皇が即位した。
- But in the aftermath of the Genko Disturbance, Emperor Godaigo was taken captive and exiled to the island of Oki, and the Jimyoin lineage, which had the backing of the Kamakura bakufu, was able to raise their candidate, Kogon, to the throne.
- しかし麹室に比べると管理の厳重さを必要としないので、酒蔵によっては見学者を入れてくれるところもある。
- Compared to kojimuro, however, as strict control is not required, certain breweries allow visitors to enter.
- しかし厳密なものではなく、18世紀後半には箏、胡弓に尺八が加わった合奏を「三曲」と呼んだ記録もある。
- However, the usage of the name wasn't strict, and the ensemble of koto, kokyu and shakuhachi was also called 'sankyoku' in a record from the late 18th century.
- 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
- Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).
- また、外国人殺害のあった市府の科挙受験禁止などは中国ならではの厳しい見せしめ政策であったといえよう。
- It may be said that the ban of kakyo examinations in cities where foreigners were murdered was a warning policy unique to China.
- 第二次世界大戦下、言論統制の厳しい、文学不毛と呼ばれた時代において、太宰は多くの作品を発表し続けた。
- DAZAI kept publishing many works even in the so-called literary drought under severe censorship during World War II..
- 源氏物語を読みふけり、物語世界への憧憬に過ごした少女時代、度重なる身内の死去によって見た厳しい現実。
- She describes her young girlhood when she had been absorbed in reading the Tale of Genji and her yearning for the world of that story, and the grim reality that she faced by the repeated deaths of her family and people close to her.
- 翌24年(1555年)の厳島の戦いで晴賢が元就に敗れて自害すると、大黒柱を失った大内家は一気に衰退。
- After Harukata was defeated by Motonathe in the Battle of Itsukushima in the next year 1555 and killed himself, the Ouchi family which lost the pillar declined at a stretch.
- 雑誌には啓蒙という大目標があるものの、細かい厳密な編集方針はなく、全号を一貫する具体的テーマもない。
- This bulletin had a big goal of enlightenment, but had neither a delicate and severe editing policy nor a consistent and concrete theme as a whole.
- 以前にもまして付加価値をつけ、競争に立ち向かって行く酒屋以外の生き残りは厳しいことになりそうである。
- It is likely that, for retail sake shops to survive in these situations, there would be no other means than confronting the competition through further providing additional values to their products to be sold.
- 意味は、君主・主君にそむくことである(ただし、厳密には後述のように謀反と謀叛には微妙な差異がある)。
- 'Muhon' means 'betraying one's master' (although there's a slight difference in the meaning of '謀反' and '謀叛' to be exact).
- それ以外でも他の大名家などへお預けとなり、厳しい監視の下で蟄居させられる(松平忠直・松平忠輝など)。
- Or, they may have been forced to stay with a different Daimyo family to live under strict surveillance (Tadanao MATSUDAIRA and Tadateru MATSUDAIRA, for example).
- その際、尊氏は、持明院統の光厳天皇を治天とし、その弟の光明天皇を即位させ、自らは征夷大将軍に就任する。
- At that time Takauji himself became Seii Taishogun, while he appointed Emperor Kogon, of the Jimyoin Imperial line, as Chiten, and also appointed his younger brother, Emperor Komyo as Emperor.
- 京都を制圧した幕府は、本人不在のまますぐに後醍醐を廃位し、皇太子量仁(19歳、光厳天皇)を践祚させた。
- The bakufu controlled Kyoto and immediately deposed Godaigo in absentia and Crown Prince Kazuhito (aged 19, Emperor Kogon) ascended the throne.
- しかし、藩財政は厳しく、江戸・大坂の大商人からの借金に対しては何度も踏み倒して貧乏細川と嫌われている。
- However, the finance of the clan was a hard one and they were disliked and called 'indigent Hosokawa,' as they repeatedly failed to pay debts to those great merchants in Edo and Osaka.
- 御座楽は荘重で優雅な雅楽であり、路次楽もチャルメラや太鼓などによる荘厳な鼓吹楽(こすいがく)であった。
- Uzagaku was a solemn and refined form of Gagagu (traditional Japanese court music), whereas Rujigaku utilized instruments such as the charamela (a shawm-like double reed wind instrument) and taiko (large drum) for impressive and inspirational musical effect.
- 大石が御家再興運動や堀部らとの論争をしている頃、江戸幕府では吉良家に対して厳しい処分を下し始めていた。
- While Oishi was working hard for the restoration of the Asano clan and having a dispute with Horibe, the Edo bakufu sentenced Kira to some strict punishments.
- しかしながら、受領の勤務評定は非常に厳しく、あまり苛烈な租税収奪は行なわれなかっただろうとされている。
- However, the performance review of Zuryo was very severe, so it is thought that they were unable to impose taxes that were overly harsh.
- 中国の律令制の最盛期は、唐初~中期とされているが、必ずしも律令制が厳密に施行されていた訳ではなかった。
- It is considered that the Ritsuryo system reached its zenith during the early to mid-Tang Dynasty, although it was not always strictly enforced.
- このほか、1つのジャンルに納まらないものに熊野速玉大社、厳島神社、鶴岡八幡宮などの「古神宝類」がある。
- In addition to the above-mentioned works, certain miscellaneous items exist--namely 'the Koshinhorui' (Sacred Treasures) held by Kumano Hayatama-taisha Grand Shrine, Itsukushima-jinja Shrine, Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, and so forth--that do not fall into any single category.
- ※この両人および後述の賀陽正憲は皇籍離脱後の誕生であるため、厳密に区分すると「旧皇族の男系子孫」である。
- *Above two people and Masanori KAYA, who is mentioned later, were born after their family left the Imperial Family, strictly speaking, they were 'male descendants of the former Imperial Family.'
- 今でいえば八月下旬で、残暑厳しい折ではあるが、そのために乳酸菌の発酵が容易だったなどのメリットもあった。
- Although the season corresponds to the present-day end of August when the lingering summer heat is intense, there were such benefits as fermentation of lactic acid bacterium was easy because of that.
- 着衣や装身具も華やかに彩色されており、その上に立涌、格子、卍繋などの細緻な截金文様が置かれ荘厳されている
- The robe and accessories are painted in colors brilliantly, on which delicate kirikane patterns of tachiwaku, lattice and connected 卍 and others are used for giving a stately atmosphere.
- 大根役者! / へたくそ!(今ではこうした厳しい声はまず掛からないが、戦前までは日常的だったとされる。)
- 'Daikon Yakusha' or 'Heta-kuso' (you bad actor); at present these kakegoe are rarely heard, however, until before the War, they had been often heard in theatres.
- 全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、武士を優遇する改革でもあり、人心は定信の理想についていけないままであった。
- But people could not catch up with the Sadanobu's high ideal, partly because his reforms as a whole favored samurai while being strict on merchants and peasants.
- 大井憲太郎や内藤魯一など自由党急進派は政府の厳しい弾圧にテロや蜂起も辞さない過激な戦術をも検討していた。
- The radicals of the Liberal Party, including Kentaro OI and Roichi NAITO, were forming drastic measures against the government's oppressive measures and ready to go to the length of resorting to violence if necessary.
- ちなみに、ここで言う上層とは、厳密には発生期の武士と同様に、騎馬戦闘の権利資格を有する階層の武士を指す。
- Strictly speaking, upper class bushi indicates the class of bushi who had the right to fight on horseback, which had been used to define bushi since the beginning of the bushi class.
- 経顕は光厳上皇の側近中最も重んじられた1人であったことが光厳天皇曾孫貞成親王の『椿葉記』に記されている。
- It was written in 'Chinyoki' (an account of the raising to the throne of the Emperor Gohanazono in 1429) by Imperial Prince Sadafusa, who was the retired Emperor Kogon's grandson, that Tsuneaki was one of the most important close aides to the Retired Emperor Kogon.
- 義仲に弁解の余地を与えない厳しいものだった(『玉葉』11月17日条、『吉記』『百錬抄』11月18日条)。
- It was severe enough to make Yoshinaka indefensible ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 8, 1184, 'Kikki' and 'Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 9, 1184).
- 考古学者の調査は厳しく制限されており大仙陵古墳のように実際に天皇あるいは皇族の墓であるか不明なものも多い。
- Surveys of imperial mausoleums by archaeologists are conducted under highly restricted conditions, and there are many graves, such as the Daisenryo Tumulus, about which it is doubtful whether or not they are truly graves of emperors or imperial family members.
- 直義は光厳上皇の治天としての権威のみが、室町幕府の政治的な正統性を保障していることを理解していたのである。
- Tadayoshi understood that only authority from the Retired Emperor Kogon as Chiten, would have proved the legitimate political power of the Muromachi bakufu.
- また、厳密な皇籍復帰に分類するのは困難であるが、白川伯王家(花山天皇子孫、花山源氏の家系) が挙げられる。
- It is not easy to be strictly classified as secession (of a prince) from the Imperial Family, but one example is the Shirakawahakuo family (Emperor KAZAN's descendant, Kazan Minamoto clan's family line).
- 会津藩と庄内藩の処分については、新政府内においても「厳罰論」と「寛典論」に分かれたが対照的な処分となった。
- Punishment of the Aizu Domain was contrasted with that of the Shonai Domain, dividing the new government into two opinions of 'severe punishment' and 'lenient punishment'
- (じんとう:矢頭とも書く)は厳密には鏑とは別物だが、外見が鏑と似ている為、しばしば鏑と混同されがちである。
- (Jinto: also written as 矢頭) was different from Kabura, however, since they are somewhat similar in their appearance, Jinto was often confused with Kabura.
- 城米積船は高額で雇船される代わりに幕府の厳重な管理下に置かれて城米以外の一切の物資の搬送を禁じられていた。
- Jomai sekisen were paid a large amount of money, but instead, they were strictly controlled by the bakufu and they were prohibited from carrying goods other than jomai.
- ただ、実際は明らかに下人と同一階層の身分を「所従」と呼ぶこともあり、用法に厳格な違いはなく混用されていた。
- However, in practice, as those definitely in the class of Genin were sometimes called 'Shoju', the two designations were used interchangeably with no significant differences in usage.
- 986年(寛和2年)に比叡山内延暦寺横川にあった首楞厳院で、25人の僧が結集して結成された念仏結社である。
- It was a Nenbutsu association established in 986 by 25 monks who gathered at Shuryogonin in Enryaku-ji Temple, Yokawa within Mt. Hie.
- そのため、支配者(幕府、大名、旗本ら)は百姓の逃散を厳しく禁ずるとともに、移住も原則として認めなかった。
- Therefore, the rulers (bakufu [feudal government headed by a shogun], feudal lords and direct vassals of the shogun) strictly forbade the chosan and generally did not recognize migration.
- 結局、後光厳の系統は称光の代で途絶え、次の後花園天皇(崇光の曾孫)以降、皇位は崇光系が受け継ぐこととなった。
- As a result, the Gokogon line ended with Shoko and the next Emperor Gohanazono (Suko's great-grandson), continued on under the Suko line.
- 一方この時代、入浴することは心身を清めるための厳粛な行事であったため、裸ではなく白衣で入るのが作法であった。
- On the other hand, it was the proper manner to take a bath wearing Byakue costumes rather than being naked because bathing was a serious occasion to purify one's body and soul at that time.
- これと同時に現地における兵糧調達は原則として禁止されて濫妨や刈田は軍律によって厳しく禁じられることになった。
- At the same time it was prohibited in principle to supply army provisions in the field and violence and karita (to reap rice) were strictly banned by the martial law.
- これらの人々に次ぐ7代の長厳は修験者ではあるが園城寺とは関係がないばかりか、真言宗系の仁和寺の出身であった。
- Cyogen, the 7th-generation Kumano Sanzan Kengyo after these predecessors, was a ascetic Buddhist monk; however, he not only had no association with Enjo-ji Temple, but also was from the Shingon Sect line's Ninna-ji Temple.
- 大峠まで捜索活動を行ったが、この日の気温は-14℃であり、風雪も厳しく、捜索を断念して田茂木野へ引き返した。
- They returned to Tamogino after searching to Otouge due to temperatures as low as -14 degrees Celsius, harsh wind and snow.
- 標高800~900メートルの山間部に位置するため、夏は冷涼な気候であるのに対して冬は寒さが厳しく豪雪でもある。
- Since the area is mountainous, and has an altitude in the range of 800 m to 900 m, it is cool in the summer but very cold in the winter with lots of snow as well.
- その一方で、悪劣で政治を顧みなかったように書きながらも、厳格な裁判を行ったとするなど相矛盾する記事が併存する。
- The reports of him contradict each other as it is written how he was a very wicked person and thought little of politics but at the same strict trials were conducted.
- また、字形の変化も後の爛熟期の古書に比べて乏しいが、線に、そして連綿線にこめられた厳しさ、緊張感は抜群である。
- Furthermore, variations in character shape are poorer than in the ancient calligraphy of the mature period, but the lines are full of intensity and tension.
- ※…北朝_(日本)3例を含む一方で事実上の廃位である淳仁天皇・仲恭天皇、北朝の光厳天皇・崇光天皇の4例は省く。
- * While 3 examples from the Northern Court (Japan) are included, the 4 examples of the Emperor Junnin, the Emperor Chukyo, and the Emperor Kogon and the Emperor Suko of the Northern Court, which effectively were dethronement, are excluded.
- 終戦後、戦前〜戦中の国策とも言うべき武道励行に対する反動から、国民の武道に対する感情は非常に厳しいものとなる。
- After the war, due to a backlash against the rigorous enforcement of martial arts from before the war to during the war--which was something of a national policy--people's feelings toward the martial arts became very harsh.
- 日本の文人については中国との社会制度の違いから、その定義が極めて難しく、厳密に言えばその存在を否定しかねない。
- It is very difficult to define Bunjin in Japan because of the difference in social system between China and Japan, and strictly speaking, its existence might be denied in Japan.
- そして娘に京の姫君に劣らないほどの教育をほどこし、「もし心ざし遂げずこの宿世違はば海に入りね」と厳しく育てた。
- He gave his daughter an education of a level as high as the princesses in Kyoto, and reared her strictly, instructing her that 'If we are not able to realize our ambitions and the revelation does not come true, you are to leap into the sea.'
- 大坂の役にて徳川家康本陣が真田信繁隊の突進を受けた際に、旗奉行に不首尾があり、このことを家康は厳しく詮議した。
- When the headquarters of army of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was attacked by the squad of Nobushige SANADA in the Siege of Osaka, the Hata Bugyo ended in failure, which was strictly questioned by Ieyasu.
- 厳密に言えば270年ほど前に日本には火薬は中国から輸入され原始的な鉄砲と呼ばれる銃は日本国内に存在はしていた。
- Strictly speaking, from around 270 years before that, Japan imported gunpowder from China and primitive guns called teppo (literally, an iron barrel) existed in Japan.
- 預かり人が命令に従わず、全部あるいは半分以上を所領とした場合にはこれを厳罰として本所領は全て本所側に返還する。
- If an azukarinin disobeyed the law and seized more than half of the territory, they were punished severely and forced to return the entire territory back to the honjo.
- 翌正平7年、南朝は京都と鎌倉への侵攻と光厳・光明・崇光の三上皇と廃太子直仁親王の拉致を行い、一統は破棄される。
- The next year, following the Southern Court's attack on Kyoto and Kamakura, together with the kidnaping of the three Retired Emperors, Kogon, Komyo and Suko, and the deposed Crown Prince Imperial Prince Naohito, the unification was nullified.
- 貞成親王の『看聞日記』(永享三年二月七日、1431年)には、「凡会所奥端両会所以下荘厳置物宝物等、目を驚かす。
- According to the 'Kanmon Nikki' of the Imperial Prince Sadafusa (written on February 7, 1431 (old calendar)), 'the normal kaisho such as the Oku gokaisho and Hashi gokaisho both had Shogon (decorations related to Buddhism) and jewelries, which was surprising to the eyes.
- 光厳上皇の御所とされた泉殿にて親王の元服が行われ、そのまま上皇の猶子として寝殿において践祚の儀が執り行われた。
- At Izumi-dono, which was designated as a residence of the Retired Emperor Kogen, the ceremony of geupuku (attaining manhood) for Imperial Prince Yutahiro was carried out, and then immediately after his Senso-no-gi (a ceremony to enthrone as a new emperor) as an adopted son of the Retired Emperor was carried out at the main house.
- 翌年、後醍醐天皇は隠岐国に流されるが退位を拒否し、光厳天皇と並立したため、広義にはこの時代より南北朝時代と呼ぶ。
- In the following year, Emperor Godaigo was sentenced to deportation to Oki Province, however he refused to abdicate and stood side by side with Emperor Kogon, and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts started from that time.
- 華厳経「入法界品(にゅうほっかいぼん)」にある、善財童子が53名の善知識を歴訪するという説話から取材されている。
- These images are taken from a narrative about Zenzai Doji in the Chapter 'Nyuhokkai-bon' of Kegon-kyo (Avatamska Sutra), who made a tour to visit fifty three zen-chishiki (a person who offers spiritual friendship and guidance to visitors).
- 墓とも解釈されるが、必ずしも遺骸が埋葬されているとは限らず、生物にも限っていないことなどから厳密には区別される。
- Mounds may be interpreted as tombs; however in the strict sense of the word, they are not tombs because mortal remains were not necessarily buried and things other than creatures were buried.
- しかし寛政の改革により風紀取締りが厳しくなると、寛政3年(1791年)には山東京伝の洒落本・黄表紙が摘発された。
- But the control of the morals became strict due to Kansei Reform, and in 1791, Sharebon and kibyoshi by Kyoden SANTO were exposed.
- 当時、庶民の移動、特に農民の移動には厳しい制限があったが、伊勢神宮参詣に関してはほとんどが許される風潮であった。
- Around that time, the movement of commoners, especially of peasants, was strictly regulated, but in most cases they were allowed to make a pilgrimage to the Ise-jingu Shrine.
- よく似た図案である河骨(コウホネ)の葉に見えることから、会津葵は厳密には葵紋ではなく河骨紋であるとの見方もある。
- Because these leaves look like nuphar leaves and are similar to the futaba-aoi leaves, some scholars view the Aizu-aoi precisely as Kohone-mon (nuphar patterns) instead of the aoi-mon.
- 慶長6年2月7日、政宗は伊達郡へ侵攻したが、本庄繁長・満長、宮代砦の守将八内図書の厳しい防戦によって撃退された。
- On February 7, 1601, Masamune invaded Date District but was driven back by the tough defense of Shigenaga and Mitsunaga (満長) HONJO, and Zusho YAUCHI (八内図書), a defense general of the Miyashiro-toride Fortress.
- 天狗党が諸費用をきちんと宿場に支払うなど規律厳守に努めたことは、島崎藤村の代表作『夜明け前』にも記述されている。
- The fact that Tenguto paid necessary expenses at post stations and observed rules was described in 'Yoake-mae' (Before the Dawn), a representative work by Toson SHIMAZAKI.
- 浄土宗に属していたこともあったが、1886年に独立し、華厳宗の大本山となり、観光収入などで寺院経営を行っている。
- Although Todai-ji Temple had belonged to the Jodo sect, it became independent in 1886 as the head temple of the Kegon sect and has been maintained through tourism revenues and so on.
- 『平家納経』(へいけのうきょう)は、平安時代に平氏伊勢平氏と平家の繁栄を願い、厳島神社に奉納された経典類の総称。
- 'Heike Nokyo' is a general term representing the Buddhist scriptures donated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine by Heike (Taira family [the same character is read Hei or Taira depending on the context]) with prayer for prosperity of the greater Taira family including Ise-Heishi.
- 眺望、景観を守ることを目的としたものとして、かなり厳しい規制を建築物の新築・増改築に課すことに大きな特徴がある。
- The ordinances have distinct features in terms of considerably strict regulations on the construction of new buildings and the extension and reconstruction of old buildings in order to protect surrounding scenery and vistaed views.
- 文和2年(1353年)に後光厳へ政務権を継承した後も、北朝家督者として君臨し続け、延文2年(1357年)に没した。
- After she handed over the reigns of the government to Emperor Gokongo in 1353, she maintained her reign in the government as the head of the Northern Court, and died in 1357.
- なお、準則を厳密に適用した場合、皇族の身分を保つことができた者は以下の略系図に掲載された者に限定されることになる。
- By the way, when the regulation was strictly applied, there were only a limited number of people who were able to keep their position as members of the Imperial Family, mentioned in the following short genealogical table.
- 皇位継承の順序が厳格に定められるようになり、重大な病気などでない限り、皇位継承順位の変更は許されないこととなった。
- Thereafter, the order of succession to the Imperial throne was strictly regulated by the law, and any change in the order became unallowable unless he had serious health problems or the like.
- 宗厳は当時、すでに66歳という老齢だったため、これを辞退し代わりに、五男の柳生宗矩を指南役として推挙したのである。
- Since Munetoshi was already 66 years old, he declined it and recommended his fifth son Munenori YAGYU as the instructor.
- 厳しい生育環境により、地中で分岐した根元の部分が、風雨に晒されて表土から浮き出して露出している状態を根上りと呼ぶ。
- Neagari style bonsai are those which have been grown in a harsh environment and the roots branching off under the earth have become exposed on the surface of the topsoil due to the effects of wind and rain.
- 摂津国の住吉行宮にあった後村上天皇は、南朝方の住吉大社の宮司の津守氏の荘厳浄土寺において後醍醐天皇の大法要を行う。
- Emperor Go-Murakami, who resided in Sumiyoshi Angu, held a large memorial service for Emperor Go-Daigo at Shogonjodo-ji Temple, the family temple of the Tsumori Family whose members had served as chief priests of the Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine, the family shrine of the Southern Court.
- 後者の場合は言うまでもなく手下共々主人公たちに成敗される結果となるが、前者でも後日厳罰に処される運命が待っている。
- The latter ends up being punished with his men by the main character and his colleagues as a matter of course, and the former is also destined to be imposed a severe punishment later.
- 深い渓谷にある月瀬の村々には耕作地として利用できる土地に乏しく、厳しく取り立てられる上納米を納める余裕がなかった。
- As the villages in Tsukigase which were situated in deep valleys did not have enough land to grow crops, villagers could not afford to provide the government with the tribute rice which was strictly collected.
- さらに江戸時代後期に入ると、ただでさえ藩財政が厳しい中で文政13年(1830年)には火事により柳本屋敷が全焼する。
- In the latter half of the Edo period, the Yanagimoto estate was burned down by fire in 1830, complicating the harsh financial situation further.
- 祐親の孫である曾我兄弟は厳しい生活のなかで成長し、兄の一萬丸は、元服して曽我の家督を継ぎ、曾我十郎祐成と名乗った。
- The Soga brothers, grandsons of Sukechika, grew up under difficult circumstances, and the elder brother Ichimanmaru, having attained manhood took over as head of the Soga family, identifying himself as SOGA no Juro Sukenari.
- これに対し律令政府は、蓄銭叙位令発布と同時に私鋳銭鋳造を厳罰に定め、首謀者は死罪、従犯者は没官、家族は流罪とした。
- On the other hand, Ritsuryo government severely punished the minting of Shichusen as soon as Chikusen-joirei was issued; furthermore, the government anounced that ringleaders would be executed, accessories would be confiscated, and their families would be deported.
- 以上のように、第一の本妻に対しては、好色な老女として厳しく批判されているが、その分生き生きとした描写になっている。
- As mentioned above, the first lawful wife was described as a lecherous woman, which makes the work lively.
- この中でも重んじられたのが、本尊の大仏の性格が華厳経の教えに則ったものであることからも分かるように、華厳宗である。
- Among these sects, the Kegon sect was emphasized so that the Great Buddha, the principal image of the Temple, represented the teachings of the Kegon-kyo Sutra,
- 勧学院は、華厳宗に限らず様々な宗派の学僧が、講師受講生として訪れ、まさに八宗兼学の場にふさわしい学舎となっている。
- Kangaku-in, which scholar monks not only from the Kegon sect, but also from a variety of sects visit as instructors and learners, becomes an educational institution appropriate for learning the eight sects of Buddhism.
- リースは厳密な実証史学を指導し、いわゆる官学アカデミズムが形成されたが、史料考証を重んじすぎるという憾みがあった。
- Riess taught strict positivism-based history, formed so-called government-led academism, but had the tendency to place too much emphasis on checking historical evidences.
- 大覚寺統傍流の後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府打倒を企てて失敗して隠岐に流される(元弘の変)と、持明院統から光厳天皇が即位した。
- When Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji Imperial line's branch family was banished to Oki after he attempted to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), (the Genko Disturbance) Emperor Kogon was enthroned from the Jimyoin Imperial line.
- 北朝・崇光天皇の皇太子(厳密には皇太弟)に立てられたが、正平一統の際に南朝軍によって吉野へと連行されて廃太子された。
- After enthroned as prince (younger brother of an Emperor who is heir apparent) of Northern Court Emperor Suko, he was taken to Yoshino by the Southern court army at the time of the Shohei itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts) incident; and was deprived of his throne.
- なお、幕末まで天皇が住んだ京都御所は、1331年に光厳天皇が里内裏だった土御門東洞院殿を皇居として定めたものである。
- By the way the Kyoto Imperial Palace where the Emperor lived until the last days of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), was established as the Imperial Palace by Emperor Kogon in 1331, where the Emperor used to use Tsuchimikado Higashi Toin Palace as his Satodairi (temporally palace).
- 尊氏らは九州へ下り、多々良浜の戦いに勝利して勢力を立て直したのちの翌年に、持明院統の光厳天皇の院宣を掲げて東征する。
- Takauji's forces moved off to Kyushu, and having regained their momentum with victory in the battle of Tatarahama, the following year they regrouped and marched east again under the Imperial edict of Emperor Kogon of the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) lineage.
- 庭園の池(九条池)の中島には鎮守社であった厳島神社が現存し、さらに池畔には拾翠亭と呼ばれる瀟洒な茶室が現存している。
- Itsukushima-jinja Shrine, which was then called Chinju-sha, still exists on the island of the garden pond (KUJO-ike), and a simple but elegant tearoom called Shusui-tei is found near the pond.
- 譲位後の院政時の住居の名称により、白河院と追号された(追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には諡号とは異なる)。
- The Tsuigo of Shirakawa-in comes from the name of the residence from which he conducted his cloistered rule after abdicating the throne (sometimes Tsuigo is considered to be a type of pothumous name, however strictly speaking these are two different names).
- 江戸幕府は江戸と京都に「枡座」を置いて枡の大きさを厳密に統制したので、江戸時代の約300年間大きさの統一が保たれた。
- The uniformity of the volume was kept for about 300 years in the Edo period, because Edo bakufu strictly took control of the size of masu through 'masuza' (the masu guild) opened both in Edo and in Kyoto.
- 雲龍寺でも農民が1100人程度集結したが、警官の監視が厳しく、実際に東京に向かえたのは養性寺組の700名だけだった。
- About 1100 peasants came to Unryu-ji Temple to join the demonstration, but under the strict supervision by the police only 700 peasants who started from Yosei-ji Temple managed to go to Tokyo.
- すると先の「盟約」やそれに関連する旧王朝要人の存在などが明るみに出たので、県庁に仔細報告の上、厳しい取調べを始めた。
- They found out about the covenant as well as the important persons of the former dynasty who were involved in it, and thus they reported the Prefectural Government about it and started conducting severe interrogations.
- 両者を分かつことは難しいので厳密には分類せず、『明六雑誌』に登場し、現代まで残った語彙のうち代表的なものを列挙する。
- The major vocabulary which appeared in 'Meiroku Zasshi' and are still used today are as follows (Since it is difficult to divide them, they are not strictly classified).
- 明治元年(1868年)から浄土宗に属していた東大寺は、明治19年(1886年)、一宗を持ち、華厳宗の大本山となった。
- Todai-ji Temple, which had belonged to the Jodo sect since 1868, became independent as the head temple of the Kegon sect in 1886.
- それまでの荘園整理令と異なり、この整理令では摂関家領も審査の対象となるなど、厳重な審査が行われ、大きな成果を上げた。
- Unlike the previous Manor Regulation Acts, the Acts also judged the sekkan-ke lands and achieved a big result by the strict judgments.
- これは、私鉄を監督する法律である私設鉄道法の条件が厳しいという背景もあったが、地域開発の観点から見ると問題があった。
- This is partly because the conditions of the Private Railway Law that supervised the private railways were strict, however, there were some problems in terms of local development.
- このため、治天の君(光厳上皇)と室町幕府は実俊を後継者として庇護することを条件として後醍醐天皇の家門安堵を追認した。
- As a result, Chiten no kimi (the retired Emperor Kogen) and the Muromachi bakufu confirmed the kamon ando through Emperor Godaigo, provided that the family protect Sanetoshi as successor.
- ただし、厳密に考える歴史学者の中には、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏は源頼信に始まり源義忠または源為義に終わるとする。
- However, some strict historians think that Kawachi-based Kawachi-Genji began with MINAMOTO no Yorinobu and ended with MINAMOTO no Yoshitada or MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- 被災者は厳寒の中雪の降る屋外に投げ出され、新聞社など多くのマスコミが被災者救援のキャンペーンや募金活動などを行った。
- The victims of the quake lost their homes during the extremely cold snow season, and media such as newspapers held campaigns to support the victims and to collect money for them.
- 義詮は光厳天皇・光明天皇・崇光天皇3太上天皇と皇太子直仁親王を置いて逃げ、後に南朝は3上皇と直仁親王を男山に連行する。
- Yoshiakira escaped, leaving the three Retired Northern Emperors: Emperor Kogon, Emperor Komyo and Emperor Suko, and the Imperial Prince Naohito, who were later taken to Otokoyama by the Southern Court.
- 1333年、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇に呼応して鎌倉幕府を倒した結果、光厳天皇が廃位されると院政は停止し、そのまま出家した。
- '1333: Takauji ASHIKAGA responded to Emperor Godaigo's call to arms and overthrew the Kamakura bakufu, the cloistered government was suspended after Emperor Kogon abdicated, and Emperor Gofushimi became a priest.
- 『光厳天皇宸記』正慶元年6月5日 (旧暦)(1332年6月28日)条に廷臣達と「飲茶勝負」を行ったことが記されている。
- It was written in the section of July 6, 1332 in ''Kogon Tenno Shinki' (The Diary of Emperor Kogon) that the Emperor held an 'incha shobu' with court officials (courtiers).
- そのため、ボケとツッコミは厳密には、固定化された役割とは限らず、やり取りの様を概念化したものだと考えるのが妥当である。
- Therefore, it is a good guess that boke and tsukkomi are not fixed roles in a precise sense, and the exchange of conversation between the two roles is just conceptualized.
- また、「ザンギ」を「唐揚げの意味」とする北海道弁の解説書、サイトなどがあるが、上記の通り、これは厳密には間違いである。
- Although some books or websites on the dialect of Hokkaido state that 'zangi means karaage,' this is not technically correct as explained above.
- 発音符号を伴ったローマ字表記で、厳密な表音主義に乗っ取ると考えられたローマ字本を中心に、口語資料として分析されてきた。
- The Roman script version of Jesuit Mission Press, which was written in Roman characters along with the pronunciation marks, and was considered to strictly follow phonographic writing, was mainly used to conduct the analyses as data on colloquial expressions.
- さらに、私鋳銭を製造しないよう、私鋳銭製造の罪に、大宝律の「徒三年」より厳しい「斬」(五刑の最高刑)が加えられている。
- Moreover, 'zan' (heaviest punishment among gokei [five punishments]), which was more severe than 'zu-sannen' (imprisonment of three years) of the Taiho Code, was added to punishments for manufacture of shichusen (counterfeit money) to prevent it.
- したがって、こうした悪習などを改めるための法律であったと考えれば、厳罰を以って処すことの是非を軽々しく評価はできない。
- Therefore, if the aim of the law was to improve these bad customs and practices, it is not possible to make a hasty judgment whether the severe punishment was right or wrong.
- 西園寺や新内務大臣 (日本)原敬は反政府側から出された戒厳令関係者の処分要求を拒絶して、事件の幕引きを図ったのである。
- SAIONJI and the new Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), Takashi HARA refused the anti-governmental side's demand for the punishment of the persons concerned with the martial law, and thus tried to put an end to the incident.
- 諸外国側の要求は日本在留外国人の身柄の安全保証と当該事件の日本側責任者の厳重処罰、すなわち滝の処刑というものであった。
- The requirements from the foreign countries were the guarantee of safety of the foreigners living in Japan and the severe punishment of the Japanese who was in charge of the incident, which meant the execution of TAKI.
- 田茂木野において地元村民が案内役を買ってでるが、これを断り地図と方位磁針のみで厳寒期の八甲田山走破を行うことになった。
- A local villager offered a guide at Tamogino but they declined it, making the journey on midwinter Hakkoda-san Mountain only with a map and compass.
- 日本陸軍はの日清戦争で冬季寒冷地での戦いに苦戦し、そしてさらなる厳寒地での戦いとなる対ロシア戦を想定し、準備していた。
- The Japanese Army was preparing for the battle against Russia in which it would fight in colder regions than the Japanese-Sino War where the Japanese Army had had a tough fight in cold climates.
- 平家納経を納めた経箱「金銀荘雲龍文銅製経箱」は、厳島神社の社宝として伝わった12世紀後半の作で、国宝に指定されている。
- A box called 'Kingin sounryumon dosei kyobako' (金銀荘雲龍文銅製経箱) is a kyobako that contained Heike-nokyo, and it was created and handed down to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine as a treasures of the shrine in the latter half of the 12th century; it is designated as a national treasure.
- 宸翰と断定できるのは、光定が撰した伝述一心戒文の中に「厳筆徴僧が戒牒を書し給ひ、恩勅之を賜ふ」と記されていることによる。
- The grounds for proof is Emperor Saga's shinkan, there is a description that '厳筆徴僧)が戒牒を書し給ひ,恩勅之を賜ふ' in the Denjutsu isshin kaimon which was composed by Kojo (Saicho's biography.)
- 源厳子(みなもと の たけこ/げんし、生年不詳-元慶3年6月26日 (旧暦)(879年7月19日))は、清和天皇の女御。
- MINAMOTO no Genshi (Takeko) (year of birth unknown - July 23, 879) was Nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court - a consort of an emperor) of Emperor Seiwa.
- 宮内庁は「陵墓は皇室祭祀の場であり、静安と尊厳を保持しなければならない」という理由で考古学的調査の許可を拒み続けている。
- The Imperial Household Agency has refused to allow archaeological investigations because 'the imperial mausoleums are places for imperial rituals, so their tranquility and dignity must be maintained.'
- 後醍醐天皇の代わりに8月15日に豊仁が三種の神器の無い状況で光厳天皇の院宣により即位して光明天皇となり、北朝が成立する。
- Imperial Prince Yutahito succeeded to the throne instead of Emperor Godaigo, although he did not have the three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family, after receiving a command from ex-Emperor Kogon and became Emperor Komyo on August 15, and this was the beginning of the Northern Court.
- 日本の忘年会の歴史は鎌倉時代もしくは室町時代に始まったと言われていて、和歌を詠むなど静かで厳かな内容だったとされている。
- It is said that the history of Bonenkai of Japan began in the Kamakura or Muromachi period and it is thought that behavior of people at Bonenkai was quiet and solemn such as composing waka poems.
- 中世の文献では「衣冠正しき」姿というように、束帯・衣冠を厳密に分けずに、単に貴人の正装の意味でこの言葉を使うこともある。
- In literature in the medieval period, sokutai and ikan were not precisely distinguished, but the word 'ikan' may be used to simply mean formal attire of nobles as in the 'ikan tadashiki' (properly wearing ikan).
- 日本人論研究者によれば、日本にこれらの意味を表す言葉があるということは、日本の礼儀や文化への厳格さの一要素だと見ている。
- Researchers on theories of Japanese cultural and racial uniqueness consider that the existence of such wording to express discrepancy between personal feelings and social view is an element of austerity of Japanese people in their courtesy and culture.
- その為、厳密な入信規定などは神道に存在しないが、神棚の設置、神社への寄付、祭事への参加などをもって信者と見る向きが多い。
- There are thus no strict rules to join Shinto, but they are usually considered to be believers if they install a household Shinto altar, make offerings to shrines, and participate in rituals.
- その後、寂厳・池大雅らが継承し、江戸時代末期には幕末の三筆と呼ばれる市河米庵・巻菱湖・貫名菘翁の3人へと展開していった。
- After that, Jakugon and IKE no Taiga succeeded the style, and towards the end of the Edo period, it was handed down to Beian ICHIKAWA, Ryoko MAKI, and Suo NUKINA who were called the san-pitsu of bakumatsu (the three great calligraphers towards the end of the Edo period).
- その2日後の17日、仁明天皇は伴健岑と橘逸勢、その一味とみなされるものを逮捕し、六衛府に命じて平安京の警備を厳戒させた。
- The Emperor Ninmyo arrested TOMO no Kowamine, TACHIBANA no Hayanari and the alleged conspirators on August 30, two days after the retired emperor's death, directing the Rokuefu (six divisions assuming the guard duty of palace) to strengthen the security of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).
- こうした中、恒居倭に対し厳重な取り締まりを行っていた辺将により(次のような)といった事件が起こり日本人の不満は爆発する。
- Under this situation, several incidents occurred as a result of strict control of the hensho over kokyowa, and the dissatisfaction of kokyowa finally exploded.
- この事件により対馬や北九州の諸大名の取り締まりが厳しくなり、倭寇の帰化などの懐柔策を行ったため、前期倭寇は衰退していく。
- Due to this incident, the various daimyo of Tsushima and northern Kyushu became even more repressive, and as a result of conciliatory measures intended to win the allegiance of the pirates (such as the offer to naturalize them as Japanese citizens), the power of the early Wako faded away.
- この窮地を打開するため、在京であり光厳・光明・崇光の直系尊属である広義門院が上皇の代理として伝国詔宣を行う案が立てられた。
- To get out of difficulty, the plan to perform 伝国詔宣 by Kogimonin; the direct ancestor of Kogon, Komyo, and Suko, who stayed in Kyoto, in substitution for the Retired Emperor, was made.
- しかし、皇統が南北朝時代_、さらには北朝自体が崇光上皇、栄仁親王の系統と崇光天皇の弟である後光厳天皇の系統に分立するなど、
- However the Imperial line was separated into a few different ones such as the retired Emperor Suko's line of the Northern Court and Emperor Gokogon's line who was Emperor Suko's younger brother during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に、上泉信綱から新陰流を相伝された柳生宗厳(石舟斎)は、永珍(宗珍)から8代目の子孫に当たる人物である。
- Munetoshi YAGYU (Sekishusai), who inherited Shinkage-ryu School of swordsmanship from Nobutsuna KAMIIZUMI in the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), was a descendant of the 8th generation from Nagayoshi (Muneyoshi).
- さらに当時より酒造所は国税庁の厳しい管轄下にあり、造石税は出来上がった酒に加水すればするほど税金が安くなる仕組みであった。
- Furthermore, from that time, sake breweries were placed under the strict control of the National Tax Agency, and the tax on sake brewing had a system that more water added in the finished sake, the cheaper the tax became.
- 7代皓々斎宗也が没した際に次男達蔵が残されていたが、前年生まれたばかりのため後見人として関宗厳を養子に迎え8代宗利とした。
- When the seventh generation head of the Hisada family, Kokosai Soya, passed away, he was survived by his second son, Tatsuzo; however, because his son had been born only the previous year, Muneyoshi SEKI (関宗厳) was adopted as his guardian, and became the eighth generation Munetoshi.
- 父は関白太政大臣藤原頼忠、祖父は関白太政大臣藤原実頼、曾祖父は関白太政大臣藤原忠平(貞信公)、母は醍醐天皇の孫、厳子女王。
- His father FUJIWARA no Yoritada, his grandfather FUJIWARA no Saneyori and his great-grandfather FUJIWARA no Tadahira (also called Lord Teishin) served as chancellors and grand ministers of state, and his mother was Princess Genshi, the grandchild of Emperor Daigo.
- 厳密には、剥片を剥離している状態の原石(石材)と、一連の剥片剥離の工程が終わって用済みとなり廃棄される残滓とに分けられる。
- Strictly speaking, it is divided into the ore, from which the flakes are peeled off, and the residues, which are not used and are thrown away after a series of flake-exfoliation processes.
- 小形ながら頑丈無比の耐火耐震構造、さらに威厳を損ねぬよう荘厳重厚なデザインになるようにとの苦心の跡が垣間見えるようである。
- Hoan-den provides observers with a glimpse of the great efforts to attain a fire-proof and earthquake-proof structure with matchless strength despite its small size, as well as a design with solemnity and gravity so as not to damage dignity.
- 1333年、反幕勢力の結集により鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると後醍醐天皇は京へ戻り、光厳天皇と正慶年号を廃して建武の新政を開始する。
- When the Kamakura shogunate collapsed due to the united actions of anti-bakufu forces in 1333, Emperor Godaigo returned to Kyoto, abolished Emperor Kogon and the era name of Shokyo, and started the Kenmu Restoration.
- この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
- This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.
- 元徳3年(元弘元年/1331年)に、後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府倒幕を企てて廃位される(元弘の変)と、持明院統の光厳天皇が即位する。
- After Emperor Godaigo was dethroned due to his attempt to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu (the Genko Incident) in 1331, Emperor Kogon of Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu) was enthroned.
- この際に義詮は北朝の光厳天皇、光明天皇、崇光天皇、直仁親王を京都に取り残し、三上皇らは南朝方に確保され、賀名生へ連行される。
- When he escaped, Yoshiakira left the Northern Court Emperor Kogon, Emperor Komyo, Emperor Suko, and Imperial Prince Naohito in Kyoto, and they were taken into custody by the Southern Court and sent to Ano.
- たしかに日本酒度はそれを推定するのに便利な目安ではあるが、厳密にはそれをもっと正確にあらわすのは甘辛度(あまからど)である。
- Certainly, nihonshudo is a convenient guide for estimating, but, to be precise, it is shown more exactly by amakarado (literally, degree of sweetness/dryness).
- かぶき者の文化は慶長期にその最盛期をみるも、同時にその頃から幕府や諸藩の取り締まりが厳しくなっていき、やがて姿を消していく。
- Although the kabuki-mono culture was at its peak in the Keicho era, the Edo bakufu and each domain strengthened their crackdowns at the same time, and then Kabuki-mono finally disappeared.
- 百錬鉄火 - 鎬を削るような厳しい訓練や戦闘の数々という意味で、軍国主義にあった時代に、百戦錬磨に掛けて使われた言葉である。
- Hyakuren Tekka - is a word that was used to describe various hard trainings and battles in which people engage with a fierce struggle, and it was used during the period of militarism, playing on words linked with hyakusen renma (experiencing various battles to become battle-wised).
- この一連の記事によって、幸徳秋水らは山縣有朋の恨みを買い、それが幸徳自身に処刑という厳しい処置が課される原因となったという。
- Due to a series of articles on this topic, Aritomo YAMAGATA resented Shusui KOTOKU, and this led to the severe measures of KOTOKU's execution.
- ただ、各王朝の実権者の側から見れば、容易に反体制集団に利用されることが予想される緯書は、厳しく禁圧される禁書の対象とされた。
- However, these books were strictly prohibited, as persons of power during each dynasty considered them (I book) to be used by dissident groups.
- 承久の乱後は幕府の管理下に後深草天皇→伏見天皇→後伏見天皇→花園天皇→光厳天皇→崇光天皇→後小松天皇と持明院統に伝領された。
- After the Jokyu War, under the control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), these shoen were successively inherited by Emperors who belonged to the Jimyoin-to line, including Emperor Gofukakusa, Emperor fushimi, Emperor Gofushimi, Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Kogen, Emperor Suko and Emperor Gokomatsu.
- 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
- Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.
- 南朝に対する上皇・親王返還交渉が難航する一方で、光厳上皇の皇子、弥仁王が南朝に拉致されず京都に留まっていることも判明していた。
- While the negotiations by the Southern Court for the return of the Retired Emperors and Imperial princes was becoming difficult, it had been identified that Prince Iyahito, the prince of the Retired Emperor Kogon, were remaining in Kyoto without being abducted by the Southern Court.
- 在位中の里内裏(臨時の皇居)の名称により「一条院」と追号された(追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には諡号とは異なる)。
- The posthumous title of the 'Ichijo-in' (the ex-Emperor Ichijo) came from the name of the temporary residence, Satodairi, where the Emperor stayed during his reign (the posthumous title (tsuigo) is sometimes considered to be a type of posthumous name, but strictly speaking these are two different names).
- このため北朝は、光厳の皇子で崇光の弟の後光厳天皇を神器無しで即位させ、併せて公武の官位を復旧させ、尊氏も征夷大将軍に復帰した。
- In response to this, the Northern Court took Kogon's son, Suko's younger brother, and raised him to the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Imperial Regalia; thereafter the Northern Court restored both its nobles and samurai to their former ranks, and Takauji was also reappointed seii taishogun.
- 斗南は風雪が厳しく実質的には8000石程度で、移住した旧藩士と家族は飢えと寒さで病死者が続出し、日本全国や海外に散る者もいた。
- With strong wind and snow, Tonami practically had only 8 thousand goku of territory; many retainers of the former Shogunate and their family who moved there became ill and died from hunger and cold weather, and some of them moved to a new place in Japan or overseas.
- これは現代天文学による月と太陽の動きから朔と二十四節気を計算し置閏法のみ天保暦と同じにしたものであり、厳密には天保暦ではない。
- Strictly speaking, they are not Tenpo-reki; the, first day of the month and 24 divisions of the old calendar were calculated from the movement of the moon and the sun of modern astronomy, and to the result of which, only the Chijun-ho was applied like Tenpo ho.
- 武家奉公人は若党、中間、小者などの呼称があるが、地域、藩、各武家によっても意味合いに差があり、厳密な区別はできるものではない。
- Buke hokonin also refers to a wakato (foot-man), chugen (the rank below common soldier), or komono, but these cannot be clearly discerned because their meaning varied by region, clan, or samurai family.
- 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- さらにいえば、厳密な百姓身分、町人身分とされたのは家の筆頭者だけであり、それ以外に村内、町内には細かな身分構造が存在していた。
- Besides, only the head of the family was categorized under the peasant or the townsmen class in a strict sense, with subdivided classes in villages and towns.
- 『平家納経』は、長寛2年(1164年)、平清盛・平重盛らが平氏一族の繁栄を願って安芸の厳島神社に奉納した33巻の装飾経である。
- 'Heike-nokyo' was dedicated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province by TAIRA no Kiyomori and TAIRA no Shigemori in 1164, wishing the Taira clan for their prosperity, and it consisted of 33 scrolls of decorative sutras.
- 1336年(建武 (日本)3年)には多々良浜の戦いに勝利した足利尊氏が京に上る途中この地で光厳天皇より新田義貞追討の院宣を賜る。
- In 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was on his way back to Kyoto after winning the Battle of Tatarahama, was granted here a decree of Emperor Kogon for tracking down and killing Yoshisada NITTA.
- 雄輝の実子が俳優の池畑慎之介で、幼児の頃から父に厳しく仕込まれていたため、長らく「吉村雄秀」の名取名を持つ才能ある舞踊家だった。
- An actor Shinnosuke IKEHATA is Yuki's biological child and he was trained by his father when he was a child and he had been a talented dancer for a long time with the name of natori (the holder of a diploma in Japanese dance) 'Yushu YOSHIMURA.'
- ハイパー時代劇:厳密な時代考証をいっさい無視し、西部劇・サイエンス・フィクションなど、あらゆるジャンルの要素をミックスした作品。
- Hyper jidaigeki include works that are a mishmash of elements from various genres such as Westerns and science fiction with little regard for historical accuracy.
- 煎茶道の流派により様々だが、茶を飲み終わった後は茶碗を茶托に伏せるのを推奨する流派と、茶托に茶渋が付くとして厳禁する流派がある。
- The manner varies with the schools; a school recommends lying tea bowl upside down on to chataku after finish drinking tea, while other strictly forbids doing so as tea staining will stain chataku.
- これにより伊賀の方・光宗・実雅は流罪となったが、彼らに担ぎ上げられそうになった当の政村は厳罰を免れ後に第7代執権に就任している。
- Although Iga no kata, Mitsumune IGA, and Sanemasa ICHIJO were exiled for the plot, Masamura HOJO, whom they tried to make the regent, escaped severe punishment and assumed the seventh Shikken position later.
- 大厳(だいごん、寛政3年(1791年)~安政3年(1856年)) - 石見国高津(現在の島根県益田市)の庄屋の子として生まれる。
- Daigon (1791-1856) - born into a family of village headman in Takatsu, Iwami Province (the present Masuda City, Shimane Prefecture).
- 大名間の領土紛争などは全て豊臣政権がその最高処理機関として処理にあたり、これに違反する大名には厳しい処分を下す事を宣言している。
- Conflicts concerning territories between daimyo were dealt with by the Toyotomi administration as a supreme arbitrator, and it was decreed that any daimyo who acts against the edict was to be severely punished.
- 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
- Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
- これらの着物の文様は、厳格に決まりがあったとはいえ、武家女性は教養の限りを尽くして文様の位置を微妙に変えたりなどの工夫をしていた。
- The patterns of those Kimono were controlled under strict rules, ladies from Samurai society fully utilized their education and added some flavors of their own to the Kimono such as slightly changing the position of patterns, etc.
- 院の近臣は厳密には院庁の構成員ではなかったが、政治意思決定に参与していた点から見れば、院の近臣も広義の院庁を形成していたと言える。
- In no kinshin were not exactly constituent members of In no cho, but from the standpoint that they took part in political decision-making, they can be said to have created broad In no cho.
- この時に雪が降っていたというのは『仮名手本忠臣蔵』での脚色であり、実際は冷え込みが厳しかったが満月のほぼ快晴だったといわれている。
- In 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' it is dramatized to be snowing that day, however, in reality, the weather was very clear with full moon yet it was very cold.
- 片倉景綱の部隊は福島の町曲輪まで押し詰めて多数の上杉兵を討ち取ったが、上杉側の反撃も厳しく、片倉家臣の物頭国分外記らが討死にした。
- The troops of Kagetsuna KATAKURA advanced to the town wall of Fukushima and killed many Uesugi soldiers, but his warriors including Geki KOKUBUN (国分外記), a military commander and vassal of the Katakura family were killed by a fierce counter attack from the Uesugi.
- このマーティンや後に多くの翻訳に手を染めた厳復、あるいは日本でも幕末・明治期翻訳に従事した知識人たちの辛苦は想像以上のものがある。
- The troubles which were experienced by Martin and Yan Fu, who translated many documents later, or, even in Japan, many intellectual persons who were involved n translation works in the end of Edo Period and Meiji Period are beyond our imagination.
- 礼銭が賄賂とみなして厳しく禁じられるのは統一的権力を打ちたて、強力な財政基盤と武士道の涵養に尽力した江戸幕府の成立以後の事になる。
- It was not until the establishment of the Edo bakufu, which formed a unified government and was engaged in creating a sound financial footing and the samurai code, that the reisen was considered to be a bribe and strictly prohibited.
- 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が全国各地に広まるが、鎌倉幕府は酒が社会に害悪をもたらすとしてこれを禁じる沽酒の禁を出して厳しく取り締まった。
- Sakaya had been spread in many parts of the country since the middle of the Kamakura Period; however, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) imposed strict controls upon Sakaya by putting 'koshu no kin' (the ban on sale and purchase of sake) in force as the government believed that sake has a harmful influence on the community.
- 南朝側は北朝の断絶を図って、光厳上皇・光明上皇・崇光上皇及び直仁親王と北朝側の全上皇と皇位継承者を拉致し、大和賀名生へと連れ去った。
- The force of the Southern Court aimed at the discontinuance of the Northern Court, and abducted Retired Emperor Kogon, Retired Emperor Komyo, Retired Emperor Suko, Imperial Prince Naohito, all other Retired Emperors and imperial heir to Ano in Yamato Province.
- 元弘元年(1331年)、北朝_(日本)の光厳天皇が最初に里内裏として使用し、以来明治2年(1869年)まで、歴代の天皇が住んでいた。
- In 1331, the Kyoto Imperial Palace was first used as a temporary imperial palace by Emperor Kogon in the Northern Court (Japan) and successive Emperors resided in the Kyoto Imperial Palace until 1869.
- 北朝では天皇が南朝方に連れ去られてしまったため、代わりに光厳院の第三皇子で崇光天皇の弟にあたる弥仁親王を後光厳天皇として即位させた。
- In the Northern Court, since the Emperor was removed from the Southern Court, Imperial Prince Iyahito, the third Prince of the Kogon-in and Emperor Suko's younger brother, was enthroned as Emperor Gokogen.
- 会津藩に対する処分は厳しく「旧領の猪苗代か新天地の斗南どちらか3万石に転封」というもので、会津藩内での議論の末、斗南を選択している。
- So severe was the punishment of the Aizu that the Aizu Domain must move to either the former territory of Inawashiro or the new land of Tonami with 30 thousand goku; after discussion, it decided to be Tonami.
- そのため、濃口醤油の品質に対する要求が厳しくなった結果、香りが高く、淡色かつ赤い色合いで、癖のない軽い風合いが好まれるようになった。
- This enhanced the requirement for the quality of koikuchi soy-sauce, thus, soy-sauce with light reddish color with excellent flavor and light texture became popular.
- 店内に飲食スペースを設けない店や無店舗営業の業者による配送の場合はデリバリーと呼ばれることが多いが、厳密に区別ができるわけではない。
- In the case of food shops without eating space and for delivery service only, delivery service is often called 'Delivery' (in English) not 'Demae,' but 'Demae' and 'Delivery' are not strictly distinguished.
- ナマコは厳冬の1月から3月になると産卵期を迎えて発達肥大した卵巣を持つようになり、それが口先にあることから「くちこ」と呼ばれている。
- During the harsh winter between January and March, the sea cucumbers enter the breeding season and their ovaries grow enlarged; the name 'kuchiko' (literally, 'mouth child'), comes from the fact that the ovary is found near the mouth.
- もっとも首里士族の中には首里手以外に、泊手や那覇手も同時に習っていた例もあり、この分類もあまり厳密に受け取るべきではないと言えよう。
- This grouping, however, shouldn't be taken seriously because there were cases in which Shuri warriors learned Shuri-te, Tomari-te and Naha-te simultaneously.
- 精米歩合が高い米ほど、その違いが大きく結果を左右するので、高級酒の場合はストップウォッチを使って秒単位まで厳密に浸漬時間を管理する。
- The higher the rice-polishing ratio is, the more the difference influences the results, the soaking time is controlled very strictly on the second time scale using a stop watch especially in the case of high-class sake.
- 実際の所、“握りの位置は弓の上部から約3分の2”とはあるが、実際の握りの位置は厳密に3分の2の位置にはなく、大凡5分の3辺りにある。
- While it is determined that 'the location of the grip is located two-thirds from the top,' the actual grip is not located exactly two-thirds but approximately at three-fifth.
- 剣道は、重い防具や当たれば痛い竹刀を使うこと、武道として厳しい稽古を必要とすることなどから国際的なスポーツに発展し難い部分があった。
- In Kendo, heavy protective gears and bamboo swords which hurt players if they are hit are used and strict training is necessary, therefore it was difficult to be developed as an international sport.
- 重要文化財指定時の官報告示においてはこれら2種類を厳密に区分しており、どの文化財が旧重美であるかは告示から明らかに知ることができる。
- As the announcements on official gazettes concerning the designation of important cultural properties clearly indicate these two kinds, it is possible to know precisely which properties used to be important art objects.
- すなわち日本軍は自軍が綱紀正しかったことを内外に喧伝したが、実際はそうでもなかったことを『万朝報』の記者幸徳秋水らが厳しく追及した。
- In other words, the Japanese Army bragged about its highly disciplined army both within it and outside, but this was not actually true, as vehemently pursued by a journalist of 'Yorozuchoho' called Shusui KOTOKU.
- いっぽう板垣は参議就任により、愛国社創立運動の失敗を招いたため、自由民権派から背信行為を厳しく糾弾され、釈明に追われることとなった。
- On the other hand, Itagaki's assumption of office as Sangi caused the movement of the formation of Aikokusha (literally, the Society of Patriots) to fail, so he was severely criticized by the Jiyu Minken fraction for his betrayal and pressed to offer vindication.
- それまでの華美な役者絵・美人画は発行を厳しく制限され、風景画や風刺画、あるいは色数の少ない作品への転換を余儀なくされていたのである。
- Publishing ornate yakusha-e (prints of kabuki actors) and bijinga (type of ukiyo-e portraying beautiful women) were strictly restricted and painters were obliged to shift to landscape drawings, satirical drawings or works with a lesser number of colors.
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- ただ、一概に藩士といっても、上士から下士まであり、また、厳密には武士以外にも足軽や中間といったいわゆる士分格ではない者も含まれてる。
- However Hanshi include all samurai ranging from Joshi (superior warriors) to Kashi (non-commissioned officers), and in a narrow sense, they also include those without samurai status such as ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and chugen (a rank below common soldiers).
- 1368年に足利義満が征夷大将軍に就いたが、年若い為に管領細川頼之が後見しており、1374年までは後光厳上皇による院政が行われていた。
- In 1368 Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA became a seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') while he was still young, Shogunal deputy, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA supervised him when retired Emperor Gokogon ruled the cloister government until 1374.
- 現在は市街地を含めた範囲を「鞆の浦」と呼ぶことも多いが、本来「鞆の浦」とは「鞆にある入り江」という意味であり厳密には鞆港のことである。
- Today the place name 'Tomonoura' refers to a wider area including the city area, but etymologically, 'Tomo no ura' means an 'inlet which is located in Tomo,' thus specifically referring to the Tomo-ko Harbor.
- 音羽山の支峰である牛尾山には法厳寺(牛尾観音)が創建され、同寺に対する信仰が広まるにつれ、音羽山も名所として知られていくこととなった。
- Hogon-ji Temple (Ushio Kannon) was established at Mt. Ushio, which is a branch peak of Mt. Otowa; Mt. Otowa became a place of interest after the temple became a popular for worship.
- また、厳密にいえばこれは日本酒ではないが、天文3年(1534年)には「南蛮酒」として今日でいう泡盛の『清烈而芳』が酒市場に入っていた。
- In addition, although it was not sake, strictly speaking, 'Seiretsujiho' (清烈而芳), which corresponded to today's Awamori (strong Okinawan liquor), was sold in the sake market as 'Nanbanshu' (sake of southern barbarians) in 1534.
- 同様に、祝い事や法事などに用いる和食の弁当や寿司などの配送は「仕出し」と呼ばれることが多いが、こちらも厳密に区別ができるわけではない。
- It is often called 'shidashi' when referring to the delivery of Japanese boxed meals and Sushi for celebrations and Buddhist memorial services, but the difference between 'demae' and 'shidashi' is also not strict.
- 一度目は尚真王(在位1476年 - 1526年)の時代に実施され、このとき、国中の武器が集められて王府で厳重に管理されることになった。
- The first kinmu seisaku was implemented during the time of King Sho Shin (who reigned from 1476 to 1526), whereby weapons across the nation were collected and strictly controlled by the Kingdom.
- 旧来からの駅弁業者が、伝統的な駅弁のほかにコンビニ弁当に類似した比較的安価な弁当を販売している場合もあるため、厳密な定義は困難である。
- It is difficult to draw a clear line between Ekiben and 'convenience store box lunches,' because some Ekiben delicatessens with long history sell comparatively cheap box lunches similar to 'convenience store box lunches' besides their traditional Ekiben.
- 第二次世界大戦直後、厳しい食料統制のさなか、昭和22年(1947年)飲食営業緊急措置令が施行され、すし店は表立って営業できなくなった。
- Under strict food control in the era immediately after the end of World War II, sushi shops were prohibited from doing business openly due to the enforcement of the Emergency Restaurant Business Measures Ordinance in 1947.
- 第二次世界大戦直後、厳しい食料統制のさなか、昭和22年(1947年)飲食営業緊急措置令が施行され、寿司店は表立って営業できなくなった。
- Soon after the World War II, under circumstances where food control was strict, the Emergency Restaurant Business Measures Ordinance was enacted in 1947, and it became impossible to openly operate sushi restaurants.
- すでに12月に入っており寒気は厳しく積雪のある峻険な峠を越える事は不可能とも思われたが、一行は困難を乗り越え越前に入ることに成功した。
- It was already in December and really cold, and it was feared that they may not be able to go over the hill which was steep and had a lot of snow; however, they made it to Echizen.
- 称光天皇よりも先に、急死したことから、皇統は後光厳天皇から始まる後小松上皇の系統から、崇光天皇に始まる伏見宮の系統へと移ることとなった。
- Since he suddenly died before Emperor Shoko, the Imperial Lineage was switched from the lineage of the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu, which was started by Emperor Gokogon, to the lineage of Fushiminomiya, which was started by Emperor Suko.
- 天皇に対する呼びかけは一般的に Your Imperial Majesty で、「皇帝としての威厳」に対して呼びかけるという形式になる。
- Generally, Your Imperial Majesty is used when speaking to Tenno, and the form of speaking to 'the dignity as the Emperor' is taken.
- 1331年、後醍醐天皇による倒幕のもくろみが明らかになると、後醍醐天皇は急遽挙兵するが幕府に捕らえられ、9月20日に光厳天皇が即位する。
- When Emperor Godaigo's intentions became apparent in 1331, he raised an army in haste, however, he was caught by the government, and Emperor Kogon succeeded to the throne on September 20.
- 後光厳の正統性の欠如などで北朝権威は弱体化し、南朝は京を奪還するなど活発に活動、後光厳も京都から近江国などへ下向することも何度かあった。
- The Northern Court became weak due to the lack of orthodoxy on the part of Emperor Gokogon, to the contrary, the Southern Court took positive steps to recapture Kyoto, Emperor Gokogon went down to Kyoto to Omi Province several times.
- 大王大妃は現王の母后である大妃と比べて政治的実権は少なかったが、王の祖母であるため王室最高位としての礼遇を受け、王室の威厳の象徴だった。
- Although Daio ohi had less political power compared to the empress dowager, she received the highest rank in the royal family and was highly respected as the grandmother of the King and she was a symbol of the royal family.
- しかし高倉永季(ながすえ)は衣文道を以って後光厳天皇・後円融天皇・後小松天皇の3代にわたって仕え、その功により公卿の仲間入りを果たした。
- However, Nagasue TAKAKURA served three generations of Emperor, the Emperor Gokogon, the Emperor Goenyu, and the Emperor Gokomatsu, teaching 'Emondo,' the style of costumes, and the family was promoted to the Court nobility for its services.
- 手がけた酒の評判が高まれば、どんどん恵まれた環境への引き抜きがあるが、失敗すれば翌年の契約はされないという厳しい実力主義の世界であった。
- The world of toji was a meritocratic society in which a toji could have many offers of other job opportunities with better environment if his sake gained a good reputation, but his contract for the following year would be canceled if he failed in making good sake.
- なお厳密には、江戸時代においては毎日昼と夜の長さを変えていた訳でなく、15日毎の変更になっていたので、時計の仕掛けもそれに合わせられた。
- Strictly speaking, in the Edo period, the length of day and night was not changed everyday, but changed every 15 days, so the clock device was set to it.
- 上代の文献では全体にわたってこのように整然たる仮名の使い分けが見られ、一部の例外を除いて甲乙の混同は見られず両者は厳然と区別されていた。
- We can see such a methodical usage of phonetic characters throughout the documents written in ancient Japanese, and with some exceptions, A-type and B-type were strictly distinguished and there was no confusion between them.
- このため、「落語家」という表現は、厳密には 1. のみを語る者ということになり、1. 2. 両方語る場合「噺家」の方が適切な呼称である。
- Therefore, the expression 'rakugoka' technically fits only description 1, and 'hanashika' is a more appropriate name describing both 1 and 2.
- 主に男性は寒色系や緑・紫など、女性は暖色系の色のものを使用するが、袱紗ほど厳密な決まりはなく、柄や色によっては男女で使い回すこともある。
- Although men's kobukusa generally use green and purple as well as other cold colors and women's kobukusa use warm colors, rules of kobukusa colors are less strict than fukusa; moreover, some kobukusa can be used by both men and women depending on colors and patterns.
- 特に、共同体秩序を崩壊させるような行為(窃盗、放火、殺人など)に対する罰則は、ほとんどの場合で死刑とされており、大変厳しいものであった。
- The penal regulations were very severe; in particular the crimes that disturbed the order of community (such as theft, arson and homicide) resulted in the death penalty in almost all cases.
- 鳥羽殿は武士が厳しく警護して藤原信西の子(藤原成範・藤原脩範・静憲)と女房以外は出入りを許されず幽閉状態となり、後白河院政は停止された。
- The Toba Dono was heavily guarded by samurai such that only the sons of FUJIWARA no Shinzei (FUJIWARA no Shigenori, FUJIWARA no Naganori, and Joken) and their wives were allowed to go in and out, and it was these conditions that were put to a stop by the government of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- まとめてスナイドル銃に改造して、軍による造兵施設の独占と軍用銃の所持を厳しく規制する事で、国民の武装を封じて内乱の再発を防ごうと努めた。
- Then, the government managed to prohibit the possession of arms by the general public to prevent a civil war by converting all of the withdrawn guns into Snider rifles, making the arms factories monopolized by the national Army, and regulating the possession of military guns more strictly.
- 更に長保3年11月18日の再度の内裏火災を受けて、25日に7・9の部分を更に厳格に規定した新制5ヶ条を決定して閏12月8日に公布された。
- Furthermore, after a second fire in the dairi on November 18, 1001, a shinsei consisting of five clauses was established on November 25, which further reinforced provisions of the former clauses 7 and 9, and was issued on December 8.
- 他の日記には、女流作家による『成尋阿闍梨母集』(成尋阿闍梨母)、『讃岐典侍日記』(藤原長子)、男性による『厳島御幸記』(源通親)がある。
- Apart from Sarashina Nikki, 'Jojin Ajari no haha no shu' (A collection of poems by mother of Jojin Ajari) written by a female author (the mother of Jojin Ajari), 'Sanukinosuke Nikki' (the Diary of Sanukinosuke) (by FUJIWARA no Nagako), 'Takakurain in Itsukushima Gyoko ki' (The record of the visit of a retired Emperor Takakura to Itsukushima) (by a male author, MINAMOTO no Michichika) are famous examples as well.
- 越境してきた密偵はたとえ幕府関係者であろうと厳しく断罪し、情報の漏洩防止に努め、密貿易によって外貨を蓄え続け、幕府に勝る軍事力を獲得した。
- Any spies entering its territory were severely punished, even if they were related to Bakufu, and thereby the clan endeavored to avoid the leakage of information, continued to accumulate foreign currency through secret trade with overseas countries, and acquired military power exceeding that of Bakufu.
- 天皇は翌元弘2年 / 正慶元年(1332年)隠岐島に流罪となり、幕府は邦良親王の次に予定されていた持明院統の光厳天皇を替わりに即位させる。
- In the following year, 1332, he was exiled to the Oki Island, and the Bakufu (Shogunate), in turn, enthroned Emperor Kogon, who was planned to succeed to the throne after Prince Kuniyoshi.
- 以後師によって立役としての厳しい薫陶を受け、1935年音羽屋所縁の名跡二代目尾上松緑を襲名する(歌舞伎座『伽羅先代萩』荒獅子男之助ほか)。
- Thereafter, he received thorough instruction in lead roles from his teacher, and in 1935 he took the name Shoroku ONOE (II) after Shoroku OTOWAYA (Kabukiza Theater 'Meiboku Sendaihagi' starring Otokon Oosuke Arajishi and others)
- だからこそ百済三書に基づいてる日本書紀の記事を厳正に選び、これを繋ぎ合せていくと、日朝関係の実像が客観的に復元できると固く信じられていた。
- Therefore, it was firmly believed that if descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje were strictly chosen and combined, the real figure of the relationship between Japan and Korea could be objectively restored.
- 追放刑や財産没収は、一定年限が経過した後に解除されることもあったが、窃盗や傷害に対する検断は非常に厳しく、死刑となることも少なくなかった。
- The banishment and forfeiture of property were sometimes extinguished when a certain period of time passed; however, kendan (ruling and judgment) for theft or injury was carried out very strictly, and the death sentence was often handed down.
- このため、撰銭の完全なる解決は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになるまでの長い時間を要した。
- Therefore, the problems concerned with the erizeni act did not dissolve for a long time until, in the Edo period, the Edo bakufu issued Kanei Tsuho coins with stable quality and severely prohibited minting coins privately.
- 常置の国家正規軍がなくなったことから地方の治安は悪化し、国衙の厳しい調庸取り立てに反抗した群盗の横行が全国的に常態化するようになっていた。
- Because nationally legitimate permanent troops became extinct, the security of local areas deteriorated, and it became an ordinary state throughout the nation that bandits were rampant against stringent collections of taxes by kokuga (provincial government offices).
- この説によれば日本では聖徳太子が政治を始めた601年(厳密には6世紀末とされているが、表立った活動の記録はない。)が辛酉の大革命の年である。
- According to this legend, 601 A.D., when Prince Shotoku took office (although he is believed to have taken office at the end of the 5th century, there is no record of his activities before 601), was the year of the great Shinyu revolution.
- 北朝は京都を奪還するものの、南朝方が撤退する際に北朝の光厳天皇(父)、光明天皇(叔父)、崇光天皇(兄)及び皇太子の直仁親王を吉野へ連行する。
- When the Northern Court recaptured Kyoto, the Southern Court evacuated and Emperor Kogon (father), Emperor Komyo (uncle), Emperor Suko (brother) and Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Naohito were taken away to Yoshino.
- 「いえ、彼は中村鶴蔵という道化役で、舞台では人を笑わせておりますが、家では謹厳実直な者でございます」との返答に「面白いやつじゃ」と笑われた。
- No, he is Tsuruzo NAKAMURA, who makes people laugh at stage as a role of a fool but is an honest and serious man at home,' to which the emperor laughed, 'he's a funny man.'
- 清朝(1616年 - 1912年)も台湾の鄭成功勢力などに対抗するために海禁政策を行ったが、清朝は明朝と違い、厳格な海禁政策は取らなかった。
- A similar policy, though less strictly enforced, was carried out during Qing dynasty (1616-1912) in order to antagonize the Taiwanese ruler Zheng Chenggong.
- そのことなどにより、この頃すでに西郷や大久保利通らの間にも、慶喜の恭順が完全であれば厳罰には及ばないとの合意ができつつあったためと思われる。
- At this time, it appeared that between Saigo and Toshimichi OKUBO were already in agreement; they would not pursue a more severe punishment for Yoshinobu, if they could confirm Yoshinobu's allegiance to the new government, and his action would be complete and definite.
- 防人とは厳しい任務であり、遠い東国から九州までは自力で移動せねばならず、さらにその任務期間中の兵は食糧も武器も各自で調達しなければならない。
- The duties of the Sakimori guards were harsh: They had to travel long distances from eastern Japan to Kyushu by themselves, and they had to procure their own food and arms while they were performing duties.
- 長寛2年(1164年)に厳島神社に奉納されたが、各巻の奥書を参照すると、全体の完成には仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)までかかったとされる。
- Reading the postscript to each volume of the scriptures donated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in 1164, one knows that it was not until 1167 that all of the scriptures were completed.
- のちに「北海道開拓の父」とも呼ばれた島の計画は壮大であったが、厳冬の中で予算を急激に消費したこと等が理由で長官と対立し、志半ばで解任された。
- The reclamation project designed by SHIMA, who was later called 'The father of Hokkaido Reclamation', was so grand, but he was blamed and confronted by the chief for spending too much budget in a short period of time during severe winter and got fired without seeing the completion of the project.
- それほどの財力の無い藩では、大きな宿場町を通過する際のみ、臨時雇いで家来の「水増し」を行い、行列の威厳を保ちつつ、経費を節約したといわれる。
- The clans that were not so rich, while cutting costs, reportedly employed 'additional' retainers on a temporary basis to maintain the dignity of the procession only when it passed by major shukuba-machi (post stations).
- 律令制の祖形は、古く秦・前漢期まで遡るともいわれているが、厳密に言えば、律令制は中国の魏晋南北朝時代において出現し、徐々に形成されていった。
- It is said that the Ritsuryo system can be traced back as far as the Qin and Western Han periods; but strictly speaking, it emerged and gradually developed in China during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- ここで桐野は官軍による包囲が極めて厳重であり、地形が非常に険しいことから薩軍の全軍が突破することは困難であると考え、熊本城の奪取を提案した。
- Here, KIRINO proposed that they should take back Kumamoto Castle, considering that the siege by the government army was quite tight, the terrain was rugged and therefore, it would be difficult for all forces of the Satsuma army to break through the siege.
- ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
- In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.
- 寺社興行法(じしゃこうぎょうほう)とは、神社仏寺の社殿仏閣を修復して、神事仏事を厳格に実施させるために公武権力が実施した一連の法制度のこと。
- Jisha kogyoho was a series of ordinances that imperial court authority and bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) authority enforced to repair the main shrine buildings and the Buddhist temples of the religious institutions and to promote the strict observance of Shinto rituals and Buddhist memorial services.
- また、満仲の三男の源頼信の系統(厳密に言えば、源義忠・源義時流)は、河内国壷井(現・大阪府羽曳野市壷井)を本拠としたことから河内源氏といわれる
- Additionally, the family lineage of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of Mitsunaka, (more precisely, the line of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada and MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki) was called Kawachi-Genji as it was based in Tsuboi, Kawachi Province (present-day Tsuboi, Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture).
- 近年、とくに辛口ブーム以降、この日本酒度が酒の辛口甘口を論じる決定的な規準のように考えられている風潮があるが、これは厳密な意味では正しくない。
- In recent years, especially since the dry sake boom, there is the tendency to deem nihonshudo as the decisive standard to determine the dryness of sake, but this is not correct.
- 沢と井上から「中心人物の処刑と一般信徒の流罪」という厳罰の提案を受けた政府では4月25日(5月17日)に大阪で御前会議を開いてこれを討議した。
- Following a proposal of severe punishment of 'execution for leading figures and deportation for other general Christians' made by Sawa and Inoue, the government held a conference in the presence of the emperor in Osaka on May 17 to discuss the proposed punishment.
- 但、武田清子が主張するように、新渡戸は教育者としての寛容さで異文化との比較、検討をしている点は内村鑑三や植村正久の厳しさと比べると甘さが残る。
- However as Kiyoko TAKEDA advocated, Nitobe's comparison of different culture as a tolerant educator was not strict enough when compared to Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA.
- 開眼導師は別当の済深法親王が、供養の導師は勧進に協力的であった興福寺一乗院門跡の真敬法親王が、結願日の導師は華厳長吏で尊勝院主の道恕が務めた。
- Cloistered Imperial Prince Saishin, the administrator of the Temple, was the priest leading the consecration ceremony, and Cloistered Imperial Prince Shinkei, the chief priest of Ichijo-in of Kokuji Temple, who cooperated in solicitation, was the priest leading the service while Dojo (道恕), a chief priest of the Kegon sect and the chief of Sonsho-in Temple, served as ceremony leader on the day when the wish came true.
- 伴善男、伴中庸、生江恒山、伴清縄らが捕らえられ厳しく尋問されるが(杖で打ち続けられる拷問を受けていた可能性もあり)、彼らは犯行を認めなかった。
- TOMO no Yoshio, TOMO no Nakatsune, IKUE no Tsuneyama, and TOMO no Kiyotada were arrested and interrogated (possibly tortured by continuous whipping), however, they denied having committed the crime.
- 北朝成立翌年の建武 (日本)4年(1337年)より、光厳上皇の院宣とともに兼季の消息・御教書が足利尊氏の執事であった高師直充てに出されている。
- From 1337, the year following the establishment of the Northern Court, Kanesue's shosoku (letters) and migyosho (document of shogunate order) along with the retired Emperor Kogon's inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) were sent to KO no Moronao, who was the steward of Takauji ASHIKAGA.
- その数か月後、またも世の形勢は変転し、後醍醐側勢力を打ち破った足利尊氏は光厳上皇を治天の君として迎えいれ、結果、光厳院政が開始することとなった。
- After several months, affairs once again changed; Takauji ASHIKAGA who had beaten the force of Godaigo invited the Retired Emperor Kogon as Chiten no kimi, commencing the cloistered government with the Retired Emperor Kogon.
- 隊の規律維持のために厳しい局中法度を定め違反者に対し粛清を行ったことや、「誠」の一字の隊旗や袖口に山形の模様を染め抜いた独特の羽織でも知られる。
- They are also known for setting strict Kyokuchu Hatto (Shinsen-gumi Rules) to maintain order within Shinsen-gumi, purging those who violated the rules, and for their group flag with one kanji character, 'Makoto', and original short coats with mountain-like patterns painted on the sleeves.
- その他、合戦では目覚しい働きを示していたが、驕慢な振る舞いが限度を超えて、康永元年(1342年)光厳天皇への狼藉事件を起こして処刑されてしまう。
- Although Yorito distinguished himself in battles, his excessive arrogance made himself cause a violence against Emperor Kogon in 1342, so he was executed.
- また、俗な表現として袍を着用した姿の総称を「衣冠束帯」と呼ぶことがあるが、装束の構成や着用する場面に於いて、本来は衣冠と束帯は厳密に区分される。
- Also in common parlance, general term of the figures wearing ho is sometimes called 'ikan-sokutai,' but fundamentally, ikan and sokutai should be strictly distinguished by the structure of the shozoku (costume) and occasions in which they are worn.
- 父の厳格さを敬遠して京都の大学に進学、能からも一時遠ざかるが、ニューヨークで左右十郎シテ、憲人ツレにより演じられた「恋重荷」を見て能楽師を志す。
- He goes to a university in Kyoto to get away from his strict father, not becoming interested in Noh until he watches 'Koi no Omoni' (The Burden of Love) performed by Sojuro as a shite and Norito as a tsure (a shite's companion) in New York, and then decides to be a Nohgakushi.
- 現在でも、セメントや金属などの材料も使われ、通常の粘土瓦が使用できない寒さの厳しい地域や個人の好み等によって粘土瓦の代わりに葺かれることがある。
- Kawara tiles made of cement or metal are still used today instead of clay tiles if normal clay tiles can not be used because of cold climate or depending on personal preference.
- 清朝国内での警察権・駐兵権の禁止にとどまらず、排外団体結成禁止、地方官吏への排外団体取締りの厳命、それに背いた場合の罰則なども盛り込まれている。
- The protocol included not only the ban of police powers and stationing troops in the Qing dynasty but also the ban of organizing anti-foreign societies and strict orders of regulating anti-foreign societies to local officials, punishments for violating these rules and so on.
- 当時の為政者や作者(と推定される人物)の心理面やその影響力を考察する点では歴史学上の価値もあるが、作為上の意図も踏まえ厳密に検証する必要がある。
- Although they have historical value from a psychological standpoint, and influence from politicians and authors (or presumed authors), it is necessary to review them while strictly bearing the intent with which they were written, in mind.
- その後の三・一五事件の影響で公判は紆余曲折の経緯をたどり、1929年12月の大阪控訴院判決では18名に対し懲役7年以下とより厳しい量刑となった。
- Under the influence of the Affair on March 15, the public trial underwent a complicated processes, and in the decision by Osaka koso-in (Osaka court of appeal) of December 1929, 18 criminals were sentenced to severe assessment of a case of imprisonment with hard labor less than seven years.
- その間、延文4年/正平14年(1359年)8月に四天王寺別当になり、応安5年/文中元年(1371年)には後光厳天皇の院宣により梨本門跡に還住した。
- He became betto (steward) of the Shitenno-ji Temple in August 1359, and returned to live in Nashimoto monseki in 1371 in accordance with Inzen (a document of order by Emperor) of Emperor Gokogon.
- ただし、近代化によって変質したものも多い(従ってその起源はあまり認識されず、夏祭りは一般的に厳粛な行事ではなく、華やかな行事とされる傾向が強い)。
- At the same time, however, a large number of summer festivals have changed their nature in the process of modernization, so that their origins have become obscure in the minds of people who tend to observe natsumatsuri as a glamorous event rather than a solemn ceremony.
- このように、五位以上の家に生まれれば「判」権限を持つ判官以上、六位以下なら「判」権限を持たない主典以下という、出自による格差が厳然と存在していた。
- As previously mentioned, there was a strict gap by the birth such as the people came from the family of Goi or higher were able to become Hangan with the authority of 'han,' while the people came from the family of Rokui or lower were able to become only Sakan without the authority of 'han.'
- 庄内藩士は、降伏に伴い、薩摩藩邸焼き討ち事件や東北戦争における戦闘を咎められて厳しい処分が下されると予想していたが、予想外に寛大な処置が施された。
- It was expected that the Shonai Clan retainers would be severely punished being condemned for the incident of setting fire to the Satuma Clan residence and fighting during the Tohoku War, but they received a surprising clemency.
- (※)一部の藩(薩摩藩など)においては全江戸期を通じて農民に対する厳しい収奪が行われ、中農、富農が成立する条件は成立しなかったとされることもある。
- * In some domains (such as the Satsuma Domain), the harsh exploitation of farmers throughout the entire Edo period meant that the conditions under which middle-class or wealthy farmers could become established never emerged.
- 江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、渡来銭や私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになると、鐚銭は見られなくなり、撰銭も行われなくなっていった。
- As the Edo bakufu put Kanei Tsuho (coins) of stable quality into circulation and strongly prohibit Torai-sen and Shichusen, akusen disappeared and Erizeni was not carried out any more.
- 神武天皇から後小松天皇まで(厳密には南北朝時代_(日本)が統一された1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)までを区切りとする)の百代の帝王の治世を扱う。
- It covers the reigns of one hundred emperors, from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Komatsu (exactly to 1392 when the Nanboku-cho period finished).
- 事態を憂慮した二条良基は勧修寺経顕や尊氏と相計って、光厳・光明の実母西園寺寧子に治天の君となることを要請し、困難な折衝の上ようやく受諾を取り付けた。
- Yoshimoto NIJO was worried about the situation and in agreement with Tsuneaki KASHUJI and Takauji, he requested the biological mother of Kogon and Komyo, Neishi SAIONJI become Chiten no kimi and after various obstacles were overcome, he gained acceptance.
- その際、包んだまま渡すことを作法とする説と、包んだまま渡すと「この風呂敷にお返しを包んで戻せ」という催促の意となるため、厳に慎むべしとする説がある。
- Further, while some believe that giving a gift wrapped in Furoshiki conforms to the rules of etiquette, some insist on refraining from doing so because it would suggest 'asking for its return wrapped in this Furoshiki.'
- 家財の略奪なども行われたが、一方で正当な制裁行為であることを主張するために、家屋の破壊だけにとどめ略奪や放火は厳に戒められた事例も多く知られている。
- Household articles were also looted, but on the other hand, there are many known cases that Uchikowashi was restricted only to destroying residences and looting and setting fire were strictly forbidden to insist it was a justifiable sanction.
- この説を主張する者によると「生類憐みの令は、些細な殺生を禁じ、違反者に対して厳罰で報いた悪法である」とする確かな根拠は、実は確認されていないという。
- Those who support this theory insist there is no clear evidence to support the idea the 'The law prohibiting cruelty to animals was an evil law aimed at minor killings to inflict severe punishment on the offender.'
- また、飯富庄との関連では、源忠宗が飯富源太を称し、飯富氏を名乗った後、飯富宗季が飯富氏を名乗るまで、源季遠も、源季貞も厳密には飯富氏を称していない。
- Strictly speaking, there is something about Obu no sho that should be known: both MINAMOTO no Sueto and MINAMOTO no Suesada did not take the family name of Obu until Munesue OBU used the family name after MINAMOTO no Tadamune called himself Genta OBU, taking the family name of Obu.
- 藩の構成員(藩士)とは厳密には士分を持つものを指し、拡大解釈した場合でも足軽までを指したのであって、中間、小者は藩の構成員とはみなされていなかった。
- Domain constituents (retainers) strictly indicated those that had Shibun, and even in a wide definition may have included Ashigaru, but Chugen and Komono were never considered retainers.
- 当時の主な通貨のうちの銀貨の鋳造が行われたこと、この場所以外での貨幣鋳造が厳しく取り締まられたこと、などにより「銀・座」の名が付けられたと思われる。
- The name 'gin (silver)' and 'za (place)' is believed to originate from the fact that a mint chiefly issuing silver coins was located there and also that minting such coins in other areas was strictly controlled.
- 但し、近年ではより厳密な定義として、上記摂津源氏の中でも特に多田庄を相続した系統のみを指して「多田源氏」と呼ぶ用い方もなされている(以下にて詳述)。
- A recent, precise definition says, 'Tada-Genji' means only the line which inherited Tada Manors among Settsu-Genji branches (for further details, see below).
- 同時期に日本にいた宣教師アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノはコエリョの軽率な行動を厳しく非難しており、コエリョの行動に問題があった事は確かであるようだ。
- Alessandro Valignano, a missionary stayed in Japan during the same period strongly criticized the careless conduct of Coelho, and it seems to be certain that his conduct was really problematic.
- だが、翌1333年に後醍醐天皇側の反撃によって鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると、後醍醐天皇によって光厳天皇と康仁皇太子の否認(廃位、廃太子)が宣言されたのである。
- However on the following year, in 1333, after Kamakura bakufu died out after the attack of Emperor Godaigo's army, the Emperor announced the refusal to accept Emperor Kogon to succeed to the throne and Imperial Prince Yasuhito became Crown Prince.
- 義詮は北朝年号を復活させ、再び京都を奪還するが、南朝は撤退する際に光厳・光明両上皇と、天皇を退位した直後の崇光天皇(光厳の皇子)を賀名生へ連れ去った。
- Yoshiakira revived the Northern Court era name and recaptured Kyoto, and when the Southern Court forces withdrew from the city, they took both retired Emperors Kogon and Komyo, as well as Emperor Suko (Kogon's son), who had just abdicated the throne, back with them to Ano.
- これは、駅弁は調製から購入・消費までにタイムラグがあるため、食中毒の防止などを目的として、調製方法などにさまざまな厳しい要求があったこととも関係する。
- This situation also resulted from various and strict requests made on the production process, etc. with the aim of preventing food poisoning, because the time lag from production to purchase and consumption is an inevitable aspect of Ekiben.
- 一九はさらに『続膝栗毛』シリーズを書き、弥次喜多は、金刀比羅宮、厳島神社、木曽地域、善光寺、草津温泉、中山道へと膝栗毛し、21年後にようやく完結した。
- Ikku additionally wrote 'Zoku Hizakurige' series, and Yajikita traveled on foot to Kotohira-gu Shrine, Itsukushima-jinja Shrine, Kiso region, Zenko-ji Temple, Kusatsu-onsen hot spring and Nakasen-do Road, and the book finally concluded 21 years later.
- 平均の直径が24.44ミリメートルの円形で、中央には一辺が約6mmの正方形(厳密には、0.5mmほど横長の長方形)の穴が開いた、円形方孔の形式である。
- It was a round coin with a rectangle hole; the round shape of the coin had a diameter of 24.44 mm on an average, and had a square hole 6 mm on a side (to be exact, rectangle 0.5 mm longer on a long side) in the center.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月に譲位して上皇となった高倉の最初の社参が、その年の3月から4月上旬にかけて、従来の慣例を破って安芸の厳島神社でおこなわれた。
- Takakura, who abdicated the throne and became the retired emperor in March 1180, firstly started Shasan (visit to shrines or temples) in Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province, which broke the traditional custom, from April to early May in that year.
- 条件が厳格であったために次第に成り手に事欠くようになったために、寛保3年(1743年)には許可制ながらも空船時の一般貨物の搬送も許されることとなった。
- Bakufu's requirement was so strict that the number of jomai sekisen decreased, and then in 1743, the bakufu allowed jomai sekisen to carry general cargo under its license system.
- これらの村落では、惣内部の法規定として、明文化された惣掟(そうおきて)を全構成員の合意のもとに制定し、惣掟に違反した者へ厳しく検断権を実行していった。
- These rural communities enacted as a legal provision within sosons a clearly-stated so okite (rules) under the agreement of all constituent members and exercised severely their rights to judge criminal cases against those who broke the so okite.
- 義材は義視とともに上洛して10代将軍に推挙されるが、足利義政や細川政元などは、堀越公方足利政知の子で天龍寺香厳院主となっていた清晃(足利義澄)を推す。
- Yoshiki returned to Kyoto with Yoshimi and was put forward as the tenth shogun, but some people, including Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, supported Seiko (Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA), the son of Masatomo ASHIKAGA who was the Horikoshi Governor-General, and was the head of the Kyogon-in of Tenryu-ji Temple at that time.
- 蝦夷(えみし)と蝦夷(えぞ)は同じ漢字を用いていることから混同されやすいが、歴史に登場する時代もまったく異なり、両者は厳密に区別されなければならない。
- Because 'Emishi' and 'Ezo' are expressed by the same Chinese characters, they tend to be confused with one another; however, these two must be distinguished accurately because the periods in which these peoples appeared are completely different.
- 上皇にあった後は、1352年に足利氏の内紛である観応の擾乱に乗じて後村上天皇の軍が京都の足利義詮を追い都を奪回した際に、光厳上皇と共々南朝に捕らえらる。
- While he acted as retired Emperor, during the Kanno Disturbance when the ASHIKAGA clan's internal struggle was raging in 1352, he and retired Emperor Kogon were captured by the Southern Court as Emperor Gomurakami's army chased Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA in Kyoto and recaptured the city.
- 古い遺品は見当たらないが、厳島神社の小型檜扇は胡粉地のうえ表裏ともほぼ同じ絵であるなど記録によくかなうことが注目され、これと同様の品だった可能性が高い。
- Although there is no articles left today, a small hiogi at the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine is whitewash and has the same pictures on the both faces as described in the old records, so it is highly possible that a whitewash fan was something like the one at the Itsukushima.
- つまり、政治を風刺する歌で、演説に関する取締りが厳しくなった19世紀末に、演説の代わりに歌を歌うようになったのが「演歌」という名称のはじまりといわれる。
- In other words, enka songs were political satire, and the name 'enka' is said to have begun to be used at the end of the 19th century when the crackdown on speech was intensified and people began to sing songs instead of making speeches.
- 幕府では3代将軍足利義満のもと、管領の細川頼之が後光厳の意思を尊重するべきであると回答し、翌1371年(応安4年3月23日)に、緒仁へ譲位して院政を敷く。
- In the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), under the supervision of the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, a shogunal deputy (kanrei), Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA answered Emperor Gokogon's, and the following year, 1371 (March 23), the Emperor passed the throne to Prince Ohito and started a cloistered government.
- 鎌倉時代以降、鎌倉幕府の御家人たる武士の叙位任官は鎌倉殿を通じて朝廷に具申することを原則として、御家人が直接的に朝廷から叙位任官を受けることを厳禁とした。
- Since the Kamakura period, as a general rule, the conferments of a court rank and appointment to an office of samurai who were shogunal retainers were reported to the Imperial Court via the lord of Kamakura, and it was strictly prohibited for the shogunal retainers to receive a rank and office directly from the Imperial Court.
- この時代の代表作として、大治 (日本)元年(1126年)に藤原清衡が発願して作成した『紺紙金銀泥一切経』や平氏一門が厳島神社に奉納した『平家納経』がある。
- The decorative sutras that represent this period include 'Konshi Kingindei Issaikyo' wished and created by FUJIWARA no Kiyohira in 1126 and 'Heike-nokyo' dedicated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine by the Taira clan.
- 縄文式土器、弥生式土器は地域色が強かったのに対し、土師器では、厳密に言えば地方色もあるが、同じような意匠・技法による土器が本州から九州までの規模で分布する。
- In contrast to Jomon and Yayoi types that were strongly regional in characteristic, Haji is found distributed widely from Honshu to Kyushu islands, based on identical design and production method, although some regional traits can also be found if scrutinized closely.
- しかしながら、解体を免れた奉安殿は現在でも全国各地に少数ながら残っており、倉庫として使われていたり、荘厳な外観を生かして神社や納骨堂に転用されていたりする。
- Hoan-den that escaped being dismantled still remain even now although the number is small, used as a warehouse or converted to a Shinto shrine or an ossuary, taking advantage of its solemn external appearance.
- 彼は攘夷の気分が蔓延していた当時に攘夷を否定し、また、「政治は国民の上で成り立っており、愚かな人の上には厳しい政府ができ、優れた人の上には良い政府ができる。
- Fukuzawa denied the idea of exclusion of foreigners when the idea was pervasive across the country, and maintained that: a government is established by its own people, a good government is chosen by good people and a bad government is chosen by unwise people;
- 檜扇とくに彩絵檜扇も各地に伝わっており、厳島神社所蔵の12世紀後半の彩絵檜扇は国宝、島根県松江市の佐太神社所蔵の12世紀のものは重要文化財に指定されている。
- The saie hiogi (painted fan, made of slats of cypress wood), particularly Hi-ogi wooden fan were handed down to various places, and saie hiogi in the latter half of the 12th century possessed by Itsukushima-jinja Shrine is designated as a national treasure while another in the 12th century possessed by Sada-jinja Shrine in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture is designated as an important cultural property.
- 広義門院はその後、後伏見上皇との間に量仁親王(のちの光厳天皇、正和2年(1313年)出生)と豊仁親王(のちの光明天皇、元亨1年(1321年)出生)をもうけた。
- Thereafter, Kogimonin had Imperial Prince Kazuhito (future Emperor Kogon born in 1313) and Imperial Prince Yutahito (future Emperor Komyo born in 1321) by the Retired Emperor Gofushimi.
- 元弘の変で後醍醐天皇が流されて持明院統の光厳天皇が在位していた時期には、3人とも新天皇に仕えている(ただし、既に出家していた親房の場合は嫡男の北畠顕家が出仕。
- The three served Emperor Kogon during the reign of Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in Imperial line after Emperor Godaigo was transported during the Genko Disturbance; in Chikafusa's case, his son, Akiie KITABATAKE served instead of him since he already had become a priest by then.
- 興国元年/暦応3年(1340年)、道誉と長男の佐々木秀綱は、家臣が光厳天皇の弟である妙法院の御所の僧兵に殴打された事を怒り、御所に火をかけ建仁寺を延焼させる。
- In 1340, Doyo and his eldest son Hidetsuna SASAKI got angry about an incident where their subjects were beat up by soldier priests of the Imperial Court of Myohoin, who was the youngest brother of Emperor Kogen, and set fire to the Imperial Court to burn down Kennin-ji Temple.
- 近年の研究では、身体能力に優れ、厳しい規律に律された諜報集団という面の他に、優れた動植物の知識や化学の知識を持つ技術者集団としての一面も持つことが判っている。
- A recent study shows that ninja was a group of engineers who had abundant knowledge of animals and plants, and chemistry as well as a group of intelligence agents who had great physical ability and were strictly disciplined.
- それに対し、『安宅』が成立したと考えられる室町時代や作中の時代である鎌倉時代ではそれほど重い罪ではなく、また幕府による御家人の統制もそれほど厳しくはなかった。
- On the other hand, in the Muromachi Period when 'Ataka' was believed to be accomplished and in the Kamakura Period in the story, it was not so serious crime and the control of gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was not so strict.
- 江戸幕府は五山十刹諸山之諸法度を出して蔭涼職を廃して鹿苑僧録に替わって金地院僧録を設置し、「秉払なしに公帖を発行してはならない」などの厳しい資格制限を付けた。
- The Edo bakufu enforced the Gozan-Jissetsu Shozan no Shohatto (various laws put in force in Gozan-Jissetsu and Shozan [Zen temples other than Gozan-Jissetsu]) to abolish the Inryoshiki, and set up Konjin soroku in place of Rokuon soroku, adding strict qualification restrictions such as 'No issuance of kojo without hinpotsu (preaching by shuso [the leader of monks practicing asceticism] on behalf of Jujishoku).'
- しかし、日本には西洋のような「美術」と「工芸」の厳然たる区別は無く、日本の美術品は総じて装飾的・工芸的とみなされヨーロッパ美術よりも一段低いところに置かれた。
- However, the clear distinction between arts and crafts seen in the West did not exist in Japan, so Japanese art, as a whole, was deemed too decorative and technical, and it was ranked a bit lower than European art.
- ところが、1348年(貞和4年/正平3年)に元服すると光厳天皇の猶子として皇位継承権が与えられ、その年の10月27日に義兄にあたる崇光天皇の皇太子に立てられた。
- However, when he had the Genpuku ceremony (coming- of-age ceremony for a young man after the Nara period) in 1348, he was granted the right to the imperial throne as the adopted child of Emperor Kogen, and was enthroned as the prince of Emperor Suko (his brother in law) on October 27 in the same year.
- だが、皇位継承が後光厳の直系子孫による方針が決められたために崇光と伏見宮家による後光厳と室町幕府に対する反感が高まって、北朝は事実上の分裂状態に陥ったのである。
- However, after it was decided that the direct descendants of Emperor Gokogon would succeed to the throne, antagonism was raised against Emperor Gokogon and the Muromachi bakufu by Emperor Suko and the Fushiminomiya family, and this practically caused a division within the Northern Court.
- これ打開しようと2007年(平成19年)3月1日より西日本JRバスが、デマンドバスサービスを取り入れるなどの工夫を凝らすものの依然として現状は厳しいものである。
- In order to overcome this situation, the West JR Bus Company has made various efforts, including providing demand responsive transport (DRT) starting in March 1, 2007, etc., but, the situation remains dire.
- キャベツ:山芋:鶏卵:小麦粉の最適な重量比はおよそ4321~3221と言われるが、前述のように店ごとにも流儀があり、自宅で作る場合はそれほど厳密でなくても良い。
- The appropriate ratio for the amount of cabbage, yamaimo, egg, and flour is said to be approximately from 4:3:2:1 to 3:2:2:1, but as mentioned before, the style varies from one shop to another and when cooking okonomiyaki in the household it is not necessary to rigidly observe this ratio.
- 石燕が遊び絵として創作したものとの説や、凶作が続いた時期に年貢を厳しく取り立てられた農民の怨みの念が、古い蓑や草鞋に乗り移って付喪神と化したものだとの説がある。
- Some people insist that Sekien created it for fun, while others believe that it was a tsukumo-gami (a type of Japanese spirits that originate in items or artifacts that have reached their 100th birthday and become alive) transmuted from an old straw raincoat and straw sandals which had been possessed by the grudge of farmers upon whom heavy taxes had been imposed at prolonged poor harvest time.
- 収入について詳しく書かれるのは長享2年(1488年)頃からであるが、ことに後半では収入に関する記述が頻繁に見られ、金銭的に厳しい状態が続いていることが見られる。
- He started to write about his incomes in detail around 1488, and in the latter half of the diary accounts concerning incomes often appeared, which suggests that he had been badly off.
- 流された讃岐でも厳重に監視されることになり、崇徳は光源氏・在原行平・淳仁天皇(淡路廃帝)ら、かつて流離にあった人々に自身を重ね合わせて、我が身の不運を思い嘆く。
- He is to be kept under surveillance even at Sanuki, where he has been exiled, and Sutoku identifies himself with Hikaru Genji, ARIWARA no Narihira and Emperor Junnin (Awaji haitei, or the eliminated emperor), who had once gone into exile, lamenting the harshness of his fate.
- 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
- The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
- 貞観 (日本)13年(871年)12月16日に内侍司源全姫の六十の賀に毘廬遮那仏の図絵を作り功徳を修した(『菅家文草』に菅原道真が厳子のために書いた文章が残る)。
- On February 2, 872, she obtained kudoku (merit) by painting Birushanabutsu (Vairocana-Buddha) at the celebration of 60th birthday of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendant) MINAMOTO no Matahime (writings made for Genshi by SUGAWARA no Michizane are left in 'Kanke Bunso' (a collection of Chinese poetry created by Sugawara no Michizane)).
- 列強との交渉は愛新覚羅奕キョウ及び直隷総督兼北洋大臣に返り咲いた李鴻章が担ったが、敗戦国という立場上列強の言いなりとならざるを得ず、非常に厳しい条件が付せられた。
- The negotiations with the allied western powers were carried out by Aisin-Gioro Yìkuāng and Li Hongzhang, who came back to power as Governor General of Zhili and superintendent of trade for the northern ports, but being the losing nation he was obliged to the allied western powers, and met demands with very strict conditions.
- また当時、元側でも1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市(明州、のちの寧波)に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していた。
- Moreover, in those days, Yuan officials rigorously restricted entry or departure of the port, regarding any Japanese ship, which entered Neiha city (Mingzhou, later Ningbo), as a pirate ship after the Wako Incident from 1335 to 1336.
- 俗に蘇我入鹿が殺された事件のことを指して「大化の改新」と言うこともあるが、厳密にはクーデターである「乙巳の変」の後に行われた一連の政治改革が「大化の改新」である。
- Although the assassination of SOGA no Iruka is sometimes referred to as the 'Taika Reforms,' the series of political reforms carried out after the 'Isshi Incident,' which was a coup d'etat, are the 'Taika Reforms' in a narrow sense.
- しかし、黒田長政の仲介により当時秀吉に次ぐ実力者であった徳川家康と出会った宗厳は、家康の前で「無刀取り」を披露したことにより、兵法指南役に迎えたいと申し出を受ける。
- However, by the arrangement of Nagamasa KURODA, Munetoshi met Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was the most powerful samurai next to Hideyoshi at that time, and in front of Ieyasu, he performed 'Muto-dori' (seizing opponent's sword without his own sword), and as a result, he was offered the position of the instructor of Heiho (art of warfare).
- 厳密には話芸ではないが、食べる、飲む、歩く、走る、着るなど、登場人物の動作を、座布団の上に制限された動きで表現することも、臨場感を出す上で非常に重要な役割を果たす。
- To make the performance lively, actions such as eating, drinking, walking, running, dressing, and so on expressed in a defined manner without moving from the zabuton play quite a significant role in rakugo, though the action is not part of the art of storytelling in a strict sense.
- 光厳にはいちおう上皇の称号と待遇が与えられたが、それは通例の前天皇に対する優遇措置ではなく、あくまでも皇太子の地位を辞退したことに対する褒賞であることが明示された。
- It was clearly indicated that Kogon was given the title and privileges of the retired emperor but not as preferential treatment for being the former Emperor, but as a prize for refraining the position of Crown Prince.
- その内容は、安政の大獄の処分者の赦免および復権、前越前藩主松平慶永の大老就任、徳川慶喜を征夷大将軍後見とする、過激派尊攘浪士を厳しく取り締まる、などから成っていた。
- The contents of the petition included the remission and reinstatement of those punished due to Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the shogunate), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, former lord of the Echizen Domain, to assume Tario (chief minister), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA to act as guardian for Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians', also called as Shogun) and the crackdown of the roshi who radically supported Sonno joi.
- しかし、最後の氷期である晩氷期と呼ばれる約1万3000から1万年前の気候は、数百年で寒冷期と温暖期が入れ替わるほどで、急激な厳しい環境変化が短期間のうちに起こった。
- However, the environment had such rapid and severe changes in the short period of time that the cold period changed into the warm period in the several hundred years in the last glacial age called the late glacial stage approximately from 13,000 to 10,000 years ago.
- しかし唐代に入って拘束の厳しい近体詩の規則が整備されると、楽府についてはただ六朝期の古楽府の題だけをとって作ることが盛行し、形式上ほぼ古体詩と変わらぬまでになった。
- However after strict rules about modern style poetry were consolidated in the Tang dynasty, gafu were mainly produced with only the title borrowed from kogafu in the period of Rikucho, and those gafu were almost the same as the old style poetry in their format.
- また通常、小判および分金は製造過程で一枚ずつ厳密な量目(質量)の検査が行われるが、この一朱判に関しては、五両ないし十両一括で量目の検査が行われるという始末であった。
- And, it was usual to strictly inspect ryome (a weighed value) (mass) for each Koban and Bukin during the manufacturing process, but for this Isshuban, ryome was inspected only for every bunch of five ryo or ten ryo.
- 1352年(観応3年 / 正平7年)2月、南朝が京都へ侵攻して足利義詮を一時的に追い、光厳上皇・光明上皇、直仁親王と共に南朝の本拠である賀名生へ拉致され、幽閉された。
- In February 1352, the Southern Court invaded Kyoto to temporarily pursue Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, the Emperor was taken away with retired Emperor Kogon, retired Emperor Komyo and Imperial Prince Naohito, to Ano, and were held in confinement.
- 直義は北朝の光厳天皇に師直追討の院宣を要請して師直を討とうとするが、8月12日、師直は河内から上洛した高師泰とともに手兵を集め、直義に対して武力による先制攻撃を行う。
- Tadayoshi requested an Imperial order to attack Moronao from Emperor Kogon of the Southern Court to kill Moronao, but on August 12, Moronao gathered troops together with Moroyasu KO who came to the capital from Kawachi and made a preemptive strike against Tadayoshi.
- 英語表記の一つ「pit-house」は、厳密には、竪穴式住居のうちで、屋根以外は、竪穴自体で構成されている、つまり竪穴に屋根を被せた形の家屋ないしは住居のことをいう。
- Strictly speaking, the English term 'pit-house' is used to describe the type of tateana-shiki dwelling which, except for the thatched roof, consists solely of the dug-up depression, that is, a dwelling that is a depression in the ground covered with a roof.
- とりわけ、鵜飼吉左衛門から安島帯刀宛への書簡には井伊直弼暗殺の秘事が記されていたとされ、幕府にその内容が漏洩したことで安政の大獄ではより厳重な処分となったといわれる。
- Especcially, the letter from Kichizaemon UGAI to Tatewaki AJIMA was said that it contained the secret conspiracy to assassinate Naosuke II, and the leakage of its contents resulted in receiving stricter punishment in the Ansei no Taigoku.
- しかし、実際の取扱いとしては、その後もそのような区別が厳密にされていたとは言い難く、一般国民を拘束する内容を持つものであっても太政官達の形式により定めたものもあった。
- Yet the rule was apparently not strictly applied, as in practice the Dajokan Tasshi form was still used to promulgate binding regulations intended for the public.
- ここではまず、天武天皇の事跡を厳かに述べた後、天武天皇が稗田阿禮に勅語して『帝記』・『旧辞』を暗誦させたが、時世の移り変わりにより文章に残せなかった経緯を記している。
- The second paragraph first describes the achievement of Emperor Tenmu in detail, and then describes the background that 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji' which Emperor Tenmu ordered HIEDA no Are to recite couldn't be documented due to changing circumstances.
- (日露戦争当時は満州事変後の昭和の戦争の時期ほど言論弾圧が厳しかったわけではなく、白鳥省吾、木下尚江、中里介山、大塚楠緒子らにも戦争を嘆く詩を垣間見ることができる。)
- (During the Russo-Japanese War, the suppression of free speech was not so fierce as that during war time in the Showa Period, and many other poets wrote poems deploring the war, including Seigo SHIROTORI, Naoe KINOSHITA, Kaizan NAKAZATO, and Kusuoko OTSUKA.)
- また古代の「物語」の傾向から看取できる概念と、近代になって輸入された「ナラティブ」・「ストーリー」といった「物語」と訳された概念の間にも、厳密には差があるといえよう。
- Strictly speaking, there is a difference between the underlying concepts found in ancient 'monogatari' and the concepts which were imported in modern times called a 'narrative' or 'story' in English but also translated as 'monogatari.'
- 江戸時代後期には幕府自体の財政難を理由に拝借金の基準が厳しくなり拠出の抑制が行われたが、それでも天保13年(1842年)暮れには拝借金残高がほぼ12万両に達していた。
- Because of financial difficulties of the bakufu itself, the standard of Haishakukin was tightened to curb the contribution in the late Edo period, however, the balance of Haishakukin at the end of 1842 came to about 120,000 ryo.
- 寛永3年(1626年)及び同11年(1634年)に行われた征夷大将軍上洛の際に供奉者の道中作法を定め、違反者には死罪 (江戸時代)を含めた厳しい処罰を課すこととした。
- In journeys of Seii Taishogun to Kyoto conducted in 1626 and 1634, regulations on accompanying people's manners during the journey were established and it was stipulated that those who violated the regulations were punished severely, and sometimes sentenced to death (Edo period).
- 古文書の部に分類されている物件には厳密な意味での「文書」(特定の発信元と宛て先があり、何らかの目的を達するために作成するもの)だけではなく、日記などの記録類をも含む。
- The items classified as Ancient Documents are not strictly speaking limited to 'letter documents' (which notably are those documents written to have both a sender and an addressee, and with some kind of specific goal or purpose in mind), but also include diaries and other kinds of documents of record.
- 使用する笛に関しては神楽笛を用いることが厳重に指導されており、龍笛、篠笛等の笛は用いてはならないとされる(そもそも神楽笛以外の笛は音域が合わず、吹奏に適切ではない)。
- The flute used should be a kagura flute; other types of flutes, such as the ryuteki and shinobue, are not suitable as their pitch does not match the music in any way.
- こうした経緯から戦後の日本国憲法では政治の場から神国思想を排除するために、政教分離原則の厳格化と信教の自由の導入が行われ、日本社会の表舞台から神国思想は退く事になった。
- Considering the above, the strict principle of separation of government and religion, and the freedom of religion in the Constitution of Japan were later introduced to rid Shinkoku belief from politics, and it appeared that belief in Shinkoku was wiped from the surface of Japanese society.
- 後に美濃国守護土岐頼遠が光厳上皇に矢を射掛ける事件を起こした際に、尊氏から事件の処理を任された弟の足利直義は幕府内外から起こる頼遠助命の声を無視してその斬首を強行した。
- Later on Military governor of Mino Province, Yorito TOKI threw an arrow at the Retired Emperor Kogon, Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was asked to deal with this incident from Takauji, did not take the advice of other people inside and outside of the bakufu to save Yorito's life, and forced the death penalty on him.
- しかし、男性にはさらに複雑化してゆく髪型を熟知し顧客の細かな要望に応える作業は厳しく、安永ごろになると女性の髪結いが登場して遊郭の「廻り髪結い」は急速に衰退していった。
- However, the work to understand more and more complicated hairstyles and to meet customers' detailed demands was hard for men, so female Kamiyui appeared around the Anei era, which made 'Mawarikamiyui' in yukaku rapidly disappear.
- 現代人が抱くイメージに反し、「悪代官」と言われる代官はいたことはいたが、実際には問題が発生すれば時に切腹もあるなど厳しく管理されており、多くの場合即座に更迭されていた。
- Some bailiffs who were called 'Akudaikan' did exist, but, against the image that we have now, they were in fact strictly controlled, and would have to commit ritual suicide when problems occurred, and, in most cases, they were replaced immediately.
- 厳復が『天演論』(1898年刊)というタイトルで翻訳紹介したこの思想は、瞬く間に世紀末の中国を席巻し、「弱肉強食」「適者生存」「優勝劣敗」ということばが流行語となった。
- Yan Fu introduced the thought by his translation, titled '天演論' (translation of 'Evolution and Ethics' by T.H. HUXLEY) (published in 1898), and it dominated China in end of the century making phrases such as 'The best always win' (弱肉強食), 'the survival of the fittest' (適者生存)' and 'struggle for existence' (優勝劣敗) famous.
- 「国宝○○寺」あるいは「国宝○○城」のような表記がまま見られるが、厳密に言えば寺院や城郭全体が国宝に指定されているのではなく、指定の対象はあくまでも個々の建造物である。
- It is not uncommon to see terms like 'XX Temple, a national treasure' or 'XX Castle, a national treasure,' but strictly speaking it is always individual buildings, not the entire temple or castle complex, that are designated as national treasures.
- しかし、その栄光も長くは続かず、正慶2年(1333年)には後醍醐側勢力が巻き返すと鎌倉幕府はあえなく滅亡し、後伏見上皇と光厳天皇もまた後醍醐天皇によってすぐに廃立された。
- That glory didn't last long, the Kamakura bakufu collapsed after the force of Emperor Godaigo made a comeback in 1333, soon after this, the throne of the Retired Emperor Gofushimi and Emperor Kogon was abolished by Emperor Godaigo.
- 賀名生で2年、河内金剛寺で3年あまりの幽閉生活を送るが、南朝勢力が衰微して講和へ傾くようになると、1357年(延文2年 / 正平12年)に光厳院、直仁親王と共に帰京する。
- The Emperor was in durance for two years while in Ano, three years in Kawachi Kongo-ji Temple, when the Southern Courts became weak and concluded peace together, he went back to Kyoto with the Kogon-in and Imperial Prince Naohito in 1357.
- 江戸時代の儒学者・頼山陽は、天皇が恒貞親王が度々皇太子を辞退した際には受け付けず、事件にかこつけてこれを廃して自分の実子を立てたことを厳しく非難している(『日本政記』)。
- Sanyo RAI, who was a Confucianist (a Confucian scholar of the Edo period), criticized Emperor Nimmyo for not accepting Prince Tsunesada's previous frequent resignations from the position of Crown Prince, but he removed the prince and let his own son be enthroned as the crown prince when the incident occurred ('Nihon Seiki').
- また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
- There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.
- なお、特定の相手や事柄を対象として制定された法令(特別法)を記した同様の掲示を制札(せいさつ)と呼ぶが、その実際の運用上は厳密に区別されていたとは言い難かったようである。
- Similar bulletin board with written laws and ordinances (special law) issued to a specific person and for particular incident was called Seisatsu but it was difficult to clearly distinguish between Kousatsu and Seisatsu in actual circumstances.
- こうした厳重な管理体制が約30年近く後天平年間田租収入の30年分余りの(田地からの年間収穫量とほぼ同一)の貯蔵が存在していたことが現存する各令制国の正税帳から推測できる。
- From the existing records on rice tax in various provinces, it can be thought that after continuing such strict management system for nearly 30 years, the amount stored in fudoso corresponded with more than 30 years' rice tax income in the Tenpyo era (almost the same as the yearly crop yields).
- この法令の直後に頼之が近江国守護職六角氏頼(六角氏頼)に対して発給した御教書がある。その中で、この法令に北朝 (日本)後光厳天皇の勅許が付けられている旨が述べられている。
- Immediately following the establishment of the law, a Migyosho was issued to the Omi Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Omi Province) Rokkaku Ujiyori where it was mentioned that the law had been accompanied by imperial sanction authorized by Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
- そして最後には信輔が摂関家筆頭としての近衛家の立場を強調すれば、昭実も正平の一統後の混乱下での二条家による後光厳天皇擁立の功績をあげるなど議論は泥沼化の様相を見せ始めた。
- In the end, Nobusuke emphasized the position of the Konoe family as the head of the sekkanke (family lines of regents and chief advisors) while Akizane pointed out the Nijo family's success in supporting Emperor Gokogon amid the turmoil after the Shohei no Itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts by the Southern Court); their arguments were getting more and more chaotic.
- 寛文5年(1665年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 宗厳は戦国時代に、松永久秀に仕えたが、その久秀が織田信長と争って滅亡し、さらに豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によって隠田の罪で2000石の所領を没収されるなど、次第に落ちぶれていった。
- Munetoshi served Hisahide MATSUNAGA in the Sengoku period, however his clan gradually dwindled as his master Hisahide was destroyed by Nobunaga ODA, and he forfeited 2,000 koku (360.78 cubic meters of rice) of his territory on charge of hiding rice fields when Taiko Kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey) was held.
- また、後鳥羽上皇に同調して子孫の皇位継承権を失うこととなった順徳上皇にも厳しく「佐渡廃帝」と記述して、乱に積極的に関与しなかった阿波院天皇(土御門上皇)と格差を付けている。
- The book was also harsh on the retired Emperor Juntoku who lost his decedents' right of succession to the Imperial Throne by siding with the retired Emperor Gotoba, referring to him as 'Dethroned Emperor of Sado' and discriminated in favor of Emperor Awanoin (the retired Emperor Tsuchimikado) who didn't willingly come into the war.
- 「江戸時代の自由交通厳禁のために、地形上すでにあまたの方言があったところへさらに拍車がかかり、他藩人相互間では南蛮鴃舌(なんばんげきぜつ)としか聞こえない方言が多くなった。
- Prohibition of free traffic during the Edo period added to the differentiation of dialects that were already numerous because of geological isolation and some dialects sounded like nanbangekizetsu (foreign language) between people in different domains.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に京都に成立した後醍醐天皇の建武政権から離反した足利尊氏は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を受け、建武3年(1336年)6月に京都を確保すると上皇を奉じて入京する。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA separated from the Kenmu Government set up by Emperor Godaigo in Kyoto after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and received an Imperial decree by the Retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in line, after which he captured Kyoto in July and August 1336 and led the Retired Emperor into Kyoto.
- 花園天皇の後に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位したが、後醍醐天皇は元弘元年/元徳3年(1331年)に倒幕計画の発覚により退位させられ(元弘の乱)、量仁親王が光厳天皇として即位した。
- After the reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Godaigo on the Daikaku-ji Imperial line ascended the throne, however, he was overthrown (the Genko War) when his plan to overthrow the Bakufu was identified in 1331, and then Imperial Prince Kazuhito ascended the throne as Emperor Kogon.
- 木寺宮康仁親王(きでらのみややすひとしんのう、元応2年(1320年)-正平10年/文和4年4月29日(1355年6月10日)は、南北朝時代の皇族で持明院統の光厳天皇の皇太子。
- Imperial Prince Kideranomiya Yasuhito (1320 - June 10, 1355) was a member of the Imperial Family in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and he was Emperor Kogon's Crown Prince of Jimyoin Imperial line.
- 5月、北征軍は京都を回復することができずに賀名生に帰ったが、この時北朝方の皇族(光厳天皇、崇光天皇、直仁親王)を拉致し、さらに北朝の三種の神器(南朝は偽器と主張)を押収した。
- In May, Hokusei-gun which failed to recover Kyoto returned to Ano; at this time, they abducted some royalties of the Northern Court side (the Emperor Kogen, Emperor Suko, and Imperial Prince Naohito) and furthermore confiscated the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family of the Northern Court (which the Southern Court claimed were fake).
- 足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の皇統とは宿敵にあたる持明院統の光厳天皇の院宣を受けて、北朝 (日本)を樹立、征夷大将軍に任ぜられることで足利宗家は足利将軍家として成立することとなった。
- After Takauji ASHIKAGA received an inzen (a decree issued by a retired Emperor) from Emperor Kogen of the Jimyoin line, a rival to Emperor Godaigo's line, he established the Northern Court (Japan) and was appointed Seii taishogun; thus, the head family of the Ashikaga clan became the Ashikaga Shogunate family.
- 討ち入りに参加した藩士が義士として称えられれば称えられるほど、その反動として、討ち入りに参加しなかった者とその家族に対しては幕末まで厳しい批判が向けられることになっていった。
- As people who participated in the raid were praised more and more as loyal retainers, those who did not participate including their families were facing severe criticism until the end of Edo period.
- 当時の官制においては、位階は八位まで(その下に初位というのも存在した)で、当時の貴族とは従五位以上を指し、従八位から正六位までは官人(官僚)であり、厳密には貴族ではなかった。
- In government-regulated organizations at that time, the lowest rank of the ikai (court ranks) was Hachii (the rank of Shoi also existed below Hachii), and the definition of a noble of the time was a person ranked Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) or above whereas persons ranked between Juhachii (Junior Eighth Rank) and Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) were regarded as government officials (bureaucrats), who were not nobles in the strictest sense.
- その後、軍国主義が激しさを増すと、天皇家を多く題材とした能には厳しい目が注がれるようになり、1939年(昭和14年)、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
- With militarism gaining momentum, Noh came under scrutiny since many of its stories featured the Imperial family and the Safety Division of the Metropolitan Police Department banned in 1939 the performance of 'Ohara Goko' on the grounds of irreverence for the Emperor.
- 平安時代中頃になると、天照大神を主に祀る祭祀であると認識が変化しはじめ、院政期にはその傾向がさらに強くなり、祈年祭は天照大御神を奉祀する天皇の祭祀として厳修されるようになった。
- In the middle of the Heian period, people began to recognize that the ritual was mainly for deifying 'Amaterasu Omikami' (the Sun Goddess), and in the cloistered emperor's reign, the recognition became more common, and Kinen-sai festival began to be conducted solemnly by the emperor to deify Amaterasu Omikami.
- 古注集成の編纂のために収集した数多く存在する源氏物語の古注や関連資料の中から古い時期のもの中心に源氏物語の研究において最も重要と思われるものを厳選して下記の資料を収録している。
- Of many extant old annotations of The Tale of Genji and related materials which were collected to compile the collection of old annotations, the following materials, centering on the materials of the early time, which were considered the most important in the study of The Tale of Genji were severely selected.
- 新政府側でも徳川家(特に前将軍慶喜)に対して厳しい処分を断行すべきとする強硬論と、長引く内紛や過酷な処分は国益に反するとして穏当な処分で済ませようとする寛典論の両論が存在した。
- Within the new government there were two opposing policies regarding treatment of the Tokugawa shogunate; one was the Hard-liner policy, which insisted upon the administration of severely harsh punishment to the Tokugawa family (particularly the former Shogun, Yoshinobu); the more liberal group persisted in the application of a more lenient treatment policy, which considered a more appropriate (reasonable) and tempered punishment toward the Tokugawa family; this stance was an effort to address the potential for prolonged turmoil resulting from a harsher punishment, and the resulting effects upon the national interests.
- しかしこの翻刻は、『申楽談儀』の存在を広く伝えることには寄与したものの、書写を重ねた小杉本を底本とし、種彦本と堀本で訂正、欠けた29段以降は堀本を使う、といった具合に厳密さを欠く。
- Although this reprint contributed to having the public know its existence, it lacks preciseness because it used Kosugibon for the original text, Tanehikobon and Horibon for correction and Horibon for the parts of from Section 29 through 31 that lack in Kosugibon.
- 厳密に言えば、完璧な形で決まれば小太刀の打突も有効打となるが、間合いの短い小太刀で完璧な打突は決まる事がほとんど無いうえ、太刀での打突に比べて小太刀での打突は判定自体も厳しくなる。
- Strictly speaking, a complete form stroke or thrust can be a telling blow even if it is made with a kodachi, but fencers can hardly make a complete form stroke or thrust with a kodachi because its ideal distance to an opponent is shorter, and also the strokes and thrusts made by a kodachi are judged more strictly than the strokes and thrusts by a tachi.
- ボストン美術館のスポルディングコレクション(約6500点)も、「展示の厳禁」を条件に寄贈したスポルディング兄弟の意思を汲み、原則的には非公開である(デジタル画像による閲覧は可能)。
- The Spaulding Collection (approximately 6,500 items) of Boston's Museum of Fine Arts remains private in principle, respecting the intent of the Spaulding brothers, who donated their collection on the condition of 'no exhibition permitted' (viewing digital images is possible).
- 多くの流派の開祖はこのような人々であり、伊東一刀斎・塚原卜伝・上泉信綱(秀綱)・柳生宗厳・富田勢源・東郷重位といった大物の開祖が戦国時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて輩出されている。
- The founders of many schools were these people, and a lot of great founders, including Ittosai ITO, Bokuden TSUKAHARA, Nobutsuna (Hidetsuna) KAMIIZUMI, Muneyoshi YAGYU, Seigen TODA and Chui TOGO, appeared during the time from the late Sengoku period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- なお、藩というと幕藩体制というように江戸幕府下の制度と思われがちだが、厳密には、江戸幕府下の体制で公式に「藩」という呼称はなかった(一部の学者などが書などで使用するのみであった)。
- When referring to han, the 'shogunate system' is associated and it tends to be considered a system under the Edo bakufu, but strictly speaking, there was no official naming, 'han,' under the Edo bakufu system (only some scholars used it in their literary works).
- 七分積金や人足寄場の設置など、今日でいう社会福祉政策を行ってもいるが、思想や文芸を統制し、全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、旗本・御家人を過剰に保護する政策を採り、民衆の離反を招いた。
- Although Sadanobu also implemented present social welfare policies such as the accumulation of relief fund for the poor (seventy-percent reserve fund) and the establishment of independence support facilities for minor offenders and the homeless (ninsokuyoseba), the support of the people was lost due to the strict control over thought, art and literature, in short townspeople and peasants as a whole, and the excessive protection of his retainers on the other hand.
- それは「土木之壮麗、荘厳之華美、天下第一之仏閣也」(『明月記』嘉禄2年6月5日条)、「今度事、華麗過差、已超先例」(『玉葉』承安3年11月21日条)といわれるほど大規模なものだった。
- It was the Buddhist temple on a huge scale described as follows; 'the wooden building was magnificent, it had a solemn and beautiful atmosphere, it was the best Buddhist temple in the world.' 'Meigetsuki' (FUJIWARA no Teika's diary in Chinese writing style) (an article on June 5, Karoku 2), also mentioned; 'This Buddhist temple was too beautiful and solemn, there was no other temple like this throughout history.' 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of Kanezane KUJO) an article on November 21, Shoan 3.
- 「皇后」という称号が明文により規定されたのは、大宝律令の制定以後であるから、厳密に言えば、日本最初の皇后は、天平元年(729年)に聖武天皇の皇后となった光明皇后(藤原安宿媛)である。
- The title 'Kogo' was stipulated in writing after the Taiho Code was put in place, so strictly speaking, Japan's first empress was Empress Komyo, who became the empress of Emperor Shomu in 729.
- 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
- In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.
- また伊賀流の訓練法は独特さをもって知られており、例えば顔の半分を紙で覆い紙を顔から落とす事なく一里以上を走りぬく等、幼少の頃から厳しい訓練のもと優れた忍者を育てる事を伝統としてきた。
- Iga school was also known for its unique training method such as running through Ichi-ri (about 3.927km) without dropping a piece of paper covering half face, and it had been their tradition to grow excellent Ninja by giving such hard training since their childhood.
- また韓国の考古学者の中にも、民族主義の影響を強く受けた従来の自国の研究者の学説を厳しく批判し、この時期の韓半島と日本列島の交流が極めて密接なものであったことを指摘する者が現れている。
- Some South Korean archaeologists now sharply criticize conventional theories by Korean researchers strongly affected by nationalism and they point out that the interaction between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago at the time was extremely inseparable.
- クビライは予め「風濤の険阻を以って辞となすなかれ」と日本側への国書の手交を厳命していたが、その「風濤の険阻」を理由に使者の両名は渡海もせず引き返してきたことに憤慨してこれを却下した。
- Kublai had ordered them strictly to deliver the imperial letter to Japan and 'not to give up for a reason attributable to bad weather,' and thus, when both envoys returned without crossing the sea due to the reason of 'bad weather,' he got upset and did not accept it.
- 尊氏は鎌倉で直義を追い謀殺するが、南朝はこの機会に京と鎌倉を同時奪還する軍事的進攻を行い、北朝神器の接収、北朝の光厳・光明・崇光天皇三上皇と皇太子直仁親王の拉致を行い一統は破談となる。
- Takauji caught Takayoshi in Kamakura and killed him, but the Southern Court used this chance for military action to grab both Kyoto and Kamakura back, get the Northern Court Sacred Treasures, and kidnap the three retired Emperors Kogon, Komyo, Suko and the Crown Prince Naohito of the Northern Court, which led to peace talks being broken off.
- 良基が17歳であった建武 (日本)3年8月15日 (旧暦)(1336年9月20日)、建武政権を崩壊させた足利尊氏の工作によって持明院統の光厳上皇及び弟の豊仁親王が押小路烏丸殿に入った。
- On September 28, 1336, when Yoshimoto was 17 years old, the Retired Emperor Kogen and his younger brother, Imperial Prince Yutahito, who were of the Jimyoin Line, entered Oshikoji Krasumadono residence, with a maneuvering of Takauji ASHIKAGA, who caused the Kenmu administration to collapse.
- 本来、父の花園天皇は持明院統においては傍流であり、その皇位は嫡流である後伏見天皇-光厳天皇-崇光天皇の系統に引き継がれるものと考えられていたために親王は皇位継承に与れる立場にはなかった。
- Because his father, Emperor Hanazono was originally a branch line of the Jimyo-in Imperial line, Imperial Prince was not in a position to succeed the throne; the throne was supposed to be succeeded by the main line; Emperor Gofushimi-Emperor Kogon-Emperor Suko.
- このように、関連ビジネスの新成人に対する顧客獲得競争は熱を帯びているが、少子化の影響や式への参加率の低下、成人式そのものの存在意義が問われる中でこのようなビジネスは今後厳しいものになる。
- As stated above, competition for customers that targets new adults is heated among related businesses, and these businesses can expect to face a tough time because of the low birthrate and low rate of participation in the ceremony; given such circumstances, the need to hold a Seijin-shiki event is now being questioned.
- また、娘が姦通した場合には親権の侵害として父親が娘を殺害することも許された(なお、同法令では従来黙認されていた武士以外の庶民の妻敵討は分 (倫理)を弁えないものとして厳罰に処せられた)。
- Furthermore, when a daughter committed adultery, it constituted a violation of parental authority, and her father was allowed to murder her (yet, megataki uchi by a commoner was severely punished as he was deemed one who does not know his place, although megataki uchi by samurai was tolerated).
- 「商工等は、武士・農民の事欠け申さざる程に渡世致し候はば然るべく候」として商工を非生産的な身分であり、都市が繁栄する事そのものが無駄以外の何者でもないと断じて厳しい奢侈禁止令を実施した。
- The sumptuary law stated that 'merchants as well as artisans should always remember that they are to work so as not to inconvenience samurai and farmers,' thus labeling the development of the city itself useless and forcing severe restrictions on these classes of people.
- 文保2年(1318年)に践祚して親政を開始した大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は倒幕計画を企て、1331年に三種の神器を持って笠置山へ入り挙兵すると、幕府の奏請により持明院統の光厳天皇が践祚される。
- In 1318, Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji line, who had ascended the throne and started a direct imperial rule, plotted to overthrow the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and when he carried away the Three Sacred Treasures to Kasagi-yama Mountain to raise forces in 1331, the bakufu petitioned for the ascension of Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line.
- 西園寺 寧子(さいおんじ ねいし/やすこ、正応5年(1292年) - 正平12年/延文2年閏7月22日(1357年9月6日))は、後伏見天皇の女御であり、光厳天皇及び光明天皇の実母である。
- Neishi SAIONJI (her name can also be pronounced 'Yasuko') (1292 - September 6, 1357) was nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court; a consort of the emperor) of Emperor Gofushimi; she was the mother of Emperor Kogon and Emperor Komyo.
- ある宮家から最初に華族となった王は侯爵(華頂侯爵など)とし、2人目以降は伯爵(東伏見伯爵など)とする、という慣行が定着していたほどであるから、準則は厳密に遵守されたと考えるのが妥当である。
- The regulation was considered to be obeyed strictly since there was a traditional practice established whereby the first Prince who became nobility from Miyake was to become marquis (Marquis Kacho and so on), and after the second Prince, they started using count as a title (Count Higashifushimi and so on).
- いずれにしても、謹厳な書体の写経と彩り豊かな風俗・景物が扇のなかで一体となった品であり、平安時代末期の貴族の信仰生活のなかに種々の趣味的要素が盛りこまれていたことを端的に示す一例といえる。
- In any case, the reserved calligraphy of the sutras and the colorful pictures of customs and landscapes side by side in one work clearly demonstrate that nobles at the end of the Heian period celebrated relgion in a variety of ways.
- 幕府は人々の往来の激しい地点や関所や港、大きな橋の袂、更には町や村の入り口や中心部などの目立つ場所に高札場(制札場)と呼ばれる設置場所を設けて、諸藩に対してもこれに倣うように厳しく命じた。
- Bakufu established a particular site for setting up Kosatsu (Seisatsu) at obvious, noticeable locations for general public, such as the busy corner of the streets, sekisho (checking station), nearby at a large bridge, and at the gates or the center of a town or a village, and Bakufu strictly ordered each domain to follow the method.
- 開拓使官有物払下げ事件(かいたくしかんゆうぶつはらいさげじけん)は、北海道開拓使長官の黒田清隆が開拓使の官有物払下げを決定したところ、世論の厳しい批判を浴び、払下げ中止となった事件を指す。
- The scandal over the sale of the property owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency was the incident that the decision to sell the property owned by the Agency made by Kiyotaka KURODA, the director of the Hokkaido Development Commission, was cancelled due to the heavy criticism from the public.
- コースの選定は、五ヶ所引廻の方が最終的に受ける刑罰が厳しいため(牢屋敷で行われる刑罰は獄門が最高刑であり、当時の極刑である火刑や磔は刑場で行われた)、罪状の軽重で決められていたようである。
- It appears that the decision on the route depended on the relative gravity of guiltiness as 'gokasho hikimawashi' involved a graver punishment (the severest punishment to be carried out in the prison being beheading, and the gravest type of execution in those days such as burning at the stake and crucifixion being conducted in the execution sites).
- 本来、律令に規定されている天皇発給の命令書としては、詔書・勅旨があったが、これらの発給は重要な案件の場合に限定されており、また形式が厳密に定められており、特定の機会にしか発給ができなかった。
- Originally, Shosho (imperial edict, decree) and Chokushi (imperial order) existed as orders issued by the emperor as specified in the Ritsuryo codes, but, by reason that the issuing of such orders was limited to those cases of important issues, and the format was regulated strictly, the issuance was allowed only at special occasions.
- 僧侶は南都七大寺(大安寺、薬師寺、元興寺、興福寺、東大寺、西大寺、法隆寺)などの寺において仏教の教理を研究し、南都六宗(三論宗、成実宗、法相宗、倶舎宗、華厳宗、律宗)という学派が形成された。
- Monks studied Buddhist theory in the Seven Great Temples of Nara (Daian-ji Temple, Yakushi-ji Temple, Genko-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple, Todai-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple and Horyu-ji Temple) and sects called Nanto rokushu 'six Nara sects' (Sanron sect, Jojitsu sect, Hosso sect, Kusha sect, Kegon sect, and Ritsu sect) were formed.
- 1356年(延文元年/正平11年)に解放されて、翌年に京都に帰還するが、京都では既に崇光天皇の実弟である後光厳天皇が尊氏によって擁立された後であり、崇光天皇と直仁皇太子の復位要求は拒絶された。
- After their release in 1356, they returned to Kyoto in the following year, however, their demands for reinstatement of Emperor Suko and Imperial Prince Naohito were denied; in Kyoto, the younger bother of Emperor Suko, Emperor Kogon had been enthroned by Takauji until then.
- その後は、政府の方針に対する世論の批判をかわす目的で天皇の存在は利用され、天皇を批判する言論は不敬罪として厳重に罰せられたこともあって、天皇批判は影を潜め、「冬の時代」とも称されるようなった。
- After that, the existence of the Emperor was used to evade public criticism against the government's policy, and since speeches and writings criticizing the Emperor were strictly punished, criticism against the Emperor vanished, and came to be called 'the period of winter.'
- 厳密には金平糖とはやや違う菓子となっているが、金平糖が皇室の引出物にも利用されている事で、これにあやかって「おめでたいお菓子」と銘打っている製造元もあり、九州方面の土産物として販売されている。
- Strictly speaking, the shochu-injected variation is somewhat different from konpeito but, because konpeito has been used as party favors and commemorative gifts by the Imperial Family, some manufacturers refer to the variation as an 'auspicious confectionery,' which is available as a souvenir in the Kyushu area.
- 観応2年/正平6年(1351年)10月、尊氏を中心とする幕府勢力は足利直義との対抗上の必要から南朝と講和し、その結果、光厳院政及び光厳の子崇光天皇の皇位がともに廃されることとなった(正平一統)。
- In October 1351, Bakufu forces, mainly dominated by Takauji, concluded peace with the Southern Court, in need for competition against Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, resulting in the abolishment of the cloistered government by Kogon and the throne of Emperor Suko, the child of Kogon (Shohei Itto).
- 禧子は正和4年(1315年)に第二皇女、懽子内親王(のちの光厳上皇妃、宣政門院)を出産しているが、その後は自身の上臈であった阿野廉子に天皇の寵愛を奪われたこともあってか、子女を産むことはなかった。
- Kishi gave birth to her second Princess, Imperial Princess Kanshi (Yoshiko) (later called the Retired Emperor Kogen's empress, Senseimonin) in 1315, after that she had no more children and it was presumed because Emperor favored her joro (high rank woman servant in the Imperial Court), Renshi (Yasuko/Kadoko) ANO, instead of her.
- 11月になると、1日から晦日(みそか。月末)までは散斎(あらいみ。簡略な物忌。)、祭儀の行われる卯の日の前の丑(うし)の日から3日間は致斎(まいみ。厳重な物忌。)とされ、穢れに触れることを戒めた。
- In November, from the first day to the Misoka (last day of month) was Araimi (capsule Monoimi, 'avoiding something regarding as ominous'); the three days from Ushi no hi (the day of ox), right before the U no hi on which the festival was held, were Maimi (strict Monoimi) and associating with impurities was admonished during the period.
- 「(西洋諸国において)聘門往来などの盛儀大典あるときは、各国たがいに(国歌の)楽譜を謳奏し、以てその特立自立国たるの隆栄を表認し、その君主の威厳を発揮するの礼款において欠くべからざるの典となせり」
- 'In the case of grand ceremonies held when official diplomats visit (in the Occidental countries), every country plays the musical score (of their national anthem) as an indispensable sign to represent prosperity as an independent country and show the dignity of the sovereign ruler.'
- 関東ベエ・奥州ベエたちは、秋の収穫を済ませてから旅立ったため小辺路を通行する頃にはすっかり厳冬期にはいっており、しばしば「雪が三尺も積もった峠を平気で越えて、萱小屋や大股や水ヶ峯の宿屋に泊まった」。
- Such kanto-be and oshu-be began their trips after finishing harvests in Autumn, therefore they had to walk Kohechi in midwinter, however, 'most of them crossed passes on which snow lay about 90.9 centimeters high without any difficulties and stayed at inns in Kayagoya, Omata or Mizugamine'.
- 厳密にいえば、中華文明圏などでは穀物の粉から作った「練り餅(ねりもち・日本においては、菓子に代表される餅」しか存在しないが、日本には「搗き餅」と「練り餅」という製法も材料も違う2種類の餅が存在する。
- To be strict, in areas such as the Chinese cultural zone, there is only 'neri-mochi (kneaded mochi) which is the kind of mochi represented by those as cakes in Japan,' however, there are two types of mochi, 'tsuki-mochi' and 'neri-mochi' in Japan whose production methods and materials are different from those of each other.
- これを「入鉄砲出女」と言うが、江戸在住の大名の妻が密かに領国へ帰国することと、江戸での軍事活動を可能にする江戸方面への鉄砲の流入の2つが、幕府によって厳重に規制されたのである(童謡「通りゃんせ」)。
- These were collectively known as the restriction on 'letting in guns and letting out women,' referring to the severe limitations placed by the bakufu on two things, namely the ability of the wives of daimyo stationed in Edo to return in secret to their own territories, and the influx of guns into the Edo region, the latter of which might render military action against the bakufu feasible (In a children's song, 'Toryanse' [Ain't gettin' by!].)
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期にかけての桓武天皇は、国司の任務遂行の徹底を企図して、延暦元年(782年)、後任が到着して120日経過しても解由状を得られない官司は、厳しい処分を受けることが定められた。
- Emperor Kanmu, who was an emperor from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period, attempted to make kokushi perform his duties completely, and regulated in 782 that, if a government officer could not obtain a geyujo even after 120 days from when his successor arrived, the officer should be punished severely.
- 江戸時代前期の1643年(寛永20年)に、儒学者・林鵞峰がその著書『日本国事跡考』において、「松島、此島之外有小島若干、殆如盆池月波之景、境致之佳興、丹後国天橋立、安芸国厳島為三処奇観」と書き記した。
- In the early Edo period in 1643, Gaho HAYASHI, a Confusian scholar, wrote in his book 'Nihonkoku Jisekiko (literally, 'review on things in Japan'),'as 'Matsushima: Other than this island, there are many small island and the scenery with moons and waves is very good and forms three scenic spots together with Amanohashidate in Tango Province and Itsukushima in Aki Province.'
- 徳川氏に仕えることとなったのは、長男の柳生厳勝は久秀配下として筒井順慶と戦ったとき、鉄砲により戦傷を負い、次男の柳生久斎と三男の柳生徳斎は僧侶となり、四男の柳生宗章は中村一氏に仕官していたからである。
- Munetoshi's first son Yoshikatsu YAGYU had served Hisahide and in the battle against Junkei TSUTSUI, he had been shot and badly injured; the second son Kyusai YAGYU and the third son Tokusai YAGYU had become priests; and the fourth son Muneaki YAGYU had served Kazuuji NAKAMURA; so when Ieyasu requested Munetoshi to become an instructor, only Munenori happened to be available for serving the Tokugawa clan.
- それぞれの現場における実践の積み重ねがやがて作法・故実としてマニュアル化されていくのであるが、なにが法的意味を持ち、なにがもたないかが厳密な意味で分節化されていなかったということに注意するべきである。
- Accumulation of practices in each field was eventually compiled in a manual as manners and ancient practices, and it is worthy of attention that what was legally meaningful and what was not were not strictly segmented.
- また、「武者は犬ともいへ、畜生ともいへ、勝つことが本にて候」という朝倉宗滴の言葉に象徴されるように、卑怯の謗りを受けてでも戦いに勝つことこそが肝要であるという冷厳な哲学をも内包しているのが特徴である。
- As symbolized by the words of Soteki ASAKURA 'winning is everything for a warrior, even though he may be called a dog or beast', it involves a harsh philosophy where winning a battle is important, even if one might be criticized for being a coward.
- 正史とはあくまで「王朝が正当と認めた歴史書」という程の意味であり、信頼性の高い史料であるとは言えるが、歴史事実を引き出すには歴史学の手法にのっとり厳密な史料批判を経て行う必要があることに変わりはない。
- The term 'seishi' or 'official history', then, refers simply to 'those history books that are endorsed by the ruling dynasty as legitimate', so even when it is possible to describe them as highly reliable historical sources, that does not change the fact that they must still be subjected to a rigorous evalation of their historicity in accordance with established historiographical techniques.
- むしろ古代ローマ帝国は例外的で、古代・中世世界における他の地域の多くの帝国、王国における皇帝や国王、貴族や行政官、騎士などの地位は、厳密な血縁関係を軸とした排他的な継承によって独占的に占有されてきた。
- The Roman Empire was rather exceptional; often in other regions, empires and kingdoms of the ancient and medieval world the status of an emperor, king, aristocrat, administrative official, or knight was strictly passed on through a blood line.
- だが、管理の厳格化と小判師の分散化を防止するために元禄11年(1698年)に邸外の鋳造施設を廃止して金座役宅(後藤宗家邸)の敷地内に鋳造施設を設置して、以後江戸での金貨鋳造はここでのみ行うことになった。
- However, in order to prevent tightening of control and decentralization of koban-shi, in 1698 casting facilities outside the residence were abolished and casting facilities were located on the grounds of the official residence of kin-za (the residence of the head family of the Goto family) only where casting of gold coins was performed thereafter.
- それに対して大江広元から意見を求められた北条泰時は、「郎従の身として諸院宮昇殿の者を殺害するなど、武士の本分にもとる行為だ。それも白昼路上で行うなどもってのほか。直ちに厳罰に処すべきである」と言ったと。
- OE no Hiromoto asked Yasutoki HOJO's opinion about it, and he replied, 'it is a sin against Bushi's duty for a follower to kill those who are eligible to enter the In and other palaces, to say nothing of the fact that it happened on the street in a broad daylight. He should be punished at once.'
- 更に元弘の変では鎌倉幕府が検断権を盾に後醍醐天皇を「謀反人」と認定して(天皇御謀反)、後醍醐天皇の主張するところの正統な天皇に対して廃位・配流を強要して、「偽主」(持明院統光厳天皇)を擁立するに至った。
- Furthermore, the Kamakura bakufu identified the Emperor Godaigo as a 'rebel' (the Emperor's Rebellion) in the Genko Incident based on the right to judge criminal cases, dethroned and exiled the Emperor Godaigo who insisted he was the true emperor, and eventually enthroned 'the fake emperor' (Emperor Kogon of Jimyoin-to Line).
- また各国の国旗掲揚、国歌斉唱が脱帽起立のうえ厳粛におこなわれることを根拠として教育現場での日の丸・君が代への否定的対応および拒否を推奨するかのような日教組教育を国際的に非常識なものと批判する主張がある。
- There is also an assertion based on the fact that raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem are carried out solemnly with hats off and uprising that education in the way of Nikkyoso which seems to recommend negative response or denial of Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and Kimigayo is internationally preposterous,
- 信長からは丹波国を平定させた明智光秀の軍を送るとの返事を得たものの、1日も早く備中高松城を落城させよという厳しい命が下り、秀吉が不安と焦りに駆られていたころ、軍師・黒田官兵衛孝高が水攻めの策を進言した。
- While Nobunaga replied that he would send the troops of Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had subjugated Tanba Province, but gave strict orders to conquer Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle as soon as possible, Hideyoshi, alarmed and frustrated, heard his strategist Kanbei Yoshitaka KURODA offer an idea of using inundation tactics.
- 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件(儀式)付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民(商人)の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
- The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
- その前に、神武天皇自らタカミムスビを顕斎するときにその斎主に任じられ「厳媛(いづひめ)」の号を授けられた(道臣命は男性であるが、女性の名をつけたのは、神を祀るのは女性の役目であったことの名残とみられる)。
- Sometime before this operation, when Emperor Jinmu was to preside at a ritual to serve Takamimusubi as if this god were visible, the Emperor appointed Michinoomi to serve as Saishu (master of religious ceremonies) of the ritual and conferred the name 'Izuhime' (Princess Izu); (although Michinoomi was a man, he was given a female name, probably because there still remained at that time a tradition that it was a female's task to celebrate the god.)
- 室町時代になって、北朝_(日本)の貞治4年(1365年)に一条経通が没すると、一条家に次ぐ勢力であった九条経教は後光厳天皇に対して経通の息子である一条房経が不当に「家長者」を名乗っていると訴えたのである。
- When Tsunemichi ICHIJO died in 1365 (the Hokucho period), during the Muromachi era, Tsunenori KUJO--who had gained the second position of power after the Ichijo Family--made an appeal to the Emperor Gokogon that Fusatsune ICHIJO, a son of Tsunemichi, had fraudulently identified himself as the head of family.
- 太子は一国の元首たる皇帝、国王の後継者であり、周囲に与える影響が絶大であるだけに、通常の名家・貴族の嫡子よりも相当に厳しい基準で判断され、一般の貴族なら容認される程度の不行跡でも廃されるケースがままある。
- Because a prince is the successor of an emperor or king, who is the leader of a country, and gives a great impact on his environment, he is judged by severer standards than those applied to heirs of other important families or aristocrats, and a minor misconduct which may be acceptable for aristocrats in general could often lead to disinheritance.
- 京都のなかでもとりわけ歴史的建造物などの多い場所であるため再開発事業などに対しての規制が比較的厳しく、住環境の整備がなかなか行わない為、『都会の過疎地』となっている(現在、市内11区中で人口が最も少ない。
- Since Higashiyama Ward in Kyoto has a wealth of historic buildings, regulations on redevelopment projects in the area has been relatively strict, causing insufficient improvement of the living environment; as a result, the ward has become a 'sparsely-populated urban area' (the ward has the smallest population in the eleven wards in Kyoto City).
- 北越戦争により旧幕府軍が敗退すると、流域の村々は新政府側に分水工事着工の嘆願書を提出し、1869年(明治2年)にようやく着工が認められたが、総工費80万両のうち60万両が地元負担という厳しいものとなった。
- After the army of former Edo bakufu was defeated in Hokuetsu War, the watershed villagers submitted a petition for the commencement of the diversion construction to new Meiji government, and the plan was finally approved in 1869 on the stringent condition that 600,000-ryo out of the total construction cost 800,000-ryo be paid by the local communities.
- 正徳_(日本)3年(1713年)には先の「女中衣類直段之定」の制限(朝廷500目・幕府及び大名400目・それ以下300目)の再確認と贅沢な品物の生産と新商品・技術の開発の厳禁が生産・染色業者に命じられる。
- In 1713, the regulations in the above-mentioned 'Jochu Irui Nedan no Jo' (500 kan of silver for the Imperial Court, 400 kan of silver for the bakufu and daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] and 300 kan of silver for those of lower rank) were reaffirmed, while textile manufacturers and dyers were banned from the production of luxurious items and development of new products and technology.
- 厳冬期の旅を終えて長崎に到着した一行を見た責任者の寺沢半三郎は、一行の中に12歳の少年ルドビコ茨木がいるのを見て気の毒に思い、信仰を捨てることを条件に助けようとしたが、ルドビコはこの申し出を丁重に断った。
- When the supervisor, Hanzaburo TERAZAWA, found 12-year old Louis IBARAKI among the party which arrived in Nagasaki after the journey in the coldest period of winter, he felt sorry and tried to save him by offering the condition that he should renounce his religion, but Louis politely turned down this offer.
- 厳密には、この中取り、もしくは中汲み、中垂れという一つの段階の中にも、酒袋が槽いっぱいになるまで積まれたときに酒袋の山の自重で出てきたものと、自重に加えてさらに圧力を掛けたときに出てきたものの二段階がある。
- Strictly speaking, at the stage of nakadori, nakagumi or nakadare, there are two stages; the first one is sake squeezed by the weight of stacked sakabukuro when sakabukuro is stacked to completely fill the fune and the second one is sake that comes out when additional weight is applied in addition to the weight of the sakabukuro.
- 上記のように、鑑札に書かれた酒造株高を上回って米を使うことは、建前としては許されなかったが、酒造りの現場では、原料米の量はそんなに厳密に限ることができないために、実際に使う量は往々にして酒造株高を上回った。
- Each brewer was not supposed to use rice exceeding shuzokabu amount stated on a license tag as mentioned above, but because it was difficult to control the amount of genryo mai very strictly at the scene of sake brewing, the amount exceeding shuzokabu amount was often used in reality.
- 一説によると、徳川家康は、華厳経の「入法界品」の善財童子が文殊菩薩の命により53人の師を経て普賢菩薩の所で悟りを開いたと言う一節から、江戸(穢土)から京(普賢菩薩の住まう所)への宿駅を五十三にしたと言われる。
- According to one theory, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set the number of stations from Edo (Kanji characters with the same sound, 穢土, meaning unclean land) to Kyo (which means the land where Fugen Bosatsu (普賢菩薩) lives), based on a chapter from Kegon-kyo Sutra, in which Zenzai-doshi (善財童子) of 'Nyuhokkaibon (入法界品),' following the orders of Monju Bosatsu, achieved enlightenment at the place of Fugen Bosatsu, through 53 teachers.
- かくして7月9日 (旧暦)(8月24日)、西郷隆盛、大久保、西郷従道、大山厳、木戸、井上、山県の7名の薩長の要人間で木戸邸で密かに練られた廃藩置県案は三条実美・岩倉具視・板垣退助・大隈らの賛成を得たのである。
- On August 24, the plan of haihan-chiken was secretly worked out at Kido's residence by seven people from Satsuma and Choshu, Takamori SAIGO, Okubo, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Iwao OYAMA, Kido, Inoue and Yamagata, and it was approved by Sanetomi SANJO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Taisuke ITAGAKI and Okuma etc.
- 1612年(慶長17年)に捕縛・斬首されたかぶき者の巨魁大鳥居いつ兵衛(大鳥一兵衛、同逸兵衛、逸平などとも書く)は、厳しい拷問を受けながらも仲間の名は最後まで吐かず、代わりに全国の大名の名を書き出してみせたという。
- For example, it is said that the leader of Kabuki-mono, Ichibei OTORI (大鳥居いつ兵衛: His name is also spelled '大鳥一兵衛,' '大鳥逸兵衛'and '大鳥逸平'), who was captured and beheaded in 1612, refused to divulge the names of the members of his group to the end, instead writing down the names of national feudal lords, even though he was brutally tortured.
- なお、日本国内で食用として流通するのは厳密にはナガマツモ科に属するオキナワモズク Cladosiphon okamuranus とイシモズク Sphaerotrichia divaricata が9割以上を占める。
- Strictly speaking, over 90 percent of the mozuku distributed for food within Japan are Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus) and ishi-mozuku (Sphaerotrichia divaricata) belonging to the family Chordariaceae.
- 神代(かみよ)より言(い)ひ伝(つ)て来(こ)らくそらみつ大和(やまと)の国(くに)は皇神(すめらのかみ)の厳(いつく)しき国言霊(ことたま)の幸(さき)はふ国(くに)と 語(かた)り継(つ)ぎ言(い)ひ継がひけり
- From the Age of Gods This has been the saying passed down: Sky-seen Yamato Is a land hallowed in power Wielded in the hand Of a sovereign deity, A land where the word soul Works its potency for weal: This have they told, Passing down the saying age to age
- 443年を採ると5世紀の半ばには「大王」表記が用いられていたことになるが、紀年銘の異体字をはじめ釈読の定まらない文字が多く、銘文の内容について解釈が多様化しており、「大王」表記の厳密な使用開始年代ははっきりしない。
- If you take the theory of the year 443, the notation of 'okimi' would have been used by the middle of the fifth century, but since there are many letters in which the reading is not determined including the variant characters on inscriptions about counting years, there are various interpretations regarding the contents of the inscriptions, which makes it difficult to determine the precise date in which the 'okimi' notation started being used.
- これらの事業により、仏教に関連するものが多く発掘されたことから、これまで仏教に対して厳しい姿勢を取っていたと思われていた信長が実はかなり寛容であり、単に宗教と軍事とを分離しようとしていただけという説も出始めている。
- A lot of relics relating to the Buddhism were excavated by these projects, which established a new theory that in fact, Nobunaga was quite tolerant toward Buddhism and only tried to separate religion and military affairs, although he had long been believed to be strict in Buddhism.
- 弥仁は妙法院への入室が予定されていたが、京都の足利義詮は二条良基と相談の上、北朝再建のために広義門院に要請し、延臣に擁立されて即位した古代の継体天皇の先例も引照して、8月17日に弥仁は践祚され、後光厳天皇として即位。
- Although Prince Iyahito was expected to enter Myohoin, after Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA of Kyoto discussed the situation with Yoshimoto NIJO, they asked for help for Kogimon-in, Prince Iyahito received the order to succeed to the throne and was enthroned as Emperor Gokogon in August 17, following the example of ancient Emperor Keitai who was enthroned after being appointed by Enshin (延臣).
- 序列は近衛家に次ぎ、九条家、二条家、鷹司家と同格扱いであった(なお、九条家とは南北朝時代_(日本)に嫡流を巡って相論となったが、後光厳天皇によりいずれも嫡流であるとの綸旨が下された。詳細は九条家の項目を参照のこと)。
- As for the ranking, the Ichijo Family was inferior to the Konoe Family but was equal to the Kujo, Nijo and Takatsukasa families (the Ichijo Family was opposed to the Kujo Family over the legitimate blood of the family during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), so the Emperor Go-Kogen gave the imperial order that both family lines should be the legitimate blood of the family. For details, see the item on the Kujo Family).
- 後一条天皇の時、皇太子敦明親王が皇太子辞退を申し出ると、親王の男子(三条天皇の孫)に特に親王の称号を許して以後厳密な規定がされなくなり、孫以下の皇親でも天皇の養子縁組・猶子となって親王の待遇を受ける事が可能となった。
- When Crown Prince Atsuakira requested to withdraw from the crown princeship during the reign of Emperor Goichijo, the title of imperial prince was specially granted to the crown prince's son (grandson of Emperor Sanjo), lifting the strict measures regarding entitlement and allowing Koshin two generations and beyond to be able to receive the rights granted to imperial princes by becoming the adopted child of an emperor.
- 加えて、全国政権の所在地ではないが大宰府や平泉町といった古代の主要都市や、中世以降のいわゆる小京都、更には金沢市や松江市など史跡に恵まれた近世の城下町をも「古都」と美称する傾向があり、その定義は必ずしも厳密ではない。
- It seems a definition of an ancient capital is not exact, because there is a tendency to call even old cities like Dazaifu and Hiraizumi, or so-called little Kyoto towns established in the medieval period, or castle towns of the early-modern times such as Kanazawa City and Matsue City with many historic sites as ancient capitals, though they had never been the center of national administration.
- やがて、尊氏と南朝が再度対立して南朝軍が京都からの撤退を余儀なくされると、南朝軍は光厳・光明天皇・崇光の3太上天皇と廃太子直仁親王は南朝の本拠である大和国吉野に連行され、続いて賀名生(現在の奈良県五條市)に幽閉された。
- Soon after, the Southern court army was forced to move out of Kyoto due to the opposition between Takauji and the Southern court; the Southern court army with Emperor Kogon, Emperor Komyo, the Retired three Emperors of Suko, the abolished Imperial Prince Naohito were taken to Yoshino, Yamato Province; the base of the southern court, and they were confined in Ano (present-day Gojo City, Nara Prefecture).
- 光厳上皇が院政を敷いたが、足利家の内紛から観応の擾乱が起こり、1351年(観応2年 / 正平6年)には尊氏が南朝に帰順することで観応の擾乱正平一統が成立し、11月7日に皇太子直仁親王(花園天皇皇子)とともに廃立される。
- During that time, while retired Emperor Kogon ruled the cloister government, the Kanno Disturbance occurred due to internal struggling within the ASHIKAGA clan, after Takauji's decision to pay allegiance to the Southern Court, unification of the Imperial lineage in the Shohei era was concluded in 1351, and the Emperor and Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Naohito (Emperor Hanazono's Prince) lost their positions on November 7.
- 元側では1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市(明州、のちの寧波)に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していたため、明の官憲に阻まれ、入明を果たしたのは愚中ら11人のみだったという。
- However it is said that Chinese officials prevented the entry of the ship into Ming, and only 11 priests were permitted to enter Ming, because, after the Wako Incidents between 1335 and 1336, the Yuan regarded Japanese vessels arriving in Neiha City (Meishu (Ningbo), later Neiha) as pirate ships and strictly restricted them from going in and out of the port.
- 後光厳、後円融天皇、後小松天皇、称光天皇と4代にわたって後光厳系が皇位についた一方、兄筋の崇光上皇の子孫は嫡流から排されて世襲親王家である伏見宮家として存続し、北朝内部でも皇位継承をめぐる両系統間の確執があったとされている。
- The 4 emperors of the Gokogon line, Emperors Gokogon, Koenyu, Gokomatsu, Shoko were on the throne, whereas descendants of Emperor Suko who were the elder brothers, were eliminated from the succeeding line and existed as the hereditary Imperial Prince line, the Fushiminomiya ke, and there is said to be a conflict between the two lines within the Northern Court regarding Imperial succession.
- 正平8年/文和2年(1353年)には侍所司を務めていた秀綱が、京を追われた後光厳天皇、足利義詮らを護衛している最中に討たれ、正平17年/貞治元年(1362年)には摂津神崎橋での戦いで、秀綱の子である佐々木秀詮兄弟が討たれる。
- In 1353, Hidetsuna who took the position of Samurai-dokoro no tsukasa (the officer of the Board of Retainers) was killed while protecting Emperor Gokogon, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and others who were expelled from Kyoto, and in 1362 the hideakira SASAKI brothers, who were sons of Hidetsuna, were killed in the battle of Settsu Kanzaki-bashi bridge.
- 同年10月15日にはより進んで「所謂天皇機関説は、神聖なる我が国体に悖り、その本義を愆るの甚しきものにして厳に之を芟除(さんじょ)せざるべからず。」とする国体明徴声明を発表して、天皇機関説を公式に排除、その教授も禁じられた。
- Furthermore, on October 15 of the same year, he published a government announcement saying that 'the Emperor Organ Theory, as it is called, damaged the primordial doctrine of our divine fundamental character of the nation and this should be eliminated' to officially eliminate the Emperor Organ Theory, and the instruction of it was also prohibited.
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- もっとも、それら「科学的反証」とは別に、そもそもこのような古典楽曲に科学的根拠を求める必要性があるのかという意見や、国歌とはいえ「詩」という文学的、比喩的表現の中に厳密な「科学性」を求めること自体がナンセンスであるともいえる。
- Some question whether scientific grounds are necessary for classic music even if such scientific facts exist, and they believe that requiring a strict 'scientific nature' for a verse—which is, after all, just a literary and figurative expression—can be described as nonsense, even if it is for a national anthem.
- 後醍醐側の光厳天皇への処遇は「朕の皇太子の地位を退き、天皇として即位はしていないが特例として上皇待遇とする」とされ即位の事実を否定されてしまった(したがって論理的には小一条院同様皇太子をやめて上皇の尊号を受けたという例になる)。
- Emperor Godaigo treated Emperor Kogon as 'the retired Emperor who abdicated from the position of Crown Prince, however, not officially succeeding to the throne, he was treated as an retired emperor exception,' which means the Emperor was indirectly denied and he was no longer Emperor. (Hence, theoretically this is a similar to the example of Koichijo-in who abdicated from being the Crown Prince and received the respected title of retired emperor.)
- しかし、上記説の論者は、当時の状況(後光厳系統断絶の危機など)を詳細に観察してみると、義満による皇位簒奪はかなりの可能性で成功したはずであり、もし成功していればその後の天皇(皇位)のあり方が劇的に変化していただろうと考えている。
- However the present writer of the above seemed to think that Yoshimitsu had a great possibility to regain his rights of succeeding the throne after looking into the details of the situation, (such as the crisis of discontinuity of Emperor Gokogon's Imperial lineage) if Yoshimitsu had a chance to succeed to the throne, the existence of the (Emperor) Imperial throne should have been changed dramatically.
- 治天の君であった光厳上皇、天皇を退位した直後の崇光上皇、皇太子直仁親王が南朝に連れ去られ、南朝の後醍醐天皇が偽器であると主張していた北朝の三種の神器までもが南朝に接収されたため、北朝は治天・天皇・皇太子・神器不在の事態に陥った。
- Since the Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor or the Cloistered Emperor who held actual power of government) Retired Emperor Kogon, the Retired Emperor Suko, who had just abdicated the throne, and Crown Prince Naohito, were under custody of the Southern Court and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Northern Court that Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court claimed were fakes were also held by the Southern Court, the Northern Court was in a state of no Chiten, Emperor, Crown Prince, or the Treasures.
- 現代日本語の50音のうち、イ段のキ・ヒ・ミ、エ段のケ・へ・メ、オ段のコ・ソ・ト・ノ・(モ)・ヨ・ロ及びエの14音について奈良時代以前の上代には甲類と乙類の万葉仮名の書き分けが見られ、両者は厳格に区別されていたことがわかっている。
- It is known that among the 50-character syllabary used today, 14 sounds were written in two types of Manyo-gana, namely A-type and B-type, in ancient Japan before the Nara period, and this distinction of the types was strictly maintained; these 14 sounds were 'キ, ヒ, ミ' (ki, hi, mi) with the vowel of イ (i), 'ケ, へ, メ' (ke, he, me) with the vowel of エ (e), 'コ, ソ, ト, ノ, (モ), ヨ, ロ' (ko, so, to, no, [mo], yo, ro) with the vowel of オ (o), and the vowel 'エ' (e).
- 内法(うちのり)は縦横ともに曲尺4寸9分(約14.8センチメートル)四方、深さ2寸7分(約8.1センチメートル)、すなわち容積64827立方分をもって1升としたものである(ただし、厳密にはこれは「新京枡」と呼ばれるものである)。
- Inside, a kyo-masu measures four sun and nine bu (about 14.8 centimeters) in both length and width, and two sun and seven bu (about 8.1 centimeters) in depth, which makes one sho, that is, 64,827 cubic bu; technically, however, these are the measurements of a 'shin Kyo-masu' (new Kyo-masu).
- 更には当時の幕府は法律に関する出版を厳しく禁じる方針を採っていたにも関らず、高札に掲示された法令に関しては「万民に周知の事」と言う理由で簡単に出版が許されたばかりでなく、高札の文章は寺子屋の書き取りの教科書としても推奨されていた。
- Even though bakufu had maintained the policy of prohibiting the publication regarding any general laws, a permission of publishing the act and laws noted on Kosatsu was not only allowed to publish easily in order to thoroughly 'notify those act and laws to all the people', but also the sentences noted on Kosatsu were recommended as textbooks for Terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period) to practice dictation skills.
- ところが、倉庫令では倉庫内の穀は一定期間(最長で9年)ごとに中身を入れ替えて腐敗を防止する規定があるにも関わらず、不動倉の封印が厳重であったために、封印後は放置された状況となり、各地の不動倉で不動穀が腐敗するという事件が相次いだ。
- However, in various provinces, incidents, in which fudokoku became putrid, occurred one after another; it was because the fudoso was kept sealed so strictly; the warehouses virtually had been left alone for a long time in spite of the fact that there was a regulation that the rice in the husk kept in the fudoso had to be changed regularly (the maximum interval was 9 years) to prevent the putrefaction.
- 長厳はまた、それまでの三山検校と異なって熊野三山におよぼした影響が強かったためか、藤原頼資の参詣記の建保4年(1216年)7月5日条には、熊野別当新宮別当家と田辺別当家の快実と頼資が長厳について批判めいた談話をしたと記されている。
- Maybe because Cyogen had strong influence on Kumano Sanzan unlike other Sanzan Kengyo, his predecessors, it is written in the entry on July 5, 1216, of FUJIWARA no Yorisuke's journal of the shrine visits that Kumano betto Shingu betto family and Tanabe betto family's Kaijitsu and Yorisuke had a conversation rather being critical of Cyogen.
- 将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年(1370年)に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
- During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.
- 崇光上皇は皇子の栄仁(よしひと)親王(伏見宮初代)の立太子を望み、1370年(応安3年 / 建徳元年)8月に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子である緒仁親王(後円融天皇)の立太子を幕府に申し出ると皇位継承問題が起こるが、緒仁への皇位継承が決定する。
- Emperor Suko wanted his son, Imperial Prince Yoshihito (Fushimi no miya I) to become Crown Prince, a problem arose as to who would become the successor of the Imperial throne when Emperor Gokogon approached the government in August 1370 to request that his son, Imperial Prince Ohito (Emperor Goenyu) become Crown Prince, in the end, Ohito became the Crown Prince.
- 来学当日、群集整理に協力しむしろ混乱を鎮める側に回っていた同学会に厳しい処分が下されたのは、先述した公開質問状の内容と、それに対する世論の反発(後述)を考慮したことによるものと考えられている(解散された同学会は1953年に再建された)。
- It is considered that the Dogakukai, which cooperated to regulate the crowd and restore quiet on the day of Emperor's visit, was punished severely because of the content of the open letter mentioned above and the backlash in public opinion (Dogakukai was reconstructed in 1953).
- 後伏見の政務が停止され、光厳が廃位されたのは当然であるが、後醍醐はそもそも元徳3年に自分が廃位された事実自体を認めず、隠岐に流されていた間も自分はずっと天皇に在位していたという立場をとり、従って光厳の即位と在位も“なかったこと”にされた。
- It was natural that government affairs by Gofushimi were terminated and Kogon was deposed, but Godaigo did not even recognize that he was deposed in 1331, and took the stance that he was ruling during the whole time he was exiled in Oki, so therefore there was 'no accession nor rule' of Kogon.
- たとえば、「青柳」は「極楽は日想(にさう)観に寄せてや思へ其荘厳(かざり)めでた水を見て瑠璃の池に思をかけよ深き益(やく)ありや」とうたい、「伊勢海」は「瑠璃の地の木立めでたや宝の池の黄金の浜ごとに玉や拾はむや玉や拾はむや」のようにうたった。
- For example, 'Aoyagi' was sung as 'Gokuraku ha nisau kan ni yoseteya omoe sono kazari medeta mizu wo mite ruri no ike ni omoi wo kakeyo fukaki yaku ariya,' and 'Ise no umi' was sung as 'Ruri no chi no kotachi medetaya takara no ike no kogane no hama gotoni tamaya hirowamuya tamaya hirowamuya.'
- このため、承久の乱後においては、幕府の政治的影響力の拡大を差し引いても後鳥羽院に同情的な意見は少なく、『愚管抄』・『六代勝事記』・『神皇正統記』などは、いずれも院が覇道的な政策を追求した結果が招いた自業自得の最期であったと手厳しいものがあった。
- Consequently, after the Jokyu War there was little sympathy for Go-Toba-in, although the Kamakura government had strong political power; in historical books such as 'Gukansho,' 'Rokudai shojiki' and 'Jinno shotoki,' it is said that the Emperor deserved to die the way he did after ruling the government through the use of his dominant power.
- 北朝を正統とする場合、「後醍醐は光厳天皇の治世期間をはさんで重祚した」とみなし、前半(元弘の変まで)を「元徳天皇(元徳院)」、後半(京都帰還・建武の新政から光明天皇即位まで)を「後醍醐天皇(後醍醐院)」とする案もあるが、これはあくまで私案である。
- Based on the assumption that the Northern Court was legitimate, there is an idea that he should be called Gentoku (Gentoku-in) for the first half of the period (until the Genko Incident) and Go-Daigo (Go Daigo-in) for the latter half (from his return to Kyoto and the new government of Kenmu to the enthronement of the Emperor Komyo); however, considering that 'the once abdicated Emperor Go-Daigo returned to the throne after an interval of the era of Emperor Kogon,' this is only a personal opinion.
- この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
- Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.
- 布告と達の区別については、当初から厳密な区別はなかったが、1873年(明治6年)には、各官庁及び官員に対する訓令としての意味を持つものを「太政官達」、全国一般へ布告すべきものを「太政官布告」として区別することを定めた(明治6年太政官布告第254号)。
- There had been no clear distinction made between the two types of law until 1873, when it was decided to release directives for government offices and their personnel under the name of 'Dajokan Tasshi,' and for the public under the name of 'Dajokan Fukoku' (Dajokan Fukoku No. 254 of 1873).
- 帰京した後醍醐は富小路坂の里内裏に入り、光厳天皇の皇位を否定し親政を開始(自らの重祚<復位>は否定し、文保2年から継続しての在位を主張)するが、京都では護良親王とともに六波羅攻撃を主導した足利高氏が諸国へ軍勢を催促し、上洛した武士を収めて京都支配を指揮していた。
- After returning to the capital, Godaigo entered the throne room on Tomikoji hill and repudiated Kogon's imperial rank, ushering in a new era of direct Imperial rule (and of his own second ascension, he insisted that he was not 'returning to the throne' but rather had continuously been ruling since 1318); in Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who with Imperial Prince Morinaga had directed the attack on Rokuhara, requested more troops from all the various provinces, and by paying and supplying the samurai that came to the capital, Takauji assumed military command over the government of Kyoto.
- しかし元弘元年(1331年)、元弘の変によって後醍醐天皇が捕らえられ、翌元弘2年(正慶元年、1332年)3月に天皇が隠岐諸島に流罪となると、禧子はそれに伴って同年5月、新たに立てられた北朝の光厳天皇より女院号を宣下されて礼成門院と称し、追って同年8月には出家する。
- However in 1331, after the Genko Incident, Emperor Godaigo was caught and was sentenced to deportation to the Oki Islands in March 1332, Kishi was given Nyoin go title by Emperor Kogon of the newly established Northern Court government in May, she was named Reizeimonin, and entered into the priesthood in August in the same year.
- 一般的に現在の日本の皇室は、この持明院統の子孫と言われているが、持明院統嫡流とされている後光厳院流は後小松天皇の子である称光天皇の代で断絶しており、厳密に言えば持明院統の分家(崇光天皇の子孫、崇光院流)と位置付けられてきた伏見宮家が現在の皇室の直接の祖先にあたる。
- Generally, it is said that Jimyoin-to's ancestors are the current Imperial Family; but the legitimate highbred of Jimyoin-to, Go-Kogon'in-ryu was extinguished after the generation of Emperor Shoko, son of Emperor Go-Komatsu, and strictly speaking the direct ancestor of the Imperial Family is the Fushimi-no-Miya Family, which was in the position of a cadet family (the descendant of Emperor Suko, Suko'in-ryu) of Jimyoin-to.
- 持明院統や鎌倉幕府は邦良親王を支援し、親王が急死するとその息子の康仁親王を持明院統の光厳天皇の皇太子に据えて後醍醐天皇系への皇位継承を拒絶する姿勢を見せるが、1333年に鎌倉幕府は滅亡し、後醍醐天皇復位によって木寺宮(後二条天皇系)の皇位継承は否認される事となった。
- Jimyoin-to and the Kamakura shogunate supported Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi (Kuninaga), but after his sudden death, they arranged for his son (Imperial Prince Yasuhito) to become the crown prince for Jimyoin-to's Emperor Kogon in order to demonstrate their rejection of Emperor Go-Daigo's line. This was done to ensure the imperial succession, but due to the collapse of the Kamakura shogunate, Emperor Go-Daigo was restored to the throne and the enthronement of Kidera-no-Miya (who was of Emperor Go-Nijo's line) did not take place.
- これにより東国の巡礼者が増え、この上方の観音巡礼が「西国三十三箇所」と言われるようになり、熊野詣から巡礼を始める人が多かったので第一番が紀伊国熊野の青岸渡寺に、東国への帰路に着きやすいということで第三十三番が美濃国の華厳寺という現在の巡礼順になったと考えられている。
- Consequently, the number of the pilgrims from the eastern provinces increased, and this Kannon pilgrimage in the Kamigata area (area centering around Kyoto) came to be called the 'Saigoku Sanjusankasho;' it is believed that the Seiganto-ji Temple in the Kumano area of Kii Province became the first temple because many people made the pilgrimage to the three grand shrines (including the Seiganto-ji Temple) of Kumano first, that the Kegon-ji Temple in Mino Province became the thirty-third temple because of the easy access to the eastern provinces when returning home, and that the current route of the pilgrimage was decided in this way.
- なお、暦書を私的に持つことは雑令の秘書玄象令で厳しく規制されたために朝廷外に人材を求めるのは困難であり、平将門が「新皇」を名乗って文武百官を任じた際も暦博士は任命できず、同様に吉野朝廷(南朝 (日本))も暦博士を置けなかったらしく、その元号が入った具注暦は存在しない。
- Because the private possession of rekisho (explanatory books concerning calendars) was strictly regulated by Hishogenjo-rei edicts, which were classified as Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters), it was difficult to recruit personnel outside the Imperial Court; therefore, when TAIRA no Masakado proclaimed himself as a 'new emperor' and nominated Bunbu Hyakkan (all the officials, both military and civil), he was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and in the same manner the Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court (Japan)) was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and consequently there is no Guchu-reki (annotated calendar) that includes its gengo (era name).
- 韓国併合ニ関スル条約(1910年) 韓国皇帝及び韓国皇族に相当な尊称、威厳及び名誉を享有させること等が約され、s前韓國皇帝ヲ册シテ王ト爲シ皇太子及將來ノ世嗣、太皇帝及各其儷匹ノ稱呼ヲ定メ竝ニ禮遇ノ件により、前韓国皇帝に対して「王」の身分が与えられる等した(王公族制度)。
- The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (1910): The Emperor of Korea and the imperial family were entitled to suitable honorific titles, authority and honor, and in accordance with the Act, which acknowledges the former Emperor of Korea as King, establishes titles for each prince, future successor, and the empress, and treats them with courteous reception, the status of 'king' was granted to the former emperor of Korea, a system known in Japanese as Okozoku.
- 「『助六』を『助六所縁江戸櫻』という外題で上演するのは成田屋だけ」というのはよく知られた歌舞伎のトリビアだが、これをもうすこし厳密にいうと「『助六』を『助六所縁江戸櫻』という外題で上演するのは、市川團十郎または市川海老蔵が助六を勤める興行においてのみ」ということになる。
- It is a well-known Kabuki trivia that only the Naritaya family performed 'Sukeroku' by the title 'Sukeroku Yukari no Edozakura,' but it can be more strictly said that 'Sukeroku' is performed by the title 'Sukeroku Yukari no Edozakura' only when Ebizo ICHIKAWA or Danjuro ICHIKAWA impersonates Sukeroku.
- 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ(ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
- In the end, based on the description in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
- 光厳天皇(こうごんてんのう 正和2年7月9日(1313年8月1日) - 正平19年/貞治3年7月7日(1364年8月5日)、在位:元弘元年9月20日(1331年10月22日) - 元弘3年/正慶2年5月25日(1333年7月7日))は、南北朝時代の北朝第1代天皇とされている。
- Emperor Kogon (August 1, 1313 - August 5, 1364), his reign was from October 22, 1331 to July 7, 1333) and he was the first Emperor of Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 以仁王の乱が鎮圧された後の6月、平氏は乱に関わった園城寺に対する朝廷法会への参加の禁止、僧綱の罷免、寺領没収などの処分を行ったが、興福寺はこの時の別当玄縁が平氏に近い立場をとっており、興福寺内部に平氏との和平路線をとる勢力が現れた事により、園城寺ほど厳しい処分はされなかった。
- In June, after Rising of Prince Mochihito subdued, the Taira clan gave punishment to Onjo-ji Temple which joined the rising such as prohibition to participate in Imperial Court/Buddhist mass, dismissal of Sogo, and forfeit of the temple estate, but Kofuku-ji Temple did not receive punishment as severe as Onjo-ji Temple, because Gen-en, the Betto at the time was close to the Taira clan, and there was a group which took peaceful stance to the Taira clan inside Kofuku-ji Temple.
- だが、東大寺の開山である良弁が死の間際に当時僧侶として東大寺にいた親王禅師(早良親王)に後事を託したとされること(『東大寺華厳別供縁起』)、また東大寺が親王の還俗後も寺の大事に関しては必ず親王に相談してから行っていたこと(実忠『東大寺権別当実忠二十九ヶ条』)などが伝えられている。
- However, it is said that Roben, who was the founder and the first chief priest of the Todai-ji Temple, asked Imperial Prince Zenji (Imperial Prince Sawara) to take care of affairs in the future ('Todai-ji Kegon no Bekkyo Engi'), and that the priests in Todai-ji Temple were sure to consult Imperial Prince Sawara about important affairs of the temple even after he returned to the secular life (Jitchu 'Todai-ji Associated Grand Abbot Jitchu Twenty Nine Articles').
- ただし、公家の日記に「直衣束帯」などの表記がある場合も、丁寧に解釈すると「直衣を着た者や束帯を着た者がいる」の意味である場合もあり、平安中期には「直衣束帯」という装束(直衣の袍・表袴・石帯・下襲等より成る)があったことも知られるなど、上記の説については厳密な検証が必要と思われる。
- However, when there are expressions such as 'noshi sokutai' in kuge diaries, they may mean 'there is someone in noshi or someone in sokutai' when you closely read them, and it is known there were shozoku called 'noshi sokutai' (composed of noshi no ho [round-necked robe]), ue no hakama (outer trousers), sekitai, shitagasane (long inner robe), etc. in the mid Heian period, so the theories above require rigorous verification.
- 通説では譲位後の在所の名称より宇多天皇と追号された(追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には両者は異なる)と言われているが、実際の居宅は仁和寺御室・亭子院・六条院を主としていたという(宇多院は元は父の光孝天皇の親王時代の邸宅で、宇多天皇はここで成長したからだという異説もある)。
- It is said that the name of Emperor Uda came from the place where he abdicated (Tsuigo is sometimes considered to be a type of posthumous name, but strictly speaking these are two different names); however, he spent most of the time at Ninna-ji Temple Omuro, Teijino-in and Rokujo-in (though another theory says the reason was that Emperor Uda spent his childhood at Uda-in, which was the house of his father, Emperor Koko, when he was the Imperial Prince).
- 現代人は遊女というと江戸時代の零落した女性が行き着く暗くマイナスなイメージを強く持つが、室町時代以前の遊女はむしろ知識人であり歌舞などの技芸を厳しく長者と言われる元締めのような存在の女性から躾けられ、時には教養も身につけた女性たちで、神聖な存在として巫女の代わりをするようなこともあった。
- People today have a dark and negative image on courtesans who lived during in the Edo Period as ruined women, but in days prior to the Muromachi Period, courtesans were rather intelligent women who were strictly trained in singing and dancing by a female controller called Choja, and some of them acquired some culture, so they were sometimes regarded as sacred women and played the role of miko (shrine maiden).
- それゆえ、狭義の意味での唐手の歴史は佐久川に始まる(さらに厳密に言えば、佐久川はあくまで「トゥーディー」=中国武術の使い手であり、「日本の武技の手・空手」の起源を考えるならば、佐久川の弟子の松村宗棍以降になる)が、「手」も含めた沖縄の格闘技全般の唐手の歴史は、もちろんそれ以前にさかのぼる。
- Therefore, karate in a more limited sense dates from Sakukawa (more strictly speaking, however, Sakukawa was merely a master of toudee, or Chinese martial arts; when discussing the origin of karate as an art of Japan's martial skills, it has to wait until the era after Sokon MATSUMURA, a pupil of Sakukawa), but of course the history of karate as an Okinawan martial art as a whole, including tee, dates from periods prior to Sakukawa.
- そのため、寛文9年2月18日に江戸幕府は京都・大坂の経済的影響力の観点から、現行の京枡をもって統一した公定枡とすること、全国66国を東西に分割して東側を江戸枡座が西側を京枡座が管掌し、それぞれに京枡の独占的製造・販売権・検定権を与え、偽の枡の製造販売を厳罰に処することとした(「京枡統一令」)。
- In light of the economic influences in Kyoto and Osaka, the Edo shogunate, in the name of the regulations for unifying kyo-masu unit, determined to designate the existing kyo-masu as official and to divide 66 provinces around the country into the East and West: the East and the West would be in charge of the Edo Masu-za and the Kyo Masu-za, respectively, each having the rights to the exclusive manufacture, sale and screening of kyo-masu, and the law allowed severe punishment for the manufacture and sale of fake masu.
- またそれ以外に、50年以前の受図書人(朝鮮王朝により通交許可を受けた者)・受職人(朝鮮王朝より官位を受けた者)の通交権の停止、入港場を釜山浦・薺浦(慶尚南道鎮海市)の二港から釜山浦一港に削減、加徳島以西に来泊する者は倭寇とみなす等、壬申約条よりもさらに通交の抑制を進める厳しい内容となっていた。
- In addition to this, the Teibi Yakujo was greater in severity than the Jinshin Yakujo in that it stopped the right to trade for Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence to be granted special privileges in trading) and Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post who has special technique such as healing art) before 1550, reduced the entry ports from both Busan Inlet and Jepo (Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture) to one of only Busan Inlet, and took those who stayed on Gadokdo Island or further west places as wako.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、公家法においても子孫に対する悔返が場合によっては認められるようになっていたが、その場合においても親の保護下にない既婚女子への譲与分の悔返の禁止などの厳しい制約が設けられ、特に本人もしくは和与を受けた子孫が第三者に譲った場合(他人和与)にはいかなる場合でも悔返は認められなかった。
- In the Kamakura period, although Kuikaeshi against the descendants were allowed in some cases even in the Kugeho, there were some severe restrictions such as no Kuikaeshi was allowed against properties handed to married women who were not under their parents' protection; and especially when the previous owner or the descendants who received it by compromise gave it to a third person (compromise to a non-blood relative), no Kuikaeshi was allowed.
- 後光厳天皇(ごこうごんてんのう 延元3年/暦応元年3月2日(1338年3月23日) - 文中3年/応安7年1月29日(1374年3月12日) 在位:正平8年/文和元年8月17日(1352年9月25日) - 建徳2年/応安4年 3月23日(1371年4月9日))は、南北朝時代の北朝第4代天皇である。
- Emperor Gokogon (March 23, 1338 - March 12, 1374), his reign was from September 25, 1352 to April 9, 1371, he was the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 明治以後多くの現代語訳の試みがなされ、与謝野晶子や谷崎潤一郎の訳本が何度か出版されたが、昭和初期から「皇室を著しく侮辱する内容がある」との理由で、光源氏と藤壺女御の逢瀬などを二次創作物に書き留めたり上演することなどを政府から厳しく禁じられたこともあり、訳本の執筆にも少なからず制限がかけられていた。
- After the Meiji period, many people tried to make modern translations, and translations by Akiko YOSANO and Junichiro TANIZAKI were published several times; however, beginning in the early Showa period the government prohibited the production or performance of stories adapted from the scene of a secret meeting of Hikaru Genji and Fujitsubo due to the reason that 'it includes a scene insulting to the Imperial Family,' so even the translation was restricted more than a little.
- 五部大乗経(法華経・華厳経・涅槃経・大集経・大品般若経)の写本作りに専念して、戦死者の供養と反省の証にと、完成した五つの写本を京の寺に収めてほしいと朝廷に差し出したところ、治天の君となっていた後白河天皇は「呪詛が込められているのではないか」と疑ってこれを拒否し、影響下にある朝廷は写本を送り返してきた。
- He focused on editing a manuscript book of the Five Mahayana Sutras (Hoke-kyo (the Saddharma Pundariks Sutra), Kegon-kyo (the Avatamska Sutra), Nehan-kyo, Daijik-kyo, Daibon hannya-kyo) and accordingly he sent copies of the five book to the Imperial Palace so that they would be kept in the palace temple, praying for people who had died in the war and with regret for what happened; however, the ex-emperor Goshirakawa, who held political power, refused this offer and said the book might have bad spirits, whereupon the palace, under his influence, sent the books back to Sutoku.
- 道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。 ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
- Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.
- 現在では主要な理由は九州におけるキリスト教の拡大が当時の浄土真宗的な政治・軍事面への変貌を危惧した事と、6月18日 (旧暦)の覚書ではキリシタンも「八宗九宗」(第九条)と規定して体制下の宗教と見なしていたが、19日の追放令ではこれを覆すかのように「邪法を授け」るものとしてキリスト教を厳しく規定しなおしている。
- Nowadays the main reasons could be that the expansion of Christianity in Kyushu was feared to transfigure political and military aspects like Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) of that time, and Christians were also regulated as 'eight schools and nine schools' (Article Nine) and Christianity was regarded as a religion under the regime in the Memorandum on June 18, but was strictly regulated again as though it would 'spread evil belief' like reversing this in the Expelling edict on June 19.
- 呉善花は、著書『韓国併合への道』で「少なくとも民族の尊厳の確保に賭けて大アジア主義を掲げ、国内で最大限の努力を傾けた李容九らを売国奴と決めつけ、国内で表立った活動をすることもなく外国で抗日活動を展開した安昌浩や李承晩らを愛国者・抗日の闘士と高く評価するバランス・シートは、私にはまったく不当なものである」と評価している。
- O Seonhwa placed a mention in her book 'Road to the Japan's annexation of Korea', saying, 'it is completely unreasonable for me that, in a balance-sheet, the persons like 李容九 (이용구) who strived in the country to get back our nation's dignity aimed at Asianism are regarded as betrayers, while the persons like Ahn Chang-ho and Syngman Rhee (I Seung-man) who rolled out their anti-Japanese activities out of Korea without taking any particular actions in the country are praised as a patriot or anti-Japanese warrior'.
- 光厳上皇は、光明天皇、崇光天皇の二代に渡って院政を行ったが、足利氏の内紛である観応の擾乱のおり、南朝の後村上天皇の軍が1352年京都を奪回した際に光明、崇光両上皇とともに南朝に捕らえられ、京都を追われ撤退する南朝軍によって山城国男山(京都府八幡市)、さらに南朝の当時の本拠であった大和賀名生(奈良県五條市)に連れ去られてしまう。
- The retired Emperor Kogon ruled a cloister government through two generations under Emperor Komyo and Emperor Suko, however, when the Kanno Disturbance infighting occurred among the ASHIKAGA clan, and as the army of the Emperor Gomurakami recaptured Kyoto city in 1352, both retired Emperor Komyo and Emperor Suko were caught by the Southern Dynasty and taken away after being pursued and withdrew to Otokoyama in Yamashiro Province (Yawata City, Kyoto Province), and then further to Ano in Yamato (Gojo City, Nara Prefecture) where the Southern Dynasty's home base was.
- 逍遥の言葉「・・・要するに、彼の貴族的な、英雄本位、淑女本位の高尚がりの活歴派に対しては、それとは反対の、平民的な、不作法な、凡人沢山、風情沢山の丸本式、草双紙式を発揚し、厳格な、窮屈な外国の審美論に対しては、無主義の、放埒な、いわば不即不離の国劇式を、暗に擁護しようという主張と抱負とが内心にあって、彼の作を書き始めたのである。」
- Shoyo said, 'In short, I started to write this work with a view and ambition in my mind to inspire noble, hero- and lady-oriented, intellectual audience, who like historical dramas, the maruhon shiki (style of complete set of books) and kusazoshi-style featuring common, rude people and having a lot of ordinary and interesting scenes--contrary to the characteristics of those audiences--and imply my ambition to support the so-called kokugeki shiki (national drama style)--a non-doctorine, loose, and neutral style--to foreign aesthetes, who hold a strict and rigid view.'
- すなわち、甲相駿三国同盟が戦略の大前提であった信玄にとって、後北条氏の敵対者であった謙信との対決は必然であり(後に三国同盟を破棄して駿河国へ乱入した信玄は孤立して厳しい戦略状況に陥っている)、謙信にとっても信玄の北信濃領有を易々と許せば、高梨家のみならず本国の越後国自体が危機に陥りかねないことから、両者の衝突は必然であったとするものである。
- In other words, the clash between them was inevitable for the following reasons, according to this view: For Shingen with the tripartite alliance among Kai Province, Sagami Province and Suruga Province as a major premise, it was inevitable to confront Kenshin who was an enemy of the Gohojo clan (later, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the tripartite alliance, but was isolated and was placed in a serious military situation), and even for Kenshin, not only the Takanashi family but also the Echigo Province constituting his base might have been placed in a dangerous state if he allowed Shingen to take the northern Shinano area easily.
- 1382年(永徳2年)4月11日に息子の後小松天皇に譲位して、上皇として院政を開始するが、義満が朝廷の事務に積極的に介入したため実権は無く、翌年には出産を終えて宮中へ戻った妃の厳子を殴打する事件や、愛妾の按察局が義満との密通を疑われて出家する事件、義満が上皇を配流するという噂が流れると、持仏堂に篭って自殺未遂を起こすなどの騒動を起こしている。
- In 1382 on April 11 he passed the throne to his son, Emperor Gokomatsu and started ruling the cloistered government, however, he did not have control of politics since Yoshimitsu was actively involved in the Imperial Palace's business, the following year incidents happened where he beat the Empress Takako after she returned to the Imperial Palace after giving birth to her child, or his favorite mistress, Azechi no Tsubone became a nun after an affair with Yoshimitsu became apparent, and rumors were spreading that Yoshimitsu tried to sentence the retired Emperor to deportation and so on, he attempted to commit suicide inside the Jibutsu-do.
- ただし、厳密には「埋蔵文化財」といった場合、土地に埋蔵されている文化財としての価値が認められる遺構と文化財としての価値が推定される民法第241条の「埋蔵物」としての遺物のことを指しており、面的な遺跡及び遺跡の範囲としてとらえた場合は、第93条(旧第57条の2)の「貝塚、古墳その他埋蔵文化財を包蔵する土地として周知されている土地」として「周知の埋蔵文化財包蔵地」が定義されている。
- Specifically, however, 'buried cultural property' refers to an ancient structural remnant that is recognized worth as a cultural property buried under the ground and a relic, which is defined as a 'hidden treasure' under Article 241 of the Civil Codes, that is estimated to be worth as a cultural property, and in terms of the scope of remains, 'the well-known archaeological and/or historical subsoil' is defined as 'any site well-known to contain buried cultural property such as shell mounds, ancient tombs or others' under Article 93 of the Protection Law (Article 57-2 of the former Protection Law).
- 幕末の期間に関する厳密な定義はないが、嘉永6年(1853年)の黒船つまりアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍のサスケハナ、サラトガ号、ポーハタン号、ミシシッピ号による艦隊の来航から、慶応3年(1867年)に徳川慶喜が大政奉還をおこなって幕府が日本の全国政権としての地位を失い、翌1868年に明治天皇が即位して元号が「明治」と改元されたときまでとするのが、一般的である。
- Though the duration of the Bakumatsu is not strictly defined, it generally refers to the period from 1853, when the squadron, called the Black Ships, led by Commodore Matthew Perry, consisting of the four US Naval ships Susquehanna, Saratoga, Mississippi, and Plymouth, arrived off the shore of Uraga near Edo (current Tokyo), to 1867, when Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned power to the Emperor, ending the central governance under the Tokugawa shogunate, allowing the start of the Meiji period in 1868.
- これは、文化財保護法が制定された1950年(昭和25年)当時の日本国の財政状況や政治情勢では指定文化財のすべてについて必要十分な保護措置がとれないために、そのとき新設された「無形文化財」は別としても、戦前の国宝保存法と史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法による指定物件を多く引き継いだ「有形文化財」および「記念物」の2種については、指定物件のなかから特に重点的に保護する対象を厳選する必要にせまられたためであった。
- Since not all designated cultural properties could be protected by necessary and sufficient measures under the Japan's financial and political situations at the time when the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was enacted in 1950, the government was forced to stringently select cultural properties to be protected among the two categories of 'Tangible Properties' and 'Monuments' to which categories many items designated in the prewar period under the Preservation of National Treasures or the Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law had been carried over, aside from the then-established category of 'Intangible Cultural Properties.'
- 「貞丈雑記」には、「輿にめしたる人に行あひ、又は人の犬追物、笠懸、やぶさめ、大的、小的など射らるる場所近き辺を通るとき、又は野山にて幕などうち遊興せらるるあたりを通るとき、または神社仏寺の前を通るとき、また三職などの門前を通るとき、または川狩鷹狩など人のするところを通るとき、また鷹すゑたる人鵜つかひに行あひたるとき、いづれも我知らぬ人なりとも、必ず下馬して通る也」とあり、武家時代を通じて、礼儀として厳存した。
- However, this custom of dismounting a horse had surely existed as a courtesy during Buke-jidai (the feudal period), as described in 'Teijo-zakki' (a book on ancient courtly traditions and etiquettes, written by Sadatake Ise in the Edo Period) that a person had to dismount his horse without fail when he encountered any person on a palanquin, or when he passed by a place where inuoimono (dog-hunting event, a skill of an archery), kasagake (archery competition on horseback), yabusame (the art of arrow shooting on horseback), and other arrow shooing competitions with omato and komato (big and small sized shooing targets) were being played, or when he went around a shrouded place for pleasure in hills and fields, or when he passed in front of shrines and temples, or when he passed in front of the gates of Sanshoku (three important offices), or when he passed through a place where people were enjoying river fishing or falconry or when an astringer bumped into a cormorant fisher, in each case no matter whom he met with were strangers or not.
- 理由はこの両名が武田勝頼と内通していたという訴えが五徳姫より信長にもたらされたためであるが、当時、もはや盟友とは名ばかりであり、実質的に織田を盟主とする従属国であった家康には信長の要求を拒否し、同盟を破棄して戦うだけの実力も無かったため、家康は要求に従って信康と築山殿を処刑するしかなかったと言われている(もっとも、この時期信康と家康、厳密に言えば家康家臣団との対立が激しくなっており、信康粛清は信長の要求ではないとする説が近年では有力視されている)。
- That's because Gotokuhime (Princess Toku) told Nobunaga that Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono secretly communicated with Katsuyori TAKEDA; while Ieyasu, the Nobunaga's allies of sorts and the virtually dependent to the leader Oda, had no power neither to deny Nobunaga's order, nor to fight with him by abrogating the alliance, it is said that he had no choice but to execute Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono (although the confrontation of Nobuyasu and Ieyasu, more precisely Nobuyasu and the vassals of Ieyasu was getting intense at this time, therefore, a theory is getting dominant in recent years which advocates that the purge of Nobuyasu was not Nobunaga's demand).
- 現在も玉露や抹茶を中心とした高級茶の代名詞となっているが、近年の食品の表示基準の厳格化の波を受け、京都府茶業会議所が「宇治茶」の定義を当初「京都府内産茶葉が50パーセント、後の50パーセントが滋賀県・奈良県・三重県のいずれかの産地のものであること」と定めたが、全国の茶の生産量に占める「宇治茶」の割合がわずか数パーセントである中、「宇治茶」として販売できる量が少なくなるという業界内の声を受け、「前述の1府3県のいずれかの産地の茶葉を京都府内で仕上げ加工したもの」であると修正された。
- It is still a synonym for high-class tea mainly including gyokuro (refined green tea) and maccha (powdered green tea), but influenced by the recent tightening of standard of displays for food, Kyoto Prefecture Chamber of Tea Industry initially defined 'Uji cha' as 'tea leaves of Kyoto Prefecture produce occupying 50%, and those from any of Shiga Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, or Mie Prefecture occupying the other 50%,' then reflecting opinions in the industry, that this makes the amount to sell as 'Uji cha' decrease, in the situation that the ratio of 'Uji cha' in national tea production is only a few percent, this was modified to 'tea leaves produced from any of the 4 prefectures above and processed in Kyoto Prefecture.'