博士: 1104 Terms and Phrases

• 博士
• doctorate
• PhD
• Dr (as a title)
• expert
• learned person
• Hakase
• Hiroshi
• Hiroto
• doctoral
• Doctor of Philosophy
• Doctor (title)

• 音博士
• professor specializing in the readings of kanji in classic Confucianist texts
• On hakase (Professor of Pronunciation of Chinese Language)

• 三博士
• Three Wise Men

• 節博士
• intonation marks

• 博士号
• doctor's degree
• doctorate
• PhD
• doctoral
• doctorate degree
• Ph D
• doctoral degree

• 清博士
• Seihakase

• 大博士
• Daihakase

• 博士山
• Hakaseyama

• 博士沢
• Hakasezawa

• 博士峠
• Hakasetouge

• ～博士
• Dr.
• Ph.D.

• 針博士
• Hari Hakase

• 暦博士
• Reki Hakase (Chief Court Calendar-Maker)
• reki hakase (master of reki (calendar))

• 文博士
• FUMI no Hakase

• 李博士
• Epaksa

• 医学博士
• MD
• Doctor of Medicine
• medical doctor
• Medicinae Doctor

• 課程博士
• doctoral degree (e.g. PhD) after completing a course of study

• 工学博士
• Doctor of Engineering

• 商学博士
• Doctor of Commercial Science

• 哲学博士
• doctor of philosophy
• PhD
• Ph D

• 天文博士
• teacher responsible for training in astronomy, astrology, calendar-making, etc.
• Tenmon Hahakase (Doctor of Astronomy)
• Tenmon hakase (master of astronomy)

• 博士課程
• doctoral course
• doctor course

• 博士論文
• Doctoral dissertation
• thesis for doctoral degree
• doctral dissertation

• 文学博士
• a Doctor of Literature
• Doctor of Letters

• 法務博士
• Juris Doctor

• 理学博士
• Doctor of Science
• DSc

• 論文博士
• doctoral degree (e.g. PhD) by thesis only

• 寺尾博士
• Terao Hakushi

• 植木博士
• Ueki Hiroshi

• 石山博士
• Ishiyama Hiroshi (h) (1967.3.14-)

• 民法博士
• Doctor of Civil Law

• 神学博士
• Doctor of Divinity
• Doctor of Theology

• 化学博士
• Doctor of Chemistry

• 法学博士
• Legum Doctor

• 呪禁博士
• Jugon hakase

• 漏刻博士
• Rokoku Hakase (Master of Clock)
• rokoku hakase (master of the clock)

• 陰陽博士
• Onmyo hakase (Doctor of onmyo)
• Onmyo hakase (master of onmyo)

• 暦博士。
• Reki hakase.

• 文章博士
• Monjo hakase

• 明法博士
• Myoho hakase
• Myoho hakase (Professor of Law)

• 紀伝博士
• Kiden hakase (Professor of History)

• :博士号
• Doctorate

• 教会博士
• Doctors of the Church
• Doctor of the Church

• 博士学位
• doctoral degree

• 学術博士
• Doctor of Philosophy
• PhD

• 博士研究員
• postdoc
• postdoctoral fellow
• postdoctoral researcher
• POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCHERS

• 水道橋博士
• Suidoubashi Hakase (h) (1962.8.18-)

• 曽我部博士
• Sogabe Hiroshi

• 博士の資格
• doctor

• 明法博士。
• Doctor of law.

• 暦博士？。
• He was assigned as Reki hakase (?)

• 神学の博士
• a doctor's degree in religion

• 医学の博士
• a doctor's degree in medicine

• 博士の候補
• doctorial candidates

• 都市計画博士
• Doctor of City Planning

• 口腔外科博士
• Doctor of Dental Surgery

• 外科医学博士
• Chirurgiae Doctor

• 東方の三博士
• Magi
• Biblical Magi

• 七博士意見書
• Shichihakushi Ikensho (seven doctors' opinion)

• 博士前期課程
• Master's Programs

• 博士後期課程
• Doctor's Programs

• 神学の博士号
• a doctor's degree in theology

• 検眼学の博士
• a doctor's degree in optometry

• 音楽の博士号
• a doctor's degree in music

• 教育学の博士
• a doctor's degree in education

• 音楽学の博士
• a doctor's degree in musical arts

• 英国の博士号
• a British doctorate

• 名誉神学博士
• Doctor of Divinity

• カリガリ博士
• The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

• 検眼医学博士
• Doctor of Optometry

• 人文学科学博士
• Doctor of Humanities

• 経営管理学博士
• Doctor of Business Administration

• 博士は多人長。
• The lecturer was O no Hitonaga.

• 博士は橘仲遠。
• The lecturer was TACHIBANA no Nakato.

• 文章博士如元。
• Retained position of Monjo hakase
• He retained his position as Monjo hakase.

• 博士はいった。
• said the doctor,

• 博士は続けた。
• continued the doctor,

• 歯科医学の博士
• a doctor's degree in dental medicine

• 博士 (神学)
• Doctor of Theology

• 博士 (医学)
• Doctor of Medicine

• 博士 (法学)
• Doctor of law

• 博士 (文学)
• Doctor of Letters

• モロー博士の島
• The Island of Doctor Moreau

• 博士 (薬学)
• Doctor of Pharmacy

• 博士 (理学)
• Doctor of Science

• 怪人マブゼ博士
• The Testament of Dr. Mabuse

• 文章博士を世襲。
• The family head served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) by succession.

• 博士は太安万侶。
• The lecturer was O no Yasumaro.

• 博士は善淵愛成。
• The lecturer was YOSHIBUCHI no Chikanari.

• 博士は藤原春海。
• The lecturer was FUJIWARA no Harumi.

• 博士 (理学)。
• Doctorate in Science.

• 博士 (工学)。
• He was a Doctor of Engineering.

• 博士課程（後期）
• Doctor's Course (Latter period)

• 博士 (医学)。
• Doctor of Medicine

• 博士はさけんだ。
• cried the doctor,

• 「いいや、博士。
• 'Not a bit, Doctor.

• 予防医学の博士号
• a doctor's degree in preventive medicine

• 口腔外科の博士号
• a doctor's degree in dental surgery

• フォースタス博士
• Doctor Faustus (play)

• 博士 (経営学)
• Doctor of Business Administration

• 東方三博士の礼拝
• Adoration of the Magi

• 博士の愛した数式
• The Housekeeper and the Professor

• 博士研究員の期間
• Duration of postdoctoral fellowships

• 文章博士元の如し。
• His position as monjo hakase (chief court calligrapher) remained unchanged.

• 博士は矢田部公望。
• The lecturer was YATABE no Kinmochi.

• 持統天皇の音博士。
• He was Oto hakase (professor of pronunciation of Chinese language) to the Empress Jito.

• 明経博士、大外記。
• He had titles of Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics) and Daigeki (Senior Secretary).

• 博士前期・後期課程
• Master's Program and Doctor's Program

• 評判のうっかり博士
• the proverbial absentminded professor

• 法務博士（専門職）
• Juris Doctor

• 1185年明法博士。
• He was assinged to serve as Myobo (law) hakase in 1185.

• 博士助教（教官資格）
• Hakase/assistant professor (qualification for an instructor)

• 算博士小槻公尚の子。
• He was the son of a sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and growing mathematicians) OZUKI no Kinhisa.

• 算博士三善雅頼の子。
• He was the child of MIYOSHI no Masayori, who was the San hakase (Doctor of Numbers).

• 暦博士（天長8年）。
• Reki hakase 831.

• ジキル博士は言った。
• said he.

• 博士は身震いをして、
• The doctor shuddered.

• スポック博士の育児書
• The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care

• ジキル博士とハイド氏
• Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

• ジーキル博士とハイド氏
• Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

• 中間子(湯川秀樹博士)
• meson

• 正四位勲三等法学博士。
• He was a doctor of law, with a court rank of the 3rd class of Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank).

• 学士院会員、文学博士。
• He was a member of the Japan Academy and doctor of literature.

• 2月、文学博士号辞退。
• In February, he declined to accept an offer of the Doctor of Letters degree.

• 官位は針博士・典薬頭。
• His official court rank was hari hakase (Master of Acupuncture) and Tenyaku no kami (the head of Tenyaku-ryo, the Bureau of Medicine).

• 父は天文博士安倍親宗。
• His father was Tenmon Hakase (Doctor of Astronomy) ABE no Chikamune.

• 漏刻博士（元慶元年）。
• Rokoku hakase 877.

• 天文博士（元慶5年）。
• Tenmon hakase 881.

• 権暦博士（元慶6年）。
• Gon no reki no hakuji 882.

• 天文博士（仁和2年）。
• Tenmon hakase 886.

• 「博士じゃないって？　
• 'Not Stell?

• と博士は神妙に答えた。
• returned the doctor solemnly:

• 博士課程に応募します。
• I'm applying to the PhD program.

• 博士号の住居の必要条件
• a residential requirement for the doctorate

• 博士研究員の資格を持つ
• have a postdoc

• 伊藤圭介 (理学博士)
• Keisuke Ito

• ジーキル博士の彷魔が刻
• Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (video game)

• 編者は明法博士惟宗允亮。
• It was edited by KOREMUNE no Tadasuke, a Myobo hakase (Professor of Law).

• - 理学博士（大阪大学）
• He obtained a Doctorate in Science at Osaka Imperial University.

• 式部少輔・文章博士如元。
• Retained his positions as the Shikibu-shoyu and Monjo Hakase.

• 「梅博士は、本当の弁慶」
• Dr. Ume is a real Benkei (tough man)'

• 陰陽博士（承和8-9年）
• Onmyo hakase 841 to 842

• 陰陽権博士（天安元年）。
• Onmyo no gonhakase 857.

• 陰陽博士（貞観13年）。
• Onmyo hakase 871.

• 彼女は博士号を取得した。
• She received a doctor's degree.

• 「ジキル博士はいません、
• 'You will not find Dr. Jekyll;

• 整骨治療学における博士号
• doctor's degree in osteopathy

• 東方三博士は遠くから来た
• the Magi came from afar

• ジキル博士はミス・ハイド
• Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde

• テュルプ博士の解剖学講義
• The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

• 暦博士（従七位上相当）1人
• 1 Reki Hakase (equivalent to Jushichiinojo)

• 文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• His positions as monjo hakase and Sanuki no suke remained unchanged.

• 1891年 博士 (法学)
• In 1891, he earned PhD in law (Docteur en Droit).

• 子に算博士小槻公尚がいる。
• San hakase (Doctor of Numbers) OZUKI no Kinhisa was his son.

• 官務・算博士大宮時元の子。
• He was a son of Tokimoto OMIYA, Kanmu (head of Benkankyoku (governmnt office which administerd provincial governors))/San hakase (Doctor of Numbers).

• 11月5日、明法博士辞任。
• On November 30, he resigned from Myobo hakase.

• 医学専攻（4年制博士課程）
• Division of Medicine (Doctoral Course of four-year system)

• 地球環境学専攻（博士課程）
• Department of Global Environmental Studies (Doctoral Course)

• 博士課程後期（社会学専攻）
• Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology Program)

• 暦博士？（天長-承和年間）
• Reki hakase (?) (sometime between 824 and 847).

• 天文博士（貞観2-12年）
• Tenmon hakase 860 to 870.

• 「私はジキル博士の親友で、
• 'I am an old friend of Dr. Jekyll's

• 「博士の調子が悪いのか？」
• 'is the doctor ill?'

• 「ジキル博士の使いかい？」
• 'Are you come from Dr. Jekyll?'

• 「これは××博士の法だよ」
• 'This is Dr. ___'s method,'

• トレベリアン博士は叫んだ。
• cried Dr. Trevelyan.

• 「博士、いつ最後でした？」
• ```When did it happen, doctor?'

• 博士は珍しく上機嫌だった。
• The scientist was in rare good humor.

• 彼女は物理学の博士号である
• she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

• 風博士 (ウェブブラウザ)
• Kazehakase

• マーシャル博士の恐竜ランド
• Land of the Lost (film)

• 博士研究員に対する特別規定
• Special provisions for post-doctoral researchers

• 陰陽博士（正七位下相当）1人
• 1 Onmyo Hakase (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge [Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade])

• 天文博士（正七位下相当）1人
• 1 Tenmon Hakase (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge)

• 著書は、明法博士の惟宗公方。
• The author was KOREMUNE no Kinkata, Myobo hakase (a teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system).

• 1899年：法学博士号授与。
• 1899: He was granted the degree of Doctor of Laws.

• 5月28日、文章博士を兼任。
• July 5, 1318: Assumed the additional post of Monjo hakase (professor of literature)

• 6月17日、文章博士を止む。
• August 8, 1322: Resigned from the post of Monjo hakase

• 5月15日、文章博士に遷任。
• On May 15, he was transferred into Monjo hakase.

• 正四位下、文章博士、上野介。
• Atsumoto held the rank of Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), was a Monjo hakase and the Kozuke no suke (Assistant Governor of Kozuke Province).

• 博士課程後期（生涯教育専攻）
• Doctor of Philosophy (Lifelong Education Program)

• ジョン・Ｂ・ステル博士です。
• Dr. John B. Stell,

• 博士はやや厳しくこう答えた。
• said the doctor, a trifle sharply.

• 「ジキル博士よりモー商会へ。
• 'Dr. Jekyll presents his compliments to Messrs. Maw.

• とトレベリアン博士は云った。
• said Dr. Trevelyan;

• 安楽椅子にかけたまえ、博士。
• Sit down in that armchair, Doctor,

• 「素晴らしい出来だ、博士。」
• 'You did it very nicely, Doctor,'

• 博士研究員の開始：二千八年秋
• Starting date of fellowship: Autumn 2008

• 僧旻と高向玄理を国博士とした。
• He made Somin and TAKAMUKU no Kuromaro Kunihakase (teachers of Japanese classical literature).

• （策門作者は問頭博士菅原文時。
• (Montohakase (questioner) SUGAWARA no Fumitoki drew up Policy questions.

• 12月21日、文章博士を兼任。
• On February 2, 935, he served concurrently as Monjo hakase (professor of literature).

• 博士課程後期（社会福祉学専攻）
• Doctor of Philosophy (Social Welfare Program)

• 日仏共同博士課程コンソーシアム
• Consortium japonais du College doctoral franco-japonais

• 天文博士（大同3-弘仁元年）。
• Tenmon hakase (808 to 810).

• 暦博士（斉衡3年-貞観4年）。
• Reki hakase 856 to 862.

• 暦博士（貞観9年-元慶8年）。
• Reki hakase 867 to 884.

• 陰陽博士 854年-874年。
• Onmyo hakase 854 to 874.

• メースン博士は仕事第一だった。
• Dr Mason placed his work above everything.

• ホワイト博士につないで下さい。
• Please connect me with Dr. White.

• 落ち着きはらっていたジキル博士
• DR. JEKYLL WAS QUITE AT EASE

• ジキル博士はためいきをついた。
• sighed the other.

• 博士は微笑みながら返事をした。
• returned the doctor with a smite.

• 「博士の習慣はご存知ですよね」
• 'You know the doctor's ways, sir,'

• 「ああ、博士、あなたですか？」
• ``Oh, then it is you, Doctor.''

• 特別な学問上の中心のある博士号
• a doctor's degree with a special disciplinary focus

• 学士より高いが博士より低い学位
• an academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree

• 論文提出だけを残した博士号志願者
• ABD

• 博士は菅野高平（滋野貞主とも）。
• The lecturer was SUGANO no Takahira (or SHIGENO no Sadanushi).

• 官職は針博士、丹波介、左衛門佐。
• He had government posts as hari hakase (master of acupuncture), Tanba no suke (assistant governor of Tanba Province), and Saemon no suke (assistant captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guard).

• 民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• He retained his positions as Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• He retained his positions as Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 「王仁博士遺墟碑」を現地に建立。
• The 'Monument of Dr. Wani's Remains' was established in the province.

• 1953年 大学院博士課程設置。
• 1953: Graduate School doctoral program was established.

• 陰陽博士（元慶3年-仁和3年）。
• Onmyo hakase 879 to 887.

• 博士たちは自然の神秘を探求した。
• The doctors inquired into the mystery of nature.

• あれはステル博士じゃないだろう」
• That's not Dr. Stell.'

• 博士はしどろもどろの風で答えた。
• returned the doctor, with a certain incoherency of manner.

• 博士とどういう関係があるんだ？」
• What does the man mean?'

• あなたの目の前にいるのが博士だ。
• and the Doctor is before you.

• 「さようなら、トレベリアン博士」
• ``Good-night, Dr. Trevelyan,''

• 彼女は、博士論文に打ち込んでいる
• She is driving away at her doctoral thesis

• 博士研究員は国際的に公示される。
• The postdoctoral fellowships shall be advertised internationally.

• 保元の乱・平治の乱の頃の明法博士。
• He was a Myobo hakase (professor of law) at the time of the Hogen War and the Heiji War.

• 医博士（従六位正七位）　医師の養成
• Ihakase, of Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), responsible for training new physicians

• 針博士（従六位従七位）　針師の養成
• Harihakase, of Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), responsible for training new acupuncturists

• 侍従・式部大輔・文章博士元の如し。
• His other court appointments remained unchanged.

• その後、天文博士の官に任ぜられる。
• Later, he was assigned to the rank of a scholar of ancient astrology.

• 明治36年（1903年）薬学博士。
• He became a Doctor of Pharmacology in 1903.

• 大学頭・文章博士・備前守元の如し。
• Retained his positions as Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase and Bizen no Kami.

• 子に天文博士図書頭安倍広賢がいた。
• Tenmon Hakase and Zusho no kami (Chief of the Bureau of Drawings and Books) ABE no Hirokata was his son.

• 漏刻博士 700年代（慶雲年間）。
• Rokoku hakase in the 700's.

• 陰陽博士（延暦16年-弘仁元年）。
• Onmyo hakase (798 to 810).

• 彼は心理学博士の学位を持っている。
• He has a doctor's degree in psychology.

• 「君は家に帰りたいだろうね、博士」
• 'You want to go home, no doubt, Doctor,'

• 「あれはステル博士なんかじゃない」
• 'That's not Dr. Stell.'

• 「ジキル博士は在宅かな、プール？」
• Is Dr. Jekyll at home, Poole?'

• アターソンはジキル博士を見たのだ。
• Utterson saw Dr. Jekyll.

• 「ラニョン博士、申し訳ありません」
• 'I beg your pardon, Dr. Lanyon,'

• 彼の博士号はどの分野のものですか？
• in what discipline is his doctorate?

• 博士研究員は最大二年間任命される。
• The Postdoctoral Fellowships are proposed for a maximum period of two years.

• ダンスタン博士が機巧童子に与えた力。
• They are powers Dr. Danstan gave to Karakuri-Doji robots.

• 漏刻博士（正七位下従七位下相当）2人
• 2 Rokoku Hakase (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge and Jushichiinoge [Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade])

• 薬生は「生」と付くが、博士がいない。
• There was no doctor among medical students even though it was written with a character '生' (meaning student).

• 重野安繹：従四位勲四等博士 (文学)
• Yasutsugu SHIGENO: He was a Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) Kunyonto (Fourth Class of Order) doctor of literature.

• 式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• His appointments as Shikibu shosuke, monjo hakase, and Sanuki no suke remained unchanged.

• 33歳のときに文章博士に任じられる。
• At the age of 33, he was named Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature).

• 同年家の職である文章博士を兼任する。
• In the same year, he was concurrently appointed to Monjo Hakase, which was his family profession.

• 戸水寛人らを含む「七博士」のひとり。
• He and Hirondo TOMIZU were members of a group known as 'Seven Scholars.'

• 医科学専攻（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Division of Medical Science (Master's Course and Latter Doctoral Course)

• 文学研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Letters (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• 経営研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Business Administration (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• 法学研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Law (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• 社会研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Sociology (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• 芸術研究科（博士（前期・後期）課程）
• Graduate School of Art (master of arts 'first semester/second semester')

• 天文博士 767年（神護景雲元年）。
• Tenmon hakase 767.

• 彼らは私を博士という肩書きで呼んだ。
• They addressed me as doctor.

• 彼らはシュワイツァー博士を尊敬した。
• They had a high opinion of Dr. Schweitzer.

• クラーク博士、お願いがあるのですが。
• Dr. Clark, may I ask a favor of you?

• 「僕の索引で調べてくれないか、博士」
• 'Kindly look her up in my index, Doctor,'

• 「実にうまくやってくれたねえ、博士」
• 'You did it very nicely, Doctor,'

• ジキル博士も、その例外ではなかった。
• To this rule, Dr. Jekyll was no exception;

• 「博士は家にひきこもっておられます、
• 'The doctor was confined to the house,' Poole said,

• 博士は、さびしそうに返事をよこした。
• replied the doctor, drearily,

• 「博士はここで今日まで生きてたんだ。
• 'he was alive and here this day.

• カーター博士を２時に予約しています。
• I have an appointment with Dr. Carter at 2 o'clock.

• 聖人で教会博士（347年−420年）
• a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-420)

• 聖者で教会博士（347年−407年）
• a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407)

• 聖者で教会博士（329年−391年）
• a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-391)

• 按摩博士（従六位正八位）　按摩師の養成
• Anmahakase, of Shohachiinoge (Lower Grade Senior Eighth Rank), responsible for training students of massage

• 女医博士（従六位正七位相当）一名　新設
• A Nyoi hakase (same rank as Jurokui and Shoshichii [Senior Seventh rank]), newly established

• また、博士以下に恩賞として禄を賜った。
• In addition, a stipend called Onsho (a reward grant) was awarded to hakase and other instructors.

• 明経博士だった清原氏に養子として入る。
• He was adopted into the Kiyohara family who was Myogyo Hakase (doctor of the Bureau of Education).

• 藤原式家の出身で父は文章博士藤原明衡。
• His family belonged to Fujiwara Shikike (a sub branch of the Fujiwara family) and his father was FUJIWARA no Akihira, a Monjo hakase (professor of literature).

• 金昌洙「社団法人王仁博士顯彰協会創立」
• Kim Chang Soo established the 'Dr. Wani Commendation Association.'

• 経済学研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Economics (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• 理工学研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Science and Technology (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• -大学院音楽研究科博士（後期）課程設置
• The Doctor's Course (latter program) for Graduate School of Music was established.

• 1977年　大学院博士後期課程を開設。
• 1977: The Graduate School Ph.D. program was established.

• 博士課程前期は修士課程として取り扱う。
• The first semester of PH.D. is classified as M.A.

• 牧野博士は多くの人々に尊敬されている。
• Dr. Makino is looked up to by many people.

• 広瀬博士はエイズの研究に携わっている。
• Doctor Hirose is engaged in AIDS research.

• G.W.Wettstein博士の話 :
• According to Dr. G.W. Wettstein :

• ですぐフォードハム博士に来てもらって、
• Dr. Fordham came over at once.

• 聖者で教会博士（340?年−397年）
• a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397)

• 聖者で教会博士（540?年−604年）
• a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604)

• 聖者で教会博士（130年−200年頃）
• a saint and Doctor of the Church (circa 130-200)

• その患者はボーンズ博士からの紹介である
• the patient is a referral from Dr. Bones

• もえろツインビー シナモン博士を救え!
• Stinger (video game)

• モナコ公国博士研究員に適応される手続き
• Procedures applied for the Principality of Monaco Postdoctoral Research Fellowships

• 学士、修士、博士、教授、准教授（助教授）
• Bachelor, master, doctor, professor, and associate professor (assistant professor)

• 以後、代々天文博士・陰陽寮に任じられた。
• Since then, the successive generations of the Abe clan had been appointed to tenmon hakase and Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).

• 坂上今継：平安時代初期の外記・紀伝博士。
• SAKANOUE no Imatsugu - Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and Kiden hakase (the professor of the histories) in the early Heian period.

• 書博士（従七位上相当）2名　書道を教える
• 2 Sho Hakase (equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught calligraphy

• 後には博士に対して職田4町が与えられた。
• Onmyo hakase was later granted 39,668 square meters of shikiden (official rice fields).

• 4月11日段階で文章博士を兼任している。
• April 11: A staging period, he was also given the post of Monjo hakase (Chief calligrapher for the court).

• 時に文章博士従五位下兼行大内記越前権介。
• At that point he was holding three offices simultaneously, the posts of Monjo hakase of the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), as well as Dainaiki and Echizen Gon no suke.

• 8月、博士 (医学)の学位を授与される。
• In August, he was awarded the degree of Doctor (medical science).

• 明治24年（1891年） 工学博士学位。
• In 1891, he gained a doctorate of engineering.

• 尋為医學博士在官凡三十五年薫陶諸生数千人
• The guru became a medical doctor and stayed in that position for about thirty-five years, teaching as many as several thousand students.

• その後、間もなく従六位下紀伝博士となる。
• Shortly after that, he became Kiden hakase (a professor of history) at the rank of Jurokuinoge (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade).

• 博士課程後期（仏教学専攻、日本史学専攻）
• Doctor of Philosophy (Buddhist Studies Program, Japanese History Program)

• 私たちは川村博士を祝して送別会を開いた。
• We held a farewell party in honor of Dr. Kawamura.

• ファウスト博士は、錬金術に精通していた。
• Dr. Faust was well versed in alchemy.

• ホワイト博士が我々の通訳をして下さった。
• Dr. White acted as our interpreter.

• ジョンソン博士にご紹介いたしましょうか。
• May I introduce you to Dr. Johnson?

• ここがヘンリー・ジキル博士のお気に入り、
• This was the home of Henry Jekyll's favourite;

• 「それはジキル博士からではないですか？」
• 'Is that from Dr. Jekyll, sir?'

• これがエドワードズ博士からの紹介状です。
• This is a letter of introduction from Dr. Edwards.

• 林学博士中村弥六は下記のように言っている。
• Yaroku NAKAMURA, doctor of forestry, described as the follows.

• 明治32年（1899年）：博士 (農学)。
• In 1899, he earned a doctorate in agriculture.

• 文章博士・大学頭・式部大輔の三儒職を兼任。
• He concurrently served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Daigaku no kami and Shikibu no taifu (senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial), which were called the three important posts for Confucian scholars.

• 国際文化学研究科（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Graduate School of Intercultural Communication (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)

• 彼は彼の研究室では「博士」と呼ばれている。
• He is addressed as 'Doctor' in his laboratory.

• 湯川博士は科学研究に重要な役割を果たした。
• Dr. Yukawa played an important part in the scientific study.

• 失礼ですがホワイト博士ではございませんか。
• Excuse me, but aren't you Dr. White?

• スケルトン博士は幽霊の研究で知られている。
• Dr. Skeleton is known for his study on ghosts.

• ところで博士、協力して欲しいことがある。」
• By the way, Doctor, I shall want your co-operation.'

• ドラーリング博士夫妻が研究室に座っていた。
• Dr. Druring and his wife sat in the library.

• 博士号水準の学術研究にかかわる学者か研究者
• a scholar or researcher who is involved in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree

• ジキル博士とハイド氏 (1931年の映画)
• Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)

• ジキル博士とハイド氏 (1941年の映画)
• Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)

• この博士号は申請の三年以内に取得したこと。
• This PhD has been awarded less than 3 years before applying

• （それまでは典薬寮の医博士が指導していた。）
• (Ihakase [Doctor of Medicine] of Tenyakuryo taught until then.)

• また、勧学田や博士職田の充実なども行われた。
• The court gave other preferential treatment as well, such as enlarging 'kangakuden' (fields provided in order to cover the students' expenses) and 'hakase-sikiden' (fields provided in order to cover the masters' expenses).

• 891年（寛平3）3月9日、文章博士に遷任。
• March 9, 891: He was appointed monjo hakase (Chief Court Calligrapher).

• 明治32年（1899年）には法学博士となる。
• In 1899 he received a doctorate in judicial studies.

• 藤原南家藤原貞嗣流の文章博士藤原永範の養子。
• An adopted child of FUJIWARA no Naganori, who was Monjo hakase (professor of literature) of the FUJIWARA no Sadatsugu line of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan.

• ついで大学大博士に進み、のち大教正となった。
• He then advanced to daigaku daihakase, and later became Daikyosei.

• 1955年　大学院博士課程開設（文学研究科）
• 1955: The doctoral program (Graduate School of Literature) was established.

• パターソン博士はココに話し言葉も使っている。
• Dr. Patterson also uses spoken language with Koko.

• パターソン博士：手話で「猫」と言ったのです。
• Dr. Patterson: She made the sign for cat.

• パターソン博士：そうです。ひどいことでした。
• Dr. Patterson: Yes, it was horrible.

• しかし博士は、明るい様子でそれを打ち消して、
• but the doctor carried it off gaily.

• 親愛なるラニョン博士、君は私の旧友の一人だ。
• 'DEAR LANYON, You are one of my oldest friends;

• 「彼女の名を索引で調べてくれたまえ、博士。」
• 'Kindly look her up in my index, Doctor,'

• 後に楽譜にあたる、博士（はかせ）が発明された。
• Later, Hakase was invented as an equivalent of musical notation.

• 守辰丁　漏刻博士に従って時報の鐘をつく　20人
• 20 Shushincho (Timekeepers) who rang the time bell in accordance with the Rokoku Hakase

• 更にそこから後任の陰陽師・陰陽博士が選ばれた。
• Accordingly, successors to Onmyoji and Onmyo hakase were chosen from among the three.

• 改元して元慶元年10月18日　文章博士を兼任。
• November 30: He was appointed Monjo Hakase as a concurrent post.

• 東京大学で最初の博士 (医学)、のち名誉教授。
• He is the first Doctor of Medical Science in Tokyo University, and later he became a honorary professor.

• 929年（延長7）9月23日、文章博士を兼任。
• On September 23, 929, he also assumed the position of Monjo Hakase (professor of literature).

• 延喜10年（910年）1月以前、文章博士辞任。
• He resigned Monjo hakase before January, 910.

• 承暦2年（1078年） 但馬国権守、辞文章博士
• 1078: Tajima no kuni Gon no kami (Provisional Governor of Tajima Province), resigned from Monjo hakase

• 1932年 大谷大学教授兼務、文学博士号取得。
• 1932: He concurrently became a professor at Otani University professor, and obtained a doctorate in literature.

• 環境マネジメント専攻（修士課程・博士後期課程）
• Department of Environmental Management (Master's Course, Doctoral Course)

• 博士達の意見が一致しないときは誰が決めるのか。
• Who shall decide when doctors disagree?

• スウィート博士の性格はその名とは裏腹であった。
• Dr. Sweet's nature belied his name.

• 「ジキル博士が留守のときなのに、大丈夫かい？」
• 'Is that right, when Dr. Jekyll is from home?'

• 言ってください、あれが博士の足音でしょうか？」
• and tell me, is that the doctor's foot?'

• 「こちらは我が友人でパートナーのワトソン博士。
• 'This is my friend and colleague, Dr. Watson,

• 博士はミシガン大学でガンの研究をされています。
• He's engaged in cancer research at the University of Michigan.

• 博士課程後の研究または研修に資金提供する交付金
• a grant that funds postdoctoral study or research

• 知識に対する独自の貢献に対して授与される博士号
• a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge

• 彼は彼女が博士号を取得できるように後押しをした
• He pushed her to finish her doctorate

• 最終試験に合格した者に博士の学位が授与されます。
• Those who passed the final exam will receive a PhD in Philosophy.

• 算博士（従七位上相当）2名　算道（数学）を教える
• 2 San Hakase (equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught Sando

• 音博士（従七位上相当）2名　中国語の発音を教える
• 2 On Hakase (roughly equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught Ondo

• 東宮学士や文章博士を経て、正四位下式部省に至る。
• Masahira became Togugakushi (an educator of the Crown Prince) and Monjohakase (a teacher of poem and history) before getting promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) at Shikibusho.

• 明治44年（1911年）、文学博士の学位を授与。
• In 1911 he received a Ph. D. in literature.

• 堀河天皇の時に抜擢されて算博士・諸陵頭を兼ねる。
• In the era of the Emperor Horikawa, he was promoted to San hakase (Doctor of Numbers) and the head of shoryo (tombs).

• 算師の育成は大学寮で算博士（定員2名）が掌った。
• Two San Hakase (Doctor of Numbers) were responsible for training the sanshi at the Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education).

• 当初は明経道の助博士に準じて正七位下相当とした。
• The status of monjo hakase was initially regarded as equivalent to the official court rank of Shoshichiinoge (senior seventh rank, lower grade) corresponding to that of an assistant teacher of myogyo-do.

• 大学寮の博士や陰陽寮の陰陽師､刑部省の判事など。
• Honkan consisted of doctors at Daigakuryo, Onmyoji at Onmyoryo, judges at Gyoubusho, and the like.

• 野口英世博士は１９２８年にアフリカで亡くなった。
• Dr. Hideo Noguchi died in Africa in 1928.

• 彼は３０歳になる前に博士号をとる決心をしている。
• He's bent on having a doctor's degree before he's thirty.

• スミス博士はその問題に関してはだれよりも詳しい。
• Dr. Smith stands before all others in the knowledge of that subject.

• ノーベル賞受賞者湯川博士は１９８１年に死去した。
• Dr. Yukawa, the Nobel prize winner, died in 1981.

• ２ヶ月あまりも、博士は安らかな生活を送っていた。
• and for more than two months, the doctor was at peace.

• ヒューズ博士にお会いになったことはございますか。
• Have you met Dr. Hughes?

• 教父、聖者、および教会博士（293年−373年）
• a church father, saint, and Doctor of the Church (293-373)

• ジョーンズ博士は食事の変更に加えて運動を強調する
• Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet

• ジキル博士とハイド氏 (1920年のドイツ映画)
• The Head of Janus

• 以後小槻氏は算博士と史 (律令制)の職を世襲する。
• Thereafter, members of the Ozuki clan inherited the positions of Sanhakase and Shi (official in charge of recording and managing the official documents).

• また、漏刻博士は時計（漏刻）を管理して時報を行う。
• In addition, the Rokoku Hakase (clock master) managed the water clocks and announced the time.

• 内薬司併合時には侍医・薬生・女医博士も移管された。
• At the time of the bureau's absorption of the Naiyakushi, control over the jii (the physicians for the Emperor and Imperial Family), Yakusei (students of medicine), and Joihakase (female Masters of medicine) was also transferred to the Tenyakuryo.

• 更にその中の優秀者から針博士は選任されたのである。
• Hari hakase was selected from top performers among graduates.

• 基経の威を恐れた博士らの見解は佐世と同じであった。
• In fear of Mototsune's power, hakase etc. submitted the same view as Sukeyo.

• 式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し（三職兼帯の例）
• His other court appointments remained unchanged (his career being an example of the phenomenon of one person simultaneously holding three different positions).

• 明治34年（1901年）、文学博士の学位を受ける。
• In 1901, he was conferred the degree of Doctor of Literature.

• 明治21年（1888年）：東京大学初の医学博士に。
• 1888: he became the first Doctor of Medical Science of Tokyo University.

• その後、従五位下に叙せられて外記兼紀伝博士となる。
• After that, he was awarded the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), and became Geki (secretary of the grand council of state) and Kiden hakase (a professor of history) at the same time.

• 1957年 フライブルク大学から名誉博士号を受ける
• 1957: Received an honorary doctorate from Freiburg University.

• 正七位下、天文博士と同様に高い位に設定されている。
• Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) whose rank is set high, similar to that of tenmon hakase (master of astronomy).

• 彼女のことは「博士」と呼んだ方がいいかもしれない。
• It might be better to address her as Doctor.

• ヘレブラント博士はそのすぐれた大学の准教授である。
• Dr. Hellebrandt is an associate professor in that excellent university.

• 「ねえ博士、今は観察の時であって議論の時ではない。
• 'My dear doctor, this is a time for observation, not for talk.

• と、エクルバーグ博士と眉をしかめあいながら言った。
• said Tom, exchanging a frown with Doctor Eckleburg.

• 「ただこれは疑いなく博士の筆跡だね、そうだろう？」
• 'This is unquestionably the doctor's hand, do you know?'

• また、各流派により博士などの専門用語には違いがある。
• There are differences in technical terms (such as Hakase) in each school.

• 歴代当主は正二位少納言・侍従・明経博士を極官とする。
• Kyokkan (the highest rank one can be appointed) the chronological order of family head was Shonii (Senior Second Rank) Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), jiju (a chamberlain) and myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics).

• 陰陽師安倍晴明もこのうちの天文博士に任命されている。
• The Onmyoji ABE no Seimei was assigned to one of the institution's Tenmon Hakase.

• 大学博士（正六位下相当）1名　明経道（儒教）を教える
• 1 Daigaku Hakase (equivalent to Shorokuinoge [Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade]): Taught Myogyodo

• 呪禁博士（従六位従七位）　陰陽寮に職掌を奪われて消滅
• Jugonhakase, of Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade); this position disappeared after the Onmyoryo usurped their official duties

• 女医博士（従六位正七位）　産科医養成・内薬司より移管
• Joi hakase, of Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), responsible for training midwives; control over this position was transferred from the Naiyakushi.

• 本司所属の侍医・女医博士・薬生は典薬寮に移管された。
• The jii, nyoi hakase and medical students that belonged to Naiyakushi were transferred to Tenyakuryo.

• 右衛門督・文章博士・右大弁・左大弁・蔵人頭等を歴任。
• He held various posts such as Uemon no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Udaiben (Controller of the Right), Sadaiben (Controller of the Left), Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and so on.

• 文章博士菅原文時に師事して文章生から従五位下となる。
• He studied with SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and was promoted from monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).

• 文章博士から内記・弁官・式部大輔などを歴任している。
• Fumitoki held various positions, such as Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature), Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Benkan (the oversight department of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) and Shikibu taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial).

• 治暦5年（1069年） 備中国守、文章博士、東宮学士
• 1069: Bicchu no kuni no kami (Governor of Bicchu Province), Monjo hakase, Togu gakushi

• 全羅南道教育委員会 王仁博士 遺跡学術セミナー 開催
• The Cholla-namdo Education Committee held the 'Dr. Wani Remains Academic Seminar.'

• 明治32年（1899年）3月、博士 (文学)となる。
• In March 1899, he became a doctor (literature).

• アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科（5年一貫制博士課程）
• Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies (five-year system, Doctoral Course)

• 従来歴史学は文章博士、一部は明経博士の管轄であった。
• Conventionally, the history was under the jurisdiction of Monjo hakase, and some part was under the jurisdiction of by Myogyo hakase.

• そこには博士の字で、アターソンの名前が書いてあった。
• and bore, in the doctor's hand, the name of Mr. Utterson.

• 学術機関から博士号（または同等の学位）を受けている人
• a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution

• 博士研究員の付与及び可能な人数についての一般的な要件
• General Requirements for the award of fellowships and the number of postdoctoral fellows

• 暦博士大春日真野麻呂の強い推挙によるものとされている。
• It is said that the calendar was strongly recommended by OKASUGA no Manomaro, who was a reki hakase (master of reki - calendar).

• 助教（正七位下相当）2名　大学博士の下で明経道を教える
• 2 Jokyo (Assistant professor) (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge [Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade]): Taught Myogyodo under the Daigaku Hakase

• 室町時代に入ると、暦博士が天文密奏を行う例も見られた。
• In the Muromachi era, reki hakase occasionally carried out tenmon misso (reporting unusual astronomical phenomena to the emperor).

• 明法博士を西海道以外の六道に派遣し、新令を講義させる。
• Myoho hakase (Professors of Law) were sent to the six main roads, except for Saikaido, in order to give lectures about the new code.

• 文章博士大江匡衡と結婚し、おしどり夫婦として知られる。
• She married OE no Masahira, Monjo hakase (professor of literature), and they were known as happily-married couple.

• 子孫は京都にあって明法博士や検非違使大尉に任命された。
• Tamuramaro's descendents lived in Kyoto and served as Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) and Kebiishi police officers.

• 、明治24年（1891年）8月医学博士の学位を授与され
• In August 1891, Juntaro was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine.

• 全羅南道 王仁博士遺跡地 道文化財記念物20号とする。
• South Cholla Province designated the Dr. Wani remains as provincial cultural property No. 20.

• 彼は博士論文を月末までに教授に提出しなければならない。
• His doctoral thesis must be submitted to the professor by the end of the month.

• 初心者はマーテン博士の本を使わなさすぎてもいいと思う。
• I think it is all right for beginners to take great pains to avoid using Dr Martin's book.

• 心理学者のパターソン博士はココの知能指数をテストした。
• Dr. Patterson, a psychologist, has tested Koko's IQ.

• 私と一緒に、スミス博士を我がチームに歓迎してください。
• Please join me in welcoming Dr Smith to our team.

• パターソン博士は手話を使ってゴリラと意志を通じ合った。
• Dr. Patterson communicated with a gorilla using sign language.

• 学生達はベイカー博士の誕生日に敬意を表してお祝いした。
• The students cheered in honor of Dr. Baker's birthday.

• T.J.エクルバーグ博士の瞳は青く、並外れて大きい――
• The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic――

• そこに見えたのは、T.J.エクルバーグ博士の瞳だった。
• that he was looking at the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg,

• 僕と友人は博士と一しょに死体のある部屋に昇っていった。
• ``My friend ascended with the doctor to the chamber of death

• 博士または博士号の、あるいは、博士または博士号に関する
• of or relating to a doctor or doctorate

• 東京帝国大学理学部を卒業、理学博士号を取得した鳥類学者。
• He was an ornithologist with a Doctorate of Science, graduating from science department of Tokyo Imperial University.

• 針博士（はりはかせ）は、宮内省典薬寮に属する職員の1つ。
• Hari hakase (Doctor of acupuncture) is a member of Tenyakuryo (medical and pharmaceutical department) of the Imperial Household Ministry.

• 暦博士（れきはかせ）は、日本の律令制における官職の1つ。
• The Reki Hakase was one of the government posts established under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.

• 津田真道 男爵・博士 (法学)・元老院議官・衆議院副議長
• Mamichi TSUDA: Baron, Dr. of law, Genroin gikan, (councillor of Chamber of Elders or Senate) the vice chairman of The House of Representatives

• 津田真道：男爵・博士 (法学)・錦鶏間祗候・衆議院副議長
• Mamichi TSUDA: He was a baron, doctor (of law), Kinkei-no-ma shiko, and vice-chairman of the House of Representative.

• 博士は11月4日に刑部真木とともに帰り、位を進められた。
• Hakase came back with OSAKABE no Maki on November 4 and was offered a higher rank.

• 文政2年（1819年）には正四位下明経博士に任じられた。
• In 1819 he was appointed Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) Myogyo Hakase (Professor of Confucian Classics).

• 大内記・文章博士・式部大輔などとともに多くの国司を歴任。
• Koreyoshi held various positions, such as Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature), Shikibu taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial), and Kokushi (a provincial governor) in various provinces.

• 同大学大学院美術研究科デザイン専攻博士課程修了（博士）。
• Completed his doctoral course in Department of Fine Arts of Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, majored in design (Doctor of Philosophy).

• 文章博士を経て、後一条天皇の侍読を務め式部大輔に至った。
• After working as Monjo hakase (professor of literature), he served as Jidoku (Imperial tutor) of Emperor Goichijo and became Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 安倍吉平は正暦2年に陰陽博士であったことが知られている。
• ABE no Yoshihira was known as an Onmyo hakase (master of onmyo) in 991.

• 木村博士から、あなたがこの分野の第一人者だと伺いました。
• Dr. Kimura gave me your name as the leading scholar in this field.

• 今年の夏は博士号を取るための勉強をしなければなりません。
• I have to work for my Ph. D. this summer.

• 君は、博士、まずその新聞と日付を書き留めてくれたまえ。」
• You will first make a note, Doctor, of the paper and the date.'

• もし博士じゃなかったら、ぼくなんかと話したりしないから」
• If it isn't Stell, he won't speak to me.'

• 教会博士は中世後期までキリスト教思想に多大な影響を与えた
• the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages

• ジキル博士とハイド氏 (1920年のヘイドン監督の映画)
• Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film)

• 尚復を務めた者が次回の博士・都講を務めるのが慣例であった。
• As the common practice of the function, a person who played a role of shofuku in a function would act as hakase or toko in the following function.

• 暦博士（1名もしくは2名）・暦生（10名）などが定められた
• There were one or two reki hakase and ten reki no sho (students of the calendar).

• 国博士 高向玄理（たかむこのくろまろ）、国博士 旻（みん）
• Kunihakase: TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro, Kunihakase: Min.

• の大化の改新後、僧の旻とともに新政府の国博士に任じられる。
• After the Taika Reforms, he was appointed to Kunihakase (political advisers to establish systems imported from the Tang dynasty of China) for a new government along with Min, a Buddhist monk.

• 学問に優れ、遠江国国司、文章博士、大学頭と出世していった。
• Academically superior, Furuhito's career included: Kokushi (provincial governor) of Totoumi Province, Monjo (or Monzo) Hakase (Professor of Literature), and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education which was called in Japanese Daigakuryo, Otsukasa or Fumiyatsukasa).

• 記録では勇山文継・坂上今継が紀伝博士として名を残している。
• Names of ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu and SAKANOUE no Imatsugu were recorded as Kiden hakase.

• ホワイト博士とは前もって約束した上でなければ面会できない。
• You can meet Dr. White only by appointment.

• 博士はこの家を、著名な外科医の相続人から買い取ったのだが、
• The doctor had bought the house from the heirs of a celebrated surgeon;

• 幸いトレベリアン博士は顛癇病の大家であるとききましたので、
• on which, as is well known, Dr. Trevelyan is an authority.

• さらに唐の律令制度を実際に運営する知識として国博士を置いた。
• Further, Kunihakase (planner of new policies) was appointed as a knowledgeable person to actually administer the rituryo system of Tang.

• 大蔵経南条目録補正索引（南条博士記念刊行会編）（1930年）
• Japanese Alphabetical Index of Nanjio's Catalogue of the Buddhist Tripitaka with Supplements and Corrections (edited by Nanjo Hakase Kinen Kankokai [Dr. Nanjo memorial publication society]) (1930)

• 文博士（ふみのはかせ、生没年不詳）は、飛鳥時代の人物である。
• FUMI no Hakase (date of birth and death unknown) was a person who lived in the Asuka period.

• 久安5年（1149年）に明法博士に任じられて大判事を兼ねる。
• In 1149, he was appointed to Myobo hakase (a teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system), assuming daihanji (judge) additionally.

• 建久2年（1191年）4月1日、明法博士兼左衛門大尉に任官。
• On May 2, 1191, he was appointed to teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system and Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards.

• 文学研究科美学および芸術学専攻に博士課程（後期課程）を開設。
• A doctoral program for Aesthetics and Art (second semester) was established within the Graduate School of Literature.

• 陰陽暦博士 709年（和銅2年） - 730年（天平2年）。
• Onmyo Reki hakase 709 to 730.

• 文章博士 900年（昌泰3年） - 910年（延喜10年）。
• Monjo hakase (master of literature) 900 to 910.

• ホーキング博士は、ある１冊の本をほぼ書き終えたところだった。
• Dr. Hawking had almost finished writing a book.

• パターソン博士：まさか。彼女はその子猫に大変優しくしました。
• Dr. Patterson: Oh, no! She was very gentle with him.

• パターソン博士：いいですとも。ココの猫好きを知っていますか。
• Dr. Patterson: Sure. Do you know about Koko's love for cats?

• 真相を確かめるために、ただちにステル博士を訪ねる決心をした。
• To have the truth out, he suddenly determined to call on Dr. Stell.

• 神のみがご存知です、でもジキル博士でないことだけは確かです。
• -- God knows what it was, but it was never Dr. Jekyll;

• A: こんにちわ。 カーター博士を２時に予約しています。
• A: Hello. I have an appointment with Dr. Carter at 2 o'clock.

• 終了した場合、当該年の間、博士研究員への資金提供は継続する。
• In case of termination, the postdoctoral fellowships shall continue to be financed for the ongoing year.

• 式部大輔・大学頭・文章博士・東宮学士・左京大夫・美濃守を去る。
• He resigned from Shikibu Taifu, Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase, Togu Gakushi, Sakyo no Daibu and Mino no Kami.

• 学問の家に生まれたが、孝標は大学頭・文章博士にはならなかった。
• Although he was born to an academic family, he never became Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) or Monjo hakase (professor of literature).

• 2005年　大学院教育学研究科臨床心理専攻（博士後期課程）開設
• 2005: The school installed the Clinical Psychology Program within the Graduate School of Education (Ph.D.).

• 1998年 文学研究科新聞学専攻に博士課程（後期課程）を開設。
• 1998: A doctoral program in Newspaper Studies (second semester) was established within the Graduate School of Literature.

• 2001年 文学研究科教育学専攻に博士課程（後期課程）を開設。
• 2001: A doctoral program in Education (second semester) was established within the Graduate School of Literature.

• 2007年度に博士課程（前期）、博士課程（後期）が開設される。
• A doctoral program (first semester) and a doctoral program (second semester) were stablished in the 2007 academic year.

• 文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）は、大学寮紀伝道の教官（令外官）。
• Monjo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (大学寮: an institute for the training of government officials established under ritsuryo-sei [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes], which belonged to Shikibu-sho [Ministry in charge of ceremonies in the Nara and Heian periods]) was a teacher of kiden-do (the study of histories, one of the subjects taught at Daigaku-ryo), and was ryoge-no-kan (a government post outside those determined under ritsuryo-sei).

• 弁護士が、博士の家のこの場所に通されたのはこれが初めてだった。
• It was the first time that the lawyer had been received in that part of his friend's quarters;

• そこをとおりぬけ、アターソン氏はとうとう博士の書斎に通された。
• and through this, Mr. Utterson was at last received into the doctor's cabinet.

• ともに、昔はデンマン博士の外科教室だったところに入っていった。
• and we moved in a body to old Dr. Denman's surgical theatre,

• 式部省が諸国の史生、国博士、国医師などの一分の官を任命する除目。
• Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) appointed low ranking local governmental officials whose salary was one bu, such as Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents), Kunihakase (political advisor), and Kuniishi (local governmental doctor).

• また、学生の一部には得業生として大学に残り博士を目指す者もいた。
• In addition, some students stayed in Daigaku-ryo as Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars) and aspired to a career as a hakase.

• のちに女医の養成のために養老6年（722年）女医博士が置かれた。
• Later, in 722, nyoi hakase (doctor of obstetrics) was established in order to train obstetricians.

• ニューヨーク大学医学部を首席で卒業し、医学博士･医師免許を取得。
• He graduated from New York University Medical School as the top student, obtaining a doctoral degree of medical science and a medical license.

• さらに、福来博士の最初の実験は、本人を目の前にしたものではない。
• In addition, the first experiment of Dr. Fukurai was not conducted in front of him.

• 10月6日、従四位上に昇叙し、左少弁・文章博士・記録所寄人如元。
• November 7, 1318 Promoted to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade); retained the posts of Sashoben, Monjo hakase, and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• 1918年 京都帝国大学で『数理哲学研究』により文学博士号を取得
• 1918: Received a doctorate in literature for his study of mathematical philosophy from Kyoto Imperial University.

• 博士後期課程（真宗学・仏教学・哲学・社会学・仏教文化・国際文化）
• Doctoral Course (Shin Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Buddhist Culture, and Intercultural Studies)

• 2000年 工学研究科知識工学専攻に博士課程（後期課程）を開設。
• 2000: A doctoral program in Information Engineering (second semester) was established within the Graduate School of Engineering.

• 内閣総理大臣元帥陸軍大将従一位大勲位功一級公爵医学博士　日本太郎
• Prime Minister, Marshal Army General, Junior First Rank, Supreme Order, First Class, Prince, Doctor of Medicine, Taro NIPPON.

• 三博士《マギ》のことをお聞きになったことがあるかと思いますが？　
• 'You have heard of the magi, perhaps?

• 悪影響がなくなったので、ジキル博士には新たな生活が始まっていた。
• Now that that evil influence had been withdrawn, a new life began for Dr. Jekyll.

• 18××年にジキル博士がモー商会より大量の買い付けをしています。
• In the year 18 -- , Dr. J. purchased a somewhat large quantity from Messrs. M.

• ――なんでも最近お雇いになったったと云うお話でしたね、博士……」
• who, as I understand, has only recently come into your service, Doctor.''

• 通常、少なくとも3年の大学院レベルの研究と論文をもとにする博士号
• a doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation

• 紀伝博士　1名　紀伝道（史学）を教える　808年新設 834年廃止
• 1 Kiden Hakase: Taught Kidendo; Introduced in 808 and abolished in 834

• 呪禁博士（じゅごんはかせ）とは、律令制において典薬寮に属した官人。
• The jugon hakase (Master Sorcerer) was an official for the Bureau of Medicine under the Ritsuryo system.

• また、医博士・針博士・案摩博士とともに医学に冠する専門職とされた。
• The position of jugon hakase was also ranked, together with i hakase (Master of medicine), shin hakase (Master of acupuncture), and anma hakase (Master of massage) as one of the medical professions.

• その年、吉平は天文得業生であった息子安倍章親を天文博士に推挙した。
• That year, Yoshihira recommended his own son, ABE no Akichika, who had been tenmon tokugyou no sho, as tenmon hakase.

• 軍医総監（中将相当）・正四位・勲二等・功三級・医学博士・文学博士。
• He was also Army Surgeon General (equivalent to Lieutenant General), Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank), Order of Merit Second Class, Ko Third Grade, Doctor of Medical Science and had a doctorate in Literature.

• 陰陽博士・陰陽助・主計助・主計頭・大膳大夫・穀倉院別当などを歴任。
• He held a succession of posts; Onmyo hakase (master of onmyo), Onmyo no suke (Assistant Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination), Kazue no suke, Kazue no kami (the head of budget bureau), Daizen no daibu (Master of the Palace Table), Chief of grain warehouse (Kokuso-in betto).

• 1975年6月 金昌洙「博士王仁 日本に植えた韓国の精神」を出版。
• June, 1975: Kim Chang Soo published 'Dr. Wani: Korean Spirit that He Spread in Japan.'

• 社会健康医学系専攻（専門職学位課程、公衆衛生大学院・博士後期課程）
• Division of Public Health (Professional Degree Programs, Latter Doctoral Course)

• 1950年に修士課程が開設され、1953年に博士課程が開設される。
• A Master's program was established in 1950, and a doctoral program was established in 1953.

• さあ、博士、僕たちは仕事を終えたのだから、もう遊んでもいい時間だ。
• And now, Doctor, we've done our work, so it's time we had some play.

• １月８日、アターソン氏は博士の家の小さなパーティの夕食に招かれた。
• On the 8th of January Utterson had dined at the doctor's with a small party;

• 押小路地下の押小路家（中原氏流）とともに明経博士・太政官を世襲した。
• Along with the Oshikoji family (the Nakahara line), who were the jige (low ranking nobles) of the Oshikoji family, they monopolized the hereditary appointment of myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics) and Daijokan (Grand Council of State).

• また、紀伝博士が行っていた紀伝勘文の作成も文章博士が引き継いでいる。
• Also, writing kiden kanmon (report about histories), which was a task of kiden hakase, was handed over to monjo hakase.

• これにより、三職兼帯（式部少輔・大学頭・文章博士）という栄誉に与る。
• Because of this service, he was honored to hold the post of three offices (Shikibu shoyu, Daigaku no kami and Monjo hakase).

• 天文博士・陰陽博士・主計頭・陰陽頭などを歴任、従四位上に叙せられる。
• He held a succession of posts; Tenmon hakase (master of astronomy), Onmyo hakase (master of onmyo), Kazue no kami (the head of budget bureau), Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination), and then he was appointed to Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade).

• だが、その年に右少弁の兼務が命ぜられ、翌年には更に文章博士を兼ねた。
• However, he was given an additional post of Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right) in the same year, and further obtained a post of Monjo hakase (professor of literature) in the following year.

• 文章博士在任時には、承元・建暦・建保・承久の年号勘申に関わっている。
• While being at the position of Monjo hakase, he was involved in kanjin (a report requested from specialists concerning precedents for court rituals or other issues) for names of the following eras: Jogen, Kenryaku, Kenpo, and Jokyu.

• 1972年8月 金昌洙、中央日報に『百済賢人 博士王仁』15回連載。
• August, 1972: Kim Chang Soo published the 'Kudara Kenjin (the wise man of Paekche) Dr. Wan' series in 15 editions of Joong Ang Daily.

• 私たちは、ブラウン博士を合衆国で最高の心臓病の専門医とみなしている。
• We regard Dr. Brown as the best heart specialist in the United States.

• １９７２年に、フランシーヌ・パターソン博士はココに手話を教え始めた。
• In 1972, Dr. Francine Patterson started to teach sign language to Koko.

• その肘掛け椅子に座ってくれ、博士、そしてよく聞いていてくれたまえ。」
• Sit down in that armchair, Doctor, and give us your best attention.'

• 博士がその人里離れた隠遁地区を愛しているのはよく知られていることだ。
• as it was well known that it was his love of seclusion

• そしてジキル博士は、暖炉のそばで、ひどくやつれたようすで座っていた。
• and there, close up to the warmth, sat Dr. Jekyll, looking deadly sick.

• 「もうジキル博士には会いたくもないし、ジキルのことを聞きたくもない」
• 'I wish to see or hear no more of Dr. Jekyll,'

• 文章博士（正七位下→従五位下）　1名→2名　728年新設　文学を教える
• 1 and later 2 Monjo Hakase (Shoshichiinoge to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]): Introduced in 728 and taught literature

• 漏刻博士（ろうこくはかせ）は、日本律令制において陰陽寮に置かれた博士。
• Rokoku Hakase was a post appointed by Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.

• 陰陽博士（おんみょうはかせ）は、律令制で陰陽寮に設置された教官の1つ。
• Onmyo hakase was a teaching position created at the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 1889年には文部省より日本第1号の博士 (文学)の称号を授与された。
• In 1889, he was awarded the title of Doctor (of Literature) by Ministry of Education for the first time in Japan.

• 『日本書紀』にはこのとき続守言・薩弘恪は音博士であったと記されている。
• In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), it is recorded that Syoku shugen and Kokaku SATSU were Oto hakase at this time.

• 11月3日、左少弁を去り、権右中弁に転任し、文章博士・記録所寄人如元。
• December 4, 1318: Resigned from the post of Sashoben, reassigned to the post of Gonno Uchuben (Provisional Middle Controller of the Right) and retained the posts of Monjo hakase and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• 斉衡元年（854年）に文章生となり、当時の文章博士菅原是善に師事する。
• Tadaomi became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) in 854, studying under SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, a Monjo hakase (professor of literature) at that time.

• 天文博士を務め、地震や天体の異変に際し、度々朝廷に天文奏を奉っている。
• As a Tenmon Hakase, when earthquakes or unusual changes in celestial bodies occurred, Muneaki repeatedly provided Tenmonso (divination of natural disasters) to the Court.

• 陰陽博士 701年（大宝 (日本)元年） - 727年（神亀4年）？。
• Onmyo hakase 701 to 727.

• 天文博士 701年（大宝 (日本)元年） - 720年代（神亀年間）。
• Tenmon hakase 701 to 720.

• 博士はめまいに見舞われたようだったが、口を固く結んだまま、うなずいた。
• The doctor seemed seized with a qualm of faintness: he shut his mouth tight and nodded.

• 大きすぎる服を着込み、その服はどちらかといえば博士に合うサイズだった。
• He was dressed in clothes far too large for him, clothes of the doctor's bigness;

• ペルシー・トレベリアン博士に御診察をぜひお願いしたいと思っております。
• would be glad to avail himself of the professional assistance of Dr. Percy Trevelyan.

• 本書は醍醐天皇に侍医・権医博士として仕えた深根輔仁が延喜年間に編纂した。
• This dictionary was compiled by Sukehito FUKANE, who served Emperor Daigo as a court physician and Gon no ihakase (assistant professor of medicine), during 901 to 923.

• 講師には紀伝道などの歴史に通じた学者が博士・都講・尚復などに任命された。
• Scholars conversant with history such as Kidendo (the study of the histories) were appointed as instructors called hakase (an expert), toko and shofuku (reviewers at the post who reviews a book offered by the lecturer for the Emperor or Crown Prince at the ceremony of Emperor's first reading).

• 1319年（文保3）3月9日、右中弁に遷任し、文章博士・記録所寄人如元。
• April 8, 1319: Reassigned to the post of Ushoben, and retained the posts of Monjo hakase and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• 11月19日、従四位上に昇叙し、左中弁・民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• On December 20, 946, he was promoted to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and retained his positions as Sachuben, Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• その後明法博士・勘解由使・主計頭になり、「令集解」と「律集解」を著した。
• Later on, he became a Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system), Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners), Kazue no kami (the head of budget bureau), and wrote 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) and 'Ritsu-no-shuge.'

• 父は讃岐国の国人であり、大学博士をして従五位下に叙された苅田種継である。
• His father was KARITA no Tanetsugu, who was a Kokujin (local samurai) of Sanuki Province rewarded with Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) rank as a Daigaku hakase (university professor).

• 対策を経て、内記・文章博士などを歴任し、その後、従四位上式部省に至った。
• After passing the Taisaku (an examination for adopting government officials under the Ritsuryo legal codes), Arimasa consecutively worked in different positions, including Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), later reaching the rank of Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) with a post in the Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 1913年　京都帝国大学文科大学教授（8月。宗教学）、文学博士（12月）
• 1913: Became a professor (religious studies) at the literature department of Kyoto Imperial University (August) and a doctor of literature (December).

• 杵築藩国学教授を経て明治2年53歳の折には神祇官の宣教師権少博士となる。
• After becoming a professor in the study of Japanese classical literature of Kitsuki Domain, he became Senkyoshi Gon no Shohakase of Jingikan (Department of Divinities) at the age of 53 in 1869.

• 陰陽頭 兼 天文博士 767年（神護景雲元年）-805年（延暦24年）。
• Onmyo no kami and also Tenmon hakase 767 to 805.

• 記者が話をするゴリラのココについてパターソン博士にインタビューしている。
• A reporter is interviewing Dr. Patterson about Koko, a talking gorilla.

• 「これは友人で同僚のワトソン博士で、時折事件で助けになってくれています。
• 'This is my friend and colleague, Dr. Watson, who is occasionally good enough to help me in my cases.

• 博士はグラニスを親切に迎え入れ、前回の会見を悪びれる風もなく振り返った。
• The physician received him kindly, and reverted without embarrassment to the conditions of their previous meeting.

• なお、室町時代には暦博士の賀茂氏に対しても天文密奏宣旨を下された例がある。
• In the Muromachi period, an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso was issued to the Kamo clan, which was reki hakase (master of reki [calendar]).

• 明経道の博士家は書道 (大学寮)・音道として事実上統合・家学化していった。
• The Hakase family of Myogyodo almost unified it into hereditary learning as Shodo (calligraphy) (Daigakuryo) and Ondo (study of pronunciation of Chinese language).

• なお、明法生設置から程なく（時期は不明）、律学博士は明法博士と改称された。
• Soon after the Myoho students were taken (it is unclear when), the doctor of Ritsugaku was renamed the doctor of Myoho.

• 及第者は次の除目で京官に任じられた他、将来的には文章博士への道も開かれた。
• Those who passed the exams would be appointed as kyokan (an official of the Capital) in the next jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and it would open the door to monjo hakase for them in the future.

• 子は長男・菅原高視や五男・菅原淳茂（父の没後に文章博士）をはじめ男女多数。
• He had many sons and daughters, including SUGAWARA no Takami, his first son, and SUGAWARA no Atsushige, his fifth son (who became Monjo Hakase after his father's death).

• 仁和2年（886年）、讃岐守を拝任、式部少輔兼文章博士を辞し、任国へ下向。
• In 886, he was appointed Governor of Sanuki Province, and therefore resigned from his positions of Shikibu-shoyu and Monjo Hakase, and moved to Sanuki.

• 明法得業生より立身して、永観2年（984年）に明法博士として名前が現れる。
• He started as a law student, and rose to the position of a professor of law in 984.

• 子に内大臣広幡基豊、娘に左近衛権中将園池実達室、文章博士唐橋在経室がいる。
• Naidaijin (Minister of the Center) Mototoyo HIROHATA was his son and Sakone no Gon no chujo (provisional middle captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) Sanetatsu SONOIKE's wife and Monjo hakase (professor of literature) Aritsune KARAHASHI's wife were his daughters.

• 園芸・造園家・宮中顧問官の 福羽逸人 農学博士（子爵）は、養嗣子にあたる。
• Hayato FUKUBA, a senior official of the Imperial Household Ministry and a doctor of agriculture (viscount) who was also known as a horticulturist and landscape architect, was his adopted son.

• 1993年度に修士課程を博士課程（前期）と改称し、博士課程（後期）を増設。
• In the 1993 academic year, the Master's program was renamed to the doctoral program (first semester), while a doctoral program (second semester) was added.

• アーロンビーのところへ行ったあと一日、二日は、ステル博士の影に怯えていた。
• For a day or two after his visit to Allonby he continued to live in dread of Dr. Stell.

• ハイド氏が我がもの顔で博士の家に出入りしているのも知らないはずはあるまい。
• he could scarce have failed to hear of Mr. Hyde's familiarity about the house;

• いいえ、アターソンさま、覆面をしたやつは断じてジキル博士ではございません。
• No, Sir, that thing in the mask was never Dr. Jekyll

• トレベリアン博士は寝台の下から、大きな綱の束を引っぱり出しながら、答えた。
• said Dr. Trevelyan, drawing a large coil from under the bed.

• 最後の悲鳴の残響が消えるころ、博士は部屋を出て、階段を2段ずつ駆け登った。
• Almost before the echoes of the last cry had died away the doctor was out of the room, springing up the staircase two steps at a time.

• 武帝はこの献策をいれ、建元 (漢)5年（紀元前136年）、五経博士を設けた。
• Emperor Wu accepted this proposal, and established Gokyo hakase in 136 B.C.

• 律令制のもとでは大学寮の博士あるいはこれに近い学識を有する人物が任命された。
• Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a professor of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or an individual with similar education and experience was appointed to the position of Jidoku.

• 菅野季親・菅野季長は漏刻ではなく、年筮の達人として漏刻博士となったとされる。
• It is generally believed that 菅野季親 and 菅野季長were appointed as Rokoku Hakase as a master of nenzei (yearly predications), not rokoku.

• 天文博士（てんもんはかせ）は、古代日本の律令制において、陰陽寮に属した官職。
• Tenmon hakase was a government post belonging to Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) in the ritsuryo system of ancient Japan.

• 『日本書紀』には、欽明天皇の時代に百済の暦博士が来日した記事が記されている。
• 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) states that a reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)) had come to Japan from Paekche during the era of the Emperor Kinmei.

• 7月、文学博士の学位を授与され、また『ヰタ・セクスアリス』が発売禁止となる。
• In July, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Literature, and also his work 'Vita Sexualis' was banned.

• フランス及びドイツへ留学し、その博士論文『和解論』は現地でも高く評価される。
• He studied in France and Germany, and his doctoral thesis written in French 'De la transaction' (Japanese title: Wakairon) was highly evaluated even by locals.

• 日本で最初に実証主義を提唱した日本歴史学研究の泰斗、また日本最初の文学博士。
• He was a person of authority in Japanese history studies, who advocated positivism for the first time in Japan, and the first PhD in literature in Japan.

• 天長年間に文章博士都腹赤らの奔走により、淳和天皇の勅旨によって奉試を受けた。
• During the Tencho era, Harusumi was encouraged his professors, such as MIYAKO no Haraaka, to write a hoshi examination in accordance with Emperor Junna's order.

• 大永元年（1521年）に史 (律令制)（官務）となり、翌年に算博士に転じる。
• He became Shi (Ritsuryo system) (Kanmu) in 1521 and shifted to San hakase in the next year.

• 嗅ぎ煙草を一服やりたまえ、博士、そして君の例で僕が勝ったことを認めたまえ。」
• Take a pinch of snuff, Doctor, and acknowledge that I have scored over you in your example.'

• そして、東方の博士達を一貧家に導いたあのお有難い星を仰いで見なかったろう！　
• and never raise them to that blessed Star which led the Wise Men to a poor abode!

• そのうち、T.J. エクルバーグ博士のぼやけた瞳が道路の向こうに見えてきた。
• Then as Doctor T. J. Eckleburg's faded eyes came into sight down the road,

• それから一週間後、ラニョン博士は床につき、二週間とたたないうちに亡くなった。
• A week afterwards Dr. Lanyon took to his bed, and in something less than a fortnight he was dead.

• ジキル博士がどれほどその薬を必要としているかは、説明のしようがないほどです」
• The importance of this to Dr. J. can hardly be exaggerated.'

• 候補者はイーター事業に関連する主題を専攻分野とする科学技術博士号を持つこと。
• Candidates should hold a PhD in Science and Technology (S&T) with specialization in a subject related to the ITER project.

• 日本へ儒教が伝わったのは、6世紀、百済より五経博士が渡日して以降のことである。
• Ju-kyo reached Japan in the 6th century, after the Gokyo hakase came to Japan from Baekje.

• 1320年（元応2）3月24日、蔵人頭に補任し、右中弁・文章博士・春宮亮如元。
• May 11, 1320: Appointed to the post of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and retained the posts of Ushoben, Monjo hakase, and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• 1322年（元亨2）1月6日、正四位上に昇叙し、参議・左兵衛督・文章博士如元。
• January 31, 1322: Promoted to Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), retained the posts of Sangi, Sahyoe no Kami, and Monjo hakase

• 大外記は公文書の保管職務の一翼を担い、紀伝博士は大学寮の歴史学の教員であった。
• Daigeki (senior secretary of the council of state) played a part of the job of keeping public documents and Kiden hakase was a teacher of history at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).

• 藤原北家真夏流で式部省・文章博士を勤めた学者である藤原家経の子として生まれる。
• He was born as a son of FUJIWARA no Ietsune, who was a member of the Manatsu line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan and served at Shikibusho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) as Monjo hakase (a professor of literature).

• 1984年 - 東京大学大学院人文科学研究科国語国文学専門課程博士課程満期退学
• 1984: Completed the doctoral program without a doctoral degree of doctoral program in Japanese language and literature, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo

• 音博士（おんはかせ/こえのはかせ）は、日本の律令制において置かれた博士の1つ。
• On hakase (also known as Koe no hakase) was a hakase position (professor) established under the Ritsuryo system in Japan.

• また、遣唐使として派遣される官人や僧侶には、音博士による漢音の試験が課された。
• In addition, an examination of kanon held by the On hakase was imposed on government officials (esp. one of low to medium rank) and Buddhist monks to be dispatched as members of a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China.

• ゲストは仕事で博士の所にもしばしば行ったことがあり、プールのことも知っていた。
• Guest had often been on business to the doctor's; he knew Poole;

• 次にとりかかると、それは博士の手による短い手紙で、日付が一番上に書かれていた。
• He caught up the next paper; it was a brief note in the doctor's hand and dated at the top.

• 私はここにあなたの同僚であるヘンリー・ジキル博士の依頼で緊急の用件で来ました。
• I come here at the instance of your colleague, Dr. Henry Jekyll, on a piece of business of some moment;

• 律学博士（正七位下相当）2名　明法道（法学）を教える　728年設置　明法博士とも
• 2 Ritsugaku Hakase (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge): Taught Myobodo introduced in 728 and also referred to as 'Myobo Hakase'

• 本書は、明経博士の家柄であった清原氏に伝わった清家文庫に含まれていたものである。
• This book was possessed by the Seike library of the Seike clan, which was the family lineage of Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics).

• 天皇の行幸の際には漏刻博士1名と守辰丁12名が漏刻とともに随従する義務があった。
• During an imperial visit, one Rokoku Hakase and 12 Shushincho were obliged to join the procession, along with the rokoku.

• 苦学をしながらコーネル大学医学部を二番の成績で卒業し、医学博士･医師免許を取得。
• He studied very hard and graduated 2nd in his class from Cornell Medical School, obtaining a doctoral degree in the medical sciences and a medical license.

• 工学博士（1948年）（学位論文「化学工業装置の温度分布に関する理論的研究」）。
• Doctor of Engineering (1948) – Thesis project was 'A Theoretical Study of Temperature Distribution in Chemical Industry Equipment'.

• その『スバル』創刊年の7月、鴎外は、東京帝国大学から文学博士の学位を授与された。
• In July of the year 'Subaru' began to be issued, Ogai was awarded the degree of Doctor of Literature by Tokyo Imperial University.

• 4月28日、正四位下に昇叙し、式部大輔・大学頭・文章博士・東宮学士・備前守如元。
• On April 28, he was promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and he retained his positions as Shikibu taifu, Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase, Togu Gakushi and Bizen no Kami.

• 文章得業生より出発し、蔵人などを経た後、寛治2年（1088年）に文章博士に至る。
• Starting from the position of Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and promoted to Kurodo (Chamberlain), Atsumoto finally became a Monjo hakase in 1088.

• 明治3年（1870年） 2月、東京に召され、大学中博士となり従六位に叙せられる。
• In March 1870, he was called to Tokyo and received the title of Doctor of Philosophy and the honor of Jurokui (Junior Sixth Rank).

• ２週間後、きわめて好都合なことに、博士は５、６人の旧友をまねいて夕食会を開いた。
• A FORTNIGHT later, by excellent good fortune, the doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners to some five or six old cronies,

• あのハイドの悪影響がなくなってから、博士は昔の仕事と友達のところにもどったのだ。
• the dark influence of Hyde had been withdrawn, the doctor had returned to his old tasks and amities;

• そんな折、彼は、友人であり著名な科学者でもあるドラーリング博士の招待を快諾した。
• he had gladly accepted the hospitality of his friend, Dr. Druring, the distinguished scientist.

• 医心方(いしんぼう)とは平安時代の宮中医官である鍼博士丹波康頼撰によって書かれた。
• Ishinbo was compiled by TANBA no Yasuyori, who was a court physician and acupuncturist in the Heian period.

• このため、弘仁12年（821年）には文章博士は相当官位を従五位下に引き上げられた。
• Therefore, monjo hakase's rank was raised to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in 821.

• 894年（寛平6）1月7日、従五位上に昇叙し、式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• January 7, 894: He was promoted to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), while his appointments as Shikubu shosuke, monjo hakase, and Sanuki no suke were unchanged.

• 1871年（明治4年）1月、元昌平黌中博士で松山藩大参事・藤野正啓の漢学塾に所属。
• In January 1871, he was admitted to a private school of Chinese classics run by Masahira FUJINO, Daisanji (second to a governor) of Matsuyama domain and former professor of Shoheiko (Shohei School).

• 朝宰はこのときの一行の誰かにあたると思われるが、その中に文博士はいなかったらしい。
• Although the guides are believed to be someone from the party, FUMI no Hakase was not one of them.

• 934年（承平4）1月7日、従五位上に昇叙し、大学助・文章博士・紀伊権介元の如し。
• On January 7, 934, he was promoted to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) and he retained his positions as Daigaku no Suke, Monjo Hakase and Kii no Gon no Suke.

• 941年（天慶4）1月、従四位下に昇叙し、右中弁・民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• On February in 941, he was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his positions as Uchuben, Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 陰陽頭・天文博士・暦博士・主計頭・穀倉院別当を歴任、造暦宣旨、従四位に叙せられた。
• He consecutively held the posts of Onmyoto, tenmon hakase (master of astronomy), reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)), Kazue no kami (the head of the budget bureau), Kokuso-in betto (Chief of the Grain warehouse) and declared a Senji (Imperial decree) for creating a calendar, and was given the Jo rank (imperial court rank) of Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank).

• 文章博士であった父と同様に学問の道を歩み、長暦元年（1038年）文章得業生となる。
• Like his father, who was a Monjo hakase (professor of literature), he also learned literature and became as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholar of Letters) in 1038.

• 文学研究科社会福祉学専攻博士課程（後期課程）、国文学専攻博士課程（後期課程）開設。
• A doctoral program in Social Welfare within the Graduate School of Literature (second semester) and a doctoral program for the Graduate School of Japanese Literature (second semester) were established.

• 明治3年4月5日、正・権の大・中・少宣教使が、正・権の大・中・少博士と改称された。
• On May 5, 1870, Senkyoshi of Dai, Chu, and Sho with Sho and Gon, respectively, were renamed Hakushi of Dai, Chu, and Sho with Sho and Gon.

• しかし中に通されると、ラニョン博士の様子が様変わりしていることにショックを受けた。
• but when he came in, he was shocked at the change which had taken place in the doctor's appearance.

• 博士の異常な愛情 または私は如何にして心配するのを止めて水爆を愛するようになったか
• Dr. Strangelove

• 民法学の大家で立命館大学の名誉総長でもある故・末川博博士の業績を記念して建てられた。
• It was constructed for commemorating the accomplishments of the late Doctor Hiroshi SUEKAWA who was a master of the civil law and was also an honorary president of Ritsumeikan University.

• 中国の律令制を元に作られた大宝律令では、算博士・算師と呼ばれる官職が定められていた。
• In Taiho Code, based on the Chinese system of centralized governance, there were the governmental posts of San hakase (Professor of Mathematics) and Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation).

• また、国博士や国医師が史生と同等に扱われて国府の業務に動員されていた記録も存在する。
• Also, there exists a record proving the fact that kuni no hakase and/or kuni no ishi were treated like shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties with documents) and were used for jobs of the provincial government.

• 後世においては、代々文章博士を務めた菅原氏・大江氏の大学別曹としての要素も含有した。
• Later, it also began to assume a function as Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) of the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, both of which inherited Monjo hakase (professor of literature) from generation to generation.

• また、書博士の職務も本科（後の明経道）の学生に書を教えることが主であったようである。
• It also appears to be the case that the main duty of sho hakase was to teach calligraphy (which later became myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)) to students.

• 更に安倍氏の家系の分裂とともに天文博士の地位や天文密奏宣旨のついても争いが激化した。
• Furthermore, discord within the Abe clan over the position of tenmon hakase and decrees of tenmon misso increased as the family members established branch families.

• 1889年 フランス・リヨン大学で博士号を取得し、リヨンからヴェルメイユ賞碑を受ける
• In 1889, he finished a doctorate at University of Lyon, France, and he was awarded Vermeil Medal (Medaille de Vermail) from Lyon City.

• その結果、2年後には友景は陰陽頭に任じられ、泰重は後に天文博士から左兵衛督に転じた。
• As a result, Tomokage was designated as Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) and Yasushige was transferred from Tenmon hakase (master of astronomy) to Sahyoe no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards), two years later.

• 延喜2年（902年）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、大学頭・文章博士・伊勢権介元の如し。
• On January 7, 902, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (senior fifth rank, lower grade), while retaining his positions as Daigaku no kami, Monjo hakase and Ise no Gon no suke.

• 明法博士（みょうほうはかせ）は、古代日本の律令制下において大学寮に属した官職の一つ。
• Myoho hakase was an official post affiliated with the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) under the ancient Japanese ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 手塚博士のことばは、1983 年当時に知られていた情報からすればきわめて性格だった。
• Dr. Tezuka's words were very true from what he knew in 1983.

• それから、エクルバーグ博士の監視を受けながら道に沿って1キロメートルほどひきかえす。
• and we walked back a hundred yards along the road under Doctor Eckleburg's persistent stare.

• サントリーが、岸田綱太郎博士の乳酸菌技術を使った、昆布発酵健康食品を製品化に成功した。
• Suntory Holdings Limited also succeeded in producing a health food made from fermented kelp on a commercial basis, using the technology relating to the lactobacillus developed by Dr.Tsunataro KISHIDA.

• 朝廷の明経道・明法道博士などの意見も求めたが、幕府・朝廷から様々な反対意見が多かった。
• He invited comments from hakase (teachers) of Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and Myobodo (the study of Codes) of Imperial Court, and so on; there were various dissenting opinions from the bakufu and Imperial Court.

• 陰陽寮は陰陽道・暦道・天文道の三道から成るが、天文博士はそのうちの天文道の教官である。
• Onmyoryo consisted of three subjects--onmyodo (yin-yang philosophy), rekido (learning of the calendar) and tenmondo (ancient horoscopy)--and tenmon hakase was the teacher of tenmondo.

• 具体的な始期は不明であるが、その以前から博士職田の支給が行われていた事が判明している。
• Although details are not clear, this shows that Hakase-shikiden had been provided before that time.

• 数学知識が必要となるため､頭か助は必ず算博士が兼ねるなど大学寮の算道出身者が活躍した。
• Since knowledge of mathematics was required, persons from Sando (study of mathematics) of Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) played active roles like Sanhakase (Doctor of Numbers) concurrently took a position as Kami (Director) or Suke (Deputy Director).

• その後イェール大学（エール大学）で法学博士号を取得する（～明治13年（1880年））。
• Then he obtained a Doctor of Law from Yale University (～1880).

• 大宰少弐、刑部大輔を経て、772年(宝亀3年)4月大学頭兼文章博士（もんじょはかせ）。
• After experiencing Dazai no shoni (Junior Assistant Governor-General of Dazai-fu offices) and Gyobu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Justice), he became Daigaku no kami (a Director of an Academy) and Monjo hakase (a doctor of letters) in April, 772.

• 次いで同閏10月には文章博士、大学頭と並び歴代の菅原氏が叙任される式部大輔を兼任する。
• Also, on October of the same year, he assumed the position of Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) which was a position successively given to the Sugawara family as well as Monjohakase and Daigaku no kami.

• 938年（承平8）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、左少弁・民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• On February 13, 938, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his positions as Sashoben, Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• その後、上西門院（統子内親王）判官代・大内記・文章博士・大学頭・越前守などを歴任した。
• Thereafter, he successively held the positions of Josaimonin (Imperial Princess Muneko) hogandai (an administrative official of the Retired-Emperor's Office), Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Monjo hakase, Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), Echizen no kami (Governor of Echizen Province), and so on.

• 1998年　大学院文学研究科浄土学専攻、仏教文化専攻、中国文学専攻(博士後期課程)開設
• 1998: The school installed the Jodo Buddhism Program, Buddhist Culture Program and Chinese Literature Program within the Graduate School of Literature (Ph.D.).

• ホーキングは１９６２年に大学を卒業すると、物理学の博士号を取得するために研究を始めた。
• When Hawking graduated from college in 1962, he began studying for a Ph.D. in physics.

• ローマカトリック教会では、或るものは、後で聖者であると宣言されて、教会博士になりました
• in the Roman Catholic Church some were later declared saints and became Doctor of the Church

• 博士研究員は、通常P1級において最初の号数で指名される。契約期間内に昇級も昇格もない。
• Post-doctoral researchers shall normally be appointed at the first step of Grade P1. There shall be no advancement or promotion during the contract period.

• 以後も菅原氏宗家から文章博士を相次いで輩出したため、同院の運営に対する影響が大きかった。
• Since the head family of the Sugawara clan had produced Monjo hakase one after another, the family had a big influence on the operation of the Monjoin.

• 東川徳治（著）『博士梅謙次郎』（大空社、1997年）ISBN 9784756804853
• Tokuji HIGASHIKAWA: 'Hakase UME Kenjiro' (Doctor of Laws Kenjiro UME) (Ozorasha: 1997) ISBN 9784756804853

• このうちハイデルベルク大学では日本人として初の、博士号（ドクトル・フィロソフィ）を得た。
• At Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg he became the first Japanese PhD (Doktor der Philosophie).

• 長徳4年（998年）頃、弟と推定される明法博士惟宗允正とともに令宗朝臣の姓を与えられた。
• Around 998, he was given a title, Yoshimune Ason, together with KOREMUNE no Tadamasa, who was a professor of law and said to be his younger brother.

• 今朝ホーキング博士が選んでいた単語はプリントアウトされ、彼ほんの出版社に送られるだろう。
• The words Dr. Hawking was choosing this morning would be printed out and sent to the publisher of his book.

• ジキル博士の大きく整った顔がくちびるまで真っ青になり、目には不機嫌なようすがうかがえた。
• The large handsome face of Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and there came a blackness about his eyes.

• イタリア人の神学者、教会博士で、総合的な神学における信念と理性を一致させる試みで知られる
• Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

• 孫の土御門有脩（1527-77）は1565年に賀茂氏が独占していた暦博士を初めて兼任した。
• Arisue TSUCHIMIKADO (1527-1577), the grandson of Arinobu, in 1565 became the first one to serve as an additional post of reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)), which had been dominated by the Kamo clan.

• これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡は位貴くも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたことにより大問題となる。
• As Monjo hakase (professor of literature) FUJIWARA no Sukeyo told Mototsune that 'Ako was a high-ranking position with no jobs,' this phrase developed into a big problem.

• 翌仁和4年（888年）4月、天皇は左大臣源融に命じて博士らに阿衡に職掌がないか研究させた。
• In April 884 the next year, the Emperor ordered Sadaijin (minister of the left) MINAMOTO no Toru to get hakase etc. to study whether or not Ako was a position with no jobs.

• 平安時代中期に賀茂保憲が安倍晴明に天文道を伝えて以後、天文博士の職も阿倍氏の世襲になった。
• In the middle of the Heian period, since KAMO no Yasunori taught tenmondo to ABE no Seimei, tenmon hakase also became a hereditary post of the Abe clan.

• 日本における天文道の最高権威であった天文博士に求められたのは、天文異変の際の対処策である。
• What was required of tenmon hakase (masters of astrology), the authorities on Tenmondo, was to take measures concerning extraordinary astronomical events.

• 門弟に飯沼慾斎、伊藤圭介 (理学博士)、水谷豊文、山本亡羊、小森桃塢、藤林普山、坪井信道。
• His disciples included Yokusai IINUMA, Keisuke ITO (Doctor of Science), Hobun MIZUTANI, Boyo YAMAMOTO, Tou KOMORI, Fuzan FUJIBAYASHI and Shindo TSUBOI.

• 以後、蔵人、左少弁、中宮亮、大学頭、文章博士等々を歴任し、その学識の高さをもって知られた。
• Since then, he served successively as Kurodo (Chamberlain), Sashoben (third ranked officer of the left), Chugu no suke (Assistant Master of the Consort's Household), Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), etc., and he was distinguished for the breadth of his learning.

• 暦博士・天文博士・大炊頭・主計頭などを歴任、一説には陰陽允を歴任したというが可能性は低い。
• He successively held posts such as Reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)), Tenmon hakase (master of tenmon (astronomy)), and Kazue no kami (the head of budget bureau), and one theory has it that he successively held the post of Onmyo no jo (secretary of Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination)) although this is unlikely.

• 博士は前よりも研究所の上の書斎に引きこもっていて、そこで眠ってしまうこともあるようだった。
• The doctor, it appeared, now more than ever confined himself to the cabinet over the laboratory, where he would sometimes even sleep;

• STD（神学博士）はラテン語のSanctae Theologiae Doctorに由来する
• STD is from the Latin Sanctae Theologiae Doctor

• 博士の学位（外国において授与されたこれに相当する学位を含む。）を有し、研究上の業績を有する者
• a person who has a doctor's degree (including degrees equivalent thereto that have been conferred in foreign countries) and who has research achievement;

• だが、平安時代後期以後、紀伝道博士（文章博士）を世襲した大江氏・菅原氏が侍読の役を独占した。
• After the late Heian period, the Oe clan and the Sugawara clan monopolized the position of Jidoku with the hereditary title of Kidendo hakase (chief experts on the history of Japan and China) (Monjo hakase (professor of literature)).

• 895年（寛平7）8月13日、正五位下に昇叙し、右少弁・式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• August 13, 895: He was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), while all his official appointments remained unchanged.

• 939年（天慶2）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、式部少輔・大学助・文章博士・紀伊権介元の如し。
• On January 7, 939, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and he retained his positions as Shikibu Shoyu, Daigaku no Suke, Monjo Hakase and Kii no Gon no Suke.

• 建保6年（1218年）には幕府の推薦という名目で従四位下文章博士と順徳天皇の侍読を兼務した。
• Then he was conferred Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature) in 1218 by the bakufu's recommendation and was appointed Jidoku (tutor) of Emperor Juntoku concurrently.

• 最初は博士候補生となり、天安 (日本)2年（858年）に大学直講（明経博士の別枠）となった。
• He first became the PhD candidate assistant teacher of Keisho (as known as Myogyo hakase - Doctor of Confucian classics) in 858.

• 明治元年、神祇官判事に任じられ、明治天皇の侍講となり、ついで大學大博士に進み、大教正となる。
• In 1868 (the first year of the Meiji period), he was appointed to Jingikan Hanji (judge of the department of worship) and Jiko (teacher) of Emperor Meiji; later he became Daigaku Daihakusi (senior doctor of college), then finally became Daikyosei (the highest-ranking post of the department of worship).

• 神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において文章博士とともに設置された。
• In a kyakushiki (amendment of the ritsuryo code) on September 3, 728, Myoho hakase was instituted at the same time as Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature).

• ともかく五経博士が設置されたことで、儒家の経書が国家の公認のもとに教授され、儒教が官学化した。
• Either way, with the establishment of Gokyo hakase, Keisho of Ju-ka was taught under national approval, and Ju-kyo became the official government learning.

• 当初は百済から渡来した暦博士が暦を編纂していたか、百済の暦をそのまま使用していたと考えられる。
• It is believed that at first Reki hakase (Chief court calendar-maker) who had come from Baekje organized the calendar or that a calendar of Baekje was used as it was.

• 今雄が左少史兼算博士の職を与えられた後、853年平安京に移住を許され、名実ともに官人となった。
• After appointed as Sashoshi (assistant recorder of the left) and Sanhakase (official in charge of teaching mathematics and looking after mathematicians), Imao was allowed to move to Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan at present-day Kyoto) in 853 and became a government official both in name and reality.

• これは博士の中で筆頭とされた明経博士よりも上位であり、かつ博士中唯一の貴族相当の位階であった。
• It was a higher rank than myogyo hakase, who was considered to be the head among hakase, and was the only rank which was equivalent to the nobles among hakase.

• 天文博士は天文生とともに毎晩夜空を観測して天文異変の有無を探り、異変があれば天文密奏を行った。
• Tenmon hakase observed the sky every night alongside students of tenmon, searching for signs of extraordinary astronomical events; whenever any sign was found, they sent a tenmon misso.

• 896年（寛平8）12月16日、従四位下に昇叙し、式部少輔・大学頭・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• December 16, 896: He was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), while his four court appointments remained unchanged.

• その後、永正9年（1512年）に暦博士、永正11年（1514年）に兼任して陰陽頭に任命された。
• After that, in 1512, he was appointed to reki hakase (master of reki-calendar) and in 1514, he was also appointed to Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination).

• その後、後冷泉天皇朝の下で式部少輔・文章博士・東宮学士・大学頭などを歴任し、従四位下に至った。
• Later, he successively held various positions such as Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Togu gakushi (Teacher of the Classics of the Crown Prince) and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) in the reign of Emperor Goreizei and reached Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).

• 永観は文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）源国経の子として生まれ、11歳で禅林寺の深観に弟子入りする。
• Yokan was the son of Monjo-hakase MINAMOTO no Kunitsune and entered Zenrin-ji Temple aged 11 as the disciple of Jinkan.

• -創立120周年を迎える、大学院美術研究科博士（後期）課程設置、日本伝統音楽研究センター開設、
• The school marked 120th anniversary, the Doctor's Course (latter program) for Graduate School of Art was established, and Research Center for Japanese Traditional Music was launched.

• しかし、官位はすべて各正博士よりも一段階低く設定され、その実務は正博士を補佐する立場をとった。
• However, their court rank, was set up one rank lower than for each of the regular hakase and they acted as regular hakase's assistants.

• 大正11年（1922年）：ソビエト連邦成立、日本共産党結成、アルベルト・アインシュタイン博士来日
• 1922: Foundation of the Soviet Union, formation of the Japanese Communist Party, Dr. Albert EINSTEIN's visit to Japan

• 大学寮における当初の両博士の立場はあくまでも明経道を補完するものでしかなかったと考えられている。
• At first, these two hakase were only there at the daigakuryo to support myogyodo.

• 祖父と父はともに文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）を務めた学者の家系であり、当時は中流の公家であった。
• The Sugawara clan was a scholarly family, with his grandfather and father both serving as Monjo Hakase, and, at the time, its members were mid-ranking court nobles.

• 京極夏彦の小説『魍魎の匣』の作中においても福来博士の千里眼実験に関して、事の経緯を紹介している。
• Natsuhiko KYOGOKU introduces the details of Dr. Fukurai's senrigan (second sight) experiment, in his novel 'Moryo no Hako.'

• 弘仁6年（815年）に明法得業生となり、天長7年（830年）に明法博士となり、後に大判事に遷る。
• He was selected as Myobo tokugyosho (a distinguished law student who won a scholarship) in 815 and became Myobo hakase (Professor of Law) in 830 and daihanji (a higher-rank judge) later.

• 1886年（明治19年）には、学位令を発令し、日本における学位として大博士と博士の二等を定めた。
• In 1886, he promulgated the Academic Degree Order to set up two academic ranks of great doctor and doctor in Japan.

• 算博士は算師の育成にあたるとともに、『九章算術』を始めとした中国の算書の知識が要求された（算道）。
• As well as contributing to the education of Sanshi, to be a San hakase, it was required to have extent knowledge of Chinese mathematical books such as 'Kyusho Sanjutsu' (sando, or arithmetic).

• 後に清水寺別当、鎮守府将軍、右兵衛府、大和国守、明法博士、左衛門府大尉、検非違使大尉等を世襲した。
• Later, the Sakanoe clan gained the following hereditary titles: Kiyomizu-dera betto (Chief Priest at Kiyomizu-dera Temple), Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), Uhyoefu (Right Division of Middle Palace Guards), Yamato no kuni no kami (governor of Yamato Province), Myobo hakase (Professor of law), Saemon-fu taijo (Senior Lieutenant at the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi taijo (chief official with judicial and police powers) and so on.

• また、医博士、針博士、按摩博士、呪禁博士、薬園師がおり、その下には学生である医得業生が学んでいた。
• There were also ihakase (Masters of medicine), harihakase (Masters of acupuncture), anmahakase (Masters of massage), jugonhakase (Masters of healing magic), and yakuenshi (an official in charge of managing medicinal-herb garden), under whom the bureau's students, called Itokugyosho (distinguished scholars of medicine), learned.

• これは同じ曹を管理する博士が試験官になった場合に不正が行われる可能性があったためと考えられている。
• The reason was that if the hakase, who supervise the so to which the monjosho belonged, was to be the examiner, wrongdoing might be conducted during the examination.

• 古代において何代にもわたっては博士を職を継承しながら断絶した家系が存在するのはそうした事情による。
• That was the reason why in ancient times there were such family lines that had succeeded to the position of the hakase for generations, but failed in the end.

• また、薬学分野には「薬博士」は置かれず薬園師が直接薬園生（典薬寮）・薬生（内薬司）を教育していた。
• And in the field of pharmacy, there was no 'Yaku-hakase' (Master of Pharmacy), and instead, 'Yakuenshi' (an official in charge of managing medicinal herb gardens) directly taught students about medicinal herb gardens under the control of Tenyakuryo, and also taught the students of pharmacy under control of 'Naiyakushi' (the office in charge of providing medical examination and prescription drugs to the Imperial Family).

• 1995年　通信教育課程社会学部応用社会学科開設、大学院文学研究科英米文学専攻(博士後期課程)開設
• 1995: The school installed the Department of Applied Sociology within the School of Sociology together with the Correspondence Division, and installed the British and American Literature Program within the Graduate School of Literature (Ph.D.).

• 1997年 文学研究科社会学専攻と総合政策科学研究科総合政策科学専攻に博士課程（後期課程）を開設。
• 1997: A doctoral program in Sociology within the Graduate School of Literature and a doctoral program in General Policy Science within the Graduate School of Policy and Management (second semester) were established.

• パターソン博士：とんでもない。ココがゴリラは利口で手話を覚えられることを私たちに教えてくれました。
• Dr. Patterson: Not at all! Koko has taught us that gorillas are intelligent enough to learn sign language.

• そしてプールがすぐに戻ってきて、ジキル博士の不在をつげたとき、ほっとしたのが恥ずかしく感じられた。
• He was ashamed of his relief, when Poole presently returned to announce that Dr. Jekyll was gone out.

• 博士の興味は分析というよりは化学にあったので、庭園のいちばん奥にある建物の用途を変更したのである。
• and his own tastes being rather chemical than anatomical, had changed the destination of the block at the bottom of the garden.

• 市内でも辺鄙な場所に建てられたドラーリング博士の古風な屋敷は、見るからに何かの指定地のようだった。
• Dr. Druring's house, a large, old-fashioned one in what was now an obscure quarter of the city, had an outer and visible aspect of reserve.

• B: はい。 私はデェニス博士で、あなたのアドバイザーです。 登録の書類を持っていますか。
• B: Right. I'm Dr. Dennis, and I'll be your advisor. Do you have your registration materials?

• 博士課程終了後に行われる研究または調査の、あるいは、博士課程終了後に行われる研究または調査に関する
• of or relating to study or research that is done after work for the doctoral degree has been completed

• それは『続日本紀』養老5年（721年）に大津首・津守通の両名が陰陽博士として登場しているためである。
• It is because two Onmyo hakase, OTSU no Obito and TSUMORI no Toru, appeared in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) in its entry about the year 721.

• この他の国衙職員としては、国博士・国医師・国師といった専門職員や雑徭によって徴発された徭丁らがいた。
• As for the other employees, Kokuga employed specialists such as Kunihakase (teacher of Japanese classical literature), Kuniishi (local governmental doctor) and Kokushi (the most reverend priest) and a Yotei (a mandatory laborer) who was requisitioned by the zoyo (irregular corvee).

• 初期には紀伝道博士家の手になるものがあるが、しだいに五山僧がこの分野の抄物を担うようになっていった。
• Initially, some shomono were made by the family of Kidendo (the study of the histories) experts, but gradually priests of the Five Zen Monasteries took responsibility for the shomono.

• 正七位下、陰陽諸道の中では天文学が最も難しいとされていたため、他の博士よりも位が高く設定されている。
• Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) whose rank is set higher than for other hakase (masters) as astronomy was considered the most difficult discipline of those among onmyo.

• 漏刻博士の管理の下で漏刻を測り、毎時ごとに鳴り物（太鼓、鐘）を打ち鳴らして時報を知らせる実務担当者。
• Persons responsible for reading the water clock under the supervision of the master of the clock and announcing the time by using instruments (drums and bells) on the hour.

• どうか細心の注意をはらって、その同じ物の残りをさがして、すぐにジキル博士のところまで届けてください。
• He now begs them to search with the most sedulous care, and should any of the same quality be left, to forward it to him at once.

• 法理論争となり、明法博士讃岐永直らが訴状を鑑定して、裁定することになり、結果訴状の受理は違法とされた。
• It caused an argument on the principle of law, Myobo Hakase (an expert of law at the University under the government based on the ritsuryo legal codes), SANUKI no Naganao was to judge the petition and made a decision, as a result, that accepting the petition was decided to be illegal.

• 『福井謙一博士の死―大学回り記者哀歓記』（1999年、ミネルヴァ書房）、ISBN 4623030512
• The Death of Dr. Kenichi FUKUI: A Story of Joy and Sadness for Academic Reporters (1999, Minerva Publishing) ISBN 4623030512

• 左千夫は茶道にも通じており、子規から「茶博士」と呼ばれたほどで、左千夫の自宅を「無一塵庵」と名付けた。
• Sachio also obtained a mastery of Japanese tea ceremony and Shiki called him 'Doctor of Tea', and Sachio's home was named 'Muichijin-an Hermitage'.

• 1055年に陰陽頭就任した際、賀茂氏に暦博士を、阿倍氏に天文博士を代々独占世襲させることと定めている。
• When he was assigned as Onmyo no kami in 1055, it was established that the positions of Reki hakase and Tenmon hakase were to be passed down by succession within the Kamo and the Abe clans, respectively.

• 菅原氏は清公・菅原是善・菅原道真と3代にわたって文章博士から公卿に昇り、博士職を世襲する勢いであった。
• Having produced monjo hakase who later became a Court noble over three consecutive generations, i.e. from Kiyokimi to SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, then to SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Sugawara clan was in such a strong position that they looked as if they were holding the post of hakase by heredity.

• また、連座して左遷された菅原高視・菅原淳茂は復帰後それぞれ大学頭、文章博士に任じられたものの早世した。
• Additionally, both SUGAWARA no Takami and SUGAWARA no Atsushige, who have been implicated in the Incident and appointed respectively Daigaku no kami and monjo hakase after returning to the capital, died at an early age.

• このことで、菅原氏ですら行わなかった文章博士の一族独占を行って文章院の管轄権の半分を菅原氏から奪った。
• The Oe clan, as a result, deprived the Sugawara clan of half the latter's control over Monjoin through a monopoly on the monjo hakase posts, which even the Sugawara clan could not achieve.

• 「こちらは友人のワトソン博士ですが、この人の前では僕に対するのと同じように遠慮なく話してかまいません。
• 'This is my friend, Dr. Watson, before whom you can speak as freely as before myself.

• その様子をみれば、ジキル博士が、アターソン氏に心からのあたたかい友情を感じていることはわかっただろう。
• -- you could see by his looks that he cherished for Mr. Utterson a sincere and warm affection.

• さて、前漢から五経博士たちが使っていた五経の写本は、漢代通行の隷書体に書き写されていて今文経といわれる。
• The manuscripts of the Five Classics used by the Gokyo hakase since former Han was copied in reisho-tai (clerical script), which was in use during the Han period, and was called Kinbun-kei.

• 室町時代の清原宣賢は、吉田神社詞官神道家吉田兼倶の3男だったが、明経博士だった清原家に養子として入った。
• Nobukata KIYOHARA, of the Muromachi period, was the third son of Kanetomo YOSHIDA who was a shintoist of Yoshida-jinja Shrine, and was adopted by the House of Kiyohara, which was Myogyo-hakase, professor of Confucian studies.

• 成人後には天皇の場合には文章博士などが侍読を務め、摂関家でも著名な学者を家司などに任じて侍読役を務めた。
• Emperors upon reaching adulthood were appointed Professors of Monjodo (Department of Chinese poetry and history), and regent families to an emperor were appointed famous scholars as Keishi to work as court scholars.

• また、大学寮の博士家などの学術系の官職においても何代にもわたって博士が登場する事例が現れるようになった。
• In addition, for academic official positions such as Hakaseke of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) had cases were Hakase came from the same family for generations.

• 文章博士から大学頭・式部大輔・左中弁・弾正大弼などを歴任、その後従三位となり牛車による参内を勅許された。
• During his career he passed from the position of Monjo hakase (chief calligrapher to the court) to such posts as Daigaku no kami (headmaster of the Academy), Shikibu taifu (chief judge of Civil Services), Sachuben (first assistant controller of the left) and Danjo daihitsu (Major Deputy Inspector of the Police Bureau), thereafter reaching Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and receiving imperial permission for a visit, via ox-drawn carriage, to the Emperor's palace.

• その後も永祚 (日本)2年（990年）には既に博士を退任しているのにも拘らず、勘文提出を命じられている。
• Later in 990, although he had already resigned the professor's position, he was ordered to submit a kanmon (report).

• 実子三善雅仲（従五位下大外記・算博士）がいたものの、算道に通じた門人三善為康を養子に迎えて跡継ぎとした。
• Although he had a real son MIYOSHI no Masanaga, who had the ranks of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) Daigeki (Senior Secretary) and San Hakase, he made his disciple, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu, his heir by adopting him.

• 衛門府・越中国国司を経て1061年（康平4年）に右少弁に任官、1065年（治暦元年）に文章博士を兼ねる。
• After serving as an officer of Emonfu (Headquarter of the Outer Palace Guards) and the provincial governor of Etchu Province, he was appointed to Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right) in 1061 as well as Monjo hakase in 1065.

• さてと、博士、手紙の返事が来るまでは何もできないから、当面このちょっとした問題は棚上げにしてもいいね。」
• And now, Doctor, we can do nothing until the answers to those letters come, so we may put our little problem upon the shelf for the interim.'

• 野蛮人みたいなところがあるといってもいいかもしれない、というかフェル博士の昔話みたいなものでしょうか？　
• Something troglodytic, shall we say? or can it be the old story of Dr. Fell?

• 武帝 (漢)の時、賢良文学の士で挙げられた董仲舒は儒学を正統の学問として五経博士を設置することを献策した。
• In the era of Emperor Wu (Han), To Chujo (Dong Zhongshu), who was praised as the man of intelligent and good-natured literature, made a proposal to establish Gokyo hakase (the expert of Five Classics) for Ju-gaku, treating it as a legitimate learning.

• 移り舞(＝(業平を)まねて舞う事)は「男はかせ」の舞であり、「此キリ(＝終末部分)男博士、女博士まじれり」
• The utsurimai (transitional dance) (to dance like Narihira) is an 'otokohakase' (male role) dance, and 'in the korekiri (=the last part) the role should feature both male and female aspects'

• 昌泰の変後に菅原氏が一時低迷すると、替わって大江氏が文章博士を占めるようになり、文章院への影響力を強めた。
• When the family fortune of the Sugawara clan declined after the Shotai Incident (901), the Oe clan conversely began to occupy the post of Monjo hakase so that the clan increased its influence on the Monjoin.

• その後、天平2年（730年）からは算博士候補者となる特別給費生として算得業生2名が算生の中から選抜された。
• Later, beginning in 730, two San tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Numbers) were selected from among the Sansho as special fellowship students to be candidates for San hakase.

• 『日本書紀』によれば、691年に持統天皇が唐より招いた続守言・薩弘格を音博士に任じたのが最古とされている。
• According to the 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), its history goes back to a time when Emperor Jito invited and appointed Shugen ZOKU and Kokaku SATSU to become Professors of Ondo in 691.

• 初出は『日本書紀』にある持統天皇5年（691年）条で、木素丁武・沙宅万首が呪禁博士であったことが知られる。
• The jugon hakase first appears in the written record in the section of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) detailing the year 691 that Chobu MOKUSO (木素丁武) and Banshu SATAKU (沙宅万首) were the jugon hakase.

• これに対し、熊野山はただちに朝廷に提訴し、翌長寛元年（1163年）、朝廷は明法博士の中原業倫に勧申させた。
• In face of the above situation, Kumanosan Shrine immediately appealed to the Imperial Court and in the following year (1163), the Imperial Court requested Myobo hakase (a teacher of law) Gyorin NAKAHARA to conduct kanjin (research and report about Imperial rituals).

• 明治維新後の陰陽寮の廃止とともに暦博士も廃止され、間もなく太陽暦への改暦によってその役目は終わる事になる。
• After the Meiji Restoration, along with the abolition of Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.), the post of Reki Hakase was abolished, and soon the official calendar was changed to a solar calendar, signaling the end of the role of Reki Hakase.

• 章澄は西園寺実兼の家司を務め、後に明法博士兼修理権大夫に昇進して花園天皇に律令を講じたことで知られている。
• Norizumi is known to have served under Sanekane SAIONJI as the keishi (household superintendent), later been promoted to the Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo System) and the Syuri gon no daibu (provisional master in the Office of Palace Repairs) and given a lecture to Emperor Hanazono on the Ritsuryo codes.

• 成立した年代については、明衡が文章博士や東宮博士の要職に就いた晩年期の康平年間ではないかと推定されている。
• This collection is estimated to have been compiled during the Kohei era when Akihira was appointed to a number of important posts, such as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Togu hakase (professor for the crown prince) in his later years.

• 製作者の大半は明経道博士家にかかわりを持つ人々であり、特に清原宣賢がこの分野において果たした役割は大きい。
• Most of the writers were connected with the family of Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) experts, and Nobukata KIYOHARA played an especially important role in this genre.

• 弟には内記上人こと慶滋保胤、息子には賀茂光栄と権天文博士に任じられた賀茂光国、娘に歌人の賀茂保憲女がいる。
• He had YOSHISHIGE no Yasutane, who had the rank of Naiki Shonin (Imperial Secretary who was allowed to enter the imperial court), as his younger brother, KAMO no Mitsuyoshi and KAMO no Mitsukuni, who was assigned to be the Gon no tenmon hakase (Assistant Master of Astronomy) as his sons, and KAMO no Yasunori no Musume (daughter of KAMO no Yasunori), who was the waka (Japanese poem) poet, as his daughter.

• 「直る見込みは？」「システム開発チームのシュバイシェン博士が現在闘病中のため、もう暫くはかかるかと・・・」
• 'Prospects for repair?' 'Prof. Shubaishen, the leader of the system development team, is presently unwell so we think it will take a while longer ...'

• そこで、ヘロデはひそかに博士たちを呼んで、星の現れた時について詳しく聞き、 (マタイによる福音書 2:7)
• Then Herod secretly called the wise men, and learned from them exactly what time the star appeared. (Matthew 2:7)

• 明経博士となるものを輩出し、後には掃部頭（掃部寮の長官（かみ））、造酒正（造酒司の長官（かみ））を兼任した。
• The family produced Myogyo hakase (scholar), and later, concurrently served as Kamon no Kami (Head of the Bureau of Housekeeping) and Miki no Tsukasa (Head of the Brewery).

• 文章博士を正七位下から貴族に相当する従五位下にしたのは、嵯峨天皇であり、これにより当代学者の登竜門となった。
• It was the Emperor Saga who upgraded the status of Monjo Hakase from Shoshichiinoge to Jugoinoge, the rank from which persons could join the peerage, and the post of Monjo Hakase became a gateway to success for contemporary scholars.

• 更に算博士も必ず主税寮か主計寮の頭か助を兼務して更に2名中1名は五位史を兼ねることになった（『官職秘抄』）。
• Furthermore, San hakase always had additional duties as heads or assistants in the Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) or Syukeiryo (Bureau of Popular Affairs), and one in two also worked as Goinosakan (the lowest class official in four class officials) ('Kanshoku hisho' (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the Imperial Court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200)).

• 呪禁師の中で優秀なものが呪禁博士に任ぜられ、医師の家や薬部の家から選ばれた呪禁生（定員6名）の育成に努めた。
• The most outstanding of the jugonshi was appointed jugon hakase, who would then work to train and cultivate the jugonsei (apprentice sorcerers, for whom there were six fixed positions in the government), who were chosen from among the families of doctors or pharmacists.

• 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
• As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).

• また、研究のために当時珍しかった自転車を使って国内外を旅行したために「自転車博士」という異名が付いたという。
• Also, it is said that he was nicknamed 'the bicycle doctor' because he traveled nationwide and overseas for his studies by bicycle, which was rare at that time.

• 以後、官位は兵部省、中務省、式部省等を経て、元久元年（1204年）には歴代菅原氏が叙任される文章博士に昇進。
• Later, he worked for Hyobusho (the Ministry of War), Nakatsukasasho (the Ministry of Central Affairs), then Shikibusho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and, in 1204, he was promoted to the rank of Monjohakase (Doctor of Letters) which was successively assumed by the Sugawara clan.

• 941年（天慶4）1月7日、従四位下に昇叙し、式部少輔・大学頭・文章博士・紀伊権介元の如し。（三職兼帯の例）
• On January 7, 941, he was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and he retained his positions as Shikibu Shoyu, Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase and Kii no Gon no Suke. (an example of holding the post of three offices)

• 吉昌死後、後継の天文博士が無い事から、伊予に住む「（秦）久邦」という陰陽師を呼んで任じている（『小右記』）。
• Since a successor for Yoshimasa was not available after Yoshimsa's death, an Onmyoji, called `Hisakuni HATA' who lived in Iyo was invited and appointed to the successor for Yoshimasa ('Shoyuki').

• 承和15年2月14日 (旧暦)（848年3月22日）には正五位下に叙されて文章博士兼務のまま備中守に転じた。
• On March 22, 848, he was appointed to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and became Bicchu no kami (governor of Bicchu Province) while he was still a Monjo hakese.

• 翌弘仁2年1月29日に外従五位下に叙せられて、2月13日には紀伝博士在任のまま、大学助と相模国掾を兼務した。
• On March 1, 811, he was awarded Ge-jugoinoge (Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) given to persons outside Kyoto), and on March 15 of the same year, assumed Daigaku no suke (assistant director of the Bureau of Education) and Sagaminokuni no jo (provincial governor of Sagami) in addition to Kiden hakase.

• それからね、博士、ちょっと危険なことがあるかもしれないから、軍用のリボルバーをポケットに入れておいてくれ。」
• And, I say, Doctor, there may be some little danger, so kindly put your army revolver in your pocket.'

• ――たぶん、もうトレベリアン博士が、このけしからん闖入者について、あなたにお話ししたこととは思いますが……」
• I suppose that Dr. Trevelyan has told you of this most unwarrantable intrusion into my rooms.''

• ――と、まあ以上のようなわけなんですけれど、まだどこかお分かりにならない所がありますから、トレベリアン博士」
• Is there anything further which I can explain, Dr. Trevelyan?''

• イーター機構の職員即ち専門職員及び上級部門の職員、特殊技術支援職員、並びに博士研究員は、以下の自然人とする。
• The staff of the ITER Organization, professionals and higher categories, specialized technical support staff and post-doctoral researchers, comprises natural persons that:

• 博士研究員の雇用契約は、最高二年間とする。事務局長は、一年を限度として一回に限り契約を更新することができる。
• The contracts of employment for post-doctoral researchers shall be for up to two years. The Director-General may extend a contract once for an additional period of one year.

• 室町時代の高辻継長（1414年－1475年）以降は文章博士・大学寮・式部省を経て大納言を極官とするようになる。
• After Tsunenaga TAKATSUJI (1414 - 1475) during the Muromachi period, the highest appointed court position was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after serving as monjo hakase (professor of literature) and in Daigakuryo and Shikibusho.

• 朝廷ではその対策として養老5年（721年）に吉田宜（吉宜）を褒賞して医道を奨励し、内薬司に女医博士を設置した。
• Against this tendency, the court took countermeasures, such as rewarding KICHITA no Yoroshi (called Kichiyoroshi for short) in 721 for his contribution to I-do, and newly establishing the post of 'Nyoi Hakase' (Female Master of Medicine) in Naiyakushi.

• 福来博士も、観察者に背を向けていることが疑いを招くと考えて、再三千鶴子を説得していたが、千鶴子は応じていない。
• Dr. Fukurai, thinking that the posture of her back to observers might cause suspicion, also persuaded Chizuko again and again, but she did not respond it.

• 功級、爵位が廃止となった日本国憲法下の国会にあっても、博士号を除く残余の部分は国会議員等への弔詞に用いられる。
• In the Diet under the Constitution of Japan where the Orders of the Golden Kite and peerages have been abolished, the rest of the ranks and orders excluding doctorates are still used in the memorial address for a Diet member.

• そして１０分後には、ジキル博士の元の姿にもどって、眉をひそめ、朝食をたべるふりをしながら椅子にこしかけていた。
• and ten minutes later, Dr. Jekyll had returned to his own shape and was sitting down, with a darkened brow, to make a feint of breakfasting.

• ――トレベリアン博士があなたにお話しした通り、私はこの病院に投資した以外には、何も事業などはしていないのです。
• -- never made but one investment in my life, as Dr. Trevelyan would tell you.

• 南朝ではあまり儒教は振るわなかったが、梁 (南朝)の蕭衍の時には五経博士が置かれ、一時儒教が盛んになったという。
• Ju-kyo did not prosper much in the Southern Dynasty, but in the era of Sho En (Xiao Yan) of Liang (Southern Dynasty), Gokyo hakase was established and Ju-kyo flourished temporarily.

• なお兵庫教育大学大学院連合学校教育学研究科にも同様な博士課程（教育学）があるが、書写教育のみを専門に扱っている。
• Moreover, the Joint Graduate School in the Sciences of School Education in Graduate School of Hyogo University of Teacher Education also has a doctor's course (education), but specializes in Shosha education only.

• これは、算博士の職掌が次第に算生の教育よりも中央の財務・経理官人としての職務に移りつつあったことの反映であった。
• This reflected the gradual shift of the official duties of San hakase to those of central government officials of finance and accounting, rather than those of Sansho educators.

• 本項目でも統合以後の記述については、本来の記述に従って学科は「紀伝道」・博士は「文章博士」と記述するものとする。
• The names for the subject and the title after their merger used in this section will be 'kidendo' and 'monjo hakase,' respectively, according to their original names.

• 対策（律令制における官吏採用試験の一種）に合格した後、少内記・掌渤海客使を経て従五位下文章博士兼大内記に至った。
• After passing the Taisaku (a type of employment examination for officials under Japan's Ritsuryo system), following his posts as Shonaiki (assistant editor) and assistant to the envoy from the Korean kingdom of Bohai, he reached the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) of Monjo hakase (chief calligrapher of the court) and Dainaiki (chief editor).

• 『ノーベル賞の周辺―福井謙一博士と京都大学の自由な学風』（1999年、化学同人）、ISBN 4759808183
• Around the Nobel Prize: Dr. Kenichi FUKUI and Kyoto University's Liberal Atmosphere (1999, Kagakudojin Publishing) ISBN 4759808183

• 森博達は文武朝（697年～707年）に文章博士の山田史御方（やまだのふひとみかた）がβ群の述作を開始したとする。
• Hiromichi MORI argues that YAMADA no Fuhitomikata, the Doctor of Letters, started to write the β group during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697 - 707).

• 嘉応元年（1169年）には算博士の地位にあり、父生前の春日大社行幸の行事賞を代わりに受けて従五位上に叙せられた。
• In 1169, he was at the position of San hakase, and received a prize for a royal visit to the Kasuga-taisha Shrine, which was held when his father was alive, on behalf of his father and was conferred Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).

• 紀伝博士（きでんはかせ）とは、平安時代の初期に大学寮に置かれた役職で紀伝道を講じたが、後に文章博士に統合された。
• Kiden hakase refers to a post established in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) in the early Heian period and taught Kidendo (the study of the histories), but, was integrated into Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature) later.

• 大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)（808年3月4日）に明経直講（明経博士の別枠）より1名を割いて設置された。
• On March 8, 808, the post of Kiden hakase was established by appointing one person from Myogyo chokko (teacher of Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics)) (another group of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics)).

• いつか博士のオフィスをちょっとのぞいてごらんになったら、あなたのような症例の記録を何百と見せてくれるでしょうね。
• If you look in on him some day at his office he'll show you the record of hundreds of cases like yours,

• さらに陰陽師を養成する陰陽博士、占星術を行使・教授する天文博士、暦の編纂・暦作成を教授する暦博士が設置されている。
• There was also an Onmyo Hakase (ying and yang master) who trained onmyoji, a Tenmon Hakase (master of astronomy) who practiced and taught astronomy, and a Reki Hakase (calendar master) who compiled and created calendars.

• 平安時代末期に大学寮が廃絶すると、学科としての明法道の実質は消滅して、博士が私塾を開いて律令を講義するようになる。
• In the late Heian period, after Daigakuryo was eliminated, the department of Myohodo practically disappeared and the doctors gave lectures of ritsuryo in their private schools.

• なお、大宰府・陸奥国（後に出羽国を追加）にも漏刻は設置されたが、博士は置かれずに守辰丁が管理していたとされている。
• Rokoku was also installed in the provinces of Dazaifu and Mutsu (later Dewa Province was added), but Hakase was not appointed and Shushincho seemed to have operated the rokoku.

• 朝野群載（ちょうやぐんさい）は平安時代の詩文・宣旨・官符・書札等各種文書を分類して算博士・三善為康が編纂したもの。
• Choya gunsai was edited by MIYOSHI no Tameyasu, San hakase (Doctor of Numbers), who classified monjo (written materials) n the Heian period such as prose and poetry, imperial decrees, official documents from the Dajokan (Great Council of State).

• 紀伝道の教授である文章博士から右大臣となった菅原道真は、政治家としてのみならず、優れた文学者としても知られている。
• SUGAWARA no Michizane, who eventually became Udaijin (The Minister of the Right) from Monjo hakase, a professor of Kidendo, was known not only as a politician but also as an excellent scholar of literature.

• 『日本書紀』によると512年に百済からの任那4県割譲要求があり、金村はこれを承認し、代わりに五経博士を渡来させた。
• According to the 'Nihon Shoki,' Kanamura approved the demand of ceding Minama four prefectures from Baekje in 512 and let Gokyo Hakase visit instead.

• 著書に、『成斎文初集』『成斎文二集』『成斎先生遺稿』があり、『重野博士史学論文集』全3巻補巻1冊も刊行されている。
• He wrote 'Seisai Bunshu' (Seisai's writings), 'Seisai Bunnishu' (Seisai's writings II), 'Seisai-sensei Ikoshu' (Professor Seisai's literary remains), and his collection of papers, 'Shigeno Hakase Shigaku Ronbunshu' (Collection of history papers of Dr. Shigeno) consisting of three volumes and an appendix was also published.

• 寛和2年（986年）には晴明の後任の天文博士に任じられ、晴明生前の寛弘元年（1004年）に陰陽頭に任ぜられている。
• In 986, he was appointed to a Tenmon hakase taking over the post from Seimei, and then he was appointed to an Onmyo no kami while Seimei was still alive, in 1004.

• 第二次大戦中、ランドン・ワーナー博士が米陸軍当局に提出した「爆撃してはならない日本の文化財目録」の中に入っていた。
• During World War II, it was in the 'do not bomb list of cultural properties in Japan' which was submitted by Dr. Landon WARNER.

• ジキル博士は来客を出迎えるのに立ち上がることもしなかったが、冷たい片手をのばし、様変わりした声で歓迎の意をのべた。
• He did not rise to meet his visitor, but held out a cold hand and bade him welcome in a changed voice.

• 博士の科学的共感はきっぱりと爬虫類に向けられていて、この大自然の俗物どもを愛し、自身を動物学のゾラと描写していた。
• His scientific sympathies were distinctly reptilian; he loved nature's vulgarians and described himself as the Zola of zoology.

• 移り舞に関して、「男博士にする女博士なれども、跡の出羽(＝囃子の名前)より男博士にするは、昔男に移り舞といふ事なり」
• Regarding the utsurimai, 'even though it is a female role playing a male role, to make it a male role after the later Dewa (name of hayashi) means to make it an utsurimai to a man of the past'

• その息子・土御門泰重（1586-1661）は天文博士として衰退した家名の再興に尽力し公卿として従二位にまで昇進した。
• Hisanaga's son Yasushige TSUCHIMIKADO (1586-1661), as a tenmon hakase, was committed to reviving the family name and advanced to Junii (Junior Second Rank) as a Kugyo.

• 国府には国司の他、史生、国博士、国医師、徭丁などの職員が勤務しており、小国で数十人、大国では数百人の人数規模だった。
• In addition to Kokushi, there were various staff such as Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents), Kunihakase (teacher of Japanese classical literature), Kuniishi (local governmental doctor) and Yocho (laborer), whose numbers reached several dozens for small provinces and several hundreds for large province.

• 有名な例では、貞観 (日本)12年（870年）に行われた西曹に属する菅原道真の対策の出題博士は東曹の都良香であった。
• As a famous example, SUGAWARA no Michizane who belonged to the seiso took the taisaku examination in 870 from the MIYAKO no Yoshika of the toso as the setter hakase of the examination.

• なお、博士ら講義担当者は講義にあたって予めテキストに相当する覚書である『日本紀私記』（にほんぎしき）を作成している。
• The persons in charge of giving lectures, such as the hakase, drew up private notes called Nihongi Shiki as a textbook in advance of their lectures.

• 明法勘文（みょうぼうかんもん）とは、明法博士ら明法道の学者（明法家）が、諮問に対する解答として勘申した文書（勘文）。
• Myobo kanmon is kanmon (report) prepared by scholars (Myobo-ke) of Myobodo (study of Codes) including Myobo hakase to respond to consultation.

• 1899年（明治32年）5月、渡米し、ハーバード大学から憲法制定等の功績により名誉法学博士号(L.L.D)を受ける。
• In May 1899, he visited the US and received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LLD) from Harvard University for distinguished services, such as the establishment of the Constitution.

• ドイツに留学後、『統計利用に於ける基本問題』で経済学博士号を取得するも教授に昇格するのはずっと遅く1942年だった。
• After studying in Germany, he took his doctorate on 'Tokei Riyo ni okeru Kihon Mondai' (Basic Problems in Using Statistics), but he was promoted to full professor much later in 1942.

• 実際、境内の「恋占いの石」は原子物理学、ボースト博士による科学的な年代測定で縄文時代のものであることが判明している。
• In reality, nuclear physicist Dr. Borst scientifically dated the 'Koi uranai-no-Ishi' (lit. love fortune-telling stones) to the Jomon period.

• 文学研究科教育学専攻修士課程、文学研究科社会学専攻修士課程、アメリカ研究科アメリカ研究専攻博士課程（後期課程）開設。
• A master's program in Education within the Graduate School of Literature, a master's program in Sociology within the Graduate School of Literature, and a doctoral program in American Studies within the Graduate School of American Studies (second semester) were established.

• だが、藤原菅根（藤原南家）・藤原佐世（藤原式家）の文章博士任官以後に紀伝道に進出してきた藤原氏の台頭も目覚しかった。
• The presence of the Fujiwara clan in kiden-do, however, was also quite remarkable after the appointment to monjo hakase of FUJIWARA no Sugane (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan) and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan).

• 僕たちは今ね、博士−おそらく君は見抜いているだろうが−ロンドンの主要な銀行の一つのシティーにある支店の地下室にいる。
• We are at present, Doctor--as no doubt you have divined--in the cellar of the City branch of one of the principal London banks.

• そして私に私の帽子を手渡し、自分のもテーブルの上からつまみ上げて、トレベリアン博士の後について入口のほうに出かけた。
• handed me my hat, picked his own from the table, and followed Dr. Trevelyan to the door.

• 第二次大戦中、ラングドン・ウォーナー博士が米陸軍当局に提出した「爆撃してはならない日本の文化財目録」の中に入っていた。
• It was include in 'The list of Japanese cultural properties which U.S shouldn't bomb,' which Dr. Langdon Warner submitted to the U.S Army authority during the World War II.

• 官位は五条高長の子供五条長経（1242年-1315年）以降、大学寮・文章博士・式部省を経て中納言・大納言を極官とする。
• As for official court rank after Takanaga GOJO's son, Nagatsune GOJO (1242 - 1315), the highest court appointments given were Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after being appointed through Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies).

• 以後、儒教以外の漢文学を教授した文章博士の地位が向上して、後には文章博士の学科である紀伝道が上位を占めるようになった。
• The status of Monjo Hakase, who taught Chinese classical literature other than Confucianism, subsequently improved, their department, Kidendo (the study of the histories), became highly ranked.

• 暦博士は原稿となる暦本を作成して、頒暦は6月21日、具注暦は8月1日（七陽暦は12月21日）までに陰陽寮に提出された。
• The books related to the calendar, made by Rekihakase, were submitted to the Onmyoryo by June twenty-first and August first respectively for Hanreki and Guchureki (and for shichiyoreki by December twenty-first).

• 清考証学派に範をとる歴史学方法論を主張、これに基づき児島高徳の実在や楠木正成の逸話を否定し「抹殺博士」の異名をとった。
• He advocated the historical science methodology, which modeled its methodology for the Qing-style study of old documents, and based on this, he denied the existence of Takanori KOJIMA (a personage appears in 'Taiheiki' story) as a real figure as well as the anecdotes related to Masashige KUSUNOKI, and thus, he was dubbed 'the doctor elimination.'

• 文武天皇3年（699年）4月13日に、務広弐文忌寸博士ら8人が、南島に国を求めて派遣されたことが、『続日本紀』にある。
• It is said in the 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) that Mukoni FUMI no Imiki Hakase and 8 others were dispatched to look for countries in the southern region on April 13, 699.

• 博士課程後期（浄土学専攻、仏教学専攻、仏教文化専攻、日本史学専攻、東洋史学専攻、国文学専攻、中国文学専攻、英文学専攻）
• Doctor of Philosophy (Jodo Buddhism Program, Buddhist Studies Program, Buddhist Culture Program, Japanese History Program, Oriental History Program, Japanese Literature Program, Chinese Literature Program, British and American Literature Program)

• 明法博士の下には明法得業生（みょうほうとくぎょうしょう）2名と明法生（みょうほうしょう）10名（後に20名）があった。
• 2 Myoho Tokugyosho (distinguished scholars) and 10 Myohosho (later becoming 20) were placed as pupils under a Myoho hakase.

• 大学寮には算道を教授する算博士（さんはかせ、従七位上相当・2名）と学生である算生（さんしょう、30名）で構成されていた。
• The Daigaku-ryo consisted of two San hakase (Doctor of Numbers, equivalent to Jushichiijo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade)) who taught Sando, and thirty Sansho (students studying arithmetic).

• 明法博士は従来の天皇や太政官に加えて治天の君や院庁の諮問に対しても明法勘文を提示するなど、活発な活動を見せるようになる。
• The doctors of Myoho became so active that they submitted Myobokanmon response papers not only to the emperors and Daijokan (government's supreme organ) but also to Chitennokimi (a retired emperor) and Innocho (administrative organization of retired emperor).

• 以後、紀伝博士の定員は文章博士の定員に移され（1名→2名）、紀伝得業生・紀伝生もそれぞれ文章得業生・文章生に吸収された。
• Following this, kiden hakase's seat was merged into that of monjo hakase (from one person to two people), and kiden tokugosho and kiden no sho were merged into monjo tokugosho and monjosho respectively.

• 長暦3年（1039年）に算博士となり、後に大外記・主税寮を兼ねた他、美濃国・越後国・越前国・備前国・播磨国の介を兼ねた。
• He became San hakase in 1039 and was assigned with Daigeki (Senior Secretary) and Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) before he served as the assistant governor of Mino, Echigo, Echizen, Bizen, and Harima Provinces.

• こうしてそれから二十分ばかりの後、私たちはブルック・ストリートにあるトレベリアン博士の住居（すまい）の前で馬車をおりた。
• Within a quarter of an hour we had been dropped at the door of the physician's residence in Brook Street, one of those sombre, flat-faced houses which one associates with a West End practice.

• 二年ごとに選考委員会は、五人の博士研究員を研究実績並びに科学的及び技術的経歴の質をもとに選考し、二年間の研究訓練をする。
• Every two years, the Selection Board shall select five postdoctoral fellows on the basis of the quality of their profile and of their scientific and technical background and will offer them training for two years.

• 1893年には日本人の醸造学者矢部規矩治（やべ・きくじ）博士によって、日本酒の日本酒醪（もろみ）から清酒酵母が分離された。
• In 1893, Dr. Kikuji YABE, who was a Japanese zymologist, isolated sake yeast from Nihonshu moromi (raw unrefined sake) of sake.

• また、鎮西と同じく古生物学者で理学博士の岩崎泰頴（弥太郎の曾孫で熊本大学名誉教授）は由利子の兄であり、寿枝子の甥にあたる。
• Yuriko's elder brother and a nephew of Sueko, Yasuhide IWASAKI (the great-grandchild of Yataro and a professor emeritus at Kumamoto University) was, like CHINZEI, a paleontologist and a doctor of science.

• その後、長男安倍時親は天文密奏宣旨授与者、次男安倍章親は天文博士、3男安倍奉親は天文権博士と天文道に関する地位を独占した。
• The generation after Yoshihira dominated positions related to tenmondo: ABE no Tokichika, the first son of Yoshihira, received an imperial decree for tenmon misso (reporting unusual astronomical phenomena to the emperor); ABE no Akichika, the second son, became tenmon hakase (master of astronomy); and ABE no Norichika, the third son, became tenmon gon no hakase (assistant to tenmon hakase).

• 大宝律令を全国一律に施行するため、同年（大宝元年8月8日）、朝廷は明法博士を西海道以外の6道に派遣して、新令を講義させた。
• In order to enforce the Taiho Ritsuryo across the country without exception, on September 18, 701, the imperial court dispatched the Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) to six Do (districts) except for Saikaido, and let them lecture on the new codes.

• 光格天皇（119代）、仁孝天皇（120代）、孝明天皇（121代）の三代にわたり朝廷に仕え、官位は正二位明経博士まで昇った。
• He served at the Imperial Court under the reigns of three emperors who were Emperor Kokaku (the 119th), Emperor Ninko (the 120th) and Emperor Komei (the 121st), and was promoted to as high as Shonii (Senior Second Rank) Myogo Hakase (Professor of Confucian Classics).

• それで取るものも取りあえず、友人であり相棒である、ワトソン博士と共に、ノーフォークに駈けつけたのだが、もう時既に遅かった」
• I at once came to Norfolk with my friend and colleague, Dr. Watson, but, unhappily, only in time to find that the worst had already occurred.'

• これらの学生は、イーター事業で二年間の研究訓練を受ける。博士研究員の付与及び可能な人数に対する要件は附属書Bに定められる。
• These students will receive research training in the ITER project for a period of two years. The requirements for the award of fellowships and the number of possible fellows are set out in Annex B.

• 醍醐天皇の時代に三善清行が大学頭・文章博士を務めて参議まで至り、延喜3年（903年）頃にはカバネを宿禰から朝臣に改められた。
• In the era of the Emperor Daigo, Kiyoyuki (or Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI was appointed Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), rising to the position of Sangi (councilor), and the kabane (official status title) of the clan was changed from Sukune to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) around 903.

• 山陰亭（さんいんてい）とは、平安時代前期に菅原清公・菅原是善・菅原道真と3代にわたって文章博士を輩出した菅原氏の私塾のこと。
• Sanin-tei was a private school kept by the Sugawara clan, that had produced Monjo hakase (professor of literature) for three generations; SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, and SUGAWARA no Michizane, during the early Heian period.

• 紀伝道の統合期に活躍した文章博士である菅原清公は大学頭を兼務してその発展に貢献し、大学寮の北側に文章院という学舎を設置した。
• Monjo hakase SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who was active at the time of the merger of kidendo, also served as daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), contributing to the development of the subject and founding a school to the north of the daigakuryo called monjoin.

• そのために、紀伝道発展の要素も絶たれて伝統を固守するだけの学問となり、その結果として文章博士の家による独占・家学化が進んだ。
• This cut off any possible development of kidendo and the subject became one in which only traditions were maintained, resulting in domination by certain monjo hakase families and making it their kagaku (hereditary learning).

• 明法家もまた、元は大学寮の明法道の教官であった明法博士の地位を明法道の家学化によってその世襲を確立させることで成立している。
• Such Myobo-ke were also formed by establishing heredity of the position of Myobo hakase who were originally instructors of Myobodo (study of ritsuryo codes) in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) by changing Myobodo to hereditary learning.

• 平安時代以降には、皇族・公卿など高い身分にある者、または、上級の官職や博士など官職に対しても、俸給が支給されるようになった。
• During the Heian Period and later, men in higher positions such as the Imperial Family and Kugyo, as well as upper ranked government officials and Hakase (Professors), were also receiving remuneration.

• 以後、左馬頭や宮内卿なども兼務しながら、陰陽頭を大永2年（1522年）、暦博士を天文 (日本)2年（1533年）まで務めた。
• Then, also assuming positions including Sama no kami (Captain of Samaryo, Left Division of Bureau of Horses) and Kunaikyo (Minister of the Sovereign's Household), he remained in the position of Onmyo no kami until 1522 and reki hakase until 1533.

• 方技（技官）においても、各博士に「権職（ごんのしょく）」を置き、天文権博士・陰陽権博士・暦権博士・漏刻権博士が常設化された。
• With respect to hogi (gikan), 'gon no shoku' was set up in conjunction with each hakase and Tenmon gon no hakase, Onmyo gon no hakase, Reki gon no hakase, and Rokoku gon no hakase, were made permanent positions.

• 『日本書紀』持統天皇5年（691年）に音博士（続守言・薩弘格）の存在が記され、主に渡来人がこれを担当したことが知られている。
• 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) has a description that On hakase (SHOKU Shugen and SATSU Kokaku) existed in 691, and it is known that toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) mainly assumed this post.

• そのため宝亀3年（772年）には淡海三船が大学寮の長である大学頭と文章博士を兼ねるなど、文章博士の地位が高まるようになった。
• As a result, the status of monjo hakase came to rise as illustrated by OMI no Mifune's assuming office as Daigaku no kami (the principal of Daigaku-ryo) and as monjo hakase at the same time in 772.

• B: 科学の必要な科目を履修してはどうですか。 デイビス博士がこの学期生物学１０１を教えていて、彼は非常によい先生です。
• B: Why don't you fulfill your science requirement? Dr. Davis is teaching Biology 101 this semester, and he's good.

• 博士研究員は、加盟者あるいはイーター機構が実施する公開競争雇用手続きを通した研究奨励金の後援国の国民から要請され選抜される。
• Post-doctoral researchers shall be requested and selected from nationals of the Parties or sponsor countries of the fellowship through an open competitive recruitment procedure carried out by the ITER Organization.

• しかしながら、酒麻呂とその一族が平安時代前期において、長期に渡って書博士の地位を占めていた事が『日本三代実録』に記されている。
• However, it is described in the 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) that Sakemaro and his clan occupied the post of Sho hakase (professor of calligraphy) for a long period of time in the first half of the Heian period.

• 出自については、明法博士・中原広季の子で大江広元と兄弟であるとする説と、藤原光能の三男で中原広季の養子になったとする説がある。
• There are two stories about his origin (roots): one is that he was a child of Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system), NAKAHARA no Hirosue and a brother of OE no Hiromoto, and the other is that he was the third son of FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi and became an adopted son of NAKAHARA no Hirosue.

• 律令制日本の律令制の時代には主に史官、大学寮の博士や宮中祭儀の担い手であった祭祀系氏族が担い手であった『日本書紀』解釈である。
• During the period of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the interpretation of 'Nihonshoki' had been done mainly by ranked officers, professors of the Bureau of Education, and clans in charge of religious ritual services, who handled ceremonies in the Imperial Court.

• 手塚博士は、Manga! Manga! の序文に、日本の外でマンガの受容が遅いことについて、短い選び抜いたことばで語っている:
• Dr. Tezuka had a few choice words for the foreword of Manga! Manga!, speaking on the topic of the slow acceptance of manga outside Japan:

• カール・マルクス博士はドイツの PhD であり、実際の生きた社会の観察と書物の両方から抽出された広いドイツ的知識を持っている。
• Dr. Karl Marx is a German doctor of philosophy, with a German breadth of knowledge derived both from observation of the living world and from books.

• ただし、博士官が保存する書物は除かれたとあるので儒家の経書が全く滅びたというわけではなく、楚漢戦争をへながらも、漢に伝えられた。
• However, it is told that books stored by the erudite officers were exempted, meaning not all Keisho (most important documents in Confucianism) of Ju-ka were destroyed, and they were passed on to Han despite the Chu-Han contention.

• 律令制度下の教育機関である大学寮に書博士という役職が設置され、後に「書道」と呼ばれる学科が形成されたが、早い段階で衰退している。
• An official position called shohakase (the professor of calligraphy) was introduced in the daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and the department called 'calligraphy' was established later, but declined during it's early stage

• これとは別に教育組織として技術官僚の中で学識・技術の優秀な人物から選ばれた医博士・針博士・按摩博士・呪禁博士が各1置かれていた。
• Moreover, Tenyakuryo had an educational organization that was headed by an 'I-hakase' (Master of Medicine), a 'Hari-hakase' (Master of Acupuncture), an 'Anma-hakase' (Master of Massage), and a 'Jugon-hakase' (Master of Necromancy), who were selected as excellent in their knowledge and medical techniques from all technocrats.

• また、教育を重視する観点から養老令の規定には無い大学寮の諸博士に特に博士職田と称される職分田が支給されていたことが知られている。
• It is known that in view of the importance placed on education, shikibunden called Hakase-shikiden were provided to various professors in Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), which was not the case under the Yoro code.

• 夜番は例の＊メードレル博士の月世界大地図で、あなた方もおなじみの、かずしれず環（わ）なりに取りまわした山のひとつにくだりました。
• He found himself on one of the many circumjacent mountain-ridges with which we are acquainted by means of Dr. Madler's 'Map of the Moon.'

• しかし平安時代になって、文章博士として代々世襲を続けた菅原氏が直曹である文章院を創建した（既存のものを拡充したとする見方もある）。
• In the Heian period, the Sugawara clan who succeeded to the position of Monjo-hakase (professor at the Daigaku-ryo) for many generations established the Monjoin as the Jikiso (it is also said to have been an expanded old one).

• 忠行の子・賀茂保憲は暦博士と天文博士を兼ねたが、その死後は保憲の子・賀茂光栄の子孫が暦道を、門人安倍晴明の子孫が天文道を継承した。
• KAMO no Yasunori, who was the son of Tadayuki, held Reki Hakase concurrently with Tenmon Hakase (master of astrology); however, after his death the descendants of KAMO no Mitsuyoshi, the son of Yasunori, took over rekido and the descendants of ABE no Seimei, a follower, took over tenmondo (ancient horoscopy).

• 後に賀茂家の嫡流が断絶すると、同氏の庶流であった幸徳井友景が陰陽頭となり、孫の幸徳井友傳以後は暦博士の官職は幸徳井家の世襲となる。
• In a later period, once all the direct descendants of the Kamo family had died out, Tomokage KOTOKUI, a member of a branch line of the Kamo clan, became Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo) and after Tomosuke KOTOKUI, who was the grandson of Tomokage, Reki Hakase became a hereditary post for descendants of the Kotokui family.

• これによって、博士職を世襲する家以外から文章博士が登用される事は無くなり、博士達はそれぞれの家に家塾を設けて教育するようになった。
• Following this, the cases in which monjo hakase were recruited from other families than those which inherited positions of hakase died out and each hakase established their own government-backed school operated by themselves at their homes, providing education.

• 坂上是則（当道の孫）、坂上望城（当道の曾孫）は歌人として名を成し、その子孫は検非違使大尉や明法博士など法律に関する分野で活躍した。
• SAKANOUE no Korenori (Masamichi's grandson) and SAKANOUE no Mochiki (Masamichi's great-grandson) became famous as kajin (waka poet), their descendants did great performances as a Kebiishi police officer and in the law field as a Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system).

• 東京奠都にあたっては猶予願を出し、1870年に東京で大学中博士兼侍読に任ぜられたものの、政府の欧化政策を嫌悪し、同年10月に辞職。
• On the transfer of the national capital to Tokyo, he submitted a request for the extension for it, and while he was assigned to Daigaku chu hakase (middle Doctor) -cum-Jidoku (imperial tutor) in Tokyo in 1870, he hated the governmental policy of Europeanization and resigned in October the same year.

• 天文博士を勤めた後には陰陽寮を超えて主計権助・大膳大夫・左京権大夫・大国である播磨守などの官職を歴任して「従四位下」まで昇進した。
• After serving as Tenmon hakase, Seimei went beyond Onmyoryo, successively holding various government posts such as Kazue no gon no suke, Daizen taifu, Sakyo no gon no daifu and the magistrate of the powerful Harima Province and climbed to 'Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).'

• 「エンフィールドやわたしみたいに、外にでて気分転換しないと（あぁ、これがわたしの従兄弟のエンフィールドだよ、あちらがジキル博士だ）
• 'You should be out, whipping up the circulation like Mr. Enfield and me. (This is my cousin -- Mr. Enfield -- Dr. Jekyll.)

• 極官は室町時代の東坊城益長（1407年 - 1474年）以降、代々文章博士・日本の官制・少納言・大蔵省等を経て権大納言を極官とする。
• The family provided a Professor of Literature, Directors of the Bureau of Education, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), and a Director of Department of Treasury from the era of Masunaga HIGASHIBOJO (1407-1474) and thereafter in the Muromachi period, the top rank attained being Junior Chief Councillor of State.

• このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
• Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.

• 東京大学教授戸水寛人、富井政章、小野塚喜平次、高橋作衛、金井延、寺尾亨、学習院教授中村進午の7人（「東大七博士」）によって書かれた。
• It was written by 7 people consisted of professors at Tokyo University, Hirondo TOMIZU, Masaakira TOMII, Kiheiji ONOZUKA, Sakue TAKAHASHI, Noburu KANAI and Toru TERAO and a professor at Gakushuin University, Shingo NAKAMURA ('Tokyo University's seven doctors').

• 大化の改新のあと、645年（大化元年）に高向玄理とともに国博士に任じられ、649年（大化5年）高向玄理と八省百官の制を立案している。
• Following the Taika Reforms, in 645, Min and TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro were appointed to the role of Kunihakase (national level scholars), and in 649, they devised the Hassho hyakkan-sei system (the Ritsuryo [government structure modeled after the Chinese system] form of government ministries).

• 編纂者の有力な候補として、国学者御巫清直（みかんなぎきよなお　1812-92）は明法博士の興原敏久（おきはらのみにく）を挙げている。
• A Japanese classical literature scholar, Kiyonao MIKANNAGI (1812-1892) named OKIHARA no Miniku, a teacher of law in the Ritsuryo System, as the possible compiler of the document.

• 養老律令雑令造暦条に、陰陽寮（具体的には暦博士）が毎年予め来年の暦を作成して11月1日に中務省に送り、同省はそれを天皇に奏聞すること。
• An article on calendar making given in the Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters) of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code stipulate that Onmyoryo (more concretely Rekihakase) should make beforehand a New Year calendar and submit it to the Nakatsukasasho on every November 1st and that the Nakatsukasasho should present it to the Emperor.

• 暦博士による暦本提出後、陰陽寮は暦作りの専門部署として御暦所と呼ばれる臨時の機関を設置して、献上する暦の製作にあたらせて当日に備えた。
• The Onmyoryo established Onkoyomidokoro, a temporary specialized department to make calendars, where, once the books were submitted, are prepared for the day of calendar distribution by presenting calendars to the Emperor.

• 律令制においては、暦道・陰陽寮とともに陰陽寮の監督下に置かれ、天文博士（定員1名・正七位下）と天文生（10名）によって構成されていた。
• Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Tenmondo was put under the supervision of the Onmyoryo, together with rekido and the Onmyoryo, and it consisted of one tenmon hakase (Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)) and ten tenmon no sho (students of astronomy).

• 『令義解』（りょうのぎげ）とは、に淳和天皇の勅により右大臣清原夏野を総裁として、文章博士菅原清公ら12人によって撰集された令の解説書。
• 'Ryo-no-gige' is a commentary on ryo (administrative code) by the decree of the Emperor Junna, selected by 12 people such as udaijin (minister of the right) KIYOHARA no Natsuno as a head, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and so on.

• 更に彼の死去の2日前に藤原実資が記した『小右記』の記事には、吉昌が天文博士の職を亡くなるまで他の官職と兼務していたことが記されている。
• In addition, FUJIWARA no Sanesuke stated two days before Yoshimasa died in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) that Yoshimasa served as a Tenmon hakase in addition to serving as an officer for some duties.

• 王が彼らにさまざまの事を尋ねてみると、彼らは知恵と理解において、全国の博士、法術士にまさること十倍であった。 (ダニエル書 1:20)
• In every matter of wisdom and understanding, concerning which the king inquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and enchanters who were in all his realm. (Daniel 1:20)

• だが、彼らのもくろみがほかにあるのでは、と疑うグラニスは、ステル博士がふたたびやってくることを警戒して、自分の口を固く閉ざすのだった。
• till Granice, mistrustful of their motives, began to dread the reappearance of Dr. Stell, and set a guard on his lips.

• しかし、博士はその莫大な資産をもって周囲を豪華さで出しぬくこと、見事な壮麗さで輝かせることを許し、妻子の過酷な運命を和らげようとした。
• though, to soften the rigors of their lot, he had permitted them, out of his great wealth, to outdo the reptiles in the gorgeousness of their surroundings and to shine with a superior splendor.

• 表現主義映画「カリガリ博士」公開、「借地法・借家法」「メートル法」公布、「大日本蹴球協会」（現・日本サッカー協会）創立、「足尾銅山争議」
• Release of an expressionism movie 'Come Back, Dr. Caligari,' proclamation of 'Land Lease and House Lease Act' and of the metric system, foundation of 'Dainihon Shukyu Kyokai' (Japan Football Association) (present Japan Football Association), and 'Ashio Copper Mine Mineral Pollution Incident'

• 子として文章博士三善文江や式部省三善文明、僧侶の浄蔵・日蔵が知られるが、文明の子・三善道統が文章博士になったのを最後に歴史から姿を消す。
• Kiyoyuki's sons include a Monjo hakase Fumie MIYOSHI, a Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies) official Fumiaki MIYOSHI, and the priests Jozo and Nichizo; and Fumiaki's son Michimune MIYOSHI who was also a Monjo hakase, was the last Miyoshi who left his mark in the history.

• 890年（寛平2年）図書頭となり、以後文章博士・大学頭などを経て、902年（延喜2年）に参議、911年（延喜11年）に中納言に昇進した。
• In 890 he became Zusho no kami (head of the Documents Office), and thereafter succeeded to the posts of Monjo hakase (Chief Calligrapher to the Court) and Daigaku no kami (Headmaster of the Academy); in 902 he was appointed Sangi (Director of Palace Affairs), and then in 911 (Engi 11) he was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).

• 帰国後、留学中の研究の成果を認められて医学博士号を与えられ、明治25年（1892年）12月には長与専斎の推薦で内務省衛生局長に就任した。
• When he returned to Japan, he was awarded a medical doctorate for the results of his study in Germany, and he was installed as the chief of the Hygienic Bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs in December, 1892 on the recommendation of Sensai NAGAYO.

• 長男従五位下伊豆国守柏原頼盛、次男従五位上土佐国守源忠季以下源頼風、祇園別当阿闍梨永壽、園城寺博士頼増、四天王寺別当頼昭らの子があった。
• He had children including Yorimori KASHIWABARA, who was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and Izu no kuni no kami (the governor of Izu Province), MINAMOTO no Tadasue who was Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) and Tosa no kuni no kami (the governor of Tosa Province), MINAMOTO no Yorikaze, Ajari (high-ranked priest) Eiju who was the Gion betto (a religious administrator in charge of priests of Gion Shrine), Yorimasu who was Onjo-ji Temple Hakase and Yoriaki who was the betto of Shitenno-ji Temple.

• 永徳3年/弘和3年（1383年）に蔵人、嘉慶 (日本)2年/元中5年（1388年）に右少弁兼文章博士となりその年のうちに左少弁に転じた。
• He was appointed Kurodo (Chamberlain) in 1383, became Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right) and concurrently Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature) in 1388 and, later that year, he was transferred to Sashoben (Minor Controller of the Left).

• 2003年　通信制大学院に仏教学専攻(博士後期課程)・日本史学専攻(博士後期課程)を開設、通信制大学院に臨床心理学専攻(修士課程)を開設
• 2003: The school installed the Buddhist Studies Program (Ph.D.), Japanese History Program (Ph.D.) and Clinical Psychology Program (M.A.) within the Graduate School of the Correspondence Division.

• 「まぁ、ともかくも、わたしがここがジキル博士の家の裏口へ通じているなんて知らないのは、さぞかし間抜けなことだとあなたは思ったでしょうね！
• 'And by the way, what an ass you must have thought me, not to know that this was a back way to Dr. Jekyll's!

• そしてどうやって私が、面識のない不快な訪問者が、著名な医者にその同僚であるジキル博士の書斎を探ることを説き伏せることができるだろうか？　
• and how should I, an unknown and displeasing visitor, prevail on the famous physician to rifle the study of his colleague, Dr. Jekyll?

• 『日本書紀』によれば、崇峻1年（588年）に、百済から寺工や鑪盤博士、瓦博士等が来て最初の本格的伽藍、法興寺（飛鳥寺）を着工したと伝える。
• According to 'Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan),' it is said that temple engineers, 鑪盤 (Roban) experts, tile experts, etc., came from Baekje in 588 and started the construction of Hoko-ji Temple (Asuka-dera Temple), the first full-fledged garan.

• 記念館1階に位置し、博士の業績を記した展示パネルが掲げられているほか、生前に愛用した品、主要著作、掛け軸、書画、写真などが展示されている。
• In the room located on the first floor of the memorial hall, in addition to the panels that are hung on the walls for showing the doctor's accomplishments, the goods that the doctor loved, his major literary works, hanging scrolls, calligraphic works and paintings, and photographs are also exhibited.

• そのなかにあって叔孫通が漢の宮廷儀礼を定め、陸賈が南越王を朝貢させ、伏生が『今文尚書』を伝えるなど、秦の博士官であった儒者たちが活躍した。
• Under these circumstances, Confucianist who were erudite officers in Qin took active roles, such as Shuku Sontsu who defined the court etiquette of Han, Riku Ka who made the king of Nanyue pay tribute to the court, and Fuku Sho (Fu Sheng) who introduced the 'Kinbunshosho' (a New Text version of the Classic of History).

• 貞元 (日本)2年（977年）頃に三善朝臣の姓が授けられ、その1人であった三善茂明が主税寮兼算博士に就任し、その子孫は代々算博士を継いだ。
• Around the year of 977, the clan was given the surname of Miyoshi Ason, and among the members of the clan, Shigeaki MIYOSHI was appointed as Shuzeiryo (a position in Bureau of Taxation) in addition to Sanhakase (a position with responsibility for teaching mathematics and looking after mathematicians), the position that his descendants inherited for generations.

• 江戸時代には清原氏の子孫である舟橋家・伏原家が博士の職を世襲したが、儒教の中でも新興の宋学全盛の時代にあっては名目のみの官となっていった。
• During the Edo period, the Funabashi and Fusehara families, as descendants of the Nakahara clan, inherited the position of hakase (professor); the inherited position was in name only, however, since it had become the golden days of the newly emerged Sogaku (Song-period neo-Confucianism).

• 逆に道真も文章博士就任後、元慶5年（881年）に東曹の三善清行、同7年（883年）には同じく東曹の紀長谷雄の対策に際して出題を行っている。
• Similarly, when Michizane assumed the post of the Monjo hakase, he set the question for the taisaku examination for Kiyoyuki (also referred to as Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI of the toso in 881, and KI no Haseo of the toso in 883.

• 明法道の試験は難関であったために弘仁4年（813年）には、6問以上正解者には不合格であっても国博士に任命される資格を得ることが認められた。
• Because the examination of Myohodo was difficult, in 813 unsuccessful applicants were still allowed to have the qualification to be appointed as Kunihakase (a teacher of local institute).

• また、儒教以外の知識に通じた官人育成の観点から大学寮に文章博士・明法博士を令外官として設置して、後に文章博士は大学寮の博士の首位となった。
• In terms of fostering literate government officials with knowledge other than Confucianism, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) were also placed, and later reached the top posts of Monjo hakase and Myobo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).

• その一方で、いわゆる公家法が形成されるようになると、明法家の法解釈や明法勘文が法源とされ、明法博士などの明法家が院評定に参加するようになる。
• On the other hand, after so called Kugeho (law of court nobles' society) was established, Myoho experts including the doctors of Myoho participated in the council because the law was based on the low interpretations of Myoho experts and Myobokanmon.

• これは当時の天文権博士和気久邦が伊予国に滞在中であり、天文密奏宣旨を受けた2名も技術が未熟であったために応急措置として与えられたものである。
• There were two reasons for this emergency appointment: the first was that the then tenmongon no hakuji (master of astronomy), WAKE Hisakuni (? 和気久邦), was in Iyo Province, and the second was that the two people who received imperial decrees of tenmon misso were not sufficiently skilled.

• 確かな記録に現れるのは960年で、当時天文得業生（陰陽寮に所属し天文博士から天文道を学ぶ学生の職）であった晴明は村上天皇に占いを命ぜられた。
• Reliable records appear from 960, and Seimei, who was a student of ancient astrology (the studenthood belonging to the Office of Ommyo to learn ancient astrology from the scholar of ancient astrology), was ordered by Emperor Murakami to perform a divinatory reading.

• しかし、孫の坂上是則や曾孫の坂上望城は都に住し、歌人として名を残しており、当道の子孫は検非違使大尉や明法博士など法律に関する分野で活躍した。
• However, Masamichi's grandson SAKANOUE no Korenori and his great-grandson SAKANOUE no Mochiki lived in the capital and left their names as poets, and a number of Masamichi's descendants took active roles in the law-related field such as Kebiishi no taijo (a Kebiishi police officer) and Myoho hakase (a professor of law).

• 「おまえが思っているようなことだと仮定してみよう、ジキル博士が、そうだ、殺されたとしてみよう、どうして殺人犯がそこにとどまっているんだい？　
• 'Suppose it were as you suppose, supposing Dr. Jekyll to have been -- well, murdered, what could induce the murderer to stay?

• その後、文章博士の地位が向上し、なおかつ菅原氏の文章博士の世襲が進むと、文章院及びそこに寄宿する学生に対する菅原氏の支配が強まることとなった。
• Later, as the position of the Monjo-hakase rose in status, and the Sugawara clan continued to succeed to the role, the Sugawara clan's dominance over the Monjoin and its students became even more stronger.

• 「天文道は天文密奏、暦道は御暦奏を掌る」という独自の論理を主張して安倍氏の陰陽頭を排除して賀茂氏の暦博士が中心となって行うようになっていった。
• Saying, 'Tenmondo should deal with tenmon misso and rekido should handle goryaku no so', they excluded the Abe clan's onmyo no kami from the ceremony, changing the tradition.

• 通常は天皇や太政官の意向を受けた宣旨が外記局もしくは弁官局の史 (律令制)より明法博士に下され、それに対して勘文の形式で解答を出すことになる。
• Normally an imperial decree intended by the Emperor or Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was handed down via recorders of gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office of the Council of State) or Benkankyoku (Controllers' Office) to Myobo hakase, who replied in the form of kanmon.

• ダニエルは王に答えて言った、「王が求められる秘密は、知者、法術士、博士、占い師など、これを王に示すことはできません。 (ダニエル書 2:27)
• Daniel answered before the king and said, 'The secret which the king has demanded neither wise men, enchanters, magicians, nor soothsayers, can reveal to the king; (Daniel 2:27)

• そうすることで、私はジキル博士となっているときに何が起こっても、エドワード・ハイドとして何事もなかったように生活をつづけていけるようになった。
• so that if anything befell me inthe person of Dr. Jekyll, I could enter on that of Edward Hyde without pecuniary loss.

• 組織としては現在の大学に類似し、大学頭（「だいがくのかみ」、現在の大学の学長に相当）がトップで、博士（現在の大学教授に相当）が教鞭をとっていた。
• The organizational structure of Daigaku-ryo resembles modern universities; it was headed by 'Daigaku no kami' (Director of the Bureau of Education, equivalent to today's university presidents), and classes were conducted by hakase (equivalent to today's university professors).

• 医博士が正八品上から正七位上、針博士が従八品下から従七位下、按摩博士が従九品下から正八位上、呪禁博士が従九品下から従七位上と引き上げられている。
• Under the Tang dynasty, I-hakase was at Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade, Hari-hakase was at Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade, Anma-hakase was at Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade, and Jugon-hakase was at Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade, while in Japan, they were placed at Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade, Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade, Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade, and Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade, respectively.

• 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
• It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.

• これは文章博士が紀伝道成立以前からある官である事と「紀伝」を学ぶために設置された官職であった事実との間でバランスを取った結果とも考えられている。
• This can be understood as them trying to keep balance between the fact that monjo hakase existed before the establishment of kidendo and that they were the positions set for studying 'kiden.'

• また、明法博士による勘文に関する最古の記録は『続日本紀』天平宝字2年9月8日（丁丑/758年10月14日）条の国司交替に関する勘文を最古とする。
• In addition, the oldest record of kanmon created by Myobo is the one concerning the replacement of Kokushi in the article of October 14, 758 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued).

• 5人の子をもうけ、二男重石が神職を継ぎ、三男高原北雄は博士 (工学)で名古屋大学教授・航空宇宙技術研究所部長などをつとめた航空宇宙学の第一人者。
• He had five children, and his second son, Shigeishi, succeeded the post of Shinto priest, and the third son, Kitao TAKAHARA, Ph.D. (in engineering), is a leading expert in Aerospace Studies, and was a teacher at Nagoya University and a manager of the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan.

• クリューゲル博士から彼が引用している信じられない観察をとりあげてみると、あるランは噴出口として働く開口部のあるバケットの形をしたものがあります。
• Take the marvellous observation which he cites from Dr. Cruumlger, where a bucket with an aperture, serving as a spout, is formed in an orchid.

• だがしばらく目を凝らしてみれば、その灰色の土地とそこに終わりなく立ちこめる荒涼とした塵の上にT.J.エクルバーグ博士の瞳が見えてくることだろう。
• But above the gray land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a moment, the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg.

• 当初は「明法曹司」などと呼ばれる明法博士の教授団（組織）に対して下される形式が取られたが、9世紀以後には明法博士個人に対して出されるようになった。
• At first such an imperial decree was formally handed down to an instruction group of Myobo hakase called 'Myobo-zoshi' but after the ninth century it was handed down to Myobo hakase personally.

• 阿衡とは中国の故事によるものだが、これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡には位貴しも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたため、基経はならばと政務を放棄してしまった。
• Ako is a term derived from classical Chinese texts, and because FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, Monjo hakase (professor of literature), had described the scenario to Mototsune as one in which, 'he would receive the high position of Ako, but it would be merely ceremonious, and would have no official duties'; therefore, Mototsune was able to abandoned all his political duties.

• 青山 胤通（あおやま たねみち、安政6年5月15日 (旧暦)（1859年6月15日） - 大正6年（1917年）12月23日）は医学者、医学博士。
• Tanemichi AOYAMA (June 15, 1859 - December 23, 1917) was a medical scientist and doctor of medicine.

• 実際、安倍晴明は暦家・賀茂忠行の弟子であるが、天文得業生を経て陰陽師、果ては天文博士に昇進、後には忠行の子・賀茂保憲より天文道宗家を譲られている。
• ABE no Seimei, who was the disciple of Rekika (scholar of learning of the calendar) KAMO no Tadayuki, ascended to Onmyoji (yin yang master) after holding the position of Tenmon tokugyo no sho (researcher of the astrology), and finally up to Tenmon hakase (master of astrology), and later, he took over the title of Soke (head of the school) of Tenmondo (astrology) from Tadayuki's son, KAMO no Yasunori.

• 東京大學の内科創始者、青山胤通博士は平田門下青山景通の三男で、医道の道に進まなかったら、平田宗家の三代目平田延胤の後継者と目された人物であります。
• Dr. Tanemichi AOYAMA, the founder of the department of internal medicine of Tokyo University, was the third son of Kagemichi AOYAMA, a student of Hirata's school, and he had been expected to become the successor to Nobutane HIRATA (the third head teacher of Hirata's school) before he decided to become a medical student.

• 更に承和 (日本)元年3月8日 (旧暦)（834年4月20日）には、紀伝博士（大同 (日本)3年（808年）設置）1名を統合して定員を2名とした。
• Furthermore, the teaching staff quota of Kiden-do was raised to two on April 20, 834 incorporating a post of Kiden Hakase which had been installed in 808.

• 小西総長は辞職に追い込まれ、7月に後任の松井元興総長（博士 (理学)、のちに立命館大学学長）が就任したことから事件は急速に終息に向かうこととなった。
• Dean Konishi was forced to resign and with the appointment of Motooki MATSUI as dean (D.Sc., later Ritsumeikan University dean), the incident quickly headed towards a conclusion.

• なお、音博士の音道と書博士の書道 (大学寮)は、明経道の学習を補助するための学科であり、平安時代中期には明経道に実質的に統合されたと考えられている。
• Incidentally, Ondo (study of pronunciation of the Chinese language) taught by On Hakase (professors of pronunciation of Chinese language) and Shodo (calligraphy) taught by Sho Hakase (professors of calligraphy) were subjects that supplemented the study of Myogyodo, and it is considered that the two subjects were practically integrated with Myogyodo by the middle of the Heian period.

• 1731年（享保16年）、京都の儒学者並川五一郎が上記文献により、墓所中央の自然石を王仁の墓とし、領主・久貝因幡守に進言「博士王仁之墓」の碑を建立。
• In 1731, Goichiro NAMIKAWA, a Confucian scholar from Kyoto, claimed based on the abovementioned writing that the natural stone at the center of the graveyard was the tomb of Wani, and proposed KUGAI, the landlord and governor of Inaba Province, to establish 'Dr. Wani's tomb.'

• そこで王は命じて王のためにその夢を解かせようと、博士、法術士、魔術士、カルデヤびとを召させたので、彼らはきて王の前に立った。 (ダニエル書 2:2)
• Then the king commanded to call the magicians, the enchanters, the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, to tell the king his dreams. So they came in and stood before the king. (Daniel 2:2)

• イエスがヘロデ王の代に、ユダヤのベツレヘムでお生れになったとき、見よ、東からきた博士たちがエルサレムに着いて言った、 (マタイによる福音書 2:1)
• Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of King Herod, behold, wise men {The word for 'wise men' (magoi) can also mean teachers, scientists, physicians, astrologers, seers, interpreters of dreams, or sorcerers.} from the east came to Jerusalem, saying, (Matthew 2:1)

• しかし、農業博士の住江金之は著書『酒』（西ヶ原刊行会）にて、これらは別系統の言葉であると指摘、「醸す」は「かびす」から転じたものであると分析している。
• However, an agronomist Kinshi SUMIE asserts in his book 'Sake' (published by Nishigahara kankokai) that these two words have different origins and 'kamosu' derived from 'kabisu' (mold).

• 民俗学者・柳田國男の著書『妖怪談義』に記述がある妖怪のひとつで、その話の出所は柳田の友人、沢田四郎作（さわたしろうさく）医学博士の『大和昔譚』である。
• Sunakake-babaa is one of specters described in 'Yokai Dangi' (Lecture about Specters) written by folklorist Kunio YANAGIDA and the story in the book is extracted from 'Yamato Sekitan' (Old Stories of Japan) written by his friend, Shiro SAWADA, M.D.

• また、その地位も紀伝道を掌る文章博士（元は明経道に附属して直講1名が回されたもの）の地位が上昇して明経博士を追い越したために本科としての地位を失った。
• Myogyodo lost its position as a regular course due to the position of Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature; a position that was originally affiliated with Myogyodo as a lecturer), who handled Kidendo, was placed higher than Myogyo hakase.

• 父同様に賀茂光栄と並び称される陰陽師として藤原道長・藤原実資らに重用され、天文博士・陰陽博士から陰陽助にまで昇進し、位階は従四位上まで取り立てられた。
• As an onmyoji ranking with KAMO no Mitsuyoshi, he was given important posts by FUJIWARA no Michinaga, FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, and other powerful persons much the same as his father, and advanced from Tenmon hakase and Onmyo hakase to Onmyo no suke climbing to the Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade).

• しかしその言葉は明らかに変わっていて、笑みがジキル博士の顔からさっと消えると、まったくの恐怖と絶望に満ちた表情に急変し、階下の２人の紳士はぞっとした。
• But the words were hardly uttered, before the smile was struck out of his face and succeeded by an expression of such abject terror and despair, as froze the very blood of the two gentlemen below.

• 貞観 (日本)13年（871年）に算博士の官位相当が正七位下に引き上げられたのも、算道の隆盛とは正反対の算博士の算道以外の職務が重視された結果であった。
• In 871, in stark contrast to Sando's waning prosperity, the official court rank equivalent to San hakase was raised to Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), a result of the high regard given to the duties of the San hakase other than Sando.

• さらに天文博士や陰陽助（陰陽寮の次官）に晴明の二人の息子安倍吉昌と安倍吉平が任ぜられ、安倍氏は晴明一代の間に師忠行の賀茂氏と並ぶ陰陽道の家となっていった。
• Furthermore, Seimei's two sons, ABE no Yoshimasa and ABE no Yoshihira, were assigned as the scholar of the ancient astrology and Ommyojo (Deputy Minister of Ommyo-ryo), and during Seimei's generation alone the Abe clan became an Ommyodo family, just like Tadayuki MORO of the Kamo clan.

• 算博士・主税寮・主税頭・陸奥国国司などの官職を歴任する一方で、当初は摂関家、後に西園寺家の家司となり、西園寺公経の信任を受けて同家の所領経営などにあたる。
• He successively filled official positions including the doctor of mathematics, an official at the Tax Bureau, the Chief Food Inspector, and the governor of Mutsu Province, while serving initially the regent house and later the Saionji family as a house steward, and in the Saionji family, he was trusted by Kintsune SAIONJI to manage the estates of the family.

• その顛癇病のロシア人親子の話は、みんなトレベリアン博士のつくり話で、ブレシントンに対して何かなす所あろうため、そんな話をつくったのではないかと云う事だね」
• Might the whole story of the cataleptic Russian and his son be a concoction of Dr. Trevelyan's, who has, for his own purposes, been in Blessington's rooms?''

• 律令制においては呪禁も病気治療や安産のために欠かせないものとされ、呪禁師の中で優秀なものは呪禁博士（定員1名）に任ぜられ、呪禁生（定員6名）の育成に努めた。
• Under the Ritsuryo system, the jugonshi were considered indispensable for their spells, their medical treatments of the sick and their efforts to make childbirth safer, and the most outstanding from among the jugonshi was appointed jugon hakase (Master Sorcerer, with only one such fixed position); the jugon hakase worked to train and cultivate the jugonsei (apprentice sorcerers, for whom six fixed positions existed).

• 高橋 順太郎（たかはし じゅんたろう、安政3年3月28日 (旧暦)（1856年5月2日） - 大正9年（1920年）6月4日）は石川県金沢市出身、医学博士。
• Juntaro TAKAHASHI (May 2, 1856 - June 4, 1920) came from Kanazawa City, Ishikawa Prefecture and was a Doctor of Medicine.

• このため、平安時代中期以後は菅原氏・大江氏・藤原氏の南家・式家・藤原北家のうちの日野流の5つの家系が交互に文章博士2名に就いてその地位を占めるようになった。
• Consequently, either of the five families, namely the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan and the Hino line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan interchangeably filled both of the two monjo hakase posts after the mid Heian period.

• 単に友人のワトソン博士が初めの部分を聞いていないからというだけでなく、異常な性質の話ですので、ぜひともあなたの口からできる限り詳しく聞きたいと思いますので。
• I ask you not merely because my friend Dr. Watson has not heard the opening part but also because the peculiar nature of the story makes me anxious to have every possible detail from your lips.

• いずれにしても菅原清公が文章博士・大学頭であった時代は文章博士の地位が従来筆頭であった明経博士の上位に立った時期にあたり、その整備が大いに進んだとされている。
• In any event, in the days when SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi was Monjo hakase and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), the rank of the Monjo hakase exceeded Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics), which had conventionally been the highest rank -- It was considered that the ranks among the instructors were largely settled during this period.

• 私の保護者たるジキル博士には、たいへんお世話になっていながら、恩を仇で返すようなことになって、もう私の身の安全についてはなんの心配もしていただかなくて結構だ。
• that the writer's benefactor, Dr. Jekyll, whom he had long so unworthily repaid for a thousand generosities, need labour under no alarm for his safety,

• イーター機構は年間四十万ユーロの貢献をモナコ公国から博士研究員研究奨励金として受け取る。この全予算は寄付金の形式で各博士研究員奨励金の支払いに割り当てられる。
• The ITER Organization shall receive a contribution of 400.000 euros/year (four hundred thousand euros) from the Principality of Monaco as postdoctoral research fellowships. This entire budget will be allocated to the payment of each postdoctoral fellowship in the form of grants.

• しかし博士は、唱えるための参考であり、声明を習得しようとすれば、口伝（ロイとも言う）（指導者による面授）が必要であり、師から弟子への流派の維持・継承は出来ない。
• However, Hakase was a reference to chant, and in order to learn Shomyo, kuden (also called roi, or direct initiation by an instructor) was necessary; therefore, conservation and inheritance were impossible from the perspective of a master to a disciple.

• 中世以降壬生家は官務に加え修理東大寺大仏長官（または造東大寺次官）・主殿頭、のち室町時代末期に大宮家が断絶したため、壬生孝亮以降は算博士も世襲することとなった。
• From the Middle Ages onwards, the Mibu family held the positions of repair section chief of Todai-ji-Temple Great Buddha, the chief of Tonomonoryo (Palace Custodians and Supply Bureau), and also, from when the Omiya family was discontinued at the end of Muromachi period, sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and growing mathematicians) after the era of Takasuke MIBU.

• みつ夫人（進十六の娘）との間に2男3女をもうけ、長男・箕作秋吉は理学博士号を持つ化学者であると同時に作曲家としても活躍し、次男・洋輔は工業技術家として知られた。
• Mitsukuri and his wife Mitsu (a daughter of 進十六) had two sons and three daughters: the first son, Shukichi MITSUKURI, was a chemist with a Doctorate of Science, and also was a composer; the second son, Yosuke, was known as an industrial technician.

• すると、博士、法術士、カルデヤびと、占い師たちがきたので、わたしはその夢を彼らに語ったが、彼らはその解き明かしを示すことができなかった。 (ダニエル書 4:7)
• Then the magicians, the enchanters, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers came in; and I told the dream to them, but they didn't make known to me its interpretation. (Daniel 4:7)

• これによって大学寮に残って博士などの教官職を目指す者以外にとっては卒業は任官の必須の要件ではなくなり、大学寮の試験そのものが形骸化・簡略化されるきっかけとなった。
• As a result, for students other than those who stayed in Daigaku-ryo and aspired to a teaching career such as hakase (professor), graduation was no more a prerequisite for job appointment, and this prompted Daigaku-ryo's examinations to lose substance and to become simplified.

• 天文博士の職掌は、天体を観察し異変があればその吉凶を占って密封して奏聞する（これを天文密奏という）こと、及び天文生に天体を観察し吉凶を占う方法を教えることだった。
• Tenmon hakase observed the celestial bodies and reported in fortune-telling, which was sealed if there was any unusual event (it's called tenmon misso), and also taught the students the way of fortune-telling through astronomical observation.

• 大臣や将軍をはじめ、地方国人にも古典を講じて人望があり、「正六位上物語博士源惟良」の筆名で、貞治年間、「源氏物語」の注釈書である河海抄を将軍足利義詮に献じている。
• He was in high demand by ministers and shogun to people of the local district for his lectures on Japanese classics and presented the Kakaisho, which was the annotation of 'Genji Monogatari' (Tale of Genji) under the pen name of 'Shorokuinojo Monogatari Hakushi MINAMOTO no Iryo' (MINAMOTO no Iryo, who was a scholar of stories holding the rank of Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade)) during Shoji (1362-1368) years.

• 菅原是善に学び、陽成天皇、光孝天皇、宇多天皇の3代に仕え、近江国守、東宮学士、民部少輔、文章博士、式部大輔、勘解由長官、左大弁を歴任したのち、正四位下、参議となる。
• He learned under SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, and served three generations of emperors, Emperors Yozei, Koko, and Uda; became Shoshiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Sangi (consultant) after serving as Omi no kuni no kami (Governor of Omi Province), Togu gakushi (Teacher of the Classics of the Crown Prince), Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ministry of Ceremonial), Kageyu no kami (chief investigator of the records of outgoing officials), and Sadaiben (major controller of the left).

• 次男は、甲州流軍学師範松田重徳の養嗣子となり後に海軍少匠司（造船技官）となった松田重直、三男は博士、統計学者で初代内閣統計局長、第一回国勢調査を担当した花房直三郎。
• Masatsura's second son was Shigenao MATSUDA, who was adopted by Shigenori MATSUDA, a grand master of the Koshu-ryu Gungaku (Military Strategy of Koshu) and later became Shoshoshi (marine engineering officer) of the Navy, and his third son named Naosaburo HANABUSA was a scholar of statistics with a doctorate and the first Chief of the Statistics Bureau and was in charge of the first census.

• 寛平9年（897年）に敦仁親王が醍醐天皇として即位すると、昇殿を許されて勘解由使兼式部少輔、昌泰2年（899年）には文章博士となり、天皇の御前で『史記』を進講した。
• When Crown Prince Atsugimi ascended to throne as Emperor Daigo, he was permitted to undergo shoden (visit the imperial court) and became Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) in Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature) in 899 to lecture 'Shiki' (the Chinese Historical Records) before the emperor.

• 神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において、明経道を補助する事（儒学以外の漢文の解釈）を目的として律学博士（後の明法博士）とともに設置された。
• The post of Monjo hakase was established on August 30, 728 in order to supplement Myogyo-do (Daigaku-ryo's then main subject to study and teach Chinese classics of Confucianism such as shisho-gokyo [四書五経: the four books and five classics]) through teaching Chinese classics of other than Confucianism, and at that time Ritsugaku hakase (teacher of law, which was later called myobo hakase) was concurrently established.

• 博士研究員には、第一、二、三、五、七、八、九、十二、十五、十六、十七、十九、二十三、二十四、二十五、二十六、二十七、二十八、二十九条とこの条と三十二条が適用される。
• Post-doctoral researchers shall only be subject to the provisions of Articles 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, the present Article and Article 32.

• また、参加者も先達と呼ばれる経験者、しかもかつては学生でも今では式部大輔や大学頭、文章博士といった学生たちから見れば「雲の上」的存在の人々が多くを占めるようになった。
• Also, the ratio of participants who experienced Kangakue in the past, who were called Sendatsu, increased, and those people came to hold positions such as Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial), Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), which were positions that were 'high above the sky' if seen from students, even though those Sendatsu were students back then.

• その後、律令の専門家を育成する必要性から、神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において、漢文学・歴史学を掌る文章博士と同時に律学博士が設置された。
• Later doctors of Ritsugaku were appointed together with doctors of Monjodo, a department of Chinese poetry and history on the need to cultivate experts of ritsuryo by ordinance on September 3, 728.

• 清公は「儒門之領袖」と称されて、文章博士の官位相当を貴族である従五位下に引き上げさせて、律令法によって本来大学寮の博士の筆頭とされてきた明経博士からその地位を奪った。
• Kiyokimi was also called 'the greatest of the Confucians,' and was invested into the nobility at Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), as befitting his official post as Monjo hakase (Chief court calligrapher); under the Ritsuryo system, he essentially stole the position of 'top brush' (i.e., chief calligrapher) from Myogyo, an instructor in the Confucian classics at the Academy.

• 御船 千鶴子（みふね ちづこ、 1886年7月17日 - 1911年1月19日、24歳没）は、透視 (超心理学)能力を持つ超能力者として福来友吉博士に紹介された女性。
• Chizuko MIFUNE (July 17, 1886 - January 19, 1911, died at the age of 24) was a woman introduced as a woman of supernatural power having toshi (clairvoyance or second sight power) (parapsychology) by Dr. Tomokichi FUKURAI.

• 延久元年（1062年）には、長年の労により紀伝道以外の学者ながら対策の問答博士（試験官）に任じられ、同4年（1065年）には淡路国国司を兼職する（『除目申文之抄』）。
• From his long year achievements, he was assigned to be the Mondo hakase (examiner) in 1062 despite not being a Kidendo (the study of the history) scholar, and he served the additional position of Awaji Province governor in 1065 ('Jomokushinbunnosho' (Record of inaugurations)).

• 日本の律令法における学令は、唐の制度に倣って中国王朝の支配思想であった儒学を教える明経道を中心に置いた規定がなされ、文章博士はそれを補う目的で設置されたものであった。
• Gakuryo (the law on scholarship) formulated under the ritsuryo codes focused, following Tang's system, on myogyo-do which was to teach Confucianism, the dominant philosophy in Chinese dynasties, and the post of monjo hakase was installed for the purpose of supplementing myogyo-do.

• 弘仁12年2月17日 (旧暦)（811年3月15日）に官位相当が従五位下に引き上げられ、諸博士の筆頭であった明経博士を追い越して大学寮の教官で唯一の貴族身分とされた。
• The status of monjo hakase was raised to be equivalent to the official court rank of Jugoinoge (junior fifth rank, lower grade) on March 15, 811, passing myogyo hakase, the then highest ranking post among various kinds of hakase, and becoming the only teacher within Daigaku-ryo with a Court noble status.

• それは時がきたれば力強く叩きつぶすであろう手であり、そしてそれを計画する頭についても、わたしは以下のカール・マルクス博士とのインタビューのなかでかいま見たように思う。
• Here was the hand that would smite hard when the time came, and as to the head that plans, I think I saw that too, in my interview with Dr. Karl Marx.

• 同様に技術系・学術系の官職においても、陰陽寮の賀茂氏・阿倍氏、大学寮紀伝道（文章博士）の菅原氏・大江氏のように家学の成立を背景とした世襲的な継承が行われるようになった。
• In the same way, technical and academic official positions were also held by certain clans such as the Kamo clan and Abe clan of the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Sugawara clan and Oe clan of the Daigakuryo Kidendo (the study of the histories) (Bunsho hakase) with the background of the establishment of Kagaku.

• そのため、方略策（国家戦略）を論じる秀才と時務策（政策一般）を論じる進士の受験者を育成するために文章博士、明法の受験者を育成するために明法博士が設置されたとされている。
• It is understood that, under such circumstances, monjo hakase was established to educate applicants to take examinations of shusai who would discuss horyakusaku (national strategy) and those of shinshi who would deal with jimusaku (general policies), and myobo hakase, to educate myobo applicants.

• 天文密奏の詳細は、仁安 (日本)元年（1166年）に奏上された陰陽助賀茂泰親・天文博士安倍業俊の連署の二十数通の天文密奏を集成した『安倍泰親朝臣記』で見ることができる。
• The details of tenmonmisso are written in the compilation of more than 20 tenmonmisso 'Abe no Yasuchika Asonki,' as reported with the signatures of onmyojo (onmyo vice-minister) KAMO no Yasuchika and tenmon hakase, Abe no Naritoshi.

• そして、経歴的には天徳 (日本)4年（960年）には40歳で未だに天文得業生、天禄3年（972年）にようやく天文博士（『親信卿記』）となり、従四位下左京権大夫には至った
• At the age of 40 in 960, Seimei was still a Tenmon tokugyou no sho (researcher of astrology); in 972, he was promoted to tenmon hakase ('Chikanobu kyo ki') and was ranked as jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) Sakyo no gon no daibu (Provisional Master of the Eastern Capital Offices).

• そこで、完成の翌年である養老5年（721年）には早くも、『日本書紀』を自然な日本語で読むべく、宮中において時の博士が貴族たちの前で講義するという機会が公的に設けられた。
• Therefore, in 721, which was the following year after completion, there was an official opportunity for masters at the time to have a lecture in front of nobles at the Imperial Palace in order to read 'Nihonshoki' in natural Japanese.

• 平安時代後期の永承6年（1051年）、もと文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）で後に出家した日野資業（すけなり）が、薬師如来を安置する堂を建てたのが法界寺の始まりとされている。
• The origin of Hokai-ji Temple is believed to lie in the Buddha hall enshrining Bhaisajyaguru that was built during the latter part of the Heian Period in 1051 by the former doctors of letters (monjo hakase) Sukenari HINO after entering the priesthood.

• ただし、後世には太政官の一上（あるいは摂関）が事前に内容を確認して改めて密封を行って天文博士に返却してから改めて陰陽頭に提出する形式となる（『西宮記』・『新儀式』など）。
• In later ages, a procedure was established such that ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State or Sekkan - regents and advisers) confirmed the contents in advance, sealed the documents again, and returned them to tenmon hakase, and then the documents were submitted to Onmyo no kami (according to 'Saikyuki' - record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style), 'Shingishiki' (New Procedures in Administration.)

• ただし、実際には通称に過ぎないとされている「文章道」という呼称が、明治以後には混同されて、文章道が紀伝道を吸収して「文章道」「文章博士」となったと解されていた時期もある。
• Meanwhile, there was a time after the Meiji period when this fact was misunderstood, as monjodo integrated kidendo and became 'monjodo' and 'monjo hakase,' although the name 'monjodo' was just a popular name.

• 学科名は「紀伝道（紀伝科）」・博士の号は「文章博士」が採用され、官制上は廃止された文章道（文章科）・紀伝博士はそれぞれ別称・通称的な存在として残されるようになっていった。
• The subject name became 'kidendo (kidenka)' and 'monjo hakase' was adopted as a title, although the officially abolished names, 'monjodo (monjoka)' and 'kiden hakase,' remained as common names.

• これにより、紀伝博士の定員は文章博士の定員に移され（1名→2名）、以後「紀伝博士」は文章博士の通称となった（なお、学科名は紀伝道が存続して「文章道」はその通称となった。）
• As a result of this, the fixed number of Kiden hakase was transferred to that of Monjo hakase (from one to two), and thereafter, 'Kiden hakase' became a common name of Monjo hakase (for reference, Kidendo existed as the name of subject, and 'Monjodo' became its common name).

• 文章博士は大学寮における教授・試験などの業務の他に、天皇や摂関、公卿の侍読を務めたり、彼らの依頼を受けて漢詩を作成したり、紀伝勘文や申文などの文章を執筆することがあった。
• Roles of monjo hakase were mainly teaching and conducting tests at Daigaku-ryo, but they sometimes included giving lectures to emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, and writing, on their requests, Chinese-style poems, reports on history, application letters for promotion, etc.

• 博士研究員は、イーター加盟国またはモナコ公国から五名の学生に付与される。学生は、イーター機構が設立する国際選考委員会で、科学的及び技術的な業績に基づき二年ごとに選ばれる。
• The post-doctoral research fellowships will be attributed to five students from ITER Member countries or from the Principality of Monaco. They will be selected every two years on the basis of scientific and technical merit by an international selection board set up by the ITER Organization.

• だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官（博士）の地位を世襲する特定の氏族（「博士家」）が出現するようになる。
• However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.

• 天平7年（735年）に遣唐使として渡って帰国した吉備真備が唐より中国正史をまとまった形で持ち帰った（吉備大臣三史櫃）のを機に文章博士が歴史をも合わせて講義することになった。
• It was when KIBI no Makibi, who was a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, brought back well organized Chinese historiography from Tang (Kibidaijin Sanshi hitsu (the authenticated Chinese history of Minister Kibi)) in 735 that monjo hakase began lecturing on history, too.

• 791年には大学博士（明法博士）と明法博士に博士職田の加増が行うが、文章博士・算博士などの他の博士の職田は現状維持とするという内容の太政官符（『類聚三代格』）が出されいる。
• In 791, Daijokanpu (an official document of the Daijokan sent to local governments) ('Ruiju sandaikyaku' [a statute book written in the Heian Period]) that afforded additional Hakase-shikiden to Daigaku Hakase (Professor of Education) and Myobo Hakase (Professor of Law) but retained the same distribution for Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature and History), San Hakase (Professor of Arithmetic) and other professors was issued.

• ハイデルベルク大学・テュービンゲン大学などでハインリヒ・フォン・トライチュケやレオポルト・フォン・ランケの指導を受け1891年（明治24年）テュービンゲン大学で博士号取得。
• Supervised by Heinrich von Treitschke and Leopold von Ranke at the University of Heidelberg, University of Tubingen, and the like, Mitsukuri received his doctorate from the University of Tubingen in 1891.

• 当初の名称は律学博士（りつがくはかせ）であったが、天平2年3月27日 (旧暦)（730年4月18日）に明法生が設置されてから遠くない時期に明法博士と改称されたとされている。
• The post was originally called Ritsugaku hakase (Professor of Law) but the name was changed shortly after the Myohosho (students studying law) was established on April 22, 730.

• 博士の繊細な感性に、自らを高等種類形態として機敏にかつ優しく売りこむには、蛇や蛙のように、「原始のドラゴン」に連なる未発達な特徴を少なくとも維持していなければならなかった。
• For one of the higher types nimbly and sweetly to recommend itself unto his gentle senses, it had at least to retain certain rudimentary characteristics allying it to such 'dragons of the prime' as toads and snakes.

• 住友元夫の長男住友芳夫（住友金属工業）も、阪大大学院基礎工学研究科博士課程卒業の工学博士であるが、伯父の当主住友吉左衛門に嫡男がいないため、当主吉左衛門の養嗣子となっている。
• Moto SUMITOMO's eldest son, Yoshio SUMITOMO, is also a doctor of engineering, having graduated from the Osaka University graduate school's doctoral course in basic engineering; however, since his uncle, family head Kichizaemon SUMITOMO, had no legitimate son to be an heir, Yoshio was adopted by the family head Kichizaemon.

• 当道の子の坂上好蔭は武人として東北で活躍するが、その子の坂上是則、孫の坂上望城は歌人として名をなし、その子孫は代々、京都の検非違使庁に出仕し明法博士や検非違使大尉を継承した。
• SAKANOUE no Yoshikage, the son of Masamichi, played an active role as a warrior in Tohoku region, and his son SAKANOUE no Korenori, and his grandson SAKANOUE no Mochiki became famous as kajin (waka poets), then, their descendants successively served to Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief), where they took over the positions of Myoho hakase (professor of law) and Kebiishi police officer.

• 七博士意見書（しちはくしいけんしょ）とは、日露戦争開戦直前の1903年（明治36年）6月10日付で当時の内閣総理大臣桂太郎、外務大臣 (日本)小村壽太郎らに提出された意見書。
• Shichihakushi Ikensho was a written opinion submitted to the then Prime Minister Taro KATSURA, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) Jutaro KOMURA and so on as of June 10 1903, just before the start of Russo-Japanese War.

• 当初は四等官（行政官）と方技（技官）は厳密に区別して任命されていたほか、7世紀後半まで、技官である各博士ないし陰陽師に任命された学僧が就任する際には勅令によって還俗していた。
• Originally, Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrat ranks) (administration officer) and hogi (gikan) were appointed with strict distinctions from one another and, up until the latter half of the 7th century, a scholar monk appointed to the post of gikan, such as hakase or onmyoji, would leave the priesthood by imperial decree.

• その遺言には、医学博士、民法学博士、法学博士、王立協会会員等たるヘンリー・ジキル氏が死亡した場合には、すべての所有物を“友人であり、恩があるエドワード・ハイド氏”に譲ること、
• it provided not only that, in case of the decease of Henry Jekyll, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., etc., all his possessions were to pass into the hands of his 'friend and benefactor Edward Hyde,'

• 更に長元8年（1035年）に章親実弟の安倍奉親が天文権博士に任ぜられ、安倍氏が天文両博士を独占した（更に2人の長兄安倍時親も長元4年（1031年）に天文密奏宣旨を受けている）。
• In addition, Akichika's younger brother, ABE no Norichika, was assigned to be tenmongon no hakuji in 1035, completing the Abe clan's monopoly of both hakase relating to tenmon (in 1031, their oldest brother ABE no Tokichika received an imperial decree of tenmon misso as well).

• 更に息子・俊憲に文章博士・大学頭に就任するために必要な資格を得る試験である対策の受験を認める宣旨を与えたが、通憲の意思は固く、同年7月22日_(旧暦)に出家して信西と名乗った。
• Furthermore, he issued a proclamation authorizing Michinori's son, Toshinori, to take the examination for the certification required for appointment as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Daigaku no kami; however Michinori's decision was firm and he joined the priesthood on August 29, 1144, taking the name Shinzei.

• 「ヒルトン・キューピットさん、あなたはお手紙の中（うち）では、二三具体的なことを書かれてありましたが、しかしこの友人のワトソン博士のために、もう一度一通りお話し下さいませんか」
• 'You gave me a few particulars in your letter, Mr. Hilton Cubitt, but I should be very much obliged if you would kindly go over it all again for the benefit of my friend, Dr. Watson.'

• 博士はそこで、興味の赴くままに、そうした種類――つまり、言ってしまえば下等種類に向けられた、動物生態学研究における博士生来の科学的な面にふけって、その嗜好を満足させるのだった。
• It was here that the doctor indulged the scientific side of his nature in the study of such forms of animal life as engaged his interest and comforted his taste--which, it must be confessed, ran rather to the lower forms.

• 本取極は、イーターに関連する核融合の科学的及び技術的な研究分野における、モナコ公国が主催する年次国際会議の共同開催及び、モナコ公国が資金提供を行う博士研究員の形態で実施される。
• The Arrangement will be implemented in the form of the joint organization of annual international conferences hosted by the Principality of Monaco and in the form of postdoctoral research fellowships financed by the Principality of Monaco in the field of scientific and technological research on fusion in relation to ITER.

• しかし、蘆屋道満に讒奏され、占いの力くらべをすることになり、結局これを負かして、道満に殺された父の保名を生き返らせ、朝廷に訴えたので、道満は首をはねられ、晴明は天文博士となった。
• But, Doman ASHIYA has told the Emperor badly fabricated tales about Seimei, so that Seimei has to compete in divining with Doman but defeats him, and Doman is beheaded because Yasuna, Seimei's father, who killed by Doman but has been revived by Seimei, has appealed to the Imperal court, and Seimei receives the degree of Doctor of Astorology.

• 寿枝子の姉・小枝子は三菱財閥の創業者・岩崎弥太郎の孫に嫁ぎ、その娘・由利子（寿枝子の姪にあたる）は古生物学関連人物一覧で博士 (理学)の鎮西清高（京都大学名誉教授）に嫁いでいる。
• Sueko's elder sister, Saeko, married a grandchild of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and her daughter Yuriko (niece of Sueko) married Kiyotaka CHINZEI (professor emeritus at Kyoto University), who was included on a list of important figures as a doctor (science) of paleontology.

• 針生（定員30名）は、針博士の下で基礎教養2年及び専門教育7年（実技及び専門書の講読）を受けた後、針博士による卒業・任官試験を受けて合格したものが針師として針治療の実務にあたる。
• After the students of acupuncture (limited to 30 people) finished a two year basic course and seven years of professional training (skill practice and technical book reading) under a Hari hakase, they took the final and commissioning exam held by their Hari Hakase and those who passed it started acupuncture treatment as acupuncturists.

• 1909年に教授、1910年に時の総長の推薦を受けて文学博士となり、二十年を東洋史担当として勤め、同僚の狩野直喜・桑原隲蔵とともに「京都中国学」を創設、京大の学宝とまで呼ばれた。
• Naito became a professor in 1909 and a Doctor of Literature in 1910 at the recommendation of the president of Kyoto University; Konan taught East Asian History for twenty years, established 'Study on Chinese history by Kyoto University,' together with his colleagues, Naoki KANO and Jitsuzo KUWABARA, and was called a treasure of the university.

• これに連座した善縄は7月26日 (旧暦)（9月4日）に周防権守に左遷されるが、翌承和10年2月10日 (旧暦)（843年3月14日）には文章博士に任じられて平安京に呼び戻された。
• For being involved in the incident, Yoshitada was demoted to Director of Suo Province on September 4, but was appointed to Monjo hakase and called back to Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) on March 14, 843.

• 多くの問題を改め、健全な規則を強化するために、同志サラーム・ファイヤード博士[34]によってなされたこれらの前進は、我が国の公債の運用における透明性と効率に自信をもたらしました。
• These steps, made by my brother Dr. Salam Fayyad, to rectify many issues and to consolidate sound rules make us proud in our transparency and the efficiency in the management of public funds in our country.

• 日露戦争に先立つ1903年6月、戸水寛人、富井政章、寺尾亨、高橋作衛、小野塚喜平次、中村進午らと共に開戦論を主張する意見書（七博士意見書）を提出し、世論を開戦の方向へと位置付けた。
• KANAI together with Hirondo TOMIZU, Masaakira TOMII, Toru TERAO, Sakue TAKAHASHI, Kiheiji ONOZUKA, and Shingo NAKAMURA submitted the opinion in writing (The Written Opinion of Seven Scholars) supporting the pro-war position and swayed the public opinion in the direction of opening the war in June, 1903 preceding the Russo-Japanese War.

• 広野の子孫は、代々、明法博士などの官職を得て京都に住した系統（当道の子の右近少将の坂上好蔭の系統）と、平野庄に土着したとされる系統（広野の孫の出羽権介の坂上峯盆の系統）に分かれた。
• The descendants of Hirono were divided into two lines; the line living in Kyoto for generations with the official court ranks of Myobo hakase (teacher of law in the Ritsuryo system), etc. (the line of SAKANOUE no Yoshikage, a child of Masamichi, Ukon no shosho - Minor Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) and the line settling into Hiranosho (the line of SAKANOUE no Minebon, Dewa no Gon no Suke who was the grandchild of Hirono).

• 「右京兆並びに当所執事信濃の守行光及び家司文章博士源仲章朝臣・・・」と、北条義時（右京兆は右京権大夫の唐名で、このときは北条義時のこと）の次席で政所の実務官僚のトップとして登場する。
• He was introduced as having the next position to Yoshitoki HOJO and the top of the governmental official responsible for practical works of Mandokoro; 'ukeicho (the provisional master of right) as well as Yukimitsu, the steward of a governor of Shinano Province, and MINAMOTO no Nakaakira Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) who held the concurrent post of household superintendent and professor of literature...' (ukeicho was a Tang name of Ukyo Gon no daibu [Provisional Master of the Western Capital Offices]).

• 更に平安時代末期になると、安倍氏によって天文博士の地位と天文密奏宣旨の独占が行われるようになるが、安倍氏のもう1つの家学である陰陽道との密着と安倍氏内部の内紛が天文密奏に混乱を与えた。
• At the end of Heian period, the Abe clan began to monopolize the roles of tenmon hakase and that received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso, however, both the Abe clan's deep involvement in Onmyodo, the other family learning of the clan and the internal strife within the clan confused tenmon misso.

• 女子高等師範学校校長・学習院院長心得などを歴任する一方、『古事類苑』の編纂総裁や、新しい印刷・農業技術の紹介などに力を尽くして、晩年には博士 (文学)・日本学士院会員の称号が贈られた。
• He successively worked in different positions such as principal of Women's Higher Normal School and director of the Gakushuin School Corporation while he devoted himself to the presidency of compiling 'Kojiruien' (Dictionary of Historical Terms) and also the introduction of new printing and agricultural technologies, and in his later years the title of doctor (literature) and membership of the Japan Academy were awarded to him.

• 菅根の子孫は息子・元方が文章生から大納言に昇って以後は振るわなかった（菅根の曾孫・元方の孫の藤原保輔は盗賊として著名）が、彼を先駆者として藤原南家から文章博士が輩出されるようになった。
• A descendant of Sugane, his son, Motokata, who climbed from monjosho to Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and others did not follow (his great grandson and the grandson of Motokata or FUJIWARA no Yasusuke was famous bandit) but Monjo hakase (professor of literature) was picked from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan with him as the forerunner.

• この頃、紀伝道においては、菅原清公・菅原是善父子が相次いで文章博士を務めて私に文章生と師弟関係を結び（「菅家廊下」）、これに反発する都良香・巨勢文雄らとの間で一種の学閥争いが生じていた
• Meanwhile, in kidendo, SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and then his son SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi served as Monjo hakase and privately established master and apprentice relationships with monjosho (called Kanke Roka), and there was an academic faction conflict with MIYAKO no Yoshika and KOSE no Fumio who opposed the idea of Kanke Roka.

• だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁博士の制度自体が消滅した。
• But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of the jugon hakase had disappeared.

• 神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）に、文学を教える官として明経直講（明経博士の別枠）から1名が割かれて令外官である文章博士（もんじょうのはかせ、正七位下相当）が設置された。
• On August 30, 728, monjo hakase (Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)) which was a ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) was established by allotting one of the Myogyodo chokko (teacher of Myogyodo) (a separate position of Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics)).

• また吉平も正暦2年（991年）に陰陽博士に任じられていたことが知られ、陰陽助などを経た後に従四位下に叙され、寛仁3年（1019年）に天文博士であった吉昌死去を受けて天文密奏の宣旨を受ける。
• Meanwhile, Yoshihira is known to have been appointed as onmyo hakase (Doctor of onmyo) in 991; he was granted Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) after serving as onmyo no suke (Assistant Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) and received an imperial decree of tenmon misso in 1019 following the death of Yoshimasa, who was the then tenmon hakase.

• その影響を受け、陰陽寮内では本来は禁じられていたはずの複数部門の兼務や、本来は補助職・名誉職的要素の強い「権（権天文博士・権暦博士など）」職で対応するという状態が仕方なく行われつつあった。
• Influenced by this, within the Onmyoryo, they had to take charge of additional posts of more than two departments, which was originally prohibited, or they had no choice but to cope with the shortage of capable persons by using those holding the positions of 'gon' (provisional positions, such as Gon no tenmon hakase [provisional master of astrology] or Gon no reki hakase [provisional master learning of calendar], which were originally set up as a kind of auxiliary or honorary post.

• 博士 (法学)の学位（当時は経済学博士の学位が存在しなかったため）を受けた1899年、同郷の友人である杉山茂丸の推薦により、日本統治下にあった台湾の中央銀行である台湾銀行の設立に参画した。
• In 1899 when he was granted the degree of Doctor of Laws (as they did not have Doctor of Economics in those days), he participated in the establishment of the Bank of Taiwan, the central bank of Taiwan, which was under Japanese rule, on the recommendation of Shigemaru SUGIYAMA, his friend from his hometown.

• すなわち、その年から翌年にかけて、藤原不比等（ふひと）をはじめとする編纂者たちは、 明法博士（みようぼうはかせ）または令官（りようかん）として、分担して律令条文を講説し、また解釈を治定した。
• From that year and on to the following year, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and other compilers took part in lecturing, explaining, and deciding the interpretation of the ritsuryo text as myoho-hakase (illuminators of the law) and ryokan.

• 教官としては各国毎に国博士（くにのはかせ）・国医師（くにのいし）を各1名ずつ置く事が定められていたが、人材難に悩まされて国学が置かれない国や一人の教官が複数国を担当することも珍しくなかった。
• Although it was set down that a kuni no hakase and a kuni no ishi should be allocated as teachers at each kokugaku, it was not uncommon, because of the difficulty in finding suitable personnel, to see provinces where kokugau was not established or a case where a teacher taught at several provinces.

• だが、その一方で坂上氏・中原氏による家学化が進んで明法博士の世襲が行われるようになり、中には後世の学者から見ても法解釈の誤りが明らかである拙劣な勘文を残す明法博士が現れるなどの問題もあった。
• On the other hand, there were problems caused by hereditary transfers of doctors of Myoho developed by Sakanoue and Nakahara clans, by which some doctors of Myoho made bad Kanmon response papers with apparently wrong interpretations of law, which future scholars could find.

• 後に菅原氏は清公・菅原是善・菅原道真・菅原淳茂の4代の文章博士を輩出し、文章院は大学直曹（公認寄宿舎）としての地位を得るに至った（これに対抗するために設置されたのが大学別曹と言われている）。
• Later, the Sugawara clan produced four monjo hakase, Kiyokimi, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, SUGAWARA no Michizane and SUGAWARA no Atsushige and monjoin was granted the position of daigaku jikiso (official dormitory) (it is said that daigaku besso (academic facility for nobles) was built in rivalry with it).

• 長保元年の自宅での講義を実際に聞いたとされる大江以言（大江千里 (歌人)の孫で文章博士）は、允亮の講義の素晴らしさを日記で記しており、後世においても大江匡房や葉室定嗣などが高く評価している。
• OE no Mochitoki (a grandson of a poet, OE no Chisato, and a professor of literature) who is said to have actually listened to Tadasuke's lecture at home in 999, wrote down how great his lecture was in the diary, and in later days, it was highly praised by OE no Masafusa and Sadatsugu HAMURO.

• その風潮は大学にも及んで博士の地位を世襲させるために特定の家系の家学として知識の独占を図るようになり、授業も大学寮ではなく自らの私邸を用いて限られた子弟や門人に対してのみ行われるようになった。
• This trend also reached Daigaku-ryo, where professors, with the aim of bequeathing the post of hakase to their descendants, tried to monopolize knowledge by denying access to education to people other than their household, and they gave lectures only to their children and a handful of disciples not at Daigaku-ryo but at their private residences.

• 明経博士1名・助教2名・直講2名の各教官と、明経得業生（みょうぎょうとくぎょうしょう）4名・明経生（みょうぎょうしょう）400名から成るが、学生定員は平安時代を通じて充足されることはなかった。
• The Myogyodo department consisted of a Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucianism), two assistant professors, four Myogyo Tokugyosho (honor students) and 400 Myogyosho (students); the number of students was fixed and never increased throughout the Heian period.

• その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科（文章道）を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
• Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.

• 陰陽寮に配置されていた方技のうち、占筮・地相の専門職であった陰陽師を「狭義の陰陽師」、天文博士・陰陽博士・陰陽師・暦博士・漏刻博士を含めた全ての方技を「広義の陰陽師」と定義付けることができる。
• Of the hogi belonging to Onmyoryo, onmyoji specialized in senzei/chiso, may be defined 'narrowly as onmyoji,' whereas, all of the other hogi, including tenmon hakase, onmyo hakase, onmyoji, reki hakase and rokoku hakase may be defined 'broadly as onmyoji.'

• 律令制定当初は、方技である各博士や陰陽師には、もっぱら先進各国から来日した渡来人の学僧が任命されていたが、修習生である天文生・陰陽生・暦生には俗人（出家していない人・在家）の人材が登用された。
• When the ritsuyo system was originally implemented, toraijin scholar monks, who came to Japan from other advanced nations, were exclusively appointed as hogi including the various masters and onmyoji, whereas, qualified persons among secular people (people who have not entered the priesthood or lay people) gained appointments as trainees such as students of astronomy, students of onmyo, and students of reki.

• また、正暦4年（993年）には、明経博士中原致時の申請によって明経得業生に准じる地位として、8から10名でなる明経問者生が設置されて、試験に合格すれば得業生に准じる資格で官吏になることが出来た。
• In 993, as a result of the Myogyo hakase NAKAHARA no Munetoki applying to put eight to ten students in the position of Myogyo Monjasho (students in a secondary position to Tokugyosho), these students were able to receive qualification as government officials like Tokugyosho if they passed the examination.

• 平安時代に入ると、書博士の地位を讃岐国多度郡出身の佐伯氏が独占するようになるが、初代東寺長者とされる実恵が書博士の佐伯酒麻呂らから儒学を学んだと伝えられる（ただし、実恵自身も佐伯氏の出身である。
• In the Heian period, the position of sho hakase became monopolized by the Saeki clan of Tado District, Sanuki Province but as demonstrated by the fact that Jichie, who is thought to have been the first To-ji choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple), studied Confucianism under SAEKI no Sakemaro, sho hakase (although Jichie himself was of the Saeki clan.

• 明治21年（1888年）、博士 (文学)の学位を取得し、帝室制度取調掛に任命され、明治23年（1890年）、貴族院 (日本)議員に勅選され、明治26年（1893年）、法典調査会査定委員となった。
• In 1888 he received doctorate in literature, and he was appointed as Torishirabegakari (a researcher) of the department of the Imperial Household system, in 1890 he was selected as a member of the House of Peers by the Imperial command, and in 1893 he became a member of the evaluation subcommittee of the National Code research committee.

• それでも、明経道の本科としての意識は強く、明経博士を務めた十市有象（中原氏の祖）による安和2年（969年）の解文には、紀伝道と明法道を「小道」と非難する一文が載せられている（『類聚符宣抄』所収）。
• Even so, Myogyodo retained itself as a regular course, and in 969, a Myogyo hakase named Yuzo Toichi (十市有象) (the founder of the Nakahara clan) wrote an official letter that included a sentence criticizing Kidendo and Myohodo as 'small courses' (this letter is included in 'Ruiju Fusensho' [A collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093]).

• 吉昌は天禄元年（970年）に賀茂保憲の推挙で天文得業生に推挙され、寛和2年（986年）に晴明の後任の天文博士に任じられ、寛弘元年（1004年）に陰陽頭を兼任し、死去するまで天文博士を兼務していた。
• Yoshimasa was recommended by KAMO no Yasunori as tenmon tokugyou no sho in 970, was appointed tenmon hakase after Seimei in 986, and became onmyo no kami in 1004, also serving as tenmon hakase until his death.

• 「そうだったね、博士、でもね、そうは言っても必ず君も僕と同じ意見に変わるさ、そうでなければ僕は君の前で事実の上に事実を積み重ね続けるからね、君の理屈がそれらに押しつぶされ、僕が正しいと認めるまで。
• 'You did, Doctor, but none the less you must come round to my view, for otherwise I shall keep on piling fact upon fact on you until your reason breaks down under them and acknowledges me to be right.

• 筑波大学と、東京学芸大学、横浜国立大学、千葉大学、埼玉大学の4校からなる東京学芸大学大学院連合学校教育学研究科（連合大学院）には博士課程（芸術学博士：筑波、教育学博士：連合大学院）も設置されている。
• The United Graduate School of Education in Graduate School of Tokyo Gakugei University (the United Graduate Schools) consisted of Tsukuba University and four schools of Tokyo Gakugei University, Yokohama National University, Chiba University, and Saitama University) has a doctor's course as well (Doctor of Arts: Tsukuba, Doctor of Philosophy in Education: United Graduate Schools).

• 文章博士の地位にあった仁和3年（887年）、橘広相が作成した宇多天皇から基経への詔勅にあった「阿衡」の文字に関し、「阿衡には位貴しも、職掌なし」という見解を発して、所謂「阿衡の紛議」を引き起こした。
• In 887, when he was a Monjo Hakase (professor of literature), he discovered letters regarding 'Ako' (another name for Sessho (regent) or Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor)) in the Shochoku (imperial edict) and they were from Emperor Uda to Mototsune written by Tachibana no Hiromi, saying that 'Ako is merely a title and without substance or official duties' which caused the so-called 'Ako Controversy.'

• 1991年　学校法人の所在地を東京都から京都府（現所在地）に変更、佛教大学総合研究所を開設、大学院文学研究科国文学専攻(博士後期課程)、仏教文化専攻(修士課程)開設、通信教育課程文学部中国文学科開設
• 1991: The Educational Foundation was relocated from Tokyo to Kyoto (the current location), and the Research Institute of Bukkyo University was established; additionally, the Japanese Literature Program was installed within the Graduate School of Literature (Ph.D.) Buddhist Culture Program (M.A.), and the Department of Chinese Literature was installed within the School of Literature in conjunction with the Correspondence Division.

• 勿論、文章院は公的機関である大学寮直曹であったから、大学別曹を持たない氏族出身者の寄宿舎としても当然用いられたが、管理者である菅原氏・大江氏の博士と強い関係で結ばれて一種の学閥を形成することとなった。
• It was needless to say that the Monjoin was the University Jikiso, an official institution, so that it also served as a dormitory for students from the clans which did not have a Daigaku besso of their own -- Thereby, a close relationship was developed between the students and their supervisor, hakase of the Sugawara clan or the Oe clan and the students formed a kind of academic clique.

• 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省（後には修理職・木工寮）に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
• After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.

• これが通称としての「紀伝道」の成立である（ただし、『皇代記』には延暦24年（805年）6月に「紀伝儒者始」があったと記されており、紀伝博士成立以前に紀伝を担当する専門教員が置かれていた可能性がある）。
• This is how the name, 'kidendo,' was established (however, as 'Kodaiki' (The Chronicle of the Emperors) states that there was 'Kiden jusha hajime' (Start of Confucianism Class) in June, 805 (old lunar calendar), there is a possibility that an expert in teaching kiden had already been set up before kiden hakase).

• やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
• Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.

• なお、当初は暦博士は暦本作成のみを担当し、御暦所や御暦奏には関与しなかったが、9世紀後期より陰陽頭・助と交じって御暦奏に加わる例が見られるようになった（『日本三代実録』仁和2年11月丙子朔（1日）条）。
• At the beginning, rekihakase participated only in making calendar books and were not involved in the onkoyomidokoro and goryakuso, but from the late ninth century, he began to participate in goryakuso together with Onmyo no kami and suke (according to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' dated on December 4, 886).

• 讖緯思想・道教・仏教特に密教的な要素を併せ持った呪禁道を管掌し医術としての祈祷などを行う機関として設けられていた典薬寮の呪禁博士や呪禁師らが、陰陽家であった藤原鎌足の代に廃止され陰陽寮に機構統合された。
• Jugon hakase and Jugonshi in Tenyaku no ryo was established as an agency in charge of Shini (prediction), Taoism, and Buddhism, particularly Jugondo with its element of esoteric Buddhist prayers as a healing art were eliminated or consolidated into Onmyoryo during FUJIWARA no Kamatari's generation, who was Inyoka.

• 灰の山の上から、T. J.エクルバーグ博士の巨大な瞳がいつもの監視を続けていたけれど、そのうちぼくは、6メートルと離れていないところから、別の瞳がおかしなほど感情的にこちらを見つめているのに気がついた。
• Over the ashheaps the giant eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg kept their vigil, but I perceived, after a moment, that other eyes were regarding us with peculiar intensity from less than twenty feet away.

• この協力の資金提供として、モナコ公国は会議開催に150,000ユーロ（十五万ユーロ）、博士研究員奨励金に400,000ユーロ（四十万ユーロ）とする550,000ユーロ（五十五万ユーロ）の年次貢献を行う。
• In order to finance this cooperation, the Principality of Monaco will make an annual contribution of 550.000 € (five hundred and fifty thousand euros) comprising 150.000 € (one hundred and fifty thousand euros) for the organization of the conference and 400.000 € (four hundred thousand euros) for the postdoctoral fellowships.

• 天福 (日本)2年（1235年）には宣旨を受けていない安倍家氏が客星出現を知らせた功績で天文博士に補されるという本来の天文博士が天文密奏を行うのとは逆の事例も生じている（『明月記』文暦2年3月26日条）。
• There was an incident quite contrary to the usual cases in which tenmon hakase conducted tenmon misso (Article on April 22, 1235 of 'Meigetsuki (Chronicle of the Bright Moon) ') : in 1235, one member of the Abe clan who had not received an imperial decree was appointed as tenmon hakase for his distinguished service in reporting temporarily appearing stars.

• 日本最古の明法勘文は、『法曹類林』所収の大宝律令選任令の解釈に関するもので、当時は明法博士の官職が存在していなかったために、律令編纂に関与して令官を兼ねていた大納言藤原不比等と式部卿葛野王が回答している。
• The oldest Myobo kanmon in Japan is the one concerning interpretation of Regulations for selection of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) included in 'Hosoruirin,' and was replied by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, Dainagon (Major Counselor) and Kadono no Okimi, Shikibukyo, who were involved in compilation of Taiho Code and also served as Ryokan, because there was no government post of Myobo hakase in those days.

• その間も研究を重ねて、明治31年（1898年）には、代表作となる『日本商業史』・『日本工業史』を相次いで刊行、明治35年（1902年）には、両書によって文学博士を授与されて、歴史学者としての地位を築いた。
• In the meantime, he continued his studies and published his best-known works—first 'Nihon Shogyoshi' (History of Japanese commerce) and then 'Nihon Kogyoshi' (History of Japanese industry)—in 1898; in recognition of these works, he was awarded the title of Doctor of Literature in 1902, which helped establish his position as a historian.

• 11世紀に入ると、書博士そのものが明経博士を世襲した清原氏・中原氏の一族のための待機ポスト（明経道の職に空きが出来るまで暫時任じられる官職）と化してしまい、学科としての書道は完全に消滅したと考えられている。
• In the 11th century, the position of sho hakase became a standby post (a post to which clan members were temporarily appointed until a myogyo-do position became available) for members of the Kiyohara clan and Nakahara clan which inherited the position of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics), and it is though that shodo completely disappeared as an area of study.

• 東北大学医学部の熊谷岱蔵博士は青山博士とは姻戚関係で、平田宗家とも関係深く、現在では昭和天皇の手術で一躍世界に知られた東京大學の森岡恭彦博士は、手術のとき平田神社のお守りを肌身につけて手術に臨まれたという。
• Dr. Taizo KUMAGAI of the medical school of Tohoku University was a relative of Dr. Aoyama, and had a deep relationship with the Hirata family; Dr. Yasuhiko MORIOKA, who became world-famous when he operated on Emperor Showa, also had a relationship with the Hirata family and he wore a good-luck charm from the Hirata-jinja Shrine when performing the operation.

• ただしジキル博士の“３ヶ月を越える失踪や行方不明”の場合にも、前述のエドワード・ハイド氏は、ヘンリー・ジキル氏の財産を、遅滞なく、また少額を博士の使用人たちに払う以外はなんの障害も妨害もなしに引き継ぐこと。
• but that in case of Dr. Jekyll's 'disappearance or unexplained absence for any period exceeding three calendar months,' the said Edward Hyde should step into the said Henry Jekyll's shoes without further delay and free from any burthen or obligation, beyond the payment of a few small sums to the members of the doctor's household.

• アングロサクソン諸国の出生でない申請者に対して、TOEFL（外国語としての英語試験）またはTOEIC（国際コミュニケーション英語能力試験）を満足できるレベルで取得していることが、博士研究員の選考要件となる。
• Admission to a fellowship is conditioned, for applicants who are not natives of Anglo-Saxon countries, by holding the TOEFL – Test of English as a Foreign Language – or the TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication – with a satisfactory level.

• 学科は「紀伝道」・博士は「文章博士」と別々の正式名称を用いて、通称として「紀伝博士」「文章道」という呼び方も用いられた（ただし、統合当時には「紀伝道」「文章道」の呼称はまだ成立していなかったとする説もある）。
• The subject was called 'Kidendo,' whereas the title, hakase, became 'Monjo hakase,' although they were also commonly known as 'Monjodo' and 'Kiden hakase' (professor of history) (however, there is a theory saying that the names, 'Kidendo' and 'Monjodo,' did not exist at the time of the merger).

• 2年後の天平2年3月27日 (旧暦)（730年4月18日）には文章生（もんじょうのしょう）20名が設置され、更にその中から優秀者2名が文章得業生（もんじょうとくごうしょう）が選出されて文章博士候補生とされた。
• Two years later, on April 18, 730, 20 monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) were appointed and the top two were chosen as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters), becoming the candidates for Monjo hakase.

• 渡辺は東京の岸淸一博士を訪ね、数万円を借り、また三井銀行から担保総額の約七掛けにあたる有価証券の提供と、直輝、渡辺、岸の3名による連帯債務とすることを条件に約20万円の資金を融通され、危急の事態は回避された。
• Watanabe went to see Dr. Seiichi KISHI in Tokyo and borrowed some tens of thousands of yen from him also they received a loan of around two hundred thousand yen from Mitsui Bank on the condition of surrendering negotiable instruments with the value equal to seventy percent of the loan amount along with jointly cosigning the loan by the three Naoteru, Watanabe and Kishi to avert the crisis situation in the end.

• 命婦の奉仕する対象は、内侍司の務めである、天皇の儀式或いは神事に限られるようになり、朝賀や即位の礼などにおいて奉仕する女性は褰帳命婦、威儀命婦、立春の際の水取命婦、春日祭の際に奉仕する博士命婦などが置かれた。
• Myobu became to serve only in emperor's ceremonies or shinji (a divine service) which were duties of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants); whereas there were prepared kencho no myobu serving for ceremonies such as Choga (retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor) and Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony), igi no myobu, mizutori no myobu serving for a ceremony in risshun (the first day of spring), hakase no myobu serving for Kasuga-matsuri Festival, and the like.

• Contemporary Review,1867のこの作品に対するその批評では、ハイマン博士は、ルクレティウスの推論が、誤っているとしても、依拠している本当に適切で微妙な知識がわかっていないように思えます。
• In his criticism of this work, Contemporary Review, 1867, Dr. Hayman does not appear to be aware of the really sound and subtile observations on which the reasoning of Lucretius, though erroneous, sometimes rests.

• だが、奏進された新暦に対して、算博士や宿曜師などが異議を申し立てて、暦博士と改暦論争が始まる場合があり、場合によっては年が明けてから改暦（この場合はその年の暦の修正・変更のこと）が行われることも珍しくはなかった。
• But sometimes San hakase and Sukuyoshi protested a new calendar presented to the emperor and engaged in a dispute over amending the calendar and it was not uncommon to see the calendar amended (the new year calendar modified or changed) after the New Year Day.

• 9世紀前半には律令の研究が興隆した時期であり、讃岐永直・興原敏久・額田今足・惟宗直本など多くの優れた明法家が輩出され、讃岐氏（後に和気氏）・惟宗氏（後に令宗氏）のように数代にわたって明法博士を輩出した一族もあった。
• In the early 9th century, the study of ritsuryo flourished and a lot of Myoho experts were produced including SANUKI no Naganao, OKIHARA no Miniku, NUKATA no Imatari, KOREMUNE no Naomoto and also clans of Myoho doctors for generations were produced including Sanuki (future Wake clan) and Koremune (future Yoshimune clan)

• 天文博士の挙状によって後任の天文博士が任命される例はそれ以前にも存在していた（『朝野群載』）が、これ以後は安倍氏の天文博士が挙状によって自己の一族を天文博士・権博士に任命して世襲していくことが行われるようになった。
• Although there had been some precedent for new tenmon hakase to be appointed by a tenmon hakase's recommendation ('Choya gunsai (Collected Official and Unofficial Writings)'), from that point on, the tradition of tenmon hakase from the Abe family recommend their own kin for tenmon hakase or tenmongon no hakuji, keeping the positions in the family, was established.

• 「浮世絵のすべてを博士論文にしたい」という目標を掲げ、100歳で大学院合格を目指していたが、入学翌年の2000年11月13日、大阪府東大阪市にある自宅の風呂場で、急性虚血性疾患により死亡しているのを知人が発見した。
• He raised a high goal of 'putting all the knowledge he had about Ukiyo-e into a doctoral thesis' and aimed for passing the examination of a graduate school at the age of 100, but he was found dead by his acquaintance in his bathroom in Higashi-Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture due to an acute ischemic disease.

• 博士研究員の雇用契約は、6.3項(a)(i)に規定された理由により三ヶ月の予告をもってイーター機構が終了でき、あるいは自己都合により四十五日の予告をもって博士研究員が終了できる。この自己都合を明確にする必要はない。
• The contracts of employment of the post-doctoral researchers may be terminated by the ITER Organization with three months’ notice for the reasons set out in Article 6.3(a)(i), or terminated by the post-doctoral researcher with 45 days’ notice for any personal reason he/she is not required to state.

• しかし英国が日本寄りの姿勢だった事もあり、イギリスの国際法の権威、ジョン・ウェストレーキおよびトーマス・アースキン・ホランド博士によって国際法に則った処置であることがタイムズ紙を通して伝わると、英国の世論も沈静化する。
• However, public opinion cooled down because of the British stance in favor of Japan allowed the Times to carry opinions of experts of International Law, Doctors John Westlake and Thomas Erskine Holland, that Japan took measures following International law.

• また、天福 (日本)2年（1235年）には宣旨を受けていない安倍家氏が客星出現を知らせた功績で天文博士に補されるという本来の天文博士が天文密奏を行うのとは逆の事例も生じている（『明月記』文暦二年3月26日 (旧暦)条）。
• In 1234, there was a case contrary to the general rule such as that ABE no Ieuji -- who had not received the senji (imperial decree) -- reported on the appearance of a guest star, and was appointed to tenmon hakase in recognition of the services (the entry of 'Meigetsuki' [the diary of FUJIWARA no Sadaie] for April 22, 1235).

• 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名（うち文章得業生2名）、擬文章生20名（文章生の予備生）という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
• Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.

• 旧摂関家の当主であった近衛篤麿（近衛文麿の父）を擁した対露同志会を始めとして、七博士建白事件における日露開戦論の高まり、戦後のポーツマス条約締結に反対する民衆による日比谷焼討事件など、対外硬派の影響によるところが大きい。
• What were largely due to the influence of Taigaiko group are the anti Russia comradeship with Atsumaro KONOE (the father of Fumimaro KONOE) who was the family head of the former Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the fervor of theory of outbreak of Japanese -Russo War in the Incident of Shichihakase Kenpaku (movement of outbreak of Japanese-Russo War by seven doctors), and the Hibiya Incendiary Incident by the people who were against Treaty of Portsmouth.

• さて、ヘロデは博士たちにだまされたと知って、非常に立腹した。そして人々をつかわし、博士たちから確かめた時に基いて、ベツレヘムとその附近の地方とにいる二歳以下の男の子を、ことごとく殺した。 (マタイによる福音書 2:16)
• Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked by the wise men, was exceedingly angry, and sent out, and killed all the male children who were in Bethlehem and in all the surrounding countryside, from two years old and under, according to the exact time which he had learned from the wise men. (Matthew 2:16)

• カルデヤびとらは王の前に答えて言った、「世の中には王のその要求に応じうる者はひとりもありません。どんな大いなる力ある王でも、このような事を、博士、法術士、カルデヤびとに尋ねた者はありませんでした。 (ダニエル書 2:10)
• The Chaldeans answered before the king and said, 'There is not a man on earth who can reveal the king's mind, because no king, lord, or ruler has asked such a thing of any magician, or enchanter, or Chaldean. (Daniel 2:10)

• 舟橋を家名とするのは清原国賢（きよはらくにかた。従三位・大蔵卿・侍従・少納言）（1544年 - 1615年）の子で後陽成天皇・後水尾天皇の侍読を務めた舟橋秀賢（ふなばし ひでかた。従四位上・式部省・明経博士）の代以降である。
• Funabashi became the family name after the generation of Hidekata FUNABASHI (Jushiinojo - Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies), myogyo hakase, a jidoku to Emperor Goyozei and Emperor Gomizunoo, and the son of Kunikata KIYOHARA (Jusanmi - Junior Third Rank, Okura-kyo, jiju, Shonagon) (1544 - 1615).

• そこで、関白藤原師通らが、天文密奏宣旨授与者である中原師遠と天文博士安倍親宗を喚問したところ、師遠は流星に気付かずに観測が出来なかったために密奏が出来ず、親宗は天文異変ではないので天文密奏の必要性は無かったと回答している。
• Then, kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Moromichi and others summoned NAKAHARA no Moroto, who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso, and tenmon hakase ABE no Chikamune -- Moroto confessed that he could not have done misso because he was not aware of the meteor and failed to observe it; but Chikamune explained that since the meteor was not an extraordinary astronomical phenomenon, it needed not to be reported as tenmon misso.

• また、弘仁3年（812年）に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁（庶民あるいはそれに近い身分）のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
• Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.

• もしこれが歴史的真実なら(それに私はドレイパー博士に全面的に信頼を置いているのですが)、彼が「ヨーロッパの文芸がマホメット教徒にたいする私たちの科学上の恩義を無視している組織的やり方を遺憾に思う」[11]のも無理ないのです。
• If all this be historic truth (and I have entire confidence in Dr. Draper), well may he 'deplore the systematic manner in which the literature of Europe has contrived to put out of sight our scientific obligations to the Mahommedans.'11

• 以後、学科名としては紀伝科あるいは紀伝道が採用されたものの、博士の号は神亀以来の「文章博士」の呼称が採用された（ただし、文章中に他の科の博士と併記する場合には、「紀伝道の博士」という意味で「紀伝博士」の表記を用いた例もある）。
• Since then, either kiden-ka or kiden-do came to be used as the subject name, but teacher's title continued to be monjo hakase which had been in use since the Jinki era (except some examples of using 'kiden hakase' to stress the meaning of 'a history teacher' in sentences where hakase of other subjects were mentioned together).

• 「博士の長ベルテシャザルよ、わたしは知っている。聖なる神の霊があなたのうちにやどっているから、どんな秘密もあなたにはむずかしいことはない。ここにわたしが見た夢がある。その解き明かしをわたしに告げなさい。 (ダニエル書 4:9)
• 'Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in you and no secret troubles you, tell me the visions of my dream which I have seen and its interpretation. (Daniel 4:9)

• また、近年、全羅南道の霊岩郡では、毎年王仁博士祭りを開き、日本に文化を伝えた王仁を記念している（現在全羅南道には王仁関連の遺跡も存在しているが、1970年代以降に創作されたものであり、伝承地が作られてゆく生きた実例となっている）。
• In recent years, the Wang-in Culture Festival has been held annually in Yeongam County of South Cholla Province to commemorate Wani who introduced advanced culture to Japan (there are also Wani-related ruins in South Cholla Province but they were created after the 1970's, and these are serving as good examples of creation of a legendary site).

• 1813年には、今日の露理論の提唱者であるウェルズ博士は、イギリス王立協会で読み上げた論文の中で、ダーウィン氏の言葉を使って、「彼は自然選択の原理を明確に理解しているが、これはこれまで示された中で最初の理解である」と述べています。
• In 1813 Dr. Wells, the founder of our present theory of Dew, read before the Royal Society a paper in which, to use the words of Mr. Darwin, 'he distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection; and this is the first recognition that has been indicated.'

• 現存する最古のものは、文章博士や大学頭を務めた平安時代末期の学者・藤原明衡のものとされる『明衡往来』（『雲州往来』・『雲州消息』とも）と言われており、月ごとにその月にまつわる行事などの文例をまとめた12ヶ月分によって構成されている。
• The oldest existing oraimono, 'Meigo Orai' (Meigo's Correspondence), is believed to have been written by FUJIWARA no Akihira, a scholar in the late Heian period who served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) (This book is also called 'Unshu Orai' or 'Unshu Shosoku' and is comprised of 12 months' worth of example sentences which are related to events of the respective months).

• 反宗教的意見を制止するために刑罰を利用することを擁護しようとすれば、マルクス・アントニヌスを正当化せざるをえないと分かると、宗教的自由の敵対者は、窮して、時にこの結論を受け入れて、ジョンソン博士とともに次のように言うことがあります。
• Aware of the impossibility of defending the use of punishment for restraining irreligious opinions, by any argument which will not justify Marcus Antoninus, the enemies of religious freedom, when hard pressed, occasionally accept this consequence, and say, with Dr. Johnson,

• 後に紀伝道（中国史）・文章道（文学）・明経道（儒教）・明法道（法律）・算道の学科構成となり、更に紀伝と文章が統合された（紀伝が文章に吸収統合されたと言うのは後世の誤りで、実際は博士号は「文章（博士）」、学科は「紀伝（道）」と称した）。
• Afterwards, Daigaku-ryo comprised Kidendo (the study of Chinese history), Monjodo (literature), Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics), Myobodo (study of Codes), and Sando (study of mathematics) while Kidendo and Monjodo were integrated later (people of succeeding generations assumed that Kidendo was absorbed by Monjodo but this is wrong. In reality, the name of the doctorate was 'Monjo Hakase' while the name of the department was 'Kiden (do).'

• これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
• The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.

• 平安時代に入ると、桓武天皇による律令制再建政策の中で延暦18年（799年）には大宰府にも明法博士が設置され、同21年（802年）には当時30名の定員があった算生の定員を10名削って、明法生を10名から20名に増やす措置が採られている。
• In the Heian period, in the restructuring policy of ritsuryo by the Emperor Kanmu, doctors of Myoho were appointed also in Dazaifu (the local government institution in Kyushu) in 799 and a measure was taken to increase the students of Myoho from 10 to 20 by cutting 10 of the fixed 30 students of Sando in 802.

• 2001年　大学院教育学研究科生涯教育専攻（博士後期課程）を開設、通信制大学院に文学研究科国文学専攻・社会学研究科、社会学専攻を開設、国文学科を日本語日本文学科に改称、中国文学科を中国語中国文学科に改称、英文学科を英語英米文学科に改称
• 2001: The school installed the Graduate School of Education, Lifelong Education Program (Ph.D.) and opened the Graduate School of Literature, Japanese Literature Program and the Sociology Program within the Graduate School of the Correspondence School of the Correspondence Division; additionally, the Department of Japanese Literature renamed as the Department of Japanese Language and Literature, the Department of Chinese Literature was renamed as the Department of Chinese Language and Literature, and the Department of English Literature was renamed as the Department of English Language, British and American Literature.

• 講義室前ホールには、末川博士の二女・窪田洋子氏が描いた油絵「父の愛した『テオドシウス法典注釈書』」が展示されているが、これは博士ががフランス留学時代に現地の古書店で購入し愛蔵していた1664年版の「テオドシウス法典注釈書」を描いたもの。
• In the hall in front of the lecture room, 'A commentary on the Theodosius code, that my father loved,' an oil painting by Yoko KUBOTA, Doctor SUEKAWA's second daughter, is exhibited, which depicts 'A commentary on the Theodosius code,' his beloved 1664-version book he bought in an old-book store while he was staying in France for study.

• なお、全ての異常な天文現象が天文密奏の対象になったわけではなく、天文博士・天文密奏宣旨授与者が占った結果、重大な変事の前兆と判断された出来事に限定され、天文博士・天文密奏宣旨授与者が異常の発生に気付かなかった場合も密奏は行われなかった。
• Tenmon misso was not performed for all the unusual astronomical phenomena but only for phenomena which had been divined by tenmon hakase or those who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso as an omen of a great calamity -- the phenomena which tenmon hakase and those who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso had failed to observe were not reported as tenmon misso either.

• 設立の由来については、遣唐使として唐に渡った菅原清公が、唐の昭文館・崇文館を参考にして承和 (日本)元年（834年）頃に設立したとされているが、文章博士が設置された神亀5年（728年）以後に文章生を収容する宿舎があったとする見方もある。
• As the origin of foundation, it was accepted that SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who went as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, founded the Monjoin around 834 modeled after 昭文館 and 崇文館 in Tang -- On the other hand, there was another opinion that there had been a dormitory for monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) after 728 when the Monjo hakase was founded.

• 陰陽寮を統括し、天文・暦・風雲・気色をのすべてを監督して、異常発生時には外部に漏れることなくこれを記録密封し極秘に上奏（天文密奏）、暦博士が作成した新年の暦を毎年11月1日までに調進（御暦奏）、また都度占筮及び地相の結果を上奏する職務。
• The position that manages Onmyoryo to supervise all work related to astronomy, the calendar, wind/clouds and atmospheric conditions, when abnormal conditions occur, to seal the record to make sure information is not leaked outside and private reports to the Emperor (tenmon misso (reporting unusual astronomical phenomena to the emperor)), to submit the new year's calendar developed by reki hakase by November 1 of the year (goryakuso (submission of the next year's calendar)), and reporting the outcome of senzei and chiso to the Emperor each time they are performed.

• 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書（七博士建白事件）や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
• While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).

• 当初は学生が東西いずれの曹に属するかという規定は定まっていなかったが、文章生が文章得業生となり対策を受ける際には所属する曹とは反対の曹の文章博士から出題を受けることとなっていたため、当然その頃にはいずれかの曹に属していなければならなかった。
• Although it was not defined which of the toso and seiso the students were to belong at the beginning, when monjosho became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and took taisaku (civil service examination), it was decided that the Monjo hakase of the so other than that the monjosho belonged to set the examination, which meant that the monjosho had to belong to either the toso or the seiso by that time.

• だが、教官（博士）を務める家では貴重な書籍などが私邸に蓄積され、子弟も早くからそれらに触れる機会が多いこと、父兄である教官（博士）も家庭教育の一環としてこうした書籍を活用する事から、優秀であれば博士の子弟もまた同じ官職に就くようになっていった。
• But, because of stockpiling valuable books in the instructors' (hakase's) house which their younger brothers or children could have more time to read at their younger ages and the instructors, the older brothers or father, used in their family education, their younger brother or children also came to assume the same government position as their older brothers' or fathers' if they were excellent at the skill.

• 日本では、平安時代の貞観 (日本)2年10月16日（860年11月2日）に、大学博士大春日雄継の働きかけによって、今後『孝経』の注釈には学令において『孝経』の注釈書として定められた孔安国・鄭玄の注を用いずに『御注孝経』を用いる詔が出されている。
• In Japan, on November 6, 860, with an appeal by Daigaku hakase (university professor) OKASUGA no Otsugu, a Mikotonori (imperial edict) was issued to use the 'Gyochukokyo' for commentaries of the 'Kokyo' henceforth, and not to use the commentaries by Ko Ankoku and Teigen that had been set under the school's order.

• 大学寮の修業生（学を修め大学寮に残って博士を目指す者、現代における大学院修士課程ないし博士課程に相当）の運用にならって、天文得業生（定員2名）、陰陽得業生（定員3名）、暦得業生（定員2名）が、各博士職や陰陽師職の公認候補として設置された。
• After the model of staffing practice with students in Daigakuryo (students who, having completed specialized study, remained in Daigakuryo aspiring to be hakase working towards the level of academic achievement equivalent to a Master's or Doctoral program of today), Tenmon tokugyo no sho (tenmon student) (number of positions: 2), Onmyo tokugyo no sho (onmyo student) (number of positions: 3), and Reki tokugyo no sho (reki student) (number of positions: 2) were set up as official candidates for the positions of the respective hakase and onmyoji.

• （従五位上行式部少輔兼文章博士菅原道真は、参議に官位相当の規定が無いことは問題であるとし、元慶6年（882年）7月1日条「菅家文草・巻第九」で官位相当、考禄等を定めるべきと奏上している。それに対しての回答の有無は伝わらず、定かではない。）
• (Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assitant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), SUGAWARA no Michizane felt that it was a problem that kani soto was not specified for Sangi, and reported to the Emperor on the need to specify kani soto, koroku, etc. in the provision of July 1, 882 'Kankebunso, Volume 9.' There is no record on whether or not there was a response to this, and therefore it is uncertain.)

• 幕末までに勃興したオランダ人は、維新後は土木の河川技術方面でヨハニス・デ・レーケ等多くの人材が雇用された（オランダの治水技術が関係者に高く評価された背景があるとされているが、アントニウス・ボードウィン博士兄弟との縁故による斡旋という説もある）。
• The Dutch had risen to influential positions by the end of the Edo period, and after the Restoration many Dutchmen, notably Johannis de RIJKE, were hired in the field of river engineering (It is said that this was because Dutch flood control technology was highly praised by those connected to this field of engineering; however, a different theory holds that the large-scale hiring of Dutch river engineers was due to the nepotism of Dr. Anthonius Franciscus BAUDUIN and his younger brother.)

• 農学博士の田中長三郎は文献調査および現地調査から鹿児島県長島（現鹿児島県出水郡長島町）がウンシュウミカンの原生地との説を唱え、1936年に当地で推定樹齢300年の古木（太平洋戦争中に枯死）が発見されたことからこの説で疑いないとされるようになった。
• Doctor of Agriculture, Chozaburo TANAKA advocated that origin of Citrus Unshu was Nagashima, Kagoshima Prefecture (today's Nagashima Town, Izumi District, Kagoshima Prefecture) through literature research and field study, and as the estimated age of a tree 300-year-old was found in 1936 (withered away during the Pacific War), no doubt have influenced this theory.

• ただし、蔵人所成立後は、天文博士らは陰陽頭を通さずに蔵人に対して密奏を提出して、蔵人から天皇に報告するようになった（ただし事の性格上、深夜あるいは早朝に密奏が行われる場合もあり、その場合は天文博士が直接天皇に上奏する事も例外的に認められていた）。
• After kurodo dokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) was established, tenmon hakase and others began to submit misso to kurodo (chamberlain), bypassing Onmyo no kami, and the kurodo mediated the misso to the emperor (due to the nature of the matter, the misso often took place in the middle of the night or in the early morning, in which case the tenmon hakase was exceptionally allowed to report the misso directly to the emperor.)

• 館内には、末川博士の社会的・学問的業績、遺品などを展示する「メモリアルルーム」のほか、京都地方裁判所で1928年から15年にわたって実際に使われていた陪審法廷が「松本記念ホール陪審法廷」として移築され、1999年4月より無料で一般に公開されている。
• Within the hall, in addition to the 'Memorial hall' where Doctor SUEKAWA's belongings as well as his social or academic accomplishments are exhibited, a jury court that was in fact used in Kyoto District Court for 15 years from 1928 was moved and reconstructed as 'The MATSUMOTO memorial hall, a jury court' and is open to the public free of charge.

• さらに高向玄理（たかむこうのくろまろ）とともに国博士（正式官制ではない諮問機関で天皇側近の政策ブレーン）に任じられ、「大化の改新の詔」をはじめとする諸詔勅・法令・制度等に大きくかかわり、649年（大化5年）には八省百官の制を創案をするなど活躍した。
• He was subsequently assigned as Kokuhakase (political brain, an unofficial advisory body, a close aide to the Emperor and) along with TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro, playing a key role in developing various Imperial proclamations, ordinances, and systems including the 'Proclamation of Taika Era Reforms' and Hassho hyakkan no sei (Eight-ministry Hundred-kan system) in 649.

• だが、この当時どこの官職においても世襲化が進んでおり、菅原氏に代わって大江氏がその地位を占め、特に承平 (日本)4年から天慶6年までは、大江氏最初の文章博士であった大江維時（延長 (日本)7年任命）に加えて、大江朝綱がもう1枠の文章博士に任じられた。
• Against the background of those days, however, when most of government posts were increasingly being filled by succession, the Oe clan took the place of the Fujiwara clan, especially monopolizing the two monjo hakase posts from 934 to 943, with OE no Koretoki, the first monjo hakase coming from the Oe clan (appointed in 929), and OE no Asatsuna, who filled the other of the two posts under the monjo hakase quota.

• 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった（平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条）。
• Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).

• このため、大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)（808年3月4日）に再度明経直講より1名を割いて独立した官として紀伝博士（きでんはかせ、正七位下相当）が設置され、その下に学生として紀伝得業生（きでんとくごうしょう）及び紀伝生（きでんのしょう）が置かれたのである。
• Because of this, on March 4, 808, one person from myogyo chokko was again allotted to establish an independent official, kiden hakase (equivalent of Shoshichiinoge), and two types of students, Kiden Tokugosho (student of history) and Kiden no sho (student of history) were also created.

• これは両科統合後の天長4年（827年）文章博士都腹赤の上奏（『本朝文粋』、ただし腹赤は2年前に没しており、生前に行われたものか）によって撤廃されたものの、貴族子弟の文章生採用が事実上認められたために白丁文章生は貴族文章生によって圧迫を受けるようになった。
• Although this was abolished due to monjo hakase MIYAKO no Haraaka's report to the throne in 827 after the merger of the two subjects ('Honcho monzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese), as Haraaka died two years before, it may have been done when he was alive), sons of nobles were subsequently allowed to be adopted as monjosho and monjosho from hakucho families were put under pressure from monjosho from the noble families.

• 小槻氏は中世より太政官の諸記録を司り、五位の官務（左大史上首）を世襲したため官務家と呼ばれたが、平安時代末に小槻長業の子の小槻広房と弟の隆職がその職を争い、五位の官務は隆職の子孫（壬生家）、算博士は広房の子孫（大宮家）が世襲することとなり、二流に分裂した。
• The Ozuki family administered the records of Imperial Japanese Council of State from the Middle Ages, and was, due to its inherited position of fifth rank (sadaishi joshu), known as the family of administrative service; when OZUKI no Hirofusa, the son of 小槻長業, and OZUKI no Takamoto, Hirofusa's younger brother, fought over the position, the family was divided into two streams with the position of fifth rank going Takamoto and his descendents (the Mibu family) and the post of sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and looking after mathematicians) going to Hirofusa and his descendants (the Omiya family).

• これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
• It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.

• 学校教育法による大学若しくは高等専門学校、旧大学令による大学、旧高等学校令による高等学校高等科若しくは旧専門学校令による専門学校において三年以上法律学に属する科目の教授若しくは准教授の職にあつた者又は法律学に属する科目に関する研究により博士の学位を授与された者
• A person who has or had held the post of professor or associate professor of a subject in the category of jurisprudence for three or more years at a university or college of technology under the School Education Act, a university under the former University Ordinance, the senior course of a high school under the former High School Ordinance, or a vocational training school under the former Vocational Training School Ordinance, or a person who has been conferred with a doctoral degree based on research on a subject in the category of jurisprudence

• 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている（こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている）。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)

• 大陸伝来の技術を担当する方技だけに、各博士や陰陽師には、諸学に通じ漢文の読解に長けた渡来人、おしなべて中国本土の前漢・後漢・代わって大陸覇権を握った隋、朝鮮半島西岸に勢力を有した高句麗・百済、まれに当初朝鮮半島東岸勢力であった新羅から帰来した学僧が任命されている。
• Since hogi was responsible for the arts being brought over from the continent, toraijin (foreigners that came to Japan) were well versed in the various learnings with good reading skills in the Chinese classics, who were generally from Eastern Han, Western Han, or Sui that gained supremacy in place of the Hans in Mainland China, as well as Goguryeo/Baekje that had power in western Korean Peninsula, and, in rare cases, scholar monks from Silla that were powerful in eastern Korean Peninsula at that time were appointed as various hakase or onmyoji.

• あなたの国には、聖なる神の霊のやどっているひとりの人がおります。あなたの父の代に、彼は、明知、分別および神のような知恵のあることをあらわしました。あなたの父ネブカデネザル王は、彼を立てて、博士、法術士、カルデヤびと、占い師らの長とされました。 (ダニエル書 5:11)
• There is a man in your kingdom, in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and, in the days of your father, light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, were found in him; and the king Nebuchadnezzar your father, the king, I say, your father, made him master of the magicians, enchanters, Chaldeans, and soothsayers, (Daniel 5:11)

• このように、博士は我らが悪役生物どもについて啓蒙された好奇心からくる観点と研究意欲とを持っていたが、しかし、妻と娘たちにはそれを共有しようとする美質がなかったので、博士が蛇園（スネイクリー）と呼ぶ場所から必要以上の厳しさで締め出され、友情を同一種間に限定されるという運命を背負わされた。
• His wife and daughters, not having the advantage to share his enlightened curiosity regarding the works and ways of our ill-starred fellow-creatures, were, with needless austerity, excluded from what he called the Snakery, and doomed to companionship with their own kind;

• 大江匡房が康和2年（1100年）に、安楽寺（大宰府にあった菅原道真を弔う寺）に「安楽寺に参ず」（『本朝続文粋』所収）という詩を作り、その中で「累葉廊下の末葉たり」とあることから、少なくても平安時代後期までは菅原氏代々の文章博士によって継続されていたと考えられている。
• As a couplet in a poem titled 'Anraku-ji ni sanzu' (Visited Anraku-ji Temple) (contained in 'Honcho zoku monzui' (Further Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) composed by OE no Masafusa in 1100 to Anraku-ji Temple (SUGAWARA no Michizane's mortuary temple located in Dazaifu) had it 'Ruiyo roka no matsuyo tari' (I was the last leaf in a heap of leaves in the hallway), it could be estimated that the school had been kept by generations of the Monjo hakase of the Sugawara clan and at least until the late Heian period.

• 学校教育法による大学若しくは高等専門学校、旧大学令による大学、旧高等学校令による高等学校高等科若しくは旧専門学校令による専門学校において三年以上経済学に属する科目の教授若しくは准教授の職にあつた者又は経済学に属する科目に関する研究により博士の学位を授与された者　経済学
• A person who has or had held the post of professor or associate professor of a subject in the category of economics for three or more years at a university or college of technology under the School Education Act, a university under the former University Ordinance, the senior course of a high school under the former High School Ordinance, or a vocational training school under the former Vocational Training School Ordinance, or a person who has been conferred with a doctoral degree based on research on a subject in the category of economics--　Economics

• なお、暦書を私的に持つことは雑令の秘書玄象令で厳しく規制されたために朝廷外に人材を求めるのは困難であり、平将門が「新皇」を名乗って文武百官を任じた際も暦博士は任命できず、同様に吉野朝廷（南朝 (日本)）も暦博士を置けなかったらしく、その元号が入った具注暦は存在しない。
• Because the private possession of rekisho (explanatory books concerning calendars) was strictly regulated by Hishogenjo-rei edicts, which were classified as Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters), it was difficult to recruit personnel outside the Imperial Court; therefore, when TAIRA no Masakado proclaimed himself as a 'new emperor' and nominated Bunbu Hyakkan (all the officials, both military and civil), he was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and in the same manner the Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court (Japan)) was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and consequently there is no Guchu-reki (annotated calendar) that includes its gengo (era name).

• 陰陽寮で唯一の殿上人相当職制である陰陽頭は、各博士などの技官からの登用ではなく、単に公家の一ポストとして利用されることが多くなり、それも長官職としては従五位下という仙籍格としては末席の地位であったことから、比較的境遇の悪い傍流の公家に対する処遇ポスト化する傾向を見せた。
• In light of the above, Onmyo no kami, the only job classification equivalent to tenjobito in Onmyoryo, began to be used as another post for court nobles instead of for gikan like the various hakase, and since that position was at the bottom of the senseki class being a Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), it tended to be a post given to the disadvantaged minor court nobles whose careers tended to be sidetracked.

• このため、賀茂氏・安倍氏からのみ陰陽師が輩出されることとなり、安倍晴明の孫安倍章親が陰陽頭に就任すると、賀茂家出身者に暦博士を、安倍家出身者に天文博士を常時任命する方針を表し、その後は賀茂氏と阿倍氏が、本来世襲される性格ではない陰陽寮の各職位を両家の世襲でほぼ独占した。
• As a result, the point was reached where onmyoji came exclusively from the Kamo and Abe clans and when ABE no Akichika, the grandson of ABE no Seimei, was assigned as Onmyo no kami, a policy was announced to permanently appoint the Kamo family members to reki hakase and the Abe family members to tenmon hakase and thereafter, the Kamo and Abe clans virtually monopolized all of the posts in Onmyoryo that were originally not designed to be inherited by succession.

• 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
• In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.

• 編纂者を直接示す記録は無いが、臨時格を追加したときに編纂に関与した人物として左大臣藤原時平が総裁を務め、藤原定国（大納言・右近衛大将）・三善清行（文章博士）・大蔵春行（民部大輔）・藤原善経（明法博士）が挙げられており、「延喜格」本文の編纂もほぼ同じ人員構成であったと考えられている。
• Although there is no record directly identifying the compilers, the names of persons cited as having participated in the compilation of the extraordinary volumes include FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (minister of the left), serving as the editor-in-chief, FUJIWARA no Sadakuni (Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Ukone no Taisho or the Chief of Ukonefu, (Guard Department)), Kiyotsura MIYOSHI, Monjo-hakase (teacher of Chinese poetry and history under the Ritsuryo system), Haruyuki OKURA (Minbutaifu, executive officer of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) and FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, (Myoho-hakase, teacher of the law under the Ritsuryo system), and the staff which compiled the main volumes of Engikyaku are assumed to have consisted mainly of the same persons.

• 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科（明経道）と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士（後の明法博士）と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
• In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).

• 書博士が書生を教えることとされていたが、学令には書生に関する規定はあるものの、学生定員を定めた職員令には書生の定員規定が書かれておらず、若干名であったと考えられている（『続日本紀』天平宝字2年11月甲午条に淳仁天皇から書生に生糸が授けられたとする記事があり、全くいなかった訳ではない）。
• It was thought that shosei (students who were given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) were taught by sho hakase (professors of calligraphy) but despite the fact that there were regulations regarding shosei in education laws, there were no regulations regarding the fixed number of shosei written within the shikiinryo (law which stipulates duties of the ministries) which fixed number of students, and they are thought to have been few in number (an entry in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for December 758 contains an article stating raw silk thread was awarded to shosei by Emperor Junnin, so it was not the case that there were not any shosei at all.)

• しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏（主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家）などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
• However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.

• が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている（明経道＝明経博士、算道＝算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された）ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
• However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.

• 律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科（後の明経道）の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
• After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.

• この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道（文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」）が盛んになると、文章博士（大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官）が「策文」を出して文章得業生（もんじょうとくごうしょう）に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
• This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'

• 更に他の学科でも同様であったが、算博士の推薦を受けて成業（得業生及び奉試及第）の見込みのない者を無試験で地方国司や京官の下級役人に推挙する算道挙・算道年挙が行われるようになったり、一般の算生でも一定の条件を満たせば得業生に準じた奉試受験資格を得て試験を受けることが出来るようになった（准得業生試）。
• It was the same in the other departments, and gradually Sando-kyo and Sando-nenkyo began to recommend those who were unlikely to become Jogo (a student who completed a course) (Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Numbers) and Hoshikyudai (examination passed)) as provincial governors and low-level functionaries of Capital officials without the examination recommended by San hakase; additionally, it was made possible for general Sansho to be qualified according to Tokugosho by satisfying certain conditions and taking an examination (Juntokugyoshoshi (Associate Distinguished Scholars of Numbers)).

• 名称は初め、サクラの名所として古来名高く西行法師の和歌にもたびたび詠まれた大和国の吉野山（奈良県山岳部）にちなんで「吉野」とされたが、「吉野（桜）」の名称では吉野山に多いヤマザクラと混同される恐れがあるため、上野公園のサクラを調査した藤野寄命博士が「日本園芸雑誌」において「染井吉野」と命名したという。
• It is said that it was initially called 'Yoshino' after Mt. Yoshino-yama in Yamato Province (a mountainous district in Nara Prefecture), which is a place noted for its cherry blossoms; however, since there was concern that the name 'Yoshino (Yoshinozakura)' would be confused with Yamazakura, which grows a lot in Mt. Yoshino-yama, Dr. Yorinaga FUJINO, who had conducted research on the cherry trees of Ueno Park, called it 'Someiyoshino' in 'Japanese Gardening Magazine.'

• 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革（前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士（後の明法博士）が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した）を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田（後の勧学田）が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
• At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.

• しかし、紫式部が中宮彰子に伺候したのは清少納言が宮仕えを退いてからはるか後のことで、二人は一面識さえないはずである（もっとも、角田文衞博士は論文「晩年の清少納言」で異説を提唱し、『権記』に見える一宮敦康親王の「少納言命婦」を手掛かりに、清少納言が定子死後もその所生の皇子女に引き続き仕えた可能性を指摘した）。
• However, it was long after Sei Shonagon left the Imperial Court that Murasaki Shikibu began to serve Empress Shoshi, so they couldn't have known each other (but Dr. Bunei TSUNODA advocated a different opinion in his thesis 'Sei Shonagon: Her Later Years,' and he pointed to the possibility that she might have continued her service at the Imperial Court after Teishi passed away, with reference to the word 'Shonagon Myobu' of Ichinomiya Atsuyasu Imperial Prince in 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's Diary).

• これは唐の国子監に置かれた算学と同数であり、教授として博士1名以外に助教2名及び複数名の直講が置かれて、学生も400名もいた本科と比べると小さいものの、唐の国子監の規模は日本の大学寮と比べて大きいこと、唐の算学博士は従九品下と低い地位に置かれたことを考えれば、設置当初の地位は一概に低いとは言えなかったとされている。
• These numbers are the same as those of the Sangaku (study of mathematics) in the Kokushikan (educational ministry) of Tang Dynasty, China, which had one doctor as professor, two associate professors, and a few chokko (lecturers); while the Sando was smaller than the regular course, which had four hundred students, it is thought not to have been categorically in a low position during its early days, considering that the Tang's Kokushikan was larger than the Japanese Daigaku-ryo, and that the Tang's San hakase was put in the low position of Jukuhonge (Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade).

• そのために試験も次第に形式的なものとなり、天元 (日本)2年（979年）に方略試を受けた大江匡衡は、事前に出題博士であった菅原文時から問題の出題箇所の通告を受けた（『江談抄』）とされ、更には11世紀に入ると十上制（一定回数試験を受けても合格できなかった者に対して特別に合格を認める制度）さえ導入されるようになっていった。
• Following this, the examination gradually became superficial: it is said ('Godansho' (an ancient journal)) that OE no Masahira, who took the horyakushi exam in 979, had been informed what would be on the exam from his examiner, SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, while in the 11th century, even the jujo system (a system in which those who could not pass the exam after taking it a certain number of times would be granted special acceptance) was introduced.

• また、『続日本後紀』承和 (日本)13年11月14日 (旧暦)（壬子/846年12月6日）条に引載されたいわゆる「善愷事件」（弁官伴善男が、弁官局で長年行われてきた慣例上の行政処理を僧尼令違反であるとして同僚弁官5名全員を告発した事件）における大判事讃岐永直・明法博士御輔長道・左大史川枯勝成による3通の勘文が知られている。
• Three kanmon written by daihanji (judge) SANUKI no Naganao, Myobo hakase 御輔長道 and Sadaishi (senior recorder of the left) 川枯勝成 in the so-called 'Zengai Jiken'(described in the article of December 6, 846 of 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued)), in which benkan Yoshio TOMONO accused all of his five fellow benkan of violating Soni ryo (Regulations for Monks and Nuns) in their customary public administration which had been implemented for many years, are well known.

• 特に太政官においては五位以上の官人から犯罪者が出た場合にこれを処分する「罪名定」と呼ばれる陣定が行われ、その際に決して律令に精通しているとは言い難い天皇もしくは摂関以下の公卿から当該事件に適用すべき罪名（犯罪の名称とそれに対応する刑罰）に関する諮問が明法博士ら明法家に対して行われ、これに対して明法家は明法勘文の提示を行った。
• Especially in Daijokan, when officials of lower than grade five committed a crime, a Jinnosadame (council) called 'Zaimyosadame' was held where the emperors or Kugyo (ministers) with lower positions than Sekkan (regent) who did not know ritsuryo very well, asked opinions to the doctors of Myoho and Myoho experts for submission of Myobokanmon response papers.

• 定数2名の文章博士を5系統で世襲・独占するという形態が成立した背景には、文章博士は天皇や摂関以下公卿と面識を得る機会が多く、1度就任するとそれ以上の昇進が困難であった他の博士と比べて比較的短期間で弁官などの要職に転任して、その後も学識経験者として文章博士と同様の社会的信頼・地位を得ることが可能であったことによるとされている。
• It is said that those five families were able to monopolize the quota of two monjo hakase by heredity because a person who once became monjo hakase could be promoted, capitalizing on his many opportunities to be acquainted with influential figures such as emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, to an important post such as benkan (a key position in the Grand Council of State called Dajokan) in a relatively shorter period of time than could other types of hakase who were hardly able to rise to a higher post and, further, because he could continue to gain the social trust and status, even after that, as a distinguished academic just as monjo hakase could.

• 685年（天武天皇13年）には「陰陽師」という用語が使い始められるなど、陰陽五行思想はさらに盛んとなり、718年の養老律令において、中務省の内局である寮 (律令制)としての陰陽寮の設置が明文化され、これに技官として天文博士・陰陽博士・陰陽師・暦博士・漏刻博士が常任されることが規定されると、神祇官の龜卜と並んで公的に式占を司ることとなった。
• In 685, as the principles of inyo gogyo grew more popular, with the term 'onmyoji' starting to be used, it was put into statutory form to install Onmyoryo as a ryo (in line with the ritsuryo system) as a division of Department of Nakatsukasasho, by the ritsuryo formally announced in the Yoro period in 718 and when it was stipulated that tenmon hakase, onmyo hakase, onmyoji, reki hakase, and rokoku hakase be made permanent posts as gikan (bureaucrats with specialized skills), they began to officially perform divinations alongside jingikan (a bureaucrat in charge of Shinto ceremonies) who were responsible for kiiboku (fortune telling using turtle shells).

• なお、同様の措置は僧侶に対しても取られており、音博士も僧侶の試験のために派遣されている（延暦12年4月28日 (旧暦)（793年6月11日）に年分度者に対して漢音に通じなければ得度を認めないとし（『日本紀略』・『類聚国史』）、延暦20年4月15日 (旧暦)（801年5月30日）には、僧侶の得度の際に漢音の試験を課している（『日本紀略』））。
• Similar laws were passed which applied to monks and Professors of Ondo were sent in to perform examinations of the monks, and further, on June 15, 793, the law stated that monks must master the Han pronunciation in order to enter the Buddhist priesthood ('Nihongiryaku,' 'Ruijukokushi' (Classified History of Japan)), and then on June 3, 801, the Examination of Han Pronunciations of Chinese Characters was imposed on the monks entering the Buddhist priesthood ('Nihongiryaku').

• また、後に講日本紀（『日本書紀』の講義）に文章博士や紀伝学生（文章生）も関わっている（特に元慶講日本紀を受講して後に「日本書紀私記」をまとめたとされる矢田部名実（擬文章生、後に大内記）などは良く知られている）ことや国史編纂に関与した撰国史所の職員に紀伝学生が加わっていることから、『日本書紀』以下の「六国史」に関する講義も行われていたと考えられている。
• Also, the fact that monjo hakase and kiden students (monjosho) played roles in lectures on the chronicles of Japan (lectures on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)) (in particular, YATABE no Nazane (gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi) later, Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs)) who attended the lecture on the chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo era and later compiled 'Nihonshoki Shiki' (The Private Record of Chronicles of Japan) is well known) and that kiden students joined the staff of the Senkokushisho (History Compilation Bureau), which involved compiling the national history, shows that they probably had lectures on 'Rikkokushi' (the Six National Histories), which includes 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and others.

• もっとも、当時の天文道・暦道は日食の発生の予知の正確さについてはかなり高かったものの、その他の分野に関しては毎日戌の刻と寅の刻に行われる定時観測を維持するだけの人員と設備しかなかったと考えられており、天文博士らが確実に異常な天文現象を観測できる保証が無かったために、実際には異常な天文現象が発生しても、天文密奏が行われなかった例も相当数あったと考えられている。
• It was considered that tenmondo and rekido in those days provided relatively highly accurate prediction of solar eclipse, but that since their personnel and equipment were only enough for keeping their standard time observation from eight to ten p.m. and from four to six a.m. and not enough for observing other phenomena, tenmon hakase and others were not guaranteed to observe unusual astronomical phenomenon without fail -- therefore, great many of unusual astronomical phenomena might have been left out of the tenmon misso.

• この頃になると、算博士の世襲化が進み算道によって奉試に合格するとともに、譜第の家系であることが算博士就任の要件とされるようになり、当初は家原氏・大蔵氏が平安時代前期には世襲化も兆候を見せるものの長続きせず、両氏の没落後は小槻氏・三善氏の両氏が世襲するようになり、自己の算道を家学・秘伝化し、また有能な門人を養子として家名を継承させることで他氏を排除するようになった。
• Around this time, the heredity of San hakase grew in importance, and being part of a hereditary family joined passing Hoshi as a requirement for assuming the role of San hakase; initially, in the early Heian period, the Iehara and Okura clans began to make it into the heredity, but this did not last; then, after the ruin of the preceding clans, the Ozuki and Miyoshi clans began to utilize heredity, made their own Sando into hereditary learning and secret teachings, and excluded other clans by adopting capable disciples to inherit the family name.

• この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり（ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能）、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
• Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.

• 清公以後、博士が学生と私的な師弟関係を結ぶきっかけとなり一種の学閥の形成が進むとともに、子弟の教育に力を注いだ（勿論、後継者である是善・道真の才能による部分も大きいが）ことによって菅原氏から世襲的に文章博士が輩出されるようになったため、才用（実力）があれば家柄や人脈にとらわれず評価されるべきであると主張した都腹赤（都良香の伯父）をはじめとする他の文章博士の反感を買った。
• Starting with Kiyokimi, instructors at the Academy began to have personal interactions with their students as master and pupils, leading to the creation of a kind of school clique as well as a more concentrated effort by instructors like Kiyokimi truly to teach their students (of course, the contribution to this new system made by Kiyokimi's talented successors Koreyoshi and Michizane is also quite large) and as a result, the position of Monjo hakase became a more or less hereditary one, held by many from the Sugawara clan; this earned the clan the resentment of all the other Monjo hakase, especially MIYAKO no Haraaka (uncle of MIYAKO no Yoshika), who insisted that ability (real merit) should be the key to success, not birth privilege or personal connections.

• 世間とは深く関わっているが、それまで世間から無視されていたことを、世間に明らかにすること、世俗的あるいは霊的な利害についての非常に重要な点で世間が犯している誤りを、世間に立証することは、人間が同胞に貢献できる重要な奉仕であるし、また初期キリスト教徒や宗教改革者のような場合には、ジョンソン博士と考えを同じくする人たちは、それは人類にもたらされたもっとも貴重な贈り物だと信じているのです。
• To discover to the world something which deeply concerns it, and of which it was previously ignorant; to prove to it that it had been mistaken on some vital point of temporal or spiritual interest, is as important a service as a human being can render to his fellow-creatures, and in certain cases, as in those of the early Christians and of the Reformers, those who think with Dr. Johnson believe it to have been the most precious gift which could be bestowed on mankind.

• 「十五年秋八月 壬戌朔丁卯 百濟王遣阿直岐 貢良馬二匹 即養於輕阪上廄 因以阿直岐令掌飼 故號其養馬之處曰 廄阪也 阿直岐亦能讀經典 及太子菟道稚郎子師焉 於是天皇問阿直岐曰 如勝汝博士亦有耶 對曰 有王仁者 是秀也 時遣上毛野君祖 荒田別 巫別於百濟 仍徵王仁也 其阿直岐者 阿直岐史之始祖也 十六年春二月 王仁來之 則太子菟道稚郎子師之 習諸典籍於王仁 莫不通達 所謂王仁者 是書首等始祖也」
• '十五年秋八月 壬戌朔丁卯 百濟王遣阿直岐 貢良馬二匹 即養於輕阪上廄 因以阿直岐令掌飼 故號其養馬之處曰 廄阪也 阿直岐亦能讀經典 及太子菟道稚郎子師焉 於是天皇問阿直岐曰 如勝汝博士亦有耶 對曰 有王仁者 是秀也 時遣上毛野君祖 荒田別 巫別於百濟 仍徵王仁也 其阿直岐者 阿直岐史之始祖也 十六年春二月 王仁來之 則太子菟道稚郎子師之 習諸典籍於王仁 莫不通達 所謂王仁者 是書首等始祖也'

• 学校教育法（昭和二十二年法律第二十六号）による大学若しくは高等専門学校、旧大学令（大正七年勅令第三百八十八号）による大学（予科を含む。以下同じ。）、旧高等学校令（大正七年勅令第三百八十九号）による高等学校高等科若しくは旧専門学校令（明治三十六年勅令第六十一号）による専門学校において三年以上商学に属する科目の教授若しくは准教授の職にあつた者又は商学に属する科目に関する研究により博士の学位を授与された者
• A person who has or had held the post of professor or associate professor of a subject in the category of commercial science for three or more years at a university or college of technology under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947), a university under the former University Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918) (including the preparatory course; the same shall apply hereinafter), the senior course of a high school under the former High School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 389 of 1918), or a vocational training school under the former Vocational Training School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 61 of 1903), or a person who has been conferred with a doctoral degree based on research on a subject in the category of commercial science

• 全ての事象が陰陽と五行思想の組み合わせによって成り立っているとする、中国古代の夏、殷王朝時代にはじまり周王朝時代にほぼ完成した陰陽五行思想、ないしこれと密接な関連を持つ天文学、暦、易、時計などは、5世紀から6世紀にかけて飛鳥時代、遅くとも百済から五経博士が来日した512年（継体天皇7年）ないし易博士が来日した554年（欽明天皇15年）の時点までに、中国大陸（漢・隋）から直接、ないし朝鮮半島西域（高句麗・百済）経由で伝来した。
• The principles of inyo gogyo, that began in the Xia and Shang Dynasties and nearly completed within the Zhou Dynasty, assume that every event occurs due to certain combinations of inyo together with the principles of gogyo or astronomy, calendar, eki and clock, all closely linked to inyo gogyo, and were introduced to Japan directly from mainland China (Han/Sui) or via the Korean Peninsula (Goguryeo/Baekje) during the Asuka Period in the 5th and 6th centuries, or, at the latest, when Gokyo Hakase in 512, and Eki Hakase in 554 from Baekje, visited Japan.

• また、元々頒暦が官庁に備え付ける暦であり、貴族や僧侶は自らの日記を執筆するために用いる具注暦をそれぞれが暦博士や暦生に依頼して制作もしくや書写の便宜を受けるのが慣例となっていた（藤原実資は予め（陰陽寮職員である）陰陽師に料紙を支給して暦を注文を行い、完成後に代金として絹1疋を支払っていたことが知られ（『中右記』長和3年10月2日条）、摂関家に至っては暦博士側から具注暦を献上してくることが慣例化していた（『後二条師通記』・『殿暦』・『玉葉』）。
• Hanreki was originally a calendar to be distributed to government offices, nobles and monks made it a practice to ask rekihakase or rekisei to make or transcribe guchureki in order to write their own diary (on this point, it is known that FUJIWARA no Sanesuke ordered calendars to an onmyoji (practionner in the Onmyoryo) by paying for paper and paid one hiki of silk when the calendar was completed (according to the article of 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) dated on October 2nd, 1014) and the line of regents and advisers made it rule that rekihakase presented guchureki to them (according to 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi), 'Denryaku' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadazane) and ''Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO)).

• 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年（1154年）の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分（合格）者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである（大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分（天皇）2・院御分（上皇・法皇）1・殿下分（摂政・関白）1・省官分（式部大輔・少輔）3・両博士分（文章博士2名）2・判儒分（試験官）3の入分枠が定められていたという）。
• Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).

• また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく（なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠（後に天禄2年（972年）に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる）に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている）。
• After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.

• 藤原有陰に招かれて近江に赴いた際、穀蔵院の使者である伴世継と行き会い、悪夢を見たと言う伴世継が弓削是雄に占ってもらい対策をしてもらって九死に一生を得たという話（今昔物語「天文博士弓削是雄、夢を占ふ語」）や、陰陽頭在任時に、60歳を過ぎてもいまだに試験に合格せず僧侶の位がなかなか得られない修行者を憐れんで、何とか試験に合格させてやろうと呪術を用いて立会の試験官を排除してしまい、仲の良かった三善清行の一存でその高齢修行者を合格させてやったという話（善家異説）などが知られている。
• A story where, at the invitation of FUJIWARA no Arikage, YUGE no Koreo visited Omi where he met an emissary of Kokuzoin TOMO no Yotsugi, and YUGE no Koreo saved the life of TOMO by performing divination and taking countermeasures against a nightmare TOMO had ('Tenmon Hakase YUGE no Koreo divined a dream,' Konjaku Monogatari) and another story where, out of compassion for a trainee monk, over 60 years old, who had yet to pass an exam to become a monk, YUGE no Koreo eliminated the observing examiner by using magic in an attempt to help the trainee monk pass the exam and the trainee monk passed the exam at the discretion of Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI who was a good friend of YUGE no Koreo (Zenke isetsu); these stories are well known.