単位: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 単位
- unit
- denomination
- credit (in school)
- unitary
- Credits
- Units
- unit of measure
- system of units
- 単位図
- unit graph
- unit hydrograph
- unit-hydrograph
- 単位層
- monolayer
- monomolecular film
- 単位法
- per-unit method
- per-unit system
- Per Unit method
- 単位元
- unit element
- identity
- identity element
- 原単位
- output level (e.g. in manufacturing)
- consumption rate (e.g. fuel, power)
- intensity
- pollutant load per unit activity of source
- supply unit
- unit load
- unit consumption
- 骨単位
- osteon
- osteonal
- Haversian system
- 単位系
- system of units
- Systems of measurement
- Systems of units
- unit system
- 透水単位
- permeability units
- unit of permeability
- 英熱単位
- British Thermal Unit
- B.T.U.
- 地形単位
- landform unit
- morphological unit
- 単位構造
- single-grain strucutre
- 単位降雨
- unit rainfall
- unit storm
- 単位水量
- water content (concrete compostion)
- 販売単位
- unit of measure
- unit of measurement
- sales unit
- 単位格子
- unit cell
- unit lattice
- 天文単位
- astronomical unit
- AU
- 電磁単位
- electromagnetic unit
- emu
- 単位行列
- identity matrix
- unit matrix
- 単位制度
- point system
- credit system
- 単位組合
- local labor union
- local labour union
- 単位記号
- commercial 'at' sign
- 補助単位
- prefixed unit of measurement (i.e. millimeter, kilogram, etc.)
- supplementary SI unit (radian and steradian)
- 誘導単位
- derived unit (i.e. metre per second, cubic metre, etc.)
- 基本単位
- base unit (metre, etc.)
- standard unit
- foundamental unit
- primitive plot unit
- fundamental unit
- module
- basic unit
- building block
- elementary unit
- 既得単位
- advanced standing (in school or college)
- credit for prior studies
- 静電単位
- electrostatic unit
- esu
- 組立単位
- derived unit (i.e. metre per second, cubic metre, etc.)
- 字句単位
- lexical unit
- lexical token
- 経済単位
- economic unit (entity involved in economic activity, e.g. households, businesses, nations)
- economic unit (measurement of economic activity)
- SI単位
- International System of Units
- 単位操作
- unit operation
- unit process
- Unit operations
- 国際単位
- international unit
- IU
- International System of Units
- 単位工程
- unit process
- unit processes
- 面積の単位
- Unit of Area
- Units of area
- 長さの単位
- Unit of Length
- a unit of length
- a measure of length
- Units of length
- 認定の単位
- Unit of Accreditation
- 速度の単位
- Speed unit
- Units of velocity
- 単位はペソ
- The currency unit was peso.
- 水測定単位
- water measurement unit
- 単位排水量
- unit area drainage discharge
- unit discharge
- unit drainage requirement
- 単位用水量
- hydromodule
- irrigation module
- unit water requirement
- water requirement per unit area
- 単位流量図
- unit hydrograph
- unit-hydrograph
- 単位水準環
- unit leveling network
- 角度の単位
- unit of angle
- Units of angle
- 2単位並列
- interleaved parallel
- 実用単位系
- practical system
- system of practical units
- practical unit system
- 伝達単位数
- number of transfer units
- 瞬間単位図
- IUH
- instantaneous unit hydrograph
- instantaneous unit hyrograph
- 重力単位系
- gravitational system of units
- Gravitational metric system
- 絶対単位系
- absolute system of units
- system of absolute units
- 工学単位系
- engineering system of units
- engineering unit system
- 組立て単位
- derived unit (i.e. metre per second, cubic metre, etc.)
- 国際単位系
- International System of Units
- SI
- SI units
- Systeme International d'Unites
- International System of Units （SI）
- le Systeme Internationale d'Unites
- International Standard for Units
- International System of Units system
- 単位回転数
- unit speed of rotation
- 合成単位図
- composite unit graph
- composite unit hydrograph
- 熱量原単位
- specific heat consumption
- heat consumption rate
- 一炭素単位
- one carbon unit
- one-carbon unit
- 味受容単位
- taste unit
- taste receptor
- ＣＧＳ単位系
- centimetre-gram-second system of units
- 町 (単位)
- Cho (a unit of length in old Japanese system of weights and measures)
- 石 (単位)
- Koku (a unit of volume in old Japanese system of weights and measures originated in China)
- 神経血管単位
- neurovascular unit
- NVU
- 単位はポンド
- The currency unit was pound.
- 単位はルピー
- The currency unit was rupee.
- 単位互換制度
- Credit transfer system
- 飽和単位重量
- saturated unit weight
- 土単位抵抗法
- soil unit resistance method
- 土の構造単位
- structural units of soil
- 有効単位重量
- effective unit weight
- 用途別原単位
- cost load for water use
- 単位時間降雨
- unit hourly rainfall
- 水需要原単位
- water demand per unit activity
- 水中単位重量
- buoyant unit weight
- submerged unit weight
- 単位容積重量
- bulk denesity
- bulk density
- 単位層の崩壊
- monolayer collapse
- 単位正規偏差
- standard normal deviate
- 基本伝送単位
- basic transmission unit
- 化学式単位数
- number of formula unit
- 非有理単位系
- irrational system of units
- ガウス単位系
- Gauss' system of units
- Gaussian system of units
- 排出削減単位
- ERUs Emission Reduction Units
- 単位静電定数
- unit capacitance constant
- 単位慣性定数
- per-unit inertia constant
- 単位労働組合
- local labor union
- local labour union
- 文字記憶単位
- character storage unit
- 最小設定単位
- least input increment
- 単位を落とす
- to fail to earn a credit
- fail to make the grade
- flunk
- 単位プロセス
- unit process
- unit operation
- 欧州通貨単位
- European Currency Unit
- ECU
- European Monetary Unit
- 基本測定単位
- basic measurement unit
- 組み立て単位
- derived unit (i.e. metre per second, cubic metre, etc.)
- 汚水量原単位
- sanitary sewage amount
- 乾燥単位重量
- dry unit weight
- unit dry weight
- 最大単位重量
- maximum unit weight
- 原単位電力量
- electric power consumption rate
- 給水負荷単位
- water supply fixture unit
- 給水量原単位
- unit of supply amoumt
- 原子質量単位
- unified atomic mass unit
- AMU atomic mass unit
- ＭＫＳ単位系
- MKS system of units
- 進化単位時間
- unit evolutionary period
- 森林区画単位
- forest management unit
- 単位としての畝
- Se (or ho) as a unit
- 基本単位（坪）
- Basic unit (tsubo)
- 武士の最小単位
- Smallest unit of bushi
- 世帯単位の原則
- Principle of Public Assistance on a Household Basis
- 進行方向の単位
- Reference for direction of movement
- 単位は海峡ドル
- The currency unit was Straits dollar.
- 無次元単位図法
- dimensionless unit hydrograph method
- 地表単位排水量
- surface unit area drainage dischage
- 地下単位排水量
- subsurface unit area drainage discharge
- 地下水学的単位
- geohydrologic unit
- 単位セメント量
- cement content
- unit cement content
- weight of cement per unit volume of concrete
- 要求/応答単位
- request/response unit
- 不特定記憶単位
- unspecified storage unit
- 単位時間当たり
- per unit time
- rate per unit of time
- プログラム単位
- module
- program unit
- コンパイル単位
- source module
- compilation unit
- compiland
- 時代-地層単位
- chronostratigraphic unit
- time-rock unit
- スベドベリ単位
- Svedberg unit
- S value
- 土地の面積の単位
- As an unit of land area
- 布の大きさの単位
- As an unit for the size of textile
- 翻訳単位[$1]
- Translation unit [$1]
- 焦点面解像度単位
- Focal plane resolution unit
- 単位はグルテン。
- The currency unit was gulden.
- 飽和単位体積重量
- saturated unit weight
- 地質時間区分単位
- geochronologic unit
- geologic time unit
- 土の水中単位重量
- unit weight of submerged soil
- アマガー密度単位
- Amagat density unit
- 三単位組み調整器
- three-unit regulator
- 単位降雨継続期間
- unit-rainfall duration
- 水中単位体積重量
- submerged unit weight
- 光束発散度の単位
- lumen per square metre
- ビット単位の比較
- bitwise comparison
- bit-wise comparison
- リモート作業単位
- remote unit of work
- 回線単位制御装置
- DAC Data Acquisition and Control Unit
- MKS有理単位系
- rational MKS system of units
- 倍率付き測定単位
- scaled measurement unit
- SMU
- 移動単位相当高さ
- height per transfer unit
- 隣接単位料金区域
- adjacent message area
- コネクション単位
- per-connection
- by connection
- 単位ステップ応答
- unit step response
- 汚濁負荷量原単位
- pollutant load per unit activity
- unit of pollution loading
- プラック形成単位
- PFU
- plaque forming unit
- 時間層序区分単位
- chronostratigraphic unit
- time-rock unit
- 計画給水量原単位
- unit of design water supply amount
- コロニー形成単位
- colony forming unit
- CFU
- colony-forming unit
- プラーク形成単位
- plaque forming unit
- pfu
- plaque-forming unit
- バースト形成単位
- burst forming unit
- BFU
- burst-forming unit
- 単位としての刹那
- Setsuna as a unit
- 住居に関する単位
- Units used for houses
- 質量単位としての両
- Ryo as the weight unit
- 通貨単位としての両
- Ryo as a currency unit
- ビジット単位の価値
- Revenue per Visit
- 削除された翻訳単位
- Deleted translation units
- ピクセル単位の幅：
- Width in pixels:
- 目的地の方角の単位
- Reference for bearing of destination
- 期間(単位：時間)
- Duration (hours)
- 時間の単位は何か。
- What are the measures of times?
- 株式投信（単位型）
- stock investment trust (unit type)
- 単位層の特殊抵抗力
- specific resistance of monolayer
- レコード単位入出力
- Record Level Input/Output
- ＭＫＳ非有理単位系
- irrational MKS system of units
- 単位インパルス関数
- unit impulse function
- 国際単位系（SI）
- international system of units (SI)
- ヤードポンド単位系
- yard-pound system of units
- コミットメント単位
- commitment unit
- サービスデータ単位
- SDU
- Service Data Unit
- メートル法質量単位
- metric ‘technical’ of mass
- ホルマジン濁度単位
- FTU
- formazin turbidity unit
- nephelometric turbidity unit
- ネフェロメ濁度単位
- nephelometric turbidity unit
- トリップ生成原単位
- trip production rate
- 国際単位系(SI)
- Systeme International d Unites
- 構造的な意味の単位
- Unit which expresses meaning
- 単位コンダクタンス
- unitary conductance
- unit conductance
- 日本酒に関する単位
- Units used for sake
- ボクセル単位形態計測
- voxel-based morphometry
- VBM
- 秒単位のリクエスト数
- Requests per second
- XとYの解像度の単位
- Unit of X and Y resolution
- ピクセル単位の高さ：
- Height in pixels:
- 生理学は３単位です。
- Human physiology is a three-credit course.
- 単位水量(セメント)
- water content per unit volume of concrete
- 残りのサービス単位数
- allotments remaining
- allotment remaining
- データ転送速度の単位
- bps bit per second
- 基本情報単位開始標識
- begin basic information unit indicator
- ヘビサイドの単位関数
- Heaviside unit function
- 翻訳単位のプログラム
- separately compiled program
- プロトコルデータ単位
- PDU
- Protocol Data Unit
- システム管理機能単位
- systems management functional unit
- ゼロ空気間隙単位重量
- zero air voids unit weight
- 二酸化炭素排出原単位
- CO2 emission intensity
- 目的地までの距離の単位
- Reference for distance to destination
- ダース単位で卵を買う。
- We buy eggs by the dozen.
- ページ数単位のビジット
- Visits per number of pages
- ビジット単位のページ数
- Pages per visit
- 授業は５０分単位です。
- In this school, a period is fifty minutes long.
- 日清戦争軍票（両単位）
- Sino-Japanese War Military Currency (in a currency unit, Ryo)
- Ｃ．Ｇ．Ｓ．電磁単位系
- C.G.S. system of electromagnetic units
- 単位重量(土の）（γ）
- unit weight (of soil)(γ）
- 単位灌漑用水量利潤効果
- revenue value of a unit of irrigation water
- 単位灌漑用水量経済効果
- economic value of unit of irrigation water
- Ｃ．Ｇ．Ｓ．静電単位系
- C.G S. system of electrostatic units
- バール(無効電力単位)
- var volt ampere reactive
- 単位住宅あたり延べ面積
- area of floor space per dwelling
- 単位慣性定数(発電機)
- moment inertia of generator
- 物理的配達アクセス単位
- Physical Delivery Access Unit
- PDAU
- 清酒の比重を示す単位。
- It is a unit that represents sake's specific gravity.
- -- 土地の面積の単位。
- A unit of land area.
- 他の尺貫法の単位との関連
- The Conversion with Other Traditional System of Weights and Measures
- ファミリー単位のブラウザ
- Browsers by family
- 新規および既存の翻訳単位
- New and existing translation units
- 私は週単位で支払われる。
- I am paid by the week.
- この科目は何単位ですか。
- How many credits is this course?
- この教科は何単位ですか。
- How many credits can I get for this course?
- 日華事変軍票（銀円単位）
- The China Incident Military Currency (convertible into silver)
- 青島出兵軍票（銀円単位）
- Military Currency in Sending Troops to Tsingtao (convertible into silver)
- 日露戦争軍票（銀円単位）
- Russo-Japanese War Military Currency (convertible into silver)
- 土の水中単位重量（γ´)
- unit weight of submerged soil (γ´）
- 単位時間降雨（単独降雨）
- unit hourly rainfall
- 使用済みのサービス単位数
- allotments used
- allotment used
- 要求単位インターフェイス
- Request Unit Interface
- 優先Ｎサービスデータ単位
- expedited (N)-service-data-unit
- (N)-expedited-data-unit
- 初期値設定プログラム単位
- block data program unit
- 乾燥土の単位重量（γｄ）
- unit weight of dry soil (γd)
- -- 尺貫法の長さの単位。
- The unit of length by old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 尺貫法における面積の単位。
- The unit of area in the old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- （市制 (単位系)も参照）
- (Also refer to the article of Chinese Traditional System of Measurement)
- ビジット単位のアクション数
- Actions per Visit
- この入力のピクセル単位で幅
- The width of this input, in pixels
- 靴は一足単位で売っている。
- Shoes are sold in pairs.
- サーバタイム単位のビジット
- Visits per server time
- Visits by server time
- ポンドは重さの単位である。
- A pound is a unit of weight.
- 大東亜戦争軍票（各国単位）
- The Military Currencies issued during The Greater East Asia War (in a monetary unit of each country)
- 単位水量（コンクリートの）
- unit water content
- 1秒間当たりの命令処理単位
- BIPS billion instructions per second
- 単位面積音響インピーダンス
- unit-area acoustic impedance
- 単位面積当たりの電気使用量
- amount of electricity used per unit area
- ファイルアクセスデータ単位
- file access data unit
- ボックスの幅(ピクセル単位)
- width of the box, in pixels.
- 米はｋg単位で売られている。
- Rice is sold by the kilogram.
- ローカルタイム単位のビジット
- Visits per local time
- Visits by local time
- 卵は１ダース単位で売られる。
- Eggs are sold by the dozen.
- シベリア出兵軍票（金円単位）
- Military Currency in Sending Troops to Syberia (convertible into gold)
- 飽和土の単位重量（γsad)
- unit weight of saturated soil (γsad)
- ソフトウエアのコード数の単位
- KLOC thousand lines of code
- - 国（藩）単位で行う普請。
- This is fushin executed by each kuni (domain).
- 10反が1町 (単位)となる。
- 10 tan is equal to 1 cho (unit of measurement; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares).
- 登山道の到達の目安を示す単位。
- The unit of rough indication for accession in a route of the climb.
- ビジターの総滞在時間（秒単位）
- Total time spent by visitors (in seconds)
- 新しい翻訳単位。名前：[$1]
- New translation unit.Name: [$1]
- この入力のピクセル単位での高さ
- The height of this input, in pixels
- ボックスの高さ(ピクセル単位)
- height of the box, in pixels.
- ボートを時間単位で借りられる。
- You can hire a boat by the hour.
- ビジット継続時間単位のビジット
- Visits per visit duration
- 家族は社会の基本的単位である。
- The family is the basic unit of society.
- 砂糖はポンド単位で売っている。
- We sell sugar by the pound.
- センチメートルは長さの単位だ。
- A centimeter is a unit of length.
- 単位重量（固体粒子の）（γＳ）
- unit weight (of solid particles)（γＳ）
- ネットワーク アドレス可能単位
- network addressable unit
- システム管理機能単位パッケージ
- systems management package
- 墓は家が単位と考える人が多い。
- Many people consider graves in terms of family units.
- ビジットの平均継続時間（秒単位）
- Avg. Visit Duration (in seconds)
- 「[$1]」を編集中 (節単位)
- Editing [$1] (section)
- 型「[$1]」の単位: [$2]
- Units of measurement of type '[$1]': [$2]
- トマトは１ポンド単位で売られる。
- Tomatoes are sold by the pound.
- 小麦粉は１ポンド単位で売られる。
- Flour is sold by the pound.
- 単位履修の手続きは終えましたか。
- Did you finish your class registration?
- 家族は社会の最小構成単位である。
- A family is the smallest unit of society.
- 単位図(ユニットハイドログラフ)
- unit hydrograph
- 国際度量衡委員会の単位諮問委員会
- CCU consultative committee for units
- 万国電気基本単位会議(1908)
- international conference for electrical units and standards
- 観測標準偏差（単位重量当たりの）
- posterior variance
- 文は足や靴の単位として用いられた。
- The mon was used as a unit for measuring foot size and shoe size.
- 尺貫法における体積（容積）の単位。
- To is a unit of volume in the East Asian system of weights and measures.
- 坪の倍数単位には以下のものがある。
- Units of multiples of tsubo are as follows.
- 一箇月単位の変形労働時間制の届出等
- Notification, etc. of the One-Month Variable Working Hours System
- 節単位編集はサポートされていません
- Section editing not supported
- 土地はエーカー単位で売っています。
- They sell land by the acre.
- 鉛筆は１ダース単位で売られている。
- Pencils are sold by the dozen.
- ガソリンはリットル単位で売られる。
- Gasoline is sold by the liter.
- ジオプター(レンズの度を示す単位)
- diopter
- 単位発電量当たりの二酸化炭素排出量
- CO2 emission per unit of electricity generated
- （にんにち）作業量・労働量の単位。
- When it is pronounced as 'ninnichi,' it means the unit which refers to the volume of work or labor.
- 地積の基本の単位は坪または歩である。
- The basic unit of acreage is tsubo or bu (歩).
- 単位を落としてしまうかもしれません。
- I might flunk the course.
- この表の数値は千単位で示されている。
- The figures in this table are shown in thousands.
- りんごは１ダース単位で売られている。
- Apples are sold by the dozen.
- 部（組織の単位、branchの上位）
- division
- 江戸時代の家禄は171石 (単位)。
- The hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 171 koku (a unit).
- 坪（つぼ）は、尺貫法による面積の単位。
- Tsubo is a unit of area in old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 彼らは月・季・年単位で試験を課された。
- They had to take examinations every month, every season, and every year.
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としている。
- The basic weight unit of the fundo was 'ryo.'
- リピートビジット単位の平均アクション数
- Avg. Actions per Returning Visit
- この服地は１ヤード単位で売られている。
- This cloth is sold by the yard.
- 家族は社会の最も重要な構成単位である。
- The family is the most important unit in society.
- 日本における跳ねた回数の単位は「段」。
- The unit of the number of skipping in Japan is 'dan.'
- 尋（ひろ）は、尺貫法の長さの単位である。
- Hiro (尋) is a unit of length defined by old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 独立した作戦行動を採れる基本単位を指す。
- It refers to a basic unit that can execute independent operations.
- 「権者銖・両・斤・鈞・石 (単位)也。」
- The units of weight are shu (in pinyin, 'zhu'), ryo, kin (in pinyin, 'jin'), kin (in pinyin, 'jun'), and koku (in pinyin, 'dan').'
- フィルターにこの単位の日付範囲を用いる:
- Use date ranges for this filter with this time period:
- ここでは魚はポンド単位で売られています。
- Fish is sold by the pound here.
- 通貨の補助単位として「銭」「厘」を導入。
- The supplementary unit of currency, 'sen' and 'rin' were introduced.
- 地積の単位坪（歩）は6尺四方の面積である。
- The unit used for land area is tsubo (or bu) which is equivalent of the land area of 6 shaku square.
- 他の単位は尺と独立に発生したと考えられる。
- It is believed that other units came into existence separately from the shaku.
- この時点（単位：秒）までのみエンコードする
- Only encode to time in seconds
- この時点（単位：秒）からのみエンコードする
- Only encode from time in seconds
- 私は卒業するのに十分な単位を取っていない。
- I don't have enough credits to graduate.
- 私たちは、公園でボートを時間単位で借りた。
- We hired a boat by the hour in the park.
- 勺（しゃく）は、尺貫法の体積の単位である。
- Shaku (勺) is a unit of volume in the East Asian system of weights and measures.
- 日本では同じ面積を指す坪という単位がある。
- Tsubo is also a unit of area in Japan and one tsubo is equal to one bu.
- 特に2音節の結合単位については例外がない。
- Particularly, when the unit consists of two syllables, they are never combined.
- 里（り）は、尺貫法における長さの単位である。
- Ri is a unit of length in old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 貨幣価値は4文 (通貨単位)として通用した。
- Its monetary value (currency unit) was four mon (currency unit during the Edo period).
- 体積の単位升も尺を基準として定められている。
- Sho, the unit used for the volume of an object, is also based on the shaku unit.
- 江戸時代以前は「両」を基本の単位としていた。
- Ryo' was the basic unit of mass in and before the Edo period.
- 10升が1斗、10斗が1石 (単位)となる。
- 10 sho is equalized with 1 to, and 10 to is equalized with 1 koku (sho and koku are also the units of volume).
- このため質量の単位としては「匁」が普及した。
- This made 'monme' spread as a weight unit.
- 当該預り金への払込みが一円単位でできること。
- Payment may be made into the account in a unit of one yen.
- [%s] リピートビジット単位のアクション数
- [%s] actions per returning visit
- 咫（あた）は円周の単位で、0.8 尺である。
- An 'ata' (the 'ata' coming after the 'y' of 'Yata') was a unit for measuring circumference, with one ata being equivalent to approximately twenty-four centimeters.
- 日付範囲の単位として[$1]を用いています。
- It uses [$1] as its time period.
- 歩（ぶ）は、尺貫法における長さの単位である。
- Bu is a unit of length under the shakkanho (old Japanese system of weights and measures).
- EX群 大学コンソーシアム京都単位互換科目。
- Group EX : Credit exchangeable subjects in the Consortium of Universities in Kyoto
- 江戸時代に入ると流派単位の活動が盛んになる。
- In the Edo Period the activities of each school were at their peak.
- 加入は流派単位で、流派の代表者の推薦が必要。
- Joining the association is at the school level, and requires the recommendation of the representative person of the school.
- 後にこの1辺の長さが距離の単位「里」となった。
- Later, the length of its one side became the unit of length 'ri.'
- 間（けん）は、尺貫法における長さの単位である。
- Ken is the unit of length by old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 合（ごう）は、尺貫法における体積の単位である。
- Go (a unit) is a unit of cubic volume in old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 寸（すん）は、尺貫法における長さの単位である。
- Sun is a length unit in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures.
- 引張強さ（単位 ニュートン毎平方ミリメートル）
- Tensile strength (unit: N/mm2)
- 一週間単位の非定型的変形労働時間制の対象事業等
- Business Categories, etc. in Which the Atypical Adjustable Working Hours System for a Week May Be Adopted
- 通常、代官支配地は数万石位を単位に編成される。
- The area under the daikan's control was several tens of thousands of koku, which was usually considered as one unit of his area.
- 翻訳単位名[$1]は、複数回使用されています。
- Translation unit name [$1] is used more than once.
- このページでは節単位編集はサポートされません。
- Section editing is not supported in this page.
- 電化区間：全線（直流1500ボルト (単位)）
- The electrified section : all (direct current 1500 volts (unit)).
- 1秒間に浮動小数点演算を何回できるかという単位
- FLOPS FLoating-point Operations Per Second
- 日本の建造物は「間」を単位として設計されてきた。
- Japanese buildings have been designed with 'ken' as a unit.
- 丈（じょう）は、尺貫法における長さの単位である。
- Jo is the unit of length by old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- なお、合・勺は、体積の単位を流用したものである。
- Both go and shaku are originally the units for measuring volume, which are also used for measuring acreage.
- 不動産取引自体に直接「坪」という単位は使えない。
- However, the unit 'tsubo' is prohibited from using directly in real estate transaction.
- 銭の単位は、1,000個で貫・緡または千と呼ぶ。
- 1,000 sen was called kan, sashi or sen.
- 斤（きん）は、尺貫法の質量（重量）の単位である。
- Kin (Catty) is a weight unit in the East Asian system of weights and measures.
- 尺（しゃく）は、尺貫法における長さの単位である。
- Shaku (尺) is one of the units in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures.
- 一年単位の変形労働時間制における労働時間の限度等
- Limit, etc. to Working Hours under the One-Year Variable Working Hours System
- リピートビジットの平均ビジット継続時間（秒単位）
- Avg. Duration of a Returning Visit (in sec)
- 「荷」は、主に酒の陸上輸送に使われた単位である。
- 'Ka' is a unit mainly used for overland transportation of sake.
- 日本では、中世ごろから測地の単位として用いられた。
- Ken was used as the unit for land survey from around the medieval period in Japan.
- これを、郡・保・郷・条などの支配単位に再編成した。
- Then, Kokuga reorganized the rules of the koden implementing the following system: Kori (district, a unit of 2-20, 50-home neighborhoods or townships, in the Ritsuryo period), Ho (district, a unit of 5-home neighborhoods or townships, in the Ritsuryo period), Go (district, a unit of 50-home townships [comprised of 2-3 neighborhoods], in the Ritsuryo period), and Jo (a unit or a system to divide lands in the Ritsuryo period).
- 律令政府が定めた通貨単位である1文として通用した。
- The coin was designated as one Mon, the unit of currency set by the Ritsuryo government (an ancient Japanese government of centralized governance).
- 他の長さの単位も、尺に合わせて変化することになる。
- The other units in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures were also redefined according to the shaku.
- 匁（もんめ）とは、尺貫法における質量の単位である。
- Monme is a weight unit in the Japanese traditional system of weights and measures.
- 尺貫法における他の質量の単位は、以下のようになる。
- The weight units under the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures are as follows:
- ｉ 支柱の最小断面二次半径（単位 センチメートル）
- i: Minimum secondary radius of section of the support (cm)
- 測定の単位はこのプロパティに宣言されませんでした。
- No units of measurement were declared for this property.
- 租税の対象となる農地は名田という単位に分けられた。
- The farmland on which the taxation was imposed was divided into the unit called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder).
- 里は元々は古代中国の周代における長さの単位であった。
- Originally it was a unit of length during the Zhou period in ancient China.
- 反（たん、段とも書く）は、尺貫法の面積の単位である。
- Tan (反 or 段) is a unit of area belongs to old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- なお、この納入は村請により村単位で一括して行われた。
- And this collection was done in a lump sum as a unit of village through the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
- 中国貿易では一億枚単位の取引さえ普通に行われていた。
- In trade with China, transactions of using a unit of 100 million coins were not unusual at that time.
- 1市両は50グラムである（市制 (単位系)も参照）。
- 1 liang is set equal to 50 grams (refer to the article of 'Chinese Traditional System of Measurement').
- 日本の貨幣単位として「円 (通貨)」を正式採用した。
- The 'Yen' (currency) was officially adopted as the Japanese unit of currency.
- 才（さい）は、尺貫法の体積（容積）の物理単位である。
- Sai is a unit of volume (capacity) in old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- 学部ごとに各群から取得すべき単位数が定められている。
- Each faculty sets certain number of credits to be taken in each group.
- １秒間に実行できる命令数を100万単位で表わしたもの
- MIPS Million Instructions Per Second
- 刹那は漢字文化圏では数の単位としても用いられている。
- Setsuna is used as a numerical unit in countries that use the Chinese writing system.
- 分国（ぶんこく）とは、日本のに中世おける1国の単位。
- 'Bunkoku' is a unit used to delineate province-sized areas during the medieval period in Japan.
- 守護役は、村落を単位として賦課されることが多かった。
- The shugo-yaku was often imposed on each village as a unit.
- 1市里＝1500市尺である（市制 (単位系)も参照）。
- 1 li is equal to 1500 shi-chi (1 over 3 meters, or approximately 33.3 centimeters) (see also the article of Shizhi [Chinese units system of measurement]).
- 原始共同体においては、氏族や部族が社会の単位となった。
- In the primitive community, a clan and a tribe became a social unit.
- 畝（せ、ほ）は、尺貫法における土地の面積の単位である。
- Se (or ho) is a unit of land area in East Asian system of weights and measures.
- 日本において「升」という単位は大宝律令にまず見られる。
- In Japan, the unit of 'sho' was seen for the first time in Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
- 本来「石」は「せき」と読む重量（質量）の単位であった。
- Koku' (石) was essentially an unit of weight, pronounced 'seki.'
- 質量の単位としての両は、古代中国で生まれたものである。
- Ryo as the weight unit originated in ancient China.
- また賞賜目的には43匁を銀一枚とする単位が用いられた。
- For a prize or award, the unit of one silver sheet=43 monme was used.
- これは「両」が本来の質量の基本単位であったためである。
- This was because the basic weight unit in Japan was 'ryo.'
- 括弧内の数字は仁王門の高さを基準とした標高差（単位m）
- The numbers in brackets are altitudes measurements based on that of Nio-mon (unit: m).
- 括弧内の数字は仁王門の標高を基準とした標高差（単位m）
- The numbers in brackets are altitude measurements based on that of Nio-mon (unit: m).
- The numbers in brackets are altitudes measurements based on that of Nio-mon (unit: m).
- 単相交流25,000ボルト (単位)で電力を供給する。
- For electric power, a single-phase 25,000 AC is supplied to the train-cars.
- 名古屋 - 湊町間 106マイル67チェーン (単位)
- Nagoya - Minatomachi 106 mile 67 chain (unit value)
- ラドン(Rn) 20（100億分の1キュリー単位）以上
- Radon (Rn): 20 or more (unit: ten ppb curie)
- 1つは、名田を農民層の所有・経営単位とする見方である。
- One opinion is that a myoden was an ownership and management unit in the farmer class.
- 屯田兵は、二百余戸の中隊を一つの単位として兵村を作った。
- Tondenhei formed a heison (tondenhei village) as a unit of a troop of about two hundred families.
- 尺貫法と言った場合、狭義には日本固有の単位系のみを指す。
- In the narrow sense, Shakkanho exclusively refers to the unit system indigenous to Japan.
- 質量（度量衡の「衡」）は、現代では貫を基本の単位とする。
- At present, the basic unit of mass ('weights' of the weights and measures system) is kan.
- 坪または歩は、尺貫法における面積の基本単位となっている。
- Nowadays, tsubo and bu are the base unit of the old Japanese system of weights and measures for measuring the area of a space.
- その最小単位の構成員は、あるじとその家の子、郎党である。
- The smallest group consisted of a leader, child of that house, and a retainer.
- しかし、本来は上代の長さの単位の咫（あた）のことである。
- The original meaning of 'saka,' however, means '咫' (ata) which stands for a unit of length used in ancient times.
- 後者は、令制国を単位に編成され、「国御家人」と呼ばれた。
- The latter gokenin samurai retainers were organized on province allegiances and called 'kuni gokenin' (lit. provincial retainers).
- 出力のサンプリングレートを設定します (単位：ヘルツ)。
- set output sample rate (in Hz).
- 太政官札の回収と交換の状況は次の通りである（単位 円）。
- The amount of Dajokan bills collected and redeemed was as follows (unit: yen):
- 面積の単位の「歩」については、記事「坪」で詳述している。
- 'Bu' as a unit of area is detailed in an article 'tsubo.'
- エネルギー消費量当たりのCO2排出原単位(炭素集約度)
- CO2 emission intensity per energy consumption (carbon intensity)
- 数羽単位で行動し、ウミウのコロニーに営巣することもある。
- Flocks of several Pelagic Cormorants act together and sometimes nest in a colony of Japanese Cormorants.
- 1994年 京都・大学センターが発足、単位互換を開始する
- 1994: University Center Kyoto was established and started the credit transfer system.
- 都市部の自治的共同体の単位である町（ちょう）に相当する。
- The village corresponded to a town (cho), which was a unit of autonomous community in urban areas.
- 尺貫法（しゃっかんほう）は、長さ・面積などの単位系の一つ。
- Shakkanho is one of unit systems for measuring length, area, and so on.
- 石（こく）は、尺貫法における体積（容量）の物理単位である。
- Koku is a physical unit of old Japanese system of weights and measures represents volume.
- 家学（かがく）とは、家あるいは氏族単位での学術継承のこと。
- Kagaku' means handing down their academic skills within the family or the clan.
- 監察のための地方行政単位である道 (曖昧さ回避)があった。
- There were paths under local government for the purpose of inspection (to prevent ambiguity).
- ただし、地域単位における「武家の棟梁」も存続した例もある。
- Provided, however, some regional 'Buke no toryo' still survived after that.
- 匁は貫とともに真珠の質量の単位として国際的に使われている。
- Monme, along with kan, is still used as an international weight unit for a pearl.
- 中華民国成立後の1929年に市制の単位が10進法化された。
- In 1929 after the establishment of the Republic of China, the decimal system was introduced into the measurement unit system.
- それ以外の伝習隊や撒兵隊などの多くは大隊を最大単位とした。
- For many troops other than the infantry, like Denshutai or sappei-tai troops, battalion was the largest unit.
- 砲兵については「座」（砲8門）という単位が用いられていた。
- For artillery units, the unit of `za' (8 cannons) was used.
- この「周」とは円周のことであり、咫とは円周の単位であった。
- Here, 'shu' meant the circumference of a circle, and 'ata' was its unit.
- 度量衡法における元々の質量の単位の基準は、黍の質量であった。
- The units of mass in the weights and measures system were originally based on the mass of millet.
- ただし、土地の面積（地積）については特別の単位が用いられる。
- Meanwhile, the special unit is used for acreage.
- 町（ちょう）は尺貫法での長さ（距離）または面積の単位である。
- Cho is a unit of length (distance) or area in old Japanese system of weights and measures.
- この反は、古代中国の長さの単位である端に由来するものである。
- This tan (反) comes from the tan (端), which is an unit of length used in ancient China.
- これ以後の荘園と公領を単位とした社会構造を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
- The social structure constituted of shoen and koryo units thereafter called a shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- 尺という単位は古代中国の殷の時代には既にあったとされている。
- Studies indicate that the unit of shaku already existed during the period of Shang Dynasty in the ancient China.
- 「[$1]」は翻訳単位[$2]の名前として正しくありません。
- '[$1]' is not a valid name for translation unit [$2].
- 奈良時代から明治初期まで、日本の地理的区分の基本単位であった。
- Ryousei province had been the basic unit of geographical division in Japan since Nara period to the beginning of Meiji period.
- 七曜や旬 (単位)のような使い方がされていたと考えられている。
- It is considered to have been used like shichiyo or shun (one of three equal parts in a month) (unit).
- これらの炭素クレジットを 1トン-二酸化炭素 単位で取引する。
- These carbon credits are traded in a unit of ton of carbon dioxide.
- бｃ 許容座屈応力の値（単位 ニュートン毎平方センチメートル）
- бc: Value of allowable buckling stress (N/cm2)
- ｆｃ 許容圧縮応力の値（単位 ニュートン毎平方センチメートル）
- fc: Value of allowable compressive stress (N/cm2)
- 明治10年末にいたるまでの流通高は次の通りである（単位 円）。
- The amount of bills circulated by the end of 1877 was as follows (unit: yen):
- 咫（あた）は、中国および日本で用いられていた長さの単位である。
- Ata is a length unit used both in China and Japan.
- 地元では、1キログラム単位の大きな包装でよく店頭に並べられる。
- In these areas, leaves are often packed in a kilogram bag and sold at stores.
- 中に入れるものの大きさが基準となっている、単位しては珍しい例。
- This measure goes by the size of objects to be put inside, being rare as a norm of measuring.
- ウ列音とオ列乙類音とは、同一結合単位内に共存することが少ない。
- Syllables with the vowel of ウ (u) and B-type syllables with the vowel of オ (o) are rarely combined into one unit.
- ア列音とオ列乙類音とは、同一結合単位内に共存することが少ない。
- Syllables with the vowel of ア (a) and B-type syllables with the vowel of オ (o) are rarely combined into one unit.
- 質量の単位の銭（匁）は、この系統とは独立して発生したものである。
- The sen (monme), a unit of mass, came into existence separately from this system.
- 長さの単位の町との区別のために町歩（ちょうぶ）と呼ぶこともある。
- To distinguish it from cho as a unit of length, it is sometimes called 'chobu.'
- 最終検査に合格した小判は百両単位で包金銀とし勘定所に上納された。
- Koban that had passed final inspection were packed by the hundred ryo (currency unit) to make tsutsumi-kingin (a certain amount of gold coins and silver coins packed and sealed in a piece of Japanese paper) and delivered to kanjosho (financial office in the Edo bakufu).
- 騎馬武者とその武家奉公人を基本単位として構成される備の突破戦力。
- This is the penetrating force of sonae, consisting of cavalrymen and their samurai family servants as its fundamental unit.
- Ｅ 当該鋼材のヤング係数（単位 ニュートン毎平方センチメートル）
- E: Young coefficient of said steel materials (N/cm2)
- ｆｋ 許容座屈応力の値（単位 ニュートン毎平方センチメートル））
- fk: Value of allowable buckling stress (N/cm2)
- 中には数十人単位で訪れる登山ツアーの形態も見られるようになった。
- The style of mountain-climbing tour as a unit of dozens of people has started to be seen also.
- パスワードリマインダーのメール送信の最小時間間隔 (単位は時間)
- Minimum time, in hours, which must elapse between password reminders
- この場合、才の10倍（10立方尺）を石 (単位)（こく）という。
- In this case, 10 times 1 sai (10 cubic shaku) is called 1 koku (a unit).
- ○○地方の門徒を「○○門徒」と、地域単位で用いられる場合もある。
- Occasionally, the word is used with the names of regions, like calling the monto of XX region as 'XX monto.'
- 六級から一級までは市町村単位の支部剣道連盟が主催して審査をする。
- Examinations for Kyu-i from Rokkyu to Ikkyu are held by the branch of the Kendo Federation in each municipality.
- だが、じっさいの酵母の数を数える単位は匹ではなくcellという。
- In reality, however, the number of yeasts is not calculated one by one, but as a unit called 'cell.'
- オ列甲類音とオ列乙類音とは、同一結合単位内に共存することはない。
- A-type syllables with the vowel of オ (o) and B-type syllables with the vowel of オ (o) are not combined into one unit.
- 升（しょう）は、尺貫法における体積（容積）の基準となる単位である。
- Sho is a standard unit of volume (capacity) in the East Asian system of weights and measures.
- それは、母音および撥音が音の一単位としては少々短いためと思われる。
- This is probably due to the fact that vowels and hatsuon were considered a bit too short to be counted as a separate syllable.
- 各事務所には、以下に示すように基本的に一門単位で加入する事が多い。
- As is shown below, a family of storytellers basically belongs to the same company.
- 数十から数百羽単位で行動し、小枝や羽毛などを集めて樹上に営巣する。
- Great Cormorants act in flocks of some tens to hundreds and nest in trees with heaps of twigs and feathers.
- つまり、これにより精米歩合を、米1000粒単位で精査するのである。
- That is that the rice-polishing ratio of every 1,000 grains is closely measured.
- 馬を疾走させる直線区間で、通常2町 (単位)（約218メートル）。
- On the straight course, a horse gallops for two cho (approximately 218 meters).
- ただし、中国、韓国では民間レベルでは尺貫法の単位が使われ続けている。
- However, private sectors in China and South Korea still use the units of Shakkanho.
- 古代には米1石 (単位)の収穫が上げられる田の面積を1反としていた。
- In ancient time, an area of rice fields that brings 1 koku of rice was refered to as 1 tan.
- 新政権は、このような広さを単位区域にして8組の国司を東国に派遣した。
- The new regime dispatched eight groups of Kokushis to eastern provinces with such breadth as a unit area.
- 16世紀当時としては非常に多い数千丁単位の数の火縄銃で武装していた。
- Saikashu members were armed with thousands of matchlock guns, which was considered a huge number for that time, the 16th century.
- 区別のため、前者を市尺、後者を公尺という（市制 (単位系)を参照）。
- For distinction, the former is called shi-chi and the latter gong-chi (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese units system of measurement]).
- そのため本書では、伊勢国内に関しては、郡単位に詳細が記述されている。
- Thus, in the main part, the detailed descriptions are given for each state regarding Ise Province.
- 関西鉄道に譲渡当時の路線は38マイル15チェーン (単位)であった。
- At the time of the transfer to Kansei Railway Company, the total length of the lines was 38 miles and 15 chains (unit).
- 特に、工学部生は学部指定のB群科目以外は一切卒業単位に認定されない。
- Particularly, the Faculty of Engineering specifies the Group B subjects as credits and doesn't accept other subjects at all.
- 自治としては江戸時代の町奉行の設立により、町単位で自治が認められた。
- For local autonomy, machi bugyo (town magistrates) were established in the Edo period, and autonomy was given to each machi (town).
- さかのぼって江戸時代以前は、「一盃」はれっきとした容積単位であった。
- Going back to the Edo period or before, 'ippai' was a unit for volume.
- 江戸時代の宗門人別改帳に代わり、皇族から平民までを戸を単位に集計した。
- Instead of Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho (The Village People Register of Religious Faith and Relationship) at the Edo period, it was calculated in units of doors from the imperial family to commoners.
- 貨幣価値は100文 (通貨単位)とされたが、実際には80文で通用した。
- Its currency value was fixed to 100 mon, but in reality, it was passable as 80 mon.
- しかしながら、丁銀および豆板銀の通貨単位は量目（質量）の実測値である。
- However, the currency unit of Chogin (collective term of silver) and Mameitagin (name of an Edo-period coin) was the actual measurement value of weight.
- 曲尺は、面積の単位でもある歩 (尺貫法)を元にして作られたものである。
- The kane-jaku was derived from bu (歩; one of the traditional system of weights and measures) used for measuring the area of a land space.
- 貫は日本で作られた単位であり、尺貫法を用いる他の国では使われていない。
- The weight unit of kan was devised in Japan, so it is not seen in other countries where the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures are used.
- そのため量目の単位としての匁は江戸時代を通じて均質性が維持されている。
- Monme as the unit of weight was therefore kept homogeneous throughout the Edo period.
- 仏壇の規模の表わし方は金仏壇では「代（だい）」という単位が用いられる。
- Dai' is used as a measure to represent sizes of kin butsudan.
- 江戸時代には百姓身分の自治結集の単位であり、中世の惣村を継承していた。
- A 'village' in the Edo period (1615-1868) was a unit of autonomous community of farming ranks that developed from medieval 惣村 (soson, a self-governing rural community).
- 五十戸を単位として行政的に把握する試みが進められていたことを示している。
- This indicates that an attempt was being made by administrative officers to comprehend the population by fifty-family units.
- また古代日本の地方官制については、国・郡・里などの単位が定められていた。
- With respect to the local bureaucratic system in ancient Japan, those units including Koku (province), Gun (country), Ri (neighborhood) and so on were determined.
- 貨幣価値は、裏面に波形が刻まれているものが4文 (通貨単位)に相当した。
- For the value of the currency, Kanei-tsuho which was inscribed with raised markings, was equivalent to four Mon (a 'mon' was a unit of copper currency in Edo and 4,000 mon were equal to 1 ryo (a unit of gold currency)).
- 原則として一万石 (単位)以上の譜代大名が任命され、奏者番を兼任していた
- In principle, fudai daimyo (daimyo as hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) with more than 10,000 koku were appointed to Jisha-bugyo, simultaneously serving as Sojaban (officials in charge of ceremonies).
- 後の平城京、平安京はこうした欠陥をなくし、数十メートル単位の大路に造営。
- This shortcoming was corrected in subsequent Heijokyo and Heiankyo so that the street was widened to more than several tens of meters.
- 学部によっては、一部の科目を卒業に必要な単位としては認めないことがある。
- Some faculties don't accept certain subjects as credits that should be met for graduation.
- これは知行権が一国単位に拡大したものであり、こうした国を知行国といった。
- This indicates that the chigyo right was expanded to be executable over an entire province, and a province in such a state was called a chigyo-koku.
- 麻の葉の場合は三角を３つにスジを入れて１つの三角の寄木、単位文様を作る。
- In the case of asanoha pattern, three lines are inserted into a triangle to make a triangular yosegi unit pattern.
- 長さの単位に、メートル法ではなく尺貫法の丈・尺・寸が使われることがある。
- Jo (about 3.79m), Shaku (about 37.9cm) and Sun (about 3.78cm) of Shakkanho (the old Japanese system of weights and measures) is used for the unit of length instead of the metric system.
- 日本の畝（せ）は単純に坪（坪）の倍量単位となっており、30歩のことを指す。
- Se as the Japanese unit is simply a unit of multiples of tsubo (bu) and 1 se is equal to 30 bu.
- 条里の基本単位は約109m四方の正方形である（菱形や長方形の場合もある）。
- The basic unit of jori is about 109-meters square (in some cases, diamond shape or rectangle was used).
- 専門科目のほとんどが週に2回の4単位の授業でカリキュラムが構成されている。
- The curriculum is established in such a way that most of the specialized courses are four credit, and held two times a week.
- 正面7間、側面4間（「間」は長さの単位ではなく、柱間の数を表わす）である。
- The front is 7-ken in width and the sides are 4-ken in length ('ken' is not a unit of length but refers to the number of pillars).
- ただし、今日でも日本酒などの一部の酒類は1.8リットル単位で取引されている。
- However, some kinds of alcohol, such as sake (Japanese liquor), are sold by the amount of 1.8 liters even today.
- 質量の単位としての石は現在の中国でも使用されている（zh石 (质量单位)）。
- Koku is still used in China as a unit of mass.
- ただし、この段階での「武士団」は、それぞれの単位ではさほど多いものではない。
- However, each 'bushidan' did not have many members.
- 一方中華人民共和国では、当時秤量銀貨（銀錠）の額面単位に「両」を用いていた。
- In the People's Republic of China at that time, the 'ryo' unit was used to show the face value of silver-by-weight standard coins.
- 貨幣の基準単位を「両」から「圓（円）」に切り替え（旧1両を新1円とする）る。
- The standard of currency unit was changed from 'ryo' to 'yen' (1 ryo to 1 yen).
- 転じて、一幅分の布そのものやその個数を数える単位としても用いられる事がある。
- Also it is sometimes used for name of a cloth with one haba, and unit to count number of the cloth.
- 米は1俵60kgであり、稲作農地（田んぼ）は面積1反を以って基本単位とする。
- One bag of rice weighs 60 kg, and the basic unit for the area of agricultural land for growing rice (paddy field) is one tan (approximately 992 square meters).
- そのため、この時期の武士の所領は名田を単位としており、名田を名字の地とした。
- Therefore their territories were formed on a myoden basis in those days, and their surnames were based on their myoden.
- 戦国時代には一説によると寺領が50万石 (単位)とも70万石とも言われている。
- Some say that the land belonged to temples reached 500,000 or 700,000 koku (unit of measurement) in the Warring States Period.
- 無論、備単位で作戦行動が行われる事もあるので総てが一手部隊に属する訳ではない。
- Of course, in some cases the tactical actions were executed by single sonae units, and not all of them necessarily belong to one te unit.
- 動画のビットレートは動画の符号化ビットレートをキロビット毎秒の単位で設定します
- Video bitrate sets the encoding bitrate for video in (kb/s)
- 例えば、私は、来年進学する大学の単位が実際にもらえる数学の上級クラスにいます。
- For example, I am in a high-level math class that actually gives me college credits for next year.
- 刹那（せつな、Skt ksana）は仏教の時間の概念の1つで、最小単位を表す。
- Setsuna is one of the Buddhist concepts of time and is the briefest unit of time in Buddhism.
- それに対し、戦国時代 (日本)や江戸時代の領主の領地は村や町を単位としていた。
- In contrast, during the Sengoku period (Warring States period, 1482-1558) or the Edo period, a unit of a landlord's territorial land was a village or a town.
- 中国では、尋（じん）とその2倍の「常」（じょう）という単位がよく用いられていた。
- In China, the units jin (尋), as well as 'jo' (常) that showed double length of jin, were frequently used.
- 1里は1800尺（360歩 (尺貫法)、6町 (単位)）四方の面積を表していた。
- 1 ri represented the area of 1800 shaku (unit of length, approximately 30.3 centimeters) square (1800 shaku is equivalent to 360 bu [unit of length in old Japanese system of weights and measures] or 6 cho [unit of length, approximately 109 meters]).
- 特に長さの単位は時代とともに長くなり、唐代以降は1寸が3cm程度でほぼ一定した。
- Especially, with regard to the unit of length, the length per unit became longer with the times until the length was fixed at about 3 centimeters for 1 sun in and after Tang Dynasty.
- 令制国が行政単位として使われなくなってからもその名称と区画は長く用いられてきた。
- The name of ryoseikoku (provinces) and the divisions have been used for a long time even after the provinces were ceased to be used as administrative unit.
- 検地帳（けんちちょう）とは、検地の結果を村単位で集計して取りまとめた帳簿のこと。
- 'Kenchi-cho' refers to the register compiled per village, in which the result of 'kenchi' (land survey) was added up.
- 在家役（ざいけやく）とは、中世において在家を収取単位として賦課された租税のこと。
- 'Zaike-yaku' refers to the tax and the labor that were imposed per 'zaike' in medieval Japan.
- 『十二月往来』に代表される1年12ヶ月の月単位に配列して書簡の文例を示したもの。
- The second group consists of those like 'Junigetsu Orai,' which have an assortment of example sentences for letters arranged according to the 12 months of the year.
- 天正年間の1両は米4石 (単位)、永楽通宝1貫文、鐚銭4貫文とほぼ等価であった。
- In the Tensho era (1573 to 1592), 1 ryo was almost equal to the following things in value, that is, 4 koku of rice, 1 kanmon (former Japanese currency unit) of Eiraku Tsuho (Yong Le Tong Bao in pinyin, a copper coin minted in Ming dynasty China), and 4 kanmon of bad copper coins.
- 定例の研究会、公開シンポジウムを開催され、2006年度からは単位互換制度が開始。
- The regular research meeting and an open symposium are held, and credit transfer system has started since the 2006 academic year.
- 歩兵隊については、2個大隊（各10個小隊）からなる連隊が最大の編成単位であった。
- Regarding the infantry, the regiment consisting of two battalions (each battalion has 10 platoons is the largest unit of the army.
- 香港の担は英語でpiculと呼ばれ、同じ単位が東南アジア一帯でも使用されている。
- Hong Kong's tan is called picul in English, and the same unit is used in the Southeast Asia region.
- 営業距離の単位をマイル・チェーンからマイルのみに簡略化（4M32C→4.4M）。
- The unit of business distance was simplified from miles/chains to miles only (4M32C => 4.4 M).
- また、長期にわたって外遊した結果、単位不足で進級できず学習院大学政治学科を中退。
- Moreover, this official travel lasted for long period resulted in the shortage of credits enough to advance to a higher degree, which obliged him to drop out of the Department of Political Science of Gakushuin University.
- 彼らは町や村単位で抱えられ、床と呼ばれる仮店で商売を行ったため床屋とも呼ばれる。
- They worked in the whole town or village, and they were also called Tokoya because they did business at a makeshift salon called toko.
- 大将軍 (方位神)（だいしょうぐん）：3年間同じ方角に留まるが、5日単位で遊行する
- Daishogun (Hoi-jin God) was believed to preside over a direction for three years, but occasionally travel to another direction for five days.
- 体積の基本単位である升の容量が時代や国、地域によって異なるため、石の容量も異なる。
- The actual amount of koku is not fixed because the amount of Sho, the base unit of volume, differs in time, countries, and areas.
- 面積の単位反は、元は米1石の収穫が上げられる田の面積として定義されたものであった。
- Tan, a unit of area (a tan is approximately 10.6 meters in length and 34 centimeters in width), was originally defined an area of rice fields that brings in 1 koku of rice.
- 単立宗教団体とは、いかなる包括宗教団体の傘下にも属さない単位宗教団体のことである。
- Tanritsu Shukyo Dantai refers to Tani Shukyo Dantai (a unitary religious organization) that doesn't belong to any Hokatsu Shukyo Dantai (comprehensive religious organizations that take in religious schools, sects, and religious communities).
- 16世紀後半になると7本1単位の擂り目を隙間を埋め尽くすかのように施すようになる。
- In the latter part of the sixteenth century, the model that used seven ridged patterns in a single unit was adopted as if to fill the gap between the ridged patterns.
- それでいて千年単位で刻まれる宇宙年代記の歴史の転換点に必ずと言ってよいほど立会う。
- Even so, he would almost always be at the turning points in the history of a space chronicle that is etched in units of a thousand years.
- 上槽時、出てきた酒を斗瓶（18リットル瓶）単位に分け、そこから良いものを選ぶ方法。
- This is a method of selecting sake, at the time of joso, when the sake is divided by filling the tobin (bottle with a capacity of eighteen liters) and good sake is selected from the bottles.
- そのため、政府は土地（公田）を収取の基礎単位とする支配体制を構築するようになった。
- Therefore the government established a governance system with a tax collection basic unit according to land (or koden, a field administered directly by a ruler).
- そのさい、国衙領は、百姓名（みよう）が奈良時代の戸に代わって基本単位となっていた。
- At the same time, the base unit of kokugaryo (public lands) became hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants), replacing ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration) used in the Nara period.
- ただし、「貫」は日本独自の単位であり、従って尺貫法という名称も日本のみのものである。
- However, 'kan' is a unit only used in Japan, and therefore the term of Shakkanho is also used only in Japan.
- 同書ではこれは俗説であるとしているが、唐の駄法にも全く同一の単位系が存在するという。
- The book says that the existence of the previously-mentioned system was just a popular belief, while just the same system is said to have existed in daho of the Tang Dynasty China.
- この単位の公式の名称が「匁」になったのは明治時代のことで、それまでは銭と呼んでいた。
- It was only in the Meiji period that the name monme officially began to be used as the weight unit, and until then, 'sen' had been used instead.
- 例えば、律令に定める官職、地方行政単位である国（令制国）、文書の書式などが挙げられる。
- For example, those government posts in the Ritsuryo codes, provinces as a unit of local administration (ryoseikoku), the format of documents and so on are mentioned.
- 間は、中国において一般的な建物の柱と柱の間隔を指す長さの単位として生まれたものである。
- Ken was originally generated in China as the unit of length to measure the interval between pillars.
- ただし、坪だけはメートル法の単位できりの良い値にならないため、現在でも使用されている。
- However, it is difficult to convert the tsubo into the units of the metric system by integral multiples, so that the tsubo alone is still used.
- 基本単位である坪を6x6に並べた区画 (つまり6町四方の正方形) は「里」と呼ばれた。
- The section in which the basic unit tsubo is aligned 6x6 (in other words, six-cho square) was called 'ri.'
- 各占領地域で発行されたため、軍票の通貨単位も異なり、多くのシリーズがあり、種類が多い。
- Since they were issued in many Japan-occupied areas, the monetary unit of military currency varied and there were various series and kinds.
- 朝鮮の土地5700町 (単位)を所有して、日本からの移民と開拓をその事業として掲げた。
- It owned the land of 5,700 cho (approx.5,700 hectares) in Korea and engaged in immigration and development by the Japanese.
- ここで言う「間」（けん）は長さの単位ではなく、社寺建築の柱間の数を表す建築用語である。
- The unit 'ken' is not a measurement length but an architectural term that represents the number of bays (space between two pillars) within a temple or shrine.
- 技巧派の監督であり、すべてのカットをコンマ秒単位で決めた上で、撮影に臨んだといわれる。
- It is said that he was a director with craftsmanship, and he decided on the sequence of cuts in tenths of a second, before shooting.
- 次いで豊臣秀長、豊臣秀保に仕え、大和国吉野郡で3500石 (単位)の知行を与えられた。
- Then, he successively served Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and Hideyasu TOYOTOMI, and granted chigyo (enfeoffment) of 3,500 koku in Yoshino County, Yamato Province.
- 英語圏では、同じ定義によるファゾムという単位があり、やはり水深を測るのに用いられている。
- In the English-speaking world, a unit 'fathom' with the same definition as the hiro is similarly used to sound the depth of water.
- その歩を一辺とする正方形の面積のことも「歩」と呼んだのが面積の単位「歩」の始まりである。
- The 'bu' unit for measuring area was derived from that the area of a square, 1 bu on a side is also called 'bu.'
- これを受けた各省は省単位で必要とする大粮総額を算定して民部省に対して請求の移を提出した。
- Receiving this, each ministry calculated the total Tairo as a ministry and submitted that bill to the Minbusho.
- 今日では「斤」は食パンの計量の単位としてのみ使われているが、これは英斤によるものである。
- Today, 'kin' is used only as the weight unit of a loaf of bread in Japan, which originated from the British catty.
- 内談方は地域単位で3番に分けて高師直・上杉朝定_(二橋上杉家)・上杉重能を頭人に任じた。
- Dividing the national land into three regions, the bakufu set up an office in each region, and appointed KO no Moronao, Tomosada UESUGI (the Futahashi Uesugi family) and Shigeyoshi UESUGI as the tonin (the director).
- 寺院単位で設置され、施設の建築やそこで使われる用具の製造（経典の写経も含む）にあたった。
- Zojishi was established for each temple for building facilities and making Buddhist ceremony utensils used in the temple, including copying a sutra.
- 幕府が保管していたものは大半失われたが、作成にあたった大名家に残ったものが国単位で残る。
- Most of the gocho stored by the bakufu were lost, but gocho which were left in the house of daimyo who had prepared them remain in some provinces.
- このほか次のような科目が設けられており、科目内容によってA～D群の単位として認定される。
- Besides, there are subjects mentioned below that are given credits of the Groups, from A to D, according to their contents.
- 競技規則ではセンチメートル単位で定められているが、「尺二（的）」との呼称も一般的である。
- Although the competition rules specify the size in a centimeter unit, it is also generally called 'shaku-ni' (also referred as 'shaku-ni mato,' which stands for mato in one shaku and two sun).
- この部隊単位で考えれば、織田軍の鉄砲が1000丁であったとしても、相対的に相当な数である。
- Even if the Oda family had only 1,000 teppo, this figure can be regarded as significant in relation to the size of each army.
- 近い長さの単位に丈（じょう;1丈＝10尺）があるが、こちらは物の寸法を測るのに用いられる。
- Jo (1 jo is equivalent to 10 shaku [about 3 meters]) is a unit of similar length, but is used to measure the sizes of objects.
- 現在の市制 (単位系)においては、1/15ヘクタール（約6.67アール）を1畝としている。
- In the present Chinese system of measurement, a 15th hectares (about 6.67 ares) is equalized with 1 se.
- 学友団の公認団体だけではなく、学生支援センター登録団体や、ゼミ単位での出店も多く見られる。
- Not only the groups accredited by Gakuyudan, but also groups registered with the Student Support Services Center and students belonging to each seminar open refreshment stalls.
- 「代」という単位は浄土真宗に基づくものであり、金仏壇と浄土真宗の繋がりの強さを感じさせる。
- The measure of 'Dai' is based on precepts of Jodo Shinshu Sect, suggesting the strong linkage between kin butsudan altar and Jodo Shinshu Sect.
- 7世紀末から8世紀初頭に始まった律令制では、人民一人ひとりを租税収取の基礎単位としていた。
- In the ritsuryo system (system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which started around the end of the seventh century or the beginning of the eighth century, the basic unit for tax collection was every single person.
- 坪は日本で生まれた単位であるが、かつて日本の統治下にあった大韓民国や台湾でも使用されている。
- While tsubo is the Japanese origin unit, it has been also used in South Korea and Taiwan because the unit was introduced and established under the ruling of the former Empire of Japan.
- 上述のように、先に匁という単位があって、その1000倍の質量として貫が定められたものである。
- As mentioned above, the weight unit of monme had existed, and kan was devised as its 1000 times weight.
- 例えば中国では160匁（中国では「銭」）に相当する斤が質量の基本の単位として使用されていた。
- In China, for example, kin (reads as 'jin' in pinyin) was used as a basic weight unit which was equalized with 160 monme (or 160 'sen' [reads as 'qian,' in pinyin] in China).
- 中国では現在でも「銭」が質量の単位となっており、メートル法採用後、1銭＝5グラムと規定した。
- In China, 'sen' serves as the weight unit even today, and after the metric system was adopted, 1 sen was set at 5 grams.
- - 浪速鉄道により片町 - 四条畷間（8マイル5チェーン (単位)≒12.98km）が開業。
- The line between Katamachi and Shijonawate (eight miles five chain (unit) ≒ 12.98 km) was opened by Naniwa Railway.
- 長編化し、それまで五丁で一冊に綴じていたものを十丁ないし十五丁単位で一冊に綴じたものだった。
- Books began getting longer; until then books had been bound as 5 sheet publications, then units of ten sheets or otherwise 15 sheets making up one book.
- 布の大きさの単位の反は、（この場合は「端」とも書く）は、おおむね一着分の幅・丈の大きさである。
- The tan (反; also written as 端 in Chinese characters), representing a unit to measure textile, basically is equal to a cloth's width and length.
- 平安時代後期に成立した年貢・公事・夫役を徴収するために、名田単位でそれらの賦課が行われていた。
- In the later Heian period, the system of 'nengu' (land tax), 'kuji' (public duties/temporary taxes), and 'bueki' (compulsory service) was established, and their imposition was done per 'myoden' (the farming land that served as the unit of taxation and labor-enforcement in those days).
- さらに、国の下に郡・郷・別名のほか、保・条・院などの租税収取単位が同列で併存するようになった。
- Further, the units for tax collection called ho, jo, and in were created under the nation on a parallel with the existing structure consisting of nation, gun, go, and bechimyo.
- また、勾配（角度）を表すときに、水平方向1尺に対する垂直方向の長さを寸を単位として表していた。
- And when an incline was explained, sun served as the unit of vertical length per 1 shaku of horizontal length.
- 質量単位の貫は1000匁に当たり、明治時代に 1貫 3.75キログラム(kg) と定義された。
- 1 kan was, as a weight unit, equalized with 1000 monme (a traditional Japanese weight unit), and in the Meiji period, 1 kan was set at 3.75 kilograms.
- このように実際の出生時期と出生届の提出時期が離れているため数年単位での年齢操作が可能であった。
- In this way, as there was always a gap between the time of actual birth and the time of birth registration, it was possible to manipulate the child's age by a few years.
- 英語ではcattyといい、これに由来するkatiという単位が東南アジア一帯でも使用されている。
- Also, kati, a unit originated from the English word catty, is used in Southeast Asia.
- 絃の太さは、3本単位ぐらいで変えられており、低音部17本は絹、高音部13本はテトロン製である。
- The thickness of the strings are changed in about threes of strings and 17 strings in the tenor note part are made of silk and 13 strings in the treble note part are made of tetrone.
- この大寄せでは各単位文様から大きさ、材料の良し悪しを決めていきバランスのよい小寄木にしていく。
- In the oyose step, quality of the materials is determined based on each pattern unit, and the pieces are made into koyosegi with a good balance.
- 千粒重（せんりゅうじゅう）とは、米1000粒を抜き出して量ったときの重量で単位はg（グラム）。
- Senryuju (weight of 1,000 rice grains) is the weight of extracted 1,000 rice grains measured in the unit of gram.
- 名田は、多様な支配形態を内包する荘園公領制において、基礎的な支配・収取単位として機能し続けた。
- The myoden always functioned as a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system, which included various forms of ruling.
- このため、西洋の諸国では困難を極めた地積単位のメートル法への移行は、日本ではスムーズに行われた。
- Therefore, the units of acreage were easily switched to the units of the metric system in Japan, while it was a quite difficult task for Western countries.
- 尺の系統とは別に、通貨（寛永通宝）の直径を基準とする「文 (長さ)」（もん）という単位があった。
- Besides the unit system of shaku, a unit 'mon' that was based on the diameter of the coin (Kanei Tsuho) was also used for measuring length.
- 在家とは荘園・公領における住屋と付属する宅地・田畠・住人を1つの収取単位として扱ったものである。
- And 'zaike' refers to an unit of taxation and labor-enforcement, which was made up of a house and its premises, the nearby paddy and field, and the inhabitants, all of which existed in both 'shoen' (a manor, or a private estate) and 'koryo' (public land).
- そのため、従来郡の下にあった郷などの領域を郡と同等の国衙統治下の単位に引き上げる措置がとられた。
- Therefore, kokuga took the measure of raising the status of the areas formerly placed under a gun, for example, go (villages), to a status equal to that of the gun.
- また日本では奈良時代に1国（地方行政単位）ずつに国師を置き、それぞれの国の仏教行政を統括させた。
- In Japan during the Nara period, each province had a kokushi to control the Buddhist administration in each province.
- 大阪鉄道 (初代) 湊町 - 柏原間（10マイル10チェーン (単位)≒16.29km）が開業。
- The Minatomachi-Kashihara section of the Osaka Railway (the first) (ten miles and ten chains (unit) ≒16.29 km) was opened to traffic.
- ただし村普請方という役職もあり御上（おかみ）主導で集落や自治単位の負担で行われる村普請もあった。
- However, some mura fushin were executed through a managerial position called mura fushin kata by the okami in each community or municipality.
- しかし個人単位でコレクターは数多く存在し、Web上などでそのコレクションの一部を見る事ができる。
- However, there are many of individual collectors and a part of their collections can be seen on websites and so on.
- そのため、この時期になると武士の名字の地（本貫地）は荘園、郡、郷、保を単位としたものに変化した。
- Thus manors, gun, go, and ho became a basis of an origin place of a samurai surname (called honganchi) during that period.
- 日本においては現在は1間＝6尺と定義されており、60間が町 (単位)（「丁」とも表記する）となる。
- Now in Japan 1 ken is defined to be 6 shaku, and 60 ken is to be cho (町; unit of length; also written as丁).
- 彼らは先進的な部民共同体の中で戸を単位に編成され、6世紀には籍帳に登載されて、正式に氏姓をもった。
- They were organized making each house one unit in an advanced community of people who belonged to the Yamato Regime; in the sixth century, their family name and hereditary titles were written down in their register book; in this way they had an official family name and hereditary title.
- 1958年制定の計量法で尺貫法は公式の単位としては廃止され、以降商取引などの使用が禁止されている。
- By the new weights and measures system established in 1958, the traditional system of weights and measures was eliminated as official units and prohibited to use in business purposes after that.
- 別符による「郷」は、「郡」の下の「郷」ではなく、独立した徴税単位として「郡」と並列するものである。
- The 'go' by beppu was not the 'go' of the 'district' and was at the same level with a 'district' as an independent tax collection unit.
- 尺貫法の長さの基準となる単位であり、転じて物の長さのことや物差しのことも「尺」と呼ぶようになった。
- It is a standard unit of length in the traditional system of weights and measures, and by extension, also the length of object or measuring ruler.
- 慶長4年（1599年）、豊臣家から3000石 (単位)を与えられて従五位下、豊前国守に叙任された。
- In 1599, he was given 3,000 koku (unit of volume) by the Toyotomi family and appointed to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Buzen no kuni no kami (Governor of Buzen Province).
- しかしその後も永という仮想通貨単位(すなわち永一貫文＝金一両であり1/1000両を表す)は残った。
- However, the virtual monetary unit called Ei (Ei of Eiraku-tsuho) remained in place; i.e., Ikkanmon (weight of the coins and approximately equivalent to 1,000 mon of coins) of Ei equaled 1 ryo (a unit name for a large sum of money) of a gold coin, thus 1 Ei was treated as 1/1000 ryo.
- 黄砂の強さや頻度は数年～数十年単位で変動していることや、その変動は地域によって異なることが分かる。
- It is found that the strength of kosa and its occurrence frequency have changed in the order of several years to several tens of years and that these changes have depended on the area.
- すると、新たにこれらの収取単位を管理し、紛争処理に携わる「領主」という階層が登場するようになった。
- Then the class of 'ryoshu' (territorial lord), who newly managed each unit of these tax-collection areas and were engaged in handling disputes among people in the areas, appeared.
- この体制下では農業、漁業、手工業などの諸産業を田堵が隷属する人民を使役し、名田単位で経営を行った。
- In this system, the tato managed several industries such as agriculture, fishery, and handicraft manufacturing on a myoden basis, employing subordinate labors.
- 京都市内の私立大学間で単位互換制度を広く実施するため発足した「京都・大学センター」が母体となった。
- The 'University Center Kyoto' was established in Kyoto City to realize a credit transfer system among private universities and was the parent organization.
- 西洋のヤード・ポンド法などと同様、当初は身体の一部の長さや、穀物の質量などが単位として使われていた。
- Like in the yard-pound system in the West, the dimensions of the human body parts, the mass of grain, and so on, had been used as units.
- 1959年、計量法の施行によりメートル法以外の単位の使用は規制され、升は公式には使用されなくなった。
- In 1959, the Measurement Act was enforced and the use of units other than the metric system was strictly prohibited, so sho ended in its official use.
- その特別な命令書（符）ということから、その地は「別符」と呼ばれ、また徴税単位として「郷」と呼ばれた。
- That property was called as 'beppu' by taking after the name of a special order (fu - tally) in addition to being called as 'go' (village) for the tax collection unit.
- 額面は天秤による量目の実測値で、商取引において銀何貫、銀何匁と表記される銀目取引の通貨単位であった。
- Chogin, whose value was determined by its actual weight in ryome (a weighted value) using a balanced scale, was the currency unit for Ginme (silver grain) trade, and it was referred to as 'Silver X kan' (1 kan=3.75 kg) or 'Silver X monme' (1 monme=3.75 g).
- 預り金及び証券投資信託の受益権に相当する金額の払戻しが、その申出があつた日に、一円単位でできること。
- Refund of a deposit and the equivalent amount to the beneficiary right of the security investment trust may be made in a unit of one yen on a day of the request.
- 江戸時代初期には関東郡代のほかに上方、尼崎、三河国、丹波国、河内国などほぼ1国単位に郡代が置かれた。
- Early on during the Edo period, aside from the Kanto region, a Gundai post was set in almost all of the provinces, including Kamigata, Amagasaki, Mikawa, Tanba and Kawachi.
- 1895年（明治28年）9月5日 京都駅 - 伏見駅 (京都府)間3マイル23チェーン (単位)開業
- September 5, 1895: A line 3 miles and 23 chains (unit) long began operations between Kyoto Station and Fushimi Station (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 保留車として残存した非冷房の中間車を除くと、この時点で編成単位で残った非冷房車は1編成だけとなった。
- At that time, there was only one train without air-conditioning on the Keihanshin Local Line, except for their reserved middle cars without air-condition..
- 東北・関東・九州ではより広い荘園・公領単位でのゆるやかな村落が形成され、これを郷村と呼ぶこともある。
- In the Tohoku, Kanto, and Kyushu regions, the villages were loosely formed as a wider unit of shoen and koryo and they were sometimes called goson (autonomous village).
- しかしこの外遊の結果、学習院大学の単位が不足し進級できず、長年の学友たちと学年が異なることとなった。
- However, the above-mentioned official travel resulted in the shortage of credits enough to advance to a higher degree in Gakushuin University, which meant that he would be one year behind with his long-time schoolmates.
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力土倉を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに土倉役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected dosoyaku at first, but later on appointed influential doso as nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and had them collect dosoyaku from several dozens of doso.
- このように、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領（公領）を個々の収取単位とする体制を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
- The system that shoen and kokugaryo (koryo) reorganized into gun (local district), go (sub local district), ho (Imperial demesne) worked as units for taxation were called shoen koryo sei (the system of public land and private estates).
- 貫高制（かんだかせい）とは、土地の収穫高を通貨単位である貫を用いて表わした土地制度・税制・軍制のこと。
- The Japanese term 'Kandaka sei' refers to the land system, tax system, and military system which used the currency unit 'kan' to calculate the yield of rice for a given piece of land.
- 郷帳は村単位の高を記すものだが、正保郷帳作成にあたり幕府は総計を各大名の表高に一致させるよう指示した。
- Gocho generally recorded total yields of each village, but the bakufu instructed to make the total sum equal to omote-daka of each daimyo in preparing Shoho-gocho.
- 11月12日 - 営業距離の単位をマイル・チェーンからマイルのみに簡略化（21M48C→21.6M）。
- November 12: The operating distance was changed from miles and chains to miles (e.g., from 21M48C to 21.6M).
- 郊外のスーパーマーケットやディスカウントストアなどでは、24～30本入りの箱単位で売られることも多い。
- In supermarkets and discount stores in the suburbs, canned coffee is sold in cases of twenty-four to thirty-cans.
- このほか、地方・都道府県単位で組織する書作家協会や、書家が主宰する様々な会（社中とも呼ばれる）がある。
- Other than the above, there are calligrapher associations organized by regions and prefectures, and various societies (also called Shachu) presided by Shoka.
- これにより、まず国衙の支配する公田が、名田または名（みょう）と呼ばれる支配・収取単位へと再編成された。
- At first this reorganized koden administered by kokuga (a provincial government office) into a governance and tax collection unit called myoden or myo.
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力酒屋を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに酒屋役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected taxes initially, but later it picked up a large sake brewery from each several dozen houses in the same business and assigned them to serve as Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) to collect sakaya-yaku.
- そのため、春分とそこから15日単位の日（すなわち二十四節気）には京都のあちこちで貴族の大移動が見られた。
- Therefore, many nobles were seen to travel from one direction to another here and there in Kyoto on the Vernal Equinox Day and then every fifteen days (that is, 24 divisions of the old calendar).
- 匁は、元々中国で用いられた名称は「銭」であり、銭貨（日本では一文銭）一枚の質量を単位としたものであった。
- Monme was used in China by its original name 'chen' (pronounced 'sen' in Japanese), which was based on the mass of 1 coin (in Japan, a coin of 1 mon).
- 明治政府は、曲尺の尺の他に鯨尺を布地の計量に限定した計量単位として認め、呉服尺などその他の尺を廃止した。
- Other than the kane-jaku, Meiji government allowed the kujira-jaku as the limited use for the measurement unit of a clothing fabric, while other shaku including the gofuku-jaku were abolished.
- 16世紀前半には、各地で県を単位とした官田と民田の税率一本化が進められ、中頃には官田は基本的に消滅した。
- In the early 16th century, tax standardization between kanden and private estates was promoted everywhere by the prefectures, and kanden basically disappeared by the middle of the century.
- 中華人民共和国では、1升＝1リットルと定義し、また、SI単位としてのリットルにも「升」の字を宛てている。
- In People's Republic of China, 1 sho (also called as sheng in pinyin) is equalized with 1 liter, and the liter as the unit of the International Unit System (SI) is also written as 'sho' (升) in a Chinese character.
- 延喜式において、25ヶ国が負担対象国であり、総計133,729石 (単位)を負担したことが記されている。
- 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) states that 25 provinces were the target of this system with a total of 133,729 koku.
- 全国の戸口調査を命じ、一村単位の家数、人数、男女、老若、職業などを明記した書類を作成して提出させたもの。
- It was mandated to take a census, such as the number of households, the given population, gender, age and occupation in village units and to submit the census in writing.
- これは民間で使われる単位が長くなっていったため、時の政権もそれを追認する形で公定尺を改訂したものである。
- The private shaku unit became gradually longer which the government of the time had to confirm, and the official shaku unit was redefine.
- 荒木村重は波多野氏の支族と言われており、37万石 (単位)の所領で織田信長より摂津国守護を拝命している。
- It is said that Murashige ARAKI was from the branch family of the Hatano clan and his territory was 370,000 koku and he was appointed by Nobunaga ODA to Settsu no Kuni Shugo (Provincial Constable of Settsu Province).
- 中国戦線で使用した日本円以外にもペソやギルダーなどのさまざまな通貨単位の軍用手票が各占領地で発行された。
- Not only the military currency in Japanese yen used during the China-Japan battles, but also other kinds of military currency in various currency units such as peso and guilder were issued in the Japan-occupied areas.
- 表に酒造人の名前と住所、そして酒造石 (単位)が書かれ、裏には「御勘定所」と書かれ、焼印が押してあった。
- The tag carried the name and address of the brewer and koku (a unit of volume) of sake to be brewed on the front and the writing 'gokanjosho' (financial ministry) on the back, and was marked with brands.
- 百首歌（ひゃくしゅうた）は、数を定めて詠う和歌（定数和歌）のひとつで、100首を単位として詠まれるもの。
- Hyakushuuta (The Set of One Hundred Poems, 百首歌) consists of one hundred poems as a unit, which are a type of waka composed with a predetermined number.
- 禅寺では線香が1本燃え尽きるまでの時間（40分）を一炷（いっちゅう）と呼び、坐禅を行う時間の単位とした．
- At Zen-sect temples, time consumed until a stick of Senko burns out (about 40 minutes) was called Icchu and it was used as the unit time for Zen meditation.
- 元の米粒の大きさや重量に比べてどれくらいまで外殻部を削り落とすかが、精米歩合（単位 %）として示される。
- The degree to which the outer part is scraped in comparison with the size (or the weight) of the original rice grain is shown as the polishing ratio (in units of percent).
- 黄砂の発生が予測される場合は、気象庁から都道府県単位で「気象情報 (気象庁)防災気象情報」が発表される。
- When an occurrence of kosa is predicted, the Meteorological Agency announces to each prefecture 'weather information: weather information for disaster prevention' (by the Meteorological Agency).
- 三浦峠北側には2点の自然石道標が知られており、それぞれ川から25町 (単位)および30丁のところにある。
- At the north of Miura Pass, there are two natural stone guideposts; the one is about 2725 meters away from the river, and another is about 3270 meters away from the river.
- 米1石は大人1人の1年間の消費量に相当することから、米1石が穫れる面積を単位とするのは自然なことであった。
- 1 koku of rice corresponded to the yearly consumption of rice per adult; therefore it was natural to make an area, brought 1 koku of rice, into a unit.
- 宋 (王朝)代に10斗が1石、5斗が1斛と定められ、以降、中国において石と斛は別の単位となった（zh斛）。
- In the age of the Sung Dynasty, 10 to was set to be 1 koku (石), and 5 to was set to be 1 koku (斛), and ever since the koku (石) and koku (斛) are different unit in China.
- 一戦場において単独で作戦を遂行する事が可能という意味において後述の特徴も併せて戦略単位といえる部隊である。
- This squad was a tactical battle unit in terms of its ability to execute plans independently on a battleground, as well as in terms of other characteristics mentioned later.
- 丁銀の通貨単位としては質量の測定値である貫および匁がそのまま用いられ、こちらは銀1000匁が銀1貫となる。
- Kan and monme, which were originally the weight units, also served as the currency units of the silver coin used as the currency by weight, and 1000 monme of silver was equalized with 1 kan of silver.
- なお、「劇場の三科」は、『三科』によるもの（1925年）と、『単位三科』によるもの（1927年）とがある。
- Moreover, 'Gekijo (theater) no Sanka' is by 'Sanka' (1925) as well as by 'Tan-i Sanka' (1927).
- ただし、この「十目」「百目」は単位というわけではないので、例えば232匁を二百目三十二匁などとは書かない。
- However, the me used as '10 me,' '100 me' and others is not a weight unit, so, for example, 232 monme cannot be written as 200 me plus 32 monme.
- 文書を章単位で埋め込み参照可能とする #lst、#lstx 関数および
- Adds #lst and #lstx functions and tag, enables marked sections of text to be transcluded
- また江戸時代後期以降は幕府の意図的な銀単位通貨流通量抑制政策のために手形や藩札類による取引も盛んであった。
- In addition, after the late Edo period, the bakufu took the policy of intentionally controlling the amount of the silver-based currencies that was being circulated, and therefore, lots of promissory notes and Han-satsu were used for transactions.
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（28.9M→46.4km）。
- April 1, 1930: The unit of operation distance was changed from miles to meters (from 28.9M to 46.4 km).
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（22.6M→36.4km）。
- April 1, 1930: The operating distance was changed from miles to kilometers (e.g., from 22.6M to 36.4 km).
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（21.6M→34.7km）。
- April 1, 1930: The operating distance was changed to be given in meters from miles (e.g., from 21.6M to 34.7 km).
- 瀬戸焼では、15世紀前半から中葉ころ（古瀬戸様式後期様式）の窯で擂り目6本1単位のすり鉢が生産され始める。
- In the Seto-yaki (Seto ware), Suribachi with six ridged patterns in a single unit began to be produced in a kiln from the early to the middle of the fifteenth century (the kiln in the latter style of old Seto style).
- 令制国が行政体・地理区分の基本単位として用いられていた時代には、正式にも慣用的にも「国」とだけ呼ばれていた。
- In the age when the term ' Ryosei province ' was used as the basic unit for administrative and geographical division, it used to be called only as 'province' officially and customarily.
- 古代日本では約109mは1町 (単位)（＝60歩）に当たり、約109m四方の面積も同様に1町と呼ばれていた。
- In ancient Japan, about 109 meters were equivalent to one cho (unit) (=60 bu), and the area of about a 109-meter square was also called one cho.
- しかし西国ではまだ荘園領主の権限が機能しており、名田単位による賦課が行われたため、名主の地位は残存し続けた。
- However, manorial lords maintained their control in western regions and continued to impose taxes based on the myoden system, thereby allowing myoshu to maintain their status.
- 単位宗教団体とは、神社・寺院・教会・布教所など、宗教法人法第2条第1号の範疇に含まれる宗教団体のことである。
- Tani Shukyo Dantai refer to religious organizations that are contained in the category of article 2, number 1 of the religious corporation act, such as shrines, temples, churches, and places for missionary work.
- 江戸期の鋳造量は、小判金と一分判金を合わせた総量を「両」の単位をもって記録されており、本位貨幣的性格が強い。
- The total casting amount including koban and ichibu bankin was recorded in 'ryo' and they had a character of standard coin.
- 明治に入り、銭 (曖昧さ回避)は円 (通貨) の1/100の日本の補助貨幣の単位として使用することとなった。
- In the Meiji period, sen was ranked the secondary currency unit of a hundredth value of 1 yen in Japan.
- また「分」を「ぶ」と発音せず「ふん」と呼んだのは金貨の通貨単位である一分金（ぶ）との混同を避けるためである。
- And here, it is called 'fun' rather than 'bu' to avoid mixing up with bu which was used as the currency unit of a gold coin, ichibu-kin (a former Japanese gold coin of 1 bu).
- 国司（こくし）は、古代から中世の日本で、地方行政単位である令制国の行政官として中央から派遣された官吏である。
- In medieval Japan, a kokushi was a government officer who was sent by the central government to administer a ryoseikoku (an area of regional administration).
- 営業距離の単位をマイル・チェーンからマイルのみに簡略化（名古屋 - 湊町間 106M67C→106.8M）。
- The unit of business distance was simplified from miles/chains to miles only (the Nagoya-Minatomachi section 106M67C => 106.8M).
- 改帳には、家族単位の氏名と年齢、檀徒として属する寺院名などが記載されており、事実上、戸籍として機能していた。
- The name and age of family members per household and the name of a family temple were recorded in Shumon Ninbetsu Aratame Cho, which virtually worked as a household register.
- このように田畑の少ない場所が国単位として成立していたことは、皇室・朝廷にとって特殊な場所であったと推定される
- As just described, it was assumed to be special places for the Imperial family and the Imperial court since it was approved as one province even though it had little farm land.
- この1町四方からなる基本単位を「坪（つぼ）」又は「坊（ぼう）」と呼称した (現在でも使用される坪とは異なる)。
- This basic unit of one-cho square is called 'tsubo' or 'bo' (it is different from tsubo that is currently used).
- たとえばB群には文系学生向けの数学の講義が含まれるが、これを理系学部の学生が履修しても単位として認められない。
- For example, in Group B, there is a course of mathematics for students majoring in humanities, but this course is unacceptable as credits for students majoring in science.
- 第二次大戦前までの基準でいうと、日本酒単位を使う規模の酒蔵で必要な杜氏集団の人員は10名を目安とされたという。
- According to the standards adopted before World War II, a brewery which used 1,000 koku of rice for sake brewing was said to require around 10 people for their toji group.
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- 慶長小判の時代は、一分判より低額のものは寛永通寳一文 (通貨単位)銭しかなく、一分は公定相場で一貫文に相当する。
- In the period of Keicho koban (a type of gold coin used in the Keicho era), the ichi mon (a currency unit of the Edo period) coin was the only type of Kanei tsuho (old copper coin) that was worth less than the ichibuban (ichibu was equivalent to 1 kan mon (1,000 mon) according to the official quotation).
- この小判および分金の通貨単位は武田信玄による領国貨幣である甲州金の四進法（両、分、朱）を取り入れたものであった。
- The currency units of koban and bukin were based on the adopted quaternary (ryo, bu, shu) of Koshu gold which was territorial currency employed by Shingen TAKEDA.
- 守護（しゅご）は、日本の鎌倉幕府・室町幕府が置いた武家の職制で、令制国単位で設置された軍事指揮官・行政官である。
- Shugo was a samurai office in Japan's Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was a military commander and administrative official placed in each ryoseikoku (province).
- しかし、朝廷は郡の分割や郷の編入などで郡の再編を進め、豪族の勢力圏と切り離した行政単位としての郡の整備を進める。
- However, the Imperial Court started restructuring Gun by dividing them and introducing Go (village) in order to create Gun as administrative units detached from the influence of Gozoku.
- 後に荘園などの所領単位での没収が行われるようになると没官領（もっかんりょう）という呼称が用いられるようになった。
- Later when the confiscations of territories such as manors were started, and the term Mokkanryo was employed.
- 河内国丹南藩からは、文政4（1821年）に米の価格を銀単位で表示（「米弐升代銀壱匁」など）した米銀札を発行した。
- Tannan Domain of Kawachi Province issued a kome-ginsatsu with the price of rice in silver coins (e.g. 'two sho [unit of volume] of rice for one monme in silver coins') in 1821.
- 現在知られる里程標、すなわち一里＝三十六町 (単位)、六十間＝一町、六尺＝一間という間尺を整えたのも長安である。
- The currently known table of distances, i.e., units of ri, 1 ri = thirty-six cho (unit), sixty ken= 1 cho, six shaku = 1 ken of Kenjaku (a rope with a label on every 1 ken) were established by Nagayasu.
- 3杯目は2杯目の様にしたものにお茶（煎茶）もしくは出汁（店単位で異なる）をかけ、さっぱりと茶漬けのように食べる。
- The third dish is served like the second dish, but with tea (sencha, Japanese green tea) or broth (depends on the restaurant) poured over it, and it is eaten simply like chazuke (rice soaked with green tea).
- そのため、室町時代以降の新興の中・下級武士たちの間では、再び名田を単位とした名字の名乗りが一般的になっていった。
- This made the surname forming based on myoden popular again among samurai warriors in the newly-rising middle and lower classes from the Muromachi period onwards.
- 都市部の庶民のまつりごと（自治、祭礼）は伝統的にこの単位で行われ、その慣行が今でも残っているところも少なくない。
- Matsurigoto (self-government, and rites and festivals) for people living in the cities was traditionally administered by this unit, and many places still continue to have such customary practice.
- 1町は1ヘクタールに非常に近い値であることから、日本においては面積の単位のメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
- As 1 cho is very close to 1 hectare, Japan's transfer to the metric system in terms of areas went smoothly.
- ただ、古制を復古したはずだとする説によってこれを採用する研究者もいる（小泉袈裟勝『図解単位の歴史辞典』、柏書房）。
- However, some scholars adopt the theory of Junhai, saying that the masu in the Kanji era should have restored the ancient system ('the illustrated dictionary of units' history,' written by Kesakatsu KOIZUMI, published by Kashiwashobo Co., Ltd.).
- 安土桃山時代には四進法の通貨単位の便宜を図るためか、京目金一両は四匁四分と変化し、田舎目金一両は四匁前後となった。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, to set the currency unit based on the quaternary notation system, kyome kin 1 ryo was changed to 4 monme 4 bu and inakame kin 1 ryo was changed to about 4 monme.
- 甲州金は田舎目一両すなわち4匁（約14.9グラム）を基準としてつくられ、この通貨単位が小判の額面1両の基となった。
- Koshu-kin was produced based on 1 ryo of Inakame, that is, 4 monme (about 14.9 grams), and the currency units became the basis for koban's face value, 1 ryo.
- また金融制度でも旧幕府時代の貨幣制度を改めて、通貨単位として「円 (通貨)」を導入（1871年。新貨条例を参照）。
- The financial system was also revised, changing the currency system of the Shogunate period and adopting the 'yen'as the currency unit in 1871 (refer to the article of the 'New Currency Regulation').
- 以後、大規模な移配は行われなくなり、代わって既に移配された俘囚・夷俘を小規模集団単位で二次移配する事例が増加する。
- After this petition was accepted, Ihai was no longer carried out on a large scale; instead, the barbarians who had already been sent to other places were sent again to new places in small groups.
- これは23区が旧東京市に相当することに由来するもので、現在では23区を一体とし自治権を有する行政単位は存在しない。
- This derives its origin from the fact that the 23 boroughs are equal to the old City of Tokyo, but today there is no administrative unit having autonomy as a single unit over the 23 boroughs.
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領（公領）の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- もともと中国銭は少額貨幣だったために多ければ10万貫（一億枚）単位で輸入され、多くは貫銭として束ねたまま流通した。
- Because each Chinese coin was of small-value, these coins were valued in a unit of 100 thousand kans (a unit of bundling coins; 1000 coins/kan) (or 100 million coins) in some instances, and most of them were circulated as kansen coins or in their original, bundled, state.
- 全国一律の戸籍を作るための準備として、政府は明治4年（1871年）に戸籍法（）を制定し、編製の単位として区をおいた。
- In preparation for creating a unified national family register system, the government enacted the Family Registration Law in 1871 and set up ku (ward) as an administrative unit.
- この際、豊臣家の蔵入地（直轄地）を処分、豊臣家の所領は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の約65万石 (単位)程度まで削がれた。
- On that occasion he punished the Toyotomi family by reducing their directly-controlled land; Toyotomi family's territory was limited to Settsu Province/ Kawachi Province/Izumi Province only with about 650,000-Koku (unit) level.
- 複雑な地形での機動や備単位での迂回、行軍隊形から戦闘隊形への即座転換などをこなす事ができるが、正面衝力は大きく劣る。
- It also allowed mobility and enabled individual units to take a detour on complex land formations, as well as instantaneous transition from the marching formation to a battling array, but its impact of head-on collisions was quite inferior.
- 傾斜がきつい土地で、耕作単位が狭い田が規則的に集積し、それらが一望の下にある場合は千枚田（せんまいだ）とも呼ばれる。
- A group of small rice fields regularly assembled on a steep slope, all of which can be seen at a glance, are also called Senmai-da, or thousand rice fields.
- 律令時代からの七道は、概ね地形的要件に基づいて区分されているが、西海道以外では道単位での行政機関は常置されなかった。
- The seven do since the Ritsuryo period were generally distributed based on their geographical conditions, but no administrative agency as a do unit was set other than in Saikaido.
- そこに荒木村重自身が指揮をとり5百兵を北ノ砦より出撃させ3町 (単位)離れた加茂砦の西方より火を放って切りかかった。
- Murashige ARAKI assumed command of 500 solders and made a sortie from Fort Kitanotoride and set fire from the left side of Fort Kamo approximately three cho (3,272 meters) away and attacked with swords and so on.
- 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝という唐代の銭貨の質量が、質量の単位基準として用いられ、それを「銭｣（せん）と呼んだ。
- In China, a copper coin called Kai Yuan Tong Bao was minted for the first time in the age of the Tang dynasty, and from the age of Northern Sung dynasty, the coin's weight began to be used as a weight unit called 'sen' (in piyin, 'qian').
- 806年（大同 (日本)元年）、勘解由使は一旦廃止され、代わりに五畿七道単位で地方行政を監察する観察使が設置された。
- Kageyushi was once abolished in 806, and instead Kansatsushi, whose duty was to inspect local administration on gokishichido (five provinces and seven circuits) basis, was created.
- 記事に3年分の欠損はあるが、島津本の『吾妻鏡脱漏』部分を全て含み、それ以外にも日の単位で数百箇所が吉川本のみにある。
- Although it has three years of missing accounts, it contains the whole 'The Omitted Portion of Azuma Kagami,' and other than this there are hundreds of daily entries which exist only in the Yoshikawabon.
- 江戸時代に穴あき銭を貫いて一つなぎしたものの「貫」から転じたという説、重さの単位「貫」から転じたという説などがある。
- There are also other theories such as deriving from 'kan' (貫 in Chinese characters meaning penetration) referring to a thing connected by penetrating through a perforated coin in the Edo period, deriving from 'kan' referring to a unit of weight (also described as 貫 in Chinese characters), and so on.
- 大型内行花文鏡（鋼鏡・径39.7cm・宮内庁所蔵、四葉座間・連弧文間・雷雲文帯に配置された単位文様は渦巻き文のみ。）
- Ogata naiko kamon-kyo (a large mirror with patterns like a flower-petal): Steel mirror, 39.7centimeters in diameter, owned by the Imperial Household Agency; only Uzumaki-mon pattern (a decorative spiral pattern) is used as the unit of pattern arranged in the spaces between Shiyoza (decorative pieces arranged like four leaves) pieces, Renko-mon (a decorative pattern with consecutive arcs arranged like a flower) pattern, and Raiun-mon (a decorative pattern with thunder cloud) zone.
- 本項では、広義の尺貫法として、中国を発祥として東アジア一円で使われている、あるいは使われていた単位系について説明する。
- In this section, the unit system originated in China, which was used or is used throughout the East Asia region, is described as Shakkanho in the wide sense.
- このとき、課税単位へ編成された土地を名田（みょうでん）といい、名田経営を請け負った者が「負名」と呼ばれるようになった。
- The land that was reorganized into a unit of taxation on that occasion was called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and the contractor for the management of the myoden was called 'fumyo.'
- そしてこれらにつき「6銖を1分、4分を1両、12両を1屯、16両を小1斤、3斤を大1斤」とする単位系が記述されている。
- And the article also says that there existed a weight units' system peculiar to those things, in which '6 shu were equivalent to 1 bu, 4 bu to 1 ryo, 12 ryo to 1 ton, 16 ryo to 1 small kin, and 3 kin to 1 large kin.
- この時豊橋の歩兵第38連隊が新設の第29師団 (日本軍)に編入されることになり、第16師団は三単位制師団に改編された。
- At this time, the Thirty-eighth Infantry Regiment of Toyohashi was incorporated into the new Twenty-Ninth Division (Imperial Japanese Army), and the Sixteenth Division was reorganized into santani-sei Shidan (Shidan comprised of three infantries).
- ｌｋ 支柱の長さ（支柱が水平方向の変位を拘束されているときは、拘束点間の長さのうち最大の長さ）（単位 センチメートル）
- lk: Length of the support (when the support is bound to prevent horizontal displacement, the maximum length between bound points) (cm)
- ｌ 支柱の長さ（支柱が水平方向の変位を拘束されているときは、拘束点間の長さのうちの最大の長さ）（単位 センチメートル）
- l: Length of the support (where the support is bound to prevent horizontal displacement, the maximum length between bound points) (cm)
- 1897年（明治30年）2月15日 - 京都鉄道 二条～嵯峨間（3マイル65チェーン (単位)≒6.14km）が開業。
- February 15, 1897: Kyoto Electric Railway's Nijo - Saga section (3 miles 65 chains (unit) ≒6.14 km) came into operation.
- 大きさの単位は、ふつう台輪とよばれる部位の幅で測られ、日本で一番大きな神輿は東京都富岡八幡宮の御本社一の宮神輿である。
- The unit of size is usually measured by the width of a part known as architrave and Japan's largest mikoshi is Gohonsha ichinomiya mikoshi at Tomioka Hachimangu in Tokyo Prefecture.
- 表書きの10両は、幣価ではなく、重さの単位としての記述であるが、10両に満たない万延大判金にも「拾両」と書かれている。
- The face value of 10 Ryo was not the real value as currency, but the weight unit of the coin, and in case the weight was in fact less than 10 Ryo, like Manen-Oban, it is expressed as 10 Ryo.
- 新たに発足した室町幕府は、戦乱を抑えることを目的として、在地武士を組織するため、国単位におかれる守護の権限を強化した。
- The newly inaugurated Muromachi bakufu strengthened the power and authority of shugo positioned in each province in order to prevent the maelstrom of war and organize the local samurais.
- 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
- Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.
- このため、丹波国は甲斐国や尾張国、土佐国のように一国単位で結束した歴史を持ちにくい性質があり、丹波の歴史を複雑化した。
- For this reason, Tanba was harder to unite as one province than other provinces like Kai, Owari and Tosa, and that made the history of Tanba complicated.
- だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
- It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.
- 彼らもまた、小さい単位ながら、農民を支配する側の荘園下級役職者であると同時に、小規模ながら、その「村郷」の領主であった。
- They were also the estate owners of that 'village' at the same time they were lower ranking officers of Shoen that ruled over peasants despite being in a small scale unit.
- 荘園・公領における租税（年貢・公事・夫役）収取単位（在家役）としても用いられ、その負担者である住民のみを指す場合もある。
- It was also used as a unit (Zaikeyaku) for collecting taxes (land tax, public duties, labor services) within shoen (landed estates) or koryo (public lands).
- 鎌倉時代・室町時代には、田地の面積は、その田で収穫することのできる平均の米の量を通貨に換算し「貫」を単位として表された。
- During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the dimensions of rice fields were represented in units of 'kan,' which were converted from the average rice yield from the rice field.
- ただし、国際的に匁 (momme) が真珠の質量の単位として使われており、それとともに貫 (kan) も使用されている。
- However, as the weight unit of a pearl, monme, along with kan, is still used as an international weight unit.
- ヨーロッパ地域では近世から中世にかけ国家という単位が発生する過渡期的に多くの領主が貴族という形で国家に編入されていった。
- In Europe, as states were emerging as single entities during the transition from the medieval period to early modern times, many feudal lords were given positions as nobles in the state's political structure.
- 銭匁札とは、額面表記は銀の単位である匁・分・厘であるが、一定の銀-銭相場に従って銭で兌換することが明記されたものである。
- Senme-satsu was a paper money with the following features: The face value was written in monme, bu, or rin (each a monetary unit at that time) of the silver unit, but it was also written there that the money would be exchanged into zeni (copper or iron coins) based on a certain gin (silver coin)-zeni exchange rate.
- 発行高が少なく、他藩と比べて迅速に引き揚げが行われたため、大蔵省の円・銭・厘の単位の加印が押された札は発行されていない。
- Since the amount of han bills issued was small and the domain withdrew han bills earlier than other domains, there were no han bills stamped by the Ministry of Finance with the denominations in yen, sen or ri.
- 1895年（明治28年）9月5日 - 奈良鉄道により京都～伏見間（3マイル23チェーン (単位)≒5.29km）が開業。
- September 5, 1895: The line between Kyoto Station and Fushimi Station (3 miles 23 chains ≒ 5.29 km) was opened by Nara Railways.
- 名田（みょうでん）は、日本の平安時代中期から中世を通じて見られる、荘園公領制における支配・収取（徴税）の基礎単位である。
- The term 'myoden' (rice field lot manage by a nominal holder) refers to a basic unit of the governance and (tax) collection in the shoen-koryo system (the system of public lands and private estates), and this existed from the mid-Heian period, throughout the Middle Ages in Japan.
- 延喜式においては、年料別納租穀を負担しない畿内周辺及び沿岸諸国を中心とした18ヶ国で計24,500石 (単位)を負担した。
- 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) states that 18 provinces surrounding Kinai and the coastal provinces that did not pay Nenryobetsunosokoku paid a total of 24,500 koku.
- Ｆ 当該鋼材の降伏強さの値又は引張強さの値の四分の三の値のうちのいずれか小さい値（単位 ニュートン毎平方センチメートル））
- F: Whichever is the smaller value of the value of the yield strength or the value of three quarters of the tensile strength of the said steel materials (N/cm2)
- 大名は国持ち大名レベルはともかく、10万石単位の大名は封土の一円領有が殆ど許されず、大抵は城下周辺とまだらに領土を持った。
- Aside from Daimyo in charge of provinces, those with 100,000 koku were generally not allowed possession of a whole district, and usually held territory around the castle and in patches.
- 銭匁札とは、銀単位（匁・分・厘）の額面の札でありながら、時の銀-銭相場に従って銭で兌換することが明記されている紙幣を指す。
- Senme-satsu was paper money with the following features: The face value was written in the unit of silver (monme, bu, or rin; each a monetary unit at that time) on it, but it was also written there that the money would be exchanged into zeni based on a certain gin (silver coin)-zeni exchange rate.
- 1895年に勃発した日清戦争で発行、10両、5両、1両、5銭、2銭5分の清時代の通貨単位の軍票を1895年2月に発行した。
- The military currency in the currency of the Qing period; ten ryo, five ryo, one ryo, five sen, and two sen and five bu was issued in February, 1895 when Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1895.
- 各地区や都道府県単位の発表会から全国大会まで、大正琴の美しい音色（アンサンブル）を聴ける場を多くの人に幅広く提供している。
- It has been providing a large number of people a place to hear the beautiful sound of taishogoto (music ensemble) from local school performances to prefecture and nationwide assemblies.
- 上記が大まかであるのに対して、もっと生活に密着した地域単位として、明治時代に導入された小学校区による地域名もよく使われる。
- Listed above are the general classifications of the area names, but at the same time the area names from the elementary-school districts established in the Meiji period are also widely used.
- 升の大きさは時代や地域によって大きく異なる（詳細は升を参照のこと）が、升と他の単位との関係はほとんど古代から変わっていない。
- The unit volume or capacity of the sho differs greatly according to the periods and the regions (refer to the article of sho for details), however correlation between the sho and other units has hardly changed from ancient times.
- 公認一円化した荘園からの一国平均役は荘官を通じて徴税されたが、それに対応して公領も新たに郡、郷、保単位の地域再編が行われた。
- Tax was collected from ikkoku heikin-yaku from the accredited and unified shoen through shokan (an officer governing shoen), and koryo underwent regional restructuring into new units of gun, go, and ho accordingly.
- 領主が自己の知行に基づいて定めた五人組とは別に居住地域単位による郷五人組が編成されるなど、この点も村政の混乱に拍車をかけた。
- In addition to the gonin-gumi unit established based on each feudal lord's chigyo (enfeoffment), other units such as community-level 'go gonin-gumi' (community mutual surveillance unit) were formed, and such a pluralism of the mutual surveillance complicated the village political situations.
- このことから、1878年（明治11年）郡区町村編制法を制定し、旧来の郡を行政単位として認め、郡役所と郡長（官選）が置かれた。
- Therefore, Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), which authorized the existing Gun as an administrative unit and placed Gunyakusho (a district office) and Guncho (a district headman chosen by the government), was established in 1878.
- 「勺」は元々、古代中国における、小さなコップの口縁に長い柄のついた酒をくむ用器のことであり、その容積が勺という単位となった。
- Originally, 'shaku' (in pinyin, 'shao') was a small cup with a long handle attached to its rim, and this cup seen in ancient China was for scooping up alcohol, and its capacity became the volume unit called shaku.
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（京都～須佐間 336.8M→542.0km）。
- April 1, 1930: The unit of operation distance was changed from miles to meters (the distance of Kyoto - Susa: from 336.8M to 542.0 km).
- 「しばらく」と言っても数時間単位で済む作業ではなく、摩擦熱が放散しきって完全に米が落ち着くまで通常3週間から4週間はかかる。
- Even if we say 'for a while,' this work cannot be completed within several hours, it takes usually three to four weeks until heat caused by friction is totally radiated and the rice settles down.
- 一応区別のために、前者を市升、後者を公升と称するが、同じ値であることから単に升と呼ばれることが多い（市制 (単位系)も参照）。
- To make a simple distinction, the Chinese sho is called sheng (private sho), and the international sho is called kosho (public sho), but usually, they are both simply called sho because they have the same quantity (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese System of Measurement]).
- 販売する容量はおおかた２合、５合、１升（10合）（参照：日本酒単位）の三種類で、地方によってはごく稀に１合でも売られたという。
- The units of sake to be sold were mostly two goes (180 milliliters/go), five goes or one sho (10 goes/sho) (refer to units of Japanese sake), but it is said that sake of one go was sold in rare local places.
- 包括宗教団体とは、宗教法人法第2条第2号の範疇に含まれる宗教団体で、宗派・教派・教団など単位宗教法人を包括する宗教団体である。
- Hokatsu Shukyo Dantai refer to religious organizations, that are contained in the category of article 2, number 2 of the religious corporation act, that take in Tani Shukyo Hojin such as religious schools, sects, and religious communities.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- 銭貨の通貨単位としては1000文が1貫文となるが、江戸時代には省陌法と称して960文をもって1貫文とすることが一般的であった。
- Officially, 1 kanmon was equalized with 1000 mon, but commonly, 960 mon was regarded as 1 kanmon in the Edo period, and the latter way was called shohaku method.
- 一般的には守護代の支配を受けて郡単位で支配した代官を郡代・郡奉行と呼んでいたが、守護代そのものを郡代・郡奉行と呼ぶ場合もある。
- Gundai or Koribugyo was generally used to refer to a Daikan (local governor) who controlled a unit of Gun (country) under the direction of a Shugodai, but there were also times when these terms were also used to refer to a Shugodai.
- 1902年（明治35年）11月12日 - 営業距離の単位をマイル・チェーンからマイルのみに簡略化（22M49C→22.6M）。
- November 12, 1902: The operating distance was changed to be given simply by miles from miles and chains (e.g., from 22M49C to 22.6M).
- 1889年（明治22年）12月15日 - 関西鉄道により草津～三雲間（9マイル72チェーン (単位)≒15.93km）が開業。
- December 15, 1889: The line between Kusatsu Station and Mikumo Station (9 miles 72 chains ≒ 15.93 km) was opened by the Kansai Railway Company.
- それらはある程度は一族の族的結合でもありながら、しかし一定の地域、経済単位に基づく協同組合、あるいは同盟に似た性格のものが多い。
- While that bonded the clan to a certain extent, they had characteristics similar to an alliance or a union based upon a fixed area and economic unit.
- その一方、武家や在地においては応仁の乱以後の戦国時代 (日本)に「家」が一般社会の構成単位として認識される傾向が強まっていった。
- On the other hand, for buke (military class) and resident landowners, the concept of 'Ie' became recognized as the basic unit of ordinary society during the Sengoku period after the Onin War.
- 他の尺貫法の単位とともに、現在は商取引等に使用することが計量法で禁止されているが、釣り用語や古典祭事においては今でも使われている。
- Hiro and other units defined by old Japanese system of weights and measures have been still used as a technical term for fishing or in classical rites and festivals, while the Measurement Act prohibits people from using those units for commercial transactions and other purposes at present.
- 近い長さの単位に間（けん;1間＝6尺）があるが、間が土地の測量や距離の計測に用いられたのに対し、丈は物の長さを計るのに用いられた。
- Ken' (1ken = 6 shaku) is a similar unit of length, but while ken was used for surveying the land or measuring the distance, jo was used for measuring the length of objects.
- こうして公領は郡・郷・保などの単位に再編成され、武士たちは郡司・郷司・保司として郡・郷・保の経営と治安維持を受け持つこととなった。
- In this way, koryo was reorganized into gun, go and ho (community), and samurai came to be in charge of the management and security maintenance of gun, go, or ho as gunji (an official in charge of a gun), goji (an official in charge of a village), or hoji (an official in charge of a community).
- 軍団兵士制は、古代の戸籍制度に登録された正丁（成年男子）3人に1人を徴発し、1国単位で約1000人規模の軍団を編成する制度である。
- In the gundan-soldier system, one out of every three adults registered in the family registration system was conscripted to organize a gundan of around 1000 persons in a province.
- その後、単位換算の便宜を図るため明治24年の度量衡法により、1貫＝3.75キログラムと定められたので、1匁＝3.75グラムとなる。
- After that, for convenience in conversion among units, the Weights and Measures Act set 1 kan at 3.75 kilograms, so 1 monme became equal to 3.75 grams.
- 江戸時代に定員は2名で、武家伝奏の職には幕府が任命し、役料はそれぞれ250俵 (単位)が与えられ、この他に官位禄物の配当があった。
- During the Edo period, two people, the fixed number of positions were appointed by the bakufu and given 250 hyo as an executive allowance and some money or textiles as a salary.
- 永楽通寶銭自体は幕府により通用を禁止されたが、呼称は江戸期を通じて永銭一貫文（一千文）を金一両とする金の補助単位として使用された。
- Use of the Eiraku-tsuho coins itself was prohibited by the Edo bakufu, but the name itself was used as an auxiliary monetary unit through the Edo period, with 1 kamon (1,000 mon) of Eisen set being equivalent to 1 ryo (a unit of currency) of gold.
- 国民教化をより具体的に行う為、教導職の全国統括機関である大教院、各府県単位の統括を行なう中教院が設置され、全国に小教院が置かれた。
- In order to edify citizens more specifically, Daikyoin (Great Teaching Institute) as the national organization to supervise kyodoshoku and Chukyoin (Intermediate Teaching Institute) as the prefectural organization to supervise kyodoshoku were established, and Shokyoin (Small Teaching Institute) were set up in many places all over the country.
- ここでいう「間」は長さの単位ではなく柱間の数を表す建築用語であり、「5間」とは柱が1列に6本並び、柱間が5つあるという意味である。
- In this section, 'Ken' does not represent the length of the measurement system, it is an architectural term for representing the number of intervals between two pillars; 'five Ken' refers to five hashirama (an interval of a space between two pillars) in six lines of pillars.
- 現在でも、回覧板の回覧など、隣組単位で行なわれていた活動の一部は、町内会・区（政令指定都市の区ではない）・自治会に引き継がれている。
- Even today part of the activities which was conducted using the tonarigumi system has been succeeded to district associations, districts (not wards of government-ordinance-designated cities) and residents' associations.
- 畝・反・町の値は1アール・10アール・1ヘクタールの値に非常に近いので、面積の単位についてはメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
- Because the figures of se, tan, and cho units are close enough to the figures of 1 are, 10 ares and 1 hectare, the transition of those area units to metric system went smoothly.
- これは、多くの西日本諸藩などと同様に、明治新政府により銀貨幣の通用が停止されたのちに金・銭単位通貨として発行された紙幣と推測される。
- This was assumed the paper money was issued as currency of gold or sen unit as well as many clans in western Japan did after Meiji new government stopped the circulation of silver currency.
- 丸くまとめるので「玉」と言われている（この「玉」という言葉はうどんの量の目安となる単位にも「1玉、2玉」などという表現で使われる）。
- As the Udon noodles are shaped round, they are called 'tama,' literally meaning 'ball' (the term 'tama' is also used as a unit for measuring Udon noodles like 'hito-tama, futa-tama' [Udon noodles for one eater, Udon noodles for two eaters, in that order]).
- 精米歩合が高い米ほど、その違いが大きく結果を左右するので、高級酒の場合はストップウォッチを使って秒単位まで厳密に浸漬時間を管理する。
- The higher the rice-polishing ratio is, the more the difference influences the results, the soaking time is controlled very strictly on the second time scale using a stop watch especially in the case of high-class sake.
- そのため、2つ目の見解、すなわち荘園公領制における支配・収取（徴税）の基礎単位とする見方が広範な支持を得ており、支配的となっている。
- This makes the other opinion more dominant, and many researchers support this idea that a myoden was a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system.
- ここで公田請作の単位として再編成された公田を名田、請作登録者を負名(ふみょう）と呼び、負名として編成された富豪を田堵(たと）と呼んだ。
- A field administered directly by a ruler and reorganized as a unit of contract farming of the field was called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), a person who was registered as a contract farmer was called fumyo, and a wealthy person who was organized as fumyo was called tato.
- 1902年（明治35年）11月12日 - 営業距離の単位をマイル・チェーンからマイルのみに簡略化（22M122.26C→22.2M）。
- November 12, 1902: The unit of operation distance was simplified from 'mile-chain' to 'mile' only (from 22M16C to 22.2M).
- 1091年（寛治5）6月の義家の郎党と義綱の郎党の河内国の所領の領有権争いは、こうした小さな単位の田畠をめぐって争われたものと思われる。
- It was believed that the fight between the retainers of Yoshiie and Yoshitsuna over Kawachi Province in June 1091 was over the right to small farm lands like these.
- 大宮通仮停車場（おおみやどおりかりていしゃじょう） - 京都駅開設前の約5ヶ月間、京都駅の西40チェーン (単位)の位置に置かれた仮駅。
- Omiya-dori temporary train station (Omiyadori-kari-teishajo), a provisional station that was once located at a distance of 40 chains (about 805 meters: 1chain=20.1168 meters) to the west from Kyoto Station, for about five months before the inauguration of Kyoto Station.
- 支配単位である荘園や公領（郷・保など）の範囲で、複数の惣村がさらに結合する惣荘（そうしょう）・惣郷（そうごう）が形成されることもあった。
- Within range of the manor or public land (Go, Ho, etc.) which was a governing unit, sosho (the autonomous village community) and sogo (a village community), which were formed by unifying more than one soson, sometimes appeared.
- はやくから社会人のための単位取得プラン「京（みやこ）カレッジ（2006年度まではシティー・カレッジ）」や、産学連携事業もおこなっている。
- The foundation started 'Miyako College (City College until 2006),' a credit earning plan for working people, and a collaboration with industries and universities in the early stage.
- 9世紀～10世紀ごろ、田堵と呼ばれる富豪農民が登場し、時を同じくして、国衙（国司の役所）が支配していた公田が、名田という単位に再編された。
- A group of rich farmers named the Tato (cultivators) made their appearance around the 9th and 10th centuries, and during the same period, koden (land directly controlled by the kokuga (provincial government office)) was reorganized into units of land known as myoden.
- 近世以前の沿革は不明であるが、江戸時代には4石 (単位)3斗4合の社領を有していた（天和 (日本)元年（1681年）の『宮津領村高帳』）。
- Its history before the early modern ages is unknown, but it possessed territory with the size of four-koku (unit) three-to, and four-go in the Edo period ('Miyazuryo Muradaka-cho' (the Record of the Total Village Production in Miyazu Domain) of 1681).
- 咫（あた）は長さの単位で、親指と人差指を広げた長さ（約18センチメートル）のことであるが、ここでいう八咫は単に「大きい」という意味である。
- 'Ata' is a unit of length and a length in which a thumb and a forefinger are expanded (about 18 centimeters), but the 'yata' in this context simply means 'big.'
- 路線299マイル16チェーン (単位)（開業線280M72C、未開業線18M24C）機関車121、客車571、貨車1273が引き継がれた。
- Line 299 mile, 16 chain (unit value) (opened line 280M72C, unopened line 18M24C), 121 locomotives, 571 passenger cars and 1273 freight cars were passed on.
- 甲州金および江戸時代の通貨体系となった「両」および「分」は、これを基に定められた可能性が高く、薬種の量目も金銀の単位体系に準じたものである。
- ryo' and 'bu,' which were incorporated into Koshu-kin and the currency system of the Edo period, were highly likely to have been based on the previously-mentioned system, and the weight units' system of drugs was modeled after that of gold and silver.
- ただし学部によっては、途中の年次までに所定の教養科目の単位を取得していないと系登録・研究室配属などができない（事実上の原級留置）ことがある。
- However, in some faculties, students can never register the course nor enter the institute when they fail to take credits of certain liberal arts along the way (de facto enforcement of repeating the same grade).
- 親族の制度的繋がりが消え、分家が台頭して独立した生活単位となると、分家においても屋敷神の祭祀を行なうようになり、「各戸屋敷神」の状態となる。
- As a family's institutional connection disappears, branch families emerge as independent units that worship 'general yashiki-gami'.
- 1893年（明治26年）12月12日 - 尼ヶ崎～池田間（8マイル35チェーン (単位)≒13.58km）を軌間762mmの軽便鉄道に改築。
- December 12, 1893: The track gauge was set to 762mm for light railway in the section between Amagasaki and Ikeda (8 miles and 35 chains (unit) ≒ 13.58km).
- また流派ごとに専門学校や訓練所を創設したり、石川県菊姫合資会社による酒マイスター制度のように、蔵単位で後継者の育成に励んでいるところもある。
- In addition, some schools have founded their own technical schools or training facilities, and great efforts have been made at a brewery level in order to develop successors; for example the sake Meister system at Kikuhine Goshi Ltd. in Ishikawa Prefecture.
- なお、この訪問については同事件の犯人の所属するもの以外にも各種政治団体が「訪沖阻止」などを叫んで全国で集会、千人単位のデモ行進などを行った。
- In addition to the radical groups to which the criminals caused 'The incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower' belonged, various political organizations held meetings nationwide, as well as demonstration parades with 1,000 participants, raising the rallying cry of 'Let's oppose the Imperial couple's visit to Okinawa Prefecture' and so on.
- 六曜は元々は、1箇月 (暦)（≒30日）を5等分して6日を一定の周期とし（30÷5 6）、それぞれの日を星毎に区別する為の単位として使われた。
- Rokuyo was originally used as a unit for distinguishing each day by stars, where one month (calendar) (≒30 days) was divided into five equal parts and six days were regarded as a cycle (30÷5= 6).
- 室町時代の守護大名は国ごとあるいは郡ごとの一円支配だったのに対し、秀吉は太閤蔵入地を設定して大名の支配を郷村単位の支配としたことに意義がある。
- While 'shugo daimyo' (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) during the Muromachi period reigned over a whole region or province, Hideyoshi established the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi and made the area that each feudal lord could reign 'goson' (a self-governing village).
- 鎌倉時代、郡を単位として軍事・警察権を行使していた守護代（守護の代官）が室町時代に入り、租税関係（年貢の徴収）も行うようになったことに始まる。
- The post of Gundai was created when a Shugodai (deputy of Shugo; provincial constable) who had been exercising military and police powers during the Kamakura period began taking charge of affairs related to taxation (tax collection) as well at the start of the Muromachi period.
- さらに荘園や、郡・郷・保を単位とする国衙領は荘園領主や国司（受領）に任命された荘官・郡司・郷司・保司らが知行して治安維持、租税徴収に当たった。
- For a shoen or Kokugaryo, which had been organized into Gun, Sato, and Ho, shokan (an officer) appointed by the ryoshu of the shoen or Gunji (an officer for Gun), Goji (an officer for Go - Sato) and Hoji (an officer for Ho), all of whom were appointed by the kokushi (provincial governor) (also called zuryo), executed their respective chigyo right, working for maintaining security and for collecting taxes.
- 地方の民衆生活のなかでは、「村」は基本的な共同体の単位であったが、それが、法的には全然認められていない事実のなかにも、律令法の特徴がみられる。
- In the provincial lives of people, the 'village' was a basic unit of the community, but the fact that it was not recognized by law at all is characteristic of ritsuryo law.
- そのため安土桃山時代においては、豊臣秀吉による太閤検地によって、知行高は支給される米の容積による「石 (単位)」（石高）で表されるようになった。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, chigyodaka (a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief) was represented by the volume of rice to be supplied; that is to say, by the unit of 'koku' (also called kokudaka), which was organized during the Taiko kenchi (the cadastral survey of Taiko) conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 介護補償給付は、月を単位として支給するものとし、その月額は、常時又は随時介護を受ける場合に通常要する費用を考慮して厚生労働大臣が定める額とする。
- Nursing care compensation benefits shall be paid monthly, and the monthly amount shall be an amount specified by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare in consideration of the expenses normally required for receiving constant or occasional care.
- 正保郷帳（しょうほうごうちょう）は、日本の江戸幕府が諸大名に命じて令制国単位で作らせた郷帳で、村の名と村高（村の生産力）をまとめた統計書である。
- Shoho-gocho is a statistical book which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ordered daimyo (feudal lords) to prepare by ryoseikoku (province), putting together the names and muradaka (total yields) of villages.
- しかし1990年代も半ばを過ぎると演歌の衰退は激化し、1990年代末には演歌の新曲CDが数十万枚単位でヒットする例は極めて少なくなってしまった。
- Years after the mid-1990s, however, saw severer deterioration of the enka genre, and it became unusual for new enka CDs to become hits and sell as many as hundreds of thousands of copies in the late 1990s.
- このほか越前焼でもすり鉢が少なくとも室町時代から生産されており、丹波焼については、14世紀中葉から後半にかけての時期に1条1単位のものが現れる。
- Additionally, in the Echizen-yaki (Echizen ware) kiln, Suribachi were also produced from at least the Muromachi period, and in the Tanba-yaki (Tanba ware) kiln, Suribachi having one ridged pattern in a single unit appeared from the middle to the latter part of the fourteenth century.
- また、畿内から遠い東北・関東・九州では、惣村よりも広い範囲（荘園・公領単位）で、ゆるやかな村落結合が形成されたが、これを郷村（ごうそん）という。
- In the Tohoku, Kanto and Kyushu regions far from the Kinai region, moderately unified villages were formed within a range larger than that of a soson (as a unit of manor or public land), and such villages were called goson (autonomous villages).
- 中国の畝（ほ、ムー）は、古くは10歩 (尺貫法)四方（この歩は長さの単位で6尺のこと）の面積すなわち100平方歩（3600平方尺）のことを指した。
- Se (ho or mu in pinyin) as the Chinese unit was in ancient times the square measure of the area that had sides of 10 bu (here, bu is a unit of length, and 1 bu is 6 shaku) or 100 square meters (3600 square shaku ['chi' in pinyin]).
- 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層（田堵）へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
- To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
- 療養手当は、月を単位として支給するものとし、当該支給は、その請求があった日の属する月の翌月から始め、支給すべき事由が消滅した日の属する月で終わる。
- The medical treatment allowance shall be paid for each month, and the said payment shall start from the month following the month of the day when the request is made and end in the month of the day when the reason for payment vanishes.
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（宮津線 34.6M→55.7km、峰豊線 7.4M→11.9km）。
- April 1, 1930: Operating distance units changed from miles to meters (Miyazu Line, 34.6 miles=>55.7 km, Minetoyo Line, 7.4 miles=>11.9 km.)
- 支配単位ごとに上は収税権をもつ朝廷、権門から在地領主として地域に根を下ろした武士などを経て、下は名主層に至る、複数者の権利が重層的にからんでいた。
- Rather, the Imperial Court, the influential who had the authority to collect taxes, warriors who lived there as local lords, as well as myoshu had multilayered interests in these lands.
- 金貨の通貨単位としての両は武田信玄により、鋳造を命じられた甲州金により確立され、江戸幕府に継承されたもので、1両は4分に等しく、また16朱に等しい。
- As the currency unit of gold coins, ryo was established by Koshu-kin (the gold coin minted in Koshu Province), which Shingen TAKEDA ordered to coin, and handed down to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); 1 ryo was equalized with 4 bu, or 16 shu (bu and shu were former Japanese currency unit).
- 明治時代に通貨単位として円 (通貨)（円）が導入されたが、切り替え時に「1圓は1両と等価」とされ、しばらくの間は「圓」のことを「両」とも呼んでいた。
- In the Meiji period, yen was introduced as the currency unit, however, '1 yen was equivalent to 1 ryo' in changeover phase, so 'yen' was called 'ryo' for a while.
- ただし、これについては、同じ読みの長さの単位である尺（しゃく）と混同され、「八合五勺」と書くべきところを「八合五尺」と書かれているものも少なくない。
- But shaku here (written as 勺) is often confused with another length unit of the same reading (written as 尺), so it is not rare that 勺 is mistakenly written as 尺 such as 8 go and 5 shaku should be written as '八合五勺' in Chinese characters, but often, it is written as '八合五尺.'
- 養老律令によれば、主な職務は「倉廩（倉庫）の出納、諸国の田租、舂米（律令財政運用の基本単位である白米）、碾磑（水車で動かす臼）の事」と記されている。
- The Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) described that its major duties were 'taking out of and putting in a storage, denso (rice field tax) of various provinces, shomai (white rice which was the base unit in the fiscal administration under the Ritsuryo system), and tengai (mill powered by the water).'
- その後15世紀末に10～12本1単位の擂り目を10～12方向に放射状に施すすり鉢が出現し、16世紀の大窯期にさらに擂り目をぎっしりと施すようになる。
- At the end of the fifteenth century, Suribachi with ten to twelve ridged patterns in a single unit, shaped radially in ten to twelve directions, appeared, and in the sixteenth century when big kilns were used, ridged patterns came to be shaped more closely.
- また、国内で紛争が発生した場合、臨時の国単位の軍事司令官たる追捕使・押領使などに任命され、国内武士を統率して国内の治安維持に当たる武力として機能した。
- And in the case of domestic conflicts, zaichokanjin were temporarily appointed as military officers of kokuga units called 'tsuibushi' or 'oryoshi' and functioned as the military forces that provided leadership over domestic bushis in order to maintain security.
- この土地支配の単位を名田と呼ぶが、この頃、郡司、土着国司などを出自とする田堵と呼ばれた富豪層は、名の経営を請け負い、負名と呼ばれるようになっていった。
- The unit of the medieval land ruling is called myoden (rice field lots in the charge of a nominal holder), and at that period the wealthy class called Tato (cultivators) that came from gunji (local magistrates) and native provincial governors undertook the management of myo and came to be called Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field).
- そこで、「衆中」と呼ばれていたそれぞれの業者内の有力者が責任者となって、数十軒単位で幕府に代わって徴税を行い、その収入を幕府に納付する方針に変更した。
- Therefore, the bakufu adopted a new policy; the 'shuchu' (leading figures among individual traders) takes responsibility in collecting taxes from every tens of traders on behalf of the bakufu, and pays income generated by the taxation to the bakufu.
- これは、清代に外国との貿易のために各国と結んだ単位についての協定における定義がそのまま使われているもので、ヤード・ポンド法のポンド (質量)に等しい。
- Set in the agreement concluded between the Qing Dynasty and other countries on units for trade, the unit of shima kin is still used today, and 1 shima kin is equal to 1 pound that is standardized in the yard-pound system.
- 大隈は同年3月輔相三条実美に対し、通貨単位を両から円に改めること、10進法を基本とすること、硬貨を方形ではなく円形とすることなどを建白し、了承された。
- In March 1869, OKUMA petitioned Sanetomi SANJO, a hosho (chief administrative officer) to change the currency unit, from ryo to yen, adopting the decimal system, and to change the shape of coins, from square to round, and then all of them were approved.
- 延宝5年（1677年）に同永井尚長が4石 (単位)6斗4升2合の社領を寄せ、以後藩家は変わりながらも歴代藩主の社参や代参、寄進等の崇敬を受けたという。
- Naonaga NAGAI from the Miyazu Domain contributed the four-koku (unit), six-to (unit of volume, approx. 18 liters), four-sho (unit of volume, approx. 1.8 liters) and two-go (a unit of volume, approx. 0.18 liters) land to the shrine in 1677, since then the shrine has been visited and donated by the past lords of the domain.
- 仙台藩・62万石 (単位)は加賀・前田氏、薩摩・島津氏に次ぐ全国第3位であるが、それは表高であり、仙台藩の実高は優に100万石を越えていたといわれる。
- The territorial land value of Sendai Domain was the third highest in Japan for its 620,000 koku value, next to Kaga Domain of Maeda clan and Satsuma Domain of Shimazu clan; however, this figure was a face value, and the actual land value of Sendai Domain was estimated to exceed well over 1,000,000 koku.
- その基礎となる戸は、正丁（せいてい）成年男子を三丁ないし四丁含むような編成を編戸（へんこ）といい、一戸一兵士という、軍団の兵士を選ぶ基礎単位になった。
- The basic households of this system were called henko (the organization of the people) which included three or four seitei (men in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) and were the fundamental unit from which gundan (army corps) soldiers were selected in what was known as one soldier per household.
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取（課税・徴税）単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- これを改める為に、金貨の通貨単位である2朱に相当する銀貨を発行して、金貨と銀貨の為替レートを固定、事実上の通貨統一を果たそうというのが田沼の狙いだった。
- To improve this, Tamura proposed that issuing silver coins with the value of Nishu gold coins, and fixing the exchange rate between silver and gold coins, would eventually unify the currency system.
- 太閤検地以後江戸時代を通じて、田畑や屋敷などの土地の価値に至るまで、面積に石盛という一定の計数をかけて米の生産力に換算して石単位で表示するようになった。
- From the time of Taiko kenchi through the Edo period, the economic value of all kinds of land such as rice (or vegetable) field and residential area, was converted into the productivity of rice, and the productivity, whose unit was koku, was calculated by multiplying the land size by a fixed figure called kokumori (land's productivity per 'tan' [a Japanese area unit]).
- これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村（町）の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
- This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.
- 嵯峨本は一文字一文字の活字を組み合わせるのではなく、光悦が書いた縦書き、崩し字の文字を数字（2-3字など）単位で木活字に作り、組み合わせて製版していた。
- The plates for Sagabon were made not by combining pieces of type one letter at a time, but by combining wooden movable type in units of several letters of 2 or 3 that copied the vertical and cursive style of Koetsu's writing.
- このため、鎌倉期以前の荘園では、住居がまばらに点在する散村が通常であったが、室町期に入ると、民衆が自己防衛のため村落単位で団結する傾向が強まっていった。
- For this reason, in the shoen before the Kamakura period, the dispersed rural settlements where the houses were sparsely scattered were normal, but in the Muromachi period the common people increasingly tended to consolidate as a village unit for self-defense.
- また、明和期以前は一分判より低額面のものは寛永通寳一文 (通貨単位)銭であったため、この中間を補佐する貨幣の需要が高かったことも流通が普及した要因である。
- Another reason for Nanryo Nishu Gin circulating well was that auxiliary currency in between was much in demand because Kanei Tsuho Ichimon Sen (a coin currency unit) had been the only lower face value than Ichibu Ban (Koban) before the Meiwa era.
- 令制国や郡を単位とした一円的な管轄区域が確立するのは、廃藩置県後の1871年（明治4年）10月末～11月（旧暦）の全国的な府県再編を経て以降のことである。
- It was after the nation-wide reorganization of 'fu' and 'ken' administration units from the end of October to November (old lunar calendar) in 1871 following the Haihan-chiken that a standardized jurisdictional system based on ryoseikoku (province) or gun (county) was established.
- 古代ローマにはパッスス（passus）という単位があり、この1000倍のミレパッスム（mille passuum）がマイル（mile）の由来とされている。
- The unit of passus was used in ancient Rome and mile originated from mille passuum (thousandfold passus).
- 前期王朝国家において、田堵負名層は在庁官人として国衙の行政実務に協力する一方で、しばしば一国単位に結集して朝廷への上訴や受領襲撃といった反受領闘争を行った。
- In the early dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class cooperated with kokuga's administrative affairs as local officials but at the same time, they often gathered country by country to appeal to the Imperial Court or to wage anti-zuryo conflicts such as attacks against zuryo.
- そこから量を量る「枡」の意味、およびそれによって量られる容積の単位を意味するようになった（これとは別に、柄杓で物を掬い上げることから「のぼる」の意味もある）。
- Because of this origin, the character 升 came to represent 'masu' (a square, wooden measuring cup), and also sho, which is the unit of the volume measured with the masu, and in addition, it now represents the Japanese verb 'noboru' (means 'rise'), which came from the act of scooping something up with a ladle.
- 貨幣経済の進展にともない、諸物価の基準であった米価は下落を続け（米価安の諸色高）、それを俸禄の単位としていた旗本・御家人の困窮が顕著なものとなったからである。
- This is due to the fact that along with the process of the monetary economy, the price of rice, which was used as a standard in pricing various commodities, kept falling (the general price rice in spite of the low price of rice), and it became obvious that shogunate direct retainers (hatamoto) and low-level vassal, whose salary was determined based on rice price, were hard up financially.
- 中華人民共和国でも長らく1斤＝16両とされていたが、現行の市制 (単位系)では1斤（市斤）＝10両（市両）とされており、1市斤は500グラムと規定されている。
- In People's Republic of China, 1 kin (catty) was kept equal to 16 ryo (tael) for long, but under the present Chinese system of weights and measures, 1 kin (shi-kin) is equalized with 1 ryo (shi-ryo), and 1 shi-kin is set at 500 grams.
- 日本では1871年（明治4年）に「新貨条例」を定めて、新貨幣単位円 (通貨)とともに確立されたが、まだ経済基盤が弱かった日本からは正貨である金貨の流出が続いた。
- In 1871, Japan introduced gold standard system with a new currency unit, yen (circulated money), by enacting 'New Currency Act,' but vulnerable economic infrastructure in Japan at that time allowed gold coin, specie, to flow out continuously.
- 古代中国の周代に、歩幅2歩分（右足を踏み出し、次に左足を踏み出した時の、起点から踏み出した左足までの長さ）を「歩 (尺貫法)」という長さの単位（身体尺）とした。
- In ancient China during Zhou Dynasty, 'bu' (the old Japanese system of weights and measures) was established as the unit of length, specifying the length of two steps forward (by stepping forward with right leg first and left leg next, and measuring the travelled distance from the starting point to the left foot; this is a unit based on the measurement of human body parts [a anthropomorphic units]).
- そのため、国衙は国司四等官全員が郡司層を介して戸籍に登録された公民単位に徴税を行うのではなく、筆頭国司たる受領が富豪層を把握して彼らから徴税を行うようになった。
- Thus, instead of having all kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor) collect tax via the gunji class from each citizen unit registered in a family registry, kokuga collected tax from zuryo, the head of the provincial governors, who grasped people of the rich and powerful class and collected tax from them.
- 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
- A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
- 10世紀初頭頃から、公田は名田と呼ばれる租税収取の基礎単位へ編成され、現地の富豪層（田堵・負名層）が名田経営と租税納入を請け負うという名体制が形成されていった。
- In the early 10th century, Koden was reorganized into the base for taxing called Myoden (rice field lots managed by a nominal holder) and the system called Myo-system, under which local wealthy peasants (Tato (cultivators)/Fumyoso (tiller of the public rice field)) were responsible for the management of Myoden as well as land tax payment, was established.
- 連合団体である労働組合以外の労働組合（以下「単位労働組合」という。）の組合員は、その労働組合のすべての問題に参与する権利及び均等の取扱を受ける権利を有すること。
- that members of a labor union other than a labor union that is a federation (such other labor union hereinafter referred to as a "local union") shall have the right to participate in all issues or disputes of such labor union and shall have the right to receive equal treatment;
- また巻々単位とは限らないが、「紫上物語」、「明石物語」、「玉鬘物語」、「浮舟物語」など、特定の主要登場人物が活躍する部分をまとめて「○○物語」と呼ぶことがある。
- Sometimes the scenes in which a specific character takes a lively role are gathered up and referred to in the form of 'The Tale of **' such as 'The Tale of Murasaki no Ue,' 'The Tale of Akashi,' 'The Tale of Tamakazura,' 'The Tale of Ukifune,' etc., but they aren't necessarily groups of chapters.
- 勅旨牧は信濃国・甲斐国・武蔵国・上野国の4国に及んだため、牧単位で分散して行われ、『延喜式』・『政事要略』によれば、8月のうちから8日間に分けて儀式が開かれた。
- Because the imperial agistment sites were required in four provinces (Shinano, Kai, Musashi and Kozuke), the plots of grazing land were dispersed and, according to ancient laws and political guidelines the ceremonies took place in an eight day timeframe in August.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
- Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
- 巡察使は、3月に出発して、11月に帰還し報告をするが、その間に、千人単位の地方官を評定する必要があったので、それだけの数をこなすのはとても難しいと述べられている。
- Junsatsushi were sent out on the circuit in March and returned to report the emperor in November, and during that period they were required to rate thousands of local governors, which Li Qiao had described to be quite hard.
- （野丁場ともいう、造成地や埋立地など町の形成される前の場所や町という単位からはずれる、または超える規模の仕事の場所、検地（野帳簿ない）の出来ていない土地をさす。）
- (The term nochoba [also written as '野丁場'] means the areas where the future towns will be built, such as developed lands or reclaimed lands, or the work sites where its size cannot be categorized or over-categorized as a town, or the properties not registered based on land survey (or without registration).)
- 明治政府は、陸奥国から4国を分立させ、出羽国を2国に分割し、北海道 (令制)に11国を新設し、さらに琉球国を置いて85国としたが、国単位での行政機関を置かなかった。
- The Meiji government separated 4 provinces from Mutsu Province, divided Dewa Province into 2 provinces, newly established 11 provinces in Hokkaido and established Ryukyu Province to set up 85 provinces in total, but it did not found administrative organs in every province.
- 領有が細分化した地方に特別な機関を置く場合を除いて、国を単位とする行政体はなかった（ただし国司を任じていたことから、名目のみ行政区分としての令制国は存在していた）。
- Except for the cases in which particular organization was placed on the district where territories were segmentalized, there were no administrative organs based on the province (However, as dynasty appointed provincial governors, there were Ryosei provinces as nominal administrative division).
- 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年（1700年）に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
- In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
- ページ「[[[$1]]]」は翻訳対象に指定されており、[$2] {{PLURAL:[$2]|個の翻訳単位}}を含んでいます。このページを[[$3] 翻訳]できます。
- The page [[[$1]]] has been marked up for translation with [$2] {{PLURAL:[$2]|translation unit|translation units}}.The page can now be [[$3] translated].
- また時速アップ以外にも、停車駅での停車時間の短縮や、停車駅間の速度を出来るだけ高速度で維持するなどして、僅かな分単位ながら主要駅間の時間短縮を図る工夫もされている。
- In addition to increases in the train speed, to further reduce the traveling time between major stations, efforts have also been made for shortening the stopping periods at stations and for maintaining high speeds between stations as long as possible, although the amount of time reduced with these measures is at a level counted in minutes.
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（正明市～奈古間 24.5M→39.4km、正明市～長門古市間 5.8M→9.4km）。
- April 1, 1930 - The unit of operation distance was changed from miles to meters (Shomyoichi - Nago section: from 4.5M to 39.4 km, Shomyoichi - Nagato-Furuichi section: from 5.8M to 9.4 km).
- 加えて明和5年（1768年）から寛永通寳真鍮當四文 (通貨単位)銭の鋳造を請負い、これ以降、文久永宝に至るまで四文銭の鋳造は銀座の指導監督のもと行われることとなった。
- The ginza later became responsible for minting the Kan'ei Tsuho shinchu-yonmon (currency unit) coin from 1768, marking the start of yonmon coin minting under the supervision of the ginza until the Bunkyu and Eiho periods
- 貫は通貨の単位（1000文。江戸時代には一般的に省陌法と称して960文。明治時代には10銭）としても用いられたので、区別のために質量の方は貫目、通貨の方は貫文と呼んだ。
- As the kan was also used as the currency unit (1 kan equals 1,000 mon; in the Edo period, 1 kan equaled 960 mon under the Shohaku method [currency exchange rate in Edo period]; in the Meiji period, 1 kan equaled 10 sen), the kan for representing mass was called kanme, while that for representing the currency was called kanmon, to make clear the difference between them.
- 検注帳は荘園によって形式の違いがあるものの、大まかには耕地の一筆もしくは1坪単位の所在地、面積、所定の租税量、名請人などを書き上げ最後に項目ごとにまとめた集計を載せる。
- Although there are differences in methods between different manors, in general, kenchucho records, in regard to a unit of 3.3 sq.m. of cultivated field, the address, dimensions, given amount of tax from the land, and the name of naukenin (cultivator assigned to the piece of land), as well as the tally for each item inserted at the end.
- ひと続きの絵、ひと続きの詞を数える単位を「段」といい、絵巻物の説明にたとえば「絵4段、詞4段」とあれば、その絵巻物は絵と詞とが交互に4回ずつ現れるものであることがわかる。
- A series of pictures or texts in an emakimono is counted as one 'dan' (section), and, if an emakimono is said to have 'e 4-dan, kotoba 4-dan' (four sections of picture and four sections of text), it means the picture and text will appear alternately four times.
- しかし名田が確立できなかった地域や、供御人・神人など名田体系では把握できなかった人々が存在したので、これらに対しても年貢などを賦課するために、在家を単位として収取したのである。
- However, the myoden system could not catch hold of some areas, nor could it catch hold of some people, such as 'kugonin' (privileged people who contributed provisions to the emperor) and 'jinin' (associates of Shinto shrines), so instead, zaike was newly introduced as the unit of taxation and labor enforcement in order to seize those areas and people.
- その一方で魚など食材の買い付けでは鮮度の面から中間業者が介在しにくく、現代のように小分けした流通形態が無かった時代には、マグロでも「一本」という単位で仕入れられることもあった。
- On the other hand, it is difficult for middlemen to intervene in the purchase of foods such as fish and so on because of the need for freshness, and when there were not minutely divided circulation systems as there are now, even tunas were sometimes purchased in units of one fish.
- 松本は有坂の音節結合の法則について、「同一結合単位」という概念の曖昧さを指摘した上で甲乙2種の使い分けがある母音だけではなく全ての母音について結合の法則性を追求すべきだとした。
- Matsumoto criticized Arisaka's Laws for the combination of syllables that the idea of 'combined into one unit' was ambiguous, and insisted that the laws for the combination should be investigated in relation to all vowels, not only the vowels that had the distinction between A-type and B-type.
- 信長が公認した枡のそれぞれに焼印や花押を押すことによる単位の統合、質の悪い貨幣ではなく良い貨幣を使うよう呼びかける選銭令を発令したりと、社会・経済の基盤を安定させる政策を行った。
- Nobunaga implemented various policies to stabilize social and economic infrastructure such as the integration of units by sealing a brand or Kao (written seal mark) on the masu (a measure) which Nobunaga admitted officially, and the declaration of the ordinance of selection of coins to use good-quality coins instead of bad-quality.
- 特に決まりはなく、文献により表現の仕方が違い、とりわけ皇室・皇族関係の紋には、詳しく花びらの数に弁や葉（十六弁（太政官布告）・十六葉（皇室令））などの単位がつけられることがある。
- There are no special rules: the designs are described differently in each type of literature, and the crests of the imperial families are indicated in details with the number of petals and the unit of petals and leaves (e.g. sixteen petals (edict of Dajokan (Grand Council of state)/Jurokuyo (sixteen leaves (Koshitsurei (the Imperial Families' Act)).
- こうした結果、朝鮮半島で流行していた伝染病が予防され、農地の開発等により食糧生産が増加（併合当初米の生産量が約1千万石 (単位)であったものが、20年後には2千万石へと倍増）した。
- As a result, the infectious disease that was spread in the Korean Peninsula was prevented, and food production increased (the rice production at the time of the annexation was about 10 million koku [crop yield], which increased to 20 million koku 20 years later) due to development of agricultural land.
- 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
- Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
- 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（名古屋 - 湊町間 108.8M→175.1km、四日市 - 四日市港間 1.1M→1.7km、今宮 - 大阪港間 5.2M→8.2km）。
- The unit of business distance was changed from miles to meters (Nagoya - Minatomachi 108.8M =>175.1km, Yokkaichi - Yokkaichiko 1.1M => 1.7km, Imamiya - Osakako 5.2M => 8.2km)
- 現在は、酒蔵が酒米を作る篤農家と契約栽培を結ぶときには、酒米の質を落とさないために、できた米1俵単位で契約するものではなく、はじめに田の面積1反あたりいくらで契約するのが通例である。
- Currently, when a brewery makes an arrangement with a farmer who produces sakamai, they don't contract on the unit of a bag of rice but usually on the basis of the area of the rice field with the unit of one tan in order not to degrade the quality of rice.
- この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県（コホリ）であり、のちに律令制における郡（コホリ）へと発展していったと考えられている。
- When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- これに対して京都の町代は京都のうち上京に12、下京に8あった「町組」と称される組（地域）単位に1名、その下に１ないし2名の下町代が付属され、組内にある各町の町名主以下の町役人を統率した。
- In contrast, Machidai in Kyoto headed town officials including the town chiefs: There was one Machidai for each group of towns (i.e., each district) with one or two subordinate Machidai below, for heading town officials including town chief in each town of the group (Kamigyo area had 12 groups of towns and Shimogyo area had 8 groups of towns).
- 11世紀になるとこの流れに、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税（一国平均役）の動きが加わり、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領を個々の収取単位とする体制（荘園公領制）が成立した。
- Entering the eleventh century, in addition to this trend, the trend of levying tax evenly on shoen (manors) and Kokugaryo (the territory governed by a provincial government office) (called Ikkoku heikinyaku) was also generated, and the system in which tax was collected from shoen and Kokugaryo, which had been reorganized into Gun, Sato (an area within Gun) and Ho (an area within Sato), (called shoen koryo sei) was established.
- また古くから交易のあった中国の単位と、日本国内のものとは密接な関係があったわけであるが、呉承洛の『中国度量衡史』による隋代の1銭は4.1762グラム、唐代の1銭は3.7301グラムである。
- And in China, whose weight units influenced Japanese counterparts through commerce from ancient times, 1 sen was set at 4.1762 grams in Sui dynasty, and at 3.7301 grams in the Tang dynasty, says 'History of Chinese Weights and Measures' written by Wu Chengluo.
- 居宅において生活扶助を行う場合の保護金品は、世帯単位に計算し、世帯主又はこれに準ずる者に対して交付するものとする。但し、これによりがたいときは、被保護者に対して個々に交付することができる。
- The public assistance benefit in the case of providing livelihood assistance at home shall be calculated on a household basis and shall be delivered to the householder or a person equivalent thereto; provided, however, that if it is difficult to use this method, the public assistance benefit may be delivered to the public assistance recipient on an individual basis.
- 規模は正面5間、側面5間（「間」は長さの単位ではなく柱間の数を意味する）であり、構造的には正面5間、側面4間の正堂（しょうどう、内陣）の手前に、奥行1間の礼堂（らいどう）を付した形になる。
- The scale of the hall is 5 by 5 Ken (an architectural term representing the number of columns that could fit between two columns), with 5 by 4 Ken Shodo (or Naijin, an inner sanctuary) and 5 by 1 Ken Raido (a worship hall) attached to its front.
- 当時、国衙領からの租税収取を確保するために、国内が古代的な郡・郷から中世的な郡・郷・保という単位に再編成されていたが、これを管轄する郡司・郷司・保司に任命されたのも、主に在庁官人であった。
- At that time in Japan, to ensure the tax collection from the kokuga region, ancient units such as gun and go were reorganized into medieval units such as gun, go, and ho, and zaichokanjin were mainly appointed as gunshi, goshi, and hoshi who supervised these units.
- 番組小学校（ばんぐみしょうがっこう）は、明治維新後の1869年（明治2年）、京都の町衆たちの手によって、当時の住民自治組織であった「番組（町組）」を単位として創設された、64の小学校を指す。
- Bangumi elementary schools refer to the sixty-four elementary schools established by the towns people in Kyoto in 1869, two years after the Meiji Restoration, based on the then extant municipal-level autonomous administrative unit known as the 'bangumi' (a neighborhood unit).
- いずれの方法においてもICOCAにチャージできる上限額は20,000円で、1,000円・2,000円・3,000円・5,000円・10,000円の5種類の単位で何度でもチャージが可能である。
- In every case, the ICOCA card's maximum rechargeable amount is 20,000 yen and the card is endlessly rechargeable with one of five fixed amounts: 1,000 yen, 2,000 yen, 3,000 yen, 5,000 yen and 10,000 yen per single operation.
- 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
- Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
- ただし、この時期においても愛知県春日井郡や石川県嶺北地方（現在は福井県）での反対闘争のように一揆の可能性を秘めながらも自由民権運動家などと連携して数年単位での合法的な反対闘争を続けた例もある。
- However, even in this period, some conflicts that took place in Kasugai County, Aichi Prefecture and Reihoku region, Ishikawa Prefecture (at present Fukui Prefecture), did have aspects of revolt but basically took a form of legal conflicts that lasted for several years in cooperation with those who were involved in Jiyu Minken Undo.
- 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手（鉄砲足軽）が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
- At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.
- 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配（人別支配）を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
- The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.
- 明治4年10月28日 (旧暦)（1871年12月10日）から11月22日 (旧暦)（1872年1月2日）に行われた府県合併によって、各府県の管轄区域は国・郡を単位とする一円的な領域に再編された。
- Thanks to the prefecture mergers implemented during the period from December 10, 1871 to January 2, 1872, the territory of each prefecture was reorganized into the unified region that was comprised of provinces and counties.
- 数の桁の名称や単位、掛け算九九などの基礎的な知識のほか、面積の求め方などの算術を日常生活に身近な話題をもとに解説しており、一冊で当時の生活に必要な算術全般をほぼ網羅できるような内容となっている。
- This book covers almost all important mathematics useful for daily life in the Edo period, from basic knowledge of naming of numbers, units, and the multiplication table to explanation of mathematics with familiar examples such as calculation of area.
- 綿等の織物で作られた足袋は大きく伸縮することが難しいのでサイズ構成もセンチ単位だが, 編み物等ニット製品で作られた足袋は伸縮にゆとりが有るため多くはS/M/L/2L/3L/4Lとサイズ表示される。
- Concerning the size, the size of textile tabi changes every one centimeter because they are not elastic, but S/M/L/2L/3L/4L are mostly used for knitted tabi because they are elastic and each of them can be fitted for a range of foot sizes.
- 市町村は、支給決定を行う場合には、障害福祉サービスの種類ごとに月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において介護給付費等を支給する障害福祉サービスの量（以下「支給量」という。）を定めなければならない。
- In the event that a municipality makes a decision for grant necessity, it shall decide amount of welfare service for persons with disabilities to grant nursing care payment, etc. (hereinafter referred to as "payment amount") by kind of such welfare service by the month in the period prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- また江戸時代後期以降は幕府の意図的な銀単位通貨流通量抑制政策のために手形や藩札による取引も盛んであったため、藩札が発行した藩の思惑に反して藩領を超えた比較的広い範囲にまで流通していた場合も少なくない。
- After the late Edo period, trading with tegata (drafts) or han bills was active due to a policy adopted by the shogunate to control the amount of silver coins in circulation, so han bills were sometimes extensively circulated outside the issuing domain, against the expectations of the domains who had issued those han bills.
- 1930年（昭和5年）4月1日 - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（綾部～新舞鶴間 16.4M→26.4km、舞鶴～海舞鶴間 1.0M→1.8km、新舞鶴～中舞鶴間 2.1M→3.4km）。
- April 1, 1930: Operating distances changed from miles to meters (from Ayabe Station to Shin-Maizuru Station 16.4 M=>26.4 km; from Maizuru Station to Umi-Maizuru Station 1.0 M=>1.8 km; from Shin-Maizuru Station to Naka-Maizuru Station 2.1 M=>3.4 km).
- 最近では保育園・幼稚園・小学校に通う子供達を「裸のつきあいの意義を知る」としてクラス単位などで全員一緒に入浴させる「体験入浴」を学校行事とともに地域のふれあい行事として、一部の施設で行っている例もある。
- A recent example is that some facilities offer the service of 'experiencing taking a bath' as a school event at which to 'learn the meaning of relationship without dressing' (which also means a completely open relationship) and also as a local event, through the provision of opportunity for all children going to day nurseries, kindergarten and elementary schools to bathe together as a class.
- 私領といってもその地の課税が免除される訳ではないが、国衙は旧来の郡とは別の、新しい徴税単位として、特別な命令書により税を軽減し、開発領主の私領領有を認め、同時に開発領主がその地の納税義務を負うことになる。
- Even though it is called a private estate, it did not mean that one was exempt from tax, but Kokuga were treated differently from former districts as a separate tax unit, lowered tax under a special order, permitted cultivating land owners to have their own private estates, and the kaihatsu-ryoshu gained the responsibility to collect other taxes simultaneously.
- また、自然科学分野に留まらず、オランダ語の度量衡に使用する単位についての解説『西洋度量考』やオランダの歴史、地理を解説した『和蘭志略稿』、コーヒーについての紹介『哥非乙説』（こひいせつ）なども記している。
- Moreover, he wrote not only a natural science but also 'Seiyo Doryoko' which was about Western scales and measures in Dutch, 'Oran Shiryakuko' which was about Dutch history and geography, and 'Kohi Setsu' which introduced a coffee.
- 様々な場面で登場していることや、「10束（束は長さの単位で、拳1つ分の幅）の長さの剣」という意味の名前であることから、一つの剣の固有の名称ではなく、長剣の一般名詞と考えられ、それぞれ別の剣であるとされる。
- It is thought to be a general noun for a long sword rather than a proper name for a particular sword, since the term is found in various situations and it literally refers to 'a sword with 10 tsuka long' (tsuka is a unit of length; one tsuka is equal to the length of a fist), therefore the Totsuka no Tsurugi in several myths are considered different from each other.
- 氏族単位での技能・学術の「世習」による継承は大和時代以前の日本の氏族において見られる現象であるが、律令制のもとではこうした方法を排除して公的機関である大学寮・典薬寮・陰陽寮において教育を行う制度を採用した。
- Handing down skills and learning by 'Seshu' (hereditary) within the clan was a phenomenon seen among Japanese clans before the Yamato period, but under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) these customs were abolished and the education system at public institutions such as Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), and Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) was adopted.
- の南鐐二朱銀発行以降、次第に両を基軸とする、分、朱の単位をもつ計数銀貨が増加し始め、1837年の一分銀発行に至って、丁銀のような秤量銀貨を凌駕するようになり、銀貨は小判の通貨体系に組み込まれることになった。
- After the issue of Nanryo Nishu silver coins in 1772, the amount of circulation of denomination silver coins with the unit of ryo (a base unit), bu and shu, began to increase, and in 1837, when Ichibu gin silver coins were issued, these coins came to surpass that of the currencies by weight, such as chogin, so silver coins were incorporated in the currency system of gold coin (koban).
- これに伴い、明治4年（1871年）の新貨条例では質量の単位には匁が公式に採用され（ただし、第二次大戦前までは銭も併用されていた）、匁は貫の1000分の1と規定され、1匁＝3.756521グラムと定められた。
- Instead, monme was officially adopted as the weight unit by the New Currency Act in 1871 (though sen was used in parallel before World War II) and 1 monme was equalized with a thousandth kan, and the weight of 1 monme was set at 3.756521 grams.
- このときから従来のように編成単位で投入するのではなく、東京向けのATC準備工事対応の高運転台制御車と京阪神緩行線向け中間車を新製、現地で制御車を差し替えて京阪神緩行線に投入するという手法を取るようになった。
- Since then, JNR adopted a new method to renew a trailer car on site instead of replacing the whole train, when they started manufacturing new trailer cars with high-positioned control cab, destined for the Tokyo area under preparatory works for ATC, as well as middle cars destined for Keihanshin Local Line.
- 構造的には正面7間、奥行4間（「間」は長さの単位ではなく、柱間の数を示す建築用語）の正堂と、正面9間、奥行4間の礼堂という2つの寄棟造建物の間を、奥行1間の「合の間」でつないだ形になり、平面は凸字形になる。
- Structurally, the main hall consists of two buildings of Yosemune-zukuri (a square or rectangular building, covered with a hipped roof) including the shodo hall of seven ken wide by four ken deep (ken is an architectural term representing the number of intercolumniation space between two columns and not a unit of distance) and the raido hall of nine ken wide by four ken deep that have been interconnected by the ainoma of one ken deep, presenting a convex plane view.
- 延喜式においては、畿内周辺及び沿岸諸国を中心とした22ヶ国より貢進が行われ、大炊寮に対して白米17,330石 (単位)ともち米260斛、内蔵寮に対して黒米200斛、民部省に対して黒米500斛の貢進が行われた。
- 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) states that about 22 provinces surrounding Kinai and the coastal provinces donated 17,330 koku of white rice and 260 koku of mochi rice to the Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household), 200 koku of black rice to the Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) and 500 koku of black rice to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 確かに国民皆兵性のような1戸（行政上の単位、平均30人ぐらい）から1名、年間60日の軍事訓練を受けるという段階では歩兵の比率が高そうに思えるが、騎兵部隊も確認され、軍事力の中核はそちらが担っていたようである。
- Certainly, there seemed to be a higher ratio of foot soldiers by looking at mandatory military service where one member of a family (average of around 30 members for the administrative unit) had to go for less that sixty days of military training and service, but it was the confirmed presence of cavalry that held the central military power.
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層（田堵という）へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- 更にこうした事件の頻発によって、次第に事件の背景に郡司などの役人の地位を巡る地方単位における政争（政敵の責任追及）や国司・郡司らによる正税虚納や官物押領の隠蔽などを意図したものであると考えられるようになった。
- Furthermore, such incidents came to often happen and they began to think that, behind those incidents, there were political wars in provincial units, concerning positions of government officials such as gunji and so on, or intentional concealment efforts of absence of shozei payment or illegal confiscation of kanmotsu.
- これらの牧は各令制国毎に牧監（もくげん）が設置され（ただし、武蔵のみは各牧単位で別当が設置）、在庁官人が中央官庁より一定の任期を持って任命されて馬寮及び兵部省によって勤怠状況が監督されていたと考えられている。
- It is considered that in those Maki, Bokugen (or Mokugen) was assigned for each Ryoseikoku (province), except for Musashi, where Betto was assigned for each Maki, and Zaichokanjin was stationed by the central authority for a certain period of time while Meryo and Hyobusho were established to supervise work attendance.
- 日本の騎馬隊は古代日本の軍制が律令制に基づく軍団 (古代日本)から国衙軍制へ転換して以降、軍事力の中心となった騎馬武者とその供(時代により従卒、武家奉公人と言われる)を基本単位として構成された部隊を指していた。
- After the ancient Japanese military system based on the Ritsuryo codes was replaced with the Kokuga forces system (provincial forces system), the term 'Japanese cavalry' was used to refer to troops composed of units of mounted warriors, which amounted to a major military force, and their attendants (known as Jusotsu [officer's servants] or Buke hokonin [servants to samurai families] depending on the times).
- その後、戦後の6・3・3・4制になり、もとの小学校を新制中学の校舎に利用するなどによって小学校の通学区の変化があったが、戦前の学区制度廃止前の学区は「京都の元学区」という住民自治の単位として現在も生き残っている。
- Subsequently, with the introduction of the 6/3/3/4 system of education after the war, due to measures such as the appropriation of the buildings that had been used for the elementary schools for use as middle schools and the like, although the districts used to define the elementary school to be attended by local residents changed, the school district system remains intact to this day as the 'Kyoto Original School Districts,' which are autonomous resident districts.
- それは、国衙が支配する土地（公田）を名田（みょうでん）という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層（有力百姓層）に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制（名体制という。）であった。
- The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.
- - 営業距離の単位をマイルからメートルに変更（木津 - 片町間 28.1M→45.4km、放出 - 淀川間 3.0M→4.8km、淀川 - 吹田間 6.2M→10.0km、京橋 - 淀川間 1.2M→1.8km）。
- The unit of commercial distance was changed from miles to meters (between Kizu and Katamachi 28.1M => 45.4km, between Hanaten and Yodogawa 3.0M => 4.8km, between Yodogawa and Suita 6.2M => 10.0km, between Kyobashi and Yodogawa 1.2M => 1.8km).
- 正税帳や平城宮跡から発掘された木簡などによって、天平年間にはシステムとして確立されていたこと、貢進は5斗（1俵）単位で行われたこと、ウマを用いて輸送する場合には1頭あたり3俵を運ぶと決められていたことが判明している。
- The Shozeicho and wooden tablets found from the Heijo site have shown that this was established as a system around the Tenpyo era and donations were made in units of 5 'to' (1 hyo/pyo), and it was determined that 3 hyo/pyo per head was to be transported if using a horse.
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田（口分田・乗田など）の直接支配から、その公田を名（みょう）という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- 江戸時代の封建領主としては、江戸幕府の徳川将軍家をはじめとして、藩を単位とする1万石以上の大名、1万石未満だが御目見の特権を有する旗本、御目見の特権のない御家人江戸時代の御家人、また石高の高い大名の上級家臣があった。
- Feudal ranks during the Edo period included the following: the Tokugawa Family in the Edo bakufu, daimyo with over 10,000 Goku crop yields (one domain per unit), hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who had less than 10,000 Goku crop yields but obtained the omemie privilege (privilege to have an audience with their lord), gokenin without the omemie privilege, and high-ranked vassal of daimyo with higher crop yields.
- - 営業距離の単位をマイル・チェーンからマイルのみに変更（加茂 - 網島間 31M71C→31.9M、放出 - 片町間 2M17C→2.2M、網島 - 桜ノ宮間 57C→0.7M、新木津 - 木津間 29C→0.4M）。
- The unit of commercial distance was changed from mile, chain to mile only (between Kamo and Amijima 31M71C => 31.9M, between Hanaten and Katamachi 2M17C => 2.2M, between Amijima and Sakuranomiya 57C => 0.7M, between Shin-Kizu and Kizu 29C => 0.4M).
- 元々の坪量は尺坪あたりの重さを匁で表したもの(3.75 g/0.09183 m² = 40.83 g/m²)であったが、今日では1平方メートルあたりの重さをグラム単位で表したメートル坪量・米坪（べいつぼ）が用いられている。
- Original tsubo-ryo described the weight of paper per tsubo-shaku by the weight unit, monme (or momme; 3.75 grams over 0.00918 square meters equals 40.83 grams/square meters) but today's tsubo-ryo is the unit describing the weight of a paper in gram per 1 square meter, which is now called as meter tsubo-ryo or bei-tsubo.
- 上述の単位に区画された土地において、里の横列を「条（じょう）」、里の縦列を「里（り）」とし、任意に設定された基点から、縦方向には一条、二条、三条と、横方向には一里、二里、三里というように、明快な位置表示が可能となっていた。
- For the land divided into the units described above, the horizontal row of ri was called 'jo' and the vertical row of ri was called 'ri,' and from the base point that was arbitrary set, each section could be clearly indicated such as ichi-jo, ni-jo, and san-jo (first jo, second jo, and third jo) vertically and ichi-ri, ni-ri, and san-ri (first ri, second ri, and third ri) horizontally.
- それを受けて建武政権においては後醍醐天皇が家督・家記・邸宅などを合わせて「家門」とし、家領を家門維持のために必要な経済的な基盤としてと位置づけ、本家・領家を問わず家門と家領を家単位で一括安堵をする仕組を取り入れたのである。
- In response to that, under the Kenmu regime the Emperor Godaigo adopted a mechanism such that katoku (family estate), kaki (family record) and residence were incorporated into 'kamon' (family), keryo (territory of a family) was positioned as the economic basis needed to maintain the kamon, collectively providing 'shoryo ando' (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) to kamon and keryo for each family, regardless of its being the honke or ryoke.
- 具体的には、単に兵動員を許可する「発兵勅符」に代わって群盗を積極的に鎮圧しようとする「追捕官符」を発出するとともに、国単位で押領使・追捕使を任命して、国内の武勇者を国衙・押領使・追捕使の指揮下に入ることを義務づけたのである。
- More specifically, the Imperial Court not only issued 'a charter to catch thieves' to aggressively suppress robbers instead of 'a charter to send troops' to simply permit troop mobilization, but also appointed oryoshi (suppressors) and tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture) for each province and required brave local individuals to be under control of kokuga, oryoshi, or tsuibushi.
- さらに幕末の文久2年（1862年）、薩摩藩は琉球の救済を名目に、3年の年限つきで琉球通宝當百文 (通貨単位)銭の発行を申し出て許可されたが、これは藩財政の建て直し目的とした天保通宝密鋳の隠れ蓑とて用意周到に準備されたものであった。
- Furthermore, at the end of the Edo period, in 1862, the Satsuma Domain petitioned the bakufu for the issuance of Ryukyu Tsuho Hyaku (hundred) Mon coins with an issue limit of 3 years in order to save Ryukyu and this petition was granted, but this petition was carefully prepared by the Satsuma Domain to secretly cover up minting of Tenpo Tsuho secretly to recover the Domain's weak finance.
- 一方江戸幕府は御定相場として慶長14年（1609年）に、金1両は、銀50匁（約187グラム）、銭4貫文（4,000文 (通貨単位)）に等価と布告し、後の元禄13年（1700年）に、金1両は、銀60匁（約225グラム）、銭4貫文と改正した。
- Meanwhile, Edo bakufu set the mint par of exchange, proclaiming in 1609 that 1 ryo of gold was equalized to 50 monme of silver (about 187 grams), or to 4 kanmon (or 4000 mon) of copper, then later in 1700, proclaimed again that 1 ryo of gold became 60 monme of silver (about 225 grams), or 4 kanmon of copper.
- 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
- There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.
- この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
- During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
- このように家康は小判を基軸とする「両」の貨幣単位による通貨の全国統一を理想としたが、四進法の計算の煩雑性、実質を重視する観点などから秤量銀貨を使用する商人の力は依然として強大で権力で抑えるまでには至らず、既存の体系を其のまま踏襲する形となったとされる。
- Like that, Ieyasu's ideal was the unification of the currency of the whole country using currency unit'Ryo' based on Koban, however, he was forced to follow the existing system due to cumbersome calculation of quaternary and powerful merchants who used a silver-by-weight standard for real value reasons who couldn't be supressed by authority.
- しかし、江戸時代に存在した、たとえば灘と丹波杜氏に見られるような、蔵元集団と杜氏集団の集団単位での深いつながりは、全国的にみると今日ではめずらしいものになっており、同じ町にある複数の酒蔵のあいだでも、迎え入れている杜氏の流派はまちまちであることが多い。
- However, a close relation at a group level between a brewery group and a toji group, such as the relation which existed in the Edo period between the Nada district and Tanba Toji, is rarely seen throughout the country at present, and it is not unusual for several breweries in one town to have toji from various schools.
- 本来小数を表す漢数字は10分の1を分（ぶ）、100分の1を厘、1000分の1を毛（もう）で表すが、日本では1/10を表す歩合は「割」であり、これを基準にそれぞれ10分の1、100分の1とするため割合としての単位は100分の1が分、1000分の1が厘となる。
- Originally, for decimals in Chinese numeral, a tenth is represented as bu, a hundredth as ri, and a thousandth as mo, while a rate to represent a tenth is 'wari' in Japan which is the base of the rate unit, and a hundredth becomes bu and a thousandth ri.
- ただし、けいはんな線用車両は電車への供給電圧や集電方式が異なり、回送ルートとなる奈良・橿原・大阪の各線では自力回送ができないため、台車に装着されている集電装置（コレクターシュー）を外して3両単位で電動貨車2両（モト75形77+78）の間に挟まれて回送される。
- However, the power-supply voltage and power-collection system for train cars on the Keihanna Line are different from those of other lines, and accordingly, on each of the Nara, Kashihara and Osaka lines the power collector (power-collector shoe) is removed from each of these cars and each set of three cars is placed between and moved to the depot by two electric-powered vehicles (Moto type 75 nos. 77 and 78).
- 地域の事情により古くから大工と言う職業が多数存在する地域もあったが、自治単位の人口の少ないところでは、十分の付き合い（相互扶助のこと村八分と言う言葉で知られる）の一つとして建前（上棟）には人手がいるためお互い様として地域住民が積極的に手伝う事が当然であった。
- In some communities there were traditionally many carpenters, while in other communities with smaller populations, it was natural that the residents would be proactive in supporting each other when building the framework of a house (framework raising) which is very labor intensive, and due to the social obligation called jubu-no-tsukiai (adequate relationship) those who did not cooperate may be ostracized or become 'murahachibu.'
- 同法によれば過料には3貫文もしくは5貫文の（一般的な）「過料」、10貫文の「重き過料」、本人の財力に応じた「身上に応じ過料」、本人の家の規模（財力に準じる）に応じた「小間に応じ過料」、地域単位で罰する場合石高に応じた「村高に応じ過料」の5つの事例に整理された。
- According to the law of Kujigata-osadamegaki, the penalty of Karyo was organized into five cases; 'Karyo' was three kanmon (3 kanmon = 30 yen) or five kanmon (5 kanmon = 50 yen); 'A heavy Karyo' was ten kanmon (10 kanmon = 100 yen); 'Karyo adjusted by wealth (or fortune)' was dependent on a personal financial position (or wealth); 'Karyo adjusted by Koma (a small room which used as a measurement unit to calculate the scale of the house)' was dependent on the scale of the personal household (adjusted by wealth); 'A Karyo adjusted by Muradaka (total yields of a village)' was dependent on Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period) of the region when law enforcement would punish a particular region in total.
- 教養科目と専門科目の分担は、1・2回生を教養課程、3回生以上を専門課程とするような学年による区分は行なわず、1回生では教養科目を多く履修し、学年が上がるに従って専門科目の割合を徐々に増やし、卒業までに教養・専門のそれぞれで必要な単位を取得する方式をとっている。
- The way that assigns liberal arts and major subjects is not a mechanical one by the grade that assigns the liberal arts to freshmen and sophomores, and the major subjects to juniors and above, but a gradual one that requires students to take relatively many of the liberal arts in the first grade, and increases major subjects as the grade goes up so that students can take both of their credits until graduation.
- 太閤検地においては、上田を1石 (単位)5斗、中田を1石3斗、下田を1石1斗としてランクが1つ落ちるごとに2斗ずつ下げる方法（2斗下り）が採用され、屋敷地は1石2斗を基準とすること、下々田・畠・河原などについては「見計い」とされ、検地担当者の裁量によるものとされた。
- In the Taiko Kenchi (land surveys conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), the method for ranking rice paddies was to reduce 2 To (36 liters) when the rank of the rice paddy is downgraded by one (also known as 'Nitokudari,' literally meaning 'reduction of Two To'); rice paddies that produced 1 Koku and 5 To (about 270 liters) was ranked as high grade, those that produced 1 Koku and 3 To (about 235 liters) as medium grade, and those that produced 1 Koku and 1 To (about 198 liters) as lower grade; while the standard for residential areas was to be 1 Koku and 2 To (about 216 liters), other fields known as 'mihakarai,' such as bottom-ranked rice paddies, fields and riverside fields were left to the discretion of the person in charge of the land survey.
- 秤量銀貨が商人に広く受け入れられたのは、秤量により実質価値を定めることの合理性、「貫」、「匁」、「分（ふん）」を単位とする十進法の計算の利便性、また馬蹄銀などの銀錠（銀挺、灰吹銀と呼ばれる銀塊）を高額取引用通貨の中心とする中国との取引が盛んであったことなどが挙げられる。
- The reason that silver by weight standard was widely accepted by merchants are as follows; 1. Rationality where value is defined by standard 2. Convenience where calculation is made by decimal method by the unit of 'kan','monme' and 'fun'(unit of weight) 3. Trade with China, where ginjo (silver mass called by gincho and cupellated silver) such as batei-gin was the main currency for trading by high price, was frequently conducted.
- これは本来質量単位としての一両の目方の砂金と言う意味であったが、鎌倉時代には金一両は五匁、銀一両は4.3匁と変化し、文明 (日本)16年（1484年）、室町幕府により京目（きょうめ）金一両は4.5匁（約16.8グラム）と公定され、それ以外のものは田舎目（いなかめ）とされた。
- This meant gold dust in weight of 1 ryo which was originally a mass unit, but in the Kamakura period kin 1 ryo was 5 monme and gin (silver) 1 ryo was 4.3 monme and in 1484 the Muromachi bakufu determined Kyome kin 1ryo as 4.5 monme (about 16.8 gram) and the others as inakame (unit of measure in old Japan).
- 「条」とは、郡・郷よりさらに小さい規模の領域を示す単位であり、郡規模あるいはそれ以上の範囲に領域支配を展開する他の東国有力武士団である三浦氏・千葉氏・小山氏・秩父氏などは、どれも何代か前から多くの有力な一族を各地に分派させているが、北条氏にはそうした一族が少しもみられない。
- A 'jo' is a unit of area smaller than a 'gun' (county) or 'go' (village), and unlike other major armed groups in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) who ruled territories of 'gun' or larger area (e.g. the Miura, Chiba, Koyama and Chichibu clans) and had been scattering their powerful branch families across Togoku since generations before, the Hojo clan did not have any such branch families.
- 居宅要介護被保険者が月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において購入した特定福祉用具につき支給する居宅介護福祉用具購入費の額の総額は、居宅介護福祉用具購入費支給限度基準額を基礎として、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した額の百分の九十に相当する額を超えることができない。
- The total Allowance for purchasing Equipment for In-Home Long-Term Care Covered by Public Aid that is paid monthly for Specified Equipment Covered by Public Aid purchased by an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care during the period as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare shall not exceed the amount equivalent to 90 percent of the amount calculated pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare based on the base amount of maximum payment for Allowance for purchasing Equipment for In-Home Long-Term Care Covered by Public Aid.
- 鏡山は、政庁域を方四町、観世音寺域を方三町と推定した場合、両者の南辺を東西線上に一致させることができること、かつその場合の政庁東辺と観世音寺西辺の間が二町となることをもって、一町を単位とする造成企画の存在を想定し、その適用範囲を広げると周囲の道路や畦畔に合致するものが多いことを指摘。
- Assuming the government district was 方四町 and the Kanzeon-ji Temple district was 方三町, Kagamiyama pointed out that the southern border of them could be aligned on an east-west axis, and also he found that the distance between the eastern border of the government district and the western border of the Kanzeon-ji Temple district was equal to two Cho (approx. 218 meters), then he made a hypothesis that a city development plan based on the Cho unit existed and that many peripheral streets and causeways would match with the idea when he expanded the coverage of the plan.
- 居宅要支援被保険者が月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において購入した特定介護予防福祉用具につき支給する介護予防福祉用具購入費の額の総額は、介護予防福祉用具購入費支給限度基準額を基礎として、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した額の百分の九十に相当する額を超えることができない。
- The total amount of Allowance for Purchasing Equipment for Preventive Long-Term Care Covered by Public Aid that is paid monthly for Specified Equipment for Preventive Long-Term Care Covered by Public Aid that an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Support purchases during the period as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare shall not exceed the amount equivalent to 90 percent of the amount calculated pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare based on the base amount of maximum payment of the Allowance for Purchasing Equipment for Preventive Long-Term Care Covered by Public Aid .
- これに伴って架線から効率よく集電するには、従来から用いられて来た1,500ボルト (単位)の直流電源より、大電力を長距離送電できる高圧交流電源を用いる方が適していたのである（日本の鉄道の交流電化方式は在来線20kV、新幹線25kVで、電圧だけでも直流電化路線の10倍以上のレベルである）。
- For this, to collect electric power from aerial power supply line efficiently, high-voltage AC electric power supplies, which enable lots of power to be conveyed for a long distance, were more suited than 1,500-V DC power supplies that had been used (of the railway lines using AC electronic power in Japan, the regular railway lines use 20 kV and the Shinkansen line used 25 kV, voltages more that ten times larger than that of the DC electric power-using lines).
- また、「守護」職はこのときではなく、1185年での要求は源義経・源行家の捜索・追捕を名目とした一国単位の「国地頭」と「総追捕使」であって、室町時代にまで繋がる守護職の発端は1190年（建久元年）に頼朝が初めて上京し、後白河法皇や九条兼実らと合意した「諸国守護」を奉行する権限にあるとされている。
- Besides, the position of 'provincial constable' was not established this time; the establishment of 'provincial steward' and 'General Constable' in each province for the purpose of searching and capturing MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie, which was of nominal priority, ordered in 1185, and the origin of provincial constable which would continue until the Muromachi period lay in the authority which was agreed between Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Kanezane KUJO and Yoritomo to enforce 'provincial constables in all the provinces' when Yoritomo came out to Kyoto for the first time in 1190.
- なお、敗軍の将である京極高次に対して、家康はあの立花宗茂をよく押さえてくれたということから、関ヶ原後に高次の弟・京極高知を使者として高野山に派遣し、大名としての復帰を許しただけではなく、若狭国一国小浜城9万2000石 (単位)の所領を与えるなど、宗茂を大津城に引き付けたことを大いに賞賛したという。
- On the other hand, Takatsugu KYOGOKU received great praise from Ieyasu for attracting Muneshige TACHIBANA to Otsu-jo Castle and containing him there, so much so that after the Battle of Sekigahara he sent Takatomo KYOGOKU, Takatsugu's younger brother, to Koyasan and not only allowed him to return as a daimyo but also gave him the territories of Obama-jo Castle, comprised of 92,000 koku (unit), in Wakasa Province.
- 近年の大学改革の流れを受けて、京都大学においても学外研究施設の統合が実施され、芦生をはじめ北海道、和歌山、徳山に設置されていた演習林、白浜町の京都大学白浜水族館、串本町の亜熱帯植物実験所、舞鶴市の水産実験所がフィールド科学教育研究センターに統合改組され、従来の学部単位の施設から全学共同利用施設となった。
- Corresponding to the trend of reforming universities, Kyoto University also integrated research facilities located outside the main campuses of University, and the following facilities were integrated into the Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, which has become a facility common to all departments of the university, and not the former department-based facility: the forests for field practices, which were located in Hokkaido, Wakayama, Tokuyama in addition to Ashiu, Shirahama Aquarium, Kyoto University located in Shirahama-cho, Subtropical Plant Institute, Kyoto University located in Kushimoto-cho and Maizuru Fisheries Research Station located in Maizuru City.
- その関係から、現在残されている作品にはかなりの高値が付いており、過去に『開運!なんでも鑑定団』（テレビ東京）に村山の作品が登場した際には3,000万円の評価額が付けられたこともある（しかもこれは「オークションでのスタート金額」としての評価であり、番組では「実際には億単位になる可能性もある」とのコメントも残された）。
- Therefore, his existing works are set at a high price, and when Murayama's work was evaluated on 'Kaiun! Nandemo Kanteidan' (a Japanese TV program which does antiques appraisal) (TV Tokyo Corporation), it was priced at 30 million yen (in addition, it was said on the program that its estimated value was merely the 'starting price for an auction' and 'it could in fact be worth more than a hundred million yen.')
- 廃藩置県後、新通貨が整備されて普及するまでは、太政官札・民部省札などといった藩札類似の政府発行紙幣、旧幕府領に設置された府県のいくつかが発行した札、新政府が各地の商業中心地に開設させた為替会社や通商会社が発行した札などと並び、藩札に円銭厘の単位を示した大蔵省印が加印された藩札が、新貨交換比率が設定された寛永通寶銭などの銭貨と共に使用された。
- After Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and until the new currency had spread and circulated, the government issued the following: Daijokan bills and Minbusho bills (bills issued by the government akin to han bills); bills issued by prefectures placed in the old shogunate's territories; bills issued by exchange companies and commerce companies (companies established in the heart of commerce in various places by the government); han bills with a stamp of the Ministry of Finance showing yen, sen, and ri (units of old currency); and coins with a newly established exchange rate, such as Kanei Tsuho.
- 江戸幕府は貨幣の全国統一を行うべく、三貨制度（小判、丁銀、銭貨）の整備を行ったが、これは既存の貨幣流通すなわち、大坂の商人を中心とする極印銀すなわち秤量銀貨の流通と、庶民の渡来銭の使用に加えて、武田信玄が鋳造させた甲州金の貨幣単位である「両」、「分」、「朱」を踏襲したものであり、家康の尊敬する武将であった信玄の甲州金の四進法の体系を採用したのであった。
- Edo bakufu improved three currency system (Koban, Chogin ［collective term of silver］and coin) to unify the currency of the whole country: it consited of the existing currency circulation; hallmark silver which was a silver-by-weight standard used by mainly merchants in Osaka and Torai-sen (imported currency from China) used among commers, and the currency unit, 'Ryo' 'Bu' and 'Shu', based on quarternary system of Koshu gold which was cast by the order of Shingen TAKEDA whom Ieyasu looked up to.
- 畿内の中小豪族や地方豪族では、旧来の延長上の氏神信仰が行われてきたが、平安時代後期に荘園公領制が成立して、父子間の所領・財産継承が行われるようになると、各氏族の氏神崇拝の従来のあり方が崩れていき、次第に「家」単位での所領経営が行われるようになるとそれぞれの所領の地縁神もしくは出身地の産土神を氏神とするようになり、その混同が進行するとともに各地に新たな氏社が成立するようになった。
- In small or medium scaled powerful families in the Kinai area and among local powerful families, ujigami was believed to be an extension of the conventional belief, however, in the late Heian period when the shoen-koryo system (a manor and public territory system) was established and the handing down of territories and properties between fathers and children became common, the conventional manner of ujigami worship in each clan collapsed and, when territory management by 'family' as a unit gradually became common, chien-gami god (the locally connected god) of each territory or ubutsuchi-gami god (soil producing god) of one's home town was worshipped as ujigami and, as this confusion advanced, new ujigami were established in various places.
- これらのグループは、1924年10月に大同団結する（『三科（三科造形美術協会）』）も、間もなく1925年には瓦解し、1925年の『造形』（浅野、神原、岡本、矢部、吉田、吉邨、作野金之助、吉原義彦、斎藤敬治、飛鳥哲雄（1895年-1997年）、牧島貞一ら）、1926年の『単位三科』（中原、大浦、仲田定之助、岡村蚊象（山口文象、1902年-1978年）ら）といったグループの動きを経て、次第に次のとおり分裂していった。
- Although these groups united for a common purpose in October 1924 (as 'Sanka' [Sanka-Zokei-Bijutsu-kyokai]), they soon collapsed in 1925 and gradually split (as below) after the movements of the groups such as 'Zokei' (Asano, Kanbara, Okamoto, Yabe, Yoshida, Yoshimura, Kinnosuke SAKUNO, Yoshihiko YOSHIHARA, Keiji SAITO, Tetsuo ASUKA [1895 - 1997], Teiichi MAKISHIMA, and others) in 1925 and 'Tan-i Sanka' (Nakahara, Oura, Sadanosuke NAKATA, Bunzo OKAMURA [Bunzo YAMAGUCHI, 1902 - 1978], and others) in 1926.
- この条及び次条第二項において「支給単位期間」とは、第一項に規定する休業をした期間を、当該休業を開始した日又は各月においてその日に応当し、かつ、当該休業をした期間内にある日（その日に応当する日がない月においては、その月の末日。以下この項及び次項第二号において「休業開始応当日」という。）から各翌月の休業開始応当日の前日（当該休業を終了した日の属する月にあつては、当該休業を終了した日）までの各期間に区分した場合における当該区分による一の期間をいう。
- The "payment unit period" in this Article and paragraph (2) of the following Article means a single period when the period of leave taken pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) has been classified into each period from the day on which said leave was commenced or the day corresponding to that day in each month within the period of said leave (for a month which does not have a day corresponding to that day, the last day of the month; hereinafter referred to as the "corresponding leave commencement day" in this paragraph and item (ii) of the following paragraph) until the day before the corresponding leave commencement day in each successive month (for the month containing the day on which the leave was concluded, said day on which the leave was concluded), in accordance with said classification.
- この条において「支給単位期間」とは、第一項に規定する休業をした期間（当該対象家族を介護するための休業を開始した日から起算して三月を経過する日までの期間に限る。）を、当該休業を開始した日又は各月においてその日に応当し、かつ、当該休業をした期間内にある日（その日に応当する日がない月においては、その月の末日。以下この項及び次項第二号において「休業開始応当日」という。）から各翌月の休業開始応当日の前日（当該休業を終了した日の属する月にあつては、当該休業を終了した日）までの各期間に区分した場合における当該区分による一の期間をいう。
- The "payment unit period" in this Article means a single period when the period of leave taken pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (limited to the period until the day on which three months have elapsed since the day on which said leave taken in order to take care of the specified family members was commenced) has been classified into each period from the day on which said leave was commenced or the day corresponding to that day in each month within the period of said leave (for a month which does not have a day corresponding to that day, the last day of the month, hereinafter referred to as the "corresponding leave commencement day" in this paragraph and item (ii) of the following paragraph) until the day before the corresponding leave commencement day in each successive month (for the month containing the day on which said leave was concluded, said day on which the leave was concluded), in accordance with said classification.
- 化学設備（労働安全衛生法施行令（以下「令」という。）第九条の三第一号に掲げる化学設備をいう。以下同じ。）のうち、発熱反応が行われる反応器等異常化学反応又はこれに類する異常な事態により爆発、火災等を生ずるおそれのあるもの（配管を除く。以下「特殊化学設備」という。）を設置する事業場であつて、当該事業場の所在地を管轄する都道府県労働局長（以下「所轄都道府県労働局長」という。）が指定するもの（以下「指定事業場」という。）にあつては、当該都道府県労働局長が指定する生産施設の単位について、操業中、常時、法第十条第一項各号の業務のうち安全に係る技術的事項を管理するのに必要な数の安全管理者を選任すること。
- For the workplace falling under the following categories, to appoint the necessary number of safety officers to always supervise the technical matters pertaining to the safety among those works set forth in each item of paragraph (1) of Article 10 of the Act during the operation of a production facilities unit designated by the Director of the Prefectural Labour Bureau having the jurisdiction over the district where the said workplace is located (hereinafter referred to as "Director of the competent Prefectural Labour Bureau"): (a) The workplace where, among the chemical facilities (meaning the chemical facilities listed in item (i) of Article 9-3 of the Enforcement Order of Industrial Safety and Health Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Order"), the same shall apply hereinafter), the one such as a reactor, etc., in which the exothermal reaction arises or due to the similar abnormal conditions that explosions, fires, etc. is possible to arise (due to excluding piping; hereinafter referred to as "special chemical facilities"); (b) The special chemical facilities designated by the Director of the competent Prefectural Labour Bureau (hereinafter referred to as "designated workplaces").
- 市町村は、居宅要介護被保険者が居宅サービス及び地域密着型サービスの種類（居宅サービス等区分に含まれるものであって厚生労働大臣が定めるものに限る。次項において同じ。）ごとに月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において受けた一の種類の居宅サービスにつき支給する居宅介護サービス費の額の総額及び特例居宅介護サービス費の額の総額の合計額並びに一の種類の地域密着型サービスにつき支給する地域密着型介護サービス費の額の総額及び特例地域密着型介護サービス費の額の総額の合計額について、居宅介護サービス費等種類支給限度基準額を基礎として、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した額の百分の九十に相当する額を超えることができないこととすることができる。
- A Municipality, with regard to the total sum of the total amount of allowances for In-Home Long-Term Care and exceptional allowances for In-Home Long-Term Care that are paid by each type of In-Home Service and the total amount of allowances for Community-Based Service and exceptional allowances for Community-Based Service that are paid by each type of Community-Based Service when said allowances are paid monthly to an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care by the type of In-Home Service and Community-Based Service (limited to those types that are included in categories of In-Home Service, etc., and that are determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare) during the period as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, may determine that said total sum shall not exceed 90 percent of the calculated standard amount pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare based on base amount of maximum payment for the categories of allowances for In-Home Long-Term Care, etc.
- 市町村は、居宅要支援被保険者が介護予防サービス及び地域密着型介護予防サービスの種類（介護予防サービス等区分に含まれるものであって厚生労働大臣が定めるものに限る。次項において同じ。）ごとに月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において受けた一の種類の介護予防サービスにつき支給する介護予防サービス費の額の総額及び特例介護予防サービス費の額の総額の合計額並びに一の種類の地域密着型介護予防サービスにつき支給する地域密着型介護予防サービス費の額の総額及び特例地域密着型介護予防サービス費の額の総額の合計額について、介護予防サービス費等種類支給限度基準額を基礎として、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した額の百分の九十に相当する額を超えることができないこととすることができる。
- A Municipality may stipulate that the total sum of the total amounts of Allowance for Preventive Long-Term Care Service and Exceptional Allowance for Preventive Service of Long-Term Care that are paid for single type of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care and the total amount of Allowance for Community-Based Preventive Long-Term Care Service and Exceptional Allowance for Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care that are paid for single type of Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care as allowances that were paid monthly to an In-Home Person Requiring Support by type of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care and Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care (limited to those types included in categories of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care, etc., and provided by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare; the same shall apply in the following paragraph) during the period as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare shall not exceed the amount equivalent to 90 percent of the amount calculated pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare based on the base amount of maximum benefit by payment type of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care, etc.
- 介護休業給付金は、被保険者が、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、対象家族（当該被保険者の配偶者（婚姻の届出をしていないが、事実上婚姻関係と同様の事情にある者を含む。以下この項において同じ。）、父母及び子（これらの者に準ずる者として厚生労働省令で定めるものを含む。）並びに配偶者の父母をいう。以下この条において同じ。）を介護するための休業をした場合において、当該休業を開始した日前二年間（当該休業を開始した日前二年間に疾病、負傷その他厚生労働省令で定める理由により引き続き三十日以上賃金の支払を受けることができなかつた被保険者については、当該理由により賃金の支払を受けることができなかつた日数を二年に加算した期間（その期間が四年を超えるときは、四年間））に、みなし被保険者期間が通算して十二箇月以上であつたときに、支給単位期間について支給する。
- The family care leave benefits shall be paid for the payment unit period where an insured person has, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, taken leave in order to take care of his/her specified family members (meaning said insured person's spouse (including a person in a relationship with said insured person where a marital relationship is de facto, though a marriage has not been registered; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph), parents, children (including those specified as such by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) and the parents of the insured person's spouse; hereinafter the same applies in this Article), when the period deemed to be the insured period is a total of 12 months or more within the two-year period preceding the day on which said leave was commenced (for an insured person who was continuously unable to receive payment of wages for 30 days or more due to sickness, injury of other reasons specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare during the two-year period preceding the day on which said leave was commenced, the total of the number of days for which payment of wages could not be received due to said reason plus two years (when that period exceeds four years, four years)).
- 育児休業基本給付金は、被保険者（高年齢継続被保険者、短期雇用特例被保険者及び日雇労働被保険者を除く。以下この款及び次款において同じ。）が、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、その一歳（その子が一歳に達した日後の期間について休業することが雇用の継続のために特に必要と認められる場合として厚生労働省令で定める場合に該当する場合にあつては、一歳六か月）に満たない子を養育するための休業をした場合において、当該休業を開始した日前二年間（当該休業を開始した日前二年間に疾病、負傷その他厚生労働省令で定める理由により引き続き三十日以上賃金の支払を受けることができなかつた被保険者については、当該理由により賃金の支払を受けることができなかつた日数を二年に加算した期間（その期間が四年を超えるときは、四年間））に、みなし被保険者期間が通算して十二箇月以上であつたときに、支給単位期間について支給する。
- The basic childcare leave benefits shall be paid for the payment unit period where an insured person (excluding continuously insured elderly persons, specially insured persons in short-term employment and insured day workers; hereinafter the same applies in this Subsection and the following Subsection) has, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, taken leave in order to take care of his/her child under one year of age (when falling under the case specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as the case where it is found especially necessary to take leave on or after the day on which the child reaches one year of age for the purpose of continuing employment, one and a half years of age), when the period deemed to be the insured period is a total of 12 months or more within the two-year period preceding the day on which said leave was commenced (for an insured person who was continuously unable to receive payment of wages for 30 days or more due to sickness, injury or other reasons specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare during the two-year period preceding the day on which said leave was commenced, the total of the number of days for which payment of wages could not be received due to said reason plus two years (when that total period exceeds four years; four years)).
- 居宅要介護被保険者が居宅サービス等区分（居宅サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。以下この条において同じ。）及び地域密着型サービス（これに相当するサービスを含み、地域密着型介護老人福祉施設入所者生活介護を除く。以下この条において同じ。）について、その種類ごとの相互の代替性の有無等を勘案して厚生労働大臣が定める二以上の種類からなる区分をいう。以下同じ。）ごとに月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において受けた一の居宅サービス等区分に係る居宅サービスにつき支給する居宅介護サービス費の額の総額及び特例居宅介護サービス費の額の総額並びに地域密着型サービスにつき支給する地域密着型介護サービス費の額の総額及び特例地域密着型介護サービス費の額の総額の合計額は、居宅介護サービス費等区分支給限度基準額を基礎として、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した額の百分の九十に相当する額を超えることができない。
- The total sum of allowances that are paid monthly for In-Home Service pertaining to one classification of In-Home Service, etc., that an Insured In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care during the period determined by Ordinance of Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare for each classification of In-Home Service, etc. (which means with regard to In-Home Service (including equivalent services; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) and Community-Based Service (including equivalent services except for Admission to a Community-Based Facility for Preventive Daily Long-Term Care of the Elderly Covered by Public Aid; the same shall apply hereinafter in this Article) by categories of two or more types as determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare, considering the inter-substitution by each type of category; the same shall apply hereinafter) shall not exceed the amount equivalent to 90 percent of the amount calculated pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare based on the base amount of maximum payment for each category of Allowance for In-Home Long-Term Care Service, etc. The total sum of allowance is the total amount of Allowance for In-Home Long-Term Care Service or Exceptional Allowance for In-Home Long-Term Care Service, or the total amount of Allowance for Community-Based Long-Term Care Service to be paid for Community-Based Service or the total amount of Exceptional Allowance for Community-Based Long-Term Care Service.
- 居宅要支援被保険者が介護予防サービス等区分（介護予防サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。以下この条において同じ。）及び地域密着型介護予防サービス（これに相当するサービスを含む。以下この条において同じ。）について、その種類ごとの相互の代替性の有無等を勘案して厚生労働大臣が定める二以上の種類からなる区分をいう。以下この条において同じ。）ごとに月を単位として厚生労働省令で定める期間において受けた一の介護予防サービス等区分に係る介護予防サービスにつき支給する介護予防サービス費の額の総額及び特例介護予防サービス費の額の総額並びに地域密着型介護予防サービスにつき支給する地域密着型介護予防サービス費の額の総額及び特例地域密着型介護予防サービス費の額の総額の合計額は、介護予防サービス費等区分支給限度基準額を基礎として、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した額の百分の九十に相当する額を超えることができない。
- Total sum of the total amounts of the Allowance for Preventive Long-Term Care Service and Exceptional Allowance for Preventive Service of Long-Term Care that are paid for Preventive Service of Long-Term Care, and the Allowance for Community-Based Preventive Long-Term Care Service and Exceptional Allowance for Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care that are paid for Designated Provider of Community-Based Service for Preventive Long-Term Care, as pertaining to a single category of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care, etc., that an In-Home Person Requiring Support receives monthly by category of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care, etc. (which means categories of two or more types as determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare, with regard to Preventive Service of Long-Term Care (including equivalent services; the same shall apply hereinafter in this Article) and Community-Based Preventive Service of Long-Term Care (including equivalent services; the same shall apply hereinafter in this Article), after considering the inter-substitution by type; the same shall apply hereinafter in this Article) during the period provided by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, shall not exceed the amount equivalent to 90 percent of the amount calculated pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare based on the base amount of maximum benefit for the payment categories of Preventive Service of Long-Term Care, etc.
