Honyaku Star - Search: 南北

南北: 1713 Terms and Phrases

南北
south and north
Nanboku
Minamikita
north and south

南北朝
Northern and Southern Dynasties (in Japan: 1336-1392 CE, in China: 420-581 CE)

城南北
Jounankita

南北条
Minamikitajou

南北線
Nanbokusen
North–South Line

南北極
the north and south geographic poles

東西南北
east, west, south and north

南北戦争
Civil War
Nanbokusensou
American Civil War

南北問題
North-South problem
North-south problems
North–South divide

城南北町
Jounankitamachi

食満南北
Kemananboku

鶴屋南北
Tsuruyananboku
Nanboku TSURUYA

南北一雄
Nanboku Kazuo

南北朝鮮
Nanbokuchousen

南北指数
meridional index

南北対話
North-South dialog

南北朝時代
period of the northern and southern dynasties (in China, 5th-6th c. CE in Japan, 1336-92)
The Period of the Northern and Southern Courts
Northern and Southern Courts Period

全羅南北道
Zenrananbokudou

南北朝合一
The Unification of the Southern and Northern Courts

志賀南北線
Shiga-nanboku Route

南北国時代
North South States Period

地下鉄南北線
Chikatetsunanbokusen

南北円卓会議
North South Round Table

南北サミット
North-South summit

南北戦争後の
post-bellum

大南北作。
Written by Dainanboku
Written by Dainanboku.

南北朝正閏論
Northern and Southern Courts Controversy
The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron

南北の通り。
The street runs north and south.
It runs north-south.

八幡市南北線
The Yawata City North-South Bus Route

南北朝時代。
These were made in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts of Japan.

南北アメリカ
North and South America

南北経済回廊
Kunming–Bangkok Expressway

MRT南北線
North South MRT Line

南北首脳会談
Inter-Korean Summit

魏晋南北朝時代
Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties period (220-589 CE)
The period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties
Period of Disunity

南北二宗見性門
Nanbokunishukenshomon

鶴屋南北作。
Written by Nanboku TSURUYA

南北朝合一以降
After the unification of Southern and Northern Courts

南北朝成立まで
Background leading up to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts

南北朝正閏問題
The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron problem

通称：大南北。
His commonly used name was Daibanboku.

南北戦争の原因
Origins of the American Civil War

南北戦争の戦闘
Battles of the American Civil War

南北戦争の人物
People of the American Civil War

営団地下鉄南北線
Eidanchikatetsunanbokusen

南北朝-室町時代
Northern and Southern Courts period to Muromachi period

南北朝・室町時代
The periods of the Northern and Southern Courts and Kamakura
The Period of the Northern & Southern Courts and the Muromachi Period

南北朝頃の作か。
The work is said to be produced in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan.

南北朝時代創建。
Established in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)

南北朝時代の元号
Era names of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts

鎌倉・南北朝時代
The Nose clan during the Kamakura and Northern and Southern Courts period

南北朝－戦国時代
the period of the Northern and Southern Courts - the Sengoku period (period of warring states)

南北戦争中の南軍
the southern army during the American Civil War

南北戦争中の北軍
the northern army during the American Civil War

アメリカ南北戦争
American Civil War

東京メトロ南北線
Tokyo Metro Namboku Line

東京地下鉄南北線
Tokyo Metro Namboku Line

南北朝時代の人物。
Tomosada UESUGI was a person who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

鶴屋南北 (初代)
Nanboku TSURUYA (the first)

通称：孫太郎南北。
Commonly used name: Magotaro Nanboku

南北朝鮮の間の戦い
a war between North and South Korea

朝鮮語の南北間差異
North–South differences in the Korean language

仙台市地下鉄南北線
Sendai Subway Nanboku Line

朝鮮半島の南北関係
North Korea–South Korea relations

安倍氏（南北朝時代）
The Abe Clan (The Period of The Northern and Southern Courts)

南北朝時代・室町時代
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Nuromachi period

南北朝時代 (日本)
The Nanbokucho Period
Period of Northern and Southern Courts
Nanboku-chō period

南北朝時代以降の権限
Authorities after the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts

鶴屋南北 (4代目)
Nanboku TSURUYA
Nanboku TSURUYA (the fourth)

権力強化と南北朝合一
Strengthening of Power and Integration of the Northern and Southern Courts

鶴屋南北 (2代目)
Nanboku TSURUYA (the second)

鶴屋南北 (3代目)
Nanboku TSURUYA (the third)

鶴屋南北 (5代目)
Nanboku TSURUYA (the fifth)

南北の通り（寺御幸）
North-South Streets (Teragoko)

南北アメリカの西部の
of western North and South America

南北朝時代 (中国)
Southern and Northern Dynasties

南北線 (ベトナム)
North–South Railway (Vietnam)
North-South Railway

6.15南北共同宣言
June 15th North–South Joint Declaration

南北戦争のネーミング
Naming the American Civil War

札幌市営地下鉄南北線
Namboku Line (Sapporo)

鎌倉・南北朝・室町時代
The Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the Muromachi period

師家の子孫と南北朝争乱
The descendants of Moroie and the conflict of the Northern and Southern Courts

南北朝時代から室町時代
From the Period of the Southern and Northern Courts to the Muromachi Period

近代以前の南北朝正閏論
Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron before the modern era

南朝の成立と南北朝併立
The Establishment of the Southern Court and Concomitant Existence of the Southern and Northern Courts

別名：初代南北孫太郎。
Another name: the first Nanboku Magotaro (孫太郎)

上杉憲房（南北朝時代）
Norifusa UESUGI (lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).

上杉憲孝（南北朝時代）
Noritaka UESUGI (the period of Northern and Southern Courts)

南北戦争以前の米国南部
the South of the United States before the American Civil War

南北戦争での南軍の将軍
Confederate general in the American Civil War

南北アメリカを含む半球
the hemisphere that includes North America and South America

西部戦線 (南北戦争)
Western Theater of the American Civil War

東部戦線 (南北戦争)
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

主軸を南北に取っている。
The principal axis is oriented north and south.

作者不詳、南北朝時代～。
Author unknown, from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)時代
The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)

建武の新政から南北朝動乱
From Kenmu Restoration to the Turbulence of the Northern and Southern Courts Period

別名：二代目南北孫太郎。
Another name: the second Nanboku Magotaro

別名：三代目南北孫太郎。
Another name: the third Nanboku Magotaro

日本は南北に長い国です。
Japan is a very long country from north to south.

南北戦争中の連合国の首都
was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War

南北戦争における戦い一覧
List of American Civil War battles

南北朝時代 (ベトナム)
Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam

南北戦争を題材とした作品
American Civil War fiction

南北朝時代 (日本)の人）
He was in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts [Japan])

九州の情勢と南北朝合一まで
The status of the conflict in Kyushu, and the events leading up until the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts

南北朝の争乱での武士の拡大
The expansion of samurai during the disturbances of the Northern and Southern Courts.

アメリカ南北戦争中の境界州
a border state during the American Civil War

南北戦争中の南部連合の1つ
one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

太平洋岸戦線 (南北戦争)
Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

南北朝時代の人物 (日本)
People of Nanboku-chō period Japan

南北の二区画に分かれている。
It is separated into the two areas of north and south.

南北には珍しい時代物である。
A historical drama ('jidaimono' in Japanese) is unusual for Nanboku.

（阡陌は南北・東西の道の意）
('Senpaku' refers to roads that run north-south and east-west.)

金ヶ崎の戦い (南北朝時代)
Battle of Kanegasaki (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts)

薩た峠の戦い (南北朝時代)
The Battle of Sattatoge (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts)

南北朝時代における基本史料。
It is the basic historical material for the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

千本通が駅東側を南北に走る。
Senbon-dori Street is located in the north-south direction on the east side of the station.

石灯篭2基 - 南北朝時代。
2 stone lanterns: the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北戦争（1862年）の海戦
a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862)

南北戦争中の南部連合国の1つ
one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

南北朝分裂の過程の時代である。
There was a process to accommodate separation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

南北朝時代～江戸時代の下冷泉家
The Shimo Reizei family from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Edo Period

南北朝時代～江戸時代の上冷泉家
The Kami Reizei family from the Northern and Southern Courts Period to the Edo Period

南北朝時代 (日本)の人物一覧
A list of prominent figures of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts

鎌倉時代・南北朝時代 (日本)
Kamakura period/Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan)

鎌倉時代・南北朝時代・室町時代
Kamakura Period and Period of the Southern and Northern Courts.

彼は南北戦争の歴史書を書いた。
He wrote a book about the American Civil War.

南北戦争中（1863年）の戦い
a battle of the American Civil War (1863)

南北戦争の戦場跡が多くある場所
site of numerous battles during the American Civil War

特に南北戦争の前の期間に属する
belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War

南北に走るマンハッタンの大通り
an avenue in Manhattan that runs north and south

南北戦争中の戦い（1864年）
battle of the American Civil War (1864)

南北アメリカの最古の都市の1つ
one of the oldest cities in the Americas

南北戦争後、彼は自由の身だった
after the Civil War he was a free man

南北戦争物語愛と自由への大地
North and South (TV miniseries)

南北朝合一後の動静は不明である。
His comings and goings after the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts are unknown.

南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to Muromachi period

南北朝時代_(日本)から室町時代
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period

南北朝時代（日本）から増加した。
The phenomenon increased from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北戦争はいつ始まったのかしら。
I wonder when the Civil War started.

南北戦争中のユニオン刑務所の敷地
site of a Union prison during the American Civil War

米国（特に南北戦争時の北部の州）
the United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War)

ニューバーンの戦い (南北戦争)
Battle of New Bern

原則として南北の通りを先に付ける。
The name of the north-south street comes first.

南北方向：烏丸通（国道367号）
In the north-south direction: Karasuma-dori Street (National Route 367)

南北朝時代 (日本)の公家である。
He was a court noble in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

相馬重胤 (鎌倉時代・南北朝時代)
Shigetane SOMA (during the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).

なお八幡市南北線は一般路線である。
This Yawata City North-South Bus Route was the publicly demonstrated route.

その小説は南北戦争を軸にしている。
The novel is centered on the Civil War.

南北アメリカの大西洋沿岸で見つかる
found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas

神戸電鉄有馬線・神戸高速鉄道南北線
Shintetsu Arima Line

ヨークタウンの包囲戦 (南北戦争)
Siege of Yorktown (1862)

南北朝時代（439年 - 589年）
Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (439 - 589)

南北方向 - 烏丸通（国道367号）
North-south direction - Karasuma-dori Street (National Route 367)

南北の破風に四畳半之御座敷両方在之。
There were two four-and-a-half-mat Japanese rooms in the south and north of the castle tower, with the gable roofs respectively.

南北は六条通と旧花屋町通の間にある。
North and south, it is between Rokujo-dori Street and the former Hanayacho-dori Street.

その後南北朝時代 (日本)に廃れた。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), it became almost extinct.

アメリカ南北戦争時の連邦軍のメンバー
a member of the Union Army during the American Civil War

南北戦争以前に奴隷制度を禁じていた州
any state prohibiting slavery prior to the American Civil War

ニューオーリンズの戦い (南北戦争)
Capture of New Orleans

広義には、南北朝文化を含むことがある。
Broadly speaking, Muromachi culture occasionally includes the culture of the Northern and Southern Courts.

この時代を南北朝時代 (日本)という。
It is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

鎌倉時代から南北朝時代にかけての人物。
He lived during Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

2009年3月南北線の試行運行終了。
In March 2009, the test operation of the Yawata City North-South Bus Route was ended.

こうして南北朝時代 (日本)が始まる。
These events led to the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北戦争中に北軍を救い、奴隷を解放した
saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves

アメリカ南北戦争時の南部連合国軍の軍人
a soldier in the Army of the Confederacy during the American Civil War

アメリカ南北戦争の間の激しい戦いの場面
scene of heavy fighting during the American Civil War

米国の南北戦争以前の時代のホイッグ党員
a member of the Whig Party that existed in the United States before the American Civil War

大きさは南北に10m、東西に13mある。
It measured 10 m from north to south, and was 13 m from east to west.

冬以外の気候ならば南北方向に立てられる。
When the products are grown other than winter, une is made from south and to north.

成立は南北朝時代_(日本)と推定される。
It is believed to have been compiled during the Northern and Southern Court period in Japan.

南北朝時代 (日本)、山内上杉家の一族。
A member of Yamanouchi-Uesugi family in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
A member of Yamanouchi-Uesugi family in the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

また八幡市南北線と接続するダイヤである。
The timetable of the Community Bus Yawata was set up by considering the connection of the route with the Yawata City North-South Bus Route.

太子道以外は奈良盆地を南北に貫いている。
These roads penetrate the Nara Basin in a north-south direction, except the Taishi Michi.

阿弥陀如来立像 - 南北朝時代 (日本)
Standing statue of Amida Nyorai: Created during the Northern and Southern Court period (Japan)

南北戦争における主要な戦い（1863年）
a major battle in the American Civil War (1863)

アメリカ南北戦争の重要な闘い（1862）
an important battle in the American Civil War (1862)

アメリカ南北戦争時代の南部連邦側ゲリラ兵
a Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil War

南北戦争の前の北と南の印象的な分割ライン
symbolic dividing line between North and South before the American Civil War

南北のすぐれたアレンジぶりがうかがわれる。
Nanboku's exquisite arranging skills can be seen here.

小辺路は紀伊山地を南北に縦走する道である。
Kohechi is a road that runs north and south in the Kii Mountains.

後に南北平和統一委員会副委員長として活動。
Bokuretsu was later actively involved in the Korean peace effort as the vice-chairman of the peaceful unification committee of the Korean Peninsula.

位置ハ中央部ニ一箇所南北部ニ各々一箇所トス
One of them shall be located in the central region, and one each in the northern and southern regions.

佐井通（さいどおり）は京都市の南北の通り。
Sai-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets in Kyoto City.

浄瑠璃寺流記事 - 南北朝時代 (日本)。
Joruri-ji Ruki no Koto: the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

創建時に近い南北朝時代の建立と推定される。
Estimated to have been constructed during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts soon after the temple's founding.

南北朝時代には後醍醐天皇の勅願所とされた。
The temple was used as Emperor Godaigo's place of imperial prayer during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

回廊の規模は東西85m、南北89mである。
The corridor measures 85 meters from east to west and 89 meters from south to north.

アメリカ南北戦争における天王山（1863）
a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863)

南北アメリカの太平洋沿岸産の草本の小さな属
small genus of herbs of Pacific coast of North and South America

南北戦争における南部同盟の勝利（1863）
a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863)

彼は南北戦争時の米国のすべての州を訪問した
he has visited every state in the Union

東西に数百m、南北に1kmほど広がっている。
The hill stretches a few hundred meters from east to west and about a kilometer from north to south.

第二次世界大戦後における南北朝時代を巡る議論
Debate on the Nanbokucho Period after World War II

14世紀頃は南北朝時代 (日本)と呼ばれた。
The 14th century is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).

鎌倉後期～南北朝期にかけての成立と見られる。
It seems to have been completed from the late Kamakura period to the Southern and Northern Courts period.

『太平記』　南北朝時代を書く古典、軍記物語。
'Taiheiki,' a classic military epic about the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

姥尉輔の名で鶴屋南北 (5代目)に師事する。
He became a disciple of Nanboku TSURUYA (the fifth) with a pseudonym Josuke UBA.

鶴屋南北 (5代目)の門人、1806–81。
Joko SEGAWA the third (1806-1881) was a pupil of Nanboku TSURUYA (the fifth).

同じ行に記した通りは南北の同一直線上にある。
Roads listed in the same sentence are located in line with each other in the north-south direction.

木造興正菩薩坐像 - 南北朝時代 (日本)。
Wooden seated statue of Kosho Bosatsu - the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

この都市は、南北両プラット川に挟まれている。
built between the two arms of the river,

かつて南北カロライナに住んでいたスー族の一員
a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Carolinas

大阪市営地下鉄御堂筋線・北大阪急行電鉄南北線
Osaka Municipal Subway Midosuji Line Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway Namboku Line

南北朝時代の元号は、北朝 (日本)で表記する。
The era names for the Northern and Southern Courts are according to the Northern Court (Japan).

1392年南北朝時代 (日本)が統一された。
1392: The one-emperor system was reestablished in Japan ending the era of the two-emperor system in the Nanbokucho period.

佐藤進一は『南北朝の動乱』においてこう書いた。
Shinichi SATO wrote in 'The Confusion of the Southern and Northern Imperial Courts' as follows.

南北朝時代 (日本)には鎮守府将軍が復活する。
The Chinju-fu shogun title was restored during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

バーモント州を通じて南北に延びるアパラチア山脈
a range of the Appalachian Mountains that extends from south to north through Vermont

アジア・アフリカ・南北アメリカにすむメクラヘビ
blind snakes of Asia and Africa and Americas

構造は中央の母屋の東西南北に庇を付した形になる。
The Shishinden has Moya (an enclosed main room) in the center and a hisashi (an unenclosed veranda) to the north, south, east and west of the Moya.

南北朝時代 (日本)には2つの元号が並行して存在
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), two different gengo coexisted simultaneously.

- 南北朝時代の和歌にも詠まれる、約2万本の梅林
This is a Japanese plum forest, referenced in poetry written in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, with around 20,000 Japanese plum trees.

ただし、南北通りが主要な通の時は南北を先にする。
However, the name of the north-south street comes first if the north-south street is the main one.

区のほぼ中央を南北に京阪国道（国道1号）が通る。
Keihan-Kokudo (National Route 1) runs from south to north through the center of the ward.

作者：並木五瓶、鶴屋南北 (4代目)、河竹黙阿弥
Writers: Gohei NAMIKI, Nanboku TSURUYA the fourth, and Mokuami KAWATAKE

南北朝期、田楽能は猿楽を圧倒して最盛期を迎える。
In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, Dengaku reached the peak of its activities, overwhelming Sarugaku.

米国南北戦争の最終軍事行動（1864年−65年）
the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65)

長辻通 - 橋の北詰から嵐山地区を南北に貫く道路。
Nagatsuji-dori Street: This street begins at the north end of the bridge and runs through Arashiyama from north to south.

（南北朝時代の懽子内親王は光厳天皇退位後に入内。）
(Imperial Princess Kinshi in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts entered into the Imperial Court after Emperor Kogon abdicated the throne.)

主軸は南北であり、東西の側面に高低差が出来ている。
The principal axis is oriented north and south, and there is a difference in height between the east and west sides.

墳丘の四辺がほぼ正確に東西・南北方向に沿っている。
Four sides of the tumulus are oriented almost exactly in the east and west direction and the north and south direction.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)には一時期分裂していた。
It was temporarily schismatized during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代に菊池一族は後醍醐天皇の南朝方にあった。
During the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Kikuchi clan supported the Southern Court of the Emperor Godaigo.

南北朝時代 (日本)には、醍醐寺の荘園が置かれた。
The manor of Daigo-ji Temple was placed in Maizuru, during the Nanbokucho Period,

著者は南北朝時代の僧玄恵とされるが、確証に乏しい。
Although it is generally considered to have been authored by Gene, a monk who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, this has not been confirmed.

文化8年 (1811) には四代目鶴屋南北を襲名。
In 1811, he succeeded to the professional name Nanboku TSURUYA VI.

有栖川は、当駅の西を南北に流れる川の名前でもある。
The Arisu-gawa River is also the waterway flowing in the north-south direction west of the station.

南北に走る東大路通の東側に対向式のホームがあった。
Opposing platforms were located to the east of Higashioji-dori Street, which runs in the south-north direction.

神宮道（じんぐうみち）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Jingumichi is a street running south-north through Kyoto City.

奈良盆地の中央より東を南北に平行する三本の縦貫道。
Yamanobe-no-michi Road are three parallel roads running in a north-south direction in the eastern areas of the Nara Basin.

円覚寺舎利殿 - 国宝、南北朝時代（14世紀）建立
The reliquary hall of Engaku-ji Temple: National Treasure, constructed during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (14th century).

礼堂（重文） - 鼓楼の東にある南北に細長い建物。
Rai-do Hall (a worship hall), an elongated structure running from north to south that stands to the east of Koro Tower.

南北半球全体に広く分布している高木、低木および草本
trees, shrubs, and herbs widely distributed throughout both hemispheres

アメリカ南北戦争最初の戦い（1775年4月19日）
the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

南北戦争以前に奴隷制が合法だった南部の州のいずれも
any of the southern states in which slavery was legal prior to the American Civil War

その南の方東西1間、南北2間は東、南が塀に囲まれる。
The 1.8m portion on the south side of the last 1.8 x 10.8m room and the southernmost 3.6m portion on the east side of the same room were surrounded by a wall.

内郭は東西158メートル、南北197メートルである。
The naikaku area measures 158 meters from east to west and 197 meters from south to north.

南北に南大門、中門、塔、金堂、講堂が一直線上に並ぶ。
A nandai-mon gate (a main gate facing south), a chu-mon gate (a gate behind a nandai-mon gate), a pagoda, a kon-do hall (the main hall of a Buddhist temple) and a ko-do hall (lecture hall) are aligned in a north-south direction.

学校の歴史教科書で「南北朝時代」の用語を使っていた。
The term 'the period of the Northern and Southern Courts' was used in school history textbooks.

この他、JR奈良線と近鉄京都線が南北に横断している。
Additionally, the JR Nara Line and the Kintetsu Kyoto Line run north-south.

東を鞍馬川、西を貴船川に挟まれた尾根が南北に連なる。
It is located between Kurama-gawa River and Kibune-gawa River, with its ridge extending in the north-south direction.

しかし、前線の南北の空気を構成する気団は同じである。
However, the air masses which compose air in the south and north of the front are the same.

楠木正勝（くすのきまさかつ）は南北朝時代の武将。
Masakatsu KUSUNOKI was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

諸国を遊歴すること、東西南北58ヶ国に及んだという。
It is said that Tosai visited as many as 58 provinces throughout Japan.

寺町通（てらまちどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Teramachi-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets in Kyoto City.

室町通（むろまちどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Muromachi-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets which run through Kyoto City.

新町通（しんまちどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Shinmachi-dori Street is one of the major north-south running streets of Kyoto City.

高倉通（たかくらどおり）は京都市の南北の道路の一つ。
The Takakura-dori Street is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

釜座通（かまんざどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Kamanza-dori Street is a street running north-south street in Kyoto City.

小川通（おがわどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Ogawa-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

鹿ヶ谷通（ししがたにどおり）は京都市内の南北の通り。
Shishigatani-dori Street is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

なお八幡市南北線は6月30日の運行を持って終了する。
The Yawata City North-South Bus Route ceased its operation on June, 30, 2009.

南北戦争中シャーマン軍によって略奪、焼き討ちにあった
was plundered and burned by Sherman's army during the American Civil War

南北戦争後、南部諸州が再編され、連邦に再加入した時代
the period after the American Civil War when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

北部に住んでいるアメリカ人（特にアメリカ南北戦争時）
an American who lives in the North (especially during the American Civil War)

アメリカ南北戦争の間に戦いがったバージニア北東部の村
a village in northeastern Virginia where battles were fought during the American Civil War

アメリカ南北戦争中の2番目に大きな戦い（1862年）
the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862)

外部との出入り口としての城門は東西南北に1つずつある。
There is one gate on each side - north, east, south and west - for entering and exiting the castle.

明王院（広島県福山市） -　南北朝時代（1348年）
Myoo-in Temple (Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture): The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (1348)

そして、平安京遷都の後も南北朝時代まで続くこととなる。
This continued until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts even after the transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo.

1857年（安政4年）　大谷新道南北の畑地を買い取る。
In 1857 a dry field on the north and south sides of the new road of Otani was purchased.

このため、南北朝合一後は再び衰退への道を歩む事になる。
As a result, the family fortunes continued to decline, even after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝統一後、室町時代にも後南朝勢力の活動地となった。
After the unification of Southern and Northern Courts, it became the place of activities of the force of Gonancho (latter South Court).

こうした習慣は南北朝時代 (日本)まで続いたとされる。
This system is believed to have continued until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

平安時代から南北朝時代_(日本)にかけて置かれていた。
This system existed from the Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)時も吉野の吉野朝廷につくしている。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Totsukawa also devoted their service to the Imperial Court of Yoshino in Yoshino.

細川奥州家は南北朝時代の細川顕氏の系統の一族である。
The Hosokawa-Oshu family descended from Akiuji HOSOKAWA, who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北のホームの間に踏み切り（渡り線）が設置されていた。
There was a crossing (crossover) between the southern and northern platforms.

本町通（ほんまちどおり）は、京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Honmachi-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

奈良盆地の東、平地と山地の間を縫うように南北に通る道。
Some of the roads are located in the eastern area of the Nara Basin, and run north and south, threading along flat lands among mountains.

「明堂」は鎌倉～南北朝時代、「太素」は平安時代の写本。
'Meido' is a copy from the Kamakura to the Northern and Southern Courts period; 'Taiso' is from the Heian period.

ヨーロッパ人が来る前に南北アメリカ大陸に住んでいた人々
any member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived

南北戦争後に米国の南部で秘密に計画された集団のメンバー
member of a secret mounted band in United States South after the American Civil War

メアリー・チェスナットの南北戦争日記のような独特な作品
sui generis works like Mary Chestnut's Civil War diary

大阪・観心寺　木造不動明王坐像（南北朝時代、重要文化財）
Kanshin-ji Temple in Osaka: The seated statue of wooden Fudo Myoo (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, an important cultural property)

善如（ぜんにょ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の浄土真宗の僧。
Zennyo was a monk of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

宝篋印塔 - 綾部市指定文化財、南北朝時代 (日本)建立
Hokyoin-to pagoda: a cultural property designated by Ayabe City, was built during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

後醍醐は自己の正統性を主張し（南朝）、南北朝時代となる。
As the Go-Daigo insisted that power remain on his side (the Southern Court), this was the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

このことをめぐって、帝国議会で南北朝正閏論が問題化した。
This issue of textbooks triggered the argument on the legitimacy of either the Northern or the Southern Dynasty in the Imperial Diet.

足利氏との関係は南北朝時代 (日本)の伊勢貞継まで遡る。
Relations with the Ashikaga clan dates back to the Sadatsugu ISE in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代_(日本)末期から室町時代前期の成立とされる。
It is believed to have been put together between the later part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the beginning of the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房らも同様の主張をしてきた。
Chikafusa KITABATAKE, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) advocated likewise.

両ホームとも出町柳側・鞍馬側の南北両側に出入り口がある。
Each platform has two entrances: one on the south side (the Demachiyanagi side) and another on the north side (the Kurama side).

木屋町通（きやまちどおり）は、京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Kiyamachi-dori Street is one of the major streets running north-south in Kyoto City.

師団街道（しだんかいどう）は、京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Shidan-kaido Road is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

堺町通（さかいまちどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Sakaimachi-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

醒ヶ井通（さめがいどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Samegai-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

御幸町通（ごこまちどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Gokomachi-dori Street is one of the streets in Kyoto City that run in the north-south direction.

南北朝時代_(日本)末期の元中5年（1388年）の建立。
Built in 1388, at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

黄色の花を持つ南北アメリカ産の多年生草本あるいは低木の属
genus of North and South American perennial herbs or shrubs with yellow flowers

南北戦争中の南部連合軍の大統領（1808年−1889年）
president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889)

池は東西6町、南北8町あり、池に数個の中島が浮かんでいた。
The pond covers an area of approximately 655 meters in the east-west direction and approximately 873 meters in the north-south direction, with several islands placed in it.

綽如（しゃくにょ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の浄土真宗の僧。
Shakunyo was a monk of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

当時中国は南北朝時代に分かれていて、南朝は梁が治めていた。
China at the time was in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and divided, and the Southern Dynasty was ruled by the Liang Dynasty.

日本では、夏と冬に天の川が南北に頭の上を越える位置に来る。
In Japan, every summer and winter the Milky Way appears above us across the night sky from north to south.

南北朝時代 (日本)、南朝 (日本)の征西大将軍であった。
He was a seisei taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians') of the Southern Court (Japan) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

西の京阪奈丘陵と東の木津川に挟まれ南北に延びる地帯である。
Seika-cho is located in the area stretching from south to north between Keihanna Hills in the west and the Kizu-gawa River in the east.

市域は南北に長く、京都府を南北に区切るような形をしている。
The city area stretches long in a north-south direction in the shape of severing Kyoto Prefecture north from south.

貞和本『後三年合戦絵詞』との時代は、南北朝時代まで下がる。
'Gosannen Kassen Ekotoba' in the Jowa edition was written in more recent years, the period of the Northern and Southern Coutts.

莬玖波集（つくばしゅう）は、南北朝時代に撰集された連歌集。
Tsukubashu is an anthology of renga (linked verse) poems collected under Imperial command in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

道誉は南北朝時代の社会的風潮であるばさらを好んだとされる。
Doyo was fond of Basara, which was an aesthetic trend with social undertones that was current during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

櫻田兵蔵 → 澤兵蔵 →（初代）勝俵蔵 → 四代目鶴屋南北
Hyozo SAKURADA=>Hyozo SAWA=>(the first) Hyozo KATSU => Nanboku TSURUYA the fourth

改札口は南北1ヶ所ずつで、北改札のみ駅員が配備されている。
Two entrance/exit gates are provided--one on the north side and the other on the south side--but only the north entrance/exit gate is manned.

烏丸通（からすまどおり）は京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
Karasuma-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets in Kyoto City.

千本通（せんぼんどおり）は京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
Senbon-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets in Kyoto City.

現在では京都の中央の南北の通りの地位を烏丸通に譲っている。
Today it has conceded its position as the central north-south avenue to Karasuma-dori Street.

堀川通（ほりかわどおり）は京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
Horikawa-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets in Kyoto City.

間之町通（あいのまちどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Aimanomachi-dori Street is a street runningnorth-south through Kyoto City.

衣棚通（ころものたなどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Koromonotana-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

塔ノ段通（とうのだんどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Tonodan-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

裏寺町通（うらでらまちどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Uraderamachi-dori Street is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

浄福寺通（じょうふくじどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Jofukuji-dori Street is a street running south-north through Kyoto City.

七本松通（しちほんまつどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Shichihonmatsu-dori Street is a street running south-north through Kyoto City.

切り通し（きりとおし）は京都市東山区内の南北の通りの一つ。
Kiritoshi Street is a narrow street running north to south in Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City.

麩屋町通（ふやちょうどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Fuyacho-dori Street is one of streets in Kyoto City running in the north-south direction.

西小路通（にしこうじどおり）は、京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Nishikoji-dori Street is one of the streets in Kyoto running in the north-south direction.

この本は南北戦争中のアメリカの生活を生き生きと描いている。
This book gives a good picture of life in America during the Civil War.

門を守る者は東西南北の四方にいた。 (歴代志1 9:24)
On the four sides were the porters, toward the east, west, north, and south. (1 Chronicles 9:24)

主にオーストラリアと南北アメリカで見つかる原始有袋哺乳動物
primitive pouched mammals found mainly in Australia and the Americas

ヨーロッパと南北アメリカの、毛の多い一年生の草本：セネキオ
rough annual herbs of Europe and the Americas: fiddlenecks

鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて歌人として活躍した。
Kenko was active as a poet in the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

その後の南北朝時代 (日本)でも足利氏に味方して功があった。
Later, the clan allied itself again with the Ashikaga clan and made achievements during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

皇后以外は板敷きの上に南北に土敷という繧繝縁の畳2帖を敷く。
In the case the bedroom for others, two jo (176x176 cm) of tsuchishiki, which is a type of tatami mat with ungenberi-rim, is laid on the boarding floor in a meridional direction.

近藤好和はそれが変化し始めたのは南北朝時代 (日本)とする。
Yoshikazu KONDO stated that it began to change from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

有岡城は東西に400m、南北に600mからなる大城であった。
Arioka-jo Castle was a big castle that spread for 400 meters east and west and 600 meters north and south.

国境は東西を旅するのに五ヶ月、南北を旅するのに三ヶ月かかる。
It took five months to travel from the eastern end of the territory to the western end while three months from the southern end to the northern end.

天保6年 (1835) に鶴屋南北の門下となり勝諺蔵となる。
In 1835 he became a disciple of Nanboku TSURUYA, thereafter calling himself Genzo KATSU.

脇屋義治（わきやよしはる）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yoshiharu WAKIYA was a warlord during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

改札口は南北1ヶ所ずつあり、南改札のみ駅員が配備されている。
Ticket gates are located on the north and south sides of the station, but station staff are positioned only at the south ticket gate.

大宮通（おおみやどおり）は、京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
The Omiya-dori Street is one of the major streets running north-south in Kyoto City.

白川通（しらかわどおり）は、京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
The Shirakawa-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto city.

新京極通（しんきょうごくどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Shinkyogoku-dori Street is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

西洞院通（にしのとういんどおり）は京都市の南北の道路の一つ。
The Nishinotoin-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

富小路通（とみのこうじどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Tominokoji-dori Street is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

新烏丸通（しんからすまどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Shin Karasuma-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

東宝記 - 南北朝から室町時代に成立した、東寺の公式記録書。
Tohoki - To-ji Temple's official record, made from the Nanbokucho into the Muromachi period.

南北戦争中に監督した女性従軍看護婦（1802年−1887年）
superintended women army nurses during the American Civil War (1802-1887)

南北戦争を引き起こした1860年の組合からの11の南州の撤退
the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

その南東の儀礼空間は東西94メートル、南北55メートルである。
The space for religious services, located in the southeast of the emperor's residence, measures 94 meters from east to west and 55 meters from north to south.

前方部を南、後円部を北に向けたほぼ南北方向に主軸をおいている。
The principal axis roughly lies north and south, as the front square part faces to the south and the back circular part to the north.

毬門は南北15丈で、2丈ほどの柱2本を立てることになっている。
The goal measures 45.45m from north to south with two poles about 6m long set up.

南北朝正閏論以降、宮内省も南朝が正統であるという見解を取った。
After having discussing the Southern and Northern Courts controversy, the Department of the Imperial Household took the position that being from the Southern Court was the orthodox line.

南北朝～室町時代に断絶した家も多く、その家名の復活も図られた。
Many families had been discontinued in the period including the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period, and the family names of these became targets for restoration.

南北朝時代_(日本)に常陸国に下って山内上杉家の家臣となった。
They went to Hitachi Province, and became a vassal of the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

しかし、南北朝時代になると、宮方につき、一族の殆どが没落する。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the clan sided with the Southern court and most of the clan members faced their downfall

南北朝の動乱の中、尊氏は九州に落ち延び、頼兼もこれに従軍する。
Takauji and Yorikane fled to Kyushu during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

区内には川端通、東大路通、白川通などの通りが南北に走っている。
Within the ward, such streets as Kawabata-dori Street, Higashi Oji-dori Street and Shirakawa-dori Street run in the north-south direction.

京域は北辺坊を除いて東西約6.3km、南北約4.7kmに及ぶ。
The capital measured 4.3 km from east to west and 4.8 km from north to south excluding the northern bo.

また、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」を禁止している。
It also banned 'basara' (extravagance), a social phenomenon of the Northern and Southern Court period.

鎌倉時代後半から南北朝時代前期を研究する上での基本史料である。
It is a fundamental historical material to study the ages from the late Kamakura period to the early Northern and Southern Court period.

作者は不明であるが、南北朝時代の足利方の武士と推定されている。
The author is unknown, but it is conjectured that the book was written by a warrior who was in Ashikaga side during the Northern and Southern Court period.

新田義顕（にったよしあき）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yoshiaki NITTA was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

新田義興（にったよしおき）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yoshioki NITTA was a busho (Japanese military commander) of the period of Northern and Southern Courts.

武田信武（たけだのぶたけ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Nobutake TAKEDA was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan.

和田高家（にぎたたかいえ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Takaie NIGITA was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

改札口は南北1ヶ所ずつあり、南改札側のみ駅員が配備されている。
While there are two ticket gates--one each on the north and south sides of the station--officers are allocated only to the south ticket gate.

東洞院通（ひがしのとういんどおり）は京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Higashinotoin-dori Street is a street which runs north-south in Kyoto City.

花見小路通（はなみこうじどおり）は、京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
Hanamikoji-dori Street is a street running east-west through Kyoto City.

大和大路通（やまとおおじどおり）は、京都市の南北の通りの一つ。
The Yamato-oji-dori Street is a street running north-south in Kyoto City.

柳馬場通（やなぎのばんばどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Yanaginobanba-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

車屋町通（くるまやちょうどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Kurumayacho-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

両替町通（りょうがえまちどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
The Ryogaemachi-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto city.

智恵光院通（ちえこういんどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Chiekoin-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto City.

米国の金融家で、北軍の債券を売買し、アメリカ南北戦争に融資した
United States financier who marketed Union bonds to finance the American Civil War

アメリカ南北戦争における北軍の司令官（1822年−1885年）
commander of the Union armies in the American Civil War (1822-1885)

羽黒山（山形県鶴岡市） - 南北朝時代（1372年）、29.4m
Mt. Haguro (Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture): the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (1372); 29.4 m tall

南北はおよそ500メートル、東西はおよそ600メートルであった。
The size of the area was about 500 meters north to south, and about 600 meters east to west.

城郭は南北に約350m、東西に約70mで、丹波では大形に属する。
The castle measures approximately 350m from south to north, approximately 70m from east to west, and it is one of the large castles of Tanba Province.

4月下旬ふくい春祭り越前時代行列（福井市、南北朝～幕末・明治）
Late April: Fukui Spring Festival Echizen Historical Costume Parade (Fukui City, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts-late Edo/Meiji periods)

南北の狂言では興行的にも成功し、作者存命中に五度再演されている。
Among the Kyogen plays written by Nanboku, it achieved commercial success and was restaged five times during his lifetime.

ここに南北朝時代は終わり、皇統は北朝の一統に帰することとなった。
Accordingly, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts came to an end, and the imperial line was integrated into the line of the Northern Court.

が、近年、南北朝時代成立の史料により次の見解などが出されている。
However, the following theories were recently presented based on the historical materials on the establishment of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

後醍醐天皇は在位のまま吉野へ逃れ、南北朝時代 (日本)を迎える。
The Emperor Godaigo fled to Yoshino, retaining the position of emperor, and the Nanbokucho period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) (Japan) began.

区域は南北に長く、最北端は標高959メートルの三国岳山頂である。
It is vertically elongated with the farthest north being at the top of Mt. Mikuni which is 959 meters high above sea level.

北朝 - 中国の南北朝時代 (中国)、華北に興った5王朝の総称。
'Northern Court' (or Northern Dynasty) is also a general term used to refer to the dynasties of five kings that flourished in northern China during China's Northern and Southern Dynasties period.

新葉和歌集（しんようわかしゅう）は南北朝時代 (日本)の和歌集。
Shinyo Wakashu is a collection of waka poetry compiled during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

上杉朝定（うえすぎともさだ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Tomosada UESUGI was a warlord who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

足利直冬（あしかがただふゆ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA was a military commander during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

鶴屋南北（つるやなんぼく）は、歌舞伎の役者および作者の名跡。
Nanboku TSURUYA was a professional name of Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) actors and playwrights.

細川氏春（ほそかわうじはる）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Ujiharu HOSOKAWA was a military commander in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

経賢（けいけん、生没年不詳）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の僧・歌人。
Keiken (year of his birth and death is not clear) was a Buddhist monk cum waka poet in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代から室町時代にかけて、平曲をさかんにした功績は大きい。
He made a remarkable achievement in making Heikyoku popular during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

石堂頼房（いしどうよりふさ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yorifusa ISHIDO was a Japanese military commander who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

楠木正行（くすのきまさつら）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Masatsura KUSUNOKI was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

楠木正儀（くすのきまさのり）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Masanori KUSUNOKI was busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

福知山線は大阪と北近畿を福知山駅経由で「南北」に結ぶ鉄道である。
Fukuchiyama Line is a railway that connects Osaka with northern Kinki through Fukuchiyama Station north and south.

東大路通（ひがしおおじどおり）は京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
Higashioji-dori Street is one of the major north-south streets in Kyoto City.

猪熊通（いのくまどおり）は、京都府京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Inokuma-dori Street is a street running south-north in Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

下鴨本通（しもがもほんどおり）は京都市の南北の主要な通りの一つ。
Shimogamohon-dori Street is a main street running north-sout though Kyoto City.

新間之町通（しんあいのまちどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
Shin Ainomachi-dori Street is a street running from north - south through Kyoto City.

下鴨西通（しもがもにしどおり）は京都市左京区の南北の通りの一つ。
Shimogamo Nishi-dori Street is a street running north-south in Sakyo Ward in Kyoto City.

下鴨中通（しもがもなかどおり）は京都市左京区の南北の通りの一つ。
Shimogamo Naka-dori Street is a street running north - south in Sakyo Ward in Kyoto City.

南北朝時代_(日本)の正平8年（1353年）、戦火を受けて焼失。
In 1353, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, this temple was burned down because of war fires.

また、木造の狛犬は南北朝時代 (日本)に作られたと言われている。
In addition, it is said that the wooden komainu (shrine guardian dog statues) were made during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

奴隷が競売にかけられた市場（特に南北戦争の前の米国南部において）
a marketplace where slaves were auctioned off (especially in the southern United States before the American Civil War)

南北戦争の間の2つの戦いのどちらか（1861年および1862年）
either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)

アメリカ南北戦争で二度の戦いが行われたヴァージニア北東部の入り江
a creek in northeastern Virginia where two battles were fought in the American Civil War

南北戦争の公式の北軍のカメラマンだった（1823年−1896年）
was the official Union photographer for the American Civil War (1823-1896)

ジェームス川を船で行く南北戦争ツアー（バージニア州リッチモンド）
Civil War on the James Tour (Richmond, Virginia)

東西南北の四壁の中央に四神の青龍、白虎、朱雀、玄武が描かれている。
Shijin, i.e. Seiryu (blue dragon), Byakko (white tiger), Suzaku (red Chinese phoenix) and Genbu (god of water) were drawn on the center of the four walls of east, west, south and north respectively.

奈良・東大寺法華堂　木造不動明王二童子像（南北朝時代、重要文化財）
Todai-ji Temple Hokke-do in Nara: The wooden statue of Fudo Myoo with two youths (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, an important cultural property)

沢田ひろふみ『山賊王』 - 南北朝時代 (日本)を描いた歴史漫画。
SAWADA, Hirofumi. Sanzokuo., which is a historical comic that describes the Northern and Southern Courts Period.

南北朝時代 (日本)には伊達行宗（伊達行朝）が拠り南朝の拠点とした
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Castle served as the base of the Southern Court with Yukimune DATE (Yukitomo DATE) residing in the Castle.

応仁の乱の末期に南北伊勢守護職は一色氏、次いで北畠氏に与えられた。
On the final stage of Onin War, Shugoshiki in the northern and southern parts of Ise Province were assigned to the Isshiki clan, followed by Kitabatake clan.

南朝を正統とする論者は「吉野朝時代」と称する（南北朝正閏論参照）。
Those who argue that the Southern Court was the true Court prefer to call this timespan 'the Yoshino Court period' (see also the article on the Nanbokucho seijunron, the debate over legitimacy between the Northern and Southern Courts).

三代将軍足利義満の頃、南北朝は合一するが、事実上南朝の吸収である。
The Northern and Southern Courts were unified when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was the third Shogun, but it was in fact the Southern Court which was taken over by the Northern Court.

ばさらと呼ばれる南北朝時代の美意識を持つ婆沙羅大名として知られた。
He was known as the Basara daimyo (feudal lord); the term 'Basara' was associated with a school of Japanese aesthetics that challenged traditional ideals during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

古画の模写と写生を基礎にし、諸派を折衷し南北合体の画風を目指した。
Based on copies and sketches of ancient paintings and sketching, he eclectically mixed painting of various schools and aimed at a mixed style of north and south.

これは外山が米国留学時に親しんだ南北戦争の軍歌の形を踏襲している。
Toyama copied the style of a Civil War song that he listened to while he was studying in the US.

油小路通（あぶらのこうじどおり）は京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
Abura-no-koji dori Street is one of the major north-south streets of Kyoto City.

都を南北に走り、首都正門羅城門に始まり、大内裏正門朱雀門に終わる。
The street running north-south started from the Capital's front gate of Rajomon Gate and finished at the front gate of Dai-dairi (place of the Imperial Palace and government offices) of Suzakumon Gate.

葛野大路（かどのおおじ）は、京都府京都市の主要な南北の通りの一つ。
The Kadonooji-dori Street is one of the major streets running north-south in Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

下鴨東通（しもがもひがしどおり）は京都市左京区の南北の通りの一つ。
Shimogamohigashi-dori Street is a street running south-north through Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

本項では八幡市の実証実験路線である八幡市南北線についても記述する。
This article also describes about the Yawata City North-South Bus Route established for testing and researching for the substantiative experiment.

宮域は、南北800メートル、東西500メートルくらいの範囲に収まる。
The palace fell within the range approximately measuring 800 meters from north to south and 500 meters from east to west.

この雁皮紙が鳥の子と称されるようになるのは、南北朝時代頃からである。
This ganpishi came to be called torinoko during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

紙に紋様をつける試みは中国の南北朝時代に始まり随・唐時代に発展した。
Efforts to put patterns on paper began in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China and developed further during the age of the Sui and the Tang.

うどんを表現する表記の文献初出は南北朝時代の「ウトム」であるという。
Udon noodles first appeared in literature during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) by the name of 'Utom,' he also said.

以後、九州も南北朝時代 (日本)の争乱に巻き込まれていくことになる。
After that, Kyushu was also gradually involved in the disturbance in the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

京都市と奈良市を結ぶ国道24号が南北に横断し、両市のほぼ中間にある。
The National Route 24, connecting Kyoto City and Nara City, runs north-south; Joyo City is located between the two cities.

西部は外秩父山地の外縁となっており、南北に八王子構造線が貫いている。
The western part is the outer edge of Sotochichibu Mountains, and the Hachioji geotectonic line runs through it from north to south.

樫原は南北に通じる物集女街道、東西にのびる山陰街道の結節点にあたる。
The Mozume Kaido Road running north-south and the Sanin Kaido Road running east-west join in Katagihara.

しかし成立間もない室町幕府は南北朝の動乱のなか財政的余裕はなかった。
However the Muromachi Bakufu, which had just been established, did not have sufficient financial ability under the disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.

南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代_(日本)まで内部紛争を繰り返した。
The clan was subject to repeated internal conflicts from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Warring States period (Japan).

尊氏は再び京都を占領し、後醍醐天皇は吉野に逃れ南北朝時代に突入した。
Takauji again took over Kyoto causing the Emperor Godaigo to flee to Yoshino, and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts started.

梁 (南朝)様式（南北朝時代 (中国)様式）…新羅・百済経由で伝播。
Liang style (Southern Dynasty) (a style from the Northern and Southern Dynasties period)・・・introduced into Japan via Silla and Baekje.

室町幕府は南北朝時代 (日本)に関東統治のため鎌倉府を設置していた。
The Muromachi bakufu had established the Kamakura Government to rule the Kanto regions in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (Japan).

通常ただ「鶴屋南北」または「南北」といえば、この四代目のことをさす。
Generally, the name of 'Nanboku TSURUYA' or 'Nanboku' refers to this fourth.

後醍醐天皇は吉野で南朝 (日本)を開いて南北朝時代 (日本)となる。
Emperor Godaigo established the Southern Court (Japan) in Yoshino and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts began.

新丸太町通（しんまるたまちどおり）は京都市左京区の南北の通りの一つ。
Shinmarutamachi-dori Street is a street running north-south through Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

南北戦争の前年に廃止論者により提供された、奴隷を逃すための秘密の援助
secret aid to escaping slaves that was provided by abolitionists in the years before the American Civil War

南北戦争中の南部連合軍の、または、南北戦争中の南部連合軍と関係がある
of or having to do with the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War

東西約500メートル、南北約400メートルの天険の地を城域としている。
The castle is situated on steep terrain, with an elevation of approximately 500m in the east and west, and approximately 400m in the north and south.

当初は密教（真言宗）の寺院で、禅宗寺院になるのは南北朝時代以降である。
Initially, it was founded as a temple of Esoteric Buddhism (Shingon Sect) and became a Zen Sect temple after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

曇鸞（どんらん、tán-luán）は、中国南北朝時代 (中国)の僧侶。
Tan-luan was a Buddhist monk who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China.

その後、文化・文政期に鶴屋南北が江戸において多くの作品を創作している。
Afterward in the Bunka-Bunsei era, 'Nanboku TSURUYA' created many works of Kabuki Kyogen in Edo.

この作品には、若き南北も五枚目の戯作者として上演に参加したと言われる。
It is said that young Nanboku also participated in the play as a writer of popular stories, whose name was written in the fifth line (the fifth most important) of the advertisement board.

後醍醐天皇は12月21日に吉野に逃れて南朝を設立して南北朝が成立する。
Emperor Godaigo escaped to Yoshino on December 21, then established the Southern Court, this was the beginning of the Southern Court.

聖助法親王（せいじょほっしんのう、生没年不詳）は、南北朝時代の法親王。
Monk Imperial Prince Seijo (date of birth and death unknown) was the Monk Imperial Prince during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

明治44年（1911年）には、国定教科書問題・南北朝正閏論争があった。
In 1911, an issue of government-designated textbooks and an argument on the legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty emerged.

南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房、幕末の岩倉具視も村上源氏の支流である。
Chikafusa KITABATAKE, during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and Tomomi IWAKURA, from the end of the Edo period, also belonged to branch families of Murakami-Genji.

市の西部を国道24号が南北に通り、東西には京滋バイパスが通過している。
The National Highway 24 runs north-south in the west of the city, while the Keiji Bypass runs east-west.

現在の京阪中書島駅を中心とした地域であり、南北に竹田街道が通っている。
It was an area centered in present-day Keihan Chushojima Station, and the Takeda-kaido Road passes through north to south.

近世以来、南北朝のいずれが正統かをめぐって南北朝正閏論が行われてきた。
Starting in more recent years, debate has been raging over which lineage, that of the Southern or Northern Court, is legitimate (called the Nanbokucho seijunron in Japanese).
Since the start of the modern era, the Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron debate over which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was legitimate has continued.

王家は両統迭立の時代から南北朝並立の時代へはっきりと転換したのである。
The Imperial family made a clear transition from the Ryoto tetsuritsu era to the Northern and Southern Dynasties era.

標高432.9メートル、南北に伸びる繖（きぬがさ）山の山上に築かれる。
It was built on Mt. Kinugasa, stretched from the north to the south, and was 432.9 meters in height.

その後、柳生氏は南北朝の動乱期を生き抜き、柳生の国人として根を下ろす。
After that, the Yagyu clan survived the disturbance of Northern and Southern Dynasties and then, settled as the local lord of Yagyu.

足利直義（あしかがただよし）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

1階南北コンコース横（西側）にテナントスペース「ビエラ福知山」がある。
A tenancy space, Vierra Fukuchiyama, is located on the ground floor of the western side of the north-south concourse.

そのため、純粋に南北方向に走っている寺町通・御幸町通とは交差している。
Thus it intersects Teramachi-dori Street and Gokomachi-dori Street, which run completely north-south.

桜馬場通（さくらのばんばどおり）は、京都市左京区内の南北の通りの一つ。
Sakuranobanba-dori Street is a street running from north to south in Sakyo Ward in Kyoto City.

この国には四人の魔女がおり、それぞれ東西南北に住む人々を支配しておる。
There were four of them in this country, and they ruled the people who live in the North and South and East and West.

南北戦争後の米国南部において無教育な白人に公民権を与えるために使われた
used to enfranchise illiterate whites in south after the American Civil War

南北戦争の前に、これらのすべての州では綿を生産し、奴隷制度を認めていた
prior to the American Civil War all these states produced cotton and permitted slavery

これらは四代目鶴屋南北、河竹黙阿弥らにより江戸風のアレンジが加えられた。
Nanboku TSURUYA IV, Mokuami KAWATAKE and others added arrangements as the Edo style.

大津市の市域は、琵琶湖の南西岸から南岸にかけて南北に細長く広がっている。
The city area of Otsu City stretches from the southwest coast to the south coast of Lake Biwa, long and thinly from north to south.

南北朝合一時に国衙領がほとんど残っていなかったのはこのような背景による。
Because of this, by the time the Northern and Southern Courts were unified, almost no kokuga (public) territories remained.

鎌倉時代中期から南北朝時代 (日本)までを中心に、主に西日本で見られた。
Shitaji chubun was implemented mainly in the western part of Japan from the mid-Kamakura period to the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

そうした恩賞のあり方は南北朝時代や室町時代を通じて、基本的に踏襲された。
Such a practice of rewards essentially continued into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代 (日本)末期には組織・役職としては消滅したと考えられている。
They were thought to have disappeared as an organization and post during the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

櫻田兵蔵 → 澤兵蔵 →（初代）勝俵蔵 → 四代目鶴屋南北（初代姥尉輔）
Hyozo SAKURADA -> Hyozo SAWA -> (the first) Hyozo KATSU -> (the fourth) Nanboku TSURUYA (the first Josuke UBA)

1392年（明徳3年・元中9年）には南北朝合一に向けての交渉にあたった。
In 1392, he conducted negotiations aimed at unifying the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北は六条通から花屋町通という距離も短く、あまり知られてない通りである。
It is a short and relatively unknown street sandwiched by Hanayacho-dori Street and Rokujo-dori Street at its northern and southern ends.

勾当内侍（こうとうのないし）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家の女性である。
Koto no naishi was a female court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代に千家・北島の両家に分裂したが、現在も出雲大社社家として存続。
Izumo no Kuni no miyatsuko was divided into the Senge family and the Kitajima family during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and both families have been survived as the hereditary priestly families.

南北戦争の北軍勢力を意味するのに使用される（青いユニフォームを着用した）
used to signify the Union forces in the American Civil War (who wore blue uniforms)

御土居の囲む範囲は南北約8.5km、東西約3.5kmの縦長の形をしている。
It encircles a rectangular area that measures about 8.5 km from north to south and about 3.5 km from east to west.

その広さは、東西15.7メートル、南北16.51メートルと想定されている）
It is supposed that these stones covered an area of 15.7m in the east-west direction and 16.51m in the north-south direction.

中世に約500年間井伊谷の庄を治め、南北朝時代 (日本)は南朝方に属した。
The Ii clan governed the Iinoyanosyo for approximately 500 years during the Middle Ages, and during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Ii clan belonged to the Southern Court.

また南北朝合一を斡旋して功績があり、足利氏一門の待遇を受けるまでになった。
Yoshihiro also had the merit of having helped mediate the unification of the two courts, and reached the point that he was treated with the same honors as a relative of the Ashikaga clan itself.

建武政権は崩壊し、南朝 (日本)に零落し、南北朝時代 (日本)へ突入する。
The Kenmu government collapsed and came down to the Southern Court (Japan), then it entered into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北3町（約330m）、東西2町半（約275m）の広大な寺域を有していた。
The temple occupied a large area of three blocks in the north-south direction (about 330 m) and two and a half blocks in the east-west direction (about 275 m).

そして南北朝時代 (日本)以後には守護が令制国の支配権を得るようになった。
Then, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Shugo came to take control of the provinces.

鎌倉時代末期の作であろうとも南北朝時代 (日本)末期の作であろうともいう。
It is said that the original picture scroll was made at the end of Kamakura period or towards the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

この時、桐野が人吉を中心に南北に両翼を張る形で薩軍を以下の通りに配置した。
On this occasion, KIRINO organized the Satsuma army with the both flanks extending in the north-south direction from Hitoyoshi in the center as below.

南北朝時代 (日本)ごろから、和歌は僧侶や武士を中心に詠まれるようになる。
Since around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, waka poetry came to be composed mainly by Buddhist monks and warriors.

「東北戦争」が長引けば、日本は再び“南北朝時代”に突入する可能性があった。
It would have been possible to revert to 'the period of the Northern and Southern Courts' again in Japan if 'Tohoku War' were extended.

鶴屋南北 (4代目) (1755–1829) が合巻を書く際に使った筆名。
It is a pen name which Nanboku TSURUYA (the fourth) (1755-1829) used when he wrote gokan (bound-together volumes of illustrated books).

南北朝期の武将であり、在地化を進め、島津氏の守護大名としての基礎を作った。
He was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, and he built the foundation for the feudal lordship of the Shimazu clan by pushing forward the system of land localizations.

上杉憲房（うえすぎのりふさ）は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Norifusa UESUGI was a busho (Japanese military commander) lived during Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

金堂の基壇は、塔と同じ瓦積基壇で東西が22.5m、南北が17.2mあった。
Like the pagoda, the foundation stone of the main hall is a stacked-tile podium measuring 22.5 m east to west and 17.2 m north to south.

寺域は六条大路の南側にも伸び、東西3町、南北5町に及ぶ広大なものであった。
The temple has a large dimensions extending up to the south of Rokujo-oji Street and measured 3 cho from east to west and 5 cho from north to south.

長い肢と尾を持つ南北アメリカの温帯地域にすむ大型でとさかのある樹上性の猟鳥
large crested arboreal game bird of warm parts of the Americas having long legs and tails

南北戦争後、主に私欲のために再建政策を支持した南部白人（通常私利のために）
a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction policies after the American Civil War (usually for self-interest)

如拙（じょせつ、生没年不詳）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期の画僧。
Josetsu (the years of his birth and death was unknown) was an artist-monk from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the middle of the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代の戦火によって、多くの建物が焼失し、その後急速に荒廃していった。
However, with the fires from battle and conflicts between the southern and the northern courts, many buildings were burnt down and after that Toba rapidly came to ruin.

南北朝合一の際、北朝 (日本)側は恒敦を後小松天皇の皇太子とする約束をした。
At the time of the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts, the Northern Court promised to make Tsuneatsu as the Crown Prince of Emperor Gokomatsu.

南北朝時代 (日本)後期、正親町三条実継の次男の大納言三条西公時を祖とする。
During the period of the late Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the original forefather was Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Kintoki SANJONISHI, who was the second son of Sanetsugu OGIMACHISANJO.

南北朝時代_(日本)の山科教言以後、代々内蔵頭を輩出して朝廷財政を運営した。
From the time of Noritoki YAMASHINA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family produced kuranokami, heads of kuraryo (a kind of finance ministry in the Ritsuryo system), for generations and managed the finances of the Imperial Court.

南北朝期以降堂上家のなかに、時の天皇との親疎により内々・外様の区別が出来た。
Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, discrimination between 'nainai' and 'tozama' was created according to the closeness to the then current emperor.

極端な例としては、南北朝時代 (日本)の中御門宗重（宗雅の曾孫）の例がある。
An extreme example of this was Muneshige NAKAMIKADO (a grandson of Munemasa), who lived during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

鎌倉時代に家季・季範・顕範と三代に亘り公卿に列したが、南北朝時代に断絶した。
During the Kamakura period three generations, namely Iesue, Suenori, and Akinori, all were ranked among the court nobility, but in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts their family line died out.

現在は南部に比べて宅地開発などが遅れており、「南北格差」を主張する声がある。
The southern part is more advanced than the northern part in housing-land development, and some say there is 'a gap between North and South.'

北朝 (日本) - 日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都にあった持明院統の朝廷。
'Northern Court' refers to the Imperial Court of the Jimyoin lineage, located in Kyoto, that existed during Japan's Nanbokucho (Northern and Southern Courts) period.

魏晋南北朝時代、五代十国時代、南宋時代のように中国が南北の勢力で分割された。
There were several periods in China when it was divided by the powers of north and south such as Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao periods, Wudai Shiguo period and Southern Sung period.

鎌倉府は南北朝時代 (日本)に室町幕府が関東統治のために設置した機関である。
Kamakurafu was an organization set up by the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun in the Muromachi period) in order to rule the Kanto region in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

現在目に出来るものは、南北朝時代に描かれた絵巻の、詞書のみを書き出したもの。
The current one was written by extracting only Kotobagaki (captions) of Emaki (picture scroll) drawn in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

石塔義房（いしどうよしふさ、生没年不詳）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yoshifusa ISHIDO (date of birth and death unknown) was a military commander in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

山名義幸（やまなよしゆき、生没年不詳）は南北朝時代 (日本)の守護大名。
Yoshiyuki YAMANA (date of birth and death unknown) was a shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

近江国甲賀郡の出で、甲賀二十一家の山中氏の庶流（南北朝時代に分かれている）。
He was from Koga County of Omi Province; His family was a branch of the Yamanaka family which was one of 21 Koga families (the branch family had been split up in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).

一忠（いっちゅう、生没年不詳）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に活躍した田楽能役者。
Icchu (year of birth and death unknown) was a Dengaku (refer to the descriptions below) and Noh player who was active in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).

南北朝時代には南朝の後村上天皇・長慶天皇・後亀山天皇の行在所が置かれていた。
In the period of the Northern and the Southern Courts (Japan), an Anzaisho (a temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit) for the emperors of the Southern Court, Emperor Gomurakami, Emperor Chokei and Emperor Gokameyama, was placed here.

安居院唱導教団の著作とされ、南北朝時代 (日本)中期に成立したとされている。
It is thought that the book was written by the Agui shodo school in the mid period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan.)

神器という言い方が一般化したのは南北朝時代 (日本)ごろからと言われている。
It is said that the term 'Jingi' became common around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

アメリカ人の司令官で、南北戦争で南部連合軍を率いた（1807年−1870年）
American general who led the Confederate Armies in the American Civil War (1807-1870)

この雁皮紙が鳥の子と称されるようになるのは、南北朝時代 (日本)頃からである。
This ganpishi became to be called torinoko since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

そのように、南北の作劇術の才能が溢れた作品で、「四谷怪談」とともに評価が高い。
Therefore it can be said that in this play Nanboku's talent of writing plays was manifested, and it is well appreciated as much as 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan.'

姓氏調査の基本図書のひとつで、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代初期に完成した。
It is one of the basic books for research and investigation of family names, and was completed over a period spanning from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the beginning of the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代_(日本)には南朝_(日本)の廷臣として活躍した四条隆資が出ている。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family produced Takasue SHIJO, who was active as a courtier of the Southern Court.

南北朝時代 (日本)末期に日野時光の三男、准大臣日野西資国によって創設される。
This family was founded by Sukekuni HINONISHI, Jun-daijin (Vice Minister), the third son of Tokimitsu HINO, at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)に於いては南朝方の後醍醐天皇に味方し、新田義貞軍に組した。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, they took sides with Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court, and jointed the army of Yoshisada NITTA.

南北朝合一後に後南朝の武将としても楠木正秀や楠木光正ら楠木氏一族が確認できる。
Even after the unification of the Courts, Kusunoki families continued to be active, producing some of the notable figures such as Masahide KUSUNIKI and Mitsumasa KUSUNOKI, who served as military commanders of Gonancho (Second Southern Court).

これが基となって朝廷に縁を持ち、南北朝時代には光厳天皇が山国郷に一寺を開いた。
This brought about a relationship between the area and the imperial court, leading to the founding of a temple in Yamaguni-go by Emperor Kogon.

南北朝期にはばさら大名で有名な佐々木道誉（高氏）が出て京極家の勢威を伸ばした。
Doyo (Takauji) SASAKI from the Kyogoku clan, famous as 'Basara Daimyo' (a foppery feudal lord) made the Kyogoku clan more influential in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

その後、南北朝時代 (日本)に大番役が廃れ、旧来の大犯三箇条の解釈が変わった。
Then, Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) was abolished during the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and the conventional interpretation of Taibon Sankajo had been changed.

長い間続いた南北朝時代 (日本)の中で兵糧確保のために出された半済令であった。
The Hanzeirei was enforced in order to secure provisions for the army under the long-lasting conflict with the Northern and Southern Courts.

西晋が滅亡した後も南北朝時代 (中国)の諸王朝によって律令が制定・公布された。
After the downfall of the Western Jin Dynasty, each dynasty in China during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties proclaimed and enacted Luli of its own.

また、南北戦争時にエイブラハム・リンカーン大統領の軍事顧問的立場にあった軍人。
He served as military man acting as a military adviser for Abraham LINCOLN during the Civil War.

斯波氏経（しばうじつね、生没年不詳）は南北朝時代 (日本)の斯波氏の人物。
Ujitsune SHIBA (years of birth and death unknown) was a person who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

楠木正季（くすのきまさすえ）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Masasue KUSUNOKI was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

2008年中に南北自由通路を南または南西に八条通を跨ぐ形で延伸する計画がある。
It is scheduled to extend the existing Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro to south or southwest over Hachijo-dori Street within 2008.

この駅上を南北に走る通り名が東山通（東大路通）であることに由来すると思われる。
The station is named after Higashiyama-dori Street (or Higashioji Street), which runs from north to south above the station.

2008年（平成20年）6月14日予定 - 橋上化開業および南北自由通路完成。
June 14, 2008: The station building is due to reopen as one centering its second-floor functions, and a free passage between the north and south entrance of the station is due to be completed.

南北戦争（グレーのユニフォームを着た）の中の南部連盟の力を示すために使用される
used to signify the Confederate forces in the American Civil War (who wore grey uniforms)

さらに、南北時代には貴族が住宅を喜捨して、そのまま寺院となったものが多く現れた。
Furthermore, during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) there were many cases where aristocrats donated their houses, which then became temples.

全体を囲う外郭は南北422メートル、東西428メートルで、材木塀と大溝からなる。
The surrounding structure is 422m long from south to north, 428m from east to west and consists of a lumber wall and a big ditch.

墳丘は現在東西約58メートル、南北径45メートル、高さ9メートルの円墳状である。
The tumulus is round-shaped measuring approximately 58 meters in length from east to west, 45 meters in length from north to south and nine meters in height.

覚如（かくにょ）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての浄土真宗の僧。
Kakunyo was a Buddhist monk of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) who was active from the end Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

存覚（ぞんかく）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての浄土真宗の僧。
Zonkaku was a Buddhist priest of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

だが、南北朝時代 (日本)以後の貴族社会の衰退とともに宿曜道も没落の道を辿った。
However, Sukuyodo went to ruin in accordance with a decline of the noble society after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

中国・南北朝時代 (中国)の宋 (南朝)の天文学者・何承天が編纂した暦法である。
It is rekiho (method of making calendars) organized by He Chengtian, an astronomer in Song (Southern Dynasty) during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China).

鶴屋南北作東海道四谷怪談が初演された文政8年（1825）7月26日を記念する日。
July 26 is the anniversary of the day on which Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan, written by Nanboku TSURUYA, was first performed in 1825.

日本における南北朝時代（なんぼくちょうじだい）とは、中世の時代区分の1つである。
The Nanbokucho era (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) in Japan refers to one subsection of medieval Japanese history.

二つの朝廷が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)は1392年まで続き、北朝に統一された。
The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), during which two courts simultaneously existed, lasted until 1392, whereupon the Southern Court was unified into the Northern Court.

南北朝時代 (日本)期以降、特に戦国 (日本)期に国衙領の衰退とともに消滅した。
The practice disappeared with the decline of the Kokugaryo after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), especially during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

遊庭秘抄（ゆうていひしょう）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に書かれた御子左流蹴鞠の書。
Yuteihisho is a book of kemari (Japanese ancient Imperial court game like kick-ball) of Mikohidari school that was written during the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

後宇多天皇の時に成立し、鎌倉時代末から南北朝時代 (日本)初期まで書き継がれた。
It was completed during the reign of Emperor Gouda, and had been written from the late Kamakura period to the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

一色直氏（いっしきなおうじ（又はただうじ））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Naouji ISSHIKI was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

尊氏になると、南北朝の時代になっており、お互いを正当な政権であると主張していた。
At the time of Takauji, the Northern and Southern Courts both claimed to be the legitimate governments.

南北戦争の間の境界州、ミズーリは組合から実際に脱退することなく、同盟に加えられた
a border state during the American Civil War, Missouri was admitted to the Confederacy without actually seceding from the Union

この地に東西1.5キロメートル、南北1キロメートルの区域を占めた離宮がつくられた。
The villa was built in this place, occupying an area of 1.5km in the east-west direction and 1km in the north-south direction.

その周辺を南北100メートル以上、東西約100メートルの掘立柱の塀で囲まれている。
The building is surrounded by the moat, and its length is more than 100 meters from north to south and approximately 100 meters from east to west, where the hottate-bashira columns were erected.

南北朝時代の近衛経忠は北朝の光明天皇の関白であったが、出奔して吉野朝廷に参加した。
Tsunetada KONOE was the Chancellor for Emperor Komyo of the Northern Court, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, he ran way and joined the Yoshino Imperial Court.

西洞院大路の西・大炊御門大路の北にあった南北2町（後4町）の大規模な邸宅であった。
It was a huge residence located west of Nishinotoin Oji street and north of Oinomikado Oji street, the size was approx. 218m from north to south (later it was enlarged to approx. 436m).

南北朝時代、冷泉為尹の長男冷泉為之の上冷泉家と、次男冷泉持為の下冷泉家に分かれた。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family split into two families, the Kami Reizei family of Tameyuki REIZEI, the first son of Tamehiro REIZEI, and the Shimo Reizei family of Mochitame REIZEI, the second son of Temehiro REIZEI.

西隣の京都市との境には比叡山が南北に走り、山を挟んで向かい合う同市との関係が深い。
Mt. Hiei runs north-south in the border with Kyoto City to the west, and the relationship with Kyoto City, which lies across the mountain, is deep.

東西に約15キロメートル、南北に約30キロメートルの面積を持ち、菱形をなしている。
It has an area of approximately fifteen kilometers from east to west, and approximately thirty kilometers from north to south, and is rhomboid-shaped.

南北朝時代から賀名生ウメ林が有名であり、明治以降は実を収穫するための植林もされた。
Ano bairin (the forest of Japanese plums in Gojo City in Nara Prefecture) was famous ever since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; after the Meiji period, plum trees were planted for harvesting plums.

南北朝時代は美術史的には過渡期ととらえられ、鎌倉時代に含めて論じられることが多い。
From the perspective of art history, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is deemed the transitional period, so its art is commonly mentioned in the art of the Kamakura period.

もっとも時代が降るのは東京・普済寺の「石幢」で、南北朝時代_(日本)のものである。
The item dated closest to modern times is the Sekido (stone structure) of Fusai-ji Temple in Tokyo, which dates from Japan's period of Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の兵庫津には、東大寺領の北関と興福寺領の南関が設けられていた。
In Hyogo no tsu during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kitaseki in Todai-ji Temple territory and Minamiseki in Kofuku-ji Temple territory were set up.

なお朝鮮半島では1946年に南北朝鮮で切手が発行されるまで日本切手の使用が続いた。
Japanese postal stamps were used in Korean Peninsula until North and South Korea issued their own postal stamps in 1946.

“南部政権”たる新政府と“北部政権”たる北部政府との、事実上の“南北戦争”である。
The new government of the 'West regime' and the North Government of the 'North regime' were in effect, 'the Nanboku War.'

六地蔵駅から山科駅までは伏見区東部・山科区を京都外環状線の地下を通って南北に走る。
The line between Rokujizo Station and Yamashina Station runs in a north-south direction through the underground of the Kyoto Outer Loop Expressway in eastern Fushimi Ward and Yamashina Ward.

計画のみとしても3塔を配置する例は無く、2塔でも南北に配置する古代寺院は他に無い。
The plan of these pagodas might not have been completed, but even so, there are no other ancient temples with three pagodas, or with two pagodas lying in north-south direction.

明治時代には、南北両朝の皇統の正統性をめぐる南北朝正閏論と呼ばれる論争が起こった。
In the Meiji Period, a dispute called 'Nanbokucho-Seijunron' occurred where both the Northern and Southern dynasties argued over the legitimacy of the imperial line.

南北朝時代には、諸国の政治・軍事は国元に腰を据えている領主たちによって動かされた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), provincial politics and military affairs were led by feudal lords based in the province.

米国の作家で、南北戦争の間の南部についての小説で知られる（1900年−1949年）
United States writer noted for her novel about the South during the American Civil War (1900-1949)

南北戦争の間、リンカーン大統領によって創造された科学者の名誉を記念するアメリカ学会
an honorary American society of scientists created by President Lincoln during the American Civil War

米国の作詞作曲家で、その歌は南北戦争前の南部の感情を表す（1826年−1864年）
United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864)

米国の海軍大将で、アメリカ南北戦争の時に北軍の船を率いた（1801年−1870年）
United States admiral who commanded Union ships during the American Civil War (1801-1870)

南北朝時代の1336年（建武3）に南朝に味方した豪族によって築城されたと伝えられる。
This castle was built in 1336 by a powerful local family who supported Nancho (the Southern Emperor's forces) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

建物の規模は九間四面（母屋（もや）が南北五間・東西二間で四方に廂、東に孫廂がある）。
The scale of the building is nine rooms and four sides (main housing has five rooms in the core north to south, two east to west, and hisashi (aisle room) on all sides and magohisashi (a narrow additional aisle room) on the east).

そして以後、斎宮または斎院から准母立后を経て女院となる内親王が南北朝時代まで続いた。
Since then, imperial princesses, who became Nyoin via the conferral of Junbo (a status that is equivalent to the Emperor's birth mother) and Ritsugo (the investiture of the Empress) after being Saigu or Saiin, continued to appear until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

規模：全長96m、後円部（主丘部）東西59メートル、南北45メートル、不整形円形。
Size: 96 meters in full length, the back circular part (the main mound) 59 meters from east to west, 45 meters from north to south, irregular circle shaped.

南北朝時代 (中国)、南朝 (中国)の儒学を南学、北朝 (中国)の儒学を北学という。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), Ju-gaku in the Southern Dynasty (China) was called south learning, and Ju-gaku in the Northern Dynasty (China) was called north learning.

盟三五大切（かみかけてさんごたいせつ）は、鶴屋南北 (4代目)による歌舞伎狂言。
Kamikakete sango taisetsu was a kabuki kyogen play written by Nanboku TSURUYA (the fourth)

三条通一筋下ルから四条通まで、鴨川と木屋町通の間を南北に走る、石畳の狭い通りである。
Ponto-cho is a narrow stone-paved street running between the Kamo-gawa River and Kiyamachi-dori Street from Sanjo-dori Hitosuji Kudaru to Shijo-dori Street.

加悦谷を南北に流れる野田川が、日本三景の一つである天橋立の内海（阿蘇海）に注ぎ込む。
Noda-gawa River runs through Kayadani from north to south runs into the inland sea (Aso-kai) of Amanohashidate, and is one of the three most scenic spots in Japan.

東西480メートル、南北200メートル、標高は最高点で48,3メートルとなっている。
It is 480 m in the east-west direction and 200 m in the north-south direction, with its highest point reaching an altitude of 48.3 m.

南北朝時代 (日本)の法勝寺の火災も近くの民家火災によるとされている（『太平記』）。
It is considered that the fire which burnt Hossho-ji Temple in the Northern and Southern Court period was caused by the fire from a house nearby (according to 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace)--a Chronicle of Medieval Japan).

皇代暦（こうだいれき）は、南北朝時代_(日本)から室町時代にかけてに書かれた年代記。
Kodaireki is a chronicle written between the Period of Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.

その区画を南北に連ねた列を坊（ぼう）と呼び、東西に並んだ区画を条（じょう）と呼んだ。
Each column of these sections running from north to south was called a 'bo' and each row running from east to west was called a 'jo.'

中国の南北朝時代 (中国)、北周は長安を都とし東方の洛陽を陪都とする複都制をとった。
In the period of the Northern and the Southern courts in China, Northern Zhou adopted multi-capital system and located the capital in Changan and a secondary capital city in Luoyang in eastern China.

源威集（げんいしゅう）は、南北朝時代 (日本)後期（14世紀後半）に書かれた軍記物。
Genisyu was a military epic written in the late period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (in the latter half of the 14th century).

嘉喜門院（かきもんいん、生没年未詳）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の女院・女流歌人である。
Kakimon-in (dates of birth and death unknown) was Nyoin (a title of respect given to close female relatives of the Emperor) and a female waka poet in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

『保暦間記』（ほうりゃくかんき）は日本の中世、南北朝時代 (日本)に成立した歴史書。
'Horyakukanki' is a history book which was completed during the Japanese middle ages, the Northern and Southern Dynasties period.

後の南北朝時代 (日本)から登場する進氏は紀氏の後裔と称し、成盛をその祖としている。
The Shin clan, who appeared later in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), called themselves the descendants of the Ki clan and called Narimori their ancestor.

その南北朝の騒乱の最中、吉川経盛の従兄弟・吉川経兼とその子の吉川経見は南朝方に帰順。
Amid the mayhem of the conflicts between the Northern and the Southern courts, a cousin of Tsunemori KIKKAWA, Tsunekane KIKKAWA and his son, Tsunemi KIKKAWA became allegiant to the Southern Court.

風林火山の旗印は信玄より200年ほど前の南北朝時代に北畠顕家が陣旗として使っていた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, which was about 200 years earlier than the period of Shingen, the banner was used by Akiie KITABATAKE as a Jinki (the flag for a camp) containing the emblem, Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan (風林火山).

新田義貞（にったよしさだ）は、鎌倉時代末期の御家人、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yoshisada NITTA was a gokenin (immediate vassal of shogunate) during the last stage of the Kamakura period as well as a busho (military commander) in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

地下鉄でのホームドアの採用は東京地下鉄南北線に次いで、当路線が日本国内2例目である。
The Tozai Line of Kyoto Municipal Subway is the second subway line on which platform doors were adopted, after the Nanboku Line of Tokyo Metro.

同じく下鴨を南北に貫く下鴨東通・下鴨中通・下鴨西通と異なり4車線と広く直線的である。
The street runs wide and straight with four car lanes, which differs from the other streets running north-south from Shimogamo, such as Shimogamohigashi-dori Street, Shimogamonaka-dori Street, and Shimogamonishi-dori Street.

2008年10月19日八幡市南北線の運行開始（2009年3月31日まで実施予定）。
On October 19, 2008, the Yawata City North-South Bus Route began its operation (it was publicly operated as a real-world evaluation until March 31, 2009.)

その後次々と堂舎が建てられ、その規模は東西２町・南北３町に及び、伽藍は豪壮を極めた。
He went on to construct successive structures to create a grand temple complex that measured approximately 327m from north to south and 218m from east to west.

寺域は南北4町（約440メートル）、東西2町（約220メートル）と南北に細長かった。
The temple site was long and slender in the north and south direction with about 440 meters in north and south and about 220 meters in east and west.

寺域が東西160メートル・南北250メートルの約4万平方メートルに及ぶ大規模なもの。
It was a large-scale temple which had a field dimension of about 40 thousand sq.m and measured 160 m from east to west and 250 m from north to south.

南北朝時代、後醍醐天皇が吉野に移り、南朝を興したのにも、こうした軍事的背景があった。
This military background lay behind the Emperor Godaigo's establishment of the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo.

唐が中国を再統一すると、隋の二劉が示した南北儒学統一の流れを国家事業として推し進めた。
When Tang reunified China, the unification of the North and South strains of Confucianism presented by the two Ryu of Sui was promoted as a national project.

その円の東西南北4箇所に、徳俵（計4俵）と呼ばれる俵1つ分の出っ張りが設けられている。
The east, west, south, and north edges of the circle each have a bale set slightly backward, which is called Toku-dawara.

南北朝時代に中絶後、江戸時代初期に飛鳥井雅庸の子難波宗勝が再興し飛鳥井家庶流となった。
After the family line failed once during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the early Edo period Munekatsu NANBA, the child of Masatsune ASUKAI, re-established the family and became the side line of the House of Asukai.

しかし鎌倉時代に入ると、御子左家の興隆によって衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に断絶した。
However, during the Kamakura period, as the Mikohidari family flourished, the Rokujo family declined and finally became extinct during the period of the Northern and Southern courts (Japan).

畿内とは、東西南北の四至により画される範囲をいい、当時、畿内に令制国は置かれなかった。
'Kinai' means a tract demarcated by Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries) and no ryoseikoku was provided within Kinai at that time.

梅松論（ばいしょうろん）は、太平記と双璧をなす南北朝時代 (日本)の軍記物語・歴史書。
Baishoron is a Japanese war tale and a history of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) as great as the Taiheiki.

1392年、南北朝が足利義満によって統一されると、武朝は了俊と和睦して肥後へと戻った。
When the Northern and Southern courts were unified by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Taketomo made peace with Ryoshun and returned to Higo Province in 1392.

なお、南北朝時代 (日本)に懐良親王を擁した肥後国の豪族菊池氏は隆家の後裔と自称した。
Finally, the powerful Kikuchi clan of Higo Province, who supported Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) were self-styled descendants.

こうして南北朝時代が始まり、師基は、翌1337年（建武4年）1月に吉野朝廷に参内する。
The Period of the Northern and Southern Courts thus began and, in January of the following year 1337, Moromoto went to the Yoshino Imperial Court.

種子島氏は南北朝時代 (日本)から島津氏に属し、時尭は種子島氏の第十四代領主（島主）。
The Tanegashima clan belonged to the Shimazu clan since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and Tokitaka was the 14th feudal lord of the Tanegashima clan (the lord of the island).

楠木正綱（くすのきまさつな、1346年 - 没年不詳）は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Masatsuna KUSUNOKI (1346 - year of death unknown) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

現在では、道路照明灯、信号機、南北方向の交差道路の標柱などのデザインが統一されている。
Today in this section, the streetlights, traffic lights and signs guiding travelers to the north-south roads are of a unified design.

平安京の通りは東西、南北とも約120m間隔であり、京内は正方形状の町に区画されていた。
Both north-south and east-west roads in Heiankyo were arranged at intervals of about 120 meters, dividing Kyoto into square-shaped administrative districts.

南北から北北西-南南東方向に約20度傾いて設置されているところから、筋違道と呼ばれた。
The road was called Sujikaimichi Road (diagonal road) because it was oblique in the north-northwest to the south-southeast direction by about 20 degrees from the north-south line.

杉やカエデが鬱蒼と茂る池泉回遊式庭園で、明治期に改修されているが南北朝時代の姿も残す。
This Japanese style garden with a path around a central pond features thick Japanese cedar and maple trees and retains its Northern and Southern Court period appearance despite having been renovated during the Meiji period.

伽藍配置は南を正面として、東西棟の金堂の東側に、南北に3基の塔を並べる設計とみられる。
It seems that the complex was designed to be oriented to the south, and on the east of Kondo (main hall) which was supposed to be the structure lying east and west, three pagodas were planned to be constructed in a row in a north-south direction.

『ジョニー』は、南部同盟の軍人へのあだ名として南北戦争で連邦政府の軍人によって使われた
`Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War

石室は凝灰岩の切石を組み立てたもので、南側に墓道があり、南北方向に長い平面をもっている。
The stone chamber consists of layers of tuff cut stones with a corridor to the grave in the south and a plane stretching north-south.

その年代は前漢代から魏晋南北朝時代までにわたったが、その数はせいぜい数百本程度であった。
The ages of mokkans ranged from the Former Han period to the Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao period, but the amount was not more than several hundreds.

五辻宮（いつつじのみや）は鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代のころまで存在していた宮家の一つ。
The Itsutsujinomiya family is one of the households of Imperial princes that existed in the late Kamakura Period to the early Southern and Northern Court period.

南北朝時代以降、皇后の冊立が絶え、その間は皇后宮・中宮の呼称も用いられることがなかった。
The empresses were not installed after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the names of Kisai no miya and chugu were not used.

南北朝時代には公宗の子西園寺実俊が北朝 (日本)に仕えて右大臣にのぼり、家名を再興する。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Kinmune's son Sanetoshi SAIONJI served Hokucho (Japan) and rose to the post of minister of the right, whereby the family name was restored.

南北朝時代 (日本)に一時分裂したが、北朝 (日本)方二条良基のもとで勢力を取り戻した。
The Nijo Family was once schismatized during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but it regained power under Yoshimoto NIJO, who was on the Northern Dynasty (Japan) side.

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると家督争いが起こり、当主・大内弘幸と叔父の鷲頭長広が抗争した。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a succession dispute arose, and the family head, Hiroyuki OUCHI conflicted with his uncle, Nagahiro WASHIZU.

京内は東西南北に走る大路・小路によって40丈（約120m）四方の「町」に分けられていた。
The inner capital was subdivided into 'Machi/Cho' (town) of approx. 120 sq. meter by Oji (main avenue) and Koji (small alley) which ran east-west and north-south.

網野善彦は職能民など非農民層に着目し、南北朝時代が日本史の転換期にあたると主張している。
Yoshihiko AMINO focused on people with occupations other than farmers and suggested that the Nanbokucho period was a transitional time in Japanese history.

それが変化してくるのは、鎌倉時代も終わった南北朝時代 (日本)、『太平記』の時代である。
This began to change in the period of 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the Kamakura period ended.

当時は南北朝時代 (日本)の内乱期であり、公事や朝儀は振るわず、歌道もその影響を受けた。
As Japan was in the state of civil war during the Northern and Southern period (Japan), kuji (political operations of the Imperial Court) and chogi (ceremonies at the Imperial Court) were inert at that time and the art of waka poetry was also affected.

藤原宮は、南北約600m、東西約240mにおよぶ日本で最大の規模を持つ朝堂院遺構である。
The Fujiwara Palace was Chodo-in (the main administration building) remnants which boasts the largest scale in Japan, about 600 meters from north to south and 240 meters from east to west.

「城内には、南北と東西に9条ずつの街路を交差させ、幅は車のわだち（8尺）の9倍とする。」
In the capital city, nine streets running east to west and nine streets running north to south were arranged in the grid pattern; moreover, the width of each street was set to be nine times that of a rut (242.4 centimeters).'

特に守護領国制や郷村制の形成が進んだ南北朝時代_(日本)以後によく見られるようになった。
It was often seen in and after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and the goson-sei (system of coalitions of villages) advanced.

北条時行（ほうじょうときゆき）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Tokiyuki HOJO was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

これに対し貞久は川上頼久らを薩摩に下向させ、南九州における南北朝の激戦が繰り広げられる。
To counter this, Sadahisa dispatched Yorihisa KAWAKAMI and others to Satsuma which sparked fierce battles between the Northern and Southern Dynasties in Southern Kyushu.

1536、龍王山にあった城を改修し、北側に新たに城を築いて南北一体の大規模な城を築いた。
1536: He reconstructed the castle at Ryuosan Mountain, and built another castle toward the north side and built the huge castle that combined North and Southern areas.

大森彦七盛長（おおもりひこしちもりなが）は、清和源氏に属する南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Morinaga Hikoshichi OMORI was a busho (Japanese military commander) of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

西大路通（にしおおじどおり）は、京都市中心市街地の西部に位置する主要な南北の通りの一つ。
The Nishioji-dori Street, located west of the heart of Kyoto City, is one of the major north-south streets running in Kyoto City.

これは、京都市電の南北方向の路線である大宮線、千本線（1972年廃止）の経路によるもの。
This is because the north-south line of Kyoto Municipal Streetcar, Omiya-sen and Senbon-sen (abolished in 1972) takes this route.

この両系統が対立したことが、後の南北朝時代 (日本)分裂につながったことはよく知られる。
The connection between the opposition of these two imperial lines and the later split into the Northern and Southern Court period is well known.

多神社を笠縫邑の位置と比定するなら、これら古墳が、鏡に映した様に南北及び東西が逆になる。
If O-jinja Shrine were to be the presumed location of Kasanuimura, these ancient tombs' locations would be a mirror image, with the south and the north, and the east and the west switched.

一般に講談などでは南北奉行所は互いにライバル関係にあり仲が悪かったかのように描写される。
It is generally depicted, for example, in storytelling, that the kita (north) bugyo-sho office and the minami (south) bugyo-sho office were in a rival relationship and didn't get along with each other.

「兆域東西五町、南北四町、陵戸五姻）・同大内陵（藤原宮にあめのしたしろしめしし持統天皇。」
The graveyard of the mausoleum measures five-cho (1 cho is approximately 109 meters) from east to west and four-cho from north to south with five pairs of Ryoko (imperial tomb guard)) and in the said Ouchi no Misasagi (in which Empress Jito who governed this country in Fujiwara Kyu Palace also rests.

墳丘は3段築成で、東西45.5メートル、南北42.2メートル、高さ約9.1メートルである。
The tumulus has the three stage construction and is 45.5 meters long in east and west, 42.2 meters long in north and south, and about 9.1 meters high.

1392年（元中9年）、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱を経て、南北朝和議の場として使用された。
The temple witnessed the upheaval of the Northern and Southern Courts period and in 1392 was used as the venue for peace negotiations between the Northern and Southern courts.

なお屋根の水引幕東西南北の中央に小さい房が下げられているが、これが房と言われるものである。
Small tassels called fusa are also hung from the central portion of the east, west, south, and north sides of the curtain (Mizuhiki-maku) on the hanging roof above the sumo ring.

奈良時代から南北朝時代には形状が不明であった索餅がこの時代を境に形状が解明されてきている。
The shape of sakubei, which had been unknown from the Nara period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, became clear during that time.

北朝（ほくちょう）とは、朝廷・王朝・国家などが南北に別れたとき、北側に所在するもののこと。
The term 'Northern Court' (hokucho in Japanese) describes the Japanese Imperial Court, dynasty, and government that broke off from the Southern Court and was located geographically north of its southern rival at Yoshino.

明徳3年（1392年）、南朝の後亀山天皇との和睦が成立し、神器は返還され南北朝合体が実現。
In 1392, peace was established with Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court and with the return of the Sacred Treasures, the Northern and Southern Courts were integrated.

日本では足利氏が奉じる京都の北朝と吉野朝廷（南朝）が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)であった。
In those days, Japan was in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the Northern Court in Kyoto supported by the Ashikaga clan confronted the Yoshino Court (the Southern Court).

北条高直（ほうじょうたかなお）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Takanao HOJO is a busho (Japanese military commander) over the end of the Kamakura period and the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝合一後の応永元年（1394年）には正四位下蔵人頭（頭弁）に任ぜられ、左中弁に転じる。
In 1394, after the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts, he was appointed Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and transferred to Sachuben (Middle Controller of the Left).

平安京の東の端、東京極大路であった寺町通に代わり、現在の市街地東端の南北幹線と認識される。
It is now recognized as the north-south arterial street that forms the eastern border of the current downtown, replacing Teramachi-dori Street (once called Higasikyogoku-oji Street) as the eastern end of Heiankyo.

京から高野山への参詣路として使用されるとともに、河内国を南北に貫く数少ない街道でもあった。
In addition to being the road for pilgrimage to Mount Koya, it was also one of the very few routes crossing Kawachi Province in the north-south direction.

これは、通常の禅宗寺院が原則として南を正面とし、南北に主要建物を並べるのとは異なっている。
The layout of Tenryu-ji Temple is contrary to the general layout of Zen temple grounds that face south with major buildings aligned along the north-south axis.

19世紀にアメリカで勃発した南北戦争についての驚くべき歴史を、船に乗って学んでみませんか。
Come discover the fascinating history of the Civil War that gripped the U.S. in the 19th century, while on a boat!

南北163メートルにおよぶ細長い建物で、参殿者の休所や、もてなし、拝謁等多目的に使用される。
It is a long and narrow building extending 163 m from north to south, which is used for multiple purposes, including lounge and places for hospitality and audience for visitors.

南北朝動乱において、北朝方に立った上杉氏は、越後国南部から南朝方に属した新田氏らを放逐した。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Uesugi clan supported the Northern Court and ousted the Nitta clan and others who supported the Southern Court from the southern part of Echigo Province.

そこでは天皇の居住空間に相当する区画は東西152～158メートル、南北197メートルである。
The area, which corresponds to the emperor's residence, stretches 152 to 158 meters from east to west and 197 meters from north to south.

1333年に鎌倉幕府が滅亡し、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代には政治的中心地は京都に移る。
The Kamakura shogunate fell in 1333 and, from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, the center of politics moved to Kyoto.

鶴屋南北 (4代目)（当時は勝諺蔵）作、1808年（文化 (元号)5年）7月江戸市村座初演。
It was written by Nanboku TSURUYA IV (at the time called Genzo KATSU) and first staged in July 1808 at the Edo Ichimura-za theater.

直仁親王は失意のうちに出家して父の御所であった萩原殿に隠退し、南北朝合一後にこの世を去った。
Imperial Prince Naohito was disappointed and became a priest; he retired into Hagiwaradono (Hagiwara palace), his father's palace, and passed away after the Southern and Northern courts were united.

『延喜式』諸陵によれば墓は｢三立岡墓」で、大和国広瀬郡にあり、東西6町南北4町で守戸はなし。
According to Shoryo (mausoleums) in 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), his tomb is 'Mitate no Oka no Haka' which is located in Hirose-gun County, Yamato Province and is six cho from east to west and four cho from north to south without Shuko (a guard in charge of the protection of a mausoleum).

彼らは、南北朝時代 (日本)に分岐した伏見宮系のいわゆる「旧皇族」よりも現皇室に親等が近い。
Kobetsu Sekke has a higher degree of kinship to the present Imperial Family than so-called 'the former imperial family' of Fushimi no miya lineage, which branched out in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の坊城定資の子・勧修寺経顕（南北朝時代 (日本)）を勧修寺家の祖とする。
The founder of the Kajuji family was Tsuneaki KAJUJI, the son of Sadasuke BOJO who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (1336-1392).

外形上もっとも整備された形では、南門から出る南北道と、これと交差する東西道が中心街路をなす。
In the Kokufu with the most sophisticated appearance, intersecting roads running north to south and east to west--the former started at the main gate of Kokucho--were the main streets.

それでも、田中義成などの一部の学者は「吉野朝」の表記に対して抗議している（南北朝正閏問題）。
Even then, some academics such as Yoshinari TANAKA have argued against using 'Yoshino-cho' (Nanbokucho-Seijun problem).

南北朝時代 (日本)に戦乱が全国に及ぶと、守護大名の力が増大し、国衙も支配するようになった。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when disturbances of war spread throughout the country, shugo daimyo (military governors) increased their power and started to govern Kokuga.

たとえば南北方向が7度傾いているとき、東西方向も直交するように7度傾いているのが通常である。
For example, if the north-south direction is tilted at a 7 degree angle, normally the east-west direction is also tilted so that they are at right angles to each other.

1386年（至徳3年）南北朝の争いで赤松一門が足利軍に組する中、氏範だけは南朝方に付いた。
In 1386 in the disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts, although Akamatsu family took the side of Ashikaga army, only Ujinori was on the side of Southern Court.

『増鏡』（南北朝時代_(日本)成立）には『とはずがたり』の文章が数段に渡って用いられている。
'Masukagami' (written in the Northern and Southern Court period of Japan) uses several paragraphs from 'Towazugatari.'

茶などの文化が発展した南北朝時代 (中国)には、陶淵明（365年 - 427年）が活躍した。
Tao Yuan-Ming (365 - 427) was popular in the period of the Southern and Northern dynasties when culture, such as the tea ceremony, developed.

小早川祐景（こばやかわすけかげ）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Sukekage KOBAYAKAWA is a busho (Japanese military commander) over the end of the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

今川範政（いまがわのりまさ）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての守護大名。
Norimasa IMAGAWA was shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the early Muromachi Period.

南北朝時代 (日本)当初は北朝方であり、四国の南朝方の得能通宗、忽那重清、土居通増らと戦う。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, he was of the Northern Court and fought against Michimune TOKUNO, Shigekiyo KUTSUNA, and Michimasu DOI of the Southern Court in Shikoku.

四条有資（しじょうありすけ、生没年不詳）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の吉野朝廷に仕えた公家。
Arisuke SHIJO (date of birth and death are unknown) was a court noble serving Yoshino Imperial Court in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

かつての平安京の朱雀大路の跡を南北に走る山陰本線が、五条通（国道9号）と交差する位置にある。
This station is located at the place where the Sanin Main Line, running in the north-south direction along the Suzaku-Oji Street dating from the Heian-kyo era, crosses Gojo-dori Street (National Route 9).

この地域はもともと平安京の範囲外だったが、市街地の拡大により南北方向の通りが北に延長された。
This area was once outside Heiankyo, but it was expanded by extending north-south streets in the northern direction.

コミュニティバスやわたは京阪バス男山営業所、八幡市南北線は京阪バス京田辺営業所の管轄である。
The Community Bus Yawata is operated by the Keihan Bus Co. Ltd. Otokoyama Management Office, while the Yawata City North-South Bus Route is operated by the Keihan Bus Kyotanabe Management Office.

東西約500メートル、南北約400メートル、ほぼ矩形だが厳密には東側から見て凸型となっている。
It is approximately rectangular, about 500 meters from east to west, and 400 meters from north to south, though it does have a slight 凸 shape, looking from the east.

安居院唱導教団（あぐいしょうどうきょうだん）は日本の南北朝時代 (日本)の仏教宗派の1つ。
Agui Shodo Kyodan was one of religious branches of Buddhism during the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

少なくとも南北朝時代 (日本)の14世紀の半ばには、既に盛んに行われていたことが分かっている。
It is confirmed that many kanjin-Noh performances were already held in the middle of the 14th century at the latest, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

また、書き換え狂言としては「女団七」や鶴屋南北 (4代目)の傑作「謎帯一寸徳兵衛」などがある。
Moreover, 'Onna Danshichi' (female Danshichi), 'Nazoobi Issun Tokube,' the masterpiece by Nanboku TSURUYA (the fourth), and others are included as kakikae (rewritten) kyogen.

畝傍山から約東北に300m離れていおり、東西500m、南北約400mの広大な領域を占めている。
It is about 300 meters northeast from Mount Unebi, and covers a large area, which is 500m from east to west and 400m from north to south.

江戸時代から一般的であった南北朝時代の史観が、明治時代の万世一系では不適当とされた事例である。
This is the case that the historical view of the period of the Northern and the Southern Courts, which had been common since the Edo period, was denied during the Meiji period.

楠木氏（くすのきし）は、河内国の豪族で、南北朝時代_(日本)に活躍した南朝 (日本)方の武家。
The Kusunoki clan was Gozoku, a local ruling family of the Kawachi Province, and a samurai family of the Southern Court of Japan.

区の南西端、鴨川の東、二条通りの南北の地区の町名は、広域地名を冠称しない単独町名となっている。
In Sakyo Ward the independent town names which are not prefixed by broader regional names are found along the south-western border, east of Kamo-gawa River, and north and south of Nijo-dori Street.

南北朝時代_(日本)（吉野朝時代）、南朝_(日本)（吉野朝廷）の日本の首都となった地域の一つ。
It was a part of the area which became the capital of Japan under the Southern Court (Yoshino Court) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Yoshino-cho period).

南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.

南北朝時代 (日本)以降、土地を与えられ自立する下人が現れるなど身分環境に変動が起こってくる。
Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), their circumstances of social statuses had begun to change and, for example, some of the genin became independent based on the lands they were given.

南北朝時代には室町幕府の守護が自らの家人に対して、官途状を発給し、事実上の官職の私称を許した。
In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, shugo of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued written appointments to their kenin, who were effectively allowed to call themselves governmental or provincial officers.

第二の統一王朝高麗は半島の南北から租税の米穀を首都の開城に廻送するために海上ルートを利用した。
The second unified kingdom Goryeo used routes on the sea to send tax rice collected from the north and south to its capital Kaesong.

南北の大路（条）と東西の大路（坊）を碁盤の目状に組み合わせた左右対称で方形の都市プランである。
The Jobosei-type city was built in a symmetrical and square shape and streets were organized so that the Oji (jo) streets that ran south to north and the Oji (bo) streets that ran east to west were arranged in a grit pattern.

その後は有力者を輩出できず没落、南北朝時代 (日本)期の高階寛経を最後に、公卿が出なくなった。
After them, the clan didn't have influential people then fell to obscurity; after TAKASHINA no Hirotsune in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan, no court nobles came from the Takashina clan.

南北朝時代 (日本)には一時は北朝 (日本)方に属し、後に吉野の南朝 (日本)へ出奔している。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, he initially belonged to the Northern Court, and later defected to the Southern Court in Yoshino.

楠木正成（くすのきまさしげ）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての河内の武将。
Masashige KUSUNOKI was a military commander who lived in Kawachi Province from the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

京都駅八条口は南北自由通路に近いところ、京都駅八条口アバンティ前は八条東口に近いところにある。
The bus stop at the Hachijo-guchi of Kyoto Station is situated near the Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro, and the bus stop in front of Kyoto Hachijo-guchi Avanti is near the Hachijo Higashi-guchi.

大仏殿は2000年の発掘調査により東西約55m、南北約90mの規模であったことが判明している。
Excavations conducted in 2000 established that the Great Buddha hall measured approximately 55 meters from east-to-west and 90 meters from north-to-south.

南北10丈、東西3丈の朱色の玉垣を三方に廻らし、各殿内に神体はなくサカキが置かれていたという。
There was a vermilion fence surrounding the shrine, 30.3 m from north to south and 9.09 m from east to west, and there were no objects in which the deity resided inside the buildings, but sakaki (species of evergreen sacred to Shinto) was placed inside.

設置された理由や職務内容はあまり定かではないが、南北町奉行所の補助役として設置されたとされる。
It is not clear why the office was introduced and what its job was, but it is said that the office was established to support the kita- and minami-machi-bugyo-sho offices.

東西110メートル、南北80メートルの城主居館跡は矩形をなし、その周囲は土塁がめぐらされている。
The remains of the lord's residence are rectangular, 110 meters in the east-west direction and 80 meters in the north-south direction, and the residential area was surrounded by earthworks.

南北朝時代 (日本)の第七世法明が中興とされ、大念仏寺住職を選出する六別時制度を定めたとされる。
The 7th Homyo in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) was regarded as the restorer and established the system of Roku Betsuji (六別時制度) which selected the chief priest of Dainenbutsu-ji Temple.

南北朝時代 (中国)には三論宗・成実宗などの経学が流行し、これらの流れがさらに東へ伝播していく。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism) such as the Sanron sect and the Jojitsu sect became popular, and such stream was further transmitted to east.

特に鶴屋南北 (4代目)の『浮世柄比翼稲妻』（稲妻草紙）の「御存鈴ヶ森」の場はその代表作である。
Especially, the scene, 'gozonji suzugamori' of 'Ukiyozukahiyokunoinazuma' (inazuma soshi) written by Nanboku TSURUYA (the fourth) is the most important work.

『絵本合法衢』（えほんがっぽうがつじ、旧字体：繪本）は、四代目鶴屋南北作の歌舞伎狂言の演目。
'Ehon Gappo ga Tsuji' (A Picture Book of the Crossroads of Gappo) is a Kabuki Kyogen play written by Nanboku TSURUYA the fourth.

静尊法親王（じょうそんほっしんのう、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代にかけての法親王。
Monk-Imperial Prince Joson (date of birth and death unknown) was the Monk-Imperial Prince from the latter half of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

信玄期以前においても『吾妻鏡』の史料批判による鎌倉時代の研究や、南北朝・室町期の研究も行われた。
The study was conducted on the pre-Shingen era based upon the criticism of 'Azuma Kagami' as well as on the Northern and Southern period and the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代に10代武田信武が足利尊氏に属して戦功を上げた結果、甲斐国と安芸国の守護に任命された。
The clan was appointed to the shugo of both Kai Province and Aki Province during the Northern and Southern Court period after the tenth head Nobutake Takeda achieved distinguished war service under Takauji ASHIKAGA.

それまで福知山市内を走る鉄道は、南北に分断するように走っており市内の交通を阻害するものであった。
The railroad running through Fukuchiyama City severed the north and south areas of the city, impeding transportation.

南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿、北畠顕家は船越御所と称され、子孫一門は戸木御所、袰綿御所と称された。
Akiie KITABATAKE, a high noble in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was referred to as Funakoshi Gosho, and his descendants were called Heki Gosho or Horowata Gosho.

鳥羽殿は南北朝時代 (日本)の内乱で荒廃するまで歴代の治天の君の拠点として政治的な意味も持った。
Until it fell into ruin due to the civil wars in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Toba-dono Palace held political significance as a base for the successive generations of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power).

更に奥州支配を進める伊達氏によって佐竹義重 (十八代当主)は南北両方面での戦いを余儀なくされた。
In addition, Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth family head) was forced by the Date clan, that had been expanding its governance in Oshu, to fight both in the north and south sides.

しかし、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代を経て私枡がますます隆盛し、宣旨枡も公的な性格を失った。
During the period of Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period, however, private measures became increasingly prosperous and Senjimasu also lost its public character.

四至（しいし/しし）とは、古代・中世における所領・土地の東西南北の境界を指して呼んだ呼称である。
The term 'Shishi' (also pronounced Shiishi) referred to the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of territory/land in ancient and medieval times.

「その地は、東西南北がおのおの数千里あり、西南は海に至り、東北隅は大山をもって隔てられている。」
The land extended several thousand 'ri,' (ri [里] is about 3.927km)' from northeast to southwest respectively, and was bounded by the sea on the southwest, and the border of northeast was a huge mountain. '

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、公家法でも武家法と同じように悔返を広く認める方向に転換していった。
When the period of the Northern and Southern Courts began, Kuikaeshi was widely allowed in Kugeho as in Bukeho.

後半は、貞世が実地に経験した南北朝時代 (日本)の後半から室町時代の初期の出来事が記されている。
The latter half is about the incidents which Sadayo actually experienced from the late Northern and Southern Dynasties (Japan) to the early Muromachi period.

峰千助 → 鶴峰丑左衛門 → 鶴屋孫太郎 → 二代目姥尉輔 → 二代目勝俵蔵 → 五代目鶴屋南北
Sensuke MINE -> Ushizaemon TSURUMINE -> Magotaro TSURUYA -> 2-daime (second generation) Josuke UBA -> 2-daime Hyozo KATSU -> 5- daime (fifth generation) Nanboku TSURUYA

南北朝時代 (日本)に日野俊光の四男柳原資明が居住していた柳原殿を名字として起こした家柄である。
This family was founded by Sukeakira YANAGIWARA, who was the fourth son of Toshimitsu HINO, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts using the name of the Yanagiwara dono where Sukeakira lived as the family name.

だが、南北朝時代_(日本)の康永元年（1342年）3月20日に火災にあって寺の南半分が失われる。
However, the entire southern half of the temple was lost to a fire that broke out on the 20th day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of the Northern and Southern Court period (1342).

アメリカ南北戦争中の南軍の将軍で、チャタヌーガの戦いでグラントに破れた（1817年−1876年）
Confederate general during the American Civil War who was defeated by Grant in the battle of Chattanooga (1817-1876)

南北方向に平行な状態で位置する一連の狭い氷河湖にちなんで命名されたニューヨーク州中央の地理的地域
a geographical area in central New York State that is named for a series of narrow glacial lakes that lie parallel in a north-south direction

南北朝時代から室町時代を経て戦国時代 (日本)にかけての岩切城は、留守氏の居城として知られている。
From the Northern and Southern Courts period to the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, Iwakiri-jo Castle was known as the residence of the Rusu clan.

内部は東西約70-80メートル、南北約50-65メートルで、約4,100平方メートルの広さがある。
The interior measures approximately 70-80m from east to west, and approximately 50-65m from north to south, with a surface area of approximately 4,100 square meters.

かう経文は分明なれども、南北の大智の諸人の迷うて有りし経文なれば、末代の学者能く能く眼をとどむべし
However, since there have been disputes among scholars around the world over the value of the Nirvana Sutra, the scholars for generations need to examine it closely.

京には東西2町南北4町に及ぶとされる神泉苑や冷泉院、朱雀院、淳和院などの庭園があったとされている。
It is said that in Kyoto, there were large gardens like the Shinsen-en garden, said to be as large as east to west approximately 218m and north to south approximately 436m, Reiszei-in imperial villa, Suzaku-in imperial villa and Junna-in imperial villa.

19世紀後半期の並木五瓶以降は、江戸歌舞伎の鶴屋南北や河竹黙阿弥のような優れた脚本家は出なかった。
After Gohei NAMIKI, who lived in the latter half of the 19th century, no excellent script writers comparable to Nanboku TSURUYA and Mokuami KAWATAKE of Edo Kabuki appeared.

なお、蕎麦の2字で「そば」と読むようになった初出は南北朝時代 (日本)に書かれた『拾芥抄』である。
Soba written with 2 kanji characters, 蕎麦 (meaning soba mugi or buckwheat) as it is today first appeared in 'Shugaisho' (Compendium of fragments, attributed to Kinkata TOIN) written in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

延喜諸陵式には「奈良山東陵」とあり、兆域は「東西三町南北五町」とし、守戸五烟を配し、遠陵に列した。
According to Engi shoryo-shiki (codes and procedures on national rites for mausoleums), the name of the mausoleum was 'Narayama no higashi no misasagi' (literally, Mt. Nara east mausoleum), the graveyard size being '3-cho (approximately 327.3 meters wide) in an east-west direction, and 5-cho (approximately 545.5 meters long) in a north-south direction,' which was provided with five Shuko households (the term Shuko refers to grave keepers) and the mausoleum was counted as an Enryo (a mausoleum of emperor or empress distantly related to the present Emperor).

南北朝時代 (日本)中期に上冷泉家（かみれいぜいけ）・下冷泉家（しもれいぜいけ）の2家に分かれた。
The family split into two, the Kami Reizei family and the Shimo Reizei family, midway through the Northern and Southern Courts Period (of Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱では、足利将軍家の一門として、北朝 (日本)・室町幕府方として活躍した。
At the disturbance in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Hosokawa clan actively involved as a family of the Ashikaga Shogunal family, and took the side of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the Northern Court (Japan).

海底地形は、冠島と沓島両島の東側は比高60m以上の急崖を形成しており、南北走向の断層が推定される。
The bottom topography of the eastern part of both islands, Kanmuri-jima Island and Kutsu-jima island, consists of a steep cliff nearly 60m high, and a fault is presumed to run from north to south.

明徳3年（1392年）に足利義満がまとめた南北朝合一に際しても、両統迭立の理念が再度持ち出された。
The concept of Ryoto tetsuritsu was again brought up upon the union of Northern and Southern Dynasties that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA concluded in 1392.

南北朝時代_(日本)にも継承されたが、院政の機能が室町幕府に吸収された14世紀末期には形骸化した。
Although it was still held in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, hyojohajime of Insei became only a name at the end of the 14th century when the Muromachi bakufu took over the government function of Insei.

ほぼ東西南北の正方形構造なので、その矢倉には方角にちなみ艮矢倉、巽矢倉、坤矢倉、乾矢倉の名である。
Each corner of the square shaped Honmaru area was pointing to the four points of the compass, and the watchtowers at each corner were named after the directions: Ushitora yagura, Tatsumi yagura, Hitsujisaru yagura, Inui yagura.

南北朝時代 (中国)には一時中華の内部に複数の皇帝が出現し、天下の政治的分裂という現象が見られた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (China), a plural number of emperors appeared in China and the phenomenon of political division of Tenka was seen.

園太暦（えんたいりゃく）は、「中園太政大臣」と称された南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿・洞院公賢の日記。
Entairyaku is a diary of Kinkata TOIN, a court noble called 'Nakazono Dajodaijin' (Grand Minister) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南宗画は17世紀に明末の理論家によって、禅の流派名から作られた概念で、地理的な南北とは関係がない。
Nansoga (Southern Sung painting) is an idea which was created from the name of a Zen school by a theorist who lived in the Ming dynasty during the 17th century, and it has nothing to do with geographical north and south.

鶴屋南北を襲名した者は5名を数えるが、単に鶴屋南北または南北というと、通常はこの四代目ことをさす。
There were five persons succeeded to the professional name Nanboku TSURUYA, but when it is simply referred to as Nanboku TSURUYA or Nanboku, it usually indicates Nanboku TSURUYA IV.

峰千助 → 鶴峰丑左衛門 → 鶴屋孫太郎 → 二代目姥尉輔 → 二代目勝俵蔵 → 五代目鶴屋南北。
峰千助=>鶴峰丑左衛門=>Magotaro TSURUYA=>Josuke UBA the second=>Hyozo KATSU the second=>Nanboku TSURUYA the fifth.

国分氏 (陸奥国)は南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)末まで宮城郡南部を領した一族である。
The Kokubun family reigned over the southern area of Miyagi County from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku period (Japan).
The Kokubun family reigned over the southern area of Miyagi County from the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) to the Sengoku period (Japan).

南北朝期には京都白河 (洛外)の本座（一忠など）、奈良の新座（喜阿弥、増阿弥など）が知られていた。
It is known that in the period of Northern and Southern Courts, there were Hon-za (literally, a genuine organization) (by Icchu and others) in Shirakawa of Kyoto (outside of the capital, Kyoto) and Shin-za (literally, a new organization) in Nara.

左京区下鴨の中央を南北に貫き、南は鴨川 (淀川水系)に架かる新葵橋を介してそのまま河原町通に続く。
The street runs through the center of Shimogamo, Sakyo Ward, south east, and continues to run up to Kawaramachi-dori Street through the Shin Aoi-bashi Bridge which is on the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River series).

4町ごとに走る東西路は一条大路、二条大路・・、南北路は一坊大路、二坊大路・・、と名付けられていた。
The east-west streets which run every four cho (approximately 436 m) were called Ichijo-oji, Nijo-oji and so on, while the north-south streets were called Ichibo-oji, Nibo-oji and so on.

この道はまた、平城京の東端を南北に通っていた東七坊大路（東大寺と興福寺の境をなす）の延長でもある。
This road was also an extension of the street called Higashi Shichibo Oji (used as a border of Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple), which ran along the eastern end of Heijo-kyo from north to south.

アメリカの高校生で、南北戦争が１８６１年から１８６５年までの間に起こったことをしらないものが多い。
Many American high-school students do not know that the Civil War took place between 1861 and 1865.

特に鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけては優品が作られ、多くは国宝や重要文化財に指定されている。
Excellent works of chinzo were born particularly from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and many of them are now designated as the national treasure or the important cultural property.

南北朝時代 (日本)にかけては、白雲恵暁・可翁宗然・玉畹梵芳・黙庵霊淵・頂雲霊峰などが知られている。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the following monks are known as gaso: Hakuun Egyo, Kao Sonen, Gyokuen Bonbo, Mokuan Reien, and Choun Reiho.

南北朝時代 (日本)には斯波家長、ついで斯波家兼が「奥州総大将」として奥羽での軍事指揮権を発動した。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Ienaga SHIBA and then Iekane SHIBA exercised the right of military command over the Ou region as 'Supreme Commander of Oshu.'

進氏（しんし）は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて伯耆国西部（西伯耆）に勢力を持っていた国人。
The Shin clan was a local ruling family who was influential in the western part of Hoki Province (West Hoki) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period.

- 建物はA通（東西方向の道）に面しており、B通（南北方向の道）との交差点から西に入った地点にある。
The building faces A-dori Street (a street going east and west) and is located in the spot which is in the west from the intersection with B-dori Street (a street going north and south).

- 建物はC通（南北方向の道）に面しており、D通（東西方向の道）との交差点から北に入った地点にある。
The building faces C-dori Street (a street going north and south) and is located in the spot which is in the north from the intersection with D-dori Street (a street going east and west).

この神社の東方に東西約30メートル、南北10メートルの広場に高さ約2メートルほどの岩がたくさんある。
There are a number of rocks as tall as 2 meters in the place, about 30 meters from east to west, and 10 meters from south to north, to the east of the shrine.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱に乗じて、在庁官人から守護へ成長した者（例：大内氏）もいたのである。
Also, considering the anarchy in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), some zaichokanjin grew up to be shugo (for example, the Ouchi clan).

このように南北朝時代に善光寺平北部地域一帯から越後の一部にまで及ぶ勢力拡大に成功した様子が伺われる。
The Takanashi clan was successful in dominating the northern parts of Zenkojidaira and a part of Echigo during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

『後漢書』（南北朝時代、432年成立）には、57年に倭奴国王が後漢光武帝から漢委奴国王印を授かった。
'History of the Later Han Dynasty' (the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, established in 432) describes that Wano Nano Kokuo (the King of Japan) received Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo Kinin (the Golden Seal of the King of Japan, Chinese Colony) from Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of The Later Han Dynasty in 57.

翌年、南北合派の窪田雪鷹、大角南耕に絵の手ほどきを受け、南画を小田海僊に、大和絵を浮田一惠に学んだ。
The following year, he was taught a mixture of various styles of painting from Setsuyo KUBOTA and Nanko OSUMI, as well as Nanga (Chinese style painting) from Kaisen ODA and Yamato-e (classical Japanese style painting) from Ikkei UKITA.

南北朝時代 (日本)の乱が起きると、当初は島津宗家5代当主の島津貞久とともに足利尊氏に協力していた。
When the disturbance of Northern and Southern Court began, he supported Takauji ASHIKAGA along with Sadahisa SHIMAZU, the fifth family head of the Shimazu Soke family, in the beginning.

これに対して強く反発したのが郡の中央部で南北に分断される事になる香取郡の郡長であった庸之助であった。
And it was Yonosuke who was Guncho of Katori County which would be divided by the central line of the county into the north and south parts, that strongly opposed to this campaign.

北岸に笠置町役場と笠置小学校があり、笠置大橋（京都府道・奈良県道4号笠置山添線）が南北を結んでいる。
Kasagi Town Hall and Kasagi Elementary School are located on the north bank of the river, and the Kasagi-Ohashi Bridge (Kyoto and Nara prefectural road No.4, Kasagi Yamazoe Route) connects the north and south sides.

京都市の中心部の東西・南北の通りの名を覚えるために、通りの名前を編み込んだ唄がいくつか知られている。
There are several well-known traditional songs whose words are made up of the names of the east-west and north-south running streets of central Kyoto City, to help learn the names by heart.

これにより京の街路は南北120m、東西60m間隔で長方形状に区画されることとなり、現在に至っている。
Through this, rectangle-shaped districts were created bordered by north-south streets at 120-meter intervals and east-west streets at 60-meter intervals, and continue to exist to this day.

1338年（延元3年・暦応元年）に、和泉久米田寺を始めとし、以後南北朝時代中期にはほとんど完成した。
The first was Kumeda-dera Temple in Izumi Province which was completed in 1338, and the majority were later completed during the mid-Northern and Southern Courts period.

塔・金堂を囲む回廊は、東西約81m、南北約72m、寺域は東西約175m、南北約115mと推定される。
The corridors encircling the pagoda and main hall measured approximately 81 m east to west and approximately 72 m north to south, with the temple precinct estimated to have occupied an area of approximately 175 m east to west by approximately 115 m north to south.

南北朝時代 (日本)には勅願寺となって寺運も興隆したが、応仁の乱の兵火により伽藍を焼失し寺運も衰えた。
The temple's fortunes rose as a chokugan-ji (temple built at the order of the Emperor) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but they dwindled after the Buddhist temple was burned down in a fire caused by the Onin War.

南北朝時代 (日本)に入る頃には、「大紋」といった直垂に家紋が縫いつけられた衣服が武士の間で普及する。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) the clothes, Hitatare (ancient ceremonial court robe) to which Kamon such as 'Daimon' were sewn, became popular among samurai.

その他の説として、南北朝時代に元 (王朝)から禅僧の往来や貿易によって伝えられたもの、という説がある。
There are other theories that somen was transferred from the Yuan Dynasty through exchanges of zen monks and trading in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

行円法親王（ぎょうえんほっしんのう、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての法親王。
Cloistered Imperial Prince Gyoen (years of birth and death unknown) was a cloistered imperial prince during the Kamakura and Northern and Southern Court periods.

その後、次男の北条時行が南北朝時代_(日本)の戦乱の中で捕らえられて処刑されたために、家系は途絶えた。
Later, Takatoki's second son, Tokiyuki HOJO, was caught and executed during the wars that took place in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), resulting in the extinction of the family line.

高野山（和歌山県伊都郡高野町）と熊野本宮大社（和歌山県田辺市本宮町）を結び、紀伊山地を南北に縦走する。
It connects Mt. Koya (Koya-cho, Ito County, Wakayama Prefecture) and Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine (Hongu-cho, Tanabe City, Wakayama Prefecture), and extends north and south in the Kii Mountains.

1911年（明治44年）、いわゆる南北朝正閏論を収拾するため、明治天皇の勅裁により南朝が正統とされた。
In 1911, the so called Nanbokucho Seijun-ron (argument about which dynasty is legal) was settled by the Imperial sanction of the Emperor Meiji who chose the Southern Court.

後、元朝によって南宋が亡ぼされた結果、南北中国の交流が始まり、朱子学は漸く華北にも地歩を築くに至った。
Later, when the Yuan Dynasty defeated the Southern Song Dynasty, relations developed between northern and southern China and Shushigaku began expanding into northern China.

そこで、後世（鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代）の鎌倉側の記録に戻るが、『鎌倉年代記裏書』によるとこうある。
Therefore, returning to the records on the Kamakura side in a later era (from towards the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), 'Kamkura-Nendaiki-uragaki' includes the following description:

墓所は鎌倉に功臣山報国寺 (鎌倉市)で、家時は開基とされるが、報国寺の開基は南北朝期の上杉重兼である。
His graveyard is located in Koshinzan Hokoku-ji Temple (Kamakura City), and it is considered that Ietoki was Kaiki (patron of a temple in its founding); however, Kaiki of Hokoku-ji Temple was Shigekane UESUGI in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

二条家・京極家の家系は南北朝時代 (日本)までに断絶し、冷泉家（上冷泉家・下冷泉家）のみが残っている。
The Nijo and Kyogoku families perished by the Nanbokucho Period and the Reizei family (the Kami-Reizei and Shimo-Reizei families) alone has remained to this day.

朝倉氏は元は越前国（福井県）の土豪であったが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て越前守護斯波氏の重臣となった。
The Asakura clan was originally a powerful local clan in Echizen Province (Fukui Prefecture) that became the senior vassal of the military governor of Echizen, the Shiba clan, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

(子孫は)少なくとも南北朝時代 (日本)期までは続いていたことを『尊卑分脈』等で確認することができる。
The family's existence can be traced back at least to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts by the documents such as 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

南北自由通路には公募により「のどかめロード（「のどか」と「亀岡」の合成造語）」の愛称が付けられている。
The free passage that runs north and south was called 'Nodo-Kame Road' (a synthesized term of 'nodoka' (calm) and 'Kameoka'), which was chosen from entries submitted by the public.

この駅の南北を横切る、大手筋通と油掛通の間隔がホームの長さとなっており、ちょうど7両分ぴったりである。
The length of the platforms, enough to accommodate seven-car trains, is determined by the distance between the Otesuji-dori Street and Aburakake-dori Street, which are respectively located on the north and south side of the station.

基壇の規模は、金堂が東西14.2メートル、南北12.5メートル、塔はいずれも9.5メートル四方を測る。
The stylobate of Kondo measures 14.2 m from east to west and 12.5 m from north to south, and that of each pagoda was a 9.5 m by 9.5 m square..

金峯山寺の所在する吉野山は、古来桜の名所として知られ、南北朝時代 (日本)には南朝の中心地でもあった。
Mt. Yoshino where Kinpusen-ji Temple is located has been known for beautiful cherry blossoms since ancient times and was the center of the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

平安初期に伝来した密教との結びつきが強く、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)には独自の立場を確立した。
This religion became strongly connected to Esoteric Buddhism that was brought to Japan in the early Heian Period, and in the era from the latter half of the Kamakura Period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), its unique position was established.

これ以後の教科書では、文部省は後醍醐天皇から南北朝合一までの時代を「吉野朝時代」と記述するようになった。
After this incident, the description of the era between Emperor Godaigo and the united era of the Southern and the Northern Courts in the textbook from the Ministry of Education was rewritten as 'era of Yoshino Court.'

鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の庭田重資（1306年 - 1389年）以降、権大納言を極官とする。
From the time of Shigesuke NIWATA (1306 - 1389) onwards, between late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the top rank attained by the family was the Junior Chief Councillor of State.

藤原氏系土御門家（日野家）…南北朝時代 (日本)の柳原資明（柳原家の祖）の子・土御門保光を祖とする公家。
The Tsuchimikado family of the Fujiwara lineage (the Hino family) was a kuge founded by Yasumitsu TSUCHIMIKADO, the child of Sukeakira YANAGIWARA (the founder of the Yanagiwara family) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

このため、かなり歪んだ形ではあるが、南北3本・東西3本の六大路により碁盤の目状の道路網が形成されていた。
Therefore the six oji--three north-to-south oji streets and three east-to-west oji streets formed a grid, although largely distorted.

ここは瀬戸内と京都の間の水運の拠点で、海上・河川の船の積替え場であり、淀川を南北に渡る渡し場でもあった。
Watanabe no tsu used to be the center of water transportation system between Setouchi and Kyoto, the delivery platform of the sea and river, and also the ferry connecting the north and south side of Yodo-gawa River.

これ以後1392年までが南北朝時代で、吉野朝廷には後村上天皇・長慶天皇・後亀山天皇の南朝側天皇が続いた。
This is the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts which lasted until 1392, and in the Yoshino Court, Emperor Gomurakami, Emperor Chokei, and Emperor Gokameyama from the Southern Court side took power in sequence.

第二次世界大戦後も南朝が正統とされているが、歴史の実態に合わせて再び「南北朝時代」の用語が主流になった。
The Southern Court was still officially considered the legitimate Imperial Court after the Second World War, but in harmony with the historical reality, the term 'Nanbokucho period' once again came into widespread use.
The Southern Court is still considered to be legitimate after World War II, but the term 'Nanbokucho period' entered the mainstream again based on the actual situation of history.

だが、これだけでは必ずしも十分でないため南北朝時代 (日本)・戦国時代 (日本)という区分を設けている。
However, since this classification is not always complete enough, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) and the Sengoku period (in Japan) are also included in the classification as well.

南北朝時代 (日本)の全国的な動乱を経て、畿内に発生した村落という新たな結合形態は各地へ拡大していった。
Through nationwide wars in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a new style of connection called a village, which appeared in the Kinai region, spread to other regions.

南北朝時代 (日本)には小国政光が、天神山城 (越後国)を拠点に越後での南朝 (日本)方として活躍した。
During the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), Masamitsu OGUNI played an active role on the part of the Southern Court army in Echigo, based in Tenjinyama-jo Castle.

伽藍は、ほぼ南北に通る中軸線上に南から南門・中門・塔・金堂・講堂が一直線上に並んでいる四天王寺式である。
The temple's design resembled that of Shitenno-ji Temple, with the Nanmon (South Gate), Chumon (Central Gate), pagoda, kondo (main hall) and kodo (lecture hall) running in a straight line from south to north.

足利尊氏（あしかがたかうじ、1305年-1358年）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Takauji ASHIKAGA (1305-58) was a general from the late Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period.

小早川重景（こばやかわしげかげ、生没年未詳）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Shigekage KOBAYAKAWA (year of birth and death unknown) is a busho (Japanese military commander) over the end of the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝合一を達成して将軍権力を確立した義満が、了俊の九州における勢力拡大や独自の外交権を危険視していた。
Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts and gained power of the shogun, but he considered Ryoshun's force and diplomatic right dangerous.

宗胤は下総を離れたため、南北朝時代であったこともあり宗胤の弟・千葉胤宗に千葉氏の下総の本領を横領された。
Because Munetane left Shimousa Province, and also because it was in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, his honryo (main domain) in Shimousa Province was usurped by Munetane's younger brother, Tanemune CHIBA.

1331年の元弘の乱以降、後醍醐天皇に対して忠勤を励み、南北朝分裂後も一貫して南朝 (日本)側に仕えた。
After the Genko War in 1331, he showed loyalty to Emperor Godaigo and after the split of the the Northern and Southern Courts, he consistently worked for the Southern Court.

国分氏 (陸奥国)は、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで陸奥国宮城郡南部を領した武士である。
The Kokubun clan (in Mutsu Province) is samurai, who had possessed the southern part of Miyagi County, Mutsu Province from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

尭尋（ぎょうじん、生年不詳 -1412年?）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての僧・歌人。
Gyojin (year of his birth is not clear - 1412 ?) was a Buddhist monk cum waka poet in the period of the Northern and Southern courts (Japan) to the mid-Muromachi period.

身障者対応エレベーターは中央口南側2基設置され、コンコース地上間は南北2つの駅ビルの中に設置されている。
Elevators in the station building are available for disabled people, with two located on the south side of the central entrance and one each, from the concourse to street level, in the north and south station buildings.

なおこの開通により京奈道路木津インターチェンジから橿原市内まで南北に4車線の道路が開通することとなった。
With the opening of this section, the four-lane road running north and south from the Kizu Interchange of Keina Road to Kashihara City was opened to traffic.

鴨川 (淀川水系)東岸にあり、同じく南北の通りである川端通・師団街道の東側、大和大路通の西側に位置する。
Located on the east side of the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa water system), it runs east of Kawabata-dori Street and Shidan-kaido Road, both of which are streets running north-south, and located west of Yamato-oji-dori Street.

寺伝では鎌倉時代の寛元4年（1246年）の建立というが、様式的には南北朝時代～室町時代の建築とみられる。
A temple legend says it was built in 1246 in the Kamakura period; however judging from its style, it seems to have been built from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

のちにインド、オーストラリア、アフリカと南北アメリカへ分割した仮定的大陸（プレート地殻変動理論によると）
a hypothetical continent that (according to plate tectonic theory) broke up later into India and Australia and Africa and South America and Antarctica

勝竜寺城（しょうりゅうじじょう）は、現在の京都府長岡京市に所在した、南北朝時代から江戸時代初期の城である。
Shoryuji-jo Castle was a castle that existed in Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto Prefecture between the the Northern and Southern Court and early Edo periods.

南北朝時代 (日本)に美濃守護家土岐氏が地頭となって勢力を拡大、応仁の乱までに荘園としての機能を喪失した。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family of Mino no Kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Mino Province), the Toki clan, became jito (manager and lord of a manor), and began expanding its control over the area which, by the time of the Onin War, had lost its function as a shoen.

日什（にちじゅう）（1314年6月11日）～（1392年2月28日）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の日蓮宗の僧。
Nichiju (June 11, 1314 - February 28, 1392) was a Nichiren sect priest in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

本ページでは、暦の正確性、著作との整合を保つ為、旧暦表示とし、南北朝時代の元号は、北朝（京都）で表記する。
On this page it is shown in the old calendar style for the sake of the accuracy of the calendar, and to maintain coordination with the book, the name of a Japanese era of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is shown in style of the Northern Dynasty (Kyoto).

鎌倉時代後期以降、持明院統と大覚寺統の争いはやがて南北朝の対立へと進み、二人の天皇が対立するようになった。
From the late Kamakura period and onward, struggle between Jimyointo (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu) and Daikakujito (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) developed into a confrontation of the Northern and Southern Courts and the two emperors were opposed to each other.

現代では、かつて盛行したインドやイランで絶滅しかけている反面、南北アメリカ及び南アフリカでも行われている。
Today, while it has nearly disappeared in India and Iran where it was once popular, it is still practiced in the Americas and South Africa as well.

南北物のようなふてぶてしさは見られず勧善懲悪という常套的な筋が多いのでドラマとして迫力に欠ける嫌いはある。
Unlike the boldness seen in Nanboku's plays, the Shiranami-mono plays tend to lack in punch with the conventional plot of a good guy versus a bad guy.

この問題のように、南北朝問題は、万世一系や皇国史観が史実に基づいているかを考察するうえで重要な問題である。
Given these disputes, the issue of the Northern and the Southern Courts was an essential factor for studying whether the unbroken Imperial line and the emperor-centered historiography were based on actual history.

南北朝時代には駿河国守護今川氏と対立していたが、やがて今川氏が遠江国の守護職を得るとその支配下に置かれる。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Ii clan was in rivalry with Suruga no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Suruga Province) Imagawa clan, but eventually, the Ii clan was put under the control of the Imagawa clan after the Imagawa clan was appointed to the position of shugo of Totomi Province.

- 建物はA通（東西方向の道）に面しており、かつ、B通（南北方向の道）との交差点から西に入った地点にある。
The building faces A-dori Street (a street going east and west) and is located in the spot which is in the west from the intersection with B-dori Street (a street going north and south).

- 建物はC通（南北方向の道）に面しており、かつ、D通（東西方向の道）との交差点から北に入った地点にある。
The building faces C-dori Street (a street going north and south) and is located in the spot which is in the north from the intersection with D-dori Street (a street going east and west).

東西方向に並ぶ町を4列集めたもの（北辺の2列は除く）を「条」、南北方向の列を4つ集めたものを「坊」と呼び、
Machi (Cho) of four rows running east-west (except for the northern two rows) were called 'Jo,' and Machi of four rows running north-south were called 'Bo.'

狭義の室町時代については、時代的に一体化している南北朝時代と併せて南北朝・室町時代と総称されることもある。
Concerning this narrower definition of the Muromachi period, some prefer to combine the two period names, Nanbokucho and Muromachi, to create a general term, the 'Nanbokucho-Muromachi period.'

荘園公領制の変質が、社会各層における対立を顕在化させ、南北朝の争いを大義名分とする全国的な抗争が展開した。
Changes in the nature of shoen koryo sei made confrontations in each social class of the nation apparent, developing into nation-wide confrontations with the confrontation between the Northern Court and the Southern Court used as a legitimate reason.

その惣領制、分割相続制が、嫡男による単独相続に変化するのは主に鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)である。
That soryo system and divided succession system transformed into a single inheritance by a legitimate son mainly from the end of the Kamakura period to period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)以後になると、在家役・在家地子とも屋敷年貢化して銭納が一般的な収取形態となっていった。
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, zaike-yaku became a kind of a rent just like zaike-jishi, so it became common for zaike-yaku to be paid in cash.

彼ら海賊衆は14世紀には活動を活発化させ、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱には南北それぞれの側に分かれて戦った。
Kaizoku shu increased their activities in the fourteenth century, and during the disturbance period of Northern and Southern Courts, they split into two groups and fought for each court.

周囲をおよそ5mほどの高さの塀で囲み、東西南北の塀にはそれぞれ3か所、全部で12か所に門が設置されていた。
The palace was surrounded by walls roughly 5 meters high and each of the four walls had three gates, 12 gates in total.

南北朝時代 (日本)以降は宣旨枡の検定がほとんど行われなくなり、各地でその地域だけで通用する升が作られた。
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the authorization of senji-masu became rarely done, and instead, local provinces began to use masu of their own.

南北朝時代 (日本)以後に商工業者の自立とともに解体されるが、室町時代には職人の座の名称として用いられた。
After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Saikudokoro was dissolved along with the independence of merchants and traders, but was used as a name of za (guild) of workmen in the Muromachi period.

鎌倉幕府滅亡後、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱が始まると、服部郷高畠村の地から高畠右衛門太郎入道道秀と名乗る。
After the downfall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), when the revolt in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts arose, he named himself Doshu Nyudo Uemontaro TAKAHATA after his home village, Takahata-mura village, Hattori-go district.

その後も南朝方として行動したが、1392年に足利義満によって南北朝合一されると、再び了俊のもとへ帰順した。
He acted as the Southern Court side after that, but the two courts were unified by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in 1392, and Sakiyori re-swore allegiance to Ryoshun.

遠江国引馬荘（静岡県浜松市）は南北朝時代 (日本)から吉良氏の領地であったが、駿河国今川氏の侵攻に遭った。
The Hikuma no sho (manor) in Totomi Province (the present-day Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture) had been the Kira clan's fief since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but it was invaded by the Imagawa clan of Suruga Province.

おりしも南北戦争の復興期であったアメリカ合衆国の地で、哲学と科学を専攻し1876年（明治9年）に帰朝した。
He studied philosophy and science in the US, which was in the recovery period from the Civil War, and returned to Japan in 1876.

大宰府においては政庁地区からのびる中央南北大路のことを平城京・平安京の例にならい朱雀大路と呼ぶこともある。
In Dazaifu, some call the central north-south street extending from the government district Suzaku-oji Street, following the example of Heijokyo and Heiankyo.

霊明殿－天智天皇と光仁天皇から昭和天皇（南北両朝の天皇も含む）に至る歴代天皇皇后の尊牌（位牌）を安置する。
Reimei-den - Houses the Buddhist mortuary tablets of successive emperors from Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Konin to Emperor Showa (including emperors of both northern and southern imperial courts) and their wives.

後に南北朝時代 (日本)に九州の南朝 (日本)方を統轄するために、後醍醐天皇の皇子の懐良親王が任命された。
Later, Imperial Prince Kanenaga (also referred as Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi), the son of Emperor Godaigo, was nominated in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) in order to supervise the forces of the Southern court (Japan) in Kyushu.

1851年にこの地にやってきた大叔父は、南北戦争のおりには替え玉を出しておいて、重機の卸売りを始めたのだ。
who came here in fifty-one, sent a substitute to the Civil War, and started the wholesale hardware business

石室の寸法は南北の長さが約265cm、東西の幅が約103cm、高さが約113cm（いずれも内法寸法）である。
The stone chamber (inside) is about 265cm deep from north to south, about 103 cm wide from east to west, and 113cm high.

建武の新政では罪を赦され法勝寺に戻り東大寺大勧進職に任じられたが、南北朝が分裂すると北朝側について活躍した。
During the Kenmu Restoration, he was pardoned, allowed to return to Hossho-ji Temple and appointed Daikanjin (position in charge of collecting donations for the temple) of Todai-ji Temple but worked for the Northern Court after the imperial line split into the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱による貴族社会の地位の低下により、直垂は公家貴族の平服として着用されるようになる。
Hitatare began to be used as the informal dress of court nobles influenced by the lowering of the aristocratic social status due to disturbance of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

イギリスから独立を果たし、南北戦争を経て安定したアメリカ合衆国では、1876年にボストン美術館が設立された。
The Boston Museum of Fine Arts was established in 1876, at a time when United States had gained independence from England and was becoming more stable after the Civil War.

森茂暁『後醍醐天皇南北朝動乱を彩った覇王』（中公新書、2000年） ISBN 4-12-101521-5
MORI, Shigeaki. (2000). Go-Daigo Tenno: Nanboku-cho Doran o Irodotta Hao. Chuko Shinsho. ISBN 4-12-101521-5.

中国の史書における倭王の最古の記述は、南北朝時代 (中国)の宋 (南朝)王朝に朝貢した「倭」の王たちである。
The oldest description in history books in China is about the kings of 'Wa' who tribute to Sung Dynasty (Southern Dynasty) in the period of North and South Dynasties (China).

また、ごく一部に東西あるいは南北の方向ではない、斜め方向の通りも存在する(たとえば河原町通の四条以南など)。
A few streets do not run at a right angle from the north-south and east-west grid, such as Kawaramachi-dori Street, which extends from the south of Shijo.

木津川を挟んで久世郡久御山町、洞ヶ峠を越えて大阪府枚方市に接している。市の中央を国道1号が南北に貫いている。
The city has borders with Kumiyama-cho, Kuse-gun across the Kizu-gawa River and with Hirakata City, Osaka Prefecture over Horaga-toge mountain pass, and National Route 1 runs through the center of the city.

南北朝の動乱による武家・公家・寺社の所領をめぐる利益衝突の融和策として天龍寺建立に賛同した副将軍・足利直義。
Vice-Shogun Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA agreed to Tenryu-ji Temple construction as a reconciliation policy of the profit conflict concerning the territory of the samurai class, the court nobles, and temples and shrines due to the disturbance of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

大きさは、東西43m×南北50mの規模があり、周囲には土塁、東西、南側には土塁の内、外側に石垣を築いている。
It measures 43 meters from east to west, 50 meters from north to south, surrounded by Dorui and there are stone walls inside and outside of the Dorui at its east, west, and south.

紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.

南北朝時代の4人は『今川了俊歌学書』『正徹物語』などに記されており、歌僧二条派「為世門の四天王」と呼ばれた。
Four poets of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts were described in 'Ryoshun IMAGAWA's Kagakusho (a book on the study of waka poems)' and 'Shotetsu monogatari (Tale of Shotetsu),' and were called 'The Four Heavenly Kings of Waka among followers of Tameyo' of the poet-monk Nijo school.

また5代の南北のなかでもその業績が突出しているため、この四代目のことを特に大南北（だいなんぼく）ともいう。
As Nanboku TSURUYA IV was distinguished in the achievements among the five Nanboku TSURUYA, he is particularly called DaiNanboku, meaning the Big Nanboku.

安藤家季（あんどういえすえ、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての陸奥国の武将。
Iesue ANDO (date of birth and death unknown) was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the end Kamakura period to the period of the Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).

鶴屋南北 (4代目)と比較されることが多いが、ふてぶてしい悪人が登場する南北の歌舞伎との大きな相違点である。
He has been often compared to Nanboku TSURUYA IV (the 4th), but a big difference from his is that Nanboku's kabuki features impudent rascals.

伊賀兼光（いがかねみつ、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての御家人、実務官僚。
Kanemitsu IGA (year of birth and death unknown) was a gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and a governmental official responsible for practical works in the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)にこの地域に本拠地を構え、、南朝方（新田義貞）についた窪寺氏の葬地にもなっている。
Also, a headquarters was set up on the site during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and became the burial place of Yoshisada NITTA of the Southen Court faction.

古市場の由緒によると、創立は崇神天皇の時代で、大和の東西南北に祀られた水分のうち東に当たるのが中社とされる。
According to Furuichiba's history, the shrine was established during the reign of Emperor Sujin, and Mikumari, who was worshipped all over the Yamato Province was enshrined in this Middle Shrine in the East.

南北620m、東西400m以上の規模で、建物の基準線は真北から西に50-60度傾き、南東辺を正面としたらしい。
It is assumed that the office was 620m long from south to north, 400m long from east to west, the base line of the building pointed 50 to 60 degrees west from true north, and the front was at the southeast side.

慈遍（じへん、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代末から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての天台宗の学僧であり、神道家であった。
Jihen (date of birth unknown) was a gakuso (scholar monk) of the Tendai sect and a Shintoist who lived during the end of the Kamakura period until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

また従前は時代物のみにあっただんまりが、鶴屋南北 (4代目)によって世話物の演目にも取り入られるようになった。
Before, danmari was played in Jidaimono (historical dramas), it also was played in sewamono (plays dealing with the lives of ordinary people) by Nanboku TSURUYA IV (the fourth).

鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代にかけて、細川和氏・細川頼春兄弟やその従兄弟の細川顕氏・細川定禅らが足利尊氏に従う。
Brothers of Kazuuji HOSOKAWA and Yoriharu HOSOKAWA and their male cousins, Akiuji HOSOKAWA and Jozen HOSOKAWA served Takauji ASHIKAGA through the end of Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

中心市街地は東西・南北に通じる道路によって碁盤の目状に区切られており、京都市内の通りには名前がつけられている。
The streets in the downtown area are laid out in a grid running north-south and east-west like a Go board, and each street in the city has a name.

梅雨前線を構成する気団はいずれも勢力が拮抗しているため、ほぼ同じ地域を南北にゆっくりと移動する停滞前線となる。
Because air masses which compose the baiu front has similar strength with each other, it becomes a stationary front that moves slowly between the south and north.

しかし、前線の南北を構成する気団は、お互いの温度差が小さいため、通常はほとんどが乱層雲の弱い雨雲で構成される。
On the other hand, air masses which compose the north and south of the front consist normally of weak rain cloud of nimbostratus because the difference in temperature between them is small.

室町時代後期に、浄土真宗称念寺 (橿原市)を中心とする寺内町となり、東西南北の他、新町・今町の6町が成立した。
In the late Muromachi period, the town evolved into a jinai-cho (a town within the precincts of a temple) around Shonen-ji Temple (Kashihara City) of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), and six districts of East, West, South, North, Shinmachi, and Imamachi were established within the town.

後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れて朝廷を開き、光明天皇に渡した神器は偽物であると主張し、南北朝が成立する。
The Northern and Southern Courts were established when Emperor Godaigo escaped Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, established a court and claimed that the sacred treasures that he gave to Emperor Komyo were fake.

南北朝のせいで混乱はしたが、しかし一説に南朝が一時存在したからその後天皇が継続する力になったという指摘がある。
Although the period of the Northern and Southern Courts was a time of confusion, a theory says that the existence of the Southern Court made it possible for successive Emperors to continue on while possessing authority.

義満は1392年に南北朝合一を行い、1399年（応永6）には独自に私貿易を行っていた大内義弘を応永の乱で討つ。
Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, and then defeated Yoshihiro OUCHI in the Oei War in 1399 who had individually carried on private trade.

はじめは同族を中心に形成されていたが、異姓がしだいに加わり、南北朝時代には一族一揆という地域連合になってゆく。
It formed around the same clan at the beginning, but outsiders began to join and became the regional union or the uprising clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

東西1.1km、南北3.2キロとみられていたが、1990年代の東西の京極大路の発見で「大藤原京」が想定された。
It was believed that Fujiwara-kyo was 1.1 km from east to west and 3.2 km from north to south, however, the Dai Fujiwara-kyo (Greater Fujiwara-kyo) was revealed by the discovery of Kyogoku-oji Street from east to west in the 1990's.

鎌倉末～南北朝期に神祇伯であった白川伯王家・資継王の所蔵本が、室町中期に吉田家系の卜部兼永の所有となったもの。
It was held by Suketsuguo (資継王) of the Shirakawahakuo family who had been Jingi haku (a chief official in charge of matters relating to Shintoism) from the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts at first, and later held by Kanenaga URABE of the Yoshida family in the middle of the Muromachi period.

元禄5年（1692年）には、南北朝時代 (日本)に湊川の戦いで戦死した楠木正成の功績を称え、同地に墓石を建立。
In 1692 he built a gravestone in Minatogawa, commemorating the military exploits of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died in the Battle of Minatogawa during the period of the Northern and the Southern Courts.

これに対し、二条師基と北畠親房は受け入れに賛成し、直義派との合同により南北朝間の形勢逆転を図ることを主張した。
Moromoto NIJO and Chikafusa KITABATAKE, on the other hand, were in favor of accepting the offer urging that they try to turn the tide of the battle between the Northern and Southern Courts by joining forces with the Naoyoshi faction.

大炊御門信経（おおいのみかどのぶつね、文和4年（1355年） - 没年不詳）は南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Nobutsune OINOMIKADO (1355 - year of death unknown) was a Court noble during the period of Northern and Southern courts (Japan).

現在、寺の周囲は民家に囲まれて境内は狭く、主な建物は本堂（南北朝時代 (日本)、重文）と宝物収蔵庫のみである。
The now narrow precinct is surrounded by houses and its only main buildings are the Hon-do (main hall - an Important Cultural Property dating from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)) and the treasure hall.

なお、正面と南北側面のオリジナルの扉は取り外して宝物館に収められており、代わりに復元模写の扉がはめられている。
The original doors from the front, north and south have been removed, deposited in the 'Homotsu-kan' (treasure hall) and replaced by replicas.

大阪の四天王寺と同様に、金堂と塔を前後（南北方向）に並べる四天王寺式伽藍に似た配置であったことがわかっている。
What has been found out is that the temple, like Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka, was built with the Shitenno-ji-style temple layout, in which the Kon-do Hall (main hall of a Buddhist temple) and the pagoda are arranged ahead and behind (north and south).

般若寺門前を南北に通る道は「京街道」と呼ばれ、大和（奈良県）と山城（京都府）を結ぶ、古代以来重要な道であった。
The road in front of the gate of Hannya-ji Temple which runs north to south is called 'Kyo-Kaido Road,' and it was an important road that connected Yamato (Nara Prefecture) and Yamashiro (Kyoto Prefecture).

前後左右、東西南北に、ヒスパニオーラ号は急に動き出したかとおもえば、最初のように帆をはためかせながら止まった。
To and fro, up and down, north, south, east, and west, the HISPANIOLA sailed by swoops and dashes, and at each repetition ended as she had begun, with idly flapping canvas.

南北戦争において残酷だが要領を得ない戦いが行われたスポッツィルベニアに近いヴァージニア北東部の樹木が茂った地域
a wooded region in northeastern Virginia near Spotsylvania where bloody but inconclusive battles were fought in the American Civil War

南北朝～室町時代に小笠原氏が地頭になって勢力を拡大するが、いちおう戦国時代 (日本)まで神領として機能していた。
Although the Ogasawara clan extended its control as jito (manager and lord of the manor) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period, the manor continued to function as a shinryo (shrine estate) until the Sengoku ｐeriod (ｐeriod of Warring States).

秀峰尤奇（しゅうほうゆうき ? - 1372年8月）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に活躍した東福寺栗棘派の禅僧である。
Yuki SHUHO (the date of birth unknown - August 1372) was a Zen priest of the Rikkyoku school of Tofuku-ji Temple who was active during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

念阿弥慈恩（ねんなみじおん、? - 没年不詳）は日本の南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけての剣客、禅僧。
Jion NENNAMI (dates of birth and death unknown) was a swordsman and Zen monk in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi period.

屋根の四隅（東西南北、正しくは東北、東南、西南、西北）の柱を1931年（昭和6年）4月の天覧相撲のときに廃した。
Four posts which supported the corners (the east, west, south, and north corners; more precisely, the east-north, east-south, west-south, and west-north corners) of the roof were omitted when a tournament was held with the Emperor in attendance in April 1931.

南北朝文化ののち、3代将軍足利義満の時代に北山文化が栄え、ついで8代将軍足利義政の時代に東山文化として成熟した。
Following the culture of the Northern and Southern Courts, Muromachi culture evolved as Kitayama culture at the time of the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, and matured as Higashiyama culture at the time of the eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.

また、大詰の「おまんまの立ち回り」は鶴屋南北 (4代目)の『梅柳若葉加賀染』（柳澤騒動）から借用したものである。
Omanma no tachimawari (a fight while eating) in the final scene is a borrowing from 'Umeyanagi wakabano kagazome' (also known as 'Yanagisawa sodo') by Nanboku TSURUYA (the fourth).

翌年、後醍醐天皇は隠岐国に流されるが退位を拒否し、光厳天皇と並立したため、広義にはこの時代より南北朝時代と呼ぶ。
In the following year, Emperor Godaigo was sentenced to deportation to Oki Province, however he refused to abdicate and stood side by side with Emperor Kogon, and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts started from that time.

これによって、建武3年（1336年）以来、南北朝時代に分裂していた日本の天皇の地位及び朝廷の分裂状態が終了した。
Due to this agreement, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the separation of Japanese Emperor's position and the Imperial Palace ended as of 1336.

南北朝時代 (日本)に登場した安倍有世（晴明から14代目、泰親から8代目）はついに公卿である従二位にまで達した。
ABE no Ariyo who came in during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (he was the 14th generation from Seimei and 8th from Yasuchika) finally made it to Junii (Junior Second Rank) which was a Kugyo (the top court officials).

下野国庁の南正面に南北道路が、伊勢では国庁北側の一部に方格地割りが、大宰府では10世紀に方格地割りが認められる。
Such roads include the road running north to south at the south main gate of Kokucho in Shimotsuke Province, as well as the neatly designed roads like the grid on a go (a Japanese game played with black and white stones on a board) board in a north part of Kokucho in Ise Province as well as Dazaifu (Government Headquarters in Kyushu) in the tenth century.

国一揆（くにいっき）は南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の領主による領主権の確保を目的とした連合形態（一揆）を言う。
Kuni ikki refers to an alliance (uprising) made up of feudal lords with the aim of securing their rule in the period of Northern and Southern courts and Muromachi.

例えば、南北朝時代 (日本)に武蔵七党と呼ばれた小武士団は、明らかに「兵の家」の出身と言えるものばかりではない。
For example, all small bushidan that were called Musashi-shichito Parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) did not originate from the 'house of tsuwamono.'

南北朝時代 (日本)中期の貞和年間（1340年代後半）に幕府評定衆の中条挙房が頭人を務めていたと推定されている。
It is presumed that Morofusa NAKAJO, a member of Bakufu hyojoshu (an organization of bakufu employing the council system), served as its chief in Jowa era in the period of Northern and Southern courts (Japan) (late 1340's).

平城京の市街区域は、大和盆地中央部を南北に縦断する大和の古道大和の古道下ッ道・大和の古道中ッ道を基準としている。
The urban area of Heijo-kyo was constructed based on Shimotsu-michi Street and Nakatsu-michi Street of Yamato no kodo (the ancient paths in Yamato Province), which divided the middle part of the Yamato basin into north and south.

京域内には、朱雀大路を境にして東側が左京、西側が右京で、それぞれ南北・東西に十坊の条坊制地割りが設定されている。
In the capital area, the east part of Suzaku-oji Street is called Sakyo and the west part called Ukyo, and it was divided by ten Bo(s) (district), in a grid pattern called 'Jobosei,' in the north-south direction and east-west direction.

条坊制（じょうぼうせい）とは、中国・朝鮮半島・日本の王城都市に見られる都市プランで、南北中央に朱雀大路を配した。
Jobosei was the city plan seen in cities that contained the Emperor's palace in countries such as China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan; furthermore, the Suzaku-oji Street was placed in the center of the city running from east to west.

しかし、1911年（明治44年）に喜田が南北朝正閏論で職を失うと、同種の性格を持つこの論争も冷水を浴びせられた。
However, when Kida lost his job due to Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in 1911, the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement or Shosei theory similar to that argument was also criticized.

佐々木道誉（ささきどうよ）／京極道誉（きょうごくどうよ）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Doyo SASAKI (also known as Doyo KYOGOKU) was a warlord between the end of Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

大友氏は鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて少弐氏・島津氏とともに幕府御家人衆の束ね役として権勢を振るった。
The Otomo clan exercised authority as an organizer of gokenin shu (group of immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) together with the Shoni clan and the Shimazu clan.

吉田兼熈（よしだかねひろ、1348年－1402年）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の神祇をつかさどる官人、吉田神社社務。
Kanehiro YOSHIDA (1348 to 1402) was a priest of Yoshida-jinja Shrine and court official who was in charge of matters related to Shinto rituals during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

奈良時代の元興寺伽藍は、南大門、中門、金堂（本尊は弥勒仏）、講堂、鐘堂、食堂（じきどう）が南北に一直線に並んだ。
As for the temple buildings of Gango-ji Temple in the Nara period, the Nandai-mon gate (literally, Great South Gate), Chu-mon gate (literally, Inner Gate), Kon-do Hall (Miroku Buddha is enshrined as Honzon), Ko-do Hall (lecture hall), Sho-do Hall (hall preserving the temple bell) and Jiki-do Hall (dining hall) were arranged on the straight from south to north.

南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇が吉野に潜幸したとき、宗信法印の援護を受けて吉水院に行宮を設け，一時居所とした。
When Emperor Godaigo visited Yoshino in secret during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), he temporarily stayed in an angu (temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit) established in Kissuiin under protection of Soshin Hoin.

元は大字大安寺カキノモリに鎮座していたが、南北朝時代に兵火にかかり、天正元年（1573年）に当社境内に遷座した。
It was originally located in Daianji-kakinomori but was relocated to the precinct of Murayanimasumifutsuhime-jinja Shrine in 1573 due to fire caused by conflict during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代には、反本地垂迹説がますます主張され、天台宗の側からもこれに同調する者が現れた。
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the Muromachi era, the anti-Honchi-suijaku theory increasingly gained ground to the point where some monks of the Tendai sect supported it.

南北戦争時のゲティスバーグの戦地の国家墓地の献辞のアブラハムリンカーンによる3分の演説（1863年11月19日）
a three-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863)

身舎は東西2間、南北7間、北廂は東西2間、南北1間、東廂は東西1間、南北8間、東の孫廂は東西1間、南北6間である。
The central area of the hall measured 3.6m east-west by 12.6m north-south, the kitabisashi (northern outer area) measured 3.6m east-west by 1.8m north-south, the higashibisashi (eastern outer area) measured 1.8m east-west by 14.4m north-south, and the eastern magohisashi (a narrow additional aisle) measured 1.8m east-west by 10.8m north-south.

江戸初期の今井の町勢の概略は、東西 610m、南北 310m、大体長方形の地形で東西南北方眼状に道路を配していた。
The general landform of Imai-cho in the early Edo period was by and large a rectangle in shape measuring 610 meters east to west and 310 meters north to south with a grid of straight streets running north-south and east-west.

県道が付設される以前は、現道路上東端に南側借家が南北に建っており、もとは今西家の附属建物の敷地であったようである。
Before the prefectural highway was constructed, the south-side rental houses stood north and south at the east end of that road and it seems that this area was originally the site of buildings owned by the Imanishi family.

授翁宗弼（じゅおうそうひつ、1296年－1380年）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Juo Sohitsu (1296 - 1380) was a Rinzai Sect Buddhist monk who lived from the latter part of the Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

大覚寺統（だいかくじとう）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代にかけて皇位に即いた皇室の系統で、持明院統と対立していた。
Daikakuji-to is a royal ancestry between the late Kamakura Period to the Northern and Southern Courts Period and used to oppose to Jimyoin-to.

平高棟から17世の孫にあたる南北朝時代の西洞院行時（正三位・参議）（1324年 - 1369年）を祖とする堂上家。
The Nishinotoin was a family of dojo kuge (nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of which the founder was Yukitoki NISHINOTOIN (Sangi (councilor) of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank)) (1324-1369) in the Northern and Southern Court period, who was 17 generations after TAIRA no Takamune.

南北朝時代 (日本)、新田義貞を中心に南朝 (日本)に参加した新田一族と異なり、山名時氏は縁戚の足利尊氏に従った。
Unlike the Nitta family who participated in the Southern Courts, Tokiuji YAMANA obeyed his relative, Takauji ASHIKAGA.

足利義満が南北朝合一を達成し幕府権力を絶大にしたものの、義満急死後は大名合議制に戻り相対的に将軍の権力も低下した。
Although Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA had succeeded in unifying the two courts and solidifying the central power and authority of the bakufu, after his sudden death, the country returned to the old oligarchic daimyo system, and the power of the Shogun waned by comparison.

ばさらとは、日本の中世、南北朝時代の社会風潮や文化的流行をあらわす言葉であり、実際に当時の流行語として用いられた。
'Basara' is a word which expressed the social and cultural trends during the Northern and Southern Courts period (in the Japanese medieval period), which was actually used as a vogue word at that time.

南北朝の動乱以降、荘園制が崩れてくると、荘園領主である貴族や寺社の資金繰りが苦しくなり、土倉・酒屋に借金を重ねる。
After the battle between the Southern and Northern Courts and the ensuing collapse of the manorial system, nobles, temples or shrines which served as manor lords faced financial difficulties, and many used the services of doso-sakaya.

武士団（ぶしだん）とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.

元寇で恩賞地配分の対象とされたため細分化され、南北朝時代 (日本)には名前だけを残して荘園としての実態は失われた。
Kanzaki Manor was divided up to provide land plots which were granted as rewards during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and by the Northern and Southern Courts period had lost all status as a manor - existing in name only.

ところが、南北朝時代 (日本)の康暦元年8月14日 (旧暦)（1379年）に行われた神木入洛は異常な展開を見せた。
Also, that on August 14 (in the lunar calendar), 1379, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, showed an extraordinary development.

これに対して日本では内藤湖南により魏晋南北朝時代・隋唐時代を封建制の時代とすべきと言う論が出された（唐宋変革論）。
In response, Konan NAITO in Japan proposed the view that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the period of Sui and Tang should be regarded as periods of the Hoken system (the Tang-Song Transition Thesis).

ただし、南北朝時代 (日本)に二条良基が『百寮訓要抄』の中で式部卿の就任要件として「第一の親王是に任ず」と説いた。
However, concerning the prerequisite for the post of Shikibu-Kyo, Yoshimoto NIJO mentioned in 'Hyakuryo Kunyosho' (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) that was compiled in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan): 'The most excellent Imperial Prince should assume the post of Shikibu-Kyo.'

中世の鎌倉時代から100句を基準とする長連歌の形式が整えられ、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て室町時代が最盛期とされる。
Since the medieval Kamakura period, the Chorenga had evolved into a hundred-stanza sequence, and after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) it reached its golden age in the Muromachi period.

しのびねは、平安時代末期に成立しその後散逸した王朝物語、ないしは南北朝時代 (日本)に成立した前者の改作本をいう。
The Tale of Shinobine refers to a courtly romance which was completed at the end of the Heian period and was subsequently lost, or to an adaptation of a story produced during the period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).

また、1391年に山名氏の内紛からはじまる明徳の乱の鎮圧や1392年には南朝との仲介を行い南北朝合一にも尽力した。
He contributed to suppressing the Meitoku War that occurred in the wake of the internal conflict of the Yamana clan in 1391, and made efforts for the unification of Southern and Northern Courts by meditating between the Muromachi bakufu and the Southern Court in 1392.

南北朝正閏論においては北人（武家方）が苛察収斂な王朝党（南人/公家方）を圧倒して時代精神になったと論じるなどした。
About the Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument on legitimacy of either Northern and Southern Court), he argued that the transition, in which the North people (samurai class) overpowered the Ochoto group (the South people [survivors of the extinct Southern Song dynasty] or court noble class) who were inquisitive and contraction-minded people, became the spiritual backbone of the time.

楠木正家（くすのきまさいえ、？ - 貞和4年/正平 (日本)3年（1348年））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Masaie KUSUNOKI (year of birth unknown - 1348) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived during the period of Northern and Southern Courts.

節の最初を取り、南北の通りについては寺御幸（てらごこ）、東西の通りについては丸竹夷（まるたけえびす）とも呼ばれる。
One is called Teragoko for north-south running streets, and the other is Marutake Ebisu for east-west running streets, the names of which are the first portions of the words.

当初の敷地は二条通りから三条通りまで、南北400メートル、東西200メートルに及び、池を中心とした大庭園であった。
At this time, the large garden was centered around a pond and occupied an area stretching from Nijo-dori Street to Sanjo-dori Street and measured 400 m from north to south and 200 m from east to west.

このことから斎宮と混同されることもあるが、斎宮は神宮に仕えた未婚の皇族女性のことで南北朝時代_(日本)に廃絶した。
This post is sometimes confused with Saigu (an Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Ise-jingu Shrine), but Saigu were maiden imperial women who had served in shrines until the post was abolished in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

この層の武士たちが重要な存在となったのは鎌倉幕府滅亡の前後から南北朝時代にかけてで、特に観応の擾乱の頃からである。
It was around the time from the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and especially after the Kanno Disturbance, that this class of samurai became significant.

南北戦争期間中の同盟軍の将軍で、ブルランの最初の闘争で、彼の軍隊が石垣のように立っていた（1824年−1863年）
general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

南北朝時代 (日本)頃に集団戦・接近徒歩戦が盛んになると胴丸・腹巻が多く用いられるようになり大鎧は実戦から姿を消す。
Around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), when the wars became intensified with group and the close attacks of walking troops, armor around the torso and belly bands became commonly used, and the large armor disappeared from the actual combat.

そのような源五兵衛が元の数右衛門に戻って、晴れて討ち入りする結末に、南北の武士社会への皮肉が表現されているとされる。
In the last scene, Kazuemon takes off his disguise as Gengobe and avenged his master without shame with fellow ex-retainers, and it is said that especially in the scene the writer Nanboku described the then samurai society with a bitter irony.

第26代の継体天皇で血筋が一度途絶えているとする説があり、壬申の乱、南北朝時代など一系ではなかったとの説などである。
There are some theories including: the bloodline died out in the era of the twenty-sixth Emperor Keitai; the line was broken at the time during the Jinshin War or during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

区域は南北方向に長く、北は左京区、東は東山を隔てて山科区、南は伏見区、西は南区 (京都市)、下京区、中京区に接する。
Higashiyama Ward is long in north and south direction, and there is Sakyo Ward in the north, Yamashina Ward is in the east which is on the other side of the mountains of Higashiyama, Fushimi Ward is in the south, and there are Minami Ward (Kyoto City), Shimogyo Ward, and Nakagyo Ward in the west.

その初期、古代的な天皇親政を理想とする後醍醐天皇と現状重視の尊氏を中心とした勢力が対立した（南北朝時代 (日本)）。
In its early years, the period was characterized in particular by the conflict between Emperor Godaigo, who dreamed of reinstituting the ancient custom of direct Imperial rule, and Takauji, who placed more emphasis on preserving the status quo (this being the essence of the Northern and Southern Courts).

朝鮮半島の百済や高句麗を通じて伝えられた中国大陸の南北朝時代 (中国)の文化の影響を受け、国際性豊かな文化でもある。
It was an abundantly cosmopolitan culture, influenced by the Northern and Southern Dynasties period culture of the Chinese continent, which was introduced to Japan via the Korean kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo.

作家の勝俵藏が歌舞伎役者の名跡である「鶴屋南北」を襲名したのは、妻・お吉が歌舞伎役者の三代目鶴屋南北の娘だったから。
Although 'Nanboku TSURUYA' was the professional name of Kabuki actor, a playwright Hyozo KATSU succeeded to the name because he married Okichi, a daughter of Nanboku TSURUYA III.

義兼の子孫は、鎌倉幕府の御家人となり、南北朝時代 (日本)には石川源氏として存在し、その子孫は石川氏として存続する。
Yoshikane's descendants became gokenin (shogunal vassals) in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), surviving as the Ishikawa-Genji (Minamoto clan) into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and thereafter continued his line under the name of the Ishikawa clan.

父と同じく南北朝の合一後も幕府に対して反抗的な態度をとり続け、1431年には少弐満貞と連合して大内盛見を討ち取った。
He continued to have a defying attitude like his father toward the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) after the unification of Southern and Northern Courts, and defeated Morimi OUCHI while allying with Mitsusada SHONI in 1431.

吉良尊義（きらたかよし、貞和4年/正平 (日本)3年（1348年） - 没年不詳）は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Takayoshi KIRA (1348 - the year of death unknown) was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

四代の子孫　高松定安は南北朝時代、南朝方に組して北畠顕家の幕下に入り、利根川において足利尊氏の大軍を打ち破るという。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the fourth generation descendent Sadayasu TAKAMATSU cooperated with the Southern Court by joining Akiie KITABATAKE's circle and is said to have crushed a general of Takauji ASHIKAGA at Tone-gawa River.

それ自体閉じて昆虫を捕獲する、繊細で縁にちょうつがいが付いて、毛の生えた葉を持つ南北カロライナ州の沿岸平野の肉食植物
carnivorous plant of coastal plains of the Carolinas having sensitive hinged marginally bristled leaf blades that close and entrap insects

羅城門（らじょうもん）は、古代、平城京や平安京といった条坊都市の中央を南北に貫いた朱雀大路の南端に構えられた門である。
A rajomon was a city gate built at the south end of Suzaku-oji Street (a main street) which ran north and south through the center of ancient jobo (grid-like arrangement of streets and avenues) cities such as Heijo-kyo or Heian-kyo.

日付は、著作との整合を保つ為、旧暦表示（性歿年月日を除く）とし、南北朝時代 (日本)の元号は、北朝（京都）で表記する。
In order to ensure consistency with those of his books, dates will be shown based on a lunar calendar (except for the year, month and day of birth and death) and gengo (an era name) during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) will be shown by those of the Northern Court.

南北朝時代_(日本)以後、これらの衆徒は自らの支配地域を獲得して領主化し、興福寺の権威を背景に更なる勢力拡大を図った。
After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), these shuto became the lords of their ruling areas and tried to expand their powers against the background of the power of Kofuku-ji Temple.

一見、南北朝合一により皇位継承は再び安定したように見られたが、もう一つの問題であった北朝内部の内紛は解消されなかった。
It seemed that Imperial succession was sacred at a glance with the unity of the Northern Court and the Southern Court, however, the internal trouble within the Northern Court did not become resolved.

直仁親王（なおひとしんのう、建武2年（1335年）－応永2年5月14日（1398年））は、南北朝時代の持明院統の皇族。
Imperial Prince Naohito (1335 - June 10, 1395) was a member of the Imperial Family of the Jimyo-in Imperial line in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の初期は、南朝 (日本)方として活動しており、北朝 (日本)方の細川氏と対立していた時期もあった。
In the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan acted on the Southern Court (Japan), and there was a period that it conflicted with Hosokawa clan on the Northern Court (Japan).

多々良浜の戦い（たたらはまのたたかい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年（建武 (日本)3年）に行われた合戦である。
The Battle of Tatarahama was a battle in 1336 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

北朝（ほくちょう）とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に、足利氏を頂点に、全国の多くの武士が支持した持明院統の朝廷である。
Hokucho (Northern Court) was the Imperial Court of the Jimyo-in line supported by many samurai led by the Ashikaga clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝成立後は吉野の南朝 (日本)から朝敵免除の綸旨を受けて南朝に従い、新田氏や北畠顕家の軍などに属して足利方と戦う。
After the Northern and Southern Courts were established, he was pardoned by the Southern Court (Japan) in Yoshino and fought against Ashikaga's forces as a member of the forces of the Nitta clan and Akiie KITABATAKE.

南北朝時代から室町時代には、関東地方で武蔵七党など中小武士団による白旗一揆、武蔵平一揆などの国人一揆が盛んに結ばれる。
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, groups of small and middle-class samurai such as Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) had formed many kokujin ikki in the Kanto area including shirahata ikki and musashi hei ikki.

鎌倉府（かまくらふ）とは、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて、室町幕府が関東を統治するために設置した政庁である。
The Kamakurafu was a government office which the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established in the Northern and Southern courts period and the Muromachi period for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.

条里を区分する方格線は、南北方向および東西方向に設定されている場合が多いが、地域・地形により傾いている例も少なくない。
In many cases, hokaku sen that divide jori are located north-south and east-west directions, but there are quite a few cases in which hokaku sen are at a tilt depending on the regions and geological formations.

その結果、明徳の和約による南北朝時代 (日本)の統一によってその大半が持明院統の嫡流とされた伏見宮家の元に集中された。
As a result, during the peaceful era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties established in the Meitoku treaty, most of the Imperial estate fell into the hands of the Fushiminomiya family, which was considered a direct descendant of Jimyoin-to line.

本書の題名にある「宝山」とは、大阪府・奈良県境に南北に連なる、葛城連山（二上山、岩橋山、大和葛城山、金剛山等）である。
'Hozan' in the title of the book is the Katsuragi mountain ranges (Mt. Nijo, Mt. Iwahashi, Mt. Yamato Katsuragi, Mt. Kongo, etc.) running north and south around the border between Osaka and Nara prefectures.

服部持法（はっとりじほう、生没年不明）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて活躍した伊賀国の武士、悪党。
Jiho Hattori (dates of birth and death unknown) was a samurai from Iga Province and an akuto (a villain of medieval times), who was active from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

相馬重胤（そうましげたね、 ? - 建武 (日本)4年（1337年））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の人物。
Shigetane SOMA (date of birth unknown - 1337) was a man who lived during the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

智積院は南北朝時代 (日本)、この大伝法院の塔頭として、真憲坊長盛という僧が建立したもので、根来山内の学問所であった。
Chishaku-in Temple was constructed as a sub-temple of Daidenpo-in Temple during the Northern and Southern Court Period by a monk named Shinkenbo Chosei and served as an academic temple on Mt. Negoro.

古図によると、八神殿は各神を祀る社殿がそれぞれ独立しており、神祇官西院の西北に、東面した8つの社殿が南北に並んでいた。
According to some old diagrams at the Hasshin-den, the main buildings enshrining each god were independent of one another, and the eight main buildings facing east extended north to south to the northwest of the sai-in in the Department of Worship.

南北朝騒乱の初期の段階で4人の軍事指揮官を失ったことで、南朝 (日本)は軍事的にかなりの劣勢に立たされることとなった。
Losing the lives of the four Sanboku-Isso military commanders at an early stage in the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties led to an extreme military disadvantage for the Southern Dynasty.

しかしながら、後述する南北奉行所の関係からもわかるように、むしろ、奉行の方が余所者であって信頼関係が薄かったとされる。
However, as shown in the later-described relationships between the two bugyo-sho offices, it is said that bugyo officers were outsiders in the area and their relationship of mutual trust was not firm.

アメリカ南北戦争における米国の将軍で、フレデリックスバーグの戦いでロバート・E・リーに敗れた（1824年−1881年）
United States general in the American Civil War who was defeated by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Fredericksburg (1824-1881 )

日付は、文献との整合を保つ為、旧暦（宣明暦）表示（生歿年月日を除く）とし、南北朝時代の元号は、北朝 (日本)で表記する。
In order to store and maintain the correspondence with the documents, the dates are indicated according to the lunar calendar (the Senmyo Calendar), except for the dates of births and deaths, and the names of eras during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts are expressed according to those designated by the Northern Court (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)にこの玄旨壇灌頂を受けた円観が、この教理を興隆に鋭意努め『天台灌頂玄旨』、『玄旨帰命檀法』を伝えた。
Enkan who experienced this Genshi-dan kanjo in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) made efforts to have the doctrine prosper transmitted 'Tendai Kanjo Genshi' and 'Genshi Kimyo-dan doctrine'.

平安京の北辺には宮城である平安宮（大内裏）があり、その内部の中央東寄りに南北約300m、東西約200mの内裏が存在した。
Heiangu (the Outer Palace Precincts), the palace, was located on the northern side of Heiankyo, and the dairi measured approximately 300 m from north to south and 200 m from east to west in the easterly of the center within the Heiangu.

この系統の末裔の女性が南北朝統一後に後小松天皇の宮中に入り、天皇の寵愛を受けて誕生したのが一休宗純であると言われている。
One direct female descendant, who served at Court of Emperor Gokomatsu, won the Emperor's favor and gave birth to a child, later known as Sojun IKKYU.

なお、干拓前の巨椋池は東西4km、南北3km、周囲約16km（水域面積約800ha）であり、平均水深は90cmであった。
Prior to reclamation, Ogura-ike Pond was 4 km in width (east to west), 3 km in length (north to south), 16 km in circumference (with the surface area being approximately 800 ha) and the average depth was 90 cm.

律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀～8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国（特に新羅）へも影響を与えた。
Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.

政庁規模は、東西111.6メートル、南北188.4メートル、回廊規模は、東西111.1メートル、南北113.8メートル。
The size of the governmental district was 111.6 meters from west to east and 188.4 meters from north to south, and the size of the cloister was 111.1 meters from west to east and 113.8 meters from north to south.

戊申詔書による風紀引き締めと同時に社会主義運動を弾圧、幸徳事件の摘発や南北朝正閏問題への介入、出版物の取締強化を行った。
The cabinet not only enforced discipline by Boshin Shosho (imperial edict, decree issued in 1908) but also cracked down on socialism, conducted the prosecution of Kotoku Incident (The High Treason Incident), intervened the legitimacy of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and strictly regulated publishing.

物語は彼女から口承に口承を重ねて徐々に広まり、南北朝時代_(日本)から室町時代・戦国時代_(日本)を通じて語り継がれた。
The story was passed by word of mouth from her to others to gradually spread, and was handed down since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) until the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

南北朝時代 (日本)のように安閑・宣化朝と欽明朝が並立し内乱状態にあったという説や、単に暦法上の問題とする説などがある。
There is an opinion that both the Ankan and Senka Dynasties existed at the same time and the country was in a domestic conflict just like the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and there is also an opinion that it is just a matter of the calendar.

安政2年（1855年）に、弘道館を南北騒動をきっかけに退学、後に復学を許されたが戻らず、この頃、枝吉神陽から国学を学ぶ。
The North-South commotion was the impetus for his leaving the Kodokan school in 1855; he was allowed to return thereafter but he rejected the offer, studying Japanese literature and culture afterwards under Shinyo EDAYOSHI instead.

高重茂（こうしげもち、生年不詳 - 正平 (日本)23年/応安元年（1368年）？）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Shigemochi KO (year of birth unknown - 1368?) was a busho (Japanese military commander) lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

土岐頼貞（ときよりさだ、文永8年（1271年）- 暦応2年（1339年））は鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yorisada TOKI (1271 - 1339) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

大炊御門氏忠（おおいのみかどうじただ、乾元 (日本)元年（1302年） - 没年不詳）は南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Ujitada OINOMIKADO (1302 - year of death unknown) was a Court noble during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

関西文化学術研究都市の東部を南北に走り、終点の木津インターチェンジ (京都府)では国道24号奈良バイパスに接続している。
It runs north to south in eastern Kansai Science City and connects with the National Highway Route No. 24 Nara Bypass at the terminus, the Kizu Interchange (in Kyoto Prefecture).

その南北と言う名称にしても、奉行所所在地の位置関係によりそう呼ばれていたということであり、南北は正式な呼称ではなかった。
The term of kita and minami were used for identifying a location where the bugyo-sho office was placed, and were not used officially

アメリカ南北戦争中の米国北部と北軍に忠実な人々である、または、アメリカ南北戦争中の米国北部と北軍に忠実な人々に関係がある
being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War

なお烏丸御池駅は烏丸通（南北方向）と御池通（東西方向）の交差点の下にあるが、2番出口は御池通側に出てくる（北西角の西側）。
Karasuma Oike Station is located beneath the intersection of Karasuma-dori Street (north-south street) and Oike-dori Street (east-west street), and Exit No.2 opens to Oike-dori Street (west of the northwest corner of the intersection).

覆鉢式塔のつくりはストゥーパのつくりと基本的に同じで、南北朝時代 (中国)の雲岡石窟の中にすでに覆鉢式塔の造形が見られた。
The structure of fukubachishiki pagoda is basically the same as that of stupa, and fukubachishiki architecture was already seen in Unko Grottoes (Yungang Grottoes) in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

立川流は鎌倉時代に密教僧である仁寛によって開かれ、南北朝時代に後醍醐天皇の護持僧となった文観によって大成されたといわれる。
It is said the Tachikawa-ryu school was founded in the Kamakura period by a monk of Esoteric Buddhism, Ninkan, and perfected in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts by Monkan who became the gojiso (a priest who prays to guard the emperor) to Emperor Godaigo.

切腹の場所は上輩であれば6間四方、中輩であれば2間四方に「もがり」を結い、南北に2口を開き、南は修行門、北は涅槃門である。
Individuals of high rank would have a mogari (room in which the dead were put or laid in state) with an area of approximately 10.8 m² while it would be about 3.6 m² for those of intermediate rank, and a windows would be opened in both the north and the south with the one in the south representing the shugyomon (gate of practice) and that in the north representing the nehanmon (gate of Nirvana).

特に幕末の尊皇攘夷や明治維新で功績を挙げながら亡くなった者、または南北朝時代の南朝方の公卿や武将への贈位も盛んに行われた。
It was frequently carried out especially for those who died while rendering great achievements during Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) that took place at the end of Edo period and the Meiji Restoration, or to those court nobles and warlords of the Southern court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

しかし、皇統が南北朝時代_、さらには北朝自体が崇光上皇、栄仁親王の系統と崇光天皇の弟である後光厳天皇の系統に分立するなど、
However the Imperial line was separated into a few different ones such as the retired Emperor Suko's line of the Northern Court and Emperor Gokogon's line who was Emperor Suko's younger brother during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

それぞれ南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)方の武将として転戦したが、南朝の衰微により中央貴族としての子孫は残らなかった。
All three of these men were heavily involved in battles as military commanders on the side of the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); when the Southern Court fell into decline, they all, as noblemen central to the Southern Court's existence, were unable to leave behind any descendants.

前述の例は、「東大路通（南北方向の通り）と松原通（東西方向の通り）の交差点を北上して4つ目の町である毘沙門町」の意である。
The example mentioned above means 'Bishamon town which is the forth town after going up north of an intersection between Higashioji-dori Street (street going north and south) and Matsubara-dori Street (street going east and west).'

茶の湯は、南北朝時代に行われていた闘茶や茶寄合が、東山時代に村田珠光により侘び茶が開始され、戦国時代に千利休が完成させる。
Regarding the tea ceremony, the tocho (tea leaf contests) and cha yoriai (tea parties) held in the Northern and Southern Court period developed, thanks to Shuko MURATA, into wabicha (a tea ceremony characterized by an affecting rusticity and simplicity) in the Higashiyama period, which was perfected by Sen no Rikyu in the Sengoku period.

佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'

4世紀後期には倭の五王が南北朝時代 (中国)南朝への朝貢を再開するも、その後日本は長きにわたり大陸との接触を行っていない。
During the late 4th century, the five kings of Wa opened up again, paying tribute to the Southern Dynasty during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasty in China, but after that Japan ceased to have contact with the Chinese continent for a long time.

しかし、二条派の実権は南北朝時代 (日本)にはすでに僧頓阿に移っており、さらに二条為遠の死によって家系は断絶してしまった。
But the actual influence and prestige of the Nijo school had already been transferred to the poet-monk Tona by the time of the Northern and Southern Court period, and with the subsequent death of Tameto NIJO, the Nijo family lineage fell into extinction.

風雅集においてその純度は一層高く、繊細な自然観照と深沈な心境の描写を本領とし、南北朝の乱世に生きる人々の感慨を映している。
Fuga shu, however, is more intense, and its distinctive characters are contemplation of delicate nature and description of calm mind, which reflect the deep emotions of those who lived in the turbulent age of the Northern and Southern Courts.

その成立は、平安時代末期の承安 (日本)1年（1171年）と、南北朝時代 (日本)の貞和3年（1347年）の2段階がある。
There were two kinds of 'Oshu Gosannen Ki,' the one written in 1171 at the end of the Heian period and another written in 1347 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

襲名の四半世紀も前、26歳のときに結婚した恋女房で、翌年には後に二代目勝俵藏 → 五代目鶴屋南北となる長男が生まれている。
At the age of 26, a quarter of a century before the succession to the name, he married Okichi, and in the next year, the eldest son Hyozo KATSU II to be Nanboku TSURUYA V was born.

西園寺公兼（さいおんじきんかね、生年不詳 - 応永24年（1417年）6月）は、南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の公卿。
Kinkane SAIONJI (year of birth unknown-July 1417) was Kugyo (court noble) who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

仁王門 - 南北朝時代 (日本)の貞和年間に本圀寺の南門として建立、元和 (日本)2年（1616年）に現在地に移築、藁葺き
Niomon gate: Constructed as the south gate of Honkoku-ji Temple during the Jowa era (1345-1350) of the Northern and Southern Court period; relocated to its current site in 1616; topped by a thatched roof.

米国の辺境の住民で、1840年代にフレモントの遠征を誘導して、北軍の司令官として南北戦争で働いた（1809年−1868年）
United States frontiersman who guided Fremont's expeditions in the 1840s and served as a Union general in the American Civil War (1809-1868)

周辺の興福寺、東大寺、春日大社、奈良国立博物館、なども含めると総面積はおよそ660ha（東西約4km、南北約2km）に及ぶ。
The total area including the grounds of nearby Kofuku-ji Temple, Todai-ji Temple, Kasuga-taisha Shrine, Nara National Museum, and so on, reaches around 660 hectares (about 4 kilometers east and west and about 2 kilometers north and south).

東寺の五大菩薩のうち、金剛波羅蜜は、金剛界曼荼羅において大日如来の東西南北を囲む「四波羅蜜」のうちの筆頭とされる菩薩である。
Among Godai Bosatsu at To-ji Temple, Kongoharamitsu is the head Bosatsu of 'Shiharamitsu' (four paramita) placed at the east, west, south and north of Dainichinyorai in Vajradhatu Mandala.

法堂の成立はインドではなく、中国であり、仏教が貴族階級に浸透し始めた南北朝時代 (中国)には既に成立していたものと思われる。
The establishment of hatto was in China, not India, and it is believed that it had already been established in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), when Buddhism began to spread through the noble class.

中国で発明された紙が、自国内で一般にも浸透して筆記媒体として用いられるようになったのは魏晋南北朝時代の比較的初期の頃である。
Paper, which was invented in China, became widespread among the general public to be used as a writing medium in the comparatively early Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao periods.

これは明徳3年（1392年）の南北朝合一の際の条件である両統迭立に反しており、その後南朝勢力はしばしば反発して武装蜂起する。
This was against the agreement of sharing imperial succession as decided by the union of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392, and subsequently the two sides often opposed each other in armed conflicts.

（なお南北朝以前にも光孝天皇・後白河天皇・後堀河天皇などのように立太子されない例もあるが、いずれも急遽擁立された例である）。
(There were cases in which the ceremonial investiture of the Crown Prince was not performed, like Emperor Koko, Emperor Goshirakawa, and Emperor Gohorikawa, before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, because they were enthroned suddenly.

正式には鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の唐橋有雅（位階・大膳職）（1275年 - 1356年）から唐橋の家名を称した。
The family name of Karahashi was officially given during the time of Arimasa KARAHASHI (Court Rank, the Office of the Palace Table, 1275 - 1356), some time between the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

家祖鈴木重善は鈴木重家の親族で鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の頃に三河国矢並（愛知県豊田市矢並町）に土着したと伝えられる。
The family ancestor, Shigeyoshi SUZUKI was a relative of Shigeie SUZUKI, and it is said that he was settled in Yanami, Mikawa Province (Yanami-cho, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture) during the Kamakura period or the Period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

西限の西京極大路の推定地は西日本旅客鉄道山陰本線花園駅 (京都府)や阪急電鉄阪急京都本線西京極駅を南北に結んだラインである。
The assumed location for the western border, Nishikyogoku-oji Avenue draws a line north-south between the following two stations - Hanazono Station of the JR West Sanin main line (Kyoto pref.) and Nishi-Kyogoku Station of the Hankyu Kyoto main line.

南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)には九州・瀬戸内海方面の武士や海賊が中国、朝鮮沿岸を荒らしまわり、倭寇と恐れられた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the period of Warring States in Japan, samurai warriors and pirates from the Kyushu and Inland Sea regions attacked ships along the coasts of China and Korea and were feared as Japanese pirates (called 'wako' in Japanese).

南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.

南北朝時代 (日本)北朝 (日本)の貞和6年（1367年）を最古とするが、四位・五位が揃うのは応永6年（1399年）である。
The oldest 'Ryakumyo dodai' was found in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Northern Court of Japan in 1367, but it was in 1399 when both Shii and Goi were set.

このような琴の流行は南北朝時代 (中国)に最高潮になりやがて衰退するが、近世になっても文人の嗜むべき随一の楽器とされ続けた。
Kin was prevailed most widely in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and soon declined, but it had been seen as the sole music instrument for Bunjin even in the recent times.

また日本列島は南北に極めて長く、地形も変化に富んでいる為、現在と同じように縄文時代においても気候や植生の地域差は大きかった。
The Japanese archipelago is extremely elongated from north to south and its topography varies considerably; therefore, regional differences in the climate and vegetation were large during the Jomon period as is today.

赤坂幸清（あかさかゆききよ、生年不詳－延元元年（1336年））は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代_(日本)にかけての伯耆国の武将。
Yukikiyo AKASAKA (year of birth unknown - 1336) was a Japanese military commander in Hoki Province from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

逢坂関は鎌倉時代以降も京都の東の要衝として機能し、南北朝時代_(日本)以降には園城寺が支配して関銭が徴収されるようになった。
From the Kamakura period, Osaka no seki held a strategically important position to the east of Kyoto, and starting in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), it was managed by Enjo-ji Temple, which began charging a toll.

南北朝時代から室町時代にかけてしばしば起きた国人一揆（国人領主連合）は、形態は様々だが国人領主同士の結合と見ることができる。
Kokujin-ikki (riots by kokujin) that occurred frequently from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, varied in style, but can be seen as uniting kokujin ryoshu.

高田与清（たかだともきよ）の『官職今案』によると、南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、大納言や中納言は権官ばかりで正員がなくなった。
After the Northern and Southern courts period, according to 'Kanshoku konan' written by Tomokiyo TAKADA, only gonkan existed, instead of regular ones, in the case of Dainagon and Chunagon (vice-council of state).

南北朝時代 (日本)の1331年（元弘元年）、北朝 (日本)の光厳天皇が土御門殿で即位してからは、この御殿が内裏に定められた。
After Emperor Kogen of the Northern Court ascended the throne at Tsuchimikado-dono Palace in 1331 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, this Palace was taken up as Dairi.

南北朝時代 (日本)期康暦二年（1380年）の東寺西院大師堂の再建当時のものとされている明障子が、最古の明障子といわれている。
Akari shoji, assumed to have been made on the occasion of reconstruction of Daishido House in the western section of To-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (more specifically, in 1380), is said to be the oldest akari shoji in existence.

南北朝時代 (日本)期康歴二年（1380年）の東寺西院大師堂の再建当時のものとされている明障子が、最古の明障子と言われている。
The Akari-shoji made at the time of reconstruction of Daishi-do Hall in the western part of To-ji Temple (To-ji Sai-in) in 1380 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is said to be the oldest Akari-shoji.

陣中に遊郭ができ、久吉が料理をしたり佐藤正清が鮨屋、會呂利新左衛門が落語家になるなど、南北らしい楽しく奇抜な構想の場面である。
It is typical of Nanboku to have a story that is entertaining and eccentric, including such things as a brothel built at the battlefield, Hisayoshi cooking, Masakiyo KATO working in a sushi restaurant, and Shinzaemon SORORI becoming a rakugo comedian.

東西約1.2km、南北約1.4kmの、行政施設・国家儀式や年中行事を行う殿舎、天皇の居住する内裏が設置されている区域であった。
This was an area about 1.2 kilometers long running east to west, and 1.4 kilometer long in North to South, and it was provided with an administration institute and a national ceremony, facilitated yearly events, and it also had a Palace where the emperor lived.

これらは、南北朝合一の約束であった両統迭立を死文化し、持明院統による皇位継承を既成事実化するための将軍足利義満の意向であった。
This was planned by Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who tried to cancel the mutual agreement of Ryoto tetsuritsu between the Southern and the Northern Courts, and to make the Imperial succession of the Jimyoin Imperial line become an existing fact.

また篠町には足利高氏の挙兵の地となった篠村八幡宮があるなど当市域は鎌倉時代・南北朝時代 (日本)を通じて源氏の一拠点となった。
Takauji ASHIKAGA took up arms at the Shinomura-Hachimangu Shrine in Shino-cho, making the Kameoka area a base for the Minamoto clan through the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

上記のような地峡を扼する地であることから、南北朝時代 (日本)や応仁の乱でも戦略上の要地として争奪の舞台となり山城も築かれた。
Because the area embraces the isthmus mentioned above, the scrambles occurred to get the strategically vital mountain in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts or in the Onin War, and yamajiro (a castle built on a mountain to take advantage of the mountain's topography) was built on it.

この傾向は南北朝時代に入ると顕著になり、荘園の年貢の半分を幕府に納める半済や、年貢の取立てを守護が請け負う守護請が一般化した。
These trends became still more prominent in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts with the spread of the half-tax, in which half of the yearly proceeds of a shoen were turned over to the shogunate, and the shugouke system, in which the shugo was contracted with the duty of collecting the land tax.

そのため後醍醐天皇は再び武家権力との対立を深め、吉野に南朝 (日本)を開き南北朝二つの勢力に分かれて全国的な争乱の時代となる。
For this reason, Emperor Godaigo recreated conflict with the samurai authority again and thus established the Southern Court in Yoshino, which marked the beginning of the nation-wide war between the Northern and Southern Courts.

その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.

南北朝時代には少なくとも旧勢力からは「悪党」と呼ばれる者の増加と参戦があり、例えば赤松円心や、楠木正成は代表的な悪党とされる。
There was an increase of people called 'akuto' and their participation in wars during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) at least from former powers, and Enshin AKAMATSU and Masashige KUSUNOKI were their representatives.

重範の死後、足助氏は南北朝時代 (日本)には南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を支援していたが、後に足助を離れて全国に散り散りとなった。
After Shigenori's death, the Asuke clan supported Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (of the Southern Court) in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), but later the people left the Asuke clan and scattered throughout the country.

平城京は南北に長い長方形で、中央の朱雀大路を軸として右京と左京に分かれ、さらに左京の傾斜地に外京（げきょう）が設けられている。
The shape of Heijo-kyo was a long rectangle which had Suzaku-oji Street dividing Ukyo (west part of capital) and Sakyo (east part of the capital), and further down the Sakyo, Gekyo (extra part in the east part of Heijo-kyo) was constructed on sloping ground.

東西軸には一条から九条大路、南北軸には朱雀大路と左京一坊から四坊、右京一坊から四坊の大通りが設置された条坊制の都市計画である。
The city planning was based on the jobo system (a series of avenues running at right angles to each other marked out the system) and was constructed with Ichijo to Kujo-oji Street running through east to west, from Suzaku-oji Street and Ichibo to Shibo Streets in Sakyo running through north to south, and from Ichibo to Shibo Street in Ukyo.

これらの遺構は南北方向のものが顕著で、東西方向のものは少ないことから、整然とした条坊域が整備されていたのではない可能性もある。
In these remains, vertical streets are noticeable with few horizontal ones, so there is a possibility that the jobo area was not improved in a methodical way.

なお、紙に押して使うようになったのは唐代以降で、魏晋南北朝時代までは木簡・竹簡の束を止める「封泥」という粘土の塊に押していた。
Kanin came to be stamped on papers after the age of the Tang Dynasty, but until the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, kanin were stamped on 'fudei' (a lump of clay) which was used to seal a bundle of mokkan or chikkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood or bamboo strung together that were used to write on in ancient times).

今川貞世（いまがわさだよ）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の武将、遠江国の守護大名、室町幕府の九州探題。
Sadayo IMAGAWA was a busho (Japanese military commander), shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) in Totomi Province, Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), lived from the late Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), until the Muromachi period.

駅舎は南北双方（北改札は1番ホーム、南改札は4番ホームの、それぞれ淀屋橋寄り）にあり、各ホームは跨線橋と地下道で連絡している。
There are two station houses, one on the north side (whose ticket gate is provided on Platform 1) and the other on the south side (whose ticket gate is provided on Platform 4), with both located on the Yodoyabashi side, and each platform is reached either by a bridge across the railroads or an underground passage.

1590年（天正18年）、豊臣秀吉は南北方向の通りの中間に新たに通りを建設し、これまで空き地だったところを新たな「町」にした。
In 1590, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built roads between north-south streets, making the vacant lots into new 'machi.'

南北朝時代 (日本)以降は大納言と同じく権官ばかりで正員がなくなったことが高田与清（たかだともきよ）『官職今案』に見えている。
According to the 'Kanshoku konan' ('官職今案') by Tomokiyo TAKADA, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), as with Dainagon, there were only temporary personnel and official personnel were nonexistent.

国人（こくじん）とは、主に鎌倉時代の地頭層から発し、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて諸国の開発を推進した武士層のこと。
'Kokujin' are the samurai class, mainly originating from the jito (manager and lord of manor) class in the Kamakura period, who engaged in the development of provinces from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period.

城主居館跡の南方、「薬師尾根」と称される尾根の中腹には「中屋敷」跡と呼ばれる東西約40メートル、南北約50メートルの区画がある。
A section called 'Naka-yashiki' (literally, middle residence) remains, with a length of approximately 40 meters in the east-west direction and approximately 50 meters in the north-south direction, exists in the middle of a ridge called 'Yakushi-one' (Yakushi ridge) to the south of the remains of the lord's residence.

斎宮（さいぐう、さいくうまたはいつきのみや、いわいのみや）は古代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて、伊勢神宮に奉仕した斎王の御所。
'Saigu' (also called Saiku or Itsuki no Miya as well as Iwai no Miya) refers to the residence of Saio (a vestal virgin princess) serving at the Ise-jingu Shrine between ancient times and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).

政治的時代区分では室町時代に包含されることの多い南北朝時代 (日本)は、刀剣武具史ではあえて別な時代として見るのが一般的である。
The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) often included in the Muromachi period as a divided political period is generally regarded as a separated period in the history of swords and weapons.

南北朝時代の連歌の大成者である二条良基はその著書『九州問答』の中で「所詮連歌と云物は、幽玄の境に入ての上の事也。」と述べている。
In his book 'Kyushu Mondo' Yoshimoto NIJO, a successful Renga poet in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, wrote 'Renga is working only when reaching Yugen.'

ソバはタデ科の一年草で、日本のみならず、アジア内陸地帯、東欧、中欧、北欧、南欧山岳地帯、南北アメリカ他で栽培され、食用とされる。
Soba (buckwheat) is an annual polygonaceous plant grown not only in Japan but also in inland areas of Asia, East Europe, Central Europe, Northern Europe, mountainous regions of Southern Europe, South and North America and some other areas for food.

観応2年/正平 6年（1351年） - 応永23年11月20日（1416年12月9日））は、南北朝時代、室町時代の日本の皇族。
(1351 - December 9, 1416) was Japanese Imperial family member during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.

しかしその後の内乱を通じて南北朝時代 (日本)が並立し、足利将軍家方の北朝_(日本)が南朝_(日本)を吸収することで収拾された。
However, after the civil war that followed, two Imperial Courts stood at the same time in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and they were taken under control by the Northern Court, which was the side of the Ashikaga Shogunate, absorbing the Southern Court.

同古墳は6世紀末から7世紀初頭に築造された方墳で、東西44.5m、南北42.2m、高さ約9.1m、全長17mの横穴式石室を持つ。
This is a square tumulus built between the late 6th century and early 7th century, measuring 44.5m from east to west, 42.2m from north to south, with a horizontal stone chamber about 9.1m tall and 17m long.

南北朝時代 (日本)、嫡流は北朝に仕えたが、支流の花山院師信とその子花山院師賢は後醍醐天皇の側近で、その子孫は吉野朝廷に仕えた。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the direct descendants of the family served the Northern Court, but Moronobu KAZANIN and his son, Morokata KAZANIN, who belonged to a branch family, were close aides of Emperor Godaigo, and their descendents served the Yoshino Court.

後醍醐は幕府滅亡後に京都で建武の新政を開くが、南北朝時代 (日本)には吉野へ移り、皇居や行政機関を置いて吉野朝廷（南朝）が成立。
After demolition of the shogunate, Godaigo carried out the Kenmu Restoration in Kyoto, but he moved to Yoshino in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and established Yoshino Imperial Court (Southern Court) by setting up a palace and administrative organs.

西吉野温泉の歴史は古く、南北朝の時代には、吉野へと向かわれる途中の天皇が立ち寄られ、旅の疲れを癒されたということが伝わっている。
Nishiyoshino Onsen Hot Spring has a long history, and it is said the in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Emperors stopped in to get rid of travel fatigue on their way to Yoshino.

観応の擾乱（かんのうのじょうらん）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1350年-1352年の観応年間に頂点に達した室町幕府内の権力闘争。
The Kanno Disturbance was a power struggle within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that reached its height during the Kanno era from 1350 to 1352 of the Northern and Southern Court period.

それでも不動穀引継のための儀式は実態がないまま、国司の制度が存在していた南北朝時代_(日本)頃まで継続していたと考えられている。
Yet it is thought that the ceremony for transfer of Fudokoku did exist although there was no existence of real warehouse until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in which the provincial governor system still existed.

児島高徳（兒嶋　髙德・こじまたかのり、生没年未詳）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて活躍した備前国出身の武士。
Takanori KOJIMA (dates of birth and death are unknown) was a samurai from Bizen Province who lived from the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北畠親房にも与えられたのに伴い、天皇の外戚以外の臣下にも准后が宣下される道が開かれるようになった。
When the period of Northern and Southern Courts began, with Chikafusa KITABATAKE being given the title of Jugo, even the vassals who were not the emperor's maternal relatives started to be given the title of Jugo.

ミシシッピー川を支配するので、2つの半分に南部連合国を切るために戦われたUnionとしての南北戦争の間の重要なキャンペーンの焦点
focus of an important campaign during the American Civil War as the Union fought to control the Mississippi River and so to cut the Confederacy into two halves

そうした分派それぞれが即位法を編み出し、それら即位法は、南北朝の争いが終焉しても統一されることなく現在まで伝えられることになった。
Each fraction devised its own sokuiho and such multiple sokuiho had not been unified even after the struggle between the Northern and Southern Courts ended and this continues even today.

立川流（たちかわりゅう）とは、鎌倉時代に仁寛によって開かれ、南北朝時代 (日本)に文観によって大成されたとされる密教の一派である。
The Tachikawa-ryu school is a school of Esoteric Buddhism founded by Ninkan in the Kamakura period and perfected by Monkan in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

闘茶の全盛期であった南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代初期にかけて最も盛んに行われたのが、四種十服茶（ししゅじつぷくちゃ）であった。
Shishu Jippuku-cha (tea competition, with ten cups of tea of four kinds of leaf) was most popular in the golden age of tocha from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the early Muromachi period.

その後南北朝時代 (日本)には安芸守護であった武田信武が足利尊氏に属して各地で戦功をあげ、石和系武田氏に代わり甲斐国守護となった。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Nobutake Takeda, then the shugo of Aki Province, followed Takauji ASHIKAGA, achieved distinguished war service at various battle fields and became the shugo of Kai Province in place of the Takeda clan of Isawa lineage.

阿波の小笠原氏は南北朝時代には南朝に属したとされ、その子孫の多くは室町時代には国人化して阿波の守護を務めた細川氏に仕えたとされる。
It is said that the Ogasawara clan in Awa belonged to the Southern Court in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and many of the descendants became local clans serving the Hosokawa clan, the shugo of Awa in the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代には鞆の浦沖から鞆にかけての地域で北朝と南朝との合戦（鞆合戦）が幾度もあり、静観寺五重塔などの貴重な文化財が失われた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, many battles (Tomo kassen) were fought between the Northern Court and the Southern Court in an area covering the sea off Tomonoura and the town of Tomo, thereby destroying invaluable cultural properties such as a five-storey pagoda of Seikan-ji Temple.

『南北両町奉行連著書上』が伝える元文三年(1738年)、寛保三年(1743年)の人口は誤記と思われるが、参考までに斜体で記載する。
The figures of population for 1738 and 1743 in the 'Nanboku ryo machibugyo rencho shojo' (the joint report by the Minami and Kita town magistrates) seem to be erroneous, but they are included herein in italics for reference.

もっとも、南北朝時代_(日本)には単なる不孝でも死後の紛糾を避けるために証拠文書などの作成が必要となり、不孝は義絶の別称となった。
However, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, it became necessary to make an evidential document in order to avoid complications after death, and the term fukyo has come to mean the same thing as gizetsu.

米良氏は、南北朝時代 (日本)には南朝 (日本)方につき、敗れた後、九州山地の肥後国米良郡米良山中に逃れた名族菊池氏の末裔である。
The Mera clan was a descendant of the Kikuchi clan, a distinguished clan that supported the Southern Court (in Japan) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) and fled to the mountainous area of Kyushu, or more specifically, in Mt. Mera of Mera County, Higo Province, after being defeated in the war.

上記の通り、後世の逸話、文飾が紛れ込んでいるにしても、南北朝時代時代の貞和版『後三年合戦絵詞』には、更に平安時代末期の底本がある。
As mentioned above, even if it includes some episodes or modifications of the later times, there is an original text of 'Gosannen Kassen Ekotoba' in the Jowa edition in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts which was written in the end of the Heian period.

多田頼貞（ただよりさだ、？ - 興国4年/康永2年8月12日 (旧暦)（1343年9月1日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Yorisada TADA (? - September 9, 1343) was a Busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

2008年（平成20年） - 南側に府内最大のショッピングモールができるため、南北自由通路を延伸させる予定（補正予算が組まれる）。
2008: It was scheduled to extend the Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro because the construction of a new shopping mall, which will be the biggest mall in the prefecture, is planned for the south side of the station.

鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて、成賢（7世）・憲深（11世）・賢俊（21世）と高僧を輩出し、足利尊氏から厚く保護された。
From the Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period, it produced the eminent monks Seigen (7th head priest), Kenjin (11th head priest) and Kenshun (21st head priest), and received the protection of Takauji ASHIKAGA.

広小路通りを塞ぐように境内と、隣接する御霊公園が存在しているため、広小路通りはこの周辺で南北でクランク (道路)状に迂回している。
Being obstructed by the precincts and the neighboring Goryo Park, Hirokoji Street is divided into north and south like a crank.

有岡城は、南北朝時代 (日本)に伊丹氏により築城され伊丹城と称したが、天正年間に荒木村重により改修され総構えとなり有岡城と改称した。
The Arioka Castle was named the Itami Castle since it was constructed by the Itami clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) but Murashige ARAKI had the structure renovated, a sogamae constructed, and the name of the castle was changed into the Arioka Castle during the Tensho era (1573-1592).

その上、街路の端々の東西南北に９つの門があったようで、夜は４つの門のみを開け、外来者が町中にみだりに入ることを拒んでいたようである。
Additionally, it seems that there were a total of nine gates at the north, south, east, and west ends of the streets and that only four gates were open as required at night to keep strangers from arbitrarily entering the town.

南北朝時代 (日本)以降、元弘3年（1333年）に後醍醐天皇の皇后（中宮）に立てられた珣子内親王を最後として、皇后の冊立は途絶えた。
The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) onward, Imperial Princess Junshi, the wife of Emperor Godaigo was the last to become empress (Chugu) in 1333 and the empress by Imperial Investiture ended.

南北朝時代(日本)になると、信清の子孫の坊門信行が北朝において公卿に列し、隆清の子孫の坊門清忠は後醍醐天皇の側近となり公卿に列した。
Once the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) began, however, Nobuyuki BOMON, Nobukiyo's descendant, was ranked among the nobility at the Northern Court, while Takakiyo's descendant, Kiyotada BOMON, became a trusted retainer to the Emperor Godaigo and was ranked among the nobility of the Southern Court.

新制（しんせい）とは、平安時代中期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて天皇・太上天皇の勅旨に基づいて制定された成文法典（「公家新制」）。
Shinsei ('kugeshinsei') means a written code established based upon imperial order by Tenno (the Emperor) and Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor) from the mid Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.

ただし、刀剣武具の分野に関しては、長大な大太刀の流行など、明らかな「南北朝時代様式」があり、鎌倉時代とは別の時代とされることが多い。
However, in the field of swords and arms, there obviously existed a style specific to this period, which is exemplified by the long Japanese sword - popular in this period - so that this period is commonly distinguished from the Kamakura period.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)時代には、懐良親王が倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「良懐」の名で日本国王の称号を受けている。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Imperial Prince Kanenaga was given the title of the king of Japan under the name of 'Ryokai' by the Ming dynasty on the condition that he crack down on the Japanese pirates.

その風潮に対して、吉川英治は戦後、『私本太平記』において足利尊氏をそれまでのイメージと違う新たな解釈を加えて南北朝時代を小説化した。
Against that tendency, after World War II Eiji YOSHIKAWA wrote a novel about the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) called the 'Shihon Taiheiki,' giving Takauji ASHIKAGA a new interpretation that was different from the previous image of him.

『義経記』（ぎけいき）は、源義経とその主従を中心に書いた軍記物語で、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代初期に成立したと考えられている。
The 'Gikeiki' is a war chronicle focused mainly on MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and his retainers, and is believed to have been created either during the Nanbokucho period (Japan's period of Northern and Southern Courts) or at the beginning of the Muromachi period.

南北朝時代 (日本)の仁科氏は、初め後醍醐天皇の皇子の宗良親王を奉じて南朝 (日本)方に属していたが、後に北朝 (日本)方に属した。
During the period of the northern and southern dynasties in Japan the Nishina clan obeyed Emperor Godaigo's son Prince Muneyoshi's (also known as Munenaga) commands to ally with the Southern Dynasty in Japan however, subsequently they allied with the Northern Dynasty.

9月に朝日新聞が「危険なる洋書」という連載を開始して6回目に鴎外と妻の名が掲載され、さらに南北朝正閏論南北朝正閏問題が大きくなった。
Ogai and his wife's names appeared in the sixth edition of a serial called 'Dangerous foreign books' started by the Asahi Shinbun in September, and the Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument over legitimacy of Northern or Southern Courts) became further divided.

南北分裂後は南朝 (日本)方に属し、正平6年（1351年）以降、後村上天皇の下で関白をつとめるなど、南朝政権の重鎮のひとりであった。
After the Imperial Court broke into the Northern and Southern courts, Moromoto belonged to the Southern Court and served as Kanpaku (Chief Advisor to the emperor) under Emperor Gomurakami subsequent to 1351, being one of the heavyweights of the Southern Court government.

五条頼元（ごじょう　よりもと、正応3年（1290年） - 正平 (日本)22年（1367年）5月）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家。
Yorimoto GOJO (1290 - June, 1367) was a Court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

かつては南北方向の主要な通りの一つであり、今出川通から二条通にかけては京都電気鉄道（のちに買収され京都市電）の路面電車が走っていた。
The street was once the major north-south thoroughfare, and steetcars (which were operated by Kyoto Electric Railway and later purchased by Kyoto City Trams) ran from Imadegawa-dori Street to Nijo-dori Street.

岡町（丹南北交差点国道309号交点）－岡（丹南東交差点中高野街道と交差）－立部（立部西・立部東交差点大阪中央環状線交点）－
Oka-cho (intersection of Tannan Kita crossing and National Route 309) - Oka (crosses with Tannan Higashi crossing and Naka Koya-kaido Road) - Tatsube (Tatsube Nishi and Tatsube Higashi crossing and Osaka-chuo-kanjo-sen Belt Line) -

斎王の制度は南北朝時代 (日本)の後醍醐天皇の代を最後に廃絶し、その後は天照大神を祀る神社として存続していたが、戦乱の中で衰退した。
The Saio system ended with the relatives of the Emperor Godaigo who reigned during the Northern and Southern Courts period, and the site continued as a shrine enshrining Amaterasu Omikami but fell into ruin during the Onin War.

国役（こくやく/くにやく）とは、平安時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて朝廷及び国衙が諸国に課した雑役・一国平均役などの課役のこと。
Kuniyaku were duties imposed by the Imperial Court and kokuga (provincial government offices) from the Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

周濠に掛かる外堤は後円部北方にあり、また、北方の周濠は外側から埋め立てられて細く変形しており、本来の周濠は南北対称であったと思われる。
The original surrounding moat was presumably symmetrical and located at the north of the rectangular rear-end part, although its north part is currently deformed thinly by filling in the moat from the outer side toward the embankment.

1392年（明徳3年）には義満の斡旋によって南朝との和平が成立して南北朝時代が終結したが、1393年（明徳4年）4月26日に崩御した。
In 1392 the period of the Northern and Southern Courts finished after a peace agreement was concluded between both parties with Yoshimitsu's help, the retired Emperor died on April 26, 1393.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)から江戸時代中期にかけては、次期皇位継承者が決定されている場合であっても、「皇太子」にならないこともあった。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the mid Edo period, the next heir to the Imperial Throne often did not become 'crown prince' even if he was determined.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)にも直仁親王など複数の例が存在し、こちらは政治的な要素もさることながら、軍事的敗北の結果としての要素が強い。
There are additional cases in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), including the Imperial Prince Naohito, who was deposed as a result of the military defeat rather than by political reasons.

すなわち、泰宗の子の宇都宮貞泰は、南北朝時代 (日本)に四国伊予国に勢力を保ち、南朝の懐良親王と共に城井氏の拠点の豊前国仲津に移った。
That is to say, Yasumune's son, Sadayasu UTSUNOMIYA maintained his influence in Iyo Province of the Shikoku region during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (of Japan) and then moved to Nakatsu, Chikuzen Province which was the Kii clan's base, together with Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi of the Southern Court.

南北朝時代の1348年に南朝の本拠地である吉野が陥落した際に、後村上天皇が賀名生（現在の五條市西吉野町）に入り、一時期南朝が置かれた。
When Yoshino, the base of the Southern Court surrendered in 1348 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Emperor Gomurakami entered Ano (currently Nishiyoshino Town, Gojo City) and the Southern Court was placed temporarily.

伯母子山地植物地区は東を十津川渓谷、南北と西を和歌山県境稜線で画された地域を指し、神納川を境にさらに伯母子区および果無区に細分される。
The Obako mountains plant region refers to the area which is surrounded by Totsukawa Valley on the east and by the boundary of Wakayama Prefecture on the south, on the north and on the west; the area is further divided into Obako section and Hatenashi section by Jinno-gawa River.

こうした流れの中で、南北朝時代 (日本)より以降、畿内やその周辺地域において、自治権と連帯意識を高めた百姓らによる惣村が成立していく。
With this background, beginning in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was formed by the peasants who had developed their autonomy and sense of solidarity.

南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易（勘合貿易）が開始するのである。
The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.

区分けの方法は村を東西や南北などの地理的条件により一律に区切るということはせずに各田畑の良し悪しなどを考慮して個別に帰属が決定された。
A village was not uniformly divided based on geographical distinctions (e.g. east and west and north and south); each territory was readjusted on a case-by-case basis in view of the conditions of its land (e.g. the land's fertility).

周阿（しゅうあ、? - 永和 (日本)3年/天授 (日本)3年（1377年）?）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の地下（じげ＝庶民）の連歌師。
Shua (year of birth unknown - c. 1377) was a renga poet (linked-verse poet) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) who belonged to the ordinary people class.

井沢元彦『逆説の日本史（7）中世王権編太平記と南北朝の謎』（小学館文庫、2003年（平成15年）） ISBN 4094020071
IZAWA, Motohiko. (2003). Paradoxical Japanese History (7) King's Power in the Middle Ages - The Mystery of Taiheiki and the Southern and Northern Courts. Shogakkan Bunko. ISBN 4094020071.

日野邦光（ひのくにみつ、元応2年（1320年） - 正平 (日本)18年/貞治2年（1363年））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Kunimitsu HINO (1320-1363) was a court noble in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)には吉野朝廷方の北畠親房が『神皇正統記』において、江戸時代には武家の専横を批判する新井白石も肯定的評価をしている。
In the Northern and Southern Court period, Chikafusa KITABATAKE of the Yoshino Imperial Court positively evaluated Yasutoki in a book containing a record of the legitimate succession of the divine emperors entitled 'Jinno-shotoki', and in the Edo period, even Hakuseki ARAI, who criticized the tyranny of the warriors, positively evaluated Yasutoki.

駅舎改築中は京都側に仮駅舎・仮跨線橋を設置して対応していたが、2008年4月12日より新しい橋上駅舎及び南北自由通路の供用を開始した。
During the period of renovation work of the station building, the temporary station building and overpass were set on the Kyoto side of the station, but on April 12, 2008, a new station building on the bridge and the free passage that runs north and south were placed in service.

京都御所の西端を通り、京都駅を南北に交差するため、平安京の朱雀大路であった千本通に代わって、現在の京都のメインストリートとなっている。
It has taken the place of Senbon-dori Street, the former Suzakuoji broad avenue of Heiankyo, to become a main street of present-day Kyoto, because it passes the west side of Kyoto Gosho and crosses Kyoto Station north and south.

安国寺利生塔（あんこくじりしょうとう）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟が、北海道、沖縄を除く日本各地に設けた寺院。
Ankoku-ji Temples and Risho-to Pagodas were temples and pagodas established throughout Japan with the exceptions of Hokkaido and Okinawa by Takauji ASHIKAGA and his younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA during the Northern and Southern Courts period.

14世紀前半に京都に室町幕府を建てた足利尊氏は、南北朝時代 (日本)の争乱を有利に進めるために従来の守護よりも強い権限を守護に与えた。
Takauji ASHIKAGA, who established the Muromachi bakufu in Kyoto in the first half of the 14th century, gave shugo a stronger authority to benefit himself from conflicts in the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) period.

東三条殿（ひがしさんじょうどの）は、平安時代に平安京左京3条3坊1町及び2町（二条大路南西洞院大路東）の南北2町に跨って建てられた邸宅。
During the Heian period, the Higashi Sanjo-dono Residence was built in an area of 1-cho and 2-cho (placed in the north-south direction) of 3-jo and 3-bo in Sakyo (the left-side area of the capital) (present Nijo-oji Minami Nishino Toin-oji Higashi).

花の御所（はなのごしょ）は、現在の京都市上京区の烏丸通・今出川通・上立売通・室町通に囲まれた東西一町南北二町の足利将軍家の邸宅の通称。
Hana no gosho Palace is a popular name for the Ashikaga Shogun family residence that stretched over a space of 110 meters from east to west and 220 meters from north to south, surrounded by the current Karasuma-dori Street, Imadegawa-dori Street, Kamidachiuri-dori Street and Muromachi-dori Street in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.

また、一辺51mの方形基壇の周囲に貼石された空濠をめぐらし、さらに外提（南北約83m、東西81m）をめぐらした壮大な方形墳であるという。
Furthermore, it is said to have been a huge square tumulus with 51 meters square stylobate surrounded by a dry moat with stuck stones and additionally with an outer bank (approximately 83 meters from north to south and 81 meters from east to west).

奈良盆地の東南の山麓に沿って、南から纏向古墳群、柳本古墳群、大和古墳群の三つの古墳群が、初瀬川右岸をおよそ南北に縦に並んで存在している。
From the south, the three tumulus groups of the Makimuku tumulus group, the Yanagimoto tumulus group, and the Oyamato tumulus group are located along the southeastern foot of the Nara basin.

南北（当時は勝俵蔵）は読本『絵本合邦辻』を原作として、左枝大学之助と立場の太平次という極悪人を主人公に据え、悪事の限りを尽くさせている。
Nanboku (then called Hyozo KATSU) wrote it, based on the original Yomihon (a kind of novel) of 'Ehon Gappo ga Tsuji,' with villains called Daigakunosuke SAEDA and Tateba no Taheiji as main characters, who commit all crimes.

院政はこの後江戸時代まで続くが、実体的な政権を構成したのは、白河院政から南北朝時代 (日本)の後円融天皇までの約250年間とされている。
After this, Insei continued until the Edo period, but the period in which it formed actual political power is regarded as about 250 years from the Shirakawa Insei until the period of Emperor Goenyu in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan).

後嵯峨天皇の腹心であった経任在世中は、従兄弟である経継系よりも羽振りが良かったものの政敵も多く南北朝時代_(日本)初期頃に断絶している。
While Tsunetada who was a confidant of the Emperor Gosaga was alive, the family was more prosperous than the Tsunetsugu lineage of his cousin, but he also had a number of political opponents, and this led to the family being discontinued around the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

その後、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代を通し津軽十三湊を本拠地とし栄えたと言われるが、十三湊を支配した時期については諸説あり確定していない。
Afterwards, the Ando clan is said to have been prosperous placing its home base in Tosaminato, Tsugaru Province through the time from the late Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, however, the period of time in which the clan was dominating Tosaminato can not be precisely determined because of various estimates.

このほか、東側を並行する小町大路（現在の通称：辻説法通り、三浦道等）、同じく西側の今大路（同：今小路）が、南北線の基幹大路を成していた。
In addition, streets running parallel in the east -- Komachi-oji street (today also known as Tsujiseppo dori (Preaching Street) and the Miura-do Street, etc)--and the IMAOJI (today also known as Imakoji) running west constituted the major north-to-south Oji.

有名なのは南北朝時代 (日本)の武蔵国での「白旗一揆」、同じく「武蔵平一揆」、そして『太平記』に出てくる美濃国の「桔梗一揆」などである。
The famous ones were 'Shirahata Ikki' (Uprising of the White Flag) in Musashi Province and 'Musashi hei Ikki' (Musashi Hei Uprising) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and 'Kikyo Ikki' (Kikyo Uprising) of Mino Province that appeared in 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace).

百寮訓要抄（ひゃくりょうくんようしょう）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に関白二条良基が室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満のために執筆有職故実の解説書。
Hyakuryo Kunyosho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Yoshimoto Nijo wrote for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Muromachi bakufu.

平安時代の承和 (日本)5年（838年）から南北朝時代 (日本)の貞和3年（正平 (日本)2年/1347年）までの記録が採録されている。
Records from 838 during the Heian period to 1347 during the Northern and Southern Courts period were compiled in this book.

しかし少なくとも、南北朝時代 (日本)末期の永徳3年（1383年）頃に本所が正親町三条家から同族の三条西家に譲渡される以前と考えられる。
But at least, it must have been established before the position of 'honjo' (proprietor or guarantor of manor) was transferred around 1383 from the Ogimachisanjo family to the Sanjonishi family (relatives of the Ogimachisanjo family).

南北朝時代 (日本)には北朝 (日本)方として戦ったともされるが、南朝 (日本)方の武将であった多田頼貞の系譜を引くとも伝え明確でない。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they were said to fight on the side of the Northern Court, but that is not clear because they were said to belong to the genealogy of Yorisada TADA, who was a busho (Japanese military commander) on the Southern side (Japan).

高師泰（こうもろやす、？－1351年3月24日（正平 (日本)6年/観応2年2月26日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
KO no Moroyasu (? – April 1, 1351) was a Japanese military commander of the period of the Northern and southern Courts.

高師冬（こうもろふゆ、？－正平 (日本)6年/観応2年1月17日 (旧暦)（1351年2月13日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
KO no Morofuyu (? – February 21, 1351) was a busho (military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

細川定禅（ほそかわじょうぜん、生年不詳 - 1339年（延元4年/暦応2年）？）は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Jozen HOSOKAWA (year of birth unknown - 1339) was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the Kamakura Period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

毛利元春（もうりもとはる、元亨3年（1323年） - ？）は、南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代における毛利家の当主で、毛利親衡の嫡男。
Motoharu MORI (1323 - year of death unknown) was the head of the MORI family who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and Muromachi period, and was the legitimate son of Chikahira MORI.

晩年は黙阿弥の人気に押され狂言作者として大成せぬまま終わったが、鶴屋南北 (4代目)と黙阿弥の間の時代を埋める存在として評価されている。
In his later years, he lost ground in front of the popularity of Mokuami and was not able to achieve great success as a Kabuki playwright, but he is now evaluated as a playwright who filled up the period between Nanboku TSURUYA the fourth and Mokuami.

乱が勃発した時点での満義の居所は不明だが、以降、建武3年/延元元年（1336年）の南北朝の分裂までの間、尊氏・直義に従い各地を転戦する。
The whereabouts of Mitsuyoshi at the time when the war broke out was unknown, but afterwards, he took part in various battles following Takauji and Tadayoshi until the split of Northern and Southern Dynasties in 1336.

実際、南北朝から戦国時代にかけての動乱期には、海野氏流を始めとする滋野氏流を名乗る支族が、信濃全域から上野西部に渡って広く存在していた。
In fact, in the unquiet days in Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sengoku period, the branch families calling themselves the line of Unno clan or Shigeno clan lived in the vast area from the entire Shinano Province to the western part of Kozuke Province.

吉川経盛（きっかわつねもり、正応3年（1290年）－正平 (日本)13年/延文3年（1358年））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武士。
Tsunemori KIKKAWA (1290-1358) was a bushi (samurai) of the Nanbokucho period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).

その一方、正儀は南北朝合体を佐々木道誉らに働きかけ、正平22年/貞治6年（1367年）、管領細川頼之を仲介して北朝と和睦を結ぼうとする。
On the other hand, Masanori prodded Doyo SASAKi and others to realize the Incorporation of the Northern and Southern Courts, and in 1367, he tried a reconciliation with the Northern Court through the assistance of Shogunal Deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA.

開祖・東渓禅師の塔所となっている一重入母屋造り・檜皮葺きの建物で、南北朝・鎌倉・室町初期時代の唐様式の粋を取り入れた昭和の代表作である。
This cypress bark hip-and-gable roof building that serves as the burial place of founder Tokei Zenshi is a representative example of a Showa period structure incorporating the Chinese Tang Dynasty style of the Northern and Southern Courts, Kamakura and early Muromachi periods.

また、居館跡から東方、山上の尾根に向かう大手道を上った通称「桃の木平」には東西30メートル、南北120メートルと長狭な「上屋敷」跡がある。
In addition, the remains of the 'Kami-yashiki' (literally, upper residence), with a long and narrow shape, 30 meters long in the east-west direction and 120 meters in the north-south direction, exist in the so-called 'Momonoki-daira' (literally, peach tree plain), which can be reached by climbing up Ootemichi (the road to the main gate to the castle) towards the mountain ridge, to the east of the remains of the lord's residence.

その後、この寺には平安時代後期の武士で後白河天皇に仕えた平康頼、平安時代後期の歌人西行、南北朝時代 (日本)の歌人頓阿などが隠棲している。
Subsequently, the temple was used as a secluded residence of the retired like TAIRA no Yasuyori, a warrior who served Emperor Goshirakawa in the late Heian period, Saigyo, a poet in the late Heian period, and Tona, a poet in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

北条泰家（ほうじょうやすいえ、？ - 1335年（建武 (日本)2年）頃？）は鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての北条氏の一族。
Yasuie HOJO (? - 1335) was from the Hojo family which existed in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.

北陸朝廷（ほくりくちょうてい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)方武将の擁立や僭称により北陸に存在したと考えられる朝廷のことである。
'Hokuriku Chotei' refers to the Imperial Court that is deemed to have existed during the period of Northern and Southern Courts in the present Hokuriku Region, which was backed up - and was claimed to have legitimacy - by warlords taking the side of the Southern Court.

魏晋南北朝時代を封建制と捉える立場からは後漢の豪族たちによって使われていた小作農たちを奴隷とみなし、後漢の滅亡によりそれが変化したと見る。
From the standpoint that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was a time of the Hoken system, tenant peasants used by local ruling families were slaves, and the situation changed with the downfall of the Later Han Dynasty.

その後、米国は熾烈な南北戦争に突入し、日本や清に対する影響力を失い、これらの国は結局、イギリスやフランス、ロシアが勢力を拡大してしまった。
Soon after, the United States entered into a fierce Civil War and lost much of its influence over both Japan and the Qing Dynasty, which allowed Britain, France, and Russia to expand their power in Asia.

春日顕国（かすがあきくに、生年不詳 - 興国5年/康永3年3月8日 (旧暦)（1344年4月21日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の貴族。
Akikuni KASUGA (year of birth unknown - April 21, 1344) was a noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

時元の子孫は武家の阿野氏として存続するが、この事件の影響もあって振るわず、数代を経て（南北朝時代 (日本)期以降）記録から姿を消している。
The descendant of Tokimoto existed as the samurai family, the Ano clan, but because of the affect of this incident, after several generations they disappeared from the records (after the period of Northern and Southern Courts [Japan]).

花山院通定（かざいんみちさだ、生年不詳－応永7年4月14日 (旧暦)（1400年5月8日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の公卿。
Michisada KAZANIN (year of birth unknown - May 17, 1400) was a kugyo (court noble) who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) and during the Muromachi period.

高師世（こうのもろよ、? - 正平 (日本)6年/観応2年2月26日 (旧暦)（1351年3月24日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
KO no Moroyo (year of birth unknown - April 1, 1351) was a Japanese military commander who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

これは京阪東ローズタウンコミュニティバスが一般路線の八幡市南北線と共通運用となったためである（八幡市南北線でも中型短尺車と中型車を使用）。
This change was made because the organization for operating the Keihan East Rose Town Community Bus was altered, when the Yawata City North-South Bus Route started the joint operation of the buses (the Yawata City North-South Bus Route also uses the same medium-sized, short-length type buses and medium-sized type buses.)

南北方向に伸びる京都府道32号下鴨京都停車場線（河原町通）と、東西方向に伸びる京都府道37号二条停車場東山三条線（御池通）が交差している。
The intersection is produced by the crossing of the No. 32 Kyoto Prefectural, Shimogamo Kyoto Station Front Road (Kawaramachi-dori Street) and the No. 37 Kyoto Prefectural, Nijo Station Front Higashiyama Sanjo Road (Oike-dori Street).

この環濠は巾三間（約 5.45m）を有し、同環濠を掘り上げた際の建設発生土を盛り上げて土塁を築き、東西南北に九つの門を開けていたようである。
The surrounding moat is approximately 5.45 meters in width and the earth dug up during excavation of that moat was piled up to build dorui (earthen walls) which seemed to have a total of nine gates that serviced the north, south, east and west ends of the town.

南北朝時代 (日本)に東寺の僧、杲宝（ごうほう）・賢宝（げんぼう）らにより東寺不二門教学を大成させて、大日如来の本地加持説（古義）を説いた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) To-ji Temple's priests such as Goho and Kenpo completed Tojifujimonkyogaku (東寺不二門教学) and taught Honchikajisetsu (本地加持説) (Kogi) of Dainichinyorai.

なお、過去に継承の儀を執り行うことが出来なかったため、正統な皇位継承者にはなりえなかった天皇が存在する（南北朝時代分裂期の北朝の天皇など）。
By the way there were some Emperors that existed who were not able to officially become Emperors since they did not go through the successive ceremony in the past. (For example, Emperors of Northern Court during the spilt of the political power of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts)

後の三房（のちのさんぼう）とは、鎌倉時代末期より南北朝時代にかけて、後醍醐天皇の側近として仕えた北畠親房・万里小路宣房・吉田定房の3人の事。
`Nochi no Sanbo' refers to the three; Chikafusa KITABATAKE, Nobufusa MADENOKOJI, Sadafusa YOSHIDA, who served as aides of Emperor Godaigo from the end of Kamakura period to the period of the Southern and Northern Courts.

市の東側を南北に沿って流れる木津川 (京都府)と、西側の生駒山系に挟まれており、中心部を西日本旅客鉄道片町線・近畿日本鉄道近鉄京都線が通る。
The city is in between the Kizu River to the east, which runs north-south, and the Ikoma mountains to the west; and the West Japan Railway Katamachi Line and the Kintetsu Kyoto Line run through the middle of the city.

2005年（平成17年）11月 - 福知山市を走る鉄道は福知山市街地を南北に分断する形に走っていたため、市街地の移動には非常に不便であった。
November 2005: The railroad running through Fukuchiyama City was inconvenient for people moving through the urban area, as the railroad did not run in a manner which connected directly north to south.

なお、北朝と南朝が合体するまでを南北朝時代_(日本)、応仁の乱（1467年）あるいは明応の政変（1493年）以降を戦国時代 (日本)と呼ぶ。
Furthermore, the period until the unification of Hokucho and Nancho is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the period after the Onin War (1467) or the Meio Incident (1493) is called the Age of Civil War (Japan).

なお、荘園公領制が完全に崩壊するのは、南北朝時代よりも2世紀後の太閤検地によってであるが、この南北朝期に既に大きな転機を迎えていたのである。
Nevertheless, although the shoen koryo sei (system of controlling private and public lands) did not completely collapse until more than 200 years after the reunification of the Southern and Northern Courts, when the Taiko Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ordered his great country-wide land survey, land ownership had already reached a major turning point during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて後小松天皇に神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した（明徳の和約）。
This established peace and in 1392, Emperor Gokameyama traveled to Kyoto to give the Sacred Treasures to Emperor Gokomatsu and a unified Southern and Northern Court was established with the termination of the Southern Court.

律令制の祖形は、古く秦・前漢期まで遡るともいわれているが、厳密に言えば、律令制は中国の魏晋南北朝時代において出現し、徐々に形成されていった。
It is said that the Ritsuryo system can be traced back as far as the Qin and Western Han periods; but strictly speaking, it emerged and gradually developed in China during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties.

220年の漢の滅亡から589年の隋の統一まで続いた魏晋南北朝時代でも、三国時代 (中国)の魏 (三国)など勢力のある国が官印を支給していた。
During the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which continued from 220 when the Han Dynasty was overthrown to 589 when the Sui Dynasty unified China, the powerful nations such as Wei, which was one of the three nations in the Three Kingdoms period (of Chinese history), provided kanin.

作品によく棺桶が登場するのが特色で、同時代の人から「棺を持ちいたる狂言を見れば作者は南北なり」（西沢一鳳『伝奇作書』）と書かれるほどだった。
As his plays were featured by using a coffin, his contemporary wrote 'a play with a coffin might probably be a play written by Nanboku' (Ippo NISHIZAWA 'Denkisaksho'.)

結城親朝（ゆうきちかとも、生年不詳 - 1347年（正平 (日本)2年/貞和3年））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Chikatomo YUKI (year of birth unknown - 1347) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the Kamakura Period through he period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

明石覚一（あかしかくいち、正安元年（1299年） - 応安4年（1371年））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の平家琵琶（一方流）演奏家である。
Kakuichi AKASHI (1299-1371) was a Heike biwa (biwa with four strings and five frets used to play Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike)) musician (Ichikata school) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

和田賢秀（にぎたかたひで、？ - 貞和4年/正平 (日本)3年1月5日 (旧暦)（1348年2月4日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Katahide NIGITA (year of birth unknown - February 4, 1348) was busho (a Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

改札口東側に、線路下を通る南北方向の通路があり、安朱地域、京都府立洛東高等学校、山科疏水（琵琶湖疏水）などに向かう時はこれを使うことになる。
To the east of the ticket gate is a pathway in the south-north direction below the railway, which leads to the Anshu area, Kyoto Prefectural Rakuto High School, Yamashina Canal (Lake Biwa Canal), etc.

南北の幅が狭くなっている西側部分が徳川家光の時代に行われた寛永の大改修によって拡張された部分で、家康による創建時は現在の東側半分のみであった。
The portion on the west side that is narrower in length along the north-south line was added during Iemitsu TOKUGAWA's renovations in the Kanei period, so the eastern half was all there was at the time Ieyasu built it.

当時、荘の中心を扼する坂戸山に城郭が築かれていたものとも推定されるが、本格的な造営は南北朝時代 (日本)にはいって以降のことと考えられている。
Although it is supposed that a castle had already been built on Sakato-yama Mountain at this time, placed at the center of the manor, it is considered that it was in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) or later that the castle was constructed on a large scale.

東西約400メートル、南北300メートルの範囲内に竪穴式住居があって、二重の空堀が巡り、空堀の構造は大阪府和泉市の観音寺山遺跡に共通している。
Within the area of about 400 meters from east to west and 300 meters from north to south, there are pit dwelling houses surrounded by double karabori (dry moat), of which the structure is in common with Kannonjiyama Site in Izumi City, Osaka Prefecture.

法仁法親王（ほうにんほっしんのう、正中2年（1325年） - 文和元年/正平7年10月25日（1352年12月2日））は、南北朝時代の法親王。
Monk-Imperial Prince Honin (1325 - December 2, 1352) was the Monk-Imperial Prince during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)には北朝 (日本)方の洞院実夏と南朝 (日本)方の洞院実世に分裂したが、実夏の子である6代目の洞院公定の代に再統一された。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family split to Sanenatsu TOIN of the Northern Court and Saneyo TOIN of the Southern Court; but was reunited in the sixth generation by Kinsada TOIN, the son of Sanenatsu.

（一般的には有世をもって土御門家の初代とするが、実際には室町時代中期以後の南北朝時代の当主安倍有宣から土御門の家名を名乗ったといわれている）。
(Ariyo is generally considered to be the first head of the Tsuchimikado family, but it is said that, in fact, the family name of Tsuchimikado started to be used during the times of ABE no Arinobu the family head during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts subsequent to the middle of the Muromachi period.)

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、名将・赤松円心のもと、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政で守護国を没収されたことなどから新政から離反した足利尊氏に味方した。
Entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, under an excellent military commander Enshin AKAMATSU, the clan supported Takauji ASHIKAGA, who estranged from the Kenmu Restoration, due to being deprived of the province where he ruled as a provincial constable in the Kenmu Restoration carried out by the Emperor Godaigo.

南北朝期から室町期にかけ、惣領制が崩壊し有力庶子家・一族が本宗家から独立していった時代であり、松田氏においてもいずれが本宗家かは定かではない。
From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, the Soryo system collapsed, and influential non-heir families and clans got independent from the head family, so it is uncertain which family was the head family of the Matsuda clan.

飛鳥盆地を中心として飛鳥川の東側に当たるあまり広くないところ（平地に限れば南北1.6キロ、東西0.8キロほど）と考えられていた（岸俊男など）。
It was considered that it was not so large area mainly located in Asuka Basin and the east of the Asuka-gawa River (its flatland was equivalent to the area, 1.6 kilometers from the north to south, 0.8 Kilometers from east to west) (by Toshio KISHI, and so on).

碁盤目状の旧市街を南北に走る新町通り周辺と永原町通り周辺、北の八幡堀の畔には、商家・町家・土蔵といった近世建築の連続性が高い町並みが現存する。
In the vicinity of Shinmachi-dori Street and Nagaharacho-dori Street which run from south to north in the old town constructed on a grid and on the dike of Hachiman-bori Canal in the north, townscape with high continuity consisting of premodern buildings such as mercantile houses, traditional townhouses and dozo (storehouse with thick earth walls) exists even today.

南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年に、後醍醐天皇により開かれた南朝は、3代将軍足利義満時代の1392年に明徳の和談が行われて名目上は解消された。
In 1336, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Nancho (Southern Court) started by Emperor Godaigo was alleviated in the Meitoku no wadan (peace negotiations between Nancho and Hokucho) during the time of the third shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in 1392.

農業生産の高まりと宋銭の流入によって商工業が全国的に発展した鎌倉時代中期以後から見られるようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)には全国的に普及した。
This system started in the mid-Kamakura period when commerce and industries developed nationwide thanks to boosting agricultural production and the circulation of Sung currency and spread throughout the nation in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

しかし、激しい反論を生み、院政期以降を成立期とする説（戸田芳実など）、南北朝時代 (日本)内乱期を成立期とする説（永原慶二など）が提起された。
However, his idea invited pointed objections and Yoshimi TODA and his group proposed the theory that the system was established after the period of the government ruled by the retired Emperor, and Keiji NAGAHARA and his group proposed another theory that the system was established in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (in Japan), the civil war period.

南北朝時代 (日本)では足利尊氏に与して室町幕府創業の功臣となり、播磨国の他に備前国、美作国を領し、幕府の四職のひとつとなっていた家柄である。
His family boasted a pedigree that taking sides with Takauji ASHIKAGA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan became a meritorious retainer for foundation of the Muromachi bakufu, then was given the Bizen Province and the Mimasaka Province in addition to the Harima Province, and they became one of Shishiki (Four major feudal lords who worked for Muromachi bakufu).

土岐頼貞は南北朝時代 (日本)では北朝 (日本)について室町幕府から美濃守護職に任じられ、足利尊氏を助けて功績が大きく幕府創業の功臣となった。
Yorisada TOKI took sides with the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts of Japan, and was appointed as Mino shugoshiki (military governor of Mino Province) by the Muromachi bakufu for helping Takauji ASHIKAGA; after that, he became one of the meritorious vassals for his great achievement when the bakufu was established.

南北朝時代 (日本)ごろから、和歌は僧侶や武士を中心に詠まれるようになるが、地方武士にも普及する一方で、形式主義に流れた和歌は衰退していった。
Since around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), waka came to be composed mainly by monks and samurai, while the composition of waka spread to local samurai, and some of the waka that lapsed into formalism declined.

いわゆる講談や講釈で知られるようになった「大久保彦左衛門と一心太助の物語」は鶴屋南北の弟子・河竹黙阿弥が書いた歌舞伎芝居に脚色してからである。
Story of Hikozaemon OKUBO and Isshin-Tasuke' came to be known in kodan storytelling or koshaku narration after the dramatization for Kabuki (traditional performing art) play written by Mokuami KAWATAKE, a pupil of Nanboku TSURUYA.

その後の南北朝時代 (日本)には、後醍醐天皇を中心とした建武の新政を見限り、早くから足利尊氏に従ったことから室町時代に赤松氏は大きく繁栄した。
Later in the Nanbokucho era (the Northern and Southern Courts period) (Japan), the Akamatsu clan greately prospered during the Muromachi period by becoming a follower of Takauji ASHIKAGA from early on after forsaking the Kenmu Restoration which was led by Emperor Godaigo.

父・レオナルドは牧師のほかイェール大学神学校の教師も勤め、南北戦争の時、いち早く奴隷制に反対する論陣を張るなど、人望が厚く地元の名士であった。
Her father Leonard served as not only a clergyman but also a teacher at the divinity school of Yale University, and during the Civil War he took the initiative in supporting the campaign against slavery, therefore he was highly respected in the local.

熊谷直経（くまがいなおつね、弘安6年（1283年） - 貞治4年（1365年））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代_(日本)の御家人・武士。
Naotsune KUMAGAI (11283 - 1365) was a Gokenin (shogunal retainer)/Samurai during the period between the end of the Kamakura period and the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

赤松範資（あかまつのりすけ、？－ 1351年5月4日（正平 (日本)6年/観応2年4月8日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の大名。
Norisuke AKAMATSU (? - May 12, 1351) was a daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

坊門清忠（ぼうもんきよただ、生年不詳 - 延元3年/暦応元年3月21日 (旧暦)（1338年4月11日））は、南北朝時代_(日本)の公家。
Kiyotada BOMON (date of birth unknown - April 11, 1338) was a court noble who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

四条隆貞（しじょうたかさだ、生年不詳- 建武 (日本)元年（1334年）12月 (旧暦)）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の吉野朝廷に仕えた公卿。
Takasada SHIJO (unknown - January 1335 (December 1334 in old calendar)) was a kugyo (the top court officials) serving Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

明治になり南北朝正閏論を経て南朝が正統であるとされると大楠公と呼ばれ、講談などでは『三国志演義』の諸葛亮の天才軍師的イメージを重ねて語られる。
After the Southern Court had been legitimatized through the argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Court in the Meiji period, he was called Dai-Nanko and was compared in 'kodan' storytelling and other sources to the genius strategist Zhuge Liang of 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms.'

寺域は天平尺で東西約2町（212メートル）、南北1町（106メートル）の規格とみられ、ほぼ中央に半町（53メートル）四方の中心伽藍が位置する。
The site of the temple measures 212 m from east to west and 106 m from north to south, and in the middle of the complex the central structure of 53 ㎡ was located.

伊勢神宮の斎王を斎宮、賀茂神社の斎王を斎院とも称し、斎宮は古代（天武朝）から南北朝時代 (日本)まで、斎院は平安時代から鎌倉時代まで継続した。
Saio of the Ise-jingu and Kamo-jinja Shrines were called Saigu, and Saiin respectively; the former lasted from ancient times (the time of Emperor Tenmu) to the period of the Northern and the Southern Courts (Japan); the latter from the Heian to the Kamakura periods.

南北朝の内乱から寺社本所領事による下地中分の過程で京都周辺以外の公家領の多くは「不知行」化されて収入が全く入ってこない名目上だけの存在となる。
During the time between the beginning of the internal disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts and the shitaji chubun (the territorial division of the land, shoen, between competing central and local claimants) which was handled according to the Jisha honjoryo no koto Act, the land and land rights of a large number of kuge-ryo territories outside the capital area (Kyoto and the neighboring regions) were unlawfully seized by local warriors ('bushi') and no longer functioned as chigyo ('fuchigyo'), thus plundered ex-chigyo remained nominal and ceased to be the source of income for its lawful proprietors.

現在の南北ダコタ州、ネブラスカ州、カンザス州、アーカンソー州、ルイジアナ州、オクラホマ州、テキサス州に住んでいたプレーンズ・インディアンの部族
a group of Plains Indians formerly living in what is now North and South Dakota and Nebraska and Kansas and Arkansas and Louisiana and Oklahoma and Texas

中世には、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)までに後醍醐天皇の率いる反幕府勢力が幕府に抵抗するため、山に城を築いたことで山城の築城が始まった。
In the Middle ages, anti-Bakufu forces led by Emperor Godaigo started to build castles on mountains by in order to resist the power of the Bakufu from the latter Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

のち、南北朝時代 (日本)の盲人音楽家如一とその弟子明石検校明石覚一（1299年 - 1371年）が改変、整理し、一方（いちかた）流を創始した。
Later, it was modified and organized by a blind musician, Nyoichi, and his apprentice, Kengyo AKASHI (an another name of Kakuichi AKASHI) (1299 - 1371), in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and they established the Ichikata-ryu.

特に南北朝時代 (日本)以後には、都市には町衆、農村には乙名などの有力な指導層が現れて、彼らが主導する祭礼や芸能の中で「風流」が取り入れられた。
After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in particular, powerful leaders like Machishu (rich merchants) in the urban areas and Otona (leaders of farmer's organizations) in the rural areas appeared, and 'Furyu' was included in the festivals and performing arts that they hosted.

南北朝時代 (日本)が合体した明徳の頃から半世紀の間に、文献に現れた勘解由小路義重、勘解由小路右兵衛督などは、それそれ斯波氏からの一族であった。
Yoshishige KADENOKOJI and Kadenokoji Uhyoe-no-kami (the chief of an organization called Uhyoefu), who appear in documents in the half a century from the time of Meitoku when the Northern and Southern Courts were combined, were the families from the Shiba clan.

奥羽は南北朝期から、郡ごとに有力国人に軍事指揮権や権断権など強い権限を与えた「分郡」とも呼ばれる独自の制度があり、非常に有力国人の力が強かった。
Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the Ou region, there was a unique system called 'Bungun' (Independent county) in which the powerful Kokujin (local lords) were given the right of military command and of Kendan in each county, which meant the great influence of the powerful Kokujin.

近年では南北方向には従来の国道1号や国道24号に加えて第二京阪道路、東西方向には京滋バイパスが通っており、現在の新たな交通の要衝であるといえる。
In recent years, in addition to the conventional National Route 1 and the National Route 24, the Second Keihan Highway runs from north to south, whereas, Keiji By-Pass runs from east to west and, hence, it can be said that Ogura-ike Pond plays a key role in modern transportation.

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)（室町幕府）は兵粮料所（半済令参照のこと）を、南朝 (日本)は朝用分を設定して兵糧確保にあたった。
In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, the Northern Court (Japan) (Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) placed Hyoro-ryosho (See Hanzeirei) and the Southern Court (Japan) inflicted choyobun (taxation), and in these ways they both secured army provisions.

また、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて諸司領や、率分所・供御人制度が設けられてそこから上納される金銭収入で不足を補うようになっていった。
Between the period of peace between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Muromachi period, shoshiryo (the property of officials) was established, as well as regulations on storehouses of taxable products and kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial household), the income of which made up the deficit.

北畠顕家は南北朝を経て戦国時代 (日本)には、「太平記」や「梅松論」、父の北畠親房が記した「神皇正統記」などの書物によって名将として親しまれた。
After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and during the Sengoku period, Akiie KITABATAKE came to be known as a great commander through books such as 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), 'Baishoron' as well as 'Jinno shotoki' (Chronicle of the direct descent of gods and sovereigns), which was written Akiie's father, Chikafusa KITABATAKE.

しかしその後は南北朝の動乱の中で室町幕府は常に存亡の危機に立たされ、尊氏の孫で第3代将軍・足利義満の時代になって南北朝合一を達成することとなる。
The Muromachi Shogunate, however, was always kept on the verge of collapse because of the disturbances caused by the antagonism between the Northern and Southern Imperial Courts until Takauji's grandson and third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, reunited the two courts.

足利尊氏が京都に武家政権を成立させ、後醍醐らが吉野に南朝を成立させて南北朝時代となると、越前国守護として主に北陸方面で南朝方と攻防を繰り広げた。
When it came to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, during which Takauji ASHIKAGA formed a samurai government in Kyoto (the Northern Court) and Emperor Godaigo set up the Southern Court in Yoshino, Takatsune became engaged in a tug-of-war against the Southern Court, mainly in Hokuriku region as a military governor of Echizen Province.

畠山国清（はたけやまくにきよ、生年不詳 - 1362年（貞治元年/正平 (日本)17年））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の武将である。
Kunikiyo HATAKEYAMA (year of birth unknown - 1362) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

相良前頼（さがらさきより、？- 1394年2月19日（明徳5年1月19日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Sakiyori SAGARA (year of birth unknown - February 19, 1394) was busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the early Muromachi Period.

「夷人不知里數但計以日其國境東西五月行南北三月行各至於海其地勢東高西下都於邪靡堆則魏志所謂邪馬臺者也」とあり、里数を知らず日で距離を測る。
As the book says, 'The barbarians are unaware of the unit of ri and they count the distance by days; its national boarders are five month from east to west and three months from south to north by a ship, surrounded by the sea; also the east is higher and west is lower in altitudes; the capital of Yamatai Kingdom is in Yamadai Kingdom according to Gishi-wajin-den (the first written record of Japan's commerce),' Wa people did not know about the unit ri (one ri is approximately 3.927 kilometers) used for distance measurement and instead they used the number of days they needed to move from one place to another.

また、日記の「洞院公定日記」については、当時の南北朝の動乱期の世情を鮮明に描いており、更に太平記の作者といわれる小島法師についても記されている。
In his 'Toin Kinsada nikki,' he vividly described society during the unquiet days of the Northern and Southern Courts, including Kojima Hoshi (priest), the attributed author of Taiheiki (The Record of the Great Peace).

今出川公直（いまでがわきんなお、建武 (日本)2年（1335年） - 応永3年（1396年）5月）は、南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の公卿。
Kinnao IMADEGAWA (1335 - June 1396) was a kugyo (court noble) who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and Muromachi period.

塔跡（何層であったかは不明）は一辺12.7メートル、高さ1.2メートル、金堂跡は東西24.9メートル、南北14メートルであったことが確認された。
It was ascertained that the remains of the tower (it is unknown how many layers the tower had) were 12.7m each side, 1.2m high, and the remains of the kon-do hall were 24.9m from east to west and 14m from north to south.

「守護の領主化」といってもそこには限界があり、室町時代が、南北朝の争乱後も常に中央、地方問わず波乱含みで政治的に不安定だった理由ともなっていた。
One of the limitations that did not allow shugo to become feudal lords was the disturbance of the Northern and Southern courts in the Muromachi period that led to the political instability and complications.

最上重の屋根は平側面（南北面）に入母屋屋根の妻側を向け2重目の北面に向唐破風を一つ付けた外観は建物を大きく見せるためと見た目を重視したためである。
The roof of the top floor has gables of irimoya-roof facing the flat sides (the north and south sides) with a Kara-style gable built over the second floor on the north side to make the building appear larger, indicating that special attention is given to its exterior.

石室を築造する前に、東西約8メートル、南北約13メートル以上、そして深さ1.5メートル以上という大きな穴を開けて地表近くの柔らかい土を取り除いた。
Before the stone chambers were constructed, soft soil near the surface was removed by digging a large with approximately 8 meters wide from east to west, about 13 meters long from north to south, and over 1.5 meters deep.

南北朝時代に南朝の北畠親房が南朝の正統性を示すために著した『神皇正統記』が先駆的なものであり、江戸時代に展開した水戸学や国学でその基礎が作られた。
The 'Jinnoshotoki' (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns) written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE of the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, for the purpose of showing the orthodoxy of the Southern Court, was the progenitor of Kokokushikan, the base was established by Mito gaku (studies) and study of Japanese classical literature which became popular during the Edo period..

南北朝時代には信濃小笠原氏の一族の大多数は北朝に属したが、小笠原貞宗の四男で羽場城の築城者とも伝わる小笠原重次郎など、一部に南朝に属した者もいる。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, many families of the Shinano-Ogasawara clan belonged to the Northern Court, but there were some people belonging to the Southern Court such as Jujiro OGASAWARA, the fourth son of Sadamune OGASAWARA, who is said to be the one who constructed Haba-jo Castle.

南北朝時代の貞和5年（正平 (日本)4年、1349年）には、鎌倉へ尊氏の子の足利基氏が派遣され、東国支配のための出先機関として鎌倉府が設置される。
In 1349 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Motouji ASHIKAGA, Motouji's son, was sent to Kamakura to establish the Kamakura Government, as a regional office to control Togoku.

滝壼の左側には鎌倉時代中期の作である不動三尊磨崖仏や、南北朝時代 (日本)前期の作とされる如意輪観音と不動三尊の石仏などがあり、当時の面影が残る。
There are placed Magaibutsu (a Buddhist image carved into the surface of natural rock such as a cliff face, a large rock, or a stone cave) of Fudo triad which was made in the mid Kamakura period, stone images of Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion) and Fudo triad which are believed to date from the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and so on to the left of the waterfall basin; they retain the atmosphere of the time.

ここではこの騒乱に付随して一時的に生じた南朝 (日本)側による南北朝の統一である「正平一統」（しょうへい(の)いっとう）についても併せて解説する。
This article will also explain the Shohei Itto (Unification of Shohei) by the Southern Court that temporarily happened in relation to this disturbance.

以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

神武天皇から後小松天皇まで（厳密には南北朝時代_(日本)が統一された1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）までを区切りとする）の百代の帝王の治世を扱う。
It covers the reigns of one hundred emperors, from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Komatsu (exactly to 1392 when the Nanboku-cho period finished).

姉川の合戦により領国が南北に分断されてしまっていたため犬上郡の佐和山城を守備する磯野員昌らは孤立してしまい物資の補給すらままならない状態であった。
Because the feudal lords' territories had been divided from north to south due to the battle, warriors including Kazumasa ISONO, who guarded Sawayama-jo Castle in Inukami-gun, became isolated and had a hard time even receiving goods.

南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたこと。
The anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), which led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan), was well known.

北畠顕信（きたばたけあきのぶ、正和6年?（1317年?） - 天授 (日本)6年/康暦2年?（1380年?））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Akinobu KITABATAKE (c. 1317 - 1380) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

安倍晴明以来、陰陽道で知られた安倍氏 (貴族)も南北朝時代にはいくつかの家系に分裂して、いずれもが安倍氏の嫡流を名乗って「宗家」争いを続けていた。
The Abe clan (court noble) who was famous for Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) was split into several side lines in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts after the generation of ABE no Seimei; they were competing for the position of 'Soke' (head family) calling themselves the main line of the Abe clan.

ホーム有効長は6両（駅が4代目駅舎となり南北自由通路が通行可能になった1990年代後半より以前には烏丸口に有人個別対応の券売窓口が存在していた）。
The platform's effective length is six cars (until the latter half of 1990s, when the Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro became available, there was a ticket booth at Karasuma-guchi (Karasuma entrance/exit), at which a teller would attend to individual passengers).

しかし、南北朝時代(中国)の小尺（一尺＝24.5cm）でも十二尺（2.94m）とすると殆ど変らない値なので7世紀中頃以降の築造とするには疑問がある。
However, using the 'shoshaku' measurement used during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), it would be 2.94 meters and be nearly equal to the above figure, so there is a question mark over the assertion that they were built after the middle of the seventh century.

日本では皇極天皇が弟の孝徳天皇に皇位を譲った例を最古とし、89例（※）の退位が存在する（なお、後小松天皇は南北朝合一によって2度譲位を受けている）。
In Japan, the oldest example is that of the Emperor Kogyoku handing down the Imperial Throne to his younger brother, the Emperor Kotoku, and there exist 89 examples (*) of abdication (because of the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts the throne was passed down to the Emperor Gokomatsu twice).

興良親王（おきながしんのう/おきよししんのう、嘉暦元年（1326年） - ?）は南北朝時代 (日本)の南朝 (日本)の皇族（生年は神皇紀に基づく）。
Imperial Prince Okiyoshi (also known as Okinaga) (1326-?) was a member of the Imperial Family in the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (year of birth was based on Jinno-ki).

そして南北朝時代 (日本)の松殿忠嗣（基房からみて玄孫）の代に権大納言に昇って家名復活の兆しが出てきたその矢先に、忠嗣は吉野朝廷側へ離反してしまう。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Tadatsugu MATSUDONO (Motofusa's great-great grandson) advanced to the post of Junior Chief Councilor of State, but drifted away to the Yoshino Court just as the family name was about to be restored.

南北朝時代 (日本)では南朝 (日本)に付くが後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して九州の菊池氏らと戦い、幕府から周防国・長門国・石見国の守護職に任じられた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they initially sided with the Southern Court, but afterwards switched their allegiance to the Northern Court and fought against the Kikuchi clan and other Southern Court supporters in Kyushu; the Muromachi bakufu rewarded them by appointing them shugo (a position tantamount to military governor) over the provinces of Suo, Nagato, and Iwami.

南北朝末期、花の下連歌が廃れたとき、その代わりを担った、主に北野天満宮で張行された笠着連歌もまた、参加者の身分を明かさずにおこなわれるものであった。
When Hananomoto-renga disappeared at the end of Nanbokucho (the Southern and Northern Court Period), the Kasagi-renga (a form of renga) that came in place of it was performed mainly in Kitanotenmangu Shrine without revealing the background of participants.

発掘調査によれば、奈良時代の後期難波宮周辺には正東西南北方位（正方位）にのびる溝が広い範囲で多数検出されており、建物跡も正方位に築かれたものが多い。
The excavation revealed that many ditches, which were stretching to the east, west, north, and south directions (Seihoi), existed in a wide area around the Koki Naniwa no Miya Palace in the Nara period and many structural sites were also placed at Seihoi.

大友氏時（おおともうじとき、? - 1368年4月8日（正平 (日本)23年/応安元年3月21日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)の守護大名。
Ujitoki OTOMO (Birth date unknown - April 8, 1368) was a Shugo Daimyo (feudal lord) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts of Japan.

上杉憲春（うえすぎのりはる、生年不詳 - 1379年3月25日（天授 (日本)5年/康暦元年3月7日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Noriharu UESUGI (year of birth unknown - March 25, 1379) is a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

大友貞載（おおとも　さだとし（またはさだのり）、生年不詳 - 1336年（延元元年/建武 (日本)3年））は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)の人物。
Sadatoshi (Sadanori) OTOMO (year of birth unknown - 1336) was a person who lived during the Kamakura Period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

覚海円成（かくかいえんじょう、生年未詳 - 興国6年/康永4年（1345年）8月12日 (旧暦)）は、鎌倉時代末期、南北朝時代 (日本)初期の女性。
Kakukai Enjo (date of birth unknown - August 12, 1345) was a woman who lived from the end Kamakura period to the early period of the Northern and Sothern Courts (Japan).

細川氏は四国を平定して湊川の戦いなどで戦い、頼春は京都内野での戦いや、南北朝成立後には斯波高経らに従い北陸落ちした南朝の新田義貞攻めなどに従軍する。
After conquering Shikoku, the Hosokawa clan fought in the Battle of Minato-gawa River and other battles, while Yoriharu himself fought in the Battle of Uchino in Kyoto and joined the attack on Yoshisada NITTA, who supported the Southern Court group and escaped to the Hokuriku region along with Takatsune SHIBA after the establishment of two separate imperial courts represented by different emperors (the Southern and Northern Courts).

洞院公賢（とういんきんかた、正応4年8月（1291年） - 延文5年4月6日 (旧暦)（1360年4月21日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家。
Kinkata TOIN (1291 - April 21, 1360) was a court noble who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

楠木正時（くすのきまさとき、生年不詳 - 貞和4年/正平 (日本)3年1月5日 (旧暦)（1348年2月4日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Masatoki KUSUNOKI (the date of birth unknown – February 4, 1348) was a military commander during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

だが、北条時頼の信頼が厚かった隆弁が別当に就任すると再興され、続く南北朝の内乱でも北朝_(日本)・足利氏を支持したことから、室町幕府の保護を受けた。
However, after Ryuben, who had been deeply trusted by Tokiyori HOJO, assumed betto (the head priest), Mii-dera Temple was restored and, also was protected from the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a return for supporting Ashikaga clan of the Northern Court (Japan) during the successive domestic disturbance in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南朝が保有し続けた神器は、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）に足利義満の斡旋により南北朝が合一された際に南朝の後亀山天皇から北朝の後小松天皇に渡った。
In 1392, the Jingi retained by the Southern Court were handed from Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court to the Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court when the Northern and Southern Courts joined through the mediation of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

南北朝の戦乱の中で守護領国制が形成されていく中で室町幕府及び在地を支配する守護大名が朝廷・国衙に代わって国役の賦課・免除の権限を掌握するようになる。
During the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system at the time of the wars between the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu and Shugo daimyo, who controlled lands, took over the authority to impose or exempt public duties or taxes from the Imperial Court and provincial officials.

南北朝時代 (日本)に美濃守護家土岐頼雄が地頭となって勢力を拡大、荘内に揖斐城を築き、自分で創建した大興寺に一部荘園を寄進するなどして接収していった。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yorikatsu TOKI of the Mino Shugo (provincial constable of Mino Province) family became jito (manager and lord of the manor) and expanded his power before taking over the manor by constructing Ibi-jo Castle within the manor and donating part of the manor to Daiko-ji Temple which he had built.

遺跡地図上では遺跡範囲はJR巻向駅を中心に東西約2キロメートル・南北約1.5キロメートルに及び、その形は楕円形であり、面積は3000m2にまで達する。
On the detailed map of the remains produced from the investigation, the expanse of the area is 2 kilometers long in east-west orientation and 1.5 kilometers long in south-north orientation forming an ellipse shape, with an area up to 3,000 square meters spreading around the location of today's JR Makumuku Station as its center.

このうち「鞘当」と「古今彦惣」はともに鶴屋南北 (4代目)作の歌舞伎狂言、「白木屋お熊」は享保27年 (1727) に実際におきた殺人未遂事件である。
Both 'Saya-ate' and 'Hikozo KOKIN' were Kabuki kyogen plays written by Nanboku TSURUYA Ⅳ, and 'Okuma SHIRAKOYA' was a factual attempted murder happened in 1727.

旧皇族は、すべて室町時代以来続く世襲親王家の筆頭であった伏見宮の第4代伏見宮貞常親王の男系子孫にあたり、南北朝時代の北朝第3代崇光天皇の末裔でもある。
All the former Imperial Family members were the male descendants of the fourth Fushiminomiya Imperial Prince Sadatsune, who was the head of the successive Imperial hereditary family since the Muromachi period, and were also descendants of the third Emperor, Emperor Suko of the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の延文期(1356～60)に斯波氏傍流の奥州管領斯波家兼の子、斯波兼頼が出羽国按察使として山形に入部し、山形城を築城し本拠とする。
In the Enbun era (1356 to 1360) of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kaneyori SHIBA, a son of Iekane SHIBA, Oshu Kanrei (governor of Oshu), which was a branch of the Shiba clan, moved to Yamagata as Dewa no kuni Azechi and built Yamagata-jo Castle as his headquarters.

大蔵館跡（埼玉県指定文化財一覧。平安時代末期の武将源義賢の居館とされているが、発掘調査の結果南北朝時代 (日本)の遺構であると判明。真の館の主は不明）
Site of Okura-yakata (listed in the designated cultural properties of Saitama Prefecture; this was believed to be the residence of MINAMOTO no Yoshikata who was a warlord living during the late Heian period, but the result of survey by excavation clarified that the remains were from the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); the actual owner of the residence has yet to be identified.)

康暦の政変（こうりゃくのせいへん）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の天授 (日本)5年/康暦元年（1379年）に室町幕府の管領・細川頼之が失脚した政変である。
The Koryaku Coup was a coup d'etat that occurred in 1379 (the fifth year of Tenju (Southern)/first year of Koryaku (Northern)) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), in which the Kanrei, or deputy (de facto leader) of the Muromachi Shogunate, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, was overthrown and lost his position.

もっとも、当時の南北両朝の力関係から言って、北朝側はもちろん、南朝側も、この条件が遵守されるとは考えていなかったはずであり、実際にも遵守されなかった。
However, judging from the power balance of both Southern and Northern Dynasties at that time, not only the Northern Dynasty but also the Southern Dynasty probably did not think this condition would be followed and in reality, it was not.

この経典を供養することで国家が守護されるとされているところから、南北朝時代_(中国)の中国や奈良時代の日本で盛んに仁王会や最勝会などの法要が行われた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China and Nara period in Japan, Buddhist services, such as Ninno-e festival and Saisho-e (lecture series based on the Suvarnaprabhasottama-sutra), were often held because it was believed that a country would be protected by recitation of these Buddhist scriptures.

これは、かつての寄進地が茨城県北相馬郡近辺であったものから、千葉県南相馬郡側に広がり、推定では、東西7km、南北20kmに及ぶ広大な地域となっている。
While the land donated in the past was around the Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture, the area was extended toward the Minamisoma-gun, Chiba Prefecture, which was presumed to be a broad region of 7 km in the east and the west and 20 km in the north and the south.

各大通りの間隔は約532m、大通りで囲まれた部分（坊）は、堀と築地（ついじ）によって区画され、さらにその中を、東西・南北に3つの道で区切って町とした。
Each major street was separated by an area of roughly 532m, and those surrounded areas (known as Bo) were divided by mud walls and ditches, which were then divided into towns by three streets running down from north to south and east to west.

しかし、義家が生まれたとき、鎌倉の地が、屋敷とともに母方の祖父平直方から、父源頼義に譲られたという話が、南北朝時代の遊行寺（時宗本山）の文書に見える。
However, in the documents of the Yugyo-ji Temple (the Head Temple of the Ji sect) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts there is a story that when Yoshiie was born, the land of Kamakura and his residence was given to his father MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi from his maternal grandfather TAIRA no Naokata.

菊池武敏（きくちたけとし、生年不詳 - 1341年（興国2年/暦応4年）？）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての南朝 (日本)の武将。
Taketoshi KIKUCHI (year of birth unknown - 1341) is a Southern Court (Japan) busho (Japanese military commander) from the end of Kamakura period into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

吉良満義（きらみつよし、生年不詳 - 延文元年/正平 (日本)11年9月23日 (旧暦)（1356年10月17日））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Mitsuyoshi KIRA (year of birth unknown - October 17, 1356) was a busho (Japanese military commander) lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

六角満綱（ろっかくみつつな、応永8年（1401年） - 文安2年1月23日 (旧暦)（1445年3月1日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の武士。
Mitsutsuna ROKKAKU (1401 - March 10, 1445) was a samurai (warrior) who lived in the Northern and Southern Courts period and Muromachi period.

六角満高（ろっかくみつたか、正平 (日本)20年/貞治4年（1365年） - 応永23年（1416年））は、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の武士。
Mitsutaka ROKKAKU (1365 - 1416) was a samurai (warrior) who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

菊池武重（きくちたけしげ、1307年（徳治2年）？ - 1338年（延元3年/暦応元年）？）は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Takeshige KIKUCHI (1307? - 1338?) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

また、岡山県立博物館寄託の飯縄権現図は絹本著色で室町期の作と推定されており、日光山輪王寺伝来の「伊須那曼荼羅図」には南北朝～室町期の貞禅の名が見える。
The color painting on silk of Izuna-gongen deposited by Okayama Prefectural Museum is presumed to have been created in the Muromachi period, and the name Takuzen of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to Muromachi is found on Izuna-mandara-zu transmitted at Rinno-ji Temple on Mt. Nikko.

玄恵（げんえ・げんね、生年不詳－正平 (日本)5年/観応元年3月2日 (旧暦)（1350年4月9日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の天台宗の僧・儒学者。
Gene (the year of his birth unknown - April 9, 1350) was a Buddhist monk of the Tendai sect and a Confucian scholar who lived during he period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

大覚（だいかく、永仁5年（1297年）- 貞治3年/正平 (日本)19年4月3日 (旧暦)（1364年5月5日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の日蓮宗の僧。
Daikaku (1297 - May 5, 1364) was a Nichiren sect Buddhist monk during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の伊達行宗（伊達行朝）の時代には、義良親王を奉じて奥州鎮定のために下向した北畠顕家に属し、行朝は結城宗広らとともに式評定衆となった。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yukimune DATE (former Yukitomo DATE) became a retainer of Akiie KITABATAKE, who entered the Oshu region to govern the region under Imperial Prince Norinaga, and was appointed as a member of Shiki-hyojoshu (the council of the Mutsu Province) along with Munehiro YUKI.

鎌倉幕府が滅びると、江戸氏は南北朝時代 (日本)の騒乱において初め新田義貞に従って南朝 (日本)方につき、後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して鎌倉公方に仕えた。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts following the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the Edo clan took Yoshisada NITTA's side to support the Southern Court, but later switched to the Northern Court's side to serve Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of Kamakura Region).
With the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu and the ensuing turmoil of the Northern and Southern Court Period, the Edo clan initially allied itself to the Southern Court serving Yoshisada NITTA, but later changed allegiances to the Northern Court and served as the Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region).

また、秋水が法廷で「いまの天子は、南朝の天子を暗殺して三種の神器をうばいとった北朝の天子ではないか」と発言したことが外部へもれ、南北朝正閏論が起こった。
During the trial, Shusui told prosecutors, 'the current Emperor is from the Northern Imperial Court, which assassinated the Emperor of the Southern Imperial Court and robbed him of the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family', and it was leaked to the people and triggered the argument on which Court was legitimate.

さらに時代を下り、北宋の開封ではやや南北の中央線から時計回りに傾いた京城の中央に、ほぼ東西南北に隅角を揃えた皇城が、さらにその内側に宮城が置かれていた。
More recent examples include Kaifeng, the capital of Northern Song, whose downtown inclined slightly clockwise from the north-south central axis and in the middle of the downtown was an administrative district with its four corners facing almost perfectly to the north, south, east and west, and inside the the administrative district stood the imperial palace.

北関東で幕府残党勢力を鎮圧したのち、新政府軍の総司令官として東北地方、新潟で北部政府（奥羽越列藩同盟）と事実上の“南北戦争”である「東北戦争」を戦った。
After defeating shogunate remnants in the northern Kanto area, he was the new government's commander-in-chief in the 'Tohoku War' against the Northern Alliance (Ouetsu Reppan Domei) in Niigata and the Tohoku region.

堀口貞満（ほりぐちさだみつ、永仁5年（1297年） - 延元3年/建武 (日本)5年（1338年））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Sadamitsu HORIGUCHI (1297 - 1338) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived from the late Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period.

上杉重能（うえすぎしげよし、生年不詳 - 正平 (日本)4年/貞和5年12月20日 (旧暦)（1350年1月28日））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Shigeyoshi UESUGI (year of birth unknown - January 28, 1350) was a warlord in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

小山　秀朝（おやま　ひでとも、? － 1335年8月2日（建武 (日本)2年7月13日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Hidetomo OYAMA (date of birth unknown - August 10, 1335) was busho (Japanese military commander) from the Kamakura Period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

細川師氏（ほそかわもろうじ、正安6年（1305年） - 正平 (日本)3年/貞和4年（1348年））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Morouji HOSAKAWA (1305 - 1348) was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

上杉顕定（うえすぎあきさだ、正平 (日本)6年/観応2年（1351年）-天授 (日本)6年/康暦2年（1380年））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の人物。
Akisada UESUGI (1351 - 1380) was a person who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

北畠顕泰（きたばたけあきやす、永徳3年/弘和3年（1338年）-応永19年（1412年）？）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての公家。
Akiyasu KITABATAKE (c.1338 - 1412) was a court noble in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi Period.

南北朝時代_(日本)には、河内国の楠木正遠が楠木氏（伊予橘氏）の家系を継承したが、楠木正成一族を除き、他の子息（楠木正季ら）の一族は和田氏に復している。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Masato KUSUNOKI of Kawachi Province succeeded to the family line of the Kusunoki clan (the Iyotachibana clan), while the family of other sons (Masasue KUSUNOKI and others) reverted to the Wada clan, except the family of Masashige KUSUNOKI.

南北にまっすぐ通る三道は、ほぼ4里（一里＝531メートル、四里で約2120m）の等間隔をなしており、東から順に上ツ道、中ツ道、下ツ道と平行に並んでいる。
The three roads stretch straight in a north-south direction in equal intervals of about 2,120m, and run parallel to each other in the order of Kamitsu Michi, Nakatsu Michi and Shimotsu Michi from east to west.

この寺は、南北朝時代 (日本)に北朝 (日本)初代の天皇となった光厳上皇が出家した後、1362年（貞治3年）この地を訪れて庵を結んだのに始まるとされる。
Joshoko-ji Temple began as a small hut built in 1362 by Retired Emperor Kogen, the first emperor of the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, when he visited the area after entering the Buddhist priesthood.

南北戦争中（1863年）にユリシーズ・グラント指揮下でフッカー、トーマス、シャーマンが率いる北軍がブラグストン・ブラッグ率いる南軍を破り決定的勝利を得た
in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg

愚中周及（ぐちゅうしゅうきゅう、元亨3年（1323年） - 応永16年8月25日 (旧暦)（1409年10月4日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の臨済宗の僧。
Shukyu GUCHU (1323 - October 4, 1409) was a priest of the Rinzai sect during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱を経て、それまで伝統的であった公家文化と、新興の武家文化の融合が特色で、明との勘合貿易、禅宗を通じて大陸文化の影響も受けている。
Characteristically it is a fusion of the traditional culture of nobility and the new-risen culture of the samurai class through the upheaval in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and it is also influenced by continental culture through Kango trade with the Ming (dynasty) and Zen sect (Buddhism).

」の唄で知られ、井原西鶴の『好色五人女』、近松門左衛門の『薩摩歌』、並木五瓶の『五大力恋緘』、鶴屋南北の『盟三五大切』などの小説や戯曲の主題とされていた。
and the song was used as the theme of some novels and plays such as 'Koshoku Gonin Onna' by Saikaku IHARA, 'Satsuma uta' by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, 'Godairiki Koino Fujime' by Gohei NAMIKI, and 'Kamikakete Sango Taisetsu' by Nanboku TSURUYA.

吉野に逃れた大覚寺統の天皇（南朝）と、足利尊氏に擁立された持明院統の天皇（北朝）の対立時代＝南北朝時代となる（以後の詳細は南朝の項目を併せて参照のこと）。
The Emperor from Daikakuji-to (the Southern Court) escaped to Yoshino and Takauji ASHIKAGA backed up the Emperor from Jimyoin-to (the Northern Court), thus giving rise to a period of conflict known as the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (refer to the section on the Southern Court for additional details).

平安京以来、現在も用いられる「東西通＋南北通」（例：四条烏丸）という地点の表記の方法にならい、町小路が東西の通りと交差する地点は、「○○＋町」と呼ばれた。
Following the notation method of 'East-West street and South-North street' (example: Shijo Karasuma) used even today that began with the establishment of Heian-kyo, the location where a Machi-koji Street bisects a East-West street was called 'XX-cho (town).'

すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古（古代）、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.

政庁第2期に対応する8世紀段階において条坊に関連すると考えられる遺構は、政庁中央から南へ伸びる南北中央大路（朱雀大路に相当する）周辺を中心として存在する。
For the time of eighth century that corresponds to the second period of the government, there are remains that are considered to be related to jobo mainly around the vertical central street (equivalent to Suzaku-oji Street) that runs from the central government to the south.

13世紀以降は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代を通じて、大和民族の分布域は、北海道の渡島半島南部に定着した（渡党を参照）程度で、拡大は停滞した。
After the 13th century, throughout the Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi Period, the distribution range of the Yamato race was set back in expansion, only settling in Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido (refer to Watari-to).

少弐冬資（しょうにふゆすけ、？ - 1375年9月22日（天授 (日本)元年/永和 (日本)元年8月26日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Fuyusuke SHONI (date of birth unknown – September 30, 1375) was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

馬車鉄道時代は東海道線と平面交差していたが、改築後は貨車を除いて横断を禁止され、南北に構内を分断された長洲駅を旅客は徒歩連絡、貨車は人力で横断させていた。
Although it was a crossing at grade with the Tokaido Line in the horse tramway era, after the track gauge was corrected crossing became prohibited except for freight trains, so passengers had to walk and freight trains had to be moved by humans to cross Nagasu Station whose station yard was divided north and south..

創建当初の當麻寺は、金堂を中心とし、南北方向の中軸線に沿って、金堂の後方に講堂、前方には東西二つの塔を配する薬師寺式に近い伽藍構成をとっていたと思われる。
It seems that the Taima-dera Temple when first adopted such a formation of temple buildings similar to the Yakushi-ji Temple style in which Kon-do Hall was placed in the center, the Kodo Hall was placed behind Kodo and the two east and west pagodas were placed forward along a north-south axis.

通幻寂霊（つうげんじゃくれい、元亨2年（1322年） - 明徳2年/元中8年5月5日 (旧暦)（1391年6月7日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の曹洞宗の僧。
Tsugenjakurei (1322 - June 7, 1391) was a Soto sect Buddhist monk during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

杲宝（こうほう、徳治元年（1306年）- 貞治元年/正平 (日本)17年7月7日 (旧暦)（1362年7月28日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の真言宗の学僧。
Koho (1306 - July 28, 1362) was a Shingon sect scholar-monk during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

中世前期まで戦場での主要な戦闘法であったが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から弓射の主体は歩兵となり、騎兵も下馬して射るようになったため、騎射戦闘は消滅していった。
Kisha was a major fighting style on the battlefield until early medieval times, but foot soldiers came to play a major role of Yumiire since around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and horse soldiers also learned to shoot alighting from horses, so that the fighting style of Kisha had disappeared.

1392年、持明院統（北朝）と大覚寺統（南朝）の迭立再開が提案され、南朝の後亀山天皇が条件受諾したことにより、北朝の後小松天皇とともに南北朝合一が実現した。
In 1392 after the suggestion to restart the sharing of the Imperial throne between the Jimyoin Imperial lineage (the Northern Court) and the Daikakuji Imperial lineage (the Southern Court), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court accepted, and the unity of the Northern Court and the Southern Court was realized, together with Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court.

尊観（そんかん、貞和5年/正平 (日本)4年（1349年）- 応永7年10月24日 (旧暦)（1400年11月10日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の時宗の僧。
Sonkan (1349 - November 19, 1400) was a priest of the Ji sect during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

これに対して、北朝 (日本)においては、後円融天皇から南北朝合一を遂げた後の霊元天皇に至るまで、300年以上にわたって立太子を経ない儲君が皇位に就いている。
On the contrary, chokun succeeded to the Imperial Throne without carrying out the ceremonial investiture of the Crown Prince for more than 300 years in the Northern Court (Japan), from Emperor Goenyu to Emperor Reigen who was enthroned after the unification of Southern and Northern Courts.

最上氏が南北朝時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて拠点とした山形県山形市に、最上義光歴史館があり、第11代当主・最上義光を中心とした資料が集められている。
The Mogami Yoshiaki Historical Museum is located in Yamagata City, Yamagata Prefecture, which was headquartered by the Mogami clan from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the early Edo period, and the museum contains historical documents regarding mainly the 11th family head, Yoshiaki MOGAMI.

鎌倉幕府滅亡から南北朝分立に至る動乱と西園寺本家断絶の混乱の中で、西園寺家庶家の西園寺公良が宇和郡に入り、在地の土豪を支配下に組み入れて領国支配を開始する。
Amid the agitated situation from the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the separation of the Northern and Southern Courts and the chaos caused by the discontinuance of the Saionji family, Kimiyoshi SAIONJI, of a branch family of the Saionji family entered Uwa Country, and put the local clans under his control then began to rule over the territory.

区の北端近くを旧東海道が通り、東西方向にはJR東海道本線、東海道・山陽新幹線、国道1号、南北方向には京阪電鉄本線（大部分は地下化）、東大路通りなどが通じる。
There is the former Tokai-do Road running near the north end of Higashiyama Ward, as well as the JR Tokaido Main Line, Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen, National Route 1 running in the east-west direction, and there is Keihan Electric Railway Main Line (mostly underground) and Higashioji-dori Street running in the north-south direction.

平安京は、現在の京都府京都市中心部にあたる、山城国葛野郡・愛宕郡両郡にまたがる地に建設され、東西4.5km、南北5.2kmの長方形に区画された都城であった。
Heian-kyo was the castle city laid out to be rectangular, of 4.5 km east-west by 2.2 km north-south, built straddling Kadono-no-koori and Otagi-no-koori counties of Yamashiro Province (currently center of Kyoto city, Kyoto Prefecture).

南北朝時代 (日本)になると、各国の中小武士団は新たな源氏の棟梁、足利氏のほか、半済令以後勢力を蓄えた守護大名、南朝、北朝方の有力武家らに所領安堵を求めた。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), small and medium samurai warrior band in provinces asked not only the new head of the government, the Genji-descent Ashikaga clan, but also the territorial lord as provincial constable, which had increased its influence after the order allowing military governors or Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund was issued, and influential samurai families on the side of the Southern Court or the Northern Court for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of their lands.

南北朝時代 (日本)（1336年 - 1392年）は、「観応の擾乱正平一統」（1351年 - 1352年）の短期間を除き平安京が北朝 (日本)の首都である。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (1336-1392), except for the short time of Kanno Disturbance (1351-1352), Heian-Kyo was the capital of the Northern Court (Japan).

南北朝統一後、北朝 (日本)正統論を唱える室町幕府の影響下に改竄や“続編”と称しながら親房の論を否定して、『続神皇正統記』（小槻晴富）が書かれた事もあった。
After the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts, Chikafusa's book was willfully altered under the influence of the Muromachi bakufu to support the view that the Northern Court lineage was the one true and legitimate lineage, and a book critical of Chikafusa's viewpoint was written by Harutomi KOZUKI--and dubbed a 'sequel'--called the 'Zoku (continued) Jinno Shotoki.'

河内本は南北朝期・室町初期までは青表紙本よりもむしろ盛んに用いられていたが、室町中期、宗祇・三条西実隆の頃から、定家の青表紙本を尊重すべきことが強調された。
Until the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the early Muromachi periods, Kawachibon was actively used rather than Aobyoshibon (Blue Book) manuscripts, but during the mid Muromachi period, at around the time of Sogi and Sanetaka SANJONISHI, it was emphasized that importance be placed upon Teika's Aobyoshibon.

南北朝合一後、「日本国征夷将軍源義満」名義で交渉を始めようと試みるが、明側は陪臣との通交は認めないため天皇の臣下と名乗る者からの使者は受け入れられなかった。
After the integration of the Northern and Southern Courts, he again intended to negotiate with Ming, under the nominal title of 'Seii Shogun of Japan, Yoshimitsu MINAMOTO,' but the government of Ming would not accept an envoy dispatched by someone who presented himself as a vassal of the Emperor, because Ming traditionally did not trade with any retainer of a vassal.

モンゴルの国書に侵略的意図があったとする前提で、南北朝時代には北畠親房が『神皇正統記』において、江戸時代には水戸学や、本居宣長ら国学者、頼山陽らが評価した。
His achievements were appreciated in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts by Chikafusa KITABATAKE in his book 'Jinno Shotoki' (Record of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Emperors), and in the Edo period, by scholars of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) including Norinaga MOTOORI, and Sanyo RAI.

大友親世（おおともちかよ、生年不詳 - 1418年4月1日（応永25年2月25日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての守護大名。
Chikayo OTOMO (Birth date unknown - April 1, 1418) was a Shugo Daimyo (Guardian Feudal Lord) over the period of Northern and Southern Courts in Japan and Muromachi Period.

梵灯庵（ぼんとうあん、正平 (日本)4年/貞和5年（1349年）－応永24年（1417年）?）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての連歌師。
Bontoan (1349-1417 (years are undetermined)) was a renga (poem composed of lines linked in idea written by two or more persons) poet from the Northern and Southern Courts period to the mid Muromachi period.

九条経教（くじょうつねのり、元弘元年/元徳3年（1331年） - 応永7年5月21日 (旧暦)（1400年6月13日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家。
Tsunenori KUJO (1331 - June 22, 1400) was a court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

九条忠基（くじょうただもと、興国6年/貞和元年（1345年）－応永4年12月20日 (旧暦)（1398年1月8日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Tadamoto KUJO (1345-January 16, 1398) was a Kugyo (the top court officials) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北に長い京都府内を縦貫し、府北部と南部の連携を強化、地域の活性化を図ると共に、高規格道路網の脆弱な京都市都市圏の南部外環状道路としての役割を果たしている。
The expressway runs through the long, narrow Kyoto Prefecture from north to south, contributing to enhanced regional cooperation between north and south and the promotion of regional activation, and acts as a belt line in the southern urban areas of Kyoto City, which otherwise lack adequate high-standard road networks.

南北朝時代には、南朝の北畠顕家が鎮守府将軍を鎮守大将軍と名乗ることを認められているが、これは征夷大将軍と同格の存在としてこれに対抗する意図があったとされる。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Akiie KITABATAKE of the Southern Court, as Chinjufu Shogun, was allowed to be called Chinjufu Taishogun, but it is thought that this was done to put it on a level with and oppose the Seii Taishogun.

由阿（ゆあ、正応4年（1291年）－天授 (日本)5年/康暦元年（1379年）頃?）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての時宗の僧・万葉学者。
Yua (1291 - c.1379) was a Ji Sect Buddhist monk and Manyo scholar who lived from the latter part of the Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period.

国阿（こくあ、正和3年（1314年）－応永12年9月11日 (旧暦)（1405年10月4日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての時宗の僧。
Kokua (1314 - October 4, 1405) was a Ji Sect Buddhist monk who lived from the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) to the mid-Muromachi period.

賢俊（けんしゅん、正安元年（1299年） - 正平 (日本)12年/延文2年7月16日 (旧暦)（1357年8月2日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の真言宗の僧。
Kenshun (1299-August 2, 1357) was a monk of Shingon sect in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

真観（しんかん、建治元年（1275年） - 暦応4年/興国2年6月2日 (旧暦)（1341年7月16日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の時宗の僧。
Shinkan (1275 - July 16, 1341) was a Ji sect priest from the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

さて、会所に関する論文が書かれるとき、必ずといっていいほどとりあげられるのが、南北朝時代 (日本)を描いた軍記物語である『太平記』の巻三十七の以下のくだりだ。
The following quote from thirty-seven volumes of 'Taiheiki,' which was a war chronicle describing the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), is almost always referred to within papers written about Kaisho.

特に、南北朝時代の南朝方武将楠木正成の忠誠心を朱舜水に示唆された（そもそも日本の正史にとって、北朝と南朝のどちらをとるのかは最大の選択「本朝の大事」だった）。
SHU Shunsui indicated the idea of loyalty of KUSUNOKI Masashige, a military commander of the Nancho court during the Nanbokucho period (it was 'an important matter of Japan' whether one should side with the Nancho or with the Hokucho as for a historiography in Japan).

だが、南北朝の内乱の中で室町幕府による半済令が行われ、更に寺社本所領事によって、皇室領・摂関家の渡領などを例外として実質上の守護大名との下地中分が行われた。
However, the hanzeirei (an order allowing military governors, or shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) was enacted by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during internal disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts, and besides, the shitaji chubun (the territorial division of a shoen between competing central and local claimants) was performed with shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors that became daimyo) with an exception of the case of watari ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded) including the territories of the imperial household and the sekkan-ke families, due to the Jisha honjoryo no koto Act (an act issued by the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, which was a collection of basic policies of the Muromachi bakufu regarding territorial lawsuits).

平安時代中期以降の太上天皇や法皇、皇族の所領となった院宮御分国、源頼朝の知行国である関東御分国、南北朝時代 (日本)以降の守護大名の知行した領国などが当たる。
Starting in the mid-Heian period, 'Bunkoku' also appears in the term 'ingu gobunkoku,' which refers to the province-sized territories controlled by the Retired Emperors, the Cloistered Emperors, and the Imperial Family, as well as in the term 'kanto gobunkoku,' referring to the bloc of provinces MINAMOTO no Yoritomo controlled in the Kanto (eastern Japan); starting in the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), 'bunkoku' was additionally used to describe the provinces controlled as feudal domains by the shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).

交通の改善により台湾の人口は1895年の260万人から1945年の650万人に増加し、台湾の南北を連絡する交通網は台湾社会の大動脈として現在も利用されている。
Due to the development of transportation in Taiwan, the population increased from 2.6 million people in 1895 to 6.5 million in 1945 and the transportation network linking the west and north is still used now as the main artery in Taiwan.

頓阿（とんあ、正応2年（1289年） - 文中元年/応安5年3月13日 (旧暦)（1372年4月17日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の僧・歌人。
Tona (1289-April 17, 1372) was a Japanese monk and waka poet who lived in the final days of the Kamakura period and into the Northern and Southern Court period.

分かっている事は、南北朝時代 (日本)（14世紀中頃から末）、児玉党は南朝方に味方しているので、党本宗家となった本庄氏も南朝に組みだてしていたものと見られる。
It was certain that the Honjo clan who became the head family of the party seemed to partner-up with the Southern Court as the Kodama Party was on the side of the Southern Court in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)(from the mid to the late 14th century).

結城　直朝（ゆうきなおとも、1325年（正中 (元号)2年）－1343年4月26日（興国4年/康永2年4月2日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Naotomo YUKI (1352 - April 26, 1343) was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

土岐頼遠（ときよりとお、? - 興国3年/康永元年12月1日 (旧暦)（1342年12月29日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Yorito TOKI (? - January 6, 1343) was a military commander who lived from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

北朝 (日本)側に通じて1359年（延文4年/正平14年）「新千載和歌集」（二条良基や足利尊氏の推挙による）を撰出し、南北朝動乱の時期の歌道師範の家を守った。
In 1359, he was discovered by the Northern Court and compiled the anthology 'Shinsenzai Wakashu' (New Collection of a Thousand Years, 18th imperial poetic anthology) through the recommendations of Yoshimoto NIJO or Takauji ASHIKAGA - this kept the family of masters of Kado (versification) during the turbulent times of Northern and Southern Courts.

伊賀局（いがのつぼね、生年不詳 - 元中元年/至徳 (日本)元年10月13日 (旧暦)（1384年11月26日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の勇女とされる女性。
Iga no Tsubone (birth date unknown - December 4, 1384) was a lady referred to as a brave woman during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

京都市内の鉄道は、駅名として、東西方向に走る路線は「交叉する南北の街路名」を名付け、南北方向に走る路線（地下鉄烏丸線）は「交叉する東西方向の街路名」を付ける。
The station names on the subways in Kyoto City are given in the following manner: give 'a name of a street running north-south' to a station on the line running east-west that crosses the street, or give 'a name of a street running east-west' to a station on the line running north-south (Karasuma Line) that crosses the street.

その後南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて、鎮西派の中でも藤田派の聖観・良栄、白旗派の聖冏・聖聡が現れて宗派を興隆して西山派及び鎮西派の他の流派を圧倒した。
From the Nanbokucho period to the Muromachi period Shokan and Ryoei of Fujita-ha and Shogei and Shoso of Shirohata-ha appeared within Chinzei-ha and founded new sects, overcoming Seizan-ha and other sects of Chinzei-ha.

文観（もんかん、弘安元年（1278年） - 正平 (日本)12年/延文2年10月9日 (旧暦)（1357年11月21日））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代の僧である。
Monkan (1278 - November 29, 1357) was a priest who lived from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

皇位そのものの証明は三種の神器の所持を以て挙げられるため、南北朝正閏論に於いては神器が無いまま即位した北朝 (日本)の正当性が否定される根拠の一つとなっている。
Since the imperial throne itself may be approved by the retention of the three sacred imperial treasures, the Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Court) has a basis for its denial of orthodoxy of Hokucho (Northern court) which ascended to the throne without the three sacred imperial treasures.

持明院統（じみょういんとう）とは、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代にかけて皇位に即いた日本の皇室の系統で、第88代後嵯峨天皇の子である第89代後深草天皇の子孫である。
Jimyoin-to was Japanese Imperial Family ancestry between the late Kamakura period and the Southern and Northern Courts period and is a descendant of the eighty-ninth Emperor Go-Fukakusa, whose father was the eighty-eighth Emperor Go-saga.

鳥羽作道（とばのつくりみち・鳥羽造道）は、平安京の中央部を南北に貫く朱雀大路の入口である羅城門より真南に伸びて鳥羽 (京都市)を経由して淀方面に通じた古代道路。
Toba no Tsukurimichi (Toba New Road) was an ancient road from Rajo-mon gate, the entrance to the Suzaku-oji Street running through north to south in the center of Heian-kyo, to Yodo through Toba (Kyoto City).

なお、明治天皇は北朝の五帝の祭祀については従前どおり行うよう指示したとされる）、南北朝時代は南朝が吉野にあったことにちなんで「吉野朝時代」と呼ばれる事となった。
The Emperor Meiji is said to have ordered to have the ceremonies for the five emperors of the Northern Court to be continued as before) and the Nanbokucho was to be called 'Yoshino-cho period' because the Southern Court was located in Yoshino (Nara Prefecture).

朝用分（ちょうようぶん・朝要分）とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

日本側では南北朝の動乱が（特に博多を含む九州においては）収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'

中国においては、漢から南北朝時代_(中国)には「休沐」と称して5日に1日、唐では10日に1日が休日となる旬假が一般的であったが、日本においてはもう少し多かった。
While in China, from the Han period to the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, they had one holiday in every five days, which was called 'kyumoku', and in the Tang period, they had one holiday in every ten days, which was called 'shunka', there were slightly more holidays in Japan.

少弐頼尚（しょうによりなお（よりひさ）、1293年（永仁元年） - 1371年（建徳2年/応安4年））は、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の九州の武将である。
Yorinao (also Yorihisa) SHONI (1293 - 1371) was a Kyushu military commander who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and into the Muromachi period.

大友氏泰（おおともうじやす、1321年（元亨元年） - 1362年（正平 (日本)17年/貞治元年））は鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Ujiyasu OTOMO (1321-1362) was a military commander over the latter half of the Kamakura Period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

菊池武政（きくちたけまさ、1342年（興国3年/康永元年） - 1374年7月6日（文中3年/応安7年5月26日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Takemasa KIKUCHI (1342-July 14, 1374) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived in the period of Northern and Southern Courts.

菊池武朝（きくちたけとも、1363年（正平 (日本)18年/貞治2年） - 1407年（応永14年））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Taketomo KIKUCHI (1363-1407) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived from the period of Northern and Southern Courts to the early Muromachi Period.

三条通以北は明治から大正にかけて拡幅されているが、三条以南は南北の主要な通りとしての機能は、京都市電の経路そのままに後院通を経て四条通以南で大宮通へとつながる。
The section north of Sanjo-dori Street was widened during the Meiji and Taisho periods and served as the main north-south street; however, in the section south of Sanjo-dori Street the role has been taken over by the route once held by Kyoto City Trams, diverging to Koin-dori Street and continuing into Omiya-dori Street south from Shijo-dori Street.

南北朝時代、後伏見天皇第7皇子の寛胤法親王（1309 - 1376）が15世長吏となって以来、勧修寺は宮門跡寺院となり、幕末まで法親王ないし入道親王が入寺した。
Kaju-ji Temple became a Monzeki Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts after Cloistered Imperial Prince Kanin (1309-1376), the seventh son of Emperor Gofushimi, became the 15th Chori, and the temple was served by Cloistered Imperial Princes or priestly Imperial Princes until the end of the Edo period.

それをもっとも端的に示すのが『太平記』であって、仏教的な影響を受けつつも、南北朝の動乱を怨霊の仕業とする立場を見せ、社会を変動させる原動力であるとみなしている。
This trend is not any more obvious than in the Taihei-ki (Japanese historical epic written in the late 14th century); although under the influence of Buddhism, it attributes the turmoil of the Northern and Southern Dynasties period to Onryo, which it believes, has the power to overturn society.

「南北戦争前の奴隷制度擁護論者によれば、北アメリカの各州やヨーロッパにおける工場の賃金労働者は、南部のプランテーション奴隷よりもずっと悪い状態にあったという。」
-- as antebellum slavery apologists insisted -- factory wage-workers in the Northern American states and in Europe were worse off than Southern plantation slaves.

そのため、京都では南北と東西の通りの名前を合わせて烏丸北大路と呼ぶべき周辺地域が、この呼び方はほとんど使われず「北大路バスターミナル」あるいは「北大路駅」とする。
Although this district should be called 'Karasuma Kitaoji' as a neighborhood name is usually made by connecting a north-south street name and an east-west street name in Kyoto, this name is rarely used, but it is called 'Kitaoji Bus Terminal,' or 'Kitaoji Station.'

主曲輪は、東西約27m、南北約60mで、そのほぼ中央部に底部5-6m、上部4m、高さ2.5m-3m、長さ7mの土塁跡があり北側、南側の曲輪を大きく区切られている。
The main compound extends about 27m from east to west, about 60m from south to north, and in the approximate center are the remains of an earthen mound measuring 5-6m at its base, 4m at its top, 2,5-3m in height and 7m in length; roughly dividing the compound into northern and southern areas.

南北朝時代 (日本)の初期、後醍醐天皇が皇子・義良親王（後の後村上天皇）を陸奥守、北畠顕家らとともに陸奥国府、多賀城へ派遣すると、多賀城に陸奥将軍府が樹立された。
The Mutsu Shogunfu (local government of Mutsu) was established in the early Northern and Southern Courts period when Emperor Go-Daigo dispatched his son - Imperial Prince Norinaga (who later became Emperor Go-Murakami), Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) Akiie KITABATAKE and others to Taga-jo Castle which served as the provincial office of Mutsu province.

鎌倉時代後半から南北朝時代にかけて、天皇の存在が互いに不可欠であった摂関家と寺院勢力は、自らの存続をかけて共同で即位儀礼の中に即位灌頂を持ち込んだものと見られる。
It seems that in the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Sekkan-ke and temples for both of whom existence of the emperor was indispensable, brought jointly sokuikanjo into the enthronement ceremony for their own survival.

遺諡は、鎌倉時代の後嵯峨天皇から南北朝時代・室町時代の後小松天皇にかけて多くあったが、その後7代にわたって絶えており、後水尾の遺諡は後小松以来約2世紀ぶりである。
There are many examples of the posthumous names from Emperor Gosaga in the Kamakura period to Emperor Gokomatsu in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, as well as in the Muromachi period, after which it stopped for next seven generations; the posthumous name of Gomizunoo was the first one after two centuries, after Emperor Gokomatsu.

慈道法親王（じどうほっしんのう、弘安5年（1282年）－暦応4年/興国2年4月11日（1341年4月27日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代にかけての法親王。
Monk-Imperial Prince Jido (1282 - April 27, 1341) was the Monk-Imperial Prince from the latter half of Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱の中で幼くして両親を失ったが、新田義貞・脇屋義助らに奉戴され1346年、白鹿の年号を用いて天下に号令を掛けた北陸朝廷の天皇（得江文書）。
He lost his parents when he was little in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but in 1346, being enthroned by Yoshisada NITTA, Yoshisuke WAKIYA and others, commanded the country using the name of the era of Hakushika, and became the Emperor in the Hokuriku Imperial Court (Tokue monjo, documents of Tokue).

南北朝時代 (日本)に悪党の活動が活発化し下克上の風潮が流行すると、伝統的な戦闘形態は個人戦から集団戦へと変化し始め、足軽の活躍の場は土一揆・国一揆にも広まった。
As the activity of villains increased and the trend of vassals revolting against their lords became more commonplace during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the traditional way in which warfare was conducted began to make the transition from a one-to-one combat to a group battle strategy, and the utilization of ashigaru even spread to the suppression of local and provincial uprisings.

天龍寺船（てんりゅうじぶね）は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都天龍寺造営費捻出のために室町幕府公認の下、元 (王朝)へ派遣された貿易船（寺社造営料唐船）である。
Tenryuji-bune refers to official trading vessels of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), dispatched to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

上杉憲孝（うえすぎのりたか、1366年（正平 (日本)21年/貞治5年） - 1394年（応永元年）？）は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Noritaka UESUGI (1366 - 1394) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the beginning of Muromachi period.

結城直光（ゆうきなおみつ、1330年（元徳2年）- 1395年2月7日（応永2年1月17日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Naomitsu YUKI (1330 - 1395 February 7) is a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the beginning of Muromachi period.

塩冶高貞（えんやたかさだ、生年不詳－興国2年/暦応4年4月3日 (旧暦)（1341年4月19日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Takasada ENYA (Birth unknown-April 27, 1341) was the busho (Japanese military commander) who lived between the end of Kamakura to the Nanbokucho periods (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) (Japan).

六角時信（ろっかくときのぶ、徳治元年（1306年） - 興国7年/貞和2年8月26日 (旧暦)（1346年9月17日））は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)の武士。
Tokinobu ROKKAKU (1306 - September 20, 1346) was a samurai (warrior) who lived in the Kamakura period and the Northern and Southern Courts period.

正平5年/観応元年（1350年）に勃発した室町幕府の内紛（観応の擾乱）に際しては、これを機として南朝の勢力挽回に努めるとともに、南北両朝合一に向けての活動を行う。
When an internal conflict of the Muromachi shogunate (the Kanno Disturbance) occurred in 1350, Masanori, taking advantage of such an internal conflict, made efforts to regain and strengthen the power of the Southern Court and also conducted activities toward the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts.

現在の近鉄竹田駅 (京都府)、名神高速道路京都南インターチェンジ付近が離宮の跡地で、東西約1.2～1.5km、南北約1kmの範囲に御所、庭園、仏堂などが営まれた。
The site of the former Imperial Villa consisted of the area around present-day Kintetsu Takeda Station (Kyoto Prefecture) and the Kyoto-Minami Interchange of the Meishin Expressway, and the grounds measured approximately 1.2-1.5 km east to west and 1 km north to south and included a palace, gardens and a Buddha hall.

南北朝時代 (日本)に夢窓国師の高弟・黙庵周禅が中興開山し、黙庵に帰依した足利幕府二代将軍・足利義詮によって観林寺と寺名を改められるが、ほどなく善入寺に戻された。
The temple was restored during the Northern and Southern Courts period by Mokuan, a leading disciple of Muso Kokushi, and its name was changed to Kanrin-ji Temple by the second Shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, who had become devoted to Mokuan but the name was soon reverted to Zennyu-ji Temple.

1333年（正慶2/元弘3）に元弘の変の後に鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると京都へ戻り、建武の新政から南北朝時代となっても後醍醐方に属して吉野へ随行し、東寺長者、大僧正となる。
When the Kamakura Shogunate was subverted after the Genko Incident in 1333, he went back to Kyoto, and he also moved to Yoshino in attendance of Godaigo and became Chief Abbot of To-ji Temple and daisojo (a Buddhist priest of the highest order).

また、著名な公家研究家として著名な人物としては南北朝時代 (日本)の洞院公賢・二条良基、室町時代の甘露寺親長、安土桃山時代・江戸時代初期の平田職忠などが挙げられる。
Well-known researchers of famous kuge (court nobles) include Kinkata TOIN and Yoshimoto NIJO in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Chikanaga KANROJI in the Muromachi period, and Mototada HIRATA in the Azuchi-Momoyama period through to the early Edo period.

近松門左衛門の『雙生隅田川』、鶴屋南北 (4代目)の『桜姫東文章』や『隅田川花御所染』、河竹黙阿弥の『都鳥廓白浪』（忍の惣太）などの歌舞伎狂言が今日よく上演される。
The kabuki kyogen works performed often currently are 'Futago Sumidagawa' written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, 'Sakurahime azuma bunsho' and 'Sumidagawa hanano goshozome' by Nanboku TSURUYA and 'Miyakodori nagareno shiranami' by Mokuami KAWATAKE.

もとは『櫻清水清玄』（鶴屋南北作）という脚本であったが、人気作に恵まれず不遇をかこっていた新七が上方下りの人気役者市川小團次 (4代目)のために改訂版として作った。
The original script of the play was 'Sakura Kiyomizu Seigen' (written by Hyozo KATSU the second), and 'Miyakodori nagare no shiranami' is its revised edition which Shinshichi wrote for a popular actor from Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), Kodanji ICHIKAWA (the fourth) when Shinshichi was in obscurity without hits.

承胤法親王（しょういんほっしんのう、文保元年（1317年）－永和3年/天授3年4月9日（1377年5月16日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代にかけての法親王。
Monk-Imperial Prince Shoin (1317 - May 16, 1377) was the Monk-Imperial Prince from the end of Kamaura period to the period of the Northern and Souther Courts.

伏見宮治仁王（ふしみのみやはるひとおう　建徳元年/応安3年（1370年） - 応永24年2月12日（1417年2月28日））は、南北朝時代、室町時代の日本の皇族。
Prince Fushiminomiya Haruhito (1370 - February 28, 1417) was a Japanese Imperial family member during the period of the Northern and Southern Court and the Muromachi period.

倭の五王（わのごおう）とは、5世紀に、南北朝時代 (中国)の東晋や宋 (南朝)に朝貢して「倭国王」などに冊封された倭国の五人の王、すなわち讃、珍、済、興、武をいう。
The five kings of Wa refer to San (讃), Chin (珍), Sai (済), Ko (興) and Bu (武) who paid tribute to the Eastern Jin and Song (Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) in 5th century and received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Wa'.

近年では、旧丹波国にも工業団地が造成され、畿内（大阪市）から丹後（舞鶴市）を経て北陸（敦賀市）を結ぶ舞鶴若狭自動車道が建設されるなど、南北格差の是正が図られている。
In recent years, the disparity between the northen and southern areas has been corrected gradually, for examples, through the construction of industrial parks in the former Tanba Province area and that of Maizuru Wakasa Expressway, which connects the Hokuriku region (Tsuruga City) to the Kinai region (Osaka) via Tango (Maizuru City).

「神皇正統記」は、南北朝時代に南朝の北畠親房が関東で勢力を集めるために南朝の正統性を神代から記した所で、のちの皇国史観に繋がるイデオロギー的性格の強い史書であった。
The 'Jinno shotoki' (Record of the Imperial Succession) was a work written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE and argues for the legitimacy of the Southern Court line of succession, that it was unbroken since the age of myth, in an attempt to drum up support for the Southern Court in the Kanto; in later times, it was to have a powerful influence on ideologues trying to promote a historiographic view of Japan as divine and Emperor-centered.

上田合戦（うえだかっせん）は、信濃国の上田城（現：長野県上田市）と近隣の山城周辺、上田市の東部を南北に流れる神川付近などで行われた真田氏と徳川氏の戦いの総称である。
The Battle of Ueda is a generic name for the battles between the Sanada clan and the Tokugawa clan fought around Ueda-jo Castle in Shinano Province (present day Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) and neighboring mountain castles, and around Kan-gawa River that runs north-south in the eastern part of Ueda City, etc.

加えて観世音寺に伝わる古文書類に記された条坊呼称の分析から、東西各十二条、南北二十二条の、東西約2.6キロメートル、南北約2.4キロメートルに亘る条坊域を想定した。
In addition, based on the analysis of street names described in ancient documents in Kanzeon-ji Temple, he supposed a jobo area (area with a series of avenues running at right angles to each other) that extends about 2.6 kilometers from west to east and about 2.4 kilometers from north to south, with 12 horizontal streets and 22 vertical streets.

罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.

鎌倉時代に大江広元の子の長井時広が地頭になり、代々これを相続、東大寺と訴訟を繰り返して勢力を拡大するが、南北朝時代 (日本)に後醍醐天皇が没収し、東大寺に再寄進した。
Since the time when OE no Hiromoto's son, Tokihiro NAGAI, became jito (manager and lord of a manor) during the Kamakura Period, the Nagai family had handed down the post down through successive generations and gradually expanded its control over the manor through repeated legal action against Todai-ji Temple, but Emperor Godaigo confiscated the manor during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and redonated it to Todai-ji Temple.

南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇と対立して京都に武家政権を開いた足利尊氏は、北朝 (日本)を後見するため二条通高倉通に住み、2代将軍の足利義詮は三条坊門に住んでいた。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, confronting Emperor Godaigo, established a samurai government in Kyoto and, while he lived on the Nijo-dori Takakura-dori to act as a guardian for the Northern Court (Japan), the Second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA lived in Sanjo bomon.

荼枳尼天は後々に性愛を司る神と解釈されたため、日本では鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて、真言密教立川流 (密教)という密教の一派が次第に形成され興隆を極めた。
Dakiniten later came to be deemed as a goddess governing sexual love, which resulted in Tachikawa School of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism being gradually founded from the Kamakura period until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and flourished in Japan.

興良親王（おきながしんのう/おきよししんのう、興国元年（1340年）/同3年（1342年） - 天授 (日本)3年（1377年）9月10日）は南北朝時代の南朝の皇族。
Imperial Prince Okiyoshi (also pronounced as Okinaga) (1342 - October 20, 1377) was a member of the Imperial Family in the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代_(日本)の明徳2年（1391年）に出された「西大寺末寺帳」には8ヶ国、同時代のその他の史料から更に十数ヶ国の国分寺が西大寺の末寺であったと推定されている。
Eight provinces were shown in the 'Saidaiji Matujicho' (list of all subtemples) made in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in 1391, and it is inferred from other historical materials of the same period that, other than those, kokubunji in ten and several provinces were subtemples of Saidai-ji Temple.

ここに、吉野朝廷と京都の朝廷（北朝）が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)が到来し、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）の南北朝合一まで約60年間にわたって南北朝の抗争が続いた。
With this, the period of two opposing courts, the Yoshino (Southern) Court and the Court in Kyoto (of the Northern Dynasty), began; the struggles between the Northern and Southern Ccourts were to continue for over 60 years, until the two courts were finally unified in 1392.

高師直（こうのもろなお、生年不詳 - 正平 (日本)6年/観応2年2月26日 (旧暦)（1351年3月24日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
KO no Moronao (year of birth unknown - April 1, 1351) was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

菊池武澄（きくちたけずみ、？－1356年7月27日（正平 (日本)11年/延文元年6月29日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Takezumi KIKUCHI (year of birth unknown - July 27, 1356) is a busho (Japanese military commander) from the end of Kamakura period into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

勧修寺経顕（かしゅうじつねあき、永仁6年（1298年）－文中2年/応安6年1月5日 (旧暦)（1373年1月29日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家（公卿）。
Tsuneaki KAJUJI (or KASHUJI) (1298 - February 6, 1373) was a court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

六角氏頼（ろっかくうじより、嘉暦元年（1326年） - 正平 (日本)25年/応安3年6月7日 (旧暦)（1370年6月30日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武士。
Ujiyori ROKKAKU (1326 - July 8, 1370) was a samurai (warrior) who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

高祖は南北朝時代 (中国)から隋の時代の天台大師智顗（538年～597年）、宗祖は平安時代の第5代天台座主の智証大師円珍（814年～891年）（弘法大師空海の姪の子）。
Koso (a founder) was the Tendai Daishi Chigi (538 - 597) from the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty (China), and the founder of a religious sect was the Chisho Daishi Enchin (child of the niece of Kukai Kobo Daishi (a posthumous title of the priest Kukai)) (814 - 891), who had the title of fifth Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) during the Heian period.

日静（にちじょう、永仁6年（1298年） - 正平 (日本)24年/応安2年6月27日 (旧暦)（1369年7月31日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の日蓮宗・法華宗の僧。
Nichijo (1298 - August 8, 1369) was a priest of the Nichiren/Hokke sect who lived during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

それから30年後、南北、71歳のとき、最も精力的に活躍した時代に、名作と名高かった『五大力恋緘』に『仮名手本忠臣蔵』、『東海道四谷怪談』を混ぜ合わせた作品として書いた。
Thirty years after that, at the age of 71 Nanboku entered his most productive era and wrote this play by mixing elements of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' and of 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' into 'Godairiki Koi no Fujime' that had been already famous as a masterpiece.

特に院政を廃止した後醍醐天皇が綸旨を院宣に替わる文書と位置づけた建武 (日本)年間から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて著しい量の綸旨が出され、史料としても重要なものが多い。
In particular, a significant number of rinji was issued during a period from the Kenmu era when Emperor Godaigo who abolished Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) specified rinji as a document replacing inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and many of them were important as historical data.

大内弘世の跡を継いだ大内義弘は、今川貞世（了俊）の九州制圧に従軍し、南朝との南北朝合一でも仲介を務め、明徳2年（1391年）には山名氏の反乱である明徳の乱でも活躍した。
Yoshihiro OUCHI, who succeeded Hiroyo OUCHI, took part in a campaign by Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) to subdue Kyushu, also played a reconciliatory role in the unification of Southern and Northern Courts, and took an active part in the Meitoku War, a rebellion by Yamana clan in 1391.

京都市に模して碁盤目状の市街地が形成され（南北に一条から九条、東西に軍艦の名前が使われる）、多くの海軍官署が設置された（日本海軍の駆逐艦『雪風』は舞鶴での建造である）。
Like the city of Kyoto, the streets of the new town district were laid out at right angles (streets are named Ichijo to Kujo from the south to the north, and the names of warships were used from the east to west) and many Naval offices and subsidiary agencies were placed there (Cf. Destroyer 'Yukikaze' of the Japanese Navy was built in Maizuru).

土岐頼康（ときよりやす、文保2年（1318年） - 嘉慶 (日本)元年/元中4年12月25日 (旧暦)（1388年2月3日））は南北朝時代 (日本)の有力守護大名。
Yoriyasu TOKI (1318-February 11, 1388) was a dominant Shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

名和長年（なわながとし、生年不詳 - 延元元年/建武 (日本)3年6月30日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1336年8月7日)）は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Nagatoshi NAWA (? - August 15, 1336) was a military commander during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

結城親光（ゆうきちかみつ、生年不詳 - 1336年2月23日（延元元年/建武 (日本)3年1月11日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Chikamitsu YUKI (year of birth unknown - March 2, 1336) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代 (日本)、室町幕府を開いた足利尊氏は、朝廷より公方号を許されたことが、室町幕府政所執事伊勢氏の末裔にて江戸時代の旗本の伊勢貞丈の『貞丈雑記』に記されている。
Accoding to 'Teijo-zakki' (Teijo's memorandums) written by Sadatake (Teijo) ISE who was Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogunate) in the Edo period as well as a descendant of the Ise clan which served as Mandokoro shitusji (chief of Mandokoro, the Adiministrative Board) of the Muromachi bakufu, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who established the Muromachi bakufu in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was allowed to hold the title of Kubo.

その子孫は、南北朝時代 (日本)期までは確実に存在したことが記録に残っているが、同じ河内源氏の系統に繋がる源氏庶流の足利氏などと比べても、非常に小さな勢力でしかなかった。
According to records, the lineage surely existed until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, however, the lineage was much less influential, compared with the Ashikaga clan, a branch family of the Minamoto clan, which lineage was the same Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) as that of the Ano clan.

本作が作られた事情は、「四谷怪談」が大当たりのさなかに主演の三代目尾上菊五郎が太宰府参詣のため中村座を退座してしまい、困った関係者が作者南北に急きょ作成させたことにある。
The background to the production of this play is as follows: While 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' was making a big hit, its leading actor, the third Kikugoro ONOE left the Nakamura-za Theater for visiting Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine, and the theater manager commissioned Nanboku to write a new play in haste to solve the predicament.

なお、南北朝時代 (日本)に安居院澄憲の子孫によって編まれたとされる『神道集』によれば、綏靖天皇には食人の趣味があり、朝夕に7人もの人々を食べ、周囲を恐怖に陥れたという。
According to an anecdote in 'Shintoshu' (a collection of Shinto legends), which is believed to have been compiled by the descendants of Choken AGUI during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan, Emperor Suizei had a taste for cannibalism and ate as many as seven people every day, terrifying people around him.

南北朝時代 (日本)により、天皇家と公家勢力の権力及その権威が低下すると共に、足利幕府の成立以来、足利将軍家の権威は天皇家に迫り、実質的に日本の君主としての役割を担った。
Due to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the power and authority of the Imperial Family and Court noble declined, and at the same time, the Ashikaga Shogun Family's authority advanced on that of the Imperial Family and he practically served the role of the monarch of Japan.

義満は奉公衆と呼ばれる軍事力を整え、有力守護大名の山名氏や大内氏を挑発してそれぞれ明徳の乱、応永の乱で追討し、将軍権力を固めて、南北朝合一を行い天皇に迫る権力を確立する。
Yoshimitsu also formed an auxiliary military force, called the Hokoshu, and worked to provoke two influential shugo daimyo families, the Yamana clan in the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion, successfully suppressing both, and thereby strengthened the power of the bakufu, managing to unify the Northern and Southern Courts and eventually superceding the emperor's authority.

また、才覚よりも家格を官職就任の最優先の要件とするという見解は、南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房による一連の著作とも共通しており、親房は同書の影響を受けたとする見方もある。
Additionally, Motochika's position to prioritize the family's social standing rather than talent for the appointment of the government posts coincided with Chikafusa KITABATAKE's series of books in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; some believe that Chikafusa had been influenced by the Kanshoku Hisho.

成立後総督府は台湾での鉄道建設を積極的に推進し、1908年には台湾南北を縦貫する西部幹線を完成させるなど、それまで数日を必要とした移動を1日で移動できる空間革命となった。
Since the establishment, the Sotoku-fu actively promoted railway construction in Taiwan, and completed the western line in 1908, which, linking the north and west, reduced the travel time from several days to a single day.

また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.

しかしながら、その解釈は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)のもので、同時代の『実躬卿記』の同年5月8日条にも「凡珍事々々」とある通り、北条一門の暗闘の真相は不明である。
However, the interpretation was made in the era from towards the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and as described 'a very strange incident' in the article on May 8, the same year, in 'Sanemikyoki' (Kugyo (top court official) Sanemi's diary), the truth of secret feuds in the Hojo clan is unclear.

南北朝の動乱では、延元3年/建武 (日本)5年（1338年）に和泉国堺浦で北畠顕家を、正平3年/貞和4年（1348年）の四條畷の戦いでは楠木正行･楠木正時兄弟らを討った。
Moronao conquered not only Akiie KITABATAKE at Sakaiura in Izumi Province in 1338 during the disturbance of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) but also the Masayuki and Masatoki brothers of KUSUNOKI in 1348 during the Battle of Shijonawate.

南北朝時代、久下氏は源氏の名門足利氏の棟梁　足利尊氏が建武政権に反旗を翻すと一番に足利軍の陣中に駆けつけたことから、丹波国内に多くの所領を得て丹波国内最有力の勢力を築く。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Ashikaga clan was prominent within the Minamoto clan; when the Ashikaga clan leader Takauji ASHIKAGA revolted against the Kenmu administration, the Kuge clan hastened to the Ashikaga camp at the front, and they obtained substantial amounts of territory within Tanba Province and amassed the most power and influence within Tanba Province.

今出川実直（いまでがわさねなお、興国3年/康永元年（1342年） - 応永3年5月15日 (旧暦)（1396年6月21日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の公卿。
Sanenao IMADEGAWA (1342 - June 29, 1396) was a kugyo (court noble) who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and Muromachi period.

南北朝時代 (日本)の四辻善成になると『河海抄』において「当流両家深奥の説、殊なる秘事となるに依りて口伝にあり」と秘説化しており記録を残さず口伝で伝えるようになっている。
In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI stated in 'Kakai-sho Commentary' that: 'Thorough interpretations of each family are different secrets. Therefore, they are passed down by word of mouth.' which means that the meaning of 'Yomei no suke' was kept secret and passed down by word of month without keeping a record.

南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱期などを含めて、数度、中断する時期があったが、後水尾天皇と醍醐寺座主義演の尽力により、1623年（元和 (日本)9年）に170年ぶりに復活された。
Although there were several interruptions, including civil war during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), it was revived through the efforts of the Emperor Go-Mizuono and Gien, Daigo-ji Temple's head priest in 1623, after an absence of 170 years.

一時は宮中に侵入した南朝側の武士によって三種の神器を奪われる（禁闕の変）などの危機にもあったが室町幕府はこれを鎮圧、ここにおいて初めて真の「南北朝合一」が実現したのである。
There was a crisis that had occurred whereby some Samurai forces from the Southern Court went into the Imperial Palace and took the three sacred treasures (,Kinketsu Disturbance) later the Muromachi bakufu suppressed the story, and this was a sign that real 'unity of the Southern and the Northern Court' had come about.

室町幕府は、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱や有力守護大名による反乱が収束した将軍足利義満・足利義持の代に、将軍（室町殿）を推戴する有力守護の連合体として宿老政治が確立していた。
In the Muromachi bakufu, a system of Shukuro government (literally, 'government by experienced senior officers') as a coalition of influential shugos (military governors) upholding the Shogun (reverentially addressed to as Muromachi-dono) had been established by generations of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, by whose times the turmoil of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (period in which two - north and south) rivaling splits of the Imperial Family were fighting each other and revolts by influential shugo daimyos had been pacified.

南北朝正閏論（なんぼくちょうせいじゅんろん）とは日本の南北朝時代 (日本)において南北のどちらが正統とするかの論争（閏はうるうと同じで「正統ではないが偽物ではない」の意）。
The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron is a debate on which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was the legitimate dynasty during the Nanbokucho period in Japan ('jun' is the same as 'uruu' and means 'not legitimate but also not fake').

鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)になると、僧侶による神道説に対する反動から、逆に、神こそが本地であり仏は仮の姿であるとする神本仏迹説を唱える伊勢神道や吉田神道が現れた。
From the end of the Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Ise Shintoism and Yoshida Shintoism appeared; they advanced the Shinponbutsujaku setsu, insisting that their deity was honji while the Buddha was an incarnation, objecting to the Buddhist priests' Shintoism view.

寺社本所領は禁裏御料及び殿下渡領（摂関家所領）とともに保護の対象とされていたが、南北朝の内乱の中で兵粮の確保のために兵粮料所が設置や半済令の対象として武家の押領が相次いだ。
Along with kinri goryo (private estate of Imperial Palace) and denka watariryo (a collection of estates passed on by inheritance to the Fujiwara house chieftain) (sekkanke shoryo; estate of the Fujiwara regent's line), jisha honjoryo was under the protection of the bakufu, but in the Nanbokucho civil war, hyoro ryosho (land specified for collecting provisions) was settled there for securing provisions or it was embezzled by samurai families as the object of hanzeirei (half-tax decrees).

このことから、『隋書』の「其國境東西五月行、南北三月行、各至於海（国境は東西五月行、南北三月行で各海である）」は大和からもたらされた本州についての情報によるとする説がある。
From this, there came a theory that the statement in 'Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), 'Its national boarders are five month from east to west and three months from south to north by a ship, surrounded by the sea,' is based on information of Honsyu brought by Yamato.

斯波高経（しばたかつね、嘉元3年（1305年） - 貞治6年/正平 (日本)22年7月13日 (旧暦)（1367年8月9日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将、守護大名。
Takatsune SHIBA (1305 - August 17, 1367) was a busho (Japanese military commander) and provincial military governor in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

千種忠顕（ちぐさただあき、生年不詳 - 1336年7月13日（延元元年/建武 (日本)3年6月5日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の公家、武将である。
Tadaaki CHIGUSA (Date of birth unknown - July 21, 1336) was a kuge (court noble) and busho (Japanese military commander) during the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

一色詮範（いっしきあきのり、興国元年/暦応3年（1340年）？－応永13年6月7日 (旧暦)（1406年6月22日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代前期の武将。
Akinori ISSHIKI (1340-July 1, 1406) is a busho (Japanese military commander) of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the early Muromachi period.

四条烏丸交差点の地下に位置し、東西方向に走る阪急京都本線は南北の通り名をとって「烏丸駅」とし、南北方向に走る京都市営地下鉄烏丸線は「四条駅 (京都市営地下鉄)」としている。
The station is located underground, below the intersection of Shijo Karasuma; the station on the Hankyu Kyoto Line, which runs in the east-west direction, was named 'Karasuma Station' after the street that runs in the south-north direction, whereas the station on the Karasuma Line (operated by the Kyoto Municipal Subway) that runs in the south-north direction was named 'Shijo Station (Kyoto Municipal Subway).'

宥快（ゆうかい、興国6年/貞和元年（1345年）－応永23年7月17日 (旧暦)（1416年8月10日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての真言宗の学僧。
Yukai (1345 - August 10, 1416) was a Shingon Sect priest scholar who lived from the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) to the mid-Muromachi period.

『十句観音経』に関する最古の文献は、中国天台宗の祖師列伝を記録した南宋咸淳四明東湖沙門志磐撰『仏祖統紀』（1269年）で、そこには次のような南北朝時代の記録が載せられている。
The oldest literature relating to 'Jikku Kannongyo' is 'Bussotoki' which was compiled in 1269 by a shamon (priest) named Chi-p'an (Shiban) in Nantoko under the Southern Sung Dynasty and which is a record of the lives of the founders of the Chinese Tendaishu sect; the literature contains the following record of the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

中国の南北朝時代の南朝の作風が影響したものとする説が古くからある一方で（久野健、松原三郎などの説）、北斉・北周・隋の仏像に様式的源流を見る説（上野照夫、水野清一など）もある。
On one hand, there is a theory (as supported by Takeshi KUNO, Saburo MATSUBARA, etc.) according to which the style of the Southern Dynasty of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China influenced the style of this statue; on the other hand, there is a theory (as supported by Teruo UENO, Seiichi MIZUNO, etc.) according to which the roots of the style are with the Buddha statues of Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasties.

木寺宮康仁親王（きでらのみややすひとしんのう、元応2年（1320年）-正平10年/文和4年4月29日（1355年6月10日）は、南北朝時代の皇族で持明院統の光厳天皇の皇太子。
Imperial Prince Kideranomiya Yasuhito (1320 - June 10, 1355) was a member of the Imperial Family in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and he was Emperor Kogon's Crown Prince of Jimyoin Imperial line.

特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関（だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所（だいりりつぶんしょ））を設置した。
Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.

往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.

北畠顕家（きたばたけあきいえ、文保2年（1318年） - 延元3年/建武 (日本)5年5月22日 (旧暦)（1338年6月10日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家である。
Akiie KITABATAKE (1318 - June 10, 1338) was a court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

山名　氏清（やまな　うじきよ、興国5年/康永3年（1344年）－元中8年/明徳2年12月30日 (旧暦)（1392年1月24日））は南北朝時代 (日本)の守護大名である。
Ujikiyo YAMANA (1344 - January 24, 1392 (December 30, 1391 by the old calendar)) was a Shugo Daimyo (Warlord with complete control over regional government) during the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

細川和氏（ほそかわかずうじ、1296年（永仁4年） - 1342年10月13日（興国3年/康永元年9月13日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Kazuuji HOSOKAWA (1296 - October 21, 1342) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the late Kamakura Period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

菊池兼朝（きくちかねとも、1383年（弘和3年／永徳3年） - 1444年3月27日（文安元年3月8日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Kanetomo KIKUCHI (1383 - April 5, 1444) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the early Muromachi Period.

結城宗広（ゆうきむねひろ、1266年（文永3年）－ 1339年1月1日（延元3年/暦応元年11月21日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Munehiro YUKI (born in 1266, birth date unknown - January 9, 1339) was a military commander who lived from the Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

柳原資明（やなぎわらすけあきら、永仁5年（1297年） - 文和2年/正平 (日本)8年（1353年）7月27日 (旧暦)）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿で、柳原家の祖。
Sukeakira YANAGIWARA (1297 – September 3, 1353) was a court noble in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the founder of the Yanagiwara family.

1336年の南北分裂後は北朝 (日本)側に属し、北朝第2代光明天皇の下で、建武 (日本)5年（暦応改元前、1338年）から暦応5年（康永改元前、1342年）まで関白を務めた。
After the imperial court divided into the Northern and Southern Courts in 1336, he belonged to the Northern Court and held the post of kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) from 1338 to 1342 under the second Northern Court Emperor Komyo.

源盛（げんじょう/げんせい、嘉元元年（1303年）- 正平 (日本)13年/延文3年12月13日 (旧暦)（1359年1月12日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将・天台宗の僧。
Genjo, or Gensei (1303 - January 12, 1359) was a military commander and a Buddhist monk in Tendai sect during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

前述のように、東西方向に走る山脈はこうした地質構造に支配されており、一方、南北方向に走る山脈には東西方向からの圧力による波状変形が見られるが、断層は乏しく、地質は連続的である。
As described above, the mountain ranges that stretch east to west are influenced by such geological structures while the mountain ranges that stretch south and north have continuous geology with few dislocations and some rolling deformations by the pressure from the east and the west.

こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた（「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など）。
While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).

また、備後国の山内首藤氏は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1351年（貞和7）に、分轄相続によって結束力の薄れた一族11人が、一致団結して足利冬直につくことを誓約した文章が残っている。
In addition, the Yamauchisudo clan of Bingo Province had an emblem made from a pledge in 1351, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to serve Fuyuji ASHIKAGA by unifying eleven members that became less unified due to divided inheritance.

だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.

また福岡市博多区の那珂遺跡群（奴国の遺跡）では3世紀頃の「都市計画」によって造られたとみられる国内最古の「道路（幅7メートル・南北へ1.5キロ以上の直線）」跡が見つかっている。
In Naka sites (the remains of Nakoku) in Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City, the nation's oldest site of a `road was found (7meters wide, 1.5 kilometers in a north-south direction) assumed to be developed based on `city planning' in the third century.

二条道平（にじょうみちひら、弘安10年（1287年） - 建武 (日本)2年2月4日 (旧暦)（1335年2月27日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代_(日本)初期の公家。
Michihira NIJO (1287 - March 7, 1335) was a court noble from the end of Kamakura period to the beginning of the Northern and Southern Courts period.

山科教言（やましなのりとき、嘉暦3年6月8日 (旧暦)（1328年7月15日）－応永17年12月15日 (旧暦)（1411年1月9日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家。
Noritoki YAMASHINA (July 23, 1328 to January 18, 1411) was a court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

山名時氏（やまなときうじ、嘉元元年（1303年） - 建徳2年/応安4年3月28日 (旧暦)（1371年4月14日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Tokiuji YAMANA (1303 - April 22, 1371) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代に成立した、東寺の記録書『東宝記』によれば、東寺は平安京遷都後まもない延暦15年（796年）、藤原伊勢人という人物が造寺長官（建設工事責任者）となって建立したという。
According to Tohoki, a historical record of To-ji from the Nanbokucho period, a person named Isendo FUJIWARA became the commissioner of temple construction and built To-ji in 796, shortly after the transition to Heiankyo.

慈雲妙意（じうんみょうい、文永11年（1274年）－貞和元年/興国6年6月3日 (旧暦)（1345年7月2日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Jiun-Myoi (1274 - July 10, 1345) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect from the latter part of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

雪村友梅（せっそんゆうばい、正応3年（1290年） - 貞和2年12月2日 (旧暦)（1347年1月14日））は、鎌倉時代末から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の禅僧である。
Sesson Yubai (1290 - January 14, 1347) was a Zen monk of the Rinzai Sect who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

この和約に従って同年10月5日（ユリウス暦1392年11月19日）、南朝の後亀山天皇が吉野から京都に帰還して、北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を譲って退位して南北朝の合一が図られた。
According to this agreement, Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court came back from Yoshino to Kyoto on 5 October in the same year (November 19, 1392 according to the Julian calendar) and he returned the three sacred treasures to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, he then abdicated from the position and the Northern and the Southern Courts unified into one.

その後の南北朝の戦いでは、正平 (日本)3年/貞和4年（1348年）の四條畷の戦いで、道誉は二千余騎を率いて参じ、楠正行軍を撃退するが、その後の戦いで次男の佐々木秀宗が討たれる。
After that, as for the battle between the North and South Courts, in 1348, Doyo participated in the battle of Shijonawate it with more than 2,000 horsemen to defeat Masayuki KUSUNOKI's army, but in the battle thereafter Doyo's second son Hidemune SASAKI was killed.

このため、日宋貿易終焉後、日明貿易成立に至る時期（日本の鎌倉時代後期・南北朝時代 (日本)に相当）も日本と元の間には政治的対立とは全く別に経済的・文化的交流が盛んになっていった。
Therefore, over the period between the trade between Japan and China's Sung Dynasty ended and the trade between Japan and China's Ming Dynasty was established (between the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan), the economical and cultural exchanges had become active between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty despite of the political tension between the two countries.

徳川光圀による歴史書『大日本史』が南北朝時代_(日本)統一（明徳3年（1392年））をもって締めくくられているため、飯田がその続編執筆を志し、30年余りの月日をかけて完成された。
Because 'Dai Nipponshi' (The History of Japan), a history book made by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, was finished with an account of unifying Japan in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392), Ida planned to write a sequel to the book and spent more than thirty years in completing it.

赤松則村（あかまつのりむら、建治3年（1277年） - 正平 (日本)5年/観応元年1月11日 (旧暦)（1350年2月18日））は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Norimura AKAMATSU (born 1277, died February 26, 1350) was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

大炊御門宗実（おおいのみかどむねざね、興国4年・康永2年（1343年） - 応永11年5月5日 (旧暦)（1404年6月12日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の公卿。
Munezane OINOMIKADO (1343-June 21, 1404) was Kugyo (top court official) who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

この背景には、南北朝の動乱期に目覚めた支配下の農民層への支配力の強化、室町幕府や守護大名の支配や干渉への対抗、馬借や問丸といった運送業の発達に伴う流通経済・地域経済の伸張がある。
Behind this were the strengthening of the rule against the farmers which arose during the turbulence of the South and North Courts, opposition against ruling and intervention by Muromachi bakufu and shugo daimyo, and the expansion of a distribution economy and the local economy due to development of transport businesses such as bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) and toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants.

大智（だいち、正応3年（1290年）- 正平 (日本)21年/貞治5年12月10日 (旧暦)（1367年1月10日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての曹洞宗の僧。
Daichi (1290 - January 18, 1367) was a Buddhist priest of the Sotoshu sect from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

四代目鶴屋南北（よだいめつるやなんぼく、宝暦5年（1755年） - 文政12年11月27日 (旧暦)（1829年12月22日））は、江戸時代後期に活躍した歌舞伎狂言の作者。
Nanboku TSURUYA IV (1755 - December 22, 1829) was a Kabuki playwright during the latter half of the Edo period.

南北朝時代 (日本)、重房の孫・上杉憲房は妹の上杉清子が足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟の母であったことから尊氏を助けて功績を立て、上野国の守護に任ぜられて関東地方で南朝方の新田氏と戦った。
During the Period of the Southern and Northern Courts, Shigefusa's grandson, Norifusa UESUGI, whose younger sister, Kiyoko UESUGI, was Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA's mother, was assigned as Shugo (governor) of Kozuke Province as a reward for helping Takauji, and he fought against the Southern Court supporters, the Nitta clan, in the Kanto Area.

細川清氏（ほそかわきようじ、生年不詳 - 貞治元年 / 正平 (日本)17年7月24日 (旧暦)（1362年8月14日））は南北朝時代 (日本)の武将で、室町幕府の執事である。
Kiyouji HOSOKAWA (date of birth unknown - August 22, 1362) was a warlord during the Nanbokucho period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) in Japan and court official in the Muromachi Shogunate.

宇都宮氏綱（うつのみやうじつな、1326年（嘉暦元年） - 1370年7月28日（建徳元年/応安3年7月5日 (旧暦)））は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Ujitsuna UTSUNOMIYA (1326 - July 28, 1370) was a military commander in the end of Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

上杉朝宗（うえすぎともむね、1334年（建武 (日本)元年）? - 1414年10月8日（応永21年8月25日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Tomomune UESUGI (1334 - October 8, 1414) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the early Muromachi period.

安倍有世（あべのありよ、嘉暦2年（1327年）-応永12年1月29日 (旧暦)（1405年2月28日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代初期にかけて活躍した陰陽師・公卿。
ABE no Ariyo (1327 - March 9, 1405) was the Onmyoji (diviner) and Kugyo (the top court officials) who was active from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the beginning of Muromachi period.

四辻善成（よつつじよしなり、嘉暦元年（1326年） - 応永9年9月3日 (旧暦)（1402年9月29日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての公家・学者・歌人。
Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI (1326-October 8, 1402) was a kuge (aristocrat), academia, and kajin (poet for Japanese poetry), who lived between the Northern and Southern Courts period and mid-Muromachi period.

その後も南北朝の戦乱がますます激化し、さらに夫の尊氏の死後に子の義詮と基氏とが対立するなど不幸な境遇は続いたものの、孫の足利義満（後の義満）の成長を見守りながら1365年に没した。
After that also, the disturbance of war between the Southern Court and the Northern Court intensified and her unhappy situation continued as a confrontation between her sons, Yoshiakira and Motouji evolved after the death of her husband, Takauji, but she watched the growth of her grandson Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (later, Yoshimitsu) and died in 1365.

姉小路高基（あねこうじたかもと、永仁6年（1298年） - 正平 (日本)13年/延文3年3月2日 (旧暦)（1358年4月10日））は鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の公家。
Takamoto ANEKOJI (1298 - April 18, 1358) was a court noble from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

西園寺公永（さいおんじきんなが、正平 (日本)8年・文和2年（1353年） - 元中7年・明徳元年7月15日 (旧暦)（1390年8月25日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Kinnaga SAIONJI (1353-September 2, 1390) was Kugyo top court official) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

糟屋重行（かすやしげゆき、文永7年（1270年） - 元弘3年5月9日_(旧暦)（1333年6月21日））は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)初期にかけての武将で伯耆国守護代。
Shigeyuki KASUYA (1270 - June 29, 1333) was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the end of Kamakura period to the early Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) and Shugodai (the acting Military Governor) of Hoki Province.

元中9年（1392年）、南北朝の和解が成立し、南朝 (日本)最後の天皇である後亀山天皇から北朝 (日本)の後小松天皇に「三種の神器」が引き継がれたのも、ここ大覚寺においてであった。
The Northern and Southern Courts period was reconciled in 1392 and the handing over of the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan from final emperor of the Southern Court, Emperor Go-Kameyama, to the final emperor of the northern court, Emperor Go-Komatsu, took place at Daikaku-ji Temple.

従来、12世紀頃の作品で、作者は似絵の名手・藤原隆信とされてきたが、制作年代を鎌倉末期～南北朝時代まで下降させ、像主についても足利尊氏・足利直義・足利義詮ではないかとする説もある。
It was previously believed that they were created during the 12th century by master portrait painter FUJIWARA no Takanobu, but there are theories that date the image anywhere from the late Kamakura to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and speculate that the model may have been Takauji ASHIKAGA, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA or Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.

南北朝期を通して、こうした怨霊鎮魂は仏教的要素が強くなるが、それでも近世期の山家清兵衛（和霊神社）や佐倉宗吾（宗吾霊堂）などの祭神に見られるように、御霊信仰は衰退してはいなかった。
Although the practice of reposing onryo came under the strong influence of Buddhism during the Northern and Southern Dynasty period, goryo shiko did not decline, even in the pre-modern era, where Seibei YAMBE was enshrined in the Warei jinja Shrine and Sogo SAKURA in the Sogo-Reido Shrine.

バージニア州のジェームス川を船で行くこの２時間のツアーは、北軍と南軍が激しい戦いを繰り広げた古戦場を訪れ、今も写真や絵で見ることができる南北戦争時の出来事が起きた場所を見学します。
The two-hour boat tour on the James River in Virginia takes you to battle sites where the Union in the North and the Confederates in the South fought furiously against one another. The tour will take you to some of the exact locations of Civil War events that are captured in photos or paintings.

辻・トリイ前地区でほぼ南北に2×3間の掘立柱建物とその南に東西に並ぶ柵列が、太田南飛塚地区で家屋倒壊遺構が、巻野内家ツラ地区で1×1間の小家屋と2×2間の総柱の建物が検出されている。
In Tsuji/Tori front areas, the remains of some constructions have been discovered including an all-pillared building measuring 3.6 meters x 5.45 meters spanning in south-north orientation along with a line of a fence extending in east-west orientation; in Ota Minamitobizuka area, a sign of collapsed building was discovered; in Makinouchi Ietsura area, a small building measuring 1.8 meters x 1.8 meters, and another all-pillared building measuring 3.6 meters x 3.6 meters have been discovered.

龍湫周沢（りゅうしゅうしゅうたく、延慶 (日本)元年（1308年）－嘉慶 (日本)2年/元中5年9月9日 (旧暦)（1388年10月9日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の臨済宗の僧。
Ryushu-shutaku (1308 - October 17, 1388) was a Buddhist priest of the Rinzai Sect in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).

1911年（明治44年）、小学校の歴史教科書に鎌倉幕府滅亡以後の時代を「南北朝時代」とする記述があった点が、南朝と北朝を対等に扱っているとして帝国議会で問題とされた（南北朝正閏論）。
In 1911 there was an issue raised in the Imperial Diet concerning the description of the post Kamakura shogunate era called 'the period of the Northern and Souther Courts,' because it was said that both Courts were treated equally.

南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱で一時家系が絶えたが、江戸時代初期に飛鳥井家から難波宗勝（飛鳥井雅庸の子）を迎えて難波家を再興した（そのため難波家を飛鳥井家の庶流と見る考え方も存在する）。
The family line was once cut off due to the disturbance during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but during the early Edo period, the Nanba family was restored as they adopted Munekatsu NANBA (a son of Masatsune ASUKAI) from the Asukai family (Therefore, the Nanba family is regarded as a collateral branch of the Asukai family by some viewpoints).

このような天下人による「天下一統」（この用語自体は南北朝時代から散見される）によって現実的な「天下」の地理概念はかなり明確化され、ほぼ今日の日本列島と変わらない領域として認識された。
Thanks to this act of 'Tenka Itto' (unifying Tenka) (this word itself was sometimes used since the Northern and Southern Courts period) by Tenkabito, the geographical notion of 'Tenka' was clarified considerably and was understood as the territory mostly corresponding to the present Japanese archipelago.

菊池武光（きくちたけみつ、1319年（元応元年）？ - 1373年12月29日（文中2年/応安6年11月16日 (旧暦)））は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Takemitsu KIKUCHI (1319? - January 6, 1374) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the late Kamakura Period to the period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).

上杉憲方（うえすぎのりかた、1335年（建武 (日本)2年） - 1394年11月17日（応永元年10月24日 (旧暦)））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Norikata UESUGI (1335 - November 17, 1394) is a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the early Muromachi period.

山名時煕(やまなときひろ、1367年（正平 (日本)22年/貞治6年） - 1435年7月29日（永享7年7月4日 (旧暦)）)は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の武将である。
Tokihiro YAMANA (1367- August 7, 1435) was a busho (Japanese military commander), who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

赤松則祐（あかまつ　そくゆう）、正和3年（1314年） - 応安4年/建徳2年11月29日 (旧暦)（1372年1月13日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Sokuyu (Norisuke) AKAMATSU (1314 - January 13, 1372) was a warlord during the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

徳大寺公清（とくだいじきんきよ、正和元年（1312年） - 正平 (日本)15年/延文5年6月8日 (旧暦)（1360年7月21日））は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Kinkiyo TOKUDAIJI (1312 - July 29, 1360) was a kugyo (court noble) who lived from the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).

四条隆資（しじょうたかすけ、正応5年（1292年） - 正平 (日本)7年/観応3年5月10日 (旧暦)（1352年6月22日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の吉野朝廷に仕えた公卿。
Takasuke SHIJO (1292 - June 30, 1352) was a noble man who served the Yoshino Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

また、承久の乱の際に京都に進撃する鎌倉幕府軍の諸将をそれぞれ東山道大将軍、北陸道大将軍などと称した例や、南北朝時代 (日本)に北畠顕家が鎮守大将軍（鎮守府将軍）に任ぜられた例もある。
In the Jokyu War, the military leaders of the Kamakura shogunate forces attacking Kyoto were given titles such as Daishogun of Tozan-do Road and Daishogun of Hokuriku-do Road, and Akiie KITABATAKE was appointed Chinju taishogun (Chinju-fu shogun) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代の内乱では足利尊氏方につき、後醍醐天皇の信任を受け権勢を誇っていた文観を排除し、1336年（建武 (日本)3年/延元元年）、権大僧正に任じられて醍醐寺座主・根来寺座主となる。
In the internal disturbances in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), he took Takauji ASHIKAGA's side and excluded Monkan, a monk who had wielded power taking advantage of Emperor Godaigo's trust, and in 1336, he was appointed to the Gon Daisojo (second-ranking Buddhist priest), becoming the head of Daigo-ji Temple and Negoro-ji Temple.

中巌円月（ちゅうがんえんげつ、正安2年1月6日 (旧暦)（1300年1月28日） - 文中4年/応安8年1月8日 (旧暦)（1375年2月9日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の臨済宗の僧。
Chugan Engetsu (January 28, 1300 - February 9, 1375) was a priest of the Rinzai sect during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

吉田兼好（よしだけんこう、弘安6年（1283年） - 観応元年/正平 (日本)5年4月8日 (旧暦)（1350年5月14日）？）は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の随筆家・和歌。
Kenko YOSHIDA (1283 - c. May 14, 1350) was a Japanese author and poet in the Kamakura period through the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

徳川幕府の高家の上席である吉良上野介義央（よしなか）の屋敷は、大給家所伝の絵図によれば、東西三十四間二尺八寸余、南北七十三間三尺七寸、二千五百五十坪の敷地に、建坪八百四十六坪であった。
According to the pictures that came down to the Ogyu family, the residence of Kozukenosuke Yoshinaka KIRA, who was a precedent of Koke (a shogunal vassal to be a honorable family in the Edo period) in the Tokugawa Shogunate was 2796.69 sq. m. of building area on 8,429.75 sq. m. of land, which was about 62.66 m from east to west in width and 133.83 m from north to south in width.

無文元選（むもんげんせん、元亨3年2月15日 (旧暦)（1323年3月22日） - 明徳元年/元中7年3月22日 (旧暦)（1390年5月7日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の臨済宗の僧。
Mumongensen (March 30, 1323 - April 16, 1390) was the priest of the Rinzai sect during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

慶運（けいうん/きょううん、永仁年間（1293年-1299年） - 正平 (日本)24年/応安2年（1369年）頃）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての天台宗の僧・歌人。
Keiun, also known as Kyoun (born sometime during the 1293-1299, and died in 1369), was a poet and monk of the Tendai sect who lived in the latter days of Kamakura period into the middle of Japan's Northern and Southern Court period.

文久3年（1863年）半ばに、米国南北戦争（1861年-1865年）により欧州の綿・茶が不足となり、日本綿・茶の買い付けが盛んに行なわれた結果、両品の日本からの輸出量が極端に増加した。
In the middle of 1863, cotton and tea from Europe was insufficient due to the American Civil War (1861 - 1865), and the result was that sales of Japanese cotton and tea was soared, and exportation of both items increased drastically.

小田孝朝（おだたかとも、延元2年/建武 (日本)4年（1337年） - 応永21年6月16日 (旧暦)（1414年7月3日）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Takatomo ODA (1337 - July 3, 1414) is a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the early Muromachi period.

陸奥国の国分氏は南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)末まで宮城郡南部を領したことが確かだが、系図によれば鎌倉時代に国分氏の祖国分胤通が同郡の国分荘を領したのがはじまりだとされる。
It is certain that the Kokubun family of Mutsu Province reigned over the southern area of Miyagi County from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku period (Japan) and, according to the genealogical table of the family, their reign over the Mutsu Province is said to have started when their ancestor Tanemichi governed the Kokubun-sho estate of the region in the Kamakura period.

大炊御門冬信（おおいのみかどふゆのぶ、延慶 (日本)2年（1309年） - 正平 (日本)5年・観応元年6月28日 (旧暦)（1350年8月1日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Fuyunobu OINOMIKADO (1309-August 9, 1350) was Kugyo (top court official) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

また、この頃にかけて、南北朝時代 (日本)に安倍晴明に仮託して著された「刃辛内伝（ほきないでん）」が、牛頭天王（ごずてんのう）信仰と結びついた民間陰陽書として広く知られるようになった。
Around that time, 'Hokinaiden, ' apparently written by ABE no Seimei during the Nanbokucho Period (Japan), became widely known as a civil book of onmyo linked to the Gozutenno faith.

足利尊氏が建武政権から離れて南北朝時代 (日本)となると、尊氏や弟の足利直義などは禅宗を信仰したため、五山も足利将軍家が帰依していた夢窓疎石が中心となって京都の寺院から新たに制定された。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), after Takauji ASHIKAGA left the Kenmu Government, Five Mountain was newly selected from temples in Kyoto mainly by Soseki MUSO, whom the Ashikaga Shogunate family trusted, because Takauji and his brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA trusted the Zen sect.

大仏殿は高さ約49メートル、南北約88メートル、東西約54メートルという壮大なものであり、また境内は、現在の方広寺境内のみならず、豊国神社_(京都市)、京都国立博物館を含むものであった。
The enormous Daibutsuden was approximately 49 meters tall, 88 meters wide south to north and 54 meters deep east to west, and the precincts of the temple included not only Hoko-ji Temple but also Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) and the Kyoto National Museum.

明峰素哲（めいほうそてつ、建治3年（1277年）- 観応元年/正平 (日本)5年3月28日 (旧暦)（1350年5月5日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての曹洞宗の僧。
Meihosotetsu (1277 - May 5, 1350) was a Soto sect Buddhist monk from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代_(日本)には一族のほとんどが南朝_(日本)方に付くが、それが却って一族の分裂・弱体化を回避する事になり、南北朝合一後に京都に復帰した後も公家社会に留まる事を可能にしたという。
Most of the family took the Southern Court side in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but this in fact helped the family avoid to being broken up or weakened, which enabled it to remain part of the nobility on its return to Kyoto after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.

南北朝時代には足利方に従い、時親の曾孫にあたる毛利元春は、足利幕府(室町幕府)が九州の南朝勢力であった懐良親王の征西府を討伐するために派遣した今川貞世(了俊)の指揮下に入り活躍している。
Motoharu MORI, a great-grandson of Tokichika, supported the Ashikaga side during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and played an active role under the commander Sadayo (Ryoshun) IMAGAWA, when the Ashikaga bakufu (Muromachi bakufu) dispatched Sadayo for the subjugation of Seiseifu fortress in Kyshu, which was under the power of Southern Court governed by the Imperial Prince Kanenaga.

南北朝時代 (日本)に敵対していた南朝 (日本)（大覚寺統）の後醍醐天皇の崩御の知らせを聞いた室町幕府の足利尊氏が嵯峨野に天竜寺を造営したのも、ここが大覚寺統ゆかりの地であった事による。
Takauji ASHIKAGA of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) built Tenryu-ji Temple in Sagano on hearing of the death of his opponent Emperor Godaigo (belonging to Daikakuji-to) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), due to Sagano's association with Daikakuji-to.

現在、『後三年合戦絵詞』には、東京国立博物館に収蔵されている、鎌倉幕府滅亡の14年後の南北朝時代 (日本)、貞和3年（1347年)に、飛騨守惟久により描かれた絵巻であり、三巻が現存する。
The current 'Gosannen Kassen Ekotoba' was written by Korehisa, Hida no kami (Provincial Governor of Hida), in 1347, 14 years after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and its three volumes are held at Tokyo National Museum.

畠山満家（はたけやまみついえ、1372年（文中元年/応安5年）- 1433年10月31日（永享5年9月19日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけての守護大名・管領。
Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA (1372 - October 31, 1433) was a shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) and a kanrei (shogunal deputy) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.

千葉満胤（ちばみつたね、1359年（正平 (日本)14年/延文4年）- 1426年7月12日（応永33年6月8日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての武将。
Mitsutane CHIBA (1359 - 1426 July 12) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the early Muromachi period.

西園寺公重（さいおんじきんしげ、文保元年（1317年） - 正平 (日本)22年/貞治6年9月3日 (旧暦)（1367年9月27日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿。
Kinshige SAIONJI (西園寺公重, 1317 - October 5, 1367) was a Kugyo (high court noble) from the late Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period.

二条良基（にじょうよしもと、元応2年(1320年) - 嘉慶 (日本)2年6月13日 (旧暦)（1388年7月16日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿、歌人であり連歌の大成者である。
Yoshimoto NIJO (1320 - July 24, 1388) was a kugyo (the top court official), a poet and an achiever of Renga in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

洞院公定（とういんきんさだ、暦応3年/延元5年1月26日 (旧暦)（1340年2月24日） - 応永6年6月15日 (旧暦)（1399年7月18日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の公家。
Kinsada TOIN (March 3, 1340 - July 26, 1399) was a kuge (court noble) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

改札口は南北1ヶ所ずつあり、阪急京都本線烏丸駅乗換は北側改札利用となるが、ホームから阪急線改札との間にはやや距離がある（この駅のホーム北端の少し北側の上部を阪急線が通っている為である）。
With two entrance/exit gates, one on the north side and the other on the south side, the north-side entrance/exit gate is used for changing train lines from the subway line to the Karasuma Line on the Hankyu Kyoto Line or vice versa, but the distance between the platform and the entrance/exit gate of the Hankyu Line is relatively long because the Hankyu Line runs above the slightly north of the north end of this platform.

虎関師錬（こかんしれん、弘安元年（1278年）－正平 (日本)元年/貞和2年7月24日 (旧暦)（1346年8月11日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Kokan Shiren (1278 - August 11, 1346) was a Rinzai Sect Buddhist monk who lived during the latter part of the Kamakura period and the Northern and Southern Courts period.

太岳周崇（たいがくしゅうすう、貞和元年/興国6年（1345年）－応永30年9月14日 (旧暦)（1423年10月18日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Taigaku Shusu (1345 - October 27, 1423) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect of Buddhism from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the middle of the Muromachi period.

関山慧玄（かんざんえげん、建治3年（1277年） - 正平 (日本)15年/延文5年12月12日 (旧暦)（1361年1月19日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の臨済宗の僧。
Kanzan Egen (1277 - January 19, 1361) was a monk of the Rinzai sect of Buddhism from the latter stages of the Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)の観応二年（1351年）に描かれた真宗本願寺覚如の伝記絵『慕帰絵詞』に僧侶の住房に、下半分を舞良戸仕立てにした、腰高障子が2枚引き違いに建てられているのが描かれている。
'Boki-ekotoba,' a picture scroll with an explanation depicting the biography of Kakunyo, a priest of Hongan-ji Temple of the Shinshu sect of Buddhism, which was made during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1351), and it contains a picture of a priest's body chamber with a double sliding shoji consisting of two koshidaka shoji and having a mairado (as defined above)-like structure in its lower half.

また、明らかに神護寺伝源頼朝像を模写して描かれた大英博物館所蔵の源頼朝像には、賛に頼朝像との明記があり、成立時期が南北朝期-室町期と目されることから、通説を補強する有力な根拠となっていた。
A portrait of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo which is in the possession of the British Museum with a credit of the portrait of Yoritomo obviously copied the unconfirmed portraits of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Jingo-ji Temple; the period of drawing is regarded from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, and it strongly supported the popular theory.

用語としては鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)より見られ、鎌倉時代後期から出現した自らの既得権益を守るために権力と戦う悪党や、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」も下剋上の一種とされた。
As a term, gekokujo was in use from the Kamakura period through to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); examples of gekokujo include the scoundrels that started to appear near the end of the Kamakura period who fought against the authorities in order to protect their own vested interests, as well as the anti-authoritarian social movement known as 'basara' ('vajra' in Sanskrit) that occurred during the Nanbokucho period.

細川頼之（ほそかわよりゆき、元徳元年（1329年） - 元中9年/明徳3年3月2日 (旧暦)（1392年3月25日））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の武将、政治家、幕府管領である。
Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA (1329 - April 2, 1392) was a warrior, politician and Bakufu Kanrei (shogun deputy) between the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period.

細川頼春（ほそかわよりはる、1304年（嘉元2年）？ - 1352年4月5日（正平 (日本)7年/文和元年2月20日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Yoriharu HOSOKAWA (c. 1304 - March 14, 1352) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

洞院実夏（とういんさねなつ、正和4年（1315年） - 貞治6年/正平 (日本)22年6月1日 (旧暦)（1367年6月28日））は、南北朝時代_(日本)の公卿（内大臣（持明院統））。
Sanenatsu TOIN (1315 - July 6, 1367) was a court noble (Naidaijin (minister of the center) (Jimyoin-to (Imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu)) who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

大炊御門冬宗（おおいのみかどふゆむね、正平 (日本)23年・延文2年（1357年） - 応永12年5月5日 (旧暦)（1405年6月1日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の公卿。
Fuyumune OINOMIKADO (1357-June 10, 1405) was Kugyo (top court official) who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

なお、歴史地理学者の足利健亮は、南北の新設道路のすべてが秀吉によって作られたのではなく、一部は後の時代に京都の町衆によって作られたものであり、北端も押小路通までだった、とする説を提唱した。
For reference, Kenryo ASHIKAGA, a historical geographer advocated a theory that some of the north-south streets were built not by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI but by trades people from Kyoto and their northern ends were located at Oshikoji-dori Street.

「太平記」は後醍醐天皇の即位から細川頼之が管領に就任するまでの南北朝時代を扱っており、軍記物語の性格が強く室町時代から江戸時代にかけて太平記よみと呼ばれる物語僧によって庶民にも語られていた。
The 'Taiheiki' (Record of the Great Peace) describes the Northern and Southern Court period, from Emperor Godaigo's enthronement to Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA's appointment as Kanrei; characterized by its strong stylistic similarities to war chronicles, it also gained popularity among the commoners through the reciting of tales by monks from the Muromachi period through to the Edo period, and was so often recited that such readings aloud, regardless of the title of the work being read, came to be called 'Taiheiki readings.'

国人領主制（こくじんりょうしゅせい）とは、中世後期の日本（南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)）の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.

その子孫は渡辺氏と呼ばれ、内裏警護に従事する滝口武者として、また摂津国の武士団として住吉区（住之江）の海（大阪湾）を本拠地として瀬戸内海の水軍を統轄し、源平の争乱から南北朝にかけて活躍した。
His descendants became known as the Watanabe clan, who served in the Takiguchi-no-Musha Imperial Palace guards and, as warriors from Settsu Province based at the sea of Sumiyoshi Ward (Suminoe) (Osaka Bay), were in charge of the Seto Inland Sea navy, flourishing from the Genpei War to Northern and Southern Courts period.

成良親王（なりよししんのう / なりながしんのう、嘉暦元年（1326年） - 興国5年/康永3年1月6日 (旧暦)（1344年1月21日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の後醍醐天皇の皇子である。
Imperial Prince Nariyoshi (his name can also be read as Narinaga) (1326 - January 29, 1344) was the son of Emperor Godaigo of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

今川　範国（いまがわ　のりくに、1295年（永仁3年）？－1384年6月8日（元中元年/至徳 (日本)元年5月19日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての守護大名。
Norikuni IMAGAWA (1295 ? - June 8, 1384) was shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) from the end of Kamakura Period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

今川範氏（いまがわのりうじ、1316年（正和5年）- 1365年5月21日（正平 (日本)20年/貞治4年4月30日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)前期の守護大名。
Noriuji IMAGAWA (1316 - May 21, 1365) was a shugo daimyo (a Japanese provincial military governor who became a feudal lord) between the end of the Kamakura period and the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

今川泰範（いまがわやすのり、1334年（建武 (日本)元年）？－ 1409年11月3日（応永16年9月26日 (旧暦)）？）は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての守護大名。
Yasunori IMAGAWA (1334 ? - November 3, 1409 ?) was shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the early Muromachi Period.

二条為世（にじょうためよ、建長2年（1250年） - 延元3年/建武 (日本)5年8月5日 (旧暦)（1338年9月18日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)初期にかけての歌人。
Tameyo NIJO (1250-September 26, 1338) was a Kajin (poet for Japanese poetry), who lived from the end of Kamakura to the beginning of the Northern and Southern Courts periods.

細川頼有（ほそかわよりあり、元徳3年5月2日 (旧暦)（1332年5月26日） - 元中8年/明徳2年8月9日 (旧暦)（1391年9月7日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の武将。
Yoriari HOSOKAWA (May 26, 1332 - September 7, 1391) was busho (Japanese military commander) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi Period.

無極志玄（むきょくしげん、弘安5年（1282年）－延文4年/正平 (日本)14年2月16日 (旧暦)（1359年3月15日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Mukyoku Shigen (1282 - March 23, 1359) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect of Buddhism from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

即位灌頂が二条家の家業となっていく過程で、足利義満と親密な関係を保ち、南北朝時代 (日本)に四度にわたって摂関を勤め、大きな権力を握った二条良基の力が大きかったことについては諸説一致している。
In the process in which sokuikanjo became a family business for the Nijo family, various opinions agree that the power of Yoshimoto NIJO who had a close connection to Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and had great power assuming the position of Sekkan four times during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) played an important role.

孤峰覚明（こほうかくみょう、文永8年（1271年）- 康安元年/正平 (日本)16年5月24日 (旧暦)（1361年6月27日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Kohokakumyo (1271 - June 27, 1361) was a Rinzai sect Buddhist monk from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

日本においては、平安時代の菅原道真や崇徳天皇の祟りや、江戸時代に「田宮家で実際に起こった、妻のお岩にまつわる一連の事件」を、四世鶴屋南北が怪談として脚色した「東海道四谷怪談」などが挙げられる。
In Japan, examples include the curses of SUGAWARA no Michizane and Emperor Sutoku during the Heian period and during the Edo period Nanboku TSURUYA, the fourth used the 'incident of a wife, Oiwa's murder which in fact happened in the Tamiya fafmily' as a ghost story in his play 'Tokaido Yotsuya Ghost Stories.'

南北朝時代 (日本)の観応二年（1351年）に描がれた浄土真宗本願寺覚如の伝記絵『慕帰絵詞』に僧侶の住房に、下半分を舞良戸仕立てにした、腰高障子が二枚引き違いに建てられているのが描かれている。
In a picture scroll on the biography of Kakujo, 'Bokiekotoba,' which done in 1351 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, two sliding Koshidaka-shoji in Mairado style on lower half were done in the priest's room.

当該交差点でクロスしている2本の通りは、第二次世界大戦に設けられた防火帯の跡地を用いてつくられたために幅がとても広く、京都市における東西（洛東～洛西）及び南北（洛南～洛北）の軸を形成している。
The two streets that cross at the intersection of interest are very wide because they were built using the vacant fire-prevention lot created during World War II and form an east west axis (Rakuto-Rakusai) and south and north (Rakunan-Rakuhoku).

後南朝（ごなんちょう）とは、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）の南北朝合一後、南朝 (日本)の再建を図った南朝の皇統の子孫や遺臣による南朝復興運動とそれによって樹立された政権、皇室の総称である。
Gonancho (Second Southern Court) is a general term that refers to descendants of the Southern dynasty (Japan) lineage and their former retainers and their attempts to revive the Southern Court after the two Courts were unified in 1392, and to the political administrations and the members of the Imperial household who were involved.

やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).

鎌倉幕府滅亡後に開始された後醍醐天皇の建武の新政から離反した足利尊氏は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年に湊川の戦いで新田義貞・楠木正成らを破り京都へ入り、施政方針を定めた建武式目を制定する。
During the Northern and Southern Court period of Japan in 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who had turned against the Kenmu Restoration started by Emperor Godaigo after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, defeated Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI in the battle of Minatogawa, entered Kyoto, and established his administrative policies in the Kenmu Code.

七殿は七間四面（母屋（もや）が東西七間・南北二間で四方に庇がある）、五舎は五間四面（身舎が東西五間・南北二間で四方に庇がある）で、このうち昭陽舎と淑景舎のみ、それぞれ五間二面の北舎が付属する。
The Shichiden buildings had a shichiken shimen structure (the main building with the lengths of shichiken [approx. 12.73 m] in an east-west direction by niken [approx. 3.64 m] in a north-south direction, surrounded by eaves in all directions), and gosha buildings had a goken shimen structure (the main building of goken [approx. 9.09 m] in an east-west direction by niken in a north-south direction, surrounded by eaves in all directions), among which Shoyosha and Shigeisha are provided with a hokusha (north annex) of goken nimen structure.

斯波義将（しばよしゆき/よしまさ）、観応元年/正平 (日本)5年（1350年） - 応永17年5月7日 (旧暦)（1410年6月9日））は南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の武将・守護大名。
Yoshimasa SHIBA (his first name also can be pronounced Yoshiyuki) (1350 - June 18, 1410) was a busho (Japanese military commander) and shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lord serving as a provincial military governor) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period.

上杉能憲（うえすぎよしのり、正慶2年/元弘3年（1333年） - 永和 (日本)4年/天授 (日本)4年4月17日 (旧暦)（1378年5月14日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将である。
Yoshinori UESUGI (1333 - May 22, 1378) is a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

万里小路藤房（までのこうじふじふさ、永仁4年（1296年） - 康暦2年/天授 (日本)6年3月28日 (旧暦)（1380年5月3日）?）は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の公家である。
Fujifusa MADENOKOJI (1296 - May 11, 1380) was a Japanese court noble who lived in the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

近衛経忠（このえつねただ、乾元_(日本)元年（1302年）-文和元年/正平_(日本)7年8月13日 (旧暦)（1352年9月21日））は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての公家。
Tsunetada KONOE (1302 – September 29, 1352) was a court noble who lived during the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

二条為定（にじょうためさだ、永仁元年（1293年）? - 延文5年/正平 (日本)15年3月14日 (旧暦)（1360年3月31日））は、鎌倉時代末から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての歌人。
Tamesada NIJO (c. 1293 - April 8, 1360) was a poet from the end of Kamakura period to the beginning of the Northern and Southern Courts period.

しかし、いずれも東西の幹線という意味を持たず、太平洋側（関東地方、東海地方）・内陸側（甲信地方）・日本海側（北陸地方）の都市や村落を結ぶ、南北の連絡線や、東西の幹線の裏道というルートとなった。
Nevertheless, none of these railway lines served the purpose as arterial railroad connecting east and west, and, rather, they functioned as south-north network lines or as secondary lines of the east-west main lines, connecting cities and rural communities within various regions such as the Pacific coastal areas (Kanto and Tokai Regions), interiors (Koshin Region) and the Japan Sea coastal areas (Hokuriku Region).

瓜生山は南北朝時代 (日本)の延文6年/正平 (日本)（1361年）以来、勝軍地蔵堂が設置（江戸時代の宝暦12年（1762年）に麓の現在地（北白川瓜生山町）に移転）されて信仰の対象とされていた。
Uryu-yama Mountain has been worshiped since 1361 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, when Shogunzizo-do Hall was built, and the hall was moved to the present site (Uryuzan-cho, Kitashirakawa) in 1762 in the Edo period.

埋葬施設：主室は後円部墳丘中央部の南北主軸に沿う竪穴式石室（長さ約3.6メートル、幅約3.6メートル）、舟形の刳抜式木棺（長さ約2メートル、幅約1.2メートル）で同棺からは同鏃と鉄器が出土した。
The burial facilities: The main chamber, a pit stone chamber (approximately 3.6 meters in length and approximately 3.6 meters in width) along the north-south axis in the center of the back circular part mound, and a hollowed-out wooden ship-shaped coffin (approximately 2 meters in length and approximately 1.2 meters in width), from which copper arrowheads and iron vessels were found.

日蓮の法華経に対する純粋な姿勢も、南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱や室町時代に入ると宗派が勢力を拡大していく過程の中で、他宗派との妥協や他宗派の信者からの施しを平気で受けるなど、次第に変質していった。
Nichiren's pure worship of Hoke-kyo (Lotus Sutra) gradually changed as the wars continued during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and other sects expanded their influence during the Muromachi period; he compromised with other sects and did not hesitate to receive charity from believers of other sects.

日峰宗舜（にっぽうそうしゅん、応安元年/正平 (日本)23年（1368年）－文安5年1月26日 (旧暦)（1448年3月1日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Nippo Soshun (1368 - March 10, 1448) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the middle of the Muromachi period.

東西と南北の通りを並べて交差点、場所を表現する京都の慣例があるが、現在は地下化されている京阪本線が存在していた時に、「三条通と『京阪』という一種の通りの交差点」と、とらえたのではないかとされる。
There is a Kyoto custom that describes intersection and location by arranging east and west and south and north streets, but it was probably described as the 'intersection of the Sanjo Road and a type of street called 'Keihan'' when there was a main line of Keihan currently placed underground.

室町時代初頭の貞和2年（1346年）、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).

なお、「本所領」という語には本来は寺社領も含まれているが、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて寺社領を他の本所領と区別するために「寺社領」と「本所領」を併記する用法が出現するようになった
The term 'honjoryo' originally included the jisharyo, but from the end of the Kamakura period to the Nanbokucho period (Japanese North and South Dynasties period), 'jisharyo' was written separately from 'honjoryo' to distinguish between the jisharyo and the honjoryo.

正確な築城年代は定かではないが、古典『太平記』には、南北朝時代 (日本)のに、南朝（吉野朝廷）側の北畠顕家軍に備えて六角氏頼が篭もったという記述があり、そのころには築かれていたと考えられている。
Although it is unknown when the castle was built, according to an old book 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), Ujiyori ROKKAKU barricaded himself inside the castle preparing for an attack from Akiie KITABATAKE who belonged to the Southern Court (the Yoshino Court) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the castle had already been built at that time.

救済（ぐさい・きゅうせい・きゅうぜい、正応元年（1283年）？－天授 (日本)2年/永和 (日本)2年（1376年）？）は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての地下（じげ）の連歌師。
Gusai (also known as Kyusei or Kyuzei, 1283 - 1376) was a non-courtier Renga (linked verse) master who lived from the end of the Kamakura period into the Northern and Southern Court period.

『古事記』本文の記述以外には編纂の記録が直接は見当たらず、最古の写本も南北朝時代のもの（写本を参照）であるため、それより以前の姿をそのままにとどめているかどうかに疑義を抱く改竄説も出されている。
Aside from the main text of the 'Kojiki,' it appears that the compilation history was not recorded and the oldest manuscript was from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (refer to the manuscript), therefore, some people don't believe the Kojiki maintains the original issues prior to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and this adds to the theory that the original was falsified.

上杉憲顕（うえすぎのりあき、1306年（徳治元年） - 1368年10月31日（正平 (日本)23年/応安元年9月19日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Noriaki UESUGI (1306 - October 31, 1368) was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the end of Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

少弐貞経（しょうにさだつね、1272年（文永9年） - 1336年4月11日（延元元年 / 建武 (日本)3年2月29日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Sadatsune SHONI (born in 1272, birth date unknown - April 19, 1336) was a military commander who lived from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

丹波忠守（たんばのただもり、文永7年（1270年）？－康永3年/興国5年6月22日 (旧暦)（1344年8月9日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)初期にかけての医師・官人・歌人。
TANBA no Tadamori (1270? - August 9, 1344) was a doctor, a government official, and a kajin (waka poet) from the latter half of the Kamakura period until the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

武田家自らが場当たりの利己主義で滅亡の遠因を作ったともされる一方で、景虎が上杉氏を継いだ場合でも将来的に武田領が北条勢力によって南北から挟撃される危険性もあり、選択肢がなかったとする見方もある。
The Takeda family's haphazard egoism is considered to have brought about the underlying cause of the fall, but on the other hand, some people think that there was no option because even if Kagekatsu succeeded the Uesugi clan, the Takeda territory was in danger of a pincer attack from south and north by the Hojo forces in the future.

3代将軍となった足利義満は1378年（天授4年/永和4年）に北小路通室町通の崇光天皇の御所跡と今出川公直の邸宅である菊亭の焼失跡地を併せた敷地（東西1町、南北2町）に足利家の邸宅の造営をはじめた。
In 1378, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, started to build a new residence for the Ashikaga family on grounds stretching over a space of 110 meters from east to west and 220 meters from north to south, which included both sites of the Emperor Suko's gosho on Kitakoji-dori Muromachi-dori Street and of Kinnao IMADEGAWA's Kikutei, which had burned down.

日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に書かれた『拾芥抄』には中国の伝説として、蚕の精が正月の半ばに糜（粥）を作って自分を祀れば100倍の蚕が得られるという託宣を残したことに由来するという話が載せられている。
Introduced in Shugaisho (Compendium of fragments, attributed to Kintaka TOIN) written in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (of Japan) is a story that azuki-gayu is derived from a Chinese legend: people received an oracle of the spirit of silkworm that they would get a hundredfold of silkworms if they worshiped the silkworm spirit making an offering of porridge in the middle of the New Year period.

尹良親王（ただよし（ゆきよし）しんのう、生年不詳 - 応永31年8月15日 (旧暦)（1424年9月7日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の皇族で宗良親王の第2皇子、後醍醐天皇の皇孫にあたる。
Imperial Prince Tadayoshi (also known as Yukiyoshi, year of birth unknown - September 7, 1424) was a member of the Imperial Family in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi period, and was also the second Prince of Imperial Prince Muneyoshi, and an Imperial descendant of Emperor Godaigo.

小倉宮恒敦（おぐらのみやつねあつ、生年不詳－応永29年7月15日 (旧暦)（1422年8月11日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の第99代、南朝 (日本)最後の第4代天皇である後亀山天皇の皇子。
Tsuneatsu OGURANOMIYA (year of birth unknown - August 11, 1422) was a Prince of Emperor Gokameyama, who was the 99th Emperor in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and was the fourth and last Emperor of the Southern Court.

この一文は、武士論を正面から展開する中でのものではなく、南北朝時代に武士の家が敵味方に分裂したことに関連してサラッと書かれた一文なのだが、しかしその後の武士・武士団研究に大きなインパクトを与えた。
This was not included within the main part of the developed samurai theory, but a lightly stated sentence related to how the bushi families split into enemies and allies during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) that left a great impact in later bushi and bushidan studies since that time.

南北朝時代_(日本)前期（14世紀中頃）に書かれた事がほぼ確実とされている『増鏡』の冒頭にも『増鏡』が『弥世継』の続きである事が明言されており、当然にこの時代には『弥世継』が存在していた事になる。
In the opening pages of 'Masu Kagami,' which is almost certain to have been written in the first half of the period of (Japanese) Northern and Southern Courts (around the middle of the 14th century), the author made a definite statement that 'Masu Kagami' was a sequel to 'Iya Yotsugi,' which naturally suggests that 'Iya Yotsugi' had already existed in that time.

北野本第2類…第28-30巻（平安末～鎌倉初期写）、第3類…第1,4,5,7-10,12,13,15,17-21巻（南北朝写）、第4類…第3,6,11巻（室町後期写）、第5類…第16巻（幕末写）
The Kitano book: Group 2 includes the 28 to 30th volumes (copied in the end of the Heian period to the beginning of the Kamakura period), Group 3 includes the 1st, 4th, 5th, 7 to 10th, 12th, 13th, 15th, 17 to 21st volumes (copied in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), Group 4 includes the 3rd, 6th, and 11th volumes (copied in the latter part of the Muromachi period) and Group 5 includes the 16th volumes (copied in the end of the Edo period).

万里小路宣房（までのこうじのぶふさ、正嘉2年（1258年） - 貞和4年/正平 (日本)3年10月18日 (旧暦)（1348年11月9日）?）は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)の公家である。
Nobufusa MADENOKOJI (1258 - November 11, 1348) was a court noble during the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

一条経通（いちじょうつねみち、文保元年（1317年） - 貞治4年/正平 (日本)20年3月10日 (旧暦)（1365年4月1日）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての公卿である。
Tsunemichi ICHIJO (1317 - April 9, 1365) was a kugyo (the top court official) from the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

大炊御門宗氏（おおいのみかどむねうじ、天授 (日本)元年・永和 (日本)元年（1375年） - 応永28年4月6日 (旧暦)（1421年5月7日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の公卿。
Muneuji OINOMIKADO (1375-May 16, 1421) was Kugyo (the top court official) who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

峨山韶碩（がざんじょうせき、建治元年（1275年）－正平 (日本)21年/貞治5年10月20日 (旧暦)（1366年11月23日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての曹洞宗の僧。
Joseki GAZAN (1275 - November 23, 1366) was a Soto sect priest from the end of Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の建武の新政を打倒し、持明院統の光明天皇より征夷大将軍の宣下を受け正式に幕府を開く一方、後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野に吉野朝廷を開き、北朝と南朝が両立する南北朝時代がはじまる。
Takauji ASHIKAGA crushed Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration, and after being appointed Shogun by Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, he formally established his bakufu; Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto and established a new imperial court at Yoshino, ushering in the Northern and Southern Courts period--the period during which both the Northern and Southern Courts existed simultaneously.

観世一座が人気を博した原因は、大和猿楽が得意とした物真似芸に、田楽の優美な舞や、南北朝に流行した曲舞（くせまい）の音曲をとりいれた新演出が、当時の観客の心に強い感興をおよばしたことだといわれている。
The reason the Kanze company won popularity was because the company added new attractions, such as elegant dengaku and Kusemai (fan dance to the sound of taiko drums) that was popular in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to Yamato Sarugaku's specialty, the impersonations, which attracted the hearts of the audience.

畠山基国（はたけやまもとくに、1352年（正平 (日本)7年/文和元年）－ 1406年2月5日（応永13年1月17日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の守護大名、室町幕府管領。
Motokuni HATAKEYAMA (born in 1352, birth date unknown - February 14, 1406) was a shugo daimyo (military governor) as well as a shogunal deputy of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun),who lived from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the Muromachi period.

安東円恵（あんどうえんえ、弘安8年（1285年）－康永2年（1343年））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の武将で、鎌倉幕府執権北条氏得宗家の被官（御内人）として六波羅探題に務めた。
Ene ANDO (1285-1343) was a warlord from the end of the Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period, and he served in the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) as a hikan (low-level bureaucrat) to the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, the family of shogunal regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

洞院実世（とういんさねよ、延慶 (日本)元年（1308年） - 正平 (日本)13年/延文3年8月19日 (旧暦)（1358年9月22日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の南朝 (日本)に仕えた公卿。
Saneyo TOIN (1308-September 22, 1358) was a Court noble who served the Southern Court (Japan) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

龍山徳見（りゅうさんとくけん、弘安7年（1284年）－延文3年/正平 (日本)13年11月13日 (旧暦)（1358年12月14日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
Ryusan Tokuken (1284 - December 22, 1358) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

日像（にちぞう、文永6年8月10日 (旧暦)（1269年9月7日）- 康永元年/興国3年11月13日 (旧暦)（1342年12月11日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての日蓮宗の僧。
Nichizo (September 14, 1269 - December 19, 1342) was a Buddhist priest of the Nichiren sect who lived from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

これは、大阪天満宮だけでなく、かつては宮入りしていたその周辺地域、さらに東西南北にあたる今福・蒲生、福島、平野、長柄等における、それぞれの地元での囃子奉納によって、親しまれていたからと考えられている。
This is thought to be because danjiri-bayashi attracted people not only to the festival at Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine, but also to each local Hayashi Hono (devotional music performed in festivals) held in the surrounding areas to where their portable shrines used to return, and even in the north, south, east and west areas in relation to the Shrine: Imafuku and Gamo, Fukushima, Hirano and Nagae.

また、京都扶持衆として直接将軍と結び付き、1438年の永享の乱では幕府より鎌倉公方の討伐命令をくだされているなど、南北朝時代に南朝方であった伊達氏は幕府との接近によって、その地位と勢力を高めていった。
After becoming a direct retainer of shogun as Kyoto fuchishu, the Date clan enhanced its social status and power by establishing a closer relationship with bakufu, as exemplified in the order from bakufu in the Eikyo War of 1438 to subjugate the Kamakura kubo which the Date clan had supported in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

『延喜式』諸陵寮に「百舌鳥耳原中陵。在和泉国大鳥郡。兆域東西八町。南北八町。陵戸五烟。」とあり、同陵は大阪府堺市堺区大仙町の大仙陵古墳（前方後円墳・全長486m、大仙古墳・大山古墳とも）に比定される。
In the paragraph on Shoryoryo (the Bureau for managing imperial mausoleums) of 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), it is written that 'Mozu no mimihara no naka mausoleum is located in Otori County, Izumi Province. The area spans about 900 m from east to west, and 900 m from north to south. There are five guard houses,' and the mausoleum is identified with the Daisenryo Tumulus (a large keyhole-shaped tumulus, total length 486m, also called as Daisen Tumulus or Oyama Tumulus), located in Daisen Town, Sakai Ward, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture.

建武 (日本)2年（1335年）7月 (旧暦)、10歳前後（7歳とも）であったと考えられている時行は信濃の諏訪頼重 (南北朝時代)に擁立されて挙兵し建武政権に不満を持つ武士を糾合しながら武蔵国へ入る。
Tokiyuki who was presumably around ten (or seven) years old raised an army with the support of Yorishige SUWA (in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) in Shinano, and entered Musashi Province while rallying samurai who were dissatisfied with the new government.

採用された設計案では、最大高さを60mに抑えた上で、南北方向の道路に合わせて建物を分割して視線を通すなど、圧迫感を回避するような配慮が随所に見られるが、根本的な解決になっているとは言い難い部分もある。
The adopted design shows various precautions to avoid any oppressive feeling, including the measure to secure a visual axis by dividing the building in accordance with roads stretching to the north and south, and by limiting the maximum height to less than 60 m, but the design does not offer a perfect solution.

室町時代初期、南北朝時代 (日本)に最盛期を迎え、やがて戦国時代 (日本)以降、寺院勢力のそぎ落としを狙う支配者たちの政策のもとに衰えていったが、この酒の味を引き継ごうと志す奈良流の造り酒屋は多かった。
Bodaisen was in its prime in the early Muromachi period (in other words, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), and after a while, from the Period of Warring States, it went into decline under the Japan rulers' policies to weaken the power of temples, but still, there were many sake brewers who would inherit the brewing method of Bodaisen from Nara temples.

後醍醐天皇は京を脱出し、尊氏に渡した神器は贋物であるとして、吉野（奈良県吉野郡吉野町）の山中にて南朝を開き、京都朝廷（北朝 (日本)）と吉野朝廷（南朝 (日本)）が並立する南北朝時代 (日本)が始まる。
The Emperor Go-Daigo left Kyoto and opened the Southern Court in the mountains of Yoshino (Yoshino Town, Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture), based on the insistence that the Three Sacred Treasures handed over to Takauji were imitations. In this way, the Northern and Southern Courts Period started with the coexistence of the Kyoto Imperial Court (Northern Court) and the Yoshino Imperial Court (Southern Court) at the same time.

父後醍醐の鎌倉幕府倒幕が成功し、建武の新政が開始されると再び天台座主となるが、建武の親政が崩壊し、南北朝の対立が本格化すると還俗して宗良を名乗り、大和国吉野（奈良県）の南朝方として活躍をするようになる。
He became the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism after his father, Emperor Godaigo was successful with overthrowing the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Kenmu Restoration started, but after the Restoration collapsed and antagonism between the Southern and the Northern Courts became serious, he returned to a secular life and was re-named Muneyoshi, he started taking sides with the Southern Court force of Yoshino in Yamato Province (Nara Prefecture).

元弘元年（1331年）、足利尊氏、新田義貞らの挙兵によって鎌倉幕府が滅亡した時（元弘の乱）には頼貞は尊氏に味方し、その後の南北朝時代 (日本) でも尊氏とともに転戦して戦功をあげ、美濃守護に任じられた。
When the Kamakura bakufu was overthrown by the army raised byTakauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA in 1331 (Genko War), Yorisada sided with Takauji, and later distinguished himself in various battle fields in cooperation with Takauji during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), then he was finally appointed as Mino no Shugo (the provincial constable of Mino Province).

今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.

二条師基（にじょうもろもと、正安3年（1301年） - 正平 (日本)20年 / 貞治4年1月26日 (旧暦)（1365年2月17日））は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての公卿である。
Moromoto NIJO (1301 – February 17, 1365) was a court noble between the late Kamakura Period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts

大拙祖能（だいせつそのう、正和2年3月3日 (旧暦)（1313年3月30日）－永和 (日本)3年/天授 (日本)3年8月20日 (旧暦)（1377年9月23日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の臨済宗の僧。
Daisetsu Sono (April 7, 1313 - October 1, 1377) was a Buddhist monk of the Rinzai Sect in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

南北朝時代 (日本)には、多田頼貞、多田貞綱、多田義基などが南朝 (日本)方の武将として活動しているが、その明確な系譜は未詳である（『尊卑分脈』には多田頼盛の三男能瀬高頼の後裔に頼貞、貞綱の名が見える）。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, some warlords called Tada, such as Yorisada TADA, Sadatsuna TADA and Yoshimoto TADA, fought on the side of the Southern Court, but the details of their family is unlear; incidentally, in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' there is the depiction that Takayori NOSE (the third son of Yorimori TADA) had Yorisada and Sadatsuna as his descendants.

南北朝時代 (日本)には、南朝 (日本)の後醍醐天皇が皇子の懐良親王を征西将軍として派遣し、菊池氏に擁立された懐良親王を頂く南朝方は1351年の筑後川の戦いで少弐氏を総大将とした北朝方を破り、本拠とした。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court dispatched his Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi as seisei shogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians'), and the Southern Court who supported Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi who was backed up by the Kikuchi clan defeated the Northern Court, whose supreme commander was the Shoni clan, in the Battle of Chikugo-gawa River in 1351.

紀伊山地は西日本を南北に二分する中央構造線以南の外帯に属し、南北方向に走る山脈、すなわち、紀伊山地中央にそびえる大峯山脈、十津川を挟んで大峯山脈の西側の伯母子山脈、北山川を挟んで東側の台高山脈を軸とする。
The Kii Mountains belongs to the outer zone of the south of the medial line that divides the western Japan into the north part and the south part, and it is formed of mainly the mountain ranges which run from north to south including the Omine Mountain Range that rises at the middle of the Kii Mountains, the Obako Mountain Range that rises at the west of the Omine Mountain Range and at the opposite side of Totsu-kawa River which separates from Omine, and the Daiko Mountain Range that rises at the east side of Kitayama-gawa River which separates from Omine as well.

南北朝時代は古代史と並び天皇家のルーツに関わる時代で、皇国史観のもと逆臣・尊氏や忠臣・正成などのイメージが固定化された「太平記」は、小説や映画・TVドラマなどの題材として作品化される事は極めて稀であった。
Because the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is regarded, along with ancient history, as a period connected with the origins of the Imperial Family, and the images of Takauji as a rebel and Masashige as a loyal vassal had been fixed as the basis of koukoku-shikan, the 'Taiheiki' has rarely been used as the subject of novels, movies and TV dramas.

また、現在は南側曲輪から主曲輪にある土塁跡の脇を通過して北側曲輪への侵入は可能だが、当時は多聞風櫓が南北を遮断しており、西側にある曲輪帯曲輪・腰曲輪を通って北側曲輪と南側曲輪をいききしていたと思われている。
At present, it is possible to enter the northern compound from the southern compound, passing alongside the remains of the earthen mound in the main compound, but at the time of the castle's construction, the tamon yagura blocked passage from south to north, and it is therefore thought that people would pass between the northern and southern compounds by passing through the obikuruwa (a long narrow castle compound) and koshiguruwa (a compound bounded by earthworks) that comprised the western compound.

円観（えんかん、弘安4年7月17日 (旧暦)（1281年9月1日） - 正平 (日本)11年/延文元年3月1日 (旧暦)（1356年4月2日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての天台宗の僧。
Enkan (September 1, 1281 - April 2, 1356) was a Tendai Sect Buddhist monk who lived during the latter part of the Kamakura period and the Northern and Southern Courts period.

なかんずく阮元は、南北朝時代 (中国)に北朝で彫られた碑である北碑と南朝の法帖・南帖を比較して「北碑南帖論」を著し、先述の論理から北碑を南帖よりも優れたものとして断じ、包世臣など多くの学者がこれに賛同した。
Juan Yuan, among others, determined in his book 'Northern stelae and Southern copybooks,' based on the above theory, that northern stelae, or monuments engraved in Northern Dynasty in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), compared favorably to nanjo, or hojo made in Southern Dynasty in the same period, which gained support from Bao shu-cheng and many other scholars.

京都府は南北に細長く、内陸側に位置し、「山の背」とも表記された南部（旧山城国）と、日本海に面し、丹国（にのくに）と呼ばれた北部（旧丹波国、旧丹後国）との格差が大きく、南部と北部では異なる地域を形成している。
With Kyoto Prefecture's land shape being long in the north-south direction, the southern inland area (former Yamashiro Province), which is sometimes called a 'mountain ridge' area, and the northern area (former Tanba Province and former Tango Province), which is located facing Japan Sea and was once called Ni Province, are markedly different in their characteristics, causing a pronounced difference between the two regions in various aspects.

その後、南北朝時代 (中国)の『荊楚歳時記』には7月7日、牽牛と織姫が会合する夜であると明記され、さらに夜に婦人たちが7本の針の穴に美しい彩りの糸を通し、捧げ物を庭に並べて針仕事の上達を祈ったと書かれている。
In 'Keiso Saijiki' written during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (China), it was stated that the Cowherd and the Weaver meet on July 7 and on that night, women prayed for the progress of sewing by threading colorful threads into the eyes of seven needles and setting up offerings in the garden.

鎌倉時代後半から南北朝にかけての天皇家では、持明院統・大覚寺統の両統から後深草天皇・伏見天皇・後宇多天皇などの能書が輩出され、上代様の美に帰ろうとする格調高い和様が続き、後世、日本の書流宸翰様と呼ばれている。
The Imperial Family, from the late Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, produced Nosho of those Emperors Gofukakusa, Fushimi, and Gouda and others from both the Jimyoin line and Daikkakuji line, and the elegant Japanese style to return to the beauty of Jodaiyo continued, and then, it has been called 'Japanese calligraphy Imperial-letter style.'

箱根・竹ノ下の戦い（はこねたけのしたのたたかい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の建武 (日本)2年（1335年）12月11日 (旧暦)（ユリウス暦1336年1月24日）に、足利尊氏勢と新田義貞勢の間で行われた合戦。
The Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita was a battle between the Takauji ASHIKAGA forces and Yoshisada NITTA forces that broke out on February 1, 1336 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

宇都宮公綱（うつのみやきんつな、乾元 (日本)元年（1302年） - 正平 (日本)11年/延文元年11月25日 (旧暦)（1356年12月17日））は鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Kintsuna UTSUNOMIYA (1302 - December 17, 1356) was a military commander from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

観阿弥（かんあみ/かんなみ觀阿彌陀仏　正慶2年/元弘3年（1333年） - 至徳 (日本)元年/元中元年5月19日 (旧暦)（1384年6月8日））は日本の南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけての猿楽師。
Kanami or Kannami (1333 - June 16, 1384 (May 19, 1384 by the old calendar)) was a sarugakushi (a performer of sarugaku, a form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) from the Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasty to the Muromachi Period.

また、大阪市住吉区と同市東住吉区の区境（長居公園通から大和川まで）および堺市と松原市の市境（大和川から大泉緑地北西まで）が南北に約4kmに渡ってほぼ直線状に引かれているが、これも難波大道に由来するものである。
The almost straight line in a north-south direction of about 4km that splits Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City and Higashi-sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City (from the Nagai Koen Dori to Yamato-gawa River) and splits Sakai City and Matsubara City (from Yamato-gawa River to the northwestern end of Oizumi Ryokuchi Park) also comes from Naniwa Daido.

江戸時代中期には、南北朝時代 (日本)に始まった本覚思想の口伝法門が広まり、天台教学・僧儀の退廃が目立ってきたことから、定慧の二学を刷新し、戒律学における四分律兼学による律儀を導入するなど僧風の是正につとめた。
By the middle of the Edo period, as Hongaku philosophy (philosophy of awareness) through oral instruction, which had started in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was becoming more prevalent, and Tendai doctrine and manners of priests had deteriorated markedly, he worked hard to correct the priestly ethic by reforming two types of learning, namely Jo (Samachi) and E (Wisdom), and introducing additional precept learning based on Shibunritsu (Four-Part Vinayapitaka, which explains about regulations and prohibited matters of the priests) in perceptive science.

絶海中津（ぜっかいちゅうしん、建武 (日本)元年11月13日 (旧暦)（1334年12月9日）- 応永12年4月5日 (旧暦)（1405年5月3日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代前期にかけての禅僧。
Chushin ZEKKAI (December 9, 1334 - May 3, 1405) was a Buddhist monk from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the early years of the Muromachi period.

小倉宮聖承（おぐらのみやせいしょう、生年不詳－嘉吉3年5月7日 (旧暦)（1443年6月4日）））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の第99代、南朝 (日本)最後の第4代天皇である後亀山天皇の孫で、小倉宮恒敦の子。
Oguranomiya Seisho (date of birth unknown - June 13, 1443) was the grandson of Emperor Gokameyama, the ninety-ninth Emperor during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), or the fourth and the last Emperor of the Southern Court (Japan), and the son of Oguranomiya Tsuneatsu.

当時の日本は、鉄道や船舶の整備によって国内の移動が促進され、南北から多くの人が博覧会を観覧しにやってきていたし、また日清戦争後に起きた日本留学ブームによって、清国や朝鮮などからも来日した人々が大勢来場していた。
In Japan many people from southern and northern part visited the exhibition thanks to improved domestic transportation such as railways and ships, in addition, after the Sino-Japanese war more and more people in China and Korea wished to come Japan to study and those foreign students also visited the exhibition.

神皇正統記（じんのうしょうとうき）は、南北朝時代 (日本)に公卿の北畠親房が、幼帝後村上天皇のために、吉野朝廷(いわゆる南朝 (日本))の正統性を述べた、常陸国小田城（茨城県つくば市小田）で著した歴史書である。
The Jinno Shotoki (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns) was written by the court noble Chikafusa KITABATAKE during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) on behalf of the young Emperor Gomurakami; it is a book on history that Chikafusa wrote at Oda-jo Castle in Hitachi Province (present day Oda, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture), in which he lays out the case for why the Yoshino Court (often called the Southern Court) and its imperial lineage was the true, legitimate one.

国分氏 (陸奥国)は、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで陸奥国宮城郡南部を領した武士で、下総国の国分から氏をとった国分胤通が宮城郡国分を奥州合戦の恩賞として与えられて移住したのがはじまりだと伝える。
It is said that the Kokubun clan (in Mutsu Province) was samurai who had possessed the southern part of Miyagi County, Mutsu Province from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), and this clan originated from Tanemichi, who took his family name from Kokubun in Shimousa Province and relocated to Kokubun in Miyagi County, which was given to him as reward grants for the Battle of Oshu.

京都に成立した室町幕府は本来、御料所などからの収入に財政基盤を置いていたが、南北朝時代 (日本)の中で南朝 (日本)方によって占領されたり、自軍の武将への恩賞に宛てられるなどして次第に縮小していく傾向にあった。
The Muromachi bakufu, established in Kyoto, had originally put its financial base on the income from goryosho (land owned by the Emperor or bakufu) and others, however, the financial base gradually scaled down with the occupation of the goryosho from the Southern Court (Japan) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and with the appropriation of the goryosho for rewards allocated to their military commanders.

満済（まんさい・まんぜい、天授 (日本)4年 / 永和 (日本)4年（1378年）－永享7年6月13日 (旧暦)（1435年7月8日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての醍醐寺（真言宗）の僧。
Mansai (Also known as Manzei) (1378 – July 17, 1435) was a Buddhist monk of Daigo-ji Temple (Shingon Sect) from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts through the middle of the Muromachi period.

鄂隠慧奯（がくいんえかつ、正平 (日本)12年/延文2年（1357年）－応永32年2月18日 (旧暦)（1425年3月8日）、奯は（大+歳））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代中期にかけての臨済宗の僧。
GAKUIN Ekatsu (1357 - March 8, 1425) was a Rinzai sect priest from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the mid Muromachi period.

こうした通説に対し、画の詳細な検討から三像の成立を14世紀の鎌倉末期-南北朝期に求める仮説も出されていた（源豊宗、櫻井清香らの所説）が、1990年代半ばまで上記のような通説は疑いの余地のないものと考えられてきた。
There was also a tentative theory which assumed the period of drawing of the three portraits as the end of Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in the 14th century based on the detailed examination of the drawing (the theory claimed by Toyomune MINAMOTO and Kiyoka SAKURAI); however, the popular theory stated above had been believed without any doubt until the middle of 1990s.

後に足利義満の斡旋により、正式な譲位の儀式を行うとともに今後の皇位継承については両統迭立とするという条件で、大覚寺統の後亀山天皇が三種の神器を持明院統の後小松天皇に引き渡し、南北朝の分裂は終わった（明徳の和約）。
Later, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA helped organize the official enthronement ceremony and there was a condition for sharing the Imperial Throne (Ryoto Teiritsu); in terms of succession to the imperial enthronement, Emperor GO-KAMEYAMA from Daikakuji-to gave three holy durables to Emperor KOMATSU, thus marking the end of the division of the Northern and Southern Courts (the Meitoku Treaty or Meitoku Compromise).

平安宮の内裏は鎌倉時代に焼亡したのち再建されることはなく、南北朝以後は内裏の東に位置する里内裏であった京都御所（つちみかどひがしのとういんどの）が御所となり、近世になってその内域に紫宸殿、清涼殿などが復元された。
The dairi in Heiangu was never rebuilt after it was burned down during the Kamakura period, and Kyoto Imperial Palace (Tsuchimikado Higashi no Toindono) which was the satodairi located on the east side of the dairi became the palace after the Southern and Northern Courts, and Shishinden and Seiryoden were rebuilt within the palace in the recent times.

しかし、後醍醐天皇と足利尊氏との間に亀裂が生じ、南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると吉見頼直は北朝・足利方につき、備後国の国人に兵を送る様に要請したところから、源氏の一門として、一定の地位にあったのではないかといわれる。
However, when a rift in the relationship between the Emperor Godaigo and Takauji ASHIKAGA developed into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yoshinao YOSHIMI sided with the Northern Court Ashikaga clan and ordered kokujin (local lords) of the Bingo Province to dispatch their troops; this is the reason why he is believed to have been in a higher position as a Minamoto clan.

その後新政から離反した尊氏が北朝 (日本)を立て、南北朝時代 (日本)となると、京都争奪戦が何度も行われる（南北朝分裂以後、南朝 (日本)による京都占領は4度行われたが、いずれも短期間で足利軍に撃退されている）。
Takauji, who distanced himself from the restoration, subsequently established the Northern Court (Japan), and numerous battles for control of Kyoto broke out during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (following the division into the Northern Court and Southern Court, the Southern Court (Japan) occupied Kyoto on four occasions but was repelled by the Ashikaga army within a short space of time).

中先代の乱（なかせんだいのらん）は、1335年（建武 (日本)2年）7月 (旧暦)、北条高時（鎌倉幕府第14代執権）の遺児北条時行が、信濃国の諏訪頼重 (南北朝時代)らに擁立され、鎌倉幕府復興のため挙兵した反乱。
The Nakasendai War was a rebellion that occurred in July 1335 in which Tokiyuki HOJO, a bereaved son of Takatoki HOJO (the 14th shikken [shogunal regent] of the Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), raised an army, with the support of Yorishige SUWA (the period of Northern and Southern Courts) of Shinano Province, with the aim to restore the Kamakura bakufu.

これに対して一介の御家人から室町幕府を創設した足利氏の場合は、南北朝の内乱の中で敵から奪った所領の増加がある一方で恩賞や敵からの略奪による所領の喪失もあり、その御料所の規模は鎌倉幕府のそれよりも遥かに乏しかった。
On the other hand, the Ashikaga clan, which raised from a mere gokenin to found the Muromachi bakufu, gained the shoryo by depriving the enemies of the shoryo during the Nanbokucho civil war, but lost their shoryo when their shoryo was taken as rewards to the others or was deprived by the enemies -- Consequently, its goryosho (shogunal domain) was far less than that of the Kamakura bakufu.

夢窓疎石（むそうそせき、道号が夢窓、法諱が疎石、建治元年（1275年） - 観応2年9月30日 (旧暦)（1351年10月20日））は、鎌倉時代末から南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代初期にかけての臨済宗の禅僧。
Soseki MUSO (Muso was his dogo (a pseudonym as a priest) and Soseki was his hoi (personal name used by Buddhist priests); 1275 - October 28, 1351) was a Zen monk of the Rinzai Sect of Buddhism from the end Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and to the early Muromachi period.

南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、政務の実権が朝廷から幕府に移るようになると、依然として任免は院や天皇が行っていたものの、その職務は寺社からの奏請を受けて室町幕府及び征夷大将軍への取り次ぎを行う役に転じるようになる。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, as real power of the government affairs moved from the Imperial Court to bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the denso's duty changed to relaying petitions from temples and shrines to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun during the Muromachi period) and Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) although appointment and dismissal were still done by In and the Emperor.

こんこんと湧き出る泉はたとえば藤原代々の氏の長者屋敷として知られる東三条殿は寝殿造りの代表的なもので「千貫泉」と呼ばれる泉があり、周囲に立石が施され、泉の南北の廊は板敷となって泉廊と呼ばれていたことがわかっている。
The Higashi Sanjoden of the FUJIWARA family, known as a typical shinden-zukuri of a very wealthy family, had a spring called 'senkan izumi,' around which rocks were arranged, and the corridors floored with boards on the north and the south sides of the spring were called izumiro.

平城は、平地に土塁と堀で囲った鎌倉時代初期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武士の住まいである「方形館（ほうけいやかた）」、後の室町・戦国時代にかけての守護の居館である守護所などの「館・舘（たて）」がもととなった。
Hira-jiro castles were based on the following two types of buildings: Hokei-yakata buildings, which were samurai residences built in the early Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) on flat land surrounded by mounds and walls; and Ta-te buildings, such as the Shugosho (provincial administration offices) where shugo (military governors) lived in the later days of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period.

室町幕府の財政は幕府直轄の御料所からの収入が主であったが、南北朝の戦乱の際に敵対する南朝側より狙われて奪取されたり、自軍への恩賞にされてしまうケースも多く、鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府に比べて小規模であったと考えられている。
The majority of the financial income of Muromachi Bakufu came from Goryo-sho (御料所), which was directly controlled by Bakufu; but often, during the war of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Goryo-sho became a target and were taken by the opposing Nancho side, or were given away as rewards for one's own army, and the scale of Goryo-sho is considered to be smaller than that of Kamakura Bakufu or Edo Bakufu.

千葉氏胤（ちばうじたね、1337年6月10日（延元2年/建武 (日本)4年5月11日 (旧暦)） - 1365年9月28日（正平 (日本)20年/貞治4年9月13日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の武将。
Ujitane CHIBA (1337 June 10 - 1365 September 28) is a busho (Japanese military commander) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

小田治久（おだはるひさ、1283年2月10日（弘安6年1月12日 (旧暦)）－1353年1月16日（正平 (日本)7年/文和元年12月11日 (旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武将。
Haruhisa ODA (1283 February 10 - January 16, 1353) is a busho (Japanese military commander) from the late Kamakura period into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

序列は近衛家に次ぎ、九条家、二条家、鷹司家と同格扱いであった（なお、九条家とは南北朝時代_(日本)に嫡流を巡って相論となったが、後光厳天皇によりいずれも嫡流であるとの綸旨が下された。詳細は九条家の項目を参照のこと）。
As for the ranking, the Ichijo Family was inferior to the Konoe Family but was equal to the Kujo, Nijo and Takatsukasa families (the Ichijo Family was opposed to the Kujo Family over the legitimate blood of the family during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), so the Emperor Go-Kogen gave the imperial order that both family lines should be the legitimate blood of the family. For details, see the item on the Kujo Family).

なお、交差点名は慣例として「四条烏丸」が普通の呼び方となっているが、交差点から南北へ向かった場所（烏丸通り沿線）を指す場合は「烏丸四条」（からすましじょう）と呼ぶ（通り名と呼び方の関わりについては京都市地理を参照）。
It is customary to call the crossing as 'Shijo Karasuma,' but, to indicate the area in the north-south direction of the crossing, 'Karasuma Shijo' is used (for how to name a street, refer to the geography of Kyoto).

これは足利義詮政権の下で、貞治2年（1363年）に大内弘世・山名時氏ら有力守護が南朝から北朝（幕府）へ帰順するなど、この時期には北朝の優位がほぼ確定し、全国的にも南北朝の動乱期が収まりつつあることを示すものであった。
The above showed the fact that after influential shugodaimyo like Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA submitted themselves to Northern Court (bakufu) in 1363 when Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA was shogun, the superiority of the Northern Court became apparent and unquiet days of Northern and Southern Courts was ending nationwide.

平安時代、後白河法皇の命で作られた『年中行事絵巻』には東西11間、南北4間で、朱塗りの柱と瓦葺屋根入母屋造の屋根に金色の鴟尾を戴く大極殿が鮮やかに描かれており、平安神宮大極殿や平城宮跡の大極殿復元事業でも参考とされた。
The builders of the Daigokuden of Heian-jingu Shrine and the designers in charge of the reconstruction of the Daigokuden of Heijo-kyu referred to 'Nenju Gyoji Emaki' (a picture scroll of yearly events), which was created under the order of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa during the Heian period, and clearly depicts the Daigokuden of irimoya-zukuri style (building with a half-hipped roof) architecture that measured 20 meters from east to west in width and four ken 7.3 meters from north to south in depth, and had red painted pillars and tiled roofs with a pair of golden Shibi (ornamental ridge-end tiles).

北朝系の隋が中国を統一したので、隋初の儒学は北学中心であったが、煬帝の時、劉シャク（りゅうしゃく）・劉炫（りゅうげん）の二劉が出、費カンの『尚書義疏』を取りあげたり、南学系の注に義疏を作ったりして南北の儒学を総合した。
Since Sui, from the Northern Dynasty line, unified China, Ju-gaku in early Sui was mainly northern learning, but in the era of Yo-dai (Emperor Yang), the two Ryu, Ryu Shaku and Ryu Gen appeared, and integrated northern and southern Ju-gaku by taking up 'Interpretation Learning of Classical History' by Hi Kan and creating Giso for southern learning annotations.

足利満詮（あしかがみつあきら、正平 (日本)19年/貞治3年5月29日 (旧暦)（1364年7月6日） - 応永25年5月14日 (旧暦)（1418年6月29日））は南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の武将・権大納言。
Mitsuakira ASHIKAGA (July 7, 1364 - June 27, 1418) was a military commander and gon-dainagon (Provisional Manor Councilor) who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts(Japan) and the Muromachi period.

なお、ホーム南側にも駅舎があるが、これは新幹線開通時に建設されたもので近鉄・新幹線のホーム下にあり、規模は小さく、新駅ビル建設の際も南北自由通路の設置やJR線と近鉄線の改札を完全分離化した事以外は大きな変更はなかった。
South of the platforms there is another station building beneath the platforms of the Kintetsu Line and the Shinkansen, which was constructed when the Shinkansen went into operation; however, it underwent a slight change during the renovation due to its small size except for the construction of the Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro and the complete separation of the ticket wicket of the JR Line from that of the Kintetsu Line.

南北朝時代以降、鎮守府将軍は叙任をみることはなくなったが、後に新田氏の祖となる源義重が南朝方の功臣として活躍した新田義貞の祖である理由をもって贈鎮守府将軍として記録されていることから没後、贈官を受けたものと考えられる。
Subsequent to the Northern and Southern Courts period in Japan (circa 1336-92), no new Chinju-fu Shogun appointments were made however, there are records that MINAMOTO no Yoshishige (later founder of the Nitta clan) was appointed Chinju-fu Shogun by virtue he was an ancestor of Yoshisada NITTA (an active and meritorious retainer of the Southern Court) who had been appointed posthumously.

50年以上わたる南北朝の争いは、途中南朝が優勢に立って北朝を一時解体に追い込んだ事（正平一統）もあったものの、次第に北朝を擁立した足利尊氏が開いた室町幕府が全国の武士を掌握するにつれて北朝側優位の流れが固まりつつあった。
The conflict that continued for more than fifty years between the Northern and the Southern Court was gradually ended with the dominant position favoring the Northern Court, as Takauji ASHIKAGA gradually established the Northern Court and opened the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) and controlled the Samurai all over Japan, although the Southern Court once was in the dominant position and nearly took the political power from the Northern Court (Shohei Itto).

「明徳記」は1391年の明徳の乱の経過が書かれている、「応永記」には1399年の応永の乱や南北朝合体の記述が、「永享記」には永享の乱を中心とした関東の情勢が、「応仁記」には足利義政の治世から応仁の乱の様子が記されている。
The 'Meitokuki' (Chronicle of the Meitoku Era) records the events and aftermath of the Meitoku Rebellion, while the 'Oeiki' (Chronicle of the Oei Era) describes the Oei Rebellion and the unification of the Northern and Southern courts; the 'Eikyoki' focuses on the situation in the Kanto, especially vis-a-vis the Eikyo Rebellion, whereas the 'Oninki' records the circumstances of the period from Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's reign up until the Onin War.

南北朝時代_(日本)に紙屋院そのものは廃絶したが、その職人と技術はそのまま京都における製紙業者に引き継がれ、蔵人所を本所として結成した紙座（和紙の製造・販売者による座）である宿紙上座は、その流れを汲んでいるとされている。
Although Kamiyain was abolished during the period of Northern and Southern Courts, paper manufacturers in Kyoto took over Kamiyain's artisans and technology intact, and Shukushikamiza, which was kamiza (a trading association of paper manufacturers and distributors) with Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) as its honjo (proprietor or guarantor), is said to have been one of their descendants.

海龍王寺の敷地は、平城京の整然とした条坊（碁盤目状の町割り）からずれて位置しており、平城京内を南北に貫通する道の一つである東二坊大路は、海龍王寺の境内を避けて、東方向に迂回している（現在の道路にもその名残りが見られる）。
The site of Kairyuo-ji Temple is located outside Heijo-kyo's orderly Jobo (blocks with grid of streets and avenues), and Higashi-nibo-oji Road, which was one of streets running from the north to the south in Heijo-kyo, detours to the east to keep the precincts of Kairyuo-ji Temple (the current roads trace back to it).

永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.

赤橋登子（あかはしとうこ、徳治元年〔1306年〕-貞治4年/正平 (日本)20年5月4日 (旧暦)〔1365年5月25日〕）は、鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代の人物で、室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏の正室。
Toko AKAHASHI (1306 - June 2, 1365) lived in the Kamakura period, the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period and was the legitimate wife of Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was the first Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

「麩＝ふ」としての最古の記録は南北朝時代 (日本)に書かれた『嘉元記』正平 (日本)7年（1352年）5月10日条に登場する「フ」の記述である（なお、同条に「フ」と併記されている「ウトム」がうどんの最古の記録とされている）。
The oldest documented record on 'fu' is the description of 'fu' in the article dated June 30, 1352, in 'Kagenki' which was written during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (and it is said that 'utomu' which was mentioned along with 'fu' in that article is the oldest documented record on udon - Japanese wheat noodles).

常盤井宮恒明親王（ときわいのみやつねあきしんのう/-つねあきらしんのう、嘉元元年5月9日（1303年6月24日） - 正平6年/観応2年9月6日（1351年9月26日））は、南北朝時代の大覚寺統に属する皇族で亀山天皇の末子。
Imperial Prince Tokiwainomiya Tsuneaki, also pronounced Tsuneakira (June 24, 1303 - September 26, 1351) was a member of the Imperial Family belonging to the Daikakuji Imperial line of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the youngest child of Emperor Kameyama.

雑訴決断所頭人や伝奏なども兼ね、建武政権でも重きをなし、建武2年（1335年）には後村上天皇（のちの後村上天皇）の元服に際し、加冠役を務めたほどであったが、南北朝分立後は北朝に属し、北朝側の重鎮として光厳天皇の院執事となる。
He also assumed the position of Zasshoketsudansho tonin and denso (job title to relay messages of court's people to Emperor) and held an important position in the Kemmu government, in 1335, Kinkata put a crown on Emperor Gomurakami at his genpuku (ceremony of attaining manhood), but after the independence of the Southern Court and the Northern Court, he became an In no shitsushi of Emperor Kogon as a grand person of the Northern Court.

しかし、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代_(日本)になると、僧侶による神道説に対する反動から、逆に、神こそが本地であり仏は仮の姿であるとする神本仏迹説をとなえる伊勢神道や吉田神道が現れ、江戸時代には神道の主流派の教義となっていく。
However, by the end of Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), as a counteraction to the Shinto theologies by monks, Ise Shinto and Yoshida Shinto, which advocate the Shinponbutsujaku setsu, which claims that god is the true form and Buddha is the temporary form, emerged, and became the mainstream religious principle of Shinto in the Edo period.

ここでは、南北朝時代 (中国)以来の経典分類法を踏襲して大乗の三蔵と小乗の三蔵および聖賢集伝とに三大別し、そのうち大乗経典を般若、宝積、大集、華厳、涅槃の五大部としたうえで、大蔵経に編入すべき仏典の総数を5048巻と決定した。
Following the classification of Buddhist sutra since the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), this classified them into the Mahayana Tripitaka, Hinayana Tripitaka and Seiken Shuden (聖賢集伝) and decided that the number of Buddhist scriptures that should be edited into the Tripitaka as 5,048 volumes by designating Mahayana sutra as Godaibu (五大部) of Hannya, Hoshaku (宝積), Taishu (大集), kegon and nirvana.

義堂周信（ぎどうしゅうしん、1325年3月1日（正中 (元号)2年1月16日 (旧暦)） - 1388年5月10日（元中5年/嘉慶 (日本)2年4月4日 (旧暦)））は、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代の臨済宗の僧である。
Shushin GIDO (February 8, 1325 - May 18, 1388) was a priest of the Rinzai sect who was active from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period.

すなわちそれが垂孤の法則（天は本来平面であるが、見た目には観察者の頭上を中心に東西南北に垂れ下がり、あたかも半円のように見える）と縮象の法則（頭上に近いあたりは広く、地面に近いあたりは狭く見える錯覚を起こす）という主張である。
That is to say, he explained the two laws; Law of Suiko (although the sky is originally flat, from the eyes of an observer, it looks as though it hung down in four directions with the space above the observer as the center, and it also looks like a semicircle); and the Law of Shukusho (the observer has an illusion that the area near his/her head looks spacious and the area near the ground looks narrow).

実際は風林火山の旗印は信玄よりも200年早く、南北朝時代 (日本)の若き公卿武将で鎮守府将軍であった北畠顕家が、京を制圧した足利尊氏を打倒するために陸奥多賀城（現在の宮城県多賀城市）で兵を挙げた時から使用していた陣旗であった。
In fact, 200 years before Shingen, Akiie KITABATAKE, who was a young court noble and busho (Japanese military commander) as well as Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), used the emblem of Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan on a flag when he raised an army at Mutsu Taga-jo Province (present Tagajo City, Miyagi Prefecture) in order to defeat Takauji ASHIKAGA, who took control of Kyoto.

なお、南北朝時代 (日本)以後になると前述の武家による侵奪の他に、本家・領家よりも下位の職であった地頭職に貴族や寺社が反対に進出する例も存在しており、そうした意味においても荘園領主という概念が崩壊しつつあったことを示している。
Meanwhile, after the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), along with the encroachment of the samurai into the rights of Shoen, there were a number of cases of nobles, temples and shrines conversely making inroads toward becoming jito-shiki (stewardship rights) which was lower in position than honke and ryoke, thus, in this case as well, it indicates that the concept of Shoen-ryoshu was collapsing.

また南北朝期の頃から、荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が動揺し始めており、それまで職（しき）の継承は世襲による場合が多かったのに対し、職が金銭で売買されたり、必ずしも世襲によらなくなるなど、職の遷代と呼ばれる現象が起きつつあった。
Besides, the system of shiki (the right of property, title, etc.) underlying Shoen koryo sei; the land governance system in the middle ages, started becoming unstable with the `transfer of shiki;' shiki was transferred using money or was not always succeeded by heredity while the succession of shiki (the right of property, title, etc.) had been based on hereditary transfer in most cases until then.

南北朝時代 (日本)以降、戦陣において歩射が一般化すると、戦国時代初期には歩射弓術を基礎とする日置流が発生し、矢を遠くへ飛ばす繰矢・尋矢（くりや、遠矢とも）、速射をする指矢（さしや、数矢とも）など様々な技法が発展した（五射参照）。
Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when Busha was generalized in battle, the Heki school based on the Kyujutsu of Busha, was founded in early Sengoku Period and various techniques such as Kuriya (繰矢・尋矢, 遠矢) to release arrow from far away and Sashiya (指矢, 数矢) of Sokusha (quick shooting) were developed (see Gosha).

南北朝時代の活力が背景にあり、3代将軍義満の時代（北山文化）は中央集権的で公家文化と武家文化の影響や中国文化の影響があるのに対し、8代将軍義政の時代（東山文化）は庶民的で「侘び・寂び」という禅宗などの影響が強いのが特色といわれる。
Given the energy and vitality of the Northern and Southern Court period, the (Kitayama) culture during the reign of the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu, was centralized and authoritarian, influenced both by aristocratic and warrior culture and by Chinese culture, while by contrast, the (Higashiyama) culture during the reign of the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa, was based in commoner culture and was heavily influenced by Zen Buddhism, for example in the twin aesthetic principles of wabi-sabi (the beauty and pathos of loneliness, simplicity, and imperfection).

薩峠の戦い（さったとうげのたたかい、薩山の戦いとも）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1351年（正平 (日本)6年/観応2年）12月、駿河国薩た峠（静岡県静岡市清水区）において、足利尊氏の軍勢と足利直義の軍勢との間で行われた合戦である。
The Battle of Sattatoge (also referred to as the Battle of Mt. Satta) was a battle fought between the troops of Takauji ASHIKAGA and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA at Sattatoge (Satta-toge Pass) in Suruga Province (Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture) in December 1351, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

城の特徴は中国式山城の築城法でもってたすき状に築かれ、山の尾根づたいに望楼（物見やぐら）を配し、西麓の平地に面して高さ10メートル南北2キロメートルにわたる土塁・石塁をもって固め、その間に城門や水門等を造り、敵襲に備えたとみられる。
It seems that the castle had the following characteristics to prepare against the attacks by the enemy: The castle was constructed in the shape of cross braces with the construction methods of the Chinese-style yamajiro; several watchtowers are placed along the ridge of the mountain; facing the flat ground at the west foot of the mountain, the earth and stone mounds which were 10 meters high were stretched into 2 kilometers from south to north to strengthen the defense; and castle gates and sluice gates were built between the both ends of the mounds.

後嵯峨上皇が、後深草天皇の皇子ではなく、亀山天皇の皇子（後の後宇多天皇）を皇太子にした事が、後の持明院統（後深草天皇の血統）と大覚寺統（亀山天皇の血統）の確執のきっかけとなり、それが南北朝時代、更には後南朝まで続く大乱の源となった。
The Retired Emperor Gosaga appointed Emperor Kameyama's Prince (later called Emperor Gouda) as Crown Prince, instead of appointing Emperor Gofukakusa's Prince, and this caused a conflict between what it's called the Jimyo-in Imperial line (Emperor Gofukakusa's line) and the Daikaku-ji Imperial line (Emperor Kameyama's line) in later years, it also caused the big battle during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and even the post Southern Court.

貞治の変（じょうじのへん）は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)後期（室町時代初期）の貞治5年（1366年）、室町幕府の執事（のちの管領）であった斯波義将およびその父で征夷大将軍足利義詮側近の有力守護大名であった斯波高経が失脚した事件。
Joji Incident, which occurred in 1366 during the late Northern and Southern Courts Period (Japan) (the early Muromachi period), was an incident by which Yoshimasa SHIBA, shitsuji (steward, later renamed kanrei) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his father Takatsune SHIBA, an influential shugodaimyo (territorial lord as provincial constables) and a close aid of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, fell from power.

こうした明法勘文は、朝廷・院庁の政治的権威が京都とその周辺部で堅持されていた南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までは盛んに作成されていたが、以後政治的権力の失墜とともに明法道も衰退し、明法勘文が作成されることはほとんど無くなったとされている。
Myobo kanmon had been actively created by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), when the political power of the Imperial Court and In no cho was well retained in and around Kyoto, but Myobodo declined with the downfall of such political power and Myobo kanmon were no longer created.

史料上はっきり記されているのは、鎌倉時代後期に楠木正成が後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府に対して挙兵した元弘の乱において宮方に従い、幕府滅亡後に成立した建武政権に加わり、南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)（吉野朝廷）方として活躍した以降である。
What is clear from the historical records is that Masashige KUSUNOKI fought together with the court during the Genko War when Emperor Godaigo raised an army against the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), joined the Kenmu Government established after the fall of the bakufu, and played an active role on the side of the Southern Court, or Yoshino Court, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

京都国立博物館収蔵の「｣（重要文化財）は南北朝時代 (日本)のものだが、江戸時代中頃になっても「江戸の粋」を凝縮した歌舞伎の傑作『助六』で助六の腰にあるのは「一つ印籠と鮫鞘」となっており、その存在は日本刀の芸術性とは不可分のものだった。
The 'Botanzukuri Kairagi Zamesaya Koshigatana' (important cultural property) housed in the Kyoto National Museum is from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but even in the mid Edo period, Sukeroku, who is the hero in the Kabuki masterpiece 'Sukeroku' featuring the Edo idea of stylishness, carried 'an inro (pill case) and samezaya' on his waist, suggesting samezaya being a part of the artistic aspect of Japanese swords.

阿野廉子（あのやすこまたはかどこ（不明なため暫定的にれんしと呼ばれることが多い）、正安3年（1301年） - 正平 (日本)14年/延文4年4月29日 (旧暦)（1359年5月26日））は鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)の女性。
Yasuko ANO (The kanji can also be read Kadoko or Renshi; the actual reading is unknown) (1301 - May 26, 1359) was a woman who lived from the end of Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts(Japan).

奨子内親王（しょうしないしんのう、弘安9年9月9日 (旧暦)（1286年9月28日） - 貞和4年／正平 (日本)3年11月2日 (旧暦)（1348年11月23日））は、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代初期（南北朝時代 (日本)）にかけての皇族。
Imperial Princess Shoshi (September 28, 1286 - November 23, 1348) was a member of the Imperial Family from the latter Kamakura period to the beginning of the Muromachi period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts - Japan).

やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁する室町幕府（武家側）と南朝 (日本)の吉野朝廷（公家側）の対立によって、自己が所属する公権力側を「公儀」と呼ぶようになり、その結果幕府や将軍に対しても公儀が用いられるようになった。
Eventually, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), due to the conflict between the Muromachi bakufu (buke) which supported the Northern Court and the Yoshino Court (kuge), both sides called their official authority 'Kogi', which led to the use of Kogi towards the bakufu and shogun as well.

石津の戦い（いしづのたたかい）とは、南北朝時代 (日本)の延元3年/暦応元年5月22日 (旧暦)（1338年6月10日）に和泉国堺浦・石津（現在の大阪府堺市一帯）において、南朝 (日本)方の北畠顕家と北朝 (日本)方の高師直が戦った合戦。
The Battle of Ishizu was fought on June 10, 1338, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), in Ishizu of Sakaiura, Izumi Province (areas in and around present-day Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture) between Akiie KITABATAKE, who supported the Southern Court, and KO no Moronao, who supported the Northern Court.

ベトナムではハノイ - ホーチミン市間 (1,630km) で借款での南北高速鉄道（最高速度350km/h）の建設計画があり、完成すれば現在30時間以上掛かっている所要時間が10時間弱に短縮されると期待されている（ベトナム高速鉄道計画）。
Vietnam plans to construct a North-South Express Railway (at a maximum speed of 350 km/h) between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (1,630 km) on loans, and it is expected that, if it is completed, the traveling time will be shortened to ten hours from the present 30 hours (according to a high-speed railway line plan in Vietnam).

南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.

『尊卑分脈』の桓武平氏系図で清盛の娘の一人に常盤を母とする廊御方が記されているが、この書物の成立自体が南北朝時代 (日本)末期であり、室町時代以降にも多くの加筆が加えられているので、後代の人が物語に見える説を取り入れ書き加えた可能性がある。
Although a Lady Ro is mentioned in the genealogy of the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) in the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble) as the daughter of Kiyomori by Tokiwa, this book was written at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) with further information being added from the Muromachi period onwards, and it is possible that this information was a late addition.

南朝（なんちょう）は、吉野朝廷（よしのちょうてい）とも称され、南北朝時代 (日本)に京都以南の大和国の吉野（奈良県吉野郡吉野町）、賀名生（同県五條市西吉野町）、摂津国の住吉行宮（大阪府大阪市住吉区）を本拠とした大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇に属する朝廷。
The Southern Court is also called the Yoshino Court and was the court belonging to Emperor Godaigo of the Daikaku-ji Temple line established in the period of Northern and Southern Courts and based in the Yoshino (present day Yoshino Town, Yoshino County, Nara Prefecture), Ano (present day Nishiyoshino Town, Gojo City, Nara Prefecture) in the province of Yamato, south of Kyoto, Sumiyoshi-angu (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) in the province of Settsu.

これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.

結果的には上記提案どおりであったが、両統迭立の約束自体が極めて不確実な状態のまま大覚寺統傍系の後醍醐が即位したことは、後醍醐が父後宇多の遺志に従わずに自分の子孫に皇位を継承させようとしたこともあり、南北朝時代 (日本)の両統並立に繋がっていった。
The above proposal was achieved, but the enthronement of Godaigo, who was in the collateral line of Daikakuji-to, without a definite agreement on alternate succession led to the concurrent succession in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), where Godaigo attempted to make his descendant succeed to the throne irrespective of the wishes of his father Gouda.

南北ともロータリーも設置され、北口ロータリーからは京都交通 (舞鶴)によって市内各地へ連絡されているほか、東京都、大阪市（梅田、難波）、神戸市、京都市方面への高速バス乗り場、タクシー乗り場、休日には、舞鶴観光周遊バス（プリーズ号）が運行している。
There are interchanges in front of both the North and South Exits; Kyoto Kotsu (Maizuru) bus services to throughout the city, expressway bus services to Tokyo, Osaka City (Umeda and Nanba), Kobe City, and Kyoto City, taxi services and, on holidays, the Maizuru sightseeing bus 'Please' all leave from the North Exit interchange.

大和国国人は、興福寺の二大門跡である大乗院・一乗院の衆徒、あるいは春日社の神人（国民）として組織されていたが、南北朝時代 (日本)には、南朝 (日本)方であった国民の越智氏と北朝 (日本)方であった一乗院衆徒の筒井氏を中心とし激しく争っていた。
The local lords of Yamato Province were either monk-soldiers of Daijo-in or Ichijo-in, the two biggest monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) of Kofuku-ji Temple, or kokumin who were jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Kasuga-sha Shrine, but in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they fought each other divided into the Southern Court (Japan) side led by the Ochi clan of kokumin and the Northern Court (Japan) side led by the Tsutsui clan of Ichijo-in monk-soldier.

例えば、後円融の子後小松天皇は、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）に南北朝合一を実現して後醍醐以来の唯一の天皇となり、皇子称光天皇に譲位して院政を行い、1428年（正長元年）に称光が没して皇統が絶えると、伏見宮家から後花園天皇を立てて院政を続けた。
For example Emperor Goenyu's son, Emperor Gokomatsu made the unity of the Southern and the Northern Courts happen in 1392, and became the only Emperor since Emperor Godaigo's era, he then passed the Imperial throne to his Prince, Emperor Shoko to start his cloistered government, after Emperor Shoko died in 1428 and there was no one to succeed to the throne, he appointed Emperor Gohanazono from the Fushiminomiya family as a successor to continue to rule his government.

また、藤原石山『南朝正統皇位継承論』は、副統の後亀山天皇（熙成王）が、足利義満の謀略に掛かって講和したため、1392年（明徳3年）の南北朝合一以後、全国の勤皇の武士たちは南朝正統に味方する大義名分を失い、南朝正統は衰微の一途をたどったとしている。
Also, according to 'Nancho Seito Koi Keisho Ron' written by Sekizan FUJIWARA, it was said that the Emperor Gokameyama (Prince Yoshinari) of 副統 made peace by falling into the snare set by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and therefore after the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392 imperialist samurai (warriors) across the country lost legitimate reason to side with the Legitimate Succession of the Southern Court, then Legitimate Succession of the Southern Court followed a course of decline.

糾法とは弓と馬を意味し、七代目の小笠原貞宗は南北朝時代 (日本)に後醍醐天皇に仕え「弓馬の妙蘊に達し、かつ礼法を新定して、武家の定式とするなり」という御手判を賜り、このとき「弓・馬・礼」の三法をもって小笠原流とする武家作法としてのその位置づけが確立。
'Kyuho' was defined as archery and horsemanship, and the 7th head of the clan, Sadamune OGASAWARA, who served Emperor Godaigo during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, was asked by the Emperor 'to improve archery and horsemanship skills and to set new standards for manners, which samurai families should follow'; it was at this time that the Ogasawara school's three arts of 'archery, horsemanship and courtesy' were established as samurai manners.

この乱により、足利尊氏・直義に分割されていた将軍の権力は尊氏のもとに一本化され、将軍の親裁権は強化されるが、高師直によって吉野を陥落させられ滅亡寸前にまで追い込まれた南朝に、直義・尊氏が交互に降るなど息を吹き返し延命したため、南北朝の動乱が長引いた。
Because of this disturbance, the authority of the shogun that was divided between Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was unified under Takauji and the power of the shogun was strengthened but the Southern Court that was forced to the brink of elimination when KO no Moronao attacked Yoshino, was prolonged when Tadayoshi and Takauji surrendered in turn, and led to the prolongation of the upheaval of the period of Northern and Southern Courts.

内容は3部構成で、後醍醐天皇の即位から鎌倉幕府の滅亡を描いた第1部（巻1～11）、建武の新政の失敗と南北朝分裂から後醍醐天皇の崩御までが描かれる第2部（巻12～21）、南朝方の怨霊の跋扈による足利幕府内部の混乱を描いた第3部（巻23～40）からなる。
The work consists of three parts: Part 1, describing the period from Emperor Godaigo's ascension to the fall of the Kamakura shogunate (vols. 1 to 11); Part 2, describing the period from the failure of the Kemmu Restoration and the split into northern and southern courts to the death of Emperor Godaigo (vols. 12 to 21); and Part 3, describing the disorder inside the Ashikaga shogunate caused by the rampancy of the vengeful ghosts of the Southern Court (vols. 23 to 40).

明治中期までは近代的歴史学による実証的研究から後醍醐天皇・南朝の正統性はそれほど強調されていなかったが、明治40年代に入り、南北朝正閏論を経て、後醍醐天皇・南朝の正統性が強く主張されていき、それに伴って尊氏に対する否定的な評価が確定することとなった。
Until mid Meiji period, source-based study of modern history did not emphasize the validity of Emperor Go-Daigo (the Southern Court), but at around 1907 40 when the Nanbokucho Seijunron arose, the validity of Emperor Go-Daigo came to be stressed, creating a negative evaluation of Takauji.

宗良親王（むねよししんのう/むねながしんのう、1311年（応長元年） - 1385年9月14日（元中2年/至徳2年8月10日）?）は、南北朝時代・室町時代の皇族で後醍醐天皇の皇子で、信濃の宮や大草の宮・幸坂の宮（庇護者となった香坂氏に由来）と呼ばれた。
Imperial prince Muneyoshi/Munenaga (1311 - September 14, 1385) was an Imperial family member during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and was Emperor Godaigo's Prince, who was called Shinanonomiya, Okusanomiya, Kosakanomiya (originating from the Kosaka clan who became the protector).

後醍醐天皇の元亨2年（1322年）以後、壷銭を通常の課税とする議論は度々行われてきたが、延暦寺などの反対もあり漸く南北朝時代_(日本)に入って以後、造酒正によって徴税が行われるようになったが、延暦寺などの支援を受けて課税忌避を図る酒屋もあり対立が続いた。
Since 1322 when Emperor Godaigo was in power, arguments to turn tsubo-sen into a form of regular taxation had arisen many times, but opposition by Enryaku-ji Temple delayed collecting taxes from sake dealers by miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) until the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and conflicts continued because some sake breweries refused to pay tax with Enryaku-ji Temple on their side.

南北に長い京都府では従来、京都市を除く12の地域に地方振興局を設置し、地域にあった振興策を策定していたが、社会情勢の大きな変化により、2004年（平成16年）5月に地域の中核都市（宇治・亀岡・舞鶴市・京丹後）に地方振興局を集約、4の広域振興局体制に再編した。
In Kyoto Prefecture that covers a wide area in the north-south direction, a regional development bureau placed at each of the twelve regions of the prefecture, except Kyoto City, compiled its own development plan, but corresponding to changes in social situations, they were reorganized in May of 2004 into four wide-area development bureaus, each placed in the four core cities of Uji, Kameoka, Maizuru and Kyotango.

藤原京は大和の古道（中ツ道・下ツ道・横大路・山田道）に囲われた領域に南北12条東西4坊ずつの街路が整備され、東西南北3門ずつ計12門を持ち、宮城は市域の中央北寄りに位置しており、その北には苑池が配されていたとことなどから、北魏洛陽城の影響が指摘されている。
The influence of Luoyang of Northern Wei has been pointed out in the layout of Fujiwara-kyo, for its characteristics such as the area surrounded by the ancient paths in Yamato Province (Nakatsu Michi, Shimotsu Michi, Yokooji and Yamada Michi), the streets dividing the city into twelve rows and eight columns (each of the east and west towns devided into four), three gates attached on each of the north, south, east and west walls (twelve in total), the imperial palace located slightly north to the center and a pond park located further north.

それでも惣領制は鎌倉時代にはともかくも維持されていたが、鎌倉幕府という重しが消滅し、建武政権が南北に分列し、更に天下三分の形勢となるに及んで、嫡子、庶子の分裂も見られるようになり、更には勝った側についた庶子・庶家（しょけ）が嫡流の宗家を凌駕する事態も訪れる。
The soryo system was sustained during Kamakura period, but as heavy presence of Kamakura period disappeared, Kenmu government subdivided into south and north as well as the conflict began to rise between the legitimate child and illegitimate child as 天下三分 formed, and illegitimate child and branch family that was on the winning side started to surpassed the head family of the main line.

寺社造営料唐船（じしゃぞうえいりょうとうせん）は、14世紀前半（鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて）に、主要な寺社の造営（修復・増築を含む）費用を獲得することを名目として、幕府の認可の下、日本から元 (王朝)に対して派遣された貿易船群のことである。
Jishazoeiryotosen is a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty under authorization of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of major temples and shrines in the first half of the 14th century (from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts -Japan).

鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)初期にかけて、越後国佐橋庄南条（現在の新潟県柏崎市）から高田郡吉田郡山城（現在の広島県安芸高田市）へ移った後に国人領主として成長し、戦国時代 (日本)には国人領主から戦国大名への脱皮を遂げ、ついには中国地方最大の勢力となる。
From the end of the Kamakura period to the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan moved from Nanjo in Sahashinosho, Echigo Province (present Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture) to the Yoshidakoriyama-jo Castle in Takada County (present Akitakata City, Hiroshima Prefecture), and developed their power as assuming the position of kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord), then became a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the clan eventually grew to be the most powerful one in the Chugoku region.

十二天とは、東西南北と東北・東南・西北・西南の八方を護る諸天に、天・地・日・月にかかわる4種の神を加えて十二天としたもので、伊舎那天、帝釈天、火天（かてん）、焔魔天、羅刹天（らせつてん）、水天、風天、毘沙門天、梵天、地天、日天、月天（がってん）の十二尊からなる。
Juniten was determined to be the eight Ten which guard the eight directions of north, south, east, west, northeast, southeast, northwest and southwest, adding four gods related to heaven, earth, the sun and the moon, and consists of twelve deities of Ishanaten (Isana), Taishakuten (Indra), Katen (Agni), Emmaten (Yama), Rasetsuten (Rakshasa), Suiten (Varuna), Futen (Vayu), Bishamonten (Vaisravana), Bonten (Brahma, Brahman), Jiten (Prithivi), Nitten (Surya, Aditya) and Gatten (Candra).

生駒山中でも大阪に面した西側南北10kmほどの地域、北から順に辻子谷（づしだに）、額田谷（ぬかただに）、鳴川谷（なるかわだに、以上いずれもハイキングコースとして知られる）、山畑・服部川地区、黒谷など、互いに平行に走る谷沿いにそれぞれ数個の寺院が連なって存在する。
In the area spreading 10km from north to south on the west side of Mt. Ikoma viewing Osaka, specifically, from north, Zushidani Valley, Nukatadani Valley, Narukawadani Valley, all of which are known as hiking trails, Yamahata and Hattorigawa Area, and Kurotani, a few temples are closely located in line along each valley running in parallel.

明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年（明治36年）及び1909年（同42年）の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.

なお、校異編の凡例によれば、比較校合に採用した写本の基準は、おおむね、青表紙本系統の写本については南北朝時代 (日本)ころまでの書写であるもの。河内本系統の写本については鎌倉時代ころまでの書写であるもの。別本の写本については室町時代ころまでの書写であるもの。としている。
According to explanatory notes in a book of comparison, the criteria for selecting the manuscripts for comparison and collation are generally as follows: the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscripts which were made by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); the Kawachi-bon line manuscripts which were made during the Kamakura period; the Beppon manuscripts which were made during the Muromachi period.

光厳天皇（こうごんてんのう正和2年7月9日（1313年8月1日） - 正平19年/貞治3年7月7日（1364年8月5日）、在位：元弘元年9月20日（1331年10月22日） - 元弘3年/正慶2年5月25日（1333年7月7日））は、南北朝時代の北朝第1代天皇とされている。
Emperor Kogon (August 1, 1313 - August 5, 1364), his reign was from October 22, 1331 to July 7, 1333) and he was the first Emperor of Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

後世では、東国における武門の習いは義家が整備したといわれ、その名声は武門の棟梁としての血脈としての評価を一層高めることとなったというのは、主に南北朝時代の末に、義家の子孫である足利幕府の正統性をうたう為に書かれた『源威集』にある「諸家輩、源家将軍ヲ代々仁王ト奉仰ハ此故也」からの派生。
Later generations claimed that the Way of the Bushi in Eastern Japan was established by Yoshiie, and that the increased reputation from a blood connection to the chief of the bushi was derived from a phrase in the 'Geni-shu,' written to legitimize the Ashikaga shogunate created by the descendants of Yoshiie during the end of the Nanboku (Northern and Southern Court) period.

また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.

全40巻で、南北朝時代 (日本)を舞台に、後醍醐天皇の即位から、鎌倉幕府の滅亡、建武の新政とその崩壊後の南北朝分裂、観応の擾乱、2代将軍足利義詮の死去と細川頼之の管領就任まで（1318年（文保2年） - 1368年（貞治6年）頃までの約50年間）を書く軍記物語。
It is a war chronicle in 40 volumes that describes the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) from 1318 through 1368 (for about 50 years), starting from Emperor Godaigo's ascension to the throne and continuing through the fall of the Kamakura shogunate, the Kemmu Restoration and the split into northern and southern courts that followed its collapse; the Kanno disturbance, and the death of the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and ending with the assumption of the office of kanrei (deputy shogun) by Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA.

12世紀に入ると既存の官物率法に代わって、国衙領の公田のみならず、荘園の年貢に対しても一国平均役・御家人役などの形で公租が賦課されるようになり、これらの賦課による貢納物に対しても官物という言葉が用いられるようになり、南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までこの呼称が用いられた。
In the twelfth century, in place of the previous Kanmotsu rippo, public taxes called Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen manors and provincial lands) and Gokeninnyaku (odd-jobs for vassals) were collected from not only Kokuga owned public fields but also Shoen, and the tithes from these taxes were also called Kanmotsu and this term was used until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

深川の無頼者たちを仲間にする三五郎が、父の旧主の困窮のために人を騙すのに対して、結局のところ痴情によって多数の人を斬り殺す源五兵衛が、最終的には数右衛門に戻って晴れて義士の列に加わる点において、不条理な身分の違いを、暗に、しかし強烈に、南北は皮肉っているとされている。
It is said that Nanboku satirized the unreasonable hierarchical society indirectly and severely by depicting the outcomes of main two characters' lives; although Sangoro is just a ruffian of the common people's town Fukagawa, he cheats a person to save his father's ex-master who has been in difficulties; however, although Gengobe murders many people by passions, at last he sheds his disguise and as real himself Kazuemon, joins the group of the loyal samurai with no shame.

在来線の出入口は、北側地上に「烏丸中央口」、北側地下1階に「地下中央口」、南北自由通路に通じる西側橋上駅舎上に「西口」、地下自由通路に通じる地下1階に「地下東口」、南東側地上に「八条東口」、山陰線ホームからアクセスできるビックカメラJR京都店二階に「西洞院口」がある。
The entrances/exits of conventional lines are situated as follows: 'Karasuma Chuo-guchi (Karasuma central entrance/exit)' for the north side on the ground; 'Chika Chuo-guchi (underground central entrance/exit)' for the north side of the first floor in the basement; 'Nishi-guchi (west entrance/exit)' for the rooftop of the station building on the west bridge, which connects the Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro (north-to-south main corridor); 'Chika Higashi-guchi (underground east entrance/exit)' for the first floor in the basement, which connects the Chika-Jiyu-Tsuro (underground corridor); 'Hachijo Higashi-guchi (Hachijo east entrance/exit)' for the southeast side on the ground; and 'Nishinotoin-guchi (Nishinotoin entrance/exit)' located on the second floor of Bic Camera JR Kyoto Shop, which is also accessible from the platform of the Sanin (Main) Line.

南朝には正副二統の皇統が存在し、陽動作戦のために吉野に設けた擬天皇である、副統の後亀山天皇が、足利義満の謀略に掛かって講和したため、1392年（元中9年）の南北朝合一以後、全国の勤皇の武士たちは宮方（南朝正統）に味方する大義名分を失い、宮方の勢力は衰微の一途をたどった。
There were 2 lineages in the Southern Court, and since the false Emperor, Emperor Gokameyama, who was put in Yoshino Province as a distraction, made peace with Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA by falling into his snare, after the unification of Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, samurai throughout the country who were pro-Imperial lost their reason to support miyagata (Legitimate Succession of the Southern Court), and the power of miyagata only shrunk as time went by.

崇光天皇（すこうてんのう、建武元年4月22日（1334年5月25日） - 応永5年1月13日（1398年1月31日）在位：正平3年 / 貞和4年10月27日（1348年11月18日） - 正平6年 / 観応2年 11月7日（1351年11月26日））は、南北朝時代の北朝第3代天皇である。
Emperor Suko (May 25, 1334 - January 31, 1398), his reign was from November 18, 1348 to November 26, 1351, he was the third Emperor of the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

後円融天皇（ごえんゆうてんのう、延文3年/正平13年12月12日（1359年1月11日） - 明徳4年4月26日（1393年6月6日）在位：応安4年/建徳2年3月23日（1371年4月9日） - 永徳2年/弘和2年4月11日（1382年5月24日））は、南北朝時代の北朝第5代天皇である。
Emperor Goenyu (January 11, 1359 - June 6, 1393), his reign was from April 9, 1371 to May 24, 1382, he was the fifth Northern Court Emperor of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

長慶天皇（ちょうけいてんのう、興国4年/康永2年（1343年） - 応永元年8月1日 (旧暦)（1394年8月27日、在位：正平 (日本)23年/応安元年3月11日 (旧暦)（1368年3月29日） - 弘和3年/永徳3年（1383年）10月）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の第98代天皇である。
Emperor Chokei (1343 – September 4, 1394; reign: April 6, 1368 – November 1383) was the ninety-eighth emperor of Japan, who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

光明天皇（こうみょうてんのう、元亨元年12月23日（1322年1月11日） - 天授6年/康暦2年6月24日（1380年7月26日））在位：延元元年/建武3年8月15日（1336年9月20日）- 正平3年/貞和4年10月27日（1348年11月18日））は、南北朝時代の北朝第2代天皇である。
Emperor Komyo (January 11, 1322 - July 26, 1380) his reign was from September 20, 1336 to November 18, 1348, he was the second Emperor of the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

5年（135年）9月、諸国に令して、行政区画として国郡（くにこおり）・県邑（あがたむら）を定め、それぞれに国造（くにのみやつこ）・稲置（いなぎ）等を任命して、山河を隔にして国県を分かち、阡陌（南北東西の道）に随って邑里（むら）を定め、古代日本の地方官制の整備を図った。
In September 135, he issued an imperial ordinance and established Kuni Kori and Agata Mura as administrative districts, and then he appointed Kuni no miyatsuko (provincial governor) and Inagi (regional official responsible for rice storage) for each district, drew boundaries at mountains and rivers between provinces, and laid down Mura (village) along Senpaku (roads) to develop local bureaucratic system in ancient Japan.

義弘は将軍家からの御恩の深さを感謝しながらも、今川了俊に従軍しての九州での戦い、明徳の乱、南北朝合一、少弐氏退治での自らの功績を述べ、それにも関わらず将軍家は和泉国と紀伊国を取り上げようとし、また先年の少弐氏との戦いで討ち死にした弟の満弘の子への恩賞がない不満を述べる。
Yoshihiro said that he remained grateful for the deep favor the shogunal family had bestowed on him, but also listed his own accomplishments in the battles in Kyushu joining forces with Ryoshun IMAGAWA, in the Meitoku rebellion, in unifying the Southern and Northern Courts, and in the annihilation of the Shoni family before pointing out his dissatisfaction that despite these deeds, the Ashikaga family was trying to remove Izumi and Kii Provinces from his governance, and the fact that his nephew, the son of his younger brother Mitsuhiro - who had died in battle during the recent campaign against the Shoni family - had received no reward for his father's service.

南北朝鮮では当時一進会が民衆のみならず知識人からも強い批判を受けていたこと、それまで一進会が同じくチンイルパの李完用首相と共に日本の朝鮮侵出を援護してきたことなどから、この声明書に対して「国権防衛運動、義兵闘争、愛国啓蒙運動などに反するもの」であると非常に批判的である。
Because the Iljinhoe group were receiving strong criticism not only from the general public but also from intellectuals at that time and the group was back Japan's invasion of Korea together with another Chinilpa Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong, in North and South Korea, people were fiercely critical toward this statement as 'a view opposing the protection of national sovereignty, the effort of the Righteous Army (Korean army) and the patriotic enlightenment movement.

悪党は南北朝時代 (日本)にも活動しているが、内乱が終わった14世紀後半、悪党活動によって荘園公領の支配体系が弱体化し、守護や国人らによる本所一円地（荘園）への侵略が進むとともに、本所側の対抗力が衰えてしまうと、本所の支配を侵す悪党という実態は、次第に見られなくなった。
Akuto were also active in the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but when the civil war ended in the late fourteenth century, the manor and public land system was weakened due to akuto activities, and when the countervailing power of honjo weakened as invasion of honjo-ichienchi (manor) by shugo and kokujin (local samurai) increased, the picture of akuto invading honjo's rule gradually disappeared.

一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために（多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した）北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.

倭寇としても有名な九州北部の松浦党は、外部からは「党」と見られるが、その実ほとんど組織的な共同行動はとらず、南北朝時代に九州探題であった今川了俊の働きかけによって最初の下松浦党の一揆団結が行われるが、1384年（永徳4）の一揆誓約書の署名の順番はクジ引によって決たという。
Matsuurato in northern Kyushu also famous for wako (Japanese pirates) could be interpreted as 'to' from outside, but it did not have same systemized actions, and unified for the first time during the uprising of Shimo Matsuura Party (Lower Matsuura Party) by Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who participated in the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the order of signature of the contract for the uprising was decided by lottery in 1384.

後光厳天皇（ごこうごんてんのう延元3年/暦応元年3月2日（1338年3月23日） - 文中3年/応安7年1月29日（1374年3月12日）在位：正平8年/文和元年8月17日（1352年9月25日） - 建徳2年/応安4年 3月23日（1371年4月9日））は、南北朝時代の北朝第4代天皇である。
Emperor Gokogon (March 23, 1338 - March 12, 1374), his reign was from September 25, 1352 to April 9, 1371, he was the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

後村上天皇（ごむらかみてんのう嘉暦3年（1328年） - 正平 (日本)23年 / 応安元年3月11日 (旧暦)（1368年3月29日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の第97代、南朝第2代天皇（在位：延元4年 / 暦応2年8月15日 (旧暦)（1339年9月18日） - 正平23年 / 応安元年3月11日）。
Emperor Gomurakami (1328 - April 6, 1368) was the 97th emperor in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) and the second emperor of the Southern Court. (He reigned from September 26, 1339 until April 6, 1368).

金ヶ崎の戦い（かねがさきのたたかい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年（延元元年/建武 (日本)3年）から翌1337年（延元2年/建武4年）にかけて、越前国金ヶ崎城（福井県敦賀市）に籠城する新田義貞率いる南朝 (日本)方の軍勢と、それを攻撃する斯波高経率いる北朝 (日本)方の軍勢との間で行われた戦いである。
The Battle of Kanegasaki, was a battle between the troop of the Southern Court (Japan) led by Yoshisada NITTA who held Kanegasaki-jo Castle in Echizen Province (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture), and the troop of the Northern Court (Japan) led by Takatsune SHIBA who attacked the castle, from 1336 to 1337 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

後亀山天皇（ごかめやまてんのう、正平 (日本)2年/貞和3年（1347年）？ - 応永31年4月12日 (旧暦)（1424年5月10日））は、南北朝時代 (日本)の第99代、南朝最後の第4代天皇（在位：弘和3年/永徳3年（1383年）10月 - 元中9年/明徳3年10月5日 (旧暦)（1392年11月19日））。
Emperor Gokameyama (1347? - May 10, 1424) was the ninety-ninth Emperor in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the last and fourth Emperor in the Southern Court (reign: November/December 1383 - November 19, 1392).

大治 (日本)3年（1128年）に三善為康が書いたものを原典として鎌倉時代にまとめられたとされる『二中歴』や南北朝時代 (日本)に洞院公賢により書かれたとされる『拾芥抄』にも行基図が添付されているが、書かれた当時のものは残っておらず、現存のものは室町時代以後のものである。
Gyoki-zu is attached to 'Nichureki' which is said to have been compiled in the Kamakura period based on what MIYOSHI no Tameyasu had written and to 'Shogaisho' (an encyclopedia produced in Japan in the medieval ages) which is said to have been written by Kinkata TOIN in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the original versions created at those times do not exist any more and the existing versions were made after the Muromachi period.

平安末期の源平の戦いのころには安倍晴明の子安倍吉平の玄孫にあたる安倍泰親が正四位上、その子の安倍季弘が正四位下にまで昇階していたが、その後の鎌倉幕府への政権移行にともなう政治的勢力失墜や、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱や両統に呼応した家内騒動によって、その勢力は一時衰退した。
Around the time of the War of Genpei at the end of the Heian Period, ABE no Yasuchika, the great-great-grandchild of ABE Seimei's child ABE no Yoshihira, had climbed to the Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and his child ABE no Suehiro the Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), but their power declined for a time due to their losing political influence because power subsequently shifted to the Kamakura bakufu, with the confusion during the (Japanese) Nanbokucho period (period of North and South Courts) and with the family's infighting over which Court they were to side with.

しかし、南北朝時代 (日本)初め（14世紀中葉）頃に成立したとされる『神護寺略記』に、「神護寺には後白河院、平重盛、源頼朝、藤原光能、平業房等の肖像があり、それらは藤原隆信の作品である」との内容の記述があり、これが、三幅の像主を平重盛、源頼朝、藤原光能に比定する根拠となった。
However, 'Jingo-ji Temple ryakki' (a journal of Jingo-ji Temple), written around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in the middle of the 14th century) described that Jingo-ji Temple had the portraits including Goshirakawain, TAIRA no Shigemori, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, and TAIRA no Narifusa and they were drawn by FUJIWARA no Takanobu; this was the clue to judge the figures as TAIRA no Shigemori, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi.

このような情勢の中で1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）、足利義満の斡旋で、大覚寺統と持明院統の両統迭立と、全国の国衙領を大覚寺統の所有とすること（実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった）を条件に、南朝の後亀山天皇が北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を渡し、南北朝が合体した（明徳の和約）。
Amid such circumstance, in 1392 (Genchu 9/Meitoku 3), through Shogun Yoshimitsu's mediation, under the conditions that the alternate succession between the Kameyama (Daitokuji) and Jimyoin lineages be restored, and the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage be officially made owner of all the Kokuga (public) territory in the entire country (although in actuality, there was very little such territory due to the proliferation of shoen), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court handed over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, and the Northern and Southern Courts were unified (in what was called the Peace Treaty of Meitoku).

条坊制は儒教の古典である『周礼』（しゅらい）考工記による都制の基準で、都城は9里の方形であること、南北9条、東西9坊の街路が走りその幅が車のわだちの9倍であること、中央に宮室を置きその左右に宗廟と社稷を配置すること、宮室の南には朝廷、北には市場を配すること、などが記されている。
Jobosei is the rule of capital system stated by Kao Gong Ji (Records of technology, architecture, city planning etc.) in 'Rites of Zhou,' a classic of Confucianism, which defines Tojo as follows: (1) its shape is a square, nine li (li is an old Chinese unit of distance) on each side; (2) it has nine north-south streets and nine east-west streets, which are nine carriage tracks in width; and (3) the palace is located in the middle, with the alter of imperial ancestors on the east, the altar of soil and grain on the west, the imperial court on the south, and the market on the north.

後醍醐天皇の勅令によって鎌倉幕府が倒され、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇から離反して室町幕府を開き南北朝時代 (日本)が到来すると、京に幕府を持ち北朝 (日本)を支持する足利将軍家は次第に公家風の志向をもつようになり、3代征夷大将軍足利義満のころからは陰陽師が再び重用されるようになった。
When the (Japanese) Nanbokucho Period (period of North and South Courts) came as Takauji ASHIKAGA started the Muromachi bakufu, breaking away from Emperor Godaigo after the Kamakura bakufu was overthrown by the order of that emperor, the Ashikaga Shogunate family, having the feudal government in Kyoto and supporting the North Court, gradually began to adopt the court noble-like lifestyle and onmyoji once again began to have influence around the time of the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

京都市中心部の多くの駅は、東西方向に走る路線は「交叉する南北の街路名」から、南北方向に走る路線（京都市営地下鉄烏丸線など）は「交叉する東西方向の街路名」から駅名をとっており、当駅の仮称も駅付近を走っている道路名の「天神川通」からとられていたが、地元要望にも配慮して最終決定された。
Many of the station names in the central part of Kyoto City are given under the following system: give 'a name of a street running north-south' to a station on the line running east-west that crosses the street or give 'a name of a street running east-west' to a station on the line running north-south (e.g., Kyoto Municipal Subway Karasuma Line) that crosses the street; accordingly, the station was temporarily named after 'Tenjingawa-dori' (which is the name of a street running near the station) before the station name 'Uzumasa-tenjingawa' was finally selected by taking into account a request by local people.

奈良時代の東大寺の伽藍は、南大門、中門、金堂（大仏殿）、講堂が南北方向に一直線に並び、講堂の北側には東・北・西に「コ」の字形に並ぶ僧房（僧の居所）、僧房の東には食堂（じきどう）があり、南大門-中門間の左右には東西2基の七重塔（高さ約100メートルと推定される）が回廊に囲まれて建っていた。
In the temple of Todai-ji in the Nara Period, Nandai-mon Gate, Chumon Gate, Kon-do Hall (the Great Buddha Hall) and Kodo Hall were all in a line in a north to south direction, and on the north side of the Kodo Hall the priests' living quarters were layed out in a U-shape to the east, north and west; and on the left and right sides between the Nandai-mon Gate and Chumon Gate, there were two sets (east and west) of Nanajunoto (seven-story pagodas, approximately 100m tall) and corridors surrounding them.

続く南北朝時代 (日本)には埴科郡に割拠する有力豪族村上氏と共に北朝 (日本)方に属し、正平 (日本)6年/観応2年(1351年)6月に高梨経頼は小笠原為経・小笠原光宗らと足利直義の諏訪直頼の代官祢津宗貞と野辺原（須坂市野辺）で戦い、8月には富部河原、善光寺、米子城（須坂市米子）で戦った。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Takashina clan and the powerful Murakami clan, which was active in Hanishina County, were on the Northern Court side, and Tsuneyori TAKANASHI (along with Tametsune OGASAWARA and Mitsumune OGASAWARA) fought Munesada NETSU, the local governor for Naoyori SUWA, on the side of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA, at Nobehara (Nobe, Suzaka City) in July of 1351 at Tobe Gawara, Zenko-ji Temple, Yonago-jo Castle (Yonago, Suzaka City) in September.

吉野の山中にて南朝を開き、京都朝廷(北朝 (日本))と吉野朝廷（南朝）が並立する南北朝時代に後醍醐天皇は、尊良親王や恒良親王らを新田義貞に命じて北陸へ向かわせたほか、懐良親王を征西将軍に任じて九州へ、宗良親王を東国へ、義良親王を陸奥国へと、各地に自分の皇子を送って北朝方に対抗させようとした。
In the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in which the Kyoto Court (Northern Court [Japan]) and Yoshino Court (Southern Court) both stood, the Emperor Godaigo, who set up the Southern Court in the middle of Mt. Yoshino, not only ordered Yoshisada NITTA to dispatch the Imperial Prince Kanenaga and the Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi to Hokuriku region and appointed the Imperial Prince Korenaga Seisei shogun to dispatch him to Kyushu region, but also dispatched other imperial princes of his own to various places such as the Imperial Prince Muneyoshi to the eastern Japan, and the Imperial Prince Norinaga to Mutsu Province, in order to oppose the Northern Court.

そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).

だが、鎌倉幕府によって地頭が設置されて検断権を掌握し、更に在地勢力に発言権の高まりとともに本所及び荘務権そのものが衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に守護請・地頭請あるいは在地の有力者などに一定額の年貢納入義務を引き換えに荘務を請負わせる「請負荘園」の増加によって荘務権は有名無実化することになる。
However, since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had established the jito (estate stewards), who held the right to judge criminal cases, the authority of the shomuken and honjo themselves eroded; and further, as the cases of 'Ukeoi shoen, ' which was the contract system in which the shoen owners entrusted the shomu to Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) or to the locally influential individuals in return for the exemption of the payment of the certain amount of nengu (land tax), increased during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the shomuken virtually lost its substance.

通常鎌倉期のそれを前期、南北朝期以降のそれを後期と呼んで区分しているが、前期京極派においては京極為兼、伏見院、久明親王、西園寺しょう子、藤原為子（従三位為子）、冷泉為相（娘が持明院統の久明親王に嫁す）らが主要な歌人として活躍し、十三番目の勅撰集『玉葉和歌集』（伏見院下命、為兼撰）が編まれた。
In general, the history of the Kyogoku school is broken into two periods, with the school during the Kamakura period dubbed the early period and all its history from the Northern and Southern Court period onwards being called the late period; its principal active poets included Tamekane KYOGOKU, Emperor Fushimi, Imperial Prince Hisaaki, Shoshi SAIONJI, Tameshi FUJIWARA (also known as Tameshi of Junior Third Rank), and Tamesuke REIZEI (whose daughter married Imperial Prince Hisaaki of the Jimyoin lineage), and Tamekane was also chosen (by order of Emperor Fushimi) to compile the 13th Imperial waka anthology, 'Gyokuyo wakashu' (the Jeweled Leaves Collection).

なお、アンドウの表記について諸史料では主として鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての津軽時代には「安藤氏」、室町時代中期以降の秋田時代には「安東氏」とされている例が多いことから、個人名表記は概ね15世紀半ばまでを「安藤」、以降を「安東」とするが、本稿では便宜上、氏族名は「安東」で統一する。
Concerning the writing of its name 'Ando,' in those historical records generally state as, the clan used the denomination of '安藤 (Ando) clan' during the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the clan was settled in Tsugaru region, while it was settled in Akita region in the mid-Muromachi period and after, its denomination came to be written '安東 (Ando) clan,' and therefore, the individual surnames of the clan until mid-15th century will be written as '安藤 (ANDO)' and after that it will be written as '安東 (ANDO),' and for the sake of simplicity, the clans name will be consistently written as the 'Ando' clan.

南北朝時代 (日本)から室町初期に完成した『庭訓往来』には、「城下に招き居えべき輩」として多くの商人、職人の名を列挙しており、襖障子に関係するものとして唐紙師、経師、紙漉き、塗師、金銀細工師などが挙げられており、襖建具が分業化された職人を必要とするほどに、武士階級に相当普及していた事とが知れる。
In the 'Teikin-orai' (Epistolary for Home Instruction) completed from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, many names of merchants and workmen are described as 'people who should stay in the castle town' including masters of fusuma-shoji such as kami-shi, kyo-ji, paper making, craftsmen of lacquer ware and handiworks, and craftsmen of gold and silver handiworks, which shows that fusuma-shoji was widespread in the samurai class and they required specialized craftsmen.

また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝 (日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代 (日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝 (日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満（南北朝合一以前）は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった（皇国史観）。
Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).

一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年（延元元年/建武 (日本)3年）に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.

一般的には、論理の明解さから新説を支持する意見が多いとされるが、美術史の立場からは、三像の画風が平安後期-鎌倉初期のものであり、様式から見て南北朝期のものとは言い難く、三像の成立を南北朝期まで下らせる積極的理由のないことが繰り返し強調されるなど、両者間の断絶は大きく、論争の終結はまだ見込まれていない。
The new theory has been strongly supported generally for its clear logic; however, in terms of art history, they are taking a drawing style which is seen in the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period, that could not be a drawing in the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and it is repeatedly claimed that there is no positive evidence to consider that these three portraits were done in the period of Northern and Southern Courts; there has been a significant gap between these theories and the controversy has not yet been concluded.

祇園社の南北朝時代 (日本)の記録である『祇園執行日記』の康永2年（1343年）7月7日 (旧暦)の条に、麺類を指す言葉として索餅（さくべい）、索麺・素麺（そうめん）と三つの表記があり、これが「そうめん」という言葉の文献上の初出とされている（南北朝時代の「異制定訓往来」が「素麺」の初出という説もある）。
In an article of July 7, 1343 (old calendar) in 'Gion Shigyonikki' which is a record of Gion-sha Shrine during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), there are three words indicative of noodles including 'sakubei,' 'sakumen,' and 'somen,' and it is believed to be the first appearance of the word 'somen' in writings (there is another theory that the first appearance of 'somen' was 'Iseiteikinourai' during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).

3層構造で、1階は改札口（八条口）・駅事務室・名店街、2階がホームと改札口（中央口、この改札口は開業当初から長らく旧国鉄→現JR京都駅の内部にある形で乗換用の改札機もあったが、現京都駅ビル建設および同駅南北自由通路設置に合わせて両社の改札口は完全分離化された）、3階はJR東海の新幹線ホームとなっている。
It has a three-layer structure: a ticket wicket (Hachijo-guchi (Hachijo entrance/exit)), the station office and Meitengai shopping arcade are located on the first floor; the platforms and a ticket wicket (Chuo-guchi (Central entrance/exit)) are located on the second floor (a ticket gate was located inside the JNR/JR Station for a long time with a ｔicket machine for transfer, but when the new station building was constructed and the Nanboku-Jiyu-Tsuro was made, the ticket wickets of the two companies were fully separated); and the third floor has the platforms for the JR Central Shinkansen.

南北朝合一時の約束「明徳の和約」では天皇は北朝 (日本)系（持明院統）と南朝系（大覚寺統）から交代で出す（迭立）ことになっていたが、1412年（応永19年）に北朝系の後小松天皇の次代として後小松上皇の皇子称光天皇が即位したことをきっかけに、北朝系によって天皇位が独占されるようになったのに反抗して起こった。
Under the 'Meitoku Compromise,' an agreement reached when the Northern and Southern Courts were unified, the Imperial throne would alternate between candidates from the (Japanese) Northern dynasty (of the Gofukakusa lineage) and the Southern dynasty (of the Kameyama lineage), but in 1412 Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern lineage broke precedent by enthroning his son Prince (Emperor) Shoko as his successor, in a bid to monopolize the Imperial throne for the Northern dynasty lineage, which provoked hostility among former Southern Court supporters.

しかし、豪族を、「勢力のある一族」「有力な一族」という意味での一般的な使用（例えば「南北朝時代の○○国△△郡の豪族」というような使用）では、豪族という形容は、その後の時代の地頭や悪党、国人出自などの領主クラスの大名分の武家に対してしばしば使用され、戦国時代・安土桃山時代まで豪族という形容をすることがある。
However, in the general use of Gozoku as the meaning of 'a potent clan' or 'powerful clan' (for example the use like 'Gozoku in △△ District, OO Province' in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), the term 'Gozoku' was often used to describe Jito (manager and lord of manor), Akuto (a villain in the medieval times), and samurai families at the same level as daimyo in the feudal lord class from Kokujin (local samurai) in the subsequent periods, and they were sometimes described as Gozoku until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) and the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

遺跡は、現在の川越市市街地の北西、入間川西岸に接する平地にあり、その南東部を占める常楽寺境内をはさんで、東西約150メートル、南北約200メートルの方形の区画（曲輪）を思わせる高さ1メートルないし3メートルの土塁およびその外側の堀が一部遺存しており、全体では東西約240メートル、南北約300メートルの規模を有する。
The remains are located on a plain on the western shore of the Iruma-gawa River to the north-west of the urban area of the current Kawagoe City, sandwiching the Joraku-ji Temple to the south-east and covering an area approximately 150 meters east to west and 200 meters north to south, with a mound about one to three meters high, and part of the moat remains on the outside, with the total area covering approximately 240 meters east to west and 300 meters north to south.

湊川の戦い（みなとがわのたたかい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年7月4日（（建武 (日本)3年）5月25日 (旧暦)）に、摂津国湊川（現・兵庫県神戸市中央区_(神戸市)・兵庫区）で、九州から東上して来た足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟らの軍と、これを迎え撃った後醍醐天皇方の新田義貞・楠木正成の軍との間で行われた合戦である。
The Battle of Minatogawa was fought on July 12, 1336 during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in Minatogawa, Settsu Province (modern day Chuo Ward/Hyogo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) between the forces of the brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA who had traveled east from Kyushu and Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI who were loyal to Emperor Godaigo.

延宝4年（1676年）6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.

南朝から北朝への神器の引渡し、国衙領を大覚寺統、長講堂領を持明院統の領地とする事、皇位は両統迭立とする（後亀山天皇の子である小倉宮実仁親王の立太子）事など3か条を条件に和睦が成立し、1392年（明徳3年/元中9年）に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて、大覚寺にて後小松天皇と会見して神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した。
After there were three agreements settled such as passing the three sacred treasures from the Southern Court to the Northern Court, a governorship that was to belong to the Daikakuji Imperial line and the Chokodo possessions were to belong to the Jimyoin Imperial line, and Imperial succession would be shared by both Courts, (Emperor Gokameyama's son, Oguranomiya Imperial Prince Sanehito was going to become Crown Prince) in 1392 Emperor Gokameyama went to Kyoto to see Emperor Gokomatsu at the Daikaku-ji Temple, and to pass the three sacred treasures, there was the unity of the Southern and Northern Courts, although Imperial succession was succeeded by the Northern Court this time, not by the Southern Court.

鎌倉末期から南北朝時代における安東氏の支配領域は、安藤宗季（上記の季久とする説が有力）による譲り状や安藤師季に対する北畠顕家安堵状によると、陸奥国鼻和郡絹家島、尻引郷、行野辺郷、蝦夷の沙汰、糠部郡宇曾利郷、中浜御牧、湊、津軽西浜以下の地頭御代官職となっており、現在の青森県地方のうち八戸近辺を除く沿岸部のほとんどと推定されている。
It is supposed that, the Ando clan's territory during the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts consisted of the major part of the coastal regions except for the vicinity of current Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, according to the documents such as a letter of concession by Munenori ANDO (the widely-accepted theory is that it was the same person as the above mentioned Suehisa) and Akiie KITABATAKE's certificate for the land directed to Morosue ANDO, in which it is mentioned that the clan was in charge of Jitoondaikan (deputy military governor) in Kinuka-jima, Shirihiki-go and Ikunobe-go, Ezo no sata of Hanawa County, Mutsu Province and in Usori-go, Nakahama-mimaki and Minato Tsugaru-nishihama of Nukabe County, Mutsu Province, and others.

しかし隣の丹波橋駅が奈良電気鉄道（現・近鉄京都線）との接続駅となったことから急行停車駅の座を奪われ、さらに京阪宇治線の分岐駅が土地買収などの関係で南隣の中書島駅となったことや、駅南北を踏切に挟まれてホームの8両対応化が不可能であることから、伏見区の中心部に所在するにもかかわらず、急行や特別急行列車・K特急が通過という状態となっている。
However, although Fushimi-momoyama Station is situated at the center of Fushimi Ward, no express trains, limited express trains, or K-limited express trains stop there due to the following reasons: Tanbabashi Station, located adjacent to this station, started to be used by Nara Electric Railway (presently the Kintetsu Kyoto Line) as well, so express trains began making stops at Tanbabashi Station instead of Fushimi-momoyama Station; Chushojima Station, the next stop to the south of this station became the junction station for the Keihan Uji Line due to land acquisition and other issues; and the platforms could not support eight-car trains because pedestrian crossings are located to the north and south of the station.

陰陽道世襲2家のうち、南北朝期に賀茂氏が通名とするようになった勘解由小路家（居宅が勘解由小路にあったことから室町時代に賀茂氏が名乗るようになったもので、藤原北家日野家流や斯波氏流の勘解由小路家とは異なる）を名乗った賀茂氏の勢力は徐々に凋落し、賀茂在方が「暦林問答集」を著すなど活躍したものの、室町時代中期には勘解由小路得宗家の後継者が殺害されて家系断絶に至った。
Of the 2 families that passed down Onmyodo by succession, the Kadenokoji family that the Kamo family became commonly known as in the Nanbokucho Period (in the Muromachi Period, since their residence was located on Kadenokoji Street, the Kamo clan began to call themselves by this name, but it was different from the Kadenokoji family of the Fujiwara hokke Hino family line or the Shiba clan line) gradually lost their power and, even though KAMO no Arikata wrote 'Rekirinmondoshu' and flourished, the family line ceased to exist when the heir to the main branch of the Kadenokoji family was killed in the mid Muromachi Period.

南北朝時代 (日本)になると、信濃小笠原氏は北朝 (日本)に属し、桔梗ヶ原の戦いで南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を破り吉野へ駆逐した戦功で、室町時代には一族が幕府の奉公衆や信濃の守護となり活躍したが、小笠原長秀が大塔合戦での敗北で守護職を罷免されるなど村上氏や諏訪氏などの有力国人の統制がうまくいかず、上杉氏や斯波氏に守護職を奪われ、強力な統治体制を整えることが出来なかった。
n the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Shinano Ogasawara clan belonging to the Northern Court (Japan) defeated Imperial Prince Muneyoshi of the Southern Court (Japan) at the Battle of Kikyogahara and drove out in Yoshino, by which the clan played active role as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) and Shinano shugo in the Muromachi period, however, because of out-of-control powerful local lords (kokujin) such as the Murakami clan and the Suwa clan, Nagahide OGASAWARA was defeated at the Battle of Oto and therefore the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) was superseded by the Uesugi clan and the Shiba clan, and it couldn't lay out a strong controlling system.

広義には足利尊氏が1336年（建武 (日本)3年）に建武式目を制定し、1338年に正式に京都に幕府を開いてから、15代将軍足利義昭が1573年に織田信長によって追放されるまでの235年間の足利将軍の存続期間を指すのが一般的であるが、前期を南北朝時代 (日本)、後期を戦国時代 (日本)とそれぞれ区分して、南北朝合一から明応の政変（あるいは応仁の乱）までを狭義の室町時代とする場合も多い。
In the broadest sense, the term 'Muromachi period' refers to the 235-year span during which the country was at least nominally ruled by an Ashikaga Shogun, beginning when Takauji ASHIKAGA enacted the Kenmu Code in 1336 before formally creating the bakufu in Kyoto in 1338, and ending when Nobunaga ODA exiled the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, in 1573; however, both the early and late stages of the Muromachi period can also be classified as the Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokucho) (Japan) and Sengoku periods, respectively, so many favor a narrower definition of the Muromachi period, in which it is limited to the span from the unification of the two courts (in 1392) until the outbreak of the Meio Coup (in 1492, or alternatively the outbreak of the Onin War in 1467).

元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された（なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する）。
'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).

1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）には南朝勢力が全国的に衰微したため義満は大内義弘を仲介に南朝方と交渉を進め、持明院統と大覚寺統が交互に即位する事（両統迭立）や諸国の国衙領を全て大覚寺統の所有とする事（実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった）などの和平案を南朝の後亀山天皇に提示し、後亀山が保持していた三種の神器を持明院統の後小松天皇に接収させて南朝が解消されるかたちでの南北朝合一を実現し58年にわたる朝廷の分裂を終結させる。
In 1392, Yoshimitsu accelerated negotiations with the Southern Court with a help of Yoshihiro OUCHI as an intermediary, as the national influence of the Southern Court was declining. In the negotiations, he presented several following proposals for reconciliation: the emperor should be selected alternately from the two imperial lineages, Jimyoin-to and Daikakuji-to; all the state-owned territories (of which there was actually very little) should belong to the Daikakuji-to; the Three Sacred Treasures which were in the possession of Emperor Go-Kameyama should be presented to Emperor Go-Komatsu of the Jimyoin-to, so that the Southern Court would be dissolved. In this way, he achieved integration of the Northern and Southern Courts, and put a stop to the 58 year split between the courts.

米倉・黒田らの論拠は多岐に渡るが、主要なものとしては、着用している冠の形式が鎌倉末期以降にしか見られないこと、毛抜型太刀の形式が13世紀-14世紀のものと考えられること、三像に使用されるほどの大きさの絹は鎌倉後期以降に出現し、それ以前は絹をつないでいたこと、三像の表現様式（眉・目・耳・唇などの画法）は、14世紀中期の肖像との強い類似が認められること、などであり、これらから三像の成立は南北朝期に置くことが最も自然であるとする。
The theory claimed by Yonekura and Kuroda has wide-ranging evidence, for example, the form of the headdress worn in the portraits is observed only after the end of the Kamakura period, the hair pin type sword has a form that was established from the 13th to the 14th century, the silk in such a size used for the three portraits appeared after the late Kamakura period and silk was connected before that period, and the style of expression (drawing of eye brows, eyes, ears, and lips) of the three portraits is strongly similar to the one in the middle of the 14th century; based on such evidence, it is natural to suppose these three portraits were drawn in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

実際の柳生氏の事項が明らかになるのは、南北朝時代 (日本)の柳生永珍（別名：宗珍、大膳亮柳生永家の子とされる）の頃からで、柳生家の家譜である『玉栄拾遺』によると、元弘3年（1331年）に、南朝 (日本)として、六波羅探題の北条仲時・北条時益の軍勢と戦った永珍は戦功によって、後醍醐天皇から賜った大和国小楊生（大楊生とも）庄の領主となり、柳生氏と名乗った事から始まるとされる（ただし、『玉栄拾遺』の記述自体も伝承の域を出ないという）。
The first record that mentions the Yagyu clan is about Nagayoshi YAGYU (Muneyoshi YAGYU) who was believed to be a child of Daizen no suke (person who was in charge of meals in the Imperial Court) Nagaie YAGYU in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); and according to a genealogy of the Yagyu clan 'Gyokuei Shui,' Nagayoshi supported the Southern Court and fought against the forces of Nagatoki HOJO and Tokimasu HOJO who had their base at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and for the achievement in the battles, Emperor Godaigo gave him the possession and status of the lord of Koyagyusho district (or Oyagyusho district) in Yamato Province, ever since then, he called himself the Yagyu clan; however, it is said that the articles in 'Gyokuei Shui' are nothing but folklore.

なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).

また、歴史学界からは相手にされない説であるが、鎌倉時代の『一代要記』、南北朝時代の『本朝皇胤紹運録』に記載の天武の年齢に基づくと、天武は天智より4歳年長であると解釈できることから、一部の研究家により第40代天武天皇の父親は第34代舒明天皇でないとする仮説（佐々克明、小林恵子、大和岩雄ら）が提唱されており、その場合父親が誰であろうと母親が第37代斉明天皇であったことが皇位継承の条件であったことになるとの主張もあるが、これは仮説であり正式なものとはされていない。
In addition, according to the age of Tenmu stated in 'Ichidaiyoki' (summary chronicle of each reign) in the Kamakura period and 'Honcho Koin Joun roku' (the Emperor's family tree) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Tenmu was four years older than Tenji, for which some scholars including Katsuaki SASA, Keiko KOBAYASHI, and Iwao OWA advocate a tentative theory that the father of the fortieth Emperor Tenmu was not the thirty-fourth Emperor Jomei, and it is also advocated that the prerequisite for succeeding to the throne was that his mother was the thirty-seventh Emperor Saimei no matter who his father was; anyway, this is a tentative non-official theory and not accepted by the historical community.

「從郡至倭循海岸水行歴韓國乍南乍東到其北岸狗邪韓國七千餘里始度一海千餘里至對馬國其大官曰卑狗福曰卑奴母離所居絶方可四百餘里土地山險多深林道路如禽鹿徑有千餘戸無良田食海物自活乗船南北糴又渡一海千餘里名曰瀚海至一大國官亦曰卑狗副曰卑奴母離方可三百里多竹木叢林有三千許家差有田地耗田猶不足食亦南北市糴又渡一海千餘里至末盧國有四千餘戸濱山海居草木茂盛行不見前人好捕魚鰒水無深淺皆沈沒取之東南陸行五百里到伊都國官曰爾支副曰泄謨觚柄渠觚有千餘戸世有王皆統屬女王國郡使往來常所駐」
'從郡至倭循海岸水行歴韓國乍南乍東到其北岸狗邪韓國七千餘里始度一海千餘里至對馬國其大官曰卑狗福曰卑奴母離所居絶方可四百餘里土地山險多深林道路如禽鹿徑有千餘戸無良田食海物自活乗船南北糴又渡一海千餘里名曰瀚海至一大國官亦曰卑狗副曰卑奴母離方可三百里多竹木叢林有三千許家差有田地耗田猶不足食亦南北市糴又渡一海千餘里至末盧國有四千餘戸濱山海居草木茂盛行不見前人好捕魚鰒水無深淺皆沈沒取之東南陸行五百里到伊都國官曰爾支副曰泄謨觚柄渠觚有千餘戸世有王皆統屬女王國郡使往來常所駐'