Honyaku Star - Search: 卑

卑: 782 Terms and Phrases

卑
lowly
base
vile
vulgar

下卑
vulgar
coarse

野卑
vulgarity
meanness

卑陋
low rank
wickedness
vulgarity

卑下
self-abasement
humility
self-depreciation

卑怯
cowardice
meanness
unfairness

貴卑
high and low class

鮮卑
Xianbei (ancient nomadic tribe of northern Asia)

尊卑
high and low
aristocrat and plebeian

卑懐
one's own thought
one's own idea

卑賤
low class
lowly (position)
humble (condition)

卑俗
vulgarity
vulgarism
coarse

卑賎
low class
lowly (position)
humble (condition)

卑属
lineal descendants (beyond grandchildren)

卑劣
mean
foul play
cowardly
base
abjection
squalor
turpitude

卑称
this wretch (oneself)
you wretch

卑猥
indecent
obscene

卑屬
lineal descendants (beyond grandchildren)

卑人
countryfolk
villager
provincial
greedy person
underclass
low-standing person

卑小
petty
trifling

卑近
common
simple

卑見
my humble opinion

卑屈
menial
meanness
servility
abject
abjection

卑言
vulgar expression
vulgarism
slang expression

卑湿
low and damp (land)

卑語
vulgar expression
vulgarism
Profanity

卑諺
vulgar proverb
popular saying

去卑
Liu Qubei

卑衍
Bei Yan

卑南郷
Beinan, Taitung

卑しく
despicably

卑劣に
low

卑怯な
craven
recreant
sneaky

卑下入
Higairi

卑弥子
Himiko

卑弥呼
Himiko
Himiko (queen of Yamatai)
Himeko
Pimiku

卑廬子
Hiroshi

野卑な
boorish
boorishness
coarse
vulgar

卑劣な
base
dark
despicable
mangy
mean
rapscallion
reptile
shallow and shabby
slavish
sneaky

卑屈な
menial
servile
slavish
slimy
subservient

守卑良
Morihiro

卑しみ
contempt

卑しむ
to despise
to disdain
to scorn

卑しい
lowborn
humble
lowly
vulgar
coarse
crude
mean
base
vile
shabby
greedy
gluttonous
avaricious
ignoble
rascal
reptilian

卑怯者
coward
dastard

卑罵語
pejorative term
derogatory word
invective

卑劣漢
mean bastard
sneak
heel
despicable person
reptile

卑金属
base metals

卑南渓
Beinan River

下卑る
to become vulgar
to coarsen

卑下する
condescend

野卑な男
churl

卑弥弓呼
Himikoko

卑劣な人
slimebag/slimeball/slimebucket/geek/scumbag/sleazebag
sneaker

卑しめる
to despise
to abase (oneself)
humble
lower

卑しん坊
greedy person

卑下自慢
Too much humility is pride

官尊民卑
respecting the authorities and denigrating ordinary citizens
statism
making much of officialdom and little of the people

女尊男卑
placing women above men

直系卑属
lineal descendant

男尊女卑
male domination of women
male chauvinism
subjection of women

卑怯千万
very mean (sneaky)
extremely unsportsmanlike

尊卑分脈
'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' the biographies of the nobles and humbles

卑弥呼の死
The Death of Himiko

卑劣なやつ
hound

和田守卑良
Wada Morihiro

卑劣な人間
reptile

卑しむべき
despicable
comtemptible
ignominious

卑しからぬ
respectable
decent

卑屈な屈服
abject surrender

卑劣な恐怖
contemptible fearfulness

卑屈な奴。
Don't be a dog.

卑弥呼の鏡説
The theory of Himiko's mirror

卑しい性格の
mean-spirited

卑しい気質の
mean-spirited

卑怯なやり方
trick

卑しい生まれ
lowborn
of humble birth

尊卑分脈には
The records from Sonpi Bunmyaku:

卑怯なさまの
in a sneaky manner

卑劣なやり口
a scurvy trick

卑屈な態度で
in an obsequious manner
in a slavish manner

卑劣で臆病な
base and cowardly

卑しいさまの
in a cheap manner

卑屈なお世辞
servile flattery

卑屈に従順な
abjectly submissive

卑しく臆病な
despicably cowardly

卑屈に追従する
genuflect

生まれの卑しい
ignoble

卑怯千万(な)
despicable coward

きわめて卑しい
mean as a garret

卑劣なふるまい
skulduggery

卑劣に中傷する
stab a person in the back

卑下も自慢の内
taking pride in one's humility
he that humbleth himself wishes to be exalted
too much humility is pride

卑下も自慢の中
taking pride in one's humility
he that humbleth himself wishes to be exalted
too much humility is pride

卑怯な手です。
the sly one,

卑しくも貧欲な
sordid avarice

卑猥なジョーク
blue jokes

陰茎を表す卑語
obscene terms for penis

臆病で卑劣な人
a cowardly and despicable person

卑しい教区司祭
a lowly parish priest

卑劣である性質
the quality of being ignoble

臆病で卑怯な人
a cowardly and despicable person

卑屈な態度をとる
grovel

卑しい行為をする
prostitute

卑下も自慢のうち
taking pride in one's humility
he that humbleth himself wishes to be exalted
too much humility is pride

邪馬台国の卑弥呼
Himiko of Yamatai-koku

卑しむべき気弱さ
abject cowardice

卑猥なろくでなし
a lecherous good-for-nothing

卑猥な接近を行う
make indecent advances to

最も卑しい種類の
of the most contemptible kind

『三国志』の卑弥呼
Himiko in 'Sanguo Zhi' (The History of the Three Kingdoms)

卑弥呼に比定する説
A legend that identifies her as Himiko (first known ruler of Japan)

卑怯さの寂しい事実
a solitary instance of cowardice

卑劣な誓いの発話者
an utterer of foul oaths

彼の四角い卑しい鼻
his square plebeian nose

彼は卑劣に行動した
he acted despicably

卑屈な口調で話した
spoke in a servile tone

卑屈な方法で褒める
flatter in an obsequious manner

卑猥に振る舞う特性
the trait of behaving in an obscene manner

従順で、卑屈だった
was submissive and subservient

言葉や著述の卑猥さ
obscenity in speech or writing

見下げはてた卑劣さ
despicable cowardice

卑劣なほど少ない量
contemptibly small in amount

卑屈なこびへつらい
fawning obsequiousness

卑弥呼（邪馬台国）
Himiko (Yamataikoku)

史料：『尊卑分脈』
Reference: 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)

なんと卑劣な奴だ。
What a mean fellow!

卑下も自慢のうち。
Too much humility is pride.

卑しい労働をするもの
hewers of wood and drawers of water

「これ、卑しい者よ。
'O thou most base fellow?

近代社会の様々な卑劣
the various turpitudes of modern society

卑劣に臆病で気が弱い
ignobly timid and faint-hearted

許したくない卑劣な人
a meanspirited man unwilling to forgive

卑屈な、へつらう服従
abject or cringing submissiveness

彼は卑劣なやつです。
He is a mean fellow.

卑弥呼 (曖昧さ回避)
Himiko (disambiguation)

「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼
Himiko in the 'Gishiwajinden'

「おい卑怯な犬共め！　
``Ah, the cowardly dogs!

彼女の非難は卑怯だった
her accusations were below the belt

外観において卑劣に狭い
contemptibly narrow in outlook

卑しく、重要でないこと
the state of being humble and unimportant

卑屈でないか従順でない
not servile or submissive

その女王が卑弥呼である。
The queen was Himiko.

卑怯（ひきょう）でさあ」
he is a coward.'

みすぼらしく、卑劣な様の
in a mean and ungenerous manner

彼の目線の卑猥なきらめき
a lecherous gleam in his eye

彼は紛れもなく卑劣な奴だ
he's a veritable swine

救い難いほど卑屈な家政婦
the incurably servile housekeeper

彼は卑しい家系の出である
he comes from humble origins

陰謀と裏切りの卑しい様子
the squalid atmosphere of intrigue and betrayal

意地悪で価値がなく卑劣な
mean and unworthy and despicable

彼は卑しい振舞いをした。
He behaved in a cheap manner.

（卑弥呼＝卑弥呼説参照）
(See also the theory of Himiko [卑弥呼] = Himiko [卑弥呼].)

卑弥呼の誕生地としての伝説
Legends about the birthplace of Himiko

彼女は従属的で卑屈になった
she has become submissive and subservient

その店主は客を卑しく扱った
the store owner treated his customers churlishly

卑怯な手を使った彼らの告発
their accusations hit below the belt

卑劣に貪欲で、報酬目当ての
meanly avaricious and mercenary

卑しく意地が悪くて、臆病な
despicably mean and cowardly

卑猥なことばを山ほど与える
heap obscenities upon

反逆的か卑劣とみなされる人
a person who is regarded as treacherous or sneaky

卑しいことは絶対にしない。
He is above all meanness.

天之菩卑能命（アメノホヒ）
Amenohohi no mikoto

彼は卑怯者だと非難された。
He was denounced as a coward.

彼はなんと卑劣な男だろう。
What a mean fellow he is!

卑弥呼が死に、墓が作られた。
Himiko passed away, and a tomb was constructed.

この卑怯者の騎士−スペンサー
this recreant knight- Spenser

あなたは、卑しい嫌なやつだ！
You miserable skunk!

卑しむべき相手と見なされる人
someone who is regarded as contemptible

その申し出は卑劣な策略だった
that offer was a dirty trick

私は卑怯者には我慢ならない。
I have no tolerance of cowards.

『尊卑分脈』には「尋覚」とも。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (biographies of nobles and humbles), he was also called 'Jinkaku.'

なんて卑劣なことをするんだ！　
That isn't quite the thing, either,

それは卑屈な精神でありました。
It was a menial spirit.

生まれが卑しい（または粗野な）
of ignoble (or ungentle) birth

スラングか野卑な言葉を使用する
use slang or vulgar language

この経験は彼を卑しめるであろう
This experience will humble him

そんなふうに言うなんて卑怯だ。
It's mean of you to talk that way.

卑弥呼：bei1 mi2 hu1
Himiko: bei1 mi2 hu1

不動産の相続を直系卑属に限定する
entail

卑わいなののしり言葉は削除された
expletives were deleted

殺人と同じくらい卑劣な何かをする
would do something as despicable as murder

『尊卑分脈』には享年72とある。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' he died at the age of 72.

彼の卑劣につづられた教養のない手紙
his vilely spelt and illiterate letters

卑しい（または地位の低い）生まれの
of humble (or lowly) birth

汚れた顔の、生まれの卑しい哀れな人
baseborn wretches with dirty faces

彼の言葉の卑劣さは、我々を驚かせた
the vileness of his language surprised us

『尊卑分脈』で源義経の妾とされる。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base) states that she was a mistress of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.

『尊卑分脈』によると名は隆元とも。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), he is also called Takamoto.

この日女命を卑弥呼と音訳したとする。
It is assumed that this 'Hime Mikoto' was transliterated into simply 'Himiko.'

彼は軍人の卑猥な言葉を好んで使った。
He was fond of using soldiers' obscenities:

神さまは卑怯者をお憎みなさるはずだ。
God hates a coward . . .

英国人は、卑劣な人を『能なし』と呼ぶ
the British call a contemptible person a `git'

裏で行われた卑怯な復讐−ジョン・ダン
Mean revenge, committed underhand- John Donne

母は藤原孝泰女（尊卑分脈での記載）。
His mother was wife of FUJIWARA no Takayasu (description in Sonpi Bunmyaku [Bloodlines of Noble and Base]).

おばあさんをだますなんて彼は卑劣だ。
It is mean of him to deceive an elderly lady.

敗北や失敗は人間を非常に卑屈にする。
Defeat and failure make people too humble.

卑劣であるか卑劣であると考えられる人
a person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible

- 卑弥呼が共立され、倭を治め始める。
Himiko was installed as ruler and began to govern Wa.

蔵人であったとされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
It is said that he was Kurodo (Chamberlain) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).
He is said to be a Kurodo (Chamberlain) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku').

卑弥呼をアマテラスに比定する場合の説。
This hypothesis is valid in case Himiko is identified as Amaterasu.

だがある卑劣な貴族がいる、やぶにらみの
But there's a certain little nobleman with a cock-eye

おれは卑怯（ひきょう）な人間ではない。
I am not a sneakish fellow, nor a coward;

と、ジョーは下卑た軽薄な調子で言った。
asked Joe, with foolish flippancy.

政治における、本質的に下品で卑劣なもの
something essentially vulgar and meanspirited in politics

今や、卑怯者というレッテルがはがされた
was now clear of the charge of cowardice

卑屈な模造品であるあるいはを与えられた
being or given to servile imitation

ご機嫌取りをするか卑屈な態度で気を配る
attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner

母は『尊卑分脈』で源義仲の娘とされる。
Her mother is considered to be a daughter of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, according to 'Sompi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base).

そのことでうそをつくなんて君は卑劣だ。
It is mean of you to tell a lie about it.

彼女はその卑劣な男を見るのが嫌だった。
She could not bear the sight of the mean man.

その後邪馬台国の卑弥呼が倭国王となった。
After the war ended, Himiko of the Yamatai-Koku kingdom became the king (queen) of Wa.

しかし彼女がそこまで卑しく零落するとは！
But that she could have sunk so low!

幾分、彼の姿勢において卑怯で、卑劣な何か
something cowardly and ignoble in his attitude

意地の悪さ、悪意、または卑劣さによる敵意
malevolence by virtue of being malicious or spiteful or nasty

『尊卑分脈』はこれを「打死」と表現する。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' described his death as 'a killing in a battle.'

彼らはなぜあんなに卑屈に彼に仕えたのか。
Why did they wait upon him so servilely?

卑弥呼にはその後も何回か銅鏡が下賜された。
Later, as well, Himiko was given bronze mirrors several times.

官位は従五位下、甲斐国守（『尊卑分脈』）。
His official court rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and he filled the post of Kai no kuni no Kami ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

卑弥呼と同じような巫女王とする見方もある。
There is also a view that she was a shaman princess same as Himiko.

11月奴卑口分田の班給を12歳以上とする。
In December, the minimum age for the allotment of a rice-field for nuhi servant was set to 12 years.

しかし彼はそこにどこか卑しいものを認めた。
But he found something mean in it.

鉛、鉄、銅、スズ、および亜鉛は卑金属である
lead, iron, copper, tin, and zinc are base metals

子、その直系卑属又はこれらの者の法定代理人
A child, his/her lineal descendant, or the legal representative

藤原仲麻呂の七男（「尊卑分脈」）とされる。
He was said to be the seventh son of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

母は北条実時女、『尊卑分脈』では源定忠女。
His mother was a daughter of Sanetoki HOJO, but according to 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) a daughter of MINAMOTO no Sadatada.

『尊卑分脈』の経家の注に「号藤谷」とある。
The note regarding Tsuneie in 'Sonpibunmyaku'(a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) mentions '号藤谷.'

彼は人の悪口を言うような卑劣な男ではない。
He is not such a mean fellow as will speak against other people.

新聞のさまざまな虚偽や卑俗さにも関わらず。
Reject all its lies and vulgarity.

「女王卑弥呼が死ぬと男子の王が立てられた。」
After the death of Queen Himiko, a male king took the throne.'

これを「銭の値が卑しくなる」と表現している。
Such acts of using false money or devalued currency were called 'degradation of money.'

嫌味で卑屈な表情の端敵役の陀羅助（だらすけ）
Darasuke for a small enemy role with a sarcastic and slavish expression

あざけりの陰が彼の態度の卑屈さをやわらげた。
A shade of mockery relieved the servility of his manner.

琵琶の名手だったと言われる（『尊卑分脈』）。
He is said to have been a master of biwa (Japanese lute) (from 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

『尊卑分脈』によると判官を務めていたとされる。
He is said to have served as Hangan (an inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

卑弥呼を倭迹迹日百襲媛命とする場合にみられる。
This is only valid in case Himiko is identified as Yamatototohimomoso-hime no mikoto.

だが、この古墳を卑弥呼の墓とする研究者もいる。
However, some scholars claim that it is the tomb of Himiko.

公定は『尊卑分脈』の編纂者としても有名である。
Kinsada is also known as the editor of 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a book about pedigree records of famous people).

「言ってみればサイア少佐の直系卑属じゃないか！
'There's a lineal descendant of Major Sirr for you if you like!

卑しい顔を持つ奴にはひとつしか道はありません。
Fellows who have rascally faces have only one course to take,

君等は卑怯と云う意味を知ってるか、と云ったら、
and if they knew the meaning of 'cowardice.'

地位にふさわしくない卑しい仕事をして地位を失う
lose caste by doing work beneath one's station

官位は従四位下・左少将・参議（『尊卑分脈』）。
He rose to the rank of Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and to the title of Sashosho (Minor Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) and Sangi (councilor) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base)).

「邦綱卿は卑賤より出ずと雖も其の心広大なり。」
Kunitsuna was from a humble background but he was generous of heart.

卑しくも価値あるものには立派にやる価値がある。
Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well.

二人の卑劣な男が私から宝飾品を奪って逃走した。
Two nasty guys robbed me of my jewels and ran away.

「卑しい役だと思って色々理由を付けて断るのか。」
'You refuse this duty with such an excuse because you think it is indecent.'

三国志『魏書』巻三〇「烏丸鮮卑東夷伝倭人の条」
Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms) 'Gisho' Volume 30 `Karasuma senpi (Xianbei [ancient nomadic tribe of northern Asia]) Dongyi zhuan (the record of the encounters with eastern barbarians) the article of Wajin (Japanese people)'

｢卑劣｣｢汚い｣｢臭い｣という悪いイメージがある
rat

商人と野卑な男たち以外に家を訪れる者はなかった。
No company came to the house, save dealers and coarse men.

卑金属を金に変えることは不可能であると立証された
the transmutation of base metals into gold proved to be impossible

正当な理由の無い卑劣な攻撃−F.D.ルーズベルト
unprovoked and dastardly attack- F.D.Roosevelt

卑金属の内容を増加させることによって価値を下げる
lower in value by increasing the base-metal content

すべての種類の卑しい仕事をする女性の国内の使用人
a female domestic servant who does all kinds of menial work

『尊卑分脈』によれば長成は皇后宮亮となっている。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in thefourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), Naganari was kogogu no suke (person who is in charge of the matters concerning the empress).

上総国介平兼忠の子だが『尊卑分脈』には見えない。
He was the son of TAIRA no Kanetada, Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province, but there is no description about him in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base).

天之菩卑能命、天穂日命、天菩比神などと書かれる。
The kanji used for Amenohohi are 天之菩卑能命, 天穂日命, or 天菩比神.

誇りがあるから、彼はそんなに卑しい事は出来ない。
His pride wouldn't allow him to do such a mean thing.

この人の二世代前に卑弥呼と思われる、日女命がある。
Two generations before Amatoyo-hime, there existed 日女命 (probably reads as Hime no mikoto) who was presumed to be Himiko.

別名に『新編纂圖本朝尊卑分脈系譜雜類要集』がある。
It is also known as 'Shoke-Okeizu.'

白人に卑屈な態度をとる黒人を侮辱、軽蔑して呼ぶ名前
offensive and derogatory name for a Black man who is abjectly servile and deferential to Whites

地上の喜びや肉体的な快楽は、空しく卑しいものです。
For all worldly delights are either empty or unclean,

彼にどんな欠点があるにしても、卑劣なところはない。
Whatever faults he may have, meanness is not one of them.

九州説では、平原遺跡を卑弥呼の墓とする説などがある。
The Kyushu theory proposes that the Hirabaru Ruins hold Himiko's tomb.

本来の表記は「卑（上部の「ノ」が無い）彌呼」である。
Her name was originally written '卑彌呼' (卑 without 'ノ,' or 'no').

孫に『尊卑分脈』を編んだ洞院公定（実夏の子）がいる。
He had a grandchild, Kinsada TOIN (Sanenatsu's child) who edited Sonpi Bunmyaku (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

- 卑弥呼、始めて難升米らを中国の魏 (三国)に派遣。
Himiko first sent Nashime and others to Wei (the Three Kingdoms) in China.

正式名称は『新編纂圖本朝尊卑分脈系譜雜類要集』である。
The full title is 'Shin-Hensanzu-Honcho-Sonpi-Bunmyaku-Keifu-Zatsurui-Yoshu.'

卑しい仕事（特に洗濯）をするために雇われた台所の使用人
a kitchen servant employed to do menial tasks (especially washing)

ふるまいまたは出演において行儀が悪く、無作法で、卑劣な
ill-mannered and coarse and contemptible in behavior or appearance

ずるく、人目を忍むようで、卑劣であると考えられている人
a person who is regarded as underhanded and furtive and contemptible

『尊卑分脈』の記述によれば、その後帰京し没したという。
According to the description of 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base), he later returned to Kyoto and died.

子の平維良は鎮守府将軍だが「尊卑分脈」には記載が無い。
His son, TAIRA no Koreyoshi was Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), but there is no description about him in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku.'

彼は私を卑劣なやり方で騙したので、仕返しするつもりだ。
As he played a dirty trick on me, I'll get even with him.

彼を好きな人がいないのは当然だ。本当に卑劣な奴だから。
It stands to reason that nobody likes him; he's too mean.

尊卑分脈(『新編纂図本朝尊卑分脉系譜雑類要集』)の註記
A note in the Japanese Various Family Trees ('New Compilation of Japanese Various Family Trees Analogy')

右のみづらに巻いている玉から天之菩卑能命（アメノホヒ）
Amenohohi no mikoto was born from the beads wrapped around her right mizura.

『尊卑分脈』などの系統図にしか登場しない謎の人物である。
He is a mysterious person who appears only in genealogies such as 'Sonpi Bunmyaku.'

没年は治承元年（1177年）ともされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
According to 'Sonpibunmyaku' (literally, Bloodlines of Noble and Base), it is said that Tametomo actually died in 1177.

「殴ちたいんなら殴てばいいじゃない、この薄汚い卑怯者！」
'Throw me down and beat me, you dirty little coward!'

無法者のフックが卑怯な手をつかったのは間違いありません。
a sure proof that the unscrupulous Hook had conducted it improperly,

結論を言えば、もっとも危険なのは、傭兵では卑怯さですが、
In conclusion, in mercenaries dastardy is most dangerous;

それから、微かな嘲笑を浮べて、甲高い、下卑た声で言った。
Then a faint grin came on his face, and in a high, foolish voice he said:

ゴシップや秘密、その他の卑劣な面を心配せよ−アル・ハイン
worry about the gossip and secretiveness and other scrimy sides- Al Hine

（貨幣について）卑金属のプラグを挿入することで変化された
(of a coin) altered by the insertion of a plug of base metal

私はかれがそんな卑劣なことをしない人だと当然思っていた。
I took for granted that he was above such meanness.

そして、箸墓古墳が卑弥呼の墓である蓋然性が高くなっている。
Also, it has become more likely that Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus is the tomb of Himiko.

通常、名称が長いために、略されて、『尊卑分脉』と呼ばれる。
Generally, however, this long name is shortened to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku'.

卑弥呼は魏 (三国)との通交により倭国連合の安定を図った。
Himiko established relationships with the Wei Dynasty (during the three States Period of China) to stabilize the union of Wa nations.

神人とは神社に属して芸能その他卑賤の仕事に従事した者の称。
Jinin was a title given to people belonging to a Shinto shrine and engaging in public entertainments and other humble works.

古代日本では邪馬台国の卑弥呼が巫女だったと考えられている。
In Japan, Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) is considered to have acted as a miko of the Yamatai-Koku kingdom.

君はそのような卑劣な行いなど出来るような人ではないはずだ。
You must be above such mean conduct.

いくら人間が卑怯だって、こんなに卑怯に出来るものじゃない。
Men can be cowards but I never expected them capable of becoming such dastardly cowards as this.

宗族には尊卑の序列があり、上のもののいいつけはよく守られる。
Each sozoku (patrilineal family group of Han people in China) had a hierarchy of aristocrat and plebeian and what the people in higher ranks said was followed carefully by the rest.

『尊卑分脈』では本朝三美人の一人と称され、才媛とうたわれた。
In 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), she was called one of three beautiful women of Imperial Reigns and declared a talented woman.

すくなくとも、室町時代の成立である『尊卑分脈』は信用し難い。
In any case, 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' which was completed during the Muromachi period, is not reliable.

倭迹迹日百襲媛命を邪馬台国を治めた卑弥呼に比定する説がある。
There is a theory that identifies Yamatototohimomosohime no mikoto as Himiko, who governed Yamatai-Koku kingdom.

財閥家族姓を名乗る尊卑族三親等およびその家族（姻族を含まず）
Ancestry within the third degree using the surnames of the Zaibatsu family and their families (excluding by marriage)

儒教の考えには本来、男尊女卑と言う考えは存在していなかった。
Originally, the concept of predominance of men over women did not exist in Ju-kyo.

あなたの軍隊が卑劣な野次馬にならないような、自由主義的な服従
that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble- Edmund Burke

その卑俗奔放な句風は、江戸時代初期の談林俳諧に影響を与えた。
Their verse style with coarseness and boldness influenced Danrin Haikai (Haikairenga of the Danrin-ha school) in the early Edo Period.

兵庫（兵庫允）・左衛門少尉の官職に就任した（『尊卑分脈』）。
He was appointed as Hyogo no jo (an officer of Bureau of Military Storehouses) and Sa-emon-shoi (Jr. Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) ('Sonpibunmyaku' [a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

卑弥呼の宗女「台与」を十三歳で王に立てると国中が遂に鎮定した。
It was only after Toyo, a 13-year-old girl from Himiko's family, was installed as queen that the country was finally brought to order.

（『梁書』では正始年間（240年 - 249年）に卑弥呼死亡）
(According to the Book of the Liang Dynasty, Himiko passed away between 240 and 249)

卑弥呼が死去すると大きな墳墓がつくられ、100人が殉葬された。
When Himiko died, a huge tomb was constructed and 100 people followed her to the grave.

江戸を中心に隆盛した今体派の篆刻は装飾過多で卑俗に陥っていた。
The tenkoku of the Kintai school flourished mainly in Edo, but it became overly decorative and vulgar.

弘長2年（1262年）8月12日、52歳で没（『尊卑分脈』）。
On October 3, 1262, he died at the age of 52 ['Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)].

一説には、五兄頼綱の養子となっていたともされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
One theory says that he was adopted by his older brother MINAMOTO no Yoritsuna (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

（行動または態度について使用され）他人を卑下して扱う人に特徴的な
(used of behavior or attitude) characteristic of those who treat others with condescension

『尊卑分脈』の記述によれば祖父源頼親の養子となっていたとされる。
According to the description of 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), he was an adopted child of his grand father MINAMOTO no Yorichika.

そして、『尊卑分脈』には寛徳2年に射殺されたとのみ記されている。
The 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineage of the aristocracy) simply states that he was killed by an arrow in 1045.

三角縁神獣鏡を卑弥呼が魏皇帝から賜った100枚の鏡であるとする説。
The theory which assumed that excavated triangular-rimmed mirrors were from amongst the 100 mirrors which Himiko was given by the Emperor of Wei.

物名部において、卑官の藤原輔相が37首も採られているのも興味深い。
It is interesting that as many as 37 poems by FUJIWARA no Sukemi, who was in a lower ranking post, were selected in the acrostics section.

店へ入って、もっとも粗末な品に手を出し、自身を卑しめる必要もない。
She need not demean herself any more, going into the shops and buying the cheapest food.

彼は、彼女をおだてることで、彼女の卑劣でうるさい抗議から解放された
his praise released from her loud protestations of her unworthiness

この鬼道（卑弥呼）や惑の意味には諸説あるが正確な内容については不明。
There are various opinions about this purported 'magic,' but no specific details are known.

このため、江戸時代までは、卑弥呼イコール神功皇后だと考えられていた。
Until the Edo period, because of this record, it was thought that Himiko was, in fact, Empress Jingu.

卑弥呼（ひみか）は、筑紫君の祖、甕依姫（みかよりひめ）のことである。
Himika refers to Mikayorihime (Princess Mikayori), who is the ancestor of Tsukushi no kimi.

系図である『尊卑分脈』には名前と無位無官であった事だけが残っている。
In 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' records of lineage of the aristocracy, only his name and the fact that he had neither court ranks nor official positions were recorded.

海は、川たちが、自分を卑しめようとしていることに気づき、こう答えた。
The Sea, perceiving that they intended to throw the blame on him, said,

彼はこの家にと月賦で買ったこぎれいな家具にどこか卑しいものを認めた。
He found something mean in the pretty furniture which he had bought for his house on the hire system.

生まれが卑しい金持ちと、貴族の生まれの貧しい人々という、逆さまの社会
a topsy-turvy society of lowborn rich and blue-blooded poor

１２月７日の、いわれのない、卑怯な日本による攻撃――FDルーズベルト
the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on...December 7th- F.D. Roosevelt

官位は従四位下、蔵人、検非違使、左衛門尉、下野国守（『尊卑分脈』）。
He held the ranks of Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade), Kurodo (Chamberlain), kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and Shimotsuke no kuni no kami (the governor of Shimotsuke Province) (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)).

没年は不明であるが、『尊卑分脈』には85歳で卒去したと記されている。
His age at death is unknown; however, the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a Japanese genealogical text) determined that he died at the age of 85.

奈良県桜井市、箸墓古墳（邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼の墓と目され、最初の王墓。
Sakurai City, Nara Prefectur: Hashihaka tomb mound [It was apparently the burial site of Himiko (first known ruler of Japan), a queen of Yamatai koku (Yamatai Kingdom); this was the first Obo class mound constructed in Japanese history.

意味は太陽に仕える巫女のことであり、卑弥呼（陽巫女）と符合するとする。
The translation would be, 'a shrine maiden who serves the sun,' which corresponds with Himiko ('a shrine maiden of the sun').

「洛中の尊卑随喜せざるはなし（都中の尊卑これを随喜しないものはない。」
All the people in Kyoto, the nobles and commoners, welcomed his departure with pleasure.'

『尊卑分脈』の記述による官位は従五位下、伊豆国掾、遠江国介、甲斐国守。
According to the description in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), his official rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Izu no kuni no jo (Provincial Governor of Izu Province), Totomi no kuni no suke (Assistant Governor of Totomi Province), and Kai no kuni no kami (Governor of Kai Province).

三浦氏の系図は『尊卑分脈』の中ですら、3種類も出てきてはっきりしない。
There are three kinds of family tree for the Miura clan even in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and it is not clear which one is true.

これは『尊卑分脈』の伝記が物語にしたがって書かれたことを示唆している。
This indicates that the biographies in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' were written according to the tale.

ただし、『尊卑分脈』は雅望王が平朝臣を賜って「平雅望」となったとする。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), however, Prince Masamochi was given the title of TAIRA no Ason and became 'TAIRA no Masamochi.'

お囃子も、老若男女がそろって卑猥な事々を並べ立てるようなものになった。
Everyone, young and old, men and women, also came to sing all sorts of obscene things.

「卑怯未練に人手を借りずこなたが初手からくれろと言やあ、いいものを。」
You should not have acted in a cowardly way to lure me into this place like this.'

芸風は当世風で写実的、悪く言えば派手で泥臭く卑俗なものであったらしい。
It is believed that the style of performance adopted by the school was modern and realistic when it was seen in a favorable light, but in other words, it was showy, unrefined, and coarse.

『公卿補任』、『尊卑分脈』には'仲麿'または'仲丸'と記載されている。
In the 'Kugyobunin' (a directory of court nobles) and the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (records of the lineages of the aristocracy), Nakamaro (仲麻呂) is also referred to as '仲麿' (Nakamaro) or '仲丸' (Nakamaro).

『新田足利両家系図』によると享年89、『尊卑分脈』では享年68とする。
'The family tree of the Nitta and the Asikaga family' says his age at death is 89 but 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) says it is 68.

このように『公卿補任』『尊卑分脈』の各記事には、混乱と矛盾が見られる。
Such confusion and inconsistency is found in articles of 'Kugyo bunin' and 'Sonpi Bunmyaku.'

また、九州説論者の見解では、いわゆる「卑弥呼の鏡」は後漢鏡であるとする。
Also, the so-called 'Himiko's mirrors' come from the Later Han Dynasty, from the perspective of the supporters of the Kyushu theory.

そのため、卑弥呼の親族で13歳の少女だった壹与（台与）が王に立てられた。
As a result, Iyo (壹与 [台与]), a 13-year-old girl who was a relative of Himiko, was appointed as queen.

『尊卑分脈』『吉見系図』などによると、子孫は吉見氏として続いたとされる。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)' and 'Yoshimi Keizu (literally, the genealogy of the Yoshimi clan)', Noriyori's posterity lived on as the Yoshimi clan.

新聞の掲載によると、卑弥呼の父の墓ではないか？、と言う説があがっている。
Newspapers say that one theory suggests that it could be a Himiko's father's tomb.

中国の役人は、卑しい農夫と同じように、専制政治の道具であり産物なのです。
A Chinese mandarin is as much the tool and creature of a despotism as the humblest cultivator.

『尊卑分脈』では四男、『相馬系図』では長子の平将持がない為に三男である。
He appears as the fourth son in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base), and the third son in 'Soma Keizu' (the Soma family tree) because the eldest son TAIRA no Masamochi does not appear.

『尊卑分脈』には「渡唐」したと記されているが、大陸渡航に至る経緯は不明。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), he went to Tang, but how he came to go there is unknown.

『尊卑分脈』では五男、『相馬系図』では長子の平将持がない為に四男である。
He appears as the fifth son in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base), and as the fourth son in 'Soma Keizu' (the Soma family tree) because the eldest son TAIRA no Masamochi does not appear.

ジャワやアイヌ、台湾の生蕃は世界でも最低の卑しい人種であって禽獣に等しい。
The Javanese, the Ainu tribe and the Seiban tribe are all lowly races and no better than beasts.

それで全世界が彼の生れの卑賤さに怒り、その野蛮さを恐れるようになりました。
so that the whole world was moved to anger at the meanness of his birth and to fear at his barbarity.

『尊卑分脈』によると官位は従四位下、蔵人、佐渡国守、号に「多田蔵人大夫」。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), he held the rank of Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade), and the titles of Kurodo (Chamberlain) and Sado no kuni no kami (Governor of Sado Province), and called himself 'Tada kurodo no daibu' (Master of Chamberlain).

後、摂津国守・藤原棟世と再婚し娘上東門院小馬命婦をもうけた（『尊卑分脈』）。
Later, she married FUJIWARA no Muneyo, the Governor of Settsu Province, and bore him a daughter, Kouma no Myobu (wife), Jotomonin ('Japanese Various Family Trees').

卑官だった壬生忠見は、出世を懸けて詠んだ歌が接戦の末に負けたことを悲観した。
MIBU no Tadami, who was a low-rank officer, was utterly disappointed that his poem that he had composed in hope of advancement in life was beaten in such a tight match.

『尊卑分脈』はこの説をとるが、この養子関係等についてはまだ確認されていない。
Although 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in thefourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) followed this theory, this adoption has not been confirmed.

官人としては縫殿助（正六位下相当）任官したことが伝わる程度で卑官に終始した。
He was said to be appointed to Nuidono no suke (Assistant Director in the Bureau of the Wardrobe and Court Ladies [equivalent to Shorokuinoge, or Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade]) as a government official, but he remained a government worker in a low rank.

初期の経典にはこのような男尊女卑（とも受け取られかねない思想）は見られない。
This kind of idea, that could be taken as a reflection of the predominance of men over women, is not found in early Buddhist sutras.

しかし、師直は「これはこれは若狭之助殿、さてさてお早いご登城」と卑屈に謝る。
Moronao, however, grovels and apologizes by saying, 'Master Wakasanosuke, you come to castle so early.'

その利益は、いわば最も卑劣な、人間性をなくすような悪徳から生まれているのだ。
- thousands devoted to one of the most despicable vices which afflict humanity!

こんな卑劣（ひれつ）な根性は封建時代から、養成したこの土地の習慣なんだから、
This dastardly spirit has been fostered from the time of the feudal lords, and is deep-rooted.

『尊卑分脈』の系図には、清盛の八女に常盤の娘として「廊御方」が記されている。
According to genealogy in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Collection of Family Genealogies), Ro no onkata is described as Kiyomori's eighth daughter born by Tokiwa.

実在がはっきりしない卑弥呼を、神話的伝説上の人物に当てはめることは意味がない。
Proponents of these theories claim that it is foolish to identify Himiko, whose very existence is questionable, to characters of myth and legend.

また、那珂通世は卑弥呼は九州の女酋であり朝廷や神功皇后とは無関係であるとする。
Michiyo NAKA maintained that Himiko was a female chief of Kyushu, and had nothing to do with the Imperial Court or Empress Jingu.

近年、卑弥呼と同一人物として推定される候補の中では最有力の説となってきている。
In recent years, among the various historical candidates, it is this woman who is most likely to, in fact, be Himiko.

が、『尊卑分脈』等の系図では満季、満快の後裔に「多田」を号す者は確認できない。
However, in the genealogy of 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and other historical sources there is no mention of any descendant of Mitsusue, nor that of Mitsuyoshi, called the Tada clan.

自分がした事を笑われて怒（おこ）るのが卑怯じゃろうがな、もしと答えた奴がある。
Some of them answered that to get angry on being laughed at over one's own doing, was cowardice.

なお、『尊卑分脈』による子の記載は兄頼光、源頼平のものとの間で錯綜がみられる。
In addition, with regard to the descriptions of his children in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base), there was a conflict between his brothers Yorimitsu and Yorihira.

「尊卑分脈」では平貞盛の弟陸奥守平繁盛の子で官位官職は従五位上上総介・出羽守。
He appears in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base) as the son of TAIRA no Shigemori, who was the younger brother of TAIRA no Sadamori and governor of Mutsu Province, and he has the official rank of Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) and is Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) and governor of Dewa Province.

本居宣長、鶴峰戊申の説は卑弥呼は熊襲が朝廷を僭称したものとする「偽僣説」である。
Norinaga MOTOORI and Shigenobu TSURUMINE advocated the 'Forged Title' theory, which stated that Himiko, a female chief of Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district), pretended to the throne of the Imperial court.

又『尊卑分脈』によると父に葛原親王（桓武天皇第5皇子）、子に平高望とされている。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' his father was Imperial Prince Kuzuwara (fifth son of the Emperor Kanmu) and TAIRA no Takamochi was his son.

また、『尊卑分脈』では土岐氏の庶流明智氏の系譜を木田氏に連ねるものともしている。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) states that the family tree of the Akechi clan, a branch family of the Toki clan, was also connected to the Kida clan.

古来より法華宗側では、この発言を「貞安の卑怯な手」で相手を煙に捲いたとしている。
In the Hokkeshu sect, it is said that 'Teian confused his opponent with his dirty tricks.'

さらに、『魏志』倭人伝のいう邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼の墓ではないかと想定されている。
Furthermore, it is supposed to be the tomb of Himiko (first known ruler of Japan), the queen of Yamatai-Koku kingdom described in 'Gishi' Wajinden (an 'Account of the Wa [inhabitants of the western Japanese archipelago in the late third century]' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty' which comprises 'The History of the Three Kingdoms' written by Chen Shou, where the account is known as the first historical record of Japan).

奥方の一葉は夫が裏切り者や卑怯者と謗られるのに耐えきれず涙ながらに苦渋を訴える。
His wife Hitoha shed tears and expressed the intolerable hardship about her husband being abused as a traitor or coward.

しかし、唐代以降、儒教に於ける男尊女卑の傾向がかなり強く見られるのも事実である。
However, it is true that Ju-kyo in the Tang Dynasty and onward had a strong tendency towards predominance of men over women.

それから唇を湿らせると、振りかえらずに、物柔らかだけれども野卑な声で夫に言った。
Then she wet her lips, and without turning around spoke to her husband in a soft, coarse voice:

しかし『尊卑分脈』「大江氏系図」では大江維光は実父、中原広季は養父とされている。
However, in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and 'Oe shi keizu,' OE no Koremitsu was stated as being his real father, while NAKAHARA no Hirosue was stated as being his adaptive father.

秀遠はその子孫・経遠の子とするが、『尊卑分脈』で隆家の子に政則の名は見られない。
Hideto is supposed to have been a child of Noritaka's descendent Tsuneto, but according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), the children of Takaie does not include Masanori.

『尊卑分脈』では末弟で平将武の弟であるが、『常陸大掾譜』では将武の兄としている。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) says that he was the youngest brother of TAIRA no Masatake; however, according to 'Hitachi no daijo fu,' he was Masatake's elder brother.

敵は彼をだますことなく、悪しき者は彼を卑しめることはない。 (詩篇 89:22)
No enemy will tax him. No wicked man will oppress him. (Psalms 89:22)

散位や卑官の者に限って官当や贖銅で罪を贖うことで実刑を免れるのが一般的であった。
It was also generally accepted that only those who were Sani (courtier without post) or Hikan (a person of the lower rank) could escape imprisonment and expiate crimes by giving up official posts or by offering copper coins.

シャーマニズムの要素があり、卑弥呼なども祈祷師としての巫女であったと伝えられる。
They had a shamanistic element, and Himiko (a legendary queen of Yamatai, an ancient country in Japan) was said to be a shrine maiden who worked as a shaman.

尊卑分脈（正しくは『尊卑分脉』、そんぴぶんみゃく）は、日本の初期の系図集である。
Sonpi Bunmyaku is a text compiled in early Japan that records the lineages of the aristocracy.

『海部氏系図』に記される、彦火明六世孫、宇那比姫命（うなびひめ）を卑弥呼とする説。
There is a theory that Unabi Hime no Mikoto, the sixth-generation Hikohoakari mentioned in 'A Family Tree of the Amabe Family,' was Himiko.

側室：加古基氏（法名：雲光院覚遍、足利一族）の女（『尊卑分脈』・『系図纂要』より）
Concubine: a daughter of Motouji KAKO (Buddhist name: Unkoin Kakuhen, a member of the Ashikaga clan) (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and 'Keizu San'yo')

領域外の国々もあり、特に男王卑弥弓呼が治める南の狗奴国とは不和で戦争状態にあった。
There were states outside of the territory, especially the southern state of Kuna, where a king called Himikoko ruled, and was feuding and at war with Yamatai.

結論を言えば、もっとも危険なのは、傭兵では卑怯さですが、外国の援軍では勇猛さです。
In conclusion, in mercenaries dastardy is most dangerous;in auxiliaries, valour.

共同体の全ての非戦闘員や卑しい身分の成員は習慣的にそうしたことに従事したのである。
All the noncombatant or ignoble members of the community are habitually so employed.

しかし、軍記物を読んだ『尊卑分脈』編者が廊御方という存在を作り出したとの説もある。
However, some people argue that the editor who compiled 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' created Lady Ro from war history books.

「尊卑分脈・二階堂系図」によれば維遠、維行が駿河守、維頼が遠江権守で代々従五位下。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and 'Family Tree of the NIKAIDO clan', the NIKAIDO family had been ranked Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) for generations; Koreto and Koreyuki served as Suruga no kami (the governor of Suruga Province) and Koreyori worked as Totoumi gon no kami (the governor of Totoumi Province).

『尊卑分脈』の藤原道隆流・藤原家範女の項には「美福門院女房少将局平親宗母」とある。
In the article for FUJIWARA no Michitaka linage, daughter of FUJIWARA no Ienori in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' it is written 'nyobo (a court lady) for Bifukumonin, shosho no tsubone (the office of minor captain), mother of TAIRA no Chikamune.'

『尊卑分脈』の時忠の項にも母の記載はなく、親宗の項に「母大膳大夫藤家範女」とある。
Also, in the article for Tokitada in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), there is no description of his mother and, in the article for Chikamune, it is written 'mother, daughter of FUJIWARA no Ienori, Daizen no Daibu (a chief officer of the Division of Meals).'

『尊卑分脈』では七男で平将為の兄であるが、『常陸大掾譜』では将為の弟となっている。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) says he was the seventh son and an elder brother of TAIRA no Masatame; however, according to 'Hitachi no daijo fu,' he was Masatame's younger brother.

帥升の後、3世紀前半に活躍した卑弥呼も魏 (三国)の国から親魏倭王の称号を授かった。
After the days of Sisho, Himiko in the early third century was also given the title of Shingi Wao (the king of Wa) by the Wei Dynasty (Three States Period).

女が治めるべき国と言えよう」と政子をはじめ卑弥呼、奈良時代の女帝の故事をひいている。
It is a country that should be ruled by women,' giving as examples Masako, Himiko and other empresses from the past.

大江広元─毛利季光（毛利四郎、安木守、尊卑分脈には毛利入道と）─毛利広光─章弁─公恵
OE no Hiromoto - Suemitsu MORI (Shiro MORI, Mamoru YASUGI) - Hiromotsu MORI - 章弁 - 公恵 (In the Sonpi Bunmyaku, a text compiled in the 14th century that recorded the lineages of the aristocracy, Mamoru YASUGI was recorded as'Nyudo MORI')

フィリアス・フォッグの冒険に関する記事を、立派な人も卑しい人も、皆がむさぼり読んだ。
and the columns devoted to Phileas Fogg's venture were eagerly devoured by all classes of readers.

しかし、平和の宣言がなされた時、コウモリの卑怯な行状が、両軍に知れ渡ることとなった。
When peace was proclaimed, his deceitful conduct was apparent to both combatants.

権力ある者を王座から引きおろし、卑しい者を引き上げ、 (ルカによる福音書 1:52)
He has put down princes from their thrones. And has exalted the lowly. (Luke 1:52)

おれはだまって、天麩羅を消して、こんないたずらが面白いか、卑怯（ひきょう）な冗談だ。
Silently erasing off 'tempura' from the board, I questioned them if they thought such mischief interesting, that this was a cowardly joke

彼のドンチャン騒ぎの卑劣な詳細はまさしく彼の鼻の下で臭っている−ジェイムズ・ジョイス
the sordid details of his orgies stank under his very nostrils- James Joyce

「尊卑分脈」に記載されている生没年は兄・藤原良継のものと同一で誤記と考えられている。
The years of birth and death described in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base) are the same as his brother, FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu, and are believed to be a writing error.

そういう意味で、シタテルヒメは卑弥呼をより実像に近い形で記されたものとも解釈できる。
In this sense, Shitateruhime can be interpreted as a portrait of Himiko that captured a more realistic image.

古くは卑弥呼なども祭礼を司る巫女や祈祷師であり、祈祷や占いによって執政したといわれる。
It is said that in the ancient times, Himiko who was also a shrine maiden or shaman conducting rites and festivals controlled the administration by prayer or fortune-telling.

赤シャツの依頼がなければ、ここで山嵐の卑劣（ひれつ）をあばいて大喧嘩をしてやるんだが、
If I had not been requested by Red Shirt, here was the chance to show up his cowardice and make it hot for him.

「卑怯でもあんた、月給を上げておくれたら、大人（おとな）しく頂いておく方が得ぞなもし。
'He may be a coward, but if he raises your salary, it would be best for you to make no fuss, but accept it.

『尊卑分脈』にその名が見られるが、『御堂関白記』などの信頼性の高い史料には登場しない。
Her name appeared in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base), however, she does not appear in reliable historical materials such as 'Mido Kanpakuki' (diary of FUJIWARA no Michinaga).

分家する際には分家者の妻および直系卑属およびその妻が分家と共に新たなに入ることができる。
At the time of creation of a branch family, the wife of the head of the branch family and lineal descendants can be members of the new household.

部分日食は必ずしも希な現象ではないことから、日食と卑弥呼の死の関連性は疑問視されている。
A partial solar eclipse is not entirely uncommon, so the relationship between a solar eclipse and the death of Himiko is easily questioned today.

『尊卑分脈』の記述によれば安芸国に流罪となったとされるが、官歴や生没年などは不明である。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), he was exiled to Aki Province, but the record of offices and ranks he held and the date of birth and death are unknown.

古くは『日本書紀』の編者により邪馬台国と大和朝廷、卑弥呼と神功皇后は同一であるとされた。
In ancient times, the editors of 'Chronicles of Japan' identified the Yamatai and Yamato Dynasty and also Himiko and Empress Jingu.

だが、卑弥呼の没年（248年頃）に近い3世紀の中頃から後半と見る説が一般的になっている。
However, the predominant view is that it was built between the middle and the latter half of the third century, in or around the year of Himiko's death (approximately 248).

銀簪というものの、真鍮や鉄のような卑金属を用いたものも含まれるが、銀ほど一般的ではない。
Although products made of a base metal such as brass and iron are also called silver kanzashi, such products were not so common as silver products.

『尊卑分脈』によれば、「強盗の張本、本朝第一の武略、追討の宣旨を蒙ること十五度」とある。
According to the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble), he was 'a ringleader of robberies and the most excellent military strategist in Japan and an imperial decree of dispatching punitive force against him was issued 15 times.'

『尊卑分脈』『平治物語』月日は特定できないものの治承4年に殺害されているとの記載がある。
The exact date cannot be found in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and 'Heiji Monogatari' (The Tale of Heiji), but there's a description that he was killed in 1180.

『尊卑分脈』では平貞盛の弟陸奥守平繁盛の子で平兼忠（上総介・出羽守従五位上）の弟とある。
In 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), it is written that he was the son of TAIRA no Shigemori, who was the younger brother of TAIRA no Sadamori, and the younger brother of TAIRA no Kanetada (Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province).

古くは卑弥呼なども祈祷師であり、その祈祷や占いから「国の行く末」を決めていたと言われる。
It is thought that many in ancient times, including Himiko, were actually shamans who made political decisions about the course the country should take based on prayer or divination.

あなたはわたしの聖なるものを卑しめ、わたしの安息日を汚した。 (エゼキエル書 22:8)
You have despised my holy things, and have profaned my Sabbaths. (Ezekiel 22:8)

人はその悟りにしたがって、ほめられ、心のねじけた者は、卑しめられる。 (箴言 12:8)
A man shall be commended according to his wisdom, but he who has a warped mind shall be despised. (Proverbs 12:8)

卑弥呼に下賜された銅鏡は100枚だが、それをはるかに超える数の三角縁神獣鏡が出土している。
Though 100 bronze mirrors were given to Himiko as an imperial grant, many more Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered.

詳しい動向は不明であるが、その最期は平家によって討ち取られたとされる（『尊卑分脈』など）。
Although the details are unknown, he is understood to have been killed in battle by Heike (the Taira family) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and so on.

受領ながらも裕福で家柄も卑しくない常陸介のところには、それを目当てにした求婚者が多かった。
Many suitors for Ukifune's hand came to Hitachi no suke because he was rich and of good birth for his rank, zuryo.

神功皇后と卑弥呼を同一視ないし関連づける説もあるが、一般に受け入れられるには到っていない。
There is a theory that Empress Jingu was Himiko or had some relationship with Himiko, which was not yet generally accepted.

倭姫命は、『三国志』魏志倭人伝にでてくる邪馬台国の畿内説では「卑弥呼」とされることもある。
Yamatohime no Mikoto is sometimes associated with 'Himiko,' who according to the 'Records of Wei, Accounts of the People of Wa', a part of the Chinese 'Records of Three Kingdoms,' was the queen of Yamatai-kokuin, near Kyoto.

船長がけがをしてどうにもならなくなったら逃げ出すなんて、本当に、あまりに卑怯じゃないか！」
and when he was ill and couldn't help it, by George, it was downright cowardly!'

『尊卑分脈』では961年に45歳で卒去したとある事から、逆算して生年は917年生れとなる。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), since it said Tsunemoto died in 961 when he was 45 years old, counting backward from this, his birth year could have been 917.

それからやや下った時代の卑弥呼もまた、魏によって倭国の統一的な長、「倭王」と認知されている。
Also Himiko, who lived in a time slightly after this, was acknowledged by the Wei as a 'Wao' (king of Wa), a unified ruler of Wakoku.

義綱の容疑は冤罪とされ、真相は不明だが『尊卑分脈』などでは義家の弟の義光を真犯人としている。
It is said that the charge against Yoshitsuna was a false one, and the truth is unknown although 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), etc. consider Yoshiie's younger brother Yoshimitsu as the real criminal.

『日本書紀』の「神功皇后紀」において、「魏志倭人伝」の中の卑弥呼に関する記事を引用している。
'The Record of Empress Jingu' that appears in the Nihonshoki has a quoted article concerning Himiko in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei.

この古墳を、魏志倭人伝が伝える倭国の女王「卑弥呼」の墓とする（＝邪馬台国畿内説）向きもある。
There is a tendency to consider that the tumulus belongs to Himiko, the queen of Wa-koku (the oldest recorded name for Japan), described in the Gishiwajin-den (the Wei Chronicle) (in accordance with the Yamatai-koku Kinai-setsu, which argues that the Yamatai-koku Kingdom was in Kinai, or the five central provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto, namely Yamato, Kawachi, Settsu, Izumi and Yamashiro, which are now the municipalities of Kyoto and Osaka and the prefectures of Nara and Hyogo).

この古墳の後円部の直径が『魏志倭人伝』にある卑弥呼の円墳の直径「百余歩」にほぼ一致すること。
The diameter of the round rear of this kofun nearly matches that of the round barrow of Himiko, 'a hundred odd bu' (a unit of volume), described in the 'Gishiwajin-den.'

僕は出店の暗い入り口の両側に東洋の衛兵のように立つ大きな瓶を卑下するように見て小声で言った。
I looked humbly at the great jars that stood like eastern guards at either side of the dark entrance to the stall and murmured:

それに裏へ廻って卑劣（ひれつ）な振舞（ふるまい）をするとは怪（け）しからん野郎（やろう）だ。
And then what an outrageous fellow to plan a cowardly action behind my back!

また尊卑分脈や宇都宮系図などによると、兼房の子に藤原宗円がおり宇都宮氏の祖となったとされる。
According to Sonpi Bunmyaku (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and Utsunomiya family records, it is said that he had a son, FUJIWARA no Soen, who became the founder of the Utsunomiya clan.

なお、『尊卑分脈』において、刷雄の兄弟とされている藤原薩雄は、刷雄と同一人物とする説がある。
In 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a Japanese genealogical text), there is a hypothesis that FUJIWARA no Yoshio (薩雄), who is said to be a brother to Yoshio (刷雄), are in fact the same person.

彼らは愚かな者の子、また卑しい者の子であって、国から追いだされた者だ。 (ヨブ記 30:8)
They are children of fools, yes, children of base men. They were flogged out of the land. (Job 30:8)

泰統は晴明から11代の子孫であるが、『尊卑分脈』によると泰統自身は陰陽師の役職に就いていない。
According to ''Sonpi Bunmyaku', Taito himself was not Onmyoji though he was the 11th descendant of Seimei.

しかしだれがしたと聞かれた時に、尻込みをするような卑怯（ひきょう）な事はただの一度もなかった。
but when the culprit was sought after, I was never so cowardly, not even once, to back out.

師保の所伝は、『尊卑分脈』に「従五下、出家」とのみあり、法名、没年等の詳細な経歴は不明である。
There is mentioning in the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' of Moroyasu 'being a Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and entering into priesthood,' but there is no detailed record of his career, such as the year of death.

事件後、『尊卑分脈』の記述によれば行綱自身も陰謀に加担したとして安芸国に流刑となったとされる。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) says that after the incidence, Yukitsuna himself was condemned to exile to Aki Province on suspicion of getting involved in the plot.

見よ、神は力ある者であるが、何をも卑しめられない、その悟りの力は大きい。 (ヨブ記 36:5)
'Behold, God is mighty, and doesn't despise anyone. He is mighty in strength of understanding. (Job 36:5)

彼らがしえたげと、悩みと、悲しみとによって減り、かつ卑しめられたとき、 (詩篇 107:39)
Again, they are diminished and bowed down through oppression, trouble, and sorrow. (Psalms 107:39)

隣り人を卑しめる者は罪びとである、貧しい人をあわれむ者はさいわいである。 (箴言 14:21)
He who despises his neighbor sins, but blessed is he who has pity on the poor. (Proverbs 14:21)

悪しき者が来ると、卑しめもまた来る、不名誉が来ると、はずかしめも共にくる。 (箴言 18:3)
When wickedness comes, contempt also comes, and with shame comes disgrace. (Proverbs 18:3)

すなわち愚かなる者が高い地位に置かれ、富める者が卑しい所に座している。 (伝道の書 10:6)
Folly is set in great dignity, and the rich sit in a low place. (Ecclesiastes 10:6)

『尊卑分脈』には光重が「波多野御曹司」と称したと記載されているが、その詳細については不明である。
Although 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) described that Mitsushige called himself 'Hatano Onzoshi (son of a distinguished family), the details of which is unknown.

卑俗な滑稽を狙って卑猥な表現を直接的に歌っており、連歌への反意・批判の意図が感じられるとされる。
It is said that haikairenga is poetry aiming at vulgar comedy written in obscene and explicit language with the intention of criticism on renga.

一方、明徳の乱に幕府方として参戦した満貞は、卑怯な振る舞いがあったとして尾張守護を解任され没落。
On the other hand, Mitsusada, who participated in the Meitoku War on the Shogunate side, was dissmissed from Owari no Shugo (provincial constable of Owari Province) because of his despicabel act, which declined his power.

だらしなくない事や気を抜かない事や卑怯でない事であり、裏を返せば「美しい所作」の継続ともいえる。
It refers to being careful, attentive, and fair; in other words, it is continuation of 'beautiful shosa' (beautiful behavior and poise).

応永32年（1425年）6月28日 (旧暦)（尊卑分脈では出家日は6月27日 (旧暦)）に出家。
On July 22, 1425 (July 21, according to Sonpibunmyaku (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)), he entered into the priesthood.

また卑弥呼の没後、男王が立ったが再度争乱が起こり、卑弥呼の宗女台与が王位について争乱は収まった。
After Himiko died, although a new male king succeeded to the throne, fighting broke out again, after Toyo, a woman from the same family as Himiko, was decided to become Queen, the fighting ended.

この大乱は、邪馬臺國・邪馬壹國（邪馬台国参照）に居住する女子の卑弥呼が倭国王に就くことで収まった。
This war ended in with the accession of Queen Himiko, who lived in Yamatai-Koku (Yamatai Kingdom, 邪馬臺國・邪馬壹國; see also Yamatai-koku).

日本製説の研究者からは以下のような疑問点が指摘されているが、卑弥呼の鏡説の研究者からの反論もある。
Researchers advocating that the mirror was produced in Japan point out the following questions while those advocating Himiko's mirror disagree.

これらの説は、邪馬台国北九州説や卑弥呼・天照大神説と密接に結びついている（ただし不可分ではない）。
These theories originate from the Yamatai Kingdom of northern Kyushu and the idea that Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu Omikai (the Sun Goddess), though the two are not inseparably related.

魏志倭人伝には、卑弥呼が邪馬台国を治める以前は、諸国が対立し互いに攻め合っていたという記述がある。
Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') describes that there were conflicts between various districts before Himiko ruled the Yamatai-Koku kingdom.

邪馬台国もその影響を逃れえず、卑弥呼という女子を王に共立することによって、ようやく混乱が収まった。
Yamatai was unable to escape from this influence, but the chaos was remedied by putting in place a woman called Himiko as a co-queen sovereign.

「興福寺縁起」、「大鏡」、「公卿補任」、「尊卑分脈」などの史料では天智天皇の「御落胤」と書かれる。
In historical materials including 'Kofuku-ji Engi' (origin of Kofuku-ji Temple), 'Okagami' (The Great Mirror), 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base), Fuhito was referred to as an 'illegitimate child' of the Emperor Tenchi.

相手のある場合において卑怯でない、驕らない、高ぶらない事や試合う（しあう）相手がある事に感謝する。
When there is an opponent, one should be fair, modest and calm, and should be thankful to have the opponent to compete against.

子に洞院公行・近衛兼嗣母（実夏の養女となる）・尼尊悟・尼理摘がいる（『尊卑分脈』・『摂政家伝』）。
His children included Kinko TOIN, mother of Kanetsugu KONOE (became an adopted daughter of Sanenatsu), 尼尊悟 and 尼理摘 ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)/'Sesshokaden').

「魏志倭人伝」によると、卑弥呼は鬼道（卑弥呼）で衆を惑わしていたという（卑彌呼事鬼道能惑衆）。
According to the 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), Himiko confounded her people with magic.

また247年の日食が原因で卑弥呼が殺され、248年の日食が原因で男王に代わり壹与が即位したと唱えた。
Their theory states that Himiko's death was tied to the solar eclipse in 247, while Toyo's succession to the throne in place of a king was due to the solar eclipse in 248.

魏志倭人伝には卑弥呼が死去した後、男王が立ったが治まらず、壹與が女王になってようやく治まったとある。
According to the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, after Himiko passed away, a king tried unsuccessfully to rule the country, so Toyo became Queen and brought the country to order.

漢籍の引用があり、露骨な表現や下卑た笑いもみられることから当時の男性下級貴族であろうと言われている。
As it contains citations from Chinese classic books as well as explicit expressions and street jokes, it is supposed that the author was a low-class male court noble at that time.

銀はモンゴルの通貨であり、蒙古時代には良貨の外形をもつ金国の通貨に対し南宋銭がすでに卑しまれていた。
Silver was the currency of Mongolia, and in the Mongol period, coins of the Southern Sung Dynasty were already despised, compared with the currencies of the Chin Dynasty that had an external appearance of high-quality coins.

したがって本来の主人である釈迦や法華経を卑下し、生国不明の架空の仏で無縁の主である大日如来を立てる。
Nichiren also asserted that Shingon Buddhism worshiped the Great Sun Buddha, a fictional Buddha of doubtful origin unrelated to the Buddhist teaching, thereby denigrating Buddha and the Lotus Sutra, which provided the true source of enlightenment.

彼の容貌（ようぼう）は卑屈な狡猾（こうかつ）と当惑とのまじった表情を帯びているように私には思われた。
His countenance, I thought, wore a mingled expression of low cunning and perplexity.

彼の子らは尊くなっても、彼はそれを知らない、卑しくなっても、それを悟らない。 (ヨブ記 14:21)
His sons come to honor, and he doesn't know it. They are brought low, but he doesn't perceive it of them. (Job 14:21)

つまり卑弥呼の死後男子の王（息子か?）が即位したが治まらず、その妃が中継ぎとして即位したと考えられる。
In short, that story also tells of a male ruler (perhaps Himiko's son) who succeeded to the throne but could not settle the country, which resulted in his wife's ascent as a relay successor.

「このため再び女王が立てられることになり、卑弥呼の親族の13歳の少女の壹與が王となり、国は治まった。」
To settle the situation, it was decided that a queen would be required again, and a thirteen-year-old girl called Iyo, a relative of Himiko, took the throne and order was restored.'

『尊卑分脈』には「蔵人大夫」との記述があり、これに従えば都で活動した時期を有し叙爵していたことになる。
There is a description of 'Kurodo no daibu (Master of Chamberlain)' in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku', and if it is true, he worked in the capital in a period of time and was raised to the peerage.

鮮卑系国家北燕の首都があった中国遼寧省朝陽市付近で発掘される鞍金具に同様のモチーフを持つ例が見られる。
Saddles with similar design were excavated in Chaoyang City (Liaoning Province, China) where used to be the capital of Northern Yan of the Sixteen Kingdoms, a Senbi nation.

それはピューリタンの狂信的な道徳的不寛容に続いて起ったチャールス二世時代の下卑た流行みたいなものです。
as in the fashion of grossness which succeeded, in the time of Charles II, to the fanatical moral intolerance of the Puritans.

見よ、わたしはあなたを国々のうちで小さい者とする。あなたはひどく卑しめられる。 (オバデヤ書 1:2)
Behold, I have made you small among the nations. You are greatly despised. (Obadiah 1:2)

しかし、この記事が『尊卑分脈』等の系譜に記載されない忠平の子である可能性もあるので、生年は未詳とした。
There is, however, a possibility that this child mentioned in the diary could not officially be recognized in the genealogy records, such as the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a book compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), and as such, Moroyasu date of birth remains unknown.

(子孫は)少なくとも南北朝時代 (日本)期までは続いていたことを『尊卑分脈』等で確認することができる。
The family's existence can be traced back at least to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts by the documents such as 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

名前は「安麻侶」「安摩侶」（『日本書紀』「天武天皇紀」上）「石川安麻呂」（『尊卑分脈』）とも書かれる。
Two different sets of Japanese kanji (安麻侶 and 安摩侶) are used for his given name in the first volume of 'Chronicles of the Emperor Tenmu' in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and his name is also written as ISHIKAWA no Yasumaro in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

出自は桓武平氏の末流で、『尊卑分脈』による記述では藤原道長四天王の一人とされた平致頼の5世孫にあたる。
He was descended from the Kanmu-Heishi (a branch of the Taira clan), and according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)', he was the goseimago (the son of great-great-grandchild) of TAIRA no Muneyori who was one of the FUJIWARA no Michinaga Shitenno (the big four retainers of FUJIWARA no Michinaga).

戦前の代表的な歴史家の一覧である内藤湖南は垂仁天皇の皇女倭姫命（やまとひめのみこと）を卑弥呼に比定した。
Konan NAITO, a representative scholar of Oriental history before the war, identified Yamato Hime no Mikoto (a princess of Emperor Suinin) as Himiko.

この事件の直後、馬好きの陽成天皇が厩を禁中につくり、卑位の者に世話をさせ、飼っていた事実が明らかになる。
Immediately after the occurrence of that incident, the fact that the Emperor Yozei, who was very fond of horses, had built a stable in his own palace (Kinchu), and was having low-ranking folk tend to the horses he kept there came to light.

すると、敵将を探していた熊谷直実が「敵に後ろを見せるのは卑怯でありましょう、お戻りなされ」と呼び止める。
Then, Naozane KUMAGAI, who was looking for an enemy general, stopped Atsumori and said, 'only a coward shows his back to his enemy. You should come back'.

だが、8世紀初めに編纂された「日本書紀」「古事記」に邪馬臺国についての記述も卑弥呼についての記述も無い。
However, nothing about the Yamatai Kingdom or Himiko was described in the Nihon-shoki (the oldest chronicles of Japan) nor the Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) compiled during the early eighth century.

逆にあまりにも時代がさかのぼると、「時代劇」と呼ばれないことがある（神代や卑弥呼を扱った弥生時代など）。
On the other hand, stories which go too far back in history are often not referred to as jidaigeki (for example, the mythological age and the Yayoi Period, the time of Queen Himiko).

このため、褌の用語は卑語のように扱われ、「下帯」、「締め込み」などの用語で代用されるようになるに至った。
During the changing period, the term 'fundoshi' gradually treated like a vulgar word, and to be replaced with terms such as 'shitaobi' (a belt for underwear) or 'shimekomi' (a thing to tighten up, such as a sumo wrestler's cloth belt).

シシリア人のアガトクレス[15]は、一私人というだけでなく下層の卑しい身分からシラクサの王となりました。
Agathocles, the Sicilian15, became King of Syracuse not only from a private but from a low and abject position.
Agathocles, the Sicilian,(*) became King of Syracuse not only from a private but from a low and abject position.

詳しい事績は不明であるが、右馬助、伊豆国掾、信濃国守などを歴任し従五位下に昇ったとされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
Although his achievements were not known, he supposedly served as Umanosuke (deputy minister of the institution for the horse care), Izunokuni no jo (provincial governor of Izu), and Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province), and was promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that recorded the lineages of the aristocracy]).

倭迹迹日百襲姫命はまた、邪馬台国の女王・卑弥呼とする説がある（肥後和男『邪馬台国は大和である』秋田書店）。
There is a theory that states that Yamato Totohimomo Sohimenomikoto no Mikoto (Imperial Princess) was a queen of Yamataikoku, namely Himiko ('Yamataikoku is Yamato,' Kazuo HIGO, Akita Shoten).

自分が足を突っこんでいた陥穽、堕落した日々、取るにたりない願望、潰えた希望、だめになった才能、卑しい目的。
the degraded days, unworthy desires, dead hopes, wrecked faculties and base motives that made up his existence.

これには日本の乳母が、日本のフェミニストには男尊女卑の象徴のように採り上げられている事情もあると言われる。
It is said that there are also the condition that Japanese feminists considerwet nurses a symbol of male chauvinism.

神がわたしの綱を解いて、わたしを卑しめられたので、彼らもわたしの前に慎みを捨てた。 (ヨブ記 30:11)
For he has untied his cord, and afflicted me; and they have thrown off restraint before me. (Job 30:11)

永和2年（1376年）頃、諸家の系図を集めて『尊卑分脈』（『新編纂図本朝尊卑分脈系譜雑類要集』）を編んだ。
Around 1376 he edited 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base) (also known as 'Shin Hensanzu Honcho Sonpi Bunmyaku Keifu Zatsurui Yoshu') by collecting various families' trees.

卑弥呼の次は男子が倭国王となったが再び内乱が生じ、女子の臺與・壹與（台与参照）が倭国王となって乱は終結した。
Following Himiko, a male became a king of Wakoku, but another civil war occurred again, ending with accession of female Tayo (臺與・壹與, see also Tayo).

また卑弥呼や台与（壹與）の時代にも生口を送っている記録があり、日本側からも人を送っていたことが見受けられる。
It is also recorded that they conveyed seiko in the time of Himiko or Toyo (the kanji of Toyo is台与 or 壹與), which proves that such people were sent from Japan side as well.

啓蒙の目的の一つは民衆の無気力・権力への卑屈さを克服することにあるが、それらは専制政府によってもたらされる。
One of the aims of enlightenment was to overcome people's spiritless and abjection to power, which were delivered by autocratic government.'

つまり魏の王朝が卑弥呼や壱与に下賜するために特別に鋳造したのが三角縁神獣鏡であるという新説が提出されている。
New theory that it was Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror that Wei dynasty specially casted for presenting as an imperial grant to Himiko and Iyo has been submitted.

卑弥呼の死については年の記載はなく、その後も年の記載がないまま、1年に起こったとは考えにくい量の記述がある。
The year of Himiko's death was not mentioned in the record, and while the surrounding writings are also undated, it is unlikely that all of them occurred in the same year.

173年 - 倭の女王卑弥呼が、使者を送って、新羅に交際を求める（二十年夏五月倭女王卑彌乎遣使来聘）。
In 173, Himiko, Queen of Wa, sent an envoy to acquire the friendship of Silla.

子の重綱と親綱は甥の多田光綱が猶子とし、重綱の子孫が3代後まで存続していることが『尊卑分脈』に記されている。
His sons, Shigetsuna and Chikatsuna were adopted by his nephew Mitsutsuna TADA, and according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), Shigetsuna's descendent can be traced down to the third generation later.

「犬」は連歌からの俳諧連歌に対する卑称で、『犬筑波集』は連歌集たる『新撰菟玖波集』に対する表現となっている。
Inu' (literally, a dog) is a derogatory expression for Haikairenga among those favoring Renga, and 'Inu Tsukuba shu' is a title which was used in contrast with a collection of renga, 'Shinsen Tsukubashu' (New Selection of Renga Poetry of Tsukuba).

注：『尊卑分脈』では、源季遠の記述として「若狭国住人。刑部卿平忠盛郎党」とあり、実父については触れていない。
Note: According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), there is a description concerning MINAMOTO no Saneto, 'he lived in Wakasa Province, and was a roto (retainer) of Gyobukyo (Minister of Justice) TAIRA no Tadamori,' although it does not mention his real father.

卑弥呼（ひみこ、175年頃? - 248年頃）は、日本の弥生時代後期における倭国の女王（倭王）とされる人物。
Himiko (ca. 175- ca. 248) is said to have been a queen of Wa (Japan) who lived during the later Yayoi period.

養子及びその配偶者並びに養子の直系卑属及びその配偶者と養親及びその血族との親族関係は、離縁によって終了する。
The relationship of an adopted child, his/her spouse, any of his/her lineal descendants and their spouses with an adoptive parent and his/her spouse shall come to an end by dissolution of adoptive relation.

さらに箸墓古墳（はしはかこふん）は魏志倭人伝にあらわれる邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼の墓ではないかと推測されている。
Besides, it is assumed that Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus is the tomb of Himiko, the queen of Yamatai-Koku kingdom, who was depicted in Gishiwajinden (an 'Account of the Wa' [inhabitants of the western Japanese archipelago in the late third century] in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty' which comprises 'The History of the Three Kingdoms' written by Chen Shou, where the account is known as the first historical record of Japan).

乞食はディオメーデースの小屋にやってきて、卑屈に身をかがめて笑いかけ、戸口に入ってすぐのところに座り込んだ。
He came crouching and smiling up to the door of the hut of Diomede, and sat down just within the doorway,

近年専門の歴史学者によって書かれた書物・論文では、卑弥呼を神話伝説中の誰かにあてるような議論は行われていない。
In the books and essays written by professional historians in recent years, no attempt is made to identify Himiko with a mythical and legendary personage.

一方、卑弥呼や邪馬台国と同様に非佳字をあてることにより、中華世界から見た夷狄であることを表すとする意見もある。
But others says 倭 means iteki (barbarians) seen from China because the ominous character is used as in Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) and Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).

ところがその蓄えが実ろうかという頃合になって、その卑屈な態度を逆に疎ましがった芹沢鴨に手打ちにされてしまった。
However, just before he finally had enough saving, he was killed by Kamo SERIZAWA who could not stand his servile attitudes.

このことから、卑弥呼の死と壹與の王位継承とは、張政が倭に渡った248年からそれ程年月が経っていないと思われる。
These descriptions connoted that not so many years had elapsed after Himiko's death and subsequent Iyo's success of the throne until Chang Cheng's arrival in Wa in 248.

弥生時代後期の2世紀後半、倭国王位の継承をめぐって倭国大乱が起こり、卑弥呼が倭国王となることで争乱が終息した。
After the latter second century, during the late Yayoi period, there was large scale fighting in Japan due to the succession to the throne of Japan, the fighting ended after Himiko was decided to become the Queen of Japan.

実生活でもコセコセしたところがなく、どんな人に対しても人間のいやらしい部分、卑屈な部分を見せることがなかった。
He wasn't fussy in his life off the stage; he neither displayed any distasteful characteristics, nor did he ever fawn over others.

わたしはあなたがたの祭を憎み、かつ卑しめる。わたしはまた、あなたがたの聖会を喜ばない。 (アモス書 5:21)
I hate, I despise your feasts, and I can't stand your solemn assemblies. (Amos 5:21)

見よ、わたしはあなたを万国のうちに小さい者とし、人々のうちに卑しめられる者とする。 (エレミヤ書 49:15)
For, behold, I have made you small among the nations, and despised among men. (Jeremiah 49:15)

卑弥呼の死んだ時期は弥生時代から古墳時代への移行期に当たり、邪馬台国畿内説では卑弥呼の墓は古墳の可能性がある。
The time of Himiko's death corresponds to a transition period between the Yayoi and Tumulus periods, and according to the Yamatai Kingdom Kinai theory, there is a possibility that Himiko's tomb was a tumulus.

ただし夫婦同籍の原則があるため、分家者の妻と、直系卑属が新たな家に入るときの妻はかならず共に移動することになる。
Because there is a principle that a husband and a wife must be on the same household register, a wife of a head of a branch family and also a wife of a lineal descendant must be registered on the new household register with their husband.

柏木の養賢への批評はいつも心臓を抉り出す様に残酷で鋭く、養賢の心の揺れや卑怯を常に蔑み、突き飛ばすものであった。
Kashiwagi's comments toward Yoken were always so sharp and cruel that he felt like his heart was being cut out, and he always scorned and ridiculed Yoken's vacillation and cowardice.

寛政期以降の系図を収録する貴重な史料であり、その収録内容の多さから「幕末期の『尊卑分脈』」ともいえるものである。
Since it is a valued historical document that contains family trees from after the Kansei era and covers a wide range of materials, it can be said to be a 'Sonpibunmyaku' of the late Edo period.

しかしながら、その一方で「食物を乞うだけの人」（pindola）は、在家の人々から卑俗な人々として見られていた。
However, on the other hand, 'people who only beg for food' (pindola) were seen as vulgar people by lay believers.

『尊卑分脈』によると実父は藤原秀郷流の嫡流とも言える佐藤義清（西行）の兄弟、佐藤仲清で、後藤実基の養子となった。
According to 'The Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineage of the aristocracy), his biological father was Nakakiyo SATO who was the brother of Norikiyo SATO (Saigyo, who can be said to be a direct descendant of the FUJIWARA no Hidesato line), and he became Sanemoto GOTO's foster son.

なお、苗字や名前の類似性などから、『尊卑分脈』に見える藤原不比等の乳母・田辺史大隅との血縁関係が指摘されている。
Some point out that TANAHE no Osumi could be related by birth to TANABE no Fubito Osumi, Menoto (wet nurse) of FUJIWARA no Fuhito, whose name appears in 'Sonpibunmyaku,' because of the similarity between their names.

彼は卑しい人間を知っておられるからだ。彼は不義を見る時、これに心をとめられぬであろうか。 (ヨブ記 11:11)
For he knows false men. He sees iniquity also, even though he doesn't consider it. (Job 11:11)

満貞は明徳の乱に参戦するが、卑怯な振る舞いがあったと咎められて明徳3年（1392年）に尾張守護職を解任されている。
Mitsusada joined the Meitoku war, but he was blamed when he behaved in unfair way, and was dismissed from Owari Shugoshiki in 1392.

三国志の『魏志倭人伝』は、3世紀の倭国の状況を詳しく記し、邪馬台国の卑弥呼女王が統治していたことなどを伝えている。
'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') from Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms) describes state of Wakoku in the third century in detail that Queen Himiko ruled over the Yamatai-Koku kingdom.

卑弥呼が、『古事記』や『日本書紀』に書かれている誰にあたるか、またあたらないかが、江戸時代ころから議論されていた。
Since the Edo period, there has been much debate about which records in the 'Kojiki' (the Records of Ancient Matters) or the 'Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan) can be identified with Himiko.

従来、上記の箸墓古墳の築造年代は古墳分類からは3世紀末から4世紀初頭とされ、卑弥呼の時代とは合わないとされてきた。
It has been said that the Hashihaka Tumulus was created between the end of the third century and the beginning of the fourth century, which does not match the period of Himiko's reign.

範囲は父母や兄等尊属の親族が殺害された場合に限られ、卑属（妻子や弟・妹を含む）に対するものは基本的に認められない。
Its extent was limited to the case of having one's direct family member (such as a parent or older sibling) killed, so basically it wasn't allowed when it was intended for a descendent (including one's wife, child or younger sibling).

ある時将棋（しょうぎ）をさしたら卑怯（ひきょう）な待駒（まちごま）をして、人が困ると嬉（うれ）しそうに冷やかした。
When we played a chess game one day, he placed a chessman as a 'waiter,'--a cowardly tactic this,--and had hearty laugh on me by seeing me in a fix.

彼らの中には、三角縁神獣鏡を、卑弥呼の遣使を記念して呉 (三国)の工人などに日本で作らせたものだと主張する者もいる。
Some of them advocate that the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was produced in Japan by craftsmen and others in the Wu dynasty (Three Kingdom) in celebration of Himiko's dispatch.

また卑弥呼には弟がおり人々に託宣を伝える役を担っていたが、アマテラスにも弟スサノオがおり共通点が見出せるとしている。
Another commonality is Himiko's younger brother, who played the role of delivering a divine message, much like Amaterasu's younger brother, Susanoo.

安本美典は、天皇の平均在位年数などから推定すると、卑弥呼が生きていた時代とアマテラスが生きていた時代が重なるという。
Biten YASUMOTO claims that, considering the average periods of the various emperors' reigns, the era of Himiko overlaps with the era of Amaterasu.

一方で、弟が政治を補佐したという記述から、巫女の卑弥呼が神事を司り、実際の統治は男子が行う二元政治とする見方もある。
On the other hand, based on references to her younger brother's support of the government, there is also a view that Yamatai had a binary system of government in which shaman Himiko conducted the rituals and men delivered the real administration.

（※真乗は「尊属」殺人犯と述べているが、彼は自分の甥を殺害した男なので、「尊属」殺人犯ではなく「卑属」殺人犯である）
(Shinjo was told that the man was a parricide murderer, but he was not a parricide murderer but the man was a lineal murderer because he killed his nephew.)

まずは箸墓古墳の被葬者を卑弥呼と考え、台与らその次世代の王を西殿塚古墳の被葬者と考えるものである（白石 1999）。
First, by presuming that the deceased person in Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus was Himiko (first known ruler of Japan), the deceased person in Nishitonotsuka-kofun Tumulus could be the next king such as Toyo (a relative and a successor of Himiko) (by Shiraishi, 1999).

あなたはそのわざに巧みな人を見るか、そのような人は王の前に立つが、卑しい人々の前には立たない。 (箴言 22:29)
Do you see a man skilled in his work? He will serve kings. He won't serve obscure men. (Proverbs 22:29)

父より美濃国山県郡 (岐阜県)の所領を継承する一方、都で斎院次官などを務めて従五位下に昇ったとされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
It is said that while he inherited Shoryo (territory) of Yamagata-gun, Mino-no-kuni (Gifu Prefecture) from his father, he served as Saiinshi no suke (Vice minister of Office of the High Priestess of Kamo-jinja Shrine) and so on in Kyoto and was promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku', a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

首藤氏に山内と出てくるのは、『尊卑分脈』において、首藤資通の孫の首藤義通に、山内刑部丞と傍注されているのが最初である。
The name of Yamanouchi of the Sudo-clan appeared for the first time from Yoshimichi SUDO, a grandchild of Sukemichi SUDO, with a sidenote of Yamanouchi gyobu no jo in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku.'

また、この濃尾平野の勢力は、魏志倭人伝に記載のある倭の女王卑弥呼の邪馬台国と闘った狗奴国との関係を想定する学者もいる。
Some scholars also link the forces in the Nobi Plain with the Kina-koku Kingdom, which fought against the Yamatai-koku Kingdom ruled by Himiko, the queen of Wa-koku (that is, the oldest recorded name for Japan), described in Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty').

卑しくも価値のあることなら立派にやるだけの価値があるいやしくもやる価値のあることは、立派にやるだけの価値がある。　　
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.

「娼子」という名前は『尊卑分脈』に依る物で、『公卿補任』では蘇我媼子（そがのおんし／そがのおうなこ）と書かれている。
Her name, Shoshi, appears in 'Sonpibunmyaku' (Japanese genealogical text), while in 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles), her name was written as SOGA no Onshi, or SOGA no Ounako.

「見よ、わたしはまことに卑しい者です、なんとあなたに答えましょうか。ただ手を口に当てるのみです。 (ヨブ記 40:4)
'Behold, I am of small account. What shall I answer you? I lay my hand on my mouth. (Job 40:4)

古賀達也は『海部氏勘注系図』とは別の高良大社に残る「高良記」系図にある二十一代目の「天造日女命」を卑弥呼と同定している。
Apart from 'A Family Tree of the Amabe Family,' Tatsuya KOGA identified the 21st generation, 'Ametsukuru Hime Mikoto,' in the 'Record of Kora,' which was left in Kora Taisha Shrine with Himiko.

恥と後悔で胸がいっぱいになり、卑劣な行為を悔い改め、オーランドゥに、自分が加えてきた侮辱を許してくれと涙を流して訴えた。
shame and remorse at once seized him, and he repented of his unworthy conduct and besought with many tears his brother's pardon for the injuries he had done him.

カモメ達は食べ物だと思ってそれらを口に入れると、自分たちに仕掛けられた卑劣ないたずらにカンカンになって飛び去るのでした。
who pounced upon them for food, and then flew away, raging at the scurvy trick that had been played upon them.

それは、思考が卑屈となり、単なる権威を受け入れると科学ではいつもそうなるのですが、そのことで知性が死に至った時代でした。
It was a time when thought had become abject, and when the acceptance of mere authority led, as it always does in science, to intellectual death.

その目は神に捨てられた者を卑しめ、主を恐れる者を尊び、誓った事は自分の損害になっても変えることなく、 (詩篇 15:4)
In whose eyes a vile man is despised, but who honors those who fear Yahweh; he who keeps an oath even when it hurts, and doesn't change; (Psalms 15:4)

卑弥呼をアマテラスに比定する場合に多くみられ、卑弥呼没年前後の皆既日食によって岩戸隠れの故事を説明しようとする説である。
This thinking is largely accepted among who identify Himiko as Amaterasu, and this identification leads to a hypothesis to explain the historical incident of Iwato-gakure by the total eclipse of the sun, which happened around the death of Himiko.

弥生時代においても帥升や卑弥呼などが倭国王として中国の史料に記されているように、倭国と呼ばれる政治的な結合が存在していた。
Already in the Yayoi period (c.300BC-c.300AD) there existed a political alliance known as Wakoku, with Chinese historical sources mentioning rulers of Wa such as King Suisho and Queen Himiko.

『占事略决』は、撰者である安倍晴明の没年が『尊卑分脈』によれば1005年とされているので、それ以前に成立したと考えられる。
'Senji ryakketsu' is believed to have been compiled before 1005 because, according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), the author ABE no Seimei' s year of death was 1005.

ところがあなたがたは、主の台は汚れている、またこの食物は卑しむべき物であると言って、これを汚した。 (マラキ書 1:12)
'But you profane it, in that you say, 'Yahweh's table is polluted, and its fruit, even its food, is contemptible.' (Malachi 1:12)

記紀において、卑弥呼の原像をもとに、天上界ではアマテラス（天照）、下界ではシタテル（下照）ヒメとして記載したとの説もある。
There is a theory stating that the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki used Himiko as the archetype of Amaterasu in heaven and Shitateru hime on earth.

この場合、『公卿補任』『尊卑分脈』の記載から、難波皇子と栗隈王の間に「大俣王（おおまたのおおきみ）」を1代補うことが出来る。
In this case, 'Omata no Miko' can be added as one generation between the Prince Naniwa and Kurikuma no Okimi according to the descriptions in 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

儒教では、贅沢は君臣・尊卑の名 (倫理)と分 (倫理)からの逸脱を意味するとされ、社会秩序に対する重大な挑戦と考えられてきた。
Confucianism has stated that luxury is against Mei (ethics) and Bun (ethics) of Kunshin Sonpi (knowing the difference between the ruler and the ruled or between the aristocrat and the plebeian) and is a great defiance against social order.

あの男が私に打ち明けた卑劣な行為については、いくら悔恨の涙にくれていても、記憶にあったとしても、恐怖の念を感じずには語れない。
As for the moral turpitude that man unveiled to me, even with tears of penitence, I cannot, even in memory, dwell on it without a start of horror.

彼女は、考えられる限りのいかなる意志も、あるいは指示された以外の行動をする力も持っていない、最も従順で卑屈な人間の一人であった
she was one of the tamest and most abject creatures imaginable with no will or power to act but as directed

貞泰の子については、尊卑分脈、武茂系図、伊予宇都宮系図、筑後宇都宮系図、下野宇都宮系図その他においては、いくつかの異同がある。
Regarding Sadayasu's children, there are different notations in the Sonpi Bunmyaku (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), the Mumo family records, the Iyo-Utsunomiya family records, the Chikugo-Utsunomiya family records, and the Shimotsuke-Utsunomiya family records.

わたしは目の前に卑しい事を置きません。わたしはそむく者の行いを憎みます。それはわたしに付きまといません。 (詩篇 101:3)
I will set no vile thing before my eyes. I hate the deeds of faithless men. They will not cling to me. (Psalms 101:3)

その場合、分家側は徳川将軍家の家臣になるから、本家の家臣ではないと言えることになるが、本家の側では何かと分家を卑下しようとする。
In that case, this branch family was officially a direct vassal of the Tokugawa Shogun family and not a retainer of the head family, but the head family tended to disdain its branch family.

その後の保元の乱では、長兄の為重が崇徳上皇方に与したとされる一方で（『尊卑分脈』）、景重は源義朝の郎党として後白河天皇方に参陣。
When the Hogen War occurred thereafter, his eldest brother Tameshige sided with the Retired Emperor Sutoku (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]), and Kageshige joined the army of Emperor Goshirakawa as a vassal of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.

被後見人が、後見の計算の終了前に、後見人又はその配偶者若しくは直系卑属の利益となるべき遺言をしたときは、その遺言は、無効とする。
If a person under guardianship makes a will to the benefit of a guardian or the guardian's spouse or lineal relative before the completion of a profit and loss account for guardianship, that will shall be void.

集団ごとに幟を立てていたが、初めは幟に出身地や参加者を書いていたが、段々と滑稽なものや卑猥なものを描いたものが増えてきたという。
At first each group held up the flag with its hometown and members written on it, but the number of flags showing comical and obscene things gradually increased.

卑しいものでまかれ、栄光あるものによみがえり、弱いものでまかれ、強いものによみがえり、 (コリント人への第一の手紙 15:43)
It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. (1 Corinthians 15:43)

陶器を造る者は、同じ土くれから、一つを尊い器に、他を卑しい器に造りあげる権能がないのであろうか。 (ローマ人への手紙 9:21)
Or hasn't the potter a right over the clay, from the same lump to make one part a vessel for honor, and another for dishonor? (Romans 9:21)

都における中級官人として活動し、右衛門尉、検非違使、相模国介、下野国守などを歴任し極位は従五位下であったとされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
He worked as a middle rank of government official in Kyoto, serving as Uemon no jo (the third ranked official of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers), Assistant governor of Sagami Province and Shimotsuke no kuni no kami (the governor of Shimotsuke Province) and reached Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

出自の卑しい新笠自身が皇后になることはなかったが、新笠が生んだ山部親王が立太子し、桓武天皇（在位：781年 - 806年）となる。
Niigasa didn't become an empress due to her low social status but her child, Imperial Prince Yamanobe, was installed as the Crown Prince and went on to become Emperor Kanmu (he reigned from 781 to 806).

自分の父をあざけり、母に従うのを卑しいこととする目は、谷のからすがこれをつつき出し、はげたかがこれを食べる。 (箴言 30:17)
'The eye that mocks at his father, and scorns obedience to his mother: the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, the young eagles shall eat it. (Proverbs 30:17)

彼らはみな、強情な反逆者であって、歩きまわって人をそしる。彼らは青銅や鉄であって、みな卑しいことを行う。 (エレミヤ書 6:28)
They are all grievous rebels, going about with slanders; they are brass and iron: they all of them deal corruptly. (Jeremiah 6:28)

椿井大塚山古墳は邪馬台国卑弥呼に中国より献上された三角鳥獣神鏡が発掘されるなど邪馬台国や卑弥呼伝説にも一石を投じる遺跡地帯である。
A mirror with triangular rims and designs of divinities and animals presented from China to Himiko, of the Yamatai Kingdom, was excavated from the Tsubai-Otsukayama Tomb (among others), and the area is sort of a region of relics that has caused a stir regarding legends concerning the Yamatai Kingdom and Himiko.

本来の意図が何であったにせよ、卑猥な歌詞などもあったところを見ると、多くの者はただブームに乗って楽しく騒いでいただけのようでもある。
Regardless of the real intension, many people seem to have been just enjoying it by taking advantage of this boom, since some lyrics contained ill-tasted words.

そのため、複数年にわたる記述である可能性が高いが、卑弥呼の死が247年か248年か（あるいはさらに後か）については説が分かれている。
There is a strong possibility that they were recorded over several years, but opinions are divided on the year of Himiko's death, be it in 247, 248, or even later.

未成年者を養子とするには、家庭裁判所の許可を得なければならない。ただし、自己又は配偶者の直系卑属を養子とする場合は、この限りでない。
Where a person to be adopted is a minor, the permission of the family court shall be obtained; provided that this shall not apply in the cases where the person to be adopted is a lineal descendant of either the adoptive parent or the adoptive parent's spouse.

このことは(卑小な現代的例を使えば)見知らぬ人の性格については、そのクレジット・カードの数字を基に確実な結論を出すようなものなのだ。
This would be (to use a trivial modern example) rather like making firm conclusions about a stranger's character on the basis of the numbers in his credit card.

当初、親族と思われる大江匡房の養子となっていたことから大江氏を称したが、天永2年（1111年）に本姓に復したという（『尊卑分脈』）。
He was initially called Oe shi because he was an adopted child of OE no Masafusa and assumed to be family, but he changed back to his original surname in 1111 ('Sonpi Bunmyaku,' a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

われらが卑しかった時にわれらをみこころにとめられた者に感謝せよ、そのいつくしみはとこしえに絶えることがない。 (詩篇 136:23)
Who remembered us in our low estate; for his loving kindness endures forever; (Psalms 136:23)

この卑弥呼の後継者である壹與（臺與）はアマテラスの息子アメノオシホミミの妃となった栲幡千千姫命（万幡豊秋津師比売）に比定できるとする。
Toyo can be identified with Takuhatachiji Hime no Mikoto, a wife of Amaterasu's son, Amenooshihomimi.

この金銅製の鞍は、鞍の形が鮮卑式であり、パルメット(仏教式唐草模様)、鳳凰、龍、鬼面、怪魚、象、獅子、兎などのモチーフが使われている。
This gilt bronze saddle is in Senbi style with patterns of palmette (Buddhist-style arabesque design), phoenixes, dragons, devil masks, strange fish, elephants, lions, and rabbits.

一説には、邪馬台国の卑弥呼である、又は、ほぼ同時期に同じような立場にあった女性が死後に神として祀られたものである、などといわれている。
One opinion is that she was Himiko of Yamatai-koku Kingdom, and another view is that a woman who was in the almost same position about the same period as her was enshrined as a goddess after the death.

また蘇我入鹿と同様に死後中大兄皇子らによってこれまでの名前を資料とともに消され、新たに卑しい名前として勝手に名付けられたという説もある。
It is also possible that Naka no Oe no Oji and others, who erased his real name and his records, gave him a derogatory name instead after his and his son Iruka's death.

また、杉橋隆夫は牧の方の父あるいは兄とされる牧宗親と池禅尼の兄弟とされる藤原宗親（『尊卑分脈』）は同一人物であるとする説を提示している。
Takao SUGIHASHI advanced a theory that Munechika MAKI, who was supposed to be Maki no kata's father or older brother, was the same person as FUJIWARA no Munechika, a brother of Ike no zenni ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base)).

この頃のことは、『魏志』倭人伝には、倭国乱れ互いに攻伐し合い、長い間盟主なしと伝える、その後、卑弥呼が共立されて王となる、と書かれている。
According to 'Gishi' Wajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), wars frequently broke out in Wakoku and there had been no leader for a long time, then Himiko was installed as a queen.

またこの説では、卑弥呼の後に王位に就いたとされる台与（とよ）を、系図の中で、宇那比姫命の二世代後に記される、天豊姫（あまとよひめ）とする。
According to this theory, Toyo, who succeeded to the throne after Himiko, is identified with Amatoyo Hime, whose name was mentioned two generations after Unabi Hime no Mikoto in the family tree.

従来、構築年代が3世紀末から4世紀初頭であり、卑弥呼が死亡したされる3世紀前半との時期にずれがあるため、その可能性は少ないといわれてきた。
Traditionally, this has been considered unlikely because there is a lag between the date of construction between the end of the third century and the early fourth century and that of her death, which is believed to be in the first half of the third century.

この卑しい女をさえ、心にかけてくださいました。今からのち代々の人々は、わたしをさいわいな女と言うでしょう、 (ルカによる福音書 1:48)
for he has looked at the humble state of his handmaid. For behold, from now on, all generations will call me blessed. (Luke 1:48)

尊卑分脈や宇都宮系図等の各種系図上では、藤原氏北家の関白藤原道兼の流れを汲み（道兼流）、道兼の孫である藤原兼房 (中宮亮)の次男とされる。
According to various genealogies including the Sonpi bunmyaku (Bloodlines of Noble and Base) and Utsunomiya Keizu (literally, the genealogy of the Utsunomiya clan), Soen was on the lineage of Kanpaku (Chancellor) FUJIWARA no Michikane of the Fujiwara Hokke (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) (i.e. a descendant of FUJIWARA no Michikane), and was allegedly the second son of FUJIWARA no Kanefusa (Chugu no suke) who was Michikane's grandson.

これはこの国を卑しくして、みずから立つことができないようにし、その契約を守ることによって立たせるためである。 (エゼキエル書 17:14)
that the kingdom might be base, that it might not lift itself up, but that by keeping his covenant it might stand. (Ezekiel 17:14)

後述は古くは遺跡から発掘される神殿やそこで行われたとされる儀式や、特に卑弥呼が行ったとされる祈祷や占いによる結果を、指針とした執政である。
The latter were seen in ceremonies held in shrines, some of which have been excavated in remains, or in the administration of the ancient times, in particular by Himiko (first known ruler of Japan), who is said to have offered prayers and given fortune telling herself.

この箸墓古墳の後円部の大きさは直径約160mであり、「魏志倭人伝」の「卑彌呼死去卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百余歩」と言う記述に一致している。
The Hashihaka Tumulus is about 160 meters in diameter, which corresponds to the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, which states, 'When Himiko passed away, the Wajin made a large mound that was more than 150 meters long.'

1世紀中頃に倭奴国王印が後漢から、3世紀中葉には邪馬台国の女王（卑弥呼）が魏 (三国)に朝貢し、倭の王であることを意味する金印を授けられた。
During the middle of the first century, Wa no na no kokuo in (the oldest known seal in Japan) was sent to Japan from the Later Han Dynasty and in middle of third century, the queen of Yamatai-Koku Kingdom (Himiko) paid tribute to Wei dynasty (Three States Period) and presented with golden seal which implies the king of Wa (Japan).

また、『尊卑分脈』の義経の項目にも「鞍馬寺において、東国旅人諸陵助重頼（頼重）を相語らい、約諾せしめ」と『平治物語』とほぼ同様の記載がある。
A story similar to 'Heiji monogatari' is included in the article about Yoshitsune in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), which describes that 'Yoshitsune talked with a traveler from Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) named Shoryo no suke Shigeyori (Yorishige) and let him promise to accept his request at Kurama-dera Temple.'

なお、『興福寺縁起』には不比等の出生につき「公避くる所の事有り」とあり、大鏡、公卿補任、尊卑分脈には明記され、天智天皇の御落胤であるとする。
It is written in 'Kofuku-ji Engi (Origin of Kofuku-ji Temple)' that there are certain matters about Fuhito's birth that haven't been officially recorded; meanwhile, it is explicitly stated in Okagami, Kugyo Bunin (Official Records of the Ancient Government) and Sonpi Bunmyaku (Ancient Family Tree Charts) that Fuhito was Emperor Tenchi's child born out of wedlock.

また、『尊卑分脈』や『醍醐雑抄』『平家物語補闕剣巻』では、やはり顕時の孫にあたる葉室時長（はむろときなが、藤原氏）が作者であるとされている。
Also, according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble), 'Daigo Zassho' (miscellaneous records made at the Daigo-ji Temple Hon-in), and 'Heike Monogatari Hoketsu Tsurugi no maki' (Supplement Volume, Sword, of Heike Monogatari (The Tale of Heike)) Tokinaga HAMURO (the Fujiwara Clan), a grandson of Akitoki, is considered the author.

多田氏の衰退後、『群書類従』収録の「多田系図」などによると源兼綱の子である源頼兼（『尊卑分脈』では源頼政の次男とされる）が多田氏を再興した。
The Tada clan, following its decline, was revived by MINAMOTO no Yorikane, who was the son of MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna according to the 'Tada clan's genealogy' in 'Gunsho Ruiju' (a collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA); however, 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) states the second son of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa.

（ただし、特に邪馬台国および卑弥呼の正体についてはとりわけ激しい論争の的となることが多く、前述の桃太郎伝説と共にその信憑性が問題視される。）
(However, especially the Yamatai-koku and Himiko's identity often became the subject of fiercer debate and the reliability is questionable as similar to the previously mentioned legend of Momotaro.)

また、女神であるのはこの神が成立したのが女帝である持統天皇の頃であるからという説や、現在では卑弥呼が天照大神のモデルであったとする説もある。
Other theories consider that Amaterasu Omikami is female because her myth was established during the era of Empress Jito, or because Himiko was her model.

卑弥呼が死亡したときには、倭人は直径百余歩もある大きな塚を作り、奴婢百余人を殉葬したとされている（卑彌呼死去卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百余歩）。
It is said that when Himiko passed away, the Wajin (Japanese people) made a large mound that was more than 150 meters long; more than 100 slaves were killed and buried with her.

『尊卑分脈』の記述によれば、小一条院（敦明親王）判官代や讃岐国守などを務め従五位下に昇るが、その後出家し園城寺に住したのちに入寂したとされる。
According to the description in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), he served as Koichijoin (Imperial Prince Atsuakira) Hogandai (an administrative official of the Retired Emperor's Office) and Sanuki no kuni no kami (Provincial Governor of Sanuki) and was promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), and later became a priest who resided at Onjo-ji Temple and then passed away.

しかし氏直は、敵軍は疲労しており、小勢でも勝利を得ることができると考え、何よりも敵の寄せるのを見ているのは卑怯であると主張し、この提言を却下。
But Ujinao thought that the enemy was so exhausted that just a small force could defeat them, and said that, above all things, it was sneaky to just look down the enemy moving up the mountain, and rejected the idea.

通説では、寛治5年（1091年）生まれ、仁平4年（1154年）出家、久寿2年（1155年）6月26日 (旧暦)に死去となっている（尊卑分脈）。
According to the popular theory, he was born in 1091, entered into priesthood in 1154 and died on August 3, 1155 (Sonpi Bunmyaku [Bloodlines of Noble and Base]).

摂津源氏の嫡流であった多田氏の一族で、源満仲（多田満仲）の8代孫にあたる源高頼の子とされる（『尊卑分脈』等の系図では経実の名は確認出来ない）。
It is believed that he was from Tada clan, which was the direct descendant of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), and was the eighth generation of the decendent of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka (TADA no Manju) and the son of MINAMOTO no Takayori (the name of Tsunezane is not confirmed in the family trees including 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

『尊卑分脈』で宗景の右側に記されている事から、嫡子の宗景より年長だった可能性もあるが、竹崎季長の『蒙古襲来絵詞』には「城次郎」と記されている。
As he was written on the right side of Munekage in 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), it's possible that he was older than the legitimate child, Munekage, but in 'Moko Shurai Ekotoba' (picture scrolls of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) by Suenaga TAKESAKI, he was written 'Shiro jiro' (the second son).

民は互に相しえたげ、人はおのおのその隣をしえたげ、若い者は老いたる者にむかって高ぶり、卑しい者は尊い者にむかって高ぶる。 (イザヤ書 3:5)
The people will be oppressed, everyone by another, and everyone by his neighbor. The child will behave himself proudly against the old man, and the base against the honorable. (Isaiah 3:5)

高家が饗応役を命じられた大名から進物をもらうことは、賄賂というよりも授業料や必要経費の性格が強く、当時は別に卑しまれている類のものではなかった。
For koke to receive gifts from feudal lords who appointed them as attendants, it was considered more as tuition and necessary expense and nothing greedy at that time.

主君・織田信長を討った行為について当時から非難の声が大きく、そのために近代に入るまで"卑劣で陰湿な逆賊"としての評価が主だった。
From then on Mitsuhide was blamed for attacking his monarch Nobunaga, causing him to be mainly estimated to be a mean and sinister traitor until the beginning of the modern period.

「フィジーの村長にも、あなたがオープンソースのリーダーについて述べたのと同じように、卑下する腰の低いリーダーシップのスタイルが観察されました。
In Fijian village chiefs, we observed the same sort of self-deprecating, low-key leadership style that you attribute to open source project leaders.

そしてピーターがインディアン達に必要な指示を与えて、家に帰ってみると、そこではピーターが留守にしている間に、卑劣な場面が繰り広げられていました。
Then having given the necessary instructions to the redskins he returned to the home, where an unworthy scene had been enacted in his absence.

邪馬台国論争に関しては、宣長は尊王攘夷の立場に立っていた『三国志演義』に基づき『魏志倭人伝』を解釈して、卑弥呼女酋説・邪馬台国九州説を提唱した。
Norinaga interpreted 'Gishi wajinden' (Records of the Wa people, Chronicle of Wei) based on 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms,' which supported the view of Sonno Joi, (a view that advocates reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and came up with the theory that Himiko was the female head of the Yamataikoku kingdom and the kingdom was located in Kyushu.

『尊卑分脈』による系譜では、景政を平高望の末子平良茂もしくは次男平良兼の4世孫とし、大庭景義・大庭景親・梶原景時らはいずれも景政の3世孫とする。
According to the genealogy in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku (a Japanese genealogical text)'Kagemasa was the descendant of TAIRA no Yoshishige who was the youngest son of TAIRA no Takamochi or TAIRA no Yoshikane, the second son in the fourth generation; also the text says that Kageyoshi Oba, Kagechika Oba and Kagetoki KAJIWARA were all descendants of Kagemasa in the third generation.

すなわちエジプトの運命をもとに返し、彼らをその生れた地であるパテロスの地に帰らせる。その所で彼らは卑しい国となる。 (エゼキエル書 29:14)
and I will bring back the captivity of Egypt, and will cause them to return into the land of Pathros, into the land of their birth; and they shall be there a base kingdom. (Ezekiel 29:14)

卑弥呼に関する「魏志倭人伝」のこの記述から、卑弥呼は呪術を司る巫女（シャーマン）のような人物であり、邪馬台国は原始的な呪術国家とする見方がある。
Because of the description about Himiko in 'Gishiwajinden,' some say that Himiko was a shaman-like person who conducted magic and that Yamatai was a primitive magic state.

女王を戴いてたことから邪馬台国を女系国家と論じる者もいるが、卑弥呼以前は男王が立ち、卑弥呼の死後もまず男王が立っていることから、これは疑わしい。
Some people say that Yamatai was a matriarchal state because it had queens as sovereigns, but this theory is problematic since a king ruled before Himiko and another king ruled right after Himiko's death.

天文学者の斎藤国治は、248年9月5日朝（日本時間。世界時では4日）に北部九州で皆既日食が起こったことを求め、これが卑弥呼の死に関係すると唱えた。
Kuniji SAITO, an astronomer, claimed that a total eclipse of the sun over the northern part of Kyushu on the morning of September 5, 248 (according to Japan Standard Time; the 4th, according to Universal Time) had something to do with the death of Himiko.

アマテラスの極めて近い親族で名前の中に「トヨ」の文字がある彼女を臺與に比定する説で、安本美典が『新版・卑弥呼の謎』（講談社現代新書）で述べている。
This theory is to identify Toyo as Yorozuhatatoyoakitu-hime, because she was the person who was a very close relative of Amaterasu and had the character of 'Toyo' in her name; this was the argument Biten YASUMOTO wrote in his 'The mystery of Himiko; New Edition'(Kodansha new book).

邪馬台国と対立した狗奴国を熊本（球磨）の勢力と比定すれば、魏志倭人伝に登場する狗奴国の官「狗古知卑狗」が日本名の「菊池彦」の音訳と考えられること。
If it is presumed that the Kuna state, which conflicted with Yamatai, was the group in Kumamoto Prefecture (球磨 [Kuma]), a Kuna officer, 'Kukochihiku,' who appeared in Gishiwajinden, can be thought the transliteration of Japanese name '菊池彦' (Kukuchihiko or Kikuchihiko).

彼に代って起る者は、卑しむべき者であって、彼には、王の尊厳が与えられず、彼は不意にきて、巧言をもって国を獲るでしょう。 (ダニエル書 11:21)
'In his place shall rise up a contemptible person, to whom they had not given the honor of the kingdom; but he shall arrive in a time of security and shall obtain the kingdom by flatteries. (Daniel 11:21)

しかし今はわたしよりも年若い者が、かえってわたしをあざ笑う。彼らの父はわたしが卑しめて、群れの犬と一緒にさえしなかった者だ。 (ヨブ記 30:1)
'But now those who are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to put with my sheep dogs. (Job 30:1)

父母はあなたのうちで卑しめられ、寄留者はあなたのうちで虐待をうけ、みなしごと、やもめとはあなたのうちで悩まされている。 (エゼキエル書 22:7)
In you have they set light by father and mother; in the midst of you have they dealt by oppression with the foreigner; in you have they wronged the fatherless and the widow. (Ezekiel 22:7)

倭国王・卑弥呼が居住した邪馬台国の所在地をめぐっては九州説と畿内説とが並立しており結論は出ていないが、纏向遺跡は邪馬台国の有力な候補地となっている。
The two proposed locations for the Yamataikoku Kingdom, where Queen Himiko of Wa lived, are Kyushu and Kinai (the area around Kyoto and Nara) and although neither of them has been proved, the Makimuku ancient sites are thought to be the most likely remains of Yamataikoku.

子、その直系卑属又はこれらの者の法定代理人は、認知の訴えを提起することができる。ただし、父又は母の死亡の日から三年を経過したときは、この限りでない。
A child, his/her lineal descendant, or the legal representative of either, may bring an action for affiliation; provided that this shall not apply if three years have passed since the day of the death of the parent.

酒宴の場面をはじめとしていずれも情景を大胆に描写し、人物の表情もあからさまに表出し、やや卑俗な感じも抱かせるが、作者はなかなかの達腕であるとされる。
The scenes including a feast (a drinking party) were described with a bold touch, and the expressions of people were alive, evoking a bit of obscenities though; the painter must have a good painting skill.

『平家物語』には藤原伊実（惟実）（鳥飼中納言）の娘で、藤原邦綱の養女となったとあるが、『尊卑分脈』や『愚管抄』の記述から邦綱の実子と考えられている。
While 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of Heike) depicts FUIWARA no Hoshi as a daughter of FUJIWARA no Korezane (also known as Torikai Chunagon (vice-councilor of state)), who was later adopted by FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna as his daughter, descriptions in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in thefourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool) make it more likely that she was Kunitsuna's own daughter.

この意識は少なくとも室町末期ごろまで続き、後世に言われるような「裏切りは卑怯」「主君と生死を共にするのが武士」といった考え方は当時は主流ではなかった。
This concept continued until at least the late Muromachi period and the ideas that a 'betrayer is a coward' 'samurais should die with their lords' were not mainstream at the time.

彼らは自分達こそが国民・民衆の代表であるとする意識から、「民党」という言葉を用い、反対勢力を政府官吏と癒着した勢力と看做して「吏党」と呼んで卑下した。
They used the word 'minto' to call themselves with the consciousness that they were the real representatives of the people, and they regarded their opponents as the group having a cozy relationship with the government officials and despised the group by calling it 'rito' (literally, the parties of the government officials, it is the discriminatory term used by the members and supporters of minto).

雑誌『新青年 (中国)』を主宰する陳独秀・呉虞・魯迅らは「孔家店打倒」をスローガンに家父長制的な宗法制度や男尊女卑の思想をもつ儒教を排斥しようとした。
Chin Dokushu (Chen Duxiu), Go Gu, and Ro Jin (Lu Xun) who supervised the magazine 'La Jeunesse' (New Youth) (China), attempted to cast aside Ju-kyo, which supported a patriarchal head family dominant system and the thought of predominance of men over women, under the slogan 'overthrow the Confucians.'

いかにしてスミスが大胆不敵な銀行家になり、卑賤なるミイラの見せ物師から、アブラハム他高名なエジプト人たちによって書かれたパピルスの巻物を手にいれたか。
how Smith became an enterprising banker, and received from a simple mummy showman a papyrus scroll written by Abraham and several famous Egyptians.

『尊卑分脈』の経氏の注に「号吉良」と記されていることから、前期東条吉良氏は、経氏の代に初めて東条の地を領有したとも考えられるが、確証は得られていない。
Since the note regarding Tsuneuji in 'Sonpibunmyaku'(a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) mentions 'name, Kira,' it could be considered that the Tojokira clan of the early period first possessed the territory of Tojo when Tsuneuji became the family head; however, the truth is unknown.

『三国志』のいわゆる「魏志倭人伝」によると、西暦239年に邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼が魏に遣使をした際、帝から「親魏倭王」金印と銅鏡百枚などを授かったという。
According to so-called Gishiwajinden (The History of the Wei Dynasty) in Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms), when Princess Himiko of Yamataikoku Kingdom dispatched envoys to Gi in 239, she was given from Emperor a golden stamp 'Shingi Wao' (the title of the king of Wa (Japan)) and a hundred of bronze mirrors.

三角縁神獣鏡が畿内を中心に出土することから、卑弥呼の鏡説をとるのは邪馬台国＝畿内説をとる研究者に多く、日本製説をとるのは邪馬台国＝九州説をとる者に多い。
Because Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered mainly in the Kinai region, many researchers advocating the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in the Kinai region maintain Himiko's mirror and many researchers advocating Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region maintain the mirrors were produced in Japan.

また古代の日本では、女性は神聖な者で神霊が女性に憑依すると広く信じられており、卑弥呼に代表されるように神を祭る資格の多くは、女性にあると考えられていた。
Moreover, in ancient Japan women were believed to be sacred persons who were generally haunted spirits, so that women were thought to have many qualifications for being enshrined as god, as represented by Himiko.

ですから、自分の臣下から強奪せず、自分の身を守ることができ、貧しく卑屈にならず、強欲にならずにすむには、君主はけちだという評判を気にかけてはいけません。
A prince, therefore, provided that he has not to rob his subjects, that he can defend himself, that he does not become poor and abject, that he is not forced to become rapacious, ought to hold of little account a reputation for being mean,

卑しい事が人の子のなかにあがめられている時、悪しき者はいたる所でほしいままに歩いています。聖歌隊の指揮者によってうたわせたダビデの歌 (詩篇 12:8)
The wicked walk on every side, when what is vile is exalted among the sons of men. (Psalms 12:8)

現在の考古学は箸墓古墳を卑弥呼の墓の最有力候補と見ているから、倭迹迹日百襲媛命（やまとととひももそひめのみこと）は卑弥呼の有力な候補の1つと考えられる。
According to today's archaeology, the Hashihaka Tumulus is the most probable resting place of Himiko, so Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto is considered the most likely person to be identified with Himiko.

箸墓古墳の築造年代についても、研究者により多少の前後はあるものの卑弥呼の没年（248年頃）に近い3世紀の中頃から後半と見る説が最近では一般的になっている。
Opinions concerning the Hashihaka Tumulus differ among scholars, though recently it is widely accepted that the tumulus was created between the mid-third century (which is close to the year of Himiko's death in 248) and the latter half of the third century.

この為義の処刑をめぐっては異説が多く、『愚管抄』は義朝が実行、場所は四塚（平安京からわずかに南）とし、『尊卑分脈』は実行者・場所ともに物語とおなじである。
There are many different views regarding Tameyoshi's execution, and 'Gukansho' says that Yoshitomo did it at Yotsuzuka (not far south of Heiankyo), while 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' has the same executor and place as described in the tale.

また、卑しい言葉と愚かな話やみだらな冗談を避けなさい。これらは、よろしくない事である。それよりは、むしろ感謝をささげなさい。 (エペソ人への手紙 5:4)
nor filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not appropriate; but rather giving of thanks. (Ephesians 5:4)

この全ては、我々の民族闘争を汚し、それをテロリズムに結びつけることによって、我々を導く信念と人道的意図を害しようとする卑劣な運動と軌を一にしていたのです。
All this was accompanied by an outrageous campaign to defame our national struggle, to harm its guiding principles and humanist aims, in an attempt to link it to terrorism.

尊卑文脈によれば、有光～四代目の世代（鎌倉前期）の頃に、陸奥石川氏は一族・庶流の分立を進め、城・館を築き石川庄の村々に一族の地頭を配置していったと思われる。
According to Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble, during the period of the generations from Arimitsu to the fourth head of the clan (the early Kamakura period), the Mutsu Ishikawa clan seemed to have promoted separation of the clan and the illegitimate lineage, have built castles and residents and have posted managers and lords of the manors of the clan in hamlets in the Ishikawa village.

一般に略式のくだけた格好であると考えられており、特に羽織を略した姿は粋や通にかよう独特の美意識と下層階級的な意気のよさ、卑俗な感じを持つものであるとされる。
Generally speaking, kinagashi is considered to be an informal and casual style, and especially it is thought that the costume in which haori is omitted shows a unique aesthetic sense which is common to iki (粋, traditional aesthetic ideal in Japan like nattiness) and tsu (通, highly cultivated person in Japan like a connoisseur), and high spirits and vulgar impressions which illustrate characteristics of the lower classes.

彼はただチャンスさえつかめば、友がやってのけたことやいずれやれることより上等なこと、単なる卑俗なジャーナリズムより高尚なことが自分にはできると確信していた。
He was sure that he could do something better than his friend had ever done, or could ever do, something higher than mere tawdry journalism if he only got the chance.

何らかの理由により祖父源経基の養子となり、中級貴族として馬寮、但馬国介、上野国掾、下野国守、筑前守などを歴任し極位は従五位下であったとされる（『尊卑分脈』）。
He became an adopted sun of his grandfather MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto for some reason, assumed various positions including Maryo (Division of the Bureau of Horses), Tajima no kuni no suke (Assistant Governor of Tajima Province), Kozukenokuni no jo (provincial governor of Kozuke), Shimotsuke no kuni no kami (the governor of Shimotsuke Province), and Chikuzen no kami (governor of Chikuzen Province) as a middle-ranking noble and is said to have ultimately attained the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' [a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy]).

これは伝統的な宮廷文化の枠組みの中にあった連歌の題材を、広く世相に求め、伝統的な詩形や題材と卑近なものの組みあわせのうちにおかしみを見出そうとする試みである。
This was an attempt to pursue the subject matter of renga in the social conditions, and to try to find humor in the combination of a traditional poetic form and something familiar.

次に、以下の「史実との関係」にかかわるが、『尊卑分脈』の為義・義朝等の伝記はこの乱についての根本資料である『兵範記』との間に齟齬がみられ、『保元物語』に近い。
Although it is related to the following 'Relationship to the Historical Facts,' there is a conflict among the biographies of Tameyoshi, Yoshitomo and others in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku (Biographies of Nobles and the Humble)' and 'Heihan-ki (TAIRA no Nobunori's diary)' (which is a main source of this disturbance); moreover, 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' is closer to 'Hogen Monogatari.'

その民はみな嘆いて食物を求め、その命をささえるために、財宝を食物にかえた。「主よ、みそなわして、わたしの卑しめられるのを顧みてください」。 (哀歌 1:11)
All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for food to refresh the soul: look, Yahweh, and see; for I am become abject. (Lamentations 1:11)

政権の性格は、「鬼道を事とし、能く衆を惑わす」卑弥呼を女王とする邪馬台国の呪術的政権ではなく、宗教的性格は残しながらもより権力的な政権であったと考えられている。
The nature of the regime is considered not like that of the magical regime of Yamatai-koku Kingdom with Queen Himiko who 'used the art of shaman and often misled the people,' but more powerful government remaining the religious nature.

九州王朝説を唱えた古田武彦は、『筑後風土記逸文』に記されている筑紫君の祖「甕依姫」（みかよりひめ）が「卑弥呼（ひみか）」のことである可能性が高いと主張している。
Takehiko FURUTA, who advocated the Kyushu Dynasty theory, claimed that there was a strong possibility that the ancestor of Tsukushi no Kimi, 'Mikayori Hime,' (Princess Mikayori) whose name was written in 'Chikugo no Kuni Fudoki Itsubun' (a surviving fragment of the topography of Chikugo Province), was 'Himika.'

邪馬台国長官の伊支馬（いきま？）と垂仁天皇の名「いくめ」の近似性を指摘する説もあるが、大和朝廷の史書である記紀には、卑弥呼の遣使のこと等具体的に書かれていない。
There is a theory that pointed out the similarity between Ikima, a Yamatai high ranking officer, and 'Ikume,' the name of Emperor Suinin, but details such as the names of envoys by Himiko are not specified in the 'Record of Ancient Matters' and the 'Chronicles of Japan,' the history books of Yamato Dynasty.

例えば能に『江口』があり、長唄に『時雨西行』があり、あるいはごく卑俗な画題として「富士見西行」があり、各地に「西行の野糞」なる口碑が残っているのはこのためである。
For example, a Noh play 'Eguchi,' a Nagauta (a long epic song) 'Shigure Saigyo,' a vulgar painting entitled 'Fujimi Saigyo' and a legend about 'Saigyo no Noguso' (Saigyo has a shit in the woods) in various locations were created based on the life of the multi-dimensional person that was Saigyo.

あなたがたはわたしの道を守らず、律法を教えるに当って、人にかたよったがために、あなたがたをすべての民の前に侮られ、卑しめられるようにする」。 (マラキ書 2:9)
'Therefore I have also made you contemptible and base before all the people, according to the way you have not kept my ways, but have had respect for persons in the law. (Malachi 2:9)

父又は母は、死亡した子でも、その直系卑属があるときに限り、認知することができる。この場合において、その直系卑属が成年者であるときは、その承諾を得なければならない。
If a child has died, a father or mother may still give affiliation, limited to the case where that child had a lineal descendant. In this case, if that lineal descendant is an adult, his/her consent shall be obtained.

戸主は、家の統率者として家族に対する扶養義務を負う（ただし、配偶者、直系卑属、直系尊属による扶養義務のほうが優先）ほか、主に以下のような権能（戸主権）を有していた。
A head of a family has duty of support for family members, as leader of a family (however, the duty of support by a spouse, direct descendants, and direct ancestors are prioritized.), and the other capabilities and powers of a head of a family are listed below.

出納平田家は催官人であり職掌面では局務押小路家・官務壬生家と同格であったが、伝統的な公家社会では壬生孝亮が唱えたように出納を「凡卑」と捉える考え方は依然と強かった。
The Suino Hirata family was in the controlling class equivalent to the Kyokumu Oshinokoji family and the Kanmu Mibu family; yet in the traditional court noble society, Suino was regarded as people of humble origin as stated by Takasuke MIBU.

最後にぼくは個人的に、一部の代表的ハッカーたちの自己卑下行動は、個人崇拝の対象となることに対する本物の（そして正当でなくはない）おそれからきているのを観察してきた。
Finally, I have personally observed that the self-deprecating behavior of some leading hackers reflects a real (and not unjustified) fear of becoming the object of a personality cult.

彼は、万物をご自身に従わせうる力の働きによって、わたしたちの卑しいからだを、ご自身の栄光のからだと同じかたちに変えて下さるであろう。 (ピリピ人への手紙 3:21)
who will change the body of our humiliation to be conformed to the body of his glory, according to the working by which he is able even to subject all things to himself. (Philippians 3:21)

主なる神はこう言われる、かぶり物を脱ぎ、冠を取り離せ。すべてのものは、そのままには残らない。卑しい者は高くされ、高い者は卑しくされる。 (エゼキエル書 21:26)
thus says the Lord Yahweh: Remove the turban, and take off the crown; this [shall be] no more the same; exalt that which is low, and abase that which is high. (Ezekiel 21:26)

これは儒教的な封建社会において金利を伴う取引が卑しまれた事に加え、こうした取引は相互信頼に基づくものであり本来は内部で解決されるべき問題であると考えられたからである。
This was because, in Confucian feudal society, it was thought that deal accompanied by interest was vulgar, that it should had been based on the mutual trust, and that it was an issue basically to be settled inside.

でもアターソン氏は、自分がやってきた悪いことを卑下するのだが、これまで今にもするところだったが、回避した多くの悪行を思うと、再び落ちつき、感謝の念を忘れないのだった。
yet he was humbled to the dust by the many ill things he had done, and raised up again into a sober and fearful gratitude by the many that he had come so near to doing, yet avoided.

なぜならフランス王はこういう動きをみて、ヴェネツィアを卑しめるために、教皇の友となりたいと思い、また出兵を断ると、教皇を公然と傷つけることになると悟ったからなのです。
because that king, having observed the movement, and desiring to make the Pope his friend so as to humble the Venetians, found it impossible to refuse him soldiers without manifestly offending him.
because that king, having observed the movement, and desiring to make the Pope his friend so as to humble the Venetians, found it impossible to refuse him.

大きな家には、金や銀の器ばかりではなく、木や土の器もあり、そして、あるものは尊いことに用いられ、あるものは卑しいことに用いられる。 (テモテヘの第ニの手紙 2:20)
Now in a large house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of clay. Some are for honor, and some for dishonor. (2 Timothy 2:20)

汚れた食物をわたしの祭壇の上にささげる。またあなたがたは、主の台は卑しむべき物であると考えて、『われわれはどんなふうに、それを汚したか』と言う。 (マラキ書 1:7)
You offer polluted bread on my altar. You say, 'How have we polluted you?' In that you say, 'Yahweh's table contemptible.' (Malachi 1:7)

頼忠は初め母方の伯父である藤原保忠の養子となる予定であったが（『尊卑分脈』）、保忠の早世によって取りやめられ、続いて兄の藤原敦敏が早世したため、小野宮家の嫡男となる。
At the beginning, it was planned to make Yoritada an adopted son of FUJIWARA no Yasutada ('Sonpi Bunmyaku,' Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble), but it was called off because of Yasutada's early death and as his elder brother, FUJIWARA no Atsutoshi, Yoritada became the heir of the Ononomiya family.

感謝の歌と喜ぶ者の声とが、その中から出る。わたしが彼らを増すゆえ、彼らは少なくはなく、また彼らを尊ばれしめるゆえ、卑しめられることはない。 (エレミヤ書 30:19)
Out of them shall proceed thanksgiving and the voice of those who make merry: and I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will also glorify them, and they shall not be small. (Jeremiah 30:19)

宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.

また崇神天皇に神意を伝える巫女の役割を果たしたとしており、これも「魏志倭人伝」の「男弟有り、佐（助）けて国を治む」（有男弟佐治國）という、卑弥呼と男弟の関係に一致する。
She also acted as a shrine maiden to interpret divine will to Emperor Sujin, and had a relationship that corresponded to that between Himiko and her younger brother that was mentioned in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei: 'She had a younger brother and ruled the country with his help.'

これは、家康が謀略に長けていたことを表すものであるが、同時に卑劣な人物であったという印象も与えるものであり、近年の家康に対する評価を大変低くさせている一因となっている。
Although having been used for indicating that Ieyasu was good at plotting, this nickname also gives the impression that he was a mean person as well, causing a factor to have degraded recent evaluations of Ieyasu considerably.

大王家の出自については、弥生時代の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を大王家の祖先とする説、大王家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
As for the origin of the Great King's family, there were several theories, such as having the lineage of Himiko of Yamataikoku (Yamatai Kingdom) in the Yayoi period as the King's ancestors, the dynasty of the King's ancestor was established in the fourth century, and onwards.

また卑しい無頼のともがらが集まって彼にくみし、ソロモンの子レハベアムに敵したが、レハベアムは若く、かつ意志が弱くてこれに当ることができなかった。 (歴代志2 13:7)
There were gathered to him worthless men, base fellows, who strengthened themselves against Rehoboam the son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was young and tenderhearted, and could not withstand them. (2 Chronicles 13:7)

しかし、弥生時代の北九州遺跡から集中して出土する後漢鏡は、中国での文字資料を伴う発掘状況により、主として1世紀に編年され、卑弥呼の時代には届かないのも難点のひとつである。
But, it is another difficulty of that theory that mirrors during the Later Han Dynasty unearthed at a Yayoi Period site in northern Kyushu are dated mainly from the 1st century according to both the circumstances of the archaeological dig and written records in China - not as late as Himiko's era.

養子若しくはその配偶者又は養子の直系卑属若しくはその配偶者と養親又はその直系尊属との間では、第七百二十九条の規定により親族関係が終了した後でも、婚姻をすることができない。
Even after the termination of a family relationship pursuant to the provision of Article 729, an adopted child or spouse of adopted child, or a lineal descendant or spouse of a lineal descendant, may not marry an adoptive parent or his/her lineal ascendant.

なお、祭りに女人禁制が取り入れられたのは、男尊女卑が広く浸透したとされる江戸時代ないし明治時代以降のことと考えられ、『古事記』には祭りに女性が参加していた記述が見られる。
Additionally, it could be thought that the time when nyonin kinsei was adopted in festivals was the Edo period or after Meiji period when male chauvinism became widespread, and in 'Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters)' there is a description that women would join in festivals.

『尊卑分脈』等によると経基の孫とされる源頼信が誉田八幡宮に奉ったという告文（願文）の写しが石清水八幡宮田中家文書の中にある（石清水八幡宮田中家文書「源頼信告文案」古写）。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and other records, it is said there was a copy of the Imperial instructions (ganmon (prayer)) in the documents of the Tanaka family of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine (the documents of the Tanaka family of 'MINAMOTO no Yorinobu Komonan' (old manuscripts)), which was said to be enshrined by Tsunemoto's grandchild, MINAMOTO no Yorinobu to Konda Hachiman-gu Shrine.

エルサレムは、はなはだしく罪を犯したので、汚れたものとなった。これを尊んだ者も皆その裸を見たので、これを卑しめる。これもまたみずから嘆き、顔をそむける。 (哀歌 1:8)
Jerusalem has grievously sinned; therefore she has become as an unclean thing; all who honored her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness: yes, she sighs, and turns backward. (Lamentations 1:8)

248年頃、狗奴国との戦いの最中に卑弥呼が死去し、男王が後継に立てられたが混乱を抑えることができず、「壹與」（壱与）または「臺與」（台与）が女王になることで収まったという。
It is apparent that although a man was appointed king when Himiko died during the war against Kuna (another state in Japan) around 248, he was unable to resolve the turmoil at the time, which was only cleared up when 'Iyo' (壹與 [壱与]) or 'Toyo' (臺與 [台与}) became a queen sovereign.

また、大江広元の舅であった多田仁綱が摂津源氏多田氏の出身と伝え、仁綱の娘は広元との間に大江親広（寒河江氏の祖）を儲けているが、仁綱の名は『尊卑分脈』等の系図に見えていない。
It is also said that Noritsuna TADA, who was the father-in-law of OE no Hiromoto, was from the Tada clan of 'Settsu-Genji' (Minamoto clan), and that Noritsuna's daughter and Hiromoto had their child, OE no Chikahiro (the founder of the Sagae clan), but the Noritsuna name can't be found in the Tada clan's genealogy on 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' and other historical sources.

この人コニヤは卑しむべき、こわれたつぼであろうか、だれも心に留めない器であろうか。なぜ彼とその子孫は追いやられて、知らない地に投げやられるのか。 (エレミヤ書 22:28)
Is this man Coniah a despised broken vessel? is he a vessel in which none delights? why are they cast out, he and his seed, and are cast into the land which they don't know? (Jeremiah 22:28)

一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり（匈奴語の記述例など）、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'

そのため、これらの伝説にちなんで（その信頼性はともかくとして）、共に物語の主役として人気のある桃太郎、卑弥呼というキャラクターを観光PRのマスコットとして利用する向きもある。
Therefore, some people use Momotaro and Himiko, which are both popular leading characters of the legend, as mascots for tourism public relations based on the legend (leaving aside the credibility of them).

一説には、「日本神話の岩戸隠れの前後のアマテラスは別の人物であり、それぞれ卑弥呼と台与である」として「アマテラスを誰に比定するか」という議論とともに考えようとするものがある。
According to one theory, 'The persons called Amaterasu who existed before and after the incident of Iwato-gakure (the hiding of Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess, in the heavenly rock cave) were different individuals, Himiko and Toyo respectively.'; therefore, this theory argues that it is proper to discuss the matter －Who was Toyo？－ together with the discussion of 'Who should be identified as Amaterasu?'.

『尊卑分脈』の記述によれば、次男・家光の子孫が5代後まで都の官人として存続しており、また四男で僧となった中納言房西乗の子・為貞は尾張国中野に居住して中野源三を称したとされる。
According to the account in the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the genealogy of the aristocracy), the descendants of his second son, Iemitsu, were government officials (primarily of low to medium rank) in the capital down to the fifth generation, and a child named Tamesada born to his fourth son, who had become the monk Bo Saijo, came to hold the title of Chunagon (Middle Counselor) and lived in Nakano, Owari Province, assuming the name Genzo NAKANO.

『日本書紀』には、倭迹迹日百襲媛命について、三輪山の神との神婚伝説や、前記の箸墓が「日也人作、夜也神作」という説話が記述されており、卑弥呼と同様な神秘的な存在と意識されている。
Nihonshoki contains a legend of Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto marrying a deity of Mt. Miwa, as well as a tale that says the Hashihaka was 'built by men during the day, and by gods during the night.' Like Himiko, she was considered a mysterious woman.

二条城の門前に晒された際に、折敷に盛った強飯と赤鰯を足軽からあてがわれ、「戦に負けて捕らわれることは恥としないが、かくも卑陋な物を食わせるとは無礼な奴。早く首を刎ねよ」と怒った。
When he was pilloried in front of the gate of the Nijo-jo Castle and was provided kowaii (steamed rice) and akaiwashi (pickled sardines) put on an oshiki (wooden tray) by an ashigaru (common foot soldier), he got angry and said 'I don't feel ashamed to be defeated in battle and captured, but it is impolite to serve such poor food. Behead me immediately,'

これはもろもろの国よりも卑しくなり、再びもろもろの国民の上に出ることができない。わたしは彼らを小さくするゆえ、再びもろもろの国民を治めることはない。 (エゼキエル書 29:15)
It shall be the base of the kingdoms; neither shall it any more lift itself up above the nations: and I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations. (Ezekiel 29:15)

中国の歴史書『三国志 (歴史書)』の魏志倭人伝に、「卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百餘歩徇葬者奴婢百餘人」とあり、邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼が死去し塚を築いた際に100余人の奴婢が殉葬されたという。
According to Gishiwajinden (An Account of the People of Wa [Japan]) in the Chinese history book, San-Goku-Shi (History of the Three Kingdoms [a history book]), when Queen Himiko, the ruler of Yamataikoku, died and her burial mound was constructed, over one hundred nuhi (male and female bond servants) were buried, as described in the following: '卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百餘歩徇葬者奴婢百餘人.'

もし人が卑しいものを取り去って自分をきよめるなら、彼は尊いきよめられた器となって、主人に役立つものとなり、すべての良いわざに間に合うようになる。 (テモテヘの第ニの手紙 2:21)
If anyone therefore purges himself from these, he will be a vessel for honor, sanctified, and suitable for the master's use, prepared for every good work. (2 Timothy 2:21)

さらに845年3月、先王の盟約に従って張保皐の娘を王妃に迎えようとしたが、張保皐の身分が卑しいという群臣の反対によって取りやめとなり、これを恨んで張保皐は846年に反乱を起こした。
King Munseong was going to marry Bogo JANG's daughter following the late King's promise, but cancelled it because of his retainers' objection toward Bogo JANG's low birth; resenting this, Bogo JANG launched a rebellion.

なお、上記の能勢国基と同一人物として扱われている場合があるが、『吾妻鏡』に見える父および子の名前や年代、そして『尊卑分脈』の記述から能勢国基とは、同じ摂津源氏ではあるが別人である。
Some historical sources treat MINAMOTO no Kunimoto (the governor of the Tosa Province) as the same person as MINAMOTO no Kunimoto (Kunimoto NOSE) mentioned above, but when we look at the names of the fathers and children of the two people and the historical periods they lived which are described in the 'Azuma Kagami,' and a description in the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' it becomes clear that Kunimoto, the governor of Tosa Province, was a different person from Kunimoto NOSE although both belonged to the Settsu Genji.

また、日本国の正史である『古事記』や『日本書紀』に、邪馬台国や卑弥呼の実像を明確にするには記述が不十分であることなどから、その場所や大和朝廷との関係について長期的な論争が続いている。
Also, because there are not enough descriptions in the official history books of Japan, 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Chronicles of Japan,' in order to discern the reality of Yamatai and Himiko, long-standing discussions about the location and the relationship with the Yamato Dynasty continue.

しかし、前者を支持する説には多くの証拠資料があるのに対し、後者を支持する説には『尊卑分脈』醍醐源氏系図の任尊子行遍への注以外（「新古作者」と記載）にこれといって証拠となる資料がない。
However, there are many corroborated materials to support the former theory, while there are none to support the latter except a note on Ninsonshi Gyohen about the genealogy of Daigo-Genji (Minamoto clan) collected in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

この南宋銭や明の粗悪な通貨を「今銭（京銭・南京銭）」「洪武・永楽」「新銭（いまぜに）・制銭」などと総称し、インフレを恐れる商人らは唐・宋（北宋）時代の良貨と区分し卑しむようになった。
These coins from the Southern Sung Dynasty and low-quality coins from the Ming Dynasty were called 'Imazeni' (Kinsen, Nankinsen), 'Kobu, Eiraku,' or 'Imazeni, Seisen,' and merchants and others who were afraid that inflation could be generated differentiated good-quality coins from bad-quality ones and came to despise the latter coins.

曹洞宗においては、俗に盂蘭盆会施餓鬼と言っているが、施す者と施される者の間に尊卑貴賤の差があると、厳に戒むべきものだとして、「施餓鬼会」を「施食会」（せじきえ）と改めて呼称している。
In the Soto sect, it is commonly called Urabon-e Segaki, but the title of 'Segaki-e' was changed to 'Sejiki-e' because the high or the low and lord or loon should not be distinguished between the people who feed and those who are fed.

王妃のこの行いを聞いたペルシャとメデアの大臣の夫人たちもまた、今日、王のすべての大臣たちにこのように言うでしょう。そうすれば必ず卑しめと怒りが多く起ります。 (エステル記 1:18)
Today, the princesses of Persia and Media who have heard of the queen's deed will tell all the king's princes. This will cause much contempt and wrath. (Esther 1:18)

臺與（とよ、235年頃？－没年不詳）は日本の弥生時代3世紀に『三国志 (歴史書)』、魏志倭人伝中の邪馬壹国の女王卑弥呼の親族にして、卑弥呼の跡を継いだとされる女性・壹與のことである。
Toyo (臺與; c. 235 - year of death unknown), also written as 壹與, was a woman who was said to have succeeded Himiko as her relative in the 3rd century of the Yayoi period (c. 250 BC – c. 250 AD; Yayoi derives from the name of district in Tokyo where the pottery representing this period unearthed) in Japan; Himiko was a queen of Yamataikoku (the largest chiefdom in Japan c. 250 governed by a female shaman named Himiko), who was in Gishiwajinden (Worenchuan [account of the Wa people] section of the volume Records of Wei [history of Cao Wei Kingdom; 220 - 265 in China]) in 'Sanguo Zhi (a history book)' (Records of the Three Kingdoms; a historical record on the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu in ancient China).

なお、物語では伊豆大島に流された後、鬼の子孫をしたがえた等、荒唐無稽といっていい話を載せているが、流罪後の為朝については、わずかに『尊卑分脈』に伊豆で討たれたことが記されるのみである。
The tale includes an absurd episode in which, after he was exiled to Izu Oshima Island, he had followers of the ogre's offspring; however, regarding Tametomo after his exile, only the fact that he was killed at Izu is known based on the article in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku.'

魏志倭人伝には、卑弥呼の死については「卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百餘歩狥葬者奴碑百餘人（卑弥呼は死に、直径100余歩の大きな塚が作られ、奴婢100余人が徇葬された）」とのみ書かれている。
The Record of Japan in the History of Wei simply refers to the death of Himiko as follows: 'Himiko passed away, and a large mound was made that was more than 150 meters long. More than 100 slaves were killed and buried in order to follow their master.'

内藤湖南は『卑彌呼考』にて、魏志倭人伝に記される邪馬台国が記紀に記されるヤマト王権であるとした上で、卑弥呼が魏 (三国)に使わした大夫難升米はタヂマモリのことであるという説を唱えている。
Konan NAITO advocates in 'Himiko-ko' that the Yamatai-Koku kingdom described in Gishi wajin den (the first written record of Japan's commerce) is the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) described in kiki, and that the taifu (master), Nashime, sent to Wei dynasty (Three States Period) by Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) was Tajimamori.

官職は奈良時代に法文化された当時はその本来の意味を有していたが、平安時代に入ると新しく血脈的な尊卑をも表現するようになり、ひいては家格の象徴となり、国家的な意味はほとんどなくなってしまう。
At the time when government posts were put into statutory form in the Nara Period, they kept their original meanings, but in the Heian Period, they started to represent high or low lineage as well and became symbols of Kakaku (family status), and lost the original meaning as government posts of Japan.

以上の説は、「卑弥呼」に該当する人物が『記紀』や古系図に明確に特定できる形で残っているとする前提があるが、日本古代の記録の残存状況から考えると、そのようなことは期待できないとする説である。
The theories mentioned above assume that Himiko is identifiable as a character in the Kiki, or old genealogies, but there are also opinions that insist this cannot be done, especially considering the state of the remaining records of ancient Japan.

さらに信長は追及して「さらに、宗論の場では自分は発言せず、他人に問答をさせて、勝ち目になったらしゃしゃり出ようと待ち構えていた。卑劣なたくらみで、まことにけしからぬ」と、普伝の首も斬った。
Nobunaga still continued 'You kept silent during the debate to make the other members of your sect make a statement, being ready to join the debate if the Hokkeshu sect would gain an advantage over the Jodoshu sect. You played such a dirty trick, which was unpardonable,' and he also beheaded Fuden.

八幡神は外来神で比売神はそれ以前に宇佐に祀られていた地主神だという説や、比売神は宗像三神または市杵島姫命であるという説、近年では比売神は卑弥呼でありアマテラスであるという説も登場している。
There is a theory claiming that Hime-gami was the original local deity enshrined at Usa and that Hachiman was brought in later, and another theory that Hime-gami is one of the three Munakata goddesses or Ichikishima-hime-no-mikoto, but recent theories have emerged that claim Hime-gami to have been Himiko or Amaterasu (Sun-goddess).

この当時は実力で処断権を有する者を広く「武士」と称する用法があった事に加えて、承久の変後、武士に対して卑屈に成り下がった（定通自身も含めた）公家社会に対する痛烈な皮肉であると考えられている。
The term 'Bushi' was sometimes used to refer to someone who had the right to punish with power, and this also was a sarcastic comment towards the aristocracy (including Sadamichi) who had become ubiquitous to the bushi class.

イスラエルの家には、もはや刺すいばらはなく、これを卑しめたその周囲の人々のうちには、苦しめるとげもなくなる。こうして彼らはわたしが主であることを知るようになる。 (エゼキエル書 28:24)
There shall be no more a pricking brier to the house of Israel, nor a hurting thorn of any that are around them, that scorned them; and they shall know that I am the Lord Yahweh. (Ezekiel 28:24)

以後、天皇の生母でありながら、卑しい氏族であったことから后位につけなかった夫人、外戚、女御の父など天皇の縁戚に与えられるのが恒例となり、准后宣下ないし准三宮宣下として准后の待遇が与えられた。
Since then, it became an established custom that the title of Jugo was given to the emperor's relatives such as to a lady who could not be ranked in the position of an empress because of her mean birth, even though she was the emperor's real mother, a maternal relative, the father of a nyogo (imperial consort), and so forth, with treatment equal to Jugo after being declared Jugo and Sangu by the emperor.

卑弥呼の遣使にちなんだと見られる景初三年、正始元年銘の三角縁神獣鏡が畿内を中心に分布、かつこれらが発掘される古墳の多くは年輪年代学等の結果により3世紀に築造されたと見られ、時代が合致すること。
Triangular-rimmed mirrors inscribed 景初三年 or 正始元年 (Chinese names of an era, 239 or 240), which apparently commemorated Himiko's dispatching of envoys, were distributed centering upon Kinai region, and also many tumuli from which these mirrors were excavated presumed to have been constructed in the 3rd century - according to the findings of dendrochronology - which match with the dates of Yamatai.

シカゴ大学名誉教授で宗教史学者のジョゼフ・キタガワは、シャーマン的能力の持ち主で、血縁の男性を介して長期間の統治を行った受動的な女性最高権者である点が、邪馬台国の卑弥呼に似ていると述べている。
Joseph M. Kitagawa, a professor emeritus and a historian of religion at University of Chicago, describes that she resembles Himiko of Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in that she had a shamanistic ability and was the highest authority holder who was passive and female, and governed the country for a long time through a consanguine man.

応永33年（1426年）、後小松天皇の命により、時の内大臣洞院満季が『帝王系図』などを照合勘案の上で編纂したものだが、本来は、洞院公定（満季の祖父）の編纂した『尊卑分脈』と一対であったらしい。
It was edited in 1426 by then Naidaijin (minister) Mitsusue TOIN verifying and taking into consideration 'Teio Keizu' (the Genealogy of the Imperial Family) on Emperor Gokomatsu's instruction, but it is said that it was originally paired with 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble) edited by Kinsada TOIN (Mitsusue's grandfather).

わたしはこれよりももっと軽んじられるようにしよう。そしてあなたの目には卑しめられるであろう。しかしわたしは、あなたがさきに言った、はしためたちに誉を得るであろう」。 (サムエル記下 6:22)
I will be yet more vile than this, and will be base in my own sight. But of the handmaids of whom you have spoken, they shall honor me.' (2 Samuel 6:22)

また、『尊卑分脈』の記述によると娘の一人は平信範の室となり信仲なる子を儲けたとされるが、同平氏系図では確認出来ず年代的な整合性においても疑問である（別の一女の夫高階光兼の子に信仲の名がみえる）。
According to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), one of his daughters became a wife of TAIRA no Nobunori and bore a son named Nobunaka, but it can not be confirmed in a family tree of the Taira clan, and it is doubtful in terms of the chronological consistency (it is described that another daughter who married with Mitsukane TAKASHINA bore a son named Nobunaka).

王妃のこの行いはあまねくすべての女たちに聞えて、彼らはついにその目に夫を卑しめ、『アハシュエロス王は王妃ワシテに、彼の前に来るように命じたがこなかった』と言うでしょう。 (エステル記 1:17)
For this deed of the queen will become known to all women, causing them to show contempt for their husbands, when it is reported, 'King Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought in before him, but she didn't come.' (Esther 1:17)

安本美典は、卑弥呼がアマテラスだとすれば、邪馬台国は天（『日本書紀』）または高天原（『古事記』）ということになり、九州にあった邪馬台国が後に畿内へ移動して大和朝廷になったとする（邪馬台国東遷説）。
Yasumoto states that if Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu, the Yamatai Kingdom would be Ten (according to the Nihonshoki) or Takamanohara (according to the Kojiki), which would mean that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in Kyushu, then moved to the Kinai region, where it became the Yamato Imperial Court (this is the theory of the Yamatai Kingdom being relocated to the East).

また、「武者は犬ともいへ、畜生ともいへ、勝つことが本にて候」という朝倉宗滴の言葉に象徴されるように、卑怯の謗りを受けてでも戦いに勝つことこそが肝要であるという冷厳な哲学をも内包しているのが特徴である。
As symbolized by the words of Soteki ASAKURA 'winning is everything for a warrior, even though he may be called a dog or beast', it involves a harsh philosophy where winning a battle is important, even if one might be criticized for being a coward.

中国の『後漢書』では「出白珠青玉（倭では真珠と青い玉が採れる）」と記されてあり、『魏志倭人伝』によると、「卑弥呼が魏 (三国)に2つの青い大きな勾玉（ヒスイ製と考えられる）を献上した」と記されている。
The Chinese 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' records that 'pearls and green gems are mined in Wa' and the 'Gishi wajinden' (Records of the Wa people, Chronicle of Wei) records that 'Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) presented two large green magatama (considered to be made of jade) to the King of Wei.'

これは「夫に妻は身を持って尽くす義務がある」と言う思想（五倫関係の維持）を強調し続けた結果、と現在ではみなされており、儒教を男女同権思想と見るか男尊女卑思想と見るかの論争も度々行われるようになっている。
This is seen today as a result of continuous emphasis on the thought that 'wives have the obligation to devote themselves to their husbands' (maintenance of the five human relations arranged in order), and it is frequently debated whether Ju-kyo should be considered a thought of equal rights for men and women or a thought of predominance of men over women.

南北朝時代 (日本)には、多田頼貞、多田貞綱、多田義基などが南朝 (日本)方の武将として活動しているが、その明確な系譜は未詳である（『尊卑分脈』には多田頼盛の三男能瀬高頼の後裔に頼貞、貞綱の名が見える）。
During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, some warlords called Tada, such as Yorisada TADA, Sadatsuna TADA and Yoshimoto TADA, fought on the side of the Southern Court, but the details of their family is unlear; incidentally, in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' there is the depiction that Takayori NOSE (the third son of Yorimori TADA) had Yorisada and Sadatsuna as his descendants.

また、蘇我入鹿という名前は、中大兄皇子（後の天智天皇）と中臣鎌足（後の藤原鎌足）によって、これまでの名前を資料とともに消され、卑しい名前として彼らが勝手に名付けたものであるという説もある（門脇禎二ら説）。
Moreover, concerning the name of SOGA no Iruka, theories said that Prince Naka no Oe no Oji (later Emperor Tenchi) and NAKATOMI no Kamatari (later FUJIWARA no Kamatari) erased all the materials about his current name and they named a humble name arbitrarily (theories of Teiji KADOWAKI and others).

その後、国学者の本居宣長は「日本の皇室が中国に朝貢するなどありえない」という立場から、「馭戎概言」において大和国とは別の筑紫（九州）にあった小国であり、卑弥呼は神功皇后の名を騙った熊襲の女酋長であると説いた。
After that, a scholar of Japanese classical literature, Norinaga MOTOORI, taking the viewpoint that 'it is unlikely that the Japanese Imperial family took tributes to China,' in 'Gyoju Gaigen,' he claimed that Yamatai was a small state in Chikushi (Kyushu), distinct from Yamato Province, and that Himiko was a female chief of Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) who assumed the false name of Empress Jingu.

これがあまりに極端になっていて、ハッカー文化の「大物」や部族長老たちは自分の地位を保つためには話し方を穏やかにして、あらゆる機会をとらえてユーモアをこめて自己卑下することが要求されるようになってしまっている。
So much so, in fact, that the culture's `big men' and tribal elders are required to talk softly and humorously deprecate themselves at every turn in order to maintain their status.

そこでサウルの家来たちはこの言葉をダビデの耳に語ったので、ダビデは言った、「わたしのような貧しく、卑しい者が、王のむこになることは、あなたがたには、たやすいことと思われますか」。 (サムエル記上 18:23)
Saul's servants spoke those words in the ears of David. David said, 'Does it seems to you a light thing to be the king's son-in-law, since I am a poor man, and lightly esteemed?' (1 Samuel 18:23)

例示すれば、対蝦夷戦では陸奥鎮東将軍・征越後蝦夷将軍・征狄将軍・征東将軍・征夷将軍など、対隼人戦では討卑賊将軍・征隼人将軍など、行幸と迎接では左将軍・右将軍・御前騎兵将軍・御後騎兵将軍・騎兵大将軍などである。
Examples are Mutsu chinto shogun (generalissimo who subdues the barbarians of Mutsu), Seiechigo ezo shogun (Great general who subdues the barbarians of Echigo and Ezo), Seiteki shogun (Great general who subdues the barbarians of Dewa and Echigo), Seito shogun (Great general who subdues the eastern barbarians) and Seii shogun (Great general who subdues the barbarians) in the anti-Ezo war, Tohizoku shogun and Seihayato shogun in the campaigns against Hayato and, in the area of Imperial escorts and diplomatic functions, Sashogun (Commander of the left), Ushogun (Commander of the right), Gozenkihei shogun (Imperial commander of the front cavalry), Gogkihei shogun (Imperial commander of the rear cavalry) and Kihei daishogun (Imperial commander in chief of the cavalry).

中世前期は人々が畏れ忌避した業務に携わっていた非人であるが、中世後期に人々の感覚が次第に「畏れの忌避」から「穢れの忌避（蝕穢）」に変遷すると共に、非人に対する捉え方も畏怖視から卑賤視へと変遷していったとされる。
In the early feudal period, Hinin engaged the tasks which people feared and evaded; however, in the later feudal period, as the people's perception of those tasks gradually changed from 'evasion of fear' to 'evasion of impurity,' they could also change in their perspective on Hinin from fear to contempt.

教育の精神は単に学問を授けるばかりではない、高尚（こうしょう）な、正直な、武士的な元気を鼓吹（こすい）すると同時に、野卑（やひ）な、軽躁（けいそう）な、暴慢（ぼうまん）な悪風を掃蕩（そうとう）するにあると思います。
The spirit of education is not only in imparting technical knowledges, but also in encouraging honest, ennobling and samurai-like virtues, while eliminating the evil tendency to vulgarity and roughness.

弥生時代後期に倭国王だった卑弥呼を中心とする政治勢力（邪馬台国）が各地の勢力を服属させ、もしくは各地の勢力と連合してヤマト王権を築いたとする説のほか、邪馬台国を滅ぼした別の勢力がヤマト王権となったとする説などがある。
Some theories claim that the political power led by Himiko (Yamataikoku) either brought other regional powers under its control or allied with them and established the Yamato Kingdom; others believe that a different political power destroyed Yamataikoku and established the Yamato Kingdom.

そして、わたしの肉体にはあなたがたにとって試錬となるものがあったのに、それを卑しめもせず、またきらいもせず、かえってわたしを、神の使かキリスト・イエスかでもあるように、迎えてくれた。 (ガラテヤ人への手紙 4:14)
That which was a temptation to you in my flesh, you didn't despise nor reject; but you received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus. (Galatians 4:14)

庵戸宮は、後述する伝説のように桃太郎と卑弥呼ゆかりの地とされているが、伝説を鵜呑みに捉えた場合、桃太郎と卑弥呼は共に孝霊天皇の皇子皇女として兄妹であったということになり、それら兄妹の生誕の地としても伝えられている。
Legend described later has it that Ioto no miya is a place associated with Momotaro (Peach Boy, character of a Japanese folk tale) and Himiko (shaman queen of Yamatai-Koku kingdom in ancient Japan), and if accepting the legend on faith, Momotaro and Himiko were siblings as a prince and princess of Emperor Korei, therefore Ioto no miya is also told as a birthplace of the siblings.

藤原季範の父は「尊卑分脈」によれば三河に住みながら尾張目代を務めており、当時の受領国司の子弟が、在地に勢力を張るという図式に当てはめれば、行政の祖父らは遠江・駿河などに留住してある程度の勢力を持っていたのかもしれない。
However, given that the father of FUJIWARA no Suenori assumed the post of Mokudai (a deputy provincial governor) of Owari Province while continuing living in Mikawa (according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku') and that it was common in this period of time that children of a provincial governor had a big influence on their ruling areas, it is possible the grandfather wielded a certain amount of power in Totoumi and Suruga without leaving these areas.

わたしたちはキリストのゆえに愚かな者となり、あなたがたはキリストにあって賢い者となっている。わたしたちは弱いが、あなたがたは強い。あなたがたは尊ばれ、わたしたちは卑しめられている。 (コリント人への第一の手紙 4:10)
We are fools for Christ's sake, but you are wise in Christ. We are weak, but you are strong. You have honor, but we have dishonor. (1 Corinthians 4:10)

また、『魏志倭人伝』によると、卑弥呼は鬼道で衆を惑わしていたという（卑彌呼事鬼道能惑衆）記述があり、この鬼道や惑の正確な意味・内容については不明ではあるものの、古代に呪術的な儀式が女性の手によって行われた事が伺える。
According to 'Gishi wajinden (Records of the Wa people, Chronicle of Wei),' Himiko confused her people using kido (the act of calling up the devil), although the details of the kido and how she confused her people are not known; however, this shows that in ancient times magic rituals were performed by women.

被相続人の子が、相続の開始以前に死亡したとき、又は第八百九十一条の規定に該当し、若しくは廃除によって、その相続権を失ったときは、その者の子がこれを代襲して相続人となる。ただし、被相続人の直系卑属でない者は、この限りでない。
If a decedent's child has died before the commencement of inheritance, or has lost the right to inheritance by application of the provisions of Article 891 or disinheritance, the child of the decedent's child shall be an heir as an heir per stirpes; provided that this shall not apply if the child is not a lineal descendant of the decedent.

また、特に昭和20年の太平洋戦争敗戦後男女平等を謳う日本国憲法が発布され進駐軍の意向で儒教的な男尊女卑の考えが否定されると男子に成ることで成仏できるのではなく、成仏したことを男子の姿で表したといったように解釈が変更された。
Especially after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War in 1945, the Constitution of Japan, in which gender equality is declared, was promulgated and predominance of men over women based on Confucianism was denied according to the indication of the occupying forces, which resulted in the interpretation of Henjo Nanshi being shifted from one, which is that a woman can become a Buddha by changing into a man, to another, which is that a woman demonstrates her Buddhahood by her male appearance.

山路愛山（彌吉）は回想録『命耶罪耶』の中で子供の頃（静岡時代）に彰常より、これからは「商人の道」を学ぶように諭された時に武士の子としての誇りから「卑しむべき商人たらんよりは寧ろ自殺するこそよけれ」と叫んだことを記している。
Aizan (Yakichi) YAMAJI wrote the following story in his commentaries entitled 'Meikatsumika': when Akitsune tried to convince Aizan in his childhood (in Shizuoka) that he should learn 'the way of merchant' from that time on, Aizan spoke out proudly as a son of samurai family that he would rather kill himself than become a humble merchant.

ああ、荒された女よ、あなたが紅の着物をき、金の飾りで身をよそおい、目を塗って大きくするのは、なんのためか。あなたが美しくしても、むだである。あなたの恋人らはあなたを卑しめ、あなたの命を求めている。 (エレミヤ書 4:30)
You, when you are made desolate, what will you do? Though you clothe yourself with scarlet, though you deck you with ornaments of gold, though you enlarge your eyes with paint, in vain do you make yourself beautiful; your lovers despise you, they seek your life. (Jeremiah 4:30)

美濃源氏土岐氏の棟梁であった父光長と共に在京し、検非違使、左衛門尉を務めたとされる（『尊卑分脈』）が、寿永2年（1184年）の法住寺合戦で父が後白河院方に加わったため光経もこれに従い、死闘の末に父と共に討ち取られ梟首された。
It is recorded in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) that he resided in Kyoto together with his father Mitsunaga, who was the family head of the Toki clan of Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), and assumed such titles as Kebiishi Saemon no Jo (third-ranked officer with judicial and police powers in the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and when his father sided with the army of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa in the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple in 1184, he also accompanied his father and fought together in a fierce battle, but he and his father were killed in action and their heads were exposed to the public.

出版の問題に関しては、イギリスの法は今日でもチューダー朝時代と同様、卑屈ですが、暴動を恐れて大臣や判事が礼節を逸脱するような一時的パニックの期間を除き[1]、この法が実際に政治的議論にたいして施行される危険はほとんどありません。
Though the law of England, on the subject of the press, is as servile to this day as it was in the time of the Tudors, there is little danger of its being actually put in force against political discussion, except during some temporary panic, when fear of insurrection drives inisters and judges from their propriety;

ハイドのことを考えるだけでむかむかして寒気がする私だが、その卑劣さと生への執着の情熱を振りかえり、自殺でハイドとの関係を断ち切ろうとする私の力をどれほど恐れているかを知ったときは、心の底から彼に対する哀れみの念を禁じえなかった。
I, who sicken and freeze at the mere thought of him, when I recall the abjection and passion of this attachment, and when I know how he fears my power to cut him off by suicide, I find it in my heart to pity him.

記紀の比売許曽神社の記述Tから阿加流比売神とシタテルヒメを同一視し、垂仁天皇の条に登場する清彦は、天日矛の四代後とされており、天日矛が来たのは3世紀前半となり、魏志倭人伝に描かれた卑弥呼の年代と一致するとする説を唱える者もある。
Some state a theory that identifies Akaruhime with Shitateruhime based on the description of Himekoso-jinja Shrine in the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, explaining that Kiyohiko who appears in the section of the Emperor Suinin is four generations after Amenohiboko who came to Japan in the early third century, so it matches with the generation of Himiko described in 'The Record of Japan in the History of Wei.'

卑弥呼の没したとされる近辺に、247年3月24日と248年9月5日の2回、北部九州で皆既日食がおきた可能性があることが天文学上の計算より明らかになっている（大和でも日食は観測されたが北九州ほどはっきりとは見られなかったとされる）。
Astronomical calculations have confirmed that total solar eclipses could have occurred on March 24, 247, and September 5, 248, in the vicinity of northern Kyushu where Himiko died (solar eclipses were observed in Yamato, but it is considered that they were not as clear as those in Kyushu).

しかし、その場合は、垂仁天皇の様な男子ではなく、黄幢を本当に授けられた卑弥呼は女性なのだから、記紀が間違っているか、卑弥呼は、記紀には全く関係が無いか、登場していないか、少なくとも倭王としては登場していない、と考えるべきであろう。
However, in that case, Himiko, who actually received the Kodo was a woman, unlike Emperor Suinin who was male, so either kiki is wrong, Himiko is unrelated to kiki or does not appear in it, or at least does not appear as king of Wa.

特に『尊卑分脈』の系図に下河辺行平の実子とある斎藤時員の元服が『吾妻鏡』1193年（建久4年）10月10日条に見えることもあり、この斎藤時員（野本時員）の子孫からその家伝・由来が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者の下に提出された可能性もあるという。
'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Biographies of Nobles and the Humble) has an entry dated October 10, 1193, which says that a biological son of Yukihira SHIMOKOBE, Tokikazu SAITO's coming of age ceremony was held, so there is a possibility that the descendant of Tokikazu SAITO (Tokikazu NOMOTO) handed the family tradition or history to the compiler of 'Azuma Kagami.'

能勢氏は摂津源氏の流れを汲む一族で、源頼光の玄孫・源国基を祖とするが、多田源氏の惣領であった源頼盛の三男・能瀬高頼の後裔であるともいう（『尊卑分脈』の記述によると国基の後裔は田尻、高頼の後裔は倉垣を本拠としていたものと推察される）。
The Nose clan follows Settsu Genji having MINAMOTO no Kunimoto, a great-great-grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu as their ancestor, while they are said to have been the descendant of Takayori NOSE, the third son of MINAMOTO no Yorimori, the successor of Tada-Genji (according to the description from 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' Kunimoto's descendants were based in Tajiri and Takayori's were in Kuragaki).

その後、右近衛少将に任じられた（『尊卑分脈』）が、天延元年（987年）頃、同年に出家した兄の源時通の後を追うかのように出家した（三善為康の『拾遺往生伝』には天元 (日本)年間に19歳で出家と記すが、年齢はともかく年代は誤りである）。
He was assigned later as Ukone no shosho (Minor Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)) but underwent shukke (become the Buddhist monk), following the example of his older brother, MINAMOTO no Tokimichi in the same year ('Shui Ojo-den'(Gleaning passing on to the next life (dying)) of MIYOSHI no Tameyasu stated that he underwent shukke when he was 19 years old during the Tengen period (978 - 983), but while the age seems suitable, the time period is wrong).

壬生孝亮はこの中で近年出納が諸社に対する官幣を行い、陣儀に参仕していることは「旧儀」に反すること、出納は本来凡卑の家柄であるにも関わらず身分不相応の知行を得て、衣冠束帯を身に付けており、両局と並肩しているのは「違乱」であると主張した。
In the dispute, Takasuke MIBU stated that 'suino' carried out imperial offerings to shrines and 'suino' was present at the conference of the court nobles in those days, which violated 'the old rules,' and besides, 'suino' obtained too much income, wore formal attire and daily attire in the imperial court, and behaved equivalent to 'the two major offices' in spite of its humble origin, all of which disturbed the order.

彼らはそこに安らかに住み、家を建て、またぶどう畑を作る。かつて彼らを卑しめたすべての隣り人たちに対して、わたしがさばきを行う時、彼らは安らかに住む。こうして彼らは、わたしが彼らの神、主であることを知る」。 (エゼキエル書 28:26)
They shall dwell securely therein; yes, they shall build houses, and plant vineyards, and shall dwell securely, when I have executed judgments on all those who do them despite all around them; and they shall know that I am Yahweh their God. (Ezekiel 28:26)

邪馬台国が近畿地方にあったとする説を採用する場合、孝霊天皇の皇女倭迹迹日百襲姫命（やまとととひももそひめのみこと）を卑弥呼とする説が有力（諸説あり）であることから、その皇女倭迹迹日百襲姫命の故郷である庵戸宮が卑弥呼ゆかりの地とされる。
Under the adaption of the theory that the Yamatai-koku kingdom was located in Kinki region, the theory that Yamatototohimomosohime no Mikoto, the princess of Emperor Korei, was Himiko can be widely accepted (although various opinions exist), so that Ioto no miya, the home of the Yamatototohimomosohime no Mikoto, is believed as a place associated with Himiko.

『尊卑分脈』の桓武平氏系図で清盛の娘の一人に常盤を母とする廊御方が記されているが、この書物の成立自体が南北朝時代 (日本)末期であり、室町時代以降にも多くの加筆が加えられているので、後代の人が物語に見える説を取り入れ書き加えた可能性がある。
Although a Lady Ro is mentioned in the genealogy of the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) in the 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble) as the daughter of Kiyomori by Tokiwa, this book was written at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) with further information being added from the Muromachi period onwards, and it is possible that this information was a late addition.

『三国志』魏志倭人伝、『後漢書』の通称倭伝（『後漢書』東夷傳）、『隋書』の通称倭国伝（『隋書』卷八十一列傳第四十六東夷倭國）、『梁書』諸夷伝、『三国史記』新羅本紀では表記は「卑彌呼」、『三国志』魏書帝紀では「俾彌呼」と表記されている。
The Imperial Records of the Wei-shu, or 'Sanguo Zhi,' list Himiko as '俾彌呼,' while other sources write her name as '卑彌呼,' including the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, the Waden (or 'Eastern Barbarians') in the 'History of the Later Han Dynasty,' Wakokuden (eastern barbarians) of the 46th biography in the 81st volume of 'Suishu' (The Book of the Sui Dynasty), the Record of Various Barbarians in the Book of the Liang Dynasty, and the Shilla History of Samguk Sagi (the History of the Three Kingdoms).

内親王1名、王10名及び女王3名については皇室典範（昭和22年法律第3号）第11条により、離脱する王の妃5名並びに直系卑属（王16名及び女王9名）及びその妃2名は皇室典範第13条により、寡妃5名は皇室典範第14条第1項により、それぞれ離脱した。
According to the Imperial Family Law (Showa 22, Law No. 3), Clause 11, one Imperial Prince, ten Emperors, and three Princesses were demoted from nobility to subject, based upon Clause 13 of Imperial Family Law, five Empresses of Emperors and lineal descendants (16 Emperors and nine Empresses) and their two Empresses did the same, based upon Clause 14, No. 1 of Imperial Family Law, five mistresses of former Emperors left the Imperial Family.

都市を洗練、田舎を野卑とする古くからの観念とあいまって、戦後社会では百姓を農業に従事する者に対する差別的な呼称であると捉える傾向が生じ、このため農業従事者が '百姓' と自称する場合を除き、マスコミなどでは '百姓' という表現を控える事が多い。
Combined with the conventional concept that cities were sophisticated whereas the countryside was vulgar, there was a tendency in the postwar society to recognize that the term 'hyakusho' was a discriminatory term with respect to agriculture workers and, thus, except for cases in which an agriculture worker calls himself or herself 'hyakusho,' use of the expression 'hyakusho' is often refrained in mass media and the like.

サウルは答えた、「わたしはイスラエルのうちの最も小さい部族のベニヤミンびとであって、わたしの一族はまたベニヤミンのどの一族よりも卑しいものではありませんか。どうしてあなたは、そのようなことをわたしに言われるのですか」。 (サムエル記上 9:21)
Saul answered, 'Am I not a Benjamite, of the smallest of the tribes of Israel? And my family the least of all the families of the tribe of Benjamin? Why then do you speak to me like this?' (1 Samuel 9:21)

「士農米穀を蓄へざるが故に、工商是を卑みて金銀を貴ぶなり、もし士農金銀を卑み、米穀を貴てこれを蓄積するときは、工商は士農に役せられて常に米穀を求むること急なり、然るに士人米を卑みて蓄積せず特に金のみを貴ぶが故に富商の鼻息を仰で憂喜をなすに至る。」
As samurai and farmers do not store rice, artisans and merchants despise rice and respect gold and silver, but if samurai and farmers despise gold and silver and respect and store rice, then artisans and merchants would always hurriedly ask for rice, but the fact is that samurai despise rice and do not store rice, respecting only money, which forces them to fluctuate between hope and despair depending on the temper of rich merchants and artisans.'

本来は、女性だけでなく、生傷を負って流血している男性が神域に入ることや、神域での狩猟なども同様な理由で禁止されているのだが、封建時代の男尊女卑の風潮から、女性を神域から排除する理由として生理や産褥の血の穢れのみが強調され、使われはじめたと思われる。
Originally, not only women but also men bloodied due to injuries were prohibited from entering sacred places, while hunting and other activities in sacred places were prohibited for the same reason; however, it seems that based on a characteristic of male chauvinist thinking in the feudal era, only the uncleanliness of blood during menstruation and puerperal period had been emphasized and used as the reason for the removal of women from sacred places.

第八百八十七条第二項又は第三項の規定により相続人となる直系卑属の相続分は、その直系尊属が受けるべきであったものと同じとする。ただし、直系卑属が数人あるときは、その各自の直系尊属が受けるべきであった部分について、前条の規定に従ってその相続分を定める。
The share in inheritance of a lineal descendant who becomes an heir pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) or paragraph (3) of Article 887 shall be the same as the share that person's lineal ascendant would have received; provided that if there are two or more lineal descendants, their shares in inheritance shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article.

大治 (日本)5年（1130年）、清光は一族の佐竹氏（伯父源義業の系統）と争い、朝廷より父とともに常陸から追放され、甲斐国八代郡 (甲斐国)市河荘に（山梨県市川三郷町、旧西八代郡市川大門町）へ流罪となる（源師時の日記『長秋記』、『尊卑分脈』による）。
In 1130, Kiyomitsu clashed with the Satake clan (family related to his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshinari) and was banished along with his father by the Imperial Count to Ichikawasho in Yatsushiro-gun, Kai Province (former Nishiyatsushiro district, Ichikawa Misato-cho, Yamanashi Prefecture), according to Choshuki (diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki) and 'Sonpi-bunmyaku,' an ancient record of family lineages.

このように素晴らしい恵みをもたらした人々が殉教するはめになり、その褒美がもっとも卑劣な犯罪者として扱われることだということは、この理論に基づけば、人類が粗服をまとい灰にまみれて喪に服すべき嘆かわしい過ちや不幸ではなく、まともで筋の通った事態なのです。
That the authors of such splendid benefits should be requited by martyrdom; that their reward should be to be dealt with as the vilest of criminals, is not, upon this theory, a deplorable error and misfortune, for which humanity should mourn in sackcloth and ashes, but the normal and justifiable state of things.

後、内侍司尚侍（ないしのかみ・しょうじ）となり（「日本三代実録」貞観 (日本)13年（871年）9月29日条、「文徳天皇実録」嘉祥3年（850年）7月17日条）、嵯峨天皇、淳和天皇の2代の天皇に仕え（「尊卑分脈」、「一代要記」）後宮で権勢を振るった。
Mitsuko later became Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendant) Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid, as documented in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (the sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) on November 19, 871 and 'The Emperor Buntoku Jitsuroku' on August 31, 850), serving the two emperors including Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna ('Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy) and 'Ichidai Yoki' (summary chronicle of each reign)) and dominating kokyu (empress's residence).

日本書紀において巻九に神功皇后摂政「66年是年晋武帝泰初二年晉起居注云武帝泰初（泰始）二年十月倭女王遣重貢獻」と中国と倭の女王の記述が引用されており、収録するにあたってヤマト王権と「卑弥呼」を関連づけさせる為に伝承が作り上げられたという説がある。
In volume 9 of Nihonshoki, the description on Princess of China and Princess of Wa (Japan) 'According to a record keeper of Jjin Dynasty of China, the Empress of Japan paid a tribute to the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty on October, 266' was quoted; and there is a theory that the tradition was made up in order to link 'Himiko' (first known ruler of Japan) with Yamato dynasty/Yamato (Imperial) Court, in editing the document.

奴婢自体は、三国志 (歴史書)魏志倭人伝に卑弥呼が亡くなったとき100人以上の奴婢を一緒に殉葬したと言う記述や、生口と呼ばれる奴隷（または捕虜。異説もある）を魏 (三国)に朝貢したと言う記述が見られるように、少なくとも邪馬台国の時代には既に奴婢は存在していた。
As shown by a description in Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of Wei Dynasty') of Sangokushi (Three Kingdom Saga), that more than 100 Nuhi were buried together as martyr to duty when Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) died, and another description that slaves (or captives; there is another theory) called Seiko were brought to the Wei dynasty (Three States Period) as a tribute, Nuhi itself already existed at least in the period of Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).

通説では、「以」に深い意味はないとするか、「死するをもって」つまり「死んだので」墓が作られた、あるいは、「すでに死す」と読み、直前に書かれている「拜假難升米爲檄告喻之」（難升米が詔書・黄憧を受け取り檄で告諭した）の時点で卑弥呼はすでに死んでいた、と解釈する。
According to popular theory, '以' does not have a particular meaning, although due to the mention of 'because she died' or 'having already died,' as well as the preceding sentence, '拜假難升米爲檄告喻之' ('Nashime took an Imperial Rescript and a yellow flag, then issued a manifesto'), is thought that Himiko had already died by this point.

これは男尊女卑に基づく陋習であり、高台院以外の多くの女性との間にも子ができにくかった（長浜城時代の子を事実として含めれば、夭折した男児二人、女児一人が秀頼の前にいたことになる）ことから、やはり秀吉自身が子ができない（できにくい）体質であったと考えるべきだろう。
It was an incorrect judgment based upon the idea of predominance of men over women and, as he did not have many children with a number of ladies other than Kodaiin (if we count a child during the age of Nagahama-jo Castle as really existing, there must have been two boys and a girl who died very young before Hideyori.), we should consider that Hideyoshi's physical conditions were the causes why he did not have many children.

そして、よい判断力を学習の習慣と結びつける人々（そういう人たちだけにわたしの見解を判断してもらいたい）は、単に卑しきフランス語で表現されているからというだけの理由で、わたしの理論展開を拒絶するほどラテン語びいきにはなっていないだろう。わたしはそう確信している。
and as for those who unite good sense with habits of study, whom alone I desire for judges, they will not, I feel assured, be so partial to Latin as to refuse to listen to my reasonings merely because I expound them in the vulgar tongue.

この宣言は警護者たちの命令によるもの、この決定は聖者たちの言葉によるもので、いと高き者が、人間の国を治めて、自分の意のままにこれを人に与え、また人のうちの最も卑しい者を、その上に立てられるという事を、すべての者に知らせるためである』と。 (ダニエル書 4:17)
This sentence is by decree of the watchers, and this demand by the word of the holy ones; to the intent that the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men and gives it to whomever he will and sets up over it the lowest of men.' (Daniel 4:17)

後日、土方と沖田が碁を打っている側で三浦をからかった隊士を三浦が背後から斬りつけると、沖田は三浦が後ろから斬りつけた卑怯さに激怒し「この馬鹿野郎」と叫び三浦の襟首を引っつかんで頭を畳に押し付け引きずり回し、三浦は鼻の皮を真っ赤にすりむいたという話が伝わっている。
There is a story that a few days later, Hijikata and Okita were playing a game of Go when Miura attacked the officer who had made fun of him from behind and Okita, infuriated by the cowardly attack, grabbed Miura by the collar and, calling him a 'bloody idiot', pushed his face into the floor until his nose was raw.

系図の古典たる『尊卑分脈』を『諸家系図纂』に結びつけて再編纂しただけでなく、『寛政重修諸家譜』『藩翰譜』『諸家伝』『地下家伝』など先行の系図集や文献・地誌・記録類を広く渉猟し参考にして、宮家、藤原氏・菅原氏・紀氏・平氏・諸源氏などの諸氏・諸家ごとに集大成している。
'Sonpibunmyaku', a classic genealogy, was reedited according to 'Shoka keizusan' (the genealogies of the various families), existing family trees, literature, local reports and records, such as 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu), 'Hankanpu' (Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate), 'Record of family trees', 'Jigekaden' (a record of family trees of Jige, lower rank court officials, written by Kagefumi MIKAMI), were studied and referenced, and pedigree charts were compiled by family and clan, such as Miyake (house of an imperial prince), Fujiwara clan, Sugawara clan, Ki clan, Taira clan, and various Minamoto clans.

卑弥呼-台与の王統を継承しているとする説、壱与で王統が断絶し新たな王統が発生したとする説、初期ヤマト王権の王位は世襲ではなく有力豪族間で継承されたとする説、初期の王統は途中で断絶して4世紀前期ごろにミマキイリヒコ（崇神天皇）が新たな王統を開始したとする説などがある。
Theories about the royal lines of the Yamato Kingdom include that it originated from Himiko and Toyo; that the first royal line ended with Iyo and a new one appeared; that the royal line during the beginning of the Yamato Kingdom was not heredity but was shared between different powerful families; that the first royal line died out and Mimakiirihiko (Emperor Sujin) started a new one around the beginning of the fourth century.

初代の長者としては、氏族としての藤原氏の基礎を築いた藤原不比等をもって初代とする説（『尊卑分脈』）、藤原緒嗣を初代とする説（『二中歴』）、藤原良世を初代とする説（『公卿補任』）などがあるが、今日の学界では藤原冬嗣・藤原良房・藤原基経の3代いずれかに起源を求める説が強い。
Concerning who was the first choja, there are the theories that FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who established the base of the Fujiwara clan, was the person (in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)), FUJIWARA no Otsugu was the person (in 'Nichureki (a kind of encyclopedia),' or FUJIWARA no Yoshiyo was the person (in 'Kugyo bunin' (directory of the successive Imperial officials)), but in the present academic world, the most strongly supported theory is that it originated in FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, or FUJIWARA no Mototsune.

呉王、金剛による登場の舞に続いて、霊鳥である迦楼羅が蛇を食べるテンポの速い舞、崑崙が呉女に卑猥な動作で言い寄り力士にこらしめられる演技、波羅門が褌をぬいで洗う所作、大孤という老人が仏に礼拝する演技、酔胡（酒に酔った胡の王）とその従者（酔胡従）による滑稽な演技がおこなわれた。
Following the dances of King of Wu and Kongo, various dance performances are played by different characters; a speedy dance of Karura represented as a spiritual bird gobbling up a snake; the performance of Kuron making a play for a woman of Wu in obscene actions, to be punished by Rikishi; the act of Baramon taking off his loincloth to wash it himself; a performance of an old man named Taiko to pray for Buddha; a comical play between Drunk Persian King and his attendant.

鎌倉時代の公家系譜の集大成である『尊卑分脈』（『新編纂図本朝尊卑分脉系譜雑類要集』）になると、「上東門院女房　歌人　紫式部是也　源氏物語作者　或本雅正女云々　為時妹也云々　御堂関白道長妾」と紫式部の項にはっきり道長妾との註記が付くようになるが、彼女と道長の関係は不明である。
Additionally, 'Various Japanese Family Trees' ('New Compilation of Various Japanese Family Trees Analogy') says that 'a court lady of Jotomonin, a poet, Murasaki Shikibu, an author of The Tale of Genji, or Masatada's granddaughter, Tametoki's daughter, mistress of Michinaga, the chief adviser to the Emperor,' which clearly shows that she was a mistress of Michinaga, but the true relationship between them is unknown.

すなわち、もしこの発言が従来より法華宗側が言っている「浄土宗側が卑怯な手を使った」のであれば、法華宗側はその場において「方座第四の『妙』」を意味不明・解釈不能であるという態度を徹底的に貫かねばならず、それをしなかった法華宗側は『造り名目』でないことを認めてしまったことになる。
IZAWA states 'That is to say, if 'the Jodoshu sect misled the Hokkeshu sect by the word 'the fourth Myo in Hoza'' as the Hokkeshu sect claimed, the Hokkeshu sect should have insisted that the word made no sense so that they could not understand the question during the debate, but in reality, they did not do that, which meant they did not deny the word as 'sham term.'

京都市下京区四条通御幸町の葉茶屋「ちきり屋」の次女として生まれ、京の伝統文化に育まれた松園は、明治・大正・昭和を通して生涯、「一点の卑俗なところもなく、清澄な感じのする香高い珠玉のような絵」、「真・善・美の極致に達した本格的な美人画」（松園のことば）を念願として女性を描き続けた。
The second daughter of the owners of a tea shop in central Kyoto, Shoen grew up surrounded by traditional Kyoto culture and spent her whole life painting women, aiming to produce, in her own words, 'pictures like exquisite jewels, clear and without a trace of vulgarity' and 'authentic 'bijinga' paintings that are the culmination of truth, goodness and beauty.'

邪馬台国の女王、卑弥呼は魏に遣使していたとされ、中国の歴史書『三国志 (歴史書)』「魏志倭人伝」には239年（景初3年）魏 (三国)の皇帝が卑弥呼に銅鏡百枚を下賜したとする記述があることから、三角縁神獣鏡がその鏡であり、魏、または朝鮮半島の楽浪郡・帯方郡の製作であるとする説がある。
Based on the story that the princess of Yamatai-Koku kingdom, Himiko was considered to be dispatched to the Wei dynasty and according to a description in the Chinese history book 'Sangokushi' (Three Kingdom Saga - history book) 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') that in 239 the Emperor of the Wei dynasty (Three Kingdoms) gave a hundred bronze mirrors as an imperial grant to Himiko, there is the theory that Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was the said mirror and it was produced in the Wei dynasty or Rakuro County or Taiho County (ancient counties that existed in the northern Korean Peninsula) in the Korean Peninsula.

[3] 近年では、何人も自分の諸事を管理するに不適であると法的に宣告され、裁判費用は財産に賦課されるのですが、その財産が裁判費用を支払って十分余りあれば、その死後、遺産の処分権を無効にされることががあるのですが、その証拠とされるものには、なにか卑劣でぞっとするようなところがあります。
Note 3 There is something both contemptible and frightful in the sort of evidence on which, of late years, any person can be judicially declared unfit for the management of his affairs; and after his death, his disposal of his property can be set aside, if there is enough of it to pay the expenses of litigation―which are charged on the property itself.

それゆえイスラエルの神、主は仰せられる、『わたしはかつて、「あなたの家とあなたの父の家とは、永久にわたしの前に歩むであろう」と言った』。しかし今、主は仰せられる、『決してそうはしない。わたしを尊ぶ者を、わたしは尊び、わたしを卑しめる者は、軽んぜられるであろう。 (サムエル記上 2:30)
'Therefore Yahweh, the God of Israel, says, 'I said indeed that your house, and the house of your father, should walk before me forever.' But now Yahweh says, 'Be it far from me; for those who honor me I will honor, and those who despise me shall be lightly esteemed. (1 Samuel 2:30)

1953年（昭和28年）、京都府山城町 (京都府)（現・木津川市）の椿井大塚山古墳から神獣鏡が出土すると、小林行雄は同型の鏡が日本各地の古墳から出土している事実に着目し、邪馬台国が大和に所在し、のちのヤマト王権が卑弥呼に下賜された神獣鏡を各地の豪族に与えたとする古代政権成立過程を提唱した。
When Shinjukyo (the mirror engraved divine beasts) was discovered in the Tsubaiotsukayama-kofun Tumulus in Yamashiro-cho, Kyoto Prefecture (Kyoto Prefecture) (currently, Kizugawa City) in 1953, Yukio KOBAYASHI focused on the fact that the same form of mirrors were discovered in the various places in Japan and advocated Yamatai-Koku kingdom located in Yamato and the process of the establishment of an ancient government that Shinjukyo granted to Himiko by later Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) were given to Gozoku (local ruling family) in the various places.

今から３０分後には、再び永遠にあの卑しむべき人格をまとうことになってしまい、どれほど椅子に座って身震いし、涙にくれながら、いや緊張しきって恐怖にうたれながら耳をすまし、部屋を歩き回っていることか（これが私のこの世での最後の抵抗である）、そして周囲のあらゆる脅威に耳をそばだてていることだろうか。
Half an hour from now, when I shall again and for ever re-indue that hated personality, I know how I shall sit shuddering and weeping in my chair, or continue, with the most strained and fear-struck ecstasy of listening, to pace up and down this room (my last earthly refuge) and give ear to every sound of menace.

ロミオに「うるわしのモンタギューさま」（恋はすっぱい名を甘くするものだ）という名で呼びかけ、そして、自分がかんたんに心を許したのを、軽率だとか、卑しい心根からだとみないでください、私の落ち度（もし落ち度というのなら）は、心の思いを不思議にも明かしてしまった夜の偶然のせいにしてください、と頼んだ。
and, addressing him by the name of FAIR MONTAGUE (love can sweeten a sour name), she begged him not to impute her easy yielding to levity or an unworthy mind, but that he must lay the fault of it (if it were a fault) upon the accident of the night which had so strangely discovered her thoughts.

プロジェクト側の行動を賞賛する意見（男尊女卑を肯定する象徴であり、男女共同参画理念に反する悪習である）もある一方、女人禁制は堅持すべきとする意見（日本に根付いた宗教・伝統文化を継承するものであり、男尊女卑などの差別を推進する意図のものではなく、強行登山は日本文化を冒涜する軽率な愚行である）もある。
While there is an opinion that 'praises' the activity of the project side (it is a gesture of agreement with male chauvinism and an evil custom that is opposed to the principle of gender equality), there is another opinion that nyonin kinsei should be maintained firmly (it succeeds the religious and traditional culture that is rooted in Japan and does not promote discrimination such as male chauvinism so that the enforcement of mounting climbing is a hasty and foolish action that violates Japanese culture).

11宮家51名の皇籍離脱は、法形式上は現行の皇室典範11条「その意思に基き、皇室会議の議により」若しくは同14条「その意思により」又は同13条「皇族の身分を離れる親王又は王の妃並びに直系卑属及びその妃は、他の皇族と婚姻した女子及びその直系卑属を除き、同時に皇族の身分を離れる」によってそれぞれ行なわれた。
51 members of 11 Miyake left in accordance with the current Imperial Family Law, Clause 11, 'Due to Imperial member's will or due to the decision of the Imperial Household Council', or Clause 14 of the same law, 'Due to Imperial member's will' or Clause 13, 'the Imperial Princes or their Princesses or other lineal descendants and their Empresses should leave their position as Imperial members, excluding female members who married into other Imperial Families or their lineal descendants.'

と云うのは、彼が自分に相手の誰であるかが分からないと云うような振りをしたのは、彼女の頭飾りに触って見なけりゃ分らない、いや、そればかりでなく、彼女の指に嵌めた指環だの頸の周りにつけた鎖だのを抑えて見て、やっと彼女であることを確かめる必要があるような振りをしたのは、卑劣とも何とも言語道断沙汰の限りであった。
For his pretending not to know her; his pretending that it was necessary to touch her head-dress, and further to assure himself of her identity by pressing a certain ring upon her finger, and a certain chain about her neck; was vile, monstrous.

3世紀中葉以降に見られる前方後円墳の登場は日本列島における統一的な政権の成立を示唆しており、このときに成立した王朝が天皇家の祖先だとする説や、弥生時代の近畿地方にあった場合の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を天皇家の祖先とする説、天皇家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
Many theories, such as a theory stating that the appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds seen in and after middle 3rd century suggests the establishment of unified government in the Japanese Islands, and the dynasty established at that time were the ancestors of the Imperial Family, a theory regarding the lineage of Himiko of the Yamatai Kingdom, if it existed in the Kinki region of the Yayoi period, as the ancestors of the Imperial Family, and a theory stating that the dynasty of the ancestors of the Imperial Family was established in 4th century, has been presented, and has not been settled.

そもそも当時の合戦にルールは存在せず（厳密に言うならば、武士が私的な理由、所領問題や名誉に関わる問題で、自力・当事者間で解決しようとして合戦に及ぶ場合には一騎打ちや合戦を行う場所の指定などがあったことが『今昔物語集』などで確認できる）、義経の勝因を当時としては卑怯な戦法にある、と非難することに対する反論もある。
To the criticism that says Yoshitsune won the battle by employing mean tactics, there are those who oppose to this criticism advocating that in the first place there were no established battle rules at that time (strictly speaking, 'Konjaku Monogatari' (The Tale of Times Now Past) and other documents confirm that some rules including the place of battle for one-on-one fight and collective battle was established in several cases, such as when warriors (samurai) had a private reason or a problem concerning their territories or honor and both parties whished to solve the problems by themselves by way of a duel.

代々美濃国を地盤としながら都で活動した家系であったが、父の重遠以降尾張国に拠点を有したとされ、重直もまた父より同国春日井郡浦野の所領を継承する一方で山田郡 (尾張国)山田庄や海部郡 (愛知県)河辺庄などをも知行したことが『尊卑分脈』にみえるなど、弟たちと共にこの時期の尾張国内に大きな勢力を有していたことが推察されている。
His family was rooted in Mino Province and worked in the capital, but his father Shigetoo and his descendents had a foothold in Owari Province, Shigenao inherited the territory of Urano, Kasugai County, Owari Province, also managed the territories of Yamada-sho Manor, Yamada Province (Owari Province), and Kawabe sho, Ama County (Aichi Prefecture) according to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku', and it is inferred that he and his brothers wielded their influence on Owari Province at these days.

「第二次世界大戦後になって、「脱亜論」中の、「支那人が卑屈にして恥を知らざれば」（全⑩二百四十頁）とか、「朝鮮国に人を刑するの惨酷（ざんこく）あれば」とかいった記述がことさらに取り上げられることになったが、そうした表現は一般的な差別意識に根ざすものではなく、この甲申政変の過酷な事後処理に対する批判にすぎなかったのである。」
'Although, after World War II, some descriptions such as 'The Chinese are shameless people who do not understand humbleness and humility' (page 240, 全⑩) and 'Koreans are extremely atrocious when punishing their own people' were specifically picked out of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' these were not expressions rooted in the sense of discrimination, but just some criticism toward the harsh follow-ups of the Gapsin Coup.'

彼女は膝を引きずってゆっくりと彼に近寄り、両の腕を彼に──彼の脚にまわして、彼が立ち尽くしているのにかまわず、胸先を彼の膝と腿に押し当て、不可思議な、戦くような力強さで締め付け、さらに彼の両膝を強くかき抱くと、自分の顔に、喉元に、彼を引き寄せ、この初めての抱擁を勝ち誇るかのような、それまでとはまるで違った、燃え輝く、野卑な眼差しで、彼を見上げた。
She shuffled forward on her knees, and put her arms round him, round his legs, as he stood there, pressing her breasts against his knees and thighs, clutching him with strange, convulsive certainty, pressing his thighs against her, drawing him to her face, her throat, as she looked up at him with flaring, humble eyes, of transfiguration, triumphant in first possession.

しかし、嫌っていた武田信玄が今川氏真によって塩止めを受けたときは（武田氏の領国甲斐国と信濃国は内陸のため、塩が取れない。これを見越した氏真の行動であった）、氏真の行いを「卑怯な行為」と批判し、「私は戦いでそなたと決着をつけるつもりだ。だから、越後の塩を送ろう」といって、信玄に塩を送ったという（「敵に塩を送る」という言葉はここから派生したといわれている）。
Ujimasa IMAGAWA had stopped the supply of salt to Shingen TAKEDA who Kenshin disliked, (Ujimasa had anticipated this as Kai and Shinano Provinces under the control of Takeda clan did not produce salt being inland provinces), Shingen criticized this as 'a cowardly act,' and Kenshin sent salt to Shingen saying, 'I send you salt from Echigo Province as I intend to settle with you through battle (it is believed that the phrase 'sending salt to an enemy' originated from this anecdote).

しかし、その意見が正当ならば（こうした論者はこのようにいうでしょうが）、まだ開化の進んでいない時代に、昔の人たちが今日では真実だと思われている意見を迫害したことがあるからという理由で、その正当な意見に基づいて行動することにひるみ、真剣に考えるとこの世でもあの世でも人類の福祉に危険であるような教説が広くばら撒かれるのを許すというのは、良心にもとるばかりか卑怯なことではないのか。
But when they are sure (such reasoners may say), it is not conscientiousness but cowardice to shrink from acting on their opinions, and allow doctrines which they honestly think dangerous to the welfare of mankind, either in this life or in another, to be scattered abroad without restraint, because other people, in less enlightened times, have persecuted opinions now believed to be true.

私がとても恐れているのは、もっぱら宗教的なタイプの精神や感情を形成しようという試みることや、これまではキリスト教倫理と共存し補完し、キリスト教倫理の精神をいくらかは受け入れ、キリスト教倫理にその精神をいくらかは吹き込んできた世俗的規範（ほかに適当な名がないので、こう呼びますが）を放棄することで、低劣で卑屈で奴隷的なタイプの性格を生じる結果になるのではないか、そして今でさえそうなっているのではないか、ということなのです。
I much fear that by attempting to form the mind and feelings on an exclusively religious type, and discarding those secular standards (as for want of a better name they may be called) which heretofore co-existed with and supplemented the Christian ethics, receiving some of its spirit, and infusing into it some of theirs, there will result, and is even now resulting, a low, abject, servile type of character,

『源氏物語』は、なぜ藤原氏全盛の時代（作者の紫式部も藤原氏で、その上『尊卑分脈』注に「紫式部是也（中略）御堂関白道長妾」とあるなど藤原道長の愛人とされる）に、かつて藤原一族が安和の変で失脚させた源氏（朱雀天皇以降、皇后に源氏がなったことはなく、常に藤原北家からの皇后である）を主人公にし、源氏が恋愛に常に勝ち、源氏の帝位継承をテーマとして描いた（王朝物語の全てが源氏が勝利する（例えば『狭衣物語』の狭衣中将）ことを含む）のか。
There are questions as to why, as a main character, 'The Tale of Genji' set the Genji clan, which was once made to have fallen from power by the Fujiwara clan in the Anna no Hen Conspiracy (after the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was no empress from the Genji clan but always from the Norther House of the Fujiwara clan, during the height of the Fujiwara clan (the author Murasaki Shikibu was also of the Fujiwara clan, and the commentary of 'Japanese Various Families' Trees' says 'A court lady Murasaki Shikibu,... mistress of Michinaga,'), why Genji won the romance and why it described Genji's succession to the Imperial Throne (including the question of why, in all the dynasty tales, the Genji clan always wins (for example, Sagoromo Chujo in 'The Tale of Sagoromo').

「從郡至倭循海岸水行歴韓國乍南乍東到其北岸狗邪韓國七千餘里始度一海千餘里至對馬國其大官曰卑狗福曰卑奴母離所居絶方可四百餘里土地山險多深林道路如禽鹿徑有千餘戸無良田食海物自活乗船南北糴又渡一海千餘里名曰瀚海至一大國官亦曰卑狗副曰卑奴母離方可三百里多竹木叢林有三千許家差有田地耗田猶不足食亦南北市糴又渡一海千餘里至末盧國有四千餘戸濱山海居草木茂盛行不見前人好捕魚鰒水無深淺皆沈沒取之東南陸行五百里到伊都國官曰爾支副曰泄謨觚柄渠觚有千餘戸世有王皆統屬女王國郡使往來常所駐」
'從郡至倭循海岸水行歴韓國乍南乍東到其北岸狗邪韓國七千餘里始度一海千餘里至對馬國其大官曰卑狗福曰卑奴母離所居絶方可四百餘里土地山險多深林道路如禽鹿徑有千餘戸無良田食海物自活乗船南北糴又渡一海千餘里名曰瀚海至一大國官亦曰卑狗副曰卑奴母離方可三百里多竹木叢林有三千許家差有田地耗田猶不足食亦南北市糴又渡一海千餘里至末盧國有四千餘戸濱山海居草木茂盛行不見前人好捕魚鰒水無深淺皆沈沒取之東南陸行五百里到伊都國官曰爾支副曰泄謨觚柄渠觚有千餘戸世有王皆統屬女王國郡使往來常所駐'

古墳の編年などから大型古墳はその時代の盟主（大王）の墳墓である可能性が高いことなどから推測すると、古墳時代の前期（3世紀の中葉から4世紀の初期）に奈良盆地の東南部の三輪山山麓に大和古墳群・柳本大塚が展開し、渋谷向山古墳（景行陵に比定）、箸墓古墳（卑弥呼の墓と推測する研究者もいる）、行燈山古墳（崇神陵に比定）、メスリ山古墳、西殿塚古墳（手白香皇女墓と比定）などの墳丘長が300から200メートルある大古墳が点在し、この地方（現桜井市や天理市）に王権があったことがわかる。
Assuming from the high possibility of large kofun (tumulus) being a tomb of leader (great king) of the time by the chronological order of kofun and others, the following kofun tumulus show there was a sovereignty in this region (present day Sakurai City and Tenri City): Yamato-kofun Tumulus Clusters and Yanagimoto Otsuka Tumulus built at the foot of the Mt. Miwa, in the southeast of Nara basin in the early Kofun period (from about the middle of the third century to the early fourth century), and large scattered kofun with the hill length of 300 meters to 200 meters such as Shibutani Mukoyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Keiko), Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus (surmised by some researchers to be a grave of Himiko), Andonyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Sujin), Mesuriyama-kofun Tumulus, and Nishitonotsuka-kofun Tumulus (identified as the grave of Tashiraka no Himemiko).

貧しき者、卑しき者、世に虐げられた者が幸いなるものであること、富める者が天の王国に入るより、駱駝が針の目を通り抜けるほうが容易なこと、自分が裁かれないようにするには、裁いてはならないこと、決して誓ってはならないこと、自分を愛するように、隣人を愛すべきこと、人が外套を取るなら、上着も与えるべきこと、明日のことを思い煩ってはいけないこと、全き人にならんとすれば、持てる物をすべて売り払い、貧しき人に与えるべきこと、こうしたことは、すべてのキリスト教徒が信じていることです。
All Christians believe that the blessed are the poor and humble, and those who are ill-used by the world;that it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven;that they should judge not, lest they be judged;that they should swear not at all;that they should love their neighbour as themselves;that if one take their cloak, they should give him their coat also;that they should take no thought for the morrow;that if they would be perfect, they should sell all that they have and give it to the poor.

このフォーラムへの登録は自由です！利用者には下記の規則と方針に従うことが要求されます。利用規約に同意する場合は、ページの終わりの「同意する」ボタンを押してください。注: ボタンを押すことによって、あなたは自分が14歳以上であることを宣言します。あなたが13歳以下である場合は、この登録用紙を使用してください。フォーラム管理者およびモデレーターは、フォーラム内に不適切なメッセージが掲載されないように努力しますが、メッセージすべてを監視することはできません。各メッセージはすべて投稿者の意見を表現したものであり、フォーラム所有者および開発者は、いかなるメッセージの内容にも責任を負いません。「同意する」ボタンをクリックすることで、あなたは、卑猥、性的、差別的、脅迫的、そのほか法に違反するメッセージを投稿しないと保証したことになります。フォーラム所有者は、任意の理由でいかなるトピックも削除、編集、移動、あるいは閉鎖する権利を保持します。
Registration to this forum is free! We do insist that you abide by the rules and policies detailed below. If you agree to the terms, please press the Agree button at the end of the page. Note: By pressing the button you declare that you are over the age of 13. If you are 13 or under, please use this registration form.Although the administrators and moderators of this forum will attempt to keep all objectionable messages off this forum, it is impossible for us to review all messages. All messages express the views of the author, and neither the owners of forum or the developers will be held responsible for the content of any message.By clicking the Agree button, you warrant that you will not post any messages that are obscene, vulgar, sexually-oriented, hateful, threatening, or otherwise violate any laws.The owners of this forum have the right to remove, edit, move or close any topic for any reason.

パーネルは死んだ残忍な偽善者どもの手にかかり僕らの無冠の王は死んだ嘆く、嘆く、悲しみのエリン泥沼から引き上げてやった臆病な犬どもに彼は殺されたエリンの希望もエリンの夢もその君主の積みまきの上に滅びた御殿にあろうとも、小屋にあろうとも悲しみにひしがれるアイルランドの心その運命をもたらすはずの彼が逝ってしまったから彼あらば世界にエリンの名を知らしめ栄光の緑の旗をはためかせ政治家たち、詩人たち、戦士たちの立ち上がったものを彼は自由を夢見た悲しいかな、夢にすぎなかった偶像をつかもうとしたその時裏切りが彼と愛するものを引き離した恥を知れ、臆病者彼らの君主を襲い媚を売る聖職者衆に売り渡した卑劣漢ども永遠の恥辱よ、焼き尽くせ誇りをもって彼らをはねつけた人の高貴の名を汚し傷つけた者どもの記憶を最後まで気高く屈せずに倒れた強き人死が彼を今は亡きエリンの英雄たちと一つにした彼の眠りを乱す争いはなし！静かに彼は休む彼を栄光へと駆り立てる人としての苦悩も大望も今はない彼らは思い通り彼を殺したしかしエリンは望む、彼の魂よ炎から不死鳥のように舞い上がれとその日の夜の明ける時自由の御代が僕らにもたらされるその日、エリンよ、挙げよ喜びの杯を悲しみのためにパーネルの思い出のために
O, Erin, mourn with grief and woeFor he lies dead whom the fell gangOf modern hypocrites laid low.He lies slain by the coward houndsHe raised to glory from the mire;And Erin's hopes and Erin's dreamsPerish upon her monarch's pyre.In palace, cabin or in cotThe Irish heart where'er it beIs bowed with woe--for he is goneWho would have wrought her destiny.He would have had his Erin famed,The green flag gloriously unfurled,Her statesmen, bards and warriors raisedBefore the nations of the World.He dreamed (alas, 'twas but a dream!)Of Liberty: but as he stroveTo clutch that idol, treacherySundered him from the thing he loved.Shame on the coward, caitiff handsThat smote their Lord or with a kissBetrayed him to the rabble-routOf fawning priests--no friends of his.May everlasting shame consumeThe memory of those who triedTo befoul and smear the exalted nameOf one who spurned them in his pride.He fell as fall the mighty ones,Nobly undaunted to the last,And death has now united himWith Erin's heroes of the past.No sound of strife disturb his sleep!Calmly he rests: no human painOr high ambition spurs him nowThe peaks of glory to attain.They had their way: they laid him low.But Erin, list, his spirit mayRise, like the Phoenix from the flames,When breaks the dawning of the day,The day that brings us Freedom's reign.And on that day may Erin wellPledge in the cup she lifts to JoyOne grief--the memory of Parnell.