動: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 動物由来
- Pigments of Animal Origin
- animal-derived
- 蒲生騒動
- Gamo Sodo (The Feud of the Gamo Family)
- 地域活動
- Community activities
- 武衛騒動
- Buei Sodo
- Buei Riots (Internal Conflicts in the Muromachi Bakufu)
- 各地の動き
- Movements in Various Regions
- 吸収源活動
- Activities for sources of absorption (activities for sinks)
- 挙兵の動機
- The motives behind their raising of an army
- 制定への動き
- Movement to establish the constitution
- 豊臣軍の出動
- Mobilization of Toyotomi's army
- 出動隊士一覧
- List of Soldiers Involved
- 閉寮反対運動
- The opposition movement against the closure of dormitory
- 戦争目的と動機
- Purpose and motive of the war
- Purpose and Motives for War
- 他の諸将の動き
- Moves of other military leaders
- 節足動物媒介疾患
- arthropod-borne disease
- 政争と皇権の動揺
- Political struggles and fluctuation of the Emperor's power
- 古都税騒動の経緯
- Timeline of the Old Capital Tax Dispute
- 攘夷運動の代表例
- Examples of the Joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners)
- 寺田屋騒動とも。
- It is also called the Teradaya disturbance.
- 海洋変動との関連
- Relation with ocean fluctuation
- 学内外の支援運動
- Support from within and outside the university
- 目黒不動(瀧泉寺)
- Meguro Fudo (Ryusen-ji Temple)
- 大正期新興美術運動
- New art movements in the Taisho period
- 称名寺(今泉不動)
- Shomyo-ji Temple (Imaizumi Fudo)
- 研究・国際的な活動
- Researches and international activities
- 動向の広がりと浄土教
- How trends in Buddhism spread and Jodo sect
- 後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動
- Emperor Godaigo's Movement to Overthrow the Bakufu
- 自由民権運動と御誓文
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement and Charter Oath
- 守護大名・豪族の動向
- Moves of shugo daimyo and influential local lords
- 宮騒動(1246年)
- 1246: The Miya Sodo (Disturbance at the Palace) occurs.
- 紫竹山稚児ヶ滝不動明王
- Shichikuzan Chigogataki Fudomyoo
- 関ヶ原の戦いと倒幕運動
- The Battle of Sekigahara and the Tobaku movement
- 霜月騒動(1285年)
- 1285: The Shimotsuki Disturbance occurs.
- 二月騒動(1272年)
- 1272: The Nigatsu Sodo (February Disturbance) breaks out.
- ユネスコ世界寺子屋運動
- UNESCO World Terakoya Movement
- 自動車等の乗り入れの禁止
- Bicycles and other vehicles prohibited.
- 本能寺の変後の諸将の動向
- Activities of each warlord after Honnoji Incident
- 市警本部での抗議行動と弾圧
- Students' protest at the headquarters of the Kyoto City Police and the police's reaction
- 不動明王像(園城寺、黄不動)
- The painting of Fudo-Myoo (the Wrathful Lord): enshrined in Enjo-ji Temple, and commonly called Ki Fudo (Yellow-Colored Lord)
- これらの運動を後南朝という。
- This activity is called the second Southern Dynasty.
- 『じょう』の表記についての運動
- Campaign concerning the description of 'じょう'
- - 近畿三十六不動尊第25番。
- It is the 25th temple of the 36 Fudoson in Kinki.
- 根来衆も織田方として動員された。
- The Negoro shu was also mobilized by the Oda side.
- 第3回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議
- The Third Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 動機と首謀者に関するその他の考察
- Other considerations about motive and ringleader
- 1825年(文政8年):赤蓑騒動
- 1825: Akamino uprising
- 1764年(明和元年):伝馬騒動
- 1764: Tenma sodo
- 第二次世界大戦後憲法研究会で活動。
- He conducted Kenpo Kenkyu Kai (Constitution Research Group) after the World War Ⅱ.
- 不動明王二童子像(青蓮院、青不動)
- The painting of Fudo-Myoo and his two attendant boys: enshrined in Shoren-in Temple, and commonly called 'Ao Fudo' (Blue-Colored Lord)
- 遷都のことに人心は大いに動揺した。
- The news of the capital's relocation greatly disturbed the public.
- 活動時期は、新第三紀と推定される。
- It is estimated that the volcano was active in the Neogene period.
- 1761年(宝暦10年):上田騒動
- 1761: Ueda sodo
- 公武合体論、公武合体運動、公武一和。
- It is also known as Kobu gattai theory, Kobu gattai Movement, and Kobuichiwa.
- 注1)は気候変動枠組条約の附属書I国
- Note 1) is Annex I Parties of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
- 1869年(明治2年):ばんどり騒動
- 1869: Bandori uprising
- 1836年(天保7年):甲斐一国騒動
- 1836: Kai ikkoku uprising
- 1768年(明和5年):新潟明和騒動
- 1768: Niigata Meiwa sodo
- 連続的な画面構成と動的な表現に優れる。
- Its sequential frame structures and dynamic expressions are excellent.
- 領内統治の不行届(御家騒動、百姓一揆)
- Failure to properly control territories (family troubles or peasant revolts)
- 同年秋頃から紀州勢の動きが活発になる。
- Starting around the fall of the same year, the Kishu army began to move actively.
- 舞鶴若狭自動車道舞鶴西インターチェンジ
- Maizuru Nishi (Maizuru West) Interchange located on Maizuru Wakasa Expressway.
- 近藤勇は書面で洛陽動乱と名づけている。
- Isami KONDO called it the Rakuyo Upheaval in his writings.
- 水源地の集水槽内に自動除塵設備を整備。
- Automatic dust filtration facility was installed in the water collection tank at the water source.
- 下を山陽自動車道の福富トンネルが通る。
- Fukutome tunnel of Sanyo Expressway runs under it.
- 下を東北自動車道の福島トンネルが通る。
- Fukushima tunnel on the Tohoku Expressway runs under it.
- 後醍醐天皇の討幕運動は遂に成功を見た。
- Emperor Godaigo's anti-bakufu movement had succeeded after all.
- 同戦役の小西軍の動向に関する重要史料。
- It is an important reference on the movement of Konishi's army during the war.
- 独立した作戦行動を採れる基本単位を指す。
- It refers to a basic unit that can execute independent operations.
- 不動明王二童子像(高野山明王院、赤不動)
- The painting of Fudo-Myoo and his two attendant boys: enshrined in Myoo-in temple on Mt. Koya, and commonly called 'Aka Fudo' (Red-Colored Lord)
- 京奈和自動車道(一般国道24号バイパス)
- Keinawa Expressway (for bypassing National Route 24)
- 近鉄長野線 富田林駅から金剛自動車千早線
- Take Chihaya Line of Kongo motor Co., Ltd. at the Tondabayashi Station of Kintetsu Nagano Line.
- こうして倒幕運動は鎮圧されたかに見えた。
- The anti-bakufu movement seemed to be suppressed in this way.
- つまり、先進国全体の総排出量は変動しない。
- That is, the total emissions amount of the whole advanced countries does not fluctuate.
- (→動機と首謀者に関するその他の考察参照)
- (Refer to 'Other consideraitons about motive and ringleader.')
- それが鎌倉幕府体制を動揺させる一因となった。
- This became one of the factors that destabilized the Kamakura shogunate system.
- 薩長同盟と討幕運動(1864年~1866年)
- The Satsuma-Choshu Alliance and anti-shogunate movement (1864 – 1866)
- 1814年(文化 (元号)11年):北越騒動
- 1814: Hokuetsu uprising
- 身分移動の手段としては、以下の方法が採られた。
- In order to move into another social class, the following measures were taken.
- 単一の備よりも柔軟な作戦行動を採る事ができる。
- Compared to single sonae, it was possible for them to be more flexible in taking tactical actions.
- そのためか、この合戦における動静は不明である。
- Their involvement in the battle is uncertain.
- 佐藤進一は『南北朝の動乱』においてこう書いた。
- Shinichi SATO wrote in 'The Confusion of the Southern and Northern Imperial Courts' as follows.
- こうした激動のなか、征夷大将軍徳川家慶が死去。
- During the turmoil, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), died.
- 開戦直後からイギリスは講和斡旋へ動きいていた。
- Since the war, Britain undertook mediation for a peace treaty.
- 出家により花山は自動的に退位したことになった。
- By becoming a priest, Kazan was automatically considered to have abdicated.
- これとは別に三木睦子らによる保存運動もあった。
- Aside from this, there were some the preservation movements, one of which was led by Mutsuko MIKI.
- - 毘沙門堂(延暦寺末寺)の子院・常不動院あり。
- The branch temple of Bishamon-do Temple (member of Enryaku-ji Temple), Jofudo-in Temple is located here.
- が、大量の兵員動員による軍事費は財政を圧迫した。
- However, the cost of military spending for mobilizing a large number of soldiers increased the financial pressure.
- この動きは9世紀には御霊会の流行を引き起こした。
- This trend led to the epidemic of the goryoe (ritual ceremony to repose of spirits of a deceased person) in the ninth century.
- そして彼らの軍事動員数は国司軍を圧倒的に上回る。
- The number of their mobilized military members far surpassed the army of governors.
- 不動産取引自体に直接「坪」という単位は使えない。
- However, the unit 'tsubo' is prohibited from using directly in real estate transaction.
- 豆腐づくりやみそづくりなど多彩な活動をしている。
- The NPO is actively involved in various activities including production of tofu (bean curd) and miso (soybean paste).
- その後の出雲侵攻には毛利軍の主力として活動した。
- Upon Mori's further invasion into Izumo, the Misawa clan acted as the main force behind the Mori army.
- その排除に動き出したため、両者の対立が激化した。
- When they started actions to expel Asada, the clash between the two parties intensified.
- 北側には、火山活動でできたとされる屯鶴峯がある。
- There is Donzurubo (a place name), which is said to have been formed by volcanic activity, on its north side.
- 1739年(元文4年):元文一揆(勘右衛門騒動)
- 1739: Genbun ikki (or Kanemon sodo)
- 一般市民の屋外での激しい運動を自粛するよう勧告。
- It is urged that the general public should avoid doing strenuous sports outdoors.
- 確かにこの間にも、在地社会での大きな変動があった。
- There certainly was a big transformation within the local society during that time.
- 京大当局も学生の抗議行動に対し強硬な態度で臨んだ。
- The authorities of Kyoto University were also severe with the students' protest.
- 関東以外でも反平氏勢力の動向は活発となっていった。
- Anti-Taira clan forces in areas other than Kanto became more active.
- これは単なる逃避行動ではなく、政治的取引であった。
- This was not an act of escapism but a political trade-off.
- 慶応3年6月15日 (旧暦) 不動堂村へ屯所を移す
- June 15 1867, military post was moved to Fudo-do Village.
- 最終活動時期は、約1400万年前と推定されている。
- It is estimated that its volcanic activity ended approximately 14 million years ago.
- また、暴動対策のため備辺司が設置されることになる。
- The Bihenshi (Korean Department of Army) was set up in order to provide against insurgencies.
- ただし、武士の中上層には身分移動はほとんどなかった。
- On the other hand, little status mobility existed in middle and high ranking samurai.
- これに呼応するように他藩鎮でも再び自立の動きが出た。
- As if in response, a movement started in other hanchin to become independent.
- 長柄足軽は他の足軽と較べても戦時における動員が多い。
- Compared to other foot soldiers a larger number of nagae ashigaru personnel was mobilized during wartime.
- 惣番衆は、呼ばれなくとも出動しなければならないこと。
- Sobanshu (bodyguards) shall be ready if not commanded to.
- そしてそれらが合わさって「大武士団」として行動する。
- They then gathered to work as 'daibushidan' (large brigade of bushi).
- しかし江戸時代の各階層にある程度の流動性も見られる。
- However, a certain degree of flexibility was seen in each hierarchy during the Edo period.
- これらの英頭文字を取って ARD活動 とも呼ばれる。
- They are called ARD activities, ARD being the acronym of the activities mentioned above.
- 舞鶴若狭自動車道・福知山インターチェンジより約45分
- About 45 minutes from Fukuchiyama Interchange of Maizuru-Wakasa Expressway.
- 京都縦貫自動車道(丹波綾部道路=国道478号)建設中
- Kyoto Longitudinal Expressway (Kyoto Tanba Road = National Route 478) (Under construction)
- 生産者である百姓の逃散は、生産活動の減退を意味する。
- Since peasants were farm producers, their chosan led to a decrease in production activities.
- このことが、中国や朝鮮における反日運動の元ともなった。
- It caused the anti-Japanese movement in Korea and China.
- 諸々の事件への出動により報償金が下されることもあった。
- Rewards were also given when they were dispatched to various cases.
- 南北朝統一後、室町時代にも後南朝勢力の活動地となった。
- After the unification of Southern and Northern Courts, it became the place of activities of the force of Gonancho (latter South Court).
- 彼等は倭服を着て倭語を話し、倭人を装って活動していた。
- They wore Japanese style clothes, spoke Japanese, and posed as if they were Japanese.
- 義仲入洛の報に人々の動揺は以下のように大きかったという。
- The news that Yoshinaka was returning to Kyoto was so unsettling as described below.
- 「稚児ヶ滝不動尊」や「稚児の滝」と略称されることもある。
- It is sometimes called by its abbreviated name 'Chigogataki Fudoson' or 'Chigo no taki.'
- また、動員を拒否した場合は処罰の対象となることもあった。
- When a samurai refused to accept a mobilization request, he could be punished.
- 美濃・尾張での敗報に京方は動揺して洛中は大混乱となった。
- When news of the defeats at Mino and Owari reached the capital faction they were thrown into a panic, and the capital itself descended into pandemonium.
- この非常に短い期間での中国からの移動を中国大返しと呼ぶ。
- This movement from the Chugoku area in a very short period is called Chugoku ogaeshi.
- 社会の動揺を軍事的な手段で鎮圧する武力的な措置をとった。
- The authorities suppressed social disturbances using military force.
- 後醍醐天皇を中心とした勢力による鎌倉幕府討幕運動である。
- The movement was driven by the powers that had gathered together with Emperor Go-Daigo as the central figure.
- 確かに一揆が反乱的、暴動的武力行使に踏み切ることもある。
- It is true that ikki sometimes embarked on a revolt or a riot using armed forces, but the use of armed forces doesn't necessarily constitute ikki.
- 結果として、抗議行動に出た者たちは反乱者として鎮圧された。
- Resultantly, those who protested with force were suppressed as rebels.
- 受領から命令を受けた追捕使が動員したのは、国内武士である。
- The persons who Tsuibushi mobilized based on an order from zuryo were samurai in the province.
- しかしながら、群盗の活動は収まらず乱が発生したものである。
- However, the activities of bandits could not be suppressed, with the war being raised.
- 代表例としては高田藩の越後騒動や、仙台藩の伊達騒動がある。
- Representative examples included the Echigo riot by the Takada clan and the Date riot by the Sendai clan.
- 江戸時代、小判・丁銀・銭貨の為替レートは日々変動していた。
- In the Edo period, the exchange rate among koban, chogin, and copper coin fluctuated day by day.
- こうしてこれ以降、天皇は東京を拠点に活動することになった。
- From this point on, Tokyo was the base from where the emperor engaged in activities.
- なお、義政時代の斯波氏の家督騒動については武衛騒動も参照。
- Too add, for the strife over the headship of the Shiba family in the period of Yoshimasa's rule, also see Buei Sodo (Internal Strife of the Shiba Buei Family).
- 以後は政治活動は起こさず、和歌、連歌に没頭することになる。
- Thereafter, he abandoned political life and immersed himself in the composing of waka (classical Japanese poems) and renga (linked verse).
- その後、榎本武揚が率いる幕府所有の軍艦で江戸へと移動した。
- Subsequently, they moved to Edo on a war ship owned by the shogunate and headed by Takeaki ENOMOTO.
- 今井まちづくりセンター - 今井町町並み保存会の活動拠点。
- Imai Machizukuri Center (Imai Town Planning Center): The Imai Town Preservation Society is based in this center.
- 駅の近くから山上まで吉野大峯ケーブル自動車のケーブルあり。
- Yoshino-oomine-ke-buru bus corporation operates the cable car service from near the station to the top of the mountain.
- 池田屋騒動、 池田屋事変、三条小橋の変等ともいわれている。
- It is also known as the Ikedaya Rebellion, the Ikedaya Uprising, or the Sanjou-kobashi Disturbance.
- 聖観音像と不動明王像の台石には施主・建立者名の刻銘がある。
- On the pedestals of the statues of Hijiri Kannon and Fudo-myoo engraved the names of donators and builders.
- こうした要求活動を通じて惣村の自治権が強化されていく。
- The autonomy of the soson was increased through such demanding actions.
- 日本陶磁史において12世紀は、一大変動の起こった時期である。
- In Japanese ceramic ware history, the 12th century was the period when a major big change occurred.
- しかし、西国の国人領主の大半を動員した大内軍は強大であった。
- However, Ouchi's forces, which included most Kokujin in Saigoku (western part of Japan - esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), were mighty.
- 清も軍を増派したが首都に入ることは控えて牙山を動かなかった。
- Quing increased its troops, but did not move from Asan to enter the capital.
- 具体的には次の活動が規定されている(京都議定書 3条3項)。
- Specifically, the following activities are prescribed (Kyoto Protocol, Article 3.3).
- 河内源氏は摂津源氏のように京都を活動舞台にせず板東へ下った。
- Unlike the Kyoto-based Settsu-Genji, Kawachi-Genji moved to Bando.
- しかし同年後は本格的な領国化を目指す動きが盛んになっていた。
- After the appointment of the Hatakeyama clan, however, a movement to become a fully independent territory started to intensify.
- 13世紀中期ごろになると、農村社会に大きな変動が生じ始めた。
- Toward the middle of the 13th century, a far-reaching change started to occur within rural society in Japan.
- 相馬御厨をめぐる攻防が、治承・寿永の乱の原動力の1つとなった。
- The battle over Soma-mikuriya served as one of the driving forces for the Jisho-Juei War.
- また日本国内でも一部の保守派に絶対君主制を目指す動きがあった。
- Even in Japan, some conservative activists aimed at an absolute monarchy.
- この動きが、ひいては鎌倉幕府・武家政権の成立へつながっていく。
- Some time later this movement resulted in the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate and military rule.
- 幸盛は叔父である立原久綱らとともに尼子氏再興の活動に奔走する。
- Yukimori worked hard for the restoration of the Amago clan with his uncle Hisatsuna TACHIHARA.
- このことは,口分田の荒廃をもたらし,班田制動揺の一因となった。
- This resulted in the ruin of Kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), which became a factor of shaking the Handen-sei (Ritsuryo land-allotment system).
- その街の混乱や動揺する情景を眺めることは恐ろしいことであった。
- It was horrifying to see the confusion and turmoil of the city.
- こうした、花粉症ビジネスに参入する自治体の動きも記しておきたい。
- The movement of autonomous bodies into such hay fever businesses is particularly noteworthy.
- 文化の面でもこのような時代の気風を反映した新しい動きがみられた。
- From the cultural aspect, a new movement reflecting the mood of the period was seen.
- 画面が求心的でしかも動的に構成され、きわめて表現性に富んでいる。
- The painting is centripetal, dynamically configured, and highly expressive.
- 正式名称は、気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約の京都議定書(英)。
- The formal name is Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
- その後荒木村重は12月中に尼崎城を抜け出し、花隈城に移動してく。
- After that Murashiga ARAKI left Amagasaki-jo Castle and moved to Hanakuma-jo Castle in December.
- RMU (Removal Unit) - 吸収源活動による吸収量
- RMU (Removal Unit) - amount of absorption by activities for sources of absorption (activities for sinks).
- 安宅船や大砲も動員してのこの攻撃で、一時は城域の大半を占拠した。
- With this attack by Atake-bune (a type of naval warship) and cannons, it temporarily occupied most of the castle area.
- 警察はMPの出動を要請し、MPが駆けつけたことで漸く沈静化した。
- The police asked for the mobilization of the Military Police and the clash was calmed down once the MPs came to the scene.
- 郷村断層では、西側が最大80cm隆起し、南へ270cm移動した。
- The Goson Fault was raised a maximum of 80cm on the west side and moved 270cm towards the south.
- 恩賞方は鎌倉幕府の討幕運動に参加したものに対する論功行賞を処理。
- The Rewards Office handled the conferral of honors and awards to those who had participated in the campaign to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 秀吉の懸念材料は、地理的には光秀に近い「摂津衆」の動向であった。
- One of Hideyoshi's worries was how the Settsushu (Settsu gang) who were geographically close to Mitsuhide would react.
- 畿内においても寺社勢力を中心に反平氏勢力の動きが活発化していた。
- Anti-Taira clan movements in the Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) area also became active especially among the religious.
- 地震予知研究計画の一環として地殻変動の連続観測が実施されている。
- Observation of diastrophism as a part of earthquake prediction research project has been continuously carried out.
- 車:西名阪自動車道郡山インターチェンジ (奈良県)より約90分。
- By car: approximately 90 minutes from Nishimeihan Jidoshado Expressway Koriyama Interchange (Nara Prefecture).
- そのため、管領細川政元らは、この動きに対して静観の姿勢を取った。
- For that reason, the Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA and others remained a silent observer of the movement in Yamashiro Province.
- 京大当局は70年代後半になってこれらの運動基盤の解体に着手した。
- In the late 70's, the authority of Kyoto University stated to destroy such bases of movements.
- 2006年(平成18年)、本寮の存続に関わる大きな動きが起こる。
- An important movement concerning the continued existence of the dormitory occurred in 2006.
- 倭寇の活動に触発され、倭人を装った朝鮮人水賊の活動が活発化する。
- Inspired by wako's activities, Korean pirates who pretended to be Japanese accelerated their activities.
- 宮騒動二月騒動などで得宗家に反抗する名越北条家などは排除された。
- With the Palace and February Disturbances, the Nagoshi branch of the Hojo clan and other factions who opposed the Tokuso branch (the main lineage) were driven from the government.
- 身分移動の存在は、身分制の弛緩や形骸化を意味しているわけではない。
- Therefore, the existence of class mobility did not mean that the class system was relaxed or dead in form.
- 動機は、朝鮮出兵への反発とも、秀吉の支配に対する反発ともいわれる。
- His motivation was said to be his objection to the Korean invasion and/or against the Hideyoshi's rule.
- こうした急速な近世的支配に対する反動が土豪一揆という形で噴出した。
- A reaction against such a rapid rule of recent times brew out in the form of the riot of a powerful local clan.
- 古典『太平記』によれば直義派による師直暗殺騒動も存在したとされる。
- According to the classic, 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), there was an attempt to assassinate Moronao by the Tadayoshi group.
- 摂津源氏の源頼政は、河内源氏の源義朝とは完全に別行動を取っている。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of the Settsu-Genji took completely opposite actions to MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo of the Kawachi-Genji.
- そのことが植物や動物など生物の生育と分布に大きな影響を与えている。
- This heavily affects the growth and distribution of living things such as plants and animals.
- 義仲の帰京に慌てた院の周辺では、義仲を宥めようという動きが見られた。
- Some people around the Cloistered Emperor made a move to appease Yoshinaka.
- その直後から加賀国・能登国・若狭国の北陸豪族達が反乱活動を開始する。
- Immediately afterwards, powerful families in the Hokuriku region (including Kaga Province, Noto Province and Wakasa Province) began to rebel.
- しかし成立間もない室町幕府は南北朝の動乱のなか財政的余裕はなかった。
- However the Muromachi Bakufu, which had just been established, did not have sufficient financial ability under the disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 動的な線描で庶民の生活や風俗が描かれ、大和絵の特色をよく示している。
- The life and customs of the common people are described with dynamic lines, and shows the characteristics of Yamato-e painting well.
- 古都税の施行は古都税騒動と呼ばれる政治事件を起こした(経緯を参照)。
- The enforcement of the Old Capital Tax provoked an incident known as the Old Capital Tax Dispute (See the details below).
- これらの動きがどのような性格を持つのかについては、様々な議論がある。
- There are many opinions concerning the nature of the above-mentioned movement.
- 最寄りのインターチェンジ:高知自動車道南国インターチェンジ(南国市)
- Nearest interchange: Kochi Expressway Nankoku Interchange(Nankoku City)
- 文安の麹騒動(1444年)以後は京都においては麹屋業も吸収合併した。
- After Bunan no Koji Sodo (a riot caused by rice malt sellers in the Bunan era) in 1444, the rice malt-manufacturing business was merged into sakaya even in Kyoto.
- 災害時用の備蓄米(不動穀)を差し引いた残りが国衙の主要財源とされた。
- After earmarking some rice for stockpile (Fudokoku staple) for an emergency, the remainder was regarded as main financial resources of kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 蔚山旧市街から湾を隔てた南岸にあり、現代自動車工場敷地となっている。
- Being on the shore to the south of the old town area of Ulsan across the bay, the location of Enbo Wakan is now the premise of Hyundai auto plant.
- こうした兵農分離政策は江戸時代に一層強化され身分の移動は少なくなった。
- These policies which separated warriors and peasants were further enforced in the Edo period, and social mobility was reduced as a result.
- 信長は2月3日に義昌の反乱を知ると武田勝頼討伐を決定、動員令を発した。
- When learning about the rebellion of Yoshimasa on February 3, 1582, Nobunaga decided to subjugate Katsuyori TAKEDA and issued mobilization orders.
- 百姓の中から出挙・私営田活動を通じて富を蓄積した富豪層が成長し始めた。
- Some farmers accumulated wealth through suiko (government loans made to peasants) and operation of private land, constituting the rich and powerful class and growing.
- 追捕を命じられた追捕使は国内の武士を動員し、実際の追捕活動を展開した。
- The Tsuibushi who was ordered to search for and capture gangsters carried out necessary activities by mobilizing samurai in the province.
- 国内武士を追捕活動に参加させる動機付けとなったのは、勲功の保証である。
- What motivated samurai in a province to participate in the activities to capture criminals was the assurance that their achievements would be rewarded.
- 1926年1月15日:各府県警察部特高課を動員し全国の社研会員を検挙。
- January 15, 1926: Special High Police Division of each prefecture was mobilized to arrest Shaken members nationwide.
- 日本軍の明石元二郎大佐による革命運動への支援工作がこれに拍車をかけた。
- Colonel Motojiro AKASHI's support of the revolutionary movements in Russia spurred the aforementioned situation.
- 尼子氏滅亡後、出雲国では山中幸盛らによる尼子再興軍の活動が活発化した。
- After the Amago clan collapesed, the army for restoring the Amago clan headed by those including Yukimori YAMANAKA began to operate actively in Izumo Province.
- もう1本の山田断層は、北側が最大70cm隆起し、東へ80cm移動した。
- The Yamada Fault was raised a maximum of 70cm on the north side and moved 80cm towards the east.
- 平城上皇の動きを知った嵯峨天皇は坂上田村麻呂に上皇の東向阻止を命じる。
- Emperor Saga, knowing how the Retired Emperor Heizei had responded, ordered SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro to prevent the Retired Emperor from heading for the east.
- 一揆勢は地侍の指導の下、組織的な行動をとり、勝手な略奪を取り締まった。
- Under the direction of the jizamurai, order was brought to the uprising forces, while robberies were monitored.
- また戦国時代から江戸時代にかけての甲賀郡では甲賀流忍者が活動していた。
- In Koka County, Omi Province, Koga ninja played important roles over the Sengoku period and the early in the Edo period.
- 京奈和自動車道:木津インターチェンジ (京都府)(西日本高速道路管理)
- Keinawa Expressway : the Kizu interchange (Kyoto Prefecture) (managed by West Nippon Expressway Company Limited)
- これらは三条河原町通付近を行動する際の待ち合わせスポットとなっている。
- These are meeting places for touring around Sanjokawaramachi-dori Street.
- 舞鶴若狭自動車道・舞鶴東インターチェンジから国道27号経由で約7km。
- Using the Maizuru Wakasa Expressway: approx. seven km from the Maizuru Higashi Interchange via National Route 27
- 吉田寮では、前述の閉寮反対運動に関連して、入寮対象者を拡大していった。
- Yoshida dormitory has eased the requirements for entering as a part of the above-mentioned opposition movement against the closure of dormitory.
- 漫画や小説、映画などでも、主要人物の行動原理としてしばしば採用される。
- Katakiuchi is also frequently adapted as the behavioral principle of the main character in comic books, novels and movies.
- 以仁王と頼政が反平氏を唱えた挙兵の意思を固めた経緯と動機には諸説ある。
- Theories abound as to the beginnings of and motives behind the stiffening of the resolve of prince Mochihito and Yorimasa to raise an army against the Taira clan.
- 既成の寺院から離れて別所と呼ばれる地をその活動拠点とすることが多かった。
- They often had a place called a Bessho for their activities, apart from the existing temples.
- 井伊が暗殺されると主に諸藩の下級武士を中心とする尊攘派の活動が激化した。
- Once Ii was assassinated, the Sonjo Movement led by the lower ranking warriors from various clans became more violent.
- 代宗は禁軍(近衛軍)と廬龍を初めとした他藩鎮軍とを動員して討伐を加えた。
- Daizong mobilized the kingun (army guarding an emperor) and hanchin's armies starting with the Lulong army to suppress the rebels.
- 同時に移動時・戦地における物資の入手や管理、分配についても責任を負った。
- At the same time, they were also responsible for obtaining, managing and distributing the goods during transfers and at the battleground.
- 現在の岡崎公園 (京都市)、京都市動物園周辺がその跡地と考えられている。
- The area around the present Okazaki Park (Kyoto City) and Kyoto Municipal Zoo was considered to be the sight of the temple, i.e., the Shirakawa betsugyo.
- 積雪のため信越国境が封鎖されている時期であり、長尾方諸将の動揺を誘った。
- The borders between Shinano Province and Echigo Province were closed due to accumulated snow in this season, and this situation made military commanders on the Nagao side unrest.
- 当時の日本軍の常備兵力20万人に対して、総動員兵力は109万人に達した。
- Japan mobilized approximately 1.09 million soldiers, which far exceeded its standing army of 200,000 soldiers.
- また、そうした「忘れられた」ルートを再発見しようとする地元の動きもある。
- There are some movements to rediscover `the forgotten' routes by local people.
- これら軍事的措置をすませたうえで、朝廷の不動穀を賑給して懐柔にあたった。
- After preparing military measures, he supplied the Imperial Court's fudokoku (crops stored for emergency) to the poor Ifu in the regions as a means to appease them.
- 明治維新後の近代化と社会の激変によりそれまでの日本美術は大きく揺れ動いた。
- And Japanese art was also shaken by the modernization and the drastic change of the Japanese society after the Meiji Restoration.
- 海賊衆の財源であった通過商船の有償警護などの活動を海賊行為として禁圧した。
- He prohibited and oppressed the pirates' activities including the paid guarding merchant ships as a financial source, designating such activities as acts of piracy.
- これは頼信が兄の頼光の摂津源氏との活動基盤の競合を避けたためとされている。
- The reason is said that Yorinobu avoided territorial competition with his elder brother, Yorimitsu (Settsu-Genji).
- この運動の担い手として、具体的には、次のようなグループを挙げることができる
- The following groups can be specifically listed as bearers of the movements:
- 嵯峨天皇の動きを知った平城上皇は激怒し、自ら東国に赴き挙兵する決断をする。
- The Retired Emperor Heizei was infuriated by Emperor Saga's actions, and he made a firm decision that he himself would go to the eastern provinces and raise an army.
- 京奈和自動車道(予定) 現在五條市内の区間は「五條道路」とも呼ばれている。
- Keinawa Expressway (scheduled): Currently, a section of the road within Gojo City is also called 'Gojo Road.'
- 横断歩道橋が設置されており、自動車と歩行者・自転車が完全に区別されている。
- It is where pedestrian crossing bridge is located and car, pedestrians, and bicycles are completely segregated.
- 京都歴史回廊協議会(きょうとれきしかいろうきょうぎかい)は、京都の市民活動。
- Kyoto Rekishi Kairo Kyogikai (Kyoto 'Historic Corridor' Conference) is a Kyoto civil activity.
- 朝廷側が要求を拒否して使者を追い返したことから延暦寺大衆の動きが激しくなる。
- After the Imperial-Court refused the appeal and sent back the envoy, the movement of daishu of Enryaku-ji Temple intensified.
- しかし「一揆」とは、「同一行動をとること」あるいはそれを誓約することである。
- However, the 'uprising' is defined as 'taking the same action' or take a pledge on it.
- 基本的にその構造から追葬はできず、埋葬施設内に人が活動するような空間はない。
- Because of the structure, an added burial was impossible, and there was no space where people were able to move around.
- しかし、政虎は海津城からの炊煙がいつになく多いことから、この動きを察知する。
- However, Masatora detected the movement, based on the fact that an unusually large amount of smoke came from the cooking.
- 旧本丸は学校敷地となり、現滋賀県立水口高等学校の運動場として利用されている。
- The remains of the Honmaru, are now the property of Shiga Prefectural Minakuchi Senior High School, and is used as an athletic field.
- そのことなどからこの地震は複数の断層がほぼ同時に動いたものと推定されている。
- As such, it is estimated that this earthquake was caused by the movement of several faults at the same time.
- 春になると、揚子江気団は東の日本列島や朝鮮半島などに移動性高気圧を放出する。
- If spring comes, the Yangzi jiang air mass releases a migratory anticyclone to Japanese islands and Korean Peninsula in its east.
- また「東の覗き」「不動岩」「西の覗き」「愛染窟」など、行場らしい地名も残る。
- Place names related to ascetic practice still remain: 'Higashi no Nozoki' (peek to the east), 'Fudoiwa rock' (literally, unmovable rock), 'Nishi no Nozoki' (peek to the west), 'Aizenkutsu cave' (literally, cave of Aizen Myoo [one of the important deities in Japanese mountaineering asceticism]) and so on.
- 同年8月に起きた八月十八日の政変に出動し、壬生浪士組はその働きを評価される。
- In August of the same year, Mibu Roshi-gumi was dispatched to subdue the Political Turmoil of August 18th, and was recognized for their efforts.
- 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
- That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.
- 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
- In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.
- 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
- The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
- しかしながら、それが叶えられないために、実力行使による抗議行動に出たのである。
- However, because their efforts failed, they started protests, resorting to force.
- 無論、備単位で作戦行動が行われる事もあるので総てが一手部隊に属する訳ではない。
- Of course, in some cases the tactical actions were executed by single sonae units, and not all of them necessarily belong to one te unit.
- 百姓は請作面積に応じた納税責任を負うが、移動居住の自由を有する自由民であった。
- Hyakusho were responsible for tax payment according to a contract farming area, but they were free people having the freedom to move and to choose a place to live.
- 一方では、商人の経済活動が活発化し、都市を中心に庶民文化(化政文化)が栄えた。
- Meanwhile, economic activities by merchants became active, and a popular culture (Kasei culture) flourished mainly within the cities.
- それらの主張は尊王攘夷運動と明治初期の薩長藩閥政府にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。
- These claims did not by any means have a small influences on the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the policies of the government led by Saccho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) during the early Meiji period.
- 禁令を受けたイエズス会宣教師たちは平戸に集結して、以後公然の布教活動を控えた。
- The missionaries of the Society of Jesus received the prohibition edict gathered in Hirado and withheld official mission activities after that.
- 1536年には日蓮宗は比叡山延暦寺と衝突して天文法華の乱と呼ばれる騒動となる。
- In 1536 the Nichiren sect came into conflict with Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, leading into the Tenbun Hokke no Ran (The Lotus War of the Tenbun era).
- この他、特筆すべきものとして木地師や杓子屋の活動の道であることも挙げられよう。
- In addition, it is also important to remember that kiji-shi (woodturners) and shakushi-ya (ladle shop) used this road for their businesses.
- 前後して野迫川村内にも自動車道が通じると、生活道路としての役目はほぼ失われた。
- At almost the same time, the motor road was extended to Nosegawa Village, then, the role of Kohechi as a community road ended.
- 幼稚園・小学校の屋外活動禁止、および授業短縮・休校などの措置を講じるよう勧告。
- It is urged that kindergartens and elementary schools should be prohibited from doing outdoor activities and should shorten their class hours or should be closed.
- 国際連合教育科学文化機関や平和運動など幅広い活躍を行い、法政大学総長も務めた。
- He was engaged in wide-ranging activities, such as those of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and peace movement, and also served as the president of Hosei University.
- 在学中は全学自治会同学会の委員長として竹本処分闘争以降の京大学生運動を導いた。
- When he was a student, he spearheaded the student movement at Kyoto University after 'Takemoto shobun' struggle as the chairman of the national student association.
- また、初期の自由民権運動は不平士族が中心になっていた(士族民権ともいわれる)。
- In addition, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (also called Shizokuminken) was initiated mostly by fuhei shizoku (dissatisfied former samurai).
- その後しばらくの間、以仁王の生存説が噂され、またそれが反平氏運動に利用された。
- For a while after the fighting had ended, rumors persisted that prince Mochihito was alive, rumors moreover that were useful to anti-Taira activities.
- この件が興福寺・春日大社側の打撃となり、以後の神木動座は平等院までに留められた。
- This was a setback for Kofuku-ji Temple and Kasuga-taisha Shrine, and thereafter, Shinboku was moved at most to Byodo-in Temple.
- その様な複雑な陣形を無理に維持する事は機動力を失わせる事になり、現実的ではない。
- Forcefully maintaining such a complex battle formation would lead to a loss of mobility, and it would not be realistic.
- 大抵の場合は一手部隊を単独もしくは複数併せたものを独立部隊として行動させている。
- Therefore, in most cases, one te unit was mobilized, either alone or together with other multiples, which were then considered as an independent unit.
- 更に1184年に京を制圧した頼朝方も「器量に堪えたる輩」を広範に招集・動員する。
- In addition, the side of Yoritomo that conquered Kyoto in 1184 extensively gathered and mobilized 'those with high abilities.'
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- 「高陞号」は、戦争準備行動として仁川広域市に清国兵約1100名を輸送中であった。
- Kowshing' was transporting about Qing 1,100 soldiers to Incheon Metropolitan city to prepare for war.
- 日露戦争で日本は従来の師団総てを動員した為、本土駐留師団がなくなる事態となった。
- When Japan mobilized all of the former divisions in the Russo-Japanese War, it resulted in a situation where there were no army divisions stationed on the mainland.
- その中で高師直が塩冶高貞を殺害する事件を起こし、各地の武士の間にも動揺が走った。
- Meanwhile, KO no Moronao killed Takasada ENYA, which shocked bushi nationwide.
- 巨椋池は多様な動植物の生息地として、豊かな環境を育み多くの人に恩恵を与えてきた。
- As a habitat to various plants and animals, Ogura-ike Pond has been providing a rich environment being beneficial to people.
- 北九州で活動していた南朝方の懐良親王は明に朝貢し、「日本国王」に冊封されていた。
- The Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi taking sides with the Southern Court, who worked in the northern Kyushu, had been conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' in return for the tributes he paid to the court of the Ming Dynasty.
- 7世紀中ごろの大化の改新も権力集中化の動きの一つであり、一定の進展を見せている。
- The Taika Reforms in around the middle of the seventh century was such a move to strengthen powers, achieving a certain level of advancement.
- また、衆徒以外にも興福寺領の荘官が農民田堵を動員して人数を揃えたと考えられている。
- In addition to monk-soldiers, peasants and farmers are thought to have been gathered for goso by 'shokan' (an officer governing the 'shoen' [manor in medieval Japan]) of Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 春日神木の動座が行われた場合、特に入洛中は藤原氏の公卿・官人は謹慎・籠居となった。
- When Shinboku was moved, - especially when it was carried into Kyoto, - court nobles and officials of the Fujiwara clan were suspended from court and they stayed home.
- 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
- The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.
- 代わりに本来は不動穀として備蓄する筈であった租の中から捻出しようとしたものである。
- Instead, they tried to find funds from So that was originally supposed to be stored as Fudokoku.
- 緩発式は引金に触れるだけでは作動しないため暴発し難いが、命中精度に劣ると言われる。
- The gradual discharge is said to have small risk of accidental discharge by touching the trigger alone but have lower accuracy.
- 戦いに圧勝した家康は日本国内で不動の地位を得、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- Having achieved overwhelming victory, Ieyasu secured an impregnable position in Japan and he was appointed in 1603 to seii taishogun.
- 1960年代前半、部落解放同盟中央は、共産党系幹部主導による運動が進められてきた。
- In the early 1960s, led by the Japanese Communist Party leaning executives, the Buraku Liberation League Headquarter was promoting movement.
- 小林郷は現在の鶴岡八幡宮の所在地であり、「鶴岡」は地名ごと移動してきたことになる。
- Kobayashigo is the address of today's Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, which means that the shrine was moved along with the name of 'Tsurugaoka.'
- 東山は花折断層、鹿ヶ谷断層、桃山断層などの断層の活動により隆起してできた山である。
- Higashiyama mountains had been formed by upheavals due to activities of some faults including Hanaori Fault, Shishigatani Fault, and Momoyama Fault.
- 地方の行政組織が全国的規模で動き出したのは天武朝においてであったと推定されている。
- It is assumed that it was during the reign of Emperor Tenmu that the organization of local administration spread throughout the entire country.
- 14時に大垣を出た秀吉軍は木ノ本までの丘陵地帯を含む52kmを僅か5時間で移動した。
- Departing from Ogaki at 2 PM, the Hideyoshi army traveled the 52 kilometers to Kinomoto, including foothills, in a mere 5 hours.
- また、国博士や国医師が史生と同等に扱われて国府の業務に動員されていた記録も存在する。
- Also, there exists a record proving the fact that kuni no hakase and/or kuni no ishi were treated like shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties with documents) and were used for jobs of the provincial government.
- その一方で新しい儀式の増加に対応するためにそれらの規定を集成・整備する動きも現れた。
- However, to cope with increasing new rules and customs, a method of codifying and improving the prescription of the rules and customs was developed.
- この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
- As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.
- しかし、農村では貧富の差が拡大して各地で百姓一揆や村方騒動が頻発し、治安も悪化した。
- Nonetheless, as the disparity between rich and poor expanded in agricultural communities, peasant's revolts and agrarian conflicts occurred frequently and ended in deterioration of the public order.
- 特にアジア諸国では明治維新を模範として改革や独立運動を行おうとする動きが盛んになる。
- The reform and independence movement became active in Asian countries especially after the model of the Meiji Restoration.
- 長尾軍の中でも動揺が起こっていたらしく、景虎は諸将に忠誠を確認する誓紙を求めている。
- It can be assumed that unrest took place among Nagao's forces as well, and Kagetora requested his military commanders to submit a written oath showing loyalty to him.
- なお、「予期せぬ遭遇説」については日本放送協会の「その時歴史が動いた」で紹介された。
- By the way, the 'unexpected encounter theory' was introduced in 'When history moves,' a TV program by NHK.
- そのため、日比谷焼打事件をはじめとして各地で暴動が起こり、戒厳令が敷かれるに至った。
- Popular uprisings broke out in various places beginning with the Hibiya Incendiary Incident, and martial law was declared.
- このような一連の御家騒動が、慶長3年(1598年)に伏見にあった秀吉のもとに届いた。
- In 1598 the series of family disputes became known to Hideyoshi, who was residing in Fushimi.
- また、秀吉自身は京を活動の拠点とし茶の湯を始めとする文化活動を自らも積極的に行った。
- Hideyoshi based his activities in Kyoto and directly and aggressively engaged in cultural activities such as tea ceremony, etc.
- 鎌倉時代末期に後醍醐天皇が討幕運動を起こし、足利尊氏など幕府の有力御家人が呼応した。
- At the end of the Kamakura period, Emperor Godaigo launched an anti-shogunate movement and senior vassals of the bakufu, including Takauji ASHIKAGA, joined forces with the emperor.
- しかし豪族層の抵抗も根強く、権力集中化はその後も企図されたが、その動きは伸び悩んだ。
- However, powerful families were still strongly resistant, and the move to concentrate powers was stagnant, though attempted later as well.
- もっとも今出川家の取次役をしていた時期には十分な活動が行われていなかった可能性がある。
- In reality, it is possible that he did not do many of his duties while he was working as a Toritsugiyaku (gentleman-usher between the Bakufu and Court) of the Imadegawa family.
- 8世紀末になると遣新羅使の正式派遣は途絶えたが、新羅商人の活動はむしろ活発化している。
- Around the end of eighth century, Japanese envoys to Silla were discontinued, but merchants of Silla intensified their activities.
- 義光が政宗との戦に忙殺されているのを好機と見た上杉景勝は、庄内占領のため兵を動かした。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI sent troops to conquer the Shonai district, by taking advantage of the situation in which Yoshiaki was busily occupied with the battle against Masamune.
- この頃、各地で尊攘過激派による実力行使の動きが見られたが、いずれも失敗に終わっている。
- Various radical sonjo party across the country tried to use force at the time, but all attempts fell through.
- 9月15日 明治天皇が戦争指揮のため広島に移ったことに伴い大本営も移動(広島大本営)。
- September 15: The Imperial headquarters is relocated to Hiroshima, because Emperor Meiji; Meiji moved there to command the war (Hiroshima Imperial headquarters).
- さらに、これらに呼応して関東平野では佐竹義重 (十八代当主)が活動を活発化させていた。
- Furthermore, in response Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth head of the family) intensified his activities in the Kanto Plain.
- またそのような常備軍を中核にすることによって、その行動は常に迅速であり、他を圧倒した。
- With such a standing army at its core, their actions were always swift and overwhelming.
- - 京都市への編入を要望する署名活動が行なわれ、町内有権者の8割を越える署名が集まる。
- Signatures by more than 80 percent of eligible voters of the town were collected through the signature campaign demanding the absorption into Kyoto City.
- 国分神社・ジェイテクト(旧光洋精工)工場・川端橋・青谷青少年運動広場(国分経由ルート)
- Kokubu-jinja Shrine, JTEKT (former Koyo Seiko Co. Ltd.) factory, Kawabata-bashi Bridge, Aotani Athletic Ground for Young People (the route via Kokubu)
- 百姓一揆の闘争形態の分類として、代表越訴、惣百姓一揆、村方騒動、国訴などがあげられる。
- The form of struggle represented by hyakusho ikki can be classified into daihyo osso (illegal direct petition made by a representative of the village), so hyakusho ikki (political appeal made by all the peasants in a village under the control of officials), murakata sodo (infighting that develops into accusation), kokuso (or kuniso; a legal petition made by peasants tied up across the border of the province), etc.
- しかし大学の夏期休暇などもあり学内の抗議運動は終息、自由擁護連盟も弾圧により解体した。
- However, with the summer break at university, the protest movement within the university ended and the Jiyu Yogo Renmei was dissolved because of pressure.
- 更に流動的な住民である非人・乞食などはそれよりも下位に位置しており、被差別身分にあった。
- There were also people without roots, such as hinin (outcasts) and kojiki (beggars), who belonged to the lowest of the class hierarchy and were discriminated against.
- 動員された駄馬と人夫(陣夫・夫丸ともいう)を荷宰料(足軽)、小荷駄奉行(侍)が管理する。
- Mobilized horses and laborers (also called jinpu or 夫丸) were managed by 荷宰料 (person in charge of provision delivery) (ashigaru) and konida bugyo (samurai).
- このアームが、引金を引く速度によって連動してゆっくり動き火皿に点火する機構を「緩発式」。
- The mechanism which makes the arm move slowly at the rate of pulling the trigger to ignite the priming in the flashpan is called 'gradual discharge.'
- 国人衆は畠山氏の守護としての動員権を認めながらも、所領経営においては自立した存在だった。
- Kokujin-shu admitted the military mobilization right of the Hatakeyama clan as Shugo, but they were independent in the management of their territories.
- 地震波初動の分布や地殻変動がはっきりと観測され、この地震を契機に地震学が大きく進展した。
- The distribution and the initial motion of the seismic wave as well as the movement in the Earth's crust was clearly observed during the Northern Tango Earthquake; and as a result, the field of seismology has greatly developed since.
- 西鉄バス千代自動車営業所福岡シティループバス平和台鴻臚館前・福岡城址バス停下車徒歩3分。
- Three minutes walk from Fukuoka City Loop Bus (managed by Chiyoda Office, Nishitetsu Bus), Heiwadai Korokan-mae and Fukuoka Joshi bus stop
- しかしこれを契機に諸国の反平氏勢力が兵を挙げ、全国的な動乱である治承・寿永の乱が始まる。
- However, the uprising provided an opportunity for forces throughout the provinces that opposed the Taira clan to mobilize, leading to the breakout of the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira; in Japanese it is called the Jisho-Juei War, so named for the two eras in which it occurred), an uprising that was truly countrywide in scale.
- そして事件後、作家野間宏は同学会宛にメッセージを寄せ、学生たちの「行動の正しさ」を讃えた。
- After the incident, novelist Hiroshi NOMA sent a message to the Dogakukai and acclaimed the 'right actions' of the students.
- 百姓・町人の間での身分移動は比較的容易であり、武士の下層(足軽)との身分移動も多くあった。
- Status was relatively flexible between peasants and townsmen, with status mobility also existing between those classes and low-ranking samurai (ashigaru (foot soldier)).
- これらの鎮圧過程で延喜年間に軍制の改革が進められ、国衙の軍事動員に対する規制が緩和された。
- In this process of suppressing the war, the military system was reformed in the Engi (901 - 923) era, making less restrictive the regulation of kokuga mobilizing people for military purposes.
- すると、同国の大掾氏や下野の足利氏 (藤原氏)(足利忠綱)らがそれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Then, the Daijo clan in the same province and the Ashikaga clan (Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA)(Fujiwara clan) in Shimotsuke Province made a move to side with Yoshihiro.
- もちろん、それが後に鎌倉幕府、いわゆる「武士の時代」の原動力にとなったと考えたからである。
- Of course, it was believed to be the driving force of the Kamakura bakufu or the 'period of samurai.'
- これらの資本活動には、職を失った代わりに秩禄を得た華族の資産による投資活動も背景にあった。
- The nobles, who received money called 'Chitsuroku' when losing their job, invested their money in these economic activities.
- 日露戦争の影響を受けて、ロシアの植民地であった地域やアジアで特に独立・革命運動が高まった。
- Former Russian colonies sought independence in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, and independence and revolutionary movements became active throughout Asia.
- 6月30日 舞鶴軍港・宮津湾・河辺飛行場に敵機動部隊艦載機襲来、銃爆撃で機体・施設に被害。
- June 30: An enemy task force of carrier-based planes attacked Maizuru Military Port, Miyazu Port and Kawabe Air Base, and planes and facilities suffered damages from the combat.
- これは当主の三沢為幸の手引きによる行動で、独立した動きを取る兄と弟を封じ込める策であった。
- This was a scheme by Tameyuki MISAWA, the head of MISAWA clan, who tried to contain the independent movements by his elder and younger sons.
- なお、蒲生氏郷の孫蒲生忠知の死後、無嗣断絶に至った御家騒動もまた、蒲生騒動と呼ばれている。
- The family dispute, which led to extinction of a family line after the death of Tadatomo GAMO, who was the grandson of Ujisato GAMO, is also called as Gamo Sodo.
- この時期の美術動向を、その美術系統などをまったく顧慮せずに、単に一緒にしただけであること。
- It simply collected the art trend in this period without concern for its artistic lineage or other aspects.
- 後年、旧藩士らの手弁当による叙勲運動により、養子が他の旧藩主より一段低い男爵に叙任された。
- Later, he was given the title of Baron, lower by one rank from the lord of the domain, thanks to voluntary actions by former retainers of the domain to confer upon him an order.
- その国道も京奈和自動車道五條道路(国道24号バイパス)の開通によって交通量が減少している。
- Traffic on the national road has decreased because of the opening of the Keinawa Expressway, Gojo Road (a bypass of the National Road 24).
- 新選組は会津藩・桑名藩等に応援を要請するが、会津らの動きが遅く時刻になっても動かなかった。
- The Shinsen-gumi had asked for support from the Aizu, Kuwana, and other clans, but their actions were too slow, and they did not move when the time came.
- 後期倭寇は主に明国沿岸部で活動したが、朝鮮半島沿岸部も活発に襲撃し朝鮮王朝を苦しめている。
- The koki wako pirates were active mainly in the coastal areas of Ming, but they also frequently attacked the coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula and brought many troubles to the Korean Dynasty.
- 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
- Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.
- 特にサスペンスや推理小説といったフィクションでは犯人の犯行動機として設定されることが多い。
- Especially in works of fiction, such as suspense stories and mysteries, Katakiuchi is often made the setting for the motive of crime.
- 惣村が支配者や近隣の対立する惣村へ要求活動を行うときは、強い連帯、すなわち一揆を結成した。
- When making a request to a ruler or a neighboring rival soson, the soson achieved strong solidarity or, in other words, an uprising.
- 養和元年(1181年)7月後半頃、加賀・能登で反乱の動きが起こり、それは越前国へと波及した。
- In the latter half of September 1181, a rebellion broke out in Kaga and Noto, and spread to Echizen Province.
- しかし、このような強権的な支配では各地域の動きは抑えられず、次第に矛盾が大きくなっていった。
- However, such an despotic governance could not suppress the movements in various areas and the conflicts became increasingly larger.
- しかし、実際に合戦が行われた戦国時代から江戸時代初期には足軽の過半が動員兵で占められていた。
- However, during the Sengoku Period and the beginning of Edo period where the actual wars took place, the majority of the foot soldiers were soldiers to be mobilized.
- これにより備は同時代における西洋の戦闘隊形に較べ高い機動力と地形に対する適応力を持っていた。
- Because of this, compared to the western battle array of the same period, sonae possessed higher mobility and topographical adaptability.
- 明治維新によって死牛馬取得権などの特権を失った反面、差別は依然残り、部落解放運動につながった
- While they lost the privilege to receive dead horses and cattle and so on after the Meiji Restoration, the discrimination still continued, which led to the Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement.
- また、国学思想から来る尊王思想と結びついて「尊王攘夷」運動として幕府批判へつながっていった。
- In addition, the idea of restoring power to the emperor, found in the study of Japanese classical literature, combined with the idea of expelling foreigners, eventually forming 'Sonno Joi' Movement (the Movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as a tool to revoke the bakufu government.
- しかし定着せず、幕末の動乱で一掃されるまで火縄銃が使われ続けた要因になったと考えられている。
- As a result they failed to take root in Japan and the matchlock guns were used until they were cleared out in the upheavals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- だが、南朝の後胤を擁する後南朝勢力は室町時代を通じて出現し、反幕府勢力とも関係して活動する。
- However, Gonancho forces that supported descendants of the Southern Court appeared throughout the Muromachi period and associated with anti-bakufu forces.
- また、持明院統もまた、邦良親王の即位後に光厳天皇を皇太子にする事を条件にこの動きを支持した。
- The Jimyoin line also supported this movement on the condition that Emperor Kogon became Crown Prince after Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi ascended to the throne.
- 鮮新世前後に活動していた火山が侵食した結果、現在の青葉山の山体が形成されたと推定されている。
- It is considered that the present mountain shape of Mt. Aoba was formed by the erosion of a volcano that was active around the Pliocene.
- 京大法学部の学生は教授会を支持し、全員が退学届けを提出するなど処分に抗議する運動を起こした。
- The students of the Faculty of Law in Kyoto University supported the board of professors and started a movement to protest the punishment by having all students submitting a leave from studies.
- 公営田の耕作のため、年間6万人以上の百姓らが動員され、5人当たり1町の耕作が割り当てられた。
- Every year more than 60,000 farmers were made to cultivate Kueiden and one cho was allotted to five farmers.
- 武衛騒動(ぶえいそうどう)とは、寛正6年(1465年)に発生した室町幕府の内紛のことである。
- The Buei Sodo was an internal conflict that occurred within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1465.
- また、治承4年11月の近江攻防に若狭の国人が同意する動きがあるなどの反乱の萌芽がみられていた。
- In addition, there were signs of insurgency such as the agreement of the Kokujin (local samurai) in Wakasa to the offense and defense in Omi Province in November or December 1180 (November 1180 by the old lunar calendar).
- 更に『神木動座之記』(内閣文庫所蔵)という書物によれば、寛弘3年(1006年)が最初だという。
- And 'Shinboku doza no ki' (the book on moving the sacred tree, owned by the Cabinet Library) says the first one was in 1006.
- こうした御家人や彼らから所領を買収・取得した武士・百姓らは悪党化し、社会変動を一層進展させた。
- These gokenin or samurai as well as the samurai and commoners who bought or acquired their land became akuto (a villain during the middle ages), further advancing social change.
- 国内武士は受領の動員命令ではなく、追捕使の地位を持つ「一国棟梁」の指揮に従うようになっていた。
- Samurai in a province came to follow the leadership of 'Ikkoku toryo' provided with the position of Tsuibushi, instead of the mobilization order by zuryo.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、土地を与えられ自立する下人が現れるなど身分環境に変動が起こってくる。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), their circumstances of social statuses had begun to change and, for example, some of the genin became independent based on the lands they were given.
- 政府による言論と政治活動の弾圧を背景として、人権に関する規定が詳細なことは、おおむね共通する。
- Most of the public ideas included detailed descriptions of human rights to oppose suppression of free speeches and political activities by the government.
- その後も4月には佐久間安政が河内見山(錦部郡)に進出し、8月には見山城を築いて活動拠点とした。
- After that, Yasumasa SAKUMA moved to Miyama (Nishigori County) of Kawachi Province in May and had Miyama-jo Castle built as the headquarter in September.
- その打開策の1つとして、日本三景が持ち合わせていなかった温泉を開発する動きが近年起こっている。
- As one of measures to solve the problem, movement to develop hot spring which none of Nihon Sankei has so far started in recent years.
- 日本三景はいずれも世界遺産登録に動いたが、現時点では厳島神社(登録)以外は登録に至っていない。
- Each of Nihon Sankei tries to have itself registered to World Heritage, but, so far, they have not been registered except Itsukushima-jinja Shrine (registered).
- 2つの高気圧がせめぎあい、勢力のバランスがほぼつり合っているとき、梅雨前線はほとんど動かない。
- If two high-pressure systems struggle with each other and the strength of both systems is balanced, the baiu front hardly moves.
- その後、元寇をきっかけに幕府財政は逼迫し、内管領の長崎氏の専横などで、地方では悪党が活動する。
- In later years, Genko triggered tight financial conditions for the Bakufu, leaving Akuto (a villain in medieval times) such as tyranny unleashed by the Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family), Nagasaki clan, uncontrolled.
- なお、この登山道は滋賀県道268号伊吹山上野線に指定されているが自動車通行は当然不可能である。
- This climbing trail is designated as Shiga prefectural road 268, Ibukiyama Ueno route, but automotive traffic is of course impossible.
- 幕末の京都は政局の中心地となり、尊皇攘夷や勤皇等の思想を持つ諸藩の浪士が潜伏して活動していた。
- Kyoto at the end of the Edo period was the center of political power struggles, and ronins (masterless samurai) from different feudal clans who held such ideas as 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' and imperialists were active behind the scenes.
- 上級領主も当然こうした動きに対抗し、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代にかけて、両者間の紛争が頻発した。
- Naturally the upper-class feudal lord confronted such a movement, and the dispute between them occurred frequently from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
- これは勝家が北陸に領地を持ち、冬には雪で行動が制限されることを理由としたみせかけの和平であった。
- In fact, this was a false truce offer plotted by Katsuie, who feared being locked up in his territory in Hokuriku by heavy snows once winter came.
- この動きは、初期荘園から寄進地系荘園(内部リンク「荘園」を参照)への移行を如実に表すものである。
- This movement clearly demonstrates the shift from early stage shoen to kishinchikei shoen (shoen that were originally donated by developers for the purpose of tax-exemption etc.) (refer to internal link 'Shoen').
- しかし、これらは大名の石高、戦時における戦闘要員、後方要員双方の動員、各備の任務により増減する。
- However, these numbers increased or decreased depending on the daimyo's kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), wartime combat personnel as well as the reserves for rearguard supporters that needed to be mobilized, and the task of each sonae.
- が、この合戦の直後に澄元の祖父で後見役であった細川成之が病没しており、之長も動きが取れなかった。
- However, Nariyuki HOSOKAWA, Sumimoto's grandfather and conservator, died of an illness right after this battle, and Yukinaga was no condition to move.
- これを機に朝廷でも新制が出され、「弘安徳政」と呼ばれる幕府・朝廷共同の政治改革の動きに発展した。
- It galvanized the Imperial court to enact its shinsei and led to the movement of political reform, which is called koan-tokusei (political reforms in the Koan era), carried out by the cooperation between the bakufu and the Imperial court.
- 杭のない上流から回り込まれると動揺した一条軍は部隊を分散させ、上流に向かった長宗我部軍を追った。
- The Ichijo army panicked seeing the enemy's move to attack from upstream where there were no stakes to protect them, and sent some groups upstream to chase the Chosogabe army, which caused their army to scatter.
- しかし、この事件を契機としてヤマト王権による朝鮮半島南部への進出活動が急速に衰えることとなった。
- However, due to this incident, the Yamato Kingdom rapidly lost influence in the southern Korean Peninsula.
- 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
- The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.
- この結果、平家方の船は身動きが取れなくなり、平家方不利と見た諸将は鎌倉方に雪崩を打って寝返った。
- As a result of losing their oarsmen, the Taira ships could no longer control their movement, and seeing the Taira clan at such a disadvantage, many warlords flocked to switch sides and join the Kamakura forces.
- この事件をはじめとして、応仁の乱に至るまで、南朝の子孫は反幕勢力に担がれて断続的に活動を続けた。
- From the time of this incident onward, until the time of the Onin War, the descendants of the Southern Court and dynasty, taken in by various powerful anti-shogunate forces, continued acting intermittently against the Northern dynasty and the shogunate.
- しかし、元寇以降は全国の武士に軍事動員をかける権限などを手にし、事実上全国を支配することとなる。
- But after the Mongol invasions, the bakufu assumed the right to mobilize all the warriors in the country, and with this achieved de facto control over the entire country.
- 計画中:鳥取豊岡宮津自動車道(宮津野田川道路、野田川大宮道路)野田川岩滝インターチェンジ(仮称)
- Planning: Tottori Toyooka Miyazu Jidoshado Expressway (Miyazu Nodagawa Road, Miyazu Omiya Road) Nodagawa Iwataki Interchange (tentative name)
- 光秀の挙兵の動機には怨恨、天下取りの野望、朝廷守護など数多くの説があり、意見の一致をみていない。
- With respect to Mitsuhide's motive for raising an army, there are various views such as resentment, ambition to conquer the whole country and protection of the imperial court and no consensus has been formed.
- 高齢者・子供・呼吸器疾患患者の屋外での活動、幼稚園・小学校の屋外活動をそれぞれ禁止するよう勧告。
- It is urged that senior adults, children, and persons with respiratory disease should be prohibited from doing outdoor activities and that kindergartens and elementary schools should be prohibited from doing outdoor activities.
- また、彼らの郎党には半士半農の者もおり、農繁期の動員に対して不満をもたれるといった問題もあった。
- Also, as among their retainers, some of them were half warrior half farmer, the local lords had a problem that their retainers would have complaints against mobilization during the busy farming season.
- 医療崩壊を象徴する現象・行動として、2005年ころから2ちゃんねるの医者板で広まった用法である。
- Symbolizing the phenomenon and movement of medical care break down, the term spread on the physician's thread of 2 Channel (an online forum) from around 2005.
- 9世紀に蝦夷に対する朝廷(関西)からの征服活動は、現在の岩手県と秋田県のそれぞれ中部で停止した。
- The conquest of the Emishi carried out by the Imperial Court (Kansai) in the ninth century was discontinued in what is now the area of the mid-Iwate and Akita prefectures.
- 京都・峰定寺 千手観音坐像、不動明王二童子立像、毘沙門天立像(各重要文化財)久寿元年(1154年)
- Seated statue of Senju Kannon, standing statue of Fudo Myoo Nidoji (Fudo Myoo and two children), standing statue of Bishamonten (Vaisravana), Bujo-ji Temple, Kyoto (an important cultural property) (1154)
- 武士が強訴防御に当たって出動を拒否するということは、白河・鳥羽院政期には見られなかった現象である。
- That samurai refuse to dispatch for defence against the direct petition was a phenomenon that was not seen before in the Shirakawa and Toba-in periods,
- これは、このような仏教上位の状況下において仏教側から神祇信仰を取り込もうとする動きとも理解できる。
- It may be understood that Buddhism tried to take in Jingi belief while Buddhism was considered superior.
- 江戸時代中後期の社会変動によって、百姓内部での貧富の差が拡大していくようになる('農民層分解')。
- As a result of social changes in the middle and the later Edo period, the disparity between rich and poor in hyakusho became significant ('dissolution of the peasant class').
- そのため、戦時中に増税による耐乏生活を強いられてきた日本国民が日比谷焼打事件などの暴動を起こした。
- The failure led to riots, such as Hibiya Incendiary Incident, by some Japanese nationals who had endured severe suppression and poverty due to increasing taxes during the war time.
- 伝統的な南下政策がこの戦争の動機の一つであったロシア帝国は、この敗北を期に極東への南下を断念した。
- Although the Russian Empire's entry into the war was motivated by its traditional policy of southward expansion, this defeat prompted it to abandon this policy in the Far East.
- 秀吉は人も動物も皆殺しにするよう厳命し、城内にいた者は非戦闘員はおろか馬や犬猫に至るまで全滅した。
- Hideyoshi harshly ordered the killing of all people and animals, so that all in the castle including not only noncombatants but also horses, dogs and cats were killed.
- 関ヶ原の戦後処理で諸大名の領地替えを行った際に、自動的にこれら蔵入地が消滅してしまったのである)。
- When Ieyasu changed various feudal lords' domains in the post-war reorganization, those 'kurairechi' automatically disappeared.
- そして、信長が義昭の行動を制限する「殿中御掟」を成立させると、両者の対立は決定的なものとなった。、
- When Nobunaga set up 'Denchu on okite' (regulations for the shogunal residence) to hold back Yoshiaki, the antagonism between the two solidified.
- 本能寺の変勃発時、織田家中の軍団長レベルの武将ならびに同盟者・徳川家康の動静は次のとおりであった。
- When the Honnoji Incident broke out, the whereabouts of the top level bushos (military commanders) under the Oda family and its ally Ieyasu TOKUGAWA were as described below.
- 都市部では日蓮宗が広まり、京都では日親が布教活動を行い、町衆は信徒的な団結力で土一揆に対して戦う。
- The Nichiren sect started to spread in urban areas while the monk Nisshin began proselytizing work in Kyoto, and the townspeople combined forces into large groups of believers and struggling with the secular Doikki (land-based bands of peasants).
- 倭寇は朝鮮半島や中国沿岸部、東南アジアにわたる東アジア地域で活動し、海賊行為や密貿易などを行った。
- The Wako were active throughout East Asia, along the coasts of China and the Korean peninsula to Southeast Asia, and were involved in acts of piracy and smuggling.
- 義朝と行動を共にした源重成・季実も滅亡の運命を辿り、ここに後白河院政派は事実上壊滅することになる。
- Orders to eliminate MINAMOTO no Shigenari and Hidezane, who had acted in tandem with Yoshitomo, followed in due course, and with their deaths, the Goshirakawa Insei faction had effectively been destroyed.
- その一方で、北白川では水車による精米作業や「白川女」による花の行商などの活動で知られるようになる。
- Yet, Kita Shirakawa became famous by activities including water wheel-driven rice polishing and flower peddling by Shirakawame (women from Shirakawa selling flowers).
- 夏場や湿度の高い時期にはヒル (動物)が多い地域があるため、事前の情報収集やヒル対策が必要である。
- Due to the large number of leeches found during summer and humid seasons, advance information-gathering and leech protection are necessary.
- しかし、15世紀末から社会体制の流動化が顕著になると、より強固な支配体制を領国に布く必要が生じた。
- With the social system becoming remarkably unstable in the end of the 15th century, it became necessary to apply stricter control system to territories.
- また、中世は身分の流動性が非常に高く、五色の賤や近世部落のような固定化された世襲階級ではなかった。
- Furthermore, during the medieval period, social status was highly mobile, and these people were not confined within fixed hereditary classes, such as the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system and buraku (communities of discriminated people) in the early-modern times.
- 紫竹山稚児ヶ滝不動明王(しちくざんちごがたきふどうみょうおう)は、京都府舞鶴市真倉にある史跡である。
- Shichikuzan Chigogataki Fudomyoo is a historical site located at Magura, Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- これら唐側の統治の緩みと同時に、突厥・吐蕃・契丹といった周辺諸民族の方でも勃興の動きが活発になった。
- With the loosening of the Tang Dynasty's reign, various ethnic groups, such as Tokketsu, Toban and Khitan in the neighboring regions actively began their movements to rise.
- この転換を断行・あるいは企図したために、藩政が混乱して、お家騒動の背景の一つとなることもよくあった。
- Decisive action or proposition of this change often created a disturbance of the domain duties, contributing to the internal squabbles (over headship rights) in a daimyo family.
- そのため、騎馬のまま突撃したり、下馬して武家奉公人と共に徒で突き進むといった状況に応じた行動を採る。
- Therefore, they responded either by attacking on horsebacks or by getting off the horses and advancing on foot with their samurai family servants, depending on the situation.
- 一手部隊の兵員数は概ね2000~5000人で構成されるが、これも備と同様に様々な条件により変動する。
- In most cases the number of members in one te squad was 2000 to 5000, but just as with sonae, the number changes depending on various conditions.
- 一方で、勝者である大内義興も長期間在京する間に出雲国の尼子氏や武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せはじめる。
- As for Yoshioki OUCHI who won the battle, while he remained in Kyoto for a long time, there were disturbing trends in Izumo Province caused by the Amako clan, the Takeda clan, etc.
- 江戸時代は経済的にはめまぐるしい発展を遂げ、その資本の蓄積は、明治維新以降の経済発展の原動力となる。
- During the Edo period, the economy grew rapidly, and the accumulated capital contributed to the economic development following the Meiji Restoration.
- 自由民権運動が高まる中、御誓文は立憲政治の実現を公約したものとして一般に受け止められるようになった。
- While the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was growing, Charter Oath was accepted generally as a pledge of realization of constitutional government.
- 定信は中山愛親・正親町公明らの公家に処分を下し、また九州で活動していた勤皇家の高山彦九郎を処罰した。
- Sadanobu reprimanded the nobles, including Naruchika NAKAYAMA and Kinaki OGIMACHI, as well as punishing Hikokuro TAKAYAMA, an imperialist who was active in Kyushu.
- この行動は、兼家・詮子父子の憤激を招き、詮子の内裏退出と兼家一家の政務ボイコットという事態に至った。
- This behavior made father Kaneie and daughter Senshi angry, leading to Senshi leaving the Imperial Palace and Kaneie's family boycotting administration duties.
- 相前後して、高松院(しゅ子内親王)・六条天皇・九条院(藤原呈子)が亡くなり、政界はにわかに動揺する。
- Around the same time, Takamatsuin (Imperial Princess Shushi), Emperor Rokujo and Kujyoin (FUJIWARA no Shimeko) died and the political scene fell into turmoil.
- 国道162号は京都市と若狭湾を繋ぐ幹線道路である為、貨物自動車などの大型車両、牽引車両の通行が多い。
- As National Route 162 is a main road connecting Kyoto City and Wakasa Bay, there is heavy traffic with large vehicles including freight and trailer vehicles.
- また、実際に1994年7月に原動機付自転車に乗った男性がこの付近の国道1号東山トンネルで事故死した。
- A man riding a moped in fact died from an accident in the nearby Higashiyama Tunnel of National Route 1 in July, 1994.
- だが途中荒れた道や、線形 (路線)勾配のきつい道が点在するので普段運動をしない人にとって多少厳しい。
- However, as there are bumpy roads or roads with high inclination dotting the mountain, the hiking can be tough for people who do not usually do any exercises.
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- また、保則の手持ちの兵力が寡兵であるため常陸国、武蔵国の兵2000を動員する許可を朝廷に求めている。
- Subsequently, Yasunori requested the deployment of 2,000 soldiers from Hitachi and Musashi provinces because the soldiers under him were outnumbered.
- 園城寺と興福寺は再び平氏への反抗の動きを見せ、同年12月に平重衡らの兵によって焼き討ちにあっている。
- Both Onjo-ji temple and Kofuku-ji temple once again revealed their opposition and active resistance to the Taira clan, and in the twelfth month of the same year they were burned down by the forces of TAIRA no Shigehira.
- 松永久秀や三好義継、三好三人衆らと結んで挙兵し、公然と敵対行動を見せた足利義昭を討伐するためである。
- The purpose was to subdugate Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was openly showing hostile behavior, and had raised an army with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI and Miyoshi sanninshu (Nagayuki MIYOSHU, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI).
- 勝家や信孝らは秀吉のこれらの一連の行動を自らの政権樹立のためであると考え、激しく警戒し、敵意を抱いた。
- Katsuie, Nobutaka, and others became extremely wary of and hostile toward Hideyoshi, since they believed Hideyoshi had performed this series of actions in an attempt to establish his own administration.
- 薩摩藩最高実力者島津久光は兵を率いて上洛し、尊皇攘夷派を取り締まり、朝廷に運動して公武合体を推進した。
- Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the most powerful man of the Satsuma clan, led forces to Kyoto, suppressed the Sonnojoi group and promoted Kobu gattai by influencing the Imperial Court.
- 国内武士たちは、動員に応じる場合は自己の名前の直下に「奉」と記載し、応じない場合は「不参」と記載した。
- Each of the samurai in the province wrote under his written name 'Accept' when accepting the request or 'Will not participate' when not accepting.
- 1887年(明治20年)の保安条例では、民権運動家は東京より退去を強いられ、これを拒んだ者を拘束した。
- Regulations for the Reservation of Law and Order in 1887 enforced people-rights activists to leave Tokyo, and if activists refused, they were captured.
- 1874年(明治7年)からの自由民権運動において、様々な憲法私案(私擬憲法)が各地で盛んに執筆された。
- During the Freedom and People's Rights Movement since 1874, many common people all over Japan published their own ideas for a constitution.
- たとえば、鹿児島県県令の大山綱良のように数年に渡って県令を務めて一種の治外法権的な行動をする者もいた。
- For example, Tsunayoshi Oyama, kenrei of Kagoshima Prefecture, served as kenrei for several years as if he had extraterritorial rights.
- 削減どころか増加している自動車および業務・民生部門への対策として、近年、環境税の手法も検討されている。
- As measures against cars, business operations and civilian sectors, emissions from which tend to increase rather than decrease, the introduction of environmental taxes has been under consideration recently.
- 工事には士卒や農民らを動員し、1俵に付き銭100文、米1升という当時としては非常に高額な報酬を与えた。
- Soldiers and peasants were recruited for the embankment and paid 100 mon of money and one sho of rice per bale, which was extremely high-paying for the time.
- 飯島幸人東京商船大学名誉教授も船同士の相対運動に潮流は関係ないとして潮流説に否定的な見解を述べている。
- And Yukihito IIJIMA, professor emeritus at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, criticized the changing tides theory by also asserting the view that tidal speed has no effect on the relative velocity of ships riding the same current.
- 兵を撤退させる事になったのは、余りの長い戦争に耐え切れなくなった領国で不穏な動きが相次いだからである。
- The daimyo did not in fact withdraw their soldiers until successive uprisings and unrest broke out in their home territories due to war weariness from the cost of having to support a war for so long.
- 天皇・上皇の脱出を知った後白河院政派は激しく動揺し、義朝は信頼を「日本第一の不覚人」と罵倒したという。
- Members of the Goshirakawa Insei faction were greatly stunned to learn of the escape of the Emperor and Retired Emperor, and Yoshitomo is said to have lambasted Nobuyori as 'the biggest fool in all Japan.'
- 舞鶴若狭自動車道綾部インターチェンジから中丹広域農道・福井県道・京都府道1号小浜綾部線経由で約30分。
- It takes approx. thirty minutes by car from the Ayabe Interchange of Maizuru Wakasa Expressway, via Chutan Koiki Nodo (a road for the wide agricultural area of Chutan), the Obama Ayabe Line of the Fukui Prefectural Route/Kyoto Prefectural Route 1.
- だが、それでも不十分であり、砂漠緑化をはじめとした地道な活動が、黄砂対策として必要であるとされている。
- However, the measure alone is not enough, and it is considered that steady activities, including planting trees in desert, are required as measures against kosa.
- 彼らは倭館の関限を超えて居住し、田地を購入して耕作、朝鮮半島沿岸での漁、密貿易など様々な活動を行った。
- They expanded their residential area beyond the boundary of the permitted Japanese settlement, and they had various activities such as the purchase of farming land to grow agricultural products, the fishing at the coastal area of the Korean Peninsular, and illegal trading.
- そのため、藤原道長期の中央政府はこうした動きを抑制する法令を数々発したが、上記の流れは止まらなかった。
- Therefore, the central government under FUJIWARA no Michinaga promulgated numerous acts to curb such activities but failed to stem the above mentioned tide.
- 一方、延暦寺の僧兵たちが日吉大社の神輿を奉じて強訴する「神輿動座」は嘉保2年(1095年)にはじまった。
- On the other hand, 'mikoshi doza,' in which a direct petition was filed by monk-soldiers of Enryaku-ji Temple carrying mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals) of Hiyoshi-Taisha Shrine, began in 1095.
- この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
- The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.
- これらの動きにより、領主職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領主など、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだした。
- With the development of the above movement, jito who held ryoshu shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and the lord of shoen who held jitoshiki (rights and responsibilities of jito) appeared and the traditional role-sharing system based on status began to collapse.
- この動きを察知した細川澄元は祖父である細川成之や細川高国に頼んで、大内義興らと和睦しようと画策していた。
- In anticipation, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA asked Shigeyuki HOSOKAWA, his grandfather, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA including Yoshioki OUCHI together planned to reconcile with them.
- 債務者を発見次第直ちに債務者が持つ債権額相当分の財産(主として動産)のみを差し押さえることになっていた。
- A kojichi allowed creditors to attach a debtor's properties (mainly movable properties) equivalent to the total amount of credit only, whenever and wherever they found such debtors.
- これにより身動きのとれなくなっていた最前列の学生15名が浅瀬に落下、うち7名が骨折を含む重軽傷を負った。
- As the students in the front had been stuck between students and officers, fifteen students fell into the shallow water and as a result seven students were injured either slightly or seriously including fractures.
- 建築や不動産関係では土地や床面積の面積として、畳2帖の面積に相当する「坪」が非公式ながら常用されている。
- In the fields of architecture and real estate, 'tsubo' (1 tsubo corresponds to a space of two Japanese tatami mats) is informally but regularly used as a unit for showing the size of land and floor.
- しかし幕末にはこの負担が多くの大名の財政を圧迫し、むしろ幕府への不満を増大させ、討幕運動の遠因となった。
- However, toward the end of the Edo period, this obligation put a strain on the finances of many daimyo, increasing their dissatisfaction with the bakufu and becoming an underlying cause of the anti-shogunate movement.
- 連合軍が攻めあぐねたところへ、義弘は伏兵を出動させて敵の隊列を寸断して混乱させ、義弘本隊も攻勢に転じた。
- When the Allied forces attacked, Yoshihiro had his soldiers carry out an ambush to confuse and scatter the enemy formation before shifting to the main battle formation that attacked the enemy.
- 同時期に信長は佐久間信盛父子を大将に七、八万の軍勢を動員して再び雑賀を攻めたが、この時も制圧に失敗した。
- Around this time, Nobunaga mobilized 70,000 or 80,000 soldiers with the commanders of Nobumori SAKUMA and his son and attacked Saiga again, but he failed again at this time.
- 同年7月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷の諸士を中心とする雑賀衆が兵を動かし、先に信長に与した三組の衆への報復を始めた。
- In August of the same year, Saiga shu consisting of warriors of Saigaso and Jikkago rose an army and began to retaliate against the three groups who previously sided with Nobunaga.
- 1347年(正平 (日本)2年/貞和3年)に入ると、南朝 (日本)(吉野朝廷)が京都奪還の動きを見せる。
- In 1347, the Southern Court (Yoshino Court) started a movement to regain Kyoto.
- 平城天皇と嵯峨天皇とが対立するが、嵯峨天皇側が迅速に兵を動かしたことによって平城上皇が出家して決着する。
- There was a confrontation between the Retired Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga, but it resulted in the Retired Emperor Heizei's becoming a monk due to Emperor Saga's quick mobilization of soldiers.
- また、砂漠緑化や農業指導などは、日本など発生国以外の国も協力可能であり、実際に各地で活動が行われている。
- The nations where no kosa is produced, such as Japan, can also aid the activities to plant trees in deserts and to guide farming methods, and such activities have actually been done in various places.
- 従って、近現代の日本では一揆自体があたかも反乱、暴動を意味する語であるかのように誤解されるようになった。
- That is why, in modern Japan, ikki was eventually mistaken for a word meaning a revolt or a riot.
- しかし、9世紀前期までには、百姓の逃亡・浮浪が著しく増大し、律令制の人別支配は根幹から動揺し始めていた。
- However, by the first half of the ninth century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system began to crumble from the ground up because a significant increase in the number of farmers escaping or going missing.
- 初期の頃は京都、美濃国、伊勢国、若狭国などを中心に行商を行っていたが、徐々に活動地域や事業を拡大させた。
- From the earlier period when Omi merchants peddled mainly in Kyoto and the provinces of Mino, Ise, and Wakasa, they gradually extended their businesses and the areas of activity.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の全国的な動乱を経て、畿内に発生した村落という新たな結合形態は各地へ拡大していった。
- Through nationwide wars in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a new style of connection called a village, which appeared in the Kinai region, spread to other regions.
- 寛治7年(1093年)以降、春日社の神霊を移した神木(榊)を奉じて上洛する「神木動座」もたびたび行われた。
- Also, after 1093, 'shinboku-doza,' in which shinboku [sacred tree] to which the divine spirit shifted, was brought and presented to the capital, was often held.
- 滋賀県大津市の石山寺に伝承する『不動明王二童子像』(紙本白描)は12世紀の作で重要文化財に指定されている。
- 'Image of Fudo Myoo Nidoji' (paper book Hakubyo plain sketch) that has been handed down to Ishiyama-dera Temple in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture was a creation of the 12th century, and is designated as an important cultural property.
- 本能寺の変による信長の横死後、蒲生賢秀・蒲生氏郷父子は本拠地日野城に信長の妻子などを安土から移動させ退去。
- Notified that Nobunaga was killed in the Honnoji Incident, Katahide GAMO and his son Ujisato GAMO had Nobunaga's family and others evacuate from Azuchi to their stronghold Hino-jo Castle, then they left Azuchi-jo Castle.
- 本書は、惟宗氏の明法家としての活動の集大成といえる書で、平安時代の政治を理解するうえでの重要な史料である。
- The document can be said to be a great collection of the Koremune clan's activities as scholars of law and is an important historical material for understanding politics in the Heian period.
- 京都御苑事自体は焼失を免れたが市中が荒廃しきったため、明治天皇が東京に行幸する動機の1つとなったとされる。
- Kyoto Gyoen escaped the fire but the city was completely devastated, which made a reason for the Emperor Meiji to visit Tokyo.
- だが、幕府はその動向を恐れて6月 (旧暦)、義興追討の綸旨を得て安芸国・石見国の国人らに義興追討を命じた。
- The bakufu was afraid of their movements, however, and after acquiring a rinji (Emperor's command) in July, ordered the local lords of the Aki and Iwami Provinces to hunt down and kill Yoshioki.
- 今川市長が古都税を入れた動機には、かつて京都市が古都税以前にも同類の観光税を実施していた例があるとされる。
- It is also said that an earlier example of introducing a similar taxation by Kyoto city motivated mayor IMAGAWA to establish the Old Capital Tax.
- (ただし、その航海食はビタミン不足であり、後年、艦船の行動範囲拡大などにより、脚気患者が大幅に増加した。)
- (Nevertheless the diet during a voyage was short of vitamins, and the number of patients having beriberi significantly grew.)
- 農民以外が農地を取得するのは、農地法上問題であるため、「オーナー」とは名ばかりであり、不動産取引でもない。
- It is against the Agricultural Land Act that persons other than farmers should acquire any agricultural lands, so being an 'owner' is merely nominal and does not involve real-estate transactions.
- 彼ら海賊衆は14世紀には活動を活発化させ、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱には南北それぞれの側に分かれて戦った。
- Kaizoku shu increased their activities in the fourteenth century, and during the disturbance period of Northern and Southern Courts, they split into two groups and fought for each court.
- このため事態は一刻を争うと見た局長の近藤勇は単独行動に踏み切り、近藤隊と土方隊の二手に分け捜索を開始する。
- That is why the boss, Isami KONDO, knowing that every moment counted, acted alone by splitting their members into two squads under KONDO and HIJIKATA and began the search.
- そのためには、技術開発を進め、専門家が指導を行って、砂漠化防止活動を長期間持続できるようにする必要がある。
- Therefore, it is necessary to develop the technologies needed for these measures and to guide people by specialists concerned, to make the activities for preventing desertification continue for a long period of time.
- そしてこれを大社本殿脇の移殿(うつしどの)へ移す遷座の儀を行って、公武に強訴の予告を行う(神木動座の強訴)。
- Then they held 'Senza no Gi' (the ritual in which the shinboku was transferred to 'Utsushidono-hall' located at the side of Honden), thereby giving an advance notice of goso to the court and to the 'bakufu' (Japanese feudal regime headed by a shogun), and the whole process mentioned above was called 'Shinboku Doza no Goso' (the goso by means of moving the sacred tree).
- 南北朝の動乱による武家・公家・寺社の所領をめぐる利益衝突の融和策として天龍寺建立に賛同した副将軍・足利直義。
- Vice-Shogun Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA agreed to Tenryu-ji Temple construction as a reconciliation policy of the profit conflict concerning the territory of the samurai class, the court nobles, and temples and shrines due to the disturbance of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 騒然とした雰囲気のなか、正午過ぎの午後1時20分天皇は自動車に乗って到着し、進講のため本部の会議室に入った。
- The Emperor arrived by car at 1:20 pm in an atmosphere of disquiet and entered a conference room in the headquarters in order to have a briefing.
- 日本語を記した辞書として10世紀末ごろには既に『和名類聚抄』が作られていたが、院政期にも新たな動きがあった。
- By the end of the tenth century, 'Wamyo Ruijusho' (dictionary of Japanese names) was already made, and there was a new progress in the Insei period.
- 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
- Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'
- 15代将軍となった慶喜により大政奉還が行われるが、王政復古 (日本)、小御所会議を経て討幕運動が主流となる。
- The ruling power was relinquished by Yoshinobu (formerly Keiki) TOKUGAWA, who had become the 15th Shogun but the anti-Shogunate movement became more dominant with the restoration of Imperial rule and the establishment of the national political council held at Kogosho in Kyoto.
- この時、大和守源頼親の国守解任などを求めて木幡山大谷(現在の京都市伏見区)まで進んだ神木動座があったという。
- It says that in that year monk-soldiers and others advanced to Kohatayama Otani (in the present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), demanding that MINAMOTO no Yorichika, who occupied 'Yamoto no kami' (the governor of Yamato Province, which is today's Nara Prefecture), should be deprived of the position.
- 成人して政務に就いた高時も、こうした態度を継承し、各地で見られた地域独自の動きを強権的に押さえ込もうとした。
- Takatoki, who had reached adulthood and become engaged in government affairs, inherited this attitude and attempted to suppress the movements in various areas with an iron fist.
- その結果、戦国大名は軍事行動を行うための軍制整備の一環として、単独での戦闘が可能な備の編成を行う様になった。
- As a result, the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku Period) began to organize sonae with independent battling capability, as part of a military system improvement in preparation for military actions.
- さらに江戸時代になると戦時の大規模な動員もなくなった結果、備の定員はほぼ定まり制度として完成の域へと至った。
- Furthermore, during the Edo period there was no more need for large-scale wartime mobilization, and as a result, the enrollment limit of sonae became almost fixed and it was perfected as a system.
- それぞれの行動に併せて別々の鳴物を鳴らした(鳴物の回数で区別するのは聞き間違いの恐れがあるので行われない)。
- Depending on the action to be taken a different instrument was sounded (the number of soundings was not used to distinguish the action because of the possibility of mishearing).
- 例えば不動産を取得している場合にかかる固定資産税は基本的に学校や宗教施設の場合は課税しないというものがある。
- For example, schools and religious institutions are not subject to Fixed Property Tax which is imposed on the acquisition of real estate.
- これは、「開国」と「攘夷」という相反する対外思想が「討幕」という一つの行動目的へと収斂される可能性を生んだ。
- This created the possibility for the conflicting principles of opening the country and expelling foreigners to converge toward the goal of attacking the shogunate.
- 一般に、クリーン開発、排出量取引、共同実施の 3つのメカニズムを指すが、これに吸収源活動を含めることもある。
- In general, it refers to three mechanisms: Clean Development, International Emissions Trading, and Joint Implementation, but it sometimes includes activities for sinks.
- 戦国時代の時点では寺院の武力はほとんど行人の占める所となり、寺院の動向も行人らの意思に左右されるようになる。
- In the Sengoku period, most of the military power of temples were occupied by Gyonin and temples' behaviors came to be determined by their will.
- これらは、かつて水上交通路であった川筋をふくめて、近畿最大の大動脈である京阪間のほぼ全ての交通路が含まれる。
- These are almost all routes between Kyoto and Osaka, which can be called the biggest major transport artery in the Kinki region including rivers which were once water routes.
- 現在、舞鶴港と小樽港を結ぶ大型フェリーが週7便、就航しており、近畿と北海道を結ぶ大動脈として利用されている。
- At present, large ferries voyage seven times a week between Maizuru Port and Otaru Port, acting as a focal point between the Kinki region and Hokkaido.
- 慶応4年1月10日 (旧暦) 新選組、軍艦富士山 (軍艦)と順動丸で江戸に向かう 途中山崎烝死亡(異説あり)
- January 10 1868, when Shinsen-gumi was on their way to Edo on war ships Fujiyama and Jundo-maru, Susumu YAMAZAKI died (this is disputed).
- もしくは、それらが何らかの主張のもと既成の支配体制に対して武力行使を含む抵抗運動を展開している状態を指した。
- Ikki also referred to a state in which the uncertified military forces would carry out a resistance movement, including the use of armed forces, against the existing regime based on a claim.
- 荘官・地頭らによる直営田の拡大は、特に地頭の動きが著しかったが、上級領主の荘園管理権を侵害するものであった。
- The expansion of the directly managed rice fields by shokan, jito, et al., especially jito, might violate the upper-class feudal lord's supervisory authority on the manor.
- 後白河は公卿を法住寺殿に召集して対策を協議させるとともに、検非違使・武士に動員令を下して御所の警備を強化する。
- Goshirakawa summoned kugyo (top court officials) to Hojuji-dono Palace to discuss measures and gave mobilization orders to kebiishi (police and judicial chief) to increase security.
- 彼らがどの身分集団に属するのかは、身分集団を編成する本所の動向、身分集団自体の成熟度に左右されることがわかる。
- It can be seen that the social rank they belonged to depended on movements of honjo organizing the social rank and maturity of the social rank.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
- The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
- 摂津源氏は、もっぱら平安京で活動する武士であり、公家の日常に奉公する機会も多く、武はもとより文や和歌に長じた。
- The Settsu-Genji were for a time the only warriors active in the Heian capital (today's Kyoto) and had ample opportunity to serve the nobility in their daily affairs, spurring the warriors to begin excelling more and more at literature and at composing waka poetry.
- 波多野稙通軍も行動を開始、丹波国を出国し翌大永7年(1527年)1月28日に野田城をわずか7日間で陥落させた。
- The army of Tanemichi HATANO began their operations, left Tanmba Province, and on February 28, 1527, took control of Nodajo Castle after no longer than seven days of military action.
- その後の南条氏は行松氏を背後から支援する形で西伯耆における毛利氏支配に揺さぶりをかける行動を行うようになった。
- Subsequently, the Nanjo clan began to make actions to affect Mori's domination over the west Hoki by backing up the Yukimatsu clan from behind.
- 大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
- Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.
- なお、秀満の官職が金吾(左衛門尉)であったことから、この挙兵だけを指して金吾騒動(きんごそうどう)とも称する。
- Moreover, because Hidemitsu's official government post was 'kingo' (saemon no jo under the ritsuryo system), when referring to just his raising of troops it is also called the Kingo Disturbance (kingo sodo in Japanese).
- 移動中の中川隊に斎藤利三隊の右側に陣取っていた伊勢貞興隊が襲い掛かり、それに呼応して斎藤隊も高山隊を猛襲した。
- Sadaoki ISE's corps, positioned to the right of Toshimitsu SAITO's, attacked Nakagawa's in transit, and in return Saito's staged a fierce raid on Takayama's.
- 更に民衆による土一揆の発生や後南朝による南朝再興運動など、幕府にとってはかつてない事態に遭遇するようになった。
- Moreover, the bakufu encountered new problems never before seen, including the peasants' uprisings that began to occur and efforts to restore the Southern Court by gonancho (former Southern Court forces).
- 梅雨前線を構成する気団はいずれも勢力が拮抗しているため、ほぼ同じ地域を南北にゆっくりと移動する停滞前線となる。
- Because air masses which compose the baiu front has similar strength with each other, it becomes a stationary front that moves slowly between the south and north.
- 跡地は京都市により運動公園として整備されたほか、解体予定だった模擬天守は地元の要望もあり残されることとなった。
- The site was rearranged as an athletic park by Kyoto City, and the replica castle, which was planned to be demolished at first, was decided to remain by the local's request.
- 高齢者・子供・呼吸器疾患患者の外出禁止、一般市民の屋外活動禁止・外出自粛、室外での運動競技の中止・延期を勧告。
- It is urged that senior adults, children, and persons with respiratory disease should be prohibited from going outdoors and that the general public should be prohibited from doing outdoor activities, should avoid going outdoors and should stop or postpone outdoor sport events.
- 戸籍作成翌年の10月1日から11月1日までの間に、京又は国府の官司が帳簿を作成し、前回との異動状況を校勘する。
- From October 1 through November 1 (old calender) of the next year after the family register was made, the government official of the capital or kokufu (provincial office) made account books and revised the state of changes by comparing the newest account books with those of the previous.
- また、黄砂は乾いていても簡単には落ちないうえ、泥のように固まりやすく、自動車の塗装やウィンドーを汚してしまう。
- It is difficult to remove kosa, even if it is dry, and in addition, kosa is likely to be solidified like mud, making the coating and windows of vehicles dirty.
- 宇治に出動した正盛・忠盛・重時は検非違使だったが、検非違使別当・藤原宗忠の指示を介さず法皇の命令で派兵された。
- Masamori, Tadamori and Shigetoki, who were deployed to Uji, were the kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but they were ordered to be deployed by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa without an instruction from FUJIWARA no Munetada, the kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police).
- 『平家物語』では、挙兵の動機は、頼政の嫡男・仲綱と平宗盛(清盛の三男)の馬をめぐる軋轢ということになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' the motive for the uprising was that Yorimasa's son and heir Nakatsuna had become embroiled in discord with TAIRA no Munemori (Kiyomori's third son) over a horse.
- しかし義昭は拒絶し、3月30日には京都所司代であった村井貞勝の屋敷を包囲し、焼き払うという軍事行動を行なった。
- Yoshiaki rejected the offer, surrounded the house of Sadakatsu MURAI, Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) and burned it down on May 11th (March 30th in old lunar calendar).
- 特に東国では9世紀半ばから後半を通じて俘囚の反乱が相次ぎ、群盗の活動の活発化と相まって、治安悪化が顕著であった。
- In particular, in Togoku throughout the era from the middle of the ninth century to the end of the century, barbarians raised rebellions one after another in addition to bandits whose activities had become more active, deteriorating security markedly.
- 同時に議会制度の前提として伊藤博文らによる憲法制定の動きが本格化し、憲法審議のため枢密院 (日本)が設置された。
- At the same time, the movement for the formulation of the constitution led by Hirobumi ITO began in earnest as a premise to the Diet system, and then the Privy Council was established to discuss the constitution.
- しかし、自由民権運動の高まりや、諸制度の整備による改革の成熟などもあり、1881年に「国会開設の詔」が出された。
- Yet, due to the rising tide of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the maturity of the reform resulting from the organized systems, the 'Imperial edict of establishment of the National Diet' was finally submitted in 1881.
- 相次ぐ遷都による造営工事もあって人心はさらに動揺し、そのうえ疫病や天災もつづいたので社会不安はいっそう高まった。
- Partly because of construction works for repeated transfers of the capital, people's emotions got further confused, and, as epidemics and natural disasters continued, social anxiety was further increased.
- さらに世界史的には大航海時代を迎えており、ポルトガルやイスパニアなどのヨーロッパ人も東アジアで活動を広めていた。
- Moreover, this period witnessed, in terms of international history, the dawning of the age of exploration, which meant that Europeans, notably the Portuguese and the Spanish, began to be active in East Asia.
- 室町時代には倭寇と呼ばれる無国籍海上勢力が活動し、14世紀の倭寇は前期倭寇、15世紀の倭寇は後期倭寇と呼ばれる。
- Pirates who held no allegiance to any state, called Wako (Japanese pirates), were active during the Muromachi period; the term 'early Wako' is used to describe such pirates in the fourteenth century, while 'later Wako' refers to Wako of the fifteenth century.
- 動転した清盛は九州へ落ち延びることも考えるが、紀伊の武士・湯浅宗重や熊野別当・湛快の協力により、17日帰京する。
- Stunned by the turn of events, Kiyomori considered slipping off to safety in Kyushu, but finally decided to march on the capital with the combined strength and cooperation of the warrior of Kii, Muneshige YUASA as well as Tankai of Kumano Betto (Chief), setting out for Kyoto on February 3.
- このため怨恨ではない別の動機を求める説も支持されており、特に光秀以外の黒幕の存在を想定する説が多く行われている。
- Therefore, views that adopt other motive than resentment have also been supported and, especially, views that assume existence of a mastermind is strong.
- 1975年(昭和50年)、「よみがえる近江八幡の会」が設立され、堀の保存修景運動は、市民全体の運動へと展開した。
- In 1975, the 'Yomigaeru Omihachiman no kai (Association for Restoring Omihachiman)' was formed, and the canal preservation and restoration movement grow in scale to involve the citizens at large.
- 道康親王を皇太子に擁立する動きがあることに不安を感じた恒貞親王と父親の淳和上皇は、しばしば皇太子辞退を奏請した。
- With anxiety over the movement to support the Imperial Prince Michiyasu in attaining the position of the crown prince, the Imperial Prince Tsunesada and his father, the Retired Emperor Junna repeatedly petitioned the Retired Emperor Saga for resignation from the position of the crown prince.
- こうした動きとは別に、東京都による音頭とりによって、関東の8都県市では協調して花粉症対策を進めていくことになった。
- The example set by Tokyo has spurred on the implementation of pollinosis countermeasures by cooperation between Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Yokohama City, Kawasaki City, Chiba City and Saitama City.
- 明治政府は宮中と政府の分離を図るとともに既に流動化しつつあった身分規制の撤廃を進めて国民に職業選択の自由を認めた。
- The Meiji government tried to separate the court and government and proceeded in taking away the class restrictions that were already starting to become fluid and allowed the public to have the right to select an occupation.
- 土地などの対象物件を一定期間に限って売却して代価を受け取り、契約期間満了後には自動的に売主に権利が戻る契約である。
- Under a nenki-uri contract, the thing being sold, be it land or something else, was sold to the buyer for a certain fixed interval in exchange for an agreed-upon price the seller would receive, and upon expiration of the length of time stipulated in the contract, the object would automatically revert to the control of the seller.
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- 武士たちは在地にあって田地経営を行いながら武芸の鍛錬に励み、国衙から軍事動員が課せられたときは軍事活動に参加した。
- They worked hard at their training of martial arts while managing rice field, and whenever mobilized for military by kokuga (provincial government offices) they participated in the military activities.
- 明和年間までは、西日本で銀貨、東日本で金貨が一般的に用いられ、しかも両者の為替レートは変動相場制で、不安定だった。
- Until the end of Meiwa period, not only were used silver coins in western Japan and gold coins in eastern Japan commonly, but also the exchange rate between those coins were flexible and unstable.
- その後、細部の境界の移動を除き長らく変更はなかったが、後に、和人地および蝦夷地に新たに北海道 (令制)が置かれた。
- Then, they did not make any changes for long time except some boundaries shifted a little bit, and later Hokkaido (as province) was newly set in Wajinchi and Ezochi.
- これにより文明 (日本)年間から約100年間続いた伯耆国内での戦国動乱の時代もようやく終わりを迎えることになった。
- This helped put to an end to the time of upheaval by warring states in the Hoki regions, which had lasted for about a hundred years since the Bunmei era (1469-1487).
- 幕末の混乱した政局の中、第15代将軍徳川慶喜は朝廷に統治権を返上する大政奉還を行い、倒幕運動の大義名分を失わせた。
- Amid political turmoil, at the end of the Edo period, the 15th Shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned political power to the Imperial Court (Taisei Hokan), and diminished the legitimate reason for the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- この事は、容堂が藩内の勤皇志士を弾圧する一方で朝廷に奉仕し、かつ幕府にも良かれという行動を取ったことから来ている。
- This was because of Yodo's attitude in which, although he oppressed kinno (勤皇) activists within his clan, he served the Imperial Court and at the same time took actions for the benefit of Bakufu.
- 西坂本まで下っていた山門の大衆はこの動きを知ると、清盛に使者を送り敵を討ったことへの感謝を述べて山へ戻っていった。
- When the monks of the Sanmon, who had descended to Nishi-Sakamoto, became aware of this, they sent a messenger to Kiyomori to thank him for killing their enemy and returned to their mountain.
- 近年は、暖冬傾向、及び、温暖化の影響もあり、菜種梅雨が冬に繰り上がるきらいがあり、気候の変動が懸念される面もある。
- In recent years, partly because of tendency of unusually warm winter and influences of global warming, natanetsuyu tends to be carried forward to the winter and fluctuation of weather is worried about.
- しかし、2004年に鞆町出身で推進派の市長が当選したことから実現に向けて動きだし、景観か開発かの選択で揺れている。
- In 2004, however, a Tomo-cho born, pro-development mayor of the city won the election and unfroze the plan to be realized, and the citizens are now being forced to choose between conservation of the scenic beauty or development.
- 雑務沙汰に含まれるのは、例えば金銭貸借、農地等の年紀売・永年沽却、奴婢の売買など、債権や動産に関する相論であった。
- Zatsumusata included loan and personal property suits, such as, money loan, sales contract or longtime disposal of farmland or others, and slave trading.
- 朝敵となることを恥じた尊氏が出家するなど足利側の士気が上がらなかったため、尊氏軍は直義が中心となり作戦行動に出る。
- Since Takauji entered into priesthood because he was ashamed of becoming the Emperor's enemy, the morale of the Ashikaga side was low, thus, Tadayoshi led Takauji's army and performed a mission.
- そのため、さらにこうした「営業所」は、自分の蔵の酒を良さをお客に熱心に説いて回る、いわば営業活動もまめに行なった。
- Therefore, in these 'sales offices,' sales activities to explain the superiority of sake manufactured by their own sake-factories were conducted actively.
- 南北朝の動乱以降、荘園制が崩れてくると、荘園領主である貴族や寺社の資金繰りが苦しくなり、土倉・酒屋に借金を重ねる。
- After the battle between the Southern and Northern Courts and the ensuing collapse of the manorial system, nobles, temples or shrines which served as manor lords faced financial difficulties, and many used the services of doso-sakaya.
- 1368年に朱元璋(洪武帝)が建国した明朝は、東アジアで活動していた倭寇(前期倭寇)の禁圧を日本に対して要求した。
- The Ming Dynasty in China, founded by Gensho SHU (Emperor Kobu) in 1368, demanded that Japan should suppress the wako (Japanese pirates, early wako) ravaging East Asia.
- 検非違使をも動員して徴税を強行する造酒正と酒屋の座を支配下に置く延暦寺などの有力寺院との対立が生じることになった。
- However, conflict occurred between miki no kami, who enforced tax collection by pressing 'kebiishi' (a police and judicial chief) into service, and influential temples, including Enryaku-ji Temple, which had 'za' (a trade guild) of Sakaya under their control.
- 元は「一括する」・「まとめる」という意味のある「結ね成す (かたねなす)」という動詞が名詞化したものと言われている。
- It is suggested that it was formed by the nominalization of the word 'Katanenasu,' meaning to generalize or summarize.
- 当初は弥勒信仰にもとづく仏典保存を目的としていたが、やがて極楽往生や現世利益などの動機も早い段階から複合していった。
- Originally, it was intended to preserve Buddhist scriptures based on Miroku Belief, but it gradually incorporated, from an early stage, motivations such as gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and spiritual and material benefit gained in this world through observance of the Buddhist teachings.
- 複雑な地形での機動や備単位での迂回、行軍隊形から戦闘隊形への即座転換などをこなす事ができるが、正面衝力は大きく劣る。
- It also allowed mobility and enabled individual units to take a detour on complex land formations, as well as instantaneous transition from the marching formation to a battling array, but its impact of head-on collisions was quite inferior.
- このように呪術的な信仰を求める大衆に対しての仏教の側からの浸透に対抗し、神祇信仰の側からも理論武装の動きが出てきた。
- Thus, the Jingi belief started to arm with reasoning to confront Buddhism, which spread to the public who demanded magical belief.
- 室町時代以後になると、守護大名や戦国大名あるいはその配下の国人によって動員され、軍夫・陣夫・人夫などとして奉仕した。
- After the Muromachi period, shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governors who later became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords), Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) or their subordinates would recruit for these duties, putting private soldiers, servicemen or laborers into service.
- 幕府はこうした経済発展の動きに十分な対応が取れず、物価変動による社会的混乱を鎮められずに幕府が動揺する一因となった。
- The shogunate government could neither take enough measures to respond to the economic development nor quell social disorders caused by price fluctuations, which led to the turbulence of the shogunate government.
- これを機縁として、薩長藩閥による政権運営に対する批判が自由民権運動となって盛り上がり、各地で政治結社がおこなわれた。
- Following this statement, criticism of oligarchy by Satsuma and Choshu clans grew into the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and political associations were established in various places.
- さらに同年には袁世凱の北洋軍閥の一部が満洲に駐留し、警察力・防衛力を増強するとともに、日露の行動への歯止めをかけた。
- Furthermore, in the same year, part of the Beiyang Military faction led by Yuan Shikai was deployed to Manchuria to reinforce policing and security, and offer a bulwark against Japanese and Russian movements.
- 嫡子の源義平などが奮戦し活躍するが、坂東にいる郎党を動員する時間がなく少数兵力のままで平清盛率いる伊勢平氏に敗れる。
- Samurai warriors including Yoshitomo's heir, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira fought bravely and distinguished themselves in the War, but there was not time to mobilize followers in Bando, and therefore they remained to be a small number of warriors and was finally defeated by Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 被災者は厳寒の中雪の降る屋外に投げ出され、新聞社など多くのマスコミが被災者救援のキャンペーンや募金活動などを行った。
- The victims of the quake lost their homes during the extremely cold snow season, and media such as newspapers held campaigns to support the victims and to collect money for them.
- 江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を乱されたくない・邪魔されたくないといった心情は、攘夷運動になっていった。
- The feeling that they did not want to have the peaceful world of Edo (society under a system of national isolation) was disturbing and disruptive, and ultimately it led to the movement for the expulsion of foreigners.
- 13日(雨だったと言われる)も対峙は続いていたが、天王山の山裾を横切った中川隊が高山隊の横に陣取ろうと移動してきた。
- The confrontation continued into June 13 (allegedly a rainy day), when Nakagawa's corps crossed the foot of Mt. Tennozan to take up a position beside Takayama's.
- こうした中で、朝廷内では現実的な政治に目を向ける事で求心力を回復させて昔の権威を取り戻そうとする動きが盛んになった。
- In this situation, there was a movement within the Imperial Court to recover authority and regain unifying power by realistic politics.
- Against this background, within the Imperial Court there emerged animated moves to restore its previous authority by recovering centripetal force and thereby turning the eyes of people to real-world politics.
- 京都駅西側の地区には昭和41年(1966年)の町名変更で新設された町名が4つある(北・南不動堂町、東・西油小路町)。
- There are four towns that were newly established during change of town names in 1966 in the area west of Kyoto Station (Kita Fudodo-cho, Minami Fudodo-cho, Higashi Aburanokoji-cho, and Nishi Aburanokoji-cho).
- だが、テレビ東京がテレビ大阪の京都府および兵庫県への放送対象地域拡大を目指すと表明しており、今後の動向が注目される。
- However, TV TOKYO announced that it would expand its broadcasting area of TV Osaka to Kyoto Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture, attracting attention about future development.
- 1331年(元弘元年、元徳3年)から開始された後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動である元弘の乱の最後の戦いで、鎌倉幕府は滅亡した。
- The war was the last phase of the Genko War which was started by Emperor Godaigo as the anti-shogunate movement in 1331, and the Tosho-ji War put an end to the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
- Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.
- それも戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、神木動座を行うこと自体が困難となり、文亀元年(1501年)を最後に姿を消すに至った。
- In 'the Sengoku period' (Period of Warring States), Shinboku Doza no Goso itself became difficult, and it came to an end in 1501.
- 1183年7月、源義仲が平氏を京都から追放したが、義仲勢力は推戴する北陸宮の天皇即位を迫り、京内で乱暴な行動を重ねた。
- In July, 1183 MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka expelled the Taira clan from Kyoto, but his forces pressed for the enthronement of Hokuriku no Miya as emperor and committed numerous violent acts within Kyoto.
- また、京都メカニズム(クリーン開発メカニズム、排出権取引(ET)、共同実施(JI))や、吸収源活動が盛り込まれている。
- Also, Kyoto Mechanism (Clean Development Mechanism, Emissions Trading (ET), Joint Implementation (JT)) and activities for sinks are included.
- 部分的に『中右記』や『長秋記』よりも詳細な記事があり、院政期の摂関家の動向について知る上で有用な歴史資料となっている。
- It has been a useful historical document for learning the movements of the sekkan-ke of the cloister government period since it has more detailed articles than the 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) and 'Choshuki' (diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki).
- なお、運用細目は、2001年に開かれた第7回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議(COP7、マラケシュ会議)において定められた。
- And particulars of the operation were decided at Seventh Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP7, Marrakesh Conference) in 2001.
- しかし、これらの軍役は後世のように所領の大きさや収穫量に基づいたものではなく、動員兵力は各々の御家人に委ねられていた。
- The military services were based neither on the area nor crop yields of of territories, and the military force to mobilize was left to the discretion of each of the immediate vassals of the shogunate.
- 織田信長軍は、まず別動隊として動いていた滝川一益、丹羽長秀隊が同年12月4日兵庫の須磨区を焼き払い塚口付近に布陣した。
- Among troops of Nobunaga ODA, troops of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and Nagahide NIWA, which acted as detached forces, burnt down Suma in Hyogo on January 11, 1579 and took up their position in the vicinity of Tsukaguchi.
- これらの動きは、一方では守護大名の権威の低下を招いたが、また一方で守護大名による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
- On one hand, these movements undermined the authority of the shugo daimyo, but on the other hand they tightened the control of the kokujin by the shugo daimyo.
- この怨恨により、郷士から武市瑞山、坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎といった人材が生まれ、彼らの活躍により倒幕運動は一気に早まった。
- As the result of hard feelings against such treatment, talented people such as Zuisan TAKECHI, Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA appeared among the Goshi, and their success effectively sped up the Tobaku movement.
- 一揆(いっき)とは、日本において何らかの理由により心を共にした共同体が心と行動を一つにして目的を達成しようとすること。
- The term 'ikki' refers to an attempt made by a community in Japan to achieve an objective when members of the community that share the same sentiment work closely together for a certain reason.
- こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動(1180年挙兵、1183年上洛)を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
- This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
- 天台仏教・山岳仏教が日本各地へ広がり、豊後国東半島(豊貴寺大堂など)や北陸地方(平泉寺など)などで動きが顕著であった。
- Tendai Buddhism and Mountain Buddhism spread all over Japan and the regions where this was prominent included Kunisaki peninsula in the Bungo Province (including Main Hall in Fuki-ji Temple) and Hokuriku Region (including Heisen-ji Temple).
- 幕府は一橋慶喜が京都へ赴き、大政委任の確認させるなど運動するが、尊攘派は天皇の大和行幸による王政復古 (日本)を目指す。
- Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, representing the Shogunate, went to Kyoto to have the Entrustment of Political Power confirmed but the Sonjo Group aimed for the restoration of imperial rule by having the Emperor tour throughout Japan.
- 明法博士は従来の天皇や太政官に加えて治天の君や院庁の諮問に対しても明法勘文を提示するなど、活発な活動を見せるようになる。
- The doctors of Myoho became so active that they submitted Myobokanmon response papers not only to the emperors and Daijokan (government's supreme organ) but also to Chitennokimi (a retired emperor) and Innocho (administrative organization of retired emperor).
- 国府の運営、即ち官営であるものは、そのような仏教側の動きと実際問題での行旅死亡人の増加に伴い発生してきたものと思われる。
- It is likely that Fuseya operated by kokufu or the government emerged in accordance with Buddhist activities as well as the practical problem of increasing traveler deaths.
- なお、後年において不動穀の一部を中央に貢進させる年料租舂米の制が布かれた際には主として年料舂米負担国が対象とされている。
- When the Nenryososhomai system required part of the Fudokoku (emergency grain) to be tithed to the central government, the target of the system was mainly the Nenryoshomai provinces.
- なお、小山田信茂については戦力や当時の情勢から判断して別動隊に参加していたと推測されているが、史料上確認ができていない。
- It is guessed, based on the power of the forces and the situation at that time, that Nobushige OYAMADA participated in the separate troops, but the fact has not been confirmed by any historical document.
- 更に当時の風習として、「朔旦冬至」の到来や回避を行うため、天体の動きとは無関係に人為的な暦の調整(「改暦」)が行われた。
- It was the custom of the day to manipulate the calendar in order to pretend that 'sakutan toji' came or did not come regardless of the cycle of celestial bodies (which is called 'kaireki').
- 蒲生騒動における一連の騒動は、秀吉の意を受けた三成によって操られていた、もしくは三成本人が首謀者であったという説がある。
- There was a view that the disturbances of Gamo-sodo were manipulated by Mitsunari, who had received the command of Hideyoshi, or Mitsunari, as the head conspirator.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月には、紀伊国の熊野三山勢力が挙兵して、伊勢国や志摩国で平氏側勢力と交戦するという動きもあった。
- In January 1181, the forces of the Kumano-Sanzan (three temples in the Kumano region) in the Kii Province raised forces and battled with Taira clan troops in Ise and Shima Provinces.
- 清盛は攻撃に消極的だったが後白河に押し切られる形となり、近江国・美濃国・越前国の武士も動員されて攻撃開始は目前に迫った。
- Kiyomori was not in favor of attacking, but was pressured by Goshirakawa, and so samurai from Omi Province (present Shiga Prefecture), Mino Province (present southern Gifu Prefecture) and Echizen Province (present northern part of Fukui Prefecture) were readied in preparation for an attack.
- ただし庚午事変(稲田騒動)で有名な洲本城代の稲田氏の家臣は、北海道移住など過酷な条件の元、例外的に士族に取り立てられた。
- However, vassals of the Inada clan, the keepers of Sumoto-jo Castle, who were known for the Kogo incident (also known as Inada uproar), were exceptionally promoted to the warrior class under strict conditions such as their migration to Hokkaido.
- 1189年(文治5年) - 頼朝が源義経とこれを匿った奥州藤原氏を滅ぼす(全国の武士を動員し、対抗しうる武家勢力を排除)。
- 1189 - Yoritomo defeated MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and the Oshu Fujiwara clan who harbored Yoshitsune (eliminated rival samurai forces by mobilizing samurai throughout the nation).
- 転封という概念が加わり、旧領や大名・旗本の先祖代々の土地に縛られず、幕府の意向により領国そのものを異動させる制度が出来た。
- Added to this was the conceptual system of forced relocation in which the Shogunate moved the territories of feudal lords at its discretion regardless of the former territories or ancestral lands of daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- だが、徳川家康はその挙動に不信感を抱き本領の近江朽木は安堵したものの、その総石高は9550石に留まり、大名の資格を失った。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA remained suspicious of him, so that while Ieyasu acknowledged Kutsuki's main domain of Omi Kutsuki, he left the clan's total crop yield 9550 goku, being taken away their status as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- この動きを被官化というが、こうして守護は、土地の面でも人的面でも、国内に領域的かつ均一な影響力(一円支配)を強めていった。
- This entire process is called 'hikanka' (被官化), and with it the shugo increased their equal, territorial influence (pervasive control) over the province.
- このように、戦国期の流動的な権力状況の中心原理を、下剋上ではなく、主君押込めによって捉え直す考えが次第に主流となっている。
- In this way, the mainstream view on the central principle underlying the unstable political situation during the Sengoku Period gradually shifted from thinking it was gekokujo to people simply taking power for themselves via shukun oshikome.
- また国道1号及び国道9号という大動脈の分岐点であることから、京都府のみならず西日本の交通においても重要な場所となっている。
- Since it is the branching point of the big National Route 1 and 9, it is an important location not only for the transportation of Kyoto Prefecture but Western Japan.
- また、クーデターや、信長による古くからの日本社会を変革させる急進的な動き(仏教弾圧など)への反動(反革命)との理解も多い。
- Also, many persons understand that it was a coup d'état or a reaction (antirevolutionary act -revolution) against Nobunaga's radical behavior to change traditional society of Japan (such as oppression of Buddhism).
- 車 西名阪自動車道郡山インターチェンジ (奈良県)から国道24号 国道309号を経て、大淀町から国道169号を熊野方面へ。
- By car: Go through National Route 24 and 309 from Nishimeihan Jidoshado Expressway Koriyama Interchange (Nara Prefecture), and then take National Route 169 from Oyodo Town toward Kumano.
- さらに和田合戦、宝治合戦、平禅門の乱などにより北条氏以外の他氏族を幕府から排除し、権力を北条氏に集中させる動きも強まった。
- And with the Heizenmon Rebellion and the battles of Wada and Hoji, the Hoji clan was able to purge the bakufu of all the non-Hojo warrior clans, stepping up their efforts to concentrate all power in their own hands.
- 表向きは一揆が禁止されていた中で実際には百姓身分の権利行使運動として恒例化していた江戸時代のいわゆる百姓一揆の時期を経た。
- Although ikki was ostensibly prohibited during the Edo period, there was actually a period of time during which the so-called hyakusho ikki (peasant uprisings) regularly broke out as the peasantry sought to exercise their rights.
- いずれにせよ、全く記録に残っていない払田柵の存在は当時のこの地区の人が中央の管理とは別に比較的自由に行動できたことを示す。
- In either case, the presence of the Hotta no saku without any record indicates that people in the region at that time were able to act with relative freedom, irrespective of the control of the central government.
- 紀伊の熊野三山はじめ、大和国の大和葛城山・金峰山・大峰山、出羽国の出羽三山などは特にその中心として、修験の活動の場となった。
- Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha) in Kii Province, Mt. Yamato Katsuragi, Mt. Kinpu, in Yamato Province, Mt. Omine in Yamato Province, and Dewa Sanzan (Three Mountains of Dewa) in Dewa Province turned into the central place for Shugendo.
- 義昌もその一人であるが、勝頼の側も秋山支援に動かなかったため義昌に不信感を抱いており、両者の関係は急速に冷却化しつつあった。
- Yoshimasa was one of his followers who were disappointed in Katsuyori; Katsuyori also distrusted Yoshimasa, who took no action to defend Akiyama, and the relationship between Yoshimasa and Katsuyori deteriorated quickly.
- しかし、時宗が1284年に急死すると、翌1285年、平頼綱は泰盛を突如襲撃・殺害し、泰盛派の御家人らを討伐した(霜月騒動)。
- However, when Tokimune died suddenly in 1284, TAIRA no Yoritsuna killed Yasumori in a sudden assault and exterminated the gokenin of the Yasumori faction in the following year of 1285 (the Shimotsuki Incident).
- 吸収源活動とは、1990年以降の植林などで 二酸化炭素 の吸収源が増加した分を、温室効果ガス排出量削減に換算し算入するもの。
- In the activities for sinks, increase in the amount of sinks for carbon dioxide brought by tree planting and so on after 1990 is converted and added on the emissions reduction of greenhouse gases.
- 更に管領を輩出する畠山氏・斯波氏でも家督相続を巡る争いが発生して将軍後継者争いと連動を始めたことから問題は複雑化していった。
- The conflict deepened still more after disputes arose within both the Hatakeyama and the Shiba clans, both families that had produced many Kanrei, over who should succeed to the headship of the clan, these new struggles combining with and further exacerbating the ongoing fight over the shogunal succession.
- 前述のように、大正ごろまで吉野・熊野の山中で木地師の活発な活動があったことから、木地師の道具の轆轤に由来する地名と見られる。
- As explained above, in the mountains of Yoshino and Kumano, many kiji-shi (wood-turners) were doing their business until about the Taisho era, therefore, presumably its name 'Rokuro' originated from a tool of kiji-shi 'rokuro' (potter's wheel).
- 江戸末期にも延喜・天暦の治を理想視する思想が明治維新の原動力の一つとなり、そうした考えは明治以降の皇国史観にも引き継がれた。
- Also toward the end of the Edo period, the idealization of the Engi and Tenryaku eras became one of the drivers for the Meiji Restoration and this thought carried over into Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) after the Meiji period.
- 騒動も治まったかに見えた27日、後白河は突然、明雲を「大衆を制止せず、肩入れした」という理由で、高倉天皇護持僧の役から外した。
- On January 22nd, when the disturbance seemed settled, Goshirakawa suddenly removed Myoun from his post, gojiso (priest who guards the emperor) of Emperor Takakura for 'Not having controlled the daishu, but having backed them up.'
- 蔵田氏は越後の苧商人を統括するとともに長尾氏(上杉氏)御用商人として長尾景虎(上杉謙信)の軍事活動を経済的な面から支えていた。
- The Kurata clan unified the aoso merchants in Echigo Province, and backed up the military activities of Kagetora NAGAO (Kenshin UESUGI) in economy as its purveyor.
- だが、皇位継承と徳政実施の過程において幕府との対立が表面化するようになり、朝廷内に再び反幕府の動きを潜在化させる遠因となった。
- However, during the processes of imperial succession and implementation of Tokusei, discord with the bakufu arose and became the underlying cause of a resurgence of the latent anti-bakufu sentiment within the Imperial Court.
- 破壊の危機に瀕したいたすけ古墳の保存運動などをきっかけに、古墳は保存すべき文化財との認識が広まり、近年では大規模な破壊はない。
- In recent years, there has been no major destruction of kofun because of preservation activities of Itasuke Kofun, and people share recognition that kofun should be preserved.
- これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
- From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.
- また、東海道新幹線や山陽新幹線、北陸自動車道などの交通網や、今後想定される東海地震や南海地震などの名称にもその名残が見られる。
- Names of transportation networks such as the Tokaido Shinkansen, the Sanyo Shinkansen, and the Hokuriku Expressway, and names of predicted earthquakes such as the Tokai Earthquake and the Nankai Earthquake have the vestiges of the gokishichido.
- 軍事的理由以外にも、日露戦争後は、主要産業を独占化しつつあった財閥が、物流の大動脈である鉄道の意義を高く評価するようになった。
- Besides military reasons, Zaibatsu that were monopolizing the key industries after Russo-Japanese War came to think highly of the significance of railways.
- 更に今日では、鎌倉幕府末期の後醍醐天皇が主導した鎌倉幕府倒幕の動き(正中の変・元弘の変)のことも「倒幕運動」と呼ぶこともある。
- Nowadays, the movements led by Emperor Godaigo at the end of the Kamakura period, as intended to overthrow Kamakura Bakufu (the Shochu Incident or the Genko Incident), are also sometimes referred to as the Tobaku movement.
- 倒幕運動(とうばくうんどう)は、主として江戸時代後期の幕末に、江戸幕府を打倒して政権打倒を目的とした幕末の政治運動を意味する。
- The Tobaku movement refers to the political movement at the end of the Edo period, which aimed to overthrow Edo Bakufu as well as the political power structure.
- その後、義満の時代に国内は安定したものの、応仁の乱をへて全国動乱の時代(戦国時代)を迎え荘園公領制が崩壊して新秩序が成立した。
- Thereafter, while in Yoshimitsu's time the country was pacified, following the Onin War the entire country became engulfed in strife (the Sengoku period) and as the shoen-koryo system fell apart, a new system came into existence to replace it.
- この句が、明智光秀の謀反の決意を示すものとの解釈があるが(下記動機と首謀者に関するその他の考察の項参照)、句の解釈は種々ある。
- There is a view that interprets this line as Mitsuhide's determination of revolt (Refer to the section 'Other Considerations about Motive and Ringleader'), but there are various interpretations.
- 渡辺の名のルーツが消えるのに反対する運動が渡辺氏の末裔の間で起こり、結局丁目の後ろの番地の変わりに渡辺の名が残ることになった。
- There was a protest campaign by the descendants of the Watanabe clan against that the roots of the Watanabe clan to be disappeared, and eventually, the name of Watanabe remained in the address replacing the block number.
- しかし、1580年織田信長との抗争に敗れて顕如が大坂を退去した後は本願寺の分裂騒動もあって一向一揆という名称は見られなくなる。
- But in 1580, when their resistance to Nobunaga ODA was quelled, the Ikko (Jodo Shinshu) sect patriarch, Kennyo, was forced to flee the Ikko stronghold of Osaka, and thereafter a rift appeared in the power structure of Hongan-ji Temple itself, and from that point on one heard of Ikko ikki no more.
- そのため、一揆が原因になることもあるが、政権の転覆を図る反乱、暴動、クーデターなどとは本来ははっきりと区別されるべき語である。
- Therefore, although ikki sometimes caused revolts, riots and coup d'état, all of which occurred through efforts to overturn the regime, the word 'ikki' should essentially be distinguished from those words (revolt, riot, coup d'état).
- 若狭雅信(1972年卒・言語) 在学中に同人誌で創作活動を始め、1977年に高城修三の筆名による「榧の木祭り」で芥川賞を受賞。
- Masanobu WAKASA (class of 1972, linguistics): He started to write novels for dojinshi (publications aimed at a particular hobby group) when he was a student, and his novel 'Kayanokimatsuri,' which was written under his pen name Shuzo TAKI, won the Akutagawa Award in 1977.
- このような7世紀の東アジアの激動を背景として,倭(天武天皇による国号制定以後日本)では中央集権的律令国家建設の必要性が生じた。
- Facing the highly volatile situation in East Asia in the seventh century, there emerged a need for 'Wa' (ancient Japan, 'Wa' was called 'Japan' after the establishment of the name of the country by the Emperor Tenmu) to establish a centralized state under the Ritsuryo system.
- 時を同じくして伊勢でも平信兼以下が鈴鹿山を切り塞いで謀反を起こし、院中は例えようもないほど動揺したという(『玉葉』7月8日条)。
- At the same time, also in Ise, TAIRA no Nobukane and his followers blocked off Mt. Suzuka by cutting down trees and rose in revolt, which was said to upset the whole In ('Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO) the article of August 22, 1184).
- 但し、百鬼夜行絵巻に描かれるのは、真珠庵本に見られるような付喪神だけではなく、他の本では、動物の変化した妖怪なども描かれている。
- While Tsukumo-gami is drawn in Shinjuan-bon, specter of animals is also drawn in other picture scrolls.
- 市役所訪問後、天皇が進講を受けるため来学することが予定されていた京都大学でも、前年1950年以降、学生運動が高揚に向かっていた。
- Beginning the previous year in 1950, the student movement was on the rise at Kyoto University which the Emperor was scheduled to visit after the City office in order to have a briefing.
- この事は近世大名としての伊達氏・仙台藩にとっては一種の後枷となり、伊達騒動・戊辰戦争に至るまで様々な問題も引き起こす事になった。
- Later on, these circumstances became a source of trouble for the Kinsei daimyo of the Date clan and the Sendai Domain, and caused various problems including the Date riot and the Boshin War.
- なお、平治の乱では、摂津源氏の源頼政は源義朝に対して独自行動をとって義朝の子の義平と戦い、結果的に平家の勝利に貢献したとされる。
- In the Heiji War, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of Settsu-Genji acted independently from MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and fought against Yoshihira, a son of Yoshitomo and as a result, contributed the victory of Heike
- 毛利の援軍は秀吉の築いた湖を前にして身動きがつかず、さらに信長の援軍が送られてくることから、秀吉との講和を決意することとなった。
- As Mori's support troops were unable to move on in face of the lake built by Hideyoshi, and finding that Nobunaga's support troops were coming, they decided to make peace with Hideyoshi.
- しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
- However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name 'Akitsuna' doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
- 漕ぎ手を失った平氏軍は身動きが取れなくなって狼狽、そこを義経軍が攻めかかり、武勇の坂東武者たちが敵船に乗り移って白兵戦となった。
- Having lost their oarsmen and thus their means to direct their course, the Taira forces were thrown into confusion, and just then Yoshitsune's army made their attack; the brave among the east Japan soldiers boarded the enemy ships and engaged them in hand-to-hand fighting.
- 陽明学や古学、尊王論などの反朱子学的な(反幕藩体制につながりかねない)動きを抑圧するために強硬策を採った事も考えられるのである。
- It may have led the shogunate to take stern measures to suppress the activities of anti-Confucianism (which could trigger an anti-shogunate system) such as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Wang Yangming), Kogaku (classical study) and Sonno-ron (theory for the advocate of Imperial Rule).
- このため、京阪神や他の地域の企業が統合されて東京に本社を置くことになったり、京阪神から東京へ企業や財閥・資本家の移動が相次いだ。
- For this reason, companies in Keihanshin and other areas were integrated and forced to place their headquarters in Tokyo, and companies, zaibatsu conglomerates and capitalists moved from Keihanshin to Tokyo one after another.
- 京都と滋賀の間には昔から交通の大動脈である東海道が整備されており、加えて琵琶湖・淀川(瀬田川)の水路もあり、結びつきが強かった。
- The connection between Kyoto and Shiga has been strong because of Tokaido Road, the very important aorta-like road for transportation, which has been set through them since ancient times, in addition to the water route from Lake Biwa through the Yodo-gawa River (which is called as the Seta-gawa River in this area).
- 鞆町の活性策として1983年に港の一部を埋め立てて道路と公園を整備する構想が広島県から公表され、反対運動などから凍結されていた。
- For revitalizing Tomo-cho town, Hiroshima Prefecture announced a plan of reclaiming the harbor partially for roads and parks in 1983, but it was frozen for a while by the opposition campaign, and so on.
- 石仏は左から順に千手観音立像(舟形光背石造半肉彫)、聖観音坐像(石造丸彫)、不動明王坐像(火焔光背石造厚肉彫)だが摩滅が著しい。
- The left statue is a standing statue of Thousand Armed Kannon (boat-shaped halo, stone, hanniku-bori); the middle statue is a seated figure of Hijiri Kannon (stone, maru-bori [three dimensional sculpture]); the right statue is a seated figure of Fudo-myoo (Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings) (flame-shaped halo, stone, atsuniku-bori); and they have worn away.
- 当時の神戸市付近は、現在よりも海面が高かったこともあり、今以上に海が六甲山地に迫っていて平地が狭く、大軍の行動には適さなかった。
- The sea level in the vicinity of Kobe City was higher at the time than it is now, and the sea reached further up the Mt. Rokko area than it does today, meaning that level ground was narrow and not suitable for the movement of large armies.
- 近江商人(おうみしょうにん)は、主に鎌倉時代から江戸時代、明治時代、大正時代、昭和時代にかけて活動した近江国・滋賀県出身の商人。
- Omi shonin refers to merchants from the Omi Province (present-day Shiga Prefecture) who were active from the Kamakura period through to Edo, Meiji, Taisho and Showa periods.
- このため簡単には斬れない事情を知っていた町民の中には、粋を衒ったり、度胸試しのために故意に武士を挑発する言動をする者もいたという。
- So, some townsmen who knew this situation, deliberately challenged warriors in order to try to act strong or play chicken.
- 大欽茂が唐との融和を図る時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、専ら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
- When Kinmo DAI reconciled with the Tang Dynasty, envoys no longer implied military activities and were carried out for the sole purpose of cultural exchange and economic activities.
- そのため、長俊自身の作品、また長俊の父である観世小次郎信光、そして同時代に活動した金春禅鳳については、特に信頼度の高い資料である。
- As such, this is a particularly reliable resource for the works of Nagatoshi himself as well as his father, Nobumitsu KANZEKOJIRO, and Zenpo KONPARU, who was also active during this period.
- 狭義では、武力で倒すことを目的とした討幕運動を指すが、広義では、軍事衝突を回避した政権移譲を目指す政治工作も含めて倒幕運動と呼ぶ。
- In a narrow sense, it refers to the Tobaku movement that aimed at an overthrow through the exercise of military power, but in a broad sense the meaning includes political maneuvers targeting the transfer of political power without military conflict.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- 元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
- The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- それまでの加持祈祷や学問中心の仏教から、内面的な深まりを持ちながら、庶民など広い階層を対象とする新しい仏教への変化が胎動していった。
- The Buddhism focusing on incantation and prayer, and study was beginning to change into a new Buddhism focusing on internal maturity for broad range of people including common people.
- 家系としての「兵の家」の形成過程で忘れてはならないのが、10世紀後半に現役武官ではないのに「朝家の爪牙」として動員されたことである。
- What should not be forgotten in a formation process of 'tsuwamono-no-ie' (house of soldiers) as the family line was that 'choka no soga' mobilized in the late tenth century without the presence of a military officer.
- 目的は秀吉の朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)のための兵力把握や人夫の動員可能数の把握と言われているが、結果として兵農分離の一因ともなった。
- The goal was said to have determine the mobilization capacity of military force and workers to deal with Korean invasions (Bunroku and Keicho battles) by Hideyoshi and it also contributed to the separation of warriors and farmers.
- 13世紀中ごろから畿内などでの活動が活発であった悪党や、奥州での安東氏と蝦夷の対立など、政情不安に乗じてのものだとも考えられている。
- It is thought that the movement tried to take advantage of political unrest such as the akuto (people who rebelled against shoen owners and the government) that were active in the Kinki area, and the conflict between the Ando family and Ezo in Oshu around the middle of the 13th century.
- 信長に仕えるようになる前からの光秀と義昭の繋がりや、打倒信長のために諸大名の同盟を呼びかけた義昭の過去の行動などが根拠となっている。
- Grounds for this view are the connection between Mitsuhide and Yoshiaki before Mitsuhide became a vassal of Nobunaga and Yoshiaki's past action proposing a coalition of various daimyo (Japanese feudal loads) to overthrow Nobunaga.
- 1993年(平成5年)~1994年(平成6年) 養魚用水路に自動除塵設備を整備し、稚魚池、親魚飼育池および餌付池に自動給餌機を設置。
- 1993-1994: Automatic dust filtration facility was installed in the fish farming water conduit, and automatic feeding devices were installed in the juvenile fish pond, adult fish pond and feeding pond.
- 追捕官符によって兵力動員権を得た受領のもと、警固使に任じられた者は国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事的に編成し、有事に際しては指揮権を行使した。
- The person appointed Keigoshi by the zuryo, who obtained the right to mobilize soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, organized gunji and persons in the rich and powerful class in the province into a military system and exercised the right to command in the event of an emergency.
- 有事の際にはこうした「武家の棟梁」が追討使に補任され、主従関係を結んでいる「一国棟梁」以下の武士を動員し、軍事活動を展開したのである。
- In an emergency, such a 'Buke no toryo' was appointed tsuitoshi, and the leader mobilized samurai under 'Ikkoku toryo' with whom he had a master-servant relationship, to carry out necessary military activities.
- 京都学連事件(きょうとがくれんじけん)は1925年(大正14年)12月以降、京都帝国大学などでの左翼学生運動に対して行われた弾圧事件。
- Kyoto Gakuren Jiken (Kyoto Affair of the Student Federation) was a suppression incident occurring on and after December 1925 against the left wing student movement in the Kyoto Imperial University and so forth.
- 715年には越前国氣比神宮の託宣により神宮寺が建立されるなど、奈良時代初頭から国家レベルの神社において神宮寺を建立する動きが出始めた。
- From the beginning of the Nara period, Jingu-ji Temples started to be erected in the national shrines; for example, in 715, a Jingu-ji Temple was erected from an oracle of Kehi-jingu Shrine, Echizen Province.
- また、これと同時期に民間でも行われた文明開化の動き、肉食の普及や鉄道の開通などとも相まって、新時代「明治」の雰囲気が醸成されていった。
- At the same time, the atmosphere of new era 'Meiji' was created by the civilization and enlightenment of people, the popularization of eating meat, and the opening of the railway.
- 火縄銃は、火縄を装着した「火挟み」と呼ばれるアームが、引金を引くことにより作動し火皿の火薬に点火することで発砲する仕組みとなっている。
- Matchlock is fired when a match-mounted arm called 'serpentine' is set in motion by pulling the trigger to ignite the priming powder in the flashpan.
- なお、開城の攻略まで行動を共にしていた二番隊は鏡道へ進路を転じ、日本軍は北西部の平安道の平壌より北方と全羅道を除く朝鮮全土を制圧した。
- The Second Division, acting with them until the attack on Kaesong, switched their course to Hamgyong Province and the Japanese army occupied all of Korea excluding part of Pyeongan Province in the northwestern area to the north of Pyongyang and Jeolla Province.
- 高野山側は伊都郡・那賀郡 (和歌山県)・有田郡の領内の武士を総動員し、軍師橋口隼人を中心に「高野七砦」をはじめとする多数の砦を築いた。
- The side of Koyasan mobilized all samurai in the territories of Ito County, Naga County (Wakayama Prefecture) and Arida County and built many forts such as 'Koya seven forts' led by a strategist Hayato HASHIGUCHI.
- 生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、1869年(明治2年)、但馬(但馬北部の一部除く)、播磨、美作3ヶ国を生野県として分離した。
- As separatist movements was mounted in places dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office, three provinces of Tajima (except for a part of northern Tajima), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and formed Ikuno Prefecture in 1869.
- 戦局が大きく動いたのは一刻後、淀川沿いに布陣していた池田恒興・池田元助・加藤光泰率いる手勢が、密かに円明寺川を渡河して津田信春を奇襲。
- The tide of the battle changed significantly when the units under the direct command of Tsuneoki IKEDA, Motosuke IKEDA and Mitsuyasu KATO positioned along the Yodo-gawa River crossed the Enmyoji-gawa River unnoticed and made a surprise attack on Nobuharu TSUDA.
- 以前は老ノ坂峠を経由して京都と亀岡をつないでいたが、現在はその真下に新老ノ坂トンネル(国道9号および京都縦貫自動車道)が掘られている。
- In the past, Kyoto and Kameoka were connected via Oino-saka-toge Pass, but now, the Shin (new)-Oino-saka tunnel (for National Route 9 and for the Kyoto Longitudinal Expressway) was constructed directly under the pass.
- この事件をきっかけに寧波に近い双嶼や、船山諸島など沿岸部で日本人商人との私貿易、密貿易が活発化し、倭寇(後期倭寇)の活動となって行く。
- This incident led to increased private trade and smuggling with Japanese merchants at coastal areas such as Shuangyu near Ningbo and the Zhoushan Islands, as well as activities of wako (koki wako [the 16th-century wako pirate-traders]).
- こうした動きは、鎌倉時代になると一層顕著となり、鎌倉中期には荘園領主と在地領主との間で勧農権をめぐる相論(訴訟)が頻発するようになる。
- Such a move became more prominent during the Kamakura period and lawsuits over the right of kanno between shoen owners and local landlords occurred frequently during the middle of the Kamakura period.
- 天正10年5月に至り、朝廷から武田征伐の戦勝祝賀として信長に、太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍の三職いずれかに推任しようとする動きがあった。
- In June (May in old lunar calendar), 1582, there was a move in the Imperial Court to endorse Nobunaga for one of the three posts, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), or Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as a reward for his subjugation of Takeda.
- 進講者の一人である瀧川幸辰(のち京大学長)によれば、この時天皇制廃止を記したプラカードを掲げた学生たちが正面玄関に殺到する行動があった。
- According to Yukitoki TAKIGAWA (he later became the president of Kyoto University), who was one of lecturers, students who were carrying a placard asserting the abolition of Imperial system rushed to the front entrance at this time.
- 従来、律令体制と連動してきた尾張国の猿投窯が、11世紀以後、購買層を支配者層から庶民層へとうつし、実用的な無釉の山茶碗の生産を開始した。
- The Sanage kilns of Owari Province had been linking to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and after the 11th century, there was a change in buyers, from the ruling class to the common people class, and unglazed Yamajawan (bowl) began to be manufactured.
- 義満は将軍就任から5年後の応安6年(1373年)に参議、永徳元年(1381年)に内大臣に昇り、朝廷の一員として活動する意向を示していた。
- Yoshimitsu was promoted to Sangi (councilor) in 1373, five years after he was inaugurated as shogun, and to Naidainjin (Minister of the Center) in 1381, and he indicated his willingness to act as the member of the Imperial Court.
- しかし、時政の子の義時と北条政子はこの動きに反発し、有力御家人と連帯して、時政を引退させるとともに、平賀朝雅を抹殺した(畠山重忠の乱)。
- However, Tokimasa's son Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO opposed to this move, collaborated with the senior vassals, forced Tokimasa to retire and eliminated Tomomasa HIRAGA (Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion).
- 作者は不明ながら、人物の表情や躍動感を軽妙な筆致で描いた絵巻の一大傑作であり、『鳥獣人物戯画』とともに、日本の漫画文化のルーツとされる。
- Although the authorship is unclear, this is a masterpiece of emaki, depicting people's faces and dynamic movements in a light and easy style, and along with 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga,' it is considered to be an origin of Japanese manga culture.
- 1970年代には埋め立てて公園と駐車場にする計画が立てられたが「よみがえる近江八幡の会」「八幡堀を守る会」などの住民運動によって蘇った。
- Although there was a reclamation plan of the site to make a park and a parking lot in the 1970s, the castle was revived by citizens' movements including 'Yomigaeru Omihachiman no Kai' (Revitalize Omihachiman), 'Hachiman-bori wo Mamoru Kai' (Save Hachiman-bori Moat).
- 全国の外様大名を大動員して行われた外堀工事は1636年に竣工し、ここに御成門から浅草橋門に至る江戸城の「の」の字の外側の部分が完成した。
- The construction of the moat, which required a massive mobilization on the part of tozama daimyo, was finished in 1636, and marked the completion of a outer portion of the spiral-shaped urban layout that spanned the Onari-mon and Asakusabashi-mon gates.
- 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
- Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.
- 約束どおり将軍職位譲を行わない義政、義視将軍就任のために積極的に動かない後見人勝元、富子に見守られ僧門に入ることもなく成長して行く義尚。
- Yoshihisa had grown up without entering priesthood, watched over by Yoshimasa who would not hand over the Shogunate as promised, guardian Katsumoto and Tomiko who would make no active move to place Yoshimi in the position of Shogun.
- しかし天皇が江戸で直接政治をみるため、江戸を東京として行幸・滞在(東京行幸)することになり、太政官(政府)も移動された(東京奠都参照)。
- However, so that the Imperial Court could directly supervise the politics of Edo, the city was renamed Tokyo and became visited by and resided in by the emperor (Tokyo Gyoko; the emperor's visit to Tokyo), while the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was also relocated (refer to Tokyo Tento (transfer of the national capital to Tokyo)).
- その一方で教養部自治会のように大学側の主張に同意する自治会が現れるなど、一時は思想や運動方針の相違に起因する自治会同士の対立も発生した。
- In the meantime, some councils, such as the council of the department of liberal arts, conceded the decision of the university, and confrontation among councils arising from differences in philosophy or policy for movements also became apparent.
- 事件後、その動機を追究された眉輪王は「臣元不求天位、唯報父仇而已」(私は皇位を狙ったのではない、ただ父の仇に報いただけだ)と答えている。
- When Prince Mayowa was pressed for his motive after the affair, he replied: 'I wasn't seeking the Imperial Throne, I was only avenging my father.'
- このため、直近年の温室効果ガス排出量の基準年比増減率が気候変動枠組み条約と京都議定書で異なる値で発表されることがある点に留意が必要である。
- Therefore, it should be noted that different increase-decrease rates for the last couple of years relative to the reference year of the greenhouse gas emissions are sometimes announced between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto protocol.
- 江戸時代には、戦乱が静まり社会が安定し平和になったことと経済活動が活発になったことにより人びとの言論活動も活発になり多様な学問が開花した。
- After the settling of the warring period, the Edo period saw the social stability and peace and the revitalization of economy, and people began to speack freely to lead flourishing various studies.
- やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
- After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
- 尼子氏の滅亡後に、山中幸盛や尼子勝久が尼子再興軍として出雲への侵攻を図り、旧尼子家臣団にも動揺が走り、再興軍に加わる国人や豪族が続出した。
- After the fall of the Amago clan, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Katsuhisa AMAGO organized an army to invade Izumo for the restoration of the Amago clan, which raised the morale among the old Amago retainers and induced local land lords and local ruling families to join the restoration army.
- 「増鏡」は四鏡の最後の史書で、後鳥羽天皇の即位から1333年に配流となっていた後醍醐天皇が京都に帰還するまでの宮廷社会の動向を記している。
- The 'Masukagami' is the last of the four 'kagami' history books (books with the word 'kagami,' or 'mirror,' in the title), and covers the period from Emperor Go-Toba's enthronement to Emperor Go-Daigo's triumphant return to Kyoto from exile in 1333, focusing on trends within courtly society.
- これに対し、在寮生で構成する吉田寮自治会を中心に卒寮生も含めた廃寮反対運動が高まり、自主入寮選考の成功で寮生数は減少するどころか増加した。
- With the rise in the opposition movement against the above decision conducted by the council of Yoshida dormitory and the graduates, however, the number of dormitory residents increased, instead of decreased, thanks to the success of autonomous selection of residents.
- 経顕の活動は10年余りであるがこの時期に朝幕交渉の具体的な手続などが整備され、「武家執奏」の職制と名称が定まり、文書にも登場するようになる。
- Tsuneaki did his duties for about 10 years, and during the period the procedures in relation to negotiations between the Court and the bakufu were established, and the office organization and name of 'bukeshisso' were consolidated, and the word bukeshisso began to appear in documents.
- 当時、悪党と呼ばれる新興勢力が現れ、寺社の強訴が相次いでいたが、長崎高綱・安達時顕が支える得宗政権は、これらの動きに高圧的な姿勢で対処した。
- In those days, local outlaws known as Akuto emerged as a powerful force, and one after another of the temples and shrines began to appeal directly to the bakufu for help; however, the Tokuso administration, which was supported by Takatsuna NAGASAKI and Tokiaki ADACHI, responded to these appeals in a high-handed manner.
- 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
- They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.
- 官符によって正当な軍事動員権を獲得した受領は、国衙における軍事指揮者である追捕使・押領使・警固使に凶党捜索や犯罪捜査などの追捕活動を命じた。
- Receiving the kanpu and provided with the right to mobilize soldiers for military purposes, zuryo ordered Tsuibushi, Oryoshi, or Keigoshi, who was the leader of military affairs in the kokuga, to take the actions of searching for and capturing gangsters.
- 759年(天平宝字3年)には藤原仲麻呂が渤海の要請によるとも言われるが軍船394隻、兵士4万700人を動員する本格的な新羅遠征計画を立てた。
- In 759, supposedly due to the request of Bokkai, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro planned a full-scale expedition to Shiragi, involving 394 military vessels and 40,700 soldiers.
- 一方で律令制の変質に伴い、大寺社が所領拡大を図る動きが始まり、地方の神宮寺も対抗上、大寺院の別院として認められることを望むようになってきた。
- On the other hand, as the system of the ritsuryo legal codes changed, major temples and shrines had started to aim at territorial expansion while local Jingu-ji Temples had begun to desire to be approved as a branch temple of main temples.
- 永正15年(1518年)8月、出雲国の尼子氏や安芸の武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せ、麾下の国人の離反も相次いだため、大内義興が周防に帰国する。
- In September of 1518, when threatening movements began showing in the Amago clan of Izumo Province and the Takeda clan of Aki Province, Yoshioki OUCHI returned home to Suo Province (modern day Yamaguchi Prefecture) due to the local lords under his command defecting one after another.
- また、摂津守護細川氏(京兆家)の被官としても行動し、応仁の乱では細川勝元に与し東軍として戦っており、能勢頼弘とその子能勢頼満が討死している。
- Furthermore, they acted as vassals of the Hosokawa clan (Keicho family), Settsu no kami and when they fought against the East squad on the side of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA in the Onin War, Yorihiro NOSE and his son Yorimitsu NOSE were killed.
- しかし、その保真は、正保元年(1644年)3月10日、甥の岡本義政の謀略により殺害(泉騒動)され、保真に男子が無かったため野州塩谷氏は断絶。
- However, Yasumasa was killed by Yoshimasa OKAMOTO's conspiracy on April 16, 1644 (Izumi-sodo riot) and Yasumasa had no son; consequently, the Yashu SHIONOYA clan was discontinued.
- 元寇を機に幕府は非御家人を含む日本全国の武士へ軍事動員をかける権限を得たほか、鎮西探題や長門探題などの出先機関を置き、西国への支配を強めた。
- Using the Mongol invasions as an opportunity, the bakufu seized the authority to issue military mobilizations of all warriors throughout the country, including non-gokenin, and also worked to solidify its control over western Japan by creating offices such as Chinzei tandai (military commissioner of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (military commissioner of western Honshu).
- しかし、近江八幡青年会議所は堀を近江八幡の誇りとして蘇らせようと、改修計画の見直しを迫り、八幡堀復活を求めて署名運動・自主清掃活動を行った。
- However, the Omihachiman Youth Chamber of Commerce sought to restore the canal as the pride of Omihachiman and pressed for reconsideration of the plan, organizing a petition drive and volunteer cleaning campaign aimed at the restoration of the canal.
- 使節遵行(しせつじゅんぎょう)とは、中世日本において、不動産をめぐる訴訟(所領相論)に対し幕府が発した裁定を執行するための現地手続きをいう。
- Shisetsu jungyo was a on-site procedure to carry out a judgment which was handed down by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on shoryo soron (litigation over real estate) in the medieval Japan.
- 当時の百姓・班田農民や古来の郡司一族、土着国司子弟の中には、出挙や営田活動により富を蓄積する富豪層が現れており、田堵(たと)と呼ばれていた。
- Some peasants, handen (allotted farmland) farmers, old gunji (a district officer) families, and local kokushi (a provincial governor) scions of that time started to form a wealthy class called tato, and they gained riches by suiko (rice loans in ancient Japan that had to be repaid after the autumn harvest at a substantial rate of interest) and farming activities.
- 一方で越前・福井城にあった柴田勝家は雪のため動けずにいたが、これらの情勢に耐え切れず、ついに2月末、残る雪をかきわけつつ近江に向けて出陣した。
- Meanwhile, Katsuie SHIBATA, who had been trapped in Fukui-jo Castle in Echizen due to heavy snows but could no longer stand the situation, finally departed with his army for Omi Province at the end of February, digging their way out of the snow.
- また、書名に国号を冠することや論賛の是非について、立原と史館員の藤田幽谷の間で対立が発生し、江館と水館の党派的対立に発展している(史館動揺)。
- A conflict took place between TACHIHARA and a staff, FUJITA Yukoku over whether the name of Japan should be added to the title or whether criticism of historical events, to the last, and the conflict developed to become rivalry between the Mito and the Edo groups (disturbed Shokokan).
- この考え方では、古代律令社会の解体から各地に形成された在地領主の発展を原動力として、領主層の独自の国家権力として鎌倉幕府が形成されたとみなす。
- In this view, the Kamakura bakufu was formed as an independent state power of feudal lords driven by the development of local feudal lords in various places after the breakup of ancient society based on the ancient Ritsuryo codes.
- こうした中で算道の地位はそれまでと大きく変動することもなく、結果的に上昇傾向にあった明法道・紀伝道とは相対的に見て地位が低下することとなった。
- During all this, Sando's position did not change greatly from what it had been before, and, as Myobodo and Kidendo were on the rise, it decreased by comparison.
- 配下に京都守護職の松平容保、京都所司代の松平定敬らを従え、江戸の幕閣達から独立した動きをみせ、 在京幕府勢力の指導的役割を果たす存在となった。
- He gained vassals such as Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), and he worked independently from the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in Edo and took the leadership role in the bakufu forces stationed in Kyoto.
- 「日露戦争で最も儲けた」シフは、ロシア帝国のポグロム(反ユダヤ主義)への報復が融資の動機といわれ、のちレーニンやトロツキーにも資金援助をした。
- Schiff who is said to have 'profited the most from the Russo-Japanese War,' is said to have financed Japan out of retaliation for Russian pogrom (anti-Semitic purges), and is known to have financed Lenin and Trotsky.
- 上皇挙兵の報に鎌倉の武士は大いに動揺したが、『吾妻鏡』や『承久記』によれば北条政子が「故右大将(頼朝)の恩は山よりも高く、海よりも深いはずだ。
- News that the retired Emperor was raising an army caused great consternation among the samurai of Kamakura, but according to the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East) and the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), Masako HOJO responded, 'The obligation we bear to the former great general of the Right (Yoritomo) is surely higher than a mountain, and deeper than the sea.
- 1863年(文久3年)8月17日(旧暦)、天誅組が五條代官所を襲撃、代官鈴木源内を殺害し倒幕運動の烽火を上げたことでも知られる(天誅組の変)。
- It is also known for an incident where tenchu-gumi (royalist party to inflict punishment) assaulted the Gojo daikansho and killed the daikan (local governor), Gennai SUZUKI on September 29, 1863, which lighted a signal fire of the movement to overthrow the Shogunate (Tenchu-gumi incident).
- 近藤勇、土方歳三らは再起をかけ、流山へ移動するも、近藤勇が新政府軍に捕われ処刑され、沖田総司も持病であった肺結核の悪化により江戸にて死亡した。
- Although Isami KONDO, Toshizo HIJIKATA and others moved to Nagareyama and tried to regain power, Isami KONDO was caught by the army of the new government and executed, and Soji OKITA also died in Edo as his tuberculosis worsened.
- 水運が発達し、船での移動が盛んに行われた江戸を舞台とした時代劇の格好のロケ地になっている(『暴れん坊将軍』・『鬼平犯科帳』・『剣客商売』等)。
- The area has also become a favorite filming location for period dramas set in the Edo Period when boats were a popular mode of transportation and river and maritime shipping thrived ('Abarenbo Shogun,' 'Onihei Hankacho,' 'Kenkyaku Shobai,' etc.).
- のみならず、自動車道や林道の建設により、歴史的な景観は失われ、各種の遺跡のみならず道それ自体も忘れ去られる危機にさらされるようになっていった。
- Besides, historical sceneries were lost by the constructions of motor roads and forestry roads, and the things about Kohechi was approaching a serious crisis as people forgot not only various relics along the road but also the road itself.
- 一方、学生らの反対運動(後述)により吉田東寮は現在でも存続し、京大生とその家族など約180名が生活している(京都大学の定める定員は147名)。
- On the other hand, Yoshida East dormitory has continued to exist until the present thanks to the opposition movement conducted by the students of the time (to be mentioned later), and about 180 persons, including the students of Kyoto University as well as their families, are living in the dormitory (the predetermined number of personnel determined by Kyoto University is 147).
- 平安時代の人々を描いたものとして優れており、特に検非違使の活動を伝えるものであり、史料としての価値も高い(但し、人物は院政期のものとされる)。
- The pictures provide an outstanding depiction of the people of the Heian period and is also an invaluable material on the activities of kebiishi (although the people drawn are thought to be from the time of the period of cloistered governments).
- その先駆けとなったのが、明治2年12月1日(1870年1月2日)に長州藩で発生した大楽源太郎に率いられた奇兵隊などによる「脱隊騒動」であった。
- The spearhead of the movement was 'Dattai Sodo (a riot of dropouts from armies)' which originated in the Kiheitai Army led by Gentaro DAIRAKU and others in the domain of Choshu on January 2, 1870.
- 不入の権による警察権排除の動きは、検断権が幕府に移った後でも「守護不入」の形で主張・権利化され、戦国大名による荘園制度解体まで続くことになった。
- The movement towards eliminating policing rights by funyu no ken was advocated and was made into a privilege even after policing rights were transferred to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as 'Shugo funyu' (the right to keep shugo [provincial constable] from entering the property) and this continued until the shoen system was eliminated by the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- この間の1年間に弟の後亀山天皇への譲位が行われたと推定する事が出来、事跡に不明な点が多いとされる同天皇の活動について知る貴重な史料となっている。
- It is presumed that Emperor Chokei abdicated the throne to his younger brother Emperor Gokameyama during the same year, making this knowledge valuable historical material showing the activities of the Emperor with many unclear records.
- 8月14日、上村彦之丞中将率いる日本海軍第二艦隊は蔚山沖でようやくウラジオストク艦隊を捕捉し、大損害を与えその後の活動を阻止した(蔚山沖海戦)。
- On August 14th, the IJN Second Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Hikonojo KAMIMURA intercepted the Vladivostok Fleet off Urusan and inflicted heavy damage and interdicted its anti-shipping operations (Battle off Urusan).
- 藩主の毛利敬親と子の毛利定広は国許へ謹慎を命じられて政治主導権を失っており、京や大坂に密かに潜伏した数名の長州尊攘派はにわかに行動を続けていた。
- The daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) of Choshu, Tadachika MORI, and his son Sadahiro MORI were ordered into house arrest in their hometown and lost their authority to lead politically, but in the capital and in Osaka, several Imperial loyalists from Choshu continued to work secretly to restore the Emperor to power.
- このような繋がりの増強は、後の倒幕運動にも生かされるようになり、薩摩藩は終始佐幕派を装いつつ、結果として秘密裏に薩長同盟を締結する事に成功した。
- The power thus strengthened was utilized in the Tobaku movement that followed, and while the Satsuma clan pretended to be pro-Bakufu at all times it ended up secretly concluding the Saccho Coalition.
- すなわち、継続的に戦闘が行われる戦国期においては、戦国大名はいつでも、迅速に、また長期的に政略的・軍事的要地に精兵を動員できるようにしたかった。
- This means that during the Sengoku period when the battles were conducted continuously, Sengoku daimyo wanted to mobilize their strongest warriors to politically and militarily important places anytime, swiftly and over the long term.
- 百姓らの生活・経済活動はモザイク状の名を中心としていたため、彼らの住居はまばらに散在しており、住居が密集する村落という形態は出現していなかった。
- Because the peasants' livelihoods and economic activities depended on the myo, which were located in a mosaic-like manner, their residences spread thin and there was no community in the form of a village where residences were densely packed.
- 武家政権や朝廷のように権力中枢があったわけではなく、各寺社が独立して行動し、また一寺社内でもさまざまな集団がせめぎ合っていたため、「勢力」と呼ぶ。
- It is called 'seiryoku' because there was no center of power as with the military government and Imperial Court, but each religious institution acted independently and even in one institution there were many counteracting groups.
- 本書の執筆年代は不明であるが、動機の1つとして安和の変の際にともに大宰府に送られた息子源俊賢に有職故実を伝授するために執筆されたとする見方もある。
- It is not known when the book was written, but some people say that one of the motivations to write it was to initiate Yusoku kojitsu to his son MINAMOTO no Toshikata who had been sent to Dazai-fu with him during the Anwa Incident.
- 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷(尊攘)運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
- The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.
- 新選組が警護に当たっていたところ、同年9月12日、藤崎吉五郎と宮川助五郎を中心とした土佐藩士8名が三条大橋西詰に出現、制札を引き抜く動きを見せた。
- On September 12 of the same year, while Shinsengumi was on guard, eight retainers of Tosa clan led by Kichigoro FUJISAKI and Sukegoro MIYAGAWA appeared at Sanjo-ohashi Nishizume and moved as if to pull out the noticeboard.
- また新道の江文バイパスは原動機付自転車および軽車両は通行不可なので、こちらの旧道へ迂回する必要があり、その点でも旧道としては交通量の多い峠である。
- Since the new Ebumi Bypass is banned for motorbikes and light vehicles, and those vehicles take detour to the old road, the pass has a lot of traffic for an old road.
- この再遷都は、長岡京で興った藤原種継暗殺から早良親王廃太子に至る一連の騒動や、長岡京の造営がなかなか進まなかったことが影響しているとみられている。
- This re-relocation was said to have been caused by a sequence of events, from the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu which occurred in Nagaoka-Kyo, to the disinheritance of Imperial Prince Sawara, which also delayed the building of Nagaoka-Kyo and as a result it did not make much progress.
- 身分秩序を無視して公家や天皇といった時の権威を嘲笑し、粋で華美な服装や振る舞いを好む美意識であり、後の戦国時代における下剋上的行動の一種とされる。
- Basara represents a particular aesthetics in which people disregarded social class or rank, laughed scornfully at authorities such as court nobles or the Emperor, and esteemed fashionable and glamorous garments or behaviors; it was considered to be a type of behavior that was manifested in gekokujo (an inversion of the social order in which the lowly people reigned over the elite), which flourished in the subsequent Sengoku period (the period of warring states).
- 風雲急を告げるこの激動の時代に、長州藩・薩摩藩などの反幕府側も、北国諸藩・箱館政権など旧幕府側も、酒屋に頼った情報入手、物資輸送の例は数知れない。
- In this turbulent and critical era, the Choshu domain and Satsuma domain, belonging to the anti-bakufu group, and domains in the northern region and the Hakodate government, belonging to the old bakufu group, relied on sakaya for obtaining information and transporting cargoes on innumerably many occasions.
- 以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
- Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 全問正解であれば甲第とされて大初位上に自動的に叙任され、『九章算術』あるいは『六章』の全問を含めた6-8問正解者は乙第とされて大初位下に叙任された。
- Students who answered all questions correctly were automatically appointed to Daishoijo (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade), while those who answered six to eight questions correctly, including all questions from 'Kyoshosanjutsu' or 'Rokusho,' were appointed to Daishoige (Greater Initial Rank, Lower Grade).
- 三浦氏の頼朝挙兵から宝治合戦での滅亡までの間の外戚についても、戦国大名の政略結婚とはまた違った、婚姻関係による共同行動、運命共同体がよく見てとれる。
- The allied activities and a group that shared same fate differed from the political marriage of the Sengoku Daimyo (daimyo of the Warring States Period) the maternal relatives of Miura clan from mobilization call of Yoritomo to its fall in Battle of Hoji could be seen.
- 黒船来航・開国以来、尊皇攘夷が高まりを見せ、天皇・朝廷が急速に政治的求心力を備えてくると、幕府の所在する江戸から離れた京都が政治動向の中心となった。
- After the Perry Expedition and the Opening of Japan, the following of Sonno Joi greatly extended their influence, accordingly the Emperor and the Imperial Court rapidly gathered momentum, and the political center moved from Edo to a distant city, Kyoto (the Imperial Court and its vicinity).
- 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年(明治8年)の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年(明治13年)の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
- The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.
- しかし、小判と丁銀相互の変動相場制による両替を元に利益を上げていた両替商にとって南鐐二朱銀の発行は死活問題であり、両替商の抵抗は激しいものであった。
- For money exchangers however, who were making profit from the flexible rate between Koban and Chogin, the issue of Nanryo Nishu Gin was a matter of life and death and was feircely opposed.
- 同時期に日本にいた宣教師アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノはコエリョの軽率な行動を厳しく非難しており、コエリョの行動に問題があった事は確かであるようだ。
- Alessandro Valignano, a missionary stayed in Japan during the same period strongly criticized the careless conduct of Coelho, and it seems to be certain that his conduct was really problematic.
- さらに、源義朝に至っては東国に下り鎌倉・上総・下総などを本拠として活動していた時期が長く、その後も京都にとどまり河内国の領地との関係が希薄であった。
- Further, since MINOMOTO no Yoshitomo moved to Togoku (the eastern region of Japan) and was active in such provinces as Kamakura, Kazusa, and Shimousa as his stronghold for a long time, and later, he kept staying in Kyoto and had little connection with the manor of Kawachi Province.
- 現在もそれらを踏襲する名神高速道路・新名神高速道路・北陸自動車道・国道1号・国道8号・国道21号や東海道新幹線・東海道本線・草津線・北陸本線が通る。
- Roads and railways that have adhered to the roads mentioned above go through the area: Meishin Expressway, Shin Meishin Expressway, Hokuriku Expressway, Route 1, Route 8, and Route 21, and Tokaido Shinkansen, JR Tokaido Main Line, JR Kusatsu Line, and Hokuriku Main Line.
- 岡崎公園、京都会館、京都国立近代美術館、京都市動物園、京都大学吉田キャンパス、京都府立植物園、京都府立総合資料館、国立京都国際会館などの施設もある。
- It also has the following facilities: Okazaki-koen Park, Kyoto-kaikan Hall, The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Kyoto City Zoo, Kyoto University Yoshida Campus, The Kyoto Botanical Garden, Kyoto Prefectural Library and Archives and Kyoto International Conference Center.
- 同様に、例えばミュンヘン一揆のように世界史における庶民や民衆運動による反乱、暴動も日本語訳されるときに一揆の語を当てることが慣用化している面がある。
- Conversely, a riot and a revolt caused by commoners and a popular movement in world history, such as the Munchen Putsch, have been commonly translated into Japanese with the use of the word 'ikki.'
- 追捕官符は発兵などの裁量権を受領に与えるものであり、受領は国内の田堵負名層を兵として動員するとともに、国押領使へ指揮権を与えて実際の追捕にあたらせた。
- Provided with the right, for example, of mobilizing soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, zuryo mobilized persons in the Tato fumyo class as soldiers and gave Oryoshi in the province the right of controlling the soldiers, to do the actual work of capturing the rebels.
- その後の源平の争乱時にも、彼らは国衙を、或いは荘園を通じ、公権に基づき動員される場合には「駆武者」(かりむしゃ)と呼ばれ、戦闘の中核部隊ではなかった。
- Even during the later the Genpei War, they negotiated through either Kokuga or shoen (manor in medieval Japan), called as 'Karimusha' when mobilized due to civil rights, and were not a central fighting force of a battle.
- 5世紀後半の475年、高句麗の南下によって百済は南方へ移動したが、この事件は百済と友好関係にあったヤマト王権(倭国)にも経済的・政治的な影響を与えた。
- During the late fifth century, in 475, Baekje moved further south as Goguryeo advanced southward, and this economically and politically affected the Yamato Kingdom, that had a friendly relationship with Baekje.
- こうして兵力と補給に余裕が出てきたことにより朝鮮南部の支配を既定事実とするため、朝鮮南部へ布陣した諸将を動員して第二次晋州城攻防戦で晋州城を攻略した。
- Thus, as they could gain some leeway both in troop strength and supplies, in order to control southern Korea an established fact, commanders camped in southern Korea were called up to attack Jinju Castle (the second Siege of Jinju).
- (一応の離脱理由は、泉湧寺塔中戒光寺の長老 湛然の仲介によって孝明天皇の御陵守護の任を拝命した事と、それに伴い薩摩、長州の動向を探るという事であった。
- (The reason given for the secession was that Kashitaro ITO was appointed as guard of Misasagi (Imperial mausoleum) of the Emperor Komei through the intermediation of Tannen, who was the elder of Kaiko-ji Temple that was tatchu (sub-temples in the site of main temple) of Sennyu-ji Temple, and, for the mission, had to keep an eye on the movements of Satsuma and Choshu.
- 車:北陸自動車道長浜インターチェンジから滋賀県道37号中山東上坂線を左折して国道東上坂交差点まで直進し、国道東上坂交差点で左折して国道365号を北上。
- Car: From Nagahama Interchange of Hokuriku Expressway, turn to the left to Shiga Prefectural Road 37 Nakayama-Higashikozaka Line, drive straight, turn to the left at Higashikozaka Intersection of the National Road and drive on National Road 365 to the north.
- 信長を討つことについて、光秀自身の動機ではなく、何らかの黒幕の存在を想定し、その者の意向を背景にあることを指摘する説としては、以下のようなものがある。
- There are several views which advocate that the motive for killing Nobunaga was not Mitsuhide's own, but a certain mastermind whose intention caused the incident existed, as described below.
- 古代中国においては、天上の星は地上にある国家を象徴しており、その動きに異常があれば、政治的な異変が発生する前兆現象であるととらえられていた(上天思想)。
- In ancient China, it was believed that the stars in the heavens symbolize the nations on the earth and that unusual movements of stars were portent of political upheaval (上天思想.)
- 僦馬の党は騎馬をベースとした機動力を最大限に発揮した武装集団であり、それを鎮圧しようとする「兵(つわもの)」もまた騎馬武者でなければならなかっただろう。
- The Shuba Party was the military group that used cavalry as the basis for maximizing their mobile power, and the 'tsuwamono' that tried to defeat it should have been samurai with cavalry.
- 明治維新(めいじいしん)は、江戸幕府による幕藩体制から、明治政府による倒幕運動および天皇親政体制の転換と、それに伴う一連の戦争(戊辰戦争)・改革をいう。
- The Meiji Restoration was the historic change from the feudal system of the Edo Shogunate to the system of direct Imperial rule by the Meiji government through the overthrow of the Shogunate, and the accompanying series of wars (the Boshin War) and reforms.
- 動物埴輪には犬、猪、牛、鶏、馬具を付けた馬などの出土例があり、人物埴輪には甲冑を付けた武人像、巫女、農民などさまざまな階層や立場の人物が表現されている。
- In the category of animal-shaped haniwa, there are the haniwa of dogs, white whiskered boars (Japanese wild boar), cows, chickens, horses in harnesses, and others, and in the category of human-shaped haniwa, there are the haniwa of warriors in armor, sorceresses, farmers, and other people of various classes and positions.
- もっとも、20世紀以降の美術については、作者がもっぱら海外で制作していたり、国境を越えて幅広く活動していることが多く、上記の考え方は必ずしも妥当しない。
- And the above-mentioned idea about the geographical range does not always apply to the art from the 20th century, because many Japanese artists have come to produce their arts only in foreign countries or make their activities worldwide.
- このため、競売方式で排出権を購入する方式が広まりつつあるが、当初の購入資金が負担となることや、価格の変動による経営リスクが生じることが問題とされている。
- Accordingly, the method to purchase the right of emissions at auction is spreading, meanwhile there are issues such that getting an initial fund for purchase is a considerable burden and a management risk arises caused by the fluctuation of prices.
- 国内での単なる排出量削減を除く植林活動や、国外での活動、削減量の国家間取引など、温室効果ガスの削減をより容易にするための規定で、柔軟性措置とも呼ばれる。
- The term refers to provisions to ease the reduction of greenhouse gases such as tree planting activities, activities abroad, International Emissions Trading and so on, except for merely domestic activities of emissions reduction, and is also called flexibility mechanisms.
- 奉公衆の湯河氏らも応仁の乱前後から畠山氏の内乱に参戦することが増え、畠山氏の軍事動員に応じ、守護権力を支える立場へと変化していった(教興寺の戦いなど)。
- Around the Onin War, hokoshu such as the Yukawa clan increasingly joined the internal insurrection of the Hatakeyama clan and changed into a position supporting Shugo's power, accepted with the military mobilization of the Hatakeyama clan (the Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple and so on).
- 二条親政派は藤原経宗(二条天皇の伯父)・藤原惟方(二条天皇の乳兄弟、記録所の弁官の一人)が中心となり、美福門院の支援を背景に後白河の政治活動を抑圧する。
- The principal figures of the Nijo faction were FUJIWARA no Tsunemune (Emperor Nijo's uncle) and FUJIWARA no Korekata (Nijo's foster brother, meaning they were both essentially raised by the same wet nurse), one of the controllers at the Records Office, and with the continued financial backing and aid of Bifukumonin, they worked to limit Goshirakawa's political activities.
- こうした動きは室町時代に入ると一層加速していき、守護大名による守護領国制が形成され、さらに戦国時代 (日本)の戦国大名による大名領国制へ発展していった。
- During the Muromachi period, such a trend was accelerated, the shugo-ryogoku system (in which shugo, or provincial constable, controlled the province) was formed by shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and then entering into the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) (in Japan), the daimyo-ryogoku system (a system whereby a daimyo controlled a feudal domain) was developed by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period.
- 武蔵介源経基が将門の行動を謀反と京へ報告したとき、武蔵国の群盗追捕に動員されたのは、小野牧別当小野諸興、石田・阿久原牧も併せた秩父牧別当藤原惟条であった。
- When MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, who had the title of Musashi no suke (vice governor of Musashi Province), reported the actions of Masakado as treason to Kyoto, Morooki ONO with the title of Ononomaki betto (Chief officer of the Onono Farm), FUJIWARA no Korenaga, who had the title of Chichibunomaki betto (Chief of Chichibuno Farm) and owned the Ishida Farm and Akuhara Farm were those that mobilized to chase and capture a gang of robbers in Musashi Province.
- しかしながら、高額貨幣は、東日本は金貨(小判)が、西日本は銀貨(丁銀)が流通の基本となっており、その相場も日々変動したため、両替商などの金融業を発達した。
- However, in the eastern Japan gold coins (koban) were circulated as large denomination coins, while in the western Japan, silver coins (chogin), and the exchange rate fluctuated on a daily basis, the financial industry including money brokers developed.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いの際、衛友は西軍に属して小野木重勝らと行動を共にし、東軍に与した細川幽斎(幽斎)の丹後国田辺城 (丹後国)を包囲する。
- During the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Moritomo, together with Shigekatsu ONOGI, joined the Western Camp as it besieged Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province, owned by Yusai HOSOKAWA who belonged to the Eastern Camp.
- 尊氏ら足利氏の勢力を警戒した護良親王は奈良の信貴山に拠り尊氏を牽制する動きに出たため、後醍醐天皇は妥協策として6月23日に護良親王を征夷大将軍に任命する。
- Because Imperial Prince Morinaga, who was on his guard against the considerable might of Takauji and the rest of the Ashikaga clan, had gone off to Mt. Shigi and began acting to hem in Takauji's power, on the twenty-third day of the sixth month, Emperor Godaigo made Imperial Prince Morinaga the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as part of a compromise plan between the two of them.
- このことは滝川総長自らがかつての主張を覆し教授会の人事権を否定したものとされ、戦後の滝川に反動的な人物とのイメージを付け加えることになったという者もいる。
- This led to an impression of Takigawa as a reactionary person in the post-war years because he was viewed as reversing his previous opinion of the board of professors having the right of deciding on personnel matters.
- そのため、中国北部や西部では、砂漠化しやすい土地でありながら、農耕や牧畜を従来の移動型から土地への負荷(水不足のリスク)が大きい定着型へと変えてしまった。
- Therefore, in the northern part and western part of China, the way of farming and livestock-farming has been changed from the moving type to the stationary type, though use of the stationary type is likely to change areas in these parts into desert.
- 全編、詞書のない白描画であり、うち甲巻と乙巻は、かえる、うさぎ、さる、きつねなどの動物を擬人化して描き、軽妙な筆致で末法の世相を風刺した異色の絵巻物である。
- All scrolls are the hakubyoga (white monochrome drawing) without Kotobagaki, and in its volumes one and two, animals such as frogs, rabbits, monkeys, and foxes are personified and described; these are the unique emakimono that squibbed the social situations of Mappo with a light touch.
- 日清戦争は明治維新後近代国家形成をめざす日本と1860年代から洋務運動による近代化を進める中国(清朝)との間で行われた、朝鮮等をめぐる両者の全面戦争である。
- The Japanese-Sino War was a total war over Korea between Japan, aiming at the creation of a modern state after the Meiji Restoration, and China (the quing dynasty), in the process of modernization since the Western Affairs Movement in the 1860's.
- 複数の個人や法人等が講等の組織に加盟して、一定又は変動した金品を定期又は不定期に講等に対して払い込み、利息の額で競合う競りや抽選によって金品の給付を受ける。
- More than one person, corporation, and others join an organization called Ko and others and pay for certain or fluctuated money and goods regularly or irregularly to Ko and others, and thereby they will be provided money and goods by auction competing with the sum of interest.
- 鎌倉時代後期の1333年(元弘3)に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動から元弘の乱が起こると、阿蘇惟時は護良親王の令旨を受け、足利尊氏らと京都の六波羅探題攻めに参加する。
- When the anti-shogunate movement by the Emperor Godaigo developed into the Genko War in 1333, which was in the late Kamakura period, Koretoki ASO received ryoji (an order) from the Imperial Prince Morinaga and cooperated with Takauji ASHIKAGA to attack Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 徳川家康による江戸幕府創設を決定付けた1600年の関ヶ原の戦いは、皮肉にも200年以上の時を超え各大名に多くの教訓を残し、それは倒幕運動へとつながっていく。
- It is ironic that the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which was decisive in the establishment of Edo Bakufu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, left many lessons to various daimyos over a period of more than 200 years, which led to the Tobaku movement..
- 京都府と福井県を結ぶ幹線道路上にあるため、貨物自動車など大型車両や牽引車両も比較的多く通行しており、峠付近にトンネルの早期開通を訴える看板が掲げられている。
- As the pass is on a main road connecting Kyoto Prefecture and Fukui Prefecture, quite a lot of large-sized vehicles including trucks and tow trucks go through it, so signboards requesting the early opening of a tunnel are found around the pass.
- 平成14年(2002年)に国土交通省「第二期水環境改善緊急行動計画」の対象河川に選定され、水に親しむことのできる環境づくりや水質改善などの整備を進めている。
- In 2002, Nishitakase-gawa River was selected as a target river for 'The Second Urgent Action Strategy for Water Environment Improvement' by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and progress is underway to develop environment to enjoy water and to improve water quality.
- 通説的には惣領制が崩壊し、庶子家が独自の動きを取り始めると一族一揆を結ぶことで庶子家との繋がりを維持したが、やがて地縁による国人一揆へと発展したと言われる。
- It is commonly accepted that when the Soryo system (a system in which the eldest son would succeed as head of the family) collapsed, the branch families began to act independently from the main line of the house, which led to them maintaining relationships with other branch families by forming ichizoku ikki (family ikki) with them, and this is said to have developed into the forming of kokujin ikki based on territorial connections.
- 叙位・任官をはじめとする朝廷の政務儀式、天皇の日常の行動から学問などについての注意が示されており、宮廷における年中行事の研究には欠かせない内容が含まれている。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai contains the instruction on the protocols of government affairs at the Imperial Court such as the conferment of court rank and appointment to an office, the emperor's daily activities, learning and other issues, which are essential to the study of the annual events at the Court.
- この間、(前記のプラカード学生の突出した行動を唯一の例外として)学生たちは天皇一行の出入りを遠巻きに合唱していただけで、特にこれを妨害する行動はとっていない。
- In the meantime, students (except for those who took radical action while carrying the above-mentioned placards) were singing together while looking across at the Emperor's party and didn't take any actions to hinder them.
- 密教絵画では、京都市東山区青蓮院の『青蓮院国宝』(絹本着色、通称「青不動」、国宝)があり、「不動十九観」に依拠する現存最古の画像であり、11世紀の製作である。
- Among Esoteric Buddhist paintings, 'Shorenin National Treasure' in Shoren-in Temple in Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City (color painting on silk, commonly called 'Ao Fudo' [Blue Fudo], a national treasure) is the oldest existing image based on 'Fudo Juku-kan, nineteen Characteristic Signs of Fudo Myoo,' and it was created during the 11th century.
- 1246年、時頼排除を企てた前将軍・藤原頼経と名越光時一派を幕府から追放する(宮騒動)と、1247年には有力御家人である三浦泰村の一族を討滅した(宝治合戦)。
- In 1246, Tokiyori expelled a group of the former shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune and Mitsutoki NAGOE from the bakufu because they attempted to eliminate Tokiyori (Miya-sodo (failed attempt at rebellion)) and in 1247 he eradicated the family of Yasumura MIURA who was a senior vassal (Battle of Hoji).
- この事件を契機として、以後、追捕官符を根拠として、国司は追捕のため国内の人夫を動員する権限を獲得することとなり、積極的に群盗海賊の鎮圧に乗り出すようになった。
- After this incident, based on Tsuibu-kanpu, kokushi acquired the right to mobilize laborers to capture criminals who had fled, coming to combat robbers and pirates actively.
- 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書により定められた義務については、その約束が遵守されることを担保するため、罰則規定のように機能する規定が設けられることとなった。
- As for duties subscribed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, in order to make the duties fulfilled, regulations which would function as penalties were set up.
- 埴輪は古墳の墳丘の周囲に立てられた素焼きの土製品で、具象的な形体を表わさない円筒埴輪から始まり、やがて鳥形埴輪が登場、鳥以外の動物埴輪、人物埴輪がこれに続く。
- 'Haniwa' is an unglazed clay artifact arranged around the mounded tomb, and at first, non-figurative cylindrical haniwa appeared, and before long, bird-shaped haniwa appeared, and then, animal-shaped haniwa (other than bird-shaped ones), and human-shaped haniwa followed that.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- また、国政の安定を背景に、権力の分散化も顕著となっていき、例えば、地方官の辞令を受けた者から現地の有力者へその地方の統治権が委任されるといった動きも見られた。
- Also, backed by the country's stable administration, the decentralization of power became obvious, and there were examples such as someone who had received an official announcement of appointment as a local authority transferring that power so they could exercise sovereignty in the region to an influential local person.
- 保元の乱では国家による公的な動員だったのに対して今回はクーデターのための隠密裏の召集であり、義朝が組織できたのは私的武力に限られ兵力は僅少だったと推測される。
- Whereas the mobilization during the Hogen Rebellion had been public, sanctioned by the state, this time the order to muster had to be given in the utmost secrecy due to the coup, and so Yoshitomo was only able to assemble what soldiers he had immediately around him; it is conjectured that his army, in the end, numbered very few indeed.
- また今までの権限を強化するとともに、特定非営利活動法人(NPO法人)の認証や大規模小売店舗の届出確認など府から新たな権限を委譲するなど機能強化が図られている。
- In addition to retaining the former administrative power, the new bureaus had their functions strengthened: for example the right to certify non-profit organizations (NPO corporations) and those to check large-scale retail stores were transferred from the prefectural government to these bureaus.
- 市外局番は京都市と同様「075」、市内局番は「748」局になっている(自動化された1977年までは「0759998」という7桁市外局番で市内局番はなかった)。
- The area code is 075, the same as that for Kyoto City, and the local exchange number is 748 (until 1977 when the exchange operation was automated, the area code was seven digits of '0759998,' with no local exchange number.)
- ただ、人体への影響、動植物や農作物への影響、工場などへの影響が発生したり、発生の可能性が指摘されたりしていることが、近隣諸国のメディアによって報道されている。
- However, media in the neighboring nations have reported that kosa has affected human bodies, animals, plants, farm products and factories in the county or that it has been pointed out that such situations may occur.
- 延暦寺の支配下に置かれて浄土真宗の活動を禁じられていた本願寺では蓮如が救済活動の傍ら延暦寺からの独立を図ってその怒りを招き、いわゆる寛正の法難の原因となった。
- At the Hongan-ji Temple that was put under control of the Enryaku-ji Temple and was prohibited to conduct any Jodo Shin Sect-related activities, Rennyo tried to regain the temple's independence from the Enryaku-ji Temple while engaging himself in rescue efforts, but was met with anger, which triggered the so-called religious persecution in the Kansei Era.
- 本論争は直接的には、この動きを信長の強制と見るか否かを争うものであるが、その論を立脚点とした織田政権の将来構想や本能寺の変の背景に対する考察を含むものである。
- The point of the argument is whether the move was forced by Nobunaga or not, while other issues which could be derived from the main argument include considerations to the grand plan of the Oda administration and the background of the Honnoji Incident.
- こういった斯波氏の動きに対し、道誉ら有力守護らは反撥を強め、貞治2年(1363年)7月にはこれら反対勢力が高経を討とうと集結しているという噂が立つほどであった。
- Influential shugodaimyo such as Doyo were offended by the behavior of the Shiba clan and people whispered that these opponents were plotting to kill Takatsune in July 1363.
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- こうした浄土教の普及に力があったのは、むしろ既成の教団や寺院から離れ、山林に入り、あるいは遍歴して独自の活動を展開した聖、あるいは上人とよばれた求道者であった。
- In fact, the seekers, so-called hijiri or shonin who had left their religious community or temples, and went into the mountain forest or wandered from place to place resumed their own activities; they spread the Jodo sect the most.
- 京都議定書の上位概念である気候変動枠組み条約では、一部の経済移行国を除き、基準年reference yearとして 1990年しか選択できないこととされている。
- According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is a superordinate concept of Kyoto Protocol, the base year, or the reference year must be 1990 for the participating countries except a part of economically developing countries.
- すなわち、天・地の二巻がその冒頭に置かれるのは動かないとして、以下の四方位の巻を先の東・南・西・北とするのか、あるいは東・西・南・北とすべきかということである。
- That is, supposing the order of the first two volumes of Heaven and Earth was absolute, the problem was whether the order of the other four volumes of direction should be East, South, West, and North, or alternatively East, West, South, and North.
- 被告人としては、交差点中央付近から左折して、予定通りの行進を行うつもりであったが、機動隊は、デモ隊がそのまま河原町通を南下するものと見てこれを阻止しようとした。
- The defendant was going to turn to the left around there and continue to march as planned, but the riot police thought that they were not going to turn and tried to stop them from going straight on Kawaramachi Street to the south.
- 箱館戦争が終結すると、首謀者の榎本武揚・大鳥圭介・松平太郎らは東京辰の口に投獄されたが、黒田清隆らによる助命運動により、明治5年(1872年)1月に赦免された。
- When the Hakodate War was over, the mastermind of the war, Takeaki ENOMOTO, Keisuke OTORI, and Taro MATSUDAIRA were imprisoned in Tatsunokuchi, Tokyo, but they were pardoned in January, 1872, because of a movement to save their lives led by Kiyotaka KURODA.
- 一般的な携帯電話は各社とも全域にわたり圏外であるため、移動体通信を行いたい場合はインマルサットやワイドスターの衛星電話を使うか、アマチュア無線を使う必要がある。
- Since no mobile phones by any cell phone company are supported in this area, satellite telephones utilizing INMARSAT, WIDESTAR or amateur radio are the only means of mobile communication.
- その一方で、多くの兵力を派遣していたため信長周辺の軍勢は手薄であり、武田家滅亡後は天下統一目前という開放的な雰囲気で、畿内では信長、家康とも小勢で移動していた。
- Under such situations, as a large military force was dispatched, troops around Nobunaga were not many and Nobunaga and Ieyasu moved around with a small military force in Kinai in an open atmosphere under just before unification of the whole country especially after downfall of the Takeda clan.
- 当時、新選組では病人が多い等の理由で人手が少なく、実際に捜索に当たったのは、近藤隊10人・土方隊24人の総数わずか34名だった(異説有り、出動隊士一覧を参照)。
- At the time, the Shinsen-gumi was short-handed because many members were sick, so only 34 members took part in the search - 10 in the KONDO squad and 24 in the HIJIKATA squad (There are different views on the number. cf. List of Soldiers Involved).
- その傾向は関東で特に強く、在地における国衙の目代や荘園の預所(あずかっそ)といった在庁官人を翻弄する権力の排除を志向する動きが鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながっていく。
- The tendency was strong, especially in the eastern regions, and movement aiming at pushing out the power that was a nuisance to zaichokanjin such as mokudai in kokuga or azukaridokoko (management position in trust) in shoen, would lead to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- 境内最奥に、高さ50cm程の不動明王像を両脇に従えた長さ8m程度の段瀑が掛かっており、その手前には樹齢300年を越えた「ツキの木(欅)」が神木として祀られている。
- A fall about eight-meter-long accompanied by fifty-centimeter-tall Fudomyoo on its both sides is situated at the penetraria of the precincts and in front of it, an over 300 year-old 'tsuki no ki' (Japanese zelcova) is enshrined as shinboku (divine tree).
- 戦国時代 (日本)に比較的流動性があった侍と百姓が固定化されるのが天正9年(1582年)頃から始まった太閤検地や天正16年(1588年)の刀狩などによってである。
- The classes of samurai and peasants which had social mobility to some extent in the Warring States period (Japan) were fixed by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi) which started around 1582 and katanagari (sword hunt) which was carried out in 1588.
- 奈良時代後半になると、伊勢桑名郡にある現地豪族の氏神である多度大神が、神の身を捨てて仏道の修行をしたいと託宣するなど、神宮寺建立の動きは地方の神社にまで広がった。
- In the late Nara period, erections of Jingu-ji Temples were widely seen even at rural shrines; Tado Ogami (great god) who was a guardian deity of a local ruling family in Kuwana County, Ise Province, wished to practice of Buddhist teachings, in a oracle, giving up the title of deity.
- 両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田(口分田)を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
- These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- しかし系図には疑うべき余地も多く、実際には源平合戦の際は井上一族では無く北安曇の仁科氏らと行動を共にしていたので、当時の慣習から見て別の一族であった可能性がある。
- However, because there are uncertain aspects of its genealogy and the Takanashi clan fought in the Genpei War along with the Nishina clan of northern Azumi, not the Inoue clan, the Takanashi clan probably doesn't belong to the Inoue clan, considering the custom of the time.
- まず、郷安についてであるが、御家騒動を成した張本人であるため処断されてもおかしくないものの、ほとんど罪に問われていないのは、三成が秀吉に弁護したためとされている。
- Because Satoyasu was the very person who triggered the family dispute, it was unusual for him to receive a punishment; however, he was given hardly any punishment because Mitsunari spoke to Hideyoshi on his behalf.
- 幕府が諸外国と通商条約を締結して開国を行うと、在野の志士(活動家)たちは、水戸学の思想的影響のもと、名分論に基づき攘夷を断行しない幕府に対する倒幕論が形成された。
- When Bakufu executed trade agreements with various countries and opened the country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, activists outside of government, who were under the influence of Mito-gaku, built up the argument of tobaku against Bakufu, which, for reasons that were superficial, did not carry out the expulsion of foreigners.
- 梅雨前線の活動が太平洋高気圧の勢力拡大によって弱まるか、各地域の北側に押し上げられ、今後前線の影響による雨が降らない状況になったとき、梅雨が終わったとみなされる。
- Baiu is deemed to have ended when activities of the baiu front are weakened by expansion of strength of the Pacific anticyclone or the baiu front has been forced to move the north of each area and no rain is expected because of the influence of the front.
- 急性疾患(特に熱のある場合)、活動性の結核、悪性腫瘍、重い心臓病、呼吸不全、腎不全、出血性疾患、高度の貧血、その他一般に病勢進行中の疾患、妊娠中(特に初期と末期)
- Acute diseases (in particular, when feverish), active tuberculosis, malignant tumor, serious cardiac diseases, respiration failure, dysfunction of kidneys, bleeding disease, serious anemia, progressing diseases in general, and pregnancy (in particular, first pregnancy trimester and last pregnancy trimester)
- 神経痛、筋肉痛、関節痛、五十肩、運動麻痺、関節のこわばり、うちみ、くじき、慢性消化器病、痔疾、冷え性、病後回復期、疲労回復、健康増進、きりきず、やけど、慢性皮膚病
- Nerve pain, muscle ache, joint ache, frozen shoulder, motor paralysis, stiff joints, contusion, twisted joint, chronic digestive diseases, hemorrhoid, excessive sensitivity to cold, recovery from illness, soothing effect, health enhancement, cut, burn injury and chronic skin diseases
- 近世以前の小辺路は紀伊山地山中の住人の生活道路であり、20世紀になって山中に自動車の通行できる道路が開通してからも、おおよそ昭和30年代までは使用され続けていた。
- Since before the early-modern period, Kohechi had been a community road for the residents in the Kii Mountains, and even after a new roadway was constructed through the mountain in the 20th century, it had been still used as a local road until about the 30's of the Showa era.
- 将軍家々宰の伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の信任を良いことに、管領家の一つ斯波氏のお家騒動に介入し斯波義敏と斯波義廉の間をとりなして私腹を肥やし、幕政を混乱に陥れた。
- Taking advantage of the trust placed in him by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's, shogun family steward Sadachika ISE filled his own pockets and plunged the bakufu into chaos by intervening the internal troubles of the Shiba clan among Kanrei families (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) and by mediating between Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Yoshikado SHIBA.
- 更に検非違使が徴税に関する業務を行うことがあったことから、検非違使の不入を求める動きも現れ、結果的には検非違使本来の業務である警察権の排除にも発展するようになった。
- In addition, because kebiishi sometimes worked to collect taxes, a movement to keep kebiishi from entering shoen also arose and this led to the elimination of their policing rights, which was the actual task of kebiishi.
- 聖たちは、山林修行や諸国遊行を主としながらも造寺・造塔、写経、供養、鋳鐘、架橋や道路・港湾建設の勧進などの多彩な活動を通じて、民衆からの尊崇と支持を獲得していった。
- While the hijiri mainly underwent training in mountain forest, or wandered among various provinces, they obtained respect and support from common people, through various activities including building temples, pagodas, copying of a sutra, kuyo (a memorial service for the dead), casting bells, promoting the building of bridges, roads, and harbors.
- 修史事業の動機には、幕府の編纂が行われていたことや、明暦の大火でその資料が亡失したこと(江戸城本丸もこの時焼失した)、林羅山の死などが契機になったと考えられている。
- The fact that the government was compiling history, but lost the materials because of the Great fire of Meireki and the death of HAYASHI Razan is considered to have motivated Mitsukuni to compile it.
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年(1700年)に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
- In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
- この顔ぶれからも推察されるように、この京大人文研の活動範囲は狭義の人文科学から自然科学の領域にまでまたがった学際的なもので、今西は自らの学問領域を自然学とも称した。
- As inferable from these members, the activity range of this Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is interdisciplinary from narrow cultural science to natural science and IMANISHI also called his own academic field Physica.
- これに乗じて大和の松永久秀、石山本願寺、安芸の毛利輝元、甲斐の武田勝頼らが一斉に反信長として動き出したため、再び信長は包囲網に取り囲まれることとなり、危機に陥った。
- Hisahide MATSUNAGA of Yamato Province, Ishiyamahongan-ji Temple, Terumoto MORI of Aki Province, Katsuyori TAKEDA of Kai Province and others took this opportunity and simultaneously took action against Nobunaga, and as a result, Nobunaga, besieged by his enemies, faced a crisis once more.
- 正平一統が成立し、南朝の後村上天皇が帰京する噂が立つと、各地で南朝方の活動が活発化し、本拠を賀名生から河内国東条(河南町)、摂津国住吉(大阪市住吉区)まで移転する。
- The Shohei Itto was established and when rumors arose that Emperor Gomurakami was to return to Kyoto, Southern Court supporters in various regions grew active and transferred the main headquarters from Ano to Tojo (Kanancho) Kawachi Province to Sumiyoshi Settsu Province (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City).
- こうした環境は、当時、長子による家督権継承が完全に確立されていなかったことも相まって、しばしば将軍家・守護大名家に後継者争いや「お家騒動」を発生させる原因になった。
- This circumstance, coupled with the still incomplete establishment of the system of family headship inheritance by the eldest son, often gave rise to rivalry for heirship or other 'oie sodo' (family feuds) in the families of the Shogun and shugo daimyos.
- 明保野亭事件(あけぼのていじけん)は、幕末の京都において発生した、長州系浪士捕縛活動においての誤報に起因する土佐藩士傷害・切腹と、それに伴う会津藩士自刃事件である。
- Akebonotei Jiken, which occurred in Kyoto at the end of the Edo period, was an incident where a retainer of the Tosa clan was wounded and committed suicide, together with a retainer of the Aizu clan who also committed suicide with his own sword, which resulted from mis-information during an operation to arrest masterless samurai from the Choshu clan.
- 近年では、旧丹波国にも工業団地が造成され、畿内(大阪市)から丹後(舞鶴市)を経て北陸(敦賀市)を結ぶ舞鶴若狭自動車道が建設されるなど、南北格差の是正が図られている。
- In recent years, the disparity between the northen and southern areas has been corrected gradually, for examples, through the construction of industrial parks in the former Tanba Province area and that of Maizuru Wakasa Expressway, which connects the Hokuriku region (Tsuruga City) to the Kinai region (Osaka) via Tango (Maizuru City).
- 吉野山といえば吉野大峯ケーブル自動車吉野山駅付近の「下千本」と呼ばれる地域から南方向の吉野水分神社あたりの「上千本」呼ばれる地域一帯を指すのが一般的であるといえる。
- Mt. Yoshino usually refers to the entire region from the area called 'Shimosenbon' near the Yoshinoyama Station of Yoshino-oomine-ke-buru bus corporation to the area called 'Kamisenbon' surrounding the Yoshino Mikumari-jinja Shrine, which is located south of Shimosenbon.
- 二上山 (奈良県・大阪府)の火山活動により火山岩屑が沈積し、その後の隆起によって凝灰岩が露出し、1500万年間の風化・浸食を経て奇岩群となった標高約150mの岩山。
- Volcanic detritus had been accumulated by volcanic activities of Mt. Nijo (Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture) and later tuff appeared on the ground due to earth uplifting; since then the tuff has undergone weathering and erosion for 15 million years to become a crag at 150 meters in height having oddly-shaped rock outcrops.
- 当初は信長と協調関係にあったが、将軍権力の抑制を図る信長の一連の動き(永禄12年(1569年)1月に信長が出した殿中御掟等)により次第に信長と対立するようになった。
- At first, he was in a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, but gradually came into conflict with him because of Nabunaga's attempts to control the Shogun's power, such as Denchu on okite (regulations for the shogunal residence) issued by Nobunaga in 1569.
- 養和の北陸出兵(ようわのほくりくしゅっぺい)とは、養和元年(1181年)7月頃から活発化した北陸地方反乱勢力に対する平家の追討活動のことである(養和元年11月まで)。
- The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) was conducted by the Heike in order to track down and kill the rebelling powers in the Hokuriku region, and intensified around September 1181 (ending around December 1181 or January 1182 (November 1181 by the old lunar calendar)).
- 翌1926年1月15日には東京検事局の平田勲らが指揮をとり、記事報道を差し止めた上で各府県警察部特高課を動員して以後4ヶ月にわたって全国的な社研会員の検挙が行われた。
- In the next year, on January 15, 1926, Isao HIRATA and others of the Tokyo prosecutor's office assumed command, suppressed news reports, and further mobilized the Higher Police Division of each prefectural police to arrest Shaken members all over the country over the following four months.
- だが、尊攘派と長州藩の動きを嫌う天皇の意を受け、京都守護職の会津藩と薩摩藩が密かに手を結び、8月18日、三条実美ら尊攘派公家とを京都から追放した(八月十八日の政変)。
- However, the Emperor disliked the strong connection between the Sonno Joi group and the Choshu clan, he suggested a purge to Kyoto-shugoshoku Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Aizu clan), then the Aizu clan and the Satsuma clan privately joined hands and on August 18 (according to the old lunar calendar) expelled the Choshu clan and sympathetic court nobles to Sonno Joi including Sanetomi SANJO from Kyoto (the August 18 Coup).
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢(ちょうせんしゅっぺいにおけるごとうぜい)では、豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役における、肥前国五島藩(福江藩、現長崎県五島列島)の動きについて述べる。
- Here is the article 'The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea' about the activities of Goto Domain in Hizen Province (Fukue Domain, the present Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture) in the Bunroku and Keicho War led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 元弘の変が失敗に終わったあとも、幕府の追及を逃れた後醍醐の皇子護良親王、楠木正成らのゲリラ的抵抗運動は続き、規模的にも地域的にも次第に純然たる叛乱へと拡大していった。
- After the Genko Incident ended in failure, guerilla like resistance continued under Godaigo's son, Imperial Prince Moriyoshi and Masashige KUSUNOKI, and gradually the size and region increased until it was a true insurrection.
- この際、「左京区鹿ケ谷」として存続していた区域は「鹿ケ谷」を冠称する8町(大黒谷町、菖蒲谷町、栗木谷町、不動山町、若王子山町、善気山町、徳善谷町、多頂山町)となった。
- Simultaneously, the area which survived as 'Shishigatani, Sakyo Ward' was divided into eight towns prefixed by 'Shishigatani' (Shishigatani Daikokudani-cho, Shishigatani Shobudani-cho, Shishigatani Kurikidani-cho, Shishigatani Fudoyama-cho, Shishigatani Nyakuojiyama-cho, Shishigatani Zenkisan-cho, Shishigatani Tokuzendani-cho, Shishigatani Tachosan-cho).
- しかし、2006年にオーストラリアの投資銀行であるマッコーリー銀行の子会社である日本自動車道に譲渡し、近鉄および名阪近鉄バスは伊吹山ドライブウェイの運営から撤退した。
- However, in 2006, it was transferred to Japan Automobile Road Corporation, a subsidiary of Macquarie Bank, an Australian investment bank and Kintetsu Corporation and Meihan Kintetsu Bus Corporation withdrew from its management.
- 新選組(しんせんぐみ)は、江戸時代後期の幕末期に、主として京都において、反幕府勢力弾圧・警察活動に従事したのち、旧江戸幕府の一員として戊辰戦争を戦った軍事組織である。
- Shinsen-gumi was a military organization which, during the last days of the shogunate at the end of the Edo period, suppressed anti-shogunate forces and engaged in police activities, primarily in Kyoto, and fought for the Edo shogunate in the Boshin War.
- 現在に至る過去数十年間、中国での砂漠化の主な原因は、伐採、放牧、農耕、水利用の失敗などの人為的なものに加えて、自然な気候変動による乾燥化が重なったことだとされている。
- It is considered that the major factors contributing to desertification in the last several tens of years in China were the dry climate due to climate changes in addition to artificial factors, such as policy failures in cutting trees, pasturing, farming and water usage.
- 内大臣・源雅通は「武士を派遣すれば神輿が破壊される恐れがある」と難色を示し、武士を率いる重盛も後白河の3度に渡る出動命令を拒否して「明朝発向する」と返答する有様だった。
- Naidaijin (minister of the center) MINAMOTO no Masamichi showed unwillingness saying 'If samurai were sent, the mikoshi may be destroyed;' Shigemori who commanded the samurai also refused Goshirakawa's dispatch order three times saying 'I will dispatch them tomorrow morning.'
- 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動(京都労働学校など)への支援を積極的に行った。
- The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.
- この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
- This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- 宇喜多直家は当初は毛利氏の傘下として行動し、織田よりであった主君の浦上宗景を追放し下剋上を果たしていたが、織田氏と秀吉の力を知ると毛利氏を見限り秀吉に降参を申し入れた。
- At first, Naoie UKITA acted under the dominance of the Mori clan and climbed up the ranks after driving out Munekage URAGAMI, who was his lord but was more on Oda's side, but once he found out how powerful the Oda clan and Hideyoshi were, he gave up on the Mori clan and offered to surrender to Hideyoshi.
- が、治承・寿永の乱に嫡流であった多田行綱が源頼朝に疎まれ多田荘の所領を没収されると衰退し、以後一族の動向を伝える史料は断片的なものとなっている(多田源氏の項目も参照)。
- However, the lineage went into decline when Yukitsuna TADA, who belonged to the clan's lineage of the eldest son, was shunned and deprived of the real estate in Tada during the Jisho-Juei War by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter the historical materials making mention of what happened to the clan became fragmentary (see the article of 'Tada-Genji').
- しかし、弘安8年(1285年)に泰盛とその与党が平頼綱らのクーデタ(霜月騒動)により殺害・追放されて幕府の政策が転換すると、その影響が朝廷にも及び、亀山院政は動揺した。
- However, in 1285, Yasumori and his group members were killed and exiled in a coup d'etat by TAIRA no Yoritsuna (Shimotsuki Incident) leading to a change in direction of bakufu measures that affected the Imperial Court, stunning the Kameyama Cloistered Government.
- こういった誤解のため、日本の一揆が英訳されて海外に紹介されるに際しても、 riot, revolt といった暴動や反乱を意味する語として訳されるのが一般化してしまった。
- Because of the above-mentioned misinterpretation, the Japanese word 'ikki' has generally been introduced to the world through its English translation as 'riot' or 'revolt,' words suggesting violent behavior in a public place or an illegal, sometimes violent attempt to change the political system.
- 前者は荘園住民のうちの上級層にあたり、年貢納入の義務を負う代わりに作人・小百姓らを動員して荘園内の円滑な耕作を行い、更に有力者には荘官の職の体系に補任されることもあった。
- The former group belonged to the upper class which was in charge of the smooth operation of cultivation in shoen by recruiting sakunin and kobyakusho, and some of the influential figures in the group also became a shokan as a part of the managerial side of shoen.
- 1925年12月、京都府警察部特別高等警察課は、全市の警察署高等係を動員して京都帝大・同志社大学などの社研会員の自宅・下宿などを急襲、家宅捜索および学生33名を検束した。
- In December, 1925, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department mobilized the Higher Police Division of all the city police to attack and conduct domiciliary searches on the houses and lodgings of all the members of Shaken of Kyoto Imperial University and Doshisha University, and arrested 33 students.
- また、中央においては都(平安京)における価格安定や大宰府における対外貿易の統制(輸入品の多くは平安京で消費されたために、両者には連動性があった)の估価が必要とされていた。
- In addition, koka was required to stabilize the prices in the capital (Heian-kyo) and to control foreign trade in Dazai-fu (local government offices in Kyushu region) (because the imported goods were mostly consumed in Heian-kyo, prices there and foreign trade were closely related).
- そこに竹中重治が進み出て「その役目手前がつかまつる」として長浜城 (近江国)に向い、黒田長政を自分の領地である菩提山城に移動させ、そこで織田信長の命に逆らってかくまった。
- On that occasion, Shigeharu TAKENAKA stepped forward telling that he would do that job and went to Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province) and moved Nagamasa KURODA to Bodaisan-jo Castle in his territory and gave shelter to him there against Nobunaga ODA's order.
- 同年2月2日、以前から織田方に加勢していた根来衆に加えて雑賀三組(三緘)の協力も得られることになったため、信長は雑賀の残り二組、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷を攻略すべく大動員をかけた。
- On March 1 in the same year, since the Saiga three groups (Mikarami) came to cooperate with Nobunaga, added with the Negoro shu who had previously joined the Oda side, Nobunaga announced a large-scale mobilization in order to capture the remaining two Saiga groups, that is, Saigaso and Jikkago.
- 当時の流動的で争乱の続く状況の中で、幕府は、武士層だけでなく貴族・寺社層も存立基盤としており、貴族・寺社層の権利保全を図るため、武士による半済の抑制に努めることとなった。
- Under the fluid situation in the midst of the continuing disturbance, the feudal government treated the noble class and the temple/shrine class as well as the samurai class, and thus began controlling the abusive use of samurais' hanzei authority in order to protect the authority of the noble class and the temple/shrine class.
- また、鳥羽は地方から淀川を経由して京都に物資を運ぶ拠点であり、室町時代には問丸や車借の活躍が見られ(『庭訓往来』など)、江戸幕府の京都代官の史料にも活動の様子が見られる。
- In addition, Toba was a base to transport supplies from provinces to Kyoto through the Yodo-gawa River, where toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants) and shashaku (shipping agent using carts) were active in the Muromachi period (described in 'Teikin Orai' [Collection of letters used for family education] and so on), and historical documents of Kyoto daikan (the regional officer of Kyoto) of the Edo bakufu also wrote about Toba.
- ばさらに対して批判的な古典『太平記』には、源家足利氏筆頭執事の高師直や近江国(滋賀県)の佐々木道誉(高氏)や美濃国(岐阜県)の土岐頼遠などのばさら的な行動が記されている。
- The writer of the classic epic 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) was clearly critical about basara, and in it, the basara-like behaviors the people such as KO no Moronao, a head steward of the Genke Ashikaga clan, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) of Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), and Yorito TOKI of Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture), are described
- このような身分移動を根拠に、江戸時代にある種の「自由」を見る考え方もあるが、身分制は、枠組みとしては強固であり、ある程度の流動性を前提にした柔軟性の高いシステムなのである。
- Some people seem to think that there was a kind of 'freedom' in the Edo period based on this class mobility, however, the class system was a rigid framework that was also a highly flexible system which allowed for mobility.
- 優れた馬などは最前線にて用いられたために、小荷駄隊は足軽及び農村から徴発された人夫(陣夫)が駄馬や荷車に兵糧などを載せて引率するという機動性・戦闘力いずれも劣る部隊である。
- Since swift horses were used on the front lines, a Konidatai was a troop with inferior mobility and fighting capability that carried provisions on daba (packhorses) and carts by ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and laborers (servicemen) levied from farming villages.
- 鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)になると、僧侶による神道説に対する反動から、逆に、神こそが本地であり仏は仮の姿であるとする神本仏迹説を唱える伊勢神道や吉田神道が現れた。
- From the end of the Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Ise Shintoism and Yoshida Shintoism appeared; they advanced the Shinponbutsujaku setsu, insisting that their deity was honji while the Buddha was an incarnation, objecting to the Buddhist priests' Shintoism view.
- その一方で、超長期の政権安定、特に前半の百数十年は成長経済基調のもと、町人層が発展し、学問・文化・芸術・経済等様々な分野の活動が活発化し、現代にまで続く伝統を確立している。
- From one point of view, the ultra long-term stable government, especially for the first hundred and dozens of years, enjoyed economic growth, which brought about development of the merchant class, who played active roles in flourishing fields such as studies, culture, art, and business, and accomplished traditions unswerving even today.
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- この間、俗論党という佐幕派勢力によるクーデターも起き、藩論は一時佐幕に傾いた事もあるが、高杉晋作率いる奇兵隊によって俗論党政権は掃討され、再度藩論は倒幕に動くこととなった。
- In the meantime there occurred a coup d'etat by Zokuron-to, a pro-Bakufu power, and opinions within the clan temporarily shifted to pro-Bakufu; but Zokuron-to was defeated by Kihei-tai (奇兵隊) led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and the opinion of the clan again shifted toward the Tobaku movement.
- 1998年(平成10年)8月、「奈良街道町づくり研究会」を設立し「喜び多い街」、「何か懐かしい来たことのある街」、「また来たい街」(きたまち)をキャチフレーズに活動を行う。
- In August, 1998, 'Nara Kaido Machizukuri Kenkyukai' (Nara-kaido Road Community-Planning Society) was established, and its members have operated under the catchphrase of 'the town full of joy', 'the nostalgic town', and 'the town that people wish to come again' (Kitamachi).
- 彼らは、蓄積した富をもって、墾田開発・田地経営などの営田活動を進めたり、他の百姓への出挙を行ったりして、より一層、富を集積し、一般の零細な百姓層を隷属化して成長していった。
- With amassed wealth in hand, they further accumulated wealth by developing and managing additional land or subjected other petty farmers by lending rice seeds to them.
- MIHO MUSEUM(滋賀県甲賀市)蔵の『沙門地獄草紙』の「解身地獄」は動物を殺し、食した僧が墜ちる地獄で、僧が切り刻まれ、鬼に食われるという、延々と続く地獄を表している。
- The 'Geshin Jigoku' (Hell of Dissections) of 'Shamon Jigoku zoshi' (Stories of Hell for Buddhist Priests) possessed by MIHO MUSEUM (Koga City, Shiga Prefecture) describes endless hell; a monk who had killed and had eaten an animal went to the hell where the monk was killed and chopped and eaten by oni (ogre).
- これらの動きにより、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- As a result of such movements, jito that held the right of ryoke shiki (as an economical right as a lord of manor) and ryoke that held Jitoshiki appeared, with the conventional structure beginning to collapse and the role of ryoke shiki or jito shiki would greatly change.
- また京都画壇の竹内栖鳳らをはじめ多くの日本絵画の作家らがヨーロッパに留学し、やがてこうした動きから、諸派の絵画や西洋画の影響も取り入れた新しい民族美術として日本画が誕生した。
- And many Japanese-style painters, including Seiho TAKEUCHI (a member of the Kyoto painters' community), went to Europe to study, and after learning from various schools of Japanese-style paintings and from Western-style paintings, they renewed Japanese-style painting as a national art.
- しかし、高梨氏は仁科氏と同じく中原兼遠の婿になっていたので、この婚姻関係によって執るべき軍事行動が変化(男系親族井上氏に従わず、外戚中原氏へ加担)したということも考えられる。
- However, a member of the Takanashi clan (as well as one from the Nishina clan) was a son-in-law of Kaneto NAKAHARA, so that the relation by marriage may have made the Takanashi clan join the army of the Nakahara clan, a consort clan, instead of the Inoue clan, the paternal relative.
- 清盛は山門との衝突を回避し、反平氏の動きを見せていた院近臣の排除に成功したが、清盛と後白河の関係は取り返しのつかないものとなり治承三年の政変(1179年)へとつながっていく。
- Kiyomori was able to prevent a confrontation with the Sanmon and eliminate close aides of the cloistered government who were against the Taira clan, but the relationship between Kiyomori and Goshirakawa was irreversibly damaged and this led to the 'Jisho sannen no seihen' (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho, 1179).
- 観光大使として、松島には「松島キャンペーンレディ」、天橋立には「プリンセス天橋立」、宮島には「宮島観光親善大使」がおり、日本三景共同キャンペーンの際などに一緒に活動している。
- As kankotaishi (literally, ambassador for sightseeing), Matsushima has 'Matsushima campaign lady,' Amanohashidate has 'Princess of Amanohashidate' and Miyajima has 'Miyajima sightseeing and goodwill ambassador,' and they play an active role together on the occasion of joint campaign for Nihon Sankei and so on.
- しかし、年によって収入が大きく変動するリスクを負っていたことから、江戸中期ごろになると、豊作・不作にかかわらず一定の年貢率による定免法(じょうめん-)がとられるようになった。
- However, due to the risk whereby the revenue can vary greatly year by year, jomen-ho, which employed a fixed nengu rate regardless of the amount of the harvest, was employed during the mid-Edo period.
- また、衆徒・神人とよばれる俗人を多数配下において大人口を誇り、経済・学問・工芸活動などが盛んだった寺社周辺は、近年の日本歴史学で「境内都市」と呼ばれる一大メガロポリスであった。
- The temples had many laypeople called Shuto, Jinin who made up large megalopolises surrounding temples with high economical, learning and craft-making activity called 'Keidai toshi' (temple city) in recent Japanese history studies.
- 小荷駄の規模は遠征か防衛か、移動時・戦地における現地調達(収奪、買い上げ)の容易さ、動員兵力の規模、要員として動員される領民の状態など様々な要素を鑑みた結果、決定され編成される。
- The size of konida was decided and organized as a result of weighing various factors such as whether the battle was an expedition or a defense, ease of delivering the goods during transfer as well as at the battleground (either by confiscation or by purchase), size of the mobilized army, condition of the people of the domain mobilized as troop members.
- 律令制において租庸調として中央に貢進されていた米が平安時代に滞るようになると、官司の大粮に宛がうために本来は不動穀に充てられる筈であった田租を中央に貢進したのが最初とされている。
- It began when the rice tithed to the central government as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) went into arrears in the Heian period, and Denso that was kept as Fudokoku (emergency grain) was tithed to the central government for use in food supplies for government officials.
- 平安時代には武士の支配を法的に保証するのは荘園領主たる「領家」「本所」であり、開発領主たちはその所領を孜々として寄進し、名簿(みょうぼ)を奉って子弟を近侍させ、猟官活動を行った。
- During the Heian period, the lord of the manor called 'ryoke' or 'honjo' legally warranted samurai the control over the manor; on the other hand, the local notables who actually developed the land did office-seeking by assiduously contributing their territory, offering a certificate given to the leader with the retainer's name on it and had his sons be retainers.
- 一方、宿敵の徳川家康を臣従させて後顧の憂いを無くしていた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年(1587年)1月に九州征伐の大動員令を発し、畿内や中国・四国の諸大名による大軍を九州に送り出した。
- Meanwhile, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had brought his old enemy Ieyasu TOKUGAWA into subjection to ensure future security, decreed a large-scale mobilization order in February, 1587 for the Kyushu Conquest, and sent a large army of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Chugoku and Shikoku regions to Kyushu.
- ただし西洋式の絵画などを導入した動機の最大のものは建築や都市計画などの設計のためというもので、工部美術学校などがその舞台となり、芸術という概念は政府にもなじみの薄いものであった。
- The Japanese government introduced the Western-style paintings and other culture mainly because it wanted to learn architecture and city planning from the West, and the Technical Fine Arts School and others played a central role in learning, but the government itself was not familiar with the concept of geijutsu.
- 反頼之派は義満に対して頼之の排斥、討伐を要請し、近江で反頼之派に転じた佐々木高秀が挙兵すると、鎌倉公方の足利氏満が呼応して軍事行動を起こそうとし上杉憲春に諌死される事件も起こる。
- The anti-Yoriyuki faction asked Yoshimitsu for permission to expel and subjugate Yoriyuki, and when Takahide SASAKI, who had switched to the anti-Yoriyuki faction, raised an army at Omi, Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Shogun's representative at Kamakura, prepared to begin military action in response, it also happened that Noriharu UESUGI committed suicide to remonstrate with him about this course of action.
- 昭和天皇が関西地方巡幸の過程で京都市を訪れた1951年は、講和問題や賃上げ問題などをめぐって全般的に労働運動・学生運動が復活の動きを見せた年であり、京都でも労働運動が高揚していた。
- In 1951, the year when the Emperor Showa visited Kyoto City during his tour in the Kansai region, the labor movement as well as the student movement started to revive nationwide on the problems of the peace treaty and wage increases, and the labor movement was also vigorous in Kyoto.
- また、百姓身分の活動の場であった在地の村社会から人材を引き抜く形で近代的第二次産業、第三次産業が成立し、近代的生業との対比としての古来の生業の従事者が百姓であるとする観念も生じた。
- The modern secondary and tertiary industries were established by recruiting people from the local village societies, which were places of the hyakusho rank's activities, and a concept emerged that people who were engaged in conventional vocations in comparison with modern vocations were hyakusho.
- これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
- These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めには、上方にかわる文化的な中心地ともなり、経済活動や参勤交代を通じた江戸を中心とする人の往来は江戸から地方へ、地方から江戸へ盛んな文化の伝播をもたらした。
- From the end of the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, Edo surpassed Kamigata (This is a commonly used term referring to Kyoto and the Kansai region) as a cultural center, and the active traffic of people between Edo and the provinces due to economic activities and the sankinkotai (a system that required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year) facilitated the active transmission of culture between Edo and the provinces.
- 一方、城内では水攻めという奇想天外な戦法に動揺し、物資の補給路を断たれて兵糧米が少なくなったことと、小早川隆景、吉川元春ら毛利氏の援軍が来ないことも相まって兵の士気は低下していた。
- At the same time, as the unpredictable inundation tactics stirred the castle, the declining provisions of rice for the army by losing their supply lines, and the fact of not having support troops from the Mori clan including Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA combined to wear down the morale of the troops.
- また、上杉氏も謙信没後は養子の上杉景勝が継いだが、景勝は信長の敵ではなく、また御館の乱という御家騒動から勢力が減退したため、謙信死去により、信長の天下布武はさらに前進したといえる。
- After Kenshin's death, the Uesugi Clan was headed by his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who was no threat to Nobunaga, and their power declined due to family trouble called the Otate War, therefore it can be said that the death of Kenshin facilitated Nobunaga's Tenka-fubu (a slogan meaning that the samurai rules the whole world).
- 義視出奔の原因は、武衛騒動で追放されていた宿敵伊勢貞親が幕府に復権したことが一因とされるが、このころ義政や後見人の勝元が自らの廃嫡と義尚の将軍職就任に傾いたことが主な原因であろう。
- Yoshimi's escape is partly attributed to the reinstatement of his archenemy Sadachika ISE, who had been expelled as a consequence of Buei sodo, in the Bakufu, but the main reason seems to be that Yoshimasa and guardian Katsumoto had inclined by then to favor the disinheritance of Yoshimi and the appointment of Yoshihisa as Shogun.
- 具体的には、適切な植林、効率の良い薪などの燃料の確保、家畜の管理、土壌浸食の防止、灌漑、水資源の有効利用、エネルギーの再利用、適切な土地利用や農法への転換、砂の移動防止などがある。
- More specifically, these measures include planting trees more properly, securing fuel, such as more energy-efficient firewood, managing livestock, preventing soil erosion, irrigation, using resources more effectively, re-using energy, using land more properly or changing the farming method to more proper ones, and preventing sand from moving.
- 第二十七以降で解説されている占いのテーマには、「病の死生を占う法」や「産期を占う法」、「産まれる子の性別を占う法」、「晴れを占う法」といった日常生活や社会の動きに密着したものが多い。
- Many of the subjects explained in Chapter 27 and the subsequent chapters, such as 'The method to divine the life and death of the sick,' 'The method to divine the time of delivery,' 'The method to divine the distinction of sex of a baby to be delivered,' and 'The method to divine fine weather,' are closely related to daily lives or the movement of society.
- 幕府は名越高家と足利尊氏を総大将とする大軍を動員して近畿地方に増派し、叛乱の鎮圧をはかったが、高家は京都に着いてまもなく緒戦で戦死し、尊氏は後醍醐の呼びかけに応じて叛乱軍に参加した。
- The bakufu moved a large force lead by Takaie NAGOE and Takauji ASHIKAGA, adding more soldiers in the Kinki region to contain the insurrection, but Takaie died in battle shortly after arriving in Kyoto and Takauji answered Godaigo's call to join the insurrection force.
- が、前項で記されている長岡京での騒動が原因のひとつとして、再び遷都された理由により、新京では悪いことが起こらず「平安」(訓読みは「たいら」)であって欲しいという意味が込められている。
- However, since the turmoil of the Nagaoka-Kyo, previously mentioned, was one of reasons for relocation, they wished the name to have 'Heian' (Kun-yomi 'Taira') (peace and tranquility) to avoid the new capital having any bad luck.
- 市制施行40周年を迎えた1997年、市民から表記の混在を少なくしようという運動が起こったため、市は多くの公共機関に対して市名として用いる時の「五条」を「五條」と改めるよう要望を行った。
- In 1997, the 40th anniversary of the enforcement of the municipal organization, the city requested many public organizations to revise '五条' to '五條' when using it as a city name; this is because there was a campaign to reduce the misuse of the descriptions that occurred among the citizens.
- 西国大名を接待に動員することで大名の勢力削減をおこない、一方で幕府の権威を示し、かつ大坂・江戸間の行列を圧縮することにより幕府の経費を節減できるという一石三鳥の効果を狙ったものである。
- This plan was aimed at producing the following three effects at the same time: Reducing the power of the lords in the west part of Japan through mobilizing them to attend to Tsushinshi, exhibiting the prestige of the bakufu, and reducing the cost burdened by the bakufu through canceling the procession between Osaka and Edo.
- 貧困層は偽籍・逃亡によって租税負担から逃れ、富豪層は墾田活動を通じて得分収取しうる田地を獲得し、逃亡したり私出挙によって負債を負わせた貧困百姓らを保護民、隷属民として囲い込んでいった。
- While peasants in poverty evaded tax by false registration or escape, wealthy peasants acquired additional farmland through reclamation, which they were allowed to own privately, and made poor peasants, especially those who escaped or were debt-burned due to private suiko, their subordinate people.
- また国衙の側も経営の不安定な小規模経営の多数の百姓から収取するより、多くの動産資本と隷属民を蓄積し、安定した経営が見込める大規模経営者たる少数の田堵から収取することに効率性を見出した。
- In addition, the kokuga side found it more efficient to collect the tax through a small number of tato farmers, who owned a great amount of movable assets as well as many subordinate people and managed a large-sized farm which was expected to bring stable management, than to collect the tax from many peasants who only had small-sized unstable farm management.
- 薩摩藩では、島津斉彬が死んだ後、後を継いだ藩主島津忠義の父である島津久光が長州藩を牽制すべく公武合体運動を展開し、藩内の攘夷派を粛清(寺田屋事件)し、幕府に改革を要求した(文久の改革)。
- In Satsuma Domain after the death of Nariakira SHIMAZU, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, a father of the feudal lord Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, advocated the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate and purged the exclusionist party against foreigners (the Teradaya Incident), while requested the shogunate government to carry out reforms (Bunkyu Reforms).
- 織田方が川を渡ろうとすると人馬が足を取られて前進できず、また川を越えた者も湿地帯で動きが鈍っている所に、頭上から25人ずつが二列横隊を組んで間断なく鉄砲で狙い撃ち、さらに弓隊が射立てた。
- While some of the Oda army could not move in the river and others who crossed the river could not progress quickly in the marsh, two rows of 25 soldiers each shot them with guns without interruption and furthermore, other units shot them with bows.
- 11世紀になるとこの流れに、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税(一国平均役)の動きが加わり、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領を個々の収取単位とする体制(荘園公領制)が成立した。
- Entering the eleventh century, in addition to this trend, the trend of levying tax evenly on shoen (manors) and Kokugaryo (the territory governed by a provincial government office) (called Ikkoku heikinyaku) was also generated, and the system in which tax was collected from shoen and Kokugaryo, which had been reorganized into Gun, Sato (an area within Gun) and Ho (an area within Sato), (called shoen koryo sei) was established.
- もともとは、因果や道理に違背・違逆して、人間の倫理に反する言動や行為により仏道に違背することであるが、後に仏法を誹謗したことが逆に縁となって、仏法に帰依するような場合も指すようになった。
- The gyaku-en originally meant the act of opposing Buddhism by defying fate and order as well as by making unethical remarks and committing unethical acts; subsequently, however, the word also began to indicate cases where criticizing Buddhism triggered inversely one to become a monk.
- これには諸説あり、小山田信茂は武田家と主従関係でなく盟友関係にあり、郡内領を有する一大名という考え方から、戦禍を恐れる領民の反対などを受け、領地を守るためにとった行動であるという説がある。
- There are different explanations for this attack, one of which is that Nobushige OYAMADA was not a vassal of the Takeda family but its ally and that as the lord of an independent territory, he was obliged to protect his territory and its residents from war damage.
- かねてより厚く仏教を信仰していた聖武天皇は鎮護国家の思想により、社会の動揺をしずめようと考え、741年(天平13年)に国分寺建立の詔、743年(天平15年)には盧舎那大仏造立の詔を発した。
- The Emperor Shomu, who was a deep believer in Buddhism, wanted to settle social unease based on the ideology of Chingokokka (keeping the nation tranquil by the reciting of Buddhist prayers and other Buddhist ceremonies) and issued in 741 an Imperial edict establishing Kokubunji (state-supported provincial temples) and, in 743, an Imperial edict for construction of Rushana daibutsu (a large statue of Buddha).
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- これは逆にばねの力で火縄を装着した火挟みを常に上がった状態にもどす反発力がかかっており、引金を引くと引いた速度に連動してゆっくりと火挟みが火皿に降り、火縄の火が火皿の火薬に触れて撃発する。
- A serpentine holding match is kept at a lifted position by means of a spring, and the serpentine is slowly brought to the flashpan as the trigger is pulled, and the fire on the match contacts with the priming powder in the pan to make an explosion.
- 結果、容堂は幕末の四賢侯の一人に挙げられていながらも、討幕運動が盛んになり続けても逆に幕府を擁護したため幕末及び明治初期の政局に混乱をきたす事となり、彼の評価は芳しい物ではなくなっていく。
- As a result, although Yodo's name is listed among the Bakumatsu-no-shikenko (幕末の四賢候), he continued to defend Bakufu even when the Tobaku movement became active; this brought about confusion in political conditions at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period, and his reputation declined.
- 後醍醐は予定を早めて武装蜂起(元弘の変)に踏み切ったが、幕府は関係者の逮捕に着手するとともに、大軍を動員して鎮圧に乗り出し、後醍醐も逮捕されることを避けて京都を脱出し自ら叛乱軍に加わった。
- Although Godaigo decided to lead a military uprising earlier than planned (Genko Incident), the bakufu started to arrest related people and moved large forces to suppress the revolt, so Godaigo eluded arrest by escaping Kyoto and joined his rebel army.
- 国人領主制(こくじんりょうしゅせい)とは、中世後期の日本(南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
- Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 実家の佐竹氏に戻った義広は名を「蘆名盛重」と改めて、常陸江戸崎城主となる(江戸崎藩)が、関ヶ原の戦いの際には、旗幟を鮮明にしなかった実兄・佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)と行動を共にしたために改易した。
- Yoshihiro returned to his parents' family, renamed himself Morishige ASHINA and became the lord of Edosaki-jo Castle (in the Edosaki Domain), but he was deprived of his territory because he acted in concert with his elder brother, Yoshinobu SATAKE (also known as Ukyo Daibu), without taking a clear stand during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- この頃、朝鮮半島や中国の沿岸などで倭寇(前期倭寇と呼ばれる)と呼ばれる海上集団が活動し始めており、懐良親王は倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「日本国王」としての権威で勢力を強める。
- Around this time, maritime groups of pirates called Wako (meaning Japanese pirates) began to raid the coasts of the Korean peninsula and China (these are labeled the 'early period Wako' to distinguish them from later pirate groups of the same name), and a request, called a Sakuho, from the Ming court that the pirates be brought under control was sent to Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, addressed to the 'King of Japan'; Kaneyoshi thereby received a boost to his authority.
- 後南朝(ごなんちょう)とは、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)の南北朝合一後、南朝 (日本)の再建を図った南朝の皇統の子孫や遺臣による南朝復興運動とそれによって樹立された政権、皇室の総称である。
- Gonancho (Second Southern Court) is a general term that refers to descendants of the Southern dynasty (Japan) lineage and their former retainers and their attempts to revive the Southern Court after the two Courts were unified in 1392, and to the political administrations and the members of the Imperial household who were involved.
- また、江戸時代末期から明治時代初頭にかけて、1町が「東・西」「上・下」に分割されたり、町組に属していなかった周辺部の町が編入されるなどして町数に変動があり、明治時代初期には267町が存在した。
- From the end of Edo period to the early Meiji period, some towns were divided into 'east and west' or 'upper and lower' and some neighboring towns not belonging to any Machigumi were integrated into Fushimi, and there existed 267 towns in the early Meiji period.
- 寺子屋を世界中に普及させようとしている運動が、国際連合教育科学文化機関が提唱している世界識字教育運動の1つであるユネスコ世界寺子屋運動(World Terakoya Movement)である。
- A movement to establish Terakoya throughout the world as part of improving literacy in the world is the World Terakoya Movement by UNESCO.
- こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
- Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.
- 天皇の居所に落雷したということも衝撃的であったが、死亡した藤原清貫がかつて大宰府に左遷された菅原道真の動向監視を藤原時平に命じられていたこともあり、清貫は道真の怨霊に殺されたという噂が広まった。
- From the shocking fact that the thunderbolt struck the Emperor's residence, and the fact that the dead SUGAWARA no Kiyotsura had once spied on SUGAWARA no Michizane's movements under orders of FUJIWARA no Tokihira when Michizane was exiled to Dazaifu, a rumor spread that Kiyotsura was killed by the vengeful spirit of Michizane.
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 義詮は諸守護を動員し、美濃の土岐氏、四国の細川氏、播磨の赤松氏、近江の佐々木氏らの勢力を集め、直義派であった山名氏や斯波氏らの協力も得て、3月に京都を奪還、尊氏も新田勢を追い鎌倉を奪還している。
- Yoshiakira used the various shugo and gathered forces such as the Toki clan in Mino, Hosokawa clan in Shikoku, Akamatsu clan in Harima, Sasaki clan in Omi and with the cooperation of the Tadayoshi group Yamana clan and Shiba clan, they regained Kyoto in March and Takauji chased away the Nitta forces to regain Kamakura.
- 安本美典は、卑弥呼がアマテラスだとすれば、邪馬台国は天(『日本書紀』)または高天原(『古事記』)ということになり、九州にあった邪馬台国が後に畿内へ移動して大和朝廷になったとする(邪馬台国東遷説)。
- Yasumoto states that if Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu, the Yamatai Kingdom would be Ten (according to the Nihonshoki) or Takamanohara (according to the Kojiki), which would mean that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in Kyushu, then moved to the Kinai region, where it became the Yamato Imperial Court (this is the theory of the Yamatai Kingdom being relocated to the East).
- 後に昭和に入ってから軍部が大きくこれを利用し、陸海軍は天皇から直接統帥を受けるのであって政府の指示に従う必要はないとして、満州事変などにおいて政府の決定を無視した行動を取るなどその勢力を誇示した。
- Later during the Showa period, the military insisted that they needed to follow only a direct order from the emperor, and did not have to follow the government because they had the supreme command, and took advantage of the supreme command to act ignoring the government to show its influence such as raising the Manchurian Incident.
- この平定戦での動員兵力5万のうち戦死者は日本軍164人であるが、マラリア等による病死者は近衛師団長北白川宮能久親王はじめ4642人にのぼり、中国側兵士、住民およそ1万4千人の死者を出して終了した。
- This war to conquer Taiwa ended leaving 164Japanese war deaths and 4,642 deaths, including Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, caused by diseases like malaria, out of 50,000 solders in motion, while about 14,000 Chinese solders and local people died.
- 円融も独自の皇統を創始する意欲を強く持っており、また、最初に皇后とした媓子の死後、皇子懐仁を産んだ詮子をさしおいて、皇子のいない遵子を皇后に立てるなど、貴族たちを手玉に取るような行動にも出ている。
- Enyu also wanted to establish his own imperial line and after the death of the first Empress Koshi, skipping Senshi who was the mother of the prince Yasuhito, he made the childless Junshi Empress and acted as if he was leading the aristocrats around.
- 戦役以後、総じて朝鮮人の間では日本に対する敵意が生まれ、平和な貿易関係を望む対馬の宗氏も朝鮮王朝に強く警戒され、日本使節の上京は禁じられ、貿易に訪れた日本人も釜山に設けられた倭館に行動を制限された。
- After the war in general, among Korean people, hostility against Japan was generated and the So clan which wished a peaceful trade relationship took strong precautions, the visit of a Japanese diplomat to the capital was prohibited and Japanese people visited for the purpose of trading were also restricted in their activities and were forced to stay in Wakan (consular office) established in Busan.
- これは天文道及び天文密奏が次第に実際の星の動きを見て占うという中国由来の上天思想的な解釈から日本独自に発達していった占いの技法である陰陽道的な解釈へと変化していく状況を示した事例であると考えられてる。
- That was considered to be an example of a transition of tenmondo and tenmon misso from the prediction originated from China, which was made according to the actual movement of stars based on 上天思想, to the divination based on Onmyodo, which was a divination technique originally developed in Japan.
- 当時の神呪寺は現在より広範囲に寺院があったと思われ、池田市、豊中市、尼崎市まで眺望がきき、『郷土の城ものがたり』によると神呪寺城、鷲林寺城は烽火城で織田信長軍の動きを烽火で知らしていたとも記している。
- It is considered that Kanno-ji Temple at that time had many sacred buildings in the area wider than today and had a good view of Ikeda City, Toyonaka City and Amagasaki City and, according to 'Kyodo no Shiro Monogatari' (literally, story of castles in home town), it is recorded that Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle were castles for signal fire and used to inform movements of troops of Nobunaga ODA with signal fire.
- 上喜撰を飲んで「たった四杯で夜も眠れなくなる」ことと、異国の蒸気船が来航して「たった四杯(隻)で国中が蜂の巣をつついたような騒ぎとなり夜も眠れないでいる」こととをかけて世の騒動を揶揄している訳である。
- This Tanka was cynical about the confusion by a double meaning of 'four cups of Jokisen tea kept us awake all night' and 'four Jokisen (steamboats) created chaos in the whole country which kept us from sleeping all night'.
- その後の多田荘は、多田源氏の庶流や累代の家人たちによって構成される多田院御家人によって在地支配がなされ、多田源氏直系の子孫は多田氏や能勢氏などとなったとされるが、その詳しい動向は明確でなくなっている。
- After that, Tada Manor was ruled directly by the Tada-In gokenin, a group consisting of collateral branches of the Tada-Genji or retainers that had served the Tada-Genji for generations, while direct descendants of the Tada-Genji apparently broke away to form new clans such as the Tada clan and Nose clan; however, further details concerning these developments are no longer known.
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- 一会桑政権(いちかいそうせいけん)は、幕末の政治動向の中心地京都において、禁裏御守衛総督兼摂海防禦指揮・一橋慶喜、京都守護職・松平容保(会津藩)、京都所司代・松平定敬(桑名藩)三者により構成された体制。
- The Ichikaiso Government was a politically prominent group in Kyoto, the center of politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate; it was formed of Kinri-goshuei-sotoku (Governor-general of the inner palace's guard) Sekkai-bogyo-shiki (Commander of the coastal defense of Osaka-wan Bay) Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto) Katamori MATSUDAIRA from the Aizu clan, and Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA from the Kuwana clan.
- 東山道を進み信州にいた土佐藩士板垣退助・薩摩藩士伊地知正治が率いる新政府の東山道軍は、この動きを封じるために板垣退助が指揮する東山道軍の別働隊を甲州へ向かわせ、旧幕府軍よりも早く甲府城に到着し接収した。
- Advancing along the Tosando to Shinshu, the Tosando-gun army led by Taisuke ITAGAKI (a retainer of the Tosa Domain) and Masaharu IJICHI (a retainer of the Satsuma Domain) sent a detachment led by Taisuke ITAGAKI to Koshu to contain the movement of the former Shogunate forces; the detachment arrived earlier than the Koyo-Chinbutai infantry and seized Koshu Castle.
- 1177年の鹿ケ谷の陰謀を嚆矢として、反平氏の動きが活発化し、1180年、後白河天皇の皇子以仁王が平氏追討の兵を挙げ、すぐ討ち取られたものの、これを契機に全国的に反平氏を標榜する勢力が立ち上がっていった。
- The anti-Taira clan movement became active as a result of the Shishigatani plot in 1177 and in 1180, Mochihitoo, the prince of Emperor Goshirakawa, raised an army to hunt down and destroy the Taira clan but, although he was soon defeated, this led to the rising up of forces throughout the nation who advocate opposition against the Taira clan.
- また、この直後に裏松固禅によって『大内裏図考證』が完成され、その研究に基づいて、古式に則った御所が再建されることになるが、同時に朝廷の動向が世間の注目を集めるようになり、尊号一件などの紛争の遠因となった。
- 'Daidairizukosho' (a historical investigation imperial palace images) was completed by Kozen URAMATSU soon after the incident and it was intended to rebuild the Imperial Palace according to its original appearance based on the study of this document but the drawing of public activity to the activity of the Imperial Court at this time became the underlying cause of disputes such as the Songo Incident.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)には、多田頼貞、多田貞綱、多田義基などが南朝 (日本)方の武将として活動しているが、その明確な系譜は未詳である(『尊卑分脈』には多田頼盛の三男能瀬高頼の後裔に頼貞、貞綱の名が見える)。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, some warlords called Tada, such as Yorisada TADA, Sadatsuna TADA and Yoshimoto TADA, fought on the side of the Southern Court, but the details of their family is unlear; incidentally, in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' there is the depiction that Takayori NOSE (the third son of Yorimori TADA) had Yorisada and Sadatsuna as his descendants.
- 理由は頼茂が将軍に就こうと図ったためとされているが、幕府の問題のために後鳥羽上皇が朝廷の兵力を動かすのは不自然であり、頼茂が後鳥羽上皇による鎌倉調伏の加持祈祷を行っていた動きを知ったためと考えられている。
- The reason given was that Yorishige had been plotting to usurp the position of Shogun himself, but given the poor relations with the shogunate, for the retired Emperor Gotoba to send the court's military forces into action for such a reason would have been unnatural, and so it is thought that Gotoba struck because Yorishige had learned Gotoba had been carrying out incantations and prayers to curse Kamakura.
- 頼朝は、海路で安房国へ移動して相模三浦半島の豪族である三浦氏と合流した後、安房の在庁官人をはじめ房総半島の上総広常、千葉常胤、武蔵の足立遠元、畠山重忠らの諸豪族を傘下に加えながら急速に大勢力となっていく。
- Yoritomo took a sea route to Awa Province to join up with the powerful family within the Sagami Miura peninsula, the Miura clan, and gathered various families such as the local officials of Awa Province, Hirotsune KAZUSA and Tsunetane CHIBA of the Boso peninsula, Tomoto ADACHI and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA of Musashi, rapidly becoming a major force.
- 幕末期の動乱の中、尊皇攘夷派の一党、天誅組が決起(文久3年〈1863年〉)し、宮廷と関係の深い十津川の郷士らも呼応して五條市に結集するが、情勢の急変により郷士たちは離脱・帰村、天誅組も東吉野村で壊滅する。
- In the disturbances at the end of the Edo period, Tenchu-gumi (royalist party to inflict punishment), a party of Sonno Joi-ha (supporters of the doctrine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians), rose to action in 1863, assembled in Gojo City, together with goshi (country samurai) of Totsukawa River who were associated with the Imperial Court, however goshi withdrew and returned to their home due to the sudden change of the situation, and Tenchu-gumi collapsed in Higashiyoshino Village.
- 発展する経済活動と土地資本体制の行政官である武士を過剰に抱える各政府(各藩)との構造的な軋轢を内包しつつも、「泰平の世」を謳歌していた江戸時代も19世紀を迎えると、急速に制度疲労による硬直化が目立ち始める。
- The Edo period enjoyed a 'peaceful world,' although there was structural conflict between developing economic activities in a city and the land capital system in the domain economy which held an excessive number of samurai, executive officers of the land capital structure, but early in the 19th century the structual fatigue became apparent rapidly as organizational inflexibility.
- この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)・京都所司代松平定敬(桑名藩主)兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる(一会桑政権)。
- After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).
- 翌77年(天授3年/永和 (日本)3年)には義将の所領内の騒動が頼之の領地であった太田荘(現富山県富山市)に飛び火すると、頼之と斯波派、土岐、山名氏らの抗争は表面化し、頼之派から斯波派に転じる守護も現れた。
- The following year, in 1377, when riotous strife within Yoshimasa's territory spread like wildfire to Ota estate (modern-day Toyama City in Toyama Pref.), part of Yoriyuki's territory, the antagonistic dispute between Yoriyuki and the Shiba faction, Toki, the Yamana clan, and others flared out into the open, and some shugo switched from the Yoriyuki faction to the Shiba faction.
- 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す(領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない)。
- Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する)の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
- Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
- 途中、宇喜多氏のかつての居城であった亀山城(別名:沼城、ぬまじょう)(現:岡山市東区 (岡山市))で宇喜多氏の動向を探り、宇喜多氏が織田軍に味方することを確認、宇喜多勢1万を加えて総勢3万の軍勢で備中へ入る。
- On the way, he watched for the movement of the Ukita clan in Kameyama-jo Castle, also known as Numa-jo Castle, now Higashi Ward, Okayama City, where the Ukita clan had once resided, making sure that the Ukita clan would take sides with the Oda forces, and entered into Bitchu with 30,000-strong troops, with the addition of Ukita's 10,000 soldiers.
- ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
- However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
- 日本書紀の記述から、5世紀後半には吉備や播磨、伊勢などの首長がヤマト王権へ対抗するなどの動きがあったと推測されており、そうした中で登場したワカタケル王は強化した軍事力をもとに各地の首長への支配力を強めていった。
- From descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki', it is believed that the chiefs of Kibi, Harima, and Ise rebelled against the Yamato Kingdom sometime around the latter half of the fifth century and it was during this period that King Wakatakeru appeared and strengthened the political power of the Yamato Kingdom over the regional chiefs with its increased military strength.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- 冬の間、本州付近を支配していた大陸高気圧の張り出しや、移動性高気圧の通り道が北に偏り、一方で、その北方高気圧の張り出しの南縁辺に沿って、冷湿な北東気流が吹いたり、本州南岸沿いに前線が停滞し易くなるために生ずる。
- This phenomenon occurs because of the fact that a front tends to become stationary along the southern shore of Honshu as expansion of continental anticyclone which was dominant during winter in the vicinity of Honshu or the path of the migratory anticyclone leans to the north, and on the other hand, cold and wet northeast airstream flows along southern edge of the expansion of anticyclone from the north.
- しかし、こうした守護の動向は、荘園領主の利害と真正面から対立したため、荘園領主の中には朝廷や幕府へ働きかけて守護不入権(守護またはその使節が荘園内に立ち入ることを禁ずる権利)を獲得し、守護と対抗する者も現れた。
- However, as these pushes made by shugo caused severe friction with the interests of the landholders of shoen, some landholders attained the right of shugo-funyu (privilege of forbidding shugo or its agent from entering the shoen) by appealing to the Imperial Court and bakufu, confronting the shugo.
- このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説(王朝交替説)、などが提出されている。
- Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).
- 大名行列は本来、戦時の行軍に準じた臨戦的・軍事的な移動形態(帯刀する刀の長さも通常の長さより大きなものでもよいなど)であったが、江戸時代の太平が続くと次第に大名の権威と格式を誇示するための政治的なものに変容した。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu initially referred to a form of military traffic preparing for battles which was based on a march in war time (for example, longer swords than ordinary one were allowed to carry), but as peace in Edo lasted long, it gradually changed to a political thing to show off their authority and social status.
- しかし、上空に寒気が流入したり、クラウドクラスターと呼ばれる積乱雲の親雲が中国大陸付近から東進してくると、梅雨前線付近で大量の水蒸気が凝結して雲を作り、対流活動が活発化して、しばしば積乱雲を伴った強い雨雲となる。
- If cold air flows into the sky, or parent cloud for cumulonimbus called cloud cluster advances toward the east from the vicinity of Mainland China, however, a large amount of moisture is condensed to form cloud in the vicinity of the baiu front which cloud becomes strong rain cloud often accompanied by cumulonimbus.
- 尚、この上田合戦に連動して天正13年(1585年)9月から天正14年(1586年)5月まで間、沼田城にも北条氏が数回に渡って攻撃を仕掛けていたが、昌幸の叔父にあたる城代矢沢頼綱(矢沢頼康の父)が撃退に成功している。
- From October 1585 to June 1586, in conjunction with the Battle of Ueda, the Hojo clan attacked Numata-jo Castle several times, but Masayuki's uncle Jodai (the keeper of castle) Yoritsuna YAZAWA (father of Yoriyasu YAZAWA) succeeded to fight them off.
- これは足利義詮政権の下で、貞治2年(1363年)に大内弘世・山名時氏ら有力守護が南朝から北朝(幕府)へ帰順するなど、この時期には北朝の優位がほぼ確定し、全国的にも南北朝の動乱期が収まりつつあることを示すものであった。
- The above showed the fact that after influential shugodaimyo like Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA submitted themselves to Northern Court (bakufu) in 1363 when Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA was shogun, the superiority of the Northern Court became apparent and unquiet days of Northern and Southern Courts was ending nationwide.
- その筆致は同書に依拠して書かれた『永享記』(『結城戦場記』)と比べると足利持氏を擁護する傾向にあるが、永享の乱の根本的原因は『永享記』と同じく持氏側に求め、乱に至らしめた持氏の行動を「天魔の所行」と強く非難している。
- The writing is sympathetic to Mochiuji ASHIKAGA compared with the 'Eikyo ki' (Yuji Battle Record), written based on the Kamakura Mochiuji ki, but like the Eikyo ki, it finds Mochiuji guilty of causing the Eikyo Rebellion and strongly criticizes Mochiuji's actions that led to the Rebellion as 'the acts of a devil'.
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- 彼らは、元々は武士では無かったかもしれないが、印東庄司を兼ねる上総介平常澄から動員が掛かれば、鎧を着、弓箭・兵仗を帯びて、何人か十何人かの郎党とともに騎馬武者として駆けつける立場の者も相当含まれていたと思われている。
- They may not have been bushi but many were in a position to rush in while wearing armor, holding bows, and staffed as cavalry busha leading dozens of retainers when mobilized by TAIRA no Tsunezumi, who was Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province) that also served as Into no Shoji (administrator of a manor of Into no sho).
- s気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約の京都議定書3で定められており、土地利用・土地利用変化及び林業部門 (LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) 活動とも呼ばれる。
- In Kyoto Protocol of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is called Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF).
- 道兼の行動はもちろん父兼家と示し合わせてのものであり、花山が元慶寺へ向かう道筋は兼家が派遣した武士たちにより警備されており、道兼が花山とともに出家させられそうになったときは武士たちが実力で救出する手はずになっていた。
- Michikane's activity was obviously planned together with his father Kaneie, and the path to Gankei-ji Temple was guarded by bushi sent by Kaneie, and if Michikane was about to be made a priest with Kazan, the bushi were supposed to rescue him by force.
- 皇女正子内親王を大伴に嫁がせたこともそうであるが、その最大のものは、弘仁14年(824年)に大伴に譲位するに際して、もともと天皇が譲位とともに自動的にその地位につくものとされていた太上天皇の地位を辞退したことである。
- One sign was to wed his princess, Imperial Princess Masako to Otomo, but the most significant was when he abdicated the throne to Otomo in 824, he declined the position of Retired Emperor even if it was a position automatically assumed to be taken up by the abdicating emperor.
- 年料別納租穀(ねんりょうべつのうそこく)とは、平安時代に令制国の正倉に納められた租を不動穀とは別に稲穀の形態で現地で保管して、中央において財政が不足した折に太政官符に基づいて位禄・季禄・衣服料として京官に支給したもの。
- Nenryo betsuno sokoku was rice kept as seed at the local level, separate from that of So collected in the Shoso (warehouse) of Ritsuryo provinces as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency), and was given to kyokan (an official of the Capital) as Iroku, Kiroku and Ifukuryo based on the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) when the central government did not have sufficient funds.
- 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書による温室効果ガス排出量管理に必要な各種排出量および森林吸収量の変化を推計するための基礎的数値については、各国が集計し報告することとなっている(京都議定書 5条・7条、情報の報告義務)。
- Each country has to collect and report basic figures to estimate the fluctuation of the amounts of various emissions and of forest absorption, which are necessary for the management of emission amount of greenhouse gases by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol (Articles 3 and 7 of Kyoto Protocol, obligation of information report).
- 亀山は失意のうちに正応2年に出家(41歳)し、翌正応3年に霜月騒動で所領を失った武士浅原為頼らが内裏に乱入し伏見を殺害しようとする事件が起きると関与を疑われ、起請文を幕府に提出して身の潔白を主張しなければならなかった。
- Kameyama was disappointed and became a priest in 1289 (aged 41), and was accused of being involved in an incident where bushi Tameyori ASAHARA and others who lost their territory during the Shimotsuki Incident, invaded the Imperial Palace and tried to assassinate Fushimi, and had to submit an appeal to the bakufu to clear his name in 1290.
- また前述の荷前山陵のような大きな変動の余地のある項目がそのままにされていることから、延喜年間に細かい語句の修正が行われた可能性があるものの、現存の『儀式』の原本は貞観年間に編纂された儀式(書)であるとするのが通説である。
- Also, there is a possibility that the petty revision of words was made during the Engi era since changeable items such as Nosaki sanryo mentioned above remain unchanged, but it is commonly believed that the original of the existing 'Gishiki' is the Gishiki (book) that was compiled during the Jogan era.
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- 所務とは、元来、務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味する言葉だったが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理職務に付随する権利・義務を表すようになり、鎌倉時代頃には転じて所領等の不動産管理を意味した。
- Originally, the word 'shomu' meant jobs and duties, as suggested by the characters which mean 'work that is related to the place'; however, with the development of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) during the Heian period, the word came to express the concept for the rights and obligations pertaining to the managerial work in shoen (manors) and koryo (the imperial teritories), and further during the Kamakura period, the word was extended to mean the property management of domains such as shoryo.
- 大内軍は間者を用いて大友軍の動きを調べ、動向を手の内にしたり、虚報を流して大友軍を翻弄したうえ、宇佐郡地頭の佐田氏の主、佐田朝泰の進言を容れ、佐田越えののち4月6日早朝、勢場ヶ原に抜け、大村山に籠もる大友軍の奇襲を図った。
- The Ouchi camp spied out the Otomo camp and embarrassed them, confused the Otomo camp by sending false reports to them -- Then, by taking the advice of Tomoyasu SADA, jito (Steward) in Usa-gun County and the head of the Sada clan, the Ouchi clan went over Sada, and in the early morning on May 28, 1534, went through to the Seiba ga haru field and made a surprise attack on the Otomo camp hidden in Mt. Omure.
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士(武士)が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
- Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.
- 多田庄は満仲の嫡子であった源頼光が継承し、頼光の長子源頼国を経て、その五男源頼綱に継承されたと一般的に考えられてきたが、頼光と頼国は専ら中級の貴族として都で活動しており多田との関係を示す史料は現在のところ確認されていない。
- Although Tada Manors were generally supposed to be inherited by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu who was an heir of Mitsunaka, by Yorimitsu's first child, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, and then by Yorimitsu's fifth son, Minamoto no Yoritsuna, Yorimitsu and Yorikuni were active in the capital as middle class aristocrats while there are no historical materials which connect them with Tada Manors.
- その後も義昭は征夷大将軍職を解任されていない事を盾に各地で幕府再建運動を行うが、信長、そして豊臣秀吉による新秩序形成の勢いを前には全くの無力であり、義昭の京都追放の時点をもって室町幕府および室町時代の終期と看做されている。
- Thereafter, using the fact that Yoshiaki had never officially been dismissed from the post of Seii taishogun as a pretext, movements did arise in various provinces to restore the bakufu to power, but against the momentum of the new governmental structure created by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, such efforts were entirely fruitless, and so the Muromachi bakufu--and the Muromachi period itself--is considered to have ended at the point Yoshiaki was driven from Kyoto.
- 「徳政(とくせい)」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行(儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障)、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
- Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.
- こうした動きは、国が過去の失政の責任を認めたくないから、いつまでも研究をやめないのだと揶揄もされている(しかし、大気汚染がさまざまな健康被害をもたらすことは確実である。近年の新たな知見にもとづいた新手法の調査が望まれよう)。
- The administration is also ridiculed for not terminating research due to an unwillingness to acknowledge responsibility for past misgovernment (although it is certain that air pollution does pose various health problems. A new procedure based on the knowledge of recent years is required).
- 当初は田令の規定通り田租の一部が貢進されたが、田租を不動穀として備蓄する制度が始まると、国司による出納が許されていた動用倉正税の中から出挙が行われ、それによって得られた利息の一部を田租に替わって年料舂米にあてるようになった。
- Initially, part of Denso was donated as determined by the Denryo, but after the system for storing Denso as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency) started, Suiko (government loans, often seed rice) was taken from the Doyoso Shozei (movable resource) that was allowed to be taken out by the Kunishi, part of the interest earned from this was used instead of Denso to pay for Nenryoshomai.
- 1904年2月23日、開戦前に「局外中立宣言」をした大韓帝国における軍事行動を可能にするために日韓議定書を締結し、開戦後8月には第一次日韓協約を締結、大韓帝国の財政、外交に顧問を置き条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
- On February 23rd, 1904, Japan concluded the Japan-Korean Protocol enabling Japan to take military action in the Korea in spite of the fact that the Korean Empire had announced a 'Declaration of neutrality' prior to the outbreak of the war; This made the way for the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty in August 1904 in which Japan assigned advisers to Korean financial and foreign affairs departments to ensure that they consulted the Japanese government prior to concluding treaties with foreign powers.
- 更に応永7年(1400年)に信濃守護職小笠原長秀との間で行われた大塔合戦では、高梨氏や井上一族など北信濃衆は500騎を動員しており、この数は信濃国人衆の筆頭(信濃惣大将)である村上氏と同数で、東信濃の名族海野氏の300騎を上回る。
- In the Oto War between Nagahide OGASAWARA, the Shinano governor, and local lords in 1400, northern Shinano lords such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue family gathered 500 warriors, while the Murakami clan gathered 500 warriors and the prominent Unno clan of eastern Shinano gathered only 300.
- 惣無事令に違反した北条氏政・北条氏直親子を、天正18年(1590年)、23万人の大兵力を動員して攻略(小田原攻め)、さらに東北の伊達政宗や最上義光らも秀吉に臣従することを誓い(奥州仕置)、ここに豊臣政権のもとに天下統一は成された。
- In 1590, Hideyoshi, with his tremendous military force of 230,000 soldiers, attacked and captured Ujimasa HOJO and his son, Ujinao, who had broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (Attack of Odawara), and Masamune DATE, Yoshiaki MOGAMI and others in Tohoku (the northeast) region pledged allegiance to Hideyoshi (Oshu Shioki (approach to punish the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu, to prevent them from strengthening their power)); and by this the whole country was unified under the Toyotomi government.
- ヨーロッパでのフューダリズム(封建制)が、外民族の移動・侵入などと強く結び付いて形成されたのに比し、日本の封建制はむしろ武士による統治などの国内的要因が主となって形成された(天皇を始めとする貴族は武士の権威を根拠付ける存在である)。
- In Europe, the formation of Feudalism (Hoken system) was closely related to foreigners' migration and invasion, the Hoken system in Japan, on the other hand, was mainly triggered by domestic factors including samurai ruling (nobility, including the Emperor, authorized the power of samurai).
- 大正期新興美術運動(たいしょうきしんこうびじゅつうんどう)とは、海外の美術動向(特に未来派とダダ)の強い影響のもと、大正期(1910年代後半から1920年代前半。ただし、主として、1920年代前半)に興った、前衛的な美術運動のこと。
- New art movements in the Taisho period refers to avant-garde art movements under strong influence of overseas art trends (particularly Mirai-ha [Futurism] and Dada) in the Taisho period (from the late 1910s to the early 1920s, but mainly in the early 1920s).
- また、『鉄炮記』に「五峰」と記されている人物は、日本の平戸市や五島列島を拠点に活動していた倭寇の頭領である王直の号と同じであり、またポルトガル史料にはジャンク (船)であったと記されていることなどから同一人物であるとも考えられている。
- The man called 'Goho' in 'Teppoki' is considered to be the same person as Ochoku who was the leader of wako based on today's Hirado City and the Goto Islands, because Goho coincides with the byname of Ochoku and the record in Portugal shows the ship was a junk one.
- 清朝における孫文の辛亥革命、オスマン帝国における青年トルコ革命、カージャール朝におけるイラン立憲革命や、仏領インドシナにおけるファン・ボイ・チャウの東遊運動、インド帝国におけるインド国民会議国民会議カルカッタ大会等に影響を与えている。
- It influenced the Sun Yatsen's Xinhai Revolution, the Young Turks Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Phan Boii Chau's Dong Du Movement (Look-Japan Movement) in French Indochina, and the Indian National Congress's Calcutta Conference.
- しかしながら工場等が企業努力により削減量を積み重ねてきたという言い分によって日本経団連などが強く反対し、また当団体などが盛んに行っている政府与党へのロビー活動等の影響力もあり、環境税への理解が浸透せず、未だに実現の目処も立っていない。
- However, Japan Federation of Employers' Associations strongly opposes the tax, saying that the reduction amounts have been accumulated by corporate efforts at factories and so on, and the Associations and the like actively lobby the governing party; thus the understanding for environmental taxes has not spread enough so that the introduction of the tax is not yet in sight.
- 傾向として、陰性の場合は、オホーツク海高気圧の勢力が強いことが多く、陽性の場合は、太平洋高気圧の勢力が強いことが多いが、偏西風の流路や、北極振動・南方振動(ENSO、エルニーニョ・ラニーニャ)なども関係しているため、一概には言えない。
- As a general tendency, in the case of negative baiu, strength of Okhotsk anticyclon tends to be large and, in the case of positive baiu, strength of Pacific anticyclone tends to be large; however, this is not necessarily appropriate as it also depends on the conditions such as passage of the westerlies, and Arctic oscillation or southern oscillation (ENSO, El Nino/La Nina).
- 日本軍に大きく後れを取った李氏朝鮮であったが、釜山を基点として支配領域を広げていた日本軍後方部隊のうち、海岸移動を行っていた船団に対して李舜臣率いる朝鮮水軍が4月と5月の二回の出撃で積極的に攻撃を加え、備えのない日本船団は被害を受けた。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea had been beaten by the Japanese army, the Korean navy headed by Yi Sun-sin attacked, twice in May and June, actively fleet of ships that had been moving along the coast among troops at the rear of the Japanese army that had been expanding the area under its control based at Busan, and the Japanese fleet of ships that had not prepared for the damages suffered.
- だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛(堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している)などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
- However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).
- 続く平治の乱では、「多田蔵人大夫頼範」(頼盛の誤伝か)なる人物が藤原信頼・源義朝方として三条殿襲撃に加わり、戦後恩賞として摂津守に任官されたことが『平治物語』にみえているが、その他の史料における所見はなく、多田源氏の動向は詳らかではない。
- According to 'Heiji Monogatari' (The tale of the Heiji), in the Heiji Disturbance, 'Tada kurodo dayu Yorinori (maybe a misunderstanding of Yorimori)' supported the Nobuyori FUJIWARA and Yoshitomo MINAMOTO side to attack Sanjo Palace together, so that he was appointed as governor of Settsu Province as a reward after the war, while it is unclear about the clan at that time as other historical materials do not mention Tada-Genji.
- その結果、大覚寺統傍流出身の後醍醐天皇子孫への皇位継承を認めないという結論に達したとき、これに反発した後醍醐天皇がこれを支持する公家と幕府に不満を抱く武士達の連携の動きが現われるのを見てクーデターを起こし、討幕運動へと発展する事になった。
- As a result, when the policy eventually reached the point of refusing to consider descendants of Emperor Godaigo, himself a scion of the Daikakuji lineage, as candidates for the throne, Emperor Godaigo was able to harness the long-festering resentment among warriors towards those who supported this policy--the nobility and the bakufu--and cooperate with them to launch a coup d'etat, which then developed into a full-scale rebellion against the bakufu.
- 後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立は双方の有力な廷臣が共倒れになったため小康状態となり、「院・内、申シ合ツツ同ジ御心ニテ」(『愚管抄』)とあるように二頭政治が行われたが、乱勝利の最大の貢献者である清盛はどちらの派にも組することなく慎重に行動した。
- The conflict between Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo, which had resulted in the mutual destruction of many of their most capable courtiers, now entered a lull, and indeed, the government became something of a duumvirate between the two of them (as written in the 'Gukansho,' 'Now the Retired Emperor and the Emperor spoke in harmony, and were of one mind'), but as for Kiyomori, who had made the single greatest contribution to the current half-victory for each of them, he continued to act prudently, not joining either faction.
- 下関での会談を西郷が直前に拒否する事態もあったが、1月21日(22日説も)京都小松清廉邸(京都市上京区)で坂本を介して西郷隆盛、大久保利通、薩摩藩家老の小松清廉と長州藩の木戸孝允(当時は桂小五郎)が倒幕運動に協力する6か条の同盟を締結した。
- Although the conference due to be held in Shimonoseki was cancelled by Saigo just before its start, the six-article alliance for defeating the shogunate was concluded on March 7 (some say on March 8) with the mediation of Sakamoto at Kiyotada KOMATSU's residence in Kyoto (in the present Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City) between the Satsuma representatives (Takamori SAIGO, Toshimichi OKUBO and Kiyotada KOMOTSU [the clan's chief retainer]) and the Choshu counterpart Takayoshi KIDO (called Kogoro KATSURA at that time).
- だが、実際の政務を行っているのが最大の荘園領主である摂関家以下有力貴族であったこと、国司側も任期が終了に近づくと次の役職を得るための一種の猟官運動として有力貴族による荘園実施を認める傾向にあったために多くの例外が生まれ、実効性が乏しかった。
- However, since actual government affairs were performed by sekkan-ke and powerful nobles who were also the most powerful manor lords, and kokushi, towards the end of their term, who had a tendency to approve manors by powerful nobles as a form of office-seeking activity to secure their next post, it was not very effective with many exceptional cases.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
- 従来から、日本においても「1920年代の美術」というとらえ方(1920年代の主として前衛的な美術動向をすべてまとめるとらえ方)が主張されているが、「大正期新興美術運動」というとらえ方は、この「1920年代の美術」に対する次の批判を内包している。
- Traditionally, a perception of 'art in the 1920s' (a perception to collect every piece of mainly avant-garde art trend in the 1920s) has been asserted in Japan as well, and a perception of 'new art movements in the Taisho period' includes the following criticism to 'art in the 1920s':
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- その後、摂関家の分立に伴ってこうした家領は渡領(殿下渡領)として摂関・藤氏長者の地位とともに移動し、院政期以後に摂関家の財産となった所領・荘園は近衛家・九条家などに分割され、後に5つに分立したそれぞれの摂関家固有の家領として確立されることになった。
- Thereafter, as the Sekkan-ke were divided, the aforementioned keryo were transferred as watariryo (land transferred from lord to lord) (also known as denka watariryo), with the rank of sekkan and the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan; the shoryo and shoen which were added to the estate of the Sekkan-ke after the insei (period of rule by a cloistered emperor) was divided among the Konoe family, the Kujo family, and the like; and later, they were established as the keryo inherent to respective five branched Sekkan-ke.
- この乱により、足利尊氏・直義に分割されていた将軍の権力は尊氏のもとに一本化され、将軍の親裁権は強化されるが、高師直によって吉野を陥落させられ滅亡寸前にまで追い込まれた南朝に、直義・尊氏が交互に降るなど息を吹き返し延命したため、南北朝の動乱が長引いた。
- Because of this disturbance, the authority of the shogun that was divided between Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was unified under Takauji and the power of the shogun was strengthened but the Southern Court that was forced to the brink of elimination when KO no Moronao attacked Yoshino, was prolonged when Tadayoshi and Takauji surrendered in turn, and led to the prolongation of the upheaval of the period of Northern and Southern Courts.
- 平氏一門のうち宗盛、清宗、それに平家と行動をともにしていた平時忠(二位ノ尼の弟)、平時実、平信基、藤原尹明といった廷臣、能円、全真、良弘、忠快、行命といった僧侶、平盛国、平盛澄、源季貞らの武将、大納言典侍、帥典侍、治部卿局らの女房が捕虜となっている。
- Of the Taira clan those taken prisoner included Munemori and Kiyomune; the courtiers TAIRA no Tokitada (Tokiko's younger brother), TAIRA no Tokizane, TAIRA no Nobumoto, and FUJIWARA no Tadaaki, who had acted in support of the main Taira clan; the Buddhist priests Noen, Zenshin, Ryoko, Chukai, and Gyomei; the military commanders TAIRA no Morikuni, TAIRA no Morizumi, and MINAMOTO no Suesada; and among the women, FUJIWARA no Sukeko (known as the Lady-in-Waiting to the Chief Councillor of State (Dainagon)), FUJIWARA no Muneko (the Lady-in-Waiting to the governor), and the Lady-in-Waiting to the Lord of the Office of Governance.
- ところが、時代が下ると、名田を経営する百姓身分に属する一般の田堵負名の中からも、自らが経営請負をする名田の属する荘園公領を所領とする武士に、軍役を申し出て武士身分の一角に食い込み、名田の支配権を確固としたものにして所領としていこうとする動きが生じた。
- However, in later periods, some ordinary farmers called tato and fumyo who managed myoden began to attempt to make inroads into the samurai class by offering military service for samurai who governed manors or Imperial demesnes containing the myoden managed by the tato or fumyo, so that they could consolidate their hold over their myoden to own it as their territories.
- 慶応3年3月10日 (旧暦)(1867年4月14日)、新選組を離脱し御陵衛士(高台寺党)を結成した伊東甲子太郎は勤王倒幕運動に勤しみ、薩摩と通謀して近藤勇を暗殺しようとたくらんでいる事が、新選組が間諜として潜り込ませていた斎藤一によって明らかとなった。
- On April 14, 1867 (March 10 according to the old calendar), a plan by Kashitaro ITO (who broke away from the Shinsengumi and organized the Goryo-eji (guards of Imperial mausoleums, also known as Kodaiji-to) and led a movement to revere the emperor and overthrow the shogunate) to assassinate Isami KONDO (head of the Shinsengumi) together with Satsuma was outed by Hajime SAITO, a spy that was sent from the Shinsengumi.
- 小辺路を含む熊野川流域に自動車道が初めて通じたのは1922年(大正11年)、北の五條市から天辻峠(標高800メートル)にトンネルを開削してのことであったが工事は遅々として進まず、川津集落 まで開通したのはようやく1936年(昭和11年)のことであった。
- By building a tunnel from Gojo City at the north to Tentsuji Pass (800 meters above sea level), in 1922, a motor road was constructed for the first time at Kumano-gawa River Basin through which Kohechi went, however the construction was deferred again and again, and in 1936 the road to Kawatsu Village was finally completed.
- 第3回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議(だい3かいきこうへんどうわくぐみじょうやくていやくこくかいぎ)は、1997年12月に国際連合により国立京都国際会館(京都府京都市)で開催された、温室効果ガス排出規制に関する国際的な合意形成を主な目的とした国際会議である。
- The Third Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3, the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties) held on December in 1997 by the United Nations in the Kyoto International Conference Center (Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture), was an international conference of which the main object was to reach an international consensus on regulations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases,
- 朝鮮における壬午事変・甲申政変や清の戊戌の変法の失敗、長続きしなかったイランのイラン立憲革命やロシア帝国のセルゲイ・ヴィッテ改革、ピョートル・ストルイピン改革などが典型である(朝鮮の改革運動については金玉均など、清の改革については光緒帝、黄遵憲なども参照)。
- The examples of unsuccessful reforms are as follows: the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Corp in Korea; the Hundred Days' Reform in Qing; the Persian Constitutional Revolution in Iran; and the Reform of Sergei Witte and the Reform of Pyotr Stlypin in Russian empire (Regarding the movement of the reforms in Korea, refer to the article of 'Kim Ok-gyun,' and regarding the reforms in Qing, refer to the articles of 'Guangxu Emperor' and 'Huang Zunxian').
- 西欧のフューダリズムで複数の契約関係や、短期間での契約破棄・変更がみられたのと同様、日本でも実際のところ戦国時代 (日本)まで主従関係は流動的なものであり、「二君にまみえず」という語に示されるような主君への強い忠誠が求められたのは、江戸時代に入ってからである。
- Similar to the Western feudalism, under which multiple contractual relationships and dissolution/alteration of contracts were seen, in Japan, the master-and-servant relationship was fluid and unshaken loyalty as shown in the saying ' A faithful retainer will never serve two masters' was not required until the Edo period.
- だが、検注帳作成に必要な紙代をはじめとして勘料と呼ばれる検注にかかった事務経費や検注使を在地に迎えた際に行われる三日厨などの経費は全て在地の負担とされたために検注を忌避する動きも強かったため、実際に検注を行い検注帳作成に至らなかった場合もあったと言われている。
- However, it is said that there were some cases where although the kenchu was carried out, the kenchucho was not carried out due to the fact that the administration costs called kenryo including the cost of paper used to make kenchucho, as well as the cost of the mikkakuriya (three-day banquet) which was held when they received kenchushi in their land, was all defrayed by the local administration.
- それまでの新制は、従来から行われてきた法令の性格を残した「新しい禁制」としての新制に留まっていたのに対し、長保元年令は中世における新制公布の最大の動機である天人相関説に由来する攘災と政治再建のための「徳政」の推進という理念に基づいて定められた最初のものであった。
- While shinsei before Chohogannenrei were no more than a 'new ban' which retained characteristics of the former laws, Chohogannenrei was the first to be established based on the idea of promotion of 'virtuous rule' for eradicating disaster and rehabilitating politics, originating from tenjin sokansetsu (one of ancient Chinese views of the world and political thought, the theory that there is close relationship between human action or political affairs, personnel affairs, and natural phenomenon), which was the main motivation for issuing shinsei in the medieval period.
- 16世紀半ばにゴア州、マラッカ、マカオ等にポルトガルが拠点を築き、同国の保護下にイエズス会のアジア布教が本格化する中で、同時期に東アジア・東南アジアの各地を行き来していた日本人と、イエズス会の布教活動に参加していたスペイン人宣教師が接触する機会が生じたのである。
- In the middle of the 16th century, while Portugal created footholds in the Goa State, Malacca, Macao and other places, the Society of Jesus actively promulgated their mission in Asia under state protection, and in the same period, Japanese people coming and going among cities in the East and Southeast Asia had the opportunities to meet Spanish missionaries engaged in missionary work of the Society of Jesus.
- ただし、内戦状態が解消して安定状態がもたらされた江戸時代には、表向き禁止された百姓の一揆が結成され、それによる権益要求の示威活動(強訴)が行われても、一揆側で真に戦闘時に威力を発揮する鉄砲や弓矢といった飛び道具の持ち出しは自粛されるなど、一定の妥協が成立していた。
- In the Edo period after civil wars had ended and the nation was stabilized, although the peasants formed ikki in spite of the ostensible prohibition and held demonstrations (goso) to demand their rights, a certain compromise had been reached, and those on the side of the ikki refrained from using such long range weapons as muskets and bows which were most effective in battle.
- 1868年(慶応4年)、丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領は久美浜県となっていたが、生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、但馬(一部除く)、播磨、美作3カ国の地域が生野県として分離され、成立した。
- In 1868, places dominated by Kumihama or Ikuno magistrate's office in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and the Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba were already consolidated into Kumihama Prefecture, but as separatist movements grew in places dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office, Tajima (except a part of it), Harima, and Mimasaka areas were separated and consolidated into Ikuno Prefecture.
- だが、本来東京都は花粉症増加の原因をディーゼル自動車の排気ガスに求め、排ガス汚染との関連はみられないという疫学調査の結果が出たにもかかわらず、その規制を強行した自治体であることは記しておかねばならない(ただし、規制そのものは花粉症のみのために行なったものではない)。
- However, it must be said that Tokyo is an autonomous body that enforced diesel regulation based on the concept that exhaust fumes from diesel vehicles was the cause for increases in pollinosis despite epidemiological investigation findings that there is no relationship between exhaust gas pollution and pollinosis (although these regulations did not pertain only to pollinosis).
- その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした(草莽)が、明治2年(1869年)に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定(5月28日)した。
- Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).
- この計画は「花粉の少ない森づくり」というプロジェクト名で、自然保護活動家として知られる作家のC.W.ニコル氏らが代表発起人となり、多摩地域のスギ林の伐採および花粉の少ない品種のスギや広葉樹への植え替えなどを50年計画で行い、今後10年間で花粉の量を2割削減するという。
- The project, which is named 'Kafun no Sukunai Morizukuri' (lit. The Creation of Low-Pollen Forests) and has conservationist and author C. W. NICOL serving as representative promoter, aims to fell Japanese cedar forests in the Tama area and transplant them with low-pollen Japanese cedar cultivars and broadleaf trees over a 50 year period as well as reduce pollen levels by 20% over the next 10 years.
- 工場等からの排出量は割り当てられた目標を達成し斬減傾向にあるものの、運輸・業務(事業所等)・民生部門の増加が目立ち、特に自動車の氾濫により自家用乗用車については 2004年現在で +52.6% もの著しい増加を見せており、全国で見ても総排出量の 16% を占めている。
- The emissions amount from factories and so on has achieved the allotted target and is in decline, but the increase of emissions from transportation operations (in business and so on) and civilian sectors has been prominent, and in particular due to a huge increase of cars, the emissions from private cars dramatically increased by +52.6% as of 2004 and accounted for 16% in the total emissions amount nationwide.
- これは、上記のように歯止めの効かず野放図に増え続けてきた自動車や民生部門等からの化石燃料の浪費に対し、産業界・個人などの枠にとらわれず幅広く、排出量に応じた経済的負担をさせるための枠組みを設けることで、市場原理に基づいて上記部門からの排出抑制に直接働きかけるものである。
- It directly exerts influence on waste of fossil fuels at cars, civilian sectors and so on, which has hugely increased with no restraint, sets up the framework for widely imposing economic burdens, depending on the amount of emissions, on industries, individuals and so on, and consequently, according to the market principle, directly drives the suppression of emissions from the sectors mentioned above.
- 倭寇としても有名な九州北部の松浦党は、外部からは「党」と見られるが、その実ほとんど組織的な共同行動はとらず、南北朝時代に九州探題であった今川了俊の働きかけによって最初の下松浦党の一揆団結が行われるが、1384年(永徳4)の一揆誓約書の署名の順番はクジ引によって決たという。
- Matsuurato in northern Kyushu also famous for wako (Japanese pirates) could be interpreted as 'to' from outside, but it did not have same systemized actions, and unified for the first time during the uprising of Shimo Matsuura Party (Lower Matsuura Party) by Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who participated in the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the order of signature of the contract for the uprising was decided by lottery in 1384.
- ただ、近年では未曾有の大飛散と予測された2005年のスギ花粉症のシーズン前には、各省庁が連携して広報などの対策に当たり、厚労省では公開のシンポジウムも開催したが、国を挙げての統一した施策・政策を打ち出して国民の期待に応えることはなく、シーズンが過ぎてからは目立った動きはない。
- However in recent years, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare held an open symposium to encourage all government agencies to work together with regard to countermeasures such as bulletins prior to the 2005 Japanese cedar pollinosis season in which unprecedentedly high airborne pollen levels were forecast but it was unable to finalize any unified national policies or meet public expectations, and the season passed without any visible initiatives.
- 首謀者である健岑と逸勢の地位が、このような謀反を計画するにはあまりにも低く(また、家系的にも傍流出身で「藤原氏による他氏排斥」の対象にもなり得ない)、また計画に関与したとしたとして処罰された人々も叛乱に荷担する動機が見当たらないことから、事件自体をでっちあげとみなす説もある。
- Since the positions of the chief plotters, Kowamine and Hayanari, were so low (and also from branch lines of lineages that would not even be a target for 'elimination of other clans by the Fujiwara clan') for planning such an insurrection and the people who were punished for being associated with the plan had no motives, there is a theory that proposes that the whole incident was made up.
- 刈田・刈畠行為をめぐる紛争は当初、所務沙汰(不動産に係る民事事件)として扱われていたが、時代が下るにつれ、刈田・刈畠行為が増加していくと、13世紀後期ごろには違法行為のニュアンスを含む「狼藉」、すなわち刈田狼藉と呼ばれるようになり、通常の所務沙汰とは別個の取扱いがなされ始めた。
- Initially, karita or karihata related disputes were handled as shomu-sata (civil trials dealing with land-related issues), but the number of karita and karihata acts increased with the times, and around the late thirteenth century, such karita or karihata related disputes began to be called 'rozeki' with the implication of illegal acts, that is, karita-rozeki, and the handling of such disputes was separated from ordinary shomu-sata.
- 同じ日、京大の学生たちは会場使用を拒否した大学への抗議行動を終えたのち、わだつみ像歓迎のデモ、および立命大で開催中の復興会議に参加するため、約100名がデモ隊列を組んで近衛通を経由して鴨川 (淀川水系)にかかる荒神橋を渡ろうとした(当時鴨川の対岸には立命大キャンパスが存在した)。
- On the same day, some students of Kyoto University had been protesting against the authorities who hadn't permitted the use of the campus till the end; after the protest finished, a group of about 100 students started marching to join the parade of Ritsumeikan University students and to participate in the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi (that day it was held at Ritsumeikan University); through Konoe-dori Street they were about to go across Kojin-bashi Bridge above the Kamo-gawa River (Yodogawa River system) toward the campus of Ritsumeikan University which was located right across the bridge.
- こうした行政の動きに関しては、自由民主党 (日本)内で「花粉症等アレルギー症対策議員連盟(通称ハクション議連:事務局長・小野晋也衆院議員)」が、安倍晋三ら約50名(当時)の国会議員によって1995年に設立され、本格的な対策の推進を国に働きかけるようになったことが大きく影響している。
- Such administrative actions include the Liberal Democratic Party 'Federation of Diet Members for Measures Against Pollinosis and Other Allergies' (commonly known as Hakushon Giren, secretary general: lower house member Shinya ONO) which was established by Shinzo ABE and approximately 50 (at the time) other Diet members in 1995, and has had a major impact on the national implementation of serious efforts.
- 鎌倉幕府は元寇に伴う対外的危機を通じて、一円支配が確立した本所領の住人を動員することには成功したが、それでも検断権などを本所領に対しては及ぼすことが出来ず、却って寺社興行法などで御家人の権利よりも寺社領の権限を保護する政策を取って神仏の加護よる対外危機の克服を期待する有様であった。
- The Kamakura bakufu succeeded in calling the residents in the honjoryo, in which the bakufu established a ruling throughout the land, to arms through the external crisis accompanying Genko (Mongol Invasion), but still cannot exercise kendanken (provincial policing authority) and so forth on the honjoryo -- On the contrary, the bakufu prayed for divine protection and expected god and Buddha to support the bakufu to overcome the external crisis, and took a policy to protect not the right of the gokenin (the top of the warrior-class hierarchy) but the right of the jisharyo by issuing the jishakogyoho (Shrine restoration policy).
- しかし、後醍醐天皇の討幕運動に呼応した河内国の楠木正成や後醍醐天皇の皇子で天台座主から還俗した護良親王、護良を支援した播磨国の赤松則村(円心)らが幕府軍に抵抗し、さらに幕府側の御家人である上野国の新田義貞や下野国の足利尊氏(高氏)らが幕府から朝廷へ寝返り、諸国の反幕府勢力を集める。
- However, those who had responded to Emperor Godaigo's call to strike against the shogunate like Masashige KUSUNOKI of Kawachi Province, Emperor Godaigo's own son Imperial Prince Morinaga (also known as Moriyoshi), who had returned to secular life after serving as head abbot of the entire Tendai sect, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU of Harima Province, who provided Morinaga support, continued to resist the shogunal forces; moreover, shogunal supporters like the gokenin (lower samurai warrior vassals) Yoshisada NITTA of Kozuke Province and Takauji ASHIKAGA of Shimotsuke Province eventually turned against the shogunate and joined the Imperial cause, gathering together a force from all the various provinces sufficient to topple the shogunate.
- 裏づけとする史書の記述として、フロイスの「日本史」が続いて、光秀の京都への反転に際して 「兵士たちはかような(本能寺を攻める)動きがいったい何のためであるか訝り始め おそらく明智は信長の命に基づいて、その義弟である三河の国主(家康)を 殺すつもりであろうと考えた。」という部分がある。
- As descriptions in historical books that support this view, it is well-known that a section of 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois continued as, when Mitsuhide reversed the course to Kyoto, 'Soldiers began to wonder about the purpose of such action (to attack the Honno-ji Temple and thought that Mitsuhide intended to kill the lord of Mikawa Province (Ieyasu), who was a younger brother-in-law of Nobunaga, according to Nobunaga's order, and a section of 'Rojinzatsuwa' by Munetomo EMURA.'
- 「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の世界遺産登録への動きが本格化する2000年(平成12年)前後には、1999年(平成11年)の南紀熊野体験博の開催と呼応するかたちで再調査が行われ、登録に先立つ2001年から2002年にかけての時期には、整備と復元・復旧を目的とする事業が特に積極的に行われた。
- Around 2000, as the campaign for registering 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains' as a World Heritage site was broaden; in 1999 re-investigation into the road was conducted with the opening of Japan Expo Nanki Kumano, and in 2001 and 2002, immediately before the registration, the projects for maintenance, restoration and reconstruction were energetically carried.
- 主人の軍事行動に当たり家来が手勢を引き連れ参陣し、又は戦場において軍功を挙げた場合(奉公)、主人はこれに対し、その「参陣」「軍功」が単なる私闘・私戦ではなく正当性のある「公戦」におけるものだと認定し、御恩と奉公御恩したり、新領地を恩賞として与えたり(御恩と奉公御恩)すべきものとされていた。
- When vassals participated in military action initiated by their lord with their own soldiers or showed their military exploits on the battlefield (contributing service), the lords were in return required to recognize 'participation' and 'military exploits' of the vassals not for their own private battle or war but for a legitimate 'official battle' in order that they be granted favor and compensated for their service, or receive new territory as a reward (the granting of favor and compensation for service).
- 754年(天平勝宝6年)1月に6度目の航海のすえに平城京に到着して、戒律や多数の経典を伝えた唐出身の鑑真和尚、大仏開眼供養の導師となったインド出身の菩提僊那、菩提僊那と同時に来日したチャンパ王国(林邑)出身の僧仏哲、唐僧道セン、また、多くの新羅僧ら外国出身の僧侶の活動に負うところも大きかった。
- It also owed to activities of foreign monks such as Ganjin (Jianzhen) wajo from Tang who arrived in January 754 in Heijokyo on his sixth attempted voyage to Japan and introduced the precepts of Buddhism, bringing a large number of Buddhist scriptures, Bodai Senna from India who acted as Kaigan doshi (an officiating priest to consecrate a newly made Buddhist statue or image by inserting the eyes) for the daibutsu, Buttetsu, a monk from the kingdom of Champa (Lin Yi, a former name for Vietnam) who came to Japan at the same time as Tang monk Bodai Senna (Dosen) and a large number of monks from Silla.
- こうした日本の銃運用の事情により、瞬発式火縄銃と同系譜のばねによる撃発機構を持つものの、ばねの力が強すぎて撃発時の振動が大きくなるため銃身がぶれたり、火花が飛んでから火薬に点火するまでのタイムラグがあるため、命中率が低くなるホイールロック式銃やフリントロック式銃も、既に戦国時代には輸入された。
- Under the gun-related circumstances in Japan, wheel lock and flintlock guns had already been imported during the Sengoku period, but in spite of the fact that they had a similar explosion mechanism to that of instantaneous discharge matchlock, the spring action was so strong that the barrel was unstable, and there was a time-lag between sparking and ignition, which caused a low accuracy rate.
- 弘和/永徳・元中/至徳 (日本)年間に入ると、南朝は動乱初期からその支えとして活躍してきた懐良親王、北畠顕能、宗良親王の相次ぐ死と、対北朝強硬路線を通していた長慶天皇の譲位により、衰退を極める事となったが、明徳年間の足利義満による相次ぐ有力守護大名勢力削減により、北朝に抵抗する術を殆ど失うようになる。
- But having reached the period of the Kowa/Entoku and Genchu/Shitoku eras, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Akiyoshi KITABATAKE, and Imperial Prince Muneyoshi, who had been fighting for the Southern Court from the early days of their anti-shogunal struggle, and had been the Southern Court's main support, died one after the other, and when Emperor Chokei--who had been such a stalwart opponent of the Northern Court--abdicated, the Southern Court entered a period of extreme decline; during the Meitoku period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was able to greatly reduce the power and influence of the strongest shugo daimyo one after another, until almost all means to resist the Northern Court had been lost.
- 三条はこの中で、天皇に数千年も親しく恵みを受けてきた京都・大坂の人々の動揺と、徳川氏に300年恩恵を受けてきた関東の人々に恨みや失望を与えることの利害得失を比べ、関東の人心に京都・大坂の盛衰や国の興廃がかかっているのであり、京都・大坂を失っても地勢に優れる東京を失わなければ天下を失うことはないと述べた。
- Sanjo compared the advantages and disadvantages from the dismay of the people of Kyoto and Osaka who had received the emperor's kind blessings for over a thousand years, and the animosity and despair that the people of Kanto who had received over the 300 years of favors from the Tokugawa clan, and said that the world would not be lost if Kyoto or Osaka was lost due to the geographically superior Tokyo because the destiny of the country and the rise and fall of Kyoto and Osaka fell upon the hearts of those in Kanto.
- このボーリング結果(ボーリング記録とサンプルより)と、湖底の地層構造を衝撃波により調査したこれまでの学術調査結果(植村善博:「比較変動地形論 古今書院、及び、 URBAN KUBOTA NO.37/11)から推定される湖底の岩盤深さとが一致するので比良湖岸断層は、この掘削地点より山側にあると推定されます。
- As the result of this boring (from records of boring and samples) coincides with the depth of base rock at the bottom of lake inferred from the result of scientific investigation of strata architecture at the bottom of lake with shock wave ('Hikaku Hendo Chikeiron' written by Yoshihiro UEMURA, Kokon Shoin publisher, and URBAN KUBOTA NO. 37/11), it is inferred that the Hira-ko lakeshore fault exists on the mountain side from this drilling point.
- 太平洋戦争末期の1945年3月21日の九州沖航空戦の際、「神風特別攻撃隊第一神雷桜花隊・第一神雷攻撃隊」(ロケット特攻機「桜花 (航空機)」と、その母機である一式陸上攻撃機で編成された攻撃隊)は、九州南方沖に迫った米海軍高速空母機動部隊に対する攻撃に出撃したものの、敵の艦上戦闘機部隊の迎撃により全滅した。
- During the air battle off Kyushu of March 21, 1945 in the closing days of the Pacific War, the 'First Jinrai Oka Kogekitai and First Jinrai Kogekitai' (attack units comprised of rocket powered 'Oka' (aircraft) and their carrier aircraft, the Type 1 Attack bomber) launched attacks on the US Navy high-speed aircraft carrier task force which was closing in on the southern offshore, but were intercepted and destroyed by enemy carrier-based fighter units.
- 天皇・皇后の東京への行幸啓のたびに、公卿・諸藩主・京都の政府役人・京都市民などから行幸啓の中止・反対の声があがり、政府は「これからも四方へ天皇陛下の行幸があるだろうが、京都は千有余年の帝城で大切に思っておられるから心配はいらない」とする諭告(『告諭大意』)を京都府から出させ、人心の動揺を鎮めることに努めた。
- Every time the Emperor and empress left for Tokyo, there were calls in opposition and cancellations by the nobles, domain lords, government officials, and citizens in Kyoto, and the government issued a statement saying 'The emperor will be visiting all around, and there is nothing to worry about because Kyoto is the imperial palace of 1000 years which is still very important.' in the 'Official Notice' that was released from the Kyoto government and was able to calm everyone's hearts.
- 会津藩上洛後の京都では尊攘運動がますます激しく、尊攘激派浪士による暗殺・脅迫が横行、朝廷においても尊攘派公家によって朝議が左右されるようになり、天皇の意向はまったく無視されて勅旨が乱発され、幕府に破約攘夷の実行を要求し、さらに1863年(文久3年)8月には天皇による攘夷親征を実行するための大和行幸が企てられた。
- After the statesmen of the Aizu clan had come to Kyoto, the Sonno Joi movement gained additional strength, assassinations and threats by masterless samurai extremists became commonplace; even in the Court, sympathetic court nobles to Sonno Joi had a great influence, they often gave Imperial order without asking the Emperor's permission and demanded that the Shogunate immediately renounce the treaties with foreign countries following the Joi group's proposal (expulsion of foreigners), and what's more, in August 1863 (according to the old lunar calendar) they planned the Emperor's visit to Yamato for carrying out the Emperor's direct commitment to Joi.
- その後、後村上天皇が摂津国の住吉大社宮司の津守氏の正印殿を約10年間、行宮(住吉行宮)とし、住吉大神を奉じる瀬戸内海の水軍を傘下にして、四国、九州との連絡網を確立し、南朝は各地で活動するが、1363年には山名氏や大内氏の北朝への帰順、楠木正儀の投降などで衰退し、拉致した三上皇を返還するなど講和的態度も示している。
- Afterwards, Emperor Gomurakami made the Shoinden (main shrine building) of the Tsumori clan, who were hereditary chief priests of the Sumiyoshi-taisha Grand Shrine in Settsu Province, his Angu (Sumiyoshi Angu), or temporary lodging especially for an Imperial visit, for about ten years and established a contact route with Shikokua and Kyushu because he held control of the naval forces in the Seto Inland Sea, who worshiped the Sumiyoshi Gods, leading to activities of the Southern Court in various places, but the betrayal of the Yamana clan and Ouchi clan to the Northern Court and the surrender of Masanori KUSUNOKI in 1363 led to its decline and it started to show a shift towards a peaceful stance by returning the three retired emperors.
- 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
- After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
- 明治2年(1869年)1月25日、東京への再度の行幸を前に岩倉は、天皇の意向を知らずに政府や民間で遷都があるかのように思っている者が少なからずいるために、京都や大坂の人々の動揺が大きくなっているとし、関東諸国は王化が行き届いていないため新政を施すための再幸である旨を十分に分からせるための諭令を出すよう求める建議を行なった。
- Before the second return of the emperor to Tokyo on January 25, 1869, Iwakura believed that there were many in the government including civilians who thought of the move as a capital transition without understanding the true intentions of the emperor, and from the agitation of those in Kyoto and Osaka, held out a proposition of an expostulation edict to let everyone know the reason why the emperor was returning again to set up a new government in Kanto where his influential virtue had not been delivered in the past.
- 長州藩は没落して朝敵となるが、攘夷派であった孝明天皇の崩御、薩長同盟で薩摩と長州が密約を結ぶと、15代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い公議政体構築を目指すが、王政復古 (日本)により明治政府が成立、鳥羽伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北し、徳川慶喜に対する追討令が出ると、法的には幕府機構は消滅しているものの武力討幕運動が盛んになる。
- The Choshu clan toppled to become chouteki (朝敵), but after the death of Emperor Komei, who belonged to the sect that sought the expulsion of foreigners, Satsuma and Choshu concluded the Saccho Coalition (薩長同盟), and the fifteenth shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, seeking the establishment of the Kougi government, conducted the restoration of imperial rule; however, the Meiji Government was established through the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule (Japan), and upon the defeat of the former Bakufu army in the Battle of Toba Fushimi, the order to hunt down Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was released, and even though the Bakufu structure was legally extinguished, the Tobaku movement through military power became active.
- 1469年(文明元年)になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年(文明3年)には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
- By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.
- 右大臣九条兼実の諮問を受けた季弘は、治承元年(1177年)にも同じようなことがあり、亡くなった父安倍泰親が彗星といい、自分がであるとしたので、父が天に判断を仰ぎ誤った方に天罰が下ることを祈請したところ、自分が重病になったので彗星だと判明した。従って実際の星の動きは問題ではないと唱えたという(『玉葉』正暦二年1月12日 (旧暦)条)。
- When inquired by the Udaijin (Minister of the Right) Kanezane KUJO, Suehiro stated that when the similar phenomenon was observed in 1177, his deceased father ABE no Yasuchika said that it was a comet, but he objected to that; then his father asked Heaven to give them judgment by punishing the wrong one, and consequently, Suehiro fell seriously ill, thereby they confirmed that it was a comet -- therefore, it could be concluded that actual movement of stars did not matter (the entry of 'Gyokuyo' [the diary of Kanezane KUJO] for February 4, 991).
- これは、ロシア側へいかなる弱みともなることをも秘密にしようとした日本政府の政策に加え、新聞以下マスコミ各社が日清戦争を引き合いに出して戦争に対する国民期待を否応なしに煽ったために修正がきかなくなっていたこともあり、国民の多くは戦争をしている国力の実情を知らされず、目先の勝利によってロシアが簡単に屈服させられたように錯覚した反動から来ているものである。
- The discrepancy between popular sentiment and government policy is due to the fact that the Japanese Government adopted a stringent policy of secrecy to keep any information that could reveal national weaknesses from falling into Russian hands; The media including newspapers used the example of the Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War to fan the flames of war without regard to national sentiment, and inadvertantly built up jingoistic mood which could not be easily reversed; and finally, the majority of citizens were not aware of the true nature of Japan's national strength and erroneously believed that Japan easily defeated Russia in battle.
- 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀(秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎)による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊(巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊)による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬(世界最強火薬)、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
- 徳川吉宗は享保八年(1723年)九月から享保九年(1724年)四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年(1725年)四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
- In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.
- しかしながら堀新 (歴史学者)から出された反論では、同日記の5月4日 (旧暦)付けの記事や、『誠仁親王消息』などの資料から、三職いずれかなどという曖昧な推任をしたのは誰も信長の真意を理解していなかったための行動であり、貞勝と信長との間にこの件に関する打ち合わせをした形跡がないことなどから、三職推任は信長の意向とは言えず、5月4日の晴豊の言葉も晴豊個人の見解であるとした。
- Shin HORI (a historian) argued against these interpretations that Haretoyo expressed his own opinion on May 4 (old calendar) at that time and Sanshoku suinin had nothing do to with Nobunaga's intention, because: the article of the diary dated May 4 and 'Message from Imperial Prince Sanehito' (誠仁親王消息) suggest that such an unspecific Sanshoku suinin came from a situation where no one knew what Nobunaga wanted; and nothing suggests Nobunaga and Sadakatsu had talked about this matter.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- そして、文化の違いや日本人に対する侮りから、通信使一行の中には、屋内の壁に鼻水や唾を吐いたり小便を階段でする、酒を飲みすぎたり門や柱を掘り出す、席や屏風を割る、馬を走らせて死に至らしめる、供された食事に難癖をつける、夜具や食器を盗む、日本人下女を孕ませる 魚なら大きいものを、野菜ならば季節外れのものを要求したり、予定外の行動を希望して拒絶した随行の対馬藩の者に唾を吐きかけたりといった乱暴狼藉を働くものもあった。
- In addition, due to differences in culture and disrespect to Japanese, some of Tsushinshi envoy did violent acts as described in the following: Sneezing or spitting on walls, urinating on stairs, drinking too much sake wine, digging out gates or poles, breaking chairs or folding screens, making horses run to death, complaining about the food served, stealing bedclothes and tableware, making maidservants pregnant, requesting bigger fish, requesting vegetables out of the season, or spitting on persons of the Tsushima Domain accompanying them when a request for unscheduled actions was refused.
- これらのグループは、1924年10月に大同団結する(『三科(三科造形美術協会)』)も、間もなく1925年には瓦解し、1925年の『造形』(浅野、神原、岡本、矢部、吉田、吉邨、作野金之助、吉原義彦、斎藤敬治、飛鳥哲雄(1895年-1997年)、牧島貞一ら)、1926年の『単位三科』(中原、大浦、仲田定之助、岡村蚊象(山口文象、1902年-1978年)ら)といったグループの動きを経て、次第に次のとおり分裂していった。
- Although these groups united for a common purpose in October 1924 (as 'Sanka' [Sanka-Zokei-Bijutsu-kyokai]), they soon collapsed in 1925 and gradually split (as below) after the movements of the groups such as 'Zokei' (Asano, Kanbara, Okamoto, Yabe, Yoshida, Yoshimura, Kinnosuke SAKUNO, Yoshihiko YOSHIHARA, Keiji SAITO, Tetsuo ASUKA [1895 - 1997], Teiichi MAKISHIMA, and others) in 1925 and 'Tan-i Sanka' (Nakahara, Oura, Sadanosuke NAKATA, Bunzo OKAMURA [Bunzo YAMAGUCHI, 1902 - 1978], and others) in 1926.
- この運動の開始および展開については、1920年のブリュリューク(ダヴィッド・ブリュリュック、ダヴィド・ブルリューク、1882年-1967年, Давид Бурлюк, DavidBurliuk)とパリモフ(ヴィクトール・パリモフ、1888年-1929年, Bиктор Пальмов, Victor Palimov)の来日に伴う、ロシア未来派の影響、および、1923年の村山知義のドイツからの帰国が大きくかかわっている。
- The origins and development of such movements were greatly influenced by Russian Futurism following a visit to Japan of David Burliuk (Давид Бурлюк, 1882 - 1967) and Victor Palimov (Bиктор Пальмов, 1888 - 1929) in 1920, and by the return of Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA from Germany in 1923.
- 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年(809年)には皇太子神野(嵯峨天皇)に譲位することになった。
- Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.
- その後の裁判例においては、第二の見解に立つものが続いたが、最高裁平成20年4月15日第二小法廷決定(事件番号平成19(あ)839)は、本判決について、「警察官による人の容ぼう等の撮影が、現に犯罪が行われ又は行われた後間がないと認められる場合のほかは許されないという趣旨まで判示したものではない」と述べた上で、公道上及びパチンコ店内において被告人の容ぼう等をビデオ撮影した捜査活動を適法と判断しており、少なくとも裁判例においては、第二の見解が支配的になったといえる。
- In subsequent cases, judgments proceeded from the second opinion, but Decision of the Second Petty Bench of the Supreme Court dated on April 15, 2008 (case number 2007 (A) No. 839) stated 'it does not go so far as to mean, as argued by the accused, that photographing of a person's appearance, etc. by police officials should not be permitted except in cases where it is found that the crime is currently being committed or has just been committed' and 'videotaping operations such as videotaping the defendant's appearance, etc. on the public road and in the pachinko parlor can be recognized as legal Investigation activities', which means that the second opinion has been dominant, at least in precedents.
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).