創作: 542 Terms and Phrases

• 創作
• production
• literary creation
• work
• Sousaku

• 創作物
• creation

• 創作力
• creative power
• genius
• creative originality
• imagination

• 創作品
• creation

• 創作権
• rights of authorship

• 創作家
• author
• writer
• novelist

• 創作者
• writer
• novelist
• creator

• 創作欲
• creative urge

• 創作的
• creative

• 大竹創作
• Ootake Sousaku

• 創作する
• create
• author
• invent

• 二次創作
• derivative work (e.g. alt. world, side story, doujinshi, fanfiction, etc.)
• derived work

• 創作料理
• creative cookery
• creative cuisine

• 創作舞踊
• Original dance performance

• 創作意欲
• will (urge) to create
• creative urge
• appetite for writing

• 創作ダンス
• interpretative dance

• 創作手水鉢
• Creative chozubachi

• 創作の才能
• fictive talent

• 創作力のある
• fictive

• 創作への影響
• Influence on literature and other entertainment

• 万寿台創作社
• Mansudae Art Studio

• 創作における鬼
• Oni in Creation

• 創作物上の扱い
• Munenori in fiction

• 創作中での唐橋
• Karahashi described in fictions

• 物語を創作する
• make up a story

• 創作物語である。
• This is a fiction.

• 芸術品を創作する
• execute

• 創作年月日の登録
• Registration of the date of creation

• 創作における英時
• Hidetoki in Literature

• 意匠の創作をした者
• creator of a design

• 天狗を主題にした創作
• Creation with Tengu Motif

• 創作作品における描写
• The Descriptions in the Fiction

• 彫刻を創作する芸術家
• an artist who creates sculptures

• 創作された音楽的作品
• a musical work that has been created

• 詩的な韻律で創作する
• compose in poetic meter

• 理論の創作または使用
• the production or use of theories

• 創作における酒呑童子
• Shuten Doji in Fiction

• 創作の題材としての妖怪
• Yokai as a theme for creative work

• 職務上の回路配置の創作
• Creation of Layout-Design within the Scope of Employment

• 全段を通じて創作である。
• The entire story of this section is a fiction.

• およそ創作性が加わった。
• As a rule, all genres were covered.

• 詩で創作するフォーク作家
• a folk writer who composes in verse

• それは彼女の創作だろう。
• I think she made up that story.

• 映像作品等創作支援専門官
• Senior Specialist for Audiovisual Support

• 斎藤道三を題材とした創作
• Works based on Dosan

• 申請者が創作者等でないこと。
• that the applicant is not a creator, etc;

• 創作和太鼓と服装・化粧の関係
• Relationship between creative Japanese drums and costumes and make-up

• 新しく創作された単語または句
• a newly invented word or phrase

• 新たに浦安の舞が創作された。
• Urayasu no Mai Dance was created.

• 芸術的価値を認められた創作文書
• creative writing of recognized artistic value

• 分析的、または説明的な文芸創作
• an analytic or interpretive literary composition

• しかしこれは後世の創作らしい。
• This, however is likely a creation in the later years.

• しかし、毒殺創作説も存在する。
• However, there is also a theory that this story of poisoning Masamune is a fiction.

• これはあくまで創作と推測される。
• It may only be a fiction.

• 一緒に縫うことによって、創作する
• create by stitching together

• この画家は美しい絵画を創作する。
• This artist creates beautiful paintings.

• しかし、後世の創作と考えられる。
• However, these are believed to be tales invented at a later date.

• - 古典落語/新作落語（創作落語）
• Categories: Classical rakugo, new rakugo (also known as original rakugo)

• 創作者が通知を受けたかどうかの言明
• statement of whether the originator or has been informed.

• 著作者　著作物を創作する者をいう。
• "author"　means a person who creates the work;

• 151515hitのキリリク創作。
• The 151515 hit lucky-number request work.

• 石燕の創作物の一つと指摘されている。
• It is pointed out as one of the creations of Sekien.

• 展示室B― 国画創作協会の画家の作品
• Gallery B: Works of Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai (Organization of Japanese-type Paintings Creation)

• 記憶されたまたは創作された場面の想像
• the imaging of remembered or invented scenes

• 言葉と言語を用いて何かを創作すること
• creating something by the use of speech and language

• 愛慾煩悩 創作集 私家版, 1936
• 1936: Worldly Passions: a compilation (self published)

• 初芽という名前は北野源治の創作か？）
• (The name Hatsume may have been created by Genji KITANO.)

• これらをもとに長大な作品が創作された。
• A long work was created using these as a base.

• しかし、子母澤の創作だと言う声もある。
• Some say, however, that this story was made up by SHIMOZAWA.

• 創作者基礎情報テンプレートに戻るリンク
• Link back to Creator infobox template

• 意匠の創作をした者の氏名及び住所又は居所
• the name and domicile or residence of the creator of the design; and

• 警告なしで創作し、突然の不意の攻撃を行う
• search without warning, make a sudden surprise attack on

• 現在でも漢詩創作の愛好家は存在している。
• There are still some enthusiasts who produce kanshi.

• そのため話自体が後世の創作とも考えられる。
• Therefore, this episode might be a fiction made by the posterity.

• 篆刻に巧みで、中年以後は磁印の創作に没頭。
• He was good at carving Tensho-style Chinese characters and devoted his life in his middle ages and later at creating Jiin (the china on which a seal pattern was carved).

• 文筆の分野でも詩、歌謡、童話など創作した。
• He also created literary works such as poems, songs and nursery stories.

• 著作権の存続期間は、著作物の創作の時に始まる。
• The duration of a copyright shall begin at the time of the creation of the work.

• 糸洲の改革の情熱は、型の創作や改良にも及んだ。
• Itosu's passion for reforms also extended to the creation and refinement of 'kata' (the standard form of movement, posture, etc., in martial arts, sports, etc.).

• 『貧乏神』『茶漬け閻魔』など、創作落語も多い。
• He had lots of creative rakugo stories including 'Binbogami' (Deity of poverty) and 'Chazuke Enma' (The King of Hell Eating Rice with Green Tea).

• 1742年にヘンデルにより創作されたオラトリオ
• an oratorio composed by Handel in 1742

• ピーターパンを創作した（1860年−1937年）
• created Peter Pan (1860-1937)

• 彼は、創作上行き詰まった；言葉が出てきそうにない
• he had writer's block; the words wouldn't come

• 創作はいけばなに留まらず、彫刻、絵画、書にも亘る。
• His creations were not limited to Ikebana; his output extended to sculpture, painting and writing.

• なにがおころうとも音楽創作をとめることはできない。
• Come what may, I won't stop making music.

• 説明をわかりやすくするための、杉田玄白による創作。
• This anecdote was invented by Genpaku Sugita to make the description easier to understand.

• 芥川の第1創作集「羅生門 (小説)」に収録された。
• The novel is contained in the Akutagawa's first collection of works 'Rashomon' (Rasho-mon gate).

• このため、子母沢寛や司馬遼太郎の創作との説もある。
• Therefore, some people assert that the above story is a fiction created by Kan SHIMOZAWA and Ryotaro SHIBA.

• 回路配置の創作をした者の氏名又は名称及び住所又は居所
• the name and domicile or residence of the person who has created the layout-design; and

• 近年の妖怪の創作者としては佐藤有文らが知られている。
• Arifumi SATO is known as a creator of yokai characters in the recent years.

• 針と糸によって作られたりあるいは組み立てられた創作物
• a creation created or assembled by needle and thread

• あなたは創作とノンフィクションのどちらが好きですか。
• Which do you like better, fiction or non-fiction?

• 『平治物語』にあるこのやり取りは多分に創作的である。
• The conversation in 'Heiji Monogatari' is largely fictitious.

• 翻訳と創作の中間的な作品で、雅俗折衷体の文体による。
• It is a work somewhere between translation and fiction, and it was written in the gazoku-setchu style (the mixture of elegant and common language).

• 菊一文字と言う刀は則宗の刀をモデルにした創作である。
• Kikuichimonji swords are a fiction created with Norimune's swords as the model.

• 機器・装置用図記号の基本原則−第１部：図記号原形の創作
• Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment-Part 1: Creation of symbol originals

• 日本で伝承されていない、創作された不気味な怪異なもの。
• Something eerie, fictionally created, and which hasn't been passed down in Japan.

• なお、「於大」は後年の創作であって、実名は不詳である。
• The name 'Odai' by subsequent generations, and her real name is unknown.

• 史料が江戸時代のものであること等から、創作と思われる。
• It seems that this legend was only fictional, because the historical data was written in the Edo period.

• 几帳面な性格で、台本も趣向に富み、創作性には優れていた。
• He was a well-organized person, and his scripts were rich in ideas and highly creative.

• 芸術的な、または非常に熟練した方法で作成あるいは創作する
• create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner

• （よって、ともに創作の域を出ず根拠としては不適切である）。
• (Therefore, both works are inadequate to sustain the theory relating to the etymology of 'Ise-kojiki,' because they are no more than fiction.)

• このため明里のエピソードは創作ではないかと考えられている。
• For this reason, the episode of Akesato was considered to be a creation of SHIMOZAWA.

• しかしこれは西郷と龍馬のやりとりも含めた後世の創作らしい。
• However, these words seem to have been made up in later years, including the exchange between Saigo and Ryoma.

• さらに、創作著述は、不可能なことを可能だと思わせてしまう。
• Besides, fictitious narratives lead us to imagine the possibility of many events that are impossible;

• 上記の吉村の所伝の多くについては作家子母澤寛の創作である。
• Many of the above-mentioned legends of YOSHIMURA are fabrications by a novelist, Kan SHIMOZAWA.

• 彼は、以降のイメージをその影響下での二次創作物であるとする。
• He says images of Ungaikyo created after that were imitations influenced by the above.

• 特にがしゃどくろ、樹木子などがその種の創作物として知られる。
• In particular, Gashadokuro (giant skeletons) and Jubokko (tree yokai appearing in the battlefield by absorbing the blood of the war dead) are known to belong to this type of creation.

• 1957年（昭和32年）に祇園祭復活10周年を記念して創作。
• The Gion Matsuri ondo was created in 1957 for the 10th anniversary of the resurgence of Gion Matsuri Festival.

• おどり普及部 - 創作おどり京炎 そでふれ！の普及活動を担当
• The Odori Fukyu (dance popularizing) Department is in charge of popularizing the 'Kyoen Sodefure!' original dance.

• 第5回京都学生祭典では創作みこし「京炎みこし」が制作された。
• For the fifth Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa, an original mikoshi (portable shrine) was constructed.

• 江戸時代にもあったように現代でも盛んに創作妖怪は作られている。
• As in the Edo period, fictional yokai characters are actively invented in the modern age.

• 1921年、「創作陶磁展覧会」を東京と大阪の高島屋で開催した。
• In 1921, Kanjiro held the 'Creative Ceramics Exhibition' (創作陶磁展覧会) at the Takashimaya department stores in Tokyo and Osaka.

• しかし、正成以前の系図は諸家で一致せず、後世の創作と見られる。
• As a genealogical chart before Masashige of one family of the clan varies from those of the other families, however, the charts were likely to be created in later generations.

• このことが好まれ、明治以来数多くの創作作品の題材となっている。
• Thus, writers and other dramatist valued these historical incidents, choosing this subject material for the production of many creative works going forward from the Meiji period.

• 後世に様々な俗説が創作されたことも評価を低くする結果となった。
• All of these popular beliefs contributed to the establishment of his low public assessment.

• 一方、森博達は十七条憲法を『日本書紀』編纂時の創作としている。
• On the other hand, Hiromichi MORI argues that Jushichijo Kenpo was created when 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.

• 祖父・市川猿翁が創作し、得意とした舞踊劇を十番選んだものである。
• Ten dance dramas which were created and performed best by his grandfather, Eno ICHIKAWA, were selected.

• 中には、創作や脚色された信憑性に薄い伝承や誤伝に基づく話もある。
• There exist some oral traditions that were fabricated, dressed-up, or have been passed down mistakenly.

• これは文化 (元号)の頃の講釈師大玄斎蕃格による創作といわれる。
• This is believed to be a fictional story written by Bakaku DAIGENSAI from the Bunka era.

• 西洋料理のパスタを日本人の好みに合うように創作された洋食である。
• It is a yoshoku (Western-style Japanese cuisine) made by arranging pasta, a Western cuisine, to suit Japanese tastes.

• 江戸時代の中期までは、上方で創作された歌舞伎狂言の比重は大きい。
• Until the middle of the Edo period, Kabuki Kyogen created in 'Kamigata' (Kyoto and Osaka area) weighed so much.

• このためか各種の創作において主人公としてよく取り上げられている。
• Maybe for that reason, he was set as a central character in various stories.

• 架空の人物と言う説や、実在したが逸話は後世の創作という説がある。
• Legend has it that he was a fictitious person, or he was a real person but his anecdotes were created in later years.

• そのため和歌の創作に打ち込むようになり、歌会を何度もおこなった。
• Therefore he threw himself into creating waka poetry and holding Utakai (waka parties.)

• 芥川龍之介は、志賀の小説を高く評価し自分の創作上の理想と呼んだ。
• Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA thought highly of SHIGA's novels, calling them the ideal he aspired to in his own creative writing.

• 赤子時代の逸話はこの強さから生み出された後世の創作かもしれない。
• He was so strong that the anecdote about his babyhood may have been made up in later ages.

• ではこれがまったくの創作上の代物なのかというと、実はそうでもない。
• However, these posts weren't totally fiction.

• しかし、楠木正成以前の系図は諸家で一致せず、後世の創作と見られる。
• However, genealogies of the Kusunoki clan found in different families do not match before the the time of Masashige KUSUNOKI and are thought to have been made up by later generations.

• この法律で「考案」とは、自然法則を利用した技術的思想の創作をいう。
• 'Device' in this Act means the creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of nature.

• また「くのいち」という呼び方自体が山田風太郎の創作とする説もある。
• Also, there is a theory that the name 'Kunoichi' itself was a creation by Futaro YAMADA.

• しかし、これは前述の逃亡・生存説を大幅にデフォルメした創作である。
• However, this is fiction in which his escape and survival theory previously mentioned is deformed quite a lot.

• これ以降、狂歌の愛好者らはグループ（狂歌連）を作って創作に励んだ。
• Since then, Kyoka lovers formed groups (Kyoka-ren) to create kyoka poems.

• 一方で、この序文自体が編者もしくは後世の創作であるとする説もある。
• On the other hand, a competing theory argues that the preface itself was created and then added by the compiler or perhaps an editor of a later generation.

• 五徳猫はこの五徳と器物の五徳との言葉あわせで創作されたものとされる。
• The term Gotokuneko was supposedly created to be a pun on the word gotoku: the Five Virtues (called gotoku in Japanese) and the gotoku as an object.

• 民間伝承にある妖怪ではなく、子供向けに創作された妖怪とする説もある。
• Some say that this is a ghost created for children and does not exist in popular legends.

• これらは、江戸時代以降に創作された講談話であり、明確な裏付けはない。
• Those stories were kodan (story-telling) created in the Edo period and later and there was no reliable backup data.

• 回路配置利用権の効力は、他人が創作した回路配置の利用には、及ばない。
• The effect of a layout-design exploitation right shall not extend to any exploitation of layout-design which is created by other persons.

• しかしながら、おそらくこれは後世の創作あるいは誤解に基づくものである
• However, perhaps this is a story made up by later generations or based on a misunderstanding.

• 激怒した八上城家臣は母親を殺害してしまった（絵本太功記による創作）。
• Vassals Yagami-jo Castle became furious and killed his mother (a fiction from Ehon Taikoki).

• これは源頼朝が源氏の嫡流であると印象づけるための創作といわれている。
• This story was probably created to give the impression that Yoritomo MINAMOTO was descended from the official line of the Minamoto clan.

• 脱盟の経緯が不明の為、小説や映画ではそれぞれの作者が創作に腕を振るう。
• Since the details of his withdrawal are unclear, many writers use their imagination to create a story for books or film.

• その後、文化・文政期に鶴屋南北が江戸において多くの作品を創作している。
• Afterward in the Bunka-Bunsei era, 'Nanboku TSURUYA' created many works of Kabuki Kyogen in Edo.

• またあらゆる釉薬や造形を試し、その創作意欲が生涯枯れることはなかった。
• Moreover, he tested all kinds of glazes and designs, never losing his creative drive until his death.

• いずれも、いかにも大志を抱く素浪人にふさわしい話であり、創作であろう。
• Although all of these episodes seen to suggest that he had been a poor samurai with great ambition, they are most likely fiction.

• 本作の刊行と同時期に短歌創作を始めており、啄木の影響と推察されている。
• It is considred that the work of Takuboku influenced Kenji, as he started creating his own tanka around the time the book was published.

• 当時の八坂神社の名誉宮司作詞の歌詞を元に1968年（昭和43年）に創作。
• The Mando odori dance was created in 1968 based on the words by the honorary chief priest of Yasaka-jinja Shrine.

• また、現在の創作物での描写には明らかに誇大表現といえる部分も無くはない。
• Also, some descriptions about him in current fictional works are clearly exaggerated.

• 七五調で作られたものが多く、これに創作当時流行していた節を付けて朗唱する。
• Many of the Wasan were made in poems of the seven-five syllable style, and were chanted with the intonation that was popular in the period when the Wasan was made.

• ここでは、上田秋成の『雨月物語』にかける意気込み、創作経緯が書かれている。
• It suggests that Akinari UEDA was enthusiastic about writing 'Tales of Moonlight and Rain,' and offers insight about how it was written.

• 時に作者個人の創作たる発句を完全に独立させた近代文芸の俳句と同一視される。
• Hokku, as an individual art of creation, can be identified as haiku, which is a form of modern literature that became completely independent from hokku.

• 泰親は子母澤寛との親交が深く、子母澤の新選組関連著作の創作部分に登場する。
• Yasuchika had a deep friendship with Kan SHIMOZAWA and appears in fictional parts in Shimozawa's books about Shinsengumi.

• そのためこの複雑な感情を解き明かそうとして後述のような文学作品が創作された。
• For this reason, some literary works, covered later, written in an attempt to unravel his complex feelings.

• 第3回京都学生祭典から創作オリジナルおどり「京炎 そでふれ!」が導入された。
• Commencing with the third Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa, an original dance, 'Kyoen Sodefure! (literally, waving sleeves in hot Kyoto),' was introduced.

• その場合、胤重を陸奥国の人物として描く血縁関係はすべて創作ということになる。
• In this case, all the accounts on the blood relationships that regard Taneshige as a person who lived in the Mutsu Province would turn out to be fictional stories.

• 則宗のことを菊一文字則宗などと称する人があるが、これは創作であり正しくない。
• Some people called him Norimune KIKUMONJI but it was a fictional story and incorrect.

• 巻きずしは創作性が出しやすいため近年は新しい具材や新しい巻き方が登場している。
• Because originality can be easily introduced in maki-zushi, new rolling methods as well as new ingredients are adopted in recent times.

• 本来的に歌舞伎狂言として創作されたものは、基本的に下座の音楽が演劇を演出する。
• 'Geza' (sound effects in Kabuki) basically produces the atmosphere of the original Kabuki Kyogen.

• 入江は大正時代に土田麦僊、村上華岳らが創設した国画創作協会のメンバーであった。
• Irie was a member of the Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai (National Creative Painting Association) founded by Bakusen TSUCHIDA and Kagaku MURAKAMI, and others in the Taisho period.

• 文書の分類•参照•複写番号、日付、創作者、題目と範囲を含む、必要な情報の記述；
• description of the information involved, including its classification, reference and copy number, date, originator, subject and scope of the document;

• 「ヒルメ」の『孁』（メ）の文字は、『日本書紀』の編纂者が作った創作漢字である。
• The kanji for 'Me' in 'Hirume' was a character newly created by the compiler of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).

• これにより、国芳作品の創作過程の解明および浮世絵本来の色の復元が始まっている。
• This prompted the analysis of the creation process of Kuniyoshi's works and restoration of the colors which were faded away from Kuniyoshi's original Ukiyo-e prints.

• 文七元結（ぶんしちもっとい）は、三遊亭圓朝の創作で、落語のうち、人情噺のひとつ。
• Bunshichi Mottoi was created by Encho Sanyutei, and is one of human-interest stories among rakugo (traditional comic story telling).

• またそもそも逆落し自体が『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるという見方も有力である。
• Furthermore, there is a leading opinion that 'Heike Monogatari' created the story of 'sakaotoshi' in the first place.

• その他、各地の豪族がそれぞれ新たに創作した家紋が現代まで伝わっているものもある。
• In addition, some Kamon, created by Gozoku (a powerful family (clan)), have been handed down and are still in use.

• 人の思想・感情を創作性に欠く方法により表現したもののため、著作権の対象にならない
• Too simple to be copyrighted

• が、安宅の関での勧進帳の読み上げはこの作品ではじめてみられ、作者の創作と思われる。
• But the scene of reading out kanjincho at the Ataka barrier was seen in this work for the first time, and this seems to be the writer's original.

• 特に、和太鼓を用いた創作曲を演奏するグループにおいて、篠笛が盛んに用いられている。
• Shinobue are often played by groups that play original music using Japanese drums.

• この法律で「発明」とは、自然法則を利用した技術的思想の創作のうち高度のものをいう。
• 'Invention' in this Act means the highly advanced creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of nature.

• また、江戸時代末期から明治時代初期にかけて、河竹黙阿弥が多数の作品を創作している。
• And from the last days of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, 'Mokuami KAWATAKE' did the same as Nanboku.

• また、大正7年（1918年）に日本創作版画協会、昭和5年に洋風版画協会を設立する。
• He also founded Nihon Sosaku-hanga Kyokai (Japan creative print art association) in 1918, and Yofu-hanga Kyokai (Western-style print art association) in 1930 (表記の変更).

• 創作意欲が旺盛であり、その工夫は簡素さの中に力強さを求めるものであったようである。
• It seems he was full of creative enthusiasm and came up with ideas to seek strength within simplicity.

• 自ら厨房に立ち料理を振舞うなどしながらそこで使用する食器や料理を自ら創作していた。
• As well as cooking and serving the food himself, he produced his own dinnerware and recipes.

• 浅田次郎の歴史小説『壬生義士伝』は、子母澤の創作を下敷きにして書かれたものである。
• A historical novel, 'Mibu Gishiden,' by Jiro ASADA was written based on the SHIMOZAWA's fabrication.

• 伝承は多く残っており、後に創作されたものもあり、それぞれにかなりの相違が見られる。
• There still are many remaining traditions about Oguri, some of which were created later, and significant differences can be found among them.

• なお、同部は、平成４年からは薬師寺において、創作伎楽『三蔵法師』にも取り組んでいる。
• This department has been also performing an original gigaku called 'Sanzo hoshi' (Xuanzang with three collections of Buddhist scriptures) at Yakushi-ji Temple since 1992.

• 祖父の市川猿翁が創作して初演した舞踊に、三代目自身が演出した舞踊を加えたものである。
• It consists of dances created and first performed by Eno ICHIKAWA, grandfather of Ennosuke the third, plus those produced by Ennosuke the third himself.

• このことから、屏風のぞきとは石燕が中国の古典をもとにして描いた創作物との指摘がある。
• From this some people point out the possibility that Sekien created the byobu nozoki based on the Chinese classical literature.

• この貝児が出現したという明確な伝承は残されていないため、石燕の創作物とする説もある。
• However, there is no reliable oral tradition that the kaichigo actually appeared, therefore, another interpretation indicates that it was a imaginary creature Sekien made up.

• それらのことから、不眠をテーマとして木魚とだるまを合成して描かれた創作妖怪とされる。
• Based on these, it is said that Mokugyo-daruma is a fictive specter drawn by synthesizing Mokugyo and Daruma under the theme of sleeplessness.

• これらは、伝えるべき史実の核がないまま系図だけが創作された場合にありがちな例である。
• This fact strongly suggests that their pedigrees were created out of materials unrelated to historical facts.

• 成務天皇を架空と見る立場からは、天智天皇の近江宮のモデルを過去に投影した創作とする。
• For those who see the Emperor Seimu as fictitious, the palace was a creation reflecting the Omi no miya Palace of the Emperor Tenji as a model.

• 創作は古く平安時代にさかのぼり、「法華讃歎」「百石（ももさか）讃歎」などが流行した。
• The oldest Wasan was made in the Heian period, and there were popular Wasan called 'Hokke santan' and 'Momosaka sandan.'

• また、その後に創作された踊り主体の演目も含める場合もある（歌舞伎舞踊の項目も参照）。
• In some cases, Kabuki Odori also includes the program focusing on dancing created after Wakashu Kabuki; please refer to the article of 'Kabuki Buyo' (Kabuki Dance).

• 司馬遼太郎が『渡辺幸庵対話』の記述を元に、「真説宮本武蔵」という短編を創作している。
• Ryotaro SHIBA created a short story called 'The true story of Musashi MIYAMOTO' based on the description of 'Conversation with Koan WATANABE'.

• 『今昔物語集』の話はすべて創作ではなく、他の本からの引き写しであると考えられている。
• It is thought that not all the tales in 'The Collection of Tales of Times Now Past' are original but have been taken from other books.

• そのため、古典上の創作が許されて現代の創作が非難されることを理不尽とする意見もある。
• Therefore, there is an opinion that allows fabrications in Japanese classics yet criticizes modern creations as irrational.

• これらの天皇は実在せず後に創作された架空のものだとする考えが戦後史学界で支配的である。
• It is widely accepted among scholars in the post-war period that these emperors did not in fact exist but are imaginary characters created at later times.

• 近江令制定は平安時代に創作された話なのだから、奈良時代に語られるはずがないからである。
• Because the institution of Omi-Ryo is a fabricated story during the Heian period, and it is impossible to be talked about in the Nara period.

• しかし前述のように、江戸時代にはすでに鳥山石燕らによる妖怪の創作が多く行なわれていた。
• However, as mentioned earlier, by the Edo period, yokai were actively invented by people such as Sekien TORIYAMA.

• 私は彼の声の中から、芸術家が創作の上に持つ、歓喜と矜持と同じものを感得するのであった。
• and I recognized in his voice the joy and pride which the artist takes in his own creation.

• 1928年（昭和3年）に国画創作協会が解散した際に、洋画部が独立し「国画会」となった。
• In 1928, when Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai was dissolved, the department of western-style painting became independent and formed 'Kokugakai' (Society for National Painting).

• 馬琴は、みずからの創作技法として「稗史七則」をまとめ、『八犬伝』に付言として記している。
• Bakin made up 'seven rules of historical novels' as his creative technique and added them to 'Hakkenden' as an additional remark.

• また前述の「文車の文」の箇所からは、同じく『百器徒然袋』の「文車妖妃」が創作されている。
• Further, the above-cited 'books on fuguruma' passage is also the source of creation for 'Fuguruma-yobi' introduced in the 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro.'

• 与市兵衛はまったくの創作上の人物だが、友岡二丁目に「与市兵衛の墓」なるものが残っている。
• Although Yoichibei is a fictional character, what is believed to be 'Yoichibei's grave remains in Tomooka 2-chome.

• 軍記物語『太平記』にある平安時代前期の僧・守敏の逸話をもとに石燕が創作した妖怪とされる。
• It is said to be a yokai created by Sekien based on an anecdote about Shubin, a Buddhist monk of the early Heian period, which appeared in a war chronicle 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace).

• しかし、その多くが後人の手によって改編されたり、あるいは全く一から創作されたものである。
• But many of them were revised or written by later hands.

• 創作者等が二人以上ある場合において、これらの者が共同して設定登録の申請をしていないこと。
• that, in the case where there are two or more creators, etc., they do not jointly apply for a registration of establishment;

• 最近では、色々な創作串カツをお好みやコースのスタイルで供する高級化した店も流行している。
• Recently, upscale restaurants are getting popular where various types of creative kushikatsu are served a la carte or in a course menu.

• 落語は、江戸時代、軽めの講談、辻咄（辻芸）として京都の露の五郎兵衛らによって創作された。
• Rakugo was created by TSUYU no Gorobe of Kyoto in the Edo era as a light kodan storytelling and tsuji-banashi (also called tsuji-gei, storytelling at crossroads).

• しかし、神社祭祀に特化した新たな創作神楽であることから、狭義では雅楽と明確に区分される。
• In a narrow sense, however, they are distinct from gagaku, being specifically created for religious festivals.

• 加納の同志である阿部十郎の証言とも矛盾する為、小説家・子母澤寛の創作である可能性が高い。
• Since the foregoing story contradicts the testimony given by Kano's comrade Juro ABE, it is highly likely that it was a fictional account created by the novelist Kan SHIMOZAWA.

• 創作の世界で沖田は、司馬遼太郎の小説以降、一般に純情な青年として描かれることが多かった。
• Following his appearance in Ryotaro SHIBA's books, Okita is generally often depicted in fiction as a pure and innocent young man.

• 吾妻鏡の記述以外のエピソードは、室町時代初期に書かれた『義経記』の創作によるものである。
• Episodes other than those in Azuma Kagami are works of fiction in 'Gikeiki,' a military epic on Yoshitsune and his followers, established in the initial part of the Muromachi period.

• 米国の作家で、日本の探偵モト氏を創作し、同様に他の小説を書いた（1893年−1960年）
• United States writer who created the Japanese detective Mr. Moto and wrote other novels as well (1893-1960)

• 言語は、いかなる言葉も必ず個人の心の創作として飛び出してくるという点で、ユニークである。
• Language is unique in that any statement must start out as the creation of an individual mind.

• よって、『吾妻鏡』十七日条は、義経失脚後、その説明をするために創作されたものと思われる。
• Therefore, it is supposed that the August 17 article of 'Azuma Kagami' was created after the downfall of Yoshitsune in order to explain the reason.

• 小説やドラマなどの創作では演出上、勝と西郷の2人のみが面会したように描かれることが多い。
• In the creative works by novelist and dramatist, the authors and producers often described the scene in this edited manner; placing only Katsu and Saigo in attendance at the meeting, for dramatic necessity.

• ただしこの戦いを創作とする説もあり、その場合は第2次小豆坂の戦いのみが存在する事になる。
• However, there is another theory that this battle is fictitious and there was only a Second Battle of Azuki-zaka in real history.

• 名前から見て、蘇我倉山田石川麻呂もしくはその子孫が創作した架空の人物であるとする説もある。
• Also there is a theory that judging from the name, this figure was an imaginary person created by SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro or some of his descendents.

• しかし他に優秀な狂言作者がいない中でひっぱりだこは変わらず、創作活動はその最期まで続けた。
• Although he had announced his retirement, yet he remained in high demand in the absence of other excellent kyogen-sakusha (kabuki playwrights), thus continuing writing to the last breath.

• 1940年頃に企画された中央公論社版の『尾崎紅葉全集』の編集過程で、創作メモが発見された。
• The creation notes for this novel written by Koyo were found during the process of compiling Chuo Koronsha edition of 'The Complete Works of Ozaki Koyo,' which was planned around 1940.

• さらに近代文芸として個人の創作性を重視して俳句を成立させたのが明治時代の正岡子規であった。
• During the Meiji period, Shiki MASAOKA emphasized creativity within the individual and ultimately established haiku poetry as modern literature.

• しかし、これは草加市出身の全国紙記者が「草加煎餅」を広めようと創作したものとも言われている。
• This story, however, is also said to have been created by a reporter of a national newspaper in order to make Soka-senbei better known.

• 武内宿禰以前は後世の架上と言われており、蘇我石川宿禰も子孫の石川氏による創作と見る説がある。
• TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was previously alleged to be a fiction created by subsequent generations, and there are also those who view Soganoishikawa no Sukune to be a creation of descendents of the Ishikawa clan.

• 家康・秀忠の2代において（大御所時代も含む）、江戸時代幕藩体制の基本的骨格が創作されていく。
• The basic framework of the shogunate and domain system in the Edo period was created under the rule of Ieyasu and Hidetada - as a shogun or an 'ogosho' (a title of honor given to the former shogun).

• 『吾妻鏡』と『平家物語』を創作であると捨てて、厳密に『玉葉』のみを採れば、下記の記述がある。
• If we eliminate 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari' due to their fictional natures, strictly interpreting only Gyokuyo,' then the depictions of the battles would change to the following.

• したがって宇多天皇の皇子で正三位中納言であったというのは全くの創作であり、論ずるに足りない。
• Therefore, the story about him being a prince and Shosanmi Chunagon is a merely fiction and is not worth consideration.

• もう一つは近江令不存在説で、天智天皇が近江令を制定したという話がこの時代に創作されたとする。
• Another pillar is the Omi-Ryo nonexistence Hypothesis, which argues that a story that Emperor Tenchi instituted Omi-Ryo was created during this period.

• 2006年に和太鼓創作曲100曲を越え今も尚発表を続け、それらの演奏団体は５０団体を越える。
• By 2006, there were already more than 100 creative Japanese drum pieces, and new ones are being announced continuously, with more than 50 groups playing them.

• これは平安時代末期の武士の感覚からはありえない遺言であり、後年の創作であるとも言われている。
• This kind of will would make no sense in terms of the mentality of warriors of the late Heian period, and it is therefore considered that it may have been created in later years.

• 同校の同期生であった村上華岳、土田麦僊とともに1918年（大正7年）国画創作協会を結成する。
• With his contemporaries at the school, Kagaku MURAKAMI and Bakusen TSUCHIDA, he established Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai (National Creative Painting Association) in 1918.

• カキフライ- 日本で開発された創作料理であり、生食を主とする欧米では一般的な調理方法ではない。
• Fried oysters is a creative cuisine developed in Japan and is not a general method of cooking in Western countries where people usually eat raw oysters.

• 近江令が平安時代に創作された仮構ならば、奈良時代に言及された不改常典が近江令であるはずがない。
• If Omi-Ryo is a hypothetical creation in the Heian period, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, which was referred to in the Nara period, cannot be Omi-Ryo by any means.

• 妖怪漫画家として活躍する水木しげるの妖怪研究関連の著書の中にも創作妖怪があると指摘されている。
• It has been pointed out that there are creative yokai characters in yokai research-related books written by Shigeru MIZUKI, who is a successful yokai cartoon writer.

• また、無断任官問題は『吾妻鏡』の創作であり、「政治センスの欠如」という評価は当らないのである。
• The story that he accepted the title from the court without permission is a creation of 'Azuma Kagami,' and the criticism that he lacked the 'political sense' is not adequate.

• 『続日本紀』は、延暦16年（797年）に完成した史書で、創作された話が入る性質のものではない。
• 'Shoku Nihongi' is a history book completed in 797 and does not include fiction stories.

• しかし、『義経記』を初めとした創作の世界では大活躍をしており、義経と並んで主役格の人気がある。
• But he is a great hero in fictional stories including 'Gikeiki,' a military epic about the life of Yoshitsune, and he is as popular as his master Yoshitsune as a leading role.

• また、『八犬伝』執筆時の馬琴のエピソードも、芥川龍之介『戯作三昧』などの創作の題材となっている。
• Furthermore, Bakin's anecdotes from the time when he wrote 'Hakkenden' have been made a theme of many creations including 'Gesakuzanmai' written by Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA.

• 『俊寛』は『平家物語』巻の三「足摺り」を題材にしているが、内容的には大幅な創作が加えられている。
• 'Shunkan' is based on the third volume, `Ashizuri' (stamp the ground in frustration) of 'Heike Monogatari,' but the story was extensively reformed.

• なお、激怒した秀吉が誥命が書かれた国書を破り捨てたとされる話が伝えられているが後世の創作である。
• A story has been handed down that Hideyoshi was so infuriated that he tore the letter and threw it away, but this a fiction created later.

• 前項の登録がされている著作物については、その登録に係る年月日において創作があつたものと推定する。
• A work as to which the date of [its] creation has been registered as set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be presumed to have been created on said registered date.

• データベースでその情報の選択又は体系的な構成によつて創作性を有するものは、著作物として保護する。
• Databases which, by reason of the selection or systematic construction of information contained therein, constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as independent works.

• 糸洲安恒が学校で子供達が学びやすいようにと、ピンアン（平安）の型を創作したのも、この時期である。
• Around that time, Anko ITOSU created the binan (peace) kata so that children could easily learn karate in schools.

• なお、創作落語は関西の落語家による造語であり文献によっても広く古典と対比されるのは新作とされる。
• Sosaku Rakugo (a creative rakugo story) is a term coined by a rakugo storyteller of the Kansai region, and Shinsaku rakugo is generally compared with Classical Rakugo.

• 沖田総司といえば、創作作品において必ずといって良いほど池田屋での戦闘中に激しく喀血し、倒れ込む。
• Works of fiction always have Soji OKITA coughing up blood and collapsing during the fighting in the Ikedaya Incident.

• 古典『太平記』に記される逸話や後世の創作などによって、高兄弟は「悪逆非道」の烙印を押されている。
• The KO brothers were branded as wicked from anecdotes in the 'Taiheiki' and stories written in later ages.

• （信玄の軍師として知名度の高い山本勘助だが、一般的なイメージは江戸期以降の創作物によるものである。
• (Kansuke YAMAMOTO is famous as a military strategist for Shingen, but his general images were created in the Edo period and later.

• そのため、「逆落し」は『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるとの見方が歴史学の専門家の間では有力である。
• Therefore, mainstream experts of historical studies express the influential point of view that the author of 'Heike Monogatari' created this fictional story of 'sakaotoshi.'

• 創作和太鼓集団の多くは祭りの太鼓からの派生なので、ほとんどの場合、祭りと共通する服装・化粧となる。
• Since many creative Japanese drum groups are derived from the Japanese drum of some festival, it's natural that they wear common costumes and make-up resembling those in the festival.

• 作家司馬遼太郎の作品以降、沖田は小説・ドラマなど創作世界においては頻繁に美少年として描かれてきた。
• Since his appearance in Ryotaro SHIBA's novels, he has often been depicted in fiction, including novels and TV series, as a handsome young man.

• 「婆さん（付添いの老婆）、俺は斬れないよ」（ただし、この話は子母沢寛による創作であると言われる）。
• See! (he said to the old woman who was attending him), I cannot kill it' (this story is said to have been created by Kan SHIMOZAWA.)

• ただしそれは創作上の話で、実際の三門は五右衛門の死後30年以上経った寛永5年（1628年）の建築。
• However, this only occurs in the story as the actual Sam-mon Gate was constructed in 1628, more than 30 years after the death of Goemon ISHIKAWA.

• 歌道（かどう）とは、和歌の創作や和歌自体に関する学問（歌論・歌学）を追及する学芸を道に擬えたもの。
• Kado, which literally means an art of poems, is an art of creating waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables) and a study regarding waka itself (treatise on waka poetry and the study of waka).

• また、各地に聖徳太子が建てたという寺院が多いが、後世になって縁起で創作されたものが多いと思われる。
• There are a lot of temples which claim to have been built by Shotoku Taishi throughout Japan, but most of the histories are considered to have been fabricated in later ages to follow the examples of Shotoku Taishi.

• また、その余波により、時代設定を変えて、新選組の枠組や有名隊士らをモチーフにした創作も数々生まれた。
• As an aftereffect of the above, many works were produced that were set at a different period of time, but used the structure of Shinsen-gumi and its well-known members as a motif.

• 伊藤真乗は仏師としても著名であるが、創作した仏像は、様々な所に贈られており、秘仏として扱われている。
• Shinjo ITO is famous as a sculptor of Buddhist images; the statues he made had been given to various places and kept as Hibutsu (Buddhist statues not usually shown to the public).

• 西洋の神話・伝説（ベオウルフ等）、モンスター映画や漫画と言った創作物では相討ちは好まれる演出の一つ。
• Aiuchi is one of the favorable scenes in Western mythology and folklore (such as Beowulf), and creative works such as monster movies and cartoons.

• したがって、当時創作された演目は、休憩時間や舞台転換などの幕間を考慮しても、比較的長大なものが多い。
• Therefore, many of the programs created at that time were relatively long, though the time of intermission for rest & stage change was deducted.

• しかしこれは、主筋であった豊臣氏を滅ぼしたことへの非難を避けるための後世の創作であるという説もある。
• However, there is also the theory that this story was fabricated in a later generation to avoid the criticism that Ieyasu ruined the Toyotomi family, which had been his master family

• 和田義盛の郎党朝比奈義秀の門破りの俗説と、近松門左衛門の「悦賀楽平太」などの先行作をもとに創作された。
• A creation based on the popular belief about a gate breaking by Yoshihide ASAHINA, who was a retainer of Yoshimori WADA, and on preceding works such as 'Egara-no-Heita' by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU.

• 著作物　思想又は感情を創作的に表現したものであつて、文芸、学術、美術又は音楽の範囲に属するものをいう。
• "work"　means a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain;

• 変わったところでは、創作落語でパソコンのマウス (コンピュータ)に見立てて使用した例（桂文珍）がある。
• In a creative routine a performer (Bunchin KATSURA) used the wooden clappers as the mouse of a PC, an exceptional case.

• またこの頃から存在していたという流派が伝承などで見られるが、史実としては後世の創作である可能性が高い。
• Additionally, it is said that some schools existed since around that time from folk tales, but it is highly possible that they are the fiction of a later age.

• 近年の妖怪関連の文献や、妖怪の登場する創作作品では「片車輪（かたしゃりん）」と改称されていることがある。
• In documents and works about ghosts in recent years, Katawa-guruma has sometimes been renamed as 'Kata-sharin.'

• 殺陣師阪東八重之助がサイレント時代劇「雄呂血」のラスト近くの立ち回りに啓発されて創作したといわれている。
• It is said to be the creation of a sword fight arranger Yaenosuke BANDO who was impressed by the Tachimawari around the last scene of a silent period drama 'Orochi' (Serpent).

• また後述もしているが、家同士での家紋のやりとりは頻繁にあったし、家紋を自由に創作したりすることはあった。
• Kamon were often exchanged between clans and were also freely created.

• 監督の力を確立し、業界に認めさせ、その創作力を芸術にまで向上させるために努力した功績によるものであった。
• It was because of his great performance that he endeavored to establish the director's power, make it accepted by the industry and enhance their creating ability to an art.

• 隆慶一郎の小説「一夢庵風流記」では、滝川一益に仕えていたとするが、あくまで作者の推測および創作である）。
• The novel 'Ichimuan Furyuki' by Keiichiro RYU has it that he was serving Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, but it is only the imagination and creation of the author.)

• その上、作中の行動のあちこちに矛盾が生じており、当時の伝説と作者の創作によって成立したと考えられている。
• Moreover, a great many contradictions surface during the action of the story, and hence it is believed to have been based on both then-contemporary legends and on fabrications by the author.

• 現代の日本において、各種の二次創作物やフィクションに登場する｢那須与一｣は、この与一をモデルにしている。
• In modern years of Japan, 'NASU no Yoichi' appearing in various side creations or fictional works have been modeled on this Yoichi.

• これが盂蘭盆の起源とされる（ただしこの経典は後世、中国において創作された偽経であるという説が濃厚である）。
• This is considered to be the origin of Urabon (However, it is influential that this sutra is a false sutra created later in China).

• 同樹種だけの物や、異種の植物を組み合わせた物、または造形物などと組み合わせてより創作性を高めた作品もある。
• There are also many highly creative combinations of bonsai with a group of the same plants, groups of different plants or combinations of plants with sculptures.

• 兄の狂言師、中村勘次郎らと大蔵流狂言を学び、その経験を生かして、生涯の傑作、舞踊『猿若』を創作したという。
• He learned Okura school of 'kyogen' (a farce played during a Noh cycle) with his older brother and a kyogen performer, Kanjiro NAKAMURA, and with this experience, he created the dance, 'Saruwaka,' his lifetime masterpiece.

• 創作作品では、司馬遼太郎作「竜馬がゆく」から三谷幸喜の「竜馬におまかせ!」まで幅広いところで出現している。
• Jutaro widely appears in many fiction works including 'Ryoma ga yuku' (a novel) by Ryotaro SHIBA and 'Ryoma ni omakase !' (a TV drama) scripted by Koki MITANI.

• よく知られた単語がそこから派生したという想定のもとで（普通接辞を削除することにより無意識に）創作された単語
• a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it

• こうした武家社会で用いられた歴史的な根拠のない創作の官職風の名乗りを東百官と呼んで実際の官職名と区別した。
• These government-post-like Nanori which were created without any historical background and used in the samurai society were called Azuma Hyakkan, and were distinguished from the actual names of government positions.

• 女性としては神功皇后（大日本帝国政府紙幣；壱円券は1881年発行開始；肖像は全くの創作）以来の採用である。
• She is the second lady to have her portrait used on a banknote, after the Empress Jingu (the one-yen note of the Empire of Japan was issued starting in 1881; the Empress's portrait was pure fiction).

• また、趣味や同人の一環として漫画などの二次創作物やオリジナルのイラストを描いて公開している者も多数存在する。
• Also, many ordinary people paint or draw and publish derivative works (such as cartoons) and their original illustrations, as part of their hobbies or club activities.

• 歴史に破れ朽ち果てた者たちが、無念の思いと歴史の真実を後世に残したいと思いこの種のお伽話を創作したといえる。
• It can be said that those who lost and were left to decay in history created this type of fairy tale, out of their desire to pass down to posterity their regrets and historical truths.

• （この際に須田の部隊は伊達家の「竹に雀」の定紋の帷幕を奪い、永く上杉家の誇りとしたと云うがこれは軍記の創作。
• (At that time, it is said that the Suda troops took away the hanging curtain with the Date family crest of the 'bamboo and sparrow' and the Uesugi family took pride in it for a long time, but it was a fiction written in a war chronicle.

• 本作は現在に至るまで大衆文学・ドラマ・漫画・アニメなど各ジャンルの創作に影響を与え、多くの翻案が生み出された。
• 'Hakkenden' has influenced creative activities in various genres including popular literature, drama, comics and animation, and has been adapted many times.

• なお躙り口の発生に関しては資料が不足しており、流布している利休の創作という主張も確たる根拠があるわけではない。
• Moreover, the material is not sufficient for the origin of Nijiriguchi (crawling entrance), and there is no concrete grounds in the widespread assertion that it was created by Rikyu.

• ほかにも、国学の素養を生かした小書を多く創作し、さらには世阿弥伝書に加註のうえ上梓するなど旺盛な活動を行った。
• Also, he created kogaki (small scripts) by taking advantage of his knowledge about kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and he was in full of activity such as going so far as to annotate upon Zeami Densho and publish it.

• ただし今日では、大梵天王問仏決疑経は、後にこの説話を根拠付けるために創作された経典、つまり偽経だとされている。
• Nowadays, however, it is believed that the Dai bontenno monbutsu ketsugi kyo was a fictitious Buddhist scripture created to substantiate the legend for posterity.

• しかしこれは後世の創作だろうとする声も強い土居晴夫『坂本龍馬の系譜』（新人物往来社、2006年）などが詳しい。
• But many people considers that this is a fiction made up later; refer to 'Family History of Ryoma SAKAMOTO' by Haruo DOI (Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha, 2006).

• 司馬遼太郎の小説『新選組血風録』では赤穂浪士から脱落した奥野将監の子孫として描かれているが、これは創作である。
• In Ryotaro SHIBA's novel 'Shinsengumi Keppuroku,' he was depicted as a descendant of Shogen OKUNO, who dropped out of Ako Roshi (lordless samurai of Ako domain), but it is a fiction.

• しかしやがてそれらの小説を実用目的ではなく楽しみとして読むものが現れ、影響を受けた創作や翻訳を行うものが現れた。
• In the course of time, some people started to read these novels not only for the practical purpose but for pleasure, and some also started to translate them and write stories under their influence.

• 『画図百器徒然袋』の角盥漱は、平安時代の歌人・小野小町の使用していた角盥漱の妖怪化として創作されたものとされる。
• Tsunohanzo as a yokai portrayed in the 'Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' is thought to be Sekien's creation inspired by an episode of the tsunohanzo owned by ONO no Komachi, a waka poet who lived in the Heian period.

• そのため、局中法度とは、この禁令に、別に定められていた「軍中法度」を混ぜて子母沢が創作したものと推測されている。
• Thus, it is assumed that Kyokuchu Hatto was created by SHIMOZAWA based on the above Prohibition, and by mixing 'Gunchu Hatto' which had been separately set forth.

• この反乱は、後の草壁皇子・大津皇子の対立をベースとして応神天皇即位の正当性を示すために創作されたとする説もある。
• There is a view that this rebellion was created in order to legitimize the enthronement of the Emperor Ojin based upon the dispute between Prince Kusakabe and Prince Otsu.

• この法律は、意匠の保護及び利用を図ることにより、意匠の創作を奨励し、もつて産業の発達に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, through promoting the protection and the utilization of designs, to encourage creation of designs, and thereby to contribute to the development of industry.

• 映画などでは引き上げの途上、路上で庶民が歓呼を以って義士を迎える場面があるが、これは演劇などにおける創作である。
• There is a scene where commoners greet loyal retainers on the street with cheers on their way back; however, it was only scripted for plays.

• はじめ呉服屋を営んでいたが、天保10年 (1839) 絞吉平の名で河原崎座に入り、歌舞伎狂言の創作活動を始める。
• At first he ran a kimono shop, but in 1839, he joined a Kabuki theater company called Kawarazaki-za with a pen name Kichihei SHIBORI (絞吉平), and started creative activities, writing Kabuki plays.

• 創作者の事前の書面での同意なしに、フランス秘密情報を他国、他の国際機関又は第三者に、いかなる状況でも公開しない。
• not release, under any circumstances, French classified information to other States, other International Organizations or to Third Parties without the previous written consent of the originator.

• 但し、大野次郎右衛門なる人物は架空の人物であることがわかっており、吉村の最期は子母澤寛の創作である可能性が高い。
• However, it is already ascertained that the person with the name of Jirouemon ONO was a fictitious person and, therefore, there is strong possibility that YOSHIMURA's last was fiction by Kan SHIMOZAWA.

• 蘇我氏の祖とされる蘇我石川宿禰は名前から見て、石川麻呂もしくはその子孫が創作した架空の人物であるとする説もある。
• Judging from the name, there is also a theory that claims Soganoishikawa no Sukune who was thought to be the founder of the Soga clan to be a fictitious person created by Ishikawamaro or his descendants.

• ただし枕詞とは、音数が自由で長いものが見られる点と、受ける語が固定されず自由であり創作性に富んでいる点で異なる。
• However, jokotoba is different from makura word in that the number of syllabic sounds is not fixed and there are longer jokotoba, and that the modified word is not fixed and created.

• 大乗仏典は西暦紀元前後以降、大乗仏教教団によって創作されたもので、すべて歴史上の釈尊とは直接関係のないものである。
• The Mahayana sutras were created by Mahayana Buddhism religious associations beginning around the beginning of the A.D. epoch, so they have no direct relationship to the historical Syakamuni.

• 戦後になると、邦楽系の作曲家に加え、これまで邦楽には疎かったクラシック系の作曲家も創作に参入するようになってきた。
• After the war, not only composers of traditional Japanese music but also composers of classical music who were unfamiliar with traditional Japanese music started to collaborate in the creation of music.

• 材料の入手が困難であった戦時中より詩、詞の創作を始め、1947年には寛次郎の詞「火の誓い」を棟方志功の板画で制作。
• He started to write poems and prose poetry during World War II when materials were difficult to obtain, and created his prose poetry 'Hi no chikai' (literally, fire oath) on a woodcut by Shiko MUNAKATA in 1947.

• 米国の映画制作者で、アニメーションの先駆者となり、ミッキー・マウスとドナルド・ダックのようなキャラクターを創作した
• United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck

• しかし物語としての『忠臣蔵』が成立した後に、物語のイメージから後世に創作された可能性も高いので、注意が必要である。
• However, one must be cautious in regard to such anecdotes because, after 'Chusingura' as a tale was completed, people could have made up such stories under the influence of the tale.

• その代わりとして創作されたのが楽茶碗や万代屋釜に代表される利休道具であり、造形的には装飾性の否定を特徴としている。
• Instead of meibutsu, Rikyu invented implements for tea ceremony such as Mozuya-gama (kettle) and Raku tea bowl, a characteristic of which was lack of decoration in shape.

• 「森蘭丸」の逸話には、他の人物や古典との類似が見られ、江戸時代以降の創作および大名森家による宣伝が指摘されている。
• The anecdote about 'Ranmaru MORI' shows similarities to stories about other people and classical literature, and so some point out that it is a fiction created after the Edo period as well as a propaganda presented by a family of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), the Mori clan.

• しかし心中説は子母沢寛（あるいは八木為三郎）が「新選組物語」にて「壬生心中」として創作したのではないかといわれる。
• The joint suicide theory, however, might have been created by Kan SHIMOZAWA (or Tamesaburo YAGI) as 'Mibu shinju' (lovers' suicide in Mibu) in 'Shinsengumi Monogatari' (the Tale of Shinsengumi).

• 石燕の創作による妖怪であり、名前は吉田兼好の『徒然草』に登場する人物「しろうるり」をもじって名づけられたものである。
• It is a specter of Sekien's creation, and he parodied the name from a character's name, 'Shiroururi', in 'Tsurezure gusa' (Essays in Idleness) by Kenko YOSHIDA.

• 特許法第三十五条（職務発明）の規定は、従業者、法人の役員又は国家公務員若しくは地方公務員がした意匠の創作に準用する。
• Article 35 (inventions by employees) of the Patent Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to creation of a design by an employee, an officer of a juridical person, or a national or local government employee.

• その意匠登録出願人が意匠の創作をした者でない場合において、その意匠について意匠登録を受ける権利を承継していないとき。
• where the applicant for design registration is not the creator of a design, the applicant has not succeeded to the right to obtain a design registration for the said design.

• 工業上利用することができる意匠の創作をした者は、次に掲げる意匠を除き、その意匠について意匠登録を受けることができる。
• A creator of a design that is industrially applicable may be entitled to obtain a design registration for the said design, except for the following:

• 空手の型の数はすべて数えれば数十にもなり、すでに失伝した型もあれば、明治以降新たに創作された型（ピンアン等）もある。
• There were originally several dozen kata; however, some of them disappeared, and some were invented after the Meiji period (e.g. binan).

• また東儀の他に、雅楽器も用いた演奏集団、音楽理論の分析・研究に重点を置き現代的雅楽曲を創作する、芸術団体などがある。
• Other than TOGI, there is also a performance group that uses Gagaku instruments and an art group that creates modern Gagaku music with a focus on the analysis and study of music theory, etc.

• しかしこの頃世阿弥父子はその創作活動の充実と反比例するように、田楽の増阿弥などに圧され、将軍家の寵を失いつつあった。
• At this time, Zeami and Motomasa started to stray away from creative activities and were suppressed by Zoami of dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting) and they began to lose favor from the shogunke (Shogun family).

• 恋愛遍歴についても数々の評伝があり、自身の日記や手紙などで語られる愛の言葉は、後世の多くの創作の題材ともなっている。
• There have been many critical biographies about his romantic relationships, and the words of love he wrote in his own diaries and letters have been used in many creative works of later generations.

• 現在は、桂三枝（「妻の旅行」、「鯛」、「ゴルフ夜明け前」などを創作）を中心に「創作落語」の名でさかんに作られている。
• Today, many routines are created chiefly by Sanshi KATSURA ('My wife's Trip,' 'A Sea Bream,' and 'Before the Dawn of Golf') under the name of 'creative rakugo.'

• 当時の京都は、このように全体として新都市の様相を呈しており、そこでは王権の強化にともなう各種の美術品の創作がみられた。
• Kyoto at that time exhibited an aspect of a new city, and various arts were thriving there due to the strengthened imperial power.

• また、作者不詳の『続浦島伝』のように史実よりも創作性を重視した作品も現われるようになり、後の物語文学にも影響を与えた。
• Also, more creativity-conscious books than historical facts, such as 'Zoku Urashima Den' (Sequel of the folklore, Taro Urashima [Rip van Winkle]) of unknown authorship, appeared, which influenced the subsequent narrative literature.

• もちろん事実と異なる創作ではあるものの、浄土真宗の教義では加持祈祷を否定しており、作中の描写はそれに反するものである。
• Surely it is a fiction and different from the facts and in the creed of Jodo Shinshu, incantation and prayer are denied, the descriptions in the novel are contrary to this.

• その『太平記』は、極めて近い年代の出来事を記述したにも関わらず、創作が多く、その史料価値は明治時代から否定されている。
• Most of the 'Taiheiki' was fiction although it described the events in almost the same period, so its value as historical material has been denied since the Meiji period.

• 日本放送協会大河ドラマ「新選組!」では野口は芹沢の死に落胆するものの、近藤に諭されて帰郷していくが、これは創作である。
• Noguchi who was disappointed by the death of Serizawa, returned to his homeland by Kondo's preach in a historical drama 'Shinsengumi!' of Japan Broadcasting Corporation, but that was a fiction.

• 例えば、鶴の基本形は4つのとがった「カド」を持っており、動物を折る場合ならこれらを頭や足に当てることで創作が容易になる。
• For example, the crane base has four angular corners, which are applied to a head and legs to facilitate the creation of animal models.

• 彼の絵は後世にも多くの影響を与え、水木しげる、京極夏彦など彼の作品をモチーフにして創作活動を行っているものも少なくない。
• His drawings had a great influence on later generations, and there are many individuals who engage in creative activities, such as Shigeru MIZUKI and Natsuhiko KYOGOKU, who use work by Sekien as motifs.

• なお、九戸政実討伐の帰途、山形城に立ち寄った秀次を、義光が駒姫に接待させたという挿話は後世の創作とみたほうが妥当である。
• In fact, the episode where Yoshimitsu had Komahime entertain Hidetsugu, who stopped in Yamagata-jo Castle on the way back from the subjugation of Masazane KUNOHE, was probably a fictitious story made up in later ages.

• キリシタン大名・大友宗麟の思いを汲んだ類のない創作の庭で、7組の石組からは見る角度によって隠された十字架が浮かびあがる。
• A unique garden brimming with the memory of Christian Daimyo Yoshishige OTOMO and featuring a seven stone arrangement in which a hidden crucifix becomes visible when viewed from a certain angle.

• より時代の下る平安時代初期ころの創作、あるいは岡田英弘のように伊勢国の国学者本居宣長によって改作されたものであるとする。
• Those mythologies were made earlier, during the early Heian period, or were revised by Norinaga MOTOORI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in Ise Province such as Hidehiro OKADA.

• この逸話は後世の創作だが、氏政が佐竹氏との対立などで同じ戦線に何度も陣を重ねたことへの揶揄がもとにされていると思われる。
• Although this anecdote is a fiction written in later years, it seems that the story mock the real story that Ujimasa sent his army to the same battle line over and over again in the confrontation against the Satake clan.

• 11月に母が亡くなると千葉県市川市に移り、その後吉村順三設計による自宅を建て、50年以上に亘りその地で創作活動を続けた。
• After his mother died in November, he moved to Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture and later he built his own house designed by Junzo YOSHIMURA, where he kept doing creative activities for over 50 years.

• これに先立つ「猿翁十種」とは異なり、こちらは祖父・孫の二代にわたる猿之助の創作舞踊なので、屋号の澤瀉屋をこの名称に冠した。
• Unlike the precedent 'Eno Jusshu,' these are dances created by two generations of Ennosuke, grandfather and grandson, so they are given the stage family name, Omodakaya.

• 二次的著作物　著作物を翻訳し、編曲し、若しくは変形し、又は脚色し、映画化し、その他翻案することにより創作した著作物をいう。
• "derivative work"　means a work created by translating, arranging musically, or transforming, or dramatizing, cinematizing or otherwise adapting a pre-existing work;

• 尚、浦安の舞などの近代に作られた神楽は国風歌舞や舞楽を下地に創作されたものであり、広義では雅楽の延長線としても考えられる。
• Kagura made in the modern era, including Urayasu no mai, are based on Kuniburi no utamai songs and dances or bugaku (traditional Japanese court music accompanied by dancing) and, in a broad sense, can be seen as a continuation of gagaku court music.

• 晩年には子の満徳丸（後の黒田忠之）の器量を心配して、いくつもの家訓（御定則）を与えている（御定則は後世の創作であるとも）。
• In his later years, he was concerned about the capacity of his child Mitsutokumaru (later Tadayuki KURODA), and provided him with many family precepts (some say the gojosoku was invented in a later age).

• ちなみに、日本においては軍師自体存在していない（中国の制度である）ので、竹中重治が軍師であったいうのは、後世の創作である。
• In addition, since there had been no post of strategist in Japan (it is a post in the system in China), it is not true that in the after ages Shigeharu TAKENAKA was a strategist.

• しかし、子母沢寛の作品や八木為三郎の語る話には脚色や創作がしばしば見られるため、この話も事実であるかどうかには疑いがある。
• However, it is doubtful whether this story is true, because the works of Kan SHIMOZAWA and stories by Tamesaburo YAGI often contain exaggerations or fictions.

• 伊福部昭にも『交響舞楽「越天楽」』と題したオーケストラによるバレエ音楽があるが、これは創作的意図で書かれた独自の作品である。
• Although a piece of ballet music titled 'Orchestral dance music Etenraku' is included in works composed by Akira IFUKUBE, it was produced as his own original work.

• このことから、四道将軍が創作された神話ではなく、実際に伝承された祖先伝説を元に構成されたことを示しているとも考えられている。
• This explanation may show that the tales of Shido-shogun are not fictional but composed of ancestral legends which were actually transferred by the forebears.

• 神武天皇については、「呉 (春秋)の太伯の子孫」であるとして、「天皇中国人説」を唱えた(山本七平 『現人神の創作者たち』)。
• He regarded Emperor Jinmu as 'a descendant of Wu (Chunqiu era) Taibo' and insisted on 'the theory that the Emperor had a Chinese origin' (Shichihei YAMAMOTO, 'The creators of Arahitogami, a god who appeared in this world in human form').

• テルマ（埋蔵経典）の出現は、中世以来、現代に至るまで継続しており、他の宗派からは、発掘者による創作だと見なされることが多い。
• The discovery of gter-ma (hiding Buddhist sutras) has continued since the medieval period, but it is often considered as fiction by persons involved in excavation from other sects.

• 共同著作物　二人以上の者が共同して創作した著作物であつて、その各人の寄与を分離して個別的に利用することができないものをいう。
• "work of joint authorship"　means a work collaboratively created by two or more persons with respect to which the contribution of each person cannot be severed and separately exploited;

• 仏教尊重を国家の方針として打ち出し、仏教信仰と国家形成が密接に結び付けられたこの法については『日本書紀』作者の創作説もある。
• This law, which set forth the country's policy to respect Buddhism, made a close connection between Buddhist faith and nation building, but there is a theory that it is a creation of the writers of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).

• 元治元年（1864年）5月20日の近藤勇の書簡に新選組内で男色が流行していたことが記されており、これに着想を得た創作である。
• It is written in a letter of Isami KONDO dated June 23, 1864 that homosexual love affairs prevailed in Shinsengumi and, therefore, the story in the novel is a fiction inspired by this letter.

• 若狭雅信（1972年卒・言語） 在学中に同人誌で創作活動を始め、1977年に高城修三の筆名による「榧の木祭り」で芥川賞を受賞。
• Masanobu WAKASA (class of 1972, linguistics): He started to write novels for dojinshi (publications aimed at a particular hobby group) when he was a student, and his novel 'Kayanokimatsuri,' which was written under his pen name Shuzo TAKI, won the Akutagawa Award in 1977.

• たとえば明治の歴史学者那珂通世は『日本書紀』の記述を批判して、記紀の紀年は「辛酉革命説」に基づく編者の創作であろうと論考した。
• For example, a historian Michiyo NAKA in the Meiji period criticized the description in Nihonshoki and explained that Kinen in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki had probably been made up by the editor on the basis of 'Shinyu-kakumei-setsu' (a prediction of revolution in Kanototori of the Chinese astrological calendar).

• 生徒たちが学習しやすいようにとピンアン（平安）の型を新たに創作し、既存の型からは急所攻撃や関節折りなど危険な技が取り除かれた。
• For example, he created the kata called 'binan' (the form of peace) for children and students to ensure easier learning while getting rid of dangerous techniques such as attacks to vulnerable body parts and the breaking of joints due to the existing kata.

• 昭和24年 (1949年) には前衛いけばなの創作研究グループ「白東社」を主宰、後に前衛いけばな誌「いけばな藝術」を創刊した。
• In 1949, he became the leader for the research group for Zenei ikebana (forefront ikebana), 'Hakutosha,' and later published the 'Ikebana Geijutsu' (Fine Art of the art of Ikebana), which was a Zenei Ikebana magazine.

• 独立した歌謡ではなく、物語の効果を高めるために用いられていることが多いが、宮廷人が歌った儀式の歌謡や、創作もあるとされている。
• They are not independent ballads but used to enhance an effect of narrative, and some of them are said to have been creative songs or ceremonial songs made by court people.

• 深草少将（ふかくさのしょうしょう）は、室町時代に世阿弥ら能作者が創作した、小野小町にまつわる「百夜通い」の伝説に登場する人物。
• FUKAKUSA no Shosho is a character who appears in a legend about ONO no Komachi, 'Coming-and-going in a Hundred Nights,' which was created by Noh authors such as Zeami during the Muromachi period.

• 昭和には有崎勉（柳家金語楼）作『ラーメン屋』、3代目桂米朝作『一文笛』、平岩弓枝作『笠と赤い風車』などの新作人情噺が創作された。
• In Showa period, new Ninjo-banashi stories were created such as Tsutomu ARISAKI (Kingoro YANAGIYA)'s 'Ramen Shop', Beicho KATSURA the third's 'Little Flute', and Yumie HIRAIWA's 'A Straw Hat and A Red Windmill'.

• 特定の典拠となった作品は不明であるが、『続古事談』に見える源師房家での歌合における平棟仲の逸話などから創作されたとも想像される。
• Although a specific source is unknown, it is speculated that the story can be based on the anecdotes of TAIRA no Munenaka from 'Zoku Koji Dan'(narrative in Kamakura period), in which a poetry contest hosted by MINAMOTO no Morofusa was portrayed.

• またその他の刊行物を含め、民間で伝承されたものとは別に、駄洒落や言葉遊びなどによって、この時代に創作された妖怪も数多く存在する。
• Furthermore, including other publications, there exist many forms of yokai that were created during this period through puns and word plays aside from those that have been handed down among the general public.

• 政権が望まない事実を削除したことは後続の『続日本紀』に例があり、まったくの嘘を創作することと比べれば抵抗が少なかったと思われる。
• It is known that the government erased undesirable facts from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), and they seemed to consider that it was better than making up lies.

• もっとも、義秀の生年（『吾妻鏡』に1213年の和田合戦の時点で38歳とある）が義仲の滅亡以前であることから、この話は創作である。
• However the story was a fiction as Yoshihide's birth year ('Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) tells he was 38 years old at the time of Battle of WADA in 1213) was before the fall of Yoshinaka.

• ただし、「怪物」については、日本の民間信仰で伝承されていないもの、また創作の妖怪で歴史の浅いものや、海外の民間伝承されてきたもの。
• However, 'kaibutsu' refers to those that were not passed down through Japanese folk religion, fabricated yokai characters with a short history or those in folklores from overseas.

• 鈴彦姫は神霊を下ろす鈴が化けた妖怪、または前述の2つの共通するテーマである「神を引き出す」をもとに創作された妖怪と推測されている。
• Suzuhikohime is a yokai which may have been transmuted from the bells to call a divine spirit, or she was supposedly created based on the theme of 'summoning the deities' common to the above two examples.

• 但し原典『百器徒然袋』にはそのような伝承は述べられておらず、妖怪探訪家・村上健司はこれを、石燕が絵解きとして創作した物としている。
• However this folk story is not written in the original book 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' (One hundred bags in idleness), and Kenji MURAKAMI, a tourist of a specter, says that Sekien created the story as an explanation of the illustration.

• 編集物（データベースに該当するものを除く。以下同じ。）でその素材の選択又は配列によつて創作性を有するものは、著作物として保護する。
• Compilations (not falling within the term "databases"; the same shall apply hereinafter) which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as independent works.

• この本地垂迹説により、権現造りや本地垂迹の図画なども生まれ、鎌倉中末期には文学でも本地物（ほんじもの）と呼ばれる作品が創作された。
• The theory of Honji-suijaku affected art and architecture, giving birth to Honchi-suijaku zuga (pictures) and Gongen-zukuri (buildings), and during the middle and end of the Kamakura era it affected literature as well, resulting in a series of works called Honchimono.

• 後世、小説家などの創作のなかで左利きとされているものもあるが、中島登の残した絵図の描写では、右利きの者と同じ位置で刀を構えている。
• He is described as left-handed in some of the fiction written by novelists, etc., in later years, but in the pictures produced by Nobori NAKAJIMA he was shown holding a sword in the same position as a right-handed person.

• ただし、創作説を採るとしても『日本書紀』成立は聖徳太子の時代から100しか経ておらず、初期国家の仏教観を知る上では貴重な史料である。
• However, even if the theory of its creation is true, as 'Nihonshoki' was compiled only 100 years after the time of Prince Shotoku, the volume can still be considered as an important historical document to grasp the early state on Buddhism.

• 子母澤の新選組物は創作が多く入っているとされ、山南の切腹について記した新選組幹部の永倉新八が書き残した記録には明里の名は出てこない。
• Some people say that Shinsengumi stories written by SHIMOZAWA contained his creations; the name of Akisato did not appear in the part of YAMANAMI's Seppuku in the record written by Shinpachi NAGAKURA, a top official of Shinsengumi.

• しかしながら、応仁の乱以後、大名が家臣に勝手に百官名を与える例が現れたほか、実際の四等官に類似した名乗り創作して与える場合もあった。
• After the Onin War, however, there were some cases that Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) gave Hyakkan na to their vassals without permission, and in other cases, they even created Nanori (a name one refers to himself) similar to actual Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).

• 有名な使い手としては吉川英治が宮本武蔵の物語『二天記』に伊賀国の『宍戸某』と記録から創作した小説『宮本武蔵』に登場する宍戸梅軒がいる。
• Well-known kusarigama masters include Baiken SHISHIDO, who appears in the novel 'Musashi MIYAMOTO'; Baiken, a fictional character created by Eiji YOSHIKAWA, is based on 'a certain SHISHIDO' of Iga Province as recorded in the 'Niten-ki,' the biography of Musashi MIYAMOTO.

• その意匠登録が意匠の創作をした者でない者であつてその意匠について意匠登録を受ける権利を承継しないものの意匠登録出願に対してされたとき。
• where the design registration has been granted on an application for design registration filed by a person who is not the creator of the design and has not succeeded to the right to obtain a design registration for the said design; and

• なお、仏法の衰退と共に社会情勢の不安や天変地異も説く『法滅尽経』などもあるが、一般的にはこれは後世になって創作された偽経とされている。
• Although some sutras assert that the decline of Buddhism is accompanied by social unrest and natural catastrophe, such as 'Hometsujin-kyo Sutra' (Decline of the Law Sutra), it is generally believed that these are bogus sutras that were created in the later stages of history.

• 創作陶磁展覧会と同時期に柳宗悦の集めた李氏朝鮮の陶磁展「朝鮮民族美術展」を展観し、無名の陶工の作り出す簡素で美しい作品に感銘を受ける。
• At the same time at the Creative Ceramics Exhibition, Kanjiro held 'the Korean Folk Art Exhibition', displaying the ceramics from the Joseon Dynasty collected by Muneyoshi YANAGI, and was deeply impressed by the simple yet beautiful works of unknown potters.

• 慶応2年 (1866) の小團次死後から明治になっても創作力は衰えず、「團菊左」という三人の名優を擁した歌舞伎界の重鎮として活躍した。
• Even after the death of Kodanji in 1866, his creativity did not wane until well into the Meiji period, and he played an active part as a pillar in Kabuki circles in which the three top-billed actors collectively called 'Dan Giku Sa' (consisting of Danjuro ICHIKAWA IX, Kikugoro ONOE V and Sadanji ICHIKAWA I) flourished.

• その後、春陽会を去り、1925年（大正14年）に土田麦僊の招きで国画創作協会に合流し、国画創作協会洋画部（第2部と称した）を設置した。
• After that, he left the Shunyo-kai and joined Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai (National Creative Painting Association) with the invitation of Bakusen TSUCHIDA and set up the department of western-style painting (called The 2nd Department) within the Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai.

• 『百器徒然袋』には『百鬼夜行絵巻』や『徒然草』をもとにしたものが多いことから、この塵塚怪王もそれらをもとに石燕が創作したものといわれる。
• Since much content of the 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' is based on the 'Hyakki yagyo emaki' and 'Tsurezuregusa,' the Chirizuka-kaio is also allegedly a Sekien's creation based on these books.

• 現代音楽音楽の観点からは次第にクラシック音楽との違いが希薄になり、箏曲に限らずこうして創作される邦楽系の曲群を「現代邦楽」と呼んでいる。
• Gradually the distinction between what was viewed as classical and what was viewed as modern music blurred, and 'modern Japanese music' came to mean all music composed in this way (rather than just new sokyoku).

• しかし『吾妻鏡』の記録によると義仲滅亡時に義秀はすでに9歳になっており、巴が義秀の母というのは年齢的にありえず、物語上の創作と見られる。
• However, according to the records of 'Azuma Kagami,' when Yoshinaka died, Yoshihide was already nine years old and it is impossible for Tomoe to be Yoshihide's mother considering their ages; so it is thought to be a fiction in the book.

• 緒立地区からは緒立遺跡や的場遺跡といった古い住居跡が見つかっているが、黒鳥兵衛伝説は史実に基づくものではなく、後世の創作と見られている。
• From the Otate area, some ruins of ancient residences have been uncovered such as Otate Site and Matobe Site, however, the legend Hyoe KUROTORI is not based on the historical evidence and it is considered as a story created later.

• これは創作的な意図は含まず雅楽の旋律や音色を忠実にオーケストラで再現したもので、指揮者レオポルド・ストコフスキーによっても度々演奏された。
• This was a faithful recreation of gagaku melody and tune in orchestra with no creative intentions, and was performed frequently by the conductor, Leopold STOKOWSKY.

• このように古典上の妖怪たちの中に現代の創作物を混ぜてしまうことは、伝承をないがしろにしているとして非難や中傷の槍玉に挙げられることも多い。
• Mixing modern creations with the classical Japanese yokai characters in this manner is often criticized and vilified for slighting the tradition.

• 以上より平家物語における記述は、平清盛を悪役、重盛を平家一門の良識派として描写する、物語の構成上の演出のための創作であると考えられている。
• As written above, what is mentioned in Heike Monogatari was to portray Shigemori as the one of the Taira clan who could determine what's right and wrong and was just a fiction to spice up the story.

• 職人や陶工らを多数抱え、彼らに創作活動をさせ、織部焼、織部流の創始者とされている（ただし、織部焼への関わりを示す資料は殆ど残っていない）。
• He is believed to have hired a large number of craftsmen and pottery workers to have them create works of art, having been the founder of the Oribe-style earthenware and the Oribe school (however, there are few remaining documents that show his relationship with Oribe yaki).

• また、豊臣秀吉存命中に人質として大坂城に捕らわれたが、単独で脱出し騎馬にて家康の元に帰ったという逸話もあるが、これはさすがに創作であろう。
• There is an episode that when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was alive, Okaru who was held hostage in Osaka-jo Castle got out of the castle without other people's support and went back to Ieyasu on horseback, but obviously, this will be a fiction.

• また、幼名は蘭丸の名で流布しているが、当時の史料は全て乱、乱丸、乱法師と表記されており、「蘭」の文字は後世に創作的に充てられたものである。
• Also, even though his childhood name is widely known as 蘭丸 (Ranmaru), it is written as 乱 (Ran), 乱丸 (Ranmaru), or 乱法師 (Ran Hoshi) in all of the historical materials from those days, indicating the letter '蘭' (Ran) was created in later generations.

• 反面、そのことが創作の作者たちの想像力と創作意欲をかき立てていることは間違いなく、彼に関しては古今数多くのフィクションが生み出されている。
• On the other hand, this fact clearly stimulated creativity and imagination of the playwrights who wrote the plays, and many fictional works related to him have been produced in the past as well as in the modern days.

• 文鏡秘府論（ぶんきょうひふろん）は、平安時代前期に編纂された文学理論書で、中国の六朝期から唐朝に至る詩文の創作理論を取りまとめたものである。
• Bunkyo-hifuron was a written literary theory compiled in the early Heian period, in which theories to create prose and poetry were collected through the period of the Six Dynasties to the Tang dynasty of China.

• その際直弼が「千吾」を「千五郎」と聞き誤るということがあり、それをきっかけに千五郎に改名したという話があるが、これは後世創作された話である。
• On that occasion, there was a story that Sengo changed his name to Sengoro because Naosuke misheard Sengo as Sengoro, but this was a story that was created later.

• 浄土和讃(118首)、高僧和讃は(119首)は宝治2年（1248年）頃の作、正像末和讃(116首)は正嘉1年（1257年）頃の創作とされる。
• Jodo-wasan (118 verses) and Koso-wasan (119 verses) are considered to have been written around 1248, and Shozomatsu-wasan (116 verses) is assumed to have been writtem around 1257.

• 平安時代の宗教化・呪術化した陰陽師が持つオカルトなイメージをもとに、その超人性や特異性を誇張した様々な創作作品やキャラクターが生まれている。
• Based on the occult image of onmyoji in the Heian Period that turned Onmyodo into a religion and incantation, various original works exaggerating their superhuman quality and uniqueness have been created.

• 日本書紀における聖徳太子像について、大山説は藤原不比等と長屋王の意向を受けて、僧道慈（在唐17年の後、718年に帰国した）が創作したとする。
• About the figure of Shotoku Taishi described in the Nihonshoki, Oyama insists that it was created by the monk Doji, who returned to Japan in 718 after having studied in the Tang Dynasty for 17 years, at the request of FUJIWARA no Fuhito and Nagaya no Okimi.

• 日本では昭和からの大規模な書道展の開催により、書道が近代芸術としての地位を確立したことから、その芸術作品としての創作方法も書の技法に加わった。
• In Japan, large-scale Shodo exhibitions were held since the Showa period which established Shodo's status as modern art, consequently a creative method as art work is added to Shodo technique.

• 本友禅とも呼ばれる本格的な手描き友禅は多くの工程によって成り立つが、作家がオリジナルの創作を行う場合と職人の分業によって製作される場合がある。
• The authentic hand-drawn yuzen, which is also referred to as 'Hon-Yuzen,' is produced through many steps, and there are cases where an artist creates an original yuzen, and where it is produced by artisans based on the division of labor.

• 後に創作され尾ひれがついたもの、あるいは他の側室の話と混同されているものなどあるが、いずれも家康がいかに寵愛していたかを証明するものとされる。
• Some episodes were created and exaggerated in later years, and others were mixed up with episodes related to other concubines, but they are all thought to prove how much Ieyasu loved her.

• （しかし、これらの逸話については斎藤鎮実の妹で高橋紹運に嫁いだ妻や山内一豊の妻見性院 (山内一豊室)の話に酷似しており、後世の創作ともいう）。
• (However, some suggest that this episode is very similar to those about the sister of Shigezane SAITO, who became the wife of Joun TAKAHASHI, and Kenshoin, the wife of Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI, that it may have been a story created later.)

• それまでの「投入花」「立華」形式よりさらに生ける作家の芸術性や創作性が加味されて独特の曲、技巧を花や枝に加え形に当てはめていくという花型が特徴。
• Compared with the style of 'nageirebana' (flower arrangement in a bottle-type vase) or 'Tachibana' (standing flowers) that existed at the time, the characteristic of this school's flower arrangement was its shape that was created, based on the creator's art and creativity, by adding unique curve to flowers and branches

• そういったハード面だけでなく、各旅館がこぞって、趣向を凝らした露天風呂や創作料理を提供したり、サービス改善に努めたりとソフト面の改善も進行した。
• Not only changing the names and renovating the buildings of their accommodations but they are also offering elaborately built open air bathes, inventive dishes, and revising the services.

• 後世の創作の可能性が高いが、「信玄亡き今こそ武田攻めの好機」と攻撃を薦める家臣の意見を「勝頼風情にそのような事をしても大人げない」と退けている。
• There is a high possibility that the following incident has been fabricated in later generations, when his vassal recommended an attack saying, 'With Shingen's death it is a good chance to attack the Takeda clan,' Kenshin dismissed it by replying 'It is a childish thing to do, even for a person like Katsuyori.'

• 司馬遼太郎の小説『新選組血風録』では、死因は中耳炎で、普段から水でジャブジャブ耳を洗う癖が仇となったと記されているが（元ネタは子母澤寛の創作）。
• According to the novel 'Shinsengumi Keppuroku (Record of Shinsengumi Bloodshed)' written by Ryotaro SHIBA, the cause of his death was inflammation of the middle ear, and his habit of washing his ears out with water worked negatively (This is a fiction originated by Kan SHIMOZAWA).

• 俳句・短歌・新体詩・小説・評論・随筆など多方面に渡り創作活動を行い、日本の近代文学に多大な影響を及ぼした、明治時代を代表する文学者の一人である。
• Actively involved in many genres of creative activities, such as the writing of haiku, tanka, shintaishi (poems in the new style), novels, critiques, and essays, he had a considerable influence on modern Japanese literature and is considered to be one of the foremost writers of the Meiji Era.

• ある場面では合戦の再現を、ある場面では抽象劇の写実劇化（能の歌舞伎化）を、ある場面ではまったくの創作、と多彩な形態の場面群を提供する事に成功した。
• It succeeded to provide various types of scenes by reproducing a scene of the battle, making an abstractive performance into a realistic one (i.e. making a Noh play into a Kabuki play), and creating a completely fictional story.

• 創作では討ち入り時に吉良家の女中が逃げ惑う演出なども行われるが、実際には夫人の富子がすでに吉良家におらず、それに仕える女中も屋敷内にはいなかった。
• In fiction, the script is written for female servants to run around inside Kira's residence trying to escape when the raid occurred, however, in reality, his wife Tomiko had already left Kira's residence and thus her servants were not present either.

• 時代の先駆者としての創作イメージを決定的に定着させたのは司馬遼太郎『国盗り物語』（1971年）であり、同名のNHK大河ドラマ（1973年）だった。
• However, it was 'Kunitori Monogatari' (1971) by Ryotaro SHIBA as well as the NHK Taiga Drama by the same title (1973) that established the image of Dosan as a pioneer of the era.

• 2005年5月には創作オリジナル踊りの名称を決める会議が、実行委員会と事務局、有識者などを集めて数回開催され、正式に「京炎 そでふれ！」と決まった。
• In May 2005, the Executive Committee of Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa, Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa Administration Office and key figures held several meetings to talk about the name of the original dance, finally deciding on 'Kyoen Sodefure!' as the official name.

• 吉岡家の記述に限定すれば、武蔵に完敗し引退した清十郎、死亡した伝七郎、洛外下松の事件の記録は他の史料になく、創作である可能性を否定する事はできない。
• In the materials by the Yoshioka family, there is no information on Seijuro's defeat or retirement, Denshichiro's death, nor the last fight at Sagarimatsu, therefore, the fights might be fabrications.

• 花方については、語り本系には見られるが読み本系の古態とされる延慶本には記されてないこと、院宣の使者としては身分が低すぎることから創作の可能性もある。
• Although Hanakata is mentioned in narration books, this episode is not mentioned in Enkyohon (books copied in Enkyo era), which is believed to be an old form of the yomihon (literally, reading books, an Edo period woodblock printed novel prevalent from the mid to late Edo period that focused on serious and penetrating studies of human affairs), and his status was too low for In's messenger; therefore this episode could be mere fiction.

• 開祖である大満国師の400年遠忌を機に作庭された現在の創作的な蓬萊山式庭園で、打ち寄せる荒波にもまれながら悠々と独り坐す蓬莱の崇高な姿を表している。
• A modern Mt. Penglai style garden created on the 400th anniversary of founding priest Daiman Kokushi that represents the majestic solitary Mt. Penglai standing tranquilly among the raging waves.

• 今日の法制史の研究者の間ではその存在を否定されており、公家政権（朝廷）に対する江戸幕府の優越的地位を示すために創作された偽書であると考えられている。
• The existence of Kobu-ochoku juhakka-jo is being denied by the researchers of legal history of the present day, and it is assumed that the document was a apocryphal book which was created by the Edo bakufu to display its superiority in social position over the Kuge (court nobles) Government (Imperial Court).

• 瓶長という名の妖怪の伝承は存在しないことから創作妖怪とされ、石燕の門人・恋川春町の絵師としての雅号・亀長（かめおさ）から創作されたものとの説もある。
• Since no folklore on a specter named Kameosa exist, it is thought to be a created specter, and there is a theory that it was created from '亀長' (Kameosa), a pen name for Harumachi KOIKAWA as a painter, who was a disciple of Sekien.

• 社会が変貌するなかで、貴族はもはや自己の現実生活のなかから題材をみいだすことが難しくなり、『源氏物語』ののちは創作物語にはこれをしのぐものがなかった。
• When society was in process of change, it became difficult for court nobles to find a subject from their daily life, and that's why no other fictionalized stories surpassed the 'Tale of Genji.'

• 「イリ」が後世の創作とは考えにくいことから、これらの大王・王族は実在の可能性が高まり、崇神を始祖とする「イリ王朝」「三輪王朝」説なども提唱されている。
• As it is difficult to believe that 'iri' was a later creation, this increases the likelihood that these kings and royals really existed and advocates the theory that Emperor Sujin was the progenitor of the Iri and Miwa Dynasties.

• 親子二代説にもとづくものも含め、その後も多くの創作作品がつくられたが、強い個性を持ち、時代の先駆者・変革者としてのイメージで描かれる傾向は続いている。
• Since then, many creative works have been produced, including the ones that are based on the father-and-son two-generation view, but the trend continues in portraying [Dosan] as a man of strong character and as a pioneer and a reformer of the era.

• しかし、「信長公記」では稲葉を討ったのは成政と池田恒興とされ、柴田・前田との逸話は後に北陸方面の攻略軍として同行した事から創作された話の可能性も高い。
• However, according to 'Shincho Koki,' it was Narimasa and Tsuneoki IKEDA who avenged Inaba and it is highly possible that the anecdote of Shibata and Maeda was invented later since they went together to the Hokuriku area as the attack army.

• その後、軍医総監（中将相当）となり、一時期創作活動から遠ざかったが、『スバル (文芸雑誌)』創刊後に『ヰタ・セクスアリス』『雁 (小説)』などを執筆。
• After that, he became Army Surgeon General (equivalent to Lieutenant General), and temporarily withdrew from creative activities, but he later began to issue 'Subaru' (a literary magazine), then wrote 'Vita Sexualis,' ''The Wild Geese' (novel) and so on.

• 現在伝承されている江戸時代に創作された歌舞伎狂言の演目は、大きく分けて人形浄瑠璃（文楽）の演目を移植したものと、歌舞伎狂言として創作されたものがある。
• Kabuki Kyogen programs, created during the Edo period and handed down to the present, are roughly divided into two categories, those borrowed from Ningyo Joruri (also called 'Bunraku') & those created as the original Kabuki Kyogen.

• プログラムの著作物の著作者は、その著作物について創作年月日の登録を受けることができる。ただし、その著作物の創作後六月を経過した場合は、この限りでない。
• The author of a computer program work may have the date of the creation of his computer program work registered. The foregoing, however, shall not apply where six months have passed since the creation of said work.

• しかも自分の創作和食と紹介せず日本の伝統的で正式な料理方法と題しているため、日本食に詳しくない外国人に間違った日本文化を植えつけているのが問題になった。
• Additionally, they do not call them their creative cuisine, but traditional and formal Japanese cooking methods, and thus it is problematic that wrong Japanese culture is spread among foreigners who are not familiar with Japanese foods.

• さらに進んで1990年代には、高坂王は事前に大海人皇子と謀議を結んでおり、駅鈴を求めるというのは連絡の口実か、書紀編者の創作にすぎないとする説も現れた。
• In 1990's, a new theory saying that Takasaka no Okimi agreed to the plot with Prince Oama preliminary and demanding ekirei was just excuse for contact or this was a creation of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) editor appeared.

• （ただし、前述のように『記紀』の信頼性を疑う見方や、あくまで後世の創作物であることから、桃太郎伝説の由来については本項と異なる説が全国に複数存在する）。
• (However, as previously described, there are the views and opinions across the country that doubt the credibility of the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' or that are different from this article about the origin the legend of Momotaro since the legends are creation in later years after all.

• しかしこれは筆者の創作であり、天璋院時代に唐橋はすでに大奥を出ており、当時に同名別人を示す史料も残っていない（ただし一部書籍では実在とするものもある）。
• However, this is the invention of the writer because Karahashi had already left O-oku in the era of Tenshoin and there is no historical material indicating the existence of another person with the same name at that time (although some books describe her as a real person).

• いずれも中央公論新社から文庫版が出ている）に詳しいが、いずれもかなりの創作が入っているとされ史料的な正確さには非常に問題があることに留意する必要がある。
• and for each there is a pocket-book version published by Chuokoron Shinsha), but it is said that each book includes significant fiction, and it is necessary to note that they significantly lack accuracy as historical materials.)

• 荒唐無稽な話が多い仏教説話集であるから、史実として受け止められるものではないが、著者の完全な創作ではなく、当時流布していた話を元にしていると考えられる。
• As the book contains many absurd stories, his stories cannot be thought to be historically true either, however, the stories do not seem to have been completely made up by the author; it is thought that they were based on rumors spread in those days.

• 文武天皇の即位詔で現れないのは当時不改常典がなかったからで、元明天皇即位の時かその直前に、直系（または嫡系）の継承を正当化するために創作されたのだとする。
• This theory argues that the reason why the due description does not appear in the Emperor Monmu's imperial edict upon enthronement is because Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten did not exist at that time, and when the enthronement of Empress Genmei was to be celebrated or just before it, the code was created in order to justify the direct line (or the legitimate child) succession.

• 創作作品では武梨えりの原作コミック「かんなぎ (漫画)」や我孫子武丸の原作コミック「探偵になるための893の方法」に御厨仁（偶然にも同姓同名）が登場する。
• In fiction, Jin MIKURIYA appears in 'Kannagi,' manga created by Eri TAKENASHI, and (although not being intentional) also in '893 ways of becoming a detective,' a comic book by Takemaru ABIKO.

• 一般に近藤、土方、沖田の3人が非常に親しく、特に土方と沖田は兄弟のような関係であったと思われているが、これも司馬遼太郎、子母澤寛の創作によるところが多い。
• It is generally thought that Kondo, Hijikata and Okita were very close to each other, with Hijikata and Okita in particular being like brothers, but this is largely the result of novels by Ryotaro SHIBA and Kan SHIMOZAWA.

• 1957年には川勝堅一の計らいで「白地草花絵扁壷」が、ミラノ・トリエンナーレ国際工芸展グランプリを受賞するも、無位無冠の陶工とし晩年まで創作活動を行った。
• In 1957, his 'flower design flat vase with white glaze' (白地草花絵扁壷) won the grand prize at the Milan Triennale International Industrial Art Exhibition arranged by Kenichi KAWAKATSU, but Kanjiro continued to work as a potter without rank or prize until his later years.

• 同様に新免無二と吉岡家との足利義昭御前試合に関する逸話も他の史料になく、因縁を将軍家と絡めて描くことで物語性を高めるための創作である可能性を否定できない。
• In other materials, information of the fight between Muni and the Yoshioka in front of the shogun is not found, therefore, that anecdote might be a fabrication as well which Iori or someone came up with for enhancing the story by involving the shogun family.

• 大正時代に津田左右吉が『神代史の新しい研究』ほかを発表し、日本神話に科学的な観点から批評をおこない、神代記は政治的な意図で作られた創作であると結論づけた。
• During the Taisho period, Sokichi TSUDA published 'Shindaishi no atarashii kenkyu' (New Research in the History of the Divine Age) and other works, in which he criticized the Japanese mythology from scientific view point, and concluded that Shindaiki (Records of the Age of the Gods) was a creation with a political intent.

• 範頼が凡将、無能というように記述されているのは『源平盛衰記』だけであり、盛衰記は14世紀に作成されており創作部分が多いことから、正確性は低いと判断される。
• Noriyori was described as an ordinary, incapable general in 'Genpei Seisui ki (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans)' but there is doubt on the objectivity of 'Genpei Seisui ki' because it was written in the 14th century and contains a lot of fiction.

• 隈取は初代の市川団十郎が浄瑠璃の人形にヒントを得て創作したものといわれ、顔の血管や筋肉を誇張するために描かれたもので、役柄により、施される隈取や色が異なる。
• Kumadori was supposedly created after the first generation Danjuro ICHIKAWA took a hint from dolls of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), and painted in order to stress the blood vessels and muscles of face, and Kumadori and color differed depending on the role.

• しかし、鮒の包み焼きが近江の名物であったことや、話の最後に登場する高階氏が高市皇子の後裔であることから、スパイ説は後世の人間による創作の可能性が極めて高い。
• However, there is a strong possibility that the above espionage theory was made up in later ages in view of the facts that the stuffed and baked crucian carp was a local specialty of Omi Province and that the Takashina clan which appeared at the end of the anecdote was a descendant of Prince Takechi (Takechi no Miko).

• 映画の著作物の著作権は、その著作物の公表後七十年（その著作物がその創作後七十年以内に公表されなかつたときは、その創作後七十年）を経過するまでの間、存続する。
• The copyright in a cinematographic work shall continue to subsist until the end of the seventy year period following the making public of the work, or if the work has not been made public within the seventy year period following its creation, then until the end of the seventy year period following the work's creation.

• また、現代と価値観の異なる時代に書かれた古典で、しかも長大であることもあり、『八犬伝』の名を冠していても原作から自由に新たな世界を創作している翻案作品が多い。
• As it is extremely long in addition to being a classic written in the days when values which are quite different from the present ones prevailed, many adaptations create a new world independently of the original, even when they bear the name 'Hakkenden.'

• 大正5年(1916年)頃、金沢市のの創始者、津田左右吉がそれまでは平面的であった水引結びから立体的な亀や鶴や鎧具足などの水引細工を創作したのが始まりとされる。
• It is said that the origin of Mizuhiki-zaiku is three-dimensional models shaped like a crane, tortoise, and armor created by modifying two-dimensional tied Mizuhiki by Sokichi TSUDA around 1916, who is the beginner of Tsuda-Mizuhiki-Origata in Kanazawa City.

• 2000年代以降は同人誌や2次創作、アンソロジー、ウェブコミック（ウェブ漫画、インターネット上で公開する漫画）の文化も更に発展し、更に漫画誌の数も増え続けた。
• Since the 2000s, the culture of dojinshi (publication aimed at a particular hobby group), derivative work, anthology and web comic (a comic published on the Internet) developed further and the number of comic magazines continued to increase.

• 今日では意図的な改変や創作がかなり加えられてはいるが、そのようなものの見方をする古代の人たちがいたことに注目する文化的背景を考察する考え方が主流となっている。
• Even though an extensive amount of intentional alterations and fictions were added, the main approach in the modern day is to observe the cultural background, and bring focus to these ancient people who viewed the world in this fashio.

• 新田義貞の妻（正妻は安東氏の娘）とされるが、新田義貞との関係が記されているのは『太平記』においてのみであり、年代的な推定などから創作である可能性が非常に高い。
• Although it is said that she was the wife of Yoshisada NITTA (his legally wedded wife was a daughter of the Ando clan), descriptions of her relationships with Yoshisada NITTA are included only in 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) and it is highly likely that they were imagenary, considering chronological estimates and others.

• この神話の解釈としては、全くの創作であるという説と、九州にあった勢力が大和に移ってきてヤマト王権を築いたという史実を神話化して伝えたものであるという説がある。
• Some understand that this is completely fictitious, while others believe that this myth is based on the historical fact that a power in Kyushu moved to Yamato to build the Yamato Dynasty.

• まず第一に挙げられる例としては、松平頼則が雅楽に着想を得た作風を基本としながらもセリー技法や不確定性など当時の前衛的な技法を取り入れた多数の創作を手がけている。
• As a first example, there is Yoritsune MATSUDAIRA, who had a gagaku-inspired creative style as his foundation while creating many compositions that incorporated avant-garde techniques at the time, such as serialism and indeterminacy.

• 石燕が遊び絵として創作したものとの説や、凶作が続いた時期に年貢を厳しく取り立てられた農民の怨みの念が、古い蓑や草鞋に乗り移って付喪神と化したものだとの説がある。
• Some people insist that Sekien created it for fun, while others believe that it was a tsukumo-gami (a type of Japanese spirits that originate in items or artifacts that have reached their 100th birthday and become alive) transmuted from an old straw raincoat and straw sandals which had been possessed by the grudge of farmers upon whom heavy taxes had been imposed at prolonged poor harvest time.

• しかし、それら書籍中の妖怪には、古典の民間伝承、怪談、随筆などのものに混じり、古典上に存在しない創作物と思われる妖怪が多いことが現代の研究により指摘されている。
• It has been pointed out by modern research that in these books, mixed with the folklores, ghost stories and essays of classical Japanese culture, there are many yokai characters that are considered to be inventions that did not exist in the classical Japanese culture.

• これは子母澤寛などの伝記により「沖田の刀は“菊一文字細身のつくり”」とされていたことから司馬遼太郎が著作『新撰組血風録』の中で創作した物語が広まったものである。
• The story gained popularity following its appearance in the novel 'Shinsengumi Keppuroku' by Ryotaro SHIBA, who based it on descriptions in biograraphies such as that by Kan SHIMOZAWA, where the sword is described as being 'a thin Kikuichimonji one'.

• とくに『切られ与三』では七五調の台詞を黙阿弥に先駆けて使用して幕末期の世話狂言の基本を築き、『佐倉義民伝』では日本最初の農民劇を創作するなどの功績をあげている。
• His achievements are noteworthy; especially in 'Kirare Yosa,' he established the bases of the sewa kyogen (a category of plays depicting the people's common life) in the end of Edo Period by introducing seven-and-five syllabic rhythmical dialogues prior to another Kabuki playwright Mokuami, and in the 'Sakura Gimin Den' he created the first peasant play in Japan.

• 私が言うことができるのはただ、迷信がこれまでそう感じさせそう思い込ませておけばよいとして創作した最悪の責め苦から、だれも尻込みする必要はないということだけです。
• I can only say that no one need shrink from the worst tortures that superstition ever invented if only so felt and so remembered.

• なぜわざわざ『女』という文字と入れ替えてまで、独自の漢字を創作して何を表現する必要があったのか、という点に着目して、天照大御神の実態に迫ろうとする研究者もいる。
• Some scholars are solving a secret of Amaterasu Omikami by focusing on why the new kanji was created so far by replacing '女' and what it had to express.

• もっとも『愚管抄』によれば義朝はすぐに内裏を出撃して六波羅に迫ったとあるので、内裏で戦闘が行われたかどうかは定かでなく、話を盛り上げるための創作の可能性もある。
• According to 'Gukansho,' Yoshitomo immediately left the Dairi for Rokuhara; however, it is not certain that there were in fact any battles at the Dairi, and therefore, this could be an embellishment to make the story more thrilling.

• 『徒然草』第72段に「多くて見苦しからぬは、文車の文、塵塚の塵」という一文があり、この「文車の文」から文車妖妃、「塵塚の塵」から塵塚怪王が創作されたとの説もある。
• As a sentence 'fuguruma no fumi (books on a book cart) and chirizuka no chiri (the rubbish at dust heap) are not unsightly even though there are many or there is much' is seen in the chapter 72 of 'Tsurezuregusa,' some people say that fuguruma-yobi and chirizuka-kaio (the ghost king of the waste) were created based on the above-mentioned 'fuguruma no fumi' and 'chirizuka no chiri' respectively.

• なお、『古今和歌集』以降では意味よりも形式をととのえること、語の転換の面白さに主眼が置かれるようになり、基本的には新しい枕詞の創作も暫時、減少していく傾向にある。
• Moreover, after 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), because the chief aim shifted to the arrangement of the format rather than the meaning and the interesting transition of words, the creation of new makurakotoba basically tended to decrease for a while.

• 『史記』の項羽の最期や『平家物語』の源義仲の最期の記述にヒントを得た『太平記』作者の創作であると思われる（義仲の最期も『平家物語』作者の創作である可能性が高い）。
• It is considered that the description mentioned above was a fiction created by the author of 'Taiheiki' who was inspired by the description of Xian YU's death in 'Shiki' (the Chinese Historical Records) as well as that of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's death in 'Taiheiki' (the description of Yoshinaka's death is also likely to be a fiction created by the author of 'Heike monogatari').

• 森博達は1999年の『日本書紀の謎を解く』において、「十七条憲法の漢文の日本的特徴（和習）から7世紀とは考えられず、『日本書紀』編纂とともに創作されたもの」とした。
• Hiromichi MORI commented in 'Nihon shoki no nazo o toku' (Solving the Enigma of the Chronicles of Japan) published in 1999 as follows: 'Considering the grammatical deviations affected by Japanese (washu) in the kanbun (Chinese classics) used in The 17-Article Constitution, it is unlikely that the Constitution was established in the seventh century, and it was created at the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.'

• しかし、諸国を流浪する遊行僧だの、入り婿に入っただのという設定は、所詮本来無関係な新田氏と松平氏を系譜上つなげるために、おそらく家康の代に唱えられた創作に過ぎない。
• The story of this Buddhist priest wandering from one province to the next and his marriage into the Matsudaira clan is probably just a fictional story that was created during Ieyasu's generation in order to establish a genealogically link with the Nitta clan and the Matsudaira clan, which were originally unrelated.

• 意匠の創作をした者でない者であつて意匠登録を受ける権利を承継しないものがした意匠登録出願は、第一項又は第二項の規定の適用については、意匠登録出願でないものとみなす。
• An application for design registration filed by a person who neither has created a design nor is the successor in title to the right to obtain a design registration shall, for the purpose of application of paragraphs (1) and (2), be deemed never to be an application for design registration.

• 歌舞伎作者の河竹黙阿弥はこうした動きに嫌気して引退を宣言、「もう自分は黙る」という皮肉を込めて「河竹黙阿弥」と改名した（1881年、ただしその後も創作活動は続けた）。
• Shinshichi KAWATAKE, a Kabuki writer, who became sick of the movement, declared his retirement from the Kabuki arena and changed his name to 'Mokuami KAWATAKE' (The word 'Moku' means 'quiet' in English) in 1881, with the satirical connotation of 'I will live in dumb silence' (However, he continued his creative activities afterwards).

• なお、『大鏡』及び『栄花物語』には葬儀の際に道長が遺骨を抱持する場面が描かれているがこれは創作であり、史実において骨を抱持したのは詮子の甥藤原兼隆（道兼の子）である。
• There is a scene depicted in 'Okagami' and 'Eiga Monogatari,' of Michinaga cradling her ashes during the funeral but this is just fiction - in reality, it was Senshi's nephew (Michikane's son), FUJIWARA no Kanetaka, who cradled her bones.

• 後世に創作された言葉とする説もあるが（本能寺の変参照）、広く人口に膾炙したためその後の多くの小説の文中に使われており、この言葉をタイトルにした映画やドラマも作られた。
• There is a theory that the phrase was made up by someone else after ages but it has become so widely known that it has been quoted in many novels and used as the title of a movie and a drama.

• しかし、推古天皇の皇太子かつ摂政として、知られる数々の業績を上げた聖徳太子は、『日本書紀』編纂当時の実力者であった、藤原不比等らの創作であり、架空の存在であるとする。
• However, Oyama insists that the figure of Shotoku Taishi, who achieved various well known things as Prince Regent during the reign of Empress Suiko, was a fictitious character created by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, an influential man during the period when 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.

• 昭和初期に子母沢寛が新選組3部作を発表すると認識が広まり、戦後の価値観の転換で新選組が主役に扱われる事も多くなり、各隊士にもスポットが当てられ創作がされるようになった。
• When Kan SHIMOZAWA made his Shinsengumi Sanbusaku public in the early Showa era, Shinsen-gumi's notoriety increased, and along with the reversal of views after the World War II, there were more cases where Shinsen-gumi was given the leading role, and attention was given to each member, and works were produced based on the members.

• 江戸期謡曲「千歳楽」が現在の倉敷市連島で創作され流行、太鼓台を担ぐ際謡曲「千歳楽」を唄うことがこの界隈で普遍化し太鼓台自体を「千歳楽」と呼ぶようになったとする説が有力。
• A predominant theory suggests that the derivation of 'senzairaku' from taikodai lie on the fact that a newly created Noh song 'senzairaku' during the Edo period in now Tsurajima, Kurashiki City became so popular that people generally chanted the song in shouldering the taikodai in their neighborhoods, which led to call the taikodai itself 'senzairaku.'

• このころまでは翻訳が多かったが、1909年（明治42年）に『スバル (文芸雑誌)』が創刊されると、これに毎号寄稿して創作活動を再開した（木下杢太郎のいう「豊熟の時代」）。
• Until around then, he mainly did translation, but after the issue of 'Subaru' (literature magazine) in 1909, he started writing again and contributed to the magazine every month (A time Mokutaro KINOSHITA referred to as 'The Time of Harvest').

• なお平家物語においては報復を行ったのは祖父の平清盛となっているが、これは清盛を悪役、重盛を平氏一門の良識派として描写する『平家物語』の演出の都合上の創作と言われている）。
• The account recorded in 'The Tale of the Heike' depicts TAIRA no Kiyomori, his grandfather, as the individual responsible to the retaliation; however, this is considered to be historically inaccurate, and to have been adopted to the thematic scheme in 'The Tale of the Heike', according to which Kiyomori is portrayed as a black sheep, whereas Shigemori is portrayed as an upstanding member of the Taira clan.

• これは、かつて日本は朝鮮半島で闘ったことがあるというわずかな記憶と、女帝斉明天皇が新羅遠征のために、筑紫朝倉宮まで行幸した故事を元に、創作されたとする仮説が唱えられている。
• Scholars formed a hypothesis that Japan may have fabricated the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu based on a vague memory of a battle on the Korean peninsula and a historical event of an Imperial visit to the Tsukushi Asakra Palace during the expedition to Silla by Empress Saimei.

• 機関登録申請者が株式会社である場合にあつては、回路配置創作等事業者がその親法人（会社法（平成十七年法律第八十六号）第八百七十九条第一項に規定する親法人をいう。）であること。
• that, in the case where an applicant for an agency registration is a stock company, the business operator engaged in the creation, etc. of a layout-design is said applicant's parent corporation (meaning a parent corporation as prescribed in Article 879, paragraph (1) of the Companies Act (Act No. 86 of 2005));

• この法律において「地域活動支援センター」とは、障害者等を通わせ、創作的活動又は生産活動の機会の提供、社会との交流の促進その他の厚生労働省令で定める便宜を供与する施設をいう。
• The term "local activity support center" as used in this Act means the facilities to which persons with disabilities, or others commute, and provide opportunities for creative and productive activities and other benefit prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

• 秀吉嫌いは後世の創作もあろうが、織田信雄が降伏した後も家康と共謀して叛旗を翻そうとするなど、織田氏（信長）に対する忠誠心は厚く、秀吉嫌いが事実だったとの印象も見受けられる。
• His dislike of Hideyoshi may be adaptation in future ages, but it seems that he actually disliked Hideyoshi, since he was so loyal to the Oda clan (Nobunaga) that he attempted to rise in revolt with Ieyasu after Nobukatsu ODA surrendered.

• 『隋書』「卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國」に記述された俀王多利思比孤による「日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云」の文言で知られる国書は聖徳太子らによる創作と言われている。
• It is believed that the diplomatic message famous for the words '日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云' written by Wao-tarishihiko contained in '卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國' of 'Zuisho' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) was written by several persons including Shotoku Taishi.

• よって古事記における火照命の記述は本来は火闌降命（火酢芹命）についての伝承であり、古事記の編纂者が火照命という神を創作して火闌降命の事績をそちらに移したものと考えられている。
• Thus it is considered that the story of Hoderi no Mikoto in the 'Kojiki' was originally a legend concerning Hosusori no Mikoto (or Hosuseri no Mikoto), with the compilers of the 'Kojiki' creating a god named Hoderi no Mikoto and transferring Hosusori no Mikoto's exploits over to Hoderi no Mikoto.

• そのため、農林水産省が海外の日本食レストランを「正しい和食」と認証する、いわゆる「日本食を名乗る創作料理」と「伝統的な日本食」を明確にする「スシポリス」を派遣する事が検討された。
• For this reason the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries planned to send 'sushi police' to certify Japanese food restaurants abroad as 'authentic Japanese food' by distinguishing between so-called 'creative cuisine called Japanese food' and 'traditional Japanese food.'

• 著作者名の表示は、著作物の利用の目的及び態様に照らし著作者が創作者であることを主張する利益を害するおそれがないと認められるときは、公正な慣行に反しない限り、省略することができる。
• It is permissible to omit the name of the author where, to the extent compatible with fair practice, it is determined that there is no risk of damage to the interests of the author in his claim to authorship in light of the purpose and the manner of the exploitation of the work.

• 障害者等につき、地域活動支援センターその他の厚生労働省令で定める施設に通わせ、創作的活動又は生産活動の機会の提供、社会との交流の促進その他の厚生労働省令で定める便宜を供与する事業
• Service that offers persons with disabilities, others opportunities for creative or productive activities and which promotes their interaction with their communities and provides other conveniences prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare by enabling them to commute to community activity support centers or other facilities prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

• 機関登録申請者（法人にあつては、その代表権を有する役員）が、回路配置創作等事業者の役員又は職員（過去二年間に当該回路配置創作等事業者の役員又は職員であつた者を含む。）であること。
• that the applicant for an agency registration (or in the case of a juridical person, its representative officer) is an officer or employee of the business operator engaged in the creation, etc. of a layout-design (including those who have been an officer or employee of said business operator engaged in the creation, etc. of a layout-design in the past two years).

• 息子の義信の謀反、諏訪氏の出身の側室、諏訪御料人（諏訪御寮人）の子の武田勝頼が武田氏の家督を継いだ史実や、TVドラマや小説などの創作物の影響により信玄との不仲説や悪妻説などが流布。
• Some believe that there was bad blood between Sanjo no kata and Shingen and that Sanjo no kata was a bad wife, because of the historical facts of a revolt by her son, Yoshinobu, and the inheritance of the position of family head by Katsuyori TAKEDA, who was a son of Suwa goryonin, a concubine from the Suwa family, as well as influences of works of fiction such as TV dramas and novels.

• また、領国貨幣の中には後世による創作によると考えられる素性の不確かな物も存在し、そのような物も文化 (元号)7年（1810年）刊行の貨幣解説史料である『金銀図録』に掲載されている。
• There are also some doubtful Ryogoku Kahei that are thought to have been created by someone in later generations, and such currencies are also listed on 'Kingin Zuroku' (A Record of Gold and Silver in Picture), which was published in 1810.

• しかし、三遊亭円朝が明治時代にグリム童話の『死神』か、イタリアのオペラ（歌劇）の『靴直クリピスノ』の翻訳本を参考にした創作落語の『死神 (落語)』で、巷に広まったことが知られている。
• However, it is known to have spread among the people through creative rakugo 'Shinigami (rakugo)' (Death (rakugo)) by Encho SANYUTEI during the Meiji period, which was composed using the translated book of either 'Godfather Death' in the fairy tales by the Grimm brothers or the Italian opera (musical) 'Crispino'.

• 近代以降にも、作家としての文才や創作意欲を満たすため、寡婦としての寂しさや無聊を慰めるため、式部の父がその文才で官位を得たように式部が女房になるため、といった様々な説が唱えられている。
• During modern times, various opinions have emerged as follows: to satisfy her literary talent and creative urge as an author; to distract herself from her loneliness as a widow and forget the tedium; to become a court lady and follow in the footsteps of her father, who had obtained his title through means of literary talent.

• 従来の荒唐無稽な歌舞伎脚本やうわべだけの近代化に終わった活歴物と違う、新しい歌舞伎劇を目指すべく、1893年（明治26年）論文『我が邦の史劇』を発表、その実践例としてこの作品を創作した。
• Aiming at creating a new kabuki drama unlike traditional unrealistic scripts or historical drama modernized only on the surface, he published a paper titled 'Wagakuni no Shigeki (Japan's historical drama)' in 1893 and put his theory into practice by creating this work.

• ただし、『吉岡伝』は朝山三徳・鹿島林斎という原史料不明の武芸者と同列に宮本武蔵が語られ、前述のようにその肩書きは二刀を使うことを除き現実から乖離しており、創作である可能性を否定できない。
• However, 'Yoshioka-den' ranks Musashi with two mysterious swordsmen, 'Santoku ASAYAMA' and 'Rinsai KASHIMA' (materials on which the writer based are unconfirmed), and the explanation of Musashi's states and the name of his style are very different from the facts as well, except for using two swords, therefore, the fights in 'Yoshioka-den' might be fabrication too.

• 美濃国の斎藤龍興との戦いのなかで、墨俣一夜城建設に功績を上げた話が有名だが、『武功夜話』などを典拠とするこのエピソードは当時の史料に関係する記述がなく江戸時代の創作であるとする説が強い。
• There is a famous episode that he achieved to construct Sunomata Castle in one night in the middle of the battle with Tatsuoki SAITO of Mino province; this episode was described in 'Buko-yawa' and others, but there is no description of historical data in the document, so it is considered to be a fiction in Edo Period.

• 明治前半期の女性作家においては家への抵抗や姓の変遷などから同様に姓の忌避や創作世界においては雅号を用いるといった署名傾向があり、一葉にも女戸主としての意識が強くあったとも考えられている。
• During the first half of the Meiji period, due to opposition toward family or change in family name, female novelists showed this tendency to avoid using family names in their signatures and to use pen names in fictitious works; Ichiyo is believed to have been very conscious of her position as female head of her family.

• したがって神武天皇に関する説話は何らかの形で創作されたものであるとする意見が強く、崇神天皇、応神天皇、継体天皇、または記紀編纂時期の天武天皇を基に創作したとする「モデル論」も盛んである。
• Therefore, the majority of opinion is that tales regarding Emperor Jimmu was created in some form, and 'theory of model' that tales of Emperor Jimmu was created based on Emperor Sujin, Emperor Ojin and Emperor Keitai, or Emperor Temmu at the time of compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki is also popular.

• 法人その他の団体が著作の名義を有する著作物の著作権は、その著作物の公表後五十年（その著作物がその創作後五十年以内に公表されなかつたときは、その創作後五十年）を経過するまでの間、存続する。
• The copyright in a work bearing the name of a juridical person or other corporate body as that of its author [including a work which does not bear any name as the name of its author but which, if made public, would bear the name of a juridical person or other corporate body as the name of its author] shall continue to subsist until the end of the fifty year period following the making public of the work, or if the work is not made public within the fifty year period following its creation, then until the end of the fifty year period following said work's creation.

• 第一生命保険のサラリーマン川柳、住友生命保険の創作四字熟語、自由国民社の新語・流行語大賞、東洋大学の現代学生百人一首と並んで、現代の日本の世相を反映する一つの指標として使われることが多い。
• It is often accepted as an indicator representing the social conditions of present day Japan together with the Salaryman Senryu (the salary man senryu poetry contest) hosted by the Dai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Sosaku Yojijukugo (Creation of a four-character compound) announced by Sumitomo Life Insurance Company, the Shingo ryukogo taisho (the grand prize for the new word of the year, and the grand prize for the best vogue word of the year) presented by Jiyu Kokuminsha, and the Gendai gakusei hyakunin isshu (One hundred poems of modern students) collected by Toyo University.

• 謡曲『羅生門』は『平家物語』で綱と鬼との戦いまでの話をもとに、舞台を一条戻橋から羅城門に変えて創作されたものとされ、その後の鬼の報復の話は謡曲では『羅生門』とは別作品の『茨木』になっている。
• Yokyoku 'Rashomon'is considered to have been created by transferring the set of th escene from Ichijo Modori-bashi Bridge to Rajo-mon Gate, based on the story of the battle of Tsuna and the ogre in 'Heike Monogatari,' and the story of the ogre's retaliation afterwards is in yokyoku 'Ibaraki' which is a different story from 'Rashomon'.

• 設定登録は、その申請の日から二年さかのぼつた日前に、創作者等又はその許諾を得た者が業として当該申請に係る回路配置について第二条第三項第二号に掲げる行為をしていた場合には、受けることができない。
• No application for a registration of establishment shall be accepted in the case where a creator, etc. or another person with authorization therefrom had performed the acts listed in Article 2, paragraph (3), item (ii), in the course of trade, in relation to a layout-design pertaining to the application more than two years prior to the date on which said application is filed.

• 二人が偶然同じ「内蔵助」であったことから「両内蔵助の対決」として世間で評判になったという逸話もあるが、残念ながらこれは討ち入り事件後に創作された話らしく、明確な資料に基づいているわけではない。
• As both of them happened to be named 'Kuranosuke,' there exists an anecdote of a 'face-off between the two Kuranosukes', although it appears to be a myth created after the seige as no evidence to support this currently exists.

• 法人その他使用者の業務に従事する者が職務上創作をした回路配置については、その創作の時における契約、勤務規則その他に別段の定めがない限り、その法人その他使用者を当該回路配置の創作をした者とする。
• With respect to a layout-design created within the scope of employment of a person who performs his/her duties for a juridical person or another employer, such juridical person or other employer shall be the creator of said layout-design, unless otherwise stipulated by a contract at the time of the creation of said layout-design, work regulations or the like.

• しかしながら、この小説の内容が民間で流行したために、「封神演義」で創作された故事がそれまで伝えられていた説話と置き換わったり、廟に創作上の人物の名が掲げられたりするなど、後の信仰に影響を与えた。
• However, due to the popularity of this story among the general public, traditional tales handed down for generations were replaced by ancient events depicted in 'Hoshinengi' and names appearing in the story were displayed on some mausoleums, affecting later religious belief significantly.

• 現在の学界では、三韓征伐説話は、はるか後の時代になって、新羅の日本への服従を正当化するために（『続日本紀』には、来新羅使の前で神功皇后説話を聞かせて立腹させたという記事もある）創作された説がある。
• Currently, the academic world has the theory that the rationale in the subjugation of Silla was formed in Japan with the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu; in consideration of the fact in which Sankan-Seibatsu was actually written at some distant point in time. (There was an article in the 'Shoku Nihongi' [a continuation of Nihonshoki; an imperially commissioned Japanese history text] about a visiting envoy of Silla, who became outraged upon hearing the official story of the Empress Jingu.)

• また、中国の娯楽小説『封神演義』には普賢真人、文殊広法天尊という仙人が登場しており、彼等が後に仏門に帰依しそれぞれ普賢菩薩、文殊菩薩となったという設定になっているが、これは後世の全くの創作である。
• Additionally, in 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I,' a light novel of China, there appeared mountain hermitscalled Fugen Shinjin and Monju Koho Tenson, who believed Buddhism later and became Fugen Bosatsu and Monju Bosatsu respectively, but this is fiction of a later age.

• 俗に「天下のご意見番」として名高い忠教であるが、旗本以下の輿が禁止された際に「大だらい」に乗って登城したという逸話や将軍・家光にことあるごとに諫言したなどの逸話は後世の講談や講釈の中での創作である。
• Though Tadataka was commonly famous as 'consultant of tenka (the world),' the anecdotes that he came to castle riding on 'o-darai' (large basin) under the prohibition from using koshi (litter) by hatamoto rank or below, or that he remonstrated with shogun Iemitsu whenever something happened, were the fiction in kodan storytelling or koshaku narration in the later period.

• また「日本書紀が成立する14年前に作られた法起寺の塔露盤銘には聖徳皇という言葉があり、書紀で聖徳太子を創作したとする点は疑問。露銘板を偽作とする大山氏の説は推測に頼る所が多く、論証不十分。」とする。
• He also argues 'that the theory which states that Shotoku Taishi was created in the Nihonshoki is doubtful because the letters 'Shotoku no Sumera' appear on 'To Robanmei' of Hoki-ji Temple, which was made 14 years before the completion of the Nihonshoki and that Oyama's theory is largely based on supposition and lacks sufficient evidence in insisting that the Robanmei is a forgery.'

• （常山紀談）このように勝者である秀吉や前田氏に悪評を創作され、過小評価を受けがちな成政であるが、その秀吉・前田も佐々の軍事指揮官としての武勇は非常に認めていたようで、多くの賞賛をした記録が残っている。
• (Jyozankidan, a collection of anecdotes compiled in the Edo period) Narimasa tended to be underestimated due to the bad reputations created by the winners Hideyoshi or Maeda, but Hideyoshi and Maeda seemed to have highly recognized the heroic act of Sassa as an army commander and there are many heroic records commending him.

• 事件直前の秀次は嗜好殺人などの非道行為（盲人を辻斬りにした）を繰り返したとも言われ、「殺生関白」（「摂政関白」の韻に掛けた創作）の異名をとったという話は有名であるが、実情は不明であり疑わしい点も多い。
• It is said that Hidetsugu repeated villainies such as preference murder (he killed a blind man on the street), thus he famously was given the name 'Sessho Kanpaku,' a homonym of Sessho Kanpaku (Regent and Chief Adviser to the Emperor), but the actual circumstances are unknown and a lot of points are doubtful.

• なお、秀吉との間に外見の類似性がないという見方については、前述の祖父母の血統に加えて信長が秀吉を「猿」と呼んでいたことは後世の創作とも言われており、この点は検証に値しない（※豊臣秀吉評価の項を参照）。
• With respect to the opinion that he has no resemblance in appearance to Hideyoshi, it is not worth looking into because, in addition to the above-mentioned blood line from his grandparents, the story that Nobunaga called Hideyoshi 'saru' (monkey) was fiction composed in a later age (Refer to the section for evaluation of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.)

• また現在では、外来のピザやクレープ等あるいは創作料理の流行の影響を受け、チーズやイチゴ、チョコレート他の具材をトッピングとして載せるなど、若年層の好みに応じて一風変わったお好み焼きを出す店も増えている。
• Also nowadays, from the influence of pizzas, crepes and so on from foreign countries or other creative cuisine, ingredients like cheese, strawberry, chocolate and the others are topped on it and the shops have increased, where unique okonomiyaki suiting the taste of young people are served.

• 元来音だけで姿が見えない存在なのだが、その姿は水木しげるの想像によって図化されており、丸い頭部に足が生えた格好で、微笑んだような愛嬌のある口が大きく開いている（※図化された姿はあくまで水木の創作である）。
• Although it is an invisible creature, only making sounds, Shigeru MIZUKI depicted it through his imagination as a creature of round head with legs sticking out from it, with its big funny mouth opened as if it is smiling (the depiction is no more than a creation by Mizuki).

• この中西説に対して、細井浩志は『続日本紀』が道鏡政権を批判する際には、後日に'不正の暴露'などの形で対になる事実を提示しており、神託事件についてのみ創作を加えたとは考えにくいとして、中西説を否定している。
• Against this theory by NAKANISHI, Hiroshi HOSOI denies it, by stating that when 'Shoku Nihongi' criticizes the Dokyo administration, it presents a fact that forms a pair such as 'disclosure of injustice' in later dates, and it is hard to believe that the author added fiction to the part which deals with the oracle only.

• 「狐が女の姿に化けて古墳の上で踊ったことから石舞台と名付けられた」という伝説については、古墳のすぐそばで生まれ育った網干善教は、そのような話を自分は聞いたことがなく近年に創作された話であろう、としている。
• Regarding a legend that 'It came to be called Ishibutai (a stone stage) for the fact that a fox in the shape of woman danced on the Kofun,' Yoshinori ABOSHI who was born and brought up near the Kofun said he had never heard such a story and understood it was written in recent years.

• 忠臣蔵ものの物語では、「道中で本物の垣見五郎兵衛が出現して内蔵助と会見、五郎兵衛は内蔵助たちを吉良上野介を討たんとする赤穂浪士と察して、自分が偽物だと詫びる」という挿話が入るが、もちろんこれは創作である。
• In the Chushingura, there is a story that tells of a meeting between Kuranosuke and the real Gorobe KAKIMI in which 'Gorobe recognized that Kuranosuke and troupe were the Ako Roshi (masterless samurai of Ako domain) who had tried to attack Kozukenosuke KIRA whereupon Kuranosuke apologized for being an impostor', but, of course, this fiction.

• 前田晴人は四道将軍の神話自体は史実とは認めないものの、ここに描かれた「四道」を五畿七道成立以前のヤマト王権の地域区分であったとし、四道将軍はその成立を説明するために創作された説話であるとする説を唱えている。
• Haruto MAEDA, a contemporary historian, would not acknowledge the historical authenticity of the Shido-shogun stories, and instead advocates that 'shido' referred to the regional division designed by Yamato sovereignty before establishing the goki-shichido system (a geological classification composed of five provinces in the capital region and seven circuits outside), and that the tales of Shido-shogun were fictions created to explain the process of establishing the goki-shichido system.

• このような運動の中で創作された歌舞伎演目は、最初、河竹黙阿弥らの旧来の作者や福地桜痴ら文化人によって、歴史的事実をありのままに演じる活歴物や、西洋風の新しい風俗を描いた散切物などが作られたが成功しなかった。
• In such a campaign, some Kabuki programs were created anew, and their first ones were 'Katsureki-mono' (a historical drama), which faithfully performed the historical facts, & 'Zangiri-mono' (the plays the cropped hair people appeared), which portrayed new western-style customs, both made by experienced writers, including Mokuami KAWATAKE, or by intellectuals, including Ochi FUKUCHI, but they failed.

• ただし、日本で創作された漢詩は（当然の話ではあるが）中国語での発音を考慮していないため、それが原因で本場中国の基準からすると下手糞扱い（中国語発音で漢詩を吟じると響きがよくない）されるものが多いと言われる。
• However, kanshi produced in Japan of course does not consider the Chinese pronunciation and because of this many Japanese kanshi are regarded as poor in the light of the home Chinese standard (they don't sound beautiful when recited using Chinese pronunciation).

• また『信長公記』には桶狭間山から退却する義元が馬に乗っていたと記されており、騎乗ができなかったこと、さらにその理由などは、ほぼ後世の創作と考えられる（一般にこれら記述が登場するのは江戸時代中期の物である）。
• In the 'Shincho Koki' (Biography of the Warlord Nobunaga ODA), since it is described how he withdrew on horseback from Mt. Okehazama, it is possible to consider the common theory of his inability to ride on horseback, as well as its reasons, as all being invented at a later time (Generally these descriptions began appearing in the middle of the Edo period.)

• なお水木の妖怪画では『鬼太郎』に登場するキャラクターのように、2つの目と2本の腕を持つ布の姿で描かれているが、これはあくまで創作であり、実際の伝承や後述の目撃談では目も腕もなく、単に布に似た飛行物体とされる。
• In Mizuki's paintings of ghosts, Ittan-momen is portrayed as a creature having two eyes and two arms, as well as other characteristics in 'Ge Ge Ge no Kitaro,' but this is only Mizuki's imagination, so in real folklore and from descriptions by witnesses below, Ittan-momen is said to be just a cloth-like flying object, having neither eyes nor arms.

• 盗賊の彼が人気を博した理由は、浄瑠璃や歌舞伎の演題としてとりあげられ、これらの創作の中で次第に義賊として扱われるようになったこと、また権力者豊臣秀吉の命を狙うという筋書きが庶民の心を捉えたことにもよるであろう。
• The reason for the popularity of a bandit like him lies in the fact that he was used as a subject in joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) and kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and he was gradually portrayed as a thief who stole from the rich and gave to the poor, and furthermore, the script in which he tries to kill the powerful ruler, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, won the hearts of the commoners.

• 序文については『日本書紀』で触れられた『天皇記』・『国記』に相当するものを装った偽書であり、物部氏の権威付けのために、その筋に近い物が創作した可能性が高いと言われている（藤原明『日本の偽書』文藝春秋、2004年）。
• With regard to the preface, it is considered that the preface is gisho, assuming that it corresponds to the prefaces for 'Tennoki' (a Record of the Emperors) and 'Kokki' (a National Record), and that a person familiar to the Mononobe clan created the story in order to give authority to the Mononobe clan (Akira FUJIWARA, 'Nihon no gisho' (a book of gisho, apocryphal book in Japan), Bungei shunju, 2004).

• 前項の申請書には、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、申請に係る回路配置を記載した図面又は当該回路配置を現した写真及び申請者が創作者等であることについての説明書その他経済産業省令で定める資料を添付しなければならない。
• In filing a written application as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, drawings depicting the layout-design pertaining to the application or a photograph showing said layout-design, and a written explanation stating that the applicant is a creator, etc. and other supporting materials specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry shall be attached thereto, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 源光信（美濃源氏）、多田行綱（多田源氏）、山本義経（近江源氏）、武田信義、一条忠頼、安田義定（甲斐源氏）、伊豆国の源頼朝、陸奥国の源義経などの名があるが、当時の重要人物の欠落や錯誤が多く、後世の創作と考えられている。
• The list includes such names as MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu (of the Mino Genji), Yukitsuna TADA (of the Tada Genji), Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO (of the Omi Genji), Nobuyoshi TAKEDA, Tadayori ICHIJO, Yoshisada YASUDA (of the Kai Genji), as well as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Izu province and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in Mutsu province, but many of the most important and powerful people of the day are missing from the list and there are many errors, prompting some to consider the list a literary fiction added later.

• 十三仏信仰（じゅうさんぶつしんこう）とは、十王信仰に基づき日本で創作された閻魔王を初めとする冥途の裁判官である十王及びその後の審理（七回忌・十三回忌・三十三回忌）を司る裁判官の本地垂迹説とされる仏に対する信仰である。
• Jusanbutsu shinko refers to the belief in Juo, ten kings, who are judges in Meido hell including Enma-o (the King of Hell) who were created in Japan based on the Juo-shinko (ten Kings (ten Judges of Hell) belief) and in buddhas, according to the Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces), whose present forms are judges who conduct the later trials (the sixth, the twelfth, and the 32nd anniversaries).

• ところが家康からは「お前も我が子が可愛いか」と手厳しく返され、信康事件の不手際を言外に難詰された話がよく知られている（しかし、上述の通り信康切腹事件に異説が存在する事から、このエピソードも創作であるという説がある）。
• However, it is well known that Tadatsugu was harshly criticized by Ieyasu saying, 'You favor your son after all,' and thus blamed implicitly for his failure in the Nobuyasu incident (but, since there is a different view on the Nobuyasu incident as described above, some say that this anecdote is a fiction, too).

• 実際に何らかの伝承を伴う妖怪ではなく、『三国志』の登場人物である曹操と関羽の逸話をもとに、関羽をイメージした創作物として描かれたものといわれており、瀬戸物と陶磁器の2種の陶磁器の激しい勢力争いを描いたものとの説もある。
• It is not a specter that actually has a legend of some sort, but it is said to be depicted as a creation imaging Guan Yu, based on the analects of Cao Cao and Guan Yu who were the characters from 'Sanguo Zhi' (History of the Three Kingdoms in China), and there is also a theory that it was depicting a struggle for power between two types of ceramics, setomono and chinaware.

• 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
• Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.

• 水野は、古事記で没した年の干支が記載されている天皇は、神武天皇から推古天皇までの33代の天皇のうち、半数に満たない15代であることに注目し、その他の18代は実在しなかった（創作された架空の天皇である）可能性を指摘した。
• In the Kojiki, Mizuno focusing on that the Oriental zodiac signs of the year that emperor died were written for 15 emperors, short of half among the 33 emperors from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Suiko, pointed out the 18 rest emperors might not exist (fictional emperors).

• なお『仮名手本忠臣蔵』に登場するお軽のモデルは彼女だが、この作品の中では早野勘平（萱野三平がモデル）の恋人で、寺岡平右衛門（寺坂吉右衛門がモデル）の妹ということになっており、その他の創作でもこの設定で描かれることが多い。
• She is the model for Okaru in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), but in this story, she is a girlfriend of Kanpei HAYANO (Sanpei KAYANO is the model) and a younger sister of Heiemon TERAOKA (Kichiemon TERASAKA is the model) and such plot is usually used in other works.

• 逍遥は、1915（大正6）年に、活歴物への不満、シェークスピアの史劇の長所と歌舞伎の長所をうまく調和させたかったこと、深刻な悲劇を歌舞伎風のさまざまな挿話で作り上げたかったことなどが「桐一葉」創作の動機であると述べている。
• Shoyo cited the following motives for creating 'Kiri Hitoha' in 1915: Dissatisfaction with historical dramas; wishing to combine the advantages of Shakespeare's histories and Kabuki; and wishing to compose a serious tragedy of different episodes.

• これは、太平の庶民文化の隆盛から、口碑伝承のないこの時代の作家に創作された妖怪の類の氾濫と、杉浦日向子などの江戸時代研究家や学者が説明する「江戸時代は世界に類を見ない資源還元（リサイクル）社会であった」という事実と合致する。
• The above coincides with the fact that many apparitions were created by painters in this period, a peaceful time in which the culture of ordinary people was prosperous and folklore did not exist, and that 'the Edo period was a recycling society without parallel in the world' as researchers of the Edo period, such as Hinako SUGIURA, have pointed out.

• 切腹の際に怒りのあまり臓物をなげつけたという説もあるが、医学的検証からそのようなことは不可能であること、腹に刀をいれたとたん介錯するという作法があることから、そういった逸話とともに創作された辞世の句か落首の類とも考えられる。
• There is a story that he was so enraged during seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) that he flung his entrails away; however, not only has this been proven impossible from a medical standpoint, but also due to the manner of Kaishaku (to assist someone in committing hara-kiri by beheading him), his head must have been cut off the moment the sword entered his abdomen, so the story is fictitious, and it is likely that the death haiku or rakushu (satire) was made up along with it.

• しかしながら、この「則天去私」という語は漱石自身が文章に残した訳ではなく、漱石の発言を弟子達が書き残したものであり、その意味は必ずしも明確ではない（人が生きるうえでの指針のように捉える説と、創作上の態度と捉える説などがある）。
• The word 'Sokutenkyoshi' was not written by Soseki in his sentences, but dictated by his disciples, therefore, its meaning is not very clear (according to an opinion, it is understood as a guiding principle for human life, and according to another opinion, it is understood as an attitude in creation.)

• しかし、そのことをもって、御伽草子全てを婦女童幼の読み物であると断定するべきではなく、物語が庶民に楽しめるものになっていったこの時代に、色々な創作・享受の条件が複雑に重なった結果、御伽草子のような形の物語群が生まれたと思われる。
• However, that is not to say that all Otogi Zoshi were reading material only for women and children, and the narrative forms of Otogi Zoshi are thought to have been created as a result of complicated, overlapping conditions of various recreations during that period when narratives began to be enjoyed by general public.

• また、近年、全羅南道の霊岩郡では、毎年王仁博士祭りを開き、日本に文化を伝えた王仁を記念している（現在全羅南道には王仁関連の遺跡も存在しているが、1970年代以降に創作されたものであり、伝承地が作られてゆく生きた実例となっている）。
• In recent years, the Wang-in Culture Festival has been held annually in Yeongam County of South Cholla Province to commemorate Wani who introduced advanced culture to Japan (there are also Wani-related ruins in South Cholla Province but they were created after the 1970's, and these are serving as good examples of creation of a legendary site).

• 本来兄の信孝が信雄よりも信長亡き後の織田家一門の筆頭に相応しいという正嫡性の強調のため、あるいは兄である信雄に逆らったことを正当化するための意図的な創作話ではないかといわれ、実際は信孝が信雄より後に生まれたのではないかといわれる。
• It is said that this story may have been intentionally made up to emphasize Nobutaka's legitimacy as the head of the Oda family after Nobunaga's death, or to justify his having opposed Nobukatsu who was his older brother, and that he actually was born later than Nobukatsu.

• 百瀬明治『般若心経の謎』によれば、これは元禄年間に現在の岩手県二戸郡の八幡源右衛門という人が文字の読めない人向けに創作した後、随筆によって諸国に伝播されブームとなったものであり、文字か読める人たちの間でも判じ物的に楽しまれたという。
• According to 'Hannyashin-gyo no Nazo,' written by Meiji MOMOSE, this was created by Genemon YAWATA in Ninohe-gun, Iwate Prefecture from 1688 to 1703 for the sake of illiterates and became popular in various provinces through essays, and even literate people enjoyed it as a kind of rebus.

• その逸話の初出は、大田南畝（蜀山人）の「半日閑話」(1749年)であり、さらに桃井若狭之助（亀井玆親）と加古川本蔵（多胡真蔭）のエピソードが登場する『仮名手本忠臣蔵』(1748年初上演)の後に書かれているので、後世の創作の可能性が高い。
• The anecdote first appeared in 'Hannichi kanwa (A Half-Day of Leisurely Talk)' (1749) by Nanbo OTA (Shokusanjin), and it was written after 'Kanatehon Chusingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)' (first performed in 1748), which contains an episode of Wakasanosuke MOMOI (Korechika KAMEI) and Honzo KAKOGAWA (Sanekake TAKO), so there is a strong possibility that it was created through posterity.

• 道徳権は否定し得ないもので、「その映画の著作物において翻案され、又は複製された小説、脚本、音楽その他の著作物の著作者を除き、制作、監督、演出、撮影、美術等を担当してその映画の著作物の全体的形成に創作的に寄与した」 現著作者に与えられる
• Moral rights are inalienable, and are conferred upon the original authors of a cinematographic work 'attributed to those who, by taking charge of producing, directing, filming, art direction, etc., have contributed to the creation of that work as a whole, excluding authors of novels, scenarios, music or other works adapted or reproduced in that work,'

• また、『とはずがたり』発見以前には後深草天皇の女性関係に関する記録が乏しく、『増鏡』における同天皇の女性関係の記述を創作あるいは弟の亀山天皇のものとの誤認説を唱える学者もいたが、この書の発見以後『増鏡』の記述に根拠がある事が確認された。
• Also, because there were very few records of Emperor Gofukakusa's romances before 'Towazugatari' was found, some scholars used to think that the descriptions of his romances in 'Masukagami' were fictional or had been confused with those of his brother Emperor Kameyama, but after the discovery of 'Towazugatari,' it was confirmed that there was a basis for the descriptions in 'Masukagami.'

• また、当時の物語に対する批判（『源氏物語』を書いた紫式部が妄語戒によって地獄に堕ちたとする風説）に老婆が反論する場面が盛り込まれるなど、仏教戒律を重んじて極楽往生を願うという当時の社会風潮が物語としての創作性を抑制したとする見方もある。
• There is a view that says that the contemporary tendency to emphasize Buddhist precepts and wishing for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) suppressed creativity in story telling as seen in the fact that a scene in which the old lady argued against criticism of the tales of the time, and a rumor that Murasakishikibu, who wrote 'Genji Monogatari,' descended into hell under mogokai (a Buddhist admonition not to tell a lie) was included.

• 民俗学者・藤沢衛彦の著書『図説民俗学全集』によれば、雪女と同種の妖怪であり、石川県能登半島地方で雪の降る夜に酒を求めて現れるとされるが、実際には能登にはそのような伝承は存在せず、藤沢が『今昔百鬼拾遺』から連想して創作したものとの説がある。
• In 'Zusetsu Minzokugaku Zenshu' (Illustrated Collection of Folklore) written by a folklorist called Morihiko FUJISAWA, it is depicted as a specter of the same type as Yuki Onna (Snow Woman) and that it appears on a snow night seeking sake in the Noto Peninsula region in Ishikawa Prefecture; however, there is actually no such tradition in Noto and one theory has it that Fujisawa invented the story by association of 'Konjaku Hyakki Shui'.

• 長光寺城に籠城中、水瓶を割って、「貴様ら、乾いて死ぬよりも討死にするが武士の誉れぞ 今飲んだ水が末期の水と知れい！」と叱咤激励し、背水の陣で抗戦に臨んだことから瓶割り柴田と呼ばれるようになったと言われている（これは後世の創作だと思われる）。
• It is said that he was called Binwari (jar crushing) Shibata because he crushed a water jar and encouraged his troops by shouting 'Men, it is the honor of a samurai to die on the battlefield rather than to die of thirst, so remember, the water you just had was your matsugo-no-mizu (water of the last moment)!' to approach the resistance by burning their boats while holding Choko-ji Castle (this is believed to be a later creation).

• また、その奮戦の具体的な内容だが、惟任謀反記や蓮成院記録によると自ら剣をふるい敵の兵を斬ったらしい（足利義輝の最期に似ているため創作ではないかとも思われるが信忠は実際に剣術を習っており、当時はたしなみの1つであったため、あながち嘘とも言えない）。
• According to the Koreto Muhonki (a commentary on the Honnoji Incident) and the Renjoin Kiroku (journal written by priests of Kofuku-ji Temple Renjo-in), he wielded a sword himself to cut down enemy soldiers (this is rumored to be a myth, like that of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, yet it is open to debate as he was familiar with the art of swordsmanship as it was an essential discipline of that time).

• 半タコ（トランクス）、腹巻き（さらし1反）に半天（半纏、袢纏、法被）というのが一般的だが、創作和太鼓においては、集団によっては、白い着物に赤、紫、紺、等の袴、又、一部の集団に於いては男性（ごく稀に少年）は曲目によってはふんどし一丁、という所もある。
• In general, a drummer wears hantako (trunks) with a bellyband (a band of bleached cloth) and a hanten (a short coat originally for craftsmen worn over a kimono) or a happi coat (a workman's livery coat), however, in a creative Japanese drum performance, the costumes may be a white kimono, with a hakama (a long pleated skirt worn over a kimono) of color such as red, or dark blue, depending on the groups, and there are also groups of men (sometimes boys in extremely rare cases) dressed in loincloths, depending on the play.

• 京都精華大学の学生によって京野菜のナスをイメージしてデザインされた同商店街のマスコット「801ちゃん」は女性向けの男性同性愛を扱った作品を意味する「やおい」と掛けた二次創作漫画『となりの801ちゃん』がヒットして今や同作品は商店街の公認を受けている。
• 801-chan (pronounced as Yaoichi-chan),' the mascot designed for the shopping street by students of Kyoto Seika University imaging a Kyoto-specific eggplant, has now been made official by the street, because 'Tonari no 801 (Yaoi)-chan,' a spin-off manga (cartoon) in which 'Yaoi' is also used for suggesting 'Yaoi' meaning a male-homosexual-love-dealing product for females, has become very popular.

• 現存しない原本である南坊自筆本は、体裁としては南坊宗啓が書いた後に、利休に証明として在判（「墨引」のみは焼却するようにとの注意書き）をもらっていることになっているが（利休没後に書き足された「滅後」は除く）、実山創作説を採ると全ては実山による演出となる。
• The lost original book written by NANBO in his own hand (except for 'Metsugo,' which was added after Rikyu's death) is said, after Sokei NANBO finished writing, to be given Rikyu's Kao (written seal mark) (along with the notes saying only 'Sumibiki' should be burned) to prove it's the original; but according to the theory that Nanboroku was written by Jitsuzan, everything was organized by him.

• 洋食の中には、明治時代以降に西洋料理を習得した料理人が、必ずしも西洋料理のレシピに則らず、日本人消費者の好みに合うよう作り上げた「創作料理」的なものも少なくないため、母体となる欧米には見られないチキンライス、オムライスのような料理も少なからず存在する。
• Many cooks, who learned western cuisine after the Meiji period, established 'creative cuisine' such as chicken rice and rice omelets without following the traditional western recipes, matching the tastes to Japanese consumers' preference, which can not be found in Western countries.

• 伝統的に大乗仏教を信仰してきた地域の諸宗派は、これらの大乗の経典は釈迦が成道して以来40数年の間のどこかで説かれたものとみなしていたが、成立しはじめた当時すでに仏教の内部から大乗経典は勝手に創作されたものであり正統な仏教とは言えないという批判があった。
• Schools of Buddhism in areas where Mahayana Buddhism has traditionally been believed regarded that Shakyamuni preached Mahayana teachings at some point during the 40-something years after his Jodo (completion of the path to becoming a Buddha by attaining enlightenment); however, when the Mahayana Sutras began to become established, there was already criticism from inside Buddhism that they had been created without the permission of Buddha and could therefore not be regarded as orthodox Buddhism.

• 指定管理団体は、私的録音録画補償金（第百四条の四第一項の規定に基づき支払を受けるものに限る。）の額の二割以内で政令で定める割合に相当する額を、著作権及び著作隣接権の保護に関する事業並びに著作物の創作の振興及び普及に資する事業のために支出しなければならない。
• Designated management associations shall spend an amount corresponding to the rate fixed by Cabinet Order which rate shall be 20% or less of the compensation for private sound and visual recordings (limited to the compensation paid and received pursuant to the provisions of Article 104-4, paragraph (1)) for business activities in connection with the protection of copyrights and neighboring rights as well as for business activities for the promotion of the creation of works and for the dissemination of works.

• 機関登録申請者が、業として回路配置を創作し、半導体集積回路を製造し、又は半導体集積回路（半導体集積回路を組み込んだ物品を除く。）を輸入する者（以下この号において「回路配置創作等事業者」という。）に支配されているものとして次のいずれかに該当するものでないこと。
• that, as an entity controlled by a person who creates layout-design, manufactures semiconductor integrated circuits or imports semiconductor integrated circuits (excluding articles incorporating semiconductor integrated circuits as a part thereof) in the course of trade (hereinafter referred to as the 'business operator engaged in the creation, etc. of a layout-design' in this item), the applicant for an agency registration does not fall under any of the following items:

• この法律の施行の日前二年以内に、創作者等又はその許諾を得た者が最初に業として第二条第三項第二号に掲げる行為をした回路配置について、この法律の施行の日から六月を経過する日までの間に設定登録の申請がされたときは、その設定登録については、第六条の規定は、適用しない。
• Where, within two years prior to the date of the enforcement of this Act, a creator, etc. or a person with authorization therefrom first performed any of the acts listed in Article 2, paragraph (3), item (ii) in relation to a layout-design in the course of trade, and if an application for a registration of establishment for such layout-design is filed for the period until the day on which six months have elapsed since the date of the enforcement of this Act, the provision of Article 6 shall not apply to such registration of establishment.

• （だがこの見舞いの件に関しては一方で、利家が布団の下に抜き身の刀を忍ばせていたというエピソードが残っていたり、上記の話が江戸時代に幕府に提出するために作られた二次史料で、外様の大大名であった前田家が徳川家に媚びるため創作された記述とも言われ真偽は不明である。）
• (With regard to the story of visiting the sick Toshiie, on the contrary, there remains an episode that Toshiie had a naked sword hidden under his futon, or it is said that the above-mentioned story was the secondary historical material which was composed to submit to the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] in the Edo period, and that it was the description so created that the Maeda family, a great tozama [outsider] daimyo, flattered the Tokugawa family. For that reason, it is unknown whether it was true or false.)

• 大きな転機となったのは、熊倉功夫によって「会」の分析が行われ、これが『利休茶湯書』（1680）の6巻に収録された「利休百会記」を下敷きにして脚色をほどこされた創作物であるという論証が行われたことである（熊倉功夫「『南方録』成立とその背景」／『茶湯』11号所収）。
• A major turning point was that Isao KUMAKURA analyzed 'Kai,' demonstrating that it was a fiction made by embroidering 'Rikyu's Tea Parties' included in the sixth volume of 'Rikyu's Tea Ceremony' (1680) ('The origin and the background of 'Nanboroku'' by Isao KUMAKURA, carried in 'Chanoyu' vol.11).

• 『平治物語』では重盛と義平が待賢門で一騎打ちを繰り広げ、御所の右近の橘・左近の桜の間を7度も義平が重盛を追い回した、頼盛が退却中に敵に追いつかれそうになり重代の名刀「抜丸」で辛くも撃退した、というエピソードが出てくるがこれらは話を盛り上げるための創作と思われる。
• The 'Heiji monogatari' describes a scene in which Shigemori and Yoshihira fought in single combat at the Taikenmon gate, Yoshihira driving Shigemori back seven times in an area of the palace between the tachibana on the right and the cherry tree on the left, and meanwhile, Yorimori was staging a fighting withdrawal, but when he came under danger of being overrun by his foes he furiously struck all around him with 'Nukimaru,' his famous and ancient sword; needless to say, this episode is considered to be a literary embellishment to create a stirring climactic scene.

• 永倉の配慮によって、山南が馴染みにしていた島原の天神明里が死の間際の山南の元に駆けつけ今生の別れを告げたという哀話が伝わっている（その永倉の手記「新撰組顛末記」や「浪士文久報国記事」などには明里についての記述はなく、子母沢寛の創作という可能性が高いとされている）
• This sad story was told that through Nagakura's kind offices, Sannan's old friend, Tenjin (upper rank prostitute) Akesato in Shimabara, who came to see Sannan and bade him a last farewell (but there was no description of Akesato in Nagakura's journal 'Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki' and 'Roshi Bunkyu Era Patriotism Articles,' so it was highly likely that this was created by Kan SHIMOZAWA).

• 親子二代説が登場するまでは「油屋から身を立て大名にまでのしあがった戦国大名」という道三像が定着していたことから、各種の民間説話・伝承や、二代説登場後のものも含む多くの創作作品においては、一代説を前提とした「斎藤道三」というキャラクターが語られることが圧倒的に多い。
• Until the father-and-son two-generation view came about, Dosan's image was well established as a 'Sengoku Daimyo who rose in the world from an oil-seller to a Daimyo'; because of this, in various folklores, oral literatures and creative works, including the ones produced after the two-generation view came about, Dosan was most often portrayed as 'Dosan SAITO' in accordance with the single-generation view.

• 回路配置の創作をした者又はその承継人（以下「創作者等」という。）は、その回路配置について回路配置利用権の設定の登録（以下「設定登録」という。）を受けることができる。この場合において、創作者等が二人以上あるときは、これらの者が共同して設定登録を受けなければならない。
• A person who has created a layout-design or his/her successor (hereinafter referred to as a 'creator, etc.') shall be entitled to register the establishment of a layout-design exploitation right for his/her layout-design (hereinafter referred to as a 'registration of establishment'). In this case, if there are two or more creators, etc. they shall jointly apply for a registration of establishment.

• 機関登録申請者の役員（持分会社（会社法第五百七十五条第一項に規定する持分会社をいう。）にあつては、業務を執行する社員）に占める回路配置創作等事業者の役員又は職員（過去二年間に当該回路配置創作等事業者の役員又は職員であつた者を含む。）の割合が二分の一を超えていること。
• that the ratio of the officers or employees of the business operator engaged in the creation, etc. of a layout-design (including those who have been officers or employees of said business operator engaged in the creation, etc. of a layout-design in the past two years) out of the officers of the applicant for an agency registration (or executing members in the case of a membership company (meaning a membership company as prescribed in Article 575, paragraph (1) of the Companies Act)) exceeds one half; and

• 映画の著作物の著作者は、その映画の著作物において翻案され、又は複製された小説、脚本、音楽その他の著作物の著作者を除き、制作、監督、演出、撮影、美術等を担当してその映画の著作物の全体的形成に創作的に寄与した者とする。ただし、前条の規定の適用がある場合は、この限りでない。
• The authorship of a cinematographic work shall be attributed to those who, by taking charge of producing, directing, filming, art direction, etc., have creatively contributed to the creation of such cinematographic work as a whole, excluding, however, authors of novels, [play/film] scripts, music or other works adapted or reproduced in such cinematographic work; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply where the provisions of the preceding Article are applicable.

• 作中では主である旗本中川三郎兵衛を殺害してその妾と出奔、鳥居峠 (長野県)で茶屋経営の裏で強盗を働いていたが、己の罪業を感じて出家、主殺しの罪滅ぼしのために青の洞門の開削を始め、後に仇とつけ狙った三郎兵衛の息子と共に鑿ったものとされるが、主殺しなどのエピソードは菊池の創作である。
• The murder episode depicted in this novel is a fiction created by the author Kikuchi; according to the novel, the main character killed his master, a direct retainer of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Saburobei NAKAGAWA, ran away with his master's concubine, became a robber while running a rest house at Torii Pass (Nagano Prefecture), but when he felt his sin, he went into priesthood, started excavation of a tunnel in expiation for his sin, and ended up working together with a son of Saburobei, who followed him seeking revenge, to complete the excavation.

• この法律において「生活介護」とは、常時介護を要する障害者として厚生労働省令で定める者につき、主として昼間において、障害者支援施設その他の厚生労働省令で定める施設において行われる入浴、排せつ又は食事の介護、創作的活動又は生産活動の機会の提供その他の厚生労働省令で定める便宜を供与することをいう。
• The term "care for daily life" as used in this Act means to provide persons with disabilities who are prescribed as the persons with disabilities who need nursing care continuously in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare with care for bath, elimination or meals, opportunities for creative or productive activities, and other benefit prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare, which are conducted in support facilities for persons with disabilities or the other facilities prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare mainly in the daytime.

• 明治以後多くの現代語訳の試みがなされ、与謝野晶子や谷崎潤一郎の訳本が何度か出版されたが、昭和初期から「皇室を著しく侮辱する内容がある」との理由で、光源氏と藤壺女御の逢瀬などを二次創作物に書き留めたり上演することなどを政府から厳しく禁じられたこともあり、訳本の執筆にも少なからず制限がかけられていた。
• After the Meiji period, many people tried to make modern translations, and translations by Akiko YOSANO and Junichiro TANIZAKI were published several times; however, beginning in the early Showa period the government prohibited the production or performance of stories adapted from the scene of a secret meeting of Hikaru Genji and Fujitsubo due to the reason that 'it includes a scene insulting to the Imperial Family,' so even the translation was restricted more than a little.

• 意匠登録出願前にその意匠の属する分野における通常の知識を有する者が日本国内又は外国において公然知られた形状、模様若しくは色彩又はこれらの結合に基づいて容易に意匠の創作をすることができたときは、その意匠（前項各号に掲げるものを除く。）については、前項の規定にかかわらず、意匠登録を受けることができない。
• Where, prior to the filing of the application for design registration, a person ordinarily skilled in the art of the design would have been able to easily create the design based on shape, patterns or colors, or any combination thereof that were publicly known in Japan or a foreign country, a design registration shall not be granted for such a design (except for designs prescribed in any of the items of the preceding paragraph), notwithstanding the preceding paragraph.

• 永倉新八の証言（新選組顛末記）によれば、彼が油小路に向かう前、近藤の口から「藤堂だけは生かしておきたいものだな」と聞き（維新のずっと後、明治後期の新聞記者による遺談をまとめた新聞での連載記事であることから、後の創作の可能性が高い）、藤堂が逃げられるように道をあけたが、事情を知らぬ隊士三浦常三郎に斬られた
• According to Shinpachi NAGAKURA ('Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki'), he heard Kondo saying, 'I'd like to keep Todo alive' (since this is an excerpt from a serialized newspaper article using posthumous discourse by a newspaper reporter in the late Meiji period, long after the Meiji Restoration, it is highly possible that this is a fictitious story) so he cleared the way and let Todo get away but Tsunesaburo MIURA, who was unaware of the situation, cut him down.

• プログラムの著作物の複製物の所有者は、自ら当該著作物を電子計算機において利用するために必要と認められる限度において、当該著作物の複製又は翻案（これにより創作した二次的著作物の複製を含む。）をすることができる。ただし、当該利用に係る複製物の使用につき、第百十三条第二項の規定が適用される場合は、この限りでない。
• The owner of a reproduction of a computer program work may make reproductions or adaptations (including reproductions of derivative works created by means of such adaptation) of said work if and to the extent deemed necessary for his own exploitation of said work on a computer; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply where the provisions of Article 113, paragraph (2) applies to the use made of such reproductions in connection with such exploitation.

• 永禄7年（1564年）5月、松永久秀の讒言を受けて弟・安宅冬康を誅殺した直後、元々前年から病がちだったため、自身も後を追うように7月4日に河内飯盛山城下の屋敷において病死した（病死ではなく謀殺説もあり、犯人は松永久秀や三好三人衆の中の誰かではないかと推測し、俗説もしくは後世の作家の創作だとも考えられている）。
• Just after he killed his younger brother Fuyuyasu ATAGI because of slanders from Hisahide MATSUNAGA in 1564, he died on August 20 in a house near Kawachi Imoriyama Castle due to extended illness, passed at a time when it seemed as if he was following his brother (There are opinions that it was an assassination, rather than a death from illness. Hisahide MATSUNAGA and three other people from the Miyoshi family are suspected; however, this theory is believed to be a myth created by writers in later years).

• 660年代後半、都を近江宮へ移していた天智天皇は同母弟の大海人皇子を皇太子（日本書紀には「皇太弟」とある。また、大海人皇子の立太子そのものを日本書紀の創作とする説もある）に立てていたが天智天皇10年10月17日 (旧暦)（671年11月26日）、自身の皇子である大友皇子を太政大臣につけて後継とする意思をみせ始めた。
• In the late 660s, Emperor Tenchi who transferred the capital to Omi no miya had originally designated his younger maternal half-brother Prince Oama as Crown Prince (according to the Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan], the younger brother of an Emperor. And also there is a theory that the story of Prince Oama was designated as heir was itself a fiction in the Nihonshoki) but on November 26, 671, he designated his own son Prince Otomo as Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) beginning to show his will to let Prince Otomo succeed to the throne.

• 第五十一条第二項、第五十二条第一項、第五十三条第一項又は第五十四条第一項の場合において、著作者の死後五十年、著作物の公表後五十年若しくは創作後五十年又は著作物の公表後七十年若しくは創作後七十年の期間の終期を計算するときは、著作者が死亡した日又は著作物が公表され若しくは創作された日のそれぞれ属する年の翌年から起算する。
• In the case of Article 51, paragraph (2), Article 52, paragraph (1), Article 53, paragraph (1), and Article 54, paragraph (1), when determining the end of the fifty year period following the death of the author, the end of the fifty year period following either the making public of a work or the creation of a work, as well as the end of the seventy year period following either the making public of a work or the creation of a work, calculation shall be made from the beginning of the year following the year in which the death of the author, the making public of the work or the creation of the work, as the case may be, occurred.

• その創作活動は1967年から1970年にピークを迎え、藤純子主演の『緋牡丹博徒』ではシリーズ中屈指の傑作である『お竜参上』を監督し、安藤昇を主演に迎え『男の顔は履歴書』や『懲役十八年』などのアクション映画を成功させ、大映の任侠スターだった江波杏子を東映に迎えて一種異様な怨念に彩られた復讐物語『昭和おんな博徒』を手掛けた。
• His creative activities reached a peak from 1967 to 1970; he directed the masterpiece 'Oryu sanjo' (The Appearance of Oryu), part of the 'Hibotanbakuto' series, starring Junko FUJI; made successful action movies such as 'By a Man's Face Shall You Know Him' and 'The Eighteen-year Sentence' which starred Noboru ANDO; and directed 'Showa onna bakuto' (A Showa Lady Gambler), a revenge story featuring a strange curse in which Kyoko ENAMI, a star of yakuza films who had moved from Daiei to Toei, played the lead.

• また上記の伝承を元に木原敏江が1978年タイトル「大江山花伝」で漫画化、同作は1986年宝塚歌劇団雪組本公演で柴田侑宏脚色・演出で舞台化（茨木童子役は平みち）されたほか、島田まゆが1996年タイトル「IBARAGI茨木」で舞台を現代に移して、渡辺綱の子孫である高校生と茨木童子（この作品では女性である）のエピソードを創作している。
• Furthermore, in 1978 Toshie KIHARA used the above-mentioned texts as sources for her manga (comic) version of these events, entitled 'Oeyama kaden' (the Legend of Mt. Oe), and in 1986 this manga, in Yukihiro SHIBATA's theatrical version, was adapted for the stage by the winter performance troupe of the Takarazuka Revue Company (with Michi TAIRA in the role of Ibaraki Doji), and in addition to these adaptations, Mayu SHIMADA also created a play in 1996 entitled 'Ibaraki Ibaraki,' which shifted the setting of the story to the present day and focuses on the relationship between WATANABE no Tsuna's grandson, a high school student, and Ibaraki Doji (who is female in this version).

• 近藤守重のおよび草間直方の『三貨図彙』には戦国時代から江戸時代に掛けての多くの金貨および銀貨が収録されているが、その中でも領国貨幣には後世の創作によると思われるものまで含まれ、またそれが後世に図録を元に作成され、今日、玩賞品（がんしょうひん）として扱われているものも少なくないが、確固たる記録に欠けるものが多く、本来の通貨であるか玩賞品であるか判明していないものも存在する。
• 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), authored by Morishige KONDO and Naokata KUSAMA, includes many gold and silver coins issued from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, among which there were even those created later on and not a few of which were made using the old diagrams and are now treated as ganshohin (ornamental items), but many of them lack accurate records, and it is unknown whether some of them were originally circulated coins or ganshohin.

• 邪馬台国九州説を発展させ、大宰府（太宰府）を首都とする九州王朝が成立したが、663年（天智元年）「白村江の戦い」の敗北をきっかけとしてヤマト王権により滅亡させられたとする古田武彦が唱えた九州王朝説の所論によれば、大化の改新として仮託された事件により後の天智天皇・天武天皇が権力奪取する以前の記紀の神代神話と皇統譜や事跡の記述の多くは九州王朝からの剽窃による創作であり、それまでのヤマト王権は統一王朝ではなかったとする。
• Developing the Yamatai-koku Kingdom in Kyushu, by the Kyushu Dynasty Theory advocated by Takehiko FURUTA that the Kyushu Dynasty was established with the capital Dazaifu but was destroyed by the Yamato Administration triggered by the lost in 'Battle of Hakusukinoe' (Battle of Baekgang) in 663, most of the immemorial myth, the genealogy and the achievements of the Imperial Family in Kojiki and Nihon Shoki before later Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu seized the political power through the incident called Taika Reforms were fiction by plagiarism from the Kyushu Dynasty and until then, the Yamato Administration was not a unified dynasty.

• 回路配置の創作者等又はその許諾を得た者が当該回路配置について設定登録前に業として第二条第三項第二号に掲げる行為をした場合において、その行為の後当該回路配置についての設定登録前に当該回路配置を模倣した回路配置（以下この項及び第四項において「模倣回路配置」という。）であることを知つて業として模倣回路配置を利用した者は、当該回路配置の創作者等に対し、当該回路配置について設定登録がされた場合にその利用に対し通常支払うべき金銭の額に相当する額の補償金を支払う責めに任ずる。
• In the case where a creator, etc. of a layout-design or a person with authorization therefrom had performed the acts listed in Article 2, paragraph (3), item (ii) in the course of trade prior to the registration of establishment with respect to said layout-design, and if, during the period after such act had been performed until the registration of establishment is made, any person who was aware that a layout-design was imitating said layout-design (hereinafter referred to as an 'imitated layout-design' in this paragraph and paragraph (4)) and exploited such imitated layout-design in the course of trade, such person shall, if a registration of establishment for said layout-design is made, be liable to pay compensation equivalent to the amount he/she normally is required to pay through such exploitation to the creator, etc. of said layout-design.

• 意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないで自らその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をし、又は意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないでその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をした者から知得して、意匠権の設定の登録の際現に日本国内においてその意匠又はこれに類似する意匠の実施である事業をしている者又はその事業の準備をしている者（前条に該当する者を除く。）は、次の各号のいずれにも該当する場合に限り、その実施又は準備をしている意匠及び事業の目的の範囲内において、その意匠登録出願に係る意匠権について通常実施権を有する。
• A person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, created a design identical or similar to the said design, or a person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, learned the design from a person who created a design identical or similar to the said design, and has been working the design or a design similar thereto or preparing for the working of the design or a design similar thereto in Japan at the time of the filing of the application for design registration (excluding a person falling under the preceding paragraph), shall have a non-exclusive license on the design right, only if both of the following conditions are satisfied and only to the extent of the design and the purpose of such business worked or prepared:.

• 意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないで自らその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をし、又は意匠登録出願に係る意匠を知らないでその意匠若しくはこれに類似する意匠の創作をした者から知得して、意匠登録出願の際（第九条の二の規定により、又は第十七条の三第一項（第五十条第一項（第五十七条第一項において準用する場合を含む。）において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により、その意匠登録出願が手続補正書を提出した時にしたものとみなされたときは、もとの意匠登録出願の際又は手続補正書を提出した際）現に日本国内においてその意匠又はこれに類似する意匠の実施である事業をしている者又はその事業の準備をしている者は、その実施又は準備をしている意匠及び事業の目的の範囲内において、その意匠登録出願に係る意匠権について通常実施権を有する。
• A person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, created a design identical or similar to the said design, or a person who, without knowledge of a design in an application for design registration, learned of the design from a person who created a design identical or similar to the said design, and has been working the design or a design similar thereto or preparing for the working of the design or a design similar thereto in Japan at the time of the filing of the application for design registration (where the application for design registration is deemed to have been filed at the time of submission of the written amendment of proceedings under Article 9-2 or 17-3(1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 50(1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 57(1)), at the time of filing the original application or the written amendment of proceedings), shall have a non-exclusive license on the design right, only to the extent of the design and the purpose of such business worked or prepared.

• 市町村は、支給決定障害者等が、支給決定の有効期間内において、都道府県知事が指定する障害福祉サービス事業を行う者（以下「指定障害福祉サービス事業者」という。）若しくは障害者支援施設（以下「指定障害者支援施設」という。）から当該指定に係る障害福祉サービス（以下「指定障害福祉サービス」という。）を受けたとき、又はのぞみの園から施設障害福祉サービスを受けたときは、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、当該支給決定障害者等に対し、当該指定障害福祉サービス又は施設障害福祉サービス（支給量の範囲内のものに限る。以下「指定障害福祉サービス等」という。）に要した費用（食事の提供に要する費用、居住若しくは滞在に要する費用その他の日常生活に要する費用又は創作的活動若しくは生産活動に要する費用のうち厚生労働省令で定める費用（以下「特定費用」という。）を除く。）について、介護給付費又は訓練等給付費を支給する。
• When persons with disabilities given grant decision, etc. received welfare service for persons with disabilities pertaining to designated service during valid period for grant decision from the welfare service business operators for persons with disabilities who are designated by a prefectural governor (hereinafter referred to as "designated welfare service business for persons with disabilities") or the support facilities for persons with disabilities (hereinafter referred to as "designated support facilities for persons with disabilities"), or when they are provided with in-facility welfare service for persons with disabilities from Nozominosono, a municipality shall grant nursing care payment or payment for training etc. to such persons with disabilities given grant decision pursuant to the provision of Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare concerning expenses which needed for such designated welfare service or designated in-facility welfare service for persons with disabilities (limited within payment amount; hereinafter referred to as "designated welfare service for persons with disabilities, or others") (except the expenses prescribed in Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of expenses for meals, residence and stay and other expenses for daily life, or expenses for creative or productive activities (hereinafter referred to as "specified expenses").

• 法第三十二条の三第二項の厚生労働省令で定めるときは、芸能家（放送番組（広告放送を含む。）、映画、寄席、劇場等において音楽、演芸その他の芸能の提供を行う者）若しくはモデル（商品展示等のため、ファッションショーその他の催事に出席し、若しくは新聞、雑誌等に用いられる写真等の制作の題材となる者又は絵画、彫刻その他の美術品の創作の題材となる者）の職業に紹介した求職者又は科学技術者（高度の科学的、専門的な知識及び手段を応用し、研究を行い、又は生産その他の事業活動に関する技術的事項の企画、管理、指導等を行う者）、経営管理者（会社その他の団体の経営に関する高度の専門的知識及び経験を有し、会社その他の団体の経営のための管理的職務を行う者）若しくは熟練技能者（職業能力開発促進法（昭和四十四年法律第六十四号）第四十四条第一項に規定する技能検定のうち特級若しくは一級の技能検定に合格した者が有する技能又はこれに相当する技能を有し、生産その他の事業活動において当該技能を活用した業務を行う者）の職業に紹介した求職者（当該紹介により就いた職業の賃金の額が厚生労働大臣の定める額を超える者に限る。）から、就職後六箇月以内に支払われた賃金の百分の十・五（免税事業者にあつては、百分の十・二）に相当する額以下の手数料を徴収するときとする。
• The cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as provided by Article 32-3, paragraph 2 of the Act shall be the cases under which a fee equivalent to or less than ten-point-five hundredths (10.5/100) (or ten-point-two hundredths (10.2/100) in case of a tax-exempt business provider) of the wages paid during the six-month period after the employment is collected from the job seeker who had been introduced to an occupation of entertainer (who provides entertainment such as music, theatrical entertainment or other performance art in broadcasting programs (including commercial broadcasting), movies, vaudeville, theaters, etc.) or modeling (who appears at fashion shows or other events or serves as a material for a creation of photographs, etc. used for newspapers, magazines, etc. for demonstrating commercial goods, or who serves as a material for a creation of painting, carving or other works of art), or the job seeker who had been introduced to an occupation of scientist (who engages in researches and studies by applying highly scientific and specialized knowledge and means, or the planning, management, instruction, etc. of technical matters for production or other business activities), management executive (who has highly specialized knowledge and experience for the management of a company or other association and provides management businesses for the management of a company or other association) or skilled worker (who has the skill of a person having passed the technical skill test provided by Article 44, paragraph 1 of the Human Resources Development Promotion Act (Act No. 64 of 1969) for the special grade or the first grade or any corresponding skill, and provides businesses utilizing such skill for production or other business activities) (limited to the persons whose wages for the jobs, obtained by them through such introduction, exceed the amount determined by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare).