創: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 一家創立
- Creation of a family
- ゲノム創薬
- genomic drug discovery
- 乙訓寺創建
- The Otokuni-dera Temple was built.
- 天下の草創
- The beginning of a unified country
- 「徳川」創称
- Origins of the name 'Tokugawa'
- 式家創立者。
- He was the founder of Fujiwara Shikike.
- 創作への影響
- Influence on literature and other entertainment
- 奈良時代、創建
- Foundation during the Nara Period
- 平安神宮開創。
- Heian-jingu Shrine was constructed.
- 長岡天満宮創建
- The Nagaoka-tenmangu Shrine was built.
- 圓教寺を創建。
- He founded Enkyo-ji Temple.
- 閑院宮家の創設
- The foundation of the Kaninnomiya family
- 倒幕〜幕府創設
- From the Overthrow of the Kamakura Shogunate to the Founding of the Muromachi Shogunate
- 創作物上の扱い
- Munenori in fiction
- 南北朝時代創建。
- Established in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)
- 創業は江戸時代。
- Established in the Edo period
- - 創氏改名実施
- Enforcement of Soshi Kaimei (enforced change of name from a Korean to a Japanese one)
- - 東亜日報創刊
- The Dong-a Ilbo newspaper was launched.
- - 朝鮮日報創刊
- The Chosun Ilbo newspaper was launched.
- 朱印船制度の創設
- The Establishment of the Shuinsen Act
- 創作における英時
- Hidetoki in Literature
- 河原崎座の創設者。
- He was the founder of the Kawarasaki troupe.
- 大和コロニー創設。
- He founded the Yamato Colony.
- 大宰府政庁創建期。
- The period when Dazai-fu government district was founded.
- 朝堂院形式創建期。
- The period when Chodo-in (an office at the Heijo-kyo Palace) style was founded.
- 華頂宮を創設した。
- He established Kacho no miya.
- 京都学派の創始者。
- He was the founder of the Kyoto School
- 前進座の創立に参加。
- Participated in the opening of the Zenshin-za Theatre.
- 慶應義塾医学所の創設
- Establishment of Keio Gijuku Igakusho
- 1889年1月 創刊
- January 1889, inaugural issue was published.
- 創作における酒呑童子
- Shuten Doji in Fiction
- 7月に屠勇隊を創設。
- He set up the Toyutai Militia in August.
- 源頼朝の創建という。
- It is said to have been founded by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 空海の創建と伝える。
- It is reported to have been founded by Kukai.
- 創設メンバー24名。
- 24 founding members.
- - 伝聖徳太子創建。
- It is said to have been founded by Prince Shotoku.
- 相賀八幡神社を創建。
- He constructed the Oga Hachiman-jinja Shrine.
- - 三菱財閥の創設者
- The founder of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu
- 紫紘株式会社創業者。
- He was the founder of Shiko Kabushiki Kaisha Corporation.
- 創作作品における描写
- The Descriptions in the Fiction
- - 前進座創立者の一人
- - One of the founders of a theatrical group called the Zenshinza (literally, the Advance)
- 1896年4月 新創刊
- April 1896, Shinshosetsu was republished.
- 宮廷文化を基盤に創始。
- Founded the school based on court culture.
- 草庵茶室の創出である。
- He invented Soan teahouse.
- 京都市眺望景観創生条例
- City Ordinances on the Preservation of Vistaed View
- 大坊創建の事情について
- On the construction of the memorial column.
- 斎藤道三を題材とした創作
- Works based on Dosan
- また南禅寺も創建された。
- Also, Nanzen-ji Temple was founded.
- 天徳寺 - 723年創建
- Tentoku-ji Temple -- established in 723
- 源頼家の創建とも伝わる。
- It is also said to be the foundation of MINAMOTO no Yoriie.
- 1895年:平安神宮創建。
- 1895: The Heian Jingu Shrine was built.
- 初代政友・「富士屋」の創業
- The first generation, Masatomo, foundation of 'Fujiya'
- 一家創立は次の場合に生じる
- Creation of a family occurs in following cases.
- 日本映画監督協会創立と晩年
- Establishment of the Directors Guild of Japan and his later years
- 小山内が創刊号に小説を寄稿。
- OSANAI contributed a novel to its initial issue.
- 小山内が創刊号に評論を寄稿。
- Osanai contributed a literal criticism piece to the initial issue of this series of the magazine.
- また、俳画の創始者でもある。
- He is also the originator of Haiku painting.
- 山崎恵純らが京都法学校創立。
- Keijun YAMAZAKI and some other people established Kyoto Law School (京都法学校).
- 高島流砲術の創始者(流祖)。
- He was the founder (ryuso, an originator) of Takashima ryu hojutsu (the Takashima School of Gunnery).
- 日本映画創成期の巨人である。
- He was a giant in the founding period of movie in Japan.
- 池田三四郎 松本民芸家具創設者
- Sanshiro IKEDA, founder of Matsumoto mingei furniture
- 1867年(慶応3年)に創設。
- Denshutai was established in 1867.
- 鎌倉幕府を開き武家政治を創始。
- He was a founder of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and established himself as a warrior.
- 1920年「よいや会」を創立。
- He established 'Yoiya-kai' in 1920.
- 1952年「よろづ会」を創設。
- He established 'Yorozu-kai' in 1952.
- しかしこれは後世の創作らしい。
- This, however is likely a creation in the later years.
- 奈良時代、行基の創建と伝える。
- It is reported to have been founded by Gyoki in the Nara period.
- 江戸時代初期に創設された新家。
- The family was a Shinke (new family) established in the early times of the Edo period.
- 1900年6月 京都法政学校創立
- June 1900: Established Kyoto Hosei School
- 出典・的中手相術(西谷泰人)創文
- The source: Tekichu Teso-jutsu (the Teso-reading techniques that always produce correct predictions) (by Yasuto NISHITANI) Sobun
- 創鋳は1587年(天正15年)。
- It was first cast in 1587.
- 政義は円福寺を創建して隠居した。
- Masayoshi founded Enpuku-ji Temple and retired.
- 1. 総理衙門の廃止と外務部の創設
- 1. The abolition of Zongli Yamen (government offices) and establishment of the Foreign Office.
- DOWAホールディングスの創始者。
- Founder of DOWA Holdings Co., Ltd.
- のちには自ら茶道有楽流を創始した。
- He later founded the Uraku School of the tea ceremony.
- 1887年(明治20年)頃の創建。
- It was founded around 1887.
- 建長寺創建以前に蘭渓道隆が住した。
- Rankei Doryu had lived here before Kencho-ji Temple was founded.
- 秦氏が創建に関係した主な神社・寺院
- Chief shrines and temples established by the Hata clan
- 住友家の家祖と業祖・「泉屋」の創業
- The founder of a family and founder of the Sumitomo family business, the foundation of Senoku
- 徳川氏は、徳川家康が創始した名字。
- Tokugawa' is the family name used by the clan commenced by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 二刀神影流鎖鎌術(大正時代に創始)
- Nitoshinkage-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu (founded during the Taisho period)
- これが党創設における契機となった。
- This movement triggered the establishment of the Aikokukoto Party.
- 1954年 紫紘株式会社創立する。
- 1952: He established Shiko Kabushiki Kaisha corporation.
- 『女人創造 叢書 女性論』(大空社)
- 'Nyonin Sozo (Creation of Women) The Series on Feminism' (Ozorasha)
- 社伝では天長2年(825年)に創建。
- According to shrine records, it was built in 825.
- 初芽という名前は北野源治の創作か?)
- (The name Hatsume may have been created by Genji KITANO.)
- 創立間もない前進座の子役として活躍。
- Soon after the Zenshin-za Theatre was established he became active in children's roles.
- 弦理論の創始者の一人として知られる。
- He is known as one of the founders of string theory.
- 天保6年(1835年)に創鋳された。
- It was minted in 1835.
- 能楽論は世阿弥『風姿花伝』に創まる。
- The theory of Nohgaku was discussed for the first time in Zeami's 'Fushikaden' (The Flowering Spirit).
- 未來社創設者の西谷能雄は従弟である。
- Yoshio NISHITANI, who was the founder of Mirai-sha Publishers, was his cousin.
- 四条流庖丁道の創始者で知られている。
- He was known as the founder of Shijoryu Hochodo (Shijo school of kitchen knives users (chefs)).
- 有職故実に通じ、小野宮流を創始した。
- He was an expert on Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and founded the Ononomiya School in the field of Yushoku Kojitsu.
- なんとも独創的な(ユニーク)考察だ。
- What an original (unique) consideration it is.
- 廃家は一家創立者であれば自由にできた。
- If she was the founder of a family, she was free to abolish her family.
- 昭和10年、北原白秋が「多磨」を創刊。
- In 1935, Hakushu KITAHARA started publishing the 'Tama' magazine.
- 全面研磨されたものは草創期に出現する。
- Stone axes of which all the sides were ground appeared in the beginning of the Jomon period.
- 哲学館(現、東洋大学)の創設に関わる。
- He was involved in the founding of Tetsugakukan (Private Academy of Philosophy; present-day Toyo University).
- また、父の創始した茶道有楽流を継いだ。
- He also took over the Uraku School of the Tea Ceremony, which his father founded.
- 1047年(永承2年) 浄瑠璃寺創建。
- 1047: The Joruri-ji Temple was built.
- 弘安元年(1278年)の創建と伝える。
- It is reported to have been founded in 1278.
- 神経痛、リウマチ、創傷、筋肉痛、関節痛
- It is supposedly good for curing neuralgia, rheumatism, wounds, myalgia and arthralgia.
- 寛永13年(1636年)に創鋳された。
- Kanei-tsuho was minted for the first time in 1636.
- 金昌洙「社団法人王仁博士顯彰協会創立」
- Kim Chang Soo established the 'Dr. Wani Commendation Association.'
- その弟は暁学園創設者の宗村佐信である。
- Sukenori HIRATA's younger brother is Sukenobu MUNEMURA, the founder of Akatsuki Gakuen (Akatsuki Academy).
- 現在でも漢詩創作の愛好家は存在している。
- There are still some enthusiasts who produce kanshi.
- 明治8年(1875年)、久邇宮家を創設。
- Imperial Prince Asahiko established a new Imperial family, the Kuninomiya family, in 1875.
- 1892年 綾部市で大本教が創始された。
- 1892: Omoto-kyo (a new religion) started in Ayabe City.
- 603年 このころ広隆寺(蜂岡寺)開創。
- 603: Around this year, Koryu-ji Temple (Hachioka-dera Temple) was established.
- 医王寺(空海により826年創建と伝える)
- Io-ji Temple: Said to be founded by Kukai in 826.
- 1900年5月19日:京都法政学校創立。
- May 19, 1900: Kyoto Hosei School was established.
- 神道では、吉田兼倶が吉田神道を創始する。
- Regarding Shinto, Kanetomo YOSHIDA created a fusion of religions known as Yoshida Shinto.
- 聖徳太子創建の日本で最初の本格的な官寺。
- This was founded by Prince Shotoku as the first fully-fledged state-sponsored temple in Japan.
- 天正3年末には獅子朱印が創始されている。
- At the end of 1576, license with a red seal with a lion engraved was created.
- 8年12月、大阪北港株式会社を創立する。
- In December, 1919, he established Osaka Kitako Kabushiki kaisha.
- 長元4年(1031年) - 深覚、西院創建
- 1031-Shinkaku founded Sai-in.
- 縄文時代の草創期まで存続した可能性が高い。
- It is likely that it continued until the beginning of the Jomon period.
- 明治天皇の命で1869年(明治2年)創建。
- It was founded by the order of the Emperor Meiji in 1869.
- 1897年:京都帝国大学(京都大学)創立。
- 1897: Kyoto Imperial University (Kyoto University) was established.
- 近江兄弟社創業者の一人、吉田悦蔵氏の邸宅。
- Residence of Etsuzo YOSHIDA, one of the founders of Omi Brotherhood Co., Ltd.
- 摂津国平野庄の杭全神社を創建したと伝わる。
- He is said to have founded Kumata-jinja Shrine in Hirano Sho, Settsu Province.
- それぞれの銅鐸は2世紀代に盛んに創られた。
- For both types, many were produced in the second century.
- 駿河を征服すると武田水軍の創設に尽力した。
- After Shingen subdued Suruga Province, he dedicated himself to establishing the Takeda navy.
- 三十三間堂の創建で造仏を指揮したとされる。
- He is understood to have supervised the construction of Buddhist Statues in Sanjusangendo Temple at the time of its foundation.
- 篆刻に巧みで、中年以後は磁印の創作に没頭。
- He was good at carving Tensho-style Chinese characters and devoted his life in his middle ages and later at creating Jiin (the china on which a seal pattern was carved).
- 1875年(明治8年) 島津製作所を創業。
- He founded Shimadzu Corporation in 1875.
- この時が現・高山寺の創立と見なされている。
- This is considered to be the founding of the current Kozan-ji Temple.
- 幕府はこの提言を採用し海軍創設に乗り出した。
- The bakufu adopted his suggestion, and started to establish a navy.
- 頼康は幕府創業以来の宿老として重きをおいた。
- Yoriyasu sustained a certain power as one of the chief vassals from the beginning of the bakufu.
- 1901年、浩々洞にて雑誌『精神界』を創刊。
- He released the first issue of the journal 'Seishinkai' (The Spiritual World) at Kokodo in 1901.
- 後醍醐は吉野へ遷り南朝 (日本)を創始した。
- At the same time, Emperor Go-Daigo moved to Yoshino and set up the Southern Court there.
- 3月18日、中江兆民らと東洋自由新聞を創刊。
- On March 18: He began the publication of Toyo Jiyu Shinbun journal with Chomin NAKAE and others.
- 住友家(すみともけ)は住友財閥の創業者一族。
- The Sumitomo Family is the founding family of Sumitomo Zaibatsu.
- - 第一国立銀行(現 みずほ銀行)等の創設者
- The founder of the Dai-ichi Kokuritsu Ginko (present-day Mizuho Bank)
- 中央による統一的な地方統治制度を創設すること
- Establish a uniform local government system under the control of the central government.
- 出家後は仏道修行に専念し、大覚寺を創建した。
- He concentrated on Buddhist practice after becoming a monk and founded Daikaku-ji Temple.
- 1985年4月、自治大臣は古都税創設を許可。
- April 1985: The Minister of Home Affairs approved the enforcement of the Old Capital Tax.
- そこで第16師団を含む4個師団が創設された。
- Four divisions including the Sixteenth Division were created to solve this situation.
- 葬儀は信虎が創建した甲府の大泉寺で行われた。
- His funeral was conducted at the Daisen-ji Temple in Kofu which was built by Nobutora himself.
- 1919年、新工芸院設立、彩工会を創立する。
- In 1919, he established Shin kogeiin (New crafts center) and founded Saikokai.
- 藩政においても江戸藩邸に藩校を創設している。
- In domain duties, he established hanko (a domain school) in Edo hantei (residence maintained by a daimyo in Edo).
- - 嗣子武定、子爵授爵(松戸徳川家の創設)。
- His heir Takesada was appointed to viscount (foundation of the Matsudo Tokugawa family).
- 1969年、ほるぷ映画を創立し、社長に就任。
- Imai founded a production company called Horupu Eiga and became its president.
- 時の大蔵少輔・伊藤博文のもとで制度が創られた。
- The system was established under Hirobumi ITO who was Okura no shofu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of the Treasury) at that time.
- この草創期の特徴は以下のように指摘されている。
- Characteristics of the incipient period are pointed out as follows.
- 小山内の編集により総合的な文芸雑誌として創刊。
- It was launched under the editorship of OSANAI as a general literary magazine.
- 明治2年(1869年)、 「私塾立命館」創設。
- 'Ritsumeikan Private School' was founded in 1869.
- また弟の倉橋泰吉を独立させて倉橋家を創設した。
- Yasushige also let his younger brother Yasuyoshi KURAHASHI become independent and found the Kurahashi family.
- 手織錦を創案し、織物に立体的表現を取り入れた。
- He invented hand weaved cotton which adopted three-dimensional expression on fabrics.
- 同志社創立者の新島襄の妻として有名な人物である。
- She is famous as the wife of Jo NIIJIMA, who founded the Doshisha.
- 娘に、後に津田塾大学創設者となる津田梅子がいる。
- His daughter Umeko TSUDA was a founder of Tsuda College.
- 一方、同じ頃浄土真宗の本福寺が堅田に創建された。
- Around the same time, Honpuku-ji Temple of the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) was established in Katata.
- なお、後に次男の樋口信孝も樋口家を創設している。
- In addition, later, Nobutaka, Michitomo's second son, founded the Higuchi family.
- 上記の財閥と異なり、創業者には技術者出身が多い。
- Unlike the zaibatsu mentioned above, emerging Konzern in the Showa period were mainly started by engineers-turned-entrepreneurs.
- 日本の鉄道は創業以来、官設官営を基本方針とした。
- The basic railway policy in Japan was, from the beginning, to build and administer it by the government.
- 宗円の子孫のひとりは東京で「永谷園」を創業した。
- One of Soen's descendant established 'Nagatanien' in Tokyo.
- 芥川の第1創作集「羅生門 (小説)」に収録された。
- The novel is contained in the Akutagawa's first collection of works 'Rashomon' (Rasho-mon gate).
- 垂仁朝に市磯長尾市が倭大国魂神を祭って創始された。
- In the Emperor Suinins's era, Ichishi no Nagaochi founded the shrine by worshipping Yamato no Okuni Tama no Kami.
- 説明をわかりやすくするための、杉田玄白による創作。
- This anecdote was invented by Genpaku Sugita to make the description easier to understand.
- 二人の弟宮も夭折しているため宮家は創設していない。
- His two younger brothers also died, and so no Miyake was established.
- 鎌倉時代、山科実雄の二男、中納言小倉公雄が創設する
- The family was founded during the Kamakura Period by Kino OGURA, Chunagon (Vice-councilor of state), who was the second son of Jitsuo YAMASHINA.
- なんじら、これが草案を起創し、もってきこしめせよ。
- You should prepare drafts and bring them to me.
- 1985年7月10日、京都市、古都保存協力税創設。
- July 10, 1985: The Kyoto Old Capital Preservation Cooperation Tax was established.
- この地で刀術の秘伝を学び、一流を開創したとされる。
- He was said to have learned inherited secret teachings of art of wielding swords in there, and founded a school.
- 大炊御門家創始者の藤原経実の4男(あるいは5男)。
- He was the fourth (or fifth) son of FUJIWARA no Tsunezane who was the founder of the Oinomikado family.
- 本尊は地蔵菩薩、開基(創立者)は聖徳太子と伝える。
- It was founded by Prince Shotoku and is devoted to the principal image Ksitigarbha.
- 寂光院の草創について、明確なことはわかっていない。
- The origin of Jakko-in Temple is not known for sure.
- そうして「平仮名」と「片仮名」が創造されたのである。
- Both the 'hiragana' and 'katakana' syllabaries were created from these characters.
- 西田哲学の最初期のもので、日本初の独創的な哲学体系。
- This book depicts the earliest stage of Nishida's philosophy and the first creative work on philosophy in Japan.
- 運命(1919年、雑誌『改造 (雑誌)』4月創刊号)
- Unmei (in the Kaizo (journal), vol. 1, April Issue, 1919)
- 翻訳と創作の中間的な作品で、雅俗折衷体の文体による。
- It is a work somewhere between translation and fiction, and it was written in the gazoku-setchu style (the mixture of elegant and common language).
- また、田村麻呂は京都の清水寺を創建したと伝えられる。
- Tamuramaro is also reported to have constructed Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto.
- 『平治物語』にあるこのやり取りは多分に創作的である。
- The conversation in 'Heiji Monogatari' is largely fictitious.
- 静観寺(最澄により806年創建と伝える鞆最古の寺院)
- Seikan-ji Temple: The oldest existing temple in Tomo that is said to have been founded by Saicho in 806.
- 秩父宮:大正天皇第二皇子の秩父宮雍仁親王により創設。
- Chichibunomiya: established by Imperial Prince Chichibunomiya Yasuhito, the second imperial prince of Emperor Taisho.
- 高松宮:大正天皇第三皇子の高松宮宣仁親王により創設。
- Takamatsunomiya: established by Imperial prince Takamatsunomiya Nobuhito, the third Imperial prince of Emperor Taisho.
- 今上天皇の子が創設した宮家が最も格式が高いとされる。
- The Miyake which have been established by the present Emperor are considered to have the highest social status.
- この年の夏、市長は再び文観税を創設する声明を出した。
- In the summer of that year, the mayor made a statement of enacting the Bunkan tax for the second time.
- 1956年10月1日、京都市文化観光施設税創設実施。
- October 1, 1956: The Tax on Cultural Tourist Facilities of Kyoto City was enacted.
- 正徳5年(1715年)、藩校である進徳館を創設する。
- In 1715, he founded Shintokukan, which was a hanko (a domain school).
- 慶長3年(1598年)京都妙心寺に見性院を創建する。
- In 1598, he built Kenshoin in the Myoshin-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- また、益田孝とともに「中外商業新報」を創刊している。
- In addition, he began to publish 'Chugai Shogyo Shinpo' (Journal of Foreign and Domestic Commerce) with Takashi MASUDA.
- 承和 (日本)3年(836年) - 空海、真言院を創建
- 836-Kukai founded Shingon-in Temple.
- 史料が江戸時代のものであること等から、創作と思われる。
- It seems that this legend was only fictional, because the historical data was written in the Edo period.
- 729年(天平元年) 聖武天皇の勅願により岩船寺創建。
- 729: The Gansen-ji Temple was built by the order of the Emperor Shomu.
- 鎌倉時代西園寺公経の四男、四辻実藤によって創立された。
- The family originated with Sanefuji YOTSUTSUJI, the fourth son of Kintsune SAIONJI, in the Kamakura period.
- 通常、親王が成婚したときに当該親王を当主に創設される。
- Normally when an Imperial Prince gets married, a Miyake is established with him as its head.
- 今上天皇第二皇子の秋篠宮文仁親王(現当主)により創設。
- It has been established by Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito (who is presently the head of the family), the second Imperial prince of the present Emperor.
- 甲斐荘楠香 京都大学卒、高砂香料工業株式会社の創業者。
- Tadaka KAINOSHO, graduated from Kyoto University, founder of Takasago International Corporation
- 江戸時代前期一条昭良の二男・醍醐冬基を祖に創立された。
- During the early Edo Period, it was founded by Fuyumoto DAIGO, who was the second son of Akiyoshi ICHIJO.
- 鎌倉時代持明院基家の三男参議園基氏によって創設された。
- The Sono family was founded in the Kamakura period by Motouji SONO, sangi (councilor), the third son of Motoie JIMYOIN.
- マカダミアをチョコレートで包んだ製品を考案し、を創業。
- He came up with the idea for chocolate covered macadamia nut candy and founded a business.
- なお、「於大」は後年の創作であって、実名は不詳である。
- The name 'Odai' by subsequent generations, and her real name is unknown.
- 当時としては和歌の新しい形式である「百首歌」を創始した。
- He created the 'Hyakushuka' (Hundred-Poem sequences), a new waka style at that time.
- 草創期前半の時期は、遺跡によって石器群の組み合わせが違う
- In the first half of the incipient period, the combinations of stone tools vary by the remains.
- 道家は九条家を確立し、子供達が二条家、一条家を創設した。
- Michiie established the KUJO family, and his children established the houses of Nijo and Ichijo.
- 徳川宗家とは別に「徳川慶喜(公爵)家」の創設を許された。
- He was allowed to officially establish Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (Koshaku) Family aside from the main branch of the Tokugawa Family.
- 735年(天平7年) 聖武天皇の勅願により海住山寺創建。
- 735: The Kaijusen-ji Temple was built by the order of the Emperor Shomu.
- 1666年(寛文6年)創業の北近畿を代表する小売業業者。
- Retailer established in 1666 and represents Kitakinki.
- 江戸時代初期に園基音の末子、壬生基起によって創立された。
- The family originated with Motooki MIBU, the youngest son of Motonari SONO, in the early Edo period.
- 羽柴氏(はしばうじ)は、豊臣秀吉によって創始された一族。
- The Hashiba clan was a clan founded by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 石核から大量の石刃を創り出し、これを加工して石器にする。
- A lot of sekijin were produced out of sekkaku and were processed into sekki.
- その代表例はサムスングループの創始者である李秉喆である。
- The most notable is Byung-Chull LEE, the founder of the Samsung Group.
- 2月、兵部省改組・陸軍創設とともに山縣が陸軍大輔となる。
- In February, on the restructure of Hyobusho (ministry of military) and the establishment of Army, YAMAGATA became Taifu (vice-minister) of Ministry of Army.
- 草創期・早期・前期・中期・後期・晩期の6期に区分される。
- The Jomon period is classified into six sub-periods of the incipient period, earlier period, early period, middle period, end period, and last period.
- 行商を経て1928年(昭和3年)に家庭用品販売店を創業。
- After he experienced a peddler, he founded a household utensils store in 1928.
- 福寿寺の創建には、光明皇后が深く関っていると見られている。
- It is viewed that Empress Komyo was deeply involved in the foundation of Fukuju-ji Temple.
- たとえば創刊号において掲載された国語国字論争がそうである。
- For example, there was a dispute on a nation's script which was published on the first issue.
- 上記の吉村の所伝の多くについては作家子母澤寛の創作である。
- Many of the above-mentioned legends of YOSHIMURA are fabrications by a novelist, Kan SHIMOZAWA.
- 東京に着いた一行は2月8日に会談し、御親兵の創設を決めた。
- The group arrived in Tokyo and had a conference on February 8, then decided to establish the Goshimpei (army to convoy the Emperor).
- 室町幕府(むろまちばくふ)は、足利尊氏が創設した武家政権。
- Muromachi Bakufu was a samurai government established by Takauji ASHIKAGA.
- 日野俊光の四男柳原資明を祖として鎌倉時代末期に創設された。
- The family was founded at the end of the Kamakura period with Sukeakira YANAGIWARA, the fourth son of Toshimitsu HINO, as the patriarch.
- (よって、ともに創作の域を出ず根拠としては不適切である)。
- (Therefore, both works are inadequate to sustain the theory relating to the etymology of 'Ise-kojiki,' because they are no more than fiction.)
- このため明里のエピソードは創作ではないかと考えられている。
- For this reason, the episode of Akesato was considered to be a creation of SHIMOZAWA.
- 雑春・雑恋といった部類を持つ構成はかなり独創的なものである。
- The composition inclusion of headings of miscellaneous spring and miscellaneous love is quite original.
- 近代以降多くの文学賞が創設され、作家の発掘と育成に貢献した。
- Since the modern period, numerous organizations for literary awards have been established and have contributed to the discovery and development of potential writers.
- 国産み(くにうみ)とは、日本の国土創世譚を伝える神話である。
- Kuni-umi is a myth that tells us how the land of Japan was generated.
- 同志社大学・青山学院大学・筑波大学附属盲学校の創立に関わる。
- He was involved in the founding of Doshisha University, Aoyama Gakuin University, and the School for the Visually Impaired in University of Tsukuba.
- 明治34年(1901年)、日本女子大学の設立発起人・創立委員
- 1901, he was a founding member of Japan Women's University.
- 文久3年(1863年)6月、高杉晋作の創設した奇兵隊に参加。
- In July 1863, he joined Kiheitai Irregular Militia, which had been founded by Shinsaku TAKASUGI.
- 鎌倉時代末期、西園寺公相の四男橋本実俊を祖として創設される。
- The family originated with Sanetoshi HASHIMOTO, the fourth son of Kinsuke SAIONJI at the end-Kamakura period.
- 七殿は内裏創建時から存在し、五舎よりも格が上であるとされる。
- Shichiden buildings have existed since the dairi was built, and considered higher in rank than gosha.
- 1984年7月、京都市は自治大臣へ古都税創設の申請を出した。
- July 1984: Kyoto City sent in an application to the Minister of Home Affairs for the establishment of the Old Capital Tax.
- 江戸幕府(えどばくふ)は、徳川家康が創設した武家政権である。
- Edo bakufu was a samurai government established by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- また、同法は自治体が独自の税目を創設できる旨も規定している。
- The act also allows each local government to establish its own tax items.
- ワグネルから送られた木製旋盤は島津創業記念資料館に現存する。
- The wooden lathe donated by Wagener is existing at the Shimadzu Foundation Memorial Hall.
- このことが好まれ、明治以来数多くの創作作品の題材となっている。
- Thus, writers and other dramatist valued these historical incidents, choosing this subject material for the production of many creative works going forward from the Meiji period.
- 陰陽道の思想は日本の都の建設や神社の創建にも影響を与えている。
- The Onmyodo philosophy influenced the construction of capitals in Japan and the building of shrines as well.
- 一方、森博達は十七条憲法を『日本書紀』編纂時の創作としている。
- On the other hand, Hiromichi MORI argues that Jushichijo Kenpo was created when 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.
- 後世に様々な俗説が創作されたことも評価を低くする結果となった。
- All of these popular beliefs contributed to the establishment of his low public assessment.
- 大和絵の創始者にて、その家系は古代の名族巨勢氏の家系に連なう。
- KOSE no Kanaoka created Yamato-e (a traditional painting style of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes), and could trace his lineage back to a distinguished family of the Kose clan in ancient times.
- 常陸宮:昭和天皇第二皇子の常陸宮正仁親王(現当主)により創設。
- Hitachinomiya: established by Imperial Prince Hitachinomiya Masahito, the second imperial prince of Emperor Showa.
- 三笠宮:大正天皇第四皇子の三笠宮崇仁親王(現当主)により創設。
- Mikasanomiya: established by Imperial Prince Mikasanomiya Takahito (the present head of the family), the fourth imperial prince of Emperor Taisho.
- 徳川氏(德川氏、とくがわし)は、徳川家康が創始した日本の名字。
- The Tokugawa clan name was created by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- これにより、本家の表高を減少させずに分家を創設する事が出来る。
- That made it possible to establish a branch family without losing its omote-daka (face value of kokudaka assessed by the feudal government).
- 古都税を創設したのは当時の京都市の市長であった今川正彦だった。
- The Old Capital Tax was established by Masahiko IMAGAWA, who was the mayor of Kyoto city at the time.
- 徳川育英会育英黌農業科(東京農業大学の前身)の創設者でもある。
- He was also a founder of the Department of Agriculture, Ikueiko School, Tokugawa Ikuei-kai Foundation (the predecessor of Tokyo University of Agriculture).
- しかし、正成以前の系図は諸家で一致せず、後世の創作と見られる。
- As a genealogical chart before Masashige of one family of the clan varies from those of the other families, however, the charts were likely to be created in later generations.
- 父の通基より持仏堂の持明院(祖父の藤原基頼が創建)を継承する。
- He succeeded to jibutsu-do hall (the nobility's private Buddha statue hall) of Jimyo-in Temple (founded by his grandfather, FUJIWARA no Motoyori) from his father, Michimoto.
- 1921年、「創作陶磁展覧会」を東京と大阪の高島屋で開催した。
- In 1921, Kanjiro held the 'Creative Ceramics Exhibition' (創作陶磁展覧会) at the Takashimaya department stores in Tokyo and Osaka.
- 軽み(かるみ)は、松尾芭蕉の創始した蕉風俳諧の理念の一つである。
- Karumi is an ideal for the style of haikai poetry founded by Basho MATSUO.
- 「あなたと一緒に創った国土はまだ完成していません。帰りましょう」
- You know, the lands we were creating together haven't been completed, so let's go back.'
- 徳川家創成期には弓・鉄砲足軽を編制した部隊として合戦に参加した。
- In the early Edo period, it participated in battles as a troop which organized yumi-ashigaru (foot soldiers fighting with bow) and teppo-ashigaru (foot soldiers fighting with firearms).
- これは文化 (元号)の頃の講釈師大玄斎蕃格による創作といわれる。
- This is believed to be a fictional story written by Bakaku DAIGENSAI from the Bunka era.
- そのため和歌の創作に打ち込むようになり、歌会を何度もおこなった。
- Therefore he threw himself into creating waka poetry and holding Utakai (waka parties.)
- 会社は小規模ながらも、1894年(明治27年)創業の歴史を持つ。
- Although its scale is small, the company has a long history being established in 1894.
- 藤原高藤の後裔で、甘露寺経長の子、清閑寺資房によって創設された。
- This family was founded by Sukefusa SEIKANJI, a descendant of FUJIWARA no Takafuji and the son of Tsunenaga KANROJI.
- 中には、創作や脚色された信憑性に薄い伝承や誤伝に基づく話もある。
- There exist some oral traditions that were fabricated, dressed-up, or have been passed down mistakenly.
- 創生期 - 源頼信時代の河内守に任官~源頼義時代の前九年の役平定
- Creation period: Appointment of Kawachi no kami (the governor of Kawachi Province) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu ~ Subjugation of Zen Kunen no Eki (Former Nine-Years' Campaign) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.
- また、小西酒造創業家の小西家の道場・修武館でも薙刀術を指導した。
- He also instructed naginata at Shubukan, a training hall of the Konishi family who also founded the Konishi Shuzo brewery.
- 楽焼の創始者であり、千家十職の一つ・樂吉左衛門家の初代とされる。
- He was the founder of Raku ware, and the first Raku Kichizaemon family which is one of the Senke jissoku (the Ten Artisans of the Sen Family).
- 架空の人物と言う説や、実在したが逸話は後世の創作という説がある。
- Legend has it that he was a fictitious person, or he was a real person but his anecdotes were created in later years.
- このためか各種の創作において主人公としてよく取り上げられている。
- Maybe for that reason, he was set as a central character in various stories.
- 一方で、この序文自体が編者もしくは後世の創作であるとする説もある。
- On the other hand, a competing theory argues that the preface itself was created and then added by the compiler or perhaps an editor of a later generation.
- これ以降、狂歌の愛好者らはグループ(狂歌連)を作って創作に励んだ。
- Since then, Kyoka lovers formed groups (Kyoka-ren) to create kyoka poems.
- 縄文土器編年区分においてはこれは縄文草創期から縄文前期に相当する。
- This period corresponds with the incipient period to the early period in the periodization based upon the sequence of Jomon earthenware.
- 1867年(慶応3年)、土佐藩との関係を修復して海援隊を創設した。
- In 1867, Ryoma mended his relationship with Tosa clan and founded Kaientai.
- 基礎学問重視と独創的研究の必要性、科学と人間の平和的共存を訴えた。
- He advocated the necessity of basic science and independent research, and for the peaceful coexistence of science and people.
- 明治13年(1880年)、明治法律学校(現在の明治大学)創設に協力
- In 1880, he collaborated in the founding of Meiji Law School (now Meiji University).
- そしてその配下として旗本、御家人を組織して京都見廻組が創設された。
- Afterwards, the Kyoto mimawarigumi was founded with hatamoto (direct retainer of the shogun) and gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) placed under the Kyoto Mimawariyaku.
- 伏見学校は、足利学校第9世の三要元佶を招請して創建したものである。
- The ninth head of the Ashikaga School, Genkitsu SANYO, was invited to establish the Fushimi School.
- また栄山寺には奈良時代に藤原仲麻呂が創建した八角堂(国宝)も残る。
- Further, Hakkakudo (national treasure) built by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in the Nara period also remains in Eizan-ji Temple.
- しかし、楠木正成以前の系図は諸家で一致せず、後世の創作と見られる。
- However, genealogies of the Kusunoki clan found in different families do not match before the the time of Masashige KUSUNOKI and are thought to have been made up by later generations.
- ではこれがまったくの創作上の代物なのかというと、実はそうでもない。
- However, these posts weren't totally fiction.
- 少なくても室町幕府創設期の40年間以上は存続したと考えられている。
- It is thought that it lasted for at least forty years or more at the early stage of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 山脇家・野村又三郎家とともに「和泉流」を創流した(宗家は山脇家)。
- Along with the Yamawaki family and the Matasaburo NOMURA family, the Miyake family established 'Izumi school' (the head family is the Yamawaki family).
- しかし、これは前述の逃亡・生存説を大幅にデフォルメした創作である。
- However, this is fiction in which his escape and survival theory previously mentioned is deformed quite a lot.
- 881年(元慶5年)在原氏の学問所として大学別曹奨学院を創設した。
- In 881, he established a daigakubesso, which was called Shogakuin, as a gakumonsho (school) for the Arihara clan.
- モダンで大胆な演出により、これまでにない新しい日本映画を創出した。
- He created a new style in Japanese movies with his relevant and bold interpretations.
- また、在学中に劇団「創造座」を創設・主宰し、演劇活動も行っていた。
- Oshima also founded and managed a theater company called 'Sozo-za' (literally, 'a theater company of creation'), and was also involved in theater activities.
- 女性の庶子、私生児などが一家を創立することもあり、女戸主もあり得た。
- A female head of a family was possible because a female illegitimate child or a female child born outside of marriage could establish a family.
- また、有間皇子を偲んで藤白神社の境内には、有間皇子神社が創建された。
- Arima no miko-jinja Shrine was founded in the precincts of Fujishiro-jinja Shrine in memory of Arima no miko.
- これは源頼朝が源氏の嫡流であると印象づけるための創作といわれている。
- This story was probably created to give the impression that Yoritomo MINAMOTO was descended from the official line of the Minamoto clan.
- 激怒した八上城家臣は母親を殺害してしまった(絵本太功記による創作)。
- Vassals Yagami-jo Castle became furious and killed his mother (a fiction from Ehon Taikoki).
- 尊氏を逆賊とする評価は、江戸時代に徳川光圀が創始した水戸学に始まる。
- It was the Mitogaku originated by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA that started to consider Takauji as a traitor in the Edo period.
- これらは、江戸時代以降に創作された講談話であり、明確な裏付けはない。
- Those stories were kodan (story-telling) created in the Edo period and later and there was no reliable backup data.
- 一般庶民のための教育機関としては、空海が創立した綜芸種智院があった。
- Kukai established the Shugei-shuchi-in for the education of the ordinary public.
- 彼は聖徳太子に仕え、太秦に蜂岡寺(広隆寺)を創建したことで知られる。
- He is well known for serving Prince Shotoku and establishing the Hoko-ji Temple (the Koryu-ji Temple) at Uzumasa.
- 直宮家 (じきみやけ)とは宮家のうち天皇の子供が創設した宮家を指す。
- Jikimiyake refers to a Miyake (family allowed to have the status of Imperial family) which was established by a child of an emperor.
- ヨーロッパに対抗する独立国家を創出するため、中央集権体制が創られた。
- To create an independent state to oppose the European countries, a centralized administrative framework was formed.
- 藤原基経創建といわれる京都九条にあった九条殿に住んだ事が家名の由来。
- The family name comes from the fact that the Kujo Family lived in Kujo-den, which was located in Kyoto Kujo and said to have been built by FUJIWARA no Mototsune.
- 明治7年(1874年)には華族の団結と交友のため霞会館が創立された。
- In 1874, the Kasumi-kaikan Building was constructed for solidifying relationships and promoting interactions among members in the kazoku class.
- 1614年、伊予国に政宗の長子秀宗を藩祖とする宇和島藩が創設された。
- In 1614, Uwajima Domain was founded by Hidemune, the eldest son of Masamune, in Iyo Province.
- 鎌倉時代初期に日野資実の弟、広橋頼資(よりすけ)によって創立された。
- This family was founded during the beginning of the Kamakura Period by Yorisuke HIROHASHI, who was the younger brother of Sukezane HINO.
- 神社として創建されたのは比較的新しく、明治5年(1872年)のこと。
- It was founded as a shrine in 1872, i.e., relatively recently.
- 『猪熊関白記』には草創期の幕府の出来事などがあり、重要な史料である。
- Including descriptions of events in the era immediately after the Kamakura bakufu was inaugurated, 'Inokuma Kanpaku-ki' is an important historical document.
- 目指す創造する世界とはかけ離れた長靴を履き辛い水仕事を1年ほどする。
- Far from the world of creativity to which he had aspired, he spent one year wearing wellington boots and doing a tough job as scrubbing and washing.
- 「図勲の義は前を修めることから始まり、創功の賞は歴代これを重んじる。
- The honorable deed begins with managing whatever comes from of you and the importance of recognizing the great achievements shall be stressed through the coming generations.
- 御伽草子の多くは挿絵入りの写本として創られ、絵を楽しむ要素も強かった。
- Many of Otogi Zoshi were created as copy printings with illustrations, which had a strong element to amuse people.
- 修繕は、創建を担当した造東大寺司の後釜である、造東大寺所の管轄だった。
- The repair of the temple buildings was managed by the Office of Todai-ji Temple Construction, the successor organization of the Agency of Todai-ji Temple Construction that was responsible for the foundation of the Temple.
- その内容は海軍の創設と、そのための軍艦購入と、海軍生養成の提言である。
- In his statement, he suggested the establishment of navy, followed by the purchase of warships for the navy and training of navy trainees.
- 創刊号に掲載された芥川の「鼻 (芥川龍之介)」が夏目漱石に激賞された。
- A work of Akutagawa, 'Hana' (The Nose) contained in the initial issue, was highly acclaimed by Soseki NATSUME.
- 本作の刊行と同時期に短歌創作を始めており、啄木の影響と推察されている。
- It is considred that the work of Takuboku influenced Kenji, as he started creating his own tanka around the time the book was published.
- 『学問の創造』(1987年、朝日文庫)、ISBN 4022604433
- The Creativity of Scholarship (1987, Asahi Bunko) ISBN 4022604433
- いずれも、いかにも大志を抱く素浪人にふさわしい話であり、創作であろう。
- Although all of these episodes seen to suggest that he had been a poor samurai with great ambition, they are most likely fiction.
- 脱盟の経緯が不明の為、小説や映画ではそれぞれの作者が創作に腕を振るう。
- Since the details of his withdrawal are unclear, many writers use their imagination to create a story for books or film.
- 861年(貞観 (日本)4年) - 藤原北家の藤原良房が貞観寺を創建。
- 861: FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan founded Jogan-ji Temple.
- 1644年(正保元年)烏丸光広の次男勘解由小路資忠によって創立された。
- The family was established by Suketada KADENOKOJI, the second son of Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU, in 1644.
- また宅嗣は、日本初の図書館・芸亭の創設者としても歴史に名を残している。
- Yakatsugu goes down in history as the founder of the Untei (the first public library in Japan).
- ナイフ形石器 (Knife Blade)石刃から創り出した石器の一種。
- Naifu-gata Sekki (knife blade): A kind of stone tools developed from sekijin
- 唐の創業者である李淵は、『開皇律令』に基づいて『武徳律令』を頒布した。
- Li Yuan, the founder of the Tang Dynasty, promulgated the 'Wude Ritsuryo' based on the 'Kaihuang Ritsuryo.'
- 京都電燈は、1888年(明治21年)4月、京都電燈会社として創立した。
- Kyoto Dento was established as Kyoto Dento Gaisha in April 1888.
- 千利休のもとで、丸釜、阿弥陀堂釜、尻張釜などの新しい形の釜を創始した。
- Under SEN no Rikyu, he created new types of tea pots including round pots, Amidadogama (Amidado pots), and Shiriharigama.
- またあらゆる釉薬や造形を試し、その創作意欲が生涯枯れることはなかった。
- Moreover, he tested all kinds of glazes and designs, never losing his creative drive until his death.
- 翌明治23年、社殿が竣功し、正行を主祭神とする四條畷神社が創建された。
- In 1890, next year, the shrine building was completed, and Shijonawate-jinja Shrine of which shusaijin (main enshrined deities) was Masatsura was founded.
- 没後には現代風俗研究会がにその業績を記念して「橋本峰雄賞」を創設した。
- After his death, Gendai Fuzoku Kenkyukai founded 'Mineo HASHIMOTO Prize' to commemorate his achievements.
- 1360年(正平 (日本)15年)、下野金井に法華堂〔蓮行寺〕を創す。
- In 1360, he established Hokke-do (Rengyo-ji Temple) in Kanei, Shimotsuke Province.
- 大正7年12月、東北大学鉄鋼研究所創立費ならびに事業費寄付を願出した。
- In December 1918, he made an application to donate expenses for establishment and operation of the Institute for Steel Research, Tohoku University.
- 7世紀中頃に創建された観世音寺の遺構が太宰府の条坊と正確に一致している。
- The structural remnants of Kanzeon-ji Temple which were constructed around the middle of the seventh century corresponded exactly to the jobo of Dazi-fu.
- なお宣長の孫の中島城主中島蔵人の子滅宗によって妙興寺等数寺が創建された。
- Moreover, Norinaga's grandchild and lord of Nakashima-jo Castle, Kurando NAKASHIMA had a child named Messhu who built Myoko-ji Temple and a number of other temples.
- 1903年に師匠が没を機会に吉松と改名し花柳流を独立し若柳流を創始する。
- After his master had died in 1903, he changed his name to Yoshimatsu and became independent from the Hanayagi school to found the Wakayagi school.
- 『学問の創造』(1984年、佼成出版社)、ISBN 4333011434
- Scholarship and Creativity (1984, Kosei Shuppan) ISBN 4333011434
- また、現在の創作物での描写には明らかに誇大表現といえる部分も無くはない。
- Also, some descriptions about him in current fictional works are clearly exaggerated.
- 711年(和銅4年) - 秦伊呂具によって深草稲荷神社が創建されるという
- 711: HATA no Irogu is said to have founded Fukakusa Inari-jinja Shrine.
- 鎌倉時代中期、勧修寺経俊(吉田経俊)の四男、中御門経継により創設される。
- The family originated with Tsunetsugu NAKAMIKADO, the fourth son of Tsunetoshi KAJUJI (Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA), in the mid-Kamakura period.
- 藤原高藤の後裔で、参議藤原為房の二男、中納言藤原顕隆によって創設された。
- This family was founded by FUJIWARA no Akitaka, Chunagon (Vice-councilor of state), who was descendant of FUJIWARA no Takafuji and the second son of FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, sangi (councilor).
- 柳原資行の3男三室戸誠光(ともみつ)を祖として江戸時代前期に創設された。
- The Mimurodo family was founded during the early Edo period by Tomomitsu, the third son of Sukeyuki YANAGIWARA.
- 民間では岩崎弥太郎の創始した三菱や三井は政府の保護を受けて政商となった。
- In private companies, Mitsubishi, which was founded by Yataro IWASAKI, and Mitsui became businessmen with political ties, under the protection of the government.
- 幾何学文様の繰り返しに留まらず、江里自身の創造による文様に取り組んでいる
- She incorporated not only geometrical patterns but her own patterns derived from her imagination.
- ここでは、上田秋成の『雨月物語』にかける意気込み、創作経緯が書かれている。
- It suggests that Akinari UEDA was enthusiastic about writing 'Tales of Moonlight and Rain,' and offers insight about how it was written.
- 時に作者個人の創作たる発句を完全に独立させた近代文芸の俳句と同一視される。
- Hokku, as an individual art of creation, can be identified as haiku, which is a form of modern literature that became completely independent from hokku.
- 国民革命派 総動員体制によるニヒリズム革命の戦士・労働者国家の創造を主張。
- National Revolutionary faction: advocating the creation of a nihilist revolutionary and a labor state through full mobilization.
- ホイートンは アメリカ合衆国国際法学草創期を代表する法律家・外交官である。
- Wheaton was a jurist and diplomat who represents pioneer era of international jurisprudence in the United States of America.
- 縄文時代から弥生時代にかけて見られ、縄文草創期に出現し、早期には普及する。
- Ishisaji is a type of stone tool made during the Jomon to Yayoi periods (from about 14,000BC to 300 AD), with the first appearance in the incipient Jomon period and it was widespread in the early Jomon period.
- 将軍として初めて「御庭番」(忍者)を創設し、諸藩や反逆者を取り締まらせた。
- He established the 'Oniwaban' (the shogunate's guard of the inner garden) (ninja [professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy]) for the first time as shogun in order to supervise domains and rebellions.
- 採算の見通しは持てなかったが、大がかりな国土創成計画に夢を感じ引き受けた。
- Even though he couldn't foresee any profitability, he agreed to their request, seeing the chance to create a part of Japan as a dream come true.
- 『哲学の創造』(1996年、PHP研究所)、ISBN 4569552056
- The Creativity of Philosophy (1996, PHP Research Institute) ISBN 4569552056
- 山階鳥類研究所を創設し、所長となり、日本鳥類研究の第一人者として知られた。
- He founded the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, became the director, and was known as an authority on Japanese bird research.
- 寛文年間(1661年~1673年)、三条西公勝の次男押小路公音が創設した。
- Between 1661 to 1673, the Oshikoji family was founded by Kinoto, the second son of Kimikatsu SANJONISHI.
- 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
- Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
- 嵯峨天皇時代に検非違使が創設されて以来、徐々に権限を奪われ有名無実化した。
- Since the position of kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) was established during the era of Emperor Saga, danjodai was gradually shorn of its authority and became titular.
- 保元3年(1158年)ころ創建された、現存する九州最古の木造建築物である。
- It was built around 1158, and is the oldest wooden architecture in the Kyushu region that exists today.
- その修業年限は体僚・針生は7年、創腫・少小は5年、耳目口歯は4年であった。
- The court required the students of tairyo and acupuncture to study seven years, those of soshu and shosho to study five years, and those of ear, eye, mouth, and tooth to study four years.
- 草創期の土器は、豆粒文、爪型文などと称される素朴な装飾を施したものが多い。
- Many of the initial stage's earthen vessels have simple decorations, such as 'toryumon' (bean shaped design) and 'tsumegatamon' (fingernail-like design).
- 万治2年(1659年)2月、摩耶山麓に仏日寺を創建し、隠元を開山に迎えた。
- In March 1659, he founded Butsunichi-ji Temple at the foot of Mt. Maya, and invited Ingen as kaisan (a founder of temple as the first chief priest).
- 一方で天明期に、藩士の教育のために城内三の丸に藩校・修身館を創設している。
- On the other hand, during the Tenmei era, he set up hanko (a domain school) 'Shushin-kan' to educate the retainers within Sannomaru (outer part) of the castle.
- また、1664年(寛文4年)には渉成園内に大谷大学を創設するなど活躍した。
- In 1664, he established Otani University within the premises of the Shoseien Garden.
- 創建は奈良時代と伝えるが、実質的な開基(創立者)は、鎌倉時代の明恵である。
- It is said to have been founded in the Nara period, but the actual Kaiki (patron of a temple in its founding) was Kamakura period monk Myoe.
- 一人で詠作する歌体もあるが、これは柿本人麻呂によって創造されたとの説がある。
- Although some Sedoka poems were composed in a style to be recited by a single person, it is said that this style of composition was created by KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro.
- たとえばアメリカは、賠償金によって北京に清華大学(1911年~)を創設した。
- For an example, the United States established Tsinghua University (from 1911) in Beijing with the reparations.
- 海老原穆により創刊され、大久保利通の太政官政府に対する痛烈な批判を展開した。
- Boku EBIHARA launched the newspaper and featured hard-hitting articles against the Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) government led by Toshimichi OKUBO.
- また、専修大学(当時の専修学校)の創設にも尽力した、明治六大教育家のひとり。
- As he also devoted himself to founding Senshu University (Senshu Gakko in those days), he is considered one of the six greatest educators of the Meiji era.
- なお、オムロンの跡地は現在住宅地となっているが、創業記念碑が建立されている。
- The vacant lot of Omron is currently a residential area, but there is a monument celebrating the foundation of the company.
- そのためこの複雑な感情を解き明かそうとして後述のような文学作品が創作された。
- For this reason, some literary works, covered later, written in an attempt to unravel his complex feelings.
- 江戸時代初期、関白一条昭良の次男醍醐冬基が醍醐家(清華家の家格)を創立した。
- Early in the Edo period, Fuyumoto DAIGO, the second son of the senior regent Akiyoshi ICHIJO, established the House of Daigo (of the status of Seigake (a status of court nobility)).
- 鎌倉幕府の打倒、室町幕府の創設に寄与し、守護大名の一人として勢威を振るった。
- The clan contributed to toppling the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as well as setting up the Muromachi bakufu, and enjoyed the domination as one of the shugo daimyo (Shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).
- その上、評定衆にも加えられた頼康は、幕府創業以来の宿老として重きを置かれた。
- In addition, being added to Hyojosyu (the members of Council of State), Yoriyasu was respected as Syukuro (a chief vassal of a samurai family) since the establishment of bakufu.
- 朝幕共存共栄の見地から、皇家の血統に万一があった場合を考えての創設であった。
- Considering the mutual benefit and harmony between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, the Kaninnomiya family was founded to prepare for an emergency of the genealogy of the Imperial family.
- 1897年(明治30年)の京都大学創立当時から、学生寄宿舎が設けられていた。
- There was a student dormitory at the time when Kyoto University was established in 1897.
- 明治25年(1892年)、次男武定が子爵に叙されて松戸徳川家を創設している。
- In 1892, his second son Takesada was appointed to viscount and founded the Matsudo Tokugawa family.
- 同年6月に牛原虚彦と『映画科学研究』を創刊するなど、後進の指導にも注力した。
- In June of the same year, he published 'Eiga Kagaku Kenkyu' (Movie Science Research), with Kiyohiko USHIHARA and was devoted to teaching young people.
- 横浜に創立されたばかりの大正活映に入社し、トーマス・栗原監督の助手を務める。
- Tomu joined Taisho Katsuei, which had recently been founded in Yokohama, where he served as an assistant to Thomas Kurihara.
- なお、三角縁神獣鏡の画像は、画文帯神獣鏡の画像を巧妙に変更して創り上げている。
- The image of the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was created by artfully changing the image of the Gabuntai Shinjukyo Mirror.
- さらに11世紀後半になると天皇の衣服を生産する御服所が内蔵寮頭邸に創設された。
- In the late 11th century, Ofukudokoro, an institution in charge of the production of the emperor's clothes, was established at the residence of the head of Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses).
- 創設メンバーらは、直後に綱領を変更して社会平民党を作ったが、これも禁止された。
- The founding members, with some other members, immediately changed the party platform and formed a new party, the Shakai heiminto, but it was also banned.
- 1965年「野村狂言の会」を創立、ベネチア・ビエンナーレに参加、ベルリン公演。
- He established 'Nomura Kyogen no kai'(Association of Nomura Kyogen,' joined Venice Biennial, and performed in Berlin in 1965.
- カワイ電線商事の100%出資の子会社で、大正4年2月1日創業とその歴史は古い。
- Company wholly owned by Kawai Trading, Ltd., which has a long history being established back in February 1, 1915.
- 貞治年間以降、崇光天皇が伏見山荘を伏見宮栄仁親王代々の相伝地とし伏見宮家が創設
- 1362 to 1368: Emperor Suko established the Fushiminomiya family, who inherited Fushimi Sanso Mountain Villa for generations from Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Yoshihito.
- 西大寺は、天平神護元年(765年)に称徳天皇の勅願により創建された寺院である。
- Saidai-ji Temple is a temple which was established in 765 at the imperial order of the Empress Shotoku (Empress Koken).
- その後には御三卿が創設されたため、結局、尾張家からは征夷大将軍を出せなかった。
- Afterward, Gosankyo (Three Lord: three junior collateral houses of the Tokugawa family) was established, so the Owari Tokugawa family was not able to produce a Seitaishogun (the formal title name of the Shogun, which originally means the commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians) to the end.
- なお、豪徳寺とは、一族の吉良政忠が世田谷城の域内に創建した弘徳院が前身である。
- In addition, the Gotoku-ji Temple is formally established as the Kotoku-in Temple, which was built within the premises of Setagaya-jo Castle, by Masatada KIRA from Oshu Kira clan family.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)末期に日野時光の三男、准大臣日野西資国によって創設される。
- This family was founded by Sukekuni HINONISHI, Jun-daijin (Vice Minister), the third son of Tokimitsu HINO, at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 頼朝は兼実に送った書状の中で「今度は天下の草創なり」とその重要性を示している。
- Yoritomo underlined the importance of the matter in a letter he sent to Kanezane, stating 'Now is the beginning of a unified country.'
- 寛永13年(1636年)に加増を受けて1万石の大名となり近江朽木藩を創設した。
- In 1636, he gained additional properties to become daimyo with 10000 koku, and founded Omi Kutsuki Domain.
- 父の盛長は源頼朝の流人時代からの側近であり、幕府草創に功のあった宿老であった。
- His father, Morinaga, was a close adviser to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo since the time when Yoritomo had been an exile, and was a chief vassal who achieved a successful outcome in the establishment of bakufu.
- 日本映画の創生期から戦後にいたるまで、骨太な作品を撮りつづけた「巨匠」である。
- He is a master of Japanese cinema who created numerous works since the creation of the Japanese film industry until the postwar period.
- 雑誌『国民之友』を創刊し山路愛山・竹越与三郎・徳冨蘆花・国木田独歩らが入社した。
- The group founded the magazine 'Kokumin no Tomo (Friend of the people)', and Aizan YAMAJI, Yosaburo TAKEKOSHI, Rokka TOKUTOMI and Doppo KUNIKIDA joined the magazine.
- 1874年(明治7年)4月2日創刊 - 1875年(明治8年)11月14日停刊。
- It began to be published on April 2, 1874 and suspended issue on November 14, 1875.
- 新選組創設時からの同志で北辰一刀流の同門、総長 山南敬助の脱走・切腹事件があった
- Socho (general commander) Keisuke YAMANAMI, who had been in the Shinsengumi with Todo since its founding and who was a fellow disciple of Hojushin Itto school, deserted and committed seppuku.
- 田村麻呂の創建と伝えられる寺社は、岩手県と宮城県を中心に東北地方に多数分布する。
- There are a number of temples that are believed to have been founded by Tamuramaro scattered throughout the Tohoku Region, mainly in Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures.
- またそもそも逆落し自体が『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるという見方も有力である。
- Furthermore, there is a leading opinion that 'Heike Monogatari' created the story of 'sakaotoshi' in the first place.
- 同じ三河の羽田野敬雄(羽田八幡宮文庫(現・愛知県豊橋市)の創設者)とも交遊した。
- He associated also with Takao HATANO (The founder of the Haneda Hachimangu Bunko [the library of Haneda Hachiman-gu Shrine], present Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture) of the same Mikawa Province.
- 草創期の鎌倉幕府において、長老格として重きをなした大庭景義の出家後、家督を継ぐ。
- After Kageyoshi OBA, who played an important role in the early days of the Kamakura period as an elder, went into priesthood, Kagekane took over as the head of the family.
- 能が「幽玄」の方向に進む以前の、草創期の活力が感じられる作風であるとも言われる。
- The vitality of the pioneer days of sarugaku, before Noh moved in the direction of subtle and profound taste, can be seen through his works.
- 伝承は多く残っており、後に創作されたものもあり、それぞれにかなりの相違が見られる。
- There still are many remaining traditions about Oguri, some of which were created later, and significant differences can be found among them.
- しかし、道教が創唱宗教の形態を取る過程で道家の思想を取り入れたことは事実であった。
- However, in the process of formation as a soshoshukyo (religion proposed by a person or a group), Dokyo was indeed influenced by the Doka philosophy.
- 浅田次郎の歴史小説『壬生義士伝』は、子母澤の創作を下敷きにして書かれたものである。
- A historical novel, 'Mibu Gishiden,' by Jiro ASADA was written based on the SHIMOZAWA's fabrication.
- 後に、北村や平田は文学の自立を掲げて巌本から離れ、『文學界』を創刊することとなる。
- Kitamura and Hirata subsequently parted with Iwamoto on the grounds of literary independent and launched Bungakukai (Literary World).
- 自ら厨房に立ち料理を振舞うなどしながらそこで使用する食器や料理を自ら創作していた。
- As well as cooking and serving the food himself, he produced his own dinnerware and recipes.
- 一方、公家の阿野家は、藤原成親の子で滋野井実国の養子阿野公佐を祖として創設された。
- The Ano family in the court nobility, on the other hand, originated with Kosa ANO, the son of FUJIWARA no Narichika, who was adopted by Sanekuni SHIGENOI.
- 官薩両軍の戦いは激しく、三好少将が銃創を負ったほどの銃砲撃戦・接戦がおこなわれた。
- The battle between the government army and the Satsuma army was so fierce that it turned out to be gunfights and close combats in which Major General MIYOSHI got a gunshot wound.
- 祖父:中村翫右衛門 (3代目)(歌舞伎役者、劇団前進座創設メンバー、前進座幹事長)
- Grandfather: Kanemon NAKAMURA (the Third) (a Kabuki actor, the founding member of the Zenshinza theater company, and the director general of Zenshinza)
- 女子美術大学創立100周年記念 女子美教員作品展「私の環境デザイン」(2000年)
- 'My Environmental Design'for the exhibition of works of Joshibi University teachers held for the commemoration of the centennial of the foundation of Joshibi University of Art and Design (2000).
- 伊丹万作と同居し、2月に創立された松竹キネマ付属の俳優学校(小山内が主宰)に入る。
- He lived with Mansaku ITAMI and entered Shochiku Cinema School of Acting (OSANAI's presidency), which was founded in February.
- 香川景樹も『土佐日記創見』(文政6(1823年)年)を著し、綿密な考証をなしている。
- Kageki KAGAWA also wrote 'The Tosa Diary's New Remarks' (in 1823), ascertaining historical evidence in detail.
- 『今昔物語集』の話はすべて創作ではなく、他の本からの引き写しであると考えられている。
- It is thought that not all the tales in 'The Collection of Tales of Times Now Past' are original but have been taken from other books.
- しかし、この記事では、広義の日本神話における天地開闢・国土創造のシーンについて記す。
- In this article, however, the wide meaning of Tenchi Kaibyaku in the Japanese myths and creation of Japan will be treated.
- この史跡から出土している軒丸瓦が3種類、軒平瓦が2種類の内、創建期とされる瓦がある。
- Three kinds of the round-shaped roof tiles and two kinds of flat roof tiles for eaves were found on this site and some of them are considered as the ones created during the foundation period.
- 家康は息子である結城秀康、松平忠輝や創業時の功臣に冷たく当たったなどと言われている。
- It is said that Ieyasu dealt coldly with Hideyasu YUKI and Tadateru MATSUDAIRA, his sons, and the retainers who contributed significantly in establishing the bakufu.
- 1896年(明治29年)4月、第1次の終了の6年後に、幸田露伴の編集で再び創刊した。
- Six years after the cessation of publication of the first phase, in April 1896, Shinshosetsu was republished under the editorship of Rohan KODA.
- 鬼鎮神社(日本で唯一の鬼を祀った神社。菅谷館の鬼門を封じるために創建されたとされる)
- Kijin-jinja Shrine (only one shrine in Japan where the Oni (ogre) is enshrined; it is believed that this shrine was built in order to close the northeastern (unlucky) direction of Sugaya-yakata.)
- 向日神社:養老2年(西暦718年)創建;本殿は三間社流造(さんげんしゃながれづくり)
- Muko-jinja Shrine: it was built in 718 and its main shrine was built in the sangensha nagare-zukuri (architecture of three-bay wide structure with a gable roof).
- 江戸時代前期の寛永年間に、右大臣三条西実条の次男武者小路公種を始祖として創立された。
- This family was founded during the Kanei era during the first half of the Edo period with Kimitane MUSHANOKOJI as the originator, who is the second son of Saneeda SANJONISHI, the Minister of the Right.
- 発射された弾丸によって直弼は腰部から太腿にかけて銃創を負い、動けなくなってしまった。
- Naosuke had been hit by a bullet and was wounded from waist to thigh, making him unable to move.
- 反面、士清の古典研究は、在来の学説を集成したもので、独創性に乏しいという評価がある。
- On the other hand, there is a negative evaluation that his study of classics just compiled the conventional theories without creative and unique theories.
- 山崎闇斎の門下生の1人であり、闇斎が創設した垂加神道を朝廷に普及することにつとめた。
- He was one of the students of Ansai YAMAZAKI, and he made efforts to prevail Suika Shinto which was founded by Ansai in the Imperial court.
- 明治28年(1895年)、能褒野墓に隣接してヤマトタケルを祀る能褒野神社が創建された。
- In 1895, the Nobono-jinja Shrine, which was consecrated to Yamato Takeru, was built next to the Nobono burial mound.
- 文久2年(1862年)、幕府の軍制改革で対外防衛と国内体制維持を目的として創設された。
- In 1882, it was established in order to defend the nation against attacks from outside and to maintain the system in the nation.
- 1928年(昭和3年)に国画創作協会が解散した際に、洋画部が独立し「国画会」となった。
- In 1928, when Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai was dissolved, the department of western-style painting became independent and formed 'Kokugakai' (Society for National Painting).
- このことから悪霊民部卿とも呼ばれ、忠文の霊を慰めるため宇治に末多武利神社が創建された。
- As a result, people called Tadabumi 'Akuryo-Minbukyo (Minbukyo, the evil sprit)' and built the Matafuri-jinja Shrine in Uji to soothe his spirit.
- 明治29年(1896年)には平安神宮が創建されるなど、京都市中心部との一体化が進んだ。
- In 1896, Heian-jingu Shrine was founded in Okazaki, which facilitated the integration of the area with the central part of Kyoto City.
- 財団法人 大川情報通信基金 大川センター(CSKホールディングス創業者 大川功による)
- The Okawa center of the Okawa Foundation for Information and Telecommunications (by Isao OKAWA, the founder of CSK Holdings)
- この「守山」の地名は、比叡山延暦寺の東の関門として、東門院が創建されたことに由来する。
- The name 'Moriyama' derives from the construction of 'Tomon-in' Gate that served as the eastern gate of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
- 四条家成の六男藤原実教の猶子となった中納言藤原教成を祖として平安時代末期に創設された。
- The family was established at the end of the Heian period by FUJIWARA no Norinari, the Deputy Chief of the Councilor of State, who was adopted (under yushi, an old Japanese system of adoption) by FUJIWARA no Sanenori, the sixth son of Ienari SHIJO.
- 鎌倉時代中期藤原資経(甘露寺資経、吉田資経)の四男、万里小路資通を祖として創設される。
- This family was founded during the middle of the Kamakura Period by Sukemichi MADENOKOJI, the fourth son of FUJIWARA no Suketsune (Suketsune KANROJI, Suketsune YOSHIDA).
- 鎌倉時代末期、太政大臣西園寺実兼の四男右大臣今出川兼季(菊亭兼季)によって創設された。
- It was founded by Kanesue IMADEGAWA (Kanesue KIKUTEI), who was Udaijin (minister of the right) and the fourth son of Sanekane SAIONJI, Daijo-daijin (grand minister of state), in the last days of the Kamakura Period.
- 鶴林寺は聖徳太子創建と伝えられる天台宗寺院であり、太子堂は当初法華堂として建造された。
- Kakurin-ji Temple was the Tendai sect temple which was said to be constructed by Prince Shotoku, and Taishi-do Hall was originally constructed as Hokke-do Hall.
- 天真正自顕流に元々学んでいたタイ捨流の技術を組み合わせて独自の創意工夫を加えていった。
- Togo added his own ingenuity to swordsmanship by combining the techniques of Tenshinshojiken School and Taisha School that he had studied earlier.
- 小説やドラマなどの創作では演出上、勝と西郷の2人のみが面会したように描かれることが多い。
- In the creative works by novelist and dramatist, the authors and producers often described the scene in this edited manner; placing only Katsu and Saigo in attendance at the meeting, for dramatic necessity.
- 源頼朝は幕府の創立にあたり、「天下の草創」と称したと九条兼実の日記『玉葉』に見えている。
- According to 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of Kanezane KUJO, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo called the establishment of the bakufu 'the creation of Tenka'.
- このとき忠興に従って八代郡高田郷に移った金尊楷と長男の忠兵衛によって高田焼が創始された。
- Around this time, under Tadaoki's instructions, Chon-Hae KIM (aka Sonkai KIN) and his eldest son Chube established Koda-yaki (Koda ceramics) at a place called Koda-go (Koda hamlet) in Yatsushiro County.
- ただしこの戦いを創作とする説もあり、その場合は第2次小豆坂の戦いのみが存在する事になる。
- However, there is another theory that this battle is fictitious and there was only a Second Battle of Azuki-zaka in real history.
- よって、『吾妻鏡』十七日条は、義経失脚後、その説明をするために創作されたものと思われる。
- Therefore, it is supposed that the August 17 article of 'Azuma Kagami' was created after the downfall of Yoshitsune in order to explain the reason.
- 「自然と伝統を生かし、文化を創造する調和のとれたふれあいのまち」を町の標語に掲げていた。
- Kizu-cho once held the watchword, 'the town of nature and tradition which are both harmonized with the newly created culture, and which you can contact with.'
- 平安時代末期摂政関白藤原師実の子藤原経実(1068年-1131年)を祖として創立された。
- It was founded during the last days of the Heian Period by FUJIWARA no Tsunezane (1068-1131), who was a son of FUJIWARA no Morozane, Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), as the founder.
- 江戸時代中期、学僧でもあり華道家でもあった是心軒一露により華道・松月堂古流が創流される。
- In the mid-Edo period, Ichiro ZESHINKEN, the scholar monk as well as flower arrangement master, founded the old school of Syogetsudo of flower arrangement.
- しかし、その多くが後人の手によって改編されたり、あるいは全く一から創作されたものである。
- But many of them were revised or written by later hands.
- 上記のような事情を鑑みると、その一揆観は一揆のごく一部の相を見て創られたものに過ぎない。
- Considering the above-mentioned circumstances, however, it appears that such a view of ikki is based on a particular aspect of ikki.
- 天治年間において、父の基頼が創建した持仏堂である持明院を改築・拡張して、安楽光院と改名。
- During the Tenji era, Motomichi renovated and expanded the Jimyo-in Temple, which had been founded by his father Motoyori as his jibutsu-do hall (a private Buddha statue hall reserved for nobility), and changed the name to Anrakuko-in.
- しかし、通季の曾孫に当たる西園寺公経が鎌倉時代初期に太政大臣に昇り、西園寺家を創始する。
- However, Michisue's great-grandson, Kintsune SAIONJI, was promoted to Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State) in the early Kamakura period and founded the Saionji family.
- ただし、最後の当主宗胤は、死去の前年絶家を覚悟した上で、代々木に平田神社を創立している。
- However the last family head, Munetane, braced himself for family extinction in the year before his death and founded Hirata-jinja Shrine in Yoyogi.
- 吾妻鏡の記述以外のエピソードは、室町時代初期に書かれた『義経記』の創作によるものである。
- Episodes other than those in Azuma Kagami are works of fiction in 'Gikeiki,' a military epic on Yoshitsune and his followers, established in the initial part of the Muromachi period.
- 加納の同志である阿部十郎の証言とも矛盾する為、小説家・子母澤寛の創作である可能性が高い。
- Since the foregoing story contradicts the testimony given by Kano's comrade Juro ABE, it is highly likely that it was a fictional account created by the novelist Kan SHIMOZAWA.
- 創作の世界で沖田は、司馬遼太郎の小説以降、一般に純情な青年として描かれることが多かった。
- Following his appearance in Ryotaro SHIBA's books, Okita is generally often depicted in fiction as a pure and innocent young man.
- 天正年間(1573年-1592年)、中国地方に赴き備前国大雲寺などを創建したと伝えられる。
- During 1573-1592, he made his way into the Chugoku region of Japan, and is said to have founded several temples there, including Daiun-ji Temple in Bizen Province.
- 1925年(大正14年)、中谷孝雄、外村繁らとの同人誌「青空」の創刊号の巻頭に掲載された。
- The story appeared in 1925 at the head of the first issue of 'Aozora' (Blue Sky), a dojinshi (publication sold directly and not via commercial publishers) that Kajii published with Takao NAKATANI and Shigeru TONOMURA.
- さらに近代文芸として個人の創作性を重視して俳句を成立させたのが明治時代の正岡子規であった。
- During the Meiji period, Shiki MASAOKA emphasized creativity within the individual and ultimately established haiku poetry as modern literature.
- 土器型式上の区分から、縄文時代は、草創期・早期・前期・中期・後期・晩期の6期に分けられる。
- The Jomon period is divided into six periods according to styles of earthenware: the incipient period, the earlier period, the early period, the middle period, the end period, and the last period.
- しかしながら、のちに分家を創設した際に一万石を割ったために交代寄合表御礼衆の旗本となった。
- However, because its earning came to less than 10,000 koku after generating branch families, it became a Hatamoto with kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status.
- 俵屋宗達、尾形光琳とともに、琳派の創始者として、光悦が後世の日本文化に与えた影響は大きい。
- Along with Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Korin OGATA, and as the founder of the Rin school of painting, his influence over future Japanese culture was significant
- 1907年(明治40年)小山内薫が創刊し、東京大学(東京大学)系の同人誌として後に続いた。
- It was launched in 1907 by Kaoru OSANAI, and the publication has been carried on as a dojinshi (hobby magazine) at the University of Tokyo.
- 1940年頃に企画された中央公論社版の『尾崎紅葉全集』の編集過程で、創作メモが発見された。
- The creation notes for this novel written by Koyo were found during the process of compiling Chuo Koronsha edition of 'The Complete Works of Ozaki Koyo,' which was planned around 1940.
- 平安京の南の正門である羅城門、その東西に創建された東寺、西寺は現在の南区内に位置していた。
- It was within the current Minami Ward that there existed the Rajo-mon Gate which was the southern main gate to Heian-kyo (ancient capital of Japan), as well as the Temples of To-ji and Sai-ji which were built in the east and the west, respectively, of the gate.
- また、古くからある家は旧家、安土桃山時代以降に分家し新たに創設された家は、新家と呼ばれた。
- Besides, a family dated back generations ago was called kyuka (old family), and those which moved out and set up a new branch family after the Azuchi-Momoyama period were called shinke (newly founded family).
- 伊藤自身が初代総裁となり、伊藤系官僚と憲政党(旧自由党)・帝国党が中心となって創立された。
- Ito himself became the first president of the party which was established on the initiative of the bureaucracy leaning toward Ito, Kensei Party (former Liberal Party), and Empire Party.
- 摂関期の平等院鳳凰堂のほか、藤原秀衡が平泉に創建した無量光院跡にも同様の仏堂が建てられた。
- On top of the Hoo-do Hall of the Byodo-in Temple during the Sekkan period, similar Buddhist temples were built on the Muryoko-in Temple site that FUJIWARA no Hidehira had built in Hiraizumi.
- すでに上皇警護には白河天皇によって創設された北面武士があり、ともに院の軍事の中枢を担った。
- Together with Hokumen no Bushi (a group of warriors guarding north side of imperial palace), which was organized by Emperor Shirakawa to guard the Retired Emperor earlier, Samen no Bushi played a central role in the military affairs of the imperial palace.
- 幕府創立前のに金座(小判座)および銀座 (歴史)を設立し、慶長小判慶長丁銀の鋳造を命じた。
- In 1601 before the foundation of the government, the gold guild (kin-za) (the coinage guild) and the silver guild (gin-za) (history) were established, and the mintage of Keicho Koban (gold oval coin) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coin) was ordered.
- また、一族から僧となった者には鎌倉の安養院 (鎌倉市)を創建した願行(憲禅)などがあった。
- Also, some members of the clan became priests, including Gangyo (Kenzen) who founded Annyo-in Temple in Kamakura (Kamakura City).
- 明和9年(1772年)9月に田沼意次の命を受けた勘定奉行の川井久敬の建策により創鋳される。
- They were minted on the instructions of Hisataka KAWAI, Kanjo Bugyo (commissioner of finance), who received the order from Okitsugu TANUMA in September 1772.
- 1898年(明治31年)、岡倉が同校を辞職した際にも行動をともにし日本美術院の創立に参加。
- When OKAKURA quit the Tokyo fine arts school in 1898, ROKKAKU quit the school as well and cooperated with OKAKURA in founding the Japan art institute.
- 1921年、梅若流創設の際には義兄二人とともにこれに参加するが、1929年、観世流に復帰。
- At the time of foundation of the Umewaka school (a school of noh play) in 1921, he joined it along with his two brothers-in-law, but he went back to join the Kanze school in 1929.
- 幕府創設以来の有力者が次々と滅ぼされる中で景盛は幕府政治を動かす主要な御家人の一員となる。
- Under circumstances where influential people since the establishment of bakufu were destroyed one after another, Kagemori became one of major gokenin controlling the government by the shogunate.
- 1484年(文明 (日本)18年)邸内に斎所として大元宮を創建して、日本各地の神を祭った。
- In 1484, he had Daigengu (a Shinto chapel) built in his residence in order to worship gods of various places across Japan.
- 天明元年(1781年)12月、春水が広島藩の学問所創設にあたり儒学者に登用されたため転居。
- As Shunsui was appointed as scholar of Jugaku (Confucian scholar) when the Hiroshima domain opened a school in December 1781, the Rai family moved to Hiroshima.
- 東大寺創建前、当地には、金鐘寺、福寿寺、天地院(法蓮寺)などの寺々の存在が、確認されている。
- It is confirmed that there were several temples, including Konshu-ji Temple, Fukuju-ji Temple, Tenchi-in Temple (Horen-ji Temple), there before Todai-ji Temple was built.
- 家康・秀忠の2代において(大御所時代も含む)、江戸時代幕藩体制の基本的骨格が創作されていく。
- The basic framework of the shogunate and domain system in the Edo period was created under the rule of Ieyasu and Hidetada - as a shogun or an 'ogosho' (a title of honor given to the former shogun).
- さらに、京都商工会議所などの創設などに尽力し、近代産業都市としての京都建設に大いに貢献した。
- He also devoted himself to establishment of Kyoto Chamber of Commerce and Industry and so on to contribute to the founding of the modern industrial city of Kyoto.
- 805年5月、帰路の途中和田岬(神戸市)に上陸し、最初の密教教化霊場である能福寺を開創する。
- On his way back, he landed at Cape Wada (Kobe City) in May, 805, and founded Nofuku-ji Temple, which was the first site where the edification of Esoteric Buddhism took place.
- 鎌倉時代には、公家社会一般で分家を次々に創出させる傾向が見られたことにも留意する必要がある。
- It is also necessary to note that in the Kamakura period, the Imperial court society in general had a tendency to produce branch families.
- 隆季は寛文元年(1661年)3月28日、弟の九鬼隆重に500石を分与し、分家を創設している。
- Takasue allocated 500 koku to his younger brother Takashige KUKI on March 28, 1661 and founded a branch family.
- 時政は鎌倉幕府の創立に尽力し、頼朝が征夷大将軍に任じられると、有力御家人としての地位を得る。
- Tokimasa devoted himself to establishing the Kamakura bakufu, and after his son-in-law Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), he gained the status of powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the Shogunate).
- 山階宮(やましなのみや)は、江戸時代末期、伏見宮邦家親王の王子、山階宮晃親王が創設した宮家。
- The Yamashinanomiya family was the Imperial family, created by Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, the son of Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Kuniie, at the end the Edo period.
- なお、小田部雄次の推計によると、創設から廃止までの間に存在した華族の総数は1011家である。
- According to Yuji OTABE, there were totally 1011kazoku class families while the system existed.
- 武内宿禰以前は後世の架上と言われており、蘇我石川宿禰も子孫の石川氏による創作と見る説がある。
- TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was previously alleged to be a fiction created by subsequent generations, and there are also those who view Soganoishikawa no Sukune to be a creation of descendents of the Ishikawa clan.
- 『吾妻鏡』と『平家物語』を創作であると捨てて、厳密に『玉葉』のみを採れば、下記の記述がある。
- If we eliminate 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari' due to their fictional natures, strictly interpreting only Gyokuyo,' then the depictions of the battles would change to the following.
- 7.5年の時限立法であったたため、1964年に市は再び同様の条例を5年の時限立法で創設した。
- As it had been an act valid only for a limited time of 7.5 years, the city enacted a similar ordinance in 1964 as temporary legislation with a five-year term limit.
- しかしながら、幕末の海軍創生期には、水夫達のかなりの人員が水軍の伝統ある地方の出身であった。
- However, during the period of the navies' creation, a large number of sailors were from regions that had the tradition of a suigun navy.
- 京都電燈株式会社(きょうとでんとう)は、1888年(明治21年)に創立された日本の電力会社。
- Kyoto Dento was a Japanese electric power company founded in 1888.
- 神社創建以前から存在した墓所には、徳川光圀によって墓碑「嗚呼忠臣楠子之墓」が建立されている。
- The gravestone 'A tomb of loyal subject Nanshi' was erected by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA at the graveyard that had existed before the foundation of the shrine.
- 社伝によると北条政子が朝廷より白旗大明神の神号を賜り正治2年(1200年)に創建したされる。
- According to the shrine's biography, Masako HOJO was granted with shingo (literally 'shrine name' which is the title given to a Shinto shrine) of Shirahata Daimyojin (the great deity of the white flag) and she founded the shrine in 1200.
- なお端が矢筈になった黒塗りの四方盆を羽田盆と称しているが、これも羽田の創意と伝えられている。
- In the meantime, black Shiho-bon (square tray) where the tip represents the nock of an arrow is called Haneda-bon and believed to have been originated by Haneda.
- これは平安時代末期の武士の感覚からはありえない遺言であり、後年の創作であるとも言われている。
- This kind of will would make no sense in terms of the mentality of warriors of the late Heian period, and it is therefore considered that it may have been created in later years.
- このように八幡神は武家を王朝的秩序から解放し、天照大神とは異なる世界を創る大きな役割があった。
- As shown here, Hachimanjin had an important role in releasing samurai from the orders of the Imperial Court and creating a world that was different from that of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).
- しかし、『義経記』を初めとした創作の世界では大活躍をしており、義経と並んで主役格の人気がある。
- But he is a great hero in fictional stories including 'Gikeiki,' a military epic about the life of Yoshitsune, and he is as popular as his master Yoshitsune as a leading role.
- この蘭学塾「一小家塾」が後の慶應義塾の基礎となったため、この年が慶應義塾創立の年とされている。
- Since this Rangaku school 'Ichishoka juku' was the predecessor of Keio Gijuku, this year is considered the foundation year of Keio Gijuku.
- また、無断任官問題は『吾妻鏡』の創作であり、「政治センスの欠如」という評価は当らないのである。
- The story that he accepted the title from the court without permission is a creation of 'Azuma Kagami,' and the criticism that he lacked the 'political sense' is not adequate.
- また、この頃堅田に臨済宗が広まって武士階層が多い殿原衆の間で広く支持されて祥瑞寺が創建された。
- Around that time, the Rinzai sect became popular, especially in Tonobara-shu, mainly composed of the samurai class people, and Shozui-ji Temple was established.
- しかし、宗教書においては、その宗教が信奉する神や宗派の創始者に由来すると主張するのが常である。
- However, in a religious book, they always assert that religion stems from its god and the originator of the religion.
- 明治6年政変で下野した西郷は明治7年(1874年)、鹿児島県全域に私学校とその分校を創設した。
- In 1873, SAIGO left the government after the political coup, and in 1874, founded Shigakko (private schools) and the branches throughout Kagoshima Prefecture.
- この戦いは大内氏衰退の一因となった一方、尼子氏は晴久のもとで勢力を回復させ、最盛期を創出する。
- This battle became a factor in the decline of the Ouchi clan; the Amago clan, on the other hand, regained its power under Haruhisa and entered a golden age.
- 後年、能保は朝廷と草創期の鎌倉幕府との間に立って重きをなし、従二位・権中納言まで立身している。
- Later in life, Yoshiyasu performed a crucial function between the court and the newly commenced Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and he was promoted to the rank of Junii (Junior Second Rank) with the post of Gon Chunagon (provisional vice-councilor of state).
- 明治44年(1911年)夏、禮一郎が「帝国新聞」を創刊するため大阪へ赴任すると共に大阪へ転居。
- In summer of 1911, Munizo moved along with Reiichiro, who went to Osaka in order to establish 'The Teikoku Shinbun.'
- のち衣笠貞之助の助監督を経て、昭和3年伊藤の紹介で伊丹万作とともに片岡千恵蔵プロの創設に参加。
- He later switched to working as assistant director to Teinosuke KINUGASA, and in 1928, through the good offices of Ito, he, along with Mansaku ITAMI, was invited to participate in the founding of the Chiezo KATAOKA Productions film company.
- なお、激怒した秀吉が誥命が書かれた国書を破り捨てたとされる話が伝えられているが後世の創作である。
- A story has been handed down that Hideyoshi was so infuriated that he tore the letter and threw it away, but this a fiction created later.
- しかし、『明六雑誌』創刊号に掲載された西周の「洋字を以て国語を書するの論」は、より過激であった。
- However, 'An opinion to write Japanese in alphabet' by Amane NISHI which was published on the first issue of 'Meiroku Zasshi' was more radical.
- 明治15年(1882年)には日刊新聞『時事新報』を創刊し、不偏不党の理念のもと、世論を先導した。
- In 1882, Yukichi launched the daily newspaper 'Jiji Shinpo' and led public opinion based on the idea of being impartial and independent of any political party.
- 怪談物では大道具の十一代目長谷川勘兵衛と提携して巧妙な舞台装置を創造し、歌舞伎の表現を開拓した。
- For the ghost stories, he pioneered expressions in Kabuki by affiliating with a carpenter of stage sets Kanbei HASEGAWA XI in creating ingenious stage settings.
- 高杉らは西洋式兵制を採用した奇兵隊の創設をはじめとする軍制改革に着手、大村にその指導を要請する。
- Takasugi undertook military reforms such as the creation of the Kiheitai (irregular militia) and adopting a Western-style military, asking Omura to train them.
- 正親町天皇の皇孫八条宮智仁親王の男子、広幡忠幸(1623年 - 1669年)が臣籍降下して創立。
- Tadayuki HIROHATA (1623 to 1669), a son of Hachijo no Miya (Prince Toshihito), who was an imperial descendant of Emperor Ogimachi, underwent shinseki koka (demotion by Meiji Constitution whereby the Imperial Family lost its rank to become common people), started the family.
- 縄文時代は出土する土器の様式編年から草創期、早期、前期、中期、後期、晩期の6期に区分されている。
- The Jomon period is classified, according to the style of the excavated pottery, into six stages, that is, the initial stage, the pre-early stage, the early stage, the middle stage, the late stage, and the final stage.
- 仏教精神に基づく女子教育を願い、1939年(昭和14年)に京都光華女子大学を創設し、総裁に就任。
- Hoping to offer education for women, based on the spirit of Buddhism, she established Kyoto Koka Women's University in 1939 and was appointed President.
- 沖田総司といえば、創作作品において必ずといって良いほど池田屋での戦闘中に激しく喀血し、倒れ込む。
- Works of fiction always have Soji OKITA coughing up blood and collapsing during the fighting in the Ikedaya Incident.
- 郵便創業の立役者であったのは「紳士遊覧団」として日本に留学経験のあった弱冠30歳の洪英植であった。
- Hong Young Shik, who had studied in Japan as a member of the Courtiers' Observation Mission and only 30 years old at that time, was the central figure in establishment of postal service.
- 歌道(かどう)とは、和歌の創作や和歌自体に関する学問(歌論・歌学)を追及する学芸を道に擬えたもの。
- Kado, which literally means an art of poems, is an art of creating waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables) and a study regarding waka itself (treatise on waka poetry and the study of waka).
- テングリは天の主宰神として運命神であるとともに、天そのものでもあり、創造神として現れることもある。
- Tenguri is believed to be the god of destiny or Ten itself since it is the presiding god of Ten, and it sometimes appears as the god of creation.
- 順調なスタートをきった『明六雑誌』であったが、それに暗い陰を投げかける条例が創刊翌年に公布された。
- Although 'Meiroku Zasshi' began to be published smoothly, regulations which cast a shadow on it were promulgated in the following year of the first issue.
- また、各地に聖徳太子が建てたという寺院が多いが、後世になって縁起で創作されたものが多いと思われる。
- There are a lot of temples which claim to have been built by Shotoku Taishi throughout Japan, but most of the histories are considered to have been fabricated in later ages to follow the examples of Shotoku Taishi.
- 1971年(昭和46年)には桟勝正が創設した日本文化振興会の初代総裁になる(桟勝正は初代理事長)。
- In 1971, he became the first President of the Association for the Promotion of Japanese Culture founded by Katsumasa KAKEHASHI (The first Chief Director).
- 宇多天皇の創建で、真言宗御室派の総本山、門跡寺院でもある仁和寺と、オムロンの創業地として知られる。
- It was established by the Emperor Uda, and known as the place of birth of Ninna-ji Temple, which was the Monseki-jiin (temples of the high class) of the head temple of Omuro school of the Shingon sect, and where Omron was founded.
- 嵐山ショッピングプラザ (マツモトキヨシ・大創産業・マックハウス・シューズボヌールが出店している)
- Ranzan Shopping Plaza (branch shops of Matsumotokiyoshi Co., Ltd., Daiso-Sangyo, Mac House Co., Ltd., and Shoes Bonheur exist)
- このとき、弓箭隊の郷士の息子である中川小十郎(後の立命館大学の創立者)が西園寺と出会うことになる。
- At that time, Kojuro NAKAGAWA, who was the son of a Yumiya-tai member and later established Ritsumeikan University, met Saionji.
- 室町幕府が創立されると、一色範氏・一色直氏は九州探題となるが戦果が上がらず、一色氏は一時衰退する。
- When the Muromachi bakufu was established, Noriuji ISSHIKI and Naouji ISSHIKI became Kyushu Tandai (local commissioners), but since they failed to get a result in war, the Isshiki clan became weaker.
- 東伏見宮(ひがしふしみのみや)は、明治後期に伏見宮邦家親王の王子、東伏見宮依仁親王が創立した宮家。
- The Higashifushiminomiya family is the Imperial family, which was founded by Imperial Prince Higashifushiminomiya Yorihito, a son of Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Kuniie, during the late Meiji Era.
- そのため、「逆落し」は『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるとの見方が歴史学の専門家の間では有力である。
- Therefore, mainstream experts of historical studies express the influential point of view that the author of 'Heike Monogatari' created this fictional story of 'sakaotoshi.'
- (信玄の軍師として知名度の高い山本勘助だが、一般的なイメージは江戸期以降の創作物によるものである。
- (Kansuke YAMAMOTO is famous as a military strategist for Shingen, but his general images were created in the Edo period and later.
- 1888年には従来の内乱鎮圧型の鎮台を改編し、6師団と近衛師団を創設して海外での戦闘能力を高めた。
- In 1888, the conventional garrison --the system effective for claiming domestic conflicts-- was reorganized with the creation of six divisions and Guard Divisions to increase the ability to fight abroad.
- また母方を通じて金春禅竹、そして世阿弥など、いずれも能楽草創期を代表する名人たちの血を承けている。
- In addition, he also inherited the blood of masters who led the early period of Noh including Zenchiku KONPARU and Zeami from his mother.
- 「婆さん(付添いの老婆)、俺は斬れないよ」(ただし、この話は子母沢寛による創作であると言われる)。
- See! (he said to the old woman who was attending him), I cannot kill it' (this story is said to have been created by Kan SHIMOZAWA.)
- 作家司馬遼太郎の作品以降、沖田は小説・ドラマなど創作世界においては頻繁に美少年として描かれてきた。
- Since his appearance in Ryotaro SHIBA's novels, he has often been depicted in fiction, including novels and TV series, as a handsome young man.
- 羽仁もと子による自由学園の開校と前後して文化学院の創立に尽力、文部省の規定に逆らい、男女共学で開校。
- Around the time that Motoko HANI established Jiyu Gakuen, Akiko devoted her time to found the Bunka Gakuin (Institute of Culture), a coeducational school against the specifications by the Ministry of Education.
- 明治33年(1900年)、鉄幹は『明星』を創刊し、与謝野晶子を擁して浪漫主義短歌の全盛時代を築いた。
- Tekkan launched the publication called 'Myojo' in 1900, and with Akiko YOSANO at his side, he was able to create the golden age of romantic tanka.
- しかしこれは、主筋であった豊臣氏を滅ぼしたことへの非難を避けるための後世の創作であるという説もある。
- However, there is also the theory that this story was fabricated in a later generation to avoid the criticism that Ieyasu ruined the Toyotomi family, which had been his master family
- あさくらゆう 新選組水戸派読本~新選組を創った男・新選組読本~隊士外伝(いずれも玉造町観光協会発行)
- By Yu ASAKURA, Shinsengumi Mito-ha Dokuhon - Shinsengumi o Tsukutta Otoko/Shinsengumi Dokuhon - Taishi Gaiden (all published by Tamatsukuri Sightseeing Association).
- また、その余波により、時代設定を変えて、新選組の枠組や有名隊士らをモチーフにした創作も数々生まれた。
- As an aftereffect of the above, many works were produced that were set at a different period of time, but used the structure of Shinsen-gumi and its well-known members as a motif.
- 新たに家が設立される形態として分家、廃絶家再興、一家創立が、家が消滅する形態として廃家、絶家がある。
- As forms of foundation of an Ie, there are 3 cases which are a branch family, restoration of an abolished family and creation of a family, and as forms of abolition of an Ie there are two cases which are abolished families (廃家) and ended families (絶家).
- 鎌倉幕府(かまくらばくふ)は、源頼朝が鎌倉(現在の神奈川県鎌倉市)に創設した武家政権(幕府)である。
- The Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was a samurai government (bakufu) established in Kamakura (currently, Kanagawa City, Kamakura Prefecture) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 1928年春季には連合競走の牝馬版である各内国産牝馬連合競走が創設され1937年秋季まで施行された。
- In the spring of 1928, the mare version of the united race, united races for homebred mares, was founded and conducted until the autumn of 1937.
- 明治維新の後、義貞を祀る藤島神社を創建した際、越前松平家(松平侯爵家)より神社宝物として献納された。
- When Fujishima-jinja Shrine, a shrine which enshrines Yoshisada, was founded after the Meiji Restoration, it was donated by Echizen Matsudaira family (the family of Marquis Matsudaira) as a shrine treasure.
- 1996年、日本のインディペンデント映画の先駆者である新藤の業績を讃え、新藤兼人賞を新たに創設した。
- The Kaneto Shindo Award was established in 1996 in praise of the accomplishments of Shindo - the pioneer of independent film in Japan.
- 大坂で本格的な両替商を始めて創業したのは慶長年間の天王寺屋五兵衛によるものというのが通説となっている。
- As has been commonly assumed, a person called Gohei of Tennojiya was the first to start fully-fledged exchange business in Osaka during the Keicho era.
- 帝国議会創設時に誕生した政務研究会(せいむけんきゅうかい)を源流として1891年11月4日に発足した。
- It was founded on November 4, 1891, originating from Seimukenkyu-kai which was born when the Imperial Diet was established.
- 縄文草創期当時の日本列島の植生は冷涼で乾燥した草原が中心であったが、落葉樹の森林も一部で出現していた。
- The Japanese archipelago during the incipient period was cold and the vegetation cover was mostly dry meadows; however, forests of deciduous trees appeared in some regions.
- 学生時代に、井上円了らと「哲学会」を始め、1887年2月に『哲学会雑誌』を創刊した際には編集に当たる。
- While a student, he founded the 'Philosophical Society' together with Enryo INOUE and others, and edited the first edition of the 'Journal of the Society of Philosophy' in February 1887.
- 村上天皇の皇子具平親王の子孫で内大臣を務めた源通親(土御門通親)の五男、中院通方を祖として創設された。
- The family was founded by Michikata NAKANOIN, who was the fifth son of MINAMOTO no Michichika (Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO) who was a descendant of Imperial Prince Tomohira of the Emperor Murakami and worked as Naidaijin.
- これらの事実は、律令施行があたかも一つの王朝の創始(または国家建設)に擬せられていたことを表している。
- All of these things show that the enforcement of the Ritsuryo was likened to the founding of a dynasty (or the establishment of a country).
- 分家の創設の際に、主君から与えられた領地ではなく入封後新規に開発した領地(新田)を分与する方式である。
- When a branch family is established, the family is given a territory newly developed after entering into a new domain, not a territory given by the lord.
- 攻略に当たっていた日本軍の歩兵第18連隊長佐藤正 (陸軍草創期)大佐は銃弾を受け左足切断の重傷を負う。
- Colonel Tadashi Satoh, the commander of the 18th infantry regiment of the Japanese army (in the pioneer days of the Army) engaged in an assault and was shot in his left leg, suffering serious injury, resulting in an amputation.
- これは、草創期の日本の鉄道行政を頂点に立って牽引した井上勝が、熱心な鉄道国有論者であったことが大きい。
- The policy was largely due to the fact that Masaru INOUE, who was the leader and the driving force of railway administration in Japan, was an ardent advocate of railway nationalization.
- 東洋史学分野における京都学派は、京大人文研の京都学派の一角をなすが、より古く、内藤湖南を創始者とする。
- The Kyoto school in the area of East Asian history is part of the Kyoto school in the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, but older and founded by Konan NAITO.
- 1214年(建保 2)、大江広元は横山党の始祖横山義孝を祀った横山神社を八幡八雲神社の境内に創建した。
- In 1214, OE no Hiromoto founded Yokoyama-jinja Shrine to enshrine Yoshitaka YOKOYAMA, the founder of the Yokoyama Party, in the precincts of Hachimanyakumo-jinja Shrine.
- 祖父・祐秀から砲術を学んだため、砲術に優れ、それをさらに発展させて稲富流砲術を創始したと言われている。
- Because he was taught gunnery techniques by his grandfather Sukehide, he was surpassingly skilled in gunnery and it is said that he made further advances beyond his grandfather's technique, thereby founding the Inadome school of gunnery.
- 元徳2年(1330年)に引付頭人、甲斐国において再び夢窓を招き庄内に恵林寺(甲州市、旧塩山市)を創建。
- He became the head of Hikitsuke tonin (chairman of the court of justice) in 1330 and invited Muso to Kai Province again to establish the Erin-ji Temple (Koshu City, formerly Enzan City).
- 近藤らとともに浪士組に参加し、新撰組結成後は二番隊組長を務めるなど新撰組草創期からの中心人物であった。
- He participated in Roshigumi with Isami KONDO and others, and became the captain of the second unit when Shinsengumi was formed, playing a central role in Shinsengumi from its early days.
- 明治44年(1911年)には史上初の女性文芸誌『青鞜』創刊号に「山の動く日きたる」で始まる詩を寄稿した。
- In 1911, she contributed a poem that started with 'Yama no ugoku hi kitaru' (The day comes when a mountain moves) to the first issue of 'Seito,' the first female literary magazine in Japan.
- 行分けによる呼吸論に着目して個々の独自性と理想型を目指した詩歌形式を創始者草壁焔太が発案し、定着させた。
- Enta KUSAKABE, who had been pursuing an original and ideal style of poetry, suggested and established this form after finding appreciation for the line-by-line breathing system.
- その上、作中の行動のあちこちに矛盾が生じており、当時の伝説と作者の創作によって成立したと考えられている。
- Moreover, a great many contradictions surface during the action of the story, and hence it is believed to have been based on both then-contemporary legends and on fabrications by the author.
- 文人画を基本に、大和絵、狩野派、琳派、大津絵など様々な絵画様式を加え、極めて創造的な独自性を持っている。
- His literati works are extremely creative and unique combining many art styles, including the schools of Yamato, Kano, Rin and Otsu (named after the town of Otsu in Shiga).
- 現代の日本において、各種の二次創作物やフィクションに登場する「那須与一」は、この与一をモデルにしている。
- In modern years of Japan, 'NASU no Yoichi' appearing in various side creations or fictional works have been modeled on this Yoichi.
- 隆慶一郎の小説「一夢庵風流記」では、滝川一益に仕えていたとするが、あくまで作者の推測および創作である)。
- The novel 'Ichimuan Furyuki' by Keiichiro RYU has it that he was serving Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, but it is only the imagination and creation of the author.)
- 平安時代には鞆近郊に最澄により静観寺、空海により医王寺が創建され、備後国南部における布教の拠点となった。
- In the Heian period, on the outskirts of Tomo were built Seikan-ji Temple by Saicho (founder of the Tendai sect of Buddhism in Japan) and Io-ji Temple by Kukai (founder of the Shingon sect of Buddhism in Japan), serving as the hubs of the both Tendai and Shingon teachings, respectively, to be spread over the southern Bingo Province.
- 幕末から神武天皇建国の地として注目され、畝傍陵が造営され、また明治期には官幣大社・橿原神宮も創建された。
- This site has attracted the attention of people since the end of the Edo period as a place where Emperor Jinmu found a nation, and the Unebi Mausoleum was built there; in the Meiji period Kashihara-jingu Shrine, Kanpei-taisha (large-scale state shrine), was also buiit.
- 太政官達第69号により太政官制を廃止し、代わりに創設された内閣制に基づいて成立した日本最初の内閣である。
- It was the first Japanese Cabinet based on the cabinet system founded after abolishing the System of Departments of State by Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) number 69.
- 武家政権の創始者として頼朝の業績は高く評価されており、ほとんどの日本人は義務教育で頼朝の名を学んでいる。
- Yoritomo's achievement is highly rated as a founder of the military government, and most Japanese have learnt Yoritomo's name in compulsory education.
- 監督の力を確立し、業界に認めさせ、その創作力を芸術にまで向上させるために努力した功績によるものであった。
- It was because of his great performance that he endeavored to establish the director's power, make it accepted by the industry and enhance their creating ability to an art.
- 後年、吉良義昭が徳川家康と戦って敗れ、東条城に義春の孫の松平家忠が入ったことから創られた伝説と思われる。
- It seems that this story was just a tradition based on the fact that, later, Yoshiaki KIRA fought with and defeated by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Ietada MATSUDAIRA, who was Yoshiharu's grandson, entered the Tojo-jo Castle.
- 愛知県美浜町 (愛知県)の野間大坊康頼による大坊創建の事情については、『吾妻鏡』に詳しく述べられている。
- 'Azuma Kagami' describes in detail the construction of the memorial column in Noma by Yasuyori in Mihama Town, Aichi Prefecture.
- また、創意に乏しい題詠の数を抑え、精緻な自然観照や、純粋な心情の吐露など、鋭い感受性を伴った歌を目指した。
- Furthermore, restricting the number of uncreative poetic topics, it aimed for poems with a fine sensitivity, a detailed observation of nature, and an expression of pure feeling.
- 創刊時には一気に4冊出版しているが、雑誌の行く末が危ぶまれた時には月に一回しか発行しなかったこともあった。
- Although four volumes were successively published at the time when the publication had just begun, there was a month in which the issue was made only once because of the concerns about the future of the bulletin.
- 中川は文部省官僚として日本女子大学校創立事務幹事嘱託を勤め、同校設立を積極的に後援した西園寺公望を助けた。
- As an official of the Ministry of Education, NAKAGAWA served as the executive secretary of the foundation secretariat of the Japan Women's University on non-regular bases, and supported Kinmochi SAIONJI who actively backed the establishment of the university.
- 舖綱は『擬独語』を著わし、藩校創設の基礎を築き上げるなど、藩政を立て直すために積極的な藩政改革を目指した。
- He actively worked on the reformation of domain duties to recover the administration of the Domain by writing 'Gidokugo' (an essay by Nobutsuna KUTSUKI) and establishing the base for the foundation of domain school.
- 独立行政法人情報通信研究機構 「けいはんな情報通信オープンラボ」「知識創成コミュニケーション研究センター」
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Keihanna Info-Communication Open Laboratory and Knowledge Creating Communication Research Center
- 隆都は弘化4年(1847年)に木綿会所を創設して専売制を実施し、藩財政をいくらかは再建することに成功した。
- In 1847 Takahiro established a cotton syndicate and introduced a system of monopoly, and was successful in reviving the finances of the domain to some extent.
- 松殿家(まつどのけ)は、摂関家として創設され、『本来であれば』摂家の近衛家・九条家に並ぶ序列の公家である。
- The Matsudono Family, established as a house of Regents and Senior Regents was, in theory, ranked at the same level as the houses of Regents such as the Konoe family and the Kujo family in the Court nobility.
- 8代細川重賢は、藩校時習館の創設や殖産興業など宝暦の改革と呼ばれる藩政改革を行い「肥後の鳳凰」と称された。
- The eighth family head, Shigekata HOSOKAWA carried out the reformation of domain duties called the Horeki Reform, which included the foundation of han school Jishukan and the encouragement of new industries, and he was called 'a phoenix of Higo.'
- その後も新田氏の所領が増えることはなく、世良田氏や岩松氏の創立などの分割相続と所領の沽却により弱体化する。
- The Nitta clan's territory had not been increased thereafter, and the clan was weakened owing to a divided succession along with the establishment of the Serada clan and Iwamatsu clan, etc., and the disposal of the territory.
- 古河側の直接的な文献で、鉱毒に関する言及が多い文書には、古河鉱業刊『創業100年史』(1976年)がある。
- One publication that does directly mention the mining pollution many times is 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation' published by Furukawa Co., Ltd. (1976)
- そこで元々大覚寺統の離宮であった嵯峨野の亀山殿を禅院に改め、夢窓を開山として天龍寺を創建することを決めた。
- Then, he decided to change Kameyama-dono Palace, Sagano, which was originally a detached palace of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama), into a Zen temple and found as Tenryu-ji Temple placing Muso as kaisan (a founder of temple as the first chief priest).
- なお、東山御物の称が普及したのは、創元社『茶道全集』(1936年発行)によるところが大きいとする説がある。
- According to a theory, the name 'Higashiyama gyomotsu' became familiar largely due to 'Sado Zenshu' (complete collection of Japanese tea ceremony) published by Sogensha (in 1936).
- 天平2年(730年)、光明皇后の発願により、悲田院とともに創設され、病人や孤児の保護・治療・施薬を行った。
- In 730 Seyaku-in and Hiden-in were established together based on the wish of Empress Komyo to accommodate, provide relief and dispense medicine for sick people and orphans.
- 同じく、新派劇から参加した岩田祐吉や諸口十九などを主役に撮影所創立当初から監督を務め、松竹の基礎を作った。
- At the same time, Yukichi IWATA and Tsuzuya MOROGUCHI who participated from Shinpa-geki were lead actors and he worked as a director from the establishment of the studio to form the foundation of Shochiku.
- 新派劇出身の賀古残夢監督の助手を務めた後、1920年、小山内が松竹キネマ研究所を創立すると、そこへ移った。
- After working as an assistant to director Zanmu KAKO who came from shinpa-geki (New-School Play), he moved to the Shochiku Kinema Kenkyu-jo production company after it was established by Osanai in 1920.
- その父の関係で、若いときから京都劇界につながりがあり、松竹創始者の白井松次郎、大谷竹次郎とは懇意であった。
- The nature of his father's business meant that he had a connection to Kyoto's theatre industry from a young age, and he was close friends with Shochiku founders Matsujiro SHIRAI and Takejiro OTANI.
- 梶川信行(『創られた万葉の歌人 額田王』)によれば、彼女の容貌については上田秋成の『金砂』が早い例だという。
- According to Nobuyuki Kajikawa (in his 'Tsukurareta Manyo no Kajin: Nukada no Okimi' (Fabricated Manyo Poet: Nukada no Okimi)), 'Kogane Isago' (A Commentary on Manyoshu), written by Akinari UEDA, was one of the earliest examples in which a description of Nukata no Okimi's appearance was given.
- (この際に須田の部隊は伊達家の「竹に雀」の定紋の帷幕を奪い、永く上杉家の誇りとしたと云うがこれは軍記の創作。
- (At that time, it is said that the Suda troops took away the hanging curtain with the Date family crest of the 'bamboo and sparrow' and the Uesugi family took pride in it for a long time, but it was a fiction written in a war chronicle.
- 天瑞寺は大徳寺内に秀吉が創建したものだが、1874年、廃寺になった際、建物とともに障壁画も失われたとされる。
- Tenzui-ji Temple was built by Hideyoshi on the grounds of Daitoku-ji Temple in 1874, and when Tenzui-ji Temple was abandoned the wall painting perished together with the building.
- この伝説に基づいて、寛政11年(1799年)、蝦夷の日高ピラトリ(現 北海道平取町)に義経神社が創建された。
- Based on this legend, Yoshitsune-jinja Shrine was constructed in 1799 at Piratori of Hidaka, Ezo (present Biratoricho, Hokkaido).
- 鎌倉には縄文・弥生時代の遺跡もあり、杉本寺、長谷寺、甘縄神明社のように創建を奈良時代と伝える社寺も存在する。
- Kamakura contains remains from the Jomon and Yayoi periods and shrines and temples--Sugimoto-dera Temple, Hase-dera Temple, and Amanawashinmei-sha Shrine--reported to have been established in the Nara period.
- 定頼は足利将軍家の管領代となり、観音寺城を本拠として近江一帯に一大勢力を築き上げ、六角氏の最盛期を創出した。
- Sadayori became the kanryodai (delegated lord) of the Ashikaga shogun family, was based at Kannonji Castle, and built power across Omi in order to foster the full blossoming of the Rokkaku clan.
- なお、1884年の華族令で華族に爵位が導入された際、岩倉具視らを中心に士族の爵位を創設することも検討された。
- In 1884 when a title was introduced to the peerage, Tomomi IWAKURA and others considered establishing a title for the warrior class.
- 1885年(明治18年)には、太政官を廃止して内閣 (日本)が創設され、伊藤博文が初代内閣総理大臣となった。
- In 1885, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was abolished and the first cabinet was established, and Hirobumi ITO became the first Prime Minister.
- 仲綱らは以仁王を逃すべく平等院に籠って必死で戦い、仲綱はさんざんに戦い満身創痍になって平等院釣殿で自害した。
- Nakatsuna fought hard inside Byodo-in Temple to let Prince Mochihito escape, and after fighting and being wounded, he killed himself in the Tsuridono fishing pavilion of Byodo-in Temple.
- ここで知識を得た源蔵は1875年(明治8年)3月31日に教育用理化学機器の製造を始め、島津製作所を創業した。
- Genzo obtained a broad knowledge of science there and started to manufacture laboratory instruments for teaching use and founded Shimadzu Corporation on March 31, 1875.
- 寛文3年(1663年)11月11日、幕府は公家として新家を創設することを許可し、清華家に列することになった。
- On November 11, 1663, the bakufu permitted him to found a new court noble family, which became one of the high-ranking Seigake families.
- 先土器時代の末期から縄文時代の草創期にかけては断面三角形またはカマボコ形を呈する片刃の御子柴型石斧が盛行する。
- From the end of pre-earthenware period to the beginning of the Jomon period, single-edged mikoshiba-style stone axes that assumed the sectional triangular or semi cylindrical shapes became popular.
- しかしこれは後世の創作だろうとする声も強い土居晴夫『坂本龍馬の系譜』(新人物往来社、2006年)などが詳しい。
- But many people considers that this is a fiction made up later; refer to 'Family History of Ryoma SAKAMOTO' by Haruo DOI (Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha, 2006).
- ただし実際には、海水で洗っても消毒にはならず、また創傷を風に晒して乾燥させると皮膚の再生を阻害することになる。
- However, in reality, washing in seawater does not disinfect, and letting a wound dry in the wind interferes with regeneration of skin.
- 1935年、この山名に因んで三笠宮が創設される際に、同じ名前では恐れ多いとして山焼きに因んで若草山に改称した。
- When the Mikasanomiya Imperial Household was established and took its name from the mountain in 1935, to humble it and show respect for the Mikasanomiya Imperial Household, it was renamed Mt. Wakakusa after mountain burning.
- なお8代将軍吉宗以降は、御三家を模した御三卿が創設され、御三家と共に将軍家の嗣子を出す役目を担うことになった。
- After the eighth shogun Yoshimune, Gosankyo, which was modeled after Gosanke, was established and served to offer heirs to the shogun family along with Gosanke.
- 第二次世界大戦後、米ドル金為替本位制を中心とした国際通貨基金体制(いわゆるブレトン・ウッズ体制)が創設された。
- After World War II, IMF-led framework (International Monetary Fund led frame work; so-called the Bretton Woods system) was founded and gold and dollar standard system was established.
- なお、「桂園」は和歌の流派名(桂園派。江戸時代後期の歌人、香川景樹が創始した。香川の号が桂園)とも係っている。
- In addition, the word 'Kei-En' has an another meaning, a name of a school of waka poetry. (the Keien school founded by Kageki KAGAWA, who was a kajin (waka poet) in the late Edo period. Keien was Kagawa's pseudonym.)
- 室町幕府の創設には鎌倉幕府(武家政権)再興の意図も含まれていたため、公武関係もそれに近い形での復活が意図された
- As at the establishment of Muromachi bakufu the intention to resuscitate the Kamakura bakufu (military government) was included, the relationship between the bakufu and Imperial Court was intended to liken the one with the Kamakura bakufu.
- 「青頭巾」に出てくる主人公の改庵禅師は改庵妙慶といって、下野国大中寺を創建したことで知られる実在する僧侶である。
- A main character of 'The Blue Hood' is a Zen master Kaian, also known as Kaian Myokei, who really existed and is known for establishing Daichu-ji Temple in Shimotsuke Province.
- これ以降、日本でも本格的・体系的な蘭方医学教育が行われ、4年後には蘭方専門の医療機関である長崎養生所創設に至る。
- After this, the full-scale and systematic education of Ranpoigaku was started in Japan, and four years later Nagasaki Yojojo (hospital), a Ranpoigaku-dedicated medical institution, was established.
- ただし枕詞とは、音数が自由で長いものが見られる点と、受ける語が固定されず自由であり創作性に富んでいる点で異なる。
- However, jokotoba is different from makura word in that the number of syllabic sounds is not fixed and there are longer jokotoba, and that the modified word is not fixed and created.
- 但し、大野次郎右衛門なる人物は架空の人物であることがわかっており、吉村の最期は子母澤寛の創作である可能性が高い。
- However, it is already ascertained that the person with the name of Jirouemon ONO was a fictitious person and, therefore, there is strong possibility that YOSHIMURA's last was fiction by Kan SHIMOZAWA.
- 映画などでは引き上げの途上、路上で庶民が歓呼を以って義士を迎える場面があるが、これは演劇などにおける創作である。
- There is a scene where commoners greet loyal retainers on the street with cheers on their way back; however, it was only scripted for plays.
- そのため、局中法度とは、この禁令に、別に定められていた「軍中法度」を混ぜて子母沢が創作したものと推測されている。
- Thus, it is assumed that Kyokuchu Hatto was created by SHIMOZAWA based on the above Prohibition, and by mixing 'Gunchu Hatto' which had been separately set forth.
- この反乱は、後の草壁皇子・大津皇子の対立をベースとして応神天皇即位の正当性を示すために創作されたとする説もある。
- There is a view that this rebellion was created in order to legitimize the enthronement of the Emperor Ojin based upon the dispute between Prince Kusakabe and Prince Otsu.
- また第15代将軍だった徳川慶喜は宗家から別家して徳川慶喜家を創設し、同じく公爵を授けられて伝統的な地位を保った。
- Also, the 15th generation Shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was removed from the main family home to another residence and Yoshinobuke TOKUGAWA installed, appointed as a Duke and held onto the traditional position.
- 1897年3月、帝国議会で台湾銀行法が通過、11月に台湾銀行創立委員会が組織され台湾銀行の開設準備が着手された。
- In March 1897, the Bank of Taiwan Act was passed in the Imperial Diet, and in November the committee of establishing Bank of Taiwan was organized to prepare for the opening of Bank of Taiwan.
- 桓武天皇の崩御後は、広野を頼って平野の地に住み、長寶寺を創建し、坂上氏累代の尼寺となったと伝える(長宝寺系図)。
- It is reported that she went to Hirano to live off Hirono, and buit Choho-ji Temple which later became a nunnery temple succeeded by the Sakanoue clan for generations (Choho-ji keizu - the genealogical table of Choho-ji Temple).
- 鎌倉幕府の治績から尊氏が政権を掌握するまでの過程を、足利氏による室町幕府創立の正当性を主張する視点から描いている。
- Starting from the Kamakura shogunate's political achievements, it describes the course of Takauji's seizure of power from a standpoint arguing for the legitimacy of the establishment of the Muromachi shogunate by the Ashikaga clan.
- 中国神話における天地開闢は天地開闢 (中国)を、キリスト教の旧約聖書の創世記におけるものについては天地創造を参照。
- See the article of Tenchi Kaibyaku (China) to know Tenchi Kaibyaku in the Chinese myths, and see the article of the Creation to know about Genesis in the Christian Old Testament.
- 1945年(昭和20年)に創設されたが、1946年(昭和21年)に朝鮮・台湾の統治権を失ったことにより廃止された。
- This system was established in 1945 but was abolished in 1946 when Japan lost the sovereignity of Korea and Taiwan.
- 桜田門外の変の後、文久2年(1862年)に、文久の改革の一環として本格的な西洋式軍隊である「陸軍」の創設がされた。
- In 1862, after the Sakuradamongai Incident, `rikugun,' the full-scale western-style army as a part of Bunkyu Reform, was established.
- その代わりとして創作されたのが楽茶碗や万代屋釜に代表される利休道具であり、造形的には装飾性の否定を特徴としている。
- Instead of meibutsu, Rikyu invented implements for tea ceremony such as Mozuya-gama (kettle) and Raku tea bowl, a characteristic of which was lack of decoration in shape.
- 延暦15年(796年)、あるいは宝亀元年(770年)には、鞍馬山の南中腹に毘沙門天を本尊とした鞍馬寺が創建された。
- In 796 or 770, Kurama-dera Temple was established in the middle of the south slope of Mt. Kurama, with Bishamonten (Vaisravana) as the honzon (principal object of worship at a temple).
- 尚、角屋は寛永18年(1641年)に創業された店で、揚屋の遺構としては唯一のものとして国の重要文化財に指定された。
- Sumiya started in 1641, and was designated as an important national cultural property as the only remaining structural element of ageya.
- しかし、吉宗が徳川将軍家の後嗣に入り新たに御三卿(田安徳川家と一橋徳川家、のちに清水徳川家が加わる。)を創始した。
- However, after Yoshimune succeeded to the Tokugawa Shogun family, he founded Gosankyo (Three Lord: three junior collateral houses of the Tokugawa family) (originally the Tayasu Tokugawa family and the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family; later the Shimizu Tokugawa family was added); as a result, the lineage of the Kishu family greatly prospered.
- 5代細川興文は本藩の細川重賢と協力して藩校温知館の創設や水道による農地灌漑・殖産興業に努めるなど藩政改革を行った。
- The fifth family head, Okinori HOSOKAWA cooperated with Shigekata HOSOKAWA of Honpan (the original domain) for the reformation of domain duties such as the foundation of the han school, Onchikan, and the farmland irrigation and the encouragement of new industries of local productions.
- こうした梁の傾向は戊戌政変後に日本に亡命して以降顕著となるが、それは彼が当時求めていた国民国家創出と深く関係する。
- Liang Qichao more clearly showed this tendency when he lived in exile in Japan after the 1898 coup over the Hundred Days' Reforms; this tendency was closely tied with the creation of a nation-state that he sought at that time.
- パナソニックの創業者・松下幸之助が少年時代、現在の門真市に丁稚奉公して自転車店などで仕事を手伝っていた経緯がある。
- The founder of Panasonic, Konosuke MATSUSHITA served his apprenticeship in present Kadoma City and worked for a bicycle shop and others.
- 戸主は男性であることが原則であるが、女性であっても家督相続や庶子・私生児などによる一家創立など、女戸主もあり得た。
- In principle, a head of a family must be a male, but female head of a family existed in case of creation of a new household register by illegitimate children or succession to a family.
- 嘉慶 (日本)元年(1387年)幕府創業の功臣であり、美濃国、尾張国、伊勢国三カ国の守護である土岐頼康が死去した。
- In 1387, Yoriyasu TOKI, a meritorious vassal who helped to establish the bakufu, and who was a shugo of the three provinces of Mino, Owari and Ise, passed away.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の一環として関東統治を目的に皇子・成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ下向させて創設した鎌倉将軍府が起源。
- Its origin was the Kamakura shogunfu headed by Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, which Emperor Godaigo established, as a part of the Kenmu Restoration, for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 1224年に北条義時、1225年に北条政子や大江広元といった幕府創業世代が死去し、義時の子北条泰時が執権となった。
- As the founding generation of the bakufu passed away, with Yoshitoki HOJO dying in 1224, and Masako HOJO and Hiromoto OE both passing away in 1225, Yoshitoki's son, Yasutoki HOJO became Shikken.
- なお、国宝・彦根城築城400年の開催を機に、、2007年(平成19年)、小説を対象に、舟橋聖一文学賞が創設された。
- In 2007 on the 400th anniversary of Hikone-jo Castle Seiichi FUNAHASHI Literature Prize focused on novels was established.
- 雅楽と右舞を創始し、39年間にわたって雅楽の一者(いちのもの)の座を占め、今日まで宮中に伝わる神楽の形式を定める。
- He established gagaku and Umai (dance in the right-side), and retained the top position of gagaku for thirty nine years; he defined the form of kagura (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines) which the present imperial court has inherited.
- 材料の入手が困難であった戦時中より詩、詞の創作を始め、1947年には寛次郎の詞「火の誓い」を棟方志功の板画で制作。
- He started to write poems and prose poetry during World War II when materials were difficult to obtain, and created his prose poetry 'Hi no chikai' (literally, fire oath) on a woodcut by Shiko MUNAKATA in 1947.
- 最初は朝廷に仕える下級貴族のいわゆる官人であったが、鎌倉に下って源頼朝の側近官僚となり、鎌倉幕府の創設に貢献した。
- He was originally a government official from lower-ranking nobles that served the Imperial Court, went down to Kamakura to be an official as a close adviser for MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and contributed to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 翌年、東京帝国大学文科大学のインド哲学の講師となり、1905年、東洋高等女学校(現、東洋女子高等学校)を創設した。
- In the following year, he became a lecturer of Indian Philosophy in Tokyo Imperial University Literature University, and founded Toyo Girls' High School (present-day Toyo girls' senior high school) in 1905.
- 湯浅憲明は回想録『ガメラを創った男』で、井上の下で助監督を務めた当時のエピソードを紹介し、次のように回顧している。
- In his memoirs, Noriaki YUASA credits Inoue as 'the man who created Gamera,' and tells interesting stories of the time when he was an assistant director under Inoue; saying as follows.
- 1694年(元禄7年)、信武は、創業功臣の裔である重臣生駒三左衛門、田中五郎兵衛を討ち果たしたが自らも自害を遂げた。
- In 1694, Nobutake murdered his senior vassals, Saemon IKOMA and Gorobe TANAKA, who were the descendants of the retainers who contributed to founding the domain, and killed himself.
- 特に度量衡の統一、電信や鉄道の建設、郵便制度の創設、助郷の廃止、殖産興業の推進、廃藩置県の提言などが実行に移された。
- Especially, proposals such as unification of scales and measures, telegraph and railway-related constructions, establishment of the postal system, elimination of sukego (labor which was imposed to the neighboring village to help the primarily imposed village), promotion of local productions industry, and Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) were actually carried out.
- そして、旧石器時代から縄文時代への移行期である草創期には一時的に特定の場所で生活する半定住生活を送るようになってた。
- Then, during the incipient period, the transitional period from the Paleolithic period to the Jomon period, people came to settle temporarily in specific locations and lived in semi-sedentary settlements.
- 同志社大の創始者新島襄、人間の自由と平等を説いた東京大学教授の中村正直とともに、'キリスト教界の三傑'とうたわれた。
- Along with Joseph Hardy NEESIMA (Joe NIIJIMA), one of the founders of the Doshisha, and Masanao NAKAMURA, a liberalist professor of the University of Tokyo, he was known as one of the three pillars of the Christian world.
- またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
- And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).
- さらに1890年(明治23年)に金鵄勲章が制定されると、勲等の他に軍人に対して授与される功級という等級も創設された。
- When the Order of the Golden Kite was instituted in 1890, the grades other than the medals for merit was founded to be especially bestowed on soldiers.
- 藤原清衡が天治元年(1124年)に創建したもので、須弥壇の下には清衡・藤原基衡・秀衡のミイラ化した遺骸を納めている。
- FUJIWARA no Kiyohira built it in 1124, and mummified dead bodies of FUJIWARA no Kiyohira, FUJIWARA no Motohira and FUJIWARA no Hidehira were put under the shumidan (a platform or dais for Buddhist image).
- 東勝寺は、北条泰時が退耕行勇(たいこうぎょうゆう)を開山として葛西ヶ谷(鎌倉市小町)に創建した北条氏の菩提寺である。
- Tosho-ji Temple was constructed by Yasutoki HOJO as the family temple of the Hojo clan, and he installed Gyoyu TAIKO as its first chief priest.
- この時、和気氏出身の子弟のため、大学寮の南にあった和気氏の私宅に父清麻呂の遺志を継いだとされる「弘文院」を創建した。
- During this time, with the cherished desire of his late father Kiyomaro, he founded the 'Kobun-in' in the private residence of the Wake clan for the children of the clan, located south of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- しかしこの頃世阿弥父子はその創作活動の充実と反比例するように、田楽の増阿弥などに圧され、将軍家の寵を失いつつあった。
- At this time, Zeami and Motomasa started to stray away from creative activities and were suppressed by Zoami of dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting) and they began to lose favor from the shogunke (Shogun family).
- また十九奉幣社のひとつ吉田神社と真言宗西国三十三箇所観音霊場・二十二番札所總持寺 (茨木市) を建立・創建している。
- He also built and founded the Yoshida-jinja Shrine, that was one of nineteen hoheisha (Shinto shrine to which a wand of hemp and paper streamers are offered) and Soji-ji Temple, that was the twenty-second fudasho (an office in a temple where ofuda (a strip of paper or small wooden tablet, often considered talismanic, on which were written words of religious significance) were distributed to worshippers) of the Saigoku Thirty-three Kannon Pilgrimage of Shingon sect (Ibaraki City).
- 「御堂」とは、彼が法成寺を創建して「御堂関白」の異名を得ていたことに由来する(ただし、実際に関白には就任していない)。
- The 'Mido' was to derive from his nickname of 'Mido Kanpaku' (emperor's chief advisor) when he established Hojo-ji Temple (however, he never became a Kanpaku).
- その『太平記』は、極めて近い年代の出来事を記述したにも関わらず、創作が多く、その史料価値は明治時代から否定されている。
- Most of the 'Taiheiki' was fiction although it described the events in almost the same period, so its value as historical material has been denied since the Meiji period.
- 研究当初は、前・中・後の三期区分だったが、資料の増加や研究の進展によって早期、晩期が加わり、最後に草創期が加えられた。
- In the beginning of the study, there were only three periods, the early period, the middle period, and the end period; however, the earlier period and the last period were added due to the increase in available materials and the progress of research and the incipient period was added lastly.
- 泉も佐々木による区分に近く、縄文草創期を「模索期」、縄文早期を「実験期」、縄文前期から晩期までを「安定期」としている。
- The IZUMI's periodization is similar to Sasaki's: Izumi classified the incipient Jomon period as 'the exploratory period,' the earlier Jomon period as 'the experimental period,' and from the early to the last Jomon period as 'the stable period.'
- 更に、農村は綿織物業等に従事した女性労働力に代表されるように低賃金労働力を創出し、日本の資本主義の発達を大いに促した。
- Moreover, agricultural villages provided cheap labor, as typified by the female labor that worked in cotton textile industry, and promoted the development of the Japanese capitalism.
- 信仰深い人物でもあったようで、鎌倉幕府成立後に大悲願寺や小宮神社(現あきる野市)、 宝蔵寺(現檜原村)を創建している。
- He seemed to be a religious person, and he constructed Daihigan-ji Temple, Komiya-jinja Shrine (present Akiruno City), and Hozo-ji Temple (present Hinohara-mura), after the establishment of Kamakura bakufu.
- 当時の京都は、このように全体として新都市の様相を呈しており、そこでは王権の強化にともなう各種の美術品の創作がみられた。
- Kyoto at that time exhibited an aspect of a new city, and various arts were thriving there due to the strengthened imperial power.
- また、作者不詳の『続浦島伝』のように史実よりも創作性を重視した作品も現われるようになり、後の物語文学にも影響を与えた。
- Also, more creativity-conscious books than historical facts, such as 'Zoku Urashima Den' (Sequel of the folklore, Taro Urashima [Rip van Winkle]) of unknown authorship, appeared, which influenced the subsequent narrative literature.
- 長安の祖父は大和国春日神社で奉仕する猿楽(現能)金春流の猿楽師で、父の信安の時代に播磨国大蔵に流れて大蔵流を創始した。
- The grandfather of Nagayasu was the sarugaku-shi of Sarugaku (present Noh play) in the Konparu School who performed in Kasuga-jinja Shrine in Yamato Province, and his father Shinan was exiled to Okura, Suma Province before establishing the Okura School.
- より時代の下る平安時代初期ころの創作、あるいは岡田英弘のように伊勢国の国学者本居宣長によって改作されたものであるとする。
- Those mythologies were made earlier, during the early Heian period, or were revised by Norinaga MOTOORI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in Ise Province such as Hidehiro OKADA.
- また短歌では140種あまりの枕詞を使ったが、そのうち半数は人麻呂以前には見られないものである点が彼の独創性を表している。
- It indicates Hitomaro's originality that half among the more than 140 kinds of makura kotoba used in his tanka were not seen before his time.
- 中世、近世文学研究を専門とし、とくに能楽研究の分野では膨大な史料を分析的に使う手法と卓抜した創見で斯界に一時代を画した。
- He was specialized in studies of medieval Japanese literature and Kinsei Bungaku (Japanese Edo period literature), and rose to the top of his profession by a method that used plenty of historical materials analytically especially in the field of Noh and by exceptional originality.
- 初代の兵部省兵部大輔(後の陸軍次官)を務め、事実上の大日本帝国陸軍の創始者、あるいは陸軍建設の祖と見なされることも多い。
- He worked as the hyobu taifu of Ministry of the Military (later renamed Vice Minister of Army Ministry) and he is often regarded as the de facto founder of the Imperial Japanese Army or the father of the Japanese Army.
- このことから、秀吉が継ぎ、徳川家康が完成させる形となった日本近世の形成事業の創始と言うべき位置づけにあった政治家である。
- Therefore, he was a statesman positioned as one of the founders of the project to build early-modern times of Japan succeeded by Hideyoshi and accomplished by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- なお、九戸政実討伐の帰途、山形城に立ち寄った秀次を、義光が駒姫に接待させたという挿話は後世の創作とみたほうが妥当である。
- In fact, the episode where Yoshimitsu had Komahime entertain Hidetsugu, who stopped in Yamagata-jo Castle on the way back from the subjugation of Masazane KUNOHE, was probably a fictitious story made up in later ages.
- 1887年(明治20年)には俊基を主祭神とする葛原岡神社が神奈川県鎌倉市梶原に創建され、俊基自身にも従三位が追贈された。
- Kuzuharagaoka-jinja Shrine was founded in Kajiwara, Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture in 1887; the shusaijin (main enshrined deity) of the shrine was Toshimoto; Toshimoto was also promotoed to Jusanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- また同年2月26日この作品披露会見を兼ねた日本映画監督協会の創立70周年祝賀パーティーにも歴代理事長として壇上に上がる。
- On February 26 of the same year, he also appeared on the platform as a successive administrative director at the party celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Directors Guild of Japan where the film had been introduced for the first time.
- その後は諸寺をめぐって参禅し、1450年(宝徳2年)京都衣笠山の龍安寺を開創し、1453年(享徳2年)には大徳寺に住した。
- After that he practiced Zen meditation in various temples, and in 1450 established Ryoan-ji Temple in Mt. Kinugasa in Kyoto, and then moved to Daitoku-ji Temple in 1453.
- 1885年(明治18年)12月22日、明治18年太政官達第69号および内閣職権を定めて太政官制を廃止し、内閣制を創設する。
- On December 22, 1885, with the No.69 Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) of 1885 and by establishing the authorities of the Cabinet, the system of Daijokan was abolished and the Cabinet system was created.
- 創立者は、片山潜、安部磯雄、木下尚江、幸徳秋水、河上清、西川光次郎の6名で、このうち幸徳を除く5人はキリスト教徒であった。
- The six founders were Sen KATAYAMA, Isoo ABE, Naoe KINOSHITA, Shusui KOTOKU, Kiyoshi KAWAKAMI, and Kojiro NISHIKAWA, all of them except for Kotoku were Christians.
- 出雲 阿国(いずもの おくに、元亀3年?(1572年) - 没年不詳)は、歌舞伎の創始者とされる安土桃山時代の女性芸能者。
- Izumo no Okuni (1572? - year of death is unknown) was a female artist of the Azuchi-momoyama period who is considered the creator of Kabuki.
- キリスト教各派の宣教師が定住して教会堂を建てて布教を行い、その一環として多くの著名なミッションスクールを創設した地である。
- This settlement was a place in which missionaries of each branch of Christianity settled, built a church, and proselytized; as a part of such activities, many famous missionary schools were established there.
- ちなみに、日本においては軍師自体存在していない(中国の制度である)ので、竹中重治が軍師であったいうのは、後世の創作である。
- In addition, since there had been no post of strategist in Japan (it is a post in the system in China), it is not true that in the after ages Shigeharu TAKENAKA was a strategist.
- 晩年には子の満徳丸(後の黒田忠之)の器量を心配して、いくつもの家訓(御定則)を与えている(御定則は後世の創作であるとも)。
- In his later years, he was concerned about the capacity of his child Mitsutokumaru (later Tadayuki KURODA), and provided him with many family precepts (some say the gojosoku was invented in a later age).
- 官営模範工場(かんえいもはんこうじょう)は、明治政府が殖産興業の政策のため、率先して新しい産業を興すべく創設した工場である。
- Government-run model factories were set up by the Meiji Government for the promotion of new industries.
- 明治6年(1873年)11月29日に徴税以外の国内行政部門は再度分離されて、新しく内務省 (日本)が創設されることとなった。
- Domestic and administrative sections other than the section engaged in collecting taxes were divided again on November 29, 1873, with the result that the Ministry of Home Affairs (prewar Japan) was newly established.
- 蘭学の開拓者である杉田玄白は、自分の死によって草創期のことを知るものがいなくなることを惜しみ、当時のことを書き残そうとする。
- As a pioneer of Dutch studies, Genpaku Sugita was sorry that there would be no one who knew the beginning of this field of study if he died, so he decided to leave the record of those days.
- その下に本文とは別筆で「これは日本の上宮王(聖徳太子)が創ったもので、海外から渡来したものではない」(意訳)と書かれている。
- Below the title are the words, 'this was produced by Japanese Prince Shotoku and is not from overseas', which are written in a different handwriting from the main text.
- 創刊当初は月2回の発行であったが、半年後には月3回となり、1887年からは週刊で発行となったものの、最終的には月刊となった。
- When Jogaku Zasshi began, it was issued semi-monthly which later on became the three-times-a-month basis and, in 1887, it started to be published weekly but, ultimately, publishing frequency settled on monthly.
- 1903年(明治36年)、小松宮彰仁親王は薨去するさいに依仁親王の継嗣を停止したため、依仁親王は新たに東伏見宮家を創設した。
- Since Imperial Prince Yorihito did not become an heir when Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito died in 1903, Imperial Prince Yorihito newly created the Higashifushiminomiya family
- 通常は皇族男子が婚姻し独立する際に天皇から賜るが、三笠宮家の次男である宜仁親王は独身のまま宮家を創設し、桂宮の称号を賜った。
- Normally it is given by the Emperor when a son of an Imperial family gets married and becomes independent, but Imperial Prince Yoshihito, the second son of the Mikasanomiya family established a Miyake unmarried and was given the title of Katsuranomiya.
- 江戸時代前期に権大納言持明院基定の次男高野保春(1650年‐1712年)が持明院家から分家して高野家を創設したことに始まる。
- The Takano family started during the first half of the Edo period when Yasuharu (1650-1712, the second son of Gon Dainagon (provisional chief councilor of state) Motosada JIMYOIN) branched off from the Jimyoin family.
- 12世紀後半の作と考えられる『信貴山縁起絵巻』(奈良県生駒郡、朝護孫子寺蔵)は寺院の創建にまつわる話を絵巻としたものである。
- 'Shigisan engi emaki' (Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture, possessed by Chogosonshi-ji Temple) which is believed to be a creation from the latter half of the 12th century is the emakimono based on the story regarding the foundation of the temple.
- このことから、四道将軍が創作された神話ではなく、実際に伝承された祖先伝説を元に構成されたことを示しているとも考えられている。
- This explanation may show that the tales of Shido-shogun are not fictional but composed of ancestral legends which were actually transferred by the forebears.
- 元治元年(1864年)5月20日の近藤勇の書簡に新選組内で男色が流行していたことが記されており、これに着想を得た創作である。
- It is written in a letter of Isami KONDO dated June 23, 1864 that homosexual love affairs prevailed in Shinsengumi and, therefore, the story in the novel is a fiction inspired by this letter.
- 独立した歌謡ではなく、物語の効果を高めるために用いられていることが多いが、宮廷人が歌った儀式の歌謡や、創作もあるとされている。
- They are not independent ballads but used to enhance an effect of narrative, and some of them are said to have been creative songs or ceremonial songs made by court people.
- 明治政府による偏重した欧化主義政策を批判する立場から「国粋主義」を標榜し、1888年4月に雑誌『日本人 (雑誌)』を創刊した。
- Seikyo-sha founded a magazine, 'Nihonjin (The Japanese)', in April 1888 to promote nationalism in defiance of the Meiji government's policy that overemphasized on Europeanism.
- 深草少将(ふかくさのしょうしょう)は、室町時代に世阿弥ら能作者が創作した、小野小町にまつわる「百夜通い」の伝説に登場する人物。
- FUKAKUSA no Shosho is a character who appears in a legend about ONO no Komachi, 'Coming-and-going in a Hundred Nights,' which was created by Noh authors such as Zeami during the Muromachi period.
- 昭和24年(1949年)には中井英夫が『短歌研究』を創刊し、葛原妙子・中城ふみ子・塚本邦雄・寺山修司ら多くの新人を見いだした。
- In 1949, Hideo NAKAI founded the publication called the 'Tanka Kenkyu' (The Study of Tanka), and brought forth to the public eye, new poets such as Taeko KUZUHARA, Fumiko NAKAJO, Kunio TSUKAMOTO, and Shuji TERAYAMA.
- この党は「国法ノ範囲内ニ於テ社会主義ヲ主張ス」という合法主義を掲げ、翌1907年創刊の『日刊平民新聞』を事実上の機関紙とした。
- The new party focused on legality with its slogan 'We advocate socialism within the limit of the Law'; the 'Nikkan Heimin Shinbun' (Commoners' Daily News), which was first launched in the next year, 1907, was practically its official publication.
- 同寺の創建は元和元年から10年後の寛永2年(1625年)で、山号もこの時に天海が命名した)という言葉が登場するなど矛盾が多い。
- There were many inconsistencies, such as the description on the Kanei-ji Temple that it was established in 1625 which was ten years after 1615, and that the temple was also named at this time by Tenkai.
- 仮想敵国をロシア・アメリカ・ドイツ・フランスとし、陸軍は平時25個師団・戦時50師団体制を、海軍は八八艦隊の創設を謳っていた。
- Considering the imagined enemies as Russia, the United States of America, German, and France, the army demanded 25 divisions in peace time and 50 divisions in wartime, and the navy demanded the deployment of 8 battleships and 8 armor-clad cruisers.
- 応挙画は、こうした写生の技術を基礎としつつも、日本絵画の伝統的な画題を扱い、装飾性豊かな画面を創造しているところが特色である。
- Okyo's paintings are based on these sketch techniques and deal with traditional subjects of Japanese painting and creates a screen rich in decorative features.
- また黄金の茶室の設計などを行う一方、草庵茶室の創出・楽茶碗の製作・竹の花入の使用をはじめるなど、わび茶の完成へと向かっていく。
- While he designed a golden tea room, he was bringing wabi-Cha to perfection, inventing Soan teahouse, making Raku tea bowl and beginning to use Hanaire (flower vase for tea ceremony).
- また、地券台帳自体も、に創設された土地台帳制度に引き継がれ、に事実上廃止されて、以後地租の収税はこの土地台帳によって行われた。
- In addition, the registry of certificate of land title itself was succeeded by cadaster system which was found in 1884; and in 1889 the registry system of certificate of the land title was virtually abolished; afterwards, collection of land-tax was carried out by this cadaster system.
- いわば梁啓超らは明治日本において陽明学の再発見・再評価したのみならず、陽明学を柱とする国民精神創造運動も取り込んだといえよう。
- In other words, Liang Qichao not only rediscovered and reevaluated Yomeigaku but also introduced the movement to create a national spirit supported by Yomeigaku into China from Japan during the Meiji period.
- 若狭雅信(1972年卒・言語) 在学中に同人誌で創作活動を始め、1977年に高城修三の筆名による「榧の木祭り」で芥川賞を受賞。
- Masanobu WAKASA (class of 1972, linguistics): He started to write novels for dojinshi (publications aimed at a particular hobby group) when he was a student, and his novel 'Kayanokimatsuri,' which was written under his pen name Shuzo TAKI, won the Akutagawa Award in 1977.
- これによって、天智天皇もしくは天武天皇の時代(7世紀)に創始されたと考えられる「天皇」号は、それ以前にさかのぼって追号された。
- With this, the title of 'emperor' which was believed to have been established in the era of the Emperor Tenchi or the Emperor Tenmu (seventh century) were retroactively given to emperors before them.
- 昭和24年 (1949年) には前衛いけばなの創作研究グループ「白東社」を主宰、後に前衛いけばな誌「いけばな藝術」を創刊した。
- In 1949, he became the leader for the research group for Zenei ikebana (forefront ikebana), 'Hakutosha,' and later published the 'Ikebana Geijutsu' (Fine Art of the art of Ikebana), which was a Zenei Ikebana magazine.
- 伝承にいう頼朝が建てたものではなく、後になって、寺に関係した者が、大御堂寺創建者としての康頼を供養して立てたもののようである。
- Contrary to the story, the memorial column was not erected by Yoritomo but by people who had a connection with the temple out of respect for Yasuyori as the founder of Omido-ji Temple.
- それにより、詩歌の言葉運びやフレーズ運び、行運びによる各自の呼吸運びに創造性をもたせ、詩歌としての言葉を生き生きと甦らせている。
- This allows writers to have creativity with each breath in their pace of words, phrases and lines, and they can lively recite the words as a poem.
- この天下概念は上述の律令制における天下概念をふまえながらも、全く新しい国家・法制・秩序の場として創出されるものと観念されている。
- The above notion of Tenka is believed to have been created as the place for a new state, legislation and order, though it was based on the notion of Tenka under the Ritsuryo system.
- 政権が望まない事実を削除したことは後続の『続日本紀』に例があり、まったくの嘘を創作することと比べれば抵抗が少なかったと思われる。
- It is known that the government erased undesirable facts from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), and they seemed to consider that it was better than making up lies.
- 文相秘書官時代の中川は、西園寺の右腕として京都帝国大学(現在の京都大学)創設に関わり、京都大学初代事務局長に取り立てられている。
- During the period of the Executive Secretaries to the Ministry of Education, he was involved in the foundation of Kyoto Imperial University (present Kyoto University) as SAIONJI's right hand, and was assigned as the first executive secretary to Kyoto University.
- 中川小十郎(後の立命館大学創立者)の郷里の人間が多数学生となったが、京都府庁(太政官複都制)の差留命令により1年弱で閉鎖された。
- Many fellows Kojuro NAKAGAWA's hometown (later the founder of Ritsumeikan University) became its students, but it was closed in less than a year because of a closure order from the Kyoto Prefectural Office (under the dual capital system of Dajokan).
- 週刊『平民新聞』第53号(1904年11月13日)には、新聞創刊1周年の記念として、堺と幸徳の共訳で『共産党宣言』が訳載された。
- In the 53rd issue of the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun' (November 13,1904) the 'Communist Party Declaration' was translated and published by SAKAI and KOTOKU as the first anniversary after the first issue.
- 石見国の一の宮「物部神社 (大田市)」(島根県大田市)は、部民設置地説以外に古代出雲に対する鎮めとして創建されたとする説もある。
- There is also a theory that 'Mononobe-jinja Shrine' (Oda City, Shimane Prefecture), which is an ichinomiya (a shrine occupying the highest rank among the shrines of a province) of Iwami Province was built as an appeasement for ancient Izumo except for the theory of arm control.
- 天津彦根命を祭る山城国内の神社としては、小倉神社(京都府大山崎町)や祝園神社(京都府精華町)などがあるが、後者は奈良時代の創立。
- Shrines in Yamashiro Province that enshrine Amatsuhikone-no-mikoto include Ogura-jinja Shrine (Oyamazaki Machi, Kyoto Prefecture) and Hosono-jinja Shrine (Seika-cho, Kyoto Prefecture), the latter of which was founded in the Nara period.
- 1932年(昭和7年) 小野忠重氏宅で開かれた新版画集団創立打ち合わせ会に出席、機関誌「新版画」第1号に「自画像」(木版)を発表
- In 1932, he attended a meeting for founding a new group of woodblock artists held at the house of Tadashige ONO, and released his 'Self-Portrait' (wood-block printing) in the Journal 'Shin Hanga' (New woodblock print) issue 1.
- 晩年は空海ゆかりの観音寺(今熊野)の整備とその隣接地における法輪寺(後の泉涌寺)創建に携わり、次男の藤原春津の代に完成している。
- In old age, Otsugu was engaged in improvement of Kannon-ji Temple (Imakumano) which is famous for Kukai and the foundation of Horin-ji Temple (later, Sennyu-ji Temple) and these temples were completed in the generation of Otsugu's second son, FUJIWARA no Harutsu.
- 3番目のコメントは、1953年8月に発行された、歴史学者の服部之総による「文明開化」(『現代歴史講座』、創文社)の中に発見された。
- The third comment was found in 'Bunmei-kaika' (The civilization) ('Gendai Rekishi Koza' [Current History Course], published by Sobunsha) by a historian Shiso HATTORI in August, 1953.
- また、同志社英学校(現同志社大学)の創立者新島襄の協力者として、現在の同志社大学今出川校地の敷地を譲った人物としても知られている。
- He is also known as a person who offered his demesne at the present-day Imadegawa Campus of Doshisha University to cooperate with Joseph Hardy Neesima (Joe NIIJIMA) who founded Doshisha English School (present-day Doshisha University).
- 後世、小説家などの創作のなかで左利きとされているものもあるが、中島登の残した絵図の描写では、右利きの者と同じ位置で刀を構えている。
- He is described as left-handed in some of the fiction written by novelists, etc., in later years, but in the pictures produced by Nobori NAKAJIMA he was shown holding a sword in the same position as a right-handed person.
- また日本女子大学の化学館、慶應義塾大学の旧図書館の建設や、早稲田大学の理工学部の創設などには、伝三郎からの多額の寄付があてられた。
- Also, the Chemistry Museum at Japan Women's University, Keio University's former library and the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Waseda University were all established with sizeable donations from Denzaburo.
- 江戸時代後期に開国し、王政復古 (日本)により成立した明治政府は四民平等政策のもと、大名、武士階級を廃止して華族、士族を創設する。
- Meiji government, which was established through Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan) after Japan opened herself to the world at the late Edo period, abolished daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and samurai hierarchy and set up the peerage and shizoku under the policy of equity of all people.
- ただし、一家創立によって戸主になった者は自由に廃家できたが、家督相続により戸主になった者が廃家する場合は裁判所の許可を必要とした。
- However, a head of a family who had created his own household can abolish the household without any inhibition but a head of a family who had become successor needed permission from a law court to abolish the household.
- 一露が創設した華道の流派「松月堂古流」は、賞雅が継承して以降植松家が代々継承し、京都や付近の諸国の寺社に広められていくことになる。
- After Takamasa succeeded 'Shogetsudo koryu' (the old school of Shogetsudo), which was established by Ichiro, the Uematsu family succeeded the school for generations, spreading the teaching throughout the temples and shrines in Kyoto and surrounding provinces.
- 明治22年には殉節地の地元有志等による正行を初め楠木一族を祀る神社創祀の願いが聴届けられ、社号宣下と別格官幣社列格の勅許が下りた。
- In 1889, a request to establish a shrine to enshrine the KUSUNOKI clan including Masatsura by the supporters living in the place where the clan and others had died out of loyalty was approved, and an imperial proclamation for the name of the shrine and sanction to place it as Bekkaku-Kanpeisha (a special government shrine) were given.
- いっぽう板垣は参議就任により、愛国社創立運動の失敗を招いたため、自由民権派から背信行為を厳しく糾弾され、釈明に追われることとなった。
- On the other hand, Itagaki's assumption of office as Sangi caused the movement of the formation of Aikokusha (literally, the Society of Patriots) to fail, so he was severely criticized by the Jiyu Minken fraction for his betrayal and pressed to offer vindication.
- 独創性を失った当時の俳諧を憂い『蕉風回帰』を唱え、絵画用語である『離俗論』を句に適用した天明調の俳諧を確立させた中心的な人物である。
- Distressed by the lack of originality in the Haikai of the time, he promoted a return to Basho's style. He was instrumental in establishing the Tenmyou style that applied the concept of 'departure from the ordinary' used in painting and poetry.
- 草創期の鎌倉幕府は、東国の支配権を有するのみだったが、それは当時の幕府を構成する武士たちにとって十分満足できる結果だったはずである。
- The initial Kamakura bakufu only had the right to control the Eastern provinces and this should have been enough for the bushi who were part of the government of that time.
- 歴代藩主の中でも第7代藩主・朽木舖綱と第8代藩主・朽木昌綱は文人として知られ、前者は『擬独語』を著わし、藩校創設の基礎を築き上げた。
- Among the successive lords of the domain, the seventh lord, Nobutsuna KUTSUKI, and the eighth lord, Masatsuna KUTSUKI, were known as men of letters, and the former who wrote 'Gidokugo' (miscellaneous notes) established the foundation for a domain school.
- 子母澤の新選組物は創作が多く入っているとされ、山南の切腹について記した新選組幹部の永倉新八が書き残した記録には明里の名は出てこない。
- Some people say that Shinsengumi stories written by SHIMOZAWA contained his creations; the name of Akisato did not appear in the part of YAMANAMI's Seppuku in the record written by Shinpachi NAGAKURA, a top official of Shinsengumi.
- 河内源氏の氏神である石清水八幡宮を勧請して、壷井八幡宮(大阪府羽曳野市)と鶴岡若宮(鶴岡八幡宮の前身。神奈川県鎌倉市。)を創建した。
- He presided over prayers for the creation of branch shrines of the Kawachi-Genji clan tutelary shrine, Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, leading to two new branch shrines, Tsuboi Hachimangu Shrine (located in what today's Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture) and Tsurugaoka Wakamiya-gu Shrine (which later became Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine which is located in Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture).
- 創始者と言える西鶴の業績が最も著名であり、江島其磧の『世間子息気質』『世間娘容姿』など一部を除き、後に続いた作品に有名なものは少ない。
- The works of Saikaku, who is considered the founder, are the most famous and, excepting some works such as 'Seken musuko katagi' (Characters of worldly young men), and 'Seken musume yoshi' (Looks of worldly young women) by Kiseki EJIMA, there were few famous works published after that.
- この地域の中心には大きな信仰を集める宝山寺が存在し、この存在が朝鮮寺がこの地域に集中して創設されたことに影響を及ぼしていると見られる。
- In the center of this area located is Hozan-ji Temple visited by so many devotees, and the presence of this temple seems to have influenced the foundation of Korean Temples concentrated in this area.
- 『蘭学事始』(らんがくことはじめ)は、文化12年(1815年)、83歳の杉田玄白が蘭学草創の当時を回想して記し、大槻玄沢に送った手記。
- 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (The Beginning of Dutch Studies) is memoirs written by Genpaku SUGITA at the age of 83 in 1815, who was thinking back on to the pioneer days of Dutch studies and sent to Gentaku OTSUKI.
- 音羽山の支峰である牛尾山には法厳寺(牛尾観音)が創建され、同寺に対する信仰が広まるにつれ、音羽山も名所として知られていくこととなった。
- Hogon-ji Temple (Ushio Kannon) was established at Mt. Ushio, which is a branch peak of Mt. Otowa; Mt. Otowa became a place of interest after the temple became a popular for worship.
- 現伊勢神宮より50年以上前の創建との伝承があり、全国でも二例しかない黒木の鳥居(皮を剥がないままの杉木で組まれた鳥居)が特徴的である。
- It is said that this Shrine was established fifty years before the establishment of current Ise-jingu Shrine; its characteristic black wooden shrine gate (shrine gate assembled with cedar without peeling the bark) is rare in Japan, with only one other shrine gates of its kind in existence.
- だが、創成期の武家政権と既存の朝廷勢力の権限を巡る駆け引きと緊張関係は引き続き存在し、その一応の解決をみるのは承久の乱以後の事である。
- However, the politics over rights and the tense relationship between the initial warrior class government and the conventional Imperial Court forces continued, and it was resolved to a certain degree only after the Jyokyu Rebellion.
- (4) 紀伊山地は神社・寺院建築のたぐいまれな形式の創造の素地となり、それらは日本の紀伊山地以外の寺院・神社建築に重要な影響を与えた。
- (4) Kii Mountain Range served as a foundation to create shrine and temple architecture with a unique style, and they significantly influenced shrine and temple architecture out of Kii Mountain Range in Japan.
- 創建時は薬師金堂、弥勒金堂、四王堂、十一面堂、東西の五重塔などが立ち並ぶ壮大な伽藍を持ち、南都七大寺の1つに数えられる大寺院であった。
- When established, it was a large temple, which was included in the Seven Great Temples of Nanto having magnificent buildings consisting of Yakushikondo (kondo [golden hall] for Yakushi [healing Buddha]), Mirokukondo (kondo for Maitreya-bodhisattva), Shitendo (hall for shitenno), Juichimendo (hall for Juichimen Kannon [eleven-faced Kannon, Goddess of Mercy]), five-story pagodas on the east and west and so on.
- 有名な使い手としては吉川英治が宮本武蔵の物語『二天記』に伊賀国の『宍戸某』と記録から創作した小説『宮本武蔵』に登場する宍戸梅軒がいる。
- Well-known kusarigama masters include Baiken SHISHIDO, who appears in the novel 'Musashi MIYAMOTO'; Baiken, a fictional character created by Eiji YOSHIKAWA, is based on 'a certain SHISHIDO' of Iga Province as recorded in the 'Niten-ki,' the biography of Musashi MIYAMOTO.
- これら2つに加えて、カロリング朝の君主たちは、第3のシステムとして、荘園制に封建制を融合させたアプリシオ(aprisio)を創始した。
- In addition to these two, the monarchs of the Carolingians created the aprisio which fused the shoen system with the feudalism as a third system.
- 創作陶磁展覧会と同時期に柳宗悦の集めた李氏朝鮮の陶磁展「朝鮮民族美術展」を展観し、無名の陶工の作り出す簡素で美しい作品に感銘を受ける。
- At the same time at the Creative Ceramics Exhibition, Kanjiro held 'the Korean Folk Art Exhibition', displaying the ceramics from the Joseon Dynasty collected by Muneyoshi YANAGI, and was deeply impressed by the simple yet beautiful works of unknown potters.
- 和気清麻呂の墓所が今の神護寺境内にあるところから、ここも和気氏ゆかりの寺院であることは確かだが、創立の時期や事情については明確でない。
- It can be determined from the presence of WAKE no Kiyomaro's tomb within the Jingo-ji Temple precinct that this temple is also connected to the Wake clan, but the time and circumstances of its founding are unclear.
- その後、日本から追放されたチャウは上海市に逃れ、辛亥革命後の1912年、広東省で「光復会」を創設して武力によるベトナムの解放を目指した。
- Chau fled to the city of Shanghai after being deported from Japan, and in 1912, after the Xinhai Revolution (Chinese Revolution), he established 'Kofukukai' (Quang Phuc Hoi [Vietnamese for Vietnam Restoration Society]) in Guangdong Province and began working toward the liberation of Vietnam from French colonial rule by force.
- 直義の意向もあって尊氏はそのまま鎌倉に本拠を置き、独自に恩賞を与え始め京都からの上洛の命令を拒み、独自の武家政権創始の動きを見せ始めた。
- With Tadayoshi's approval, Takauji established a base in Kamakura and began to allot lands to his followers, ignoring the emperor's command to return to Kyoto, and he tried to establish his own samurai government.
- 京都銀行(京銀 きょうぎん)宮津支店(両丹銀行、宮津銀行、丹後商工銀行および丹後産業銀行の4行合併による丹和銀行創立時よりの流れを汲む)
- Kyoto Bank (Kyogin) Miyazu Branch (descended from Tanwa Bank which was established through the merger of the four banks, Ryotan Bank, Miyazu Bank, Tango Industrial and Commercial Bank, and Tango Industry Bank)
- 一方、「五行思想」は夏 (三代)の創始者「禹」が発案したものであり、万物は「木火土金水」という五つの要素により成り立つとするものである。
- Meanwhile, 'Gogyo Shiso' was invented by 'U,' founder of the Ka Dynasty (also translated as the Xia Dynasty), and stated that all things consists of the five elements, 'moku, ka, do, gon, sui.'
- また同じく江戸で益田勤斎が初期江戸派の流れを汲みながら古法を守り、創意を加えた作風でその子益田遇所とともに浄碧居派と称する一派を成した。
- Also in Edo, Kinsai MASUDA revived the early Edo school, keeping the old style and adding his originality, and established the Johekikyo school with his son, Gusho MASUDA.
- 大正13年(1924年)に古泉千樫、折口信夫、石原純が新雑誌「日光」の創刊に参加して「アララギ」を離脱するなど、アララギの分裂を生み出す。
- In 1924, Chikashi KOIZUMI, Shinobu ORIKUCHI, and Jun ISHIHARA left 'Araragi' to start up a new magazine called 'Nikko' (sunlight), thereby forming a rift within Araragi.
- 帝国議会創設時には、61名が選出された(元老院議官27名、各省官吏10名、民間人9名、帝国大学代表6名、宮中顧問官6名、内閣法制局3名)。
- When the Imperial Diet was first established, 61 of the Chokusen Councilors were selected (27 Genroin gikan [councilors of the Chamber of Elders or Senate], 10 government officials from each ministry, nine ordinary citizens, six representatives from The Japan Imperial Academy, six imperial court councilors and three members from the Cabinet Legislation Bureau).
- 三浦氏は相模国の名族で源頼朝の挙兵に参じ、鎌倉幕府創立の功臣として大きな勢力を有していたが、嫡流は執権の北条氏に宝治合戦で滅ぼされている。
- The Miura clan had been a powerful family in Sagami, fighting for MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and becoming extremely powerful retainers of the early Kamukura Shogunate but the direct line had been overthrown by the Hojo clan in the Battle of Hoji.
- 天暦5年(951年)空也がこの地に西光寺を創建し、後に中信 (僧)がこの寺を六波羅蜜寺と改名したことから「六波羅」と呼ばれているとされる。
- In 951, Kuya founded Saiko-ji (Seiko-ji) Temple here and it is said that Chushin (a Buddhist priest) later changed the name to Rokuharamitsu-ji Temple and, therefore, the zone was called Rokuhara.
- 民部省に勤めたのち、明治6(1873)年には、ウイーン万国博覧会に副総裁として出席する佐野常民(日本赤十字社の創設者)の書記官として随行。
- After working for Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), he accompanied Tsunetami SANO (the founder of the Japanese Red Cross Society) as a secretary when Sano attended the world exposition in Vienna as a vice-president.
- また、豊臣秀吉存命中に人質として大坂城に捕らわれたが、単独で脱出し騎馬にて家康の元に帰ったという逸話もあるが、これはさすがに創作であろう。
- There is an episode that when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was alive, Okaru who was held hostage in Osaka-jo Castle got out of the castle without other people's support and went back to Ieyasu on horseback, but obviously, this will be a fiction.
- 職人や陶工らを多数抱え、彼らに創作活動をさせ、織部焼、織部流の創始者とされている(ただし、織部焼への関わりを示す資料は殆ど残っていない)。
- He is believed to have hired a large number of craftsmen and pottery workers to have them create works of art, having been the founder of the Oribe-style earthenware and the Oribe school (however, there are few remaining documents that show his relationship with Oribe yaki).
- 施薬院は奈良時代光明皇后による創建以来、800年の時を経て完全に形骸化していたため、復興に尽くし、身分の上下を問わず病の人々へ薬を授けた。
- Yakuin was established by Empress Komyo in the Nara period and lost substance after 800 years, thus he worked to reestablish this and gave medicine to every patient regardless of rank.
- 以上より平家物語における記述は、平清盛を悪役、重盛を平家一門の良識派として描写する、物語の構成上の演出のための創作であると考えられている。
- As written above, what is mentioned in Heike Monogatari was to portray Shigemori as the one of the Taira clan who could determine what's right and wrong and was just a fiction to spice up the story.
- 1985年には、従弟の小林正樹監督により、毎日映画コンクールに「田中絹代賞」が創設され、映画界の発展に貢献した女優に贈られることとなった。
- In 1985, her cousin Masaki KOBAYASHI, a film director, created the 'Tanaka Kinuyo Award' at the Mainichi Film Awards to be given to such actresses that have contributed to the development of the film industry.
- 本来、医者は非戦闘員(金創医)として戦場に出るため、誤射を防ぐ目的で髪を剃り上げていたので、江戸の人々は無髪の頭を見れば医者か僧とわかった。
- Normally doctors, who went to the war fronts as noncombatants ('kinsoi' or surgeons), shaved their head in order to avoid being shot by mistake; hence, men without a hair were recognized either as a doctor or as a monk in the Edo period.
- このため、後身銀行である現在の銀行の設立年月日はこの時期になっているものが多く、国立銀行の設立日は「創業日」として扱われているケースが多い。
- Therefore, the dates of establishment of many current banks, which are the successors to the National Banks, are around that period, and the dates of establishment of the National Banks are often regarded as 'the dates of foundation.'
- この石核には、縄文時代の草創期の土器である豆粒文(とうりゅうもん)土器、隆線文(りゅうせんもん)土器、爪形文(つめがたもん)土器などを伴う。
- This sekkaku (the stone core) is accompanied by the Toryumon (bean applique design) earthenware, the Ryusenmon (linear relief) earthenware, the Tsumegatamon (finger-nail like impressions) earthenware, and so on, which are from the Incipient Jomon period.
- 日本書紀における聖徳太子像について、大山説は藤原不比等と長屋王の意向を受けて、僧道慈(在唐17年の後、718年に帰国した)が創作したとする。
- About the figure of Shotoku Taishi described in the Nihonshoki, Oyama insists that it was created by the monk Doji, who returned to Japan in 718 after having studied in the Tang Dynasty for 17 years, at the request of FUJIWARA no Fuhito and Nagaya no Okimi.
- 明治32年(1899年)に伝研が国に移管されると、北里は伝研の所長を辞任し、福澤と長与専斎と森村市左衛門とが創設した土筆ヶ岡養生園に移った。
- When the control of Denken was transferred to the state in 1899, KITAZATO resigned as head and started working at Tsukushigaoka yojoen, which was established by Yukichi, Sensai NAGAYO, and Ichizaemon MORIMURA.
- このような評価から創られた物語では、信長を怜悧な天才、家康を実直な慎重家と設定し、彼らとの対比で秀吉を陽気な知恵者として描かれることが多い。
- In stories created from such an evaluation Hideyoshi was described as a cheerful bright man, while Nobunaga was described as a clever genius and Ieyasu as an honest and prudent man.
- この四天王像は西大寺四王堂に今も安置されるが、増長天像が足元に踏みつける邪鬼だけが創建当時のもので、その他の像、本体も後世の作、補作である。
- Those statues of Shitenno are enshrined in Shitendo (hall for shitenno) of Saidai-ji Temple even today, but only Jaki (imp) which is downtrodden by statue of Zochoten (guardian of the southern quarter) is the original since establishment and all other statues are manufactured or supplemented in the later period.
- 泰福は天和3年(1683年)、全国の陰陽師の支配・任免を土御門家の独占とすることに成功して後に土御門神道を創設して土御門家は全盛期を迎える。
- Yasutomi successfully took control of all ruling, appointment and dismissal of Onmyoji all over the country under the control of Tsuchimikado family, and later founded the Tsuchimikado Shinto (Shinto of Tsuchimikado school); it was the Tsuchimikado family's heyday.
- その際直弼が「千吾」を「千五郎」と聞き誤るということがあり、それをきっかけに千五郎に改名したという話があるが、これは後世創作された話である。
- On that occasion, there was a story that Sengo changed his name to Sengoro because Naosuke misheard Sengo as Sengoro, but this was a story that was created later.
- 文鏡秘府論(ぶんきょうひふろん)は、平安時代前期に編纂された文学理論書で、中国の六朝期から唐朝に至る詩文の創作理論を取りまとめたものである。
- Bunkyo-hifuron was a written literary theory compiled in the early Heian period, in which theories to create prose and poetry were collected through the period of the Six Dynasties to the Tang dynasty of China.
- 家門の創設に当たっては王位や官職、あるいは一定の支配権の獲得、領地の取得、城塞や館の建設など歴史的な事件となりうる行為をもっておこなわれる。
- In establishing a kamon (family), a deed that can be considered a historical incident is necessary: ascension to the throne, obtaining a government post or a certain mastermanship, or a territorial land or building such as a castle or a manor.
- この宝治合戦によって北条氏は幕府創設以来の最大勢力三浦氏を排除して他の豪族に対する優位を確立し、同時に同盟者としての安達氏の地位も定まった。
- After removing the Miura clan which had had the biggest power since the establishment of bakufu, by this Battle of Hoji, the Hojo clan established its superiority over other Gozoku (local ruling families), and the Adachi clan attained the position of ally simultaneously.
- しかし1982年、脚本だけでなく製作、原作、監督もこなした東宝創立50周年記念映画『幻の湖』がわずか1週間で興行打ち切りと言う憂き目にあう。
- However in 1982, he worked on Toho's 50th anniversary film 'Maboroshi no Mizuumi' (Lake of Illusions) as not only a screenwriter but also as producer, original author and director but had the bitter experience of seeing the film being pulled after only one week.
- 遠山氏と同じく"関東に下向して重用された、松田氏、伊勢氏ら創業時からの後北条氏家臣ら"は、この時期の関係者・仲間と思われる。
- The Matsuda clan, the Ise clan, and the like as well as the Toyota clan, the retainers of the Gohojo clan from the very beginning of its foundation, were dispatched to the Kanto district from the capital and given a preferential treatment there, and probably came to know each other as acquaintances or colleagues during that period of service.
- 江戸では長寿院を、東大寺では自ら創建した子院の竜松院を拠点とし、元禄3年に大仏の頭を、元禄4年には東大寺八幡宮(手向山八幡宮)の修造がなった。
- Working hard at Choju-in Temple as the base in Edo and at Ryusho-in as the base branch temple founded by himself on the precincts of Todai-ji Temple, Kokei completed renovation of the Great Buddha's head in 1690 and Hachiman-gu Shrine (Tamukeyama Hachiman-gu Shrine) of Todai-ji Temple in 1691.
- 『古事記』の「天地初発之時」(あめつちのはじめのとき)という冒頭は天と地となって動き始めた時であり、天地がいかに創造されたかを語ってはいない。
- Ame Tsuchi no hajime no toki' (when the heaven and earth) in the opening line of 'Kojiki' refers to the time when the heaven and the earth first appeared, and it does not tell how they were created.
- 土岐頼貞は南北朝時代 (日本)では北朝 (日本)について室町幕府から美濃守護職に任じられ、足利尊氏を助けて功績が大きく幕府創業の功臣となった。
- Yorisada TOKI took sides with the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts of Japan, and was appointed as Mino shugoshiki (military governor of Mino Province) by the Muromachi bakufu for helping Takauji ASHIKAGA; after that, he became one of the meritorious vassals for his great achievement when the bakufu was established.
- そして政権の課題を解決する為に行ったことは第一に天皇家の権威を借りることとした(閑院宮家の創設、霊元天皇の息女、吉子内親王と徳川家継の婚約)。
- And in order to resolve the government's problems, he firstly decided to use the authority of the Imperial Family (by establishing the Kaninnomiya family and fixing the engagement between a daughter of the Emperor Reigen, Imperial Princess Yoshiko, and Ietsugu TOKUGAWA).
- 仙が自ら創刊した「農業雑誌」で、1876年(明治9年)にアメリカ産トウモロコシの種の通信販売を始め、これが日本で最初の通信販売といわれている。
- In his magazine 'Nogyo Zasshi' (a magazine of agriculture), he sold American corn seeds by mail order; this was said to be the first mail order service in Japan.
- 藤原氏藤原北家摂関家九条流で、鎌倉時代の公卿である、九条道家三男一条実経を祖とし、道家が創建した一条殿を実経が受け継いで住んだ事が家名の由来。
- The Kujo line of sekkan (regent and senior regent) houses, the House of Fujiwara North of the Fujiwara clan, was a kugyo (court noble) during the Kamakura period; the original forefather was Sanetsune ICHIJO, the third son of Michiie KUJO; the name of the house was due to the fact that Sanetsune had inherited Ichijo Hall, which had been built by Michiie as a residence.
- 天正13年(1585年)、家康が上洛した際に親具もこれに従って帰京したが、この時家康の計らいで親具に堀河の家号が与えられて新家創設が許された。
- In 1585, Michitomo went back to his hometown as Ieyasu was officially called to Kyoto, and he was given the family name Horikawa and allowed to found a new family upon the recommendation of Ieyasu.
- 17世紀後半から18世紀にかけて活躍した詩人・儒学者の程順則は、琉球における最初の学校明倫堂創設の建議を行うなど、琉球の学問に大きく貢献した。
- Shunze CHENG, who was a poet and Confucian scholar active from the late 17th century to the 18th century, proposed the foundation of the Meirindo school, the first school in Ryukyu, and greatly contributed to learning in Ryukyu.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)では足利尊氏に与して室町幕府創業の功臣となり、播磨国の他に備前国、美作国を領し、幕府の四職のひとつとなっていた家柄である。
- His family boasted a pedigree that taking sides with Takauji ASHIKAGA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan became a meritorious retainer for foundation of the Muromachi bakufu, then was given the Bizen Province and the Mimasaka Province in addition to the Harima Province, and they became one of Shishiki (Four major feudal lords who worked for Muromachi bakufu).
- これについて、桃裕行は遅くても弘仁・承和 (日本)年間に勧学院や学館院が創立されるに及んで、和気氏の大学別曹として確立したものと推測している。
- In response to the question, Hiroyuki MOMO (Japanese historian) inferred that the Kobunin had established as daigaku besso of the Wake clan at the latest when Kangakuin (daigaku besso of the Fujiwara clan) and Gakkanin (one of the daigaku besso) were founded around the Konin era (810 - 824) and the Jowa era (834 - 848).
- 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
- Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
- (しかし、これらの逸話については斎藤鎮実の妹で高橋紹運に嫁いだ妻や山内一豊の妻見性院 (山内一豊室)の話に酷似しており、後世の創作ともいう)。
- (However, some suggest that this episode is very similar to those about the sister of Shigezane SAITO, who became the wife of Joun TAKAHASHI, and Kenshoin, the wife of Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI, that it may have been a story created later.)
- 後に創作され尾ひれがついたもの、あるいは他の側室の話と混同されているものなどあるが、いずれも家康がいかに寵愛していたかを証明するものとされる。
- Some episodes were created and exaggerated in later years, and others were mixed up with episodes related to other concubines, but they are all thought to prove how much Ieyasu loved her.
- しかしながら、執事職相続の際の内紛が原因で舅であった姫路藩主池田輝政の家臣となり、更に池田姓を名乗ることを許され、播磨新宮藩を創設した家である。
- However, the clan became a retainer of his uncle Terumasa IKEDA, the lord of the Himeji clan, due to internal problems in inheriting the steward post, and was permitted to use the surname of Ikeda, and then established the Harima-Shingu clan.
- 俳句・短歌・新体詩・小説・評論・随筆など多方面に渡り創作活動を行い、日本の近代文学に多大な影響を及ぼした、明治時代を代表する文学者の一人である。
- Actively involved in many genres of creative activities, such as the writing of haiku, tanka, shintaishi (poems in the new style), novels, critiques, and essays, he had a considerable influence on modern Japanese literature and is considered to be one of the foremost writers of the Meiji Era.
- 2009年、「慶應義塾 創立150年記念 『未来をひらく 福沢諭吉展』」が、東京国立博物館、福岡市美術館、大阪市立美術館において開催されている。
- In 2009, 'Keio Gijuku 150th Anniversary 'Mirai wo hiraku - Fukuzawa Yukichi ten' was held at Tokyo National Museum, Fukuoka Art Museum, and Osaka Municipal Museum of Art.
- そういったハード面だけでなく、各旅館がこぞって、趣向を凝らした露天風呂や創作料理を提供したり、サービス改善に努めたりとソフト面の改善も進行した。
- Not only changing the names and renovating the buildings of their accommodations but they are also offering elaborately built open air bathes, inventive dishes, and revising the services.
- しかし華族の五等爵をさらに増やすことによる制度の煩雑化と、公家や大名と同様、華族としての待遇を望む元勲の勢力によって、士族の爵位創設は頓挫した。
- However, a title for the warrior class could not be established due to the complexity of adding another title to Gotoshaku (a five-rank peerage system), and through efforts made by genkun (the statesmen who contributed in the Meiji Restoration) who wanted to be treated as the peerage, like Court nobles and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- 西田は思想輸入的・文献学的なアプローチを取らず、先人らの思考法だけを学び独自に思想を展開させたがゆえに、彼の著作は一見すると独創的で難解である。
- Nishida did not use an approach that imported ideas or a philological approach, learned only ways of thinking of his predecessors, developed his ideas uniquely, and therefore, his works are original and difficult to understand at first sight.
- 自身の作品のみならず、京都高等工芸学校(現・京都工芸繊維大学)図案科や京都帝国大学(現・京都大学)に工学部建築学科を創立し多くの後進を育成した。
- He established the Faculty of Design course in Kyoto Handicraft High School (current Kyoto Institute of Technology) and the Faculty of Engineering Undergraduate School of Architecture in Kyoto Imperial University (current Kyoto University) and educated many young people.
- そうして開化派の金玉均らは井上角五郎(福澤諭吉によって朝鮮王朝に推挙され新聞創刊のために朝鮮王朝に招聘されていた。)の助けによって日本に亡命する。
- Ok-gyun KIM and other members of the Progressive group fled their country to Japan with the help of Kakugoro INOUE (who was recommended by Yukichi FUKUZAWA to the Korean Dynasties for a newly published newspaper and was invited to the country).
- 明治13年(1880年)、専修学校(現・専修大学)の創設に協力し、京橋区の福澤の簿記講習所、また木挽町の明治会堂を専修学校の創立者4人に提供した。
- In 1880, Yukichi cooperated in founding Senshugakko (present Senshu University) by providing his bookkeeping school in Kyobashi Ward and Meiji Kaido in Kobikicho for the four founders of Senshugakko.
- 時代の先駆者としての創作イメージを決定的に定着させたのは司馬遼太郎『国盗り物語』(1971年)であり、同名のNHK大河ドラマ(1973年)だった。
- However, it was 'Kunitori Monogatari' (1971) by Ryotaro SHIBA as well as the NHK Taiga Drama by the same title (1973) that established the image of Dosan as a pioneer of the era.
- さらに、北条の家格を上げんとして将軍の外祖父である立場を利用し娘・政子を経由して、鎌倉幕府草創当時源家一門にしか許されなかった国司への叙任を願う。
- Further, in an attempt to elevate the family rank, Tokimasa used his position as a maternal grandfather of Shogun Yoriie and, through his daughter Masako, requested his appointment as a kokushi (provincial official), the title only granted to the first circle of the Minamoto family during the founding days of the Kamakura bakufu.
- ここでいう日光山とは護摩壇山の北西約1キロメートルほどのところにあるピークで、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期に創建されたと伝えられる日光神社がある。
- This 'Mt. Nikko' is the peak about 1 kilometer northwest from Mt. Gomadan and there is Nikko-jinja Shrine that is said to have been built in the end of the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
- 皇太子に親王が存在する場合、長男は父である皇太子の即位に伴って皇太子となるが、次男以下の親王は父の即位と同時に直宮家を創設し独立するわけではない。
- In cases where the Crown Prince has his own imperial princes, his eldest son becomes the Crown Prince when his father is enthroned, but imperial princes other than the eldest son do not necessarily establish an independent Miyake at the time of their father's enthronement.
- 鎌倉時代に吉田経俊の子・坊城俊定を祖として創設されたといわれているが、俊定の子である坊城定資の長男坊城俊実(俊定の孫にあたる)を祖とする説もある。
- It is said that this family was founded during the Kamakura Period with Toshisada BOJO, who was a son of Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA, but there is another view that the founder was Toshizane BOJO (grandson of Toshisada), who was the eldest son of Sadasuke BOJO, who in turn was the son of Toshisada.
- 創作では討ち入り時に吉良家の女中が逃げ惑う演出なども行われるが、実際には夫人の富子がすでに吉良家におらず、それに仕える女中も屋敷内にはいなかった。
- In fiction, the script is written for female servants to run around inside Kira's residence trying to escape when the raid occurred, however, in reality, his wife Tomiko had already left Kira's residence and thus her servants were not present either.
- 諸経を学習後、医生40人のうち24人が体療(内科)、6人が創腫(外科)、6人が少小(小児科)、4人が耳目口歯の専門科目に分かれ、他もこれに準じた。
- After studying these textbooks, students advanced to the professional course, and for example, in the case of 40 students of medicine, 24 students advanced to the course of 'tairyo' (internal medicine), 6 to the course of 'soshu' (surgery), 6 to the course of 'shosho' (pediatrics), and 4 to the course of ear, eye, mouth, and tooth.
- 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
- Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.
- 今日の法制史の研究者の間ではその存在を否定されており、公家政権(朝廷)に対する江戸幕府の優越的地位を示すために創作された偽書であると考えられている。
- The existence of Kobu-ochoku juhakka-jo is being denied by the researchers of legal history of the present day, and it is assumed that the document was a apocryphal book which was created by the Edo bakufu to display its superiority in social position over the Kuge (court nobles) Government (Imperial Court).
- 小川 可進(おがわ かしん、天明6年(1786年) - 安政2年5月2日 (旧暦)(1855年6月15日))は、煎茶道小川流の創始者、初代小川後楽。
- Kashin OGAWA (1786 - June 15, 1855) was the founder of Ogawa school of green tea ceremony and the first Koraku OGAWA.
- そして、快適な住環境創造を目的とする郊外住宅地の開発が、鉄道沿線である風光明媚な六甲山南斜面、いわゆる阪神間において進められた(阪神間モダニズム)。
- And the development of a suburban residential area for the purpose of creating comfortable living environment was promoted in the space between two railroads, the scenic southern slope of Mt. Rokko along these railways, (Hanshin-kan Modernism).
- なお、旅亭 紅葉に隣接して、ホテル紅葉と丸玉観光の創業者の木下彌三郎が収集したギリシャ・ローマ彫刻、日本画、洋画などを展示している木下美術館がある。
- Pieces such as sculpture from Greece and Rome, Japanese-style paintings and western paintings collected by Yasaburo KINOSHITA, the founder of Hotel Koyo and Marutama Kanko, were on display at Kinoshita Museum of Art adjacent to Ryotei Koyo.
- 平城京が置かれていた奈良時代には、シルクロードの終着点として国際色豊かな天平文化が花開き、大伽藍が建ち並ぶ都として数々の貴重な文化財が創り出された。
- In the Nara period when Nara was Heijo-kyo Capital, the city, as the end of the Silk Road, witnessed the flourishing of international Tenpyo culture, and, with magnificent temple buildings standing side by side, the city brought many important cultural assets into the world.
- 学館院は承和 (日本)14年(847年)嵯峨天皇の太皇太后橘嘉智子と左大臣橘氏公によって創建され、康保元年(964年)には大学別曹として公認された。
- Gakkanin was established in 847 by TACHIBANA no Kachiko, who was the Grand Empress Dowager of Emperor Saga, and Sadaijin (minister of the left) TACHIBANA no Ujikimi, and it was officially recognized as Daigaku-besso in 964.
- 吉岡家の記述に限定すれば、武蔵に完敗し引退した清十郎、死亡した伝七郎、洛外下松の事件の記録は他の史料になく、創作である可能性を否定する事はできない。
- In the materials by the Yoshioka family, there is no information on Seijuro's defeat or retirement, Denshichiro's death, nor the last fight at Sagarimatsu, therefore, the fights might be fabrications.
- 花方については、語り本系には見られるが読み本系の古態とされる延慶本には記されてないこと、院宣の使者としては身分が低すぎることから創作の可能性もある。
- Although Hanakata is mentioned in narration books, this episode is not mentioned in Enkyohon (books copied in Enkyo era), which is believed to be an old form of the yomihon (literally, reading books, an Edo period woodblock printed novel prevalent from the mid to late Edo period that focused on serious and penetrating studies of human affairs), and his status was too low for In's messenger; therefore this episode could be mere fiction.
- 『夏の妹』(1972年)を最後に創造社は解散し、『愛のコリーダ』(1976年)の公開までは映画制作資金を稼ぐためのテレビ出演などの活動の日々が続く。
- The Sozo-sha dissolved after the release of 'Dear Summer Sister' (1972), and he continued to appear on TV programs in order to get funds for film production until the release of 'In the Realm of the Senses' (1976).
- 『考古画譜』によると、明治20年頃までは東京・東大久保の大聖院にあったもので、後に横浜・三渓園の創立者として知られる原富太郎(原三渓)の所有となった。
- According to 'Koko gafu' (Painting manual of antiquities), this hand scroll was preserved in Daisho-in Temple in Higashi-Okubo, Tokyo until around 1887 and then owned by Tomitaro HARA (Sankei HARA) who is known as the founder of the Sankei Garden in Yokohama.
- 昭和短歌の前奏曲として、大正12年、歌誌「日光」が、アララギを脱退した古泉千樫、折口信夫、石原純や、北原白秋、前田夕暮、吉植庄亮らによって創刊された。
- As if a prelude to the Showa period, the tanka magazine 'Nikko' made its first appearance in 1923 by Chikashi KOIZUMI, Shinobu ORIKUCHI, Jun ISHIHARA, Hakushu KITAHARA, Yugure MAEDA and Shoryo YOSHIUE, all who had left Araragi.
- なお、三越の創始者である三井高利の三井家は、日野から松阪に移った際呼び寄せられた商家の一つであり、氏郷会津移封の際に誘いを断って松阪に残った家である。
- Takatoshi MITSUI of the Mitsui family, the founder of Mitsukoshi (a venerable department store chain in Japan) was one merchant who Ujisato called upon to shift from Hino to Matsuzaka and later to Aizu, but he resisted going to Aizu and his family remained in Matsuzaka.
- 神職を育成する数少ない大学、皇學館大学の創始者としても知られるほか、親王が書き残した日記は『朝彦親王日記』と呼ばれ、幕末維新史料として重視されている。
- He is also known as the founder of Kogakkan University, one of a few educational institutes that train Shinto priests, and his 'Diaries of Imperial Prince Asahiko' are valuable historical materials on the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
- 親子二代説にもとづくものも含め、その後も多くの創作作品がつくられたが、強い個性を持ち、時代の先駆者・変革者としてのイメージで描かれる傾向は続いている。
- Since then, many creative works have been produced, including the ones that are based on the father-and-son two-generation view, but the trend continues in portraying [Dosan] as a man of strong character and as a pioneer and a reformer of the era.
- 社会が変貌するなかで、貴族はもはや自己の現実生活のなかから題材をみいだすことが難しくなり、『源氏物語』ののちは創作物語にはこれをしのぐものがなかった。
- When society was in process of change, it became difficult for court nobles to find a subject from their daily life, and that's why no other fictionalized stories surpassed the 'Tale of Genji.'
- 第16師団の他、1905年(明治38年)4月1日に第13師団 (日本軍)と第15師団 (日本軍)が、同年7月6日に第14師団 (日本軍)が創設された。
- Other than the Sixteenth Division, the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Divisions (Imperial Japanese Army) were established on April 1, 1905, and Fourteenth Division (Imperial Japanese Army) was established on July 6 of the same year.
- 山本薩夫、亀井文夫らと独立プロ・新星映画社を創立した今井は1951年、前進座と組んで、日雇い労働者たちの生活を描いた『どっこい生きている』を発表した。
- Teaming up with Gekidan Zenshinza (theater group), Imai, who started an independent production company called Shinsei Eigasha with Satsuo YAMAMOTO and Fumio KAMEI, released 'Dokkoi ikiteiru' (And Yet We Live), depicting the lives of day laborers, in 1951.
- これにともない政治学の研究は従来所属していた「文学会」から分離し1887年2月「国家学会」として独立、ついで翌3月には機関誌『国家学会雑誌』を創刊した。
- In accordance with that, the study of political science was separated from 'Bungakukai' which it had belonged to, and became independent as 'Kokkagakkai' in February 1887 and first published 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi' as an organ in March of the same year.
- いずれも中央公論新社から文庫版が出ている)に詳しいが、いずれもかなりの創作が入っているとされ史料的な正確さには非常に問題があることに留意する必要がある。
- and for each there is a pocket-book version published by Chuokoron Shinsha), but it is said that each book includes significant fiction, and it is necessary to note that they significantly lack accuracy as historical materials.)
- 同年11月3日には、婦人参政権獲得を目的とし、「新日本婦人同盟」(会長市川房枝、後に日本婦人有権者同盟と改称)が創立され、婦人参政権運動を再開している。
- On November 3 of that year, the 'New Japan Women's League' (with Fusae ICHIKAWA as chairwoman; it was later renamed the Women's Suffrage League of Japan), dedicated to winning women's suffrage, was founded to revive the women's suffrage movement.
- 安達泰盛は幕府創設以来の有力御家人安達氏の一族で、北条氏得宗家の外戚として執権北条時宗を支え、越訴、御恩奉行などの重職を歴任した幕政の中心人物であった。
- Yasumori ADACHI was a member of the Adachi clan, the senior vassals since the Kamakura government was established, and he supported the regent Tokimune HOJO as a maternal relative of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, and was a key figure experienced in important positions like an Ossobugyo (temporary position in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu) and Goon bugyo (commissioner in charge of issuing the deed of rewards.)
- なお、徳川家も秀吉と同じく大和四座を保護していたが、秀忠は大和四座を離れた猿楽師であった喜多七太夫長能に保護を与え、元和年間に喜多流の創設を認めている。
- As with Hideyoshi, the Tokugawa family protected Yamato-shiza, but Hidetada protected Kita Shichidayu Nagayoshi, sarugaku-shi who seceded from Yamato-shiza, and approved the establishment of the Kita school during the Genna era.
- 東屋には、憲法ゆかりの地であることを記念して、1935年(昭和10年)に、起草メンバーの一人であった金子堅太郎書による「憲法草創の処」の碑が建てられた。
- At Azuma-ya, a monument was placed in 1935 in commemoration of the place associated with the constitution, and on the monument, a phrase, 'Place for drafting the constitution' was inscribed using the writing of Kentaro KANEKO who was a member of the drafting.
- 明治となっても、三宅雪嶺が『王陽明』という伝記を著して陽明学を顕彰し、また陽明学に国民道徳の基礎を求める雑誌『陽明学』やその類似雑誌がいくつも創刊された。
- Even after the Restoration, Setsurei MIYAKE wrote a biography entitled 'Wang Yangming' to publicly honor Yomeigaku, and several magazines were launched, including 'Yomeigaku', which looked for the basis of national morality in Yomeigaku.
- 同様に新免無二と吉岡家との足利義昭御前試合に関する逸話も他の史料になく、因縁を将軍家と絡めて描くことで物語性を高めるための創作である可能性を否定できない。
- In other materials, information of the fight between Muni and the Yoshioka in front of the shogun is not found, therefore, that anecdote might be a fabrication as well which Iori or someone came up with for enhancing the story by involving the shogun family.
- 1957年には川勝堅一の計らいで「白地草花絵扁壷」が、ミラノ・トリエンナーレ国際工芸展グランプリを受賞するも、無位無冠の陶工とし晩年まで創作活動を行った。
- In 1957, his 'flower design flat vase with white glaze' (白地草花絵扁壷) won the grand prize at the Milan Triennale International Industrial Art Exhibition arranged by Kenichi KAWAKATSU, but Kanjiro continued to work as a potter without rank or prize until his later years.
- 1985年に小林自身が病気で倒れた際には急遽、彼の働きで毎日映画コンクールに田中絹代賞が創設され、日本映画界の発展に貢献した女優に授与されることとなった。
- In 1985, when Kobayashi himself fell sick, he hurried to establish the Tanaka Kinuyo Award in the Mainichi Film Awards, to be given to an actress contributing to the development of Japanese movies.
- 一般に近藤、土方、沖田の3人が非常に親しく、特に土方と沖田は兄弟のような関係であったと思われているが、これも司馬遼太郎、子母澤寛の創作によるところが多い。
- It is generally thought that Kondo, Hijikata and Okita were very close to each other, with Hijikata and Okita in particular being like brothers, but this is largely the result of novels by Ryotaro SHIBA and Kan SHIMOZAWA.
- 寺社に合わせて条坊が建設されることはない、寺社が条坊に合わせて建設されたと考えられることから、太宰府の条坊は観世音寺が創建された7世紀中頃には存在していた。
- The jobo of Dazai-fu existed around the middle of the seventh century when Kanzeon Temple was built because it is believed that temples and shrines were constructed keeping with the jobo constructed earlier, not that the jobo were constructed keeping with the temples and shrines which were constructed earlier.
- 徳川家康による江戸幕府創設を決定付けた1600年の関ヶ原の戦いは、皮肉にも200年以上の時を超え各大名に多くの教訓を残し、それは倒幕運動へとつながっていく。
- It is ironic that the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which was decisive in the establishment of Edo Bakufu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, left many lessons to various daimyos over a period of more than 200 years, which led to the Tobaku movement..
- 敬光の長男三室戸為光は、1938年(昭和13年)に東京高等音楽学院の大塚分教場を東邦音楽学校として(のちの東邦音楽大学・東邦音楽短期大学)を独立・創設した。
- In 1938, Tamemitsu MIMURODO, the first son of Yukimitsu, made the Otsuka branch school of the Tokyo-Koto-Ongakugakuin independent to found Toho-Ongakugakko (later, the Toho College of Music, and Toho Junior College of Music).
- またバーナード・リーチ・河井寛次郎・濱田庄司述、柳宗悦編『焼物の本』(水尾比呂志解説、共同通信社 1985年)が、日本民藝館創立50周年記念出版で出された。
- 'Yakimono no hon' (A book of ceramics) (Commentary by Hiroshi MIZUO, Kyodo News, 1985) interpreted by Bernard LEACH, Kanjiro KAWAI, Shoji HAMADA, and edited by Muneyoshi YANAGI was published for Fiftieth Anniversary of the establishment of The Japan Folk Crafts Museum.
- また備中荏原の菩提寺として開基した永祥寺の境内には、屋島での合戦時に破り捨てた片袖を祭った袖神神社や、那須一族の居城とされる小菅城址や創建した神社も存在する。
- Moreover, in the grounds of Eisho-ji Temple which was founded in Bichu-Ebara as their family temple, there are Sodegami-jinja Shrine (袖神神社) dedicated to a sleeve that was torn off while fighting the Battle of Yashima, and the site of Kosuge Castle, which is considered the NASU clan's headquarters, as well as other shrines they founded.
- この神話の解釈としては、全くの創作であるという説と、九州にあった勢力が大和に移ってきてヤマト王権を築いたという史実を神話化して伝えたものであるという説がある。
- Some understand that this is completely fictitious, while others believe that this myth is based on the historical fact that a power in Kyushu moved to Yamato to build the Yamato Dynasty.
- 又、すでに出雲を中心とする勢力によって統一されていた古代ヤマト王権が別の勢力によって滅ぼされ、政権交代を正当化する為に後から創られたものであるとも考えられる。
- There is another opinion that the ancient Yamato sovereignty, which had already unified by the leading power of Izumo, was destroyed by the other powerful province, and the narrative was created later in order to justify the regime change.
- 北朝の征夷大将軍足利尊氏は敵味方の立場を超え、菩提を弔うために、夢窓疎石の勧めに従って天龍寺創建を決定した(尊氏が後醍醐天皇の怨霊に悩まされていたともいう)。
- Regardless of the side, Takauji ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Northern Court decided to erect Tenryu-ji Temple in order to pray to Buddha for the happiness of the deceased emperor at Muso Soseki's suggestion (it is said that Takauji might be afflicted by the Emperor Godaigo's vindictive spirit).
- 源義親の子である塩谷頼純が大治 (日本)5年(1130年)頃、下野国塩谷郡に下り塩谷荘司として塩谷姓を創始したのがはじまりで、塩谷荘三十三郷三万八千町を支配。
- In or around 1130, Yorizumi SHIONOYA, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, went down Shioya County, Shimotsuke Province, adopted the name SHIONOYA and governed SHIONOYA manor, with its thirty-three go thirty-eight thousand cho.
- また、一円が幕領支配となった甲斐国においては、大小切税法や甲州金、甲州桝の甲州三法に象徴される独自の制度を創始した人物と位置づけられ、崇められるようになった。
- In Kai Province which was entirely governed by the Tokugawa Shogunate, Shingen was respected as a person who commenced the original system based on Koshu sanpo (taxation law); Daishogiri zeiho (tax collection law), Koshu gold, and Koshu masu (measuring container).
- また、西園寺が日本女子大学の設立発起人を務めた際には、戸川安宅、麻生正蔵らとともに同大学の創立事務幹事長に就任し、文部省官僚として高等教育機関の設立に尽力した。
- In addition, when SAIONJI took charge of the promoter to establish the Japan Women's University, he took the post as chief secretary of the foundation preparatory secretariat of the university with Yasuie TOGAWA and Shozo ASO, and made efforts to establish a higher educational institute as a government official of the Ministry of Education.
- もっとも『愚管抄』によれば義朝はすぐに内裏を出撃して六波羅に迫ったとあるので、内裏で戦闘が行われたかどうかは定かでなく、話を盛り上げるための創作の可能性もある。
- According to 'Gukansho,' Yoshitomo immediately left the Dairi for Rokuhara; however, it is not certain that there were in fact any battles at the Dairi, and therefore, this could be an embellishment to make the story more thrilling.
- 埼玉県さいたま市岩槻区上野にある「龍海寺」という寺院が「創立者:東久邇宮稔彦」「開祖:小原龍海」として運営されているが、どのような繋がりがあるのかは不明である。
- A temple called the 'Ryukai-ji Temple' located in Ueno, Iwatsuki Ward, Saitama City, Saitama Prefecture is operated under 'Founder: Naruhiko HIGASHIKUNINOMIYA' and 'Originator: Ryukai OHARA,' but how it relates to HIGASHIKUNINOMIYA is unknown.
- これは子母澤寛などの伝記により「沖田の刀は“菊一文字細身のつくり”」とされていたことから司馬遼太郎が著作『新撰組血風録』の中で創作した物語が広まったものである。
- The story gained popularity following its appearance in the novel 'Shinsengumi Keppuroku' by Ryotaro SHIBA, who based it on descriptions in biograraphies such as that by Kan SHIMOZAWA, where the sword is described as being 'a thin Kikuichimonji one'.
- なお、『古今和歌集』以降では意味よりも形式をととのえること、語の転換の面白さに主眼が置かれるようになり、基本的には新しい枕詞の創作も暫時、減少していく傾向にある。
- Moreover, after 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), because the chief aim shifted to the arrangement of the format rather than the meaning and the interesting transition of words, the creation of new makurakotoba basically tended to decrease for a while.
- 長慶は父・三好元長の菩提を弔うため、弘治 (日本)3年(1557年)、臨済宗大徳寺派の寺院、龍興山南宗寺を長慶の尊敬する大徳寺90世大林宗套を開山として創建した。
- To mourn his father Motonaga MIYOSHI, in 1557, Nagayoshi constructed Nanshu-ji Temple on Mt. Ryuko under the auspices of Rinzai sect Daitoku-ji school, for which Daitoku-ji ninetieth Dairin Soto who Nagayoshi had respected was determined as kaisan (a founder of temple as the first chief priest).
- 慶應義塾大学をはじめとする学校法人慶應義塾の運営する学校では、創立者の福澤諭吉のみを「福澤先生」と呼ぶ伝統があり、他は教員も学生も公式には「○○君」と表記される。
- In the schools operated by Gakko hojin Keio Gijuku including Keio University, only Yukichi FUKUZAWA, the founder, has been traditionally called 'Fukuzawa sensei' with a title for teachers, and the others, including teachers and students, have been officially called with a casual title 'kun.'
- しかし、その後の国際情勢の変転に伴い、1950年(昭和25年)には、軍隊に匹敵する装備を持つ警察予備隊が創設され、この事務を掌理するため警察予備隊本部が置かれた。
- However, due to the change in international situations, the National Police Reserve, which had equal equipment as the Army, was formed and the National Police Army Head Quarters was created to manage its administration.
- 政変が収束し、11月には禄制改革の協議が再開され、最終処分までの過渡的措置として、家禄に対する税を賦課する家禄税の創設や、大隈重信の提案で家禄奉還制が討議される。
- After such a political turmoil was concluded, the government started an argument on the reform of the stipend system again in November, and proposed a new tax which would be imposed upon Karoku as a transitional measure until complete abolition of the stipend, and a Karoku returning system which was conceived by Shigenobu OKUMA.
- 延元4年(1339年)南朝 (日本)の後醍醐天皇の崩御を受け、北朝 (日本)の征夷大将軍足利尊氏が夢窓疎石の勧めに従って天龍寺(現京都市右京区)の創建を決意する。
- Advised by Muso Soseki after the demise of Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Dynasty (Japan) in 1339, Takauji ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Northern Dynasty (Japan) decided to build Tenryu-ji Temple (present day Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City).
- 義姉・大谷籌子裏方(大谷光瑞夫人)を助けて仏教婦人会を創設し、1911年(明治44年)、大谷籌子が30歳の若さで早世の際は本部長に就任、同会運営の重責を果たした。
- She helped her sister-in-law, Kazuko OTANI, the wife of then head abbot, Kozui OTANI, found the Buddhist Women's Association (BWA, Fujinkai in Japanese) and when Kazuko OTANI died young at the age of 30 in 1911, Takeko became general manager, taking on the solemn responsibilities of operating the Association.
- 浪華青年文学会に参加の後、明治33年(1900年)、浜寺公園の旅館で行なわれた歌会で歌人・与謝野鉄幹と親しくなり、鉄幹が創立した新詩社の機関誌『明星』に短歌を発表。
- After participated in the Kansai Young Men's Literary Society, in 1900, she became acquainted with a waka poet Tekkan YOSANO at a poetry reading held at a Japanese-style hotel in Hamaderakoen and contributed her poem to 'Myojo,' an in-house magazine of Shinshisha (New Poetry Society) founded by Tekkan.
- 森博達は1999年の『日本書紀の謎を解く』において、「十七条憲法の漢文の日本的特徴(和習)から7世紀とは考えられず、『日本書紀』編纂とともに創作されたもの」とした。
- Hiromichi MORI commented in 'Nihon shoki no nazo o toku' (Solving the Enigma of the Chronicles of Japan) published in 1999 as follows: 'Considering the grammatical deviations affected by Japanese (washu) in the kanbun (Chinese classics) used in The 17-Article Constitution, it is unlikely that the Constitution was established in the seventh century, and it was created at the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.'
- その後、山上藩では民政局、裁判所、藩校である文武館などが創設されるなどの改革が行なわれたが、明治4年(1871年)7月の廃藩置県で山上藩は廃藩となって山上県となる。
- Various reformations were further implemented including the establishment of a civil administration office, a court of justice, and a domain school named Bunbukan, until the domain was converted to Yamakami Prefecture through the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in August 1871.
- しかし、諸国を流浪する遊行僧だの、入り婿に入っただのという設定は、所詮本来無関係な新田氏と松平氏を系譜上つなげるために、おそらく家康の代に唱えられた創作に過ぎない。
- The story of this Buddhist priest wandering from one province to the next and his marriage into the Matsudaira clan is probably just a fictional story that was created during Ieyasu's generation in order to establish a genealogically link with the Nitta clan and the Matsudaira clan, which were originally unrelated.
- 政庁地区については、発掘調査以前には「現在見える礎石が創建時のもの」、「941年(天慶4)の藤原純友の乱で焼亡した後は再建されなかった」、という考えが主流であった。
- Theories that 'the foundation stones that are currently visible are those when it was built', and 'it was never rebuilt after it was burned down in FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War in 941' concerning the government district were mainstream before excavation and research.
- 草創期の土器は、放射性炭素年代測定で今から約16,500年前(暦年較正年代法による。従来の放射性炭素測定年代では約13,000年前から。)にさかのぼるとされている。
- The carbon dating with calibration method shows that the initial stage's pottery dates back to about 16,500 years ago - with the conventional uncalibrated method, it dates back to about 13,000 years ago.
- その後、同時に松竹を退社した妻の小山や渡辺文雄、大島の助監督でその後脚本家として活動する田村孟らに加え、小松方正、戸浦六宏らと共に映画制作会社「創造社」を創設する。
- Afterwards, he founded the film making company 'Sozo-sha,' not only with his wife Koyama, Fumio WATANABE and Takeshi TAMURA (Oshima's assistant director, later known as a playwright) who left Shochiku CO., Ltd., at the same time, but also with Hosei KOMATSU and Rokko TOURA.
- 後世に創作された言葉とする説もあるが(本能寺の変参照)、広く人口に膾炙したためその後の多くの小説の文中に使われており、この言葉をタイトルにした映画やドラマも作られた。
- There is a theory that the phrase was made up by someone else after ages but it has become so widely known that it has been quoted in many novels and used as the title of a movie and a drama.
- なお、『大鏡』及び『栄花物語』には葬儀の際に道長が遺骨を抱持する場面が描かれているがこれは創作であり、史実において骨を抱持したのは詮子の甥藤原兼隆(道兼の子)である。
- There is a scene depicted in 'Okagami' and 'Eiga Monogatari,' of Michinaga cradling her ashes during the funeral but this is just fiction - in reality, it was Senshi's nephew (Michikane's son), FUJIWARA no Kanetaka, who cradled her bones.
- しかし、推古天皇の皇太子かつ摂政として、知られる数々の業績を上げた聖徳太子は、『日本書紀』編纂当時の実力者であった、藤原不比等らの創作であり、架空の存在であるとする。
- However, Oyama insists that the figure of Shotoku Taishi, who achieved various well known things as Prince Regent during the reign of Empress Suiko, was a fictitious character created by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, an influential man during the period when 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.
- そのころ征夷大将軍の警固のため上洛した浪士組を、真の尊王攘夷の先鋒とするため、創設者である清河八郎は、朝廷に上奏文を提出して、浪士組を朝廷の直属にすることに成功した。
- The Roshigumi came to Kyoto to guard Seii Taishogun; in order to make the Roshigumi the vanguard of real Sonno-joi the founder of the Roshigumi, Hachiro KIYOKAWA, submitted a letter to the Imperial Court and succeeded in placing the Roshigumi under direct control of the Imperial Court.
- そのほか、阪堺鉄道(南海電気鉄道の前身)、山陽鉄道(日本国有鉄道に吸収)、宇治川水力電気(関西電力の前身)、北浜銀行(後に三和銀行)などの創設に指導的役割を果たした。
- In addition, he took a leading role in the founding of Hankai Railway (predecessor of Nankai Electric Railway), Sanyo Railway (acquired by Japanese National Railways), Uji River Hydroelectric (predecessor of Kansai Electric Power Company), and Kitahama Bank (latter-day Sanwa Bank).
- 福禅寺 (福山市)(境内は「朝鮮通信使遺跡鞆福禅寺境内」として国の史跡に指定、村上天皇の命を受けた空也上人による創建 対潮楼には「日東第一形勝」の額が掲げられている)
- Fukuzen-ji Temple (Fukuyama City): The precincts is a nationally designated historical site as being the 'site for commemorating Joseon missions which visited the precincts of Tomo Fukuzen-ji Temple,' while the temple was founded by Kuya Shonin under the command of Emperor Murakami, and the Taichoro Reception Hall has the Joseon envoy's words of praise for the scenic beauty of Tomonoura, which read 'the most beautiful, picturesque scenery in the world east of Joseon' in Japanese.
- 江戸時代後期には尊皇家によって頻繁に祭祀されるようになり、その動きはやがてのちの湊川神社の創建に結実し、他方で靖国神社などの招魂社成立に大きな影響を与えることとなる。
- In the latter half of the Edo period he was often enshrined by advocates of reverence for the Emperor, which led to the foundation of Minatogawa-jinja Shrine, and also, it made a major impact on foundation of Shokon-sha Shrine such as Yasukuni-jinja Shrine.
- (例示すれば、現在の秋田銀行は、1879年1月の第四十八国立銀行の設立時を「創業日」、戦時統合に伴う現在の秋田銀行となった1941年10月20日を「設立日」としている。
- (For example, the current Akita Bank regards the date of establishment of the 48th National Bank in January 1879 as 'the date of foundation' and October 20, 1941, when the bank became the current Akita Bank according to the integration in wartime as 'the date of establishment.'
- 1872年(明治5年)の都をどり創設にあたっては振付ならびに指導を担当、これまで座敷舞であった京舞を舞台にのせ、また祇園町と井上流の関係を深めて流派を興隆にみちびいた。
- Did choreography and instruction for the Miyako Odori at its founding in 1872, taking Kyoumai dancing out of the traditional private venues and onto the stage; she also strengthened ties between Gion and the Inoue school, leading the school on an ascent.
- 昭和初期に子母沢寛が新選組3部作を発表すると認識が広まり、戦後の価値観の転換で新選組が主役に扱われる事も多くなり、各隊士にもスポットが当てられ創作がされるようになった。
- When Kan SHIMOZAWA made his Shinsengumi Sanbusaku public in the early Showa era, Shinsen-gumi's notoriety increased, and along with the reversal of views after the World War II, there were more cases where Shinsen-gumi was given the leading role, and attention was given to each member, and works were produced based on the members.
- 例えば、磐城平藩7万石の内藤氏は1.の形式の新田分知により1万石を分与し湯長谷藩を創設したが、延岡藩転封時に与えられた7万石の領地には湯長谷藩の分が含まれていなかった。
- For example, the Naito clan of Iwakitaira Domain whose crop yields were 70,000 koku received 10,000 koku and established Yunagaya Domain as shindenbunchi in the form of 1, but the territory of 70,000 koku given with the relocation of Nobeoka Domain did not include the territory for Yunagaya Domain.
- 上原は、法華堂に葺かれている瓦に着目して堂の創建年代を天平13年初夏から14年7月頃と見、この堂が福寿寺の金堂であり、さらには金光明寺の金堂にもなった、という説をだした。
- Focusing on the roof tiles of the Hokkedo Hall, Uehara estimated that the foundation of the hall was some time between early summer of 741 and August 742, and presented a theory that this hall was the Kon-do Hall of Fukuju-ji Temple and then used as the Kon-do Hall of Konmyo-ji Temple.
- 創建年代については、栄原永遠男によってその名の初見であった正倉院文書の解釈がなされ、天平10年3月には建立の立案、もしくは工事がされたであろう、という推論がだされている。
- As for the year it was founded, Towao SAKAEHARA supposes that it was in March or April 738 according to the planning or construction was implemented from the interpretation of the Shoso-in archives, where the name of the temple was referred to for the first time.
- 構図における大胆な空間把握と、顔料の性質を熟知した上になりたつさまざまな独創に支えられた鮮やかな彩色は、相共に強烈な不安定さを生み出し、見るものを魅了しまたおののかせる。
- The bold sense of space in his compositions and the vivid colors, which he created independently after studying the properties of various pigments, together generate a powerful volatity that both attracts and repels.
- なお平家物語においては報復を行ったのは祖父の平清盛となっているが、これは清盛を悪役、重盛を平氏一門の良識派として描写する『平家物語』の演出の都合上の創作と言われている)。
- The account recorded in 'The Tale of the Heike' depicts TAIRA no Kiyomori, his grandfather, as the individual responsible to the retaliation; however, this is considered to be historically inaccurate, and to have been adopted to the thematic scheme in 'The Tale of the Heike', according to which Kiyomori is portrayed as a black sheep, whereas Shigemori is portrayed as an upstanding member of the Taira clan.
- 初代・島津源蔵(しまづ げんぞう、天保10年5月15日_(旧暦)(1839年6月25日) - 明治27年(1894年)12月8日)は島津製作所の創業者、また日本の発明家。
- The first Genzo SHIMAZU (June 25, 1839-December 8, 1894) is the founder of Shimadzu Corporation and a Japanese inventor.
- 西遊して美濃国に虎渓山永保寺を開き、元徳2年(1330年)には甲斐守護の二階堂貞藤に招かれ牧庄内に恵林寺を創建し、鎌倉中期の渡来禅僧蘭渓道隆以来になる甲斐の教化に務めた。
- Then, he traveled to the west to establish Eiho-ji Temple on Mt. Kokei in Mino Province, and in 1330, he was invited by Sadafuji NIKAIDO, the Governor of Kai Province, to found Erin-ji Temple in Makisho, working as the first person to edify Kai people since the immigrant Zen priest Doryu RANKEI in the mid Kamakura period.
- 『隋書』「卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國」に記述された俀王多利思比孤による「日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云」の文言で知られる国書は聖徳太子らによる創作と言われている。
- It is believed that the diplomatic message famous for the words '日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云' written by Wao-tarishihiko contained in '卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國' of 'Zuisho' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) was written by several persons including Shotoku Taishi.
- 大国主の指示である「河口の真水で洗え」とは河口付近は汽水域であり生理食塩水に近いといえ、また蒲の穂は漢方で蒲黄として知られる止血効果があり、創傷治療に対して合理的といえる。
- The instruction of Okuninushi gave to 'wash in the fresh water at the mouth of the river' means that near the mouth of a river there is an area of brackish water, so that the water there can be said to resemble physiological salinity, and the tips of cattails are known as hou in Chinese medicine for their hemostatic effect in, and it can be considered reasonable for treating wounds.
- この試みは、『基督教新聞』にて「子児之話」欄が創設されたことや、その以前から発行されていた、家庭向けの小冊子『喜の音(よろこびのおとずれ)』に影響を受けたものとされている。
- It is considered that this attempt was inspired by the facts that the Shoni no Hanashi column was created in the Christian Newspaper and Yorokobi no Otozure, the booklet intended for family which had already been in circulation.
- 「京都市平安京創生館」では,平安京復元模型(1/1000:京域・鴨東・北山部分),豊楽殿復元模型(1/20),豊楽殿鴟尾実物大模型の他,平安時代の出土品を多数展示している。
- The Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum exhibits the reconstructed model of Heian-kyo (1/1000, Kyoiki/Oto/Kitayama areas), the reconstructed model of Buraku-den Hall (1/20), the reconstructed model of the Shibi at Buraku-den Hall (life size) and many other excavated articles from the Heian period.
- これは、かつて日本は朝鮮半島で闘ったことがあるというわずかな記憶と、女帝斉明天皇が新羅遠征のために、筑紫朝倉宮まで行幸した故事を元に、創作されたとする仮説が唱えられている。
- Scholars formed a hypothesis that Japan may have fabricated the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu based on a vague memory of a battle on the Korean peninsula and a historical event of an Imperial visit to the Tsukushi Asakra Palace during the expedition to Silla by Empress Saimei.
- 長安はまた、家康に対して武蔵国の治安維持と国境警備の重要さを指摘し、八王子500人同心の創設を具申して認められ、ここに旧武田家臣団を中心とした八王子500人同心が誕生した。
- Nagayasu also pointed out the importance of maintaining the security and guarding the provincial border in Musashi Province, and asked and received permission to create Hachioji Five Hundred Lower Class Officials with the former vassals of Takeda clan.
- 征夷大将軍足利義輝を診察し、その後京都政界を左右した細川晴元・三好長慶・松永久秀などの武将にも診療を行い、名声を得て、京都に啓迪院(けいてきいん)と称する医学校を創建した。
- He gained his fame by examining seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, and then such millitary commanders who were influential in Kyoto politics as Harumoto HOSOKAWA, Chokei MIYOSHI, and Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and established a medical school called Keiteki-in Medical Center in Kyoto.
- 江戸時代前期正親町天皇の皇孫で、陽光院太上天皇誠仁親王の第6王子 八条宮智仁親王の三男広幡忠幸が寛文4年(1664年)に源氏の姓を賜り一家を創立し、広幡を称したことに始まる。
- Tadayuki HIROHATA, the third son of Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito who was the sixth son of Imperial Prince Sanehito (the Retired Emperor Yoko), and also an imperial descendant of Emperor Ogimachi in the early Edo period, was given the hereditary title of Minamoto and established the family in 1664 by using the surname of Hirohata.
- 坂上春子創建の長宝寺の寺譜や平野氏の一族の末吉氏に伝わる家伝や末吉氏系図によると、坂上広野の孫で清水寺別当の坂上峯盆の子の秋田城介権守の坂上行松(平野行増)を祖とするという。
- According to the genealogy of Choho-ji keizu (the genealogical table of Choho-ji Temple) that SAKANOUE no Haruko had built, family tradition was handed down to the Sueyoshi clan from the family of the Hirano clan, and the family tree of the Sueyoshi clan, the Hirano clan originated from SAKANOUE no Yukimatsu (Yukimasu HIRANO), Akitajo no suke Gon no kami, who was the child of SAKANOUE no Minebon, Kiyomizu-dera betto (Chief Priest at Kiyomizu-dera Temple).
- むしろ、自らを公家のように振舞うことで、京都の戦火を逃れてやってくる公家を山口に迎えて朝廷とのパイプを作り、さらに京都文化を山口で開花させて、山口文化(大内文化)を創出させた。
- Instead, by acting like a court noble and making connections with the Imperial court by inviting court nobles who had escaped war in Kyoto to Yamaguchi, Kyoto culture flourished in Yamaguchi, leading to the establishment of Yamaguchi culture (Ouchi culture).
- 一方で幕府創設者である徳川家康と並んで幕政改革に熱心であった第5代将軍・徳川綱吉を尊敬し、綱吉が定めた「生類憐れみの令」を即日廃止した第6代将軍・徳川家宣を批判したと言われる。
- It is said that he respected Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun, because he was enthusiastic with regard to the reformation of the shogunate like Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the founder of the Tokugawa bakufu, but he criticized Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth shogun, because he abolished the 'Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei' (ordinances of animal protection) that was an ordinance established by Tsunayoshi, on the same day that he assumed the post of shogun.
- 薩長同盟研究の動向については、桐野作人「同盟の実相と龍馬の果たした役割とは?」(『新・歴史群像シリーズ(4) 維新創世 坂本龍馬』学習研究社、2006年)が詳しくまとめている。
- For the trend of study on Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, refer to 'Reality of the Alliance and The Role Ryoma Played therein' by Sakujin KIRINO ('New Historical Figures Series (4) Creation of the Restoration Ryoma SAKAMOTO' GAKKEN, 2006).
- 彼は仁安 (日本)3年(1168年)、神護寺に参詣するが、八幡大菩薩の神意によって創建され、弘法大師空海ゆかりの地でもあるこの寺が荒れ果てていることを嘆き、再興の勧進を始めた。
- In 1168 he made a pilgrimage to Jingo-ji Temple but was so grief stricken to see the dilapidated sight of a temple both founded by the divine will of Hachiman-Daibosatsu and so closely connected to Kobo-Daishi Kukai that he began to raise funds for its restoration.
- この遺跡は草創期の掃除山遺跡や前田遺跡の場合と違って、竪穴住居跡の数の大幅な増加、住居の拡張、重複した住居跡、これらの住居跡やそのほかの遺構が中央広場を囲むように配置されている。
- The number of remains of tateanajukyogun greatly increased, the dwellings were expanded, the dwelling sites were overlapped and these remains of the dwellings and other structural remnants were placed around an open space in the center at the Kakuriyama remain which is different from the Sojiyama remains or the Maeda remains from the incipient period.
- 現存する大徳寺大仙院の障壁画は、同院創建時の永正10年(1513)の制作とするのが通説であったが、大仙院方丈の改築が行われた天文 (元号)4年(1535年)の作とする見方もある。
- The partition wall painting of Daisen-in in Daitoku-ji Temple, which still exists, is usually said to have been produced in 1513, at the time of the building of Daisen-in but there is some speculation that it was painted in 1535, when Daisen-in Hojo (an abbot's chamber) was renovated.
- 寿枝子の姉・小枝子は三菱財閥の創業者・岩崎弥太郎の孫に嫁ぎ、その娘・由利子(寿枝子の姪にあたる)は古生物学関連人物一覧で博士 (理学)の鎮西清高(京都大学名誉教授)に嫁いでいる。
- Sueko's elder sister, Saeko, married a grandchild of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and her daughter Yuriko (niece of Sueko) married Kiyotaka CHINZEI (professor emeritus at Kyoto University), who was included on a list of important figures as a doctor (science) of paleontology.
- 平安時代初期の歴史書である『続日本紀』の中にある天応 (日本)元年(781年)6月の宅嗣の死亡記事の中において宅嗣の業績とともに芸亭の創設経緯を記した宅嗣の文章が転載されている。
- In the report of Yakatsugu's death in June 781 found in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), a historical document of the early Heian period, description of his accomplishments in life is accompanied by Yakatsugu's own writing on how Untei was established.
- この事件は学生自治会である同学会が、当時京大総長に在任(1953年 – 1957年)していた滝川に対し創立記念祭行事の開催を求めており、その実施方法をめぐる両者の協議が決裂した。
- This incident occurred when Takigawa was Dean of Kyoto University (1953-1957) and the Dogaku-kai (student union) asked for a ceremony to commemorate the establishment of the university but discussions about the ceremony details between the two parties did not reach a conclusion.
- 1115年(永久 (元号)3年)里坊として東山大谷に十楽院を開創し、1118年(元永元年)に権律師、1130年(大治5年)に天台座主、1137年(保延3年)に大僧正に任じられた。
- He founded satobo (a small village temple) called Juraku-in Temple at Higashiyama Otani in 1115 and was appointed to Gon-Risshi (a high-ranking post of priest) in 1118, Tendai Zasu (head priest of Mt. Hiei) in 1130 and Daisojo (head priest of the sect) in 1137.
- また、領国貨幣の中には後世による創作によると考えられる素性の不確かな物も存在し、そのような物も文化 (元号)7年(1810年)刊行の貨幣解説史料である『金銀図録』に掲載されている。
- There are also some doubtful Ryogoku Kahei that are thought to have been created by someone in later generations, and such currencies are also listed on 'Kingin Zuroku' (A Record of Gold and Silver in Picture), which was published in 1810.
- 日本では、明治維新の後、立憲政治・議会制度の創設が朝野で論議されるなかで、1870年代には福澤諭吉をはじめとする三田派の言論人たちを中心に政党内閣制を採用するように主張され始めた。
- In Japan, after the Meiji Restration, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and other intellecturals from the Mita-ha (Mita faction, named after the place where current Keio University exists) started aruguing in the 1870s that Japan should adopt a party cabinet system, while the establishment of a constitutional government and a parliament system came up for dabate across the county.
- 更には江戸の都市政策(町火消の創設、小石川養生所の設置)、西洋知識禁制の緩和(漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和、甘藷栽培など)、商人対策(相対済まし令、株仲間の公認など)などの諸改革も行われた。
- And moreover, he implemented various reforms, such as renewing Edo city through establishing local fire brigades and Koishikawa Hospital, mitigating prohibition of Western knowledge through various measures (lifting an embargo on the import of Western books translated into Chinese characters, permitting cultivation of sweet potatoes, and so on), and handling matters about merchants (issuing Mutual Settlement Decree on money matters, permitting 'kabu nakama' [a kind of cartel formed by wholesalers and other merchants], and so on).
- ワラビ、ゼンマイ、フキ、クズ、ヤマイモ、ノビルなどの縄文人の主要で、安定した食料資源となった有用植物が繁茂しやすい二次林的な環境、つまり雑木林という新しい環境を創造したことになる。
- Plants such as brackens, flowering ferns, Japanese butterburs, Japanese arrowroots, yams, and Japanese garlics grew and prospered easily in the newly created secondary forest environment, the new environment known as copses, and became steady food resources for the Jomon people.
- 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿(金閣)が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像(当時国宝)、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
- Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
- 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
- On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.
- 息子の義信の謀反、諏訪氏の出身の側室、諏訪御料人(諏訪御寮人)の子の武田勝頼が武田氏の家督を継いだ史実や、TVドラマや小説などの創作物の影響により信玄との不仲説や悪妻説などが流布。
- Some believe that there was bad blood between Sanjo no kata and Shingen and that Sanjo no kata was a bad wife, because of the historical facts of a revolt by her son, Yoshinobu, and the inheritance of the position of family head by Katsuyori TAKEDA, who was a son of Suwa goryonin, a concubine from the Suwa family, as well as influences of works of fiction such as TV dramas and novels.
- 明治政府は華族制度の創設や武士身分の士族への編入など、当初は旧来の身分制度をある程度継承したものの、廃藩置県・徴兵令・秩禄処分といった政策の強行は特権身分に対して大きな打撃を与えた。
- At first the Meiji Government kept the class system, introducing the peerage system by transferring the samurai class, the previous ruling class, into one of the classes of the new system as Shizoku (literally, the warrior class), but the major political changes the government took, including Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domain and establishment of prefectures), Conscription Ordinance and Chitsuroku-shobun (measures to abolish hereditary stipends) were significant blows to the privileged class.
- 共同運輸会社(きょうどううんゆがいしゃ)は、三井財閥などの反三菱財閥勢力が投資しあい、東京風帆船会社・北海道運輸会社・越中風帆船会社の三社が合併して1882年7月に創立された船会社。
- Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (literary, a joint transportation company) was established in July 1882, with the merger of three transportation companies, Tokyo Fuhansen Kaisha, Hokkaido Unyu Kaisha and Echu Fuhansen Kaisha, and also with the investment from anti-Mitsubishi Zaibatsu powers such as Mitsui-zaibatsu.
- 藤田伝三郎(ふじた でんざぶろう、天保12年6月16日 (旧暦)(1841年8月3日) - 明治45年(1912年)3月30日)は、明治期の関西財界の重鎮で、藤田財閥の創立者である。
- Denzaburo FUJITA (August 2, 1841 - March 30, 1912) was a business heavyweight in the Kansai area during the Meiji Period and founder of the Fujita Zaibatsu (conglomerate).
- この法令に熱心だった幕閣は側用人であり、中でも喜多見重政は、綱吉が中野 (中野区)・四谷・大久保 (新宿区)に大規模な犬小屋を建てたことに追従して、自領喜多見に犬小屋を創設している。
- Among cabinet officials who supported the law, Shigemasa KITAMI, a lord chamberlain, established doghouses in his own domain after Tsunayoshi built large-scale kennels in Nakano (Nakano ward), Yotsuya and Okubo (Shinjuku ward).
- 同地の杭全神社などの伝承によれば、当道は「坂上広野を開発領主とする摂津国平野庄に住し広野の後の平野の坂上氏の家督を継ぎ、素盞嗚尊を勧請し祇園社(現在の杭全神社)を創建した」とされる。
- According to a legend handed down in Kumata-jinja Shrine and so on in the area, Masamichi 'lived in Hiranosho of Settsu Province, its kaihatsu ryoshu (a local notable who actually developed the land) being SAKANOUE no Hirono, where he succeeded to the property of the SAKANOUE clan after Hirono and established Gion-sha Shrine [present Kumata-jinja Shrine] enshrining Susanoo no mikoto.'
- 近代以降にも、作家としての文才や創作意欲を満たすため、寡婦としての寂しさや無聊を慰めるため、式部の父がその文才で官位を得たように式部が女房になるため、といった様々な説が唱えられている。
- During modern times, various opinions have emerged as follows: to satisfy her literary talent and creative urge as an author; to distract herself from her loneliness as a widow and forget the tedium; to become a court lady and follow in the footsteps of her father, who had obtained his title through means of literary talent.
- 王朝国家の進展に伴って、平安時代には一時「天下」の概念は廃れるが、鎌倉幕府の成立が「天下の草創」と認識されたように、武家社会の進展に伴って日本とほぼ同義の意味で使用されるようになった。
- Although the notion of 'Tenka' once became out of use in the Heian period according to the development of the dynastic state, it again started to be used according to the development of samurai society as the word which was almost synonymous with 'Japan,' as shown by the fact that the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu was understood as 'the creation of Tenka.'
- 源五郎沢堆積場崩壊事故後の毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会との交渉については(それ以前から鉱毒問題に関しては)、「つねに前向きの姿勢で対処してきた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べている。
- And Furukawa (according to 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') 'had always, on the company's own motion, faced with' the negotiations with the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Morita after the Gengorozawa accumulation site had collapsed (and they say that since before the negotiation, they had been facing with the mining pollution.)
- 明治政府草創期の朝令暮改や百家争鳴状態を解消するため、廃藩置県の断行を控えた明治4年(1871年)6月、西郷、大久保、岩倉、三条実美達から、木戸がただひとり参議となるように求められる。
- In order to resolve 'chorei bokai' (issuing orders in the morning and revising them in the evening) and a state of 'let a hundred schools of thought contend' at the start of the Meiji government, Kido was asked by Saigo, Okubo, Iwakura, and Sanetomi SANJO to be the sole sangi just before the feudal domains were abolished to be replaced by new prefectures in July 1871.
- 熊野三山検校は明治元年(1868年)まで存続したが、最後の検校であった宮入道信仁親王が還俗し、明治3年(1870年)に北白川宮を創設して北白川宮智成親王を称したことをもって終焉を迎えた。
- Kumano Sanzan Kengyo continued to exist until 1868; however, when Imperial Prince Miyairido Nobuhito, the last Kengyo, returned to secular life, established Kitashirakawanomiya Palace, and came to be known as Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Satonari in 1870, the post was abolished.
- しかし、同年11月に大蔵省から分離する形で内務省 (日本)が創設されたところ、土地の測量などを扱った部門が大蔵省から内務省に分離されるなど所謂「縦割り」の影響によって事業の停滞を招いた。
- However when the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs was divided from Ministry of Finance and established as an independent ministry, the project got delayed due to the influence from so-called 'sectionalism,' as seen in one of the departments of the Ministry of Finance that dealt with land measurement being separated off to the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 美濃国の斎藤龍興との戦いのなかで、墨俣一夜城建設に功績を上げた話が有名だが、『武功夜話』などを典拠とするこのエピソードは当時の史料に関係する記述がなく江戸時代の創作であるとする説が強い。
- There is a famous episode that he achieved to construct Sunomata Castle in one night in the middle of the battle with Tatsuoki SAITO of Mino province; this episode was described in 'Buko-yawa' and others, but there is no description of historical data in the document, so it is considered to be a fiction in Edo Period.
- 古河側の主張によれば、(第1次)鉱毒調査会による鉱毒防止令による工事と、大正時代までに行われた渡良瀬川の治水工事により、鉱毒は「一応の解決をみた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べている。
- Furukawa claimed that through the construction by the Mining Pollution Prevention Law by the Mining Pollution Investigation Committee (the first) and through the river improvement constructions of Watarase-gawa River carried out before the end of the Taisho period, the mining pollution issues 'were, more or less, solved' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation').
- ただし、『吉岡伝』は朝山三徳・鹿島林斎という原史料不明の武芸者と同列に宮本武蔵が語られ、前述のようにその肩書きは二刀を使うことを除き現実から乖離しており、創作である可能性を否定できない。
- However, 'Yoshioka-den' ranks Musashi with two mysterious swordsmen, 'Santoku ASAYAMA' and 'Rinsai KASHIMA' (materials on which the writer based are unconfirmed), and the explanation of Musashi's states and the name of his style are very different from the facts as well, except for using two swords, therefore, the fights in 'Yoshioka-den' might be fabrication too.
- 寛保2年(1742年)7月に老中松平乗邑が、大目付・目付・表右筆組頭に対して江戸幕府創設以来の御触書の書抜の評定所御定書御用掛(公事方御定書の編纂実務機関)への提出を求めたことに由来する。
- It originated from the fact, in August 1742, Norisato MATSUDAIRA ordered Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Tokugawa shogunate), Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), and Omote-yuhitsu kumigashira (chief of the external secretariat) to submit excerpts of ofuregaki (laws and regulations) since the foundation of the Edo bakufu to Hyojosho Osadamegaki Goyogakari (the office actually editing Kujigata-osadamegaki [the law of Edo bakufu]).
- 根岸短歌会の機関紙として明治41年(1908年)に創刊された『アララギ』からは、独自の歌風を確立してアララギ派を主導した島木赤彦や、自我を見つめて生命感ほとばしる歌を詠んだ斎藤茂吉が出た。
- The journal from the Negishi Tanka Society, 'Araragi,' was first published in 1908, and made famous Akahiko SHIMAGI, who established his own unique style of prose and led the Araragi school, and Mokichi SAITO, who looked within himself and composed poems reflecting the power of life.
- 中川 小十郎(なかがわ こじゅうろう、慶応2年1月4日 (旧暦)(1866年2月18日) - 1944年10月7日)は、元貴族院議員、文部省官僚で、京都法政学校(現在の立命館大学)創立者。
- Kojuro NAKAGAWA (February 18, 1866 - October 7, 1944) is a former member of the House of Peers, official of the Ministry of Education, and the founder of Kyoto Hosei School (present Ritsumeikan University).
- そこで、藩兵に依拠しない形での政府直属軍隊の創設を図る大村らと、鹿児島(薩摩藩)・山口(長州藩)・高知(土佐藩)藩兵を主体にした中央軍隊を編成しようとする大久保らとの間で激論が闘わされた。
- There was heated debate between Omura's group, which wanted to create a domain-independent military under direct control of the government, and Okubo's group, which wanted to reorganize a centralized military based on the armies of Kagoshima (Satsuma Domain), Yamaguchi (Choshu Domain) and Kochi (Tosa Domain).
- 第一生命保険のサラリーマン川柳、住友生命保険の創作四字熟語、自由国民社の新語・流行語大賞、東洋大学の現代学生百人一首と並んで、現代の日本の世相を反映する一つの指標として使われることが多い。
- It is often accepted as an indicator representing the social conditions of present day Japan together with the Salaryman Senryu (the salary man senryu poetry contest) hosted by the Dai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Sosaku Yojijukugo (Creation of a four-character compound) announced by Sumitomo Life Insurance Company, the Shingo ryukogo taisho (the grand prize for the new word of the year, and the grand prize for the best vogue word of the year) presented by Jiyu Kokuminsha, and the Gendai gakusei hyakunin isshu (One hundred poems of modern students) collected by Toyo University.
- 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
- Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
- 政治史的立場から見ると、東大寺は、鎮護国家の思いをこめられて創建され、二度の戦乱や羅災などで衰退の危機にあっては、王朝や幕府の力を借りつつも、勧進をするとこによって、その大伽藍を保ってきた。
- Seen from a viewpoint of political history, Todai-ji Temple was founded expecting protection of the nation by belief, and even in crises of decline due to two wars and natural disasters, Todai-ji Temple tried to maintain its large temple complex by soliciting contributions with support from the dynasty and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 考古学者の岡村は、定住化の程度で時期区分すると草創期から早期半ば頃までは住居とゴミ捨て場が設置されるが、住居をもたなかったり、季節によって移動生活を送るなどの半定住段階であると想定している。
- Okamura, an archaeologist, based his periodization on the degree of adapting to sedentary life: he assumed that the Jomon people built dwellings and set up garbage dump sites from the incipient period to the earlier period, however, they lived in a semi-sedentary life, didn't always have dwellings, and lived a nomadic life depending upon the season.
- 台湾銀行副頭取として、南方方面やニューヨークに出張所を創設するなど精力的に活動したほか、1919年に設立した「華南銀行」、「南洋倉庫」の顧問にも就任し、翌年には台湾銀行「頭取」となっている。
- As vice president of the Bank of Taiwan, he worked actively, setting up branch offices in the eastern areas of Taiwan and New York, and in 1919, he took charge as adviser for 'Hua Nan Bank' and 'Nanyo Soko' (The South Seas Warehousing Company), and the following year he became 'the president' of the Bank of Taiwan.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- とくにテレビ放送創生期に放送された「番頭はんと丁稚どん」が人気を博し、当時は丁稚・小僧の制度が消滅していたことも関連して、この様な奉公人をさすことばとして丁稚が全国的に通用するようになった。
- Banto and Decchi', which was televised in the early stage of TV broadcasting, became popular and the term, decchi became known nationwide as such a servant when the decchi or kozo system had already disappeared.
- 留学の経験から欧米と日本の技術力差を感じた東久邇宮は、遅れをとっていたアジアの技術力の向上を目指して興亜工業大学(1942年(昭和17年)設置、のち千葉工業大学)等の教育機関の創設に携わった。
- HIGASHIKUNINOMIYA who knew of the technological gap between Western countries and Japan from his experience of studying abroad participated in establishment of educational institutions such as the Koa Kogyo Daigaku (Established in 1942 and which later became the Chiba Institute of Technology) which aimed at improving technology in Asia.
- 現在の立命館大学は、中川がその名跡を譲り受けたもので、大学組織的としての連続性は絶たれたが西園寺は「私塾立命館」の後継として京都法政学校(現・立命館大学)創立にあたり様々な支援を行う事になる。
- Present day Ritsumeikan University was named after Ritsumeikan Private School, the name Nakagawa inherited, and even though Saionji's association with it as an institution of higher learning ended, he contributed in various ways to establish Kyoto Hosei School, an evening law school (present day Ritsumeikan University) as a successor to 'Ritsumeikan Private School.'
- 詳しくは松浦玲『検証・龍馬伝説』(論創社、2001年)・濱口裕介「師とともに目指したアジア諸国共有海軍への夢」(『新・歴史群像シリーズ(4) 維新創世 坂本龍馬』学習研究社、2006年)を参照。
- For details, refer to 'Verification: The Legend of Ryoma' by Rei MATSUURA (Ronsosha, 2001), and 'Dream for the Navy Jointly Owned by Asian-countries, Shared with Mentor' by Yusuke HAMAGUCHI ('New Historical Figures Series (4) Creation of the Restoration Ryoma SAKAMOTO' GAKKEN, 2006).
- パリ留学で自由思想を学んだ西園寺は自由民権運動に傾倒し、明治14年(1881年)3月18日には、自由党結党に向けて創刊された『東洋自由新聞』の社長となり、中江兆民、松田正久らと共に発行に携わる。
- Saionji, who learned liberalism while he studied in Paris, became committed to Democratic Rights Movement, and on March 18, 1881, he became the president of 'Toyo Jiyu Shinbun' journal company, which was founded with the goal of establishing the Liberal Party, and he became involved in its publications along with Chomin NAKAE and Masahisa MATSUDA.
- 円融も独自の皇統を創始する意欲を強く持っており、また、最初に皇后とした媓子の死後、皇子懐仁を産んだ詮子をさしおいて、皇子のいない遵子を皇后に立てるなど、貴族たちを手玉に取るような行動にも出ている。
- Enyu also wanted to establish his own imperial line and after the death of the first Empress Koshi, skipping Senshi who was the mother of the prince Yasuhito, he made the childless Junshi Empress and acted as if he was leading the aristocrats around.
- 宮家創設から半世紀後、後桃園天皇が崩御し皇継が絶えそうになった際、閑院宮家から典仁親王の第6王子・兼仁王が光格天皇となり、その後、光格→仁孝→孝明→明治→大正→昭和→今上と続き、今日に続いている。
- After a half century since the new Miyake was founded, Emperor Gomomozono died and no successor was in Miyake, but prince Tomohito from the Kaninnomiya family, the sixth prince of prince Sukehito, became Emperor Kokaku, and afterwards, continued to Emperor Kokaku, Emperor Ninko, Emperor Komei, Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taisho, Emperor Showa and the present Emperor as of now.
- 石黒忠悳軍医・伊集院五郎・大浦兼武・大迫尚道陸軍士官学校 (日本)・神尾光臣・佐藤正 (陸軍草創期)・志水直・田村銀之助・寺内正毅(右腕を負傷)・東条英教・浜野昇軍医・山口素臣大隊長・手塚良仙軍医
- Tadanori ISHIGURO (a military doctor), Goro IJUIN, Kanetake OURA, Naomichi OSAKO (at the military academy (in Japan)), Mitsuomi KAMIO, Tadashi SATO (in the era of establishing the army), Tadashi SHIMIZU, Ginnosuke TAMURA, Masatake TERAUCHI (his right arm was injured), Hidenori TOJO, Noboru HAMANO (a military doctor), Motoomi YAMAGUCHI (a battalion commander), and Ryosen TEZUKA (a military doctor)
- 現在の学界では、三韓征伐説話は、はるか後の時代になって、新羅の日本への服従を正当化するために(『続日本紀』には、来新羅使の前で神功皇后説話を聞かせて立腹させたという記事もある)創作された説がある。
- Currently, the academic world has the theory that the rationale in the subjugation of Silla was formed in Japan with the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu; in consideration of the fact in which Sankan-Seibatsu was actually written at some distant point in time. (There was an article in the 'Shoku Nihongi' [a continuation of Nihonshoki; an imperially commissioned Japanese history text] about a visiting envoy of Silla, who became outraged upon hearing the official story of the Empress Jingu.)
- 『日本書紀』の天智天皇10年(671年)紀に「学識頭」という役職が見られ、また『懐風藻』の序文に天智天皇が学校を創設したという記述が見られるため、この時代に大学寮の由来を求める考え方が有力である。
- Because a post named 'Fumi no Tsukasa no Kami' (head of Minister of Education) is mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) entry for the year 671, and the preface of 'Kaifuso' (Found Recollections of Poetry) includes the statement that the Emperor Tenchi founded a school, it is generally understood that the origin of Daigaku-ryo dates back to this era.
- また「日本書紀が成立する14年前に作られた法起寺の塔露盤銘には聖徳皇という言葉があり、書紀で聖徳太子を創作したとする点は疑問。露銘板を偽作とする大山氏の説は推測に頼る所が多く、論証不十分。」とする。
- He also argues 'that the theory which states that Shotoku Taishi was created in the Nihonshoki is doubtful because the letters 'Shotoku no Sumera' appear on 'To Robanmei' of Hoki-ji Temple, which was made 14 years before the completion of the Nihonshoki and that Oyama's theory is largely based on supposition and lacks sufficient evidence in insisting that the Robanmei is a forgery.'
- 李氏朝鮮の金玉均などを支援しているし、漢文とハングルの混合文を発案するとともに、朝鮮で初めてのハングル交じりの新聞『漢城周報』へと発展する『漢城旬報』(漢字表記)の創刊にも私財を投じて関わっている。
- He supported Gyokukin KIN and others of the Yi dynasty Korea; invented a mixed writing system of Chinese and Hangul; and expended his funds on the establishment of 'Kanjo Junpo' (written in Chinese,) which was to develop into the first newspaper partly written in Hangul in Korea 'Kanjo Shuho.'
- また、当初中原氏の養子に入り明法道を学んだ大江広元が鎌倉幕府創設に深く関与し、また『裁判至要抄』の『御成敗式目』への影響が指摘されるなど、明法道と武家法の成立にも少なからず関係があったとされている。
- Also OE no Hiromoto who became an adopted son of Nakahara clan to study Myohodo, was likely to have something to do with the establishment of Myohodo and Bukeho (the low system of samurai society) because he participated deeply in the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and influenced 'Goseibaishikimoku (the law of samurai regime)' of the legal book 'Saiban Shiyosho. '
- 独創性に富み、尾上松助 (初代)とともに怪談を、市川團十郎 (7代目)・尾上菊五郎 (3代目)・岩井半四郎 (5代目)、松本幸四郎 (7代目)らとともに歌舞伎歌舞伎狂言の演劇的要素をそれぞれ確立した。
- With a great originality, he established a form of ghost stories with Matsusuke ONOE I, and dramatic elements of Kabuki play with Danjuro ICHIKAWA VII, Kikugoro ONOE III, Hanshiro IWAI V, and Koshiro MATSUMOTO VII.
- さらに、出雲大神宮や継体天皇元年に初めて神殿が建立された元愛宕神社 (京都市)や立命館大学創立者の中川小十郎の子息である有名な彫刻家流政之氏のくぐりほていがある養仙寺もあるなど歴史的に古い地域である。
- Moreover, the area is a historical site with the Izumo-Daijingu Shrine, the Moto-Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) whose first shrine was established in 507, and the Yosen-ji Temple, which possesses the sculpture 'Kuguri Hotei' created by the famous sculptor Masayuki NAGARE, a son of Kojuro NAKAGAWA who founded Ritsumeikan University.
- 江戸時代の寛永8年(1631年)に正親町三条貞秀の子で甘露寺豊長の養子となっていた(一説には貞秀の子で甘露寺豊長の養子となっていた甘露寺時長あるいは甘露寺嗣長いずれかの子)中川貞長によって創設された。
- In 1631, during the Edo period, the family was founded by Sadanaga NAKAGAWA, the son of Sadahide OGIMACHISANJO and had been adopted into the family of Toyonaga KANROJI, (said to be the son of Tokinaga KANROJI or Tsugunaga KANROJI, the son of Sadahide and had been adopted into the family of Toyonaga KANROJI.).
- 制作年代については従来聚光院創建の年である永禄9年(1566年)、24歳の作品とされていたが、画風の検討や、方丈自体の建立年代の見直しから、かなり後の天正11年(1583年)とする説も有力になっている。
- Originally it was considered to have been created in 1566 when Juko-in Temple was built and Eitoku was 24, but it is now considered to have been created in 1583, much later than was previously theorized, due to investigations into the painting style and inquiry into the age of abbot's chamber itself.
- 井上円了による東洋大学(前述の哲学館(1887年創立)の後身)は、男子専門だった私立学校で、日本で初めて女子の入学を許可(1916年)し、さらに女性教員を世に送り出すなどした、最初の共学の私立大学である。
- Toyo University (successor of the above-mentioned Tetsugakukan, built in 1887) established by Enryo INOUE, was a boys-only private school that became Japan's first coeducational private university; the school admitted girls (in 1916) for the first time in Japan and also produced women teachers.
- また、ヤマトタケルの息子が創始したといわれる建部大社(滋賀県大津市)や、白鳥と化したヤマトタケルが最後に降り立ったところに建てられたとされる大鳥大社(大阪府堺市西区 (堺市))の主祭神として祀られている。
- Yamato Takeru is also worshiped as the main deity of the Takebe-taisha Shrine (Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture) which is said to have been built by his son, and the Otori-taisha Shrine (Nishi Ward, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture), which is said to have been built at the place where Yamato Takeru landed in the end after turning into a white bird.
- この中西説に対して、細井浩志は『続日本紀』が道鏡政権を批判する際には、後日に'不正の暴露'などの形で対になる事実を提示しており、神託事件についてのみ創作を加えたとは考えにくいとして、中西説を否定している。
- Against this theory by NAKANISHI, Hiroshi HOSOI denies it, by stating that when 'Shoku Nihongi' criticizes the Dokyo administration, it presents a fact that forms a pair such as 'disclosure of injustice' in later dates, and it is hard to believe that the author added fiction to the part which deals with the oracle only.
- なお、兵庫県宝塚市にある波豆八幡神社は満政の創建と伝えられるほか、大阪府能勢町にある汐の湯温泉に湯治に出かけた記録が残るなど、当時の清和源氏の本拠地であった摂津国との関係を伺わす史跡や史料も存在している。
- Moreover, there exist historical spots and documents that imply his certain linkage with Settsu Province, which was the home base province of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) at that time; for example, Hazuhachiman-jinja Shrine located in Takarazuka City, Hyogo Prefecture, is said to have been constructed by Mitsumasa, and there remains a document that registered his visit to Shionoyu-onsen Hot Spring in Nose Town, Osaka Prefecture for the purpose of toji (hot spring cure).
- ただし、日本で創作された漢詩は(当然の話ではあるが)中国語での発音を考慮していないため、それが原因で本場中国の基準からすると下手糞扱い(中国語発音で漢詩を吟じると響きがよくない)されるものが多いと言われる。
- However, kanshi produced in Japan of course does not consider the Chinese pronunciation and because of this many Japanese kanshi are regarded as poor in the light of the home Chinese standard (they don't sound beautiful when recited using Chinese pronunciation).
- また『信長公記』には桶狭間山から退却する義元が馬に乗っていたと記されており、騎乗ができなかったこと、さらにその理由などは、ほぼ後世の創作と考えられる(一般にこれら記述が登場するのは江戸時代中期の物である)。
- In the 'Shincho Koki' (Biography of the Warlord Nobunaga ODA), since it is described how he withdrew on horseback from Mt. Okehazama, it is possible to consider the common theory of his inability to ride on horseback, as well as its reasons, as all being invented at a later time (Generally these descriptions began appearing in the middle of the Edo period.)
- 1895年(明治28年)に創建された平安神宮は平安京朝堂院の施設を縮小復元したものとなっており、朝堂院の正門である応天門や大極殿などがベンガラによる鮮やかな朱色塗りと瓦屋根、礎石列柱をもって復元されている。
- The Heian-jingu Shrine, founded in1895, was a reconstruction of the chodoin in Heian-kyo on a smaller scale, and the main gate of the chodoin such as Oten-mon Gate and daigokuden were restored with the bright red colorant of Bengala, tiled roofs, foundation and pillars.
- 前田晴人は四道将軍の神話自体は史実とは認めないものの、ここに描かれた「四道」を五畿七道成立以前のヤマト王権の地域区分であったとし、四道将軍はその成立を説明するために創作された説話であるとする説を唱えている。
- Haruto MAEDA, a contemporary historian, would not acknowledge the historical authenticity of the Shido-shogun stories, and instead advocates that 'shido' referred to the regional division designed by Yamato sovereignty before establishing the goki-shichido system (a geological classification composed of five provinces in the capital region and seven circuits outside), and that the tales of Shido-shogun were fictions created to explain the process of establishing the goki-shichido system.
- 結城無二三についての事績は、「國民新聞」記者であり、のちに「帝国新聞」創刊にも携わっていた息子・結城禮一郎(ゆうき れいいちろう・1878年~1939年10月17日)による書『お前たちのおじい様』に詳しい。
- The achievement of Munizo YUKI was told in detail in 'Omaetachi no Ojiisama' by his son, Reiichiro YUKI (1878-October 17, 1939), who was the reporter of 'The Kokumin Shinbun' (The National Newspaper) and also involved with the first publication of 'The Teikoku Shinbun' (The Newspaper of the Empire).
- しかし、福澤の死後15年たった大正5年(1916年)12月27日、慶應義塾に医学部の創設が許可され、大正6年(1917年)3月、医学部予科1年生の募集を開始し、医学部長として北里柴三郎が就任することになった。
- On December 27, 1916, 15 years after the death of Yukichi, Keio Gijuku was permitted to establish its Medical Department, and in March 1917, Keio Gijuku opened for application for freshmen enrollment at the premedical course of the Medical Department, and had Shibasaburo KITAZATO as Dean of the Medical Department.
- 後装式(元込め)のスナイドル銃をいち早く導入し、集成館事業の蓄積で近代工業基盤を有していた薩摩藩は、イギリスから設備を輸入して明治5年の陸軍省創設以前からスナイドル弾薬の国産化に成功していた唯一の地域だった。
- The Satsuma Domain was armed with breech-loading Snider rifles before others; based on the modern industrial base that had been built up through the industries at Shuseikan, the domain was the only region in Japan to succeed in domestic production of ammunition for Snider rifles by importing facilities from England before the Army Ministry was established in 1872.
- これが成功を収め不動産や金融業に乗り出し、現在の元町 (神戸市)、三宮といった神戸港周辺の都市開発や神戸女学院の前身である女子寄宿学校・神戸ホームの創立に関わるなど、神戸の街づくりに多大な影響を及ぼしている。
- After this success, he expanded his business into real estate, financial business and at the same time was involved in urban development around Kobe Port such as Moto-machi (Kobe City) and Sannomiya, and foundation of Kobe Home, the boarding school for female students which was a predecessor of Kobe College (Kobe Jogakuin), exercising a major influence on Kobe's development.
- 華族や士族の家に生まれた者も、家を継がず分家して一戸を創設する際には、生家の族称から離れて、原則として平民の族称を享けることとなった(平民宰相といわれた原敬がこの例で、盛岡藩家老の息子だったが平民となった)。
- Any one who was born in a family of kazoku or shizoku but did not succeed the family to set up a new branch was basically classified as heimin despite the designation of his parents' home (for example, Takashi HARA who was called a commoner prime minister became heimin after he was born as a son of the chief retainer of the Morioka domain.)
- 東京奠都後、内裏の蔵書の一部は新御所の設置された皇居に移され、更に宮家創設時に分与された例もある(ただし、分与を受けた宮家は後に全て断絶してしまうこととなり、蔵書は宮内庁書陵部や国立歴史民俗博物館に移された)。
- After the transfer of the capital to Tokyo, a part of the stored books in dairi was transferred to new Imperial Palace and furthermore, in the establishment of miyake (families allowed to have the status of Imperial family), some of them were allocated to them (However, all the miyake which received the allocation were discontinued later and the stored books were transferred to Imperial Household Archives or National Museum of Japanese History.)
- この寺は、創建当初から東大寺と呼ばれてきたわけではなく、「東大寺」の名がはじめて見えるのは、天平19年(747年)12月25日日付の正倉院文書のひとつ、『東大寺写経所解』(とうだいじしゃきょうしょのげ)である。
- This temple has not been called Todai-ji since the foundation, and it is in 'Todai-ji shakyosho no ge' (Details of the Sutra Copying Office of Todai-ji Temple), one of the Shoso-in archives dated February 2, 748, that the word 'Todai-ji Temple' was referred to for the first time.
- また、文化面でも「改良」運動が官民ぐるみで盛んになり、1883年に矢田部良吉・外山正一による「羅馬字会」や同じく渋沢栄一・森有礼による「演劇改良会」が結成され、また欧米を真似て学会を創設する動きも盛んになった。
- Additionally, concerning a cultural aspect, activities of 'improvement' were actively addressed by the government and the people in harmony, and the 'Romaji Club' (supporting the use of Romaji [Roman alphabet]) by Ryokichi YATABE and Masakazu TOYAMA, and the 'Engeki Kairyo Kai' (Society for Theatre Reform) by Eichi SHIBUSAWA and Arinori MORI were set up in 1883, and another thing, a movement for creating academic societies became popular to imitate Europe and America.
- 1864年(文久4年改元して元治元年)、神戸海軍操練所が創設されたしかし浪人は入所資格を認められなかったこともあり、龍馬は入所できなかったのではないかと指摘している研究者もいる(松浦玲『検証・龍馬伝説』など)。
- In 1864, Kobe Navy Training Center was founded, but some researchers point out that Ryoma might not have been able to enroll in the Center partly because master less samurai was not entitled to enroll ('Verification: The Legend of Ryoma' by Rei MATSUURA).
- 詳しくは、青山忠正『明治維新の言語と史料』(清文堂出版、2006年)・松浦玲「『万機公論ニ決スヘシ』は維新後に実現されたか?」(『新・歴史群像シリーズ(4) 維新創世 坂本龍馬』学習研究社、2006年)を参照。
- For the details, refer to 'Language and Historical Data of Meiji Restoration' by Tadamasa AOYAMA (Seibundo shuppan, 2006) and 'Was Democracy Realized after the Restoration?' by Rei MATSUURA ('New Historical Figures Series (4) Creation of the Restoration Ryoma SAKAMOTO' GAKKEN, 2006).
- 盗賊の彼が人気を博した理由は、浄瑠璃や歌舞伎の演題としてとりあげられ、これらの創作の中で次第に義賊として扱われるようになったこと、また権力者豊臣秀吉の命を狙うという筋書きが庶民の心を捉えたことにもよるであろう。
- The reason for the popularity of a bandit like him lies in the fact that he was used as a subject in joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) and kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and he was gradually portrayed as a thief who stole from the rich and gave to the poor, and furthermore, the script in which he tries to kill the powerful ruler, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, won the hearts of the commoners.
- 天下統一を実現した秀吉が幕府の創立を目論み、義昭を大名にする代わりに自分を養子としてくれるようにと望んだが、名族・足利氏としての意地があったのかこれを拒絶した、という逸話が伝わるがこれは後世の作り話とされている。
- There is an anecdote which now seems fictional; Hideyoshi, who succeeded in ruling over the whole country, hoped to be Yoshiaki's adopted son instead of making Yoshiaki a feudal lord in order to build a new Shogunate, but Yoshiaki rejected this proposal because of his pride as an ASHIKAGA noble.
- これに対して一介の御家人から室町幕府を創設した足利氏の場合は、南北朝の内乱の中で敵から奪った所領の増加がある一方で恩賞や敵からの略奪による所領の喪失もあり、その御料所の規模は鎌倉幕府のそれよりも遥かに乏しかった。
- On the other hand, the Ashikaga clan, which raised from a mere gokenin to found the Muromachi bakufu, gained the shoryo by depriving the enemies of the shoryo during the Nanbokucho civil war, but lost their shoryo when their shoryo was taken as rewards to the others or was deprived by the enemies -- Consequently, its goryosho (shogunal domain) was far less than that of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 序文については『日本書紀』で触れられた『天皇記』・『国記』に相当するものを装った偽書であり、物部氏の権威付けのために、その筋に近い物が創作した可能性が高いと言われている(藤原明『日本の偽書』文藝春秋、2004年)。
- With regard to the preface, it is considered that the preface is gisho, assuming that it corresponds to the prefaces for 'Tennoki' (a Record of the Emperors) and 'Kokki' (a National Record), and that a person familiar to the Mononobe clan created the story in order to give authority to the Mononobe clan (Akira FUJIWARA, 'Nihon no gisho' (a book of gisho, apocryphal book in Japan), Bungei shunju, 2004).
- この間、1894年、鷲尾順敬・境野黄洋らと雑誌『仏教史林』を創刊し、1897年、『大日本仏教史』を刊行、1926年、 辻善之助らと『明治維新神仏分離史料』を編纂・刊行するなど、近代的な仏教史研究に大きく道を開いた。
- He contributed to the research of modern Buddhist history; he launched the first issue of 'Bukkyo Shirin' (Collection of Buddhist history) magazine with Junkyo WASHIO and Koyo SAKAINO in 1894; he published 'Dai Nihon Bukkyo shi' (History of Buddhism in Great Japan) in 1897; he compiled and published 'Meiji ishin shinbutsu bunri shiryo' (Historical materials on the separation of Shinto and Buddhism during the Meiji Restoration) with others including Zennosuke TSUJI in 1926.
- その後、再び独立プロに戻り、文学座と組んだ樋口一葉原作のオムニバス映画『にごりえ』(ベストテン第1位)、高崎市民オーケストラ(現・群馬交響楽団)の草創期を描いた『ここに泉あり』とヒューマニズム映画の傑作を発表する。
- Afterwards, he moved back to his independent production company and released the following two masterpieces: the omnibus film 'Nigorie' (An Inlet of Muddy Water) which, based on Ichiyo HIGUCHI's work, was created with Bungakuza (theater group) and ranked number one in the top ten list; and the humanistic film 'Koko ni izumi ari' (Here Is a Fountain) which portrayed the founding period of the Takasaki Citizens Orchestra (the present-day Gunma Symphony Orchestra).
- ところが家康からは「お前も我が子が可愛いか」と手厳しく返され、信康事件の不手際を言外に難詰された話がよく知られている(しかし、上述の通り信康切腹事件に異説が存在する事から、このエピソードも創作であるという説がある)。
- However, it is well known that Tadatsugu was harshly criticized by Ieyasu saying, 'You favor your son after all,' and thus blamed implicitly for his failure in the Nobuyasu incident (but, since there is a different view on the Nobuyasu incident as described above, some say that this anecdote is a fiction, too).
- 源光信(美濃源氏)、多田行綱(多田源氏)、山本義経(近江源氏)、武田信義、一条忠頼、安田義定(甲斐源氏)、伊豆国の源頼朝、陸奥国の源義経などの名があるが、当時の重要人物の欠落や錯誤が多く、後世の創作と考えられている。
- The list includes such names as MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu (of the Mino Genji), Yukitsuna TADA (of the Tada Genji), Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO (of the Omi Genji), Nobuyoshi TAKEDA, Tadayori ICHIJO, Yoshisada YASUDA (of the Kai Genji), as well as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Izu province and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in Mutsu province, but many of the most important and powerful people of the day are missing from the list and there are many errors, prompting some to consider the list a literary fiction added later.
- 水野は、古事記で没した年の干支が記載されている天皇は、神武天皇から推古天皇までの33代の天皇のうち、半数に満たない15代であることに注目し、その他の18代は実在しなかった(創作された架空の天皇である)可能性を指摘した。
- In the Kojiki, Mizuno focusing on that the Oriental zodiac signs of the year that emperor died were written for 15 emperors, short of half among the 33 emperors from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Suiko, pointed out the 18 rest emperors might not exist (fictional emperors).
- 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
- Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.
- この事件は、すでに将軍家と血縁もなく、北条本家との関係も希薄となって影響力の低下を恐れた政子が、牧氏事件と同じ構図を創り上げて義時後家として強い立場を持つ事になる伊賀氏を強引に潰そうとして仕掛けたものとする見方もある。
- Some say Masako HOJO, in fear of decline of her own influence in the Kamakura bakufu due to having no blood relationship with the Shogun family and the weak connection with the head family of HOJO, designed this incident, which has the same content with the Incident of Maki clan, in order to forcibly ruin the Iga clan, who were to hold strong power as Yoshitoki's widow.
- 綱吉時代の政策は否定され、生類憐れみの令は撤回、勘定吟味役の創設、正徳金銀発行(デフレーション政策)による綱吉時代の財政矛盾の解決などを行ったが、将軍家宣・7代徳川家継があいついで早世したため、改革は中途半端に終わった。
- Tsunayoshi's policies were denied in the reforms, so, for example, Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei (ordinances of animal protection) was revoked, 'kanjo ginmiyaku' (a post to support kanjo bugyo) was newly established, and the financial contradiction in the Tsunayoshi age was tried to resolve by issuing Shotoku gold and silver coins as a deflationary policy, but the reforms ended halfway on the road after Ienobu and his successor Ietsugu TOKUGAWA (the seventh Shogun) died young.
- 朝廷は新たな公議政体を創設するため、徳川家一門の徳川慶勝と松平慶永、薩摩藩の島津久光、土佐藩の山内豊信、宇和島藩の伊達宗城、広島藩(安芸)の浅野長訓、肥前藩の鍋島直正、岡山藩の池田茂政(慶喜の実弟)ら諸藩に上洛を命じた。
- In order to create a new parliamentary regime, the Imperial Court ordered Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, members of the Tokugawa clan, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU of the Satsuma Domain, Toyoshige YAMAUCHI of the Tosa Domain, Munenari DATE of the Uwajima Domain, Nagamichi ASANO of the Hiroshima (Aki) Domain, Naomasa NABESHIMA of the Hizen Domain and Shigemasa IKEDA of the Okayama Domain (Yoshinobu's own brother) to come to Kyoto.
- 元亀2年(1571年)に間宮武兵衛(船10艘)、間宮造酒丞(船5艘)、小浜景隆(安宅船1艘、小舟15艘)、向井正勝(船5艘)、伊丹康直(船5艘)、間宮忠兵衛(船12艘、同心50騎)などを登用して、武田水軍を創設している。
- In 1571, he recruited Fuhei MAMIYA (10 vessels), Mikinojo MAMIYA (five vessels), Kagetaka OHAMA (one Atake bune (a ship used in war, seen from the latter half of the Muromachi period to the beginning of the Edo period), 15 boats), Masakatsu MUKAI (five vessels), Yasunao ITAMI (12 vessels, 50 doshin (a police constable) to establish the Takeda navy.
- なお『仮名手本忠臣蔵』に登場するお軽のモデルは彼女だが、この作品の中では早野勘平(萱野三平がモデル)の恋人で、寺岡平右衛門(寺坂吉右衛門がモデル)の妹ということになっており、その他の創作でもこの設定で描かれることが多い。
- She is the model for Okaru in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), but in this story, she is a girlfriend of Kanpei HAYANO (Sanpei KAYANO is the model) and a younger sister of Heiemon TERAOKA (Kichiemon TERASAKA is the model) and such plot is usually used in other works.
- 四世川柳の門人には、九州・平戸藩6万3千石の大名・松浦清(柳号・松山、流水、柳水)や葛飾北斎(柳号・卍)、都々逸の創始者・都々逸坊扇歌、「偐紫田舎源氏」の作者・柳亭種彦(柳号・木卯)など、当時一流の文化人が名を連ねている。
- Men of culture regarded as being of the first-rank such as Kiyoshi MATSURA, a daimyo (feudal lord) of a 63,000 koku fief in Hirado Domain in Kyushu (also known as 松山, 流水 and 柳水), Hokusai KATSUSHIKA (aka 卍), the founder of dodoitsu (Japanese popular love songs of the Edo period in the 7-7-7-5 syllable pattern) Senka DODOITSUBO and Tanehiko RYUTEI, the author of the 'Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji' (The False Murasaki and the Rustic Genji)' (aka 木卯) lined up to be Senryu IV's pupils.
- 西郷の下野に同調した軍人・警吏が相次いで帰県した明治6年末以来、鹿児島県下は無職の血気多き壮年者がのさばり、それに影響された若者に溢れる状態になった(この状態が私学校創設後も続いたことは『西南役前後の思出の記』に詳しい)。
- Since soldiers and the Keri police officers who resigned along with Saigo returned to the prefecture one after another in 1873, Kagoshima became filled with many unemployed hot-blooded men and young men who were inspired by them (a situation that continued after a private school was established, the details of which are in 'the diary of before and after Seinan-eki (Seinan War)').
- 京都に10年ほど住んだ後にふたたび東京へ居を移した柳は、実業家大原孫三郎(株式会社クラレ、大原美術館、大原社会問題研究所などの創設者)より経済面の援助を得て、1936年(昭和11年)、東京・駒場の自邸隣に日本民藝館を開設した。
- After living in Kyoto for 10 years, Yanagi moved to Tokyo again, obtained financial help from Magosaburo OHARA (founder of Kuraray, Ohara Museum of Art and Ohara Institute for Social Research) and opened the Japan Folk Crafts Museum near his own house in Komaba, Tokyo in 1936.
- 加えて、いくつかの事例には和歌山県が関与している他、国の緊急地域雇用創出特別基金事業の下で行われた県の公共事業「緑の雇用事業」の一環であるものもあるなど、行政当局の遺産保護に対する姿勢や「縦割り」の弊害を問う声があがっている。
- The attitude of administrative authorities on the protection of heritage or the adverse effect caused by 'vertically-segmented administrative system' are questioned in that Wakayama Prefecture is involved in some cases, and some projects were conducted as a part of Prefectural projects, 'Green Employment Project' under special subsidy for emergency regional employment creation of the nation.
- 『玉葉集』の名義は『万葉集』を思わせ、紀貫之の歌を巻頭に据えるなど、古歌を多く採っているが、それにも増してこの集の特色は、伝統を踏襲することを良しとせず、大胆にも斬新な表現上の技法を取り入れ、清新自由な歌風を創出したことにある。
- Although the title 'Gyokuyoshu' is reminiscent of 'Manyoshu' (Ten Thousand Poems), and similarly includes a number of older poems, including a poem by KI no Tsurayuki starting off the collection, its most salient characteristic was not in following tradition, but in boldly incorporating new techniques of expression, and creating a free and fresh new poetic style.
- しかし、そのことをもって、御伽草子全てを婦女童幼の読み物であると断定するべきではなく、物語が庶民に楽しめるものになっていったこの時代に、色々な創作・享受の条件が複雑に重なった結果、御伽草子のような形の物語群が生まれたと思われる。
- However, that is not to say that all Otogi Zoshi were reading material only for women and children, and the narrative forms of Otogi Zoshi are thought to have been created as a result of complicated, overlapping conditions of various recreations during that period when narratives began to be enjoyed by general public.
- 定形化の成立が何時頃であるのかは詳らかではないが、「そらみつ」を「そらにみつ(空に満つ)」と改めたのも人麻呂であろうと思われ(『万葉集』巻1・29番歌)、枕詞の創造・再解釈に関しては、この歌人によるところが多いことは事実である。
- We cannot know exactly when the formalization was completed, but can guess that it was Hitomaro who revised 'sora mitsu' into 'sora ni mitsu' ('Manyoshu' Vol. 1, 29th poem), so it is true that this kajin (waka poet) made a significant contribution to the creation and reinterpretation of makurakotoba.
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- 野宮定逸は花山院定熙の孫だったが、父の花山院忠長が慶長14年(1609年)後陽成天皇の勅勘により蝦夷地(北海道)に流罪になったため(猪熊事件)、祖父に養育されて成人し、後水尾天皇の意向により祖父の養子縁組として野宮家を創立した。
- In 1609, Tadanaga KAZANIN was banished to Ezochi (Hokkaido) by Imperial order from Emperor Goyozei because of the Inokuma Incident, his son, Sadatoshi NONOMIYA was adopted and raised by his grandfather, Sadahiro KAZANIN, and later Emperor Gomizunoo allowed Sadatoshi to found the Nonomiya family.
- 大納言久我通堅の三男・参議久我通廉によって江戸時代当初に創設されたとされるが、その他、東久世家の起源には諸説あり、通廉を通堅の子下津俸庵(下津俸庵)の子とする説や、または、祖秀は久我晴通の孫で、祖秀の孫が通廉とする説などがある。
- It is said that the family was established in the Edo period by Michiyasu KOGA, the Sangi (Director of palace affaires) and the third son of Michikata KOGA who was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), but there are several views on the origin of the Higashikuze family: some say that Michiyasu was the child of Boan SHIMOZU who was the child of Michikata and others say that Motohide was the grandchild of Harumichi KOGA and that the grandchild of Motohide was Michiyasu.
- 山県有朋もかつて西郷のもとで御親兵・陸軍省創設のために働いており、鹿児島私学校徒を激昂させた鹿児島スナイドル弾薬製造設備の搬出では薩摩閥の大山巌に協力するなど、薩摩閥内部の西郷vs大久保の争いに長州閥が便乗する構図となっていた。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA once worked under SAIGO to found Goshinpei and the Army Ministry, but on the other hand, cooperated with Iwao OYAMA of the Satsuma clique in transferring the production equipment of Snider Ammunition from Kagoshima, which made Kagoshima Shigakko students angry; as such, the Choshu clique took advantage of the struggle between SAIGO and OYAMA within the Satsuma clique.
- 鎌倉幕府創設者である初代将軍源頼朝の死後、幕府内部の権力闘争が続き正治2年(1200年)の梶原景時の変、建仁3年(1203年)の比企能員の変によって有力者が滅ぼされ、幕府の実権は14歳の3代将軍源実朝を擁する北条時政が握っていた。
- After the death of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the founder of the Kamakura bakufu, political strife over authority within the bakufu continued to happen, resulting in the deaths of political leaders in such cases as the Kagetoki Kajiwara Incident (1200) and the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI (1203), and it was in fact Tokimasa HOJO who had political authority over 14 year-old MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, the third shogun of the Kamakura bakufu.
- また、近年、全羅南道の霊岩郡では、毎年王仁博士祭りを開き、日本に文化を伝えた王仁を記念している(現在全羅南道には王仁関連の遺跡も存在しているが、1970年代以降に創作されたものであり、伝承地が作られてゆく生きた実例となっている)。
- In recent years, the Wang-in Culture Festival has been held annually in Yeongam County of South Cholla Province to commemorate Wani who introduced advanced culture to Japan (there are also Wani-related ruins in South Cholla Province but they were created after the 1970's, and these are serving as good examples of creation of a legendary site).
- 例えば、額から右眼にかけて致命的な傷痕があり、更に右手首を骨折していた人骨が見つかっているが、右手首の骨折は、攻撃から身を守る際につけられる、防御創と呼ばれる種類の傷としては一般的なもので、争いによる受傷者である可能性は極めて高い。
- For example, a human bone with fatal wound across the forehead to right eye and broken right wrist, which is a typical defensive wound that happens when defending from attack, was excavated, and it is very likely that the person was wounded by fighting.
- 石井家設立が上のように複雑な経緯をたどったのは、初代・行豊は正二位・権中納言・平松時量(1627年〜1704年)を実父とするが、養子先である石井局の勤務を後水尾天皇及び東福門院がねぎらうという形で行豊に新家の創設を認めたためである。
- There was a rather complex background to the establishment of the Iwai family as follows; though the first Yukitoyo was a son of Tokitsune HIRAMATSU of the Shonii Gon Chunagon (Senior Second Rank, Provisional Vice-Councilor of State) (1627 -1704), Emperor Gomizunoo and Tofukumonin allowed Yukitoyo to establish a new family in appreciation of his service in his adoptive family, Iwai no tsubone.
- 588年から609年にかけて蘇我氏が築いた飛鳥寺(奈良県高市郡明日香村。法興寺、元興寺とも)や593年聖徳太子創建とされる摂津国の四天王寺(大阪府大阪市天王寺区。天王寺)が、日本最古の伽藍とされる(いずれも当初の建物は現存しない)。
- Also known as Hoko-ji Temple or Gango-ji Temple, Asuka-dera Temple (Asuka-mura Village, Takaichi-gun, Nara Prefecture), which was built by the Asuka clan in the period from 588 to 609, and Shitenno-ji Temple (Tennoji, Tennoji-ku, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture), which is said to have been founded by Prince Shotoku, are believed to be the oldest Japanese Buddhist temples (the original building not existing in either case).
- また、『とはずがたり』発見以前には後深草天皇の女性関係に関する記録が乏しく、『増鏡』における同天皇の女性関係の記述を創作あるいは弟の亀山天皇のものとの誤認説を唱える学者もいたが、この書の発見以後『増鏡』の記述に根拠がある事が確認された。
- Also, because there were very few records of Emperor Gofukakusa's romances before 'Towazugatari' was found, some scholars used to think that the descriptions of his romances in 'Masukagami' were fictional or had been confused with those of his brother Emperor Kameyama, but after the discovery of 'Towazugatari,' it was confirmed that there was a basis for the descriptions in 'Masukagami.'
- また、当時の物語に対する批判(『源氏物語』を書いた紫式部が妄語戒によって地獄に堕ちたとする風説)に老婆が反論する場面が盛り込まれるなど、仏教戒律を重んじて極楽往生を願うという当時の社会風潮が物語としての創作性を抑制したとする見方もある。
- There is a view that says that the contemporary tendency to emphasize Buddhist precepts and wishing for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) suppressed creativity in story telling as seen in the fact that a scene in which the old lady argued against criticism of the tales of the time, and a rumor that Murasakishikibu, who wrote 'Genji Monogatari,' descended into hell under mogokai (a Buddhist admonition not to tell a lie) was included.
- 小辺路の生活道路としての形成時期ははっきりしないが、小辺路が通行する十津川村・野迫川村の領域に関係する史料には8世紀にさかのぼるものが見られ、また、周辺に介在する遺跡・史資料などから少なくとも平安時代には開創されていたと考えられている。
- The time when Kohechi began to be formed as community road is unknown; however, there is a historical document about Totsukawa Village and Nosegawa Village through which Kohechi passes dates back to the eighth century, besides there remain relics and other historical materials which can be linked to the road, therefore, it is considered that Kohechi was formed in the Heian period at the very latest.
- 総督府技師の八田与一は10年の歳月を費やし、当時東南アジアで最大となる烏山頭ダムを完成させると、1920年には嘉南大圳建設に着工、1934年に主要部分が完成すると嘉南平原への水利実現に伴い、台湾耕地面積の14%にも及ぶ広大な装置を創出した。
- Yoichi HATTA, a civil engineer of the Sotoku-fu, spent ten years to complete the Ushantou dam, the largest in the south east Asia at that time, and started the construction of Chianan Canal in 1920, and, with the completion of the major part in 1934, it became a huge water supply facility to supply water to the Chianan Plain, which covered as much as 14% of the total farming area in Taiwan.
- 創設当初にあった徴兵免除の規定も徐々に縮小・廃止され、1889年に大改正が行われ、ほぼ国民皆兵制となった(ただし、中等学校以上の卒業後に志願したものは現役期間を1年としたり、師範学校を出て教員になったものは現役6週間とするなどの特例があった)。
- The initial exemption conditions of conscription were gradually reduced or abolished and,in 1889, a major revision was made for universal conscription (however, there were special cases, for example, those who volunteered after graduating from secondary school or higher education served for one year and those who became teacher after graduating from school for teacher training served for six weeks.)
- 伊藤が内閣総理大臣に就任したことにともない、三條は内大臣として宮中にまわり、以後は天皇の側近としてこれを「常侍輔弼」することになったのだが、そもそも内大臣府は三條処遇のために創られた名誉職であり、実際は彼を二階へあげて梯子を外したも同然だった。
- Once ITO assumed office as Prime Minister, SANJO transferred to imperial court as Minister of the center, after that, he served as a close adviser of Emperor, but Minister of center's Office was originally a honorary position exclusively set up for SANJO, so actually he was just like a man in a penthouse without means to go down.
- 「当家夜をありつの日浅く、今まで創建せし綱紀政令、いまだ全備せしにあらざれば、近年のうちにそれぞれ改修せんと思ひしが、今は不幸にして其の事も遂げずなりぬ、我なからむ後に、御身いささか憚る所なく改正し給へば、これぞ我が志を継ぐとも申すべき孝道なれ」
- As it has been only a short time since our family established our Bakufu, the official discipline and laws created so far are still incomplete and even though I intended to revise them, now it is unfortunately impossible, so after my death, you shall revise those without hesitation, it is a filial piety to pursue the same aims as myself.'
- 松浦玲『検証・龍馬伝説』(論創社、2001年)・池田敬正「司馬遼太郎「竜馬がゆく」をめぐって」(『歴史評論』317、1976年)・絲屋寿雄「竜馬の虚像・実像-司馬遼太郎「竜馬がゆく」によせて-」(『歴史評論』317、1976年)などが参考になる。
- Refer to 'Verification: The Legend of Ryoma' by Rei MATSUURA (Ronsosha, 2001), 'Ryotaro SHIBA's 'Ryoma ga Yuku' by Takamasa IKEDA ('Rekishi Hyoron' (History Review) 317, 1976), and 'Ryoma's Persona and the Real Nature - Ryotaro SHIBA's 'Ryoma ga Yuku' - by Hisao ITOYA (Rekishi Hyoron' (History Review 317, 1976)).
- その目的は、西郷と共に下野した不平士族たちを統率することと、県内の若者を教育することであったが、外国人講師を採用したり、優秀な私学校徒を欧州へ遊学させる等、積極的に西欧文化を取り入れており、外征を行うための強固な軍隊を創造することを目指していた。
- SAIGO founded the schools to lead the band of fuhei shizoku (former samurai with gripes), who left the government as he did, and to educate the youth in the prefecture; moreover, with the goal of forming a strong army to go on a foreign campaign, he positively introduced Western culture by employing foreign instructors and sending capable students to Western countries to study.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 新島 襄(にいじま じょう、英字表記:Joseph Hardy Neesima、天保14年1月14日 (旧暦)(1843年2月12日) - 明治23年(1890年)1月23日)はキリスト教の布教家で、同志社大学の前身となる同志社英学校の創立者である。
- Joseph Hardy Neeshima (born February 12, 1843, died January 23, 1890, and known as Joe NIIJIMA in Japan) was a Christian proselytizer and founder of the Doshisha Eigakko (Academy), formerly known as Doshisha University.
- 文化人類学者の佐々木は縄文土器編年区分のうち草創期を旧石器時代から新石器時代への移行期として縄文Ⅰ期、土器編年の縄文早期を縄文文化が完成に向かう時期として縄文Ⅱ期、土器編年の縄文前期から晩期までを完成した縄文文化が保持された時期として縄文Ⅲ期に分類した。
- Sasaki, a scholar of the cultural anthropology, classified the incipient period of the periodization based on the Jomon earthenware sequence as the first Jomon period which was the transitional period between the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period, the earlier period as the second Jomon period which was the period when the Jomon culture progressed toward maturity, and from the early period to the last period as the third Jomon period which was the period when the matured Jomon culture was maintained.
- 本書はセオドア・ルーズベルト、ジョン・F・ケネディ大統領など米国の政治家のほか、ボーイスカウト創立者のロバート・ベーデン・パウエルなど、多くの海外の読者を得て、逆輸入される形で新渡戸門下生の矢内原忠雄の訳により日本語版が出版され「武士道」ブームを起こした。
- The book was read by a lot of people abroad including American politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt, presiding John F. Kennedy and a founder of Boy Scout Robert Baden-Powell and the Japanese version translated by Tadao YANAIHARA who was a disciple of Nitobe that was published by reimport and created a boom in 'Bushido'.
- これは明治元年から30年までを10年毎に3期に分け、最初の10年を創業の時期として戊辰戦争や士族反乱などの兵事に明け暮れる時期、次の10年を内治整理、殖産興業の時期、最後の10年を後継者による守成の時期として、自らは第二期に力を注ぎたいと抱負を述べるものであった
- In this plan, Okubo divided the 30 years from 1868 to 1898 into the three terms of 10 year intervals: the first 10 years as the establishment period, making efforts in militaristic affairs such as the Boshin Civil War and Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors); the next 10 years as the period to organize domestic affairs, encourage domestic production, and create new industries; and the last 10 years as the period of building up and maintaining this process by his successors; and he said he hoped to contribute his effort in the second term.
- 永倉の配慮によって、山南が馴染みにしていた島原の天神明里が死の間際の山南の元に駆けつけ今生の別れを告げたという哀話が伝わっている(その永倉の手記「新撰組顛末記」や「浪士文久報国記事」などには明里についての記述はなく、子母沢寛の創作という可能性が高いとされている)
- This sad story was told that through Nagakura's kind offices, Sannan's old friend, Tenjin (upper rank prostitute) Akesato in Shimabara, who came to see Sannan and bade him a last farewell (but there was no description of Akesato in Nagakura's journal 'Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki' and 'Roshi Bunkyu Era Patriotism Articles,' so it was highly likely that this was created by Kan SHIMOZAWA).
- 『平治物語』では重盛と義平が待賢門で一騎打ちを繰り広げ、御所の右近の橘・左近の桜の間を7度も義平が重盛を追い回した、頼盛が退却中に敵に追いつかれそうになり重代の名刀「抜丸」で辛くも撃退した、というエピソードが出てくるがこれらは話を盛り上げるための創作と思われる。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' describes a scene in which Shigemori and Yoshihira fought in single combat at the Taikenmon gate, Yoshihira driving Shigemori back seven times in an area of the palace between the tachibana on the right and the cherry tree on the left, and meanwhile, Yorimori was staging a fighting withdrawal, but when he came under danger of being overrun by his foes he furiously struck all around him with 'Nukimaru,' his famous and ancient sword; needless to say, this episode is considered to be a literary embellishment to create a stirring climactic scene.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 福澤 諭吉(ふくざわ ゆきち、天保5年12月12日 (旧暦)(1835年1月10日)- 明治34年(1901年)2月3日)は、日本の武士(中津藩士)、著述家、啓蒙思想家、新聞時事新報の創刊・発行者、教育者、東京学士会院(現在の日本学士院)初代会長、慶應義塾創設者。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA (January 10, 1835 - February 3, 1901) was a samurai warrior (served in the Nakatsu domain), writer, enlightenment thinker, the founder and publisher of the Jiji Shinpo (a newspaper), educator, the first president of the Tokyo Gakushikaiin (present Nihon Gakushiin,) and the founder of Keio Gijuku.
- 親子二代説が登場するまでは「油屋から身を立て大名にまでのしあがった戦国大名」という道三像が定着していたことから、各種の民間説話・伝承や、二代説登場後のものも含む多くの創作作品においては、一代説を前提とした「斎藤道三」というキャラクターが語られることが圧倒的に多い。
- Until the father-and-son two-generation view came about, Dosan's image was well established as a 'Sengoku Daimyo who rose in the world from an oil-seller to a Daimyo'; because of this, in various folklores, oral literatures and creative works, including the ones produced after the two-generation view came about, Dosan was most often portrayed as 'Dosan SAITO' in accordance with the single-generation view.
- 2006年に学習研究社から発売された『新・歴史群像シリーズ(4) 維新創世 坂本龍馬』では、菊地明が「寺田屋事件の際に捕縛方一人を殺害したことで「お尋ね者」になっており、見廻組が逮捕のためにやってきた」という説を出しているが、この説に関しても今後精査が必要である。
- In 'New Historical Figures Series (4) Creation of the Restoration Ryoma SAKAMOTO' sold by GAKKEN in 2006, Akira KIKUCHI put forward a theory that since Ryoma was wanted for killing one capturing official in the Teradaya incident, Mimawarigumi came to Ryoma for arrest, but this theory also needs to be closely examined.
- 後醍醐の践祚とともに後宇多の院政が再開されたが、後宇多は大覚寺門跡を創設して自ら門主となるなど密教への傾倒をさらに深め、また年齢とともに体調を崩してしだいに政務に倦み、元亨元年(1321年)には治天の政務を後醍醐に譲り、元亨4年(1324年)には58歳で死去した。
- With Godaigo's accession, Gouda's cloistered government was reinstated, but Gouda himself became further devout in esoteric Buddhism and became the chief priest himself by establishing Daikakuji Temple Monseki and he started to let the reins go with government affairs as his health declined along the years, relinquishing the duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 and he died at the age of 58 in 1324.
- しかし文部官僚時代、創設の中心に関わった京都帝国大学が制度上旧制高等学校卒業生しか受け入れることができず、西園寺公望が提唱した「能力と意欲のある人に国として(教育の)機会を与えるべき」という教育理念からもかけ離れている実態に限界を感じ、自ら私学を興すことを思い立つ。
- However, when he noticed the restricted reality that Kyoto Imperial University, in the establishment of which he himself was involved as an official of the Ministry of Education, was unable to accept other than those who graduated from the old-education-system high schools as its system and that it was far from the educational ideal advocated by Kinmochi SAIONJI, that is, 'the nation should offer the opportunities to those who have ability and will,' he decided to establish a private school by himself.
- これは、新田氏の祖である源義重が源頼朝の鎌倉幕府の創設に非協力的であったため、幕府成立後には源義国の系統を束ねる棟梁としての地位が義重の弟源義康の子足利義兼の系統に変移し、新田氏のみならず源氏の系譜を持った武士をその支配下に置くという慣例が定着したためであるという説がある。
- Regarding the background of the above description, some people assert that as the founder of the Nitta clan Yoshishige NITTA showed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo an uncooperative attitude in establishing the Kamakura bakufu, the status of the head of the families originating from MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni shifted, after the establishment of bakufu, to Yoshikane ASHIKAGA, a son of Yoshishige's younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshiyasu, and the practice of the Ashikaga clan ruling the samurai of Genji including the Nitta family, became fixed.
- 岩国の観光名所である錦帯橋、この名は創建当時に名付けられたものではなく、1706年に遯庵が記した「極楽寺亭子記」の記述の中に「これを凸凹というは模様の似たるをもってなり。また錦帯橋という。錦見の里に近きをもってなり。」という部分があり、これが錦帯橋の記録における初見である。
- Kintaikyo, a sightseeing spot in Iwakuni, was not named when it was constructed; Tonan's book 'Gokurakuji Teishiki' is the first record describing the name Kintaikyo as shown in 'the bridge is called Bumpy because of its pattern. It is also called Kintaikyo Bridge, because it is close to Nishimi district.'
- 刊行物としては創立30周年記念出版の『明治憲政経済史論』(1919年)、50周年記念の『国家学論集』(1937年)、戦後に刊行された『新憲法の研究』(1947年)、100周年記念の『国家と社会』(1987年)などがあるが、最近は機関誌『国家学会雑誌』の刊行が中心になっている。
- Publications are 'Meiji Kensei Keizai Shiron'(Essay on History of Meiji Constitutional Government, Economics)(1919) published to mark the 30th anniversary of the foundation, 'Kokkagaku Ronshu'(Collection of the Science of the Nation)(1937) as the 50th anniversary, 'Shin Kenpo no Kenkyu'(Study on the New Constitution)(1947) published after the war, 'Kokka to Shakai'(Nation and Society)(1987) as the 100th anniversary and so on, but recently major publication is an organ 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi'.
- 西園寺が没した昭和15年(1940年)に立命館大学は、創立とその後の教育に大きく貢献した西園寺公望を立命館大学の「学祖」と取り決めた(但し、西園寺の美意識からか彼の遺言には「余の伝記を記すべからず」「余の碑を作るべからず」とともに「余を立命館の学祖とすべからず」の項があった)。
- In 1940, in the year Saionji passed away, Ritsumeikan University made an arrangement to designate Kinmochi SAIONJI, who contributed greatly to its establishment and to the education it provided later on, as the 'founder' (however, perhaps from his principle of life, there was a page in his will that read 'do not inscribe my biography' and 'do not create a monument for me' along with 'do not designate me as the founder of Ritsumeikan').
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
- そのように軍事面での才能には疑問が持たれる秀忠だが、それでも後継者となったのは家康が秀忠を「守成の時代」の君主に相応しいと考えていたからだと言われている(家康は太宗 (唐)の治世について記した『貞観政要』を読んでおり、当然その中の「守成は創業より難し」という一文も読んでいたと思われる)。
- Even though Hidetada's ability in the military affairs was doubtful, he became the successor, for which it is said that Ieyasu regarded Hidetada suitable as a ruler in the 'Maintenance Ages' (Ieyasu read 'Joganseiyo,' a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China and is thought to have naturally read a sentence in it saying 'Starting a reign is less difficult than carrying it through').
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- 明治以後多くの現代語訳の試みがなされ、与謝野晶子や谷崎潤一郎の訳本が何度か出版されたが、昭和初期から「皇室を著しく侮辱する内容がある」との理由で、光源氏と藤壺女御の逢瀬などを二次創作物に書き留めたり上演することなどを政府から厳しく禁じられたこともあり、訳本の執筆にも少なからず制限がかけられていた。
- After the Meiji period, many people tried to make modern translations, and translations by Akiko YOSANO and Junichiro TANIZAKI were published several times; however, beginning in the early Showa period the government prohibited the production or performance of stories adapted from the scene of a secret meeting of Hikaru Genji and Fujitsubo due to the reason that 'it includes a scene insulting to the Imperial Family,' so even the translation was restricted more than a little.
- 永倉新八の証言(新選組顛末記)によれば、彼が油小路に向かう前、近藤の口から「藤堂だけは生かしておきたいものだな」と聞き(維新のずっと後、明治後期の新聞記者による遺談をまとめた新聞での連載記事であることから、後の創作の可能性が高い)、藤堂が逃げられるように道をあけたが、事情を知らぬ隊士三浦常三郎に斬られた
- According to Shinpachi NAGAKURA ('Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki'), he heard Kondo saying, 'I'd like to keep Todo alive' (since this is an excerpt from a serialized newspaper article using posthumous discourse by a newspaper reporter in the late Meiji period, long after the Meiji Restoration, it is highly possible that this is a fictitious story) so he cleared the way and let Todo get away but Tsunesaburo MIURA, who was unaware of the situation, cut him down.
- その後、新たに台頭してきた西園寺家に押されて通親時代の繁栄を取り戻す事はなかったがそれでも通親の子供達―堀川通具・久我通光(嫡子)・土御門定通・中院通方はそれぞれ堀川家・久我家・土御門家・中院家の四家を創設し、明治維新にいたるまで家名を存続させた(ちなみに北畠家は中院家の、岩倉家は久我家の庶流にあたる)。
- Under the pressure of the Saionji family, which emerged later, the prosperity experienced during the time of Michichika could not be brought back, but Michichika's children, Michitomo HORIKAWA, Michiteru KOGA (heir), Sadamichi TSUCHIMIKADO and Michikata NAKANOIN, established the Horikawa family, the Koga family, Tsuchimikado family and Nakanoin family, respectively, and their family names were maintained until the Meiji Restoration (just for information, the Kitabatake family was a illegitimate lineage of the Nakanoin family and the Iwakura family was that of the Koga family).
- 永禄7年(1564年)5月、松永久秀の讒言を受けて弟・安宅冬康を誅殺した直後、元々前年から病がちだったため、自身も後を追うように7月4日に河内飯盛山城下の屋敷において病死した(病死ではなく謀殺説もあり、犯人は松永久秀や三好三人衆の中の誰かではないかと推測し、俗説もしくは後世の作家の創作だとも考えられている)。
- Just after he killed his younger brother Fuyuyasu ATAGI because of slanders from Hisahide MATSUNAGA in 1564, he died on August 20 in a house near Kawachi Imoriyama Castle due to extended illness, passed at a time when it seemed as if he was following his brother (There are opinions that it was an assassination, rather than a death from illness. Hisahide MATSUNAGA and three other people from the Miyoshi family are suspected; however, this theory is believed to be a myth created by writers in later years).
- これは新井白石が朝鮮通信使の問題や儀礼問題について基熙の意見を求めたからだとされているが、一方、東山上皇の余りにも突然の急死により霊元上皇の院政再開が確実となったことで、基熙としても朝幕関係の再構築と東山上皇の生前の意向であった新宮家(後の閑院宮)創設問題の早期実現を願う立場から望んでいた江戸下向でもあった。
- The origin of this is considered to be Hakuseki ARAI's seeking Motohiro's advice on Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) and Diplomatic Protocol, but Motohiro went to Edo when the restart of Insei of Retired Emperor Reigen became definite from the sudden death of the Retired Emperor Higashiyama, and tried to reconstruct the relation between the Imperial Court and the bakufu, as well as to solve the establishment problem of Shin miyake (a new imperial family) (later became Kaninnomiya), which had started to formalize while Emperor Higashiyama was alive.
- 成瀬との関係について中川は、「吾輩が文部省で秘書官をしていた時分、現在の目白にある女子大学を創立しやうとして色々奔走していた成瀬仁蔵といふ人と麻生正蔵といふ人とが吾輩の家に寄寓していた」と述べており、成瀬らが中川を訪れ学校設立について具体的に協議を行っていたことを窺わせる(「中川総長講話(二)」『中川家文書』)。
- About his relation with NARUSE, he said that 'when I was serving as the executive secretary at Ministry of Education, at my house I was often visited by a person called Jinzo NARUSE, who scrambled to establish a women's university at today's Mejiro, and a person called Shozo ASO' which was representative of the fact that NARUSE and another person visited NAKAGAWA to discuss an idea to establish a school ('Nakagawa Socho Kowa (II)' (Nakagawa Headmaster's talk), 'Nakagawa-ke Bunsho' (Document of the Nakagawa Family).
- だが、それも天正17年5月27日_(旧暦)(1589年7月9日) に秀吉の側室淀殿が豊臣鶴松を生んだ事で白紙とされ、この年の12月29日_(旧暦)(1590年2月3日)、親王宣下を受けて「八条宮智仁親王」と名乗った六宮に八条宮家を創設させた事で、秀吉は天皇に対して鶴松を自分の次の関白にする事を納得させたのである。
- However, Hideyoshi's concubine, Yodo-dono gave birth to his child, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI, on July 9, 1589, and therefore his plan was dropped; on February 3, 1590, Hideyoshi helped Rokunomiya (the Emperor's sixth child), who had received the Imperial edict to award him the title of Shino (Imperial Prince) and had called himself 'Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA,' establish the Hachijonomiya family, which made it possible for Hideyoshi to have the Emperor accept that Tsurumatsu would assume Kanpaku after him.
- 660年代後半、都を近江宮へ移していた天智天皇は同母弟の大海人皇子を皇太子(日本書紀には「皇太弟」とある。また、大海人皇子の立太子そのものを日本書紀の創作とする説もある)に立てていたが天智天皇10年10月17日 (旧暦)(671年11月26日)、自身の皇子である大友皇子を太政大臣につけて後継とする意思をみせ始めた。
- In the late 660s, Emperor Tenchi who transferred the capital to Omi no miya had originally designated his younger maternal half-brother Prince Oama as Crown Prince (according to the Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan], the younger brother of an Emperor. And also there is a theory that the story of Prince Oama was designated as heir was itself a fiction in the Nihonshoki) but on November 26, 671, he designated his own son Prince Otomo as Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) beginning to show his will to let Prince Otomo succeed to the throne.
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ(William Merrell Vories、1880年10月28日 - 1964年5月7日)は、アメリカに生まれ、日本で数多くの西洋建築を手懸けた建築家であり、ヴォーリズ合名会社(のちの近江兄弟社)の創立者の一人としてメンソレータム(現メンターム)を広く日本に普及させた実業家でもある。
- William Merrell Vories (October 28, 1880 - May 7, 1964), who was born in the United States, was an architect who designed many western-style buildings in Japan; he was also a businessman responsible for widely popularizing Mentholatum (present-day Menturm) in Japan in his role as one of the founders of W.M. Vories & Company (whose name was later changed to Omi Brotherhood Co., Ltd.).
- その創作活動は1967年から1970年にピークを迎え、藤純子主演の『緋牡丹博徒』ではシリーズ中屈指の傑作である『お竜参上』を監督し、安藤昇を主演に迎え『男の顔は履歴書』や『懲役十八年』などのアクション映画を成功させ、大映の任侠スターだった江波杏子を東映に迎えて一種異様な怨念に彩られた復讐物語『昭和おんな博徒』を手掛けた。
- His creative activities reached a peak from 1967 to 1970; he directed the masterpiece 'Oryu sanjo' (The Appearance of Oryu), part of the 'Hibotanbakuto' series, starring Junko FUJI; made successful action movies such as 'By a Man's Face Shall You Know Him' and 'The Eighteen-year Sentence' which starred Noboru ANDO; and directed 'Showa onna bakuto' (A Showa Lady Gambler), a revenge story featuring a strange curse in which Kyoko ENAMI, a star of yakuza films who had moved from Daiei to Toei, played the lead.
- この時期区分を、炭素14年代測定法AMS法で測定して炭素14年代測定法年代較正で示すと、草創期(約15,000~12,000年前)、早期(約12,000~7,000年前)、前期(約7,000~5,500年前)、中期(約5,500~4,500年前)、後期(約4,500~3,300年前)、晩期(約3,300~2,800)となる。
- The periods measured in the carbon-14 dating method using AMS technique are the following: the incipient period (approximately from 15,000 to 12,000 years ago), the earlier period (approximately from 12,000 to 7,000 years ago), the early period (approximately from 7,000 to 5,500 years ago), the middle period (approximately from 5,500 to 4,500 years ago), the end period (approximately from 4,500 to 3,300 years ago), and the last period (approximately from 3,300 to 2,800).
- また上記の伝承を元に木原敏江が1978年タイトル「大江山花伝」で漫画化、同作は1986年宝塚歌劇団雪組本公演で柴田侑宏脚色・演出で舞台化(茨木童子役は平みち)されたほか、島田まゆが1996年タイトル「IBARAGI茨木」で舞台を現代に移して、渡辺綱の子孫である高校生と茨木童子(この作品では女性である)のエピソードを創作している。
- Furthermore, in 1978 Toshie KIHARA used the above-mentioned texts as sources for her manga (comic) version of these events, entitled 'Oeyama kaden' (the Legend of Mt. Oe), and in 1986 this manga, in Yukihiro SHIBATA's theatrical version, was adapted for the stage by the winter performance troupe of the Takarazuka Revue Company (with Michi TAIRA in the role of Ibaraki Doji), and in addition to these adaptations, Mayu SHIMADA also created a play in 1996 entitled 'Ibaraki Ibaraki,' which shifted the setting of the story to the present day and focuses on the relationship between WATANABE no Tsuna's grandson, a high school student, and Ibaraki Doji (who is female in this version).
- 近藤守重のおよび草間直方の『三貨図彙』には戦国時代から江戸時代に掛けての多くの金貨および銀貨が収録されているが、その中でも領国貨幣には後世の創作によると思われるものまで含まれ、またそれが後世に図録を元に作成され、今日、玩賞品(がんしょうひん)として扱われているものも少なくないが、確固たる記録に欠けるものが多く、本来の通貨であるか玩賞品であるか判明していないものも存在する。
- 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), authored by Morishige KONDO and Naokata KUSAMA, includes many gold and silver coins issued from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, among which there were even those created later on and not a few of which were made using the old diagrams and are now treated as ganshohin (ornamental items), but many of them lack accurate records, and it is unknown whether some of them were originally circulated coins or ganshohin.
- 有栖川宮詐欺事件の裁判において、有栖川宮識仁を僭称する被疑者男性の妻・有栖川宮妃を演じた被疑者女性が、『八百屋を営んでいる夫の実家は源義季(得川義季)の末裔である』旨を供述して話題になったが、そもそも主張していた高松宮のご落胤(非嫡出の隠し子)で江戸時代に創設された有栖川宮家の末裔という主張と、源義季の末裔というのはなんら接点のない荒唐無稽な法螺話であるとして一笑に付された。
- In the trial of the Arisugawa no Miya fraud case, the female suspect who played the role of Princess Arisugawa, the wife of the male suspect who was self-proclaimed Hisahito ARISUGAWA, stated, 'The home of my husband's parents running a greengrocery is a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshisue (Yoshisue TOKUGAWA),' which was widely publicized, but their story was laughed off as a totally absurd fabrication because there was no connection between their initial claim of being a descendant of the Arisugawa no Miya family founded in the Edo period by an illegitimate child of Takamatsu no Miya and her statement about the descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshisue.
- 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰(もくじき)の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
- Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.
- 泰盛与党として罹災したのは泰盛一族の他、小笠原氏、足利氏、伴野氏、伊東氏、武藤氏(少弐氏)、その他は藤原相範、吉良満氏、殖田又太郎(大江泰広)、小早川三郎左衛門、三科蔵人、天野景村、伊賀景家、二階堂行景、(大井)美作三郎左衛門、綱島二郎入道、池上藤内左衛門の尉、行方少二郎、南部孫二郎(政連?)、有坂三郎、鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉、秋山人々など、幕府創設以来の有力御家人層の多くが見られる。
- Victims of this battle among the members of Yasumori's party other than the Yasumori family were the Ogasawara clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Tomono clan, the Ito clan, and the Muto clan (Shoni clan) and many powerful gokenin since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu also suffered, such as Ainori FUJIWARA (藤原相範), Mitsuruuji KIRA, Matataro UETA (Yasuhiro Oe), Saburozaemon KOBAYAKAWA, Kurodo SANKA, Kagemura AMANO, Kageie IGA, Yukiie NIKAIDO, Mimasakasaburozaemon (OI) (美作三郎左衛門), Jironyudo TSUNASHIMA (綱島二郎入道), a lord of Tonaizaemon IKEGAMI (池上藤内左衛門), Shojiro YUKIKATA (行方少二郎), Magojiro (Masatsura?) NANBU, Saburo ARISAKA, Yatonisaemoni KAMATA (鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉), and Hitobito AKIYAMA (秋山人々).
- 邪馬台国九州説を発展させ、大宰府(太宰府)を首都とする九州王朝が成立したが、663年(天智元年)「白村江の戦い」の敗北をきっかけとしてヤマト王権により滅亡させられたとする古田武彦が唱えた九州王朝説の所論によれば、大化の改新として仮託された事件により後の天智天皇・天武天皇が権力奪取する以前の記紀の神代神話と皇統譜や事跡の記述の多くは九州王朝からの剽窃による創作であり、それまでのヤマト王権は統一王朝ではなかったとする。
- Developing the Yamatai-koku Kingdom in Kyushu, by the Kyushu Dynasty Theory advocated by Takehiko FURUTA that the Kyushu Dynasty was established with the capital Dazaifu but was destroyed by the Yamato Administration triggered by the lost in 'Battle of Hakusukinoe' (Battle of Baekgang) in 663, most of the immemorial myth, the genealogy and the achievements of the Imperial Family in Kojiki and Nihon Shoki before later Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu seized the political power through the incident called Taika Reforms were fiction by plagiarism from the Kyushu Dynasty and until then, the Yamato Administration was not a unified dynasty.
- 大隈の大蔵卿在任時期は1873年10月25日 ‐ 1880年2月28日であるが、実際には1869年8月15日(旧暦明治2年7月8日 (旧暦))に近代大蔵省創立とともに大蔵大輔に就任して以来事実上の大蔵省の最高責任者であり、大蔵卿退任も伊藤博文が進めた「参議・省卿分離案」によって参議専念の合意が成立したこと(後任大蔵卿佐野常民は大隈直系)によるもので、実際には1881年10月11日の御前会議による参議免官(明治14年の政変)まで大蔵省及び日本財政の責任者であった。
- Okuma served as the Minister of the Treasury from October 25, 1873 to February 28, 1880, but he had effectively been the highest officer of the Ministry of Treasury since he assumed the post of senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury upon the launch of the modern Ministry of Treasury on August 15, 1869, therefore he continued to be in charge of the Ministry of Treasury and the Japanese financial policy until he was dismissed as the councilor during a conference in the presence of the Emperor on October 11, 1881 (Political Change of 1881), however his resignation as the Minister of the Treasury was because an agreement to serve exclusively as a councilor was reached by 'Proposal to Separate Councilor and Minister' promoted by Hirobumi ITO (a successor Minister of the Treasury was Tsunetami SANO, Okuma's direct subordinate).
- ところが、清浦と同じく山県側近であった平田東助の茶話会(幸倶楽部とも)との主導権争いが始まり、内部では清浦によって形成された他会派にはない「決議拘束主義」と呼ばれる絶対的な会派拘束(会の決議には全員従う事・会の決議なくして研究会以外の議員提出の法案・決議などに賛成してはならない事、これらに反したものは除名する事)に対する反発より千家尊福派(主として男爵議員)の離脱(1898年)、創設メンバーである堀田正養の第1次西園寺内閣(政友会)への入閣と除名騒動とこれに反発した議員の脱会(1909年)などが発生した。
- However, Kenkyukai faced problems one after another: the leadership struggle with Sawakai led by Tosuke HIRATA, another aide to YAMAGATA; withdrawal from the faction by the group led by Takatomi SENGE (in 1898) because of the opposition to the policy of absolute adhesion to the faction decision called 'Ketsugi kosoku shugi' under which all members had to follow the faction decision and were not allowed to support bills proposed by non-kenkyukai members without resolution by the faction, and those who broke the rules were expelled from the faction; and the stifle over the expulsion of a founding member, Masayasu Hotta after his entry into the first SAIONJI Cabinet (Seiyu-kai Party) followed by the withdrawal from the faction by members who opposed to the expulsion (in 1909).