前者: 337 Terms and Phrases

• 前者
• the former
• that ~ this
• the former, the latter
• the one ~, the other ~

• 前者A
• that A, this B

• 前者復旧
• first party release

• 前者以外の
• other than the former one(s)

• 前者が特に知られている。
• In particular, the former is well known.

• 前者より後者の方がいい。
• The former is better than the latter.

• 本項では前者について解説する。
• The following explanation concerns the former.

• 通し字は前者は「為」、後者は「盛」。
• The Chinese character '為' (pronounced 'tame' in Japanese) was used in all the names of the members of the Ashina clan, while the character '盛' ('mori') was used in all the names of the members of the Aizu Ashina clan.

• 前者を一橋派、後者を南紀派と呼んだ。
• The former was called the Hitotsubashi group, and the latter, Nanki group.

• 前者は歴史的にさらに2つに分類される。
• Historically the former can be further classified into two types.

• 刑罰として科す場合は前者の場合が多い。
• In cases of conducting castration as a penalty against criminals, the former case was more likely applied.

• 前者については、中世神話とも呼ばれる。
• The former is also called 'Chuse Shinwa' (Medieval Japanese Myths).

• 「前者の例は、fetchmail で、
• ``Case (a) is fetchmail;

• 卵形塔身は前者のほうが長く、後者は低い。
• The egg-shaped pagoda in the first type is higher, and the one in the latter type is shorter.

• - 前者は薬味代わり、後者は甘みが出る。
• - The former serves as a condiment, and the latter gives sweetness.

• 前者が解決すれば後者も解決するであろう。
• The solution of one may prove to be the solution of the other.

• 前者は宮内庁書陵部御所本が代表的な伝本。
• The most representative denpon of the former category is the Kunaicho Shoryobu Goshobon (in other words, 'the manuscript kept by the Archives and Mausoleum Department of the Imperial Household Agency').

• 区別のため、前者を市里、後者を公里という。
• The former is called li while the latter is called gongli for distinction.

• 前者の池にはモリアオガエルが生息している。
• The pond of the former is inhabited by the Rhacophorus arboreus species of frog.

• いくつかの点で前者は後者よりも劣っている。
• The former is inferior to the latter in some respect.

• 前者の方は、長さ・重さの変化の幅が大きい。
• Length and weight of the former Sentoki vary greatly.

• 持筒組と持弓組があり、前者は鉄砲隊である。
• Mochigumi was composed of firearms unit and shooting arrows unit.

• 忠勝は前者を主張し、直政は後者を主張した。
• Tadakatsu was for the former and Naomasa for the latter.

• 大納言大伴宿禰安麻呂は前者のうちにあった。
• Dainagon (Major Councilor) OTOMO no Sukune Yasumaro was in the former group.

• そして朱子は前者のみが「理」に当たるとした。
• Zhu Xi stated that only the former corresponds to 'ri.'

• 前者の例としては大名や遠国奉行への命令伝達。
• As the example of the former, there is the Rensho Hosho which was used when roju conveyed the shogun's order to daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and ongoku-bugyo (the commissioners placed at the demesnes of the Tokugawa shogunate).

• 前者を上守護家、後者を下守護家と呼んだらしい。
• It is assumed that, the former was called the Shugo family of upper Izumi Province while the other was called the Shugo family of lower Izumi Province.

• ここでは、前者の宗教的観点からの巡礼を述べる。
• Here we discuss pilgrimages according to the first definition.

• 前者は彗星と論じ、後者は蚩尤旗であると唱えた。
• The former argued that it was a comet, and the latter objected that it was shiyuki (a star that is a portent of war).

• 前者は荘重に、後者は活発に動くのがならいである。
• According to custom, the former moves solemnly and the latter actively.

• また、「糸」「絲」の表記は便宜上前者に統一した。
• Moreover, for convenience, the kanji characters for 'string', '糸' or '絲' are unified as the former simpler one.

• 前者の領主が平時に起居する館は、麓に建てられた。
• The residence where the former lord lived in peacetime was built at the foot of a mountain.

• 健康は富に優る、後者は前者ほどに喜びを与えない。
• Health is above wealth: this doesn't give so much pleasure as that.

• 前者ならば、写真は男の元で保管させているだろう。
• If the former, she had probably transferred the photograph to his keeping.

• 二つのデザインのうちで後者より前者の方が好きだ。
• Out of the two designs, I prefer the former to the latter.

• その場合には、前者を石核、後者を残滓と呼称する。
• In this case, the former is called sekkaku and the latter is called zanshi.

• 前者は貴族の贈答歌が中心で、物語化の傾向がある。
• Much of the former collection contains exchanges of poems between nobles and prefers to use a narrative style of prose.

• 後者は内容不明でおそらく前者に似たものであろう。
• The contents of the latter records are unknown, but it seems to have been similar to the former.

• 前者を六孔（六穴）、後者を七孔（七穴）篠笛と呼ぶ。
• Those with six holes are called rokko (rokketsu) shinobue, and those with seven holes are called shichiko (nanaketsu) shinobue.

• 前者には老松を、後者には若竹が描かれることが多い。
• The former often has an old pine tree painted thereon and the latter often has an young bamboo painted thereon.

• 彼は、こうした規準のうち前者には敬意を表しますが、
• To the first of these standards he gives his homage;

• これら二つの意見のうち前者よりも後者のほうがよい。
• Of these two opinions, I prefer the latter to the former.

• 前者と後者では販売価格が大きく異なり、前者が高い。
• The former and the latter differ in the market price from each other and the former is priced higher.

• 前者は陽明学の立場から朱子学の礼教的側面を批判した。
• The former criticized the ideological side of Shushi-gaku from the Yomeigaku point of view.

• また、後者だけでなく前者も現在でも現役の用語である。
• Furthermore, not only the latter but also the former are currently-used active words.

• ジョーンとジェーンは姉妹です。前者はピアニストです。
• Joan and Jane are sisters. The former is a pianist.

• 前者は春日神社の「影向の松」を写したものとされている。
• The former one is said to be a copy of a painting of 'kagemuko no matsu' (a pine tree over a shadow) in Kasuga-jinja Shrine.

• その後前者は翌年に「東京演芸合資会社」と名前を変える。
• In the following year the former company was renamed into Tokyo Entertainment Limited Partnership (TELP).

• しかしながら、厳密には前者後者はその使用範囲が異なる。
• However, strictly speaking, the ranges of use are different between the former and the latter.

• なお、前者では三関に愛発関ではなく相坂関が入っている。
• In the former case, Osakanoseki, instead of Aracinoseki, was included in Sangen.

• 前者が旧式、後者が新式で、層塔型の櫓は慶長末期に現れた。
• The boro-type was an old style and the soto-type was new style, and appeared at the end of the Keicho era.

• 前者は上方落語協会・吉本興業に所属するプロ落語家である。
• The former is a group of professional Rakugo storytellers belonging to Kamigata Rakugo Association and Yoshimoto Kogyo Co., Ltd.

• そして機能的には前者は後者の一部と捉えられることも多い。
• In terms of function, the former is often regarded as a part of the latter.

• 安永期に一人、現代に一人おり、前者は後者の先祖にあたる。
• This name refers to two people; one in the Anei era and one at present, and the former is the ancestor of the latter.

• 愛情はお金より重要だ。後者は前者ほど幸福を与えられない。
• Love is above money. The latter can't give as much happiness as the former.

• 区別する場合は、前者を駕洛、後者を友鹿と呼ぶ場合がある。
• When making a distinction, there are cases where the former is referred to as Gaya, and the latter as Uroku.

• 健康は富にまさる。なぜなら前者は後者より大事なことだから。
• Health is above wealth, for the former is more important than the latter.

• 通常は前者のことを指し、後者は「北の横大路」と区別される。
• Usually Yoko-oji refers to the former one and the latter is distinguished as 'Kita no Yoko-oji.'

• いくつかの点で、前者は後者よりも劣っていると彼は指摘した。
• He pointed out that the former was inferior to the latter in some respects.

• もっとも、台湾の場合と異なり、最後まで前者が原則であった。
• However, unlike Taiwan, the former had been operated as a general rule to the end of Japanese administration.

• 俗に前者を「古本」・後者を「流布本」と読んで区別している。
• They are distinguished by calling the former 'the Old Text' and the latter 'the Vulgate Text.'

• 前者は女官名、後者は息子藤原伊周の官名（儀同三司）による。
• The former is the name of a court lady, while the latter is an official title (Gido Sanshi) of her son, FUJIWARA no Korechika.

• 前者は以仁王の令旨を東国国家のよりどころとしようとしていた。
• The former tried to make Prince Mochihito's order a rationale for building a Togoku state.

• 前者は10月29日の祥忌法要で開扉されるが、後者は開扉なし。
• The former is unveiled on October 29 in a shoki hoyo (a Buddhist memorial service held on the death anniversary), but the latter has never been publicly displayed.

• 魚と肉はともに栄養があるが、後者のほうが前者より値段が高い。
• Fish and meat are both nourishing, but the latter is more expensive than the former.

• 庭にバラとユリが咲いている。私は前者よりも後者の方が好きだ。
• Rose and lilies are in bloom in the garden. I like these better than those.

• ハトもダチョウも共に鳥だが、前者は飛べるし、後者は飛べない。
• The pigeon and the ostrich are both birds; the one can fly and the other cannot.

• 前者は公事宿あるいは居住する町の町役人・五人組に預けられた。
• In the former case, criminals were taken to kujiyado (an inn where people who are on a lawsuit-related business trip stayed), machiyakunin (municipal official) or gonin-gumi of the town of residence.

• 本項目においては本来の意味である前者の意味を中心に解説する。
• In this section, the explanation will focus mainly on the former Chinese classical literature by the original definition.

• 前者には語部・馬飼部、後者には蘇我氏・大伴氏などがあげられる。
• Examples for the former group include kataribe (reciter) and umakaibe (horse caretakers), and those for the latter group include the Soga clan and the Otomo clan.

• 前者を明治3年11月22日に上呈した（現宮内庁書陵部所蔵本）。
• The Seishobon was presented to the emperor on Nov. 22, 1870. (It is currently stored in Imperial Household Archives.)

• 前者には東国に在住し、早い時期から頼朝に臣従していた者が多い。
• Previously many gokenin retainers resided in the eastern provinces of Japan and consisted of many veterans who had served under Yoritomo from early on.

• 健康はとみにまさる。後者は前者ほど人に幸福をもたらさないから。
• Health is above wealth, for this does not give us so much happiness as that.

• 私は犬の方が猫より好きだが、それは前者が後者より忠実だからだ。
• I like a dog better than a cat, for the former is more faithful than the latter.

• 前者の選択肢を支持している人が多いが、私は後者のほうが好きだ。
• Many support the former alternative, but I prefer the latter.

• 前者を荷沢宗、後者を洪州宗の一門の手による成立とする見方もある。
• There is also the view that the former is compiled by the member of the Kataku school and the latter by the Koshu school.

• 前者が圧倒的に多く、後者は日蓮正宗以外では殆ど用いられていない。
• Most of the temples adopt the former style and the latter style is merely seen except for temples of the Nichiren Sho Sect.

• この2つの事故のうち、前者は絵のない余白部分についた傷であった。
• Out of these two incidents, the former damaged the blank space without a picture.

• 昼間時は前者が毎時4本、後者は毎時2本、合計毎時6本設定される。
• During the daytime, four trains each hour are operated in the former section while two trains run in the latter; in all, there are six trains per hour in operation.

• 大多数の人たちは実際上は前者の立場が正しいものと仮定しています。
• A large number of persons practically assume the former position to be correct.

• 前者は Renga として日本語以外の言語でも実践を行っている。
• The former is practiced as renga in languages other than Japanese.

• 私には息子と娘がある。前者はＮ．Ｙにいるが、後者はロンドンにいる。
• I have a son and a daughter. The one is in New York, and the other in London.

• アメリカは1952年に前者を批准し、後者には1989年に批准した。
• The United States acceded to the former in 1952 and to the latter in 1989.

• 区別のため、前者を市尺、後者を公尺という（市制 (単位系)を参照）。
• For distinction, the former is called shi-chi and the latter gong-chi (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese units system of measurement]).

• 前者を「武家新制/関東新制」、後者を「寺社新制/寺辺新制」と称する。
• The former was called 'Buke shinsei' or 'Kanto shinsei' and the latter was called 'Jisha shinsei' or 'Jihen shinsei.'

• 前者には更に、楽器が主導的で歌が補助的なものと、その逆のものがある。
• The former type can further be divided into one in which instruments play a leading role and words play an auxiliary role, and a type in which the roles are reverse.

• 味は前者より薄いが、澄んでおり、やや塩気のある、上品なだしが採れる。
• The soup stock made from L. ochotensis is a little bland compared to that made from L. japonica or L. diabolica, however, it has a delicate flavor with a clear appearance as well as a little salty taste.

• 前者の場合は潤色の一環と捉えられるが、後者は偽作の意図が不明である。
• The former is considered to be an embellishment, but as for the latter the intent of the fakery is not clear.

• 健康は富に勝る。というのも、後者は前者ほど幸福をもたらさないからだ。
• Health is above wealth; the latter gives less fortune than the latter.

• 通常、横大路とは前者のことを指し、後者は「北の横大路」と区別される。
• As a general rule, Yokooji refers to the former one, and the latter is called Kita no Yoko-oji.

• 前者を関東御分国・後者を関東御領と呼び、一括して平家没官領とも称する。
• The former provinces were called Kanto gobunkoku (Kamakura bakufu's provincial jurisdiction) and the latter shoen were called Kanto goryo (Kamakura bakufu's private estates), both of which were also collectively called Heike mokkan ryo (lands confiscated from the Heike).

• しかし、前者は行家、源光長の猛反対で潰れ、後者も衆徒が承引しなかった。
• However, the former idea collapsed due to the fierce objection by Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaga while the latter also was not accepted by the monk-soldiers.

• 前者は初期の浄土教思想、後者は後期の発展した浄土教思想を示すとされる。
• Of the above two groups, the former is considered to represent the philosophy of the early Pure Land sect, whereas the latter is supposed to represent that of the late developed stage of the Pure Land sect.

• 前者つまりカレーうどんと同じものを「カレー南蛮」と称する例も出てきた。
• Furthermore, some shops have referred to 'Curry namban Udon,' namely Curry Udon, as 'Curry namban.'

• 私は犬の方が猫より好きです。なぜなら前者の方が後者より忠実だからです。
• I like dogs better than cats, because the former are more faithful than the latter.

• 特に前者においては後世まで「蹴聖」と呼ばれて、長く蹴鞠の手本とされた。
• Particularly in kemari, he was known by later generations as 'Saint Kicker' and long regarded as the standard for kemari players.

• 前者二つは朝鮮半島における仏教寺院中における大雄殿、三聖閣に該当する。
• The first and the second correspond to Daeungjeon Hall and Samseonggak Hall in Buddhist temples of Korean Peninsula.

• 前者は部首別に分類された漢字の読みや意味を出典とともに掲げたものである。
• The former listed readings or meanings of Kanji (Chinese characters) classified by radical index with original sources.

• 前者は宮太鼓、桶胴太鼓などで、音量が大きく低音がよく響くのが特徴である。
• The former type includes the imperial drum and the tub drum, and is characterized by loud volume and low pitched sound.

• それに伴い、前者の時代区分を律令時代、前者の国家体制を律令国家と称した。
• Accordingly, the periodization of the former was named the Ritsuryo period and its state regime was named Ritsuryo polity.

• 日本語に訳す場合は、前者は「皇后」、後者は「女帝」と訳し分ける必要がある。
• When translating in Japanese, the former needs to be translated as 'Kogo' and the latter, 'Jyotei.'

• 前者3点は国宝、MIHO MUSEUMの1点は重要文化財に指定されている。
• The former three were designated as national treasure and the one possessed by MIHO MUSEUM was designated as important cultural asset.

• 現在、茶道は先発の抹茶道と後発の煎茶道があり、単に茶道というと前者を指す。
• Currently, sado has the forerunning macchado (art of maccha (green powdered tea) ceremony) and the later senchado (art of sencha (simmered tea) ceremony), and it refers to the former if one mentions just about sado.

• トムとデイックは2人とも英雄だったが、今でも覚えられているのは前者のほうだ
• Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the former is remembered today

• この場合、ハッカーは最終的に前者に落ち着くにしても、かなりためらうはずだ。
• and you are likely to get some hesitation before the hacker settles on (a).

• 野蛮のもっと初期のより素朴な段階では、前者は通常の場合何物も所有しないし、
• In the earlier and more naive stages of barbarism the former, in the normal case, own nothing;

• 原稿とコピーは容易に見分けがつく。前者は後者よりもずっと鮮明だからである。
• The original and the copy are easily distinguished since the one is much more vivid than the other.

• 前者は租庸調庸・租庸調調の集計と用度の算出、後者は租庸調租の集計を担当した。
• One person was in charge of totaling the amount of the soyochoyo (labor or alternative goods collected as tax) and soyouchocho (textiles collected as tax) and the calculation of the yodo (supplies), while the other person totaled the soyochoso (rice collected as tax).

• 前者を「禅林」または「叢林」（そうりん）、後者を「林下」（りんか）といった。
• The former were referred to as 'Zenrin' or 'Sorin,' and the latter were referred to as 'Rinka.'

• 前者の場合は、財貨は一般に集団で消費され、所有権の概念を生み出すことはない。
• In the former case the goods are consumed in common by the group, without giving rise to a notion of ownership;

• 私は能楽が歌舞伎より好きだが、それは前者が後者よりも優雅に思えるからである。
• I prefer Noh to Kabuki, because the former looks more elegant to me than the latter.

• 旧仮名遣いでの読みは、前者が「やましろべのをだ」、後者が「やましろのをだ」。
• In the old Japanese kana syllabary, the former kanji characters are pronounced 'YAMASHIROBE no Oda' while the latter are 'YAMASHIRO no Oda.'

• 前者は本文に掲載しなかった文書類を原文そのままに項目別に配列したものである。
• The former consisted of the categorized original documents that had been omitted from the book.

• 前者の校舎一体型は旧制中学などに多く、後者の独立建築型は小学校に多く見られた。
• The former premises incorporated into the schoolhouse was frequently observed in junior high schools under the old system of education, while the latter premises constructed separately was frequently observed in elementary schools.

• 前者は主に江戸や京都周辺で用いられ、後者は主として九州方面にて用いられている。
• The former was mostly used in around the Edo and Kyoto areas, and the latter was mainly used in the Kyushu area.

• 旧仮名遣いでの読みは前者が「さかひべのくすり」、後者が（さかあひべのくすり」。
• In the old Japanese kana syllabary, '境部薬' is read as 'SAKAHIBE no Kusuri' and '坂合部薬' as 'SAKAAHIBE no Kusuri.'

• 前者を「染め紋」、後者を「縫い紋」として、前者のほうが正式であるとされている。
• The former crest is called 'some-mon' (dyed crest), and the latter is called 'nui-mon' (woven crest), but the former is considered formal.

• 特に前者の受領襲撃は、反国家行為として「凶党」と呼ばれ、軍事制圧の対象となった。
• In particular, the former, the persons who assaulted zuryo, were called 'gangsters' as carrying out an anti-national act, and were targeted for military suppression.

• 前者は大隅という辺境の地にたまたま残った古い風習を記録したものと解すべきである。
• It should be understood that the former was only a record of an old custom which happened to remain in the remote region of Osumi.

• 前者は東京経済大学に保管されていたが、現在はあきる野市の中央図書館に移管された。
• The Itsukaichi Constitution used to be kept in Tokyo Keizai University; however, it was transferred to the Akiruno City central library and is now maintained there.

• 名は『日本書紀』に「百枝」と「五百枝」の二種があり、前者は「ももえ」と読まれる。
• There are two kinds of name, '百枝' and '五百枝' in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and the former is pronounced 'Momoe.'

• 前者は、五彩瑞雲の錦に頭八咫烏の形を黒く繍にし、戟竿に掛け、日像纛旛の南に立てる。
• The former is embroidered Yatagarasu on five colored auspicious clouds brocade, hung on a pole and put up on the south side of Nissho toban (the flag with golden sun embroidered).

• 前者は管領・細川勝元を後者は有力大名の山名持豊（宗全）を中心に擁して対立を深めた。
• The dispute intensified due to the actions of two opposing Kanrei (regents), the former being Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and the latter being the powerful daimyo Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen).

• 転得者が転得の当時、それぞれその前者に対する否認の原因のあることを知っていたとき。
• Where the subsequent acquirers knew, at the time of acquisition, that there were grounds for avoidance against their predecessors.

• かつては立川、三遊亭もあったが、前者は明治期に、後者は太平洋戦争後に断絶している。
• There used to be Tachikawa and Sanyutei, but the former extinguished in the Meiji era and the latter after the Pacific War.

• 前者を「太鼓もの（太鼓入りもの、四拍子もの）」、後者を「大小もの」と呼んで区別する。
• To distinguish the 2 types of scenes, the former is called 'side drum scene (Otuzumimono or Otuzumiirimono)' or 'four-beat-rhythm (Yonbyoshimono or Shibyoshimono)', while the latter is called 'big-and-small-drum scene (Daishomono)'.

• 前者を「古因果経」といい、遺品の少ない奈良時代絵画の研究上、重要な資料とされている。
• The former is called 'Ko-Ingakyo Sutra' (old Ingakyo Sutra), and is regarded as an important document for the study of pictures in the Nara period as very few illustrations remain from this era.

• 手間がかかる前者の焼型の使用は減少を続けているが、こだわりを持つたい焼き職人もいる。
• Since the using single molds is time consuming, fewer people use these although some professionals prefer them.

• 前者は「上鳥羽」を冠称する43町、後者は「上鳥羽塔ノ森」を冠称する12町に編成された。
• While the former was reorganized into 43 towns prefixed by 'Kamitoba,' the latter into 12 towns that had 'Kamitoba Tonomori' as the prefix.

• 前者では「八千代獅子」や「五段砧」、胡弓本曲の多くの曲がそうであり、比較的数は少ない。
• The former type is relatively few in number and includes pieces such as 'Yachiyojishi,' 'Godanginuta,' and many pieces of Kokyu Honkyoku (music for the Kokyu).

• 後者においては、付加価値を高めるため前者において定義されていない多様な分類が見られる。
• With respect to the latter, in order to increase the value added, there are various classifications not defined in the former.

• 実態としては清和源氏足利家と村上源氏久我家が交替で務めていた（在任は前者の方が長い）。
• Actually, Ashikaga family of Seiwa-Genji and Koga family of Murakami-Genji served as Genji choja alternately (the former's tenure was longer than that of the latter).

• 前者であれば織地が縮んだ上質の織物のこととなり、後者であれば機織がさかんな様子を表す。
• If the meaning is shrink, it means a high-quality shrinked texture, and if the meaning is plenty, it shows plenty of weaving.

• 前者の解釈では、ファンたちはいずれ友人のためにビデオをコピーするので著作権侵害を行う。
• In the former interpretation, fans would infringe because they would eventually copy these videos for their friends.

• 前者の一部には槍先などの狩猟具もあったが、後者はそのほとんどは加工具として使用された。
• The former type included hunting tools like spear head, and the most of the latter type were used as working tools.

• 前者は生涯で一貫して名乗った名で、後者は朝廷より従五位下を賜った際に授かった名である。
• The former was used consistently throughout her life, and the latter was given by the Imperial Court when she was given the status Junior Rank, Lower Grade.

• 前者は昭和初期に焼失した香川家旧蔵本の写し、後者は毛利宗家へ献上されたものとみられる。
• The former was a copy of the manuscript that was owned by the Kagawa family before it was lost in an early Showa-era fire, while the latter seems to have been donated to the main branch of the Mori family.

• なかには、前者を主流派、後者を非主流派とする見方も存在するが、これはあまり支持できない。
• Some people view that the former is the main stream and the latter is non-main stream, but this view is not very endorsable.

• 前者に文部省・京都市が、後者に日教組が加担したことから、対立を深刻化させることになった。
• Since the Ministry of Education and Kyoto City took sides with the conservatives while the Japan Teachers Union did with the progressives, the conflict became serious.

• 前者は本領安堵（ほんりょうあんど）と呼ばれ、後者は新恩給与（しんおんきゅうよ）と呼ばれた。
• The former benefit was called honryoando and the latter sinonkyuyo.

• 一方で前者は主に近畿で「長命寺餅」、後者は主に関東で「道明寺」あるいは「道明寺餅」と呼ぶ。
• Conversely, the former type is known as 'Chomeiji mochi' mainly in the Kinki region, while the latter is known as 'Domyoji' or Domyoji mochi' mainly in the Kanto region.

• 仕事と遊びは両方とも健康に必要である。後者は我々に休息を与え、前者は活動力を与えてくれる。
• Work and play are both necessary to health; this gives us rest, and that gives us energy.

• 前者の短甲はヤナギ材でつくられており、前胴に当たる部分と背当ての部分の2点が出土している。
• The former Tanko was made of a willow, and the frontal torso part and back part have been unearthed.

• 前者は福岡県筑紫野市、後者は福岡県京都郡みやこ町犀川地区（旧京都郡犀川町）に比定されている。
• The former location is estimated to be in Chikushino City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the latter is estimated to be in the Saigawa area, Miyako-machi, Miyako-gun, Fukuoka Prefecture (old Saigawa-machi, Miyako-gun).

• 前者は高血圧や心臓病、腎臓病などの人を対象に、厚生労働省の「特別用途食品」に指定されている。
• Reduced-salt soy-sauce is designated as 'special-use food' for patients with cardiac disease, kidney disease, etc., by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.

• 前者においては、①三公（太政大臣・左右両大臣）は太政官の長官であるが、摂政は職事官ではない。
• In the former, (1) three high level bureaucrats (Grand minister of state and Ministers of the Right and Left) were heads of the Grand Council of State, but the regent did not have an official rank.

• 地域武士団の前者の例は先述の武川衆、後者の例は小山田氏に配属されていた九一色衆が上げられる。
• Mukawa shu (a group of samurai in Kai Province) was an example of a group of local samurai, which was prescribed earlier, and Kuishiki shu (a group of local samurai) which was assigned to the Oyamada clan, was an example of a group of local samurai which was prescribed later.

• それでも前者における悔返は厳しく制限され、後者の他人和与の場合には悔返は一切禁じられていた。
• Either way, cancellation of wayo of the former kind was strictly limited, and cancellation of wayo to others of the latter kind was prohibited in any case.

• 忠房は同記に翌年斬首されることが書かれており、矛盾するので前者の忠房は維盛の誤りとみられる。
• The same record also mentions that Tadafusa was beheaded the following year, which conflicts with the above description and it would be reasonable to conclude that it is Koremori, not Yoshifusa, that is discussed in the above.

• これは後方の小荷駄を何で（前者は弓組、後者は騎馬隊）護衛するかによって異なるものと考えられる。
• It is considered that the difference depended on how the konida in the rear was guarded (the former by the yumi gumi and the latter by the cavalry).

• （しかし前者は物語作者の主観でしかなく、後者は諸国人への皮肉と誹謗が多く見られる書物である。）
• (However, the above-mentioned description in the former work was only based on the subjectivity of the author, while the latter work was a book filled with sarcasm and slander regarding people living in various areas.)

• 前者の有用な部分は後者によって承継され、吉宗主導の改革と共に後世に残ったとみるのが至当である。
• It is reasonable to understand that useful policies implemented in the former were succeeded by the latter and carried out under the reforms conducted by Yoshimune in succeeding years.

• 『日本近代漫画の誕生』は、「まんかく」が戯画の意味を持たないことを指摘し、前者を支持している。
• A book called 'Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga' points out that 'mankaku' has no meaning of caricatures and supports the former theory.

• 前者は稚貝放流事業で放流される物が殆どで成長した物でも稚貝が天然物か否か全く見分けがつかない。
• In most cases those fed on algae are released as a part of juvenile shellfish releasing activities, and it is impossible to tell from appearance alone whether an adult shellfish was born in the wild or artificially cultivated.

• 前者は熱田神宮から盗まれた行方不明だった天叢雲剣が献上され宮中にとどめおいたため祟ったとある。
• In the former case, Nihonshoki has it that the curse was placed because the Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi Sword stolen from Atsuta-jingu Shrine and lost was presented to the Imperial Court and stored there.

• 前者は12世紀前半の鳥羽天皇院政前期、後者は12世紀後半の後白河天皇院政の頃の作品とも言われる。
• The former were supposedly works of the early period of Emperor Toba Insei period and the early 12th century, and latter during the Insei period of Emperor Goshirakawa of the late twelfth century.

• 前者は後者に比べ茅の使用量を2〜3分の1に押さえる事が出来、茅が滑り落ちない為施工が簡単である。
• The former method uses only a half or third of kaya compared with the latter method and is easier because kaya does not slide down.

• 前者は、二条后や東下りなど他の有名章段ではなくこの章段が選ばれた必然性がいまひとつ説明できない。
• The former interpretation cannot really explain why this chapter rather than famous chapters like 'Nijo no Kisaki' or 'Azumakudari' had to be selected.

• 「食う」において起こりうる音便は二通り存在し、前者は西日本、後者は東日本の方言において顕著である。
• There are two types of euphonic changes which may occur in 'kuh-;' the first one can be often seen in dialects in the western Japan and the second one in the eastern Japan.

• 定信の就任当初は前者の歌が流行ったが、やがて改革が厳しすぎるとわかると後者の歌に取って代わられた。
• When Sadanobu assumed his position, the former poem grew popular, but when the reform proved too strict, the latter became popular instead.

• 前者は平安時代の懸仏の代表作といわれる名品であり、後者もまた日本の華鬘のなかでも最高傑作といわれる。
• The former is said to be the one of fine arts, the representative work of Kakebotoke (hanging plaque Buddha) in the Heian period, and the latter is the greatest work of Japanese keman (Buddhist floral decorations).

• 三輪髷・長船：ほぼ同型の髷だが結う身分が違うため、前者では縮緬・後者では錦の手絡を用いることが多い。
• Mitsuwa (three rings) Mage/Osafune: the former mostly uses crepe and the latter brocade and those are almost the same style of Mage, but for different women in different positions.

• 妙心寺には2個所（法堂の北西と仏殿の南東）あるが、前者の鐘楼にかかっていたもの（現在は法堂に移動）。
• Myoshin-ji Temple has two bells (northwest of the Hatto and southeast of the Butsuden), but this one was housed within the former bell tower (now moved to the Hatto).

• 前者は、近頃英国探偵界にメキメキ男をあげて来たグレゴリ警部、後者は運動家として有名なロス大佐である。
• The latter was Colonel Ross, the well-known sportsman; the other, Inspector Gregory; a man who was rapidly making his name in the English detective service.

• 前者はかなり上品に加工され、どっちもあまり人気が出なかったので、アメリカのテレビ放映は続かなかった。
• The former production was significantly sterilized, and both productions remained too unpopular to be sustained on American television.

• 前者は、大作で人々の注目を集めたにもかかわらず、何も賞を受けなかった（2007年重要文化財に指定）。
• Although the former large painting attracted attention, it did not win any awards (it was designated an important cultural property in 2007.)

• 前者においては御成敗式目の34条において、「姦夫は強姦・和姦を問わずに所領の半分を没収し、出仕を止め。
• In the former, the article 34 of Goseibai-shikimoku (code for conduct for samurai) stated 'Regardless of rape or adultery, an adulterer shall forfeit a half of his shoryo (territory) and be banned from entering government service.

• 前者の特徴は順・逆に回って舞うことなどで、その古態を残すところもあるが、現在では後者がほとんどである。
• The former case was featured by dances whirling in order and reverse order, and this old manner of dancing is still seen in some performance, although the latter case is now dominant.

• 前者は牛丼店における「牛皿」、後者は蕎麦屋におけるいわゆる「蕎麦蕎麦屋」といったものがそれに相当する。
• An example for the former is 'gyu-sara' (literally, beef plate) in a beef bowl restaurant while one for the latter is 'nuki' (literally, removal) in a soba (buckwheat noodle) restaurant.

• 前者においては、特定名称といくつかの記載事項・国税庁による任意記載事項・記載禁止事項が定められている。
• With respect to the former, specific names and several items to be described as well as arbitrary items to be denoted and items which are prohibited from being denoted specified by the National Tax Agency.

• 関東周辺や山陰の一部では主に前者を単に「桜餅」、近畿より西や北海道・北陸では後者を単に「桜餅」と呼ぶ。
• In the Kanto area and Sanin region, the former type is simply called 'sakuramochi', while it is the latter type that is referred to as 'sakuramochi' in areas west of the Kinki region, in Hokkaido and in the Hokuriku area.

• それからウィリアムソンとウードレーは、誘拐罪と殴打罪で、前者は七年の懲役、後者は同じく十年に処された。
• Williamson and Woodley were both tried for abduction and assault, the former getting seven years and the latter ten.

• 前者はシベリアから北海道を経由して本州へ、後者は中国黄河中・下流から九州を経由して本州へ及んだらしい。
• It appears that the former reached Honshu (the main island of Japan) through Siberia and then Hokkaido and the latter through the middle and lower Yellow River of China and then Kyushu.

• 前者をつくるものを菓子匠、御菓子司などと称し、後者をつくるものを｢おまんやさん｣｢おもちやさん｣と呼んだ。
• Confectioners who prepared the former are called 'kashisho' (confectionary craftsmen) or 'onkashi-tsukasa' (confectionary master), and so on, while ones who prepare the latter 'omanya-san' (manju manufacturers) or 'omochiya-san' (rice case manufacturers).

• 前者の講は、氏神・産土といった地域の神を信仰する氏子によって、その神祠の維持のために運営されるものである。
• The first kind of ko was operated by ujiko (shrine parishioners) who believed in regional deities such as ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) and ubusunagami (guardian deity of one's birthplace) in order to maintain their shrine.

• 前者は明治元年に銭札を、後者は慶應二年に米会所から庄屋・年寄・百姓の請負による米手形形式の銀札を発行した。
• The former issued zeni-satsu in 1868 and the latter issued gin-satsu in the Kome-tegata format from the rice association in 1866, entrusted by the shoya, Toshiyori (elder chief of a village or town during Edo Period) and farmers.

• 前者は古い形態の継承方法であり、一族中において最高位の地位にある者が氏長者の地位に就くという考え方であった。
• The former was an old succession system, where the basic idea was to let the person with the highest rank within a clan assume the position of ujinochoja.

• 前者が大阪天満宮境内にて、後者が船渡御の鯛船（※1972年ごろ一度廃止）にて地車囃子を奉納するようになった。
• The former still performed at the same precincts of Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine but the latter came to dedicate their danjiri-bayashi on a sea bream ship for funatogyo (ritual to place divine spirits on the boat to cross the river; abandoned after about 1972).

• 但し、この場合にも前者は感動オチと称されることがあり、笑わせどころでなくても「オチ」という語が使われている。
• Still, in these examples, the word 'ochi' is used despite the lack of provocation of laughter, as the former is sometimes called 'kando ochi.'

• 頭屋は通常一軒が務めるが、同族や近所の家が助ける場合もありその場合には前者を本頭、後者を脇頭・助頭と言った。
• The role of Toya was generally performed by one family; however, related families or neighbors occasionally helped it; the former was called Honto, and the latter were called Wakito, or Sukekashira.

• 前者は本能寺の変後の消息は不明だが、後者の存保は1586年、戸次川の戦いで戦死してしまい、改易とされてしまう。
• Yasunaga, the former, was unaccounted for after Honnoji Incident, and Masayasu, the latter, died in the battle of Hetsu-gawa and was forfeited his rank of samurai and properties.

• 前者のような伝統的な形式では、八景を構成する個々の項目は、風景の対象地とそこでの事象や事物を組み合わせている。
• In the former case of the traditional style, each component of Eight Views is a combination of the place for the scenery and the phenomenon or object there.

• 前者は若衆歌舞伎までを言い、流行の歌に合わせた踊り（若衆歌舞伎はアクロバットなども見せていたとされる）を指す。
• Kabuki Odori lasted until the time of Wakashu-kabuki, and it showed dances matched to the popular songs of those days; Wakashu Kabuki is said to have shown even acrobatics.

• 前者は前田夕暮の「詩歌」を中心に一大勢力となり、後者はプロレタリア文学の一環としての存在を主張するようになる。
• The colloquial, free verse movement greatly influenced Yugure MAEDA's 'Shiika' (Poetry), while the latter movement placed their tanka among proletarian literature.

• 前者は信玄の供養のため奉納されたと伝わる肖像画で、青年期の晴信が侍烏帽子に直垂という武家の正装姿で描かれている。
• It has been handed down that the former one was a portrait dedicated for use in the memorial services for Shingen, in which Harunobu was portrayed as an adolescent donning samurai eboshi (lacquered hat) and hitatare (a kind of court dress in old days), which were the formal wear of Samurai.

• 後者の場合は言うまでもなく手下共々主人公たちに成敗される結果となるが、前者でも後日厳罰に処される運命が待っている。
• The latter ends up being punished with his men by the main character and his colleagues as a matter of course, and the former is also destined to be imposed a severe punishment later.

• 権門層は、荘園を国衙に収公されないよう太政官、民部省や国衙の免許を獲得し、前者を官省符荘といい後者を国免荘という。
• The influential obtained licenses from Daijokan, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Kokuga to prevent Kokuga from confiscating their shoen, (the former was called Kanshofu sho: a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and the latter was called Kokumen sho: a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in bempo or binho system).

• 原文…設我得佛 十方衆生 發菩提心 修諸功德 至心發願 欲生我國 臨壽終時 假令不與大衆圍繞 現其人前者 不取正覺
• Original Text: If, when I become a Buddha, the sentient beings in the lands of the ten quarters who aspire for enlightenment, doing good deeds and sincerely wishing to be born in my land, should not, at their death, see me appear before them surrounded by many holy men, may I not attain perfect enlightenment.

• 前者の条約交渉には、日本からは全権大使黒田清隆と副使井上馨が、朝鮮からは簡判中枢府事申櫶と副総管尹滋承が出席した。
• In the first stage of negotiations Ambassador plenipotentiary Kiyotaka KURODA and the Vice-envoy Kaoru INOUE from Japan and General of the Royal Brigade Heon SHIN and Minister of Rites Ja-seung YUN from Korea attended.

• また、ヤード・ポンド法のエーカーにも畝の字を宛てており、区別のため、前者を市畝（市亩）、後者を英畝（英亩）という。
• The Chinese character 畝 is also applied to the unit of acre which is used in the yard-pound system, and so, to make a distinction, the unit of the Chinese system is called shi mu in pinyin and the unit of the yard-pound system is called ying mu in pinyin.

• 前者2つには、韓国併合の有効性、合法性を認めず、朝鮮半島に対する日本の支配を単なる軍事占領とする認識がうかがえる。
• The first two show a recognition that validity or legitimacy in the annexation of Korea and the Japanese occupation of Korea is not accepted, and the Japanese rule of the Korean peninsula is seen as a mere military occupation.

• その後、1902年の日本興業銀行設立、1912年の日仏銀行設立にもそれぞれ参画し、前者については初代総裁を務めた。
• Afterward, he also participated in the establishment of the Industrial Bank of Japan in 1902 and the establishment of Japanese-French Bank in 1912, and he worked as the president of the former bank.

• しのびねは、平安時代末期に成立しその後散逸した王朝物語、ないしは南北朝時代 (日本)に成立した前者の改作本をいう。
• The Tale of Shinobine refers to a courtly romance which was completed at the end of the Heian period and was subsequently lost, or to an adaptation of a story produced during the period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).

• 現在「伽羅先代萩」の外題で上演される内容は、「竹の間」「御殿」「床下」は前者、その他は後者の各場面を原型としている。
• Among the scenes of 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' performed today, 'Bamboo Room,' 'Mansion' and 'Under the Floor' are based on the former, and other scenes are based on the respective scenes of the latter.

• 前者のような在地の預所を「在地預所」、後者のような京都に居住する（従って現地には赴かない）預所を「在京預所」と呼ぶ。
• The former type of local Azukaridokoro is called 'Zaichi Azukaridokoro' (Azukaridokoro in the duty station), and the latter type of Azukaridokoro living in Kyoto is called 'Zaikyo Azukaridokoro'.

• 後者は前者と比べて教訓が生かされたこともあって被害が少なかったものの、どちらも市街地はほぼ壊滅状態にまで追いやられた。
• While the damage was smaller than those before them, despite this, the area was almost completely destroyed.

• 前者は唐物を主体とした権威をもった道具であり、対して後者は堺の数寄者達が好んだ「寂」（そそう）を感じさせる道具である。
• The former is the authoritative utensils mainly consisting of karamono (utensils imported from China), and the latter is the utensils with 'quiet simplicity' that are favored by connoisseurs in Sakai.

• そして、前者の技芸的側面と、後者の制度的側面をともに管理し、その永続を保障するべき機関として家元というものが存在する。
• Iemoto (the head family of a school) exists as an authority which should monitor both the former, the artistic aspect, and the latter, the institutional aspect, in order to ensure that both may last long.

• 前者は、弁慶が番卒の首を大きな樽に放り込んで芋洗いのように棒でかき回すという幕切れから俗に「芋洗い勧進帳」と呼ばれる。
• The former is commonly called 'Imoarai Kanjincho' (Potato-washing Kanjincho), taken from the last scene, in which Benkei throws the severed head of a guard into a large barrel and tosses it around with a thick stick as if he is washing potatoes.

• 前者から後者に行くに従い、漸次中国皇帝の徳が及ばなくなり、同時に中国の支配力も低下していくという観念で支えられている。
• It was supported by the concept that in areas which are not directly controlled by an emperor of China such as the second or third categories above, the virtue of an emperor of China lost influence, and the power of control of China decreases accordingly.

• このうち、『忍日伝天孫記』と『神道原典』は古文書・古文献ではなく、前者は自動書記、後者は霊界往来による霊感の書である。
• Among them, 'Oshihinotsutae Tensonki' and 'Shinto Genten' are not komonjo (old documents) or kobunken (old literature), but the former is a document written through automatism and the latter is a book of inspired by a visit to the spiritual world.

• この図の内、先手衆七手・ニノ先手衆七手はそれぞれ一手が（前者の方が有する備の数が多くはあるが）複数の備で構成されている。
• In this figure, each te unit consists of multiple sonae in both 先手衆七手 (first group consisting of seven te units) and ニノ先手衆七手 (second group consisting of seven te units) (though the former contains more sonae in number).

• 転得者が無償行為又はこれと同視すべき有償行為によって転得した場合において、それぞれその前者に対して否認の原因があるとき。
• Where the subsequent acquirers acquired the subject matter by any gratuitous act or by any onerous act that should be deemed to be equal to such an act, and there were grounds for avoidance against their predecessors.

• 前者の場合は幕府の役職に就いて京都に赴任する場合があり、京屋敷も幕府の京都支配の中核である二条城の周辺に設置されていた。
• The former had their Kyo-yashiki around the periphery of Nijo-jo Castle, the core of the control of Kyoto by Bakufu, because they lived in Kyoto sometimes as a place for their assignments by Bakufu.

• 違いは前者が2巻に分けられているのに対し、後者は1巻本として出版されたことであり、それ以外に内容などには全て異同がない。
• The only difference between them was that while the former was issued in two volumes, the latter was published as one-volume book, and, other than that, there was no difference in contents for example.

• 前者が人間を特徴づけ、後者は獣を特徴づけるものであって、前者をとることができないときにかぎり、後者を頼るしかないのだ。」
• cumque illud proprium sit hominis, hoc beluarum;confugiendum est ad posterius, si uti non licet superiore.'

• 但し、各足軽部隊を前線に、騎馬武者隊を後方に置き、前者で戦線を形成し、それを後者で突破するというのは基本であった様である。
• However, it seems that the basic strategy was to place the foot soldiers in the front and the cavalrymen in the rear, forming a battle front with the former and penetrating through it with the latter.

• このように後者の「此がなければ彼がない。」は、前者の「此があれば彼がある」ことを証明し、補完する、必要不可欠なものである。
• As is seen above, the latter statement, 'if there is no shi, there is no hi' is necessary to prove and complete the former statement, 'if there is shi, there is hi.'

• 特に前者の許可無く官位を受けたことは重大で、まだ官位を与えることが出来る地位に無い頼朝の存在を根本から揺るがすものだった。
• Especially, Yoshitsune's having received the title from the court without asking for his master's permission was deemed serious, because this act threatened the existing base of Yoritomo, who was not yet in the position to grant titles.

• 前者は政治・経済・軍事といった諸方面から国家のあり方を論じたもので、特に皇帝専制政治批判は舌鋒鋭く、清末に至り再評価された。
• The former book describes how the nation should be from various viewpoints including political, economical, and militarily, sharply criticizes the autocracy of the Emperor, and was re-evalued at the end of the Qing period.

• 前者の公家言葉は、宮中や宮家、公家のあいだで室町時代の初期から女官によって話されたもので、現在では一部の社寺に残されている。
• The first one (noble language as described above) was spoken by court ladies among imperial families and court nobles within the Imperial court since the Muromachi period, part of which are still being spoken within some shrines and temples of today.

• 江戸時代初期には前田検校により前田流が、波多野検校により波多野流が生まれ、前者は江戸を中心に、後者は京都を中心に行なわれた。
• In the early Edo period, the Maeda-ryu and the Hatano-ryu were established by Kengyo MAEDA and Kengyo HATANO respectively and the former developed around Edo and the latter in Kyoto.

• 同年10月、高橋荘及び尾張国海東郡は没収となり、前者は一色持信と吉良義尚に分給され、後者は尾張国守護の斯波義淳に与えられた。
• In October of the same year Takahashi Manor and his territory of Kaito District in Owari Province were confiscated; the former was given to Mochinobu ISSHIKI and Yoshinao KIRA, the latter to Owari Province's provincial guard, Yoshiatsu SHIBA.

• 前者を語アイ（坐って語るものを「居語アイ」、立って語るものを「立語アイ」と呼ぶ）、後者を「会釈アイ（あしらいアイ）」と称する。
• The former is called the story telling interlude while the latter is called 'bow interlude (ashirai-ai)'.

• 二十八部衆のうちには畢婆迦羅と摩睺羅伽の両方が存在し、前者は通常の武神像、後者は五眼を持ち、琵琶を弾く像として表わされている。
• There are both Hibakara and Makoraga among Nijuhachibushu, and the former is expressed as the statue of a war god in a common style while the latter is expressed as the statue who plays the Japanese lute with five eyes.

• 後者は伝承が廃絶し使われなくなったが、前者は後に中国及び日本においていくつもの種類が生じて発展し、多くは現代も演奏されている。
• The latter is not used any more because its tradition has not been carried on, but the former developed later and had increased the number of its variety in China and Japan and many are still played even today.

• 前者の場合、メリットやデメリットの判定は倫理に分類されるが、こうした種類のメリットの判定については、この論文では取り扱わない。
• In the former case the award of merit or demerit is to be classed as moral; and with award of merit of this kind this paper is not concerned.

• 一応区別のために、前者を市升、後者を公升と称するが、同じ値であることから単に升と呼ばれることが多い（市制 (単位系)も参照）。
• To make a simple distinction, the Chinese sho is called sheng (private sho), and the international sho is called kosho (public sho), but usually, they are both simply called sho because they have the same quantity (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese System of Measurement]).

• それぞれの派の特徴として、前者は赤穂詰めの家臣が多く、後者は江戸詰めの家臣であることが多かったため、後者を江戸急進派とも呼んだ。
• Both had displayed characters representative of their factions: Many were formerly vassals located in Ako while several of the those who formerly acted as representative in Edo became members of the radical Edo faction.

• また、教学の面から興福寺の再興に尽力した貞慶や東大寺再興に奔走した重源との親交も深く、特に前者との交友は互いが遁世した後も続いた。
• He had been on close terms with Jokei, who worked hard for restoration of Kofuku-ji Temple from the aspect of learning of religious doctrines, and Chogen, who devoted himself to the restoration of Todai-ji Temple; especially, the friendship with the former lasted even after they retired.

• 前者の例として『日本三代実録』に清和天皇の没後に后の1人である藤原多美子が生前の手紙を漉き返して法華経を写経したと記録されている。
• As an example of the former case, it is recorded in 'Nihon Sandal Jitsuroku' (a history book written in the Heian period) that FUJIWARA no Tamiko, one of the wives of Emperor Seiwa copied the Lotus Sutra on paper made of melted letters that had been written by the Emperor when he was alive.

• 後小松天皇や称光天皇らも中津に帰依した人物の一人であり、その死後に前者は仏智広照国師、後者は聖国師という勅命による追贈を行なった。
• Emperor Gokomatsu and Emperor Shoko also became Buddhists influenced by Chushin; after Chushin's death, Emperor Gokomatsu and Emperor Shoko issued an imperial order to honor him as Bucchi Kosho Kokushi (the most reverend priest), Shokokushi, respectively.

• 一方で、フノリ（布海苔）やアオノリ（青海苔）は、前者同様、おにぎり、ふりかけの他に、お好み焼きのふりかけ、お吸い物などに使われる。
• Fu nori (cloth nori)' and 'ao nori (blue nori)' are, on the other hand, used as furikake for okonomiyaki (Japanese-style pizza) or osuimono (soup) and so on, as well as onigiri or furikake.

• 歴代藩主の中でも第7代藩主・朽木舖綱と第8代藩主・朽木昌綱は文人として知られ、前者は『擬独語』を著わし、藩校創設の基礎を築き上げた。
• Among the successive lords of the domain, the seventh lord, Nobutsuna KUTSUKI, and the eighth lord, Masatsuna KUTSUKI, were known as men of letters, and the former who wrote 'Gidokugo' (miscellaneous notes) established the foundation for a domain school.

• 前者は3尺×6尺（90.9cm×181.8cm）、後者は4尺×8尺（121.2cm×242.4cm）の大きさの板材を指すことが多い。
• Therefore, the former usually indicates the sawn timber with the size of 3 shaku times 6 shaku (90.9 centimeters times 181.8 centimeters), while the latter indicates the sawn timber of 4 shaku times 8 shaku (121.2 centimeters times 242.4 centimeters).

• 城という文字は中国では前者の城壁都市を意味していたが、日本においては城壁都市が普及しなかったこともあり、主に後者の意味で使用される。
• The character 城 means a walled city of the former meaning in China, but walled cities were not built in Japan, and were mainly used in the latter sense.

• 室町時代の辞書『節用集』には、「たいめい」・「だいみょう」の2音を載せ、前者は守護（大領主）、後者は銭持（富裕層）の意であるとした。
• The Muromachi period dictionary 'Setsuyoshu' listed the two pronunciations 'taimei' and 'daimyo,' the former meaning a Shugo (a major feudal lord), and the latter meaning a wealthy person (the wealthy class).

• 前者は焼いた塩に黒ゴマを入れて水分を蒸発させるまで炒る方法で、後者は炒った黒ゴマに濃厚な塩水を加えて水分を蒸発させるまで炒る方法である。
• The former is the way black sesame is mixed with parched salt and roasted until the water evaporates, while the latter is the way highly salted water is added to the roasted black sesame and heated until the water evaporates.

• 食味・歯ごたえを左右する腰の強さ・焼いた際の膨れ具合・煮た場合の溶け具合・伸ばした時の伸び具合や粘り具合等についても前者が勝るとされる。
• It is said that the former is also more excellent than the latter in: taste; firmness to the bite which controls the chewing property; the degree of swelling when toasted; the degree of melting when boiled; the degree of stretching and stickiness; etc.

• 乱の後、即位した二条天皇の親政派と退位した後白河天皇の院政派が対立を生じると、光保はかねてからの関係により終始前者の側に立って行動する。
• After the disturbance, when a conflict took place between the supporters of the enthroned Emperor Nijo's new government and those of the cloister government of Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, Mitsuyasu acted consistently in support of the former side, in accordance with the relationship so far.

• 他にないということや、ずっとそこにあるということは、後者の、裸眼で見ることと関係が深く、一時的で複製可能ということは、前者に関係が深い。
• Uniqueness and permanence are as closely linked in the latter as are transitoriness and reproducibility in the former.

• 前者は、わたしの入獄の苦しみに更に患難を加えようと思って、純真な心からではなく、党派心からそうしている。 (ピリピ人への手紙 1:17)
• but the latter out of love, knowing that I am appointed for the defense of the Good News. (Philippians 1:17)

• この断簡には、『糟色紙』と『岡寺切』（岡寺に伝わったため）があるが、料紙の装飾技巧に継紙の手法のあるものが前者で、ないものが後者である。
• There are two editions called 'Kasujishiki' and 'Okaderagire' (Okadera edition) (descended to Oka-dera Temple); the former was made by joining together two or more sheets of paper of different color and/or quality with glue to create decorative effects on writing paper, but the latter was not.

• 前者及び貴族や寺社などの守旧的な勢力が直義を、彼らからの圧迫を排除して在地における支配権の保障を求めた後者が師直を支持したとされている。
• It is believed that the former, along with conservative power such as nobles, temples and shrines, supported Tadayoshi while the latter, who claimed security of rights for the possession of the shoen without oppression from the former, supported Moronao.

• 神亀・天平期に成立したとされている明法道・紀伝道では、前者は律令そのものを教科書として『延喜式』では「律」を中経・「令」を小経としている。
• As for Myobodo (Law) and Kidendo (History), which were most likely established during the Jinki and Tenpyo periods, the former adopted the Ritsuryo Legal Codes itself as a textbook, and in the 'Engishiki,' 'Ritsu' was included in the medium scriptures and 'Ryo' in the small scriptures.

• 前方に飛行中の航空機を他の航空機が追い越そうとする場合（上昇又は降下による追越を含む。）には、後者は、前者の右側を通過しなければならない。
• When aircraft overtakes another aircraft ahead of it in flight (includes the overtaking by ascending or descending), it shall pass the aircraft in front on the right side.

• 替わって諸大夫と青侍を主体に構成される（前者が置けたのは摂関家などの上流公家に限られる）家僕（かぼく）によって家政が運営されるようになる。
• Instead, household management came to be operated by Kaboku (servant) mainly consisting of Shodaibu and Aosamurai (the former was only placed in the upper class Court nobles such as the Sekkan-ke).

• とくに前者の『愚管抄』の記述については、このことを根拠のひとつとして永積安明は『愚管抄』成立（1220年）以前に『保元物語』の誕生をみる。
• Based on the account in the former 'Gukansho,' Yasuaki NAGAZUMI assumed that 'Hogen Monogatari' came into existence before 'Gukansho' was completed in 1220.

• ）ほか、内地に施行される法律につき勅令で台湾にも施行することができるようにする方針を採った（初期は前者が原則だったが、後に後者が原則になる。
• Also, the government allowed the laws enforced in the inland to be enforced in Taiwan with imperial edicts (In the early colonial period, the former was operated as a general rule, but the latter became a general rule later.

• 『鎌倉持氏記』は前者の代表で、かつ永享の乱・結城合戦を描くすべての軍記の源流になったことが梶原やその後の佐藤陸の研究でほぼ確定的となっている。
• 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' is an example of the first type, and it has become almost definite from the research of Kajiwara and later Riku SATO, that it was the basis of all military records that depict the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle.

• 前者とすると院らの収入が少なすぎる上に任命された受領にとってのメリットも無くなるために後者であろうと考える説が有力であるが、詳細は不明である。
• According the to first theory, income to the recipients would have been too small and zuryo would not benefit from the system, so the second theory is more plausible, however the details are unknown.

• 前者には凝固剤として硫酸カルシウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウム、硫酸マグネシウム等が使用され、後者はグルコノデルタラクトンが使用される。
• In the former, calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate, etc., is used as a coagulant, and in the latter glucono-delta-lactone is used as a coagulant.

• ある形態の汎神論は前者の人々が採用するのが普通だし、一方、多かれ少なかれ人のやり方にしたがって振舞う超然たる創造主はたいてい後者が想定します。
• Some form of pantheism was usually adopted by the one, while a detached Creator, working more or less after the manner of men, was often assumed by the other.

• 前者は育子を実能の実娘、忠通の養女、義兄近衛基実の猶子とし、後者は忠通の乙姫君（皇嘉門院につぐ忠通の次女）として異母兄基実の猶子になったとする。
• The former says Muneko was the real daughter of Saneyoshi & the adopted child of Tadamichi & the adopted child of Motozane KONOE, her brother-in-law, and the latter says that Muneko was Tadamichi's Otohime gimi (Tadamichi's second daughter next to Kokamon-in) and that she became the adopted child of Motozane, her elder half brother.

• 前者の他氏排斥としては、842年の承和の変において大伴氏・橘氏両氏及び藤原式家を、次いで866年の応天門の変において伴・紀氏両氏を失脚させている。
• As an example of the first method of ejecting other clans, he brought about the downfall of the Otomo and the Tachibana clans, along with the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, in the Jowa Incident of 842, and then the Tomo and Ki clans in the Otenmon Incident of 866.

• 前者は執権あるいは六波羅探題に内々に直訴するものであり、奏事は評定衆・引付衆・越訴奉行らに取り上げられなかった訴えを幕府に直接訴えるものであった。
• The former was one by which people were allowed to appeal directly to Shikken (regent) or Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) and the latter was one by which people were allowed to directly appeal to bakufu in case their appeals were dismissed by Hyojoshu/Hikitsukeshu (coadjustor of the High Court)/Ossobugyo (temporary positions in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu).

• 江戸時代の京枡には穀用の「弦鉄枡（つるがねます）」と液用の「木地枡（きじます）」の2種類があり、前者には口辺に対角線状の鉄準（弦鉄）を渡していた。
• There were two types of kyo-masu during the Edo period: the Tsurugane-masu (a masu for measuring grain), which had a steel bar fixed diagonally onto its upper edge, and the Kiji-masu (a masu for measuring liquid).

• 通説では前者を増補改訂して後者が作られたと考えられているが、後者の方が先に書かれて後に様々な事情によって一部が削除したものが前者だとする説もある。
• The standard theory is that the latter text was produced by enlarging, expanding, and revising the former, but there is another theory that it was written first, and that the former text was produced from various sections that had been deleted from the latter.

• 区の南部から西部はもとの乙訓郡大枝村と同郡大原野村で、前者は昭和25年（1950年）、後者は昭和34年（1959年）、当時の右京区に編入されている。
• The area from the southern part to the western part consists of the former Oeda and Oharano villages, Otokuni County, which were integrated into Ukyo Ward in 1950 and in 1959, respectively.

• ただし、6巻本・7巻本も存在し、前者は第4巻を2巻構成に分けたもの、後者は6巻本より更に裏書（後述）部分を抜書きして独立した第7巻としたものである。
• There are also a six-volume edition and a seven-volume edition: the fourth volume was split in two for the former; the latter has the separate seventh volume which has excerpts of the uragaki (additional parts) in addition to the former one.

• 重層的な荘園領主の構造の中では、在地預所と在京預所の両方が存在する場合もあり得、その場合は下級荘官である下司に対して前者を中司、後者を上司と称した。
• Within the multi-layered structure of Shoen ryoshu, in some cases, both Zaichi Azukaridokoro and Zaikyo Azukaridokoro coexisted, and in such cases, the former was called Chushi, and the latter was called Joshi, after the Geshi (local keeper) which was a low-ranked shokan.

• 生産に対する姿勢は両者の場合で異なり、前者においては生産も統制される場合があるが、後者においてはやや緩やかで生産奨励策が合わせて行われる場合もある。
• Both of them take different attitudes towards production, and the former can control the production but the latter can mildly encourage production at the same time.

• 扇子と手ぬぐいは、落語の表現上抽象性があらかじめ与えられており、状況に応じて、前者は箸や刀になり、後者は財布や証文になるなど、様々な用途で使用される。
• The sensu and tenugui are given a great deal of versatility in rakugo as they are used to symbolize a range of things, for example, the former may be used to represent a pair of chopsticks or a sword, and the latter a wallet or a document.

• また、『和漢朗詠集』に含まれる往来物（「雜筆抄」）、『貴理師端往来』は、前者が武家向けのものであるのに対し、後者は小児にも用いるような教科書であった。
• Oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) ('Zappitsu sho' [Miscellaneous]) included in 'Wakan Roeishu' (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing) was for samurai family, while 'Kirishitan orai' (Christian's correspondences) was a textbook also used for children.

• 前者は軍隊のパレードでは見事に機能するが、実生活において、目標が多くの重なり合う意志の真剣な努力によってしか達成できないような状況では何の価値もない」
• The former works admirably in a military parade, but it is worth nothing where real life is concerned, and the aim can be achieved only through the severe effort of many converging wills.

• われわれが何かを信じるという心の働きは、自分が何かを信じていることを知るという心の働きとは別物なので、後者なしに前者が存在することだってよくあるのだ。
• for, as the act of mind by which a thing is believed is different from that by which we know that we believe it, the one act is often found without the other.

• 前者の典型的な例は『源氏物語絵巻』（五島美術館、徳川美術館蔵）で、厚塗りの絵具が剥落することを恐れて、絵、詞ともに1段ずつ分割して額仕立てになっている。
• A typical example of the former case is 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' in the possession of the Gotoh Art Museum and the Tokugawa Art Museum, where emaki is partitioned into each dan (section) of both pictures and texts and set in frames.

• 前者は現存せず、後者は大蔵経収録の羅什訳『摩訶般若波羅蜜大明咒經』とされるが、羅什の訳経開始が402年であるため、釈道安の没年385年には未訳出である。
• The former no longer exists, and the latter is regarded as 'Maka Hannya Haramitsu Daimyo Jukyo' translated by Raju included in Tripitaka, but since Raju began to translate in 402 it could not have been translated in 385, when Doan SHAKU died.

• 史料性としては、前者が室町時代期の作成であることに対し、後者の方はほぼ同時代人による記録で、ことに愚管抄の作者である慈円（忠通息）は育子の身内であった。
• The latter seems to be more reliable than the former, because the former was recorded in a historical source written in the Muromachi period while the latter was recorded in 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool) written by Jien, who was not only the almost contemporary person with Muneko but also the son of Tadamichi, in other words, Muneko's relative.

• また、明治から大正前期と大正後期から昭和にかけて同一名称の会派が存在しているため、便宜上前者を「第一次無所属」、後者を「第二次無所属」と呼んで区別する。
• Also, because the name of a parliamentary group from the Meiji period to the early Taisho period and that from the later Taisho period to the Showa period were the same, the group in the former period was called as the 'First Independents' as well as the other in the latter was called as the 'Second Independents' to be distinguished for convenience.

• 東亜同文会は上海市に東亜同文書院大学、東京に東京同文書院を設立した（前者は在華日本人留学生を教育し、後者は中国人留学生を受け入れる高等教育機関であった）。
• Toa-dobunkai established Toa-Dobunshoin University in Shanghai and Tokyo Dobunshoin in Tokyo (the former educated Japanese students living in China while the latter was a higher education institution which accepted Chinese students living in Japan).

• 前者は、天和 (日本)以前から、あるいは元禄ころから、作者は脚本の一部に「ほめことば」を挿入し、役者の口から、共演役者の容貌的な魅力をほめさせたものである。
• In the first case, script writers began to put 'homekotoba' as a part of script and let a player speak them to praise the costar for his attractive visage, from before the Tenna era (1681-1683) or around Genroku era (1688-1703).

• 内容は、真言宗のいわゆる事相と真言宗に相当する2つの部分から成り立つが、前者である両界曼荼羅（の原形）の作法や真言、密教の儀式を説く事相の部分が非常に多い。
• This sutra consisted of two parts, so-called jiso (the thing-in-itself) of the Shingon sect, and the Shingon sect, but it contained very many descriptions of the jiso part, preaching manners (in the original form of) and mantra of the former Ryokai mandala (Mandalas of the Two Realms), and the ceremonies of Esoteric Buddhism.

• 両者とも新羅への遣使の副次として送られたもので、前者は耽羅の新羅への臣属を黙認するもの、後者は報徳国の新羅への併合を受けての動向探索のためと推察されている。
• Both envoys were dispatched as an addition to envoys to Silla; the first one was dispatched to give silent approval for the Tamna's subjection to Silla and the latter one was dispatched to investigate the situation there after the annexation of Hotoku (報徳国) to Silla.

• 前者は一定の成果を上げたものの、後者は結果的に旧佐幕派勢力の復権を招き、佐々木・斎藤も板垣と同類（新政府を作った裏切者）として糾弾されたために失敗に終わった。
• His efforts to undermine ITAGAKI achieved some of the results; however, attempts to organize the anti- ITAGAKI force failed since they prompted the reinstatement of former Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) and SASAKI and SAITOU were regarded as ITAGAKI's allies (as betrayers who helped to establish the new government) and accused.

• 『古事記』『出雲国風土記』の両者においてカミムスビと関係を持ち、前者では神産巣日之命に派遣されて大国主の治療に従事、後者では神魂命の御子神であると記されている。
• They had a relationship with Kamimusubi in both 'Kojiki' and 'Izumo no kuni fudoki,' and it was written in the former that they were dispatched by Kamimusuhi no mikoto to engage in treating Okuninushi (chief god of Izumo in southern Honshu Island, Japan, and the central character in the important cycle of myths set in that region), and it was written in the latter that they were mikogami (the child god in a shrine where parent-child gods are enshrined) of Kamumusubi no mikoto.

• 西郷隆盛が士族兵制論者か徴兵制支持者なのか、当時の政府関係者ですら意見が分かれており、谷干城や鳥尾小弥太は前者を、平田東助は後者であったとする見解を採っている。
• Takamori SAIGO was a supporter of a military system having a warrior class or conscription, and even government officials were divided on this issue, some adopted the former opinion, like Tateki TANI and Koyata TORIO, and others like Tosuke HIRATA had the latter opinion.

• 転得者が第百六十一条第二項各号に掲げる者のいずれかであるとき。ただし、転得の当時、それぞれその前者に対する否認の原因のあることを知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
• Where each of the subsequent acquirers is any of the persons listed in the items of Article 161(2); provided, however, that this shall not apply if the subsequent acquirers did not know, at the time of acquisition, that there were grounds for avoidance against their predecessors.

• 前者は一般的に比較的小形のものが多く、調整も周辺部調整、片面調整、両面調整と多様であるのに対し、後者は長大なものが加わり、大半が両面調整のものへと定式化されていく。
• While most of the former were relatively small in size and processed using diverse ways of achieving further reductions (such as retouching of the surrounding part of the tool or on one or both of the tool's faces), the latter included large, heavyweight types of points, most of which were formed in such a way as to allow them to be retouched on both sides.

• 新しくできた酒粕をそのまま蒸留する方法と、籾殻（もみがら）を混ぜて通気性を確保してから蒸留する方法があり、前者は吟醸粕取焼酎、後者を正調粕取焼酎と呼んで区別している。
• There are two methods of distilling: the ginjo kasutori shochu method, which involves distilling newly made rice wine lees without adding anything, and the seicho kasutori shochu method, which involves mixing rice hulls to ensure proper airflow before distilling.

• 前者の合祀には、神社建築で祭神を一緒に祀る本殿合祀と、神社の境内に元の神社を移転し境内社とする境内合祀、離れた飛地境内に移転し境外社とする飛地境内合祀の3種類がある。
• The former goshi consists of three types of goshi: honden-goshi, where all the deities are enshrined together in one shrine building; keidai-goshi, where a shrine is moved to another shrine's precinct as a keidai-sha (a shrine existing within the precincts of the main shrine); and tobichi-keidai goshi, where a shrine is moved to a distant tobichi-keidai (a detached precinct) as a keigai-sha (a shrine existing outside the precincts of the main shrine).

• 前者は害悪をなす悪神であったので、これを祀るものは本来なかったが、仏教の伝来とともにインドに行われた夜叉・羅刹などの悪神を祀り、これを以って守護神とする風習が伝わった。
• There was originally no custom of enshrining the former because it was an evil deity having harmful influences, but along with the introduction of Buddhism, a custom of setting an evil deity as a guardian deity by enshrining evil deities such as yaksha (Buddhist guardian deities sometimes depicted as demonic warriors) and rakshasa (a type of evil spirit) in India was introduced.

• 転得者が第百二十七条の二第二項各号に掲げる者のいずれかであるとき。ただし、転得の当時、それぞれその前者に対する否認の原因のあることを知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
• Where each of the subsequent acquirers is any of the persons listed in the items of Article 127-2(2); provided, however, that this shall not apply if the subsequent acquirers did not know, at the time of acquisition, that there were grounds for avoidance against their predecessors.

• 取り掛け方は、使用者によって変わる（元々三つを使用していた場合は三つの取り掛け、四つを使用していた場合は四つの取り掛けをし、当然、前者と後者で帽子の角度や長さも違う。）
• The way of setting a string depends on the users (those who have originally used three fingers use a mitsugke and those who have originally used four fingers use a yotsugake, naturally, the former and the latter are different in the angle and length of a boshi).

• しかし、風紀を乱すとの理由から前者は1629年に禁止され、後者も売色の目的を兼ねる歌舞伎集団が横行したことなどから1652年に禁止され、現代に連なる野郎歌舞伎となった。
• But the former was banned in 1629 for the reason that it corrupted public morals, and the latter was also banned in 1652 because the Kabuki groups which also engaged in the business of male prostitutes were rampant, so Kabuki became the style of 'Yaro-kabuki' (men's Kabuki) that has continued until today.

• 前者は荘園住民のうちの上級層にあたり、年貢納入の義務を負う代わりに作人・小百姓らを動員して荘園内の円滑な耕作を行い、更に有力者には荘官の職の体系に補任されることもあった。
• The former group belonged to the upper class which was in charge of the smooth operation of cultivation in shoen by recruiting sakunin and kobyakusho, and some of the influential figures in the group also became a shokan as a part of the managerial side of shoen.

• この書の中で福澤は、「v」の発音を表すため「ウ」に濁点をつけた文字「ヴ」や「ワ」に濁点をつけた文字「ヷ」を用いているが、以後前者の表記は日本において一般的なものとなった。
• In this book, Yukichi expressed the pronunciation of 'v' by inventing a new Japanese letter 'ヴ' and 'ヷ' by adding voicing marks to 'ウ' and 'ワ', the former of which have taken root in the general Japanese writing system.

• また玄奘訳とされている『般若心経』は読誦用として最も広く普及しているが、これは羅什訳と玄奘訳との双方がある経典は、古来前者が依用されていることを考慮すると異例のことである。
• Moreover, although 'Hannya Shingyo,' which is said to be a translation by Genjo, became the most widespread for reading and invocation, this is unusual considering that the Buddhist sutra translated by Raju had since ancient times been used more often than the Buddhist sutra translated by Genjo.

• 特に前者は、当時小碓命と名乗ったヤマトタケルが、女装しクマソタケル兄弟の寝所に忍び込み、これらを討ち、その際に「タケル」の名を弟タケルより献上されたという神話で有名である。
• Especially the former is famous as a myth in which Yamato Takeru, who called himself Osu no Mikoto in those days, dressed up as a woman, sneaked into a bedchamber of Kumaso Takeru brothers and killed them, then he was given the name of younger brother Takeru at that time.

• 前者は首里手となり、後者は那覇手となったとするのが一般的な解釈であるが、上記二派は中国でもその存在が確認されておらず、どの程度歴史的事実であったのかは、疑問の残るところである。
• It is widely accepted that the former became Shuri-te and the latter became Naha-te, but considering that the existence of those two schools hasn't been confirmed in China, the historical validity of this account has yet to be established.

• 前者はその家に代々伝えられてきた所領・所職として子孫への継承が許された土地であり、後者は奉仕の代償として本家・本所から与えられた所領・所職でその付与・剥奪は本家・本所側にあった。
• The former, soden, was a piece of land for which hereditary succession as the shoryo (territory) and shoshiki (the right of a shoen governor) by the descendents of an owner family was allowed, whereas the latter, onryo, was the shoryo and shoshiki which had been granted by the honke (the head family) and the honjo (the principal institution and a chief tenant) as the reward in return for service, and the right to grant or deprive of the fief was held by the honke and honjo.

• そして、日向国に配流中の日講を中心とする不導師派（講門派）と讃岐国に配流中の日堯を中心とする導師派に分かれ、前者が不受不施日蓮講門宗の系統となり後者が日蓮宗不受不施派の系統となった。
• Since then, the school was split into the Fudoshi School (Komon school) which was led by Nikko, who was in exile in Hyuga Province, and the Doshi School which was led by Nichigyo, who was in exile in Sanuki Province, and the former became Fujufuse Nichiren Komon School and the latter became the Fujufuse School of Nichiren Sect.

• しかし、前者を支持する説には多くの証拠資料があるのに対し、後者を支持する説には『尊卑分脈』醍醐源氏系図の任尊子行遍への注以外（「新古作者」と記載）にこれといって証拠となる資料がない。
• However, there are many corroborated materials to support the former theory, while there are none to support the latter except a note on Ninsonshi Gyohen about the genealogy of Daigo-Genji (Minamoto clan) collected in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

• 吉野山の金峯山寺と山上ヶ岳の大峯山寺とは、近代以降は分離して別個の寺院になっているが、近世までは前者を「山下（さんげ）の蔵王堂」、後者を山上の蔵王堂と呼び、両者は不可分のものであった。
• Kinpusen-ji Temple in Mt. Yoshino and Ominesan-ji Temple in Mt. Sanjogatake have been divided into separate temples since modern times, but they had an inseparable relationship with each other with the former being called 'Sange no Zao-do' and the latter 'Sanjo no Zao-do.'

• 凹みは打撃を加えたものと回転摩擦痕跡によるものがあり、前者はクルミの殻割りや石器製作に使われたと考えられ、後者は火を起こすための火きり杵を上から押さえたものではないかと考えられている。
• The hollow was the result of receiving a blow, or the one of rotary frictions; the former showed that the stones were used for breaking the walnut shell and manufacturing stone tools while the latter indicated that pestles for making a fire were pressed down on the stone.

• 前者を「複式」（多種多様の太鼓によって演奏されるもの）と「単式」（一種の太鼓によるもの）と分類し、後者を「複打」（二人以上で演奏されるもの）と「単打」（一人で演奏されるもの）に分類する。
• The former is classified into 'multiple drums' (performed with various drums) and 'single drum' (performed with only one types of drums), while the latter is classified into 'multiple drummers' (performed by at least two drummers) and 'single drummer' (performed by only one drummer).

• ところで、最古の埴輪である都月形円筒埴輪と最古の前方後円墳の副葬品とされる大陸製の三角縁神獣鏡とが、同じ墓から出土しないで、前者が出ると後者が出ないし、その反対もあることが知られていた。
• By the way, it was known that Totsuki-style cylindrical Haniwa, which are the oldest Haniwa, and Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror (triangular-rimmed mirror) made in continent, which are thought to be the oldest burial goods of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, were not found in the same tomb, that is, when the former were unearthed from a tomb, the latter were not found there, and vice versa.

• 京都大徳寺の精進料理は前者、飛騨高山の精進料理は後者の典型的なケースであり、いずれも分離していった懐石料理の手法を再び取り入れたりして、寺院のそれとはやや異なる風雅なものを生み出している。
• Shojin ryori of Daitoku-ji Temple, Kyoto, are examples of the former, and those of Hida Takayama are examples of the latter and both have created artistic dishes which are different from those of temples by reintroducing the technique of Kaiseki ryori (tea-ceremony dishes) that had been split off.

• 前者の例として、昭和41年（1966年）の歌会始において三笠宮崇仁親王の子である近衛やす子（1944年生）が、彼女よりも出生順では後の寬仁親王（1946年生）の後の席次となっている例がある。
• As an example of the former, at the first poetry reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace in 1966, the seating order of the daughter of Mikasanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito, Yasuko KONOE (born 1944), came after Imperial Prince Tomohito's (born 1946).

• 新田一族中でも義貞とともに上京した者と鎌倉や新田荘に残った者にわかれ、前者は主に義貞に従い、後者や山名時氏や岩松氏・大舘氏・里見氏・世良田氏・大島氏などは主として足利氏に従い北朝方となった。
• The Nitta family was divided into those who came up to Kyoto with Yoshisada, and those who remained in Kamakura and Nitta no sho estate, and the former mostly followed Yoshisada, while the latter, and Tokiuji YAMANA, the Iwamatsu clan, Odachi clan, Satomi clan, Serada clan and Oshima clan mainly followed Takauji and belonged to the Northern Court.

• 明正天皇の時にはまだ復興していなかった大嘗祭・新嘗祭の装束としては、御斎服・帛御服があるが、前者は男子同様の仕立てで髪型がおすべらかしであることだけが異なり、後者は白平絹の裳唐衣五衣である。
• The costume for the Great Thanksgiving Service (after the Enthronement of an Emperor) and the Harvest Festival, which were not restored during Emperor Meisho's era, was Gosaifuku and Haku Gofuku, the former had the same finish as the male Emperor's, the only difference being, the hair style was traditional coiffure for Shinto priestesses, with the hair gathered so as to hang down from the back of the head, the latter was Mo Karajan Itsutsuginu with plain white silk.

• 前者は種の存続に必要な人間の特質であるし、後者は他の競争相手を引き離した種においてだけ可能な思考習慣であり、前者が黙認する限りにおいて、前者が設定した範囲内においてだけ広まっているのである。
• The former is a human trait necessary to the survival of the species; the latter is a habit of thought possible only in a species which has distanced all competitors, and then it prevails only by sufferance and within limits set by the former.

• 前者が天正元年12月8日の『孝親日記』、後者が天正9年4月1日の『兼見卿記』の記述を挙げてることが多く、信長の皇室政策の時期的に相違する部分の一部を捉えて自説の論拠として挙げる傾向が見られる。
• In many cases, the former group refer to a description in 'Takachika Nikki' (Takachika NAKAYAMA's Diary) of January 10, 1574 and the latter a description in 'Kanemikyoki' of May 13, 1581, it is observed that they tend to pick up a part of Nobunaga's policy with respect to the Imperial Court that had changed over time to use as the ground for their own view.

• 前者は荒田・仏神田（寺田・神田、その他宗教行事経費）・人給（荘官や地頭など代官の給分）・井料（井戸や用水などの灌漑設備）などが挙げられ、それ以外の後者に対して実際の年貢・公事が賦課されていた。
• The former included run-down fields, fields belonging to shrines and temples (including expenses for other religious events), personnel costs (salaries for local governors such as shokan and jito), and the cost of water (irrigation facilities such as wells and irrigation channels), while the latter, categorized as the rest, was the basis on which nengu and kuji were imposed.

• 県（アガタ）と県（コホリ）との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
• The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.

• 宮城県では、仙台市に本店のある「白松がモナカ」「寿の三色最中」の2ブランドが名物で、両者とも（特に前者は）当該地域のテレビCMだけでなく屋外広告なども盛んに行っているほど広告に力を入れている。
• In Miyagi Prefecture, two brands of 'Shiramatsu ga Monaka Honpo Ltd.' and 'Kotobuki Sanshokumonaka Honpo.,ltd' headquartered in Sendai City are famous specialties, and both (especially the former) focus on advertising such as commercial films on local televisions and outdoor advertisement.

• 後者にとっては、死から死に至らせるかおりであり、前者にとっては、いのちからいのちに至らせるかおりである。いったい、このような任務に、だれが耐え得ようか。 (コリント人への第二の手紙 2:16)
• to the one a stench from death to death; to the other a sweet aroma from life to life. Who is sufficient for these things? (2 Corinthians 2:16)

• それらの絵巻には、信貴山は大和国、粉河寺は紀伊国、と畿内でも隣接した地方の長者の家が描かれているが、前者には警護の武者も、門の前の空堀も、門の上の櫓も無いのに対し、後者ではそれらが描かれている。
• These picture scrolls of Shigisan depicted the residence of the head of the Yamato Province, and Kokawadera depicted that of Kii Province, Kinai, and neighboring regions, but latter had samurai guards, karabori (dry moat) before the gate, and tower over the gate while former lacked them.

• 前者は、「ツメ」と呼ばれる醤油ベースの液体調味料を種の上に塗って供されるものや、塩などを振って出されるものなどがある（この塩も、単なる塩ではなく、なんらかの味付けがなされた塩の場合などもある）。
• The former is served by applying soy sauce-based liquid seasoning called 'tsume' (boiled down sauce) to the surface of toppings or by sprinkling with salt (not merely salt, but salt flavored with some seasoning is sometimes used).

• 一説には平安中期以降、服制が曖昧になり、衣冠や直衣を束帯の代用とした「衣冠の束帯」「直衣の束帯」という例があり、前者の語から接助詞の「の」が省かれて誤用され、定着してしまった結果であるとされる。
• One theory says that uniforms became lax in and after the mid Heian period and there were examples of 'ikan no sokutai' and 'noshi no sokutai' where ikan or noshi was used as an alternative of sokutai, and the particle 'no' was omitted from the former phrase, which was misused and then became established.

• そこへ久邇宮朝彦親王と山内容堂との間で、攘夷督促勅使を巡る争いが持ち上がり、前者を推進する本間と後者を推す勤王党の間で対立が起きたとも、本間が幕府と通じているのではないかと疑われたとも言われる。
• Meanwhile, there was a dispute between Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko and Yodo YAMAUCHI over the imperial envoy to demand expulsion of foreigners, and when there was a confrontation between HONMA, who went forward with Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko, and the Kinnoto, who supported YAMAUCHI, HONMA cast doubt that he was communicating secretly with the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 前者からは「曜変天目茶碗」（ようへんてんもく）・「油滴天目」（ゆてきてんもく）・「灰被天目」（はいかつぎてんもく）・「禾天目」（のぎてんもく）、後者からは「木葉天目」（このはてんもく）が派生した。
• Yohen Tenmoku,' 'Yuteki Tenmoku,' 'Haikatsugi Tenmoku' and 'Nogi Tenmoku' derived from the former and 'Konoha Tenmoku' derived from the latter.

• 皇室典範には、大日本帝国憲法時代のもの（1889年2月11日裁定（勅定））と、日本国憲法下のもの（1947年1月16日法律第3号）とがあり、前者は後者と区別するために、旧皇室典範と呼ばれることが多い。
• As the Imperial House Act, there are one under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (enacted [decided by the Emperor] on February 11, 1889) and one under the Constitution of Japan (January 16, 1947; Act No.3), with the former being referred to as the old Imperial House Act in differentiation from the latter.

• 前者の相続人に対する和与においては、かつてはいかなる場合でも悔返は出来ないとするのが通説であったが、近年においては子孫教令違反などの不孝に相当する行為を子孫が犯せば悔返は発生するという説も出されている。
• For the former wayo made to the heir, theory that the transaction could not be canceled under any circumstances was once popular, but in recent years some people say the transaction could be canceled in the case where a descendant committed an unfilial act, such as violating the Descendant Decree.

• このため、前者2つの新幹線は予定より工事が5年も遅れ、成田新幹線に至っては工事中止となってしまった（ただし、後に東日本旅客鉄道と京成電鉄の成田空港乗り入れの際にこの新幹線建設で作られた設備が生かされることになる）。
• Therefore, the completion of the former two Shinkansen lines was delayed by five years from the plan, and the work to construct the Narita Shinkansen line was stopped (however, the facilities constructed for this Shinkansen line were used later when JR East and Keisei Electric Railway Co., Ltd. built a railway line to access Narita airport).

• しかし、行為や出来事についてよく考え抜いた判断を下すときはいつでも、前者は、それが完全に人間の本性のより包括的でより持続的な特質であることを示唆しているような、広く浸透したやり方で、第一位であることを主張している。
• but whenever a deliberate judgment is passed on conduct or on events, the former asserts its primacy in a pervasive way which suggests that it is altogether the more generic, more abiding trait of human nature.

• 前者だけを満たす場合、「半文明国」とされて国家として承認されるものの、西欧諸国と同等の扱いを受けることはできず、不平等条約（関税自主権喪失・領事裁判権及び広範な治外法権の設定等）によって著しく劣等な立場に置かれた。
• If only the first condition was approved, the country would be recognized as a state but considered a 'Semi-civilized nation,' which would not be treated equal to Western countries and would have to bear disadvantage originated from unequal treaties (by losing tariff autonomy, setting up of consular jurisdiction and chigaihoken [extraterritoriality]).

• 室町幕府の成立時期には、幕府の施政方針が建武式目として確立・明示された1336年（建武 (日本)3）11月、足利尊氏が持明院統の光明天皇に征夷大将軍へ補任された1338年（暦応1）の2説があるが、前者が有力説である。
• There are two views regarding the year of Muromachi Bakufu's establishment--in November 1336, when the administrative policies of Bakufu were set up (being clearly indicated as Kenmu Shikimoku), or in 1338, when Takauji ASHIKAGA was assigned as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') by Emperor Komyo of Jimyoin-to faction (持明院統); however, the former view is more convincing.

• 前者は錠前直し、メガネ直し、割れ鍋直し、あんま、下駄の歯の修繕、鏡磨き、割れた陶器の修繕、たがの緩んだ樽の修繕、ねずみ取り、そろばんの修理、こたつやぐらの修繕、羽織の組紐の修繕、行灯と提灯の修繕、看板の文字書きなど。
• The former peddlers provided services such as repairing locks, fixing pairs of glasses, mending cracked pans, giving massage, mending clog supports, polishing mirrors, mending cracked pottery, re-tightening hoops on barrels, catching rats, fixing abacuses, repairing wooden frames of kotatsu, mending a braid of haori (a Japanese half-coat), repairing andon (a lamp with a paper shade) and chochin (Japanese paper lantern), and writing letters on nameboards.

• 帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団（宣教師や中国人クリスチャン）との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権（行政上あるいは司法上）に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。
• The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.

• 装填に時間と防御上の弱点が生じることを解決する手段として、縦列で行進する銃兵の最前者が発砲し、発砲後直ちに最後尾に駆け戻って装填作業をしながら行進を続行するという方式が考え出されたが、それを行うには非常に訓練を必要とした。
• To solve the weak point of the time needed to load and aspects of defenses, one method was contrived, in which, just after the front man of fusiliers marching in a column line shot, he ran back to the end of the line while loading, but it required much practice to do this.

• 「なぜなら、争うには二つのやり方がある。ひとつは論争によるのであり、もうひとつは戦闘によるものである。前者が人間を特徴づけ、後者は獣を特徴づけるものであって、前者をとることができないときにかぎり、後者を頼るしかないのだ。」
• 'Nam cum sint duo genera decertandi unum per disceptationem, alterum per vim; cumque illud proprium sit hominis, hoc beluarum; confugiendum est ad posterius, si uti non licet superiore.'

• 武家故実の中でも弓馬や軍陣における実践的な故実と幕府や主君の前における儀礼や作法などの故実が存在したが、戦法の変化によって前者は形式的なものになったのに対して、後者は公家故実とも融合して、室町時代に小笠原流や伊勢流が生まれた。
• Within buke-kojitsu, there was practical kojitsu on kyuba (archery and horsemanship) and battle as well as kojitsu on ceremonies and manners for when in front of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or one's lord, and while the former became perfunctory due to changes in military tactics, the latter blended with kuge kojitsu and spawned the Ogasawara school and Ise school.

• 実際に朝廷統制に用いられた法度としては、生活面においては「公家衆法度」や「若公家衆法度」などがあるが、前者は猪熊事件という一大醜聞が起きたために豊臣政権時代の公家法令の再確認という意味があり、後者は後水尾上皇がその促進者であった。
• The laws which were practically used in controlling the imperial court were, for example, 'Kugeshu-hatto' (the laws for court nobles) and 'Wakakugeshu hatto' as the laws about daily life; the former was enacted for reconfirming the court noble laws during the reign of the Toyotomi government due to a great scandal called the Inokuma Incident, and the latter was promoted by the retired Emperor Gomizunoo.

• 前者には大住駅、健康村を経由する路線(63)と、畠を経由する路線（68・31）、および茶屋前から稲葉を経由する路線（31・31A・65・67・67B・67D）がそれぞれあり、また本数は少ないが京田辺市役所へ向かう路線(65)もある。
• For Shin-Tanabe Station, Route 63 via Kenkomura (the health village), routes 68/31 via Hata, and routes 31/31A/65/67/67B/67D via Inaba through Chayamae are provided, and Route 65 for the Kyotanabe City Hall is also provided, although it doesn't operate very frequently.

• 養老律令では方法が2通りあり、前者は『九章算術』3問と『六章』・『綴術』以外の残り6書から各1問の計9問から出題されるもの、後者は『六章』3問と『綴術』6問の計9問から出題されるもので、前者は基礎算術、後者は高等数学の知識を試した。
• There were two methods in the Yoro Code, each of which delivered a total of nine questions: in the first, three questions were drawn from the 'Kyushosanjutsu' with each of the remaining documents other than 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu' providing one of the other six; in the second, three questions were drawn from 'Rokusho' and the remaining six from 'Tenjutsu,' so that the former method tested knowledge of basic arithmetic while the latter tested knowledge of advanced mathematics.

• 『摩訶般若波羅蜜神咒一巻』及び『般若波羅蜜神咒一巻　異本』は、後世の文献では前者は3世紀中央アジア出身の支謙、後者は鳩摩羅什の訳とされているが、『綜理衆経目録』には訳者不明（失訳）とされており、この二人に帰することは信憑性にとぼしい。
• According to the documents of a later age, 'Maka Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1' was translated by Zhi Qian, who came from Central Asia in the third century, and 'Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1, alternative version' was translated by Kumaraju; however, 'Shuri Shu-kyo Mokuroku' states that their translators are unknown, so it is doubtful that they were translated by these people.

• 食封の期限は大寺・国分寺は半永久的、有封寺は天武天皇9年の勅によって30年とされていたが、前者は宝亀11年（780年）には天皇1代に限定（天皇の代替りとともに更新）され、後者は大宝律令によって5年（これも更新された）と期限が付けられた。
• The period for which sustenance households could be held was semi-permanent for dai-ji temples and kokubun-ji temples but this was limited to the reign of one emperor (renewed upon the coronation of a new emperor) in 780, whereas the period was limited to 30 years by imperial decree in 680 for yufu-ji temples but reduced to 5 years by the Taiho Code (also renewed).

• 前者の考えについては各遺構面が存在することによって否定された。後者については、第2期遺構面上に堆積する焼土層によって焼失の事実は証明されたものの、第3期の遺構がさらに規模を拡大して再建されていることが明らかとなり、現在では否定されている。
• The first theory was rejected because there are foundations of later periods, and the second one is also currently denied because the fact of destruction by fire was proven by the layer of burned soil on the second-period foundation, however, it became clear that the third-period foundation was rebuilt in a bigger size.

• ファイル名（「[$1]」など）、完全なURL（「[$2]」など）のいずれも入力できます。前者の場合、ウィキメディアはそれをソースと想定します。SVG ファイルを他のサイトまたはウィキから変換するには、完全なURL形式を使用する必要があります。
• Inputs are accepted as either file names (e.g. '[$1]') or full URL (e.g. '[$2]'). If the first option is used, Wikimedia Commons will be assumed as source. To translate an SVG from another site or wiki, you must use the full-url format.

• また、ある個人が複数の官職に補任されていることを兼任・兼帯と呼び、他の官職に移ることを転任・遷任（前者は通常の昇進、後者は部門の異なる部署への異動）、かつて補任されていた官職に再度補任されることを還任（かんにん/げんにん）・還補（げんぽ）と称した。
• The state of a person appointed to several government posts were called Kennin (serving two positions) or Kentai (filling two positions), while transferring to another government post was referred to as Tennin (general promotion) or Sennin (transfer to a different division) and a reappointment to the former government post was referred to as Kannin, Gennnin, (reappointment) or Genpo (.reassign).

• 前者の宣旨は平重盛へ東山・東海・山陽・南海諸道の治安警察権を委ねる内容であり、源頼朝による諸国の治安維持権を承認した建久2年（1191年）3月新制につながるものと評価されており、武家政権の性格を持つ平氏政権がこの宣旨によって成立したとする見方である。
• The first hypothesis considers that the Imperial order granted TAIRA no Shigemori the policing rights in Higashiyama, Tokai, Sanyo and various Nankai roads and is now considered to be related to the new system approved in March 1191 that allowed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hold the policing rights of various provinces, and this order established the Taira clan administration as having the characteristics of a warrior class administration.

• さらに、2005年放送のアニメ『かみちゅ!』や、2007年放送のアニメ『らき☆すた』を見たファンが、ロケ地となった神社（前者は広島県尾道市の御袖天満宮、後者は埼玉県鷲宮町の鷲宮神社）を訪れた際に、登場人物を絵馬に描いて奉納するという現象が起きている。
• Additionally, fans watching the animation 'Kamichu!' aired in 2005 and the animation 'Lucky☆Star' aired in 2007, are drawing the characters on ema and dedicating them when they visit shrines where animations took place (the former at the Misode-tenmangu Shrine in Onomichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture, and the latter at the Washinomiya-jinja Shrine in Washimiya-cho, Saitama Prefecture).

• また、弁官局は職掌によって左右に分かれているが、官宣旨はその職掌とは無関係に吉事（一般の行政・事件）は左弁官が、凶事（犯罪者の追捕）は右弁官が発給することとなっており、しかも前者が発給する（「左弁官下文」）が圧倒的に多いため、前者のみを官宣旨と称する場合もある。
• Benkankyoku had two benkans according to its duties: benkan of the right (called ubenkan) and benkan of the left (called sabenkan), but kansenji were issued irrespective of these duties, that is, kansenji on happy events (ordinary administrative events) were issued by sabenkan, whereas kansenji on unhappy events (additional arrests) are issued by ubenkan, and since edicts issued by the former (called 'sabenkan gebun') are predominantly numerous, some claim that only this type of documents are kansenji.

• 現在、日本で拳法と名の付く代表的なものには少林寺拳法と日本拳法があり、前者は仏教系新宗教を背景として幅広い層に普及し、後者は大学拳法部を中心にいくつかの団体に分かれて広がってきたが、スポーツ化した一面も持つと言われており、いずれもテレビで技を見せるなどの活動もある。
• Presently in Japan, shorinji kenpo and nihon kenpo are famous - the former has spread among a wide range of people within background of a new religion and the latter has spread among some groups centered on university kenpo teams and turned into a sport in a sense – but both are performing activities such as showing their techniques on TV.

• ただし、両者は大きく違い別系統に属すると考えられ、前者は典型的な行基図の体裁であるが、後者は元寇以後の軍事的緊迫下にある鎌倉近郊で用いられた事情を反映したものか、日本列島は龍らしき生物に囲まれてその外側に唐土・蒙古などの海外の国々や雁道・羅刹国などの空想上の国々が描かれている。
• However, the two are quite different and seem to belong to different lineages, the former being in the typical Gyoki-zu format and the latter containing the Japanese archipelago surrounded by dragon-like creatures around which foreign countries like China and Mongolia and imaginative countries like Gando and Rasetsu-koku are painted, probably reflecting the circumstance of Kamakura which had been under military tension after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.

• 「新皇」と名乗った史実に反し「日本将軍平親王」としての伝説が中世近世を通じて流布した背景に、板東の分与・独立という危険な思想を意味する前者を排除し、遵法的存在としての名称に換え伝えたもので、軍事権門として朝廷と併存する道を選択した源頼朝を投影したものだとする関幸彦の指摘がある。
• As to the background of the spread of his legend during the middle ages and in the modern era under the title 'Hinomoto Shogun TAIRA no Shinno' as opposed to the title he had assumed himself, 'New Emperor,' Yukihiko SEKI points out that the legend was passed down with the new title as a means of eliminating the possibility of interpreting the name as representing the potentially divisive and dangerous notion of a separate, independent Bando, thereby facilitating respect for the law, and that it reflects the administrative philospphy of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who chose to become the head of a separate military administration that could peacefully coexist with the Imperial Court.

• 長保3年（1001年）の平惟仲、治承3年（1179年）の藤原隆季がその例であるが、前者は左遷（実質流罪）による権帥（藤原伊周）の後任権帥になるのを嫌ったため、後者は左遷による権帥（藤原基房）の監視のためのもの（ただし、実際には備前国配流となったため帥の赴任も中止された）であった。
• Examples of that kind of Dazai no sochi are, TAIRA no Korenaka who was appointed in 1001 as an imperial person refused to be a successor to FUJIWARA no Korechika who had been demoted (exiled in fact) to Gonnosochi, and FUJIWARA no Takasue who was appointed in 1179 as a supervisor of Gonnosochi FUJIWARA no Motofusa who was demoted to Gonnosochi (but as Motofusa was exiled to Bizen province in fact, Takasue's appointment of Dazai no sochi was canceled).

• 前者（「神がかり系」）においては古来の神がかりや託宣の儀式の形式に則って回っては回り返すという動作を繰り返しながら舞うことなどでその身を清めてからその身に神を降すという、その古態を残すところもあるが、現在では優雅な神楽歌にあわせた舞の優美さを重んじた後者（「八乙女系」）がほとんどである。
• Although some traces of ancient style dancing still remain, where shrine maidens whirl back and forth in accordance with traditional ritual rules to cleanse their bodies before being possessed to receive oracles from the gods, modern-style dances (such as the Yaotomemai) that emphasize the elegance of the dancing with graceful chanting of Kagurauta songs are dominant today.

• 初代は弘仁元年（810年）の阿保親王、2代目は承和 (日本)4年（837年）の藤原常嗣であるが、前者は薬子の変による連座、後者は遣唐大使としての功労による特殊事情による任命であるため、貞観_(日本)15年（873年）に任じられた3代目の在原行平（阿保親王の子）が事実上の初代とされている。
• The first Dazai Gonnosochi was the Imperial Prince Abo shinno who was demoted to the position in 810 for his implication in the Kusuko Incident, the second Dazai Gonnosochi was FUJIWARA no Tsunetsugu who was appointed in 837 in recognition of his services as an ambassador to the Tang Dynasty, and the third Dazai Gonnosochi was a son of the Imperial Prince Abo shinno, ARIWARA no Yukihira who was appointed in 873; therefore, ARIWARA no Yukihira is considered virtually the first Dazai Gonnosochi because he was appointed the position for no special reason unlike his predecessors.

• 明治十四年の政変（めいじじゅうよねんのせいへん）は、1881年（明治14年）自由民権運動の流れの中、憲法制定論議が高まり、政府内でも君主大権を残すビスマルク憲法かイギリス型の議院内閣制の憲法とするかで争われ、前者を支持する伊藤博文が、後者を支持する大隈重信を政府から追放した政治事件をさす。
• Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) is a politically-motivated incident, which occurred during movement of the Freedom and People's Rights and dispute regarding creation of a constitution in government, especially between Hirobumi ITO, who recommended Bismarck's constitution, which preserves the royal prerogative and Shigenobu OKUMA, who recommended constitution from England, which has parliamentary system of government, as a result of the incident in which Shigenobu OKUMA was banned from government.

• 被扶養者がなく、配偶者またはパートナーが雇用され、収入を得ている既婚の職員の場合、支払われる手当はP3級1号の手取り基本給に当該職員が理論上受給できる手当を加算した参照金額が、配偶者またはパートナーの税引き前の収入より大きい場合のみ支給される。後者の金額が、前者より大きい場合、手当は支給されない。
• in the case of a staff member who has no dependents but whose spouse or partner is gainfully employed, it shall only be payable if the reference amount, which is equivalent to the net basic salary for grade P3 step 1 plus the allowance to which the staff member would be entitled in theory, is higher than the earned income, before deduction of tax, of the spouse or partner. If the latter amount is equal to or greater than the former, no allowance shall be payable;

• 前者には『観門要義鈔』41巻、『観経疏他筆鈔』14巻、『観経疏大意』1巻、『観門義草案』2巻、『三部経論義記』1巻、『三縁義』1巻、『定散料簡義』1巻、『五段鈔』1巻、『安心鈔附略安心鈔』1巻、『善慧上人御法語』1巻、『白木念仏法語』1巻、『述誠』1巻、『鎮勧用心』1巻、『女院御書』2巻などがある。
• The former includes 'Kanmon Yogi Sho' of 41 volumes, 'Kangyosho Tahitsusho' (the records of Shoku's lecture about 'Kanmuryoju-kyosho' (the records of Shoku's lecture about Kanmuryoju-kyosho (or Kangyosho, Commentary on the Meditation Sutra) written by Kankyo) of 14 volumes, 'Kangyosho Taii' (overview of Kanmuryoju-kyosho (or Kangyosho, Commentary on the Meditation Sutra)) of 1 volume, 'Kanmon-gi Soan' (draft about the teachings of Kanmon (contemplating dharmas as void)) of 2 volumes, 'Sanbu-kyo Rongiki' (summary of debating about Sanbu-kyo (three main sutras)) of 1 volume, 'Sanengi' (teachings about sanen (the Three Types of Karmic Relation with Amida Buddha)) of 1 volume, 'Josanryoken-gi' (literally, teachings about the mind in one's concentration and non-concentration) of 1 volume, 'Godansho' (Buddhist scriptures about tariki nenbutsu (the spirituality of the other power of Buddhist invocation)) of 1 volume, 'Anjinsho Furyaku Anjinsho' (literally, the scripture and the summary about obtaining peace of mind through faith or ascetic practice), 'Zenne Shonin Gohogo' (the Buddhist sermon of Zenne Shonin (or Shoku)) of 1 volume, 'Shiraki Nenbutsu Hogo' (the Buddhist sermon of Shiraki Nenbutsu (tariki nenbutsu (the spirituality of the other power of Buddhist invocation)) without distraction) of 1 volume, 'Jutsujo' (records of dialogue between Shoku and Rensho) of 1 volume, 'Chinkanyojin' of 1 volume and 'Nyoingosho' of 2 volumes, and so on.

• 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革（前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士（後の明法博士）が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した）を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田（後の勧学田）が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
• At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.

• 通説によれば、延喜年間に延喜格式と並行して編纂が行われたとされ、『本朝法家目録文書』及び『本朝書籍目録』によれば、ともに10巻とし、前者には約90条の目録を掲げているが、『北山抄』・『江家次第』・『中右記』などにその逸文とされるものが記載されており、藤原俊憲の『貫首秘抄』でも職事が持つべき書として挙げている。
• It was commonly accepted that Engi Gishiki was compiled in parallel with Engi Kyakushiki during the Engi era -- According to 'Honcho hoke mokuroku monjo' (Catalogue of legalist documents in our country) and 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country), Engi Gishiki and Engi Kyakushiki were in ten volumes respectively and ninety items were listed for the former; and such documents as 'Hokuzansho' (Manual of court rules and customs), 'Goke shidai' (Ritual Compendium by the House of Oe), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of the Minister of the Right, written by Munetada FUJIWARA) recorded the parts which was considered to be a surviving fragment of the former; and 'Kanju hisho' (also referred to as Kanzu hisho; Secret Notes by Head Chamberlain) written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori recommended the former as a must for Shikiji (Chamberlains).

• そのため通勤客対象に1996年3月16日からは朝通勤時の近江今津発大阪行き、1997年3月8日からは夕方帰宅時の京都発永原行きの上下1本ずつ快速が設定され（前者は新旭・近江高島・北小松通過、後者は近江舞子以北各駅に停車、2002年3月23日から快速は両者ともおごと温泉駅に停車するようになった）、のちの敦賀まで運転区間が延長されている。
• Accordingly, for commuters the rapid train from Omi-Imazu Station to Osaka Station running once during the morning (set on March 16, 1996) and the rapid train from Kyoto Station to Nagahara Station running once in the evening (set on March 8, 1997) were added (the former passes Shin-Asahi, Omi-Takashima and Kitakomatsu Stations, and the latter stops at every station to the north of Omi-Maiko Station; however, both trains have stopped at Ogotoonsen Station since March 23, 2002), and the operation of these trains has been extended to Tsuruga Station.

• 但し例外もあり、中央の線の亀山方面発着列車に接続する大和路線列車が4番のりばに入線した場合、前者は両方の扉を開き、当駅での乗降客を2番のりば、乗換客を3番のりばで客扱いすることで、乗換の利便性を図っている（中央の線の大和路線列車に接続する亀山方面からの列車が1番のりばに入った場合も前者が両扉扱いを行い、この場合は2番のりばが乗換ホームとなる）。
• Exceptionally, when trains of the Yamatoji Line that are scheduled to make connections with trains departing for Kameyama from the center track arrive at Platform 4, trains bound for Kameyama open the doors of both sides so that passengers who get on and get off at this station can use Platform 2 and those who transfer at this station can use Platform 3 (when trains coming from Kameyama, which are scheduled to make connections with trains of the Yamatoji Line leaving from the center track, arrive at Platform 1, trains of the Yamatoji Line open the doors of both sides and, in this case, Platform 2 is used for passengers to transfer).