制度: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 制度
- system
- institution
- organization
- organisation
- regime
- organization system
- The System
- Shinuchi system
- 家制度
- 'house' system
- Ie seido (family system)
- Ie (Japanese family system)
- 制度化
- systematic implementation
- institutionalization (e.g. way, method)
- 旧制度
- old system
- old order
- ancien regime
- 急制度
- emergency braking procedure (e.g. during driver training and testing)
- 戸籍制度
- family registry system
- 会社制度
- company system
- business corporation system
- 裁判制度
- adjudication system
- court organization
- 福祉制度
- Social Welfare Services Program
- welfare system
- 食管制度
- Stape Food Control System
- 制度学派
- institutionalism
- institutional school
- 寺請制度
- system used during the Edo era where commoners had to register with a temple in order to prove their Buddhist faith
- Terauke Seido
- Danka system
- 寺檀制度
- system used during the Edo era where commoners had to register with a temple in order to prove their Buddhist faith
- 社会制度
- social system
- social institutions
- 政治制度
- political system
- political institution
- regime
- 氏姓制度
- uji-kabane system
- system of clans and hereditary titles (of the Yamato court)
- The System of Clans and Hereditary Titles
- 年金制度
- pension system (scheme)
- 奴隷制度
- slavery
- the institution of slavery
- 徒弟制度
- an apprentice system
- apprenticeship
- 代議制度
- parliamentary system
- 単位制度
- point system
- credit system
- 定年制度
- mandatory retirement age (system)
- 徴兵制度
- conscription
- draft system
- draught system
- 氏族制度
- family or clan system
- 階級制度
- class system
- caste system
- hierarchical system
- 皆兵制度
- system of universal conscription
- 割引制度
- discount system
- discount arrangement
- 貨幣制度
- currency system
- monetary system
- 司法制度
- justice system
- judicial system
- 公傷制度
- official injury exemption system
- system for exempting players injured in an official match from pay reduction or demotion
- 合議制度
- parliamentary system
- 三審制度
- three-tiered court system
- principle of a three-instance trial process
- 教育制度
- education(al) (a school) system
- Education system
- 郡県制度
- county and prefecture system
- 直罰制度
- non-probationary penalty system
- 受託制度
- commission scheme
- trust scheme
- 助成制度
- subsidization scheme
- 公開制度
- public disclosure requirement (or system)
- 封建制度
- feudal system
- feudalism
- 稟議制度
- the system in government offices and business corporations in which draft proposals are prepared by someone in charge of the matter and circulated for collective deliberation and final approval by particular (designated) officials or executives
- 制度の導入
- Introduction of the system
- 制度の完成
- Establishment of the system
- 制度の概要
- Outline of the System
- 制度の狙い
- Purpose of the system
- 制度の崩壊
- Collapse of the system
- 分収林制度
- profit-sharing forest scheme
- 廃戸主制度
- system of discharging the house head
- 目的税制度
- earmarked tax system
- 制度的事項
- institutional issue
- 学校群制度
- school grouping system
- 委員会制度
- committee system
- commission system
- 一国二制度
- 'One country, two systems' (Chinese political ideology allowing for the communist mainland and capitalist areas such as Hong Kong)
- 裁判員制度
- citizen judge system
- lay judge system
- quasi-jury system
- Lay judges in Japan
- 研修医制度
- clinical internship system
- 金本位制度
- gold standard system
- 制度的手法
- institutional approach
- 制度化規制
- institutional constraints
- 制度づくり
- institutional option
- 水管理制度
- water control institution
- 爵位制度以前
- Before the peerage system was established
- 医療制度改革
- health care reform
- 諸制度の改革
- Reform of the systems
- 優遇金利制度
- preferential interest rate system
- 事前通知制度
- prior notification system
- 特別償却制度
- special depreciation system
- 設備貸与制度
- equipment lease program
- 森林認証制度
- forest certification system
- 管理協定制度
- management contract system
- 海中公園制度
- marine park system
- 森林計画制度
- forestry planning system
- 認証登録制度
- certification/registration system
- 退職年金制度
- Retirement Pension System
- 事前確認制度
- Advance Pricing Arrangement
- 選抜徴兵制度
- Selective Service System
- 店頭登録制度
- over-the-counter registry system
- 信任統治制度
- trusteeship system
- 食糧管理制度
- food control system
- Stape Food Control System
- 小選挙区制度
- single-seat constituency system
- 終身雇用制度
- system of lifetime employment
- life time (life-long) employment system
- life-time employment system
- lifetime employment system
- 私有財産制度
- private ownership system
- 時価会計制度
- mark-to-market accounting system
- 自主管理制度
- system of self-management
- honour system
- 社会保障制度
- social security system
- 日本教育制度
- Japanese education system
- 年功序列制度
- the seniority system
- 能力主義制度
- meritocratic system
- 奴隷制度廃止
- abolition of slavery
- 早期退職制度
- early retirement program
- early retirement programme
- 筆界特定制度
- land registration system
- 企業年金制度
- corporate pension plan
- 管理通貨制度
- managed currency system
- 介護保険制度
- nursing-care insurance system
- 医療保険制度
- medical insurance system
- socialized medicine
- 欧州通貨制度
- European Monetary System
- EMS
- 共通番号制度
- national identification number system
- My number system
- 個人優勝制度
- individual championship system
- 健康保険制度
- health insurance system
- 刑事司法制度
- criminal justice system
- 土地登記制度
- land registration system
- 事前審査制度
- preexamination system
- 土地鑑定制度
- land appraisal system
- 最低賃金制度
- minimum wage system
- 公的年金制度
- public pension plan
- 制度信用取引
- system margin transaction (trading)
- 目標管理制度
- management by objective
- management by objectives
- 費用負担制度
- cost sharing system
- 時間料金制度
- time tariff system
- 料金複合制度
- tariff mixed system
- 連邦準備制度
- Federal Reserve System
- 連結納税制度
- consolidated taxation system
- consolidated tax payment system
- インターン制度
- internship system
- 律令と官職制度
- Ritsuryo and the government service system
- 華族制度の廃止
- Abolishment of the kazoku system
- 華族制度の整備
- The establishment of the kazoku system
- 爵位制度の検討
- Investigation of a joshaku system
- 日本酒級別制度
- Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act
- 中国の奴婢制度
- Slavery system in China
- 日本の奴婢制度
- Slavery system in Japan
- 朝鮮の奴婢制度
- Slavery system in Korea
- 近代の身分制度
- Modern class system
- 通信:飛脚制度
- Communication: Express messenger system
- 株券不発行制度
- non-issuance of stock certificate
- 私法上の法制度
- private law legal system
- 高度化融資制度
- special loan for business upgrading
- 自主的報告制度
- voluntary reporting system
- 資金供与の制度
- financial mechanism
- 預託金払戻制度
- deposit refund system
- 財政投融資制度
- Fiscal Investment and Loan Program
- 制度的条件整備
- institutional arrangement
- 高度化事業制度
- Business Improvement Scheme
- 課徴金減免制度
- leniency policy
- addition to Japan's antitrust law that allows lower fines for the first company involved in a cartel, etc. to admit their involvement
- 金地金本位制度
- gold bullion standard
- 金為替本位制度
- gold exchange standard system
- 指定工事店制度
- license of service installation works
- license scheme of service installation works
- 預金準備金制度
- reserve deposit requirement system
- 従価料金表制度
- ad valorem tariff system
- 通常の料金制度
- natural tariff system
- 従業員持株制度
- employee stock ownership
- 契約制度管理室
- Contract Management Office
- 華族制度への批判
- Criticisms of the kazoku system
- 能楽師養成の制度
- The system to nurture the Noh actors
- 朱印船制度の創設
- The Establishment of the Shuinsen Act
- 公害防止管理制度
- Pollution Prevention Management System
- 道路開発資金制度
- Road Development Loan System
- 計量標準供給制度
- National Measurement Standards Provision System
- 公害苦情処理制度
- environmental pollution complaint handling scheme
- サマータイム制度
- daylight-saving time system
- 林地開発許可制度
- forest development permission scheme
- 国内交流研究制度
- National Exchange Research Program
- 緑のオーナー制度
- greenery owner system
- 定期積立貯蓄制度
- save as you earn
- 田園地帯集配制度
- rural free delivery
- 従業員持ち株制度
- Employee Stock Ownership Plan
- 個人退職年金制度
- Individual Retirement Account
- '多数得票'制度
- first past the post system
- 株式公開買付制度
- tender offer
- take-over bid
- TOB
- 欧州中央銀行制度
- European System of Central Banks
- ESCB
- CoreNet
- ESCB-Net
- 国民健康保険制度
- national health insurance program (programme)
- National Health Service
- 都道府県代行制度
- vicarious execution system by prefectural government
- 斜面整備融資制度
- Slope stabilization financing program
- 流況調整河川制度
- System for inter-linking rivers
- 古代日本の戸籍制度
- Family registration system in ancient Japan
- 現行法制度との関係
- Relationship with the current constitution
- 風景地保護協定制度
- Scenic Area Protection Agreement System
- 公害防止管理者制度
- pollution control manager system
- 臨時司法制度調査会
- Temporary Inquiry Commission on the Judicial System
- 電源三法交付金制度
- subsidy system under the Three Laws for Power Development
- 動物取扱業規制制度
- system for regulating the animal dealers
- 住宅の性能表示制度
- labeling system of energy efficiency of housing
- 動物の輸入届出制度
- Procedures governing the importation of animals
- 後期高齢者医療制度
- latter-stage elderly healthcare system
- 水利用使用許可制度
- water right permit system
- 連邦準備制度理事会
- FRB(Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)
- Federal Reserve Board
- 有形文化財の保護制度
- Protection system of the tangible cultural properties
- 裁判所 (地方制度)
- Court (local administrative organ)
- - 憲兵警察制度廃止
- Abolition of the Kenpei police system
- - 憲兵警察制度発足
- Inauguration of the Kenpei police system
- 農林水産省の認定制度
- Recognition System of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan
- 解体工事業者登録制度
- registration system for scrapping company
- 油濁損害賠償保障制度
- Reparation and Compensation System for Damages by Oil Pollution
- 騒音基準適合証明制度
- Noise Standard Compatibility Verification System
- 有機農業オーナー制度
- organically grown produce ownership program
- 資料の保管制度の整備
- development of data archive
- 省エネラベリング制度
- energy-efficiency labeling system
- 環境対策関連融資制度
- loan system for environmental measures
- 産業廃棄物管理票制度
- industrial waste manifest system
- 第三編 投資法人制度
- Part III Systems of Investment Corporations
- 第二編 投資信託制度
- Part II Investment Trust System
- 輸出収入安定補償制度
- Stabilization of Export Earnings Scheme
- 欧州為替相場安定制度
- Exchange Rate Mechanism
- 輸出所得変動補償制度
- Compensatory Financing Facility
- 誘導制度測定ミサイル
- guidance evaluation missile
- 変えがたい制度・慣習
- law of the Medes and Persians
- 都市治水対策融資制度
- Financing program for urban river flood control
- 天津条約、内閣制度発足
- The Treaty of Tianjin was signed and cabinet government was inaugurated
- 小規模企業設備資金制度
- Program of Capital Assistance for Small Business to Purchase Equipment
- 海洋環境保全推進員制度
- Ocean Environmental Conservation Promoter System
- 汚染物質排出費徴収制度
- Pollution Levy System
- 廃棄物処理センター制度
- Solid Waste Treatment Center System
- タイプI環境ラベル制度
- Type I environmental labeling system
- 設備近代化資金貸付制度
- facility modernization loan program
- 省エネルギーマーク制度
- labeling system on energy saving performance
- 貸金業務取扱主任者制度
- System for Chiefs of Money Lending Operations
- 水源地エキスパート制度
- Reservoir area experts system
- 日本での制度上の位置づけ
- Its institutional position in Japan
- 登録制度創設、拡充の背景
- The establishment of registration system and the background of expansion
- 准母の制度も廃止された。
- The 'Junbo' system was also abolished.
- 二段階指定制度採用の背景
- Background of adoption of two-stage designation system
- 租税制度を再編成すること
- Reorganize the tax system.
- (→氏姓制度、八色の姓)
- (Refer to the system of clans and hereditary titles, namely the decree of the eight honorary titles).
- 再生利用事業計画認定制度
- recycling business plan certification system
- 公害健康被害補償予防制度
- pollution-related health damage compensation and prevention scheme
- 汚染物質排出移動登録制度
- Pollutant Release and Transfer Register system
- 緑化施設整備計画認定制度
- system for certifying the development plan of green facility
- 環境カウンセラー登録制度
- Environment Counselor Registration System
- 総合環境アセスメント制度
- comprehensive environmental assessment system
- 国際有害化学物質登録制度
- International Registration of Potentially Toxic Chemicals
- 国際共通大学入学資格制度
- International Baccalaureate
- 特別水利使用者負担金制度
- System for cost sharing on special water users
- System for levying charges on special water users
- 航空事業者資格制度調整官
- Senior Coordinator for Licensing Standards
- 国庫補助金の分割交付制度
- installment payments of national subsidy to local government for the budgeted construction project
- 兵士による開拓・駐屯の制度
- System of opening up of new territory and colonization by soldiers
- この制度を屯田兵制という。
- This system was called the Tonden hei system.
- 憲法下の天皇制(皇室制度)
- Tennosei (Imperial System) under the Constitutions
- 上方における真打制度の不在
- Absence of the shinuchi system in the Kamigata area
- 産業再配置促進費補助金制度
- System of Subsidies for the Promotion of Industrial Relocation
- 中小企業設備近代化資金制度
- Financing Program for Small Business Facility Modernization
- イギリス新しい電力取引制度
- NETA new electricity trading arrangement
- - 古代の戸籍制度を造った。
- - He established the family registration system of ancient times.
- これが二段階指定制度である。
- The above is the two-stage designation system.
- 記念物における二段階指定制度
- Two-stage designation of monuments
- 氏姓制度(うじかばねせいど)
- The system of clans and hereditary titles
- 補償制度の立案及び実施の責務
- Responsibility for Drafting and Administering Compensation System
- 国土総合開発審議会水制度部会
- SubCommittee on Water Administration System
- 関流の制度を整え、弟子を養成。
- He reorganized the system of teaching at the Seki school, and taught many disciples.
- 中世封建制度(フューダリズム)
- Hoken system in the medieval ages (Feudalism)
- 化学物質等安全データシート制度
- Material Safety Data Sheet system
- 未来環境創造型基礎研究推進制度
- Future Environmental Creation Model Basic Research Promotion System
- 環境基本計画推進事業費補助制度
- Grant Program for Promotion of the Basic Environment Plan
- 光害防止制度に係るガイドブック
- guidebook concerning the Light Pollution Prevention System
- 戸籍制度・地方行政組織関連の年表
- Chronology of the family registration system and local administration
- 湯沐邑は周の制度として始まった。
- Tomokuyu began as a system in Zhou.
- 日本における民俗文化財制度の整備
- Establishment of the folk-cultural property system in Japan
- 一律的に耕作地を班給する土地制度
- System of equally allotting cultivated land
- 一律的に兵役が課せられる軍事制度
- Military system of uniformly imposing military service on the people
- 人民を把握するための地方行政制度
- Local government system for keeping track of the people
- 選挙制度の面でも、限界がめだつ。
- Limitations also stand out from the perspective of the election system.
- しかし、次第に同制度は衰退した。
- However, this system gradually declined.
- NGO事業補助金制度(外務省)
- NGO project subsidy scheme of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- 確立した制度の解体に反対する教義
- antidisestablishmentarianism
- ヒンズー教のカースト制度の最下層民
- untouchable
- 明治の華族制度において子爵とされた。
- According to the aristocracy during the Meiji period, the family held the title of viscount.
- 使節遵行の制度は鎌倉時代に始まった。
- The system of shisetsu jungyo began in the Kamakura period.
- 1945年に衣料切符制度がとられた。
- In 1945, the ration ticket system of clothes was established.
- 個人を課税対象とする体系的な租税制度
- Methodical tax system for taxing individuals
- このことにより売官の制度が定着した。
- That established the Baikan system.
- 真打制度は戦前には上方にも存在した。
- The shinuchi system existed also in the Kamigata area before the war.
- 環境マネジメントシステム審査登録制度
- examination and registration system for environmental management system
- 環境マネジメントシステム構築融資制度
- lending mechanism for the formation of environmental management systems
- これは中国の制度との大きな違いである。
- This system greatly differed from that in China.
- 孝徳天皇時代には制度が大きく改まった。
- During the reign of Emperor Kotoku, the national system changed drastically.
- 公害防止計画制度の運用の見直しについて
- Review of the Operations of the Regional Environmental Pollution Control Program System
- 新世代下水道支援事業制度水環境創造事業
- Water Environment Creation Project under the New Generation Sewage Support System
- 同年9月、新出版条例公布、改印制度廃止。
- In September in the same year, a new publishing ordinance was promulgated and the change-seal system was abolished.
- 寛永8年(1631年)奉書船制度の開始。
- In 1631, the Bakufu launched the Hosho-sen system (a system which only allowed ships to trade if they had both a Shuin-jo [shogunate license to trade] and a Hosho [license to trade issued by a Roju--member of shogun's council of elders]).
- 環境・エネルギー優良建築物マーク表示制度
- Environment/Energy Excellent Architecture Certification Mark System
- 条約上の義務の実施及び遵守を促進する制度
- mechanism for promoting implementation and compliance
- 1票でも多く得票を得たものが当選する制度
- first past the post system
- 国家制度比較できるよう色分けされた世界地図
- Color-coded world map for comparison of state regulations
- 日本の文化遺産保護制度における「記念物」。
- Monuments' in Japan's system for protecting cultural heritage.
- 華族制度導入後、晴栄は子爵に叙せられている。
- After the introduction of peerage system, Harenaga was given the title of viscount.
- 日本の租庸調制は、中国の制度を元としている。
- So-Yo-Cho in Japan was a system modeled after China's.
- しかし、現在は制度として事実上消滅している。
- However, it is virtually lost as a system now.
- 中央による統一的な地方統治制度を創設すること
- Establish a uniform local government system under the control of the central government.
- これは唐の太医署の制度を継承したものである。
- The whole system of Tenyakuryo was modeled after the system of 'Taiisho' in the Tang dynasty of China.
- 土壌環境保全対策の制度のあり方に関する検討会
- Committee for Reviewing Systems for the Protection of Soil Environment
- この制度改定は新井白石の主導によるものだった。
- This system change was led by Hakuseki ARAI.
- 惣追捕使はその後、守護制度へと発展していった。
- After this, the system of using Sotsuibushi developed into the Shugo (provincial constable) system.
- 一領具足制度の有効性を物語るエピソードである。
- This is a telling episode about the efficiency of the Ichiryo gusoku system.
- 取引参加者(自主参加型国内排出量取引制度の)
- trading participant (in Japan's Voluntary Emissions Trading Scheme)
- 海上における遭難および安全に関する世界的な制度
- GMDSS global maritime distress and safety system
- 屯田(とんでん)は、兵士による開拓・駐屯の制度。
- Tonden was the system of opening up of new territory and colonization by soldiers.
- これにより、荘園制度は完全に崩壊することとなる。
- As a result, the manorial system was finally obliterated entirely.
- 家禄制度の撤廃である秩禄処分も段階的に行われた。
- Chitsuroku-shobun (the Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) was implemented in stages to abolish karoku (hereditary stipend).
- 造り酒屋に対しても原料の米配給制度が実施される。
- The rationing system of rice, material of sake, was implemented to sake breweries as well.
- 院宮分国制と知行国制とは元来、異なる制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system and the chigo-koku system were different originally.
- 根本のところは制度の運用以前の段階で矛盾がある。
- Fundamentally, there is a contradiction a step ahead of operating the system.
- また政府内でも井上毅は当初爵位制度に反対していた。
- Within the government, Kowashi INOUE initially opposed the introduction of a peerage system.
- これが、日本で最初の成文化された教育の制度になる。
- This was also the first codified educational system in Japan.
- 家元制度を抜きにして流儀を語ることは不可能である。
- Thus, ryugi cannot be explained without referring to the iemoto system.
- ギルドである以上、内部では徒弟制度が敷かれている。
- Being a guild, it has an apprentice system.
- 天文学や地理・礼楽・制度など、ジャンル別の分野史。
- The history of each genre such as astronomy, geography, reigaku (etiquette and music) and institutions and so on.
- また一部には身分制度を否定したりする思想が現れた。
- There were also a few thoughts which opposed the class system.
- 府兵制は戸籍を元に兵役義務を負わせる制度であった。
- A divisional militia system was one in which conscription was based on the family registry.
- 1947年(昭和22年)、貴族制度廃止により廃止。
- This designation was annulled in 1947 when the aristocracy system in Japan was abolished.
- 江戸時代の賎民制度は、四民平等をもって廃止された。
- The Senmin system in the Edo period was abolished after the concept of the 'equality of all people' was introduced.
- 室町幕府が成立すると、鎌倉幕府の守護制度を継承した。
- The shugo system of the Kamakura shogunate was inherited when the Muromachi shogunate was established.
- 明治になり、武士をはじめとする身分制度はなくなった。
- In the Meiji period, the class system such as bushi and so on disappeared.
- その基盤となったのは班田収授や戸籍などの制度である。
- The foundation lay in the system such as handen shuju sei (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), koseki (the household registers) and so on.
- (出挙の制度化には、唐の影響を指摘する意見もある)。
- (There is also an opinion pointing out the influence of the Tang Dynasty on the institutionalization of Suiko.)
- 現代の租税制度になぞらえれば、人頭税の一種といえる。
- It can be called a kind of Jintozei if it is similar to the modern tax system.
- 班田収授法による制度を班田収授制または班田制という。
- The system laid down by Handen Shuju-no-ho was called 'Handen Shuju-sei' (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land) or 'Handen-sei' (Ritsuryo land-allotment system).
- その後の北朝の諸王朝もまた、これらの制度を継承した。
- The following Northern Dynasties continued these systems.
- 朝鮮で当制度を採用したのは、李氏朝鮮末期の時である。
- In Korea, the system was introduced at the end of the Joseon Dynasty.
- この間の段階的な制度変化の結果であった可能性も高い。
- It was highly possible that the time for ryosei province establishment was due to the result of the gradual change of the system during this period.
- 12月(地方行政の制度、着任の模様、行政管理の模様)
- December: System of local administration, descriptions of inauguration and government control
- 室町幕府における武家の作法・制度について解説している。
- The book provides a guide to manners and systems of samurai family in the Muromachi bakufu
- 坂本は土地制度史の面から王朝国家体制の理論を確立した。
- Sakamoto established the theory of Dynastic polity from the aspect of the history of land system.
- 班田収授制は、律令制の根幹をなす最重要の制度であった。
- Handen Shuju-sei was the most important system forming the basis of the Ritsuryo system.
- 王土王民思想を最も反映していたのがこの土地制度である。
- This system most closely reflected the concept of odo omin.
- 戸籍・計帳の詳細については、古代の戸籍制度の項を参照。
- For further details on the family register and yearly tax records, see the section 'ancient family register system.'
- これらの制度は中華人民共和国の成立で正式に廃止される。
- These systems were officially abolished when the People's Republic of China was formed.
- 封建制度は意味をなさなくなり、郡県制に置き換えられた。
- The Hoken system became meaningless and was replaced by the Gun Ken system.
- 前項の規定による補償制度は、法律によつてこれを定める。
- The compensation system provided for in the preceding paragraph shall be provided for by law.
- 成年後見制度利用に関する届出書を受領する前に生じた損害
- The event before the receipt of the notification utilized the regulations on guardianship of adults
- この骨格は中国唐の国子監制度から持ちこまれたものである。
- Its framework was brought from a system of Kokushi kan (an educational system in China) (国子監制度), of Tang, China.
- 一般には文化遺産保護制度における保護の対象となっている。
- They are covered by the cultural heritage protection system in general.
- その真打制度は上方落語協会で1977年2月に復活された。
- The shinuchi system was restored by the Kamigata Rakugo Association in February 1977.
- 斎宮が制度化されたのも天武朝の時代であると言われている。
- It is said that Saigu (the ancient imperial princesses serving at the Ise shrine) was institutionalized in the era of the Tenmu dynasty.
- しかし、隋代にこれの約3倍の大両と呼ばれる制度ができた。
- However, in the period of Sui Dynasty, a new unit standard large ryo was established that 1 large ryo was equivalent to about 3 times larger than 1 ryo.
- 人民支配のための本格的な古代の戸籍制度作りも開始される。
- The beginning of the establishment of a full family register at this time was an attempt to control the population.
- 8月(司法制度、訴訟手続き、問注所・侍所の組織と職掌)、
- August: Judicial system, law procedures, organization and management of monchujo (board of inquiry) and samurai-dokoro (board of retainers.)
- 前三項の規定による年金制度は、法律によつてこれを定める。
- The pension system provided for in the preceding three paragraphs shall be provided for by law.
- 前条の補償制度には、左の事項が定められなければならない。
- In the compensation system set forth in the preceding Article, the following matters shall be provided for:
- この事実が、後に日本に本格的な特許制度の誕生をうながした。
- This eventually accelerated the introduction of a comprehensive patent system in Japan.
- (真打制度のメリットとして、理事の利権となることがある。)
- (An advantage of the shinuchi system is it may be of interests to the board members.)
- 宋代においても同様であったが、元・明以降にこの制度はない。
- The Gyotai was continued in the Song Dynasty, but it become obsolete on and after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
- やがて大奥の衣服制度にも正式に取り上げられることとなった。
- The Chayatsuji was officially adopted by the dress system of O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided).
- 2001年1月6日の中央省庁再編施行とともに叙級制度は廃止
- Investiture system was abolished when the central government ministries and agencies were reorganized in January 6, 2001.
- 律令制における軍事制度の基本は軍団 (古代日本)制だった。
- The military system in the Ritsuryo system was based on the 'gundan' military service.
- ①規制(制度、法律向け)、②制御・安定化・調整(機器向け)
- regulation
- 律令法の身分制度により、人民は良・賤(せん)に二大別された。
- The Ritsuryo codes divided people into two major classes, ryomin (law-abiding people) and himin (humble or lowly people).
- 女官制度の廃止など宮廷改革を進めた長男の昭和天皇に反発した。
- The Empress Teimei rebelled against her oldest son, the Emperor Showa, since he progressed the reform of the Imperial Court, such as the abolishment of the court lady system.
- それで、自身の大宮御所では旧態依然とした宮廷制度を維持した。
- Thus, in reaction, the Empress Teimei kept the traditional and outdated Imperial Court system within her own Omiya Gosho (the Omiya Imperial Palace).
- 宮内省律令制度下 - 宮中の衣食住・財物その他の諸事を掌る。
- Department of the Imperial Household under the ritsuryo system: it took charge of various affairs including housing, food and clothing, and treasures.
- しかし、それ以後は、仏教思想を根拠にした賎民制度が登場した。
- However, the Senmin system based on Buddhistic thought appeared after that.
- 貸金業務取扱主任者制度 (第二十四条の七―第二十四条の五十)
- Organization of Chiefs of Money Lending Operations (Article 24-7 to Article 24-50)
- 華族制度の発足以前から爵位による華族の格付けは検討されていた。
- Even before the kazoku system was established, rating kazoku based on the peerage had been discussed.
- これに伴い、口分田制度も急速に衰退したのではないかと見られる。
- It is considered that the kubunden system would have declined correspondingly.
- 制度としての流儀は、基本的に二つの要素によって成り立っている。
- Ryugi as a system basically consists of two elements.
- 軍事制度の詳細については、軍団 (古代日本)、防人の項を参照。
- For further details on military service, see the section 'military service' (ancient Japan).
- だが、目安箱は本質的に封建制度の下で将軍が設置したものである。
- However, meyasubako was originally established by a shogun under the feudal system.
- そして、こうした問題を解決するため、親王任国の制度を奏上した。
- In order to solve these problems, he proposed the Emperor establish the Shinno-ningoku system.
- その領土を都護府・羈縻政策・府兵制の制度をもって維持していた。
- It maintained its territory through protectorate, tributary and divisional militia systems.
- 一方で受領は勘解由使や受領考過定など監査制度の制約も受けていた。
- On the other hand, they had some restrictions through an auditing system such as Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) and Zuryo kokatei (Evaluation of Zuryo).
- 第二次世界大戦後の民法改正による家制度廃止まで戸籍に記載された。
- It was indicated in the family registries until the Civil Code was amended and the family system was abolished after World War II.
- 何度かの法令改正で、兵員の将来と権利を保障する制度が導入された。
- After several act amendments an institution that would guarantee the future and rights of the soldiers was introduced.
- 氏姓制度と官位制、および職掌を体系的に整備したのが律令制である。
- The ritsuryo system was systematically developed from a system of clans and hereditary titles, official court rank system, and official duties.
- 皇族は、戦後の制度にも名をとどめており、天皇及びその親族を指す。
- Kozoku, which still appeared in the systems after the war, indicates the Emperor and his relatives.
- 上記のように士農工商の概念と実際の身分制度は大きく異なっている。
- As described above, the theory of shi-no-ko-sho differed significantly from the actual class system.
- 江戸幕府は、大量に蓄積された金銀を原資に貨幣制度の改革を行った。
- The shogunate government in Edo reformed the currency system using a large amount of accumulated gold and silver.
- 新世代下水道支援事業制度リサイクル推進事業未利用エネルギー活用型
- Recycling Promotion Project to promote the use of unutilized energy, under the New Generation Sewage Support System
- なお、日本律令制下の土地制度は、唐の均田制をもとに構築されていた。
- And based on the equal-field system under the Tang Dynasty, the land system under the Japanese ritsuryo system was established.
- ドイツの文化遺産保護制度における「記念物(独:Denkmal)」。
- Monuments (Denkmal in German)' in Germany' system for protecting cultural heritage.
- 憲兵は一般の朝鮮人に対して極めて威圧的な制度だったと言われている。
- It is said that the military police was an extremely imperative system against the general Koreans.
- 鎌倉幕府には内訴(ないそ)・奏事(そうじ)という直訴制度があった。
- During the period of the Kamakura bakufu, direct appeal systems called Naiso and Soji existed.
- 租庸調(そようちょう)は、中国及び日本の律令制下での租税制度である。
- So-Yo-Cho (a tax system, corvee) was a tax system under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) adopted in China and Japan.
- 律令制度では、東宮(皇太子)と中宮(皇后)のために湯沐邑が置かれた。
- Tomokuyu was set for Togu (crown prince) and Chugu (the Empress) in the Ritsuryo system.
- 国や地方公共団体が文化遺産保護制度の一環として指定した文化財である。
- They are designated as folk-cultural properties by the Government and the local public bodies in the context of the cultural heritage protection system.
- 又、冠位もそれまでの十九階から二十六階に制度改革などを行なっている。
- Moreover, the system of ranking officials was changed from 19 levels to 26 levels.
- 律令制という制度は、律令や格式などの法令群により規定づけられていた。
- The system of Luli was provided by the series of written precepts including the principal concepts of Luli, formalities, and social rules.
- 朝廷では亀山上皇のもとで神領興行の遂行と訴訟制度の整備が実施された。
- In the Imperial court, the execution of Shinryo-kogyo (performances of shinto rituals) and the establishment of a litigation system were realized under the Retired Emperor Kameyama.
- 太閤検地は、それまでの複雑な土地所有関係を整理し、土地制度を一新した。
- The Taiko-kenchi enabled them to investigate and reorganize the long-established complicated land ownership matters, so that they could establish a new land system.
- 1954年の文化財保護法改正により、選定無形文化財の制度は廃止された。
- With the amendments of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the system of the selected intangible cultural properties was abolished.
- 定席天満天神繁昌亭開設時に、真打制度復活が論議されたが見送られている。
- When Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei Theater, a joseki, was established, restoration of the shinuchi system was discussed, which was deferred.
- これにより江戸時代から続く水呑に関する身分慣習及び制度は終焉を迎えた。
- Because of the law, the custom and system concerning Mizunomi came to an end.
- これにより明治時代において、全国統一の本格的な地方自治制度が確立した。
- A nationally-standardized local autonomy system was established during the Meiji period through these laws.
- 『官職秘抄』・『職源鈔』と並んで中世を代表する官職制度の解説書である。
- Along with 'Kanshoku Hisho' and 'Shokugensho,' this book is a typical instruction manual of the court official system during medieval times.
- 古代日本の律令国家は、軍事制度として軍団 (古代日本)を採用していた。
- The ritsuryo-code-based nation in ancient Japan employed gundan (troops) (in ancient Japan) as the military system.
- しかし武則天期から玄宗 (唐)期にはこれら諸制度が崩壊を起こし始める。
- However, these systems began to collapse between the reign of Wu Zeitian and Xuanzong (Tang).
- 明治時代になり、学校制度は小学校・中学校・師範学校・大学等が設けられた。
- Entering the Meiji period, the education system for elementary schools, middle schools, schools for teacher training, and universities was established.
- 江戸時代に至り、朝仁親王(東山天皇)の立太子以降皇太子の制度が復活する。
- The investiture ceremony of the Crown Prince was revived in the Edo period, starting with that of Imperial Prince Tomohito (the Emperor Higashiyama).
- 令制(りょうせい)とは、律令のうち行政法にあたる令に基づく諸制度をいう。
- Ryosei is the systems based on ryo that refer to the administrative law of the Ritsuryo codes.
- 年料給分(ねんりょうきゅうぶん)とは、平安時代における封禄制度のひとつ。
- Nenryo kyubun is one of the horoku (stipend, pay, salary) systems in the Heian period.
- その後は、朝廷は国衙軍制に代わる軍事制度として追討使方式を多用し始めた。
- After that, the Imperial Court frequently started employing the tsuitoshi-using system as the military system replacing the kokuga forces system.
- 立憲主義によって議会制度が定められ、国体によって議会の権限が制限された。
- The assembly system was established based on constitutionalism, and assembly's authority was limited according to the national polity.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 第一項の年金制度は、健全な保険数理を基礎として定められなければならない。
- The pension system set forth in paragraph 1 shall be provided for on a sound actuarial basis.
- しかし現在では皇室制度に詳しい人々の間でもこの呼称はほとんど用いられない。
- However, today this appellation is seldom used even by the people who are familiar with the Imperial Household system.
- しかし、個別人身支配と郡司の首長権が崩壊すると両制度とも機能しなくなった。
- However, these systems became non-functional after the people-based governance system and chieftaincy of gunji collapsed.
- 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指導などをふまえ、新たな制度を確立されていく。
- The new school system was established under the guidance of the GHQ (General Headquarters of the Allied Forces) and so forth.
- よって、このような制度を当時の日本が導入する事自体に無理があったと言える。
- Therefore, it must have been difficult for Japan at that time to introduce such a system.
- 江戸到着直後に太政官制度が発足し三職は廃され、熾仁親王の総裁職は解かれた。
- Just after arriving in Edo, the system of the Grand Council of State was established and the Sanshoku (president, Gijo, counselor) was abolished, the Prince's position as the President was no longer valid.
- 光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して以後は事実上、明治以降は制度上存在していない。
- After Emperor Kokaku abdicated the throne to Emperor Ninko, the position in fact didn't exist in the political system in and after Meiji period.
- 北朝はこれらの制度を背景に国力を増強していき、次第に南朝を圧迫していった。
- The Northern Dynasties enhanced the national power based on the systems to gradually become a threat to the Southern Dynasties.
- 尚、この制限は文官任用制度が確立した明治18年(1885年)頃まで続いた。
- This policy was in effect until bunkan ninyoseido (government officials recruitement system) was established in 1885.
- しかし、薩長の倒幕派が太政官制度を復活させ、天皇を中心とした新政府を樹立。
- The anti-shogunate party of Satsuma and Choshu domains, however, revived the Great Council of State (dajokan) System, and established a new government headed by the Emperor.
- この制度における兵士は辺境に屯田をしながら半永久的に定住するようになった。
- Soldiers under this system settled semi-permanently at the frontier, and they farmed the land and served as soldiers when necessary.
- 公地公民制を唱える論者は、墾田の推進により律令制度の崩壊を早まったとする。
- The theorists who support the Kochi-komin System (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) advocate that the promotion of konden accelerated the fall of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 特に乱以後初めて本格的な院政を布いた後嵯峨天皇に院政諸制度が整備されている。
- Particularly, during the age of Emperor Gosaga, who conducted the first full-scale insei after the rebellion, various systems of insei were organized.
- が、特に平安時代前期(9世紀)に大宰府管内で導入された公営の田地制度を指す。
- Kueiden especially meant the public land system introduced in Dazaifu in the former Heian period (the 9th century).
- 印刷技術や稿料制度など出版の体制が整っていたこともあり多くの読者を獲得した。
- As there was a good publishing system such as an advanced printing technology and the system of payments for manuscripts, Yomihon gained many readers.
- そのため早急な保護措置を講ずるため、有形の民俗文化財にも登録制度を拡充した。
- Therefore, registration system is also introduced to tangible folk cultural properties for an immediate protection measure.
- 9世宗先は元禄期の時流に沿って家元制度を確立させ、志野流の中興と称せられる。
- Sosen, the ninth tea master of the Shino school, established the iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), catching the tide of the Genroku era (the period when culture, especially among chonin [townspeople] flowered), therefore he was called as the restorer of the Shino school.
- 田村によれば、後の藤原氏の隆盛はにこのときに制度として作られ予定されていた。
- According to TAMURA, the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan at a later time had sprouted and prepared at that moment.
- 今まで散発的にしか記録されていない元号制度の形が整うのもこの大宝年間である。
- It was during the Taiho era (701-704) when the era system, which had only been recorded sporadically until that point, was put into place.
- 北魏はまず、人民を体系的に支配するために三長制という地方行政制度を実施した。
- At first, Northern Wei implemented a local administration system called the sanchang system to systematically govern the people.
- この制度の下で、班給・課税・徴兵の台帳となる戸籍・計帳の作成が可能となった。
- This system enabled the creation of the family register and yearly tax records, which were to be used as the original registers in allotting land, imposing taxes, and conscription.
- これを貫高(かんだか)といい、それを税収の基準にする土地制度を貫高制と呼ぶ。
- This was called Kandaka, and the land system that used Kandaka as a scale for tax revenue is referred to as Kandaka sei.
- これは江戸幕府による支配が安定し、経済制度の整備が進められた事を反映している。
- This reflects the situation that the rule by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became steady and the economic system was established and expanded.
- 上方落語ならではの自由な気風を損ねるというのが、真打制度非導入の理由であった。
- The reason for not introducing the shinuchi system was it would reduce the typical free atmosphere in the Kamigata rakugo.
- 茶箱手前を制度化している裏千家の作法に則って以下使い方について簡単に解説する。
- Herein below, the manner of using kinto is briefly explained according to manners of Urasenke school in which chabako-demae is institutional.
- 律令のうち、令によって規定される制度を令制というので、令制の国を令制国と呼ぶ。
- Among the ritsuryo, the system defined by ryo is ryo system (ryosei), so the province under the ryo system is called ryosei province.
- ただし、その譲歩は大きなものではなく、全体的にみれば集権的な地方制度であった。
- However, the concession was not great, and all things considered, it was still a centralized local administration system.
- 近代化を急ぐあまり、固有の慣習から乖離した、地方の実情に合わない制度であった。
- The system did not fit into the reality of regions and disregarded customs unique to them, as the government was in a hurry for modernizing the nation.
- 各国で制度が整ったのはようやく奈良時代末期になってからであると考えられている。
- It is contemplated that this system became full-fledged in all provinces only in the late Nara period.
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- 改易(かいえき)とは、律令制度では現職者の任を解き新任者を補任することをいう。
- In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the term kaieki referred to removing someone from their current post and appointing someone new to that position.
- これら華族制度の整備を主導したのは、自らも公家華族である右大臣岩倉具視であった。
- The person who led these arrangements of the kazoku system was Udaijin (minister of the right) Tomomi IWAKURA who was a member of Kuge kazoku.
- 後継者不足等により低迷している伝統的工芸品産業の需要拡大を狙ってに誕生した制度。
- This system was established to increase demand towards traditional craft industries which have been slumping due to the shortage of successors.
- 逆に言えば、戸籍・計帳の作成によって、上記の三制度の実施が可能となったのである。
- Conversely, the creation of the family register and the yearly tax records made it possible to enforce the three aforementioned systems.
- 国宝・重要文化財の指定手続、指定制度の沿革などについては、重要文化財の項を参照。
- For more information on the designation system and procedure for national treasures and important cultural properties, see the article on important cultural properties.
- 日本では8世紀に制定・施行された大宝律令、養老律令に基づく諸制度が令制とされた。
- In Japan, the systems based on Taiho Code and Yoro Ritsuryo Code, which were enacted and enforced in the eighth century, were regarded as Ryosei.
- 古代・中世の日本では無官の者を救済する施策として正式な制度として導入されていた。
- In ancient and medieval Japan, the baikan system was introduced as an official system to rescue courtiers without posts.
- 西洋の法的な封建制度であるレーエン制とは異なり、軍事奉仕を期待するものではない。
- Unlike the fiefdom, the Western legal Hoken system, no military duties were expected.
- このような周の封建制度を西洋的なフューダリズムと比較することはよくおこなわれる。
- Such a Hoken system in Zhou is often compared with Western feudalism.
- 賢光は内務省 (日本)に入省し、内閣記録局長を経て、帝室制度調査局御用掛を務めた。
- Masamitsu entered the Ministry of Home Affairs and, after serving as the Director of the Cabinet Records Office, served as Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) of the Imperial Household Research Committee.
- 親王が現地へ赴任することはまずあり得ず、いわば遥任を朝廷公認で制度化したのである。
- Because it never happened that a shinno moved to the province to whose kokushu he was appointed, it can be said that the Imperial court publicly approved the yonin system.
- しかし予審決定書では「私有財産制度の破壊」について同法第2条の協議罪が適用された。
- However, according to the decision in writing of a preliminary examination, Kyogizai (a crime of having conference) in the article 2 of the Maintenance of Public Order Law was applied for 'demolition of private property.'
- 古代の戸籍制度・計帳に基づいて、政府から受田資格を得た貴族や人民へ田が班給された。
- Based on the family registration system and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) in the ancient times, rice land was allotted to nobles and people who had obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land from the government.
- このことは、口分田制度によらずとも一定の税収確保が可能となったことを示唆している。
- This suggests that a certain amount of tax became to be able to be secured without using the kubunden system.
- 1962年には、営業許可基準、道路使用許可制度、道路使用取扱要綱などが決定された。
- In 1962, business licensing was standardized, and a road usage licensing system and road usage management guidelines were established.
- 当時の天皇は長男による世襲制度ではなく、皇族から天皇に相応しい人物が選ばれていた。
- At this time, the Imperial Throne wasn't directly hereditary so a person who was appropriate in the Imperial family was selected.
- これらの制度は、その後の諸王朝も継承してゆき、律令制の基礎を形成することとなった。
- These systems were handed down through subsequent dynasties and formed the basis of the Ritsuryo system.
- また律令制度の施行に伴って生じた不備などを調整する目的から、慶雲の改革が行われた。
- Consequently, the Keiun Reform was conducted in order to adjust for problems which had occurred with the enforcement of the ritsu and ryou codes.
- 律令制(りつりょうせい)は、主に古代東アジアで見られた中央集権的な統治制度である。
- The Ritsuryo system is the Japanese term for the system of centralized government seen mainly in ancient East Asia.
- しかし、第一次世界大戦により各国政府とも金本位制を中断し、管理通貨制度に移行する。
- But, each nation had discontinued gold standard system due to the aftermath of World WarⅠand shifted to managed currency system.
- 当初、台湾の初等中等教育制度は台湾人と日本人を対象とするものが別個に存在していた。
- Initially, the elementary and secondary educational systems were separate for Taiwanese and Japanese.
- この制度では、百姓を村単位で、町人を町単位で把握し、両者の間に上下関係はなかった。
- According to this system, peasants were grouped by village, townsmen by town, with no difference between their ranks.
- 親王任国(しんのうにんごく)とは、親王が国司に任じられた令制国及びその制度を指す。
- The term Shinno-ningoku means provinces to which imperial princes were appointed as kokushi (provincial governor) as well as such systems.
- 公式に身分と冠が結び付けられたのは、推古11年制定の冠位十二階と呼ばれる制度である。
- The Kan I Junikai (a system of twelve court ranks instituted in Japan), which was established in 603, was the first system in which ranks were officially linked with caps.
- この制度は、当時の中国で行われていた均田制の影響のもとに施行されたと考えられている。
- It is thought that this system was enforced under the influence of the Equal-field system adopted in China in those days.
- 1873年には徴兵制度の施行により国民皆兵を定め、1876年には廃刀令が実施された。
- Universal conscription was established through the enactment of conscription in 1873, and a decree banning the wearing of swords was issued in 1876.
- 豪族の弱体化策として豪族に与えられていた部曲(かきべ)を廃止し、食封制度も改革した。
- In order to weaken Gozoku (local ruling family), he abolished Buqu (a serf) and also reformed the Jikifu system.
- これら制度の放置は、律令政府に対して財政的かつ人的な負担として重くのしかかっていた。
- They remained unaltered though, which placed a heavy burden on the Ritsutyo government both from the viewpoint of finances and human resources.
- 古代の戸籍制度とは、飛鳥時代に撰定・編纂された律令による人民把握のための戸籍をいう。
- Family registration systems in ancient times refer to family registers for keeping tabs on people under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) where were codes selected and compiled in the Asuka period.
- 家康は秀吉の例に倣って江戸城下に武家屋敷を与え、妻子を江戸に住まわせる制度を立てた。
- Following Hideyoshi's footstep, Ieyasu prepared the samurai residences near Edo-jo Castle so that daimyo's families would live in Edo.
- 時頼は、司法制度の充実に力を注ぎ、1249年、裁判の公平化のため、引付衆を設置した。
- Yasutoki focused on the reinforcement of the judicial system and in 1249 he appointed a Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) to make the courts fair.
- 明治中央官制の改革は明治17年(1885年)の内閣制度発足をもってようやく安定する。
- The reform of the organization of the central government was finally settled by the inauguration of the cabinet system in 1885.
- しかし、邑制国家の実態および宗族制度がいつごろ一般的となったかについては定説がない。
- However, there are no established theories for what Mura-based states were and when the Sozoku system became common.
- 制度の近代化・西欧化が進められる中で、節刀の慣習は元帥への刀剣下賜という形で残される。
- Amid the ongoing modernization and westernization of system, the custom of Setto remained as a practice of granting a sword to marshal.
- 敵討(かたきうち)とは、直接の尊属を殺害した者に対して私刑として復讐を行う制度である。
- Katakiuchi is the practice of taking out one's revenge, by taking the law into his own hands, against someone who has killed a direct ancestor of the avenging party.
- 江戸時代に家元制度を取っていた流派としては、大蔵流、和泉流、鷺流の三つの流派が存した。
- There were three schools introducing the Iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) in the Edo period, the Okura school, the Izumi school, and the Sagi school.
- 唐代にこれの3倍を大両とする制度ができたが、大両は3銭8分の3倍(11銭4分)である。
- Under the Tang Dynasty, the system of larger ryo, which was three times larger than ryo, was established that larger ryo weighed 11 sen and 4 bu, which was three times as much as 3 sen and 8 bu.
- そこで、アメリカなどの政治制度を模範に、日本で初めて「公選入札」が行われる事になった。
- Because of this, the first 'public bid' in Japan was decided to take place modeling after the oversea political system such as America.
- なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
- This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.
- また、家制度の元で家業の維持が優先されたのも民間における家職の残滓と言える者であった。
- Under the influence of the Ie system, the maintenance of Kagyo continued to be prioritized among the public and this could be considered as a relic of Kashoku.
- 現実の江戸時代の身分制度は未解明な部分が多く、今後の実証的な研究が待たれる面が大きい。
- The actual class system of the Edo period remains unclear in many respects and has yet to be studied more closely based on empirical data.
- そして、終戦の翌々年の1907年には内地と同じ「省・府・県」による行政制度を確立した。
- In 1907, two years after the end of the Russo-Japanese war, the Qing Dynasty established an administrative system using the categories of 'Sho, Fu and Ken' identical to that which was used to govern China proper.
- 宗族組織の解体とともに中国的な封建制度が崩壊していったことは、おおむね認められている。
- It is generally accepted that the Chinese Hoken system collapsed with the breakdown of Sozoku organization
- - 参勤交代の制度化、500石以上の大船の建造禁止(商船については1638年に撤回)。
- -Sankinkotai was insituted and the the building of ships more larger than 500 koku was banned (the restriction was withdrawn for commercial ships in 1638).
- 雑徭(ぞうよう、ざつよう)は、中国及び日本の律令制下での労役の形態を取る租税制度である。
- The zoyo tax system was one in which taxes were paid in the form of labor, under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in China and Japan.
- 明治以降の皇室典範では譲位を認めていないため、現在に至るまで太上天皇の制度は存在しない。
- Because the Imperial House Acts after the Meiji period do not admit transfer of the throne, the rule of Daijo Emperor does not exist until the present time.
- 天皇制(皇室制度)(てんのうせい/こうしつせいど)は、天皇を君主又は象徴とする国家体制。
- The Tennosei (Imperial Family system) is a state system with the emperor acting as the monarch or titular head.
- 現在の制度(一世一元の制)に基づけば、在位中の元号をもって追号とされることが定制である。
- According to a current system (which is known as 'Isse ichigen no sei' [literally, the practice of assigning one era name to one emperor]), Gengo (an era name) during the Emperor's reign usually becomes that Emperor's posthumous title.
- 参勤交代(さんきんこうたい)は、藩の大名を定期的に江戸に出仕させる江戸幕府の制度である。
- Sankin-kotai is one of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)'s system that obligated daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) to reside in Edo periodically.
- その結果722年にははじめて古代の戸籍制度が行われ、以後隼人の組織的な抵抗はなくなった。
- As a result, the ancient family registration system was introduced in 722 for the first time and, since then, there was no organized resistance from the Hayato people.
- 幕府は「鎌倉殿」頼朝の私的家政機関として設立されており、当時の制度上では公的機関ではない。
- The bakufu was established as an extension of the private household administration of Yoritomo (Lord Kamakura) and as such, did not count as a public institution according to the standards of the day.
- 憲法は貴族院でも審議されたが、華族制度については衆議院で可決された原案通りに通過している。
- The House of Peers deliberated on the drafts of the Constitution of Japan as well, and as for the kazoku system, they approved the original plan which the House of Representatives had already approved and did not make any modifications to it.
- 名田の制度は、11世紀ごろから、当時一円化して領域性を高めた荘園にも採用・吸収されていく。
- In the 11th century, the myoden system was also imported and adopted to manors whose territory had been enhanced because of consolidation around that time.
- 日本の雑徭(ぞうよう)は、中国の制度を元としているが、日本の国情に合わせて導入されている。
- The zoyo in Japan was based on the Chinese system, but it was introduced after being modified to meet the conditions of Japan.
- ただ、大宰府で試行された公営田制度はあくまで時限的なものであり、永続的なものではなかった。
- The Kueiden system tried in Dazaifu was not eternal but only temporary.
- 律令制を運営する官僚制度も大きく変容し、律令に規定のない令外の官が非常に多数生まれていた。
- The bureaucracy that operated the Ritsuryo system changed drastically so that a lot of posts not prescribed in the Ritsuryo system were established.
- 日本における奴婢制度は、隋・唐の律令制を取り入れる時に日本式に改良して導入したものである。
- The slavery system in Japan was introduced upon amending the ritsuryo systems of Sui and Tang to a Japanese style when introducing them.
- 台湾に教育制度を普及させた日本の政策は現在の台湾の教育水準の高さに一定の影響を与えている。
- Japan's policy to spread the education system influenced the high educational standard of today's Taiwan to a certain extent.
- 大区小区制(だいくしょうくせい)は、日本の明治時代の1872年に施行された地方制度のこと。
- The daiku-shoku system is one of the local systems set up in 1872 during the Meiji Period.
- 当該制度は平安時代初期にはじまり、次第に年爵の特典は女院や准后にも与えられることとなった。
- This system started in the early Heian period and later, the privilege of nenshaku was also granted to nyoin (close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparative standing) and jugo (honorable rank next to the three empresses).
- 院宮分国制は国家公認の制度であり、院宮分国からの上進官物は院宮家の収入とすることができた。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system was an official system of the nation, and Innomiya families were allowed to acquire, as their revenues, the kanmotsu dedicated by the ingu bunkoku provinces.
- 死亡帳(しぼうちょう)とは古代の律令制度の下で、造籍と造籍の間に毎年作成される帳簿のこと。
- Shibocho refers to a register which was created annually between the times of having new family registers under the ancient Ritsuryo system.
- なお、この過程において、国司(国衙機構)を中心とする軍事制度、すなわち国衙軍制が成立した。
- In the course of these events, a military system centering on kokushi (the kokuga system); namely, the kokuga forces system was formed.
- 武家法と異なる律令法の特色の一つは、この体系的な国家機構および官僚制度の精密な規定にあった。
- Precise definition of such systematic national structure and bureaucracy is one of the characteristics that distinguishes ritsuryo law from samurai law.
- しかし、後の延喜の治とともに現実の社会制度の変革に適合せず必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, like later Engi no chi, these measures did not fit the change of the real social system, and were hardly successful.
- これは明治時代の地租改正までに至る福知山藩の土地制度の基礎となったため、松平検地と呼ばれた。
- This formed the basis for the land system of the Fukuchiyama Domain untill the land-tax reform came into force in the Meiji period, and was called Matsudaira's Kenchi (the land survey).
- 斎王制度は大伯皇女が朱鳥元年(686年)に退下したあと途絶えており、12年ぶりの卜定だった。
- The saio system had been discontinued after Oku no himemiko resigned in 686, and it was the designation by fortune telling for the first time in 12 years.
- なお、近代の皇族制度とは違い、婚姻によって皇親身分を獲得したり喪失したりすることは無かった。
- Furthermore, unlike the modern imperial family system, with this system one could not obtain or lose the status of Koshin through marriage.
- 670年(天智9年)全国的な戸籍(古代の戸籍制度)を作り、人民を把握する国内政策も推進した。
- In 670, Emperor Tenji created the nationwide family register system and promoted a national policy of surveying the condition of the people.
- 明治7年(1874年)に制度が設けられ、翌年から実施、明治37年(1904年)に廃止された。
- This institution was established in 1874, executed the next year, and abolished in 1904.
- 職業教育では総督府は当初農試験講習生制度を設立し台湾の産業発展に寄与する人材育成に着手した。
- For vocational education, the Sotoku-fu established the agricultural examination trainee system to educate persons who could contribute to the development of farming in Taiwan.
- 特権的身分制度が設けられ、韓国の旧皇族は王公族に、韓国併合に功績あるものは朝鮮貴族となった。
- A privileged class system was established, which made former imperial families of Korea become royals and those who made an achievement on the annexation of Korea become Korean nobles.
- また、憲法取調局(翌年、制度取調局に改称)を設置するなど、憲法制定と議会開設の準備を進めた。
- And Ito established the constitution interrogation office (its name was changed into the political system interrogation office the next year) so as to prepare for a constitution and a national diet.
- 789年には良賤間の通婚でできた子は良民とされる事になり、907年には奴婢制度が廃止された。
- In 789, it was ordained that children born between the Ryomin and the Senmin should become the Ryomin, and in 907, the nuhi system was abolished.
- 地方の神官や国学者が扇動し、檀家制度のもとで寺院に搾取されていたと感じる民衆がこれに加わった。
- Shinto priests and scholars of Japanese classical literature in rural areas incited people who believed that they had been exploited under the parishioner system to join the campaign.
- しかし、ウジ・カバネが制度化される以前の大王家(天皇家の前進)は、姓を有していたとされている。
- However, Daio-ke (antecedent of Tenno's family) is said to have had family name, before uji-kabane was systematized.
- 永山武四郎本部長はロシアでコサック兵の制度を調べ、これを参考にして屯田兵拡大の具体策を立てた。
- Takeshiro NAGAYAMA, the director-general, examined the Cossac soldier system in Russia, and set up concrete measures of the tondenhei expansion on this model.
- ただし、すべての姓をこの制度に当てはめるということは行われず、従来あった姓はそのまま残された。
- However, the Emperor did not apply this system to all titles, and the existing titles remained.
- 人事院は、前条の年金制度に関し調査研究を行い、必要な意見を国会及び内閣に申し出ることができる。
- The National Personnel Authority may conduct research and studies in regard to the pension system set forth in the preceding Article and offer such opinion as it may consider necessary to the Diet and the Cabinet.
- 地下請(じげうけ)とは、中世日本の村落が、荘園・国衙領への年貢徴収を領主から請け負っていた制度。
- Jigeuke was a system in which village communities of medieval Japan undertook the task of feudal lords to collect nengu (land tax) to be paid to shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- これは、実質上の通貨の切り上げになると同時に銅銭を多く取り扱う大商人に有利な制度として定着した。
- This meant actual revaluation of currency and at the same time, it became established as a favorable system for merchant princes who handled a great number of copper coins.
- ただしこれは外国の制度を模倣しただけで「当分之を欠く」という註がされていて有名無実な教科だった。
- However, it was just an imitation of foreign systems, and a titular subject with a note saying that for the time being this subject would not bet practiced.
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正においては、登録有形文化財制度の登録の対象に美術工芸品を追加された。
- When the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, art craftworks were added to the candidates for registered tangible folk cultural properties.
- 明治政府は不平を持つ士族の反乱や自由民権運動への対応の中から、議会制度の必要性を認識していった。
- While handling Fuheishizoku-no-Hanran (rebellions of former samurai with gripes) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right), the Meiji Government began to realize the need for a parliamentary system.
- あわせて、無形の民俗資料について「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗資料」選択制度が発足した。
- At the same time, a selection system for 'intangible folklore material for which records should be prepared' was introduced.
- 1919年(大正8年)の「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」によって、記念物の法的な保護制度が確立した。
- By the 'Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law' enacted in 1919, the legal system for protecting monuments was established.
- 登録有形文化財(第57条):、1996年の文化財保護法改正により登録有形文化財制度が創設された。
- Registered Tangible Cultural Properties (Article 57): The system of registered tangible cultural properties was founded owing to the amendment of the Law for the protection of cultural properties in 1996.
- 明治17年(1884年)以降は、間近に控えた議会創設に備えて、立憲制に対応する諸制度を創設した。
- After 1884, the Emperor established various regulations for the constitution to prepare for the establishment of the Diet, which was drawing near.
- 地方三新法 (ちほうさんしんぽう)は、明治時代の日本が制定した三つの地方制度関連法のことである。
- Chiho San Shinpo (Three New Local Laws) refers to three laws on the Japanese local administration system that were enacted during the Meiji period.
- このような中で、政局を安定させるためにも地方制度改革が必要不可欠であるとの指摘がひろくなされた。
- In such circumstances, it was widely pointed out that reforming the local administrative system was indispensable in order to stabilize to political situation.
- 江戸時代に入ると、大坂を中心とした金融網の形成によって全国的な為替制度へと発展することとなった。
- In the Edo period, a financial network was formed with Osaka at its center, which developed into a national currency exchange system.
- だが、平安時代に入ると律令制度の崩壊とともに国学も衰退し、11世紀に入る頃までにはほぼ消滅した。
- In association with the collapse of the Ritsuryo system in the Heian period, Kokugaku also declined and ceased to exist by the beginning of the 11th century.
- しかし、これら五大老・三中老・五奉行の制度はいずれも、政治機構としては未熟だったと言われている。
- However, those systems, Gotairo, Sanchuro and Gobugyo, are said to have not developed enough as political structures.
- これはいわゆる内閣制度であり、この五大老の合議によって天下の諸事が決定されるというものであった。
- This was a so-called cabinet system and various matters were decided by the agreement of the 'Gotairo.'
- すなわち、「オーナー制度」はオプション取引にあたり、農村の副収入増加とリスクヘッジを達成できる。
- That is, an 'owner system' is an option transaction in which, for farm families, secondary income is increased and risk hedge is achieved.
- 京都市内の私立大学間で単位互換制度を広く実施するため発足した「京都・大学センター」が母体となった。
- The 'University Center Kyoto' was established in Kyoto City to realize a credit transfer system among private universities and was the parent organization.
- 宗家(征夷大将軍)を補佐する役目にあるとも言われているが、制度・役職として定められたものではない。
- While it is said by some that Tokugawa Gosanke assisted the head family or Seii taishogun, this was not officially defined as a system or official post.
- これを1926年(大正15年)の皇室儀制令によって制度化したのがいわゆる戦前の「宮中席次」である。
- Then it was systematized according to the enactment of the Koshitsu Giseirei (act that sets the ceremonies of the Imperial Court, crests of Imperial family, banners, seating arrangement in Imperial ceremonies, etc) in 1926, which is known as 'Kyuchu Sekiji' before World War II.
- この制度は、文化財としての建造物を「点」(単体)ではなく「面」(群)で保存しようとするものである。
- This system is designed to preserve cultural property buildings in their 'aspect' (as a group) rather than as 'point' (individual entities).'
- 近代においてもほぼこの制度を継承するが、紋の配置については、闕腋のときも近世ほど間を詰めていない。
- The above system basically continued to exist up to the recent times, but the crests were not placed so closely as in the early-modern times even in the case of ketteki.
- ゆえに流儀という制度には家元もしくはそれに類する存在(たとえば職分会等の機関)が絶対に必要である。
- Therefore, iemoto or an entity equivalent thereto (such as organizations like shokubunkai (gathering of a school's occupational branch family)) is indispensable for the ryugi system.
- 武家政権の長は自己の軍事力によって政権を獲得して、封建制度的な土地所有と法律による支配を実施した。
- The head of the military government gained the administrative power by his own military force and governed according to feudalism land ownership and law.
- 明治時代以降の歴史学者は士農工商の言葉を江戸時代の実際の身分制度を表すものと解釈するようになった。
- Historians after the Meiji period started to take the term shi-no-ko-sho as the real class system in the Edo period.
- 朝廷はこれに対処するため、受領(現地国司の最高位者)に広範な軍事上の裁量権を認める制度改革を行った。
- In order to handle this issue, the Imperial Court carried out institutional reform to grant a wide range of military discretion to zuryo (highest-rank local governors).
- いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
- Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.
- (神社本庁の制度にはない)制外のため、冠にあわせたり、烏帽子に合わせたりなど着用の構成も様々である。
- Because it isn't part of the system laid down by the Association of Shinto Shrines, it is worn in various styles, including with a kanmuri or eboshi.
- しかし中国伝来の現代音楽(当時として)であった清楽は、例外的に、江戸時代の身分制度から自由であった。
- But Shingaku, contemporary music introduced from China, was exclusively free from the class system in the Edo period.
- 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
- Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).
- 『日本書紀』が伝えるところによれば、大化元年から翌年にかけて、孝徳天皇は各分野で制度改革を行なった。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Emperor Kotoku implemented system reforms in various fields from 645 through the following year.
- 魏の次の西晋は、土地制度は占田・課田制を新たに布き、兵制・税制は前代の兵戸制・戸調制を概ね継承した。
- The Western Jin Dynasty that followed Wei introduced the zhantian and ketian land systems, with its military and tax systems by and large continuations of the previous systems.
- 冠位十二階(かんいじゅうにかい)は、推古11年(603年)12月5日 (旧暦)に定められた位階制度。
- The twelve cap rank system (kani-junikai) was a court rank system established January 14, 604.
- 宿駅ともいい、古代、奈良時代・平安時代から駅宿駅としての「駅」・伝馬の制度によって整備されていった。
- Also referred to as shukueki, they had been maintained as post stations under the system of 'Eki' (staging posts on the kaido) and Tenma (post-horses) since the ancient and medieval times, the Nara period, and the Heian Period.
- 彼らから確実に収取するためにも、在家制度が導入されたのである(反対に荘園側でも同様の賦課を行った)。
- One of the purposes of introducing the zaike system was to make sure of those farmers' tax payment, and similar tax imposition was begun in the shoen.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- その結果、品質の良い酒米を求める蔵元と安定した販売先を求める農家の思いが一致し、この制度がはじまった。
- As a result, Kuramoto acquiring high-quality rice for brewing sake and the farmers looking for the stable buyers coincided on those desires to start this system.
- 政治制度として天皇制を重視した大日本帝国憲法下の日本政府は大逆罪を重罪とし、死刑・極刑をもって臨んだ。
- The Japanese government, putting a great importance on the Emperor system to govern the nation under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, treated high treason as a felony and punished offenders capitally.
- 冠位十二階の制度は、第一回遣隋使を推古8年(600年)に派遣した時の教訓から編み出されたものであった。
- The twelve cap rank system was established following lessons learned from the first Imperial envoy sent to the Sui Dynasty in 600.
- この新たな氏姓制度が日本国民全員に確立したのは、1875年(明治8年)の平民苗字必称令によってである。
- This new name system was established among all Japanese citizens when the order issued in 1875 made it mandatory for all commoners to have family names.
- こうした中で師弟関係を家族関係に置き換えて家学の伝承を図ろうとする「家元」制度が形成されるようになる。
- In this process, the 'iemoto' system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) came to be established to hand down kagaku by replacing master-pupil relationship by family relationships.
- 江戸時代の諸制度に実際に現れる身分は、武士を上位にし、その下に「百姓」と「町人」を並べるものであった。
- As the classes that were actually involved in systems in the Edo period, samurai were ranked at the top with 'peasants' and 'townsmen' just below.
- 貫高制(かんだかせい)とは、土地の収穫高を通貨単位である貫を用いて表わした土地制度・税制・軍制のこと。
- The Japanese term 'Kandaka sei' refers to the land system, tax system, and military system which used the currency unit 'kan' to calculate the yield of rice for a given piece of land.
- 第四章に定める保護命令の制度の利用について、情報の提供、助言、関係機関への連絡その他の援助を行うこと。
- To offer information, advice, and liaison and coordination with concerned organizations, as well as other forms of assistance concerning the use of the protection order system prescribed in Chapter IV;
- しかし明治維新後には旧皇室典範によって永世皇族制が採用され、親王宣下および世襲親王家の制度は廃止された。
- However, after the Meiji Restoration, an Imperial Family Law was passed stipulating a system of permanent Imperial Family membership, and abolishing the Imperial order that had conferred the title of Imperial Prince and the system of the Seshu-Shinno-ke.
- しかし天皇の意志に背くことは出来ずに爵位を受けたが、この時には華族制度を疑問視する意見書を提出している。
- Since being unable to renegade the emperor's will, he finally accepted the offer of the peerage, however, at the same time, he submitted a paper opposing the kazoku system.
- その時代に中国を支配した唐王朝に湯沐邑はなかったので、日本の「湯沐邑」は漢代の制度からとったと思われる。
- Because the Tang Dynasty, which conquered China at the age, had no Tomokuyu, Japanese 'Tomokuyu' seems to have been introduced from a system in the age of the Han dynasty.
- 地方制度をすべて中央政府の延長にしようとした大区小区制の失敗に対する反省から、一定の地方自治を法定した。
- The government legislated certain local autonomy after reconsidering the failure of the daiku-shoku system (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions), which was designed to make all local systems extensions of the central government.
- 皇民化運動は国語運動、改姓名、志願兵制度、宗教・社会風俗改革の4点からなる、台湾人の日本人化運動である。
- The kominka movement was the forced transformation of the Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the emperor, consisting of the four major campaigns: the encouragement to speak Japanese, the change of names to Japanese names, the military volunteer system and the religious, social and life style reforms.
- 部民制(べみんせい)とは、ヤマト王権の制度であり、王権への従属・奉仕の体制、朝廷の仕事分掌の体制をいう。
- Bemin system is a system during the Yamato sovereignty, which refers to the system of subordination and service to the sovereignty and the system of the division of duties at the Imperial Court.
- また、欧州大陸型の司法制度を採用し、行政訴訟の管轄は、司法裁判所にはなく、行政裁判所の管轄に属していた。
- Japanese judicature was modeled after the European judicial system, and administrative lawsuit was not under jurisdiction of courts of law, but administrative courts.
- なお、律令それ自体については律令の項を、律令に基づく制度各般については律令制の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- For information on ritsuryo itself and systems based on ritsuryo, refer to the pages on ritsuryo and the ritsuryo system respectively.
- こうした積み重ねにより、11世紀後期の後三条天皇の頃に一国平均役が制度として確立したものと考えられている。
- After these events, it is believed that the ikkoku heikinyaku system was officially established in the late 11th century, around the time of Emperor Gosanjo.
- 李氏朝鮮成立の過程で土地制度の改革が行われ、科田制及び職田制が導入され、多くの既存荘園が没収されていった。
- During the formation process of the Yi Dynasty Korea, the land system was reformed, the rank-land system (kwajonbop) and the 'office land' (chikchon) system were introduced and lots of existing manors were confiscated.
- 贈位は原則として従五位以上とされたが、明治2年(1869年)の官位制度改革以後は従四位以上の適用となった。
- As a general rule, ranks for zoi was Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank) or higher, but from the reformation of official rank system in 1869, ranks Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) or higher were applied.
- しかし戦後1955年に17代預師範加計静堂の没するを以て預師範制度を廃止し、以後は家元が直接指導している。
- However, when the 17th entrusted instructor, Seido KAKEI died in 1955 after the war, the system was abolished, and the head family has been directly teaching the desciples since then.
- それを孝徳が定めたと言わず、天智が定めたというのは、当時の制度改定の主役が中大兄皇子だったためだと考えた。
- MOTOORI thought that, the formulation of the code, nevertheless, was not attributed to the work of Kotoku but to the achievement of Tenchi, because at that time the central role of the system reform was played by Prince Naka no Oe.
- しかしこれは、5世紀に湯沐邑があった証拠にはならず、名代・子代を平安時代の制度に呼び替えたものと思われる。
- However this does not prove that Tomokuyu existed in the 5th century, and it seems that the name of Nashiro and Koshiro were changed to Tomokuyu to adapt to a system in the Heian period.
- これにより、社会が大きく変動し始めたため、従来の統治制度である律令制が機能不全に陥り、崩壊に進んでいった。
- This led to the start of large-scale social changes, which caused the existing government system, the Ritsuryo system, to become dysfunctional and eventually collapse.
- 一世一元の制(いっせいいちげんのせい)とは、元号を君主(天皇、皇帝、国王)の在位中には変えない制度をいう。
- Isse ichigen no sei (system of one era per Emperor) refers to the system where an era name will not be changed during the reign of a monarch (Emperor or king).
- 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
- Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.
- 身分制度では最下層だが、彼らには非人化から10年以内であれば脱出(足洗い)の機会が与えられることもあった。
- Though they were at the bottom in the system of rank, occasionally an opportunity to escape (bail out) was given if it was within 10 years after becoming Hinin.
- 遣唐使は200年以上にわたり、当時の先進国であった唐の文化や制度、そして仏教の日本への伝播に大いに貢献した。
- The missions to Tang China were repeated for more than 200 years and this allowed Japan to adopt the cultures and institutions of the Tang Dynasty which was an advanced state, and considerably contributed to the introduction of Buddhism into Japan.
- 典薬寮(てんやくりょう)は、律令制により制定された機関で、宮内省律令制度下に属する医療・調薬を担当する部署。
- The Tenyakuryo (Bureau of Medicine) was an institution established under Japan's Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); specifically, it was under the purview of the Kunaisho (Imperial Household Agency) of the Ritsuryo system, and was the bureau responsible for giving medical care and providing doses of medicine.
- 古代日本において、氏姓、すなわちウジ名とカバネは天皇が臣下へ賜与するものと位置づけられていた(→氏姓制度)。
- In ancient Japan, shisei, or ujina and kabane, was positioned as a name granted by Tenno to his retainers (Shisei system).
- これらの中には、必ずしも律令を制定していない国もあるが、いずれも唐律令の諸制度を多かれ少なかれ採用している。
- Although some of them did not promulgate the complete Ritsuryo codes, all of them more or less adopted some aspects of the Tang Dynasty's Ritsuryo system.
- 当時、出挙という貸借制度があったが、国司や郡司は田租の稲を半ば強制的に百姓へ貸し付けて、利子の稲を得ていた。
- At that time, a government loan system called suiko existed, where provincial governors or provincial magistrates partly forced peasants to borrow rice from the rice tax and charged them interest on it.
- その後、元治元年(1864年)9月、禁門の変後の情勢を幕府が過信し制度を元に戻したが、従わない藩も多かった。
- In September 1864, the Edo bakufu, misinterpreting the post Kinmon Incident situations, brought the system back to the original form, but many domains did not follow the bakufu's policy.
- 政府は、1895年(開国 (李氏朝鮮)504年)11月15日の詔勅を発布し、太陽暦とともに当制度を採用した。
- The government adopted the system, along with the solar calendar, by promulgating the imperial rescript on November 15, 1895 (also can be called the 504th year of 'Kaikoku' [an era name of the Joseon Dynasty, meaning establishment of a country.]).
- 次第に、「姓」・「氏」や「部」は、王権によって序列化・統制され、私的な集団から公的な制度へと編成されて行く。
- The dynasty gradually made 'kabane,' 'uji,' and 'be' incorporated into a hierarchy, and these private groups were organized in a public system.
- 奇兵隊は身分制度にとらわれない武士階級と農民や町民が混合された構成であるが、袖印による階級区別はされていた。
- Although Kiheitai Army had a mixed personnel organization which consisted of samurais who were free from the class system, peasants and citizens from any social rank, they were hierarchically distinguished by the emblem on sleeves.
- さらに江戸時代になると戦時の大規模な動員もなくなった結果、備の定員はほぼ定まり制度として完成の域へと至った。
- Furthermore, during the Edo period there was no more need for large-scale wartime mobilization, and as a result, the enrollment limit of sonae became almost fixed and it was perfected as a system.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 棚田の景観を維持、または、観光地としてのリピーター醸成のためにオーナー制度を導入している地域が多数存在する。
- In many regions, an owner system has been introduced for the purpose of conserving the landscape or fostering repeaters from the standpoint of tourist spots.
- その後、勘解由使は一旦廃止されるが、天長元年(824年)に再設置されると、解由状の制度にも大きな変化が生じた。
- After that, the kageyushi position was once abolished, but when it was introduced again (in 824), the geyujo system was changed considerably.
- しかし、律令上に出挙が明確に規定されることによって、利子付き貸借が国家により制度化されたのだと解釈されている。
- However, stipulating the Suiko in the Ritsuryo codes is considered that the system of loaning was institutionalized by the government.
- 17世紀半ば以降、このような制度は崩れていき、石高を所有し入会地・用水管理などの資格を持つ者が百姓と呼ばれた。
- After the middle of the 17th century, such a system collapsed gradually and those who had their own harvesting lands and were members of the village community's lands and water management, were called Hyakusho.
- しかし、その後の壬申の乱などの影響で整備が遅れ、大宝律令(学令)の制定により具体的な制度が確立したといわれる。
- It is said, however, that the development of Daigaku-ryo was delayed due to the influence of the ensuing Jinshin War, and that the concrete Daigaku-ryo system was finalized thanks to the introduction of the Taiho Ritsuryo Code (Gakuryo [the rule of education]).
- 逆に、好奇心旺盛な郷士の子弟は、それらの制度を利用して、見聞を広めるために江戸詰め足軽に志願することもあった。
- Conversely, curious children of goshi would also use these systems in order to broaden their horizons by volunteering to serve as domain ashigaru who were dispatched to work in Edo.
- In a strange twist, inquisitive sons of goshi (rural samurai) made use of these arrangements to volunteer as foot soldiers to serve in Edo as a means to broaden their horizons.
- 徴兵制度の戸主は兵役義務から免除される規定を受けるため、20歳のときに分籍して戸主となり「平民」に編入された。
- Because the head of a family was exempt from conscription, he was segregated from the family register, became the head of a family and was admitted as a commoner.
- 文化財保護法では、有形文化財の中から国宝、重要文化財、登録有形文化財を指定・登録し、保護する制度を定めている。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties establishes systems for designating, registering, and protecting national treasures, important cultural properties, and registered tangible cultural properties among the tangible cultural properties.
- こうした皇室制度は、国民から隔絶した絶対的な権力を有する天皇制天皇制絶対主義であると規定する学者も少なくない。
- There are many scholars that define this system of Imperial Household as the system of absolutism by the Emperor, which holds absolute powers that are isolated from the people.
- これらの古代から存在していた奴婢を、律令制を取り入れるときに整理しなおしたものが、日本の奴婢制度だと思われる。
- It is considered that the slavery system in Japan was formed as a result of reordering such Nuhi who had existed since ancient times at the time of introducing the ritsuryo system.
- 封建制(ほうけんせい)とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
- The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.
- 班田収授制は、日本の律令制の根幹制度の一つであり、律令が整備された飛鳥時代後期から平安時代前期にかけて行われた。
- Handen Shuju-sei was one of the basic systems of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, adopted from the late Asuka period; when the Ritsuryo system was established, through the early Heian period.
- 口分田の祖型は、7世紀中葉の大化の改新頃に始まり、7世紀終盤の律令形成期に口分田制度が確立したと考えられている。
- It is considered that the original kubunden system began to be formed around the Taika Reforms, or in the middle era of the seventh century, and was established towards the end of seventh century when the ritsuryo system was formed.
- 757年には中央の制度改革に伴って学生が細分化されて講経生・傅生・医生・針生・天文生・陰陽生・暦算生に分かれた。
- In the wake of the institutional reforms implemented by the central government in 757, students were further segmented into kogyosho (講経生), densho (傅生), isho, harisho (students of acupuncture), tenmon no sho (students of astronomy), onmyo no sho (students of onmyo), and rekisansho (students of mathematics).
- 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか)とは、明治の日本に西洋の文明が入ってきて、制度や習慣が大きく変化した現象のことを指す。
- The civilization and enlightenment occurred during the transitional phase of Japan in Meiji period, seeing drastic changes in various systems, organizations and cultural customs of Japan as the results of the Westernization.
- この失敗に対する反省から、明治11年(1878年)に新たに郡区町村編制法が制定され、地方制度の見直しが図られた。
- Learning a lesson from the experience of the failed local system, the government established the act for the alignment of local government system in 1878 and the practice of the local system was reviewed.
- だが、実際には華族制度は家職的な要素を含み、特に公爵・侯爵は原則的に貴族院 (日本)に議席を有することが出来た。
- However, in actuality, the Kazoku (peerage) system had elements of Kashoku, and dukes and marquis were in principle eligible for a seat in the Kizokuin.
- この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
- This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
- 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
- The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
- しかし、自由民権運動の高まりや、諸制度の整備による改革の成熟などもあり、1881年に「国会開設の詔」が出された。
- Yet, due to the rising tide of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the maturity of the reform resulting from the organized systems, the 'Imperial edict of establishment of the National Diet' was finally submitted in 1881.
- 同時に議会制度の前提として伊藤博文らによる憲法制定の動きが本格化し、憲法審議のため枢密院 (日本)が設置された。
- At the same time, the movement for the formulation of the constitution led by Hirobumi ITO began in earnest as a premise to the Diet system, and then the Privy Council was established to discuss the constitution.
- 内閣総理大臣は、政令の定めるところにより、職員の在職関係に関する統計報告の制度を定め、これを実施するものとする。
- The Prime Minister shall, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Orders, provide for and implement a system of statistical reporting concerning employment of officials.
- 棚田日本の棚田百選一覧に選ばれた「毛原の棚田」では、毎年「棚田農業体験ツアー」や「棚田オーナー制度」を設けていた。
- As for the 'tanada (terraced paddy field) in Kehara,' which was selected as one of the Top 100 Terraced Paddy Fields in Japan, Oe-cho had set up the 'tanada farming tour' and the 'ownership system for the tanada.'
- 律令制における租税(租庸調)は、個人に対して課せられていたが、新たな租税制度のもとでは公田に対して課税がなされた。
- While Soyocho, three kinds of taxes under the Ritsuryo system, were imposed on individuals, tax was imposed on Koden under the new tax system.
- 郡の制度は701年(大宝元)施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
- The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).
- ハッピーマンデー制度導入前は、1日のみの休みでは交通事情等の理由から故郷での成人式への出席が困難な成人も多かった。
- Before the Happy Monday System was introduced many people had difficulty participating in the one-day ceremony in their hometown due to the traffic.
- 明治維新によりこれらの制度も崩壊したが、「茶屋辻」のその文様の形式は、一般庶民にも格の高い物として受け入れられた。
- Even after class system collapsed due to the Meiji Restoration, the high-toned formality of the 'Chayatsuji' pattern was accepted by populace.
- この戊辰戦争を通じて倒幕に成功した大久保利通らは、天皇を中心とする新政権を当初、京都の太政官制度によって運営した。
- Toshimichi OKUBO and others, who succeeded to overthrow the bakufu through this Boshin War, at first managed the new government, with the Emperor at center, by the Daijokan (Great Council of State) system of Kyoto.
- 参勤交代制度の目的は、諸大名に出費を強いることでその勢力を削ぎ、謀反などを起こすことを抑止するためだったとされる。
- The sankin-kotai system reportedly aimed to curb daimyo's power for uprisings or rebellious acts by putting financial burdens on them.
- 朝鮮半島においても奴婢制度は存在し、李氏朝鮮では賤民は大きく奴婢(ノビ)と白丁(ペクチョン)に分けることができた。
- The slavery system also existed in Korean Peninsula, and in the Joseon Dynasty, Senmin was largely divided into Nobi (slave) and Baekjeong (inferior servants).
- 排出量取引 (ET Emissions Trading) とは、下記 4種類の炭素クレジットを取引する制度である。
- Emissions Trading (ET) is a mechanism which allows the following four types of carbon credit trades.
- ただし、当時の大学教育は唐の制度に倣って儒学を教える明経道を中枢に置いて、技術科目である算道を副として置いていた。
- Meanwhile, as the daigaku education at that time was modeled on that of the Tang Dynasty, they had myogyodo, which taught Confucianism, as a main subject, and sando, which was a technical subject as a second.
- 舒明天皇8年(636年)に官人の勤務制度について大臣 (日本)の蘇我蝦夷に下記の意見をだしているが、無視されている。
- In 636, he provided the following idea about government officials working system to a minister SOGA no Iruka, but Iruka ignored it.
- 従前の軍事制度は、個別人身支配を前提とする軍団 (古代日本)及び地方有力者(郡司層)に依存する健児を柱としていた。、
- The pillars of the former military system were corps (ancient Japan), whose premise was people-based governance, and the kondei system (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)), which was dependent on locally influential people (gunji).
- 内容がたとえ土器片一点であっても、指定されることなしに法的に文化財として認定する制度があることに特徴があるといえる。
- It would say that the characteristic lies in its system to legally recognize even an earthenware fragment as a cultural property without being designated as the historic site.
- また流儀制度の経済的根幹である素人弟子の絶対数が少ない分野では、分派行動を起こしても経済的に立ちゆかないことが多い。
- In some fields where the absolute number of lay disciples who support the economic foundation of the iemoto system is small, attempts to establish new branch schools are often stymied for financial reasons.
- 制度としての宮中祭祀が確立して以降の天皇では明治天皇や大正天皇はあまり熱心ではなく、侍従らが代拝するのが主であった。
- After the Court rituals were institutionalized, both Emperor Meiji and Emperor Taisho were not so interested in them, and chamberlains usually worshipped on behalf of the Emperor.
- (但し位階の大と小の色を、色の濃度の違いで区別するように制度が変わったのは、冠位十二階を定めたときよりも後である。)
- (However, the system was changed to using different shades to distinguish between 'Greater' and 'Lesser' after the twelve cap rank system had already been established.)
- また、のちの冠位制度上の錦冠の官僚を出すことのできるのは真人、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の姓を持つ氏に限られていたようである。
- It appears that only the clans who had the titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, and Imiki could produce the officials of nishiki no koburi (the seventh grade of twenty-six grades of cap rank) in the future Kan-i system (Office and Rank System).
- 幕府成立当初は東国支配確立のため制度的保障としての意義があったが、幕府体制の安定に伴い役割が低下したためと見られる。
- While Kanto Gobunkoku played a great role in securing the rule of the Kamakura bakufu during it's time, it's importance was reduced once the shogunate order was established and stabilized, and the number of provinces gradually decreased.
- 当初は淳和天皇の治世だけに限定して始められたが、結局この制度はその後も存続し、平安時代を通じて定着することとなった。
- Although this system initially started as one which was valid only during the era of the Emperor Junna, it continued to exist and took root throughout the Heian period.
- 日本の律令下では上皇は天皇と同等の権限を持つとされていたため、こうしたやや変則的な政体ですら制度の枠内で可能であった。
- Under the system of centralized administration established with the ritsuryo legal codes, the Joko was considered as having authority equivalent to that of the Emperor, so even such an irregular form of government was possible within the framework of the system.
- 日本では、飛鳥時代に令(または律令)を制定する際、唐の制度を参考としたため、唐と同様に口分田が導入されたと考えられる。
- It is considered that, in Japan, kubunden was introduced as it was in Tang, because the system in Tang was used as a reference in establishing the ryo (or ritsuryo) code in the Asuka period.
- 一時期は人材不足に悩んだ文楽界だが、1973年に研修生制度が始まってからは、家柄に関係なく若者が門を叩くようになった。
- Though the bunraku world suffered a talent shortage for a while, young people have begun to approach the bunraku world to become a disciple since the trainee system was launched in 1973.
- 蔵元のなかには、あえて政府の監査と級別制度の中に序せられることを拒否し、「無鑑査」として流通させるところもあらわれた。
- Some sake brewers daringly refused to be bound by the government appraisal and classification system, and distributed sake as a type of good that was 'exempt from appraisal.'
- そして、前者の技芸的側面と、後者の制度的側面をともに管理し、その永続を保障するべき機関として家元というものが存在する。
- Iemoto (the head family of a school) exists as an authority which should monitor both the former, the artistic aspect, and the latter, the institutional aspect, in order to ensure that both may last long.
- 天武13年(684年)10月に旧来の氏姓制度の改革として定められた八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の筆頭が「真人」であった。
- Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) in which the title called Mahito was the highest, was established in November 684 to reform the old system of clans and hereditary titles.
- 参勤交代制度は、8代将軍・徳川吉宗のときに財政窮乏を理由に部分的緩和が行われた時期を除き、江戸時代を通じて堅持された。
- The sankin-kotai system was firmly maintained throughout the Edo period except during the era of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth Shogun, when the regulations were partially relaxed because of financial difficulty.
- その他内閣府令(金融破綻処理制度及び金融危機管理に係るものについては、内閣府令・財務省令)で定める場合に該当するとき。
- When it falls under any other case specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance (or Cabinet Office Ordinance and Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance regarding the matters concerning the system for disposal of failed financial institutions and concerning financial risk management).
- When it falls under any other case specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance (or a Cabinet Office Ordinance and an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance regarding the matters concerning the system for disposal of failed financial institutions and concerning financial risk management).
- この地方制度は画一的・行政的につくりあげられたもので、大化前代からの自然発生的な集落とはまったく関係のない組織であった。
- This provincial system was built uniformly and administratively, and was totally unrelated to the naturally occurring settlements in the pre-Taika era.
- 丹波栗はたびたび幕府や朝廷への献上品としても重宝され、江戸時代になると参勤交代制度により全国に広まったのが起こりである。
- The Tanba chestnut was often used as a tribute to the bakufu and imperial court; it gained nationwide popularity due to the system involving the alternating residence by daimyo in Edo during the Edo period.
- 解由状の制度の導入時期は明確でないが、天平5年(733年)4月5日、解由制を奨励する詔が発令されている(『続日本紀』)。
- Although it was not clear when the geyujo system was introduced, a mikotonori (imperial edict) for promoting the geyujo system was issued on May 26, 733 (according to 'Shoku Nihongi' - Chronicle of Japan continued).
- 蔭位(おんい)とは、日本の律令制体制のなかで、高位者の子孫を父祖である高位者の位階に応じて一定以上の位階に叙位する制度。
- Oni was a system of conferring a rank above a certain court rank to the descendants of high officials, according to the court ranks those high officials, the descendants' forefathers, had under the system of the Ritsuryo codes in Japan.
- そこで、中国の制度文化の導入に熱心だった天智天皇が、流血事を避けるために直系相続を導入しようと構想したのだろうと考える。
- Then, it is supposed that Emperor Tenchi, who were anxious to introduce the Chinese culture, might have conceptualized to introduce the practice of direct line succession in order to avoid bloodshed.
- 1885年までは北海道において令制国の範囲改定が行われたりしていたことから少なくともこの年までは制度上も用いられていた.
- The range of ryosei province in Hokkaido was revised until 1885; this shows ryosei province had been institutionally used at least until this year.
- 郡区町村編制法(ぐんくちょうそんへんせいほう)は、1878年(明治11年)に制定された日本の地方制度に関する法令である。
- Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (the law for reorganization of counties, wards, towns and villages) was the law regarding a Japanese local government system, established in 1878.
- 転じて近現代になると西欧中世社会を特徴づける社会経済制度であるフューダリズム(Feudalism)の訳語にも援用された。
- In the modern and present-day era, it also came to be used as a Japanese equivalent for Feudalism, the socioeconomic system characterizing medieval European society.
- 上記のように、炭素税は工場等を狙ったものではなく自家用乗用車や民生部門などからの排出を抑制する効果を主にした制度である。
- As mentioned above, a carbon tax does not aim at factories or the like, but intends to effectively drive the suppression of the emissions from private cars, civilian sectors and so on.
- 経済的には、地方の在地領主である武士の土地所有制度が法的に安定したため、全国的に開墾がすすみ、質実剛健な鎌倉文化が栄えた。
- Economically, the system by which warriors, the de facto landowners in rural areas, could own and control land had now been legally stabilized, sparking a country-wide cultivation of land and leading to a vigorous flourishing of Kamakura culture.
- このあたりは地理的には丹波国に属し、荘園制度があった頃から、このあたりに人が住み着いて山稼ぎをして生計を立てていたという。
- Geographically, this area belonged to Tanba Province and it is said that since the manorial system people lived here earning their livelihood by logging and hunting.
- 明治政府が徴兵制度を導入したのは、義務教育と並び、国民の生活様式や言語を標準化させて富国強兵策を遂行する目的を担っていた。
- The conscription system that was introduced by the Meiji government involved an aim, along with the compulsory education, to standardizethe lifestyle and the language of the nation to make the country rich and strong.
- 内閣制度、市町村制、府県制、郡制の制定など、津々浦々に至る官僚制支配体系の整備と並行して、莫大な皇室財産の設定を行なった。
- The Emperor also set up the huge Imperial property along with all sorts of maintenance of bureaucratic control systems such as establishing the Cabinet system, municipality system, Prefectural system, and the district system.
- 1つ目は、王家は制度上存在するものの立憲君主制や豪族支配等により君権が抑圧された状態から、君主親政が復活するケースである。
- The first case is a restoration of direct administration by a royal family from such conditions whereby the ruling power was repressed due to a constitutional monarchy system or by powerful clans.
- 転封という概念が加わり、旧領や大名・旗本の先祖代々の土地に縛られず、幕府の意向により領国そのものを異動させる制度が出来た。
- Added to this was the conceptual system of forced relocation in which the Shogunate moved the territories of feudal lords at its discretion regardless of the former territories or ancestral lands of daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- なお、旧制度下においては、旧皇室典範第52条が特権の剥奪等も含めた皇族に関する懲戒を定めており、廃太子も法的に可能であった。
- In the old system, the former Imperial House Law article 52 defined the disciplinary punishment for the Imperial Family members including the deposition of privileges, and it was legally viable to disinherit a crown prince.
- 単立であるというのは、あくまで法制度上の問題であって、単立だからといって必ずしも思想・信条的な面で独自性があるとは限らない。
- Being Tanritsu does not mean it has uniqueness in the aspects of its belief or thought, because it is only a matter of the legal system.
- 歌舞伎鳴物 - はっきりとした家元制度があるわけではないが、田中傳左衛門の名跡を中心に鼓方全体で一定のまとまりを見せている。
- Kabuki musical accompaniment: Although there is not clear iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), the whole drum players are stuck together around the successor of Denzaemon TANAKA.
- 鎌倉時代以後、荘園領主は荘官あるいは地頭、土倉などに現地における管理一切を任せて、定額の年貢納入を請負わせる制度が行われた。
- After the Kamakura period, the lord of the manor entrusted shokan (an officer governing shoen), jito (manager and lord of manor), doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) and so on, with the total management of shoen to collect fixed land tax.
- 大化の改新以後、唐の影響を受けた様々な制度・行事・儀礼が行われるようになり、その際の様々な礼儀作法が定められるようになった。
- After the Taika Reform, various systems, functions, and formalities influenced by Tang models began to be introduced, and various rules and customs began to be prescribed.
- 武家との連携によって北朝の維持を図ろうとしていた良基はその要望に応じて、官職制度の故実・職掌などを解説するために執筆された。
- In response to Yoshimitsu's request, Yoshimoto, who intended to maintain the Northern Court through cooperation with samurai family, wrote this book in order to explain the ancient practices and official duties concerning the court officials system.
- 応仁の乱後、堺商人が抽分銭の請負業務を行い、出航前に予め輸入品の利益額を想定して抽分銭を先に経営者側に納付する制度を取った。
- After the Onin War, Sakai merchants undertook the task of Chubunsen under a system in which they prepaid the Chubunsen to the management based on the amount of profit to be generated from imported goods that was preliminarily estimated by them in advance of departure.
- この時代に田柴料を基本とした土地・租税制度は崩壊に向かい、宗親・両班・寺院・武人らが各地で大規模な土地兼併を行うようになった。
- During this period the land and tax system based on Jeonshigwa (the Stipend Land Law) began to collapse and Soshin (the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty), Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), temples and warriors began the large scaled tochikenpei (land unity) in various regions.
- 一方、日本では隋の制度を基にして大化の改新の際に導入され、大宝律令賦役令にて定められ親王を除く全人民がその貧富に応じて納めた。
- In Japan, this system was implemented in the Taika Reforms based on the system in the Sui Dynasty and set forth in Fuyaku ryo (tax structure) of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), and all people excluding Imperial princes made contributions according to their levels of wealth.
- これらは、文化財として一定の価値は認められるものの評価が定着しておらず、直ちに従来の指定制度による指定を行うことは困難である。
- Although they are valued in a certain way, it is difficult to be designated by the conventional designation system at once since their evaluation is not established.
- もっとも、一応家元制度を取っていたとは言え、三派合同で流儀を形成したという過去の経緯もあって、近世を通じて家元の力は弱かった。
- The school had introduced the Iemoto system, however, the head family was little influential through the early modern age due to the background that the above-mentioned three families jointly decided the school style.
- 現在では古来のままの伝授形式を墨守している流派は少なくなり、現代武道的な段位制度や集団指導方法を取り入れている流派も存在する。
- Nowadays, very few schools adhere to the time-honored initiation form, and there exist some schools that have adopted the dan grading system or the group-class lesson method like gendai budo.
- 同月、日活・松竹・帝キネ・マキノの4社で、検閲の統一や配給制度の確立、引き抜き防止等を目的に「日本映画製作者協会」を設立した。
- In January of the same year, the 'Japan Film Makers Association' was established by the four companies of Nikkatsu, Shochiku, Tei-kine and Makino for the purposes of unification of censorship, establishment of film distribution system, prevention of headhunting and so forth.
- 以上の4制度を漏れなく実施するために、律令国家は、非常に精緻な律令法典と、それに基づいた高度に体系化された官僚制を必要とした。
- In order to thoroughly enforce the four aforementioned systems, the nations with the Ritsuryo system needed highly refined Ritsuryo codes and an advanced systematic bureaucracy based on those codes.
- 国王が諸侯に領地の保護(防衛)をする代償に忠誠を誓わせ、諸侯も同様の事を臣下たる騎士に約束し、忠誠を誓わせるという制度である。
- Under the system, a king makes feudal lords pledge loyalty in return for the protection of their domains, and the feudal lords make the same promise with retainers and make them pledge loyalty.
- 平城上皇が天皇のときに設置した観察使の制度を嵯峨天皇が改めようとしたことから平城上皇がこれを怒り二所朝廷といわれる対立が起こる。
- Since Emperor Saga tried to change the system of kansatsushi (inspectors in charge of surveying the misery of the people) that had been established during Emperor Heizei's reign, it enraged the Retired Emperor Heizei and there occurred a conflict called nisho chotei (two Imperial Courts existing at the same time).
- 貧困層は、富豪層の影響下に入ることで、偽籍・逃亡・浮浪をより容易なものとし、人別支配に基づく課税制度は破綻を迎えるようになった。
- Since the poor were under the influence of the millionaires, the former could falsify the register, escape and wander about more easily than before, which lead to the downfall of the individual-based tax system.
- 日本における最初の学区制小学校は、国の学校制度創設(1872年)に先立ち、1869年に創設された64校の京都の番組小学校である。
- As the first elementary schools established in Japan under the school district system were 64 District Elementary Schools in Kyoto which were founded in 1869, prior to the establishment of the national school system (in 1872).
- 1947年5月3日、貴族制度の禁止(憲法14条2項)と法の下の平等(憲法14条1項)を定めた日本国憲法の施行とともに廃止された。
- On May 3, 1947, the kazoku system was abolished with the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan which stipulated the prohibition of aristocracy systems (Item 2, Article 14) and equality under the law (Item 1, Article 14).
- 律令制度下の教育機関である大学寮に書博士という役職が設置され、後に「書道」と呼ばれる学科が形成されたが、早い段階で衰退している。
- An official position called shohakase (the professor of calligraphy) was introduced in the daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and the department called 'calligraphy' was established later, but declined during it's early stage
- 養老令の「衣服令」には規定がなく、平安時代初期に唐代の制度を摂取したものとみられるが、いつ取り入れられたかを明記する資料は無い。
- It is considered that the Gyotai took in the system of the Tang Dynasty in the early Heian period; however, since there was no dress code in the Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code), there is no document that clearly mentioned when the Gyotai was adopted.
- なお皇室制度について、一般には「天皇制」が広く用いられるが、天皇制とは本来コミンテルンの用語であり、歴史用語としては適当でない。
- Further about the system of the Imperial Household, the word 'Tennosei' (Emperor system) is used generally, but Tennosei is originally a word for the Comintern, and it is not appropriate for it to be used as a historical term.
- したがって、公式には「藩」とは明治2年(1869年)の版籍奉還から明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県までの2年間だけの制度である。
- Therefore, 'han' is a system that existed only for two years from the time of hanseki-hokan in 1869 to the time of haihan-chiken in 1871.
- 新たな入植は明治32年(1899年)の上川、士別で終わり、彼らが後備役に入った明治37年(1904年)に屯田兵制度が廃止された。
- New immigration ended in Kamikawa and Shibetsu in 1899, and the tondenhei institution was abolished in 1904 when they entered kobieki.
- 国衙軍制(こくがぐんせい)とは、日本の古代末期から中世初頭にかけて(10世紀 - 12世紀)成立した国家軍事制度を指す歴史概念。
- The kokuga forces system indicates a historical concept of a national military system established in the period from around the end of ancient times to the early medieval period of Japan (the 10th century to the 12th century).
- 似た制度は兵農未分離の時代にあって各戦国大名家にみられ、太閤検地の実施で兵農分離が進められるまで、各大名家の戦力の一部を担った。
- Similar systems were found in each of the domains of the territorial lords during the Warring States period, during the age when the warriors and the peasants were unseparated; the band of farmers contributed to the military forces of each of the territorial lords' families until the cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was enforced and warriors and peasants were separated.
- 以上から、信長の方面軍制度は、急激な勢力拡大を可能にしたが、同時に自分の首を絞めることとなったため、失敗したとも言えるのである。
- Therefore, it is safe to say that Nobunaga's regional army system was a failure, because it enabled him to extend his power but dug his own grave as well.
- 人事院は、なるべくすみやかに、補償制度の研究を行い、その成果を国会及び内閣に提出するとともに、その計画を実施しなければならない。
- The National Personnel Authority shall conduct studies in regard to the compensation system, submit the results thereof to the Diet and the Cabinet and administer such program as promptly as possible.
- この説によると、延喜の班田励行は租税の額の確定を目的としたものであり、来るべき土地への課税を前提とした制度改革であったこととなる。
- According this theory, the enforcement of handen was intended to determine the land tax amount and it was a system reform focused on the coming taxation of land.
- 日本教育史(にほんきょういくし)は、日本の古代から現代までの教育のあり方とその歴史、教育観、教材、制度などの変遷を扱うものである。
- Japanese education history deals with the state and history of Japanese education from ancient times to the modern age; additionally, it deals with the transition of educational philosophy, teaching materials and systems.
- その後の級別制度は実質的に「特級」「一級」「二級」の三段階におちついていき、それぞれの級によって課せられる酒税の割合が定められた。
- Later, the classification system was practically stabilized into three categories: 'Special class,' 'First class,' and 'Second class,' in each of which the tax rate to be imposed on sake was determined.
- 第二次世界大戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により、封建制度の擁護や復讐の賛美などの要素があるとして一部の演目が上演を禁止された。
- After World War II, several acts of kodan were forbidden by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for entailing elements of protection of feudalism and the celebration of vengeance.
- 基本的に、流儀は芸道における家元制度によって形成されるものであるので、それが存在する分野などについてはこれらの項目を参照されたい。
- Basically, since ryugi is established in the iemoto system in arts (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), refer to the articles relevant to the iemoto system for information about fields of arts which include ryugi.
- 府県会規則の制定以前には、一部の府知事、県令が顧問的な会議(地方民会)を招集した例はあっても、法制度上の地方議会は存在しなかった。
- Before the establishment of the Fuken-kai rules, though there were examples in which some prefectural governors callied for advisory meetings (local assemblies), the local assembly did not exist as a legal system.
- これよりも結びつきが低い(恩給は与えず、有事の時に指揮・被指揮の関係に入る)「指南・被指南」制度を採った伊達氏や結城氏の例もある。
- The weaker relationship of 'instructor-pupil' (Onkyu was not provided for and the leader-follower relationship was formed in times of emergency), for example, was adopted by the Date clan and the Yuki clan.
- また板垣退助も華族制度は四民平等に反するという主張を持っており、明治20年(1887年)に伯爵に叙された際も2度にわたって辞退した。
- Taisuke ITAGAKI had the opinion that the kazoku system was against the concept of 'equality of all people,' and refused two times the offer of conferring the peerage of Hakusahaku in 1887.
- 「真打にふさわしいかどうかはお客様が決めること(であり、真打制度に胡坐をかいて落語家サイドが真打を客に押し売りするのはおかしい)」。
- It is our audience who decides if a rakugoka deserves shinuchi (and it is wrong that the rakugoka thrusts shinuchi at the audience while depending on the shinuchi system.'
- その他、皇位についていない親王の皇子が天皇の後継に立てられ即位した場合にも天皇の実父として院号が贈られた制度がある(太上天皇参照)。
- There was a rule that the Imperial Prince who did not ascend to the throne was given Ingo as the father of the Emperor when his son was enthroned. (See Daijo Tenno)
- 中国史上では、隋から唐にかけての王朝で顕著であり、周辺の東アジア諸国では7世紀後期~9世紀頃に、中国由来の制度として広く施行された。
- In Chinese history, the Ritsuryo system was most prominent during the Sui and Tang dynasties, whereas in the surrounding East Asian countries, the system was widely enforced from the latter half of the 7th century to the 9th century as it was introduced from China.
- 目安箱(めやすばこ)は施政の参考意見や社会事情の収集などを目的に、庶民の進言の投書を集めるために設置した箱、及びその制度の事である。
- Meyasubako was a box which was set up to collect letters of proposal by the common people for the purpose of collecting opinions about administrative policies and information about the society, or the system thereof.
- 軍部大臣現役武官制(ぐんぶだいじんげんえきぶかんせい)とは、軍部大臣(陸軍大臣、海軍大臣)の補任資格を現役の武官(軍人)に限る制度。
- Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei (Military Ministers to be Officers on Active-duty Rule) is a regulation to limit the appointing authority of Military Ministers (Minister of War and the Navy) to only active military officers.
- 日本では、身分制度の維持を図る観点から身分相応以上の服装を着用する行為が道徳風俗違反であるとして「過差(かさ)」であると非難された。
- In Japan, to maintain its class system, 'extravagant behavior' such as wearing clothes beyond one's means was criticized as an offense against public morals and decency.
- 新しい分類体系が消費者一般に徐々に浸透したものと見なされることに至ったため、日本酒級別制度は平成4年(1992年)に完全に撤廃された。
- Since the new classification system was considered to have gradually widespread among consumers in general, the Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act was completely abolished in 1992.
- 1942年には台湾で陸軍特別志願兵制度が始まり、1944年には徴兵制も実施され、それに伴い、台湾からも衆議院を選出できるようになった。
- The volunteer soldier recruiting system and the army draft system started in 1942 and 1944 respectively, in line with which incidents House of Representative members were selected from Taiwan as well.
- こうした内紛は大名家のなかで解決するのがならわしだが、問題を幕府や家制度、親族の大名に訴え出ることで仲介や裁定をたのんだ当事者もいた。
- It was usual that such feuds were resolved within the lord's household, but there were feuding parties who sought mediation or arbitration by appealing to the shogunate or other feudal lords of the same family system or of relatives.
- 家格に基づいて、1家もしくは少数の家の家督継承者の相対的に安定した家職及び官職昇進次第が保証された制度が公家社会各層において確立した。
- A system of relatively stable Kasho and position promotion path for the head of one or several families depending upon the family class became established as a system for every layer of the aristocracy.
- 元は租庸調として各国より特産品が実物の形で貢納されて中央で消費されていたが、その不足分を補うために行われた制度であると考えられている。
- Originally, specialty goods from each province were sent as Soyocho tithes to the central government and consumed there but it is considered that this system was established to make up a shortfall.
- 代銭納(だいせんのう)とは、中世日本の荘園・国衙領・武家領などにおいて、公事や年貢、地子などの納入を現物に代わって貨幣で納入する制度。
- The term Daisenno means the system of paying kuji (public service), nengu (tribute), and/or jishi (land tax) in cash, instead of in kind, that was introduced in medieval Japan at the shoen (manor), kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and/or bukeryo (territories of samurai family).
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 各種の世論調査では、象徴天皇制の現状維持を主張する意見が多数であり、現在のところ象徴天皇制は日本国民に支持されている制度であると言える。
- According to various opinion surveys, most people insist on the preservation of the current state of the Tennosei which has the Emperor as the symbol of the unity of the people and this is the system supported by Japanese nationals.
- 従来9月15日だった敬老の日が、祝日法の改正(いわゆるハッピーマンデー制度)により、2003年から9月第3月曜という移動日に変更された。
- Due to the revision of the Act on National Holidays (so called the 'Happy Monday System'), Respect for the Aged Day which used to be celebrated on September 15 was changed to the third Monday in September from 2003.
- 真打制度は真打昇進と興行をリンクさせるが、上方落語協会(繁昌亭)は(香盤と関係なく)「賞」を落語家に受賞させそれと興行をリンクしている。
- The shinuchi system links the promotion of shinuchi to the show, but the Kamigata Rakugo Association (Hanjotei) gives a 'prize' (not related to koban) to rakugoka, linked with the show.
- 大きな制度変革は孝徳天皇の代の大化改新であり、それが実質的に天智天皇によって推進されたために、即位詔では天智が定めたと言われたと考えた。
- He thought the code was established by Tenchi in the imperial edicts, because a series of big institutional reforms was promoted by Emperor Tenchi, although these reforms were initiated during the reign of Emperor Kotoku as the Taika Reforms.
- 西欧キリスト教社会などの一夫一婦制度を採る世界では、皇帝の妻は正式には一人しか存在せず「皇后」または「皇妃」と訳されることが一般的である。
- In societies with the monogamous system, such as the West European Christian societies, there is only one official wife of the emperor and it is common to be translated as 'Kogo' or 'Kohi,'
- したがって、皇族は生まれながらにして地位が決まっているため、親王宣下という形で王 (皇族)などの皇族に親王位を与える制度は無くなっている。
- Therefore, since the members of the Imperial family are born with the right for the titles, the system of giving the title of Imperial Prince to the members of the Imperial family like king (Imperial family) was abolished.
- 年料舂米(ねんりょうしょうまい)とは、日本の律令制において、令制国より毎年一定量の白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
- Nenryoshomai was the term for the shomai itself or the system under the Ritsuryo system which required a designated amount of white rice from the provinces to be tithed to the central government every year.
- 「衰亡のおそれ」あるか否かではなく、あくまでも無形文化財としての価値に基づき、重要なものを「重要無形文化財」に指定するという制度に変わった。
- The amendment of the law allowed important things to be designated as important intangible cultural properties based on their particularly high historical or artistic value, not on 'the possibility of the extinction'.
- 皇室典範(こうしつてんぱん)は、皇位の継承順位など皇室の制度・構成等について定める日本国憲法で間接的に設置が義務づけられた日本の法律である。
- Imperial House Act is a law of Japan, institution of which was indirectly obligated by the Constitution of Japan and which establishes the system, composition, and the like of the Imperial family, such as an order of succession of the Imperial Throne.
- 寺社興行法(じしゃこうぎょうほう)とは、神社仏寺の社殿仏閣を修復して、神事仏事を厳格に実施させるために公武権力が実施した一連の法制度のこと。
- Jisha kogyoho was a series of ordinances that imperial court authority and bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) authority enforced to repair the main shrine buildings and the Buddhist temples of the religious institutions and to promote the strict observance of Shinto rituals and Buddhist memorial services.
- 敗戦後に研究はさらに深化したが、全体としてみれば個別化し細分化して、個々の条文の意味やそれによって定められた制度などは詳細に解明されつつある。
- After the defeat in the war, research deepened further, but in general, through individualization and fragmentation, the meaning of each text and the systems established based on them are becoming clarified in detail.
- 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
- The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.
- また、幕府も荘園制度の解体や守護の権力強化は望ましいとは考えておらず、朝廷や寺社との対立をしてまで、有力守護大名に対して度々掣肘を加えている。
- Moreover, the shogunate did not think it was appropriate to dismantle the manorial system or strengthen the power of the shugo, and this often disturbed powerful shugo daimyo despite the opposition of the Imperial Court, temples and shrines.
- 屯田(とんでん)は、一般に、兵士に新しく耕地を開墾させ、平時は農業を行って自らを養い、戦時には軍隊に従事させる制度、またその場所や地域を言う。
- Tonden refers to a system or the place/region where soldiers who were made to plow new fields were recruited at war time but farmed the land to sustain themselves at peace time.
- 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
- The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.
- ハッピーマンデー制度導入に伴い、2000年から1月第2月曜日、つまり、その年の1月8日から1月14日までのうち月曜日に該当する日に変更された。
- Along with introduction of the 'happy Monday' system, from 2000 this holiday was set to be on the second Monday of January, in effect a Monday between 8 and 14 January.
- その背景には、檀家制度が破綻し経営が苦しくなった多くの寺院が大手墓石業者とタイアップし水子供養を大々的に宣伝し始めたことが大きく影響している。
- The reason behind this is largely due to the start of an extensive advertisement for mizuko kuyo by the temples which were in financial troubles as a result of the downfall of parishioner system and have arranged tie-ups with large grave stone companies.
- 娘に家の継承を認めないという中国を発祥として朝鮮経由で渡来した家父長的氏族制度の影響もあるだろうが、それだけですべてを説明することはできない。
- The paternalistic clanship under which a daughter is not allowed to succeed the household, originating in China, introduced from Korea, may have helped to establish such an unwritten rule, but that is not all about this.
- 地方制度としての裁判所(さいばんしょ)は、明治元年(1868年)に、京都の新政府が諸藩に属さない直轄地を治めるために設けた地方行政機関である。
- A local court was established in 1868 as a local administrative organ by the new government in Kyoto for it to govern areas which did not belong to any feudal domains.
- そのため身分制度は混乱し、ある地方では37%居た奴婢が2%まで減少し、代わりに人口の9%に過ぎなかった両班が70%を占めるという状況も起きた。
- This is why the class system fell into disorder, and Nobi decreased from 37% to 2% in one region, but such event caused a situation that Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) who made up only 9% of the population increased to 70%.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 奥羽は南北朝期から、郡ごとに有力国人に軍事指揮権や権断権など強い権限を与えた「分郡」とも呼ばれる独自の制度があり、非常に有力国人の力が強かった。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the Ou region, there was a unique system called 'Bungun' (Independent county) in which the powerful Kokujin (local lords) were given the right of military command and of Kendan in each county, which meant the great influence of the powerful Kokujin.
- 明治9年(1876年)全華族の融和と団結を目的とした宗族制度が発足し、華族は武家と公卿の区別無く系図上の血縁ごとに76の『類』として分類された。
- In 1876, Sozoku System (the system of the paternal family group) was enacted for the integration and solidarity of kazoku, and according to it, all kazoku were classified into 76 groups based on the family lines regardless of the differences of their original statuses as buke (samurai families) and kugyo (court nobles).
- しかし華族の五等爵をさらに増やすことによる制度の煩雑化と、公家や大名と同様、華族としての待遇を望む元勲の勢力によって、士族の爵位創設は頓挫した。
- However, a title for the warrior class could not be established due to the complexity of adding another title to Gotoshaku (a five-rank peerage system), and through efforts made by genkun (the statesmen who contributed in the Meiji Restoration) who wanted to be treated as the peerage, like Court nobles and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- こうして、地方での人民支配が次第に深化していき、670年頃になると地方支配の浸透を背景に、日本史上最初の戸籍とされる古代の戸籍制度が作成された。
- Accordingly, rule over the people was strengthened throughout the country and around 670, against the backdrop of increasing control over the provinces, the ancient family register system, which is considered to be the first family register in Japan, was created.
- 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制(租庸調制など)を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
- The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
- そのため、近江令、飛鳥浄御原令を制定するなど、当時の政権は、唐・朝鮮半島の統治制度を参照しながら、王土王民思想に基づく国家づくりを進めていった。
- Therefore, the government at that time promoted the national development based on Odo omin shiso (the thought that all the land and people belong to the emperor), through the establishment of Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), Asukakiyomihararyo and so on, while referring to the governing system in Tang and Korean Peninsula.
- 1919年8月20日勅令により総督武官制を廃止し、制度上は文官でも総督就任可能としたが、実際には実現せず、斎藤以外の総督はすべて陸軍大将だった。
- By the imperial edict of August 20, 1919, military Sotoku system was abolished, which allowed a civil officer to assume the Sotoku post subject to the system, but this didn't realize in reality, and all the Sotoku other than Saito were Army Generals.
- 不入の権による警察権排除の動きは、検断権が幕府に移った後でも「守護不入」の形で主張・権利化され、戦国大名による荘園制度解体まで続くことになった。
- The movement towards eliminating policing rights by funyu no ken was advocated and was made into a privilege even after policing rights were transferred to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as 'Shugo funyu' (the right to keep shugo [provincial constable] from entering the property) and this continued until the shoen system was eliminated by the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
- At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.
- これらの動きは実証的な歴史研究、すなわち18世紀の荻生徂徠や伊藤東涯らによる政治制度史研究へとつながっていき、あわせて国学へも大きな影響を与えた。
- These movements led to fact-based research of history, or the historical research of political systems by Sorai OGYU and Togai ITO, and affected Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) as well.
- もっとも、このような一連の現象は、逆に言えば、天皇という地位が制度的に安定し、他の勢力からその存立を脅かされる可能性が薄らいだことの反映でもある。
- However, this series of phenomena, oppositely reflecting the fact that the position of the Emperor was stabilized, and the possibility of the threat being abolished had been reduced.
- 709年には隼人の朝貢制度が始まり、朝廷において蝦夷とともに異民族たる「夷狄」が服属していることを示し、国家の儀礼において重要な役割を与えられた。
- In 709, the Hayato people began to pay tribute to the imperial court, asserting that Ezo and 'iteki '(barbarians) - who were considered different race - were to be subjugated, and thus given important role in National ceremonies.
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 律令制度の下では、内親王・女王は非皇族と婚姻しても、皇族の身分を保持したままであることが通例であったが、皇室典範では皇籍を離脱することが定められる。
- Under a government based upon the ritsuryo legal code, the right was granted for Imperial Princes and Princesses to keep their rank as Imperial Family after marrying partners who were not from the Imperial Family, however according to Imperial House Law they must renounce their membership in the Imperial Family.
- また「町人」と「商人」は異なる身分とみなされていたとする実証的研究もあり、実際の江戸時代の身分制度はかなり錯綜した複雑な構造を持っていたようである。
- As shown in an empirical study which inferred that 'townsmen' and 'merchants' were categorized into different classes, the actual class system in the Edo period was quite a complex and complicated structure.
- 太上天皇をはじめ皇族、公卿に対して毎年、一定の官職を給与し、給与を受けた者が任官希望者を募り、任料を納めさせる代わりに希望者を申任させる制度である。
- Under this system, the Retired Emperors, Imperial families and court nobles were given certain official posts every year, invited applicants for the posts in question and recommended one of the applicants to the post in return for the payment of ninryo (fee for getting official post).
- また流通分野では、郵便制度・電信網の整備、鉄道および船舶運輸(民間の三菱財閥と国策会社の共同運輸会社の競合を経て日本郵船会社)などの整備が行われた。
- The postal system, the telegraph network, and transportation by railway and ship were consolidated as one distribution system (Nippon Yusen Company was established after the competition between the Mitsubishi Combine, the private sector, and the Kyodo Unyu Company, the national policy concern).
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- 明治になると司法卿の江藤新平らによる司法制度の整備が行われ、1873年(明治6)2月7日、明治政府は第37号布告で『敵討禁止令』を発布し、禁止された。
- By the arrival of the Meiji period, a judicial system was developed by Shihokyo (administrator of Ministry of Justice) such as Shinpei ETO, and on February 7, 1873, Katakiuchi was banned by the Meiji Government through the issuance of 'Katakiuchi kinshirei (ban on revenge)' in Decree No. 37.
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正により、1996年に創設された有形文化財(建造物)の文化財登録制度を拡充し、有形の民俗文化財も登録の対象としたものである。
- When the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, the cultural property registration system of the tangible cultural properties (architecture), established in 1996, was expanded and tangible folk cultural properties became subject to registry.
- 朝臣(あそみ、あそん)は、684年(天武13)に制定された八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の制度で新たに作られたカバネ(かばね)で、上から二番目に相当する。
- Asomi (or Ason) (written as 朝臣) was the second rank of kabane (hereditary title) which was created in a system of Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) established in 684.
- この帳簿は、すでに京進されている古代の戸籍制度に載せられていた人についてだけその死亡者名を提出するもので、造籍後に生まれた乳幼児については記載しない。
- This register was for submitting the name of a deceased person that had been already submitted to Kyoto and been recorded under the ancient family registration system, and had no descriptions about infants who had been born after having a new family register.
- 年料別貢雑物(ねんりょうべっこうぞうもつ)とは、律令制において紙・筆・ウマ皮革・薬草などの雑物を現物の形で毎年規定量を令制国より中央に貢納させた制度。
- Nenryo bekko zomotsu was the system where a designated amount of Zomotsu such as paper, brushes, horse skin and herbal plants were directly tithed to the central government by Ritsuryo provinces.
- 附則第三十一条の規定 電子公告制度の導入のための商法等の一部を改正する法律(平成十六年法律第八十七号)の公布の日又はこの法律の公布の日のいずれか遅い日
- The provisions of Article 31 of the Supplementary Provisions: the day of the promulgation of the Act for Partial Revision of the Commercial Code, etc. for Introducing a System of Electronic Public Notice (Act No. 87 of 2004) or the day of promulgation of this Act, whichever comes later
- 応仁の乱以降、将軍の権威が失墜すると細川氏以外の三管四職も没落し、さらに戦国時代中期に至って細川氏の勢力が減退すると室町幕府の諸制度は形骸化していった。
- Upon the abasement of the Shogun's authority after the Onin Rebellion, Sankan Shishiki (other than the Hosokawa clan) also fell, and when in the middle of the Age of Civil War the power of the Hosokawa clan weakened, the various systems of Muromachi Bakufu became mere terms.
- その間1649年(慶安2年)に福知山藩に入った松平忠房が行った検地は、地租改正が行われるまで福知山の土地制度の基準となったためこれを松平検地と呼ばれる。
- During this time, the land survey carried out in 1649 by Tadafusa MATSUDAIRA, who joined the Fukuchiyama clan, acted as a benchmark for the land system in Fukuchiyama until the Land Tax Reform was carried out, and was called Matsudaira's land survey.
- その理由としては当時、李氏朝鮮は北方から後金の圧迫に忙殺されていたため、日本側の制度変更にあえて異論を挟まなかった、あるいは挟む余裕がなかったとされる。
- It is said that the reason was as follows: At that time, Yi Dynasty Korea was busy for combating pressure from the north by Kokin, and therefore, did not dispute or could not afford to dispute the system change on the Japan side.
- すなわち、導掌・舎音と呼ばれる専任の管理者によって経営され、堵租と呼ばれる定額小作料制度が広まるようになり、その納付も金納や代金納が主流となっていった。
- That is, professional managers called dosho and shaon managed the manors and the flat-rate pricing farm rent system began to spread and payment came to be mainly by gold or money.
- 東アジアに特有の律令制は、各時代・各王朝ごとに異なる部分もあったが、王土王民と一君万民の理念を背景として、概して次の4つの制度が統治の根幹となっていた。
- The Ritsuryo system specific to East Asia, although differing slightly with each period and dynasty, was generally comprised of the following four systems based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which became the basis of government.
- 近代以前の日本における教科書(きんだいいぜんのにほんにおけるきょうかしょ)では、明治の学校制度確立以前の日本の教科書(学習教材)の歴史について解説する。
- This article will explain about the history of the school textbooks in Japan until the school system was established in the Meiji period.
- 年料租舂米(ねんりょうそしょうまい)とは、平安時代に太政官符によって、令制国の租の稲穀を精米した白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
- Nenryososhomai was the term for the shomai (milled rice) itself or the system determined by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) during the Heian period which required the raw grain collected as So in the provinces to be tithed to the central government as refined white rice
- 三代将軍徳川家光の時代には、封建制度の確立、鎖国の徹底、キリシタンの禁止が三大政策となり、キリスト教徒は殉教か棄教のいずれかを選択せざるを得なくなった。
- In the period of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, three major policies were established: the establishment of a feudal system, thoroughness of national isolation, and a ban against Christianity, which forced Christians to choose either martyrdom or renunciation.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- 江戸幕府は朝廷秩序の回復に関与することで朝廷の統制を行うことを意図しており、朝廷儀式の再興を望む朝廷側との思惑の合致に伴い、地下官人制度の再編が行われた。
- The Edo bakufu intended to control the Imperial Court by taking part in reestablishing the order of the Imperial Court; on the other hand, the Imperial Court desired to restore Court ceremonies--as intentions of both sides matched, restructuring of the lower ranking officials was carried out.
- 華族制度の策定にあたった伊藤博文は『公卿』、広沢真臣・大久保利通・副島種臣は『貴族』、岩倉具視は『勲家』・『名族』・『公族』・『卿家』等の案を持っていた。
- The persons who were engaged in compiling the kazoku system had their own idea for the title of the class: Hirobumi ITO suggested 'Kugyo' (compound of 'Ko' and 'Kei' which originally meaning the top court officials); Saneomi HIROSAWA, Toshimichi OKUBO, and Taneomi SOEJIMA suggested 'kizoku' (originally meaning nobles); and Tomomi IWAKURA suggested 'kunke' (families that contributed to the nation greatly), 'meizoku' (noble families), 'kozoku' (families of 'Ko') and 'gyoke' (families of 'Kei').
- この年の急な実施は明治維新後、明治政府が月給制度にした官吏の給与を(旧暦のままでは明治6年は閏6月があるので)年13回支払うのを防ぐためだったといわれる。
- It was implemented with such a short notice because the Meiji government wanted to avoid paying its officials monthly wages, whose system was introduced after the Meiji restoration, 13 times a year (as the coming year in the old calendar had leap June).
- しかし、アルコール度数に基づく級別・課税というシステムが、酒の品質の良し悪しと対応していないなどの理由で、この制度を疑問視する声がしだいに高まっていった。
- However, more and more people started questioning this system for the reason that the classification and taxation system based on alcohol content did not correspond to the quality evaluation of sake.
- しかし、同法制定当時の制度では「現状のまま放置し、国が保護しなければ衰亡のおそれのあるもの」を選定無形文化財として選定するという、消極的保護施策であった。
- However, it was a passive protection measure, because under the law, something had to be in danger of extinction without government's protection in order to be selected as an an intangible cultural property.
- 大王家の「倭」姓は、中国の冊封体制から離脱した5世紀末ないし、氏姓制度の形成が進んだ5世紀末から6世紀前半までの間に放棄されたとする説が有力となっている。
- A theory stating that the family name 'Wa' of Daio-ke was abandoned at the end of the 5th century when leaving the Sakuho system in China, or was abandoned in between the end of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century when the Shise system was established, is powerful.
- また製糖業者保護のために「原料採集区域制度」を導入、甘蔗農家は付近の製糖工場への作物納入が義務付けられ、またその価格は工場側が決定するというものであった。
- It also introduced the 'raw material collection area system' to protect the sugar manufacturers, system in which the sugarcane farmers were required to supply their products to the sugar manufacturing factories in their neighborhood at a price determined by them.
- 当時の土佐には半農半兵から一歩進んだ一領具足はあっても常備軍の制度はなかったから、短期間で多勢を揃え進軍してきた様に寡兵の一条方は仰天したと言われている。
- Although there was the system of Ichiryo gusoku in Tosa at that time, which allowed local cultivators to arm themselves, there was a standing army, and as such, when the Chosokabe clan advanced with a large army within a short time, the Ichijo clan with a small army was truly astounded.
- 6世紀の氏姓制度成立以前において、「葛城」が本来的なウヂ名として存在したかについては疑問があり、ここでは従来の「葛城氏」の呼称を用いて便宜を図ることとする。
- Although it is doubtful whether the clan name 'Katsuraki' actually existed before the establishment of the system of clans and hereditary titles, this clan name is employed here for the sake of convenience.
- その後卒族が廃止されたのち卒族のうち上格の者は「士族」その他の者は農工商と同じく「平民」と戸籍に記載されその表記制度は1948年(昭和23年)まで残された。
- After the subsequent abolition of sotsuzoku, high-ranking members of sotsuzoku were recorded in their family register as 'shizoku' while others were recorded as 'heimin' (commoner) in the same manner as farmers, artisans, and merchants - a system which continued until 1948.
- 当初は自発的な参勤であったが、次第に制度として定着していき、3代徳川将軍家・徳川家光の時代の寛永12年(1635年)に武家諸法度の改定によって義務付けした。
- In the beginning, daimyo's sankin-kotai was voluntary, but it gradually became established as a system, and the 1635 edition of Buke Shohatto, issued in the era of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, made it obligatory.
- 留守政府の元で徴兵令(海陸警備ノ制)・学制(教令率育ノ道)・司法改革(審理刑罰ノ法)・地租改正(理財会計ノ方)といった新しい制度が行われていくことになった。
- Various new systems were implemented by rusu-seifu, including Conscription Ordinance (kairiku keibi no sei), education system (kyoiku sotsuiku no michi), judicial reform (shinri keibatsu no ho) and land tax reform (rizai kaikei no ho).
- この制度上、その支配する収益権のある土地自体を、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)を指す上分(じょうぶん)に対して、下地(したじ)と呼んだ。
- Under this system, lands from which proceeds (nengu (tribute) and kuji (public service) etc) were gained were called shitaji while the proceeds which were gained from lands/peasants were called jobun.
- 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
- He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
- このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
- Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
- そのため、皇帝が三公九卿以下の官僚組織を擁するのと同様、後宮制度において皇后も三夫人、九嬪、二十七世婦、八十一御妻の3倍ずつ増加するヒエラルキーを擁していた。
- For this reason, similar to the emperor holding bureaucracy of those below Sankokyukei (three ministers and nine councilors), the Kokyuseido (an institution where an emperor has multiple wives in order to maintain the imperial line) also had a hierarchy where the number of empresses tripled; San (three) fujin, Kyu (nine) no hin, Nijyunana (twenty-seven) no seifu, and Hachijyuichi (eighty-one) no gyosai.
- 日本国憲法体制下の皇室典範は「法律」として制定され、他の法律と同様に、制定および改正は国会が行い、皇室の制度そのものに国民が国会を通じて関与することとなった。
- The Imperial House Act under the system of Constitution of Japan was enacted as a 'law' and is, like other laws, enacted and amended by the Parliament, thus the public being involved in the institution of the Imperial family itself through the Parliament.
- 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
- In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.
- そのため、国家建設の基盤となった律令制も、中国から移入されたものであり、日本独自の改変も多々あるが、基本的には中国の制度を日本で再現しようとする試みであった。
- For this reason, the Ritsuryo system, on which the construction of the state was based, was introduced from China basically to attempt to reproduce the Chinese system in Japan, although Japan added a lot its own original amendments.
- 知行国(ちぎょうこく)とは、古代・中世の日本において、有力貴族・寺社・武家が特定の令制国の知行権(国務権・吏務ともいう)を獲得し収益を得た制度、およびその国。
- Chigyo-koku indicates the provincial system and province in ancient and medieval Japan in which dominant nobles, shrines or temples acquired chigyo-ken (also called Kokumu-ken or rimu) (the right to manage the province) and obtained their revenues from there.
- この当時、日本の社会各層で家産の相続を前提とする「家」(イエ)制度の成立が進行しており、公家社会の形成も、貴族層における「家」の成立として理解することができる。
- At that time 'a family system' assuming inheritance of family property was being established in each class of Japanese society, therefore, the formation of the kuge society can be understood as establishment of 'a family' within the noble hierarchy.
- 更に律令制の弛緩は勧学田の荘園化による喪失を招き、これに対して大学寮向けの出挙制度の整備などの措置が取られたものの十分とは言えず、大学寮財政を圧迫する事になる。
- The relaxation of the Ritsuryo system also forced Daigaku-ryo to lose its kangakuden, which was changed into Shoen (manors in medieval Japan), and put a strain on its finances, despite rescue measures targeting Daigaku-ryo, such as the offering of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries), because they were not sufficient.
- 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.
- 追号は天皇が崩御した後に贈られる称号であり、制度上は必ずしも元号が追号になるわけではない(明治以降は慣例を踏襲しただけであり、旧皇室令等でも規定されていない)。
- A posthumous title is the title given after the demise of the Emperor and gengo (era name) does not necessarily become his posthumous title from an institutional standpoint (after Meiji period the custom was just followed and nothing is prescribed for the posthumous title in Kyu Koshitsu-rei (the Old Imperial Families' Act) and so on).
- 現在も三木市吉川町を中心に、村米制度が残っており、干ばつや水害、また、震災などの災害にも互いに助け合うなど、単に酒米の取引だけでなく、強いつながりが続いている。
- Even now there remains the muramai systems centering around Yoshikawa-cho, Miki City and is serving as a strong connection not only to deal rice for brewing sake, but also to help each other in the occurrences of disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, and so on.
- しかし、日露戦争後の国際状況の安定と政党政治の成熟により藩閥と軍部の影響力は衰え、1913年(大正2年)には軍部大臣の補任資格を「現役」に限る制度が改められた。
- However, due to the global stabilization and maturity of the party government after the Russo-Japanese War, the domain cliques and the military lost their influence and the system was revised to regulate the military minister's appointing authority to only 'active-duty' in 1913.
- 1990年代ごろになると、こうした士農工商像を批判的に検証し、同時代の一次史料に基づく実証的な研究によって、新たな江戸時代の身分制度像が提示されるようになった。
- Around 1990s, an empirical study, which critically verified the above-mentioned concept of shi-no-ko-sho and used the primary sources of the same period as a basis, started to present a new concept of the class system in the Edo period.
- 後嵯峨院は、奏事(弁官や蔵人による奏上)を取り次ぐ役職である伝奏の制度化、そして院が評定衆とともに相論(訴訟)裁許に当たる院評定を確立し、院政の機能強化に努めた。
- Gosaga-in strengthened the function of insei by formalizing the system of delivery, which was a position for the delivery of reports from Benkan (弁官) and Kurodo (蔵人) to the Emperor, and by establishing In-no-hyojo, where the In, together with Hyojo-shu, participated in decision/permission regarding lawsuits.
- 院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
- The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.
- 東アジア各国で制度としての律令制が崩壊・消滅してしまった後も、法典としての律令法は多かれ少なかれ変質しながらも存続していき、法令としての効力をある程度保っていた。
- Even after the collapse or the discontinuation of the Luli as a ruling and administrative system among each of the Eastern Asian countries, the codes of Luli as a law code remained by altering its form and application to some extent, and kept its force as a law.
- なお、律令制とは、律令に基づく制度を意味する用語であり、律令自体については律令の項を、律令の持つ法典としての性質などについては律令法の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- The term Ritsuryo system refers to the system based on the Ritsuryo codes; for the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo,' and for features of the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo law.'
- 日本の本位金貨(旧1,2,5,10,20円、新5,10,20円)も1987年(昭和62年)5月31日限りで流通停止になり、名実ともに管理通貨制度の世の中になった。
- Japanese standard gold coins (old 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 yen, and new 5, 10, 20 yen) withdrew from circulation on May 31, 1987, which was the beginning of the world with managed currency system both in name and in reality.
- また普通警察制度への改編をはかり、憲兵警察を廃止したが、多くの警察が日本から派遣され警察官は1919年の6,387人から1920年には20,134人へと急増した。
- Reorganized into the regular police system, the Kenpei police was abolished, but numbers of police officers were dispatched from Japan, which made the number of the police officers increase from 6,387 in 1919 to 20,134 in 1920.
- そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
- Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
- 終了時期についても、廃藩置県の断行(1872年)、西南戦争の終結(1877年)、内閣制度の発足(1885年)、立憲体制の確立(1889年)までとするなど諸説ある。
- There are also various theories about when the restoration ended, and it may have continued until Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1872, until the end of the Seinan War in 1877, until the inauguration of the cabinet system in 1885, or until the establishment of constitutionalism in 1889.
- 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤(せん)に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民(べのたみ)の後身である品部(しなべ)、雑戸(ざつこ)の身分がおかれた。
- The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- その結果、宋代の荘園の内実は零細な土地片の集積を便宜上荘園としているに過ぎず、地主と佃戸は自由人間の契約関係に基づく小作制度によって経営されていたとするものである。
- As a result, shoens during the Sung dynasty, in fact, just regarded the collection of small lands as shoens for convenience and the owners and the denkos established contractual relationships as free men and based on it, shoens were managed by the tenancy system.
- この制度を復活させた広田内閣は、腹切り問答によって自らが制定した軍部大臣現役武官制による陸軍大臣と揉めて、議会を解散する要求を拒絶する代わりに総辞職に追い込まれた。
- The Hirota Cabinet, which revived this system, had a conflict due to the Harakiri Mondo (the Harakiri questionaires) with the Minister of War over Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei which he formulated himself, and was driven to resign instead of commanding the assembly to dismiss.
- 明治元年閏4月に明治新政府の政治体制を定めた政体書は、劈頭で「大いに斯国是を定め制度規律を建てるは御誓文を以て目的とす」と掲げ、続いて御誓文の五箇条全文を引用した。
- In April 1868, the Constitution of the New Meiji Government regime declared 'to define Charter Oath as the objectives, establish new national policy, systems and regulations' and consequently quoted whole texts of Five Articles.
- 江戸時代の国学発生以降、平安時代以前の語彙・語音を知る資料として、また社会・風俗・制度などを知る史料として国文学・日本語学・日本史の世界で重要視されている書物である。
- Since the time when the study of Japanese classical literatures started in the Edo period, it has been highly evaluated as a document where information about vocabulary and about pronunciations of words is available, and in addition, it has also been highly evaluated in the fields of Japanese literatures, of Japanese language study and of Japanese history, as a document in which information about states of society, customs and social systems is available.
- 1885年(明治18年)に内閣制度が創設される際には、従来の宮内卿に替わって宮内大臣が置かれたが、「宮中府中の別」の原則に従って、宮内大臣は内閣の一員とされなかった。
- When the cabinet system was set up in 1885, the Imperial Household Minister was established replaced existing Kunaikyo, but the minister was not included in cabinet members following the principle of 'distinction between Imperial court and government offices.'
- この間、明治元年3月14日(1868年4月6日)には五箇条の御誓文を発布して新政府の基本方針を表明し、4月21日(6月11日)には政体書によって新しい政治制度を採用。
- During this time the new policy of the new government was announced when the Imperial Covenant Consisting of Five Articles was issued on April 6, 1868, the new political system was introduced with the Constitution of 1868, on June 11.
- 戦争になると台湾の豊富な食料物資が内地への供給に貢献したほか、高雄市には飛行基地が建設され、徴兵制度が敷かれるなど、日本人と同様に台湾人も兵士や労働力として活躍した。
- Once the war broke out, the rich food resources in Taiwan became a useful source of supply to Japan and an air base was constructed in Kaohsiung and, with the draft system enforced in Taiwan, Taiwanese were also employed as labor force or soldiers like Japanese.
- 被害者が自立して生活することを促進するため、就業の促進、住宅の確保、援護等に関する制度の利用等について、情報の提供、助言、関係機関との連絡調整その他の援助を行うこと。
- To offer information, advice, and liaison and coordination with concerned organizations, as well as other forms of assistance, concerning measures including employment promotion, housing procurement, and the use of systems for social assistance in order to promote the self-reliance of victims;
- しかし、惣村の持っていた自治的性格は、祭祀面や水利面などを中心に近世村落へも幾分か継承され、村請制度や分郷下における村の統一維持に大きな役割を果たしたと考えられている。
- However, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was passed down to early-modern villages mainly in terms of religious service and water supplies, and it is considered that such a characteristic was instrumental in unifying and maintaining the village under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and Bungo (system of governing the Go).
- 伊藤博文は、ヨーロッパでは議会制度も含む政治体制を支える国民統合の基礎に宗教(キリスト教)があることを知り、宗教に替わりうる「機軸」(精神的支柱)として皇室に期待した。
- Hirobumi ITO realized that, in Europe, there was a religion (Christianity) at the base of the unified nation supporting the political system including the parliamentary system, so he expected the Imperial Family to become the 'axis' (mental support) to replace religion.
- つまり、律令法の作用を受けて、律令制という制度が構築されていたのであり、両者は密接な関係にあったと言えるが、両者は別個の概念であり混同しないよう注意しなければならない。
- In other words, the Luli System was established upon the effects and circumstances of the Luli Codes, and it is important not to confuse the two, since even if it could be said that they were closely related, they were two different concepts.
- 具体的な施策として総督府は地籍整理、公債発行、統一貨幣と度量衡の制定以外に、多くの産業インフラの整備を行うと共に、専売制度と地方税制の改革による財政の建て直しを図った。
- The measures taken by the Sotoku-fu included the land registry readjustment, issuing of public bonds, formulation of standard currency and weights and measures systems as well as financial reforms by introducing monopoly system and local tax system.
- 牙符制は日明貿易における勘合符制と同様、一つの符を二つに裂いた割符を以って使節の査証を行なう制度であり、勘合符の代わりに牙符あるいは象牙符とも呼ばれる通信符が使用された。
- Like kangofusei (tally system) in the Japan-Ming trade, Gafusei was a system where a tally was split into two halves and used for certifying an envoy where the communication tally called gafu (seal tally) or zogefu (ivory tally) was used in place of the kangofu.
- また国立銀行条例による国立銀行 (日本)(ナショナルバンク)を経て、通貨発行権を独占する中央銀行としての日本銀行設立(1882年)など、資本主義的金融制度の整備も行われた。
- Also, the capitalistic financial system was organized, including the foundation of the Bank of Japan in 1882, formerly the National Bank of Japan under the National Bank Act, which dominates the right of issuing currency as the central bank.
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- なお、2003年11月3日の勲章制度改正以降に授与される勲章には「勲一等」のように数字で表現される勲等は冠されないが、改正前に叙授されたものは引き続き旧来どおりに呼称される。
- In addition, the decorations, which are bestowed since a revision of the decoration system in November 3, 2003, do not have a number prefix such as 'the First Order' but the ones before the revision are called as they used to be.
- 前項の年金制度は、退職又は死亡の時の条件を考慮して、本人及びその退職又は死亡の当時直接扶養する者のその後における適当な生活の維持を図ることを目的とするものでなければならない。
- The pension system set forth in the preceding paragraph shall have as its purpose the provision of an income necessary to enable the person concerned and his/her immediate dependents at the time of his/her retirement or death to maintain thereafter a standard of living appropriate to the conditions prevailing at the time of retirement or death.
- この指定制度は、1975年の文化財保護法の改正によって実現し、1976年5月4日に第1回として30件が指定されて以来、2009年3月11日現在で、合計264件が指定されている。
- This system of designation was established with the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1975, and since the first round of designations held on May 4, 1976 approved 30 properties, the number of designated properties has increased to a total of 264 as of March 11, 2009.
- 大宝律令の施行は、当時としても非常に画期的かつ歴史的な一大事業と受け止められており、律令施行とほぼ同時に、日本という国号と最初の制度的元号(大宝 (日本))が正式に定められた。
- Even in those days, it was considered that the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making and historical project, and almost at the same time, the name 'Nippon' and the first official era name 'Taiho' were formally promulgated.
- ただし、律令制の死滅は、律令もしくは律令法の死滅を必ずしも意味していないので、律令の名目上の完全な終焉時期も重要であるが、制度としての律令制が崩壊したことに注意する必要がある。
- The extinction of the Ritsuryo system does not necessarily mean the extinction of the Ritsuryo codes or Ritsuryo law and, although the time when the Ritsuryo ceased to exist in name is also important, it should be noted that it was the system based on the Ritsuryo that collapsed.
- 官人登用の法、甲子の宣の廃止、貴族・社寺の山・島・浦・林・池などの返還、畿外の豪族と才能のある百姓の任官への道を開き、官人の位階昇進の制度などを新設したりといった諸政を行った。
- Emperor Tenmu enforced a range of measures, such as a law relating to the appointment of government officials, the reversal of the Koshi pronouncement, and the ordering of the return to the court of mountains, islands, beaches, woods, ponds and other assets owned by aristocrats or shrines and temples; he also opened the way to government positions for members of powerful remote regional clans as well as those near the capital and talented farmers, and established a new court rank and promotion system.
- 軍部大臣現役武官制は、軍部大臣の補任資格を現役武官の大将・中将に限る制度であり、軍部大臣の補任資格を武官の大将・中将に限る「軍部大臣武官制」より資格者の範囲をさらに狭めている。
- Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei is a regulation to limit Military Ministers' appointing authority to only active Taisho (general) and Chusho (lieutenant general), and limit this authority to military officers such as Taisho and Chusho in accordance with 'Gunbu Daijin Bukan sei (Military Ministers to be Officers)' to narrow down the candidates.
- 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
- As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.
- この法律は、不動産の表示及び不動産に関する権利を公示するための登記に関する制度について定めることにより、国民の権利の保全を図り、もって取引の安全と円滑に資することを目的とする。
- The purpose of this Act is to secure the rights of citizens by providing for a system concerning registrations to be made to notify the public of descriptions of real property and rights relating to real property, thereby contributing to the safe and smooth conduct of transactions.
- 京都府は旧国制度で丹後国、丹波国(一部兵庫県を含む)、山城国の3つに分けられるがその中で京都府南部地域(きょうとふなんぶちいき)とは大まかに、次の5つの定義がなされる場合が多い。
- Kyoto Prefecture can be divided into three provinces, that is, Tango, Tanba (including a part of present Hyogo Prefecture), and Yamashiro, by former province system, however, the southern region of Kyoto Prefecture has roughly five definitions as follows.
- それ以前は、古代の戸籍制度・計帳・班田収授法などに立脚した律令制統治が行われていたが、この頃には、人民の浮浪・逃亡・偽籍が著しく増加したため、律令制統治が行き詰まりを見せていた。
- Before that, Japan had been ruled by the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance) built on an ancient family register system, tax book, handenshuju-no-ho (law on the distribution and collection of farmlands) and so on, but at that time, vagrancy, elopement, false family registration of the people dramatically increased and the ritsuryo system of governance ran into an impasse.
- 吉田孝は、倭国が5世紀末に中国の冊封体制から離脱し、7世紀初頭の推古朝でも倭国王に冊封されなかったことが、大王天皇が姓を持たず「姓」制度を超越し続けたことにつながったとしている。
- Takashi YOSHIDA states that the reason Daio and Tenno stood aloof from 'sei' (family name) system by not having it was because Wakoku (country of Wa) left the Chinese Sakuho system at the end of the 5th century, and was not taken into the system as Wakoku-o even during the Reign of Empress Suiko at the beginning of the 7th century.
- 日本の律令制においては、人民統治の基盤として、古代の戸籍制度(世帯=戸ごとに人民を詳細に記載登録したもの)と計帳(調・庸の税を徴収するための台帳)が作成され、毎年更新されていた。
- According to the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government of the people was based on the creation of the ancient family register system (detailed records of the people registered for each household) and yearly tax records (a register for collecting taxes of tributes and tax in kind), which were updated every year.
- 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
- There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
- 賤民の身分は、陵戸、官戸、家人古代の家人(けにん)、公奴婢(ぬひ)、私奴婢の5階層に区別され、各階層は同一身分内部で婚姻しなければならないという当色婚の制度によって隔離されていた。
- The senmin (humble or lowly people) class was divided into five ranks, namely, ryoko (imperial tomb guards), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin (slaves of nobles), kunuhi (government-owned slaves), and shinuhi (privately-owned slaves), and the ranks were segregated by a tojikikon system where marriage must be between those of the same class.
- 荘園領主はこうした事案(所務沙汰)について幕府へ訴訟を起こしたが、意外にも領主側が勝訴し、地頭側が敗訴する事案が多くあった(幕府の訴訟制度が公平性を確保していたことを表している)。
- The lords of shoens filed a suit to the bakufu on these incidents (shomusata, trial dealing with land-related issues), but surprisingly there were many cases where the side of the lords of shoens won a lawsuit and the side of the jitos lost (which means that the fairness of the bakufu's litigation system was secured).
- しかし征韓論政変によって参議から下野した板垣退助らが自由民権運動を開始し、それが次第に議会開設の国民運動として発展すると、政府は大日本帝国憲法を発布し、議会と内閣制度を発足させた。
- However, when Taisuke ITAGAKI and others, who resigned from the post of Sangi (councilor) after the political change of Seikanron (debate about the subjugation of Korea), started the Jiyuminken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement), that movement developed gradually into a movement by the people to establish the Diet, and the government promulgated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and established the Diet and the cabinet system.
- なお、藩というと幕藩体制というように江戸幕府下の制度と思われがちだが、厳密には、江戸幕府下の体制で公式に「藩」という呼称はなかった(一部の学者などが書などで使用するのみであった)。
- When referring to han, the 'shogunate system' is associated and it tends to be considered a system under the Edo bakufu, but strictly speaking, there was no official naming, 'han,' under the Edo bakufu system (only some scholars used it in their literary works).
- 慶応4年(1868年)4月、江戸幕府の解体により成立した明治新政府は、政体書において地方制度では大名領を藩とし、大名を知事に任命して諸大名統治のかたちを残す府藩県三部制を確立する。
- The new Meiji government was set up after the demise of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in April 1868, established a Fu-han-ken sanbusei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) under the Constitution of 1868 in which daimyo domains were made into han (domains) in the local system and daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) were assigned as governors, leaving the form of territorial lords being in control.
- 1875年(明治8年)10月、土佐の板垣退助が明治6年の政変に続いて明治政府を再び離脱し、国民を教化しつつ明治政府の外から自由主義的な議会制度を準備する運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1875, Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa resigned from the Meiji Government for the second time following the political change which had happened in 1873, and while educating the nation's people, he initiated a course of action to prepare for the liberalization of parliamentary procedure from outside of the Meiji Government.
- 日本酒級別制度(にほんしゅきゅうべつせいど)とは、昭和15年(1940年)から平成4年(1992年)まで日本において長らく存在した、日本酒の酒税法上、ならびに一般的な分類体系である。
- Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act is a general classification system of sake under the Liquor Tax Act, which long existed in Japan from 1940 to 1992.
- 姓(カバネ)の制度は、壬申の乱(672年)の後、天武天皇が制定した八色の姓によって有名無実化されていき、臣、連ですら序列の6、7番目に位置づけられ、その地位は、実質上、無意味化した。
- After the Jinshin War (occurred in 672), the kabane system existed in name only when Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) system was installed by the Emperor Tenmu, which put omi and muraji in sixth and seventh from the top, and thus those titles no longer held any values.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- これにより台湾の教育制度は完全に統一され、特殊な台湾原住民を対象とする教育以外、中央或いは地方財政で学校が運営され8歳以上14歳未満の学童に対し6年制の義務教育が行われるようになった。
- In this way, the education system in Taiwan was finally unified and all schools (except for a few aboriginal education) were operated by central and local budget with six year compulsory education introduced for children aged from 8 to 13.
- だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁師の制度自体が消滅した。
- But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of jugonshi had disappeared.
- 院宮分国制(いんぐうぶんこくせい)とは、太上天皇や女院、中宮、斎宮などに除目の際に特定の令制国の受領を推挙する権利を与え、そこから経済的利益の配分を受けることで俸禄の代わりとする制度。
- Ingubunkokusei was a system of granting the right to recommend a provincial governor to a specific province to retired emperors, nyoin (women bestowed with the title 'in' (usually the empress, imperial princesses, etc.)), second consorts to the emperor, and imperial princesses serving at the Ise Shrine at the time of their appointment, and in return they would receive the financial profits of the provinces in place of a salary.
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- 1069年荘園整理令を発布して記録荘園券契所を設置し、1070年には絹布の制、1072年には延久宣旨枡や估価估価法の制定等、律令制度の形骸化により弱体化した皇室の経済基盤の強化を図った。
- In 1069, the Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was issued and a contract office to record estates was established, followed by the issuance of the silk fabric regulation in 1070 and the setting of the Enkyu measuring cup by the Emperor's order; the official measuring cup and the price regulation were established in 1072, and the Emperor tried to build a strong financial base for the Imperial Court, which had been destabilized due to the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes and had become a mere facade.
- だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁博士の制度自体が消滅した。
- But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of the jugon hakase had disappeared.
- 古代においては自前の神田・寺田に加え、律令国家によって給付された封戸や墾田開発によって成立した初期荘園が寺社の大きな収入源であった(一部の大寺院・大神社には造寺司や神郡の制度もあった)。
- In ancient times, in addition to shinden (also referred to as kanda; land held by a shrine) and jiden (also referred to as terada; land held by a temple), fuko (households of temples and shrines) granted by the Ritsuryo state (state based on ritsuryo code in the seventh century) and the early time shoen (estate) which was established by konden (development of fallow land or creation of new rice paddies) were the main source of income for the temples and shrines (Some big temples and shrines had systems such as zojishi (officials responsible for building temples, and shingun - also referred to as kamikoori; deity district).
- 忠成王、尊忠と親子で同じ宮号を名乗ったことから、岩倉宮を最初の世襲宮家と見る意見がある一方、宮内庁の資料『皇室制度資料』では岩倉宮を宮家の一つとしてみることに対して慎重な見解を取っている。
- From the fact that both Prince Tadanari and Takatada, parent and son, announced the same reigning name, there is a view that Iwakuramiya was the first hereditary court noble, but on the other hand, the material in the Imperial Household Regency 'Koshitsueidoshiryo' takes a cautious view on looking at Iwakuramiya as one of the Miyake.
- しかし、9世紀・10世紀ごろになると、律令制を支えていた人民把握システム(古代の戸籍制度・計帳の作成や班田収授法の実施など)が次第に弛緩していき、人別的な人民支配が存続できなくなっていた。
- In the ninth and the tenth centuries, however, the citizen management system (including the ancient family registration system, the creation of the yearly tax registers, and the implementation of the law of periodic reallocations of rice fields) which supported the ritsuryo system began to collapse, so that the governance on a single-person basis became difficult to maintain.
- 明治時代に徴兵制度が制定されて、軍隊で着脱が容易で、生地が短く経済的な越中褌が支給され、全国に普及したことから、その後の六尺褌は下着で用いられるよりも祭事や水着等で用いられるようになった。
- With the establishment conscription in the Meiji period, ecchu fundoshi, which were easier to put on and take off and more economical due to their shorter length, were supplied by the army and spread throughout Japan, following which rokushaku fundoshi were more often worn during rites and festivals or as swimwear than as underwear.
- その一方で、新通貨制度では天保通宝一枚=8厘(寛永通宝一枚=1厘)と換算されたために、新時代に乗り遅れた人やそれに適応するだけの才覚の足りない人を揶揄して「天保銭」と呼ぶ事もあったという。
- On the other hand, as one Tenpo-tsuho coin was converted as eight rin (one Kanei-tsuho coin was one rin) in the new monetary system, it is said that people who were way behind the times or people who did not have ability to do so were sometimes cynically called 'Tenpo sen.'
- これに加えて、各藩が出していた藩札の回収・処理を行って全国一律の貨幣制度を実現する必要性もあった(藩札も最終的には発行元の藩がその支払いを保証したものであるから、その藩の債務扱いとなる)。
- In addition, it was required to call in hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) issued by each domain and introduce a uniform monetary system throughout the country (hansatsu constituted a part of domain's debts since the domain guaranteed its repayment as the issuer).
- 書生は書の良し悪しによって優越が判定され、『説文解字』の理解など字体などについての知識も求められた唐の制度よりも簡素化されており、試験に及第して内記などの書記的な官職に配されたようである。
- It appears that the superiority of a shosei's calligraphy would be judged based on its quality, that the curriculum was simpler than the system of Tang Dynasty China which demanded knowledge of disciplines such as 'Shuowen Jiezi' and the formation of characters, and that students who passed examinations were placed in clerical government posts such as that of naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
- 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
- Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
- 鎌倉時代以降、親王宣下の制度により、本来その資格のない2世王以下の皇族が天皇・太上天皇の養子・猶子となって親王の称号を世襲する例が散見されるようになり、これを後世「世襲親王家」と呼んでいる。
- After the Kamakura period, due to the regulations governing the titles of Princes by Imperial Order, it was often seen for a member of the Imperial family, who was in his second generation or earlier, and not entitled to the throne, to became an adopted son of an Emperor or retired Emperor and then succeed to the throne, this example was called 'Seshu Shinnoke' (the Hereditary Imperial family) in future generations.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- 永徳期以後、朝廷の実権を掌握した義満に対して朝政参加のために必要な官職に関する実用的な知識を伝授するとともに、官職制度を含めた朝廷の再興を期待する良基の意向が反映されていると考えられている。
- It seems that Yoshimoto hoped to restore the Imperial Court as well as its officials system by giving practical knowledge of the court officials system needed to participate in the affairs of the Imperial Court to Yoshimitsu, who held the actual power in the Imperial Court since the Eitoku era.
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 国司制度は、基本の形式は平安時代になっても律令法と変りはなかったが、国司の職が封禄と化し、任地におもむかない遥任の国司が増加するにつれて、諸国の行政は留守所あるいは在庁官人が行うようになった。
- The basic format of the kokushi (provincial governors) system was not different from that of ritsuryo law even during the Heian period, but when the position of kokushi turned into a salaried one, and yonin, who are kokushi who would not go to their place of appointment, increased, provincial administration was performed by rusudokoro (the center for all local government administration in a province) or zaichokanjin (local district officials).
- 第二次世界大戦後の1946年(昭和21年)には連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の政策により公娼制度が廃止されるが、カフェーや料亭などと看板を変えて、ほぼそのまま「赤線」の通称で呼ばれる地域になった。
- In 1946 after World War II, the Licensed Prostitution System was abolished under the policy of the General Headquarters (GHQ), but the red-light districts became areas commonly known as 'Akasen' where almost the same service was provided by changing their exterior trade signs to Cafe or fancy Japanese-style restaurant.
- 寛永12年(1635年)の参勤交代制度のもとでは、諸大名は1年毎に江戸と自領を行き来し、妻子は人質として江戸に常住しなければならないと同時に、その旅費や江戸の滞在費を全て大名に負担させていた。
- Under the sankin-kotai system established in 1635, daimyo, in addition to residing in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, leaving their own families in Edo permanently as hostages, had to pay their own travel costs and living costs in Edo.
- 大織冠(だいしょくかん、だいしきかん)は、冠位十二階を改訂し、大化の改新で大化3年(647年)制定(施行は648年にされた)、冠位・官位制度の変遷冠位十三階で新たにもうけられた、冠位の最高位。
- Taishokkan (Daishikikan) was the highest rank which was established in the Taika Reforms in 647 (enforced in 648) by revising the Kan I junikai (twelve grades of cap rank), and which was newly established in the Kan I jusankai (thirteen grades of cap rank) of the cap rank and official rank system.
- 箱館裁判所 (はこだてさいばんしょ) は、慶応4年(9月8日から改元して明治元年) (1868年) の短時日に、蝦夷地を統治するために箱館(現在の函館市)に設けられた裁判所 (地方制度)である。
- The Hakodate Court was established quickly as a local administrative organ in Hakodate (present-day, Hakodate City) in 1868 to govern Ezo (a northern island of Japan inhabited by Ainu indigenous people).
- この時代には、ドイツのナチス政権やイタリアのベニート・ムッソリーニ政権といったファシズム体制が成立し、日独伊三国同盟が結ばれたことから、この時期の日本の皇室制度は天皇制ファシズムとも呼ばれている。
- Around this period, like the Nazis in Germany and the Benito MUSSOLINI government in Italy, Fascist systems were established, and because the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy was formed, the system of Imperial Household at this time was called Tennosei Fascism.
- 例えば、改新の第一の方針は公地公民制を確立したものとして評価されてきたが、これは王土王民の理念を宣言したのみに過ぎず、改新時に公地公民制という制度は構築されなかったとする見解も有力となりつつある。
- For example, although the establishment of state ownership of both land and people was recognized as the first objective of the Taika Reform, the view that this was merely a proclamation of the concept of odo omin and that the system of state ownership of land and people was not established at the time of the reforms has been gaining prominence.
- 院宮分国制とは、年限を限って、院宮家(太上天皇・女院・皇后・中宮・東宮など)に特定国の国守(または受領)を推薦する権利を与えるとともに、当該国から上進される官物を院宮家が収納するという制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system is the system in which Innomiya families (the families of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Empress, chugu (the second consort of an emperor) and Togu (the Crown Prince)) were given the right to make a recommendation of kokushu (or zuryo (the head of the provincial governors)) of a specific province and were also allowed to get the kanmotsu dedicated by the province.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- 引き続き権力を握った仲麻呂(恵美押勝に改名)は唐で安史の乱が発生したことを機に、淳仁天皇の名において隣国新羅の討伐を目論み、国内制度も日本的なものから唐のものへ名称を変更するなどの政策を推し進めた。
- Inspired by the Anshi War in Tang Dynasty, Nakamaro, (now EMI no Oshikatsu) who continued in power, planned to attack neighboring Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and forged ahead with such policies as to change the names of domestic systems from Japanese style to Chinese style.
- 文化財保護法では、無形文化財の中から重要無形文化財および「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の文化財」を指定および選択し、指定された重要無形文化財の保持者または保持団体を認定し、保護する制度を定めている。
- The Act on Protection of Cultural Properties stipulates a protection system in which among intangible cultural properties, important intangible cultural properties and 'intangible cultural properties requiring special measures such as the creation of records' are selected and holders or holder groups of the designated properties are recognized and protected.
- この制度復活の口実には、「二・二六事件への関与が疑われた予備役武官(事件への関与が疑われた荒木貞夫や真崎甚三郎が、事件後に予備役に編入されていた)を、軍部大臣に就かせない」ということが挙げられていた。
- The reason behind this system's revival was 'not to replace the suspected Yobieki military officers of the involvement in the Feburary 26th Incident (suspects for the incident's involvement, Sadao ARAKI and Jinzaburo MAZAKI, were then transferred to Yobieki after the incident) to the military minister.'
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正によって民俗文化財の登録制度が発足し、国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない有形民俗文化財のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なものを登録有形民俗文化財として登録することになった。
- When the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, a registration system for folk-cultural properties was introduced, enabling tangible folk-cultural properties that require special preservation and utilization among those not designated by the Government or the local public bodies as such to be registered as registered tangible cultural properties.
- 社会規範を規定する刑法的な律と社会制度を規定する行政法的な令が中心的な位置を占め、律令の不足を補う改正法としての格および律令と格の施行細則としての性格を持つ式が一つの法体系、即ち律令法典を構成していた。
- The Ritsuryo codes were organized as a legal system centered on 'ritsu,' a criminal code defining social standards, and 'ryo,' an administrative code defining the social system, with 'kyaku,' or amendments, for supplementing ritsu and ryo, and 'shiki' as provisions for enacting ritsu, ryo, and kyaku.
- 令原文が現存していないので、詳細は判明していないが、戸籍を6年に1回作成すること(六年一造)、50戸を1里とする地方制度、班田収授に関する規定など、律令制の骨格がこの令により形成されたと考えられている。
- Details of the ryo are unknown as the text no longer exists, but it is believed that the framework of the Ritsuryo system including the creation of family registers every six years (rokunen ichizo), the local government system grouping 50 households into units called ri, and the regulations of the rice field allotment system was formed in the ryo.
- そして高等教育機関進学や官吏登用では制度的に差別された上、日本人の間には台湾人に対する差別意識も存在しており、それを解消すべく戦時中には皇民化政策により日本人との同化が義務化されるなどの政策が行われた。
- Systematic discrimination existed in the admission to higher educational institutions or for governmental employment and Japanese had a sense of discrimination against Taiwanese, so the government conducted the kominka policy to oblige them to assimilate to Japanese during the war.
- そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
- Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件(儀式)付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民(商人)の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
- The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
- その一方で妃の存在は、外戚としての政治参加を期待する藤原氏のような貴族にとっては障害となる制度であり、実際に藤原基経の娘藤原穏子の醍醐天皇への入内が為子内親王が妃であることを理由に阻まれたと言われている。
- On the other hand, the presence of Hi was an obstacle to nobles like Fujiwara clan who were expecting to participate in politics as a maternal relative, and actually a daughter of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, FUJIWARA no Onshi was blocked to enter into the court because the Imperial Princess Ishi was Hi.
- しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
- However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
- 職員が、相当年限忠実に勤務して退職した場合、公務に基く負傷若しくは疾病に基き退職した場合又は公務に基き死亡した場合におけるその者又はその遺族に支給する年金に関する制度が、樹立し実施せられなければならない。
- There shall be established and administered a system that governs the pension issuable to officials or to their bereaved families when such officials have retired after having faithfully served for a reasonable number of years or as the result of injury or disease incurred in line of public duty or when they have died in line of public duty.
- 氏族単位での技能・学術の「世習」による継承は大和時代以前の日本の氏族において見られる現象であるが、律令制のもとではこうした方法を排除して公的機関である大学寮・典薬寮・陰陽寮において教育を行う制度を採用した。
- Handing down skills and learning by 'Seshu' (hereditary) within the clan was a phenomenon seen among Japanese clans before the Yamato period, but under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) these customs were abolished and the education system at public institutions such as Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), and Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) was adopted.
- 発展する経済活動と土地資本体制の行政官である武士を過剰に抱える各政府(各藩)との構造的な軋轢を内包しつつも、「泰平の世」を謳歌していた江戸時代も19世紀を迎えると、急速に制度疲労による硬直化が目立ち始める。
- The Edo period enjoyed a 'peaceful world,' although there was structural conflict between developing economic activities in a city and the land capital system in the domain economy which held an excessive number of samurai, executive officers of the land capital structure, but early in the 19th century the structual fatigue became apparent rapidly as organizational inflexibility.
- だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
- However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層(田堵という)へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
- However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
- 他方、当初人力車の製造と使用を許可された和泉たちは激増する車夫たちすべてから使用料を取ることができず、また当時の特許制度(「専売略規則」)の不備・使いにくさもあいまってほとんど利益を上げることができなかった。
- On the other hand, Izumi and the others, who had initially been authorized to build and use jinrikisha, had difficulty collecting the usage fees from all the drastically-increasing rickshaw men, which, coupled with the fact that the original patent system ('Summary Rules of Monopoly') was inadequate and hard to use, meant they were unable to make any profit.
- 670年(天智9)の古代の戸籍制度庚午(こうご)の年籍(こうごのねんじゃく)以後、すべての人民が戸籍に登録されるようになると、部称は個人の姓として残され、以後は代々父系によって継承されることになったのである。
- After the enforcement of Koko no Nenjaku, which was the ancient family registration system in 670, every citizen registered their name on the family register, and the name of the be was left as an individual's surname and afterwards it was succeeded for generations by the paternal line.
- 前近代の後宮制度の充実ぶりにも関わらず、中世以後に皇統断絶の危機が何度も生じたのはこうした事情がある)状態にあったが、世襲親王家が断絶した場合には天皇が実子を養子として送り込む事で子孫の安泰を図る事も行われた。
- This was the reason why there were many crisis of discontinuity of Imperial succession after the Medieval Period, even though the system of the Inner Palace in premodern time was well established.) there were even examples of an Emperor allowing his child to be adopted into the hereditary Imperial Family to secure the succession of descendants, if there was a crisis of the discontinuity of the family.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- ただし、その多くは明治維新が行政制度のみならず教育・産業・金融などを含めた総合的な改革であったという本質への理解には及ばず、形だけの改革や一面だけを捉えた「上からの改革」に終始したため、成功に至った例は少ない。
- However, most of the reforms in other Asian countries were not successful, because they didn't understand that the Meiji Restoration was a comprehensive reform including an administration system, an educational system, industry, and finance, so these reforms were just formal or 'top-down' reforms looking at just one aspect of the Meiji Restoration.
- 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)(1869年7月25日)、版籍奉還と同日に出された行政官布達(公卿諸侯ノ称ヲ廃シ華族ト改ム)54号により、従来の身分制度の公卿・諸侯の称を廃し、これらの家は華族となることが定められた。
- On July 25, 1869, together with Hanseki Hokan (the return of the lands and people to the emperor), the administration issued the promulgation No. 54 'About abolishing the titles of Ko (top ministers), Kei (top councilors and court officials over the fourth rank), and Shoko (lords), and changing the titles to Kazoku' which stipulated that the titles of Ko, Kei and Shoko in the former class system should be abolished, and they should be called 'kazoku.'
- このため、郵便制度の整備、鉄道の敷設、輸出産業の育成(一例が富岡製糸場)を行い(殖産興業)、徴兵制を実施した(戸主は徴兵を免除されたので、主に戸主以外の次三男層や貧農層の子弟が兵役を担った為、血税一揆が起きた)。
- In light of the above, the government put the postal service in place, constructed the railway system, developed export industries (with an example being Tomioka Seishi-jo (Tomioka Silk Mill)) (encouragement of new industry) and implemented conscription (which, since the household head was exempt from this legislation and the other sons of the family or male members of the poor peasant class were drafted into military service, caused the blood tax revolt (anti-conscription revolt)).
- 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
- The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
- 内容は(1)摂関制度(摂政・関白)の廃止(2)(慶喜の)将軍職辞職を勅許(3)江戸幕府の廃止(4)(新たに)総裁、議定、参与の三職をおくというもので、江戸幕府の廃絶と、天皇による新政府の成立を宣言するものであった。
- It was a declaration to abolish the Edo Shogunate and to establish a new Imperial government; more specifically, (1) abolishment of sekkan-seido (a system of regents and advisors), (2) imperial consent to Yoshinobu's resignation of Shogunate, (3) abolishment of the Edo Shogunate, and (4) appointment to the posts of three new offices, namely sosai (president), gijo (official post) and sanyo (councilor).
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、この法律の施行状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、振替機関に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を構ずるものとする。
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review systems pertaining to the book-entry transfer institution by taking into account the state of implementation of this Act, changes in socioeconomic situations and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall, when five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, review the systems pertaining to transfer agencies by taking into account the status of the implementation of this Act, changes to the social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, consider necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- When five years have passed after enforcement of this Act, the Government shall consider the enforcement status of this Act and changes of social and economic situations and examine systems relating to transfer institutions, and, if it finds necessary, shall take required measures based on the results.
- When five years have elapsed since the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, while taking into account the status of enforcement of this Act and changes in the socioeconomic circumstances, review the system concerning Transfer Agencies, and take any necessary measures based on the review results.
- 職員が公務に基き死亡し、又は負傷し、若しくは疾病にかかり、若しくはこれに起因して死亡した場合における、本人及びその直接扶養する者がこれによつて受ける損害に対し、これを補償する制度が樹立し実施せられなければならない。
- A system of compensating the official himself/herself and his/her immediate dependents for damage sustained by them due to the death, injury or disease of the official incurred in line of public duty or the death of the official resultant of injury or disease incurred in line of public duty shall be established and enforced.
- 江戸時代の人海戦術と社会制度による資源還元にまでは、至っていないが、「もったいない」や「里山・鎮守の森」のように、九十九神や妖怪は自然保護を含めたものとして、日本はもとより世界に発信されるべき観念や価値観ともいえる。
- Although the level of recycling of resources does not reach the level of the Edo period, when the bakufu encouraged recycling through human-wave tactics and the social system, Tsukumogami or apparitions are the notion or the sense of values of nature conservation which Japan should send to the world, as with 'mottainai' (wasteful) and 'satoyama/chinju no mori' (outskirts of country/sacred shrine forest).
- また1970年代の経済成長期には、戦前からの風致地区や美観地区などの制度にもかかわらず、1950年に制定された建築基準法により伝統工法が違法となり、バブル期には多くの建替えにより京町家による街並みが徐々に壊されていった。
- During the period of economic growth in the 1970s, the Building Standards Act of 1950 made the traditional methods of construction illegal despite the systems of fuchi-chiku (landscape area) and bikan-chiku (aesthetic area) established before World War II; and consequently, during the bubble years when many of the houses were rebuilt, the streetscape of Kyo-machiya or traditional Kyoto town houses were destroyed.
- 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
- During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.
- 酒造技能士(しゅぞうぎのうし)とは、国家資格である技能検定制度の一種で、都道府県知事(問題作成等は中央職業能力開発協会、試験の実施等は都道府県職業能力開発協会)が実施する、酒造に関する学科及び実技試験に合格した者をいう。
- Licensed brewer is someone who passed the written and practical tests about sake brewing which is a kind of skill assessment system of nationally-accredited qualification conducted by prefectural governors (the questions are made up by Japan Vocational Ability Development Association and the administrator is Prefectural Vocational Ability Development Association).
- 戸籍は、律令制の諸制度を実施するために必要な要素であり、最初の戸籍がこの時期に作成されているという事実は、班田収授制が大化の改新時に始まったのではなく、天智天皇以後に始まったことの反映であるとする見解が有力となっている。
- As the family register was an essential element for implementing various elements of the Ritsuryo system, the widely-accepted view is that the rice field allotment system was started after Emperor Tenji's reign and not at the time of the Taika Reform.
- 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名(うち文章得業生2名)、擬文章生20名(文章生の予備生)という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
- Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.
- 「延喜天暦の治」と賞せられる醍醐天皇(延喜の治)・村上天皇(天暦の治)の「善政」とされるものの多くは寛平の治の政策の延長上に過ぎず、従来延喜年間のこととされている奴婢制度廃止令も寛平年中に出された形跡があるとする説がある。
- Most of what was called 'good politics' in the era of Emperor Daigo (Engi no chi) and Emperor Murakami (Tenryaku no chi) and which were highly evaluated as 'Engi-Tenryaku-no-ch' were only extensions of the political measures taken in Kanpyo no chi, and one theory holds that there is evidence that the abolition of slavery was issued in the Kanpyo era, which is generally believed to have been issued in the Enkgi era.
- 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
- The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.
- 当初は田令の規定通り田租の一部が貢進されたが、田租を不動穀として備蓄する制度が始まると、国司による出納が許されていた動用倉正税の中から出挙が行われ、それによって得られた利息の一部を田租に替わって年料舂米にあてるようになった。
- Initially, part of Denso was donated as determined by the Denryo, but after the system for storing Denso as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency) started, Suiko (government loans, often seed rice) was taken from the Doyoso Shozei (movable resource) that was allowed to be taken out by the Kunishi, part of the interest earned from this was used instead of Denso to pay for Nenryoshomai.
- 現行の特定名称による区分は、アルコール度数による級別制度と異なり、その区分基準によってある一定の品質を保証していると捉えることができるが、任意の申請を行わない醸造酒がより下位の特定名称酒として流通することを妨げるものではない。
- In contrast to the classification system based on alcohol content, the current classification based on the specific class names can be regarded as a guarantee of a certain level of quality under its classification standard; however, it cannot prevent brews which are not processed for optional application from being distributed as lower grade of special designation sake.
- また、これまでの輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの海外品はむしろ国産化を推進すべきである、農民は米穀のみをつくり商品作物の栽培は禁ずるという伝統的な封建制度の政策はその限りにおいて緩和されるべきであると考えた。
- In addition, Arai considered to promote domestic production of traditionally imported goods like cloth, raw silk thread, sugar, buckskin, silk cloth, etc and loosen the policy created under the traditional feudal system, which banned peasants from producing commercial crops except for cultivating rice.
- 民族運動の要求を一部受容し、運動を分裂・弱体化させることで安定的支配を構築することを目指したが、政策の基本は内地延長主義、すなわち同化主義であり、朝鮮と日本内地の制度的差別を縮小し、現地の不満を減少させ同化をはかるものである。
- They aimed to establish stable governance by accepting part of the demands of the nationalist movement so as to disrupt and weaken the movement, but the basis of their policy was mainland expansionism, or assimilation, in order to achieve integration by narrowing the system gap between Korea and the Japanese mainland and reducing dissatisfaction in the area.
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- 古代、氏族としての帰属は父系を原則としていたのは事実としても、生活習慣は基本的に母系制であり、家の継承が常に父系的に行われていたとは考えられないのではないだろうか、ということである(その後の時代も婿養子という制度は残されている)。
- In ancient times, belonging to a clan was based on the father-line, but customs are based upon the mother-line, therefore it is suspicious that the succession of a household was always based on the father-line (In subsequent periods, there has been a system taking a son-in-law into the house).
- 八色の姓(やくさのかばね)とは、天武天皇が684年(天武13)に新たに制定した真人(まひと) 朝臣(あそみ・あそん) 宿禰(すくね) 忌寸(いみき)道師(みちのし) 臣(おみ) 連(むらじ) 稲置(いなぎ)の八つの姓の制度のこと。
- Yakusa no Kabane refers to the system of eight titles newly established by the Emperor Tenmu in 684; the eight titles were Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, and Inagi.
- この半済令の対象地は兵粮料所と呼ばれて当初は激戦地の8ヶ国に限定されていたが、南朝 (日本)側がこれに対抗して朝用分制度を導入したこともあって次第に広がりを見せて全国的な半済へと至り、兵粮料所は事実上守護領に編入されることとなった。
- The territory to which this Hanzeirei applied, or in other words the territory called hyoro-ryosho, was initially limited to the eight provinces involved in the fiercest fighting, but the Southen Court, to counter this move, introduced their own system of separating out a portion of rice for use by the court and its adherents, so that Hanzeirei gradually spread until it eventually covered the entire country, until the hyoro-ryosho were in actuality absorbed into the territories of each shugo.
- その一方で、摂関政治や検非違使、名田制など現行の律令制度から乖離した政治システムが形成されながら、新規の法体系を形成するだけの政治力を喪失しつつあったこの時代において、明法家がそれを律令的に合法に導く法的解釈を行う事も期待されていた。
- While government systems were created away from the existing ritsuryo system such as regency, Kebiishi and Myoden land control system, Myoho experts were expected to interpret those as legal systems in ritsuryo because the government was losing its power to create a new law system at that time.
- 内閣総理大臣は、職員の定年に関する事務の適正な運営を確保するため、各行政機関が行う当該事務の運営に関し必要な調整を行うほか、職員の定年に関する制度の実施に関する施策を調査研究し、その権限に属する事項について適切な方策を講ずるものとする。
- In order to ensure the proper administration of affairs concerning the mandatory retirement age of officials, the Prime Minister shall initiate coordination as may be required in regard to the administration of such affairs by various administrative organs, conduct research and study of measures concerning enforcement of the mandatory retirement age system for officials, and take appropriate measures for the matters within his/her jurisdiction.
- また後継者不足の問題も表面化してきており、その対策としてそば打ちの技術や作法を習得することを目的とした「豊平流そば打ち段位認定制度」を発足させ道の駅豊平どんぐり村で実施したり、新品種「とよむすめ」の栽培を展開するなど各種活動を行っている。
- At the same time, however, securing the future generation of soba makers has become a challenge and, as a measure to address the situation, the region has been taking various actions such as; implementing the 'Grade Certification System for Toyohira Soba Makers,' designed to teach the soba-making skills and manners, at Toyohira Donguri-mura Road Station and cultivating the new variety of buckwheat 'Toyomusume.'
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 周の時代には中国的な封建制度は活期を迎えたと考えられており、各地に邑を基盤とした血族共同体が広汎に現れ、周はこれらと実際に血縁関係をむすんだり、封建的な関係をむすぶことによって擬制的に血縁関係をつくりだし、支配下に置いたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Chinese Hoken system was at its peak in the Zhou period, and blood relative communities based on Mura (large village) broadly emerged in many places, and Zhou formed fictitious blood relations to control them by making actual blood relations or feudalistic relations with them.
- 刑罰について特別の斟酌(しんしゃく)をうける六議(ろくぎ)の制度のみならず、有位者がその位階に応じて罪の軽減をうけたり、また現実には、八虐(はちぎやく)・殺人などの重罪を犯さないかぎり一般の刑罰をうけることがなかったことは、その一例である。
- For instance, in addition to the rokugi (six considerations) system where special allowance was made for punishment, those with rank had their punishment reduced based upon their rank, or in reality, did not receive general punishment unless they committed crimes such as hachigyaku (the eight most abominable acts or omissions) or homicide.
- その後20年にわたり台湾総督は同化政策を推進し、具体的な政策としては地方自治を拡大するための総督府評議会の設置、日台共学制度及び共婚法の公布、笞刑の撤廃、日本語学習の整備などその同化を促進し、台湾人への差別を減少させるための政策を実現した。
- The Governor-General of Taiwan promoted the assimilation policy for the next twenty years, policy which included an establishment of an elected advisory committee to expand autonomy, the introduction of non-segregation to educational institutions, an issuance of the intermarriage act, a demolishment of flogging as criminal punishment, encouraging the study of the Japanese language in order to promote assimilation as well as to decrease discrimination of Taiwanese.
- その由来については淡路国に流された淡路廃帝大炊親王(淳仁天皇)のために同国の官物・庸調が廃帝の生活に充てられ、平城京に籠った平城上皇のために大和国の田租・地子イネが生活に充てられたもの、更にその後導入された親王任国を制度の嚆矢とする説もある。
- The theoris on the origin of the ingubunkokusei system describes: One that it started when kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) collected within Awaji Province were used to feed Imperial Prince Oi who had been deported to the province and called Awaji Haitei (deposed Emperor of Awaji); another theory argues that the system began when denso (a rice field tax) and rice collected within Yamato Province was used to feed Retired Emperor Heizei who had confined himself in Heijo-Kyo; a third theory states that the system was established along with shinno nintoku (provinces whose governing posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) system that was introduced later on.
- 1884年(明治17年)になり、明治天皇の高祖父にあたるという事で「慶光天皇」の諡号と「太上天皇」の尊号が贈られた(明治以後に「太上天皇」制度が廃止された関係で二重の手続を要した)、以後、閑院宮典仁親王ではなく、慶光天皇または慶光院と称される。
- In 1884, he was given the posthumous name of 'Emperor Kyoko' and the respected title of 'retired emperor,' being Emperor Meiji's great great grandfather, (The procedure to do this was a lot more complicated since the system of having a 'the retired emperor' was abolished after Meiji period) so, after that he was called Emperor Kyoko or Kyokoin, instead of Kaninnomiya Imperial Prince Sukehito.
- 専売制度の対象となったのは阿片、タバコ(参照台湾総督府専売局松山煙草工場)、樟脳、アルコール、塩及び度量衡であり、専売政策は総督府の歳入の増大以外に、これらの産業の過当競争を防ぎ、また対象品目の輸入規制を行うことで台湾内部での自給自足を実現した。
- The monopoly system applied to opium, tobacco (refer to the section of Songshan Tobacco Factory established by Taiwan Sotoku-fu Monopoly Bureau), camphor, alcohol, salt and weights and measurement, and the monopoly policy contributed to an increase of the revenue as well as the realization of self sufficiency in Taiwan by preventing excessive competition in the field of each item and controlling the imports of these items.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、この法律による改正後の規定の実施状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の金融諸制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- In the case where five years have elapsed after the enforcement of this Act, the government shall carry out a review of the financial systems revised by this Act, in consideration of the status of the implementation of the provisions revised by this Act and the changes in social and economic situations, and shall take any required measures based on the results, when the government deems it necessary.
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review financial systems after its revision by this Act by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- Where five years have passed since the enforcement of this Act, the government shall review financial systems after the revision by this Act by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in socioeconomic situations, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- The government shall, when five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, review the financial systems after the revision by this Act by taking into account the status of the implementation of the provisions after the revision by this Act, changes to the social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- When five years have elapsed since the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, while taking into account the status of implementation of respective provisions revised by this Act and changes in the socioeconomic circumstances, review relevant financial systems revised by this Act, and take measures as required based on the review results where it finds it necessary.
- When five years have passed since the enforcement of this Act, the government shall review various financial systems after the revision by this Act, taking into account the state of the enforcement of the provisions revised by this Act and changes in socioeconomic situations, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of review.
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review financial systems after the revision by this Act by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- When five years have elapsed since the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, while taking into account the status of implementation of respective provisions revised by this Act and changes in the socioeconomic circumstances, review the relevant financial systems revised by this Act and take any necessary measures based on the review results.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、この法律による改正後の規定の実施状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の金融諸制度について検討を行い、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review financial systems after its revision by this Act by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall, when five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, review the financial systems after the revision by this Act by taking into account the status of the implementation of the provisions after the revision by this Act, changes to social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review financial systems after the revision by this Act by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- 政治的な重要事件に関する記述は役目の地位の問題から多くはないが、その代わり江戸時代の宮中儀式のあり方や日常の宮廷の状況、地下官人制度についての記録は詳細であり、公卿の日記・記録類では多くを見ることが出来ない事務方の動向について知ることが可能である。
- Because of the official status of the Hirata family, the records contain few descriptions about important political events; instead, they contain details of the Imperial Court ceremonies, daily life in the imperial court, and the lower ranking official system during the Edo period, providing movements of the secretaries which cannot be seen in the court nobles' diaries and records.
- 成功(じょうごう)とは、朝廷の公事・行事及び殿舎の営繕、寺社の堂塔修造費用など本来、朝廷の公費で負担すべきところを、任官希望者を募り任料を納めさせるか、または自己負担でそれぞれの事業の功を成らせて、見返りに官職に叙任するという売官制度の一種である。
- Jogo was a system by which those aspiring to a government post would either pay directly to gain an appointment, or pay for expenses that would otherwise have had to be paid from the coffers of the Imperial Court, such as those incurred in carrying out public functions or events for the Imperial Court, building or repairing the palace, or repairing the buildings and pagodas of shrines and temples.
- だが、16世紀末から17世紀初めにかけて起きた壬辰倭乱・丁酉倭乱・丁卯胡乱・丙子胡乱の4つの戦乱によって職田制が崩壊し、17世紀後半には免税特権を国家から与えられた宮荘や屯庄が設置されるとともに土地売買の制約が一層緩くなり、荘園制度は最盛期を迎えた。
- However, by the four wars of Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), the Japanese Invasion in 1597, the First Manchu invasion of Korea and the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, the 'office land' (chikchon) system collapsed and during the late seventeenth century, kyuso or tonsho which were given the privilege of tax exemption from the nation were set up and the constraints on the purchase and sale of land were increasingly loosened and the shoen system culminated.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後においても、新保険業法の規定による保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度の実施状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等にかんがみ必要があると認めるときは、保険業に対する信頼性の維持を図るために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- Even after the enforcement of this Act, the government shall take the necessary measures for maintaining the credibility of the insurance business when the government deems it necessary in consideration of the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures for protecting insurance policyholders and the soundness of the management of the insurance business pursuant to the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act.
- When the government finds it necessary by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. under the provisions of the New Insurance Services Act, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies, and other relevant factors, it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of Insurance Services even after this Act comes into effect.
- Subsequent to the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures to maintain the credibility of the insurance industry, taking into consideration the status of implementation of the system pertaining to special measures, etc. for the protection of policyholders, etc. under the Current Insurance Business Act and the condition of soundness in management of Insurance companies, among other factors.
- When the government finds it necessary, even after the enforcement of this Act, by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act, the state of soundness of management of insurance corporations, etc., it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of insurance business.
- When the government finds it necessary, even after the enforcement of this Act, by taking into consideration the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the Insurance Business Act, the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of the insurance business.
- When the government finds it necessary by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. under the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies, and other relevant factors, it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of Insurance Business even after this Act comes into effect.
- 1881年(明治14年)10月、急進的な議会制度の早急な 実施を求めていた肥前の大隈重信が、明治14年の政変によって明治政府を離脱せざるを得ない事態となり、板垣同様、明治政府の外から明治政府にイギリス的な憲法と議会政治を求める運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1881, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, who requested the enactment of a radical parliamentary system, had to resign from the Meiji Government because of the political change which happened in the same year, and like Itagaki, he initiated a campaign to seek a constitution and a parliamentary government like those of Great Britain from outside of the Meiji Government.
- 共同実施 (JI Joint Implementation) とは、投資先進国(出資をする国)がホスト先進国(事業を実施する国)で温室効果ガス排出量を削減し、そこで得られた削減量 (ERU Emission Reduction Unit) を取引する制度。
- Joint Implementation (JI) refers to a system in which an advanced country of investment (a country which invests) reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emissions in a host advanced country of investment (a country where the activities are carried out); and the reduction of emissions achieved there (ERU: Emission Reduction Unit) is traded among these advanced countries.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年以内に、この法律による改正後の規定の実施状況、商品先物市場を取り巻く社会経済状況の変化等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の商品取引所制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- The government shall carry out a review of the Commodity Exchange system revised by this Act within five years after the enforcement of this Act, in consideration of the status of the implementation of the provisions revised by this Act and the changes in social and economic situations surrounding the commodity futures markets, and shall take the required measures based on the results, when the government deems it necessary.
- これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
- It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
- 現在では、級別制度のあったころに比べて消費者が自分で商品情報を見極めて選択できるように、原料米名、産地名など、国税庁による日本酒国税庁の清酒の製法品質表示基準による任意記載事項を初めとして、精米歩合、仕込み方、瓶詰めの仕方など多様な情報がラベルに表示されている。
- As compared with the time when the old classification system was still effective, the optional entries such as brand name of the rice and area of production based on the standard that regulates the method of manufacturing and quality labeling of refined sake issued by the National Tax Administration Agency, as well as various information on the rice-polishing ratio, preparation method, and bottling method, are nowadays listed on the label in order for consumers to evaluate the product information and select their product on their own.
- この法律は、商法(明治三十二年法律第四十八号)、会社法(平成十七年法律第八十六号)その他の法律の規定により登記すべき事項を公示するための登記に関する制度について定めることにより、商号、会社等に係る信用の維持を図り、かつ、取引の安全と円滑に資することを目的とする。
- The purpose of this Act is to maintain the credibility of trade names, companies, etc. by establishing a registration system so as to notify the public of the matters to be registered pursuant to the provisions of the Commercial Code (Act No. 48 of 1899), the Companies Act (Act No. 86 of 2005) or any other Act, as well as to contribute to the safe and smooth conduct of transactions.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、この法律による改正後の規定の実施状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の株式等の取引に係る決済制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- In the case where five years have elapsed after the enforcement of this Act, the government shall carry out a review of the settlement system pertaining to transactions of shares, etc. revised by this Act, in consideration of the status of implementation of the provisions revised by this Act and the changes in social and economic situations, and shall take required measures based on the results, when the government deems it necessary.
- When five years have passed since this Act has come into effect, the government shall review the settlement system for transactions of Shares, etc. after its revision by this Act by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take the necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall, when five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, review the settlement system pertaining to transactions of shares, etc. after the revision by this Act by taking into account the status of the implementation of the provisions after the revision by this Act, changes to the social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- When five years have elapsed since the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, while taking into account the status of implementation of respective provisions revised by this Act and changes in the socioeconomic circumstances, review the settlement systems pertaining to stock trading, etc. as revised by this Act, and take measures as required based on the review results where it finds it necessary.
- After five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, the government shall review the settlement system for trade of stocks, etc. revised by this Act and if the government deems that necessary measures shall be taken as a result of such review, while taking into account the progress in implementation of the revised provisions pursuant to this Act and changes, etc. in socioeconomic circumstances, the government shall take necessary measures based upon the results of the review.
- これは、日本古来の民族信仰の基盤の上に、自然風土の中で培われた年中行事や、祭礼などを通じて、多くの日本人が七五三や初詣、あるいは季節の祭りを神社で行い、江戸時代の寺請制度の影響で、葬式や盆などを仏教式で行うなど、複数の宗教にまたがって儀礼に参加しているためである。
- This is because many Japanese people engage in rituals of multiple religions, holding the seven-five-three festival and other seasonal festivals at shrines and visiting shrines at the beginning of the New Year based on annual events and rituals developed in the natural climate from ancient ethnic religions of Japan, and by the influence of the temple guarantee system in the Edo period, holding funerals and bon festivals (a festival of the dead or Buddhist all soul's day) with Buddhist rites.
- 台湾人の就学率は当初緩慢な増加であったが、義務教育制度が施行されると急速に上昇、1944年の台湾では国民学校が944校設置され、就学児童数は876,000人(女子を含む)、台湾人児童の就学率は71.17%、日本人児童では90%を越える世界でも高い就学率を実現した。
- Though the initial enrollment rate for Taiwanese children was slow to increase, it showed a sharp increase with the implementation of the compulsory education system; In 1944, there were 944 elementary schools in Taiwan with 876,000 children (including girls) enrolled and the enrollment rates of Taiwanese children and the Japanese children in Taiwan were 71.17% and 90% respectively, which figures indicated the high enrollment rate in the world.
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末期には京都での天皇や公家の窮乏は著しく、烏帽子を逆さまにして物乞いをしたり、共同浴場に出向いたりする公家も生じるようになったが、有力戦国大名や織田信長政権が天皇・公家を政治的・経済的に意識的に保護したことによってその後まで制度として継続することになる。
- At the end of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the destitution of the Emperor and Kuge in Kyoto was remarkable, like some Kuge begged by putting his formal headwear for court nobles upside down and some Kuge going to public bathhouse, but it was continued as a system because of the intentional protections of the Emperor and Kuge in both political and economical ways made by powerful Sengoku-daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the government by Nobunaga ODA.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- この指定制度が発足した背景には、平凡な人々のあいだに繰り返されてきた伝承文化が保護の対象になる、という考え方が定着したことにもよるが、昨今の社会の急激な変貌により、営々として長期にわたって継承されてきた「民間伝承」が、今絶滅の危機に瀕しているという問題意識によるところも大きい。
- This designation system was introduced in part because of the increasing belief that traditional culture passed down from generation to generation by ordinary people is to be protected, but mostly due to awareness that well-established 'folk traditions' with a long history have been put in danger of disappearing by drastic changes in society in recent years.
- 政府は、前項に定めるものを除くほか、この法律の施行後五年以内に、この法律による改正後の規定の実施状況、金融システムを取り巻く社会経済状況の変化等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の金融諸制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- In addition to what is provided for in the preceding paragraph, the government shall carry out a review of the financial systems revised by this Act within five years after the enforcement of this Act, in consideration of the status of the implementation of the provisions revised by this Act and the changes in social and economic situations surrounding the financial systems, and shall take the required measures based on the results, when the government deems it necessary.
- In addition to what is provided for in the preceding paragraph, the government shall review financial systems after their revision by this Act, within five years after this Act comes into effect, by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions surrounding financial systems and other relevant factors, and shall, if it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- In addition to what is provided in the preceding paragraph, the government shall, within five years from the enforcement of this Act, review the financial systems revised by this Act, taking into consideration the status of implementation of the provisions revised by this Act and changing socioeconomic conditions surrounding the financial sector, among other factors, and when it finds it necessary, take required measures based on its findings.
- In addition to what is prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the government shall review financial systems after the revision by this Act, within five years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the state of implementation of provisions revised by this Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions surrounding financial systems, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- In addition to what is provided for in the preceding paragraph, the government shall review the financial systems after the revision by this Act, within five years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of the implementation of the provisions revised by this Act, changes to the social and economic conditions surrounding the financial systems, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- これは後の鎌倉幕府による本格的な武家政権支配と比較すると、御家人制度のように確立されたものでもなく未熟なものだったといえるが、武士を通じた支配ネットワークを構築したことは従前の貴族政権には見られない画期的なものとされ、ゆえに学界では発現期の武家政権であるとする評価が主流となっている。
- Later, compared to the more established samurai government control by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was an undeveloped system without an established lower-ranking vassal system, but was nonetheless significant because it built a control network through bushi that was not seen in previous aristocratic governments, and therefore in the academic field it is largely considered as a beginning form of samurai government.
- この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
- The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道(文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」)が盛んになると、文章博士(大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官)が「策文」を出して文章得業生(もんじょうとくごうしょう)に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
- This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'
- ところが、1793年にインドの植民地化を進めるイギリスは北インドにおいてザミンダーリー制を導入して領主・地主を土地の近代的な土地所有権者と認める一方で、従来現地住民が持っていた土地所有権・耕作権を強制的に剥奪して領主・地主の小作人として所属させ、領主・地主を通じて恒久的に現金を徴税する制度であった。
- However in 1793, the United Kingdom, which tried to colonize India, introduced the Zamindari system in the north of India, admitted the lords and landowners as those who had a modern landownership, but forcibly deprived the traditional local people of landownership and the right to cultivate and made them tenant farmers who belonged to the lords and landowners and systematically collected tax as cash money through the lords and landowners permanently.
- 明治31年(1898年)には、第一次大隈重信内閣の文部大臣尾崎行雄が、ある教育会の席上で藩閥勢力の拝金主義を攻撃した演説に「日本で共和制が実施されれば、三井・三菱は大統領となるだろう」とあったため問題となり、皇室制度の下にあって共和制を想定することは不敬にあたるとして辞任に追い込まれた(共和演説事件)。
- In 1898, Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education in the first Okuma Shigenobu Cabinet, made a speech in an educational meeting, attacking the greed of the domain clique by saying 'If a republic is established in Japan, Mitsui and Mitsubishi would be the president.' and this became a problem, because making an assumption of a republic under the system of Imperial Household was disrespectful, and he was forced into resignation (Kyowaenzetsu Jiken, or republic speech incident).
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年以内に、再保険を保険会社に付して行う業務その他の少額短期保険業者の業務の状況、保険会社が引き受ける保険の多様化の状況、経済社会情勢の変化等を勘案し、この法律に規定する保険業に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- Within five years after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review the systems for Insurance Services provided for in this Act by taking into account the state of the services of Low-Cost, Short-Term Insurance Providers including the services that they engage in by obtaining reinsurance from Insurance Companies, the state of diversification of insurance that is underwritten by Insurance Companies, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take the necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall review the systems pertaining to the insurance business prescribed in this Act, within five years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of operations conducted by entrusting reinsurance to an insurance company, and any other operations of small-sum, short term insurance business operators, the status of the diversity of insurance underwritten by insurance companies, changes to social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- ただし、公家社会において政所及びこれを構成する家司の制度が解体された中世後期に入ると、公家の家臣層も諸大夫と青侍を中心とする家僕に再編成されることになるが、諸大夫を持てない中下層公家では青侍のみで家僕が構成されて公家家政を運営するようになり、青侍と家僕が同義語として扱われる場合もあった(『教言卿記』など)。
- In the late Medieval period, with the mandokoro (Administrative Office) and Ie no tsukasa (house steward) system that constituted mandokoro being broken up by the court, those of the court nobles at the level of vassals were to be reassigned to retainers, mainly including shodaibu and Aozamurai; however, the court nobles at the lower and middle levels who could not have vassals at shodaibu rank had only Aozamurai constituting their vassals and managing their households, whereas Aozamurai and vassals were treated as synonyms in some cases (according to 'Noritoki Kyo ki' [The Diary of Noritoki YAMASHINA]).
- クリーン開発メカニズム (CDM Clean Development Mechanism) とは、先進国が開発途上国に技術・資金等の支援を行い温室効果ガス排出量を削減、または吸収量を増幅する事業を実施した結果、削減できた排出量の一定量を先進国の温室効果ガス排出量の削減分の一部に充当することができる制度である。
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism in which developed countries support developing countries in fields such as technology and finance so as to reduce the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases and/or carry out activities to increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorption; and a certain amount of the consequently reduced emissions can be used partly as an amount of emissions of greenhouse gases in the developed countries.
- 当行は送金実行のために、日本および海外の関係各国の法令・制度・勧告・習慣、関係銀行所定の手続、または外国送金に用いられる伝達手段における要件等に従って、次の各号の情報のいずれか、または全てを支払指図に記載して関係銀行に伝達します。また、関係銀行からの求めに応じて、送金実行のために、情報を伝達する場合があります。
- When the applicant requests a remittance, the Bank will transmit all or some of the items below to the Banks Concerned in the remittance with the information on our payment orders, in compliance with Japanese and foreign laws, regulations, recommendations, customs, practices, or designated procedures of the Banks Concerned, as well as the requirements of the transmission method to be used for the remittance.
- そのために試験も次第に形式的なものとなり、天元 (日本)2年(979年)に方略試を受けた大江匡衡は、事前に出題博士であった菅原文時から問題の出題箇所の通告を受けた(『江談抄』)とされ、更には11世紀に入ると十上制(一定回数試験を受けても合格できなかった者に対して特別に合格を認める制度)さえ導入されるようになっていった。
- Following this, the examination gradually became superficial: it is said ('Godansho' (an ancient journal)) that OE no Masahira, who took the horyakushi exam in 979, had been informed what would be on the exam from his examiner, SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, while in the 11th century, even the jujo system (a system in which those who could not pass the exam after taking it a certain number of times would be granted special acceptance) was introduced.
- 1896年に施行された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治29年法律第63号(六三法)及び1906年に公布された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治39年法律第31号(三一法)或いは1921年の台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律大正10年法律第3号(法三号)により台湾に委任立法制度が施行され、総督府はその中央機関と位置づけられた。
- The law relating to laws and ordinances to be enforced in Taiwan (Law No. 63) enacted in 1896, the amended law (Law No. 31) in 1906 and the third amended law (Law No. 3) in 1921, enforced delegated legislation in Taiwan, and the Sotoku-fu was positioned as the central authority.
- 担保物権及び民事執行制度の改善のための民法等の一部を改正する法律(平成十五年法律第百三十四号)附則第七条に規定する敷金については、なお従前の例による。この場合において、同条中「第二条の規定による改正後の不動産登記法第百三十二条第一項」とあるのは、「不動産登記法(平成十六年法律第百二十三号)第八十一条第四号」と読み替えるものとする。
- With regard to the security deposit prescribed in Article 7 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act for Partial Revision to the Civil Code, etc. for Improving the Security Interest and Civil Execution System (Act No. 134 of 2003), the provisions then in force shall remain applicable. In this case, the phrase 'Article 132, paragraph (1) of the Real Property Registration Act revised under the provision of Article 2' in said Article shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 81, item (iv) of the Real Property Registration Act (Act No. 123 of 2004).'
- 4代・6代~9代の天皇の名は明らかに和風諡号と考えられるが、記紀のより確実な史料による限り、和風諡号の制度ができたのは6世紀半ばごろであるし、神武・綏靖のように、伝えられる名が実名であるとすると、それに「神」がつくのも考え難く、やはり神話的ないし和風諡号的なものであるので、これらの天皇は後世になって皇統に列せられたものと推定できる。
- The names of the fourth and sixth to ninth generations of emperors are obviously Japanese-style posthumous names, but according to reliable descriptions in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihon Shoki,' Japanese-style posthumous names came to be used around the mid-sixth century; and although names like Jinmu and Suizei may sound like names of emperors used when they were alive, names that contain characters representing god (as in Jinmu) is unlikely to have been used as names of living persons, which leads us to believe that these were names for legendary characters or something similar to posthumous names and that, therefore, these emperors were added to the imperial lineage later in history.
- 政府は、 この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、新証券取引法及び新金融先物取引法の施行状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、新証券取引法第二条第十六項 に規定する証券取引所及び新金融先物取引法第二条第六項に規定する金融先物取引所に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- In the case where five years have elapsed after the enforcement of this Act, the government shall carry out a review of the systems pertaining to securities exchanges prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (16) of the New Securities Exchange Act and financial futures exchanges prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (6) of the New Financial Futures Transactions Act, in consideration of the status of implementation of the New Securities Exchange Act and the New Financial Futures Transactions Act and the changes in social and economic situations, and shall take any required measures based on the results, when the government deems it necessary.
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review systems pertaining to securities exchanges as defined in Article 2, paragraph (16) of the New Securities and Exchange Act and financial futures exchanges as defined in Article 2, paragraph (6) of the New Financial Futures Trading Act by taking into account the state of implementation of the New Securities and Exchange Act and the New Financial Futures Trading Act, changes in socioeconomic situations and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall, when five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, review the systems pertaining to the securities exchanges prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (16) of the New Securities and Exchange Act and the financial futures exchanges prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (6) of the New Financial Futures Trading Act by taking into account the status of the implementation of the New Securities and Exchange Act and the New Financial Futures Trading Act, changes to the social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- この法律は、内外の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、民間の団体が自発的に行う公益を目的とする事業の実施が公益の増進のために重要となっていることにかんがみ、当該事業を適正に実施し得る公益法人を認定する制度を設けるとともに、公益法人による当該事業の適正な実施を確保するための措置等を定め、もって公益の増進及び活力ある社会の実現に資することを目的とする。
- The purpose of this Act is, in view of the fact that the implementation of business voluntarily conducted by organizations in the private sector for public interest purposes has become important for the promotion of the public interest as a result of changes in social and economic situations in and out of the country, to establish a system for authorizing public interest corporations that are capable of implementing such business in a suitable manner, to prescribe measures to ensure suitable implementation of such business conducted by the public interest corporations and thereby to contribute to the promotion of the public interest and the realization of a vibrant society.
- だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう(宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる)ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
- However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).
- 価額決定日において当該有価証券が公開買付け等(金融商品取引法第二十七条の二第六項(同法第二十七条の二十二の二第二項において準用する場合を含む。)に規定する公開買付け及びこれに相当する外国の法令に基づく制度をいう。以下この号及び第六十条の二において同じ。)の対象であるときは、当該価額決定日における当該公開買付け等に係る契約における当該有価証券の価格
- when said Securities are subject to Tender Offer, etc. (which means the Tender Offer prescribed in Article 27-2, paragraph (6) of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (including cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 27-22-2, paragraph (2) of the same Act) and any equivalent system based on laws and regulations in a foreign state; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item and Article 60-2) as on the Value Determination Day, the price of said Securities at the time of drawing up a contract pertaining to said Tender Offer, etc. as on said Value Determination Day.
- 第二次世界大戦の終戦後、連合国(UN)の間では、軍国主義の一因として天皇を処罰し、天皇制を廃止すべきだという意見が強かったが、日本政府がその維持を強く唱えたこともあり、ダグラス・マッカーサー元帥、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部 (GHQ/SCAP) は、日本の占領行政を円滑に進めるため、また共産主義に対する防波堤としても皇室制度は存続させるべきだという方向性を取った。
- After the end of the World War II, between the countries of the UN, the opinion to punish the Emperor for militarism and abolish Tennosei was strong, but because the Japanese government strongly advocated the preservation of the Emperor, General Douglas MACARTHUR and the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP), to smoothly advance the administration of occupation and as a bulwark against communism, took the direction that the Imperial Household system should be preserved.
- こ の法律は、企業内容等の開示の制度を整備するとともに、金融商品取引業を行う者に関し必要な事項を定め、金融商品取引所の適切な運営を確保すること等によ り、有価証券の発行及び金融商品等の取引等を公正にし、有価証券の流通を円滑にするほか、資本市場の機能の十全な発揮による金融商品等の公正な価格形成等 を図り、もつて国民経済の健全な発展及び投資者の保護に資することを目的とする。
- The purpose of this Act is, inter alia, by developing systems for disclosure of corporate affairs and other related matters, providing for necessary matters relating to persons who engage in Financial Instruments Business and securing appropriate operation of Financial Instruments Exchanges, to ensure fairness in, inter alia, issuance of the Securities and transactions of Financial Instruments, etc. and to facilitate the smooth distribution of Securities, as well as to aim at fair price formation of Financial Instruments, etc. through the full utilization of functions of the capital market, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy and protection of investors.
- 本来この制度は、排出量の削減による取引上の利益により、さらなる削減意欲を生じさせることを意図したものであるが、逆に排出枠の設定方法によっては過去の排出量が既得権益のようになってしまったり、炭素クレジットの市場価格が化石燃料から再生可能エネルギーへの切り替えや省エネルギー等による排出量の削減にかかる費用よりも割安になってしまった場合に、本来必要な努力を減じさせるおそれもあると指摘されている。
- Originally this system was intended to arouse a further intention of emissions reduction promoted by the benefits of trading through the reduction of emissions, but conversely, it is pointed out that the system can lessen essentially needed efforts to reduce the emissions in the following cases: the amount of emissions of the past becomes vested interest or the like depending on a way of assigning the emissions allowances; if the market price of carbon credit becomes lower than the cost of exchange from fossil fuel to renewable energy or of emissions reduction by using energy-saving material.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年以内に、新資産流動化法、新投信法及び第八条の規定による改正後の宅地建物取引業法(以下この条において「新宅地建物取引業法」という。)の施行状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、新資産流動化法及び新投信法の規定並びに新宅地建物取引業法第五十条の二第二項に規定する認可宅地建物取引業者に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- Within five years after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review systems pertaining to the provisions of the New Act on Securitization of Assets and the New Investment Trust Act and authorized building lots and buildings transaction business operators as defined in Article 50-2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Act on Building Lot and Building Transaction Services after its revision by Article 8 (hereinafter referred to as 'New Act on Building Lot and Building Transaction Services' in this Article) by taking into account the state of implementation of the New Act on Securitization of Assets, New Investment Trust Act, and New Act on Building Lot and Building Transaction Services, changes in socioeconomic situations and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall review the provisions of the New Asset Liquidation Act and the New Investment Trust Act and the systems pertaining to approved real estate transaction operators prescribed in Article 50-2, paragraph (2) of the Building Lots and Buildings Transaction Business Act after the revision by the provisions of Article 8 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Building Lots and Buildings Transaction Business Act' in this Article), within five years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of the implementation of the New Asset Liquidation Act, the New Investment Trust Act, and the New Building Lots and Buildings Transaction Business Act, changes to the social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後三年以内に、生命保険契約者保護機構に対する政府の補助及び生命保険契約者保護機構による資金援助等の保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度等の実施状況、生命保険契約者保護機構の財務の状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等を勘案し、生命保険契約者保護機構の資金援助等に要する費用に係る負担の在り方、政府の補助に係る規定の継続の必要性等について検討を行い、適切な見直しを行うものとする。
- Within three years after this Act comes into effect, the government shall examine the most desirable way for bearing costs required for financial assistance or other assistance provided by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, whether or not it is necessary for governmental assistance to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation based on the legal provisions to be continued and other relevant factors by taking into account the state of implementation of systems, etc. pertaining to special measures for the protection of insurance policy holders, etc. including governmental assistance provided to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation and financial assistance or other assistance provided by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, the financial status of the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies and other relevant factors, and make the appropriate revisions.
- The government shall review how the expenses required for fund assistance, etc. by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan should be burdened, the need for the continuance of the provisions on government assistance, etc., within three years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of the implementation of the systems, etc. pertaining to the special measures, etc. for the protection of policyholders, etc. such as government assistance to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan and fund assistance, etc. by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan, the financial status of the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan, the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., and shall make appropriate revisions.
- 政府は、 この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において新社債等振替法、新証券取引法及び新金融先物取引法の施行状況、社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、新社債等振替 法第二条第十一項に規定する加入者保護信託、新証券取引法第二条第三十一項に規定する証券取引清算機関及び新金融先物取引法第二条第十五項に規定する金融 先物清算機関に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review systems pertaining to subscribers protection trust as defined in Article 2, paragraph (11) of the New Act on Transfer of Corporate Bonds, etc., securities clearing organizations as defined in Article 2, paragraph (31) of the New Securities and Exchange Act and financial futures clearing organizations as defined in Article 2, paragraph (15) of the New Financial Futures Trading Act by taking into account the state of implementation of the New Act on Transfer of Corporate Bonds, etc., the New Securities and Exchange Act and the New Financial Futures Trading Act, changes in the socioeconomic conditions and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- The government shall, when five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, review the systems pertaining to protective trusts prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (11) of the New Act concerning Book-entry Transfer of Company Bonds and Other Securities, etc., clearing agencies for securities transactions prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (31) of the New Securities and Exchange Act, and clearing agencies for financial futures prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (15) of the New Financial Futures Trading Act by taking into account the status of the implementation of the New Act concerning Book-entry Transfer of Company Bonds and Other Securities, etc., the New Securities and Exchange Act, and the New Financial Futures Trading Act, changes to the social and economic conditions, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the results of the review.
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.
- 政府は、 この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、新銀行法、新長期信用銀行法及び新保険業法の施行状況、銀行業及び保険業を取り巻く社会経済情勢の変化等を 勘案し、新銀行法第二条第十項に規定する銀行主要株主、新長期信用銀行法第十六条の二の二第五項に規定する長期信用銀行主要株主及び新保険業法第二条第十 四項に規定する保険主要株主に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- When five years have passed since after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review systems pertaining to Banks' Major Shareholders as defined in Article 2, paragraph (10) of the New Banking Act, major shareholder of Long-Term Credit Bank as defined in Article 16-2-2, paragraph (5) of the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act and major shareholder of Insurance Company as defined in Article 2, paragraph (14) of the New Insurance Services Act by taking into account the state of implementation of the New Banking Act, the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act and the New Insurance Services Act, changes in socioeconomic situations and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- 政府は、この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、第一条の規定による改正後の銀行法(以下「新銀行法」という。)、第二条の規定による改正後の長期信用銀行法(以下「新長期信用銀行法」という。)及び第四条の規定による改正後の保険業法(以下「新保険業法」という。)の施行状況、銀行業及び保険業を取り巻く社会経済情勢の変化等を勘案し、新銀行法第二条第十三項に規定する銀行持株会社、新長期信用銀行法第十六条の四第一項に規定する長期信用銀行持株会社及び新保険業法第二条第十六項に規定する保険持株会社に係る制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- When five years have passed after this Act comes into effect, the government shall review the systems pertaining to Bank Holding Companies as defined in Article 2, paragraph (13) of the Banking Act after its revision by the provisions of Article 1 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Banking Act'), Long-Term Credit Bank Holding Companies as defined in Article 16-4, paragraph (1) of the Long-Term Credit Bank Act after its revision by the provisions of Article 2 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Long-Term Credit Bank Act') and insurance holding companies as defined in Article 2, paragraph (16) of the Insurance Services Act after its revision by the provisions of Article 4 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Insurance Services Act') by taking into account the state of implementation of the New Banking Act, the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act and the New Insurance Services Act, changes in socioeconomic conditions surrounding Banking and Insurance Services, and other relevant factors, and shall, when it finds it necessary, take the necessary measures based on the findings of the review.
- この法律は、内外の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、法による紛争の解決が一層重要になることにかんがみ、裁判その他の法による紛争の解決のための制度の利用をより容易にするとともに弁護士及び弁護士法人並びに司法書士その他の隣接法律専門職者(弁護士及び弁護士法人以外の者であって、法律により他人の法律事務を取り扱うことを業とすることができる者をいう。以下同じ。)のサービスをより身近に受けられるようにするための総合的な支援(以下「総合法律支援」という。)の実施及び体制の整備に関し、その基本理念、国等の責務その他の基本となる事項を定めるとともに、その中核となる日本司法支援センターの組織及び運営について定め、もってより自由かつ公正な社会の形成に資することを目的とする。
- Owing to the changes in the social and economic situation at home and abroad, the settlement of disputes based on laws has become increasingly more important. Bearing such in mind, the purpose of this Act shall be to contribute to the formation of a freer and fairer society by providing not only the basic principles, the responsibilities of the national and local government and other basic matters, but also the organization and operation of the Japan Legal Support Center which is the core body of comprehensive support (hereinafter referred to as 'comprehensive legal support'), with respect to the implementation and the establishment of systems of comprehensive legal support to further facilitate the use of judicial decisions and other systems for the settlement of disputes based on laws, and to make it easier to receive support from attorneys at law and legal professional corporations, as well as judicial scriveners and other related legal experts and specialists (parties or persons who are not attorneys at law or legal professional corporations but who are authorized to engage in the practice of handling other persons' legal affairs based on laws; the same shall apply hereinafter).