制: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 上演規制
- Restriction on staging
- 制作環境
- Production Environment
- 制度の導入
- Introduction of the system
- 皇太子制説
- The crown prince system theory
- 元請制作後
- After Prime Production
- 体制確立後
- After Establishment
- 輸出規制問題
- Problem of export regulations
- 爵位制度以前
- Before the peerage system was established
- 日本酒級別制度
- Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act
- 律令制での称号
- Title under the political system based on the ritsuryo codes (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian periods)
- 行政による規制
- Regulation by the Administration
- 新作能の制作者
- Producers of Shinsaku-Noh
- 条例による規制
- Regulations by ordinance
- 爵位制度の検討
- Investigation of a joshaku system
- 華族制度の整備
- The establishment of the kazoku system
- 華族制度の廃止
- Abolishment of the kazoku system
- 強制労働の実態
- Actual situations of forced labor
- 中大兄皇子の称制
- Prince Naka no Oe's Shosei
- 能楽師養成の制度
- The system to nurture the Noh actors
- 華族制度への批判
- Criticisms of the kazoku system
- 紀元節の制定まで
- Before the Establishment of National Foundation Day
- 菟野讃良皇后の称制
- Uno no Sarara no Himemiko's Shosei
- 憲法制定に至るまで
- Background of establishment of the constitution
- 同期的間欠的強制呼吸
- synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation
- SIMV
- 有形文化財の保護制度
- Protection system of the tangible cultural properties
- 律令制のもとでの詔書
- The imperial rescript under a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes.
- 4月1日、町制施行。
- April 1: The chosei (grant of township) was implemented.
- 三催体制の成立と解体
- Establishment and the end of the three major office system
- 皇太子制説 - 森田悌
- The crown prince succession system theory - by Tei MORITA
- 天津条約、内閣制度発足
- The Treaty of Tianjin was signed and cabinet government was inaugurated
- 二段階指定制度採用の背景
- Background of adoption of two-stage designation system
- 登録制度創設、拡充の背景
- The establishment of registration system and the background of expansion
- 日本での制度上の位置づけ
- Its institutional position in Japan
- 准母の制度も廃止された。
- The 'Junbo' system was also abolished.
- 上方における真打制度の不在
- Absence of the shinuchi system in the Kamigata area
- 家範の制定(華族令第8条)
- The establishment of an admistrative policy manual for your family (Article 8, Kazoku Law)
- 擬制的な一族としての豊臣氏
- Toyotomi clan as a pseudo-family
- 令制国の近江国と一致する。
- Shiga Prefecture corresponds with Omi Province under the system of 'ryoseikoku' (province).
- これが二段階指定制度である。
- The above is the two-stage designation system.
- 記念物における二段階指定制度
- Two-stage designation of monuments
- 大宝律令によって制定される。
- It was enacted by Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
- 大きさや重さに特に制限はない。
- Size and weight are not especially limited.
- 関流の制度を整え、弟子を養成。
- He reorganized the system of teaching at the Seki school, and taught many disciples.
- 左府: 律令制の左大臣の唐名。
- Sa-fu: Tang name (the Tang-system name used for Japanese officers) for Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) under Ritsuryo System.
- 右府: 律令制の右大臣の唐名。
- U-fu: Tang name for Udaijin (Minister of the Right) under the Ritsuryo System.
- 内府: 律令制の内大臣の唐名。
- Nai-fu: Tang name for Naidaijin (Minister of Interior) under the Ritsuryo System.
- 日本における民俗文化財制度の整備
- Establishment of the folk-cultural property system in Japan
- 称制であるとする見方があるケース
- An example which had a possibility of being called Shosei
- 隋唐的専制君主説 - 水野柳太郎
- The Sui-Tang style imperial autocrat theory - by Ryutaro MIZUNO
- 幕府: 律令制の近衛大将の唐名。
- Bakufu: Tang name for Konoe Daisho (Imperial guard chief) under the Ritsuryo System.
- 精華村が町制施行し精華町となる。
- By implementing the chosei, Seika-mura became Seika-cho.
- 戦後、真打昇進制度は数度変わった。
- After the war, the shinuchi promotion system changed a few times.
- 令制国一覧 > 山陰道 > 丹後国
- List of provinces/San-indo/Tango Province
- 令制国一覧 > 山陰道 > 丹波国
- List of the Provinces of Japan > San'indo > Tanba
- 令制国一覧 > 東山道 > 近江国
- the catalog of 'ryoseikoku' (province) > Tosando> Omi Province
- これは明治以前の身分制と関係がある。
- This is related to the class system that existed prior to the Meiji period.
- 真打制度は戦前には上方にも存在した。
- The shinuchi system existed also in the Kamigata area before the war.
- この事が昇進試験制度設立につながる。
- This led to the establishment of the promotion examination system.
- 1945年に衣料切符制度がとられた。
- In 1945, the ration ticket system of clothes was established.
- その後も制作を続けるが30歳で早世。
- After that he had continued creation but died young at thirty.
- 中国明朝を真似て一世一元制を定めた。
- The one reign, one era system modeled after the Ming Dynasty of China was established.
- (郡制下では久世郡宇治町に置かれる)
- The district office was established in Uji-cho, Kuse-gun under the gunsei (County System Law).
- (According to the District Alignment Act, it was placed in Uji Town of Kuse District).
- 明治の華族制度において子爵とされた。
- According to the aristocracy during the Meiji period, the family held the title of viscount.
- 従五位・史 (律令制)・信濃国国司。
- He reached the junior fifth rank at court, and held the position of Shi (Secretary under the Ritsuryo system) as well as being the Kokushi (governor) of Shinano Province.
- 1536年には分国法の塵芥集を制定。
- In 1536, Tanemune enacted Jinkaishu, one of bunkokuho (a law established by a sengoku-daimyo in its own domain).
- 国は税制上での優遇などの措置を行う。
- The government must take measures favorable towards the place, for example, preferential tax treatment.
- 称制はもともと中国の漢文の言葉である。
- The word, Shosei originally came from Chinese kanbun. (Sino-Japanese)
- 孝徳天皇時代には制度が大きく改まった。
- During the reign of Emperor Kotoku, the national system changed drastically.
- これにより中国経由の輸出規制が始まる。
- In this way, the regulation of exports via China began.
- しかし、規制を嫌い移転した屋台も多い。
- However, the reaction of many vendors was to leave Fukuoka City, because of their dislike of the restrictive regulations.
- 幕藩は規制を敷いたが、効果は無かった。
- The shogunate and clans implemented regulations for such pilgrimages, but were not successful.
- 日本相撲連盟が、段級位制を取っている。
- Japan Sumo Federation adopts a grading system.
- 紀伊郡伏見町が市制施行して伏見市成立。
- As a result of municipalization, Fushimi-machi Kii District became Fushimi City.
- 制定後から「建国記念の日」に変わるまで
- From Establishment to 'National Foundation Day'
- 称制は、天智天皇と持統天皇の例がある。
- As the examples of the emperors who governed the nation without holding an enthronement ceremony, there are Emperor Tenchi and Empress Jito.
- 同年9月、新出版条例公布、改印制度廃止。
- In September in the same year, a new publishing ordinance was promulgated and the change-seal system was abolished.
- 郡制施行時の中郡役所は峰山町に置かれた。
- Naka-gun district office under the gunsei (County System Law) was established in Mineyama-cho.
- 宮中席次の保有(宮中席次令・皇室儀制令)
- The possession of the seating in the Imperial Court (the Decree for the Seating Order in the Imperial Court and the Decree for the Ceremonies in the Imperial Court)
- これにより、律令制の根幹の一部が崩れた。
- This resulted in partial collapse of the foundation of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 日本の文化遺産保護制度における「記念物」。
- Monuments' in Japan's system for protecting cultural heritage.
- 男性の小学生の制服は規制しないこととした。
- The outline stated that the uniforms for male pupils of the elementary schools should not be regulated.
- ただし、現実には時間制限などが設けられる。
- In reality, wrestlers have a time limit.
- 現在の制限時間は幕内4分、十両3分である。
- Currently makuuchi sumo wrestlers have four minutes and juryo sumo wrestlers have three minutes for shikiri.
- 1889年(明治22年) 舞鶴町制を施行。
- 1889: Maizuru town organization is established.
- 1889年- 町村制により、樫田村が発足。
- 1889: Kashida Village was established under the municipality system.
- 都制施行前の東京府、京都府、大阪府のこと。
- It means Tokyo-fu, Kyoto-fu, and Osaka-fu before metropolitan government system was in effect.
- 場所によって打ち上げ花火などが規制される。
- For example, shooting-up of fireworks is prohibited in some areas of this river.
- 1934年(昭和9年) 1月1日 町制施行
- January 1, 1934: The town organization took effect.
- 国家制度比較できるよう色分けされた世界地図
- Color-coded world map for comparison of state regulations
- すなはち立憲君主制国家を論じたものである。
- That is, constitutional monarchy state was mentioned.
- 納涼鵜飼日は2回制鵜飼で総がらみも行われる。
- On the day of ukai in the cool of summer evening, ukai is conducted twice and sogarami is also conducted.
- しかし、現在は制度として事実上消滅している。
- However, it is virtually lost as a system now.
- 和服の制作方法について詳しくは、和裁を参照。
- For further details of the method of producing Wafuku, see 'Wafuku.'
- 一方、讒謗律、新聞紙条例で言論規制を行った。
- In the meantime, suppression of free speech came into effect with implementation of Zanboritsu (the Defamation Law) and Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations).
- 令制国一覧 > 畿内 > 山城国 > 久世郡
- List of provinces administered in the past by the ryo-sei, or administrative codes (令制国)/Kinai (five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto)/Yamashiro Province/Kuse-gun
- 向日町が市制施行し、向日市となり郡より離脱。
- By implementing the shisei (grant of city status), Muko-machi became Muko City and was separated from the gun (district) system.
- 令制国一覧 > 畿内 > 山城国 > 乙訓郡
- List of provinces administered in the past by the ryo-sei, or administrative codes (令制国)/Kinai (five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto)/Yamashiro Province/Otokuni-gun
- 国府: 律令制で、国衙を中心に発達した都市。
- Kokufu: Under the Ritsuryo system, cities developed around the Kokuga (provincial government headquarters).
- 令制国一覧 > 畿内 > 山城国 > 相楽郡
- List of provinces administered in the past by the ryo-sei, or administrative codes (令制国)/Kinai (five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto)/Yamashiro Province/Soraku-gun
- 1972年(昭和47年)5月3日、市制施行。
- May 3, 1972: The shisei (grant of city status) was implemented.
- 瑞穂村が町制施行し瑞穂町 (京都府)が発足。
- Through the implementation of the chosei, Mizuho-mura became Mizuho-cho (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 1956年(昭和31年) 4月1日 町制施行
- April 1, 1956: The town organization was enforced.
- 制定から1999年までは毎年1月15日だった。
- From 1948 to 1999 the holiday was on January 15 every year.
- 宋 (王朝)以後盛んに制作されるようになった。
- The production became active during the ages of Sung (dynasty).
- 旧制高校の定員は帝国大学のそれと大差なかった。
- The prescribed number of high school students (in the former educational system) was almost the same as that of the Imperial Universities.
- 1972年(昭和47年)10月1日、市制施行。
- October 1, 1972: The shisei (grant of city status) was implemented.
- あるトラブルで朱雀野付近に強制移住させられた。
- As a result of a problem, the hanamachi was forced to move to the area near Shujakuno.
- 1928年(昭和3年) 2月11日 町制施行。
- February 11, 1928: The town organization took effect.
- 造り酒屋に対しても原料の米配給制度が実施される。
- The rationing system of rice, material of sake, was implemented to sake breweries as well.
- 宗家、分家(観世銕之亟家)は完全な世襲制である。
- Soke and bunke (the family of Tetsunojo KANZE family) are succeeded completely according to hereditary system.
- 根本のところは制度の運用以前の段階で矛盾がある。
- Fundamentally, there is a contradiction a step ahead of operating the system.
- 1948年公布・施行の祝日法によって制定された。
- The holiday was established by the Act on National Holidays which was published and enacted in 1948.
- 均一区間外は整理券方式の区間運賃制となっている。
- Outside the flat-rate area, block rates with numbered tickets are used.
- 1955年4月1日 町制施行により瑞穂町となる。
- April 1, 1955: Mizuho-cho was formed as a result of the enforcement of town organization.
- ギルドである以上、内部では徒弟制度が敷かれている。
- Being a guild, it has an apprentice system.
- 斉明7年7月24日(661年8月24日) - 称制
- Politics began without having an enthronement ceremony August 27, 661.
- 天皇家と藤原氏の共同執政・輔政体制説 - 田村円澄
- The Emperor's family and the Fujiwara clan joint administration and assisted government regime theory - by Encho TAMURA
- 家元制度を抜きにして流儀を語ることは不可能である。
- Thus, ryugi cannot be explained without referring to the iemoto system.
- 中世においては日本は一般民の移動は制限されていた。
- In the medieval period, travelling by common people was restricted.
- また政府内でも井上毅は当初爵位制度に反対していた。
- Within the government, Kowashi INOUE initially opposed the introduction of a peerage system.
- 孝景は分国法である『朝倉敏景十七ヶ条』を制定した。
- Takakage established bunkokuho (an autonomous law that individual sengoku daimyo enforced in their own domain of provincial control) called 'The seventeen articles of Toshikage ASAKURA.'
- 1943年の都制施行による東京都発足まで存在した。
- Tokyo-fu remained until it was changed into Tokyo-to when metropolitan government system became in effect in 1943.
- 市制施行前は乙訓郡に属し、市内に古寺乙訓寺がある。
- The city belonged to Otokuni-gun before the shisei (grant of city status) was implemented, and thus, an old temple, Otokuni-dera Temple is located in the city.
- 『地獄門』は1953年(昭和28年)制作の日本映画。
- 'Jigokumon' is a Japanese film made in 1953.
- 明治天皇は、近代の天皇制が確立した時期の天皇である。
- Emperor Meiji was the Emperor during a time when the modern Emperor system was established.
- 明治までは一般庶民は白米を食うことを制限されていた。
- Ordinary people were constrained from eating white rice before the Meiji Period.
- 820年(弘仁11年)に嵯峨天皇の詔により制定した。
- This garment was decided on by an Imperial edict of the Emperor Saga in 820.
- 長岡町が市制施行・改称し、長岡京市となり郡より離脱。
- By implementing the shisei and changing its name, Nagaoka-cho became Nagaokakyo City and was separated from the gun system.
- 令制国一覧 > 山陰道 > 丹後国 > 丹波郡/中郡
- List of provinces administered in the past by the ryo-sei, or administrative codes (令制国)/Sanindo Road/Tango Province/Tanba-gun/Naka-gun
- 1933年9月5日に制定された仙台市の紋章のモデル。
- The crest of Sendai City that was designed on September 5, 1933 was modeled on this crest.
- 読売新聞憲法改正試案では天皇制は現状維持と述べている。
- Draft of Constitutional revisions by the Yomiuri Shimbun mentions that the Tennosei should maintain its form.
- 明治から昭和初期には女学校の制服として多く着用された。
- Onna bakama were mostly put on as girls' school uniforms from the Meiji period to the early Showa period.
- 和裁(わさい)は、和服を制作することやその技術のこと。
- Wasai is the making of wafuku (Japanese traditional clothing) or the technique that is employed.
- その結果、大久保利通の独裁体制が確立することとなった。
- As a result, the dictatorship of Toshimichi OKUBO became established.
- 市制施行時の面積は29.77平方キロメートルであった。
- The area of the city, when it was awarded city status, was 29.77 sq. km.
- 明治17年(1884年)7月7日、華族令が制定された。
- On July 7, 1884, Kazoku Law was established.
- この人口増により1977年11月1日に市制を施行した。
- With an increase in the population, Yawata Town was reorganized as Yawata City on November 1, 1977.
- (天皇機関説ではしばしば専制を含む意味で主張された。)
- (In the Emperor Organ Theory, it was often claimed to have been including autocracy.)
- 時制および相の体系は急激な変化にさらされることとなった。
- The tense and aspect systems were exposed to a drastic change.
- 両界曼荼羅はその後の時代にも引き続き多く制作されている。
- In the later periods, a good number of Ryokai mandala were continuously created.
- ここであえて摂政という用語を使い「称制」とはいってない。
- In this case, it was called Regent in stead of being called 'Shosei.'
- 太皇太后の地位は多子の死後、女院制の盛行もあり消滅する。
- After the death of Masaruko, the position of Grand Empress Dowager disappeared as the female cloistered system flourished.
- その真打制度は上方落語協会で1977年2月に復活された。
- The shinuchi system was restored by the Kamigata Rakugo Association in February 1977.
- ワシントン条約締約国会議でEU案が可決、規制が確定した。
- The EU resolution was passed at the Washington Convention Conference of the Parties, and regulations were established.
- 元仏工たちは、各大寺の仏像制作所に属し、仏師と呼ばれた。
- Former bukko engaged in the workshops for Buddhist statues at each daiji, and were called busshi.
- 一般には文化遺産保護制度における保護の対象となっている。
- They are covered by the cultural heritage protection system in general.
- 1915年1月1日 - 八木村が町制施行し八木町となる。
- January 1, 1915: Through the implementation of the chosei, Yagi-mura became Yagi-cho.
- 1967年4月15日 - 町制施行・改称し嵐山町となる。
- April 15, 1967: Renamed Ranzan-machi through enforcement of the municipal system
- 1988年(昭和63年)6月 - 福知山市歌を制定する。
- June 1988: The Fukuchiyama City anthem was established.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 市制・町村制施行。
- April 1, 1889: The act of the City, town, and village was carried out.
- 日本では律令制の導入以降この称号が使われるようになった。
- In Japan, this title came into use after the introduction of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 律令制下の一氏族による国司世襲は、きわめて例外的であった。
- It was extremely exceptional for one clan to maintain the heredity of kokushi under the Ritsuryo system.
- このような条件的制約も、明楽が清楽に押される一因となった。
- Such a constraint also caused Mingaku to give in to Shingaku.
- 軍隊に入隊すると、白い越中褌が支給され、使用を強制された。
- Upon entering the military, every body was supplied with a white Etchu fundoshi and was forced to use it.
- (真打制度のメリットとして、理事の利権となることがある。)
- (An advantage of the shinuchi system is it may be of interests to the board members.)
- この事実が、後に日本に本格的な特許制度の誕生をうながした。
- This eventually accelerated the introduction of a comprehensive patent system in Japan.
- 日本はロシアの動きを牽制すべく、には、日英同盟を締結した。
- To slow the Russian movement, Japan and England signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
- 江戸時代には「総絞り」は贅沢品の筆頭として規制されていた。
- In the Edo period, 'so-shibori' was restricted, because it was too luxurious.
- やがて大奥の衣服制度にも正式に取り上げられることとなった。
- The Chayatsuji was officially adopted by the dress system of O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided).
- 宋代においても同様であったが、元・明以降にこの制度はない。
- The Gyotai was continued in the Song Dynasty, but it become obsolete on and after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
- 広重最晩年の作品であり、その死の直前まで制作が続けられた。
- It is a work from Hiroshige's latest years, and he continued to create his prints until the very last moment of his death.
- 体重制を取らなくても勝負が成立する理由の一つもここにある。
- This is one of the reasons why sumo tournaments can have fair matches without weight categories.
- 1901年7月19日 - 須知村が町制施行し須知町となる。
- July 19, 1901: Through the implementation of the chosei (grant of township), Shuchi-mura became Shuchi-cho.
- 頼朝勢が関東地方を制圧すると、12月に義重は鎌倉へ参じる。
- When Yoritomo's force subdued Kanto region, Yoshishige called at Kamakura in December.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区吉田町となった。
- It became Yoshida-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区岡崎町となった。
- It became Okazaki-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 1889年(明治22年) - 町村制により福知山町となる。
- 1889: Fukuchiyama-cho was formed by the municipal system.
- 国府に限らず、律令制時代の日本では役所の建物を曹司という。
- The building of the government office including Kokufu was called 'Zoshi' (曹司) in Japan at the Ritsuryo period (period governed by Ritsuryo system).
- 松本人志が1995年に行った料金後払い制ライブ『松風95』。
- A live performance of Hitoshi Matsumoto named 'Matsukaze 95,' which was held in 1995, with the post-payment system.
- 中国における画讃とは、人物画にちなんで制作された文章を指す。
- In China, a 'gasan' is a text produced in relation to a portrait.
- 1991年 現在の各事業会社を設立し、グループ会社制に移行。
- 1991: The group business was formed as a result of establishing each present-day company.
- 婦人標準服の着用が法律上の強制力を持つことは一度もなかった。
- There has not been any authorization to force women to wear standard female clothing.
- 2005年10月11日、上記3町が合併し、京丹波町町制施行。
- October 11, 2005: These three towns were combined to implement the chosei of Kyotanba-cho (grant of township).
- 1879年:郡区町村編制法で京都府上京区、下京区が置かれる。
- 1879: The Kamigyo and Shimogyo wards were established by the Law for Reorganization of Counties, Wards, Towns and Villages (gunkuchoson henseiho).
- 同年内に、日本初の学区制小学校である番組小学校が開設される。
- Bangumi Shogakko elementary schools, the first schools in Japan administered by the school district system, were opened in the same year.
- 1997年(平成9年)4月1日、 綴喜郡田辺町より市制施行。
- April 1 1997 - The City was formed from Tsuzuki -gun Tanabe Chou (Town).
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区粟田口町となった。
- It became Awataguchi-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区南禅寺町となった。
- It became Nanzenji-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区鹿ケ谷町となった。
- It became Shishigatani-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区浄土寺町となった。
- It became Jodoji-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区聖護院町となった。
- It became Shogoin-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 1926年(大正15年)10月16日 - 山科村が町制施行。
- October 16, 1926: Yamashina Village transformed itself into a town
- それで、自身の大宮御所では旧態依然とした宮廷制度を維持した。
- Thus, in reaction, the Empress Teimei kept the traditional and outdated Imperial Court system within her own Omiya Gosho (the Omiya Imperial Palace).
- 女官制度の廃止など宮廷改革を進めた長男の昭和天皇に反発した。
- The Empress Teimei rebelled against her oldest son, the Emperor Showa, since he progressed the reform of the Imperial Court, such as the abolishment of the court lady system.
- どちらの称制期間も日本書紀には事実上天皇同然に書かれている。
- In the Nihonshoki, both Emperor Tenchi and Empress Jito are written as the real emperors during the period when they ruled the nation without holding an enthronement ceremony.
- それ以後の天皇、皇族は一夫一妻制に基づき、配偶者は一人である。
- The following Tenno and Imperial families had only one spouse, based on monogamy.
- この事から、本来は冬期も半臂を着用する制であったことが伺える。
- This indicates that hanbi should be worn even in winter in principle.
- 制度としての流儀は、基本的に二つの要素によって成り立っている。
- Ryugi as a system basically consists of two elements.
- (が、現在は完全な年功序列制導入に伴いそれはできなくなった。)
- (However, this cannot be done now due to the introduction of the perfect seniority system.)
- 一区画にまとめてあるのは、治安や風紀を公権力側が統制するため。
- Such houses were concentrated in one block so that the official authority could control security and public morals.
- 福岡県、福岡市、県警とも衛生面などの問題から規制を行ってきた。
- Fukuoka Prefecture, Fukuoka City, and Fukuoka Prefectural Police, individually regulate street stalls based on previous issues with sanitation.
- 会議では三人が数年ごとに家元となるという交代制などの案も出た。
- At the meetings, some proposed three masters take turns at serving as iemoto every few years.
- 市街中央部からひえ田野地区まで広範囲に条里制が敷かれたようだ。
- The land stretching out from the center of the urban area to the Hietano area was supposedly laid out in the jori-sei (grid system).
- 華族制度の発足以前から爵位による華族の格付けは検討されていた。
- Even before the kazoku system was established, rating kazoku based on the peerage had been discussed.
- 令制国では、山城国の全域、丹波国の大半、丹後国の全域に当たる。
- Of the provinces in the Ritsuryo system (the governance system in ancient Japan), the area that include all area of Yamashiro Province, half of Tanba Province and all areas of Tango Province corresponds to the present Kyoto Prefecture area.
- 幕末の孝明天皇についで火葬にせず、天武天皇以前の古制に戻した。
- The Emperor Komei living in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate was not cremated when he died, nor was the next Emperor Meiji, so their funerals were carried out in the ancient style as those preceding the Emperor Tenmu.
- 通常の鵜飼日は1回制鵜飼で、6隻の鵜舟が観覧舟の前を1往復する。
- Ukai is normally conducted once a day, and six ubune make one round trip in front of a spectator boat.
- その他、密教の修法に用いるための各種の曼荼羅や仏画が制作された。
- In addition, various mandala and Buddhist paintings to be used for the Shuho (esoteric ritual) of Esoteric Buddhism were produced.
- 昼夜二部制では、落人で午前を終り、五段目からを夜の部にしている。
- When the performance is held twice a day, the daytime performance ends with 'Ochiudo' and the evening performance starts with Act Five.
- 1872年、学制が発布されたとき小学校の一教科として定められた。
- With the promulgation of the school system in 1872, it was set up as a subject in elementary schools.
- また禁中並公家諸法度により、その言動も幕府から厳しく制限された。
- Also because of Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the Emperor and Kuge), his speech and behavior were also strictly limited.
- また、重伝建の選定は、建造物の増改築などに制約が掛かったりする。
- Likewise, once a districted is selected for national preservation, buildings in the district may be subject to constraints on extension or rebuilding.
- 乗降方式は後乗り前降りで、旧市街地周辺は均一運賃制(220円)。
- Passengers get on a bus through the back door and get off through the front door, paying the flat fare (220 yen) in the old urban area.
- 近衛兵令制の五衛府: 律令制で、おもに内裏を警護した五つの組織。
- Goe-fu of Konoeheiryo-sei (Five imperial guard of the imperial guard system): Five organizations who mainly guarded Dairi, the imperial palace, under the Ritsuryo system.
- 2001年10月1日 栗太郡栗東町が市制施行して栗東市となった。
- On October 1, 2001, Ritto Town, Kurita County became Ritto City by incorporation of city.
- 1991年10月1日、泉南郡阪南町が市制施行して阪南市となった。
- On October 1, 1991, Hannan-cho, Sennan-gun was reorganized into Hannan City.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 町村制施行により朽木村が成立。
- April 1, 1889: By enacting the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law), Kutsuki-mura was established.
- 1937年(昭和12年)4月 - 市制施行により福知山市となる。
- April 1937: Reorganization resulted in the birth of Fukuchiyama City.
- 総理府設置法の制定等に伴う関係法令の整理等に関する法律による改正
- Amendment according to the Law for Disposition and the Like of Related Laws and Ordinances accompanying Enactment of General Administrative Agency of the Cabinet Establishment Act.
- ドイツの文化遺産保護制度における「記念物(独:Denkmal)」。
- Monuments (Denkmal in German)' in Germany' system for protecting cultural heritage.
- これが次第に「た」へと変化し、現代では過去時制の形式となっている。
- It gradually turned into 'ta,' which has become a form of past tense.
- 現在では商業捕鯨が大きく制限されているため、生産量が減少している。
- Nowadays, since commercial whaling is restricted considerably, the amount of whale meat produced has decreased.
- 真打制度は香盤(同一協会内の落語家間の序列)と密接に関係している。
- The shinuchi system is closely related to koban (ranking of rakugoka in the same association).
- 常設的に屋台を開設するには向いていない日本気候条件の制約等がある。
- Another factor is the impediment of Japan's climate; this can limit a street vendor's ability to develop and maintain a permanent establishment.
- また江戸時代は鎖国制がとられており外国との交流もほとんどなかった。
- In the Edo period, Japan was in national isolation so there was only limited contact with foreign countries.
- 国家保護と制約から解放されるにつれ、伎楽は様々に形を変えていった。
- As released from the governmental support and restrictions, gagaku has transformed into various ways.
- 禁じ手・四十八手・作法・礼法等が神亀3年(726年)に制定される。
- In 726, they defined a list of prohibited techniques, 48 major sumo techniques, etiquette, and good manners.
- 1889年4月1日:市制施行で上京区と下京区の範囲が京都市となる。
- April 1, 1889 Kyoto City was awarded city status, being comprised of the Kamigyo and Shimogyo wards.
- 義輝を擁立して、足利義輝-細川氏綱-三好長慶という体制に移行した。
- And he supported Yoshiteru, and moved into the system to govern by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA - Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA - Nagayoshi MIYOSHI in order.
- 明治22年(1889年)、京都市制施行とともに京都市上京区となる。
- When the Municipal Government Act of Kyoto City came into effect in 1889, Kamigyo Ward became Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- 明治22年(1889年)、京都市制施行とともに京都市下京区となる。
- When the Municipal Government Act of Kyoto City came into effect in 1889, Kamigyo Ward became Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- 1991年10月1日、北葛城郡香芝町が市制施行して香芝市となった。
- On October 1, 1991, Kashiba-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun was reorganized into Kashiba City.
- 1972年(昭和47年)10月1日 市制施行により長岡京市となる。
- October 1, 1972: Nagaoka-cho became Nagaokakyo City by implementing the shisei (grant of city status).
- その後豊岡県に統合、分割を経て町村制施行により福知山町が誕生する。
- Fukuyama-cho was born by a municipal system through incorporation into the Fukuchiyama Prefecture and division.
- 1893年(明治26年)11月25日 町制施行により木津町となる。
- November 25, 1893: With the town administrative system put into effect, Kizu-mura became Kizu-cho.
- 国や地方公共団体が文化遺産保護制度の一環として指定した文化財である。
- They are designated as folk-cultural properties by the Government and the local public bodies in the context of the cultural heritage protection system.
- 2007年現在の小瀬の鵜匠は3人おり、これらは全て代々世襲制である。
- There are three ujo at Oze as of 2007, and all of them have inherited the job based on the hereditary system.
- 又、冠位もそれまでの十九階から二十六階に制度改革などを行なっている。
- Moreover, the system of ranking officials was changed from 19 levels to 26 levels.
- 敦煌石窟では、北魏代の5世紀ごろには、仏伝と本生譚が多く制作された。
- At Mogao Caves, many Buddha biographies and honshotan (tales of Siddhartha's good deed in previous life) were created in the Northern Wei Period around the 5th century.
- また、高校選手権では時間短縮のため枚数が制限されるようになっている。
- In High School Tournament, number of cards is limited to reduce the time.
- 勝手に動かないように制御する意味で、馬の革紐を引き締めるように書く。
- Just like controlling a horse to prevent it from moving on its own, move the brush as if pulling the leather strip.
- さらに贄は律令制の下で税のように強制的な収奪へ変化したことが伺える。
- In addition, it revealed that offering changed to coercive stripping like taxes under the Ritsuryo system.
- 日本における皇太子制の成立については(森田の説を含む)諸説あるが、。
- There are many speculative theories on how the Crown Prince system was established in Japan (including the MORITA's theory).
- その精巧さから制作工程は細分化されており、各工程が分業化されている。
- Due to its delicate characteristics, the production process is divided into several phases, with each phase employing smaller tasks.
- 1934年(昭和9年)1月1日 - 笠置村が町制施行し笠置町となる。
- January 1, 1934: By implementing the chosei, Kasagi-mura became Kasagi-cho.
- また京都府北部では唯一の私立中学校や、北近畿初の4年制大学を有する。
- Also in Fukuchiyama City, there are the only private junior high school in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture and the first four-year college founded in the northern Kinki area.
- 1997年4月1日、綴喜郡京田辺市が、市制施行して京田辺市となった。
- On April 1, 1997, Kyotanabe City of Tsuzuki County became Kyotanabe City by incorporation of city.
- うち周山村は昭和18年(1943年)に町制を施行し、周山町となった。
- Among them, Shuzan village became Shuzan Town in 1943.
- 1926年(大正15年)7月1日 上狛村が町制施行して上狛町となる。
- July 1, 1926: Kamikoma-mura acquired the town status, becoming Kamikoma-cho.
- 上部の扉、下部の四面などにある絵画は漆絵と油絵の混用で制作されている。
- The paintings on the door on the upper part, as well as on the four sides on the lower part, are the work of both lacquer painting and oil painting.
- 具体的には、建築物の色彩や、屋外広告を規制する地区であると言ってよい。
- Specifically, it can be an area where the colors of buildings, and outdoor advertisements are restricted.
- 翌52年には南朝が京を軍事的に制圧して足利義詮を追い、正平一統は破綻。
- In the following year, 1352, unification had not been concluded after the Southern Dynasty suppressed Kyoto with military force and pursued Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.
- 律令制においては、公式令(くしきりょう)に詔書の書式が定められていた。
- The formats of the imperial rescript were established by the kushikiryo in the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes.
- 1954年の文化財保護法改正により、選定無形文化財の制度は廃止された。
- With the amendments of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the system of the selected intangible cultural properties was abolished.
- 「破墨山水図」は、雪舟が1495年に制作し、弟子の宗淵に与えた山水画。
- Haboku-sansui-zu' is a Sansui-ga (Chinese-style landscape painting) which was created by Sesshu in 1495 and was given to Sesshu's disciple, Soen.
- 定席天満天神繁昌亭開設時に、真打制度復活が論議されたが見送られている。
- When Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei Theater, a joseki, was established, restoration of the shinuchi system was discussed, which was deferred.
- (支配階級である満州族が被支配階級である漢民族に強制した歴史がある。)
- (The Manchurians, as the ruling class, forced the Han race to wear them.)
- 人形師・天狗久の制作用具・製品等が重要有形民俗文化財に指定されている。
- Tools and products of Tenguhisa, a puppeteer, are designated as a significant tangible folk cultural asset.
- 武蔵国(むさしのくに)は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つ。
- Musashi Province was one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei, or administrative codes.
- 1926年(大正15年)7月1日 - 上狛村が町制施行し上狛町となる。
- July 1, 1926: By implementing the chosei, Kamikoma-mura became Kamikoma-cho.
- 昭和16年(1941年)の国民学校令の発布とともに学区制は廃止された。
- With the proclamation of Kokumin gakko rei (Act of elementary schools) in 1941, school district system was abolished.
- 嵯峨町は明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時には嵯峨村であった。
- Saga Town was originally Saga village when the Municipal Government Act came into effect in 1889.
- 明治22年(1889年)、市制町村制施行に伴い紀伊郡伏見町が成立した。
- In accordance with the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889, Fushimi town, Kii County was established.
- これらの地域は、令制国でいう丹波国・丹後国・但馬国に当たる地域である。
- These regions correspond to the Tanba Province, Tango Province, and Tajima Province from an ancient administrative division.
- 1923年(大正12年)4月1日 - 嵯峨村が町制施行し嵯峨町となる。
- April 1, 1923: Saga Village transformed into a town and became Saga Town
- なお、日本の「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」の制定は1919年のことである。
- Here in Japan, it was not until 1919 that the 'Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law' was enacted.
- 落語は純粋な話芸であり、演じている最中は、音曲や効果音などは制限される。
- In rakugo the focus is on the art of narration, so music, sound effects and the like are not used when the storyteller narrates the story.
- 12世紀末は貴族による専制政治から武士階級の封建社会への過渡期であった。
- The end of 12th century is a transition period from nobles' autocracy to samurai feudal society.
- 不改常典が皇太子制を定めたものだとする説は、1993年に森田悌が唱えた。
- The theory that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was formulated to establish the Crown Prince system was presented by Tei MORITA in 1993.
- 経時による風味劣化の抑制には『ビタミンC』などの酸化防止剤が添加される。
- Antioxidants such as 'Vitamin C' are added to control flavor deterioration over the lapse of time.
- 江戸時代の音楽文化は、概して、身分制や家元制に縛られた窮屈なものだった。
- The music culture in the Edo period was, as a whole, rigid as it was bound to the class system and to the monopolized system of licensing of teaching art.
- ただ、国の紀元についてのドグマは、その信奉を強制されていたわけではない。
- However, people were not forced to believe the dogma of national origin.
- Japanese people was not enforced to believe the dogma of the foundation of Japan.
- そのため敬老の日前日の日曜から4連休(週休2日制であれば5連休)となる。
- In this case, starting from the Sunday, the day before the Respect for the Aged Day, the weekend will be a four-day weekend (a five-day weekend for those who have a five-day work week).
- 江戸時代に至り、朝仁親王(東山天皇)の立太子以降皇太子の制度が復活する。
- The investiture ceremony of the Crown Prince was revived in the Edo period, starting with that of Imperial Prince Tomohito (the Emperor Higashiyama).
- 明治時代になり、学校制度は小学校・中学校・師範学校・大学等が設けられた。
- Entering the Meiji period, the education system for elementary schools, middle schools, schools for teacher training, and universities was established.
- また、北隣の小野寺氏とも交戦し、上浦郡(平鹿郡・雄勝郡)一帯を制圧した。
- He also fought the Onodera clan in the neighborhood north and subdued the Ueura County (Hiraka County, Ogachi County).
- しかし、嵯峨天皇側に機先を制され、9月10日、嵯峨天皇が薬子の官位を剥奪。
- However, Emperor Saga's side went ahead of Emperor Heizei, and on September 10 Emperor Saga took away Kusuko's office rank.
- 光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して以後は事実上、明治以降は制度上存在していない。
- After Emperor Kokaku abdicated the throne to Emperor Ninko, the position in fact didn't exist in the political system in and after Meiji period.
- 婬行(あるいは媱行)はいよいよ増して、制する事は能わず」と伝えられている。
- Her sexual moral decadence was becoming worse and it was hard to stop her behavior,' it said.
- 明治22年(1889年)、旧皇室典範の制定によって永世皇族制が定められた。
- Due to the issue of the Imperial Family (household) Law in 1889, it was decided to have Permanent Imperial Family regulations.
- 江戸到着直後に太政官制度が発足し三職は廃され、熾仁親王の総裁職は解かれた。
- Just after arriving in Edo, the system of the Grand Council of State was established and the Sanshoku (president, Gijo, counselor) was abolished, the Prince's position as the President was no longer valid.
- 和裁とは、和服裁縫の略語であり、和服を制作することやその技術のことである。
- Wasai is the abbreviation for 'Wafuku Saiho,' which means producing Wafuku and the technique for producing Wafuku.
- 1948年公布・施行の国民の祝日に関する法律(祝日法)によって制定された。
- It was established by the Act on National Holidays that was promulgated and went into effect in 1948.
- This holiday was established as a national holiday by the Act on National Holidays that was promulgated and went into effect in 1948.
- 明治維新後は体制や文化の変化に伴って茶陶の需要が激減し、廃業した者も多い。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the demand for tea pottery rapidly dropped as Japanese society and culture changed, leading to many potters giving up their professions.
- 茶道衰退期のため若いときの作品は少なく、晩年になって多数の作品を制作する。
- He left few works in his youth because Sado was on a decline, but he made many woks in his last years.
- 以降、両撮のデュアル・プロダクション体制で、現代劇および時代劇を量産した。
- Since then, the company has produced a lot of modern films as well as historical ones under a dual-production system in which both studios were used.
- 相撲場は明治中期まで女人禁制で、明治になるまで観戦することもできなかった。
- Women were not allowed to enter any sumo areas until the mid Meiji period, and were not even allowed to watch sumo matches.
- 不改常典を天智元年制定の近江令とするのは、大正から昭和初期の通説であった。
- Regarding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten as Omi-Ryo instituted in the first year of the era of Tenchi had been a commonly accepted theory from the Taisho period to the early Showa period.
- 1893年(明治26年)11月22日 - 木津村が町制施行し木津町となる。
- November 22, 1893: By implementing the chosei (grant of township), Kizu-mura became Kizu-cho.
- 明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時、この地は宇治郡山科村であった。
- When the Municipal Government Act became effective in 1889, this area was named Yamashina-mura village, Uji County.
- 1987年10月1日、南河内郡大阪狭山市が市制施行して大阪狭山市となった。
- On October 1, 1987, Sayama-cho, Minamikawachi-gun was reorganized into Osakasayama City.
- 明治36年(1903年)に下嵯峨村を編入、大正12年に町制を施行している。
- It integrated Shimosaga village in 1903 and became Saga Town in 1923.
- 以後、江戸幕府においての福知山藩(明治時代の府藩県三治制時の名称)となる。
- Thereafter, the clan was named as Fukuchiyama clan (the name under the three-type administration system in the Meiji period) under the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 1926年(大正15年)10月16日 - 山科村が町制施行し山科町となる。
- October 16, 1926: Yamashina-mura was organized as Yamashina-cho.
- 律令制の元で皇親と呼ばれていた呼称に変えて、「皇族」という呼称を採用した。
- The term 'Kozoku' was adopted in place of 'Koshin' which was used under the Ritsuryo Code system.
- そのため早急な保護措置を講ずるため、有形の民俗文化財にも登録制度を拡充した。
- Therefore, registration system is also introduced to tangible folk cultural properties for an immediate protection measure.
- 敗戦後、昭和24年(1949年)に配給制が解かれ酒類販売の自由化がなされた。
- After Japan was defeated in World War II, the rationing system was abolished and the liberalization of alcohol sales was initiated in 1949.
- 1950年制定の文化財保護法によって初めて無形文化財が法的に位置づけられた。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties enacted in 1950 firstly defined intangible cultural properties legally.
- 大型店など店舗によっては、短時間体制ながらも元日も営業することも多くなった。
- More and more types of stores such as large-scale stores have also come to operate on ganjitsu though on a fewer-hours basis.
- 印刷技術や稿料制度など出版の体制が整っていたこともあり多くの読者を獲得した。
- As there was a good publishing system such as an advanced printing technology and the system of payments for manuscripts, Yomihon gained many readers.
- 茶道人口が町人にまで増大する中、茶碗以外に香合や花入れなど多数の作品を制作。
- Under the circumstance that the Sado population was increasing while extending even to townspeople, he created many works other than tea bowls including kogo (incense container) and hanaire (vase).
- 9世宗先は元禄期の時流に沿って家元制度を確立させ、志野流の中興と称せられる。
- Sosen, the ninth tea master of the Shino school, established the iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), catching the tide of the Genroku era (the period when culture, especially among chonin [townspeople] flowered), therefore he was called as the restorer of the Shino school.
- 1967年(昭和42年)11月3日 - 大山崎村が町制施行し大山崎町となる。
- November 3, 1967: By implementing the chosei (grant of township), Oyamazaki-mura became Oyamazaki-cho.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、宇治郡山科村が成立。
- April 1, 1889: Yamashina-mura, Uji-gun was founded when the municipal organization was enforced.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 町村制施行により相楽郡に木津村が置かれる。
- April 1, 1889: With the town-village administrative system put into effect, Kizu-mura was created in Soraku-gun.
- この鵜匠は岐阜市長良に6人、関市小瀬に3人おり、これらは全て代々世襲制である。
- There are six and three Shikibushoku usho in Nagara, Gifu City and Oze, Seki City respectively, and all of them inherited the job based on the hereditary system.
- 奈良時代から密教系の仏像は制作されていたが、密教の受容は断片的なものであった。
- Although Buddha statues of Esoteric Buddhism were created since the Nara period, the acceptance of Esoteric Buddhism was fragmentary.
- こうした関係で、この時代には阿弥陀如来来迎図、浄土図などがさかんに制作された。
- Under such circumstances, Amida Nyorai Raigo-zu (painting of Descent of AmitabhaTathagata), Illustration of the Pure Land, and so on were created aggressively.
- 京都アニメーションが自社元請け制作に一本化してからは、同社のグロス請けに専念。
- As Kyoto Animation has dedicated itself to its own prime productions, Animation Do has been devoted to the gross subcontract of Kyoto Animation.
- 上方落語ならではの自由な気風を損ねるというのが、真打制度非導入の理由であった。
- The reason for not introducing the shinuchi system was it would reduce the typical free atmosphere in the Kamigata rakugo.
- その後、2008年4月30日に酒造法における租税特別措置法が制定・施行された。
- Afterward, Special Measures concerning Taxation in the Liquor Tax Law was enacted and enforced on April 30, 2008.
- 茶箱手前を制度化している裏千家の作法に則って以下使い方について簡単に解説する。
- Herein below, the manner of using kinto is briefly explained according to manners of Urasenke school in which chabako-demae is institutional.
- 一条天皇が神楽が散逸するのを心配して保存につくしたとき、東遊も5曲制定された。
- Emperor Ichijo was worried that kagura (sacred music and dancing) might be dispersed and lost, and when he worked hard on maintaining kagura songs, five songs from Azuma-asobi were also included in his collection.
- 同年9月、牧野没後50日を迎え、「マキノ・プロダクション」の新体制を発表した。
- New regime of 'Makino Production' was publicized in September of the same year, 50 days after the death of Makino.
- 1889年4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、船井郡に園部町と23の村が成立する。
- April 1, 1889: As a result of the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law), Sonobe-cho and twenty-three villages were established in Funai-gun.
- 明治22年(1889年)、京都市制とともに、上京区・下京区は京都市の区となる。
- With the enforcement of Municipal Government Act of Kyoto City in 1889, Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward became the wards of Kyoto City.
- 1889年(明治22年) - 現在の南区の範囲に市町村制施行で以下の6村が誕生
- 1889: The six villages described below were established in the area of the present Minami Ward, through the Shisei Chosonsei (City System and Town and Village System Law).
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日 - 郡区町村編制法に基づき太秦村にを設置。
- April 10, 1879: From the Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), the Kadono District Public Office was built in Uzumasa Village.
- 後継者不足等により低迷している伝統的工芸品産業の需要拡大を狙ってに誕生した制度。
- This system was established to increase demand towards traditional craft industries which have been slumping due to the shortage of successors.
- 正規の身分制度にはもともと存在しないが、前座の数が多いのでそれまでの待機をする。
- Although this did not originally exist as an official ranking system, there are too many zenza, so they are put on stand by to receive it.
- 仏師(ぶっし)とは、日本における、仏像などの制作を担当する者に対する名称である。
- Busshi is a name for someone who is in charge of making Buddhist statues and so on, in Japan.
- 権力の統制と保護を受け、遊郭として1箇所に集められるのは、近世以降のことである。
- Under the control and protection of the official authority, brothels were packed in one place as Yukaku after the early-modern times.
- そこで、1933年(昭和8年)に「重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律」が制定された。
- Then 'the Law relating to the reservation of important fine arts' was enacted in 1933.
- 同時期、戦時体制下に軍により進められた市町村合併の見直しを認める法改正があった。
- At the time, the wartime system regarding municipality consolidation, which was propelled by the military, was being revised.
- これら華族制度の整備を主導したのは、自らも公家華族である右大臣岩倉具視であった。
- The person who led these arrangements of the kazoku system was Udaijin (minister of the right) Tomomi IWAKURA who was a member of Kuge kazoku.
- 家中を牛耳っていた陶晴賢の死により、大内家内部は最早統制の効かない状況となった。
- The death of Harukata SUE, who had ruled the roost of the family, then caused an uncontrollable condition inside the Ouchi family.
- 1977年(昭和52年)11月1日、市制を施行し、京都府内で11番目の市となる。
- November 1, 1977: Yawata-machi became the eleventh city of Kyoto Prefecture when it was reorganized as Yawata City.
- その後城陽市が1972年(昭和47年)に市制移行により久世郡は1町のみとなった。
- Subsequently, Joyo City was organized as a municipality in 1972, and only one town remained in Kuse-gun.
- ただ、明治天皇には側室がいたため、最初に一夫一妻制を実現した天皇は大正天皇である。
- However, since Emperor Meiji had a concubine, the first Tenno to put monogamy into practice was Emperor Taisho.
- 朝廷の権威の復権に努め、朝廷が近代天皇制へ移行する下地をつくったと評価されている。
- He worked hard to revive the authority of the Imperial Palace, and it was said that he established the basis for the transition of the palace to the modern imperial system.
- 幕藩体制のなかで各藩は指南役を設けたり、特定の流儀を御流儀として指定するなどした。
- Under the bakuhantaisei (feudal system characteristic of the shogunate), each han (clan) appointed shinanyaku (instructor), or designated a particular ryugi (style) as goryugi (authorized style).
- また、台湾も日本への過大な輸出に対して現地の養殖業者などが輸出規制を要望している。
- In addition, local aqua farming industries in Taiwan are also requesting export regulations on excessively large amounts of export to Japan.
- 平安末になると、有力な仏師たちは、大寺の制約を離れた独自の仏所を持つようになった。
- In the late Heian period, talented busshi left the constrained daiji and founded their own 'bussho' (workshops or schools of Buddhist sculptors).
- 1962年には、営業許可基準、道路使用許可制度、道路使用取扱要綱などが決定された。
- In 1962, business licensing was standardized, and a road usage licensing system and road usage management guidelines were established.
- 専売制が実施される前は個人経営のタバコ店がそれぞれの刻みタバコを製造販売していた。
- Before a tobacco monopoly was implemented, private tobacco shops manufactured and sold individual shredded tobacco.
- 1972年(昭和47年)5月5日 - 城陽町が市制施行し、城陽市となり郡より離脱。
- May 5, 1972: By implementing the shisei (grant of city status), Joyo-cho became Joyo City and was separated from the gun (district) system.
- 1928年(昭和3年)2月11日 - 加茂村が町制施行し加茂町 (京都府)となる。
- February 11, 1928: By implementing the chosei, Kamo-mura became Kamo-cho (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 賢光は内務省 (日本)に入省し、内閣記録局長を経て、帝室制度調査局御用掛を務めた。
- Masamitsu entered the Ministry of Home Affairs and, after serving as the Director of the Cabinet Records Office, served as Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) of the Imperial Household Research Committee.
- 幕藩体制下では、何ヶ国かの転封を経て上野国沼田藩3万5千石として明治維新を迎えた。
- Under the shogunate and domain system, the territory of the Toki clan was relocated to some other provinces, and finally, it ended up 35,000 koku (approximately 6.3 million liters of crop yield) in Numata domain, Kouzuke Province until the Meiji Restoration was established.
- 1889年(明治22年)に市町村制が導入されると加佐郡舞鶴町(西舞鶴)が誕生した。
- Kasa-gun Maizuru-cho (Nishi-Maizuru) was then established in 1889, during the introduction of organization of municipalities.
- 京都市制以前の明治12年(1879年)、京都府に「上京区」「下京区」が設置された。
- In 1879, 'Kamigyo Ward' and 'Shimogyo Ward' were created in Kyoto Prefecture, which was before the Municipal Government Act of Kyoto City came into effect.
- 将棋では中央(5五)の位を制するのが重要であったことから、その地点を天王山と呼ぶ。
- In Shogi (Japanese Chess), occupying the central square (in the fifth line of fifth row) means a lot where to be called Tennozan (Mt. Tenno).
- 1936年(昭和11年) - 市制施行を念頭に庵我村・雀部村・下豊富村を編入する。
- 1936: Anga-mura, Sasabe-mura and Shimotoyotomi-mura were incorporated, with the intent of reorganizing them as a city.
- 1889年4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、比企郡菅谷村・七郷村 (埼玉県)が発足。
- April 1, 1889: Established Sugaya-mura and Nanasato-mura in Hiki-gun in association with the enforcement of the municipal system
- 二条は悪僧・神人の統制令や荘園整理など、信西の政策を踏襲して積極的な政務を展開する。
- The Emperor issued a regulation to control Akuso (monk who does not follow the regulation in priesthood) and Jinin (a maiden in the service of a shrine) or the manorial control system, and established positive political ruling by following Shinzei's policy.
- 女人禁制の供養の場であったが、白拍子は舞を舞い歌を歌い、隙をみて梵鐘の中に飛び込む。
- Although this ceremony prohibited women, Shirabyoshi sings and dances, and seizes the opportunity to jump into the bonsho (large temple bell)..
- 中国の律令制を元に作られた大宝律令では、算博士・算師と呼ばれる官職が定められていた。
- In Taiho Code, based on the Chinese system of centralized governance, there were the governmental posts of San hakase (Professor of Mathematics) and Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation).
- しかし一方で、国家保護のもとで伎楽の演者は居住地が定められるなどの制約も課せられた。
- On the other hand, however, the gigaku performers were imposed some restrictions on such as residential location.
- 特に印象に残ったレースはトキノミノルの東京優駿制覇(1951年)だったと語っている。
- He also mentioned that one of his most memorable races was the 1951 Tokyo Great Horses race ('Tokyo Yushun' in Japanese), won by Tokinominoru.
- 仕切りは何度行ってもよい(制限時間がある場合はその範囲で)し、繰り返さなくてもよい。
- Wrestlers can have shikiri as many times as they want (before time runs out if a time limit is set), but they do not have to repeat shikiri unless they need to.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、相楽郡に19の村が成立する。
- April 1, 1889: As a result of the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law), nineteen villages were established in Soraku-gun.
- しかし公家である岩倉の主導による統制に武家華族達は不満を持ち、部長局の廃止を求めた。
- However, Buke kazoku that originated in samurai got frustrated with the control by Kuge kazoku Iwakura, and demanded the abolishment of the office of President.
- 嶺南は、概ね令制国の若狭国に相当し、古くから舞鶴市、米原市、京都市との繋がりも深い。
- Reinan, which almost corresponds to Wakasa Province of an ancient administrative division, has had close connections with Maizuru City, Maibara City, and Kyoto City since ancient times.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、愛宕郡に17の村が成立する。
- April 1, 1889: Following the Town and Village Act, seventeen villages were formed within Otagi District
- そして大化という元号を制定し、様々な改革を行なった(大化の改新の中心人物、乙巳の変)。
- He established a new era--the Taika--and made many reforms during this period (he was a key person in the Taika reforms and Itsushi no hen).
- 里見産業によって開発・販売されている、コンピュータ制御による日本酒製造システムをさす。
- It refers to the computer-controlled Japanese sake production system developed and marketed by Satomi Industries, Ltd.
- 中国ルール・台湾ルール(計点制ルール)では、全局的な同形反復禁止の観点から死とされる。
- Under China and Taiwan rules (point system rules), the judgment is death from the standpoint of forbidding repeated movement in the game.
- その過程で北海道函館では、榎本武揚らによって一時共和制が宣言される(「蝦夷共和国」)。
- By that process, in Hakodate, Hokkaido, a republic was declared for a while by Takeaki ENOMOTO ('the Ezo Republic').
- その婬行(あるいは媱行)はいよいよ増して、自制する事はできなかった」という意味である。
- It was said, her sexual moral decadence was becoming worse, but she could not stop it by herself.
- 2009年に『となりの801ちゃん』を制作する予定だったが、諸般の事情で中止になった。
- The company planned to produce 'Tonari no 801-chan' in 2009, but the plan was cancelled due to various factors.
- その後、大名家間で模様付けの豪華さを張り合うようになり、江戸幕府から規制を加えられる。
- Meanwhile, families of feudal lords started to compete for luxury of patterns, and it was regulated by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 同じく先端に取り付けられた木魚を演奏出来る「パチモク」なる楽器を制作し、使用している。
- The instrument called 'pachimoku,' which enables to play Mokugyo installed in the end, is used as well.
- 江戸時代に家元制度を取っていた流派としては、大蔵流、和泉流、鷺流の三つの流派が存した。
- There were three schools introducing the Iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) in the Edo period, the Okura school, the Izumi school, and the Sagi school.
- 和菓子の日(わがしのひ)は、全国和菓子協会が1979年(昭和54年)に制定した記念日。
- Wagashi no hi' (the Day of Japanese Confectionery) was a memorial day, established by 'Zenkoku Wagashi Kyokai' (Japan Wagashi Association) in 1979.
- 江戸時代に制定されたものが最も多く、浮世絵の連作のために考案された江戸八景などがある。
- Many Eight Views were established in the Edo period, including Eight Views of Edo which was designed for a series of Ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock prints).
- 近江令制定は平安時代に創作された話なのだから、奈良時代に語られるはずがないからである。
- Because the institution of Omi-Ryo is a fabricated story during the Heian period, and it is impossible to be talked about in the Nara period.
- JR京田辺駅は、もとは田辺という駅名で、市制施行とほぼ同時期に市名に合わせて改名した。
- JR Kyoutanabe Station was originally called Tanabe Station, but was changed at around the same time as the city was incorporated.
- 上国家は出羽小鹿島や土崎港(現秋田県秋田市)を領し、後に秋田郡を制して秋田城を称した。
- The Kaminokuni family ruled Ogashima in Dewa Province (present Oga City, Akita Prefecture) and Tsuchizaki Port (present Akita City, Akita Prefecture), and later it came to control the whole Akita Country and called its residence Akita-jo Castle.
- 1879年(明治12年)3月14日 - 郡区町村編制法により北桑田郡と南桑田郡に分割。
- March 14, 1879: According to the law for making an organization of counties, wards, towns and villages, the county was divided into Kita Kuwada-gun and Minami Kuwada-gun.
- たとえば、日本国憲法を国民は想起したがその条規は守らねばならず、その行動は制限される。
- For example, though people recalled the Constitution of Japan, they have to conform to the provisions and their actions are limited.
- 天平16年(743年)には、耕されない荒れ地が多いため新たに墾田永年私財法を制定した。
- In 743, Konden einen shizai Law (the Law Permitting Permanent Ownership of Newly Cultivated Land) was established because there were many uncultivated wastes.
- 室町時代には、賛詩を必須とする詩画軸、上部に賛のある寒山拾得などの禅画が多数制作された。
- In the Muromachi period, many shigajiku (paintings with a san of Chinese poetry in the form of a hanging scroll) for which a san poem is essential were produced in large numbers, as were paintings by Zen monks such as Kanzan Jittoku or motif paintings with a san on their upper part (Kanzan and Jittoku were unworldly persons who lived in the Tang period and who were often used as the subject matter for paintings by Zen monks).
- 大正デモクラシーの時期には、天皇制を自由主義的に解釈する吉野作造の民本主義なども現れた。
- During the period of Taisho democracy, ideas such as Minponshugi, or a democratic interpretation of Tennosei in liberalism, by Sakuzo YOSHINO appeared.
- 朝廷権威の抑制をはかる幕府は干渉を強め、官位の叙任権や元号の改元も幕府が握る事となった。
- The Edo bakufu initiated governmental interference at the Imperial Palace to suppress their authority, the government took control of having the right to appoint official positions and change in era name.
- 明治4年7月14日(1871年8月29日)には廃藩置県を断行し、中央集権体制を確立した。
- On August 29, 1871, the government absolved the han system (feudal domains) and the establishment of prefectures to establish the system of one consolidated political power into the center of the government.
- 男性の小学生以外の学生・生徒の制服を新しく制作するときは、国民服の乙号を作ることとした。
- The outline stated that when uniforms for male students, except for elementary school, are produced, the national Otsugo uniform should be produced.
- 店外にテーブルやビールケースを出したり、歩道を占拠する営業は違法となるなど、規制がある。
- The regulations stipulate that it is illegal to place a table or a beer case outside of the premises of the street stall shops, or to occupy the roadway while doing business.
- 以前よりは緩和はされてはいるが大規模店舗の出店も旧市街地においては厳しく制限されている。
- The city imposes severe restrictions on the opening of large retail stores in the old urban area. even though they aren't as severe as before.
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日 - 郡区町村編制法に基づき向日町に乙訓郡役所を設置。
- April 10, 1879: Based on the Gun-ku-cho-son henseiho (Counties, Wards, Towns, and Villages Organization Code), Otokuni-gun district office was established in Muko-machi.
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日 - 郡区町村編制法に基づき木津村に相楽郡役所を設置。
- April 10, 1879: Based on the Gun-ku-cho-son henseiho (Counties, Wards, Towns, and Villages Organization Code), Soraku district office was established in Kizu-mura.
- 和泉国では細川庶流二家による、国内を分割しない共同管理方式の守護二人制が採用されていた。
- In Izumi Province, the two branch families of Hosokawa adapted double Shugo system, which was a joint control method that does not divide a Province.
- 重要港湾指定の舞鶴港を擁しており、経済制裁前は朝鮮民主主義人民共和国船の入港が多かった。
- With Maizuru-ko Port designated as an important port/harbor, many ships from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) used this port before economic sanctions were enforced.
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日 - 郡区町村編制法に基づき下鴨村に愛宕郡役所を設置。
- April 10, 1879: Following the Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), Otagi District Public Hall was established.
- 明治以降の皇室典範では譲位を認めていないため、現在に至るまで太上天皇の制度は存在しない。
- Because the Imperial House Acts after the Meiji period do not admit transfer of the throne, the rule of Daijo Emperor does not exist until the present time.
- また、皇后が皇子を4人儲けたのは稀有というべきであり、一夫一妻制の確立に大いに貢献した。
- Additionally, it was very rare, in that the Empress Teimei gave birth to four Imperial princes, so this fact helped to establish the concept of monogamy in Japan.
- 天文方は世襲制であったが、時には天文学に通じた人物を追加あるいは養子縁組して世襲を許した。
- The position of Tenmonkata was basically inherited based on the hereditary system, but persons who were well-versed in astronomy were sometimes added or allowed to inherit the position by adoption.
- これは関白及び禁中並公家諸法度を利用して朝廷の統制を図ろうしていた江戸幕府を強く刺激した。
- This event inflamed the government of Edo, since it had been trying to control the Imperial Court by using the kampaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, as well as Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto.
- 不改常典は本当は天智天皇の作ではなく、後に作られて天智制定と偽ったのだとする仮託説もある。
- Another is the pretext theory that presents a hypothesis that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was not established by Emperor Tenchi, but it was posteriorly written under the pretense that it was set up by Emperor Tenchi.
- 白河も鳥羽も積極的な政策展開を行い、専制的な院政の典型とも、院政の最盛期とも評されている。
- Both Shirakawa and Toba worked to positively develop politics, it was criticized as the typical style of despotic cloistered government or the golden age of the cloistered government.
- 亀山は院評定制の改革に取り組み、一定の成果を上げて「厳密之沙汰」、「徳政興行」と評された。
- Emperor Kameyama who worked on improving the system of council supervised by a retired emperor; In Hyojo Sei, based upon his achievements, was thought to be an Emperor who exercises 'strict self discipline' and yet, operates a 'benevolent government.'
- 更に勅旨田の廃止が昌泰の変直後であることから、藤原氏による皇室勢力抑制策とみる向きもある。
- Also, some people view Chokushiden as a control measure against the imperial force by Fujiwara clan since Chokushiden was abolished just after the Shotai Incident.
- デパートや商業施設、観光関係やサービス業の従業員など夏の制服として着用する例も多くなった。
- Also increasing are cases where the employees of department stores and other commercial establishments, tourism and entertainment services are beginning to wear yukata as a uniform for the summer season.
- この頃の駄菓子は製造に用いる材料が制限され、高価な白砂糖などを用いることは許されなかった。
- In those days the ingredients for dagashi were limited and the use of expensive refined sugar was prohibited.
- しかしこのような禁制を受けて、すなおに自分の隠し持っていた他所酒を提出した者は少なかった。
- However, it was very rare that people accepted this prohibition and submitted their own secret yosozake obediently.
- 発酵によって作られる「脂肪酸エチル」が、癌を引き起こす変異原の力を抑制するという説がある。
- There is a theory that 'fatty acid ethyl' produced by fermentation reduces the power of mutagen which causes cancer.
- 太陽運行の不均等性を考慮して太陽運行表が編制され、計算に不等間隔二次差補間法が用いられた。
- A solar motion table was developed taking into account the unevenness of the solar motion, and the interpolation method using unevenly-spaced quadratic difference (不等間隔二次差補間法) was used as well.
- この事件は試験制度による改革も決して業界全体を満足させるものではない事を証明したとされる。
- It is said that this incident proved that reform by the examination system has never satisfied the whole industry.
- また陸軍の軍服を規範につくられた詰め襟の洋服である学生服が男子学生の制服として採用された。
- Stiff collar western clothes designed based on the army military uniform were adopted as male student uniforms.
- 丹後国(たんごのくに)は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、山陰道に位置する。
- Tango Province, located in Sanin-do, was one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei (administrative codes).
- 丹波国(たんばのくに)は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、山陰道に位置する。
- Tanba Province was one of the old provinces of Japan, located in San'indo.
- そして神職における吉田家の優位は江戸時代になって寛文5年諸社禰宜神主法度の制定で確定する。
- During Edo period, predominance of the Yoshida family in Shinto priesthood was settled by the establishment of the shosha neki kannushi hatto (ordinances for shrine priests) in 1665.
- 憲法は貴族院でも審議されたが、華族制度については衆議院で可決された原案通りに通過している。
- The House of Peers deliberated on the drafts of the Constitution of Japan as well, and as for the kazoku system, they approved the original plan which the House of Representatives had already approved and did not make any modifications to it.
- 守護二人制の採用理由として、和泉国は大国であるがゆえに権力の分散を目的としたとされている。
- It is believed that adaptation of double Shugo system was aimed at the divergence of power, as Izumi Province was a taigoku (major province).
- 久世郡淀町の区域は、明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時には以下の1町2村であった。
- The area of Yodo town, Kuse County included the following one town and two villages at the time of the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889.
- 現在の市議会においては日本共産党を除く各政党でオール与党体制を構築しているといわれている。
- In the current city assembly, it is said that all parties except the Japanese Communist Party constitute the all-ruling-party system.
- 画僧の1人は、彼女が観音の化身ならば顔を見てみたいと、仲間の制止も聞かずに小石を投げつけた。
- One of the artist-monks, wishing to see the face of the girl who may be an incarnation of Kannon (Deity of Mercy), threw a pebble at her without listing to his associates who tried to stop him.
- 日本初の蒸留所が造られた山崎は経済的な制約があり、より便利な場所に建設することが重視された。
- Yamazaki, where the first distillery in Japan was built, was chosen for the location because the place was more convenient due to the economic limitation to build it.
- 南宋時代以降には、禅宗寺院や文人官僚の趣味にあわせた、水墨画や白描画の仏教絵画も制作された。
- After the Southern Sung period, Buddhist ink-wash paintings and hakubyoga (white monochrome drawings) reflecting the tastes of temples of Zen sect and bunjin-kanryo (government officials of letters) were also created.
- 戦時体制に入るまでは和服の場合に限り従来の日本髪(と、白塗りの厚化粧)も依然として結われた。
- Before the wartime regime was established, the traditional Japanese coiffures were still worn (along with thick makeup like Shironuri [white makeup]) only when women wore Japanese clothes.
- この間に、鎌倉幕府による朝廷への介入が進み院評定制が置かれ、院政もまた幕府の管理下に入った。
- During this time intervention by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) into the Imperial Palace affairs became more obvious, the council system supervised by a retired emperor was established, and the cloistered government was also controlled.
- 奈良時代の制服は、特別な地位にない官人が朝廷の公事を行なうときに着る服であるという説がある。
- Uniforms during the Nara period were for the government officials, who did not have any privileged status, to wear them when performing official duty.
- 2006年の酒税改正により、添加量が制限されており、現在は3倍までは増量できなくなっている。
- As the additive amount was limited by the revision of the Liquor Tax Act in 2006, the volume cannot be tripled at present.
- 少なくとも亮政の頃には国人層による連合制的な面が強く、代を経るごとに支配体制が強化している。
- During the Sukemasa's reign at least, the political situation was influenced by the Kokujin (local samurais) union-tinged regime; the controlling system of the Azai clan was gradually strengthened along with the generations.
- 明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行から、山科区成立までの沿革は既に述べたとおりである。
- The history since the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889 until the establishment of Yamashina Ward is mentioned above.
- この地区は、明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行の時点では、北桑田郡の6つの村であった。
- This area consisted of six villages in the Kitakuwada County when the Municipal Government Act came into effect in 1889.
- 1938年(昭和13年) 西舞鶴が(旧)舞鶴市として、東舞鶴が東舞鶴市として市制を施行した。
- 1938: Nishi-Maizuru and Higashi-Maizuru establish the City organization as (Old) Maizuru City and Higashi-Maizuru City respectively.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日、町村制施行に伴い、綴喜郡八幡町、都々城村、有智郷村が発足。
- April 1, 1889: Yawata-machi, Tsuzuki-mura, and Uchigo-mura were founded in Tsuzuki-gun when the municipal organization was enforced.
- 市制前は乙訓郡長岡町と呼ばれていたが、新潟県長岡市が先にあったので、このような名前となった。
- Although it had been called Nagaoka-cho, Otokuni-gun before city status was granted, the city was named Nagaokakyo City because the city named 'Nagaoka City' already existed in Niigata Prefecture.
- なお、近代の皇族制度とは違い、婚姻によって皇親身分を獲得したり喪失したりすることは無かった。
- Furthermore, unlike the modern imperial family system, with this system one could not obtain or lose the status of Koshin through marriage.
- しかしながら、当初は沿岸捕鯨で生産される鯨肉価格への悪影響を考慮して製品の持ち帰りを制限した。
- However, initially, the amount of whale-related products to be brought back to Japan was restricted due to the fear of affecting the price of the whale meat produced from whales caught in coastal whaling.
- 1934年(昭和9年)2月に歌舞伎座で「大石最後の一日」が初演された後、全10編が制作された。
- After part of the program, 'Oishi's last day', was first performed at the Kabuki Theater in February, 1934, a total of ten acts were produced.
- しかし、ウジ・カバネが制度化される以前の大王家(天皇家の前進)は、姓を有していたとされている。
- However, Daio-ke (antecedent of Tenno's family) is said to have had family name, before uji-kabane was systematized.
- 阿曇氏(あずみうじ)は安曇氏とも記し、律令制の下で、高橋氏とともの内膳司の奉膳の職を世襲した。
- 阿曇氏 (the Azumi clan) could also be written as 安曇氏, maintained the heredity of the head position of Naizenshi with the Takahashi clan under the Ritsuryo system.
- 律令制のもと租庸調の税が各国に課せられたが、これとは別に贄の納付が定められていたと考えられる。
- Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was imposed on each province, but it was considered that the offering had to be paid in addition to the tax.
- 乱後、信西は政権の強化に尽力し、保元新制を発して荘園整理令・大寺社の統制・内裏再建などを行う。
- In an effort to strengthen the political authority of the Imperial Court, after the War, Shinzei issued the Hogen edict, which imposed the Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates, introduced regulations governing major temples and shrines, and restored the Imperial Palace.
- 幕末の尊王攘夷運動の過程で強化され、明治維新後には政治体制によって正統な歴史観として確立した。
- It was strongly influenced by a campaign to restore the emperor and expel the barbarians during the last days of the Tokugawa government, it was established as an orthodox historical view by the new political system after the Meiji Restoration.
- 御本茶碗 - 江戸前期に釜山の倭館で焼かれたもので、切型(お手本)によって注文制作されたもの。
- Gohon chawan: bowls fired at the Japanese consular office in Busan in the early part of the Edo period (1603-1868) and made to order based on a model.
- 山城国 (やましろのくに) は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、畿内に位置する。
- Yamashiro no Kuni, located in Kinai, was one of the administrative province (Ryoseikoku).
- 中央政権の支配も関東以南ほど強くは及んでいなかったが律令制の時代には陸奥国と出羽国が置かれた。
- Although the central government had less control there than in the south of the Kanto region, it set up Mutsu and Dewa Provinces in the area during the era ruled under the ritsuryo system.
- 近江国 (おうみのくに) は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、東山道に位置する。
- Omi Province was one of the provinces, the former local administration division, and is located in Tosando.
- 飛鳥京から藤原宮時代の木簡(大化の改新以後~律令制前)には近江国を「近水海」と記載されている。
- In a 'mokkan' (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written: made after 'Taika no Kaishin' [Great Reformation of the Taika Era] till the introduction of the Ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code]) made in the period from Asuka-kyo place to Fujiwara-kyo palace, Omi Province was described as 'Chikatsu no umi' (近水海).
- 1993年(平成5年) - 伊根の舟屋を舞台にした、連続テレビ小説『ええにょぼ』が制作される。
- 1993: NHK produced the Asadora Drama, 'Eenyobo' (A Good Wife), which was set in Ine no Funaya Houses.
- 令制国、郡、城柵で政務の中心となる建物をまとめて政庁というので、国庁もしばしば政庁と呼ばれる。
- The building where government affairs were mainly carried out was called 'Seicho' (government office) in the province under the Ritsuryo system, county and 'Josaku' (government office with defense system), therefore, Kokucho was often called Seicho as well.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 町村制施行により椿井村・北河原村・神童寺村が合併し、高麗村。
- April 1, 1889: The Villages of Tsubai-mura, Kita-Kawara-mura (北河原村) and Shindoji-mura (神童寺村) merged to form Korai-mura corresponding to the enforcement of the town-village system.
- また反対に憲法を定めず法令によらずして被支配者層を介せず統治するのが前近代的な専制政治である。
- On the contrary, pre-modern autocracy is meant to rule a nation without establishing a constitution, following laws, and considering subjects.
- 現代では通常憲法に条規を定めておき議会(立法府)により君主の行動を制限するのが立憲政治である。
- In modern age, constitutional government is meant to control monarch's actions by a diet (legislature) based on predetermined provisions in the constitution.
- あわせて、無形の民俗資料について「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗資料」選択制度が発足した。
- At the same time, a selection system for 'intangible folklore material for which records should be prepared' was introduced.
- 1919年(大正8年)の「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」によって、記念物の法的な保護制度が確立した。
- By the 'Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law' enacted in 1919, the legal system for protecting monuments was established.
- 尊氏は九州へ落ち延びるが、翌年に九州で体制を立て直し、光厳上皇の院宣を得たのちに再び京都へ迫る。
- Takauji fled to Kyushu, but after reconstructing his army, he again approached to Kyoto in the following year, with a decree previously obtained from the abducted Emperor Kogon.
- ただしこれは外国の制度を模倣しただけで「当分之を欠く」という註がされていて有名無実な教科だった。
- However, it was just an imitation of foreign systems, and a titular subject with a note saying that for the time being this subject would not bet practiced.
- 悪代官(あくだいかん)とは、領民を圧制で苦しめたり、不正行為を働いたりした代官の代名詞的な表現。
- Akudaikan is an emblematic expression of the bailiffs who oppressed people of the domain or committed a fraud.
- 登録有形文化財(第57条):、1996年の文化財保護法改正により登録有形文化財制度が創設された。
- Registered Tangible Cultural Properties (Article 57): The system of registered tangible cultural properties was founded owing to the amendment of the Law for the protection of cultural properties in 1996.
- 蔭位の制は唐の律令制に倣った制度だが、中国の制度よりも資格者の範囲は狭く、与えられる位階は高い。
- Oni system was modeled on the Ritsuryo system of Tang (China), but compared to the Chinese system, its extent of qualification was limited, and the ranks bestowed upon were high.
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正においては、登録有形文化財制度の登録の対象に美術工芸品を追加された。
- When the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, art craftworks were added to the candidates for registered tangible folk cultural properties.
- 太平洋戦争の勃発により米不足に拍車がかかると、昭和18年(1943年)には酒類は配給制となった。
- As the outbreak of the Pacific War accelerated the rice shortage, a liquor rationing system was introduced in 1943.
- 明治天皇の時に退位禁止と養子禁止と直系男子への皇位継承優先について定めた旧皇室典範が制定された。
- During Emperor Meiji's era, a former Imperial Family Law was issued which included the prohibition of abdication, prohibition of adoption, and a priority for a male, direct Imperial member's, succession to the throne.
- 今後も順次3台が納入されることになっており、最終的に4台体制(うち寝台車1台)となる予定である。
- Three other cars will gradually be delivered from now and it will in fact be four cars (including 1 sleeping car) in the end.
- 明治17年(1884年)以降は、間近に控えた議会創設に備えて、立憲制に対応する諸制度を創設した。
- After 1884, the Emperor established various regulations for the constitution to prepare for the establishment of the Diet, which was drawing near.
- 国家に半ば強制された歴史もあり、もんぺは劣悪な国民の戦時生活の代名詞として用いられることもある。
- Sometimes monpe are used as a synonym of the poor citizen's life during the war because of the history that they were nearly forced to wear by the nation.
- 飛鳥時代においては、仏像制作技術を持った血縁集団が存在しており、その長たる者を仏師と称していた。
- In the Asuka period, there were kin groups which had the skills of sculpting Buddhist statues, and the head of the family was called busshi.
- 座りや着せ替えができるタイプは、専門の人形作家の手によって伝統工芸品として制作・販売されている。
- Ichimatsu ningyo which can sit down and change the clothes is produced and sold by professional doll makers as traditional crafts.
- 7世紀に令制国として丹波国が成立したときは、丹波郡(後の中郡)がその中心地であったと考えられる。
- Tanba-gun (later Naka-gun) is believed to have been the center of the kingdom when, in the seventh century, Tamba Province was established as one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei.
- 平家台頭後は日宋貿易に熱心だった平清盛が肥後守に就任するなど、平家による肥後国統制が強化される。
- After the rise of the Taira family, TAIRA no Kiyomori, who was enthusiastic about the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China took the post of the Governor of Higo Province, thus the Taira family's controlling over Higo Province was strengthened.
- 幕末期に所領のあった下野国で圧制を強いて田中正造ら地元住民に激しく抵抗された事でも知られている。
- It is also noted that the family was fiercely resisted by local residents including Shozo TANAKA, because the family oppressed them in Shimotsuke Province where they had their 'syoryo' (territory) during the end of the Edo period.
- 荘官に任ぜられた義重は新田氏を称し、新田荘と八幡荘を中心に息子たちを配して、支配体制を確立する。
- Yoshishige who was appointed to a shokan (an officer governing shoen [manor]) called himself the Nitta clan, and established a ruling system by deploying his sons centered in Nitta no sho estate and Yawata no sho estate.
- 室町時代の制作である「人王百代具名記」に義良の名を「儀良」と記して「ノリヨシ」とふりがなしている。
- In Jinno Hyakudai Gumyoki' (a compendium of successive emperors' names), the Emperor's name 義良 is written as 儀良 with the instruction to pronounce as 'noriyoshi.'
- また、最末期には大土地所有の制限を緩和して荒田開発を進め、公営田・勅旨田の設置などが行われている。
- At the end of this government, the restriction toward latifundism was tempered and the wild fields were developed, while government-own fields (kueiden) and the fields directly owned by the Emperor (chokushi den) were established.
- ただし美観地区が定められていても、その美観地区内での条例はまだ制定されていないというケースが多い。
- However, there are many cases where an aesthetic area is designated, but regulations have not been established yet.
- 称制(しょうせい)とは先帝崩御後、新帝(主に皇太子または皇后)が即位の式を挙げずに政務を執ること。
- Shosei means new emperor (mainly Crown Prince or Empress) starts to rule the government without having an enthronement ceremony after the former emperor died.
- 『藤氏家伝』や『弘仁格式』には、日本最初の律令として天智天皇が近江令を制定したことが記されている。
- In 'Toshi Kaden' (Biographies of the Fujiwara clan) and 'Konin Kyakushiki' (a compilation of rules, regulations, and precedents covering the 119 years since the issue of the Taiho code in 702), it was reported that Emperor Tenchi instituted Omi-Ryo as the first administrative code in Japan.
- その後、八色の姓が制定されると、第15代の応神天皇以降の皇別の氏族には真人が与えられるようになる。
- After the eight honorary titles were issued, an Imperial Family with ancestors from after the era of the fifteenth Emperor Ojin, were give the surname of Mahito.
- この憲法は、日本史上初めて天皇の権限(天皇大権)を明記しており、近代天皇制国家確立の基礎となった。
- This constitution clearly stated the Emperor's prerogative rights (Tenno Taiken) for the first time in history, this became the basis to establish the modern Emperor System of Japan.
- ゆえに流儀という制度には家元もしくはそれに類する存在(たとえば職分会等の機関)が絶対に必要である。
- Therefore, iemoto or an entity equivalent thereto (such as organizations like shokubunkai (gathering of a school's occupational branch family)) is indispensable for the ryugi system.
- 専門学校以上の女性の学生・生徒の制服を、なるべく婦人標準服に変えてもらうよう働きかけることとした。
- The outline stated that the uniforms for the female students of technical schools and higher schools should be encouraged to be the standard female clothes.
- この制度は、文化財としての建造物を「点」(単体)ではなく「面」(群)で保存しようとするものである。
- This system is designed to preserve cultural property buildings in their 'aspect' (as a group) rather than as 'point' (individual entities).'
- 近代においてもほぼこの制度を継承するが、紋の配置については、闕腋のときも近世ほど間を詰めていない。
- The above system basically continued to exist up to the recent times, but the crests were not placed so closely as in the early-modern times even in the case of ketteki.
- 柄物などは流派によって扱いが違い、厳しく制限されている場合と、まったく問題とならない場合とがある。
- Rules of cloth patterns vary depending on schools, and some schools strictly restrict the use of patterns while some schools have no restriction on the use of patterns.
- 京人形(きょうにんぎょう)とは、京都府京都市周辺で伝統的に制作されてきた高級日本人形の総称である。
- Kyo ningyo is a general term for luxurious Japanese dolls, which have been traditionally made around the city of Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 1980年(昭和55年) - 琵琶湖条例(滋賀県琵琶湖の富栄養化の防止に関する条例)が制定される。
- 1980: The Lake Biwa Ordinance (the Ordinance for the Prevention of Eutrophication of Lake Biwa) was enacted.
- 義安は今川氏への対抗上、同じく今川氏と抗争中にあった尾張国の織田氏に加担し、防衛体制を整えていく。
- Because of its opposition to the Imagawa clan, Yoshiyasu supported the Oda clan in Owari Province who was also resisting the Imagawa clan, then started to maintain the defense system.
- 宗家(征夷大将軍)を補佐する役目にあるとも言われているが、制度・役職として定められたものではない。
- While it is said by some that Tokugawa Gosanke assisted the head family or Seii taishogun, this was not officially defined as a system or official post.
- なお、緩勾配の側線への分岐は制限速度60km/hとなっている(トンネル内の合流部(後述)も同様)。
- The speed limit at the point of divergence to the gentle gradient sidetrack is 60 km/h (the same speed limit is applied at the joining point of the tracks inside the tunnel (described later)).
- 下京区の西部は、明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時には葛野郡七条村及び同郡大内村であった。
- The western part of Shimogyo Ward was Ouchi village and Shichijo village in Kadono County when the Municipal Government Act was enforced in 1889.
- 京都府鴨川条例(2008年4月から施行)では、鴨川とともに、高野川の一部もその規制対象としている。
- The Kyoto Prefecture's Kamo-gawa River ordinance (being enforced since April of 2008) covers some part of the Takano-gawa River as well as the Kamo-gawa River.
- 子供が洋装するのは、私立学校の制服くらいなもので、一般の子供たちは、この時期まだ和服を着用していた。
- For children, western clothes were limited to only uniforms of private schools, and general children still wore wafuku during this period.
- 寺社の強訴は平安時代から室町時代ごろまで盛んだったが、その後寺社権門体制論の衰退と共に廃れていった。
- Goso at temples and shrines was popular from the Heian period through the Muromachi period, but died out as their authority lost influence over the governing structure.
- 日本と異なり、中国の場合は称制する者(母后)と別に正統の君主(幼君)が同時に存在しなければならない。
- In China the structure was different from Japan, there should have been the Empress who ruled the actual Shosei while the legitimate monarch (young emperor) existed at the same time.
- 天智天皇の皇女・菟野皇后の称制は自らが産んだ草壁皇子の血統が続くのをより確実にしたいがためであった。
- Emperor Tenchi/Tenji's Prince, Uno no Sarara no Himemiko conducted the Shosei since she wished to secure her son, Prince Kusakabe to succeed the blood line to the throne.
- 1855年に松平定信(寛政の改革で有名な老中とは別人)を総奉行として律令制の形式に則って改築された。
- In 1855 this palace was built under Ritsuryo Style (a system of centralized government based on ritsuryo codes) having Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA (he was not the same famous person as a Senior Councilor in the Kansei Reforms) as Sobugyo (Grand Magistrate).
- 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
- Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).
- しかし中国伝来の現代音楽(当時として)であった清楽は、例外的に、江戸時代の身分制度から自由であった。
- But Shingaku, contemporary music introduced from China, was exclusively free from the class system in the Edo period.
- ナイロンをはじめ化学繊維の統制撤廃の後、化学繊維を使用した衣服が作られ始めるのは1951年頃である。
- It was around 1951 when the control on chemical fibers including nylon was removed that clothes made from chemical fibers started being produced.
- (神社本庁の制度にはない)制外のため、冠にあわせたり、烏帽子に合わせたりなど着用の構成も様々である。
- Because it isn't part of the system laid down by the Association of Shinto Shrines, it is worn in various styles, including with a kanmuri or eboshi.
- 学歴面でも、華族の子弟は学習院に無試験で入学でき、学習院高等科 (旧制)までの進学が保証されていた。
- Even in the academic carrier sphere, children in the kazoku class could enter Gakushuin School without examination, and it was guaranteed that they could advance up to Gakushuin High School (in the former educational system).
- そのため、万一耐震不足と認定されれば、入場制限を強いられる恐れがあり、診断さえ行われない場合が多い。
- There is therefore the fear that a building determined to be insufficiently earthquake resistant may be forced to restrict admission and there would be many cases for which even assessments could not be conducted.
- 中国人労働者16人が過酷な労働を強制されたとして損害賠償訴訟を1998年8月に京都地方裁判所へ提訴。
- On August, 1998, sixteen Chinese miners filed a damage suit to the Kyoto District Court for forced labor.
- 律令制において、国司が政務を執った施設を国庁といい、国庁の周囲は塀などによって方形に区画されていた。
- The facilities where the Kokushi administered the government affairs were called 'Kokucho' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), whose surroundings were squarely demarcated by a fence or other means.
- 白河上皇は堀河天皇の成人後も政権を返すことなく、受領階級や武家出身の近臣を用いて専制的な政治を行った。
- SHIRAKAWA continued to have exert power even after Emperor Horikawa turned twenty years old and he strengthened his despotic position by appointing aids from the Juryro and Samurai class.
- その結果、品質の良い酒米を求める蔵元と安定した販売先を求める農家の思いが一致し、この制度がはじまった。
- As a result, Kuramoto acquiring high-quality rice for brewing sake and the farmers looking for the stable buyers coincided on those desires to start this system.
- 1943年の清酒清酒製造業整備要項により全国の半数の酒造所が戦時下の国策として強制的に廃業させられた。
- The half of the sake breweries throughout the country were forced to go out of business by Sake Producing Equipment Instructions in 1943 as a national policy during the war time.
- 翌・明治23年(1890年)には教育勅語を発し、近代天皇制国家を支える臣民(国民)道徳の涵養に努めた。
- In the following year, 1890, the Imperial Rescript of Education was issued, the Emperor put his efforts into cultivating the morality of the nation who supported the modern Emperor System.
- 和服を反物から制作する作業において、反物を切る線のほとんどが直線であり、布の端と平行か直角に切られる。
- Throughout the processes of making Wafuku from a roll of cloth, the panels are cut out from the cloth almost always straight in parallel to or perpendicular to the sides of the cloth.
- 養老律令の衣服令によると、礼服・朝服・制服の形式・色彩は、それぞれの地位や役職によって違うものだった。
- According to the clothing code of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code, the forms and colors of Raifuku, Chofuku, and uniforms differ to differentiate each status and official position.
- これは数日間に渡る興行で、江戸町民は強制的にこの入場券を割り当てられたため、かなりの収益をもたらした。
- This kanjin-Noh performance was held for several days, and additionally, this brought a huge profit to the tayu because people in Edo were forced to buy tickets for this performance.
- これは五経の一つである礼記の王制篇に『王者之制禄爵 公候伯子男 凡五等』とあるのにならったものである。
- This was based on the description in the king system part of Raiki (Book of Rites), one of Gokyo (Five Classics), that 'The salary and title in the king's system is commonly classified into five ranks including Ko (公), Ko (候), Haku, Shi, Dan.'
- 吉田村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区吉田町となった。
- Yoshida village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Yoshida-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 岡崎村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区岡崎町となった。
- Okazaki village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Okazaki-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 1889年(明治22年)10月1日 - 淀池上町、淀下津町、淀新町が合併し、久世郡淀町として町制施行。
- October 1, 1889: Yodo-ikegami-cho, Yodo-shimozu-cho, and Yodo-shin-machi were merged to establish Yodo-cho, Kuse-gun by implementing the chosei (grant of town status).
- 皇族以外の親族には下記「一般国民と皇族の差異」は当てはまらないが、近親婚の禁止等の規制等は適用される。
- Although the 'Differences between the General Public and the Imperial Family' below do not apply to those relatives that are not part of the Imperial family, certain provisions such as those banning consanguineous marriages do apply.
- なお、「ヒガシ」のアップテンポな演奏こそが、曳行する地車の制約から解放された音楽の典型例とも考えられる。
- In addition, the uptempo performance of 'Higashi' is thought to be a typical example of the music of danjiri-bayashi becoming free from the restrictions of drawing danjiri.
- 院政は朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであり、禁中並公家諸法度に基づく幕府の統制の手が届かなかったからである。
- The cloister government could not have been regulated by the government of Edo with Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto, since its system was beyond the control of the Imperial Palace.
- 空海が東寺に将来した真言五祖像は、宮廷画家の李真などが制作した確実な唐代絵画(ACE806年頃)である。
- The portraits of the five patriarchs of the Shingon Buddhism which Kukai brought to To-ji Temple were authentic paintings of the Tang Dynasty created by Li Zhen and others who were kyutei gaka (court painters) (around AD 806).
- このような幼帝の即位は、天皇が次第に実権を失っていたことを示すもので、こうした政治体制を摂関政治という。
- The enthronement of such a young Emperor shows that the Emperor gradually lost his actual power, and this form of government is called Sekkanseiji.
- が、日本書紀が編纂にあたって天智称制・持統称制にあわせて用語を統一しなかったのはどういうわけであろうか。
- However this raises a question as to why the description of Sessho and Shose were not unified in accordance with the government of Emperor Tenchi/Tenji's Shosei or Emperor Jito's Shosei when the Nihonshoki was edited.
- 天智天皇の制定動機については、皇位継承争いの予防、中国の影響、大友皇子への継承の希望の三点が挙げられる。
- The theory mentions three reasons why Emperor Tenchi instituted the code; intent of preventing the conflict in Imperial Throne succession, influence by China, and Prince Otomo's wish to succeed the throne.
- 不改常典は天智天皇が作ったものではなく、後に別の人が作って天智制定と偽ったとするのが、後世仮託説である。
- The posterior pretext theory argues that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not the code created by Emperor Tenchi, but after ages another person made it and lied that it was instituted by Tenchi.
- 当時はまだ旧皇室典範制定前で、皇族の継承権問題が天皇の裁量で決められたため、5月18日に勅許が出された。
- It was before the Imperial Family Law was introduced at that time, since the Emperor had power to decide who would succeed to the throne, the Imperial order was issued from the Emperor on May 18.
- 810年代のうちは右大臣藤原園人主導のもと、有力貴族・寺社を抑制し貧民救済を重視する政策がとられていた。
- During 810's, Udaijin (minister of the right), FUJIWARA no Sonohito took the initiative in policies that controlled powerful peerage and temples, shrines, and focused on relief of the poor.
- 乞巧奠(きっこうてん)の慣習と織女祭に因み、日本ゆかた連合会により7月7日がゆかたの日と制定されている。
- Nippon Yukata Rengokai (literally, the Joint Association of the Japanese Yukata Industry) instituted the day of yukata on July 7 after the custom of the Tanabata Star Festival (the festival of weavers) and Shokujo-sai (the festival for female weavers).
- 2007年欧州連合がヨーロッパウナギの絶滅が危惧(きぐ)されシラスウナギの輸出を規制する方針を発表した。
- In 2007, being afraid that European eels would become extinct, the European Union announced its policy of regulating the export of glass eels.
- 聖武天皇(在位724年 - 749年)は勅令をもって、全国各地の農村から相撲人をなかば強制的に募集した。
- Emperor Shomu (whose reign was from 724 to 749) issued an Imperial order in order to almost forcibly recruit sumo wrestlers from rural communities throughout the country.
- 明治11年(1878年)1月10日、岩倉は華族会館の組織として華族部長局を置き、華族の統制に当たらせた。
- On January 10, 1878, Iwakura established the office of President of Kazoku (called 'Kazoku Bucho Kyoku' literally 'the Department of Kazoku President' which was a name for a kind of disguise) in Kazoku-kaikan Clubhouse to control kazoku.
- 元寇以来、得宗専制に走った鎌倉幕府は次第に他の御家人を圧迫するようになり、社会に不満が溜まるようになる。
- After the Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura Bakufu, which turned to the tokuso (the title held by the head of the mainline Hojo clan, who monopolized the position of regents of the Kamakura shogunate) dictatorship, gradually began to oppress the other Gokenin (Shogunal retainers), resulting in increasing dissatisfaction among people.
- 隆景は兄の吉川元春とともに毛利家を支えて「両川」と呼ばれ(毛利両川体制)、主に山陽地方の経略を担当した。
- Takakage supported the Mori family with his brother Motoharu KIKKAWA and he was called 'Ryosen' (Mori-Ryosen system) and was in charge of the conquest of mainly the Sanyo region.
- しかし天皇の意志に背くことは出来ずに爵位を受けたが、この時には華族制度を疑問視する意見書を提出している。
- Since being unable to renegade the emperor's will, he finally accepted the offer of the peerage, however, at the same time, he submitted a paper opposing the kazoku system.
- 鹿谷村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区鹿ケ谷町となった。
- Shishigatani village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Shishigatani-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 国府(こくふ)は、日本の奈良時代から平安時代に、令制国の国司が政務を執る施設が置かれた場所や都市を指す。
- 'Kokufu' is a place and city at which facilities were established for Kokushi (provincial governors in the nation's governing system in old days) to administer governmental affairs during the Nara and Heian periods.
- 贈位は原則として従五位以上とされたが、明治2年(1869年)の官位制度改革以後は従四位以上の適用となった。
- As a general rule, ranks for zoi was Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank) or higher, but from the reformation of official rank system in 1869, ranks Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) or higher were applied.
- その第一は、嫡系継承法説への批判で、嫡子がいない天智天皇に嫡系継承法を制定する動機はないというものである。
- The first criticism is against the legitimate child imperial succession code theory, which says that Emperor Tenchi who had no legitimate child had no motive to institute the legitimate child imperial succession code.
- それを孝徳が定めたと言わず、天智が定めたというのは、当時の制度改定の主役が中大兄皇子だったためだと考えた。
- MOTOORI thought that, the formulation of the code, nevertheless, was not attributed to the work of Kotoku but to the achievement of Tenchi, because at that time the central role of the system reform was played by Prince Naka no Oe.
- その後、長らく主要取引会社であるシンエイ動画、サンライズ (アニメ制作会社)、ぴえろなどの下請けを行った。
- Following this, the company did subcontract work for Shin-ei animation, Sunrise (animation production company) and Piero Production which were its main clients.
- またこのような禁制が発せられればされるほど、酒を飲む庶民や文化人の間では他所酒への人気と需要は高くなった。
- Furthermore, the more this kind of prohibition was issued, the more popularity and demand for yosozake rised among the common people and cultural figures.
- 養老律令が制定された718年の時点で、文官の礼服を構成する物の中に、襴がついた服があったと推定されている。
- It is considered that Raifuku for civil officers included layered clothing during 718 when the Yoro Ritsuryo Code was promulgated.
- 近年は炭を熾す手間の問題や、特に公共団体が運営する茶室で屋内での火気の使用が制限されるケースが増えている。
- Recent years, there are some issues in use of ryoro such as trouble of maintaining charcoal fire, and a restriction of indoor fire usage, especially at chashitsu (tea-ceremony room) managed by public body.
- しかし戦後1955年に17代預師範加計静堂の没するを以て預師範制度を廃止し、以後は家元が直接指導している。
- However, when the 17th entrusted instructor, Seido KAKEI died in 1955 after the war, the system was abolished, and the head family has been directly teaching the desciples since then.
- そのため、京都府都道府県知事(市制施行当初は、京都市長も兼任)などから産業の振興を呼びかける声が上がった。
- Consequently, local authorities such as the governor of Kyoto Prefecture (who also served as the mayor of Kyoto City at the onset of municipality) requested the development of industry.
- 粟田口村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区粟田口町となった。
- Awataguchi village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Awataguchi-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 浄土寺村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区浄土寺町となった。
- Jodoji village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Jodoji-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 南禅寺村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区南禅寺町となった。
- Nanzenji village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Nanzenji-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 聖護院村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区聖護院町となった。
- Shogoin village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Shogoin-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 皇太后の経済支援により生活が救済された患者もいる一方、「予防」のための強制隔離が正当化された面も否めない。
- While the financial help from the Empress Teimei saved the lives of some patients, it is undeniable that the placement of patients into quarantine was justified by using the phrase, 'prevention.'
- 古代日本において、氏姓、すなわちウジ名とカバネは天皇が臣下へ賜与するものと位置づけられていた(→氏姓制度)。
- In ancient Japan, shisei, or ujina and kabane, was positioned as a name granted by Tenno to his retainers (Shisei system).
- 近代に至り、臨時祭の廃止により天皇が着用しなくなり、六位蔵人の制もなくなったため、現在では着用されていない。
- In the modern age, with the abolition of the special festivals and the system of the Rokui no Kurodo, nobody, including an emperor, wears the Kikujin no ho any more.
- 大宰府: 古代から律令制日本の律令制の時代にかけて、九州・壱岐・対馬を所轄し日本の外交・防衛にあたった機関。
- Dazaifu: Authority for defense and diplomacy of Japan with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima from ancient times to the period of the Ritsuryo system's (criminal, administrative and civil codes) Japan.
- 「徳川」姓は、家康個人が松平氏内部で専制権力を確立して松平一族と家臣団を統制するために使われたと考えられる。
- The 'Tokugawa' surname established Ieyasu's autocratic powers within the Matsudaira clan and as such, it is thought Ieyasu exploited the entire Matsudaira clan and framework of retainers.
- この乱では斎藤妙椿が活躍、美濃の東軍方(富島氏)を駆逐し、更に公家の荘園や国衙領を盛んに押領して国内を制圧。
- In this war, Myochin SAITO played an important role by banishing East squad (the Tomishima clan) in Mino Province, and conquered the province by actively seizing Shoen (manor) possessed by Kuge (court nobles) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 16代武田信昌の時には跡部氏を排斥して家臣団の統制を行い国内を安定化に向かわせるが、後継者を巡り内乱となる。
- The sixteenth head Nobumasa Takeda expelled the Atobe clan and stabilized the situation in the territory by strengthening the control over vassals, but an internal war occurred over his successor.
- 潟湖であることから京都府下の若狭湾の窒素・燐排水基準の規制のある海域では富栄養化と有機汚濁が最も深刻である。
- Since it is a lagoon, eutrophication and organic contamination are the most serious problem in the sea area of Wakasa Bay, Kyoto Prefecture where waste water standards for nitrogen and phosphorus are regulated.
- 菅坂バイパスの開通により、冬期の通行規制が飛躍的に緩和され、両都市間の交流が更に促進されることが期待される。
- Sugasaka Bypass is expected to promote exchanges between the two cities, by alleviating the conventional traffic regulations in winter drastically.
- このとき福知山市章も制定され、後に福知山市史上初の名誉市民となる福知山出身の芦田均が内閣総理大臣に就任する。
- The city simbol of Fukuchiyama was established, and Hitoshi ASHIDA coming from Fukuchiyama City, who became the first honorary citizen later, took office as prime minister.
- 具体的には、天皇主権より統治大権を重視し君主であっても『憲法ノ條規(議会)』に行動が制限される解釈と云える。
- Concretely, it is interpreted that they attach more importance to governing right than to imperial sovereignty and even a monarch's actions are limited by 'the articles of the constitution (diet).'
- その後、長い間皇位に即かず称制したが、663年、白村江の戦いで大敗を喫した後、大津市へ遷都してそこで即位した。
- Eventually, the Emperor took control of the government without having an enthronement ceremony, but then he was severely defeated in the Battle of Hakusukinoe and moved to Otsu City to be enthroned in 663.
- 日中戦争が激化すると食糧増産の要請から鯨肉の持ち帰り制限が緩和され、日本最初の大型冷凍船も導入されるなどした。
- When the Sino-Japanese war became intensified, the amount of whale meat to be brought back to Japan was increased due to the request of increasing the amount of food available, and a large-scaled refrigerator ship was introduced for the first time in Japan.
- 富籤は松平定信によって江戸・京都・大阪の3箇所に限られ、あるいは毎月興行の分を1年3回とするなど、抑制された。
- The area of Tomikuji was restricted in three places of Edo, Kyoto, Osaka by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA and also the frequency was restricted from every month to 3 times a year.
- 文化財保護法では、有形文化財の中から国宝、重要文化財、登録有形文化財を指定・登録し、保護する制度を定めている。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties establishes systems for designating, registering, and protecting national treasures, important cultural properties, and registered tangible cultural properties among the tangible cultural properties.
- 幕藩体制が揺ぎ始めると、江戸幕府も反幕勢力もその権威を利用しようと画策し、結果的に天皇の権威が高められていく。
- When the shogunate system started to waver, both the Edo Bakufu and the anti-bakufu forces planned to use the authority of the Emperor, and as a result, the authority of the Emperor was heightened.
- こうした皇室制度は、国民から隔絶した絶対的な権力を有する天皇制天皇制絶対主義であると規定する学者も少なくない。
- There are many scholars that define this system of Imperial Household as the system of absolutism by the Emperor, which holds absolute powers that are isolated from the people.
- 軍隊組織において、制服を始めとして、下着まで統一することで個性を否定して規律を維持する必要があったからである。
- Because it was required to reject each personality and maintain discipline by unifying not only the uniforms but also the undergarments in the armed forces' organization.
- この機能により温度維持に消費されていた電力を削減、製品の劣化スピードが抑制され補充管理にかかる負荷も軽減した。
- This function made it possible to reduce electric power consumed to maintain the temperature and to control the deteriorating speed of products which lightened the burden of reloading management.
- 日清戦争に際して明清楽は制限されたが、明笛(清笛)は長音階になっていることから大正時代まで青少年に愛奏された。
- Although playing minshingaku was restricted during the Sino-Japanese War, minteki (shinteki) was favored by young people until Taisho period because of its major scale.
- ところが他人にくすぐられると小脳はこれを予測することができないので、感覚の制御は不能として脳は混乱状態に陥る。
- However, if others tickle you, the cerebellum cannot predict it, so the feeling is not controllable and the brain will be thrown into confusion.
- 伊藤博文は、井上毅、伊東巳代治、金子堅太郎、ロエスレルらと憲法制定の準備を開始し、枢密院 (日本)を設置した。
- Hirobumi ITO, working with Kowashi INOUE, Miyoji ITO, Kentaro KANEKO, Roesler and the other concerned parties, began preparations to establish the constitution and installed Sumitsu-in (Privy Council) (Japan).
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日 - 郡区町村編制法に基づき宇治郡宇治郷に宇治・久世両郡合同の郡役所を設置。
- April 10, 1879: Based on the Gun-ku-cho-son henseiho (Counties, Wards, Towns, and Villages Organization Code), a district office for both Uji-gun and Kuse-gun was established in Uji-go, Uji-gun.
- 以後、代々の当主が同派寺院に保護を与えただけでなく、進出した先の他宗の寺院を強制的に改宗させたといわれている。
- After that, the successive family heads provided protection for the temples of this sect, and also forced temples of the other sects to convert where they advanced.
- 明治15年(1882年)、華族部長局は廃され、華族の統制は宮内省直轄の組織である華族局が取り扱うこととなった。
- In 1882, the office of Kazoku President was closed, and after that, the Department of Kazoku under the direct control of Kunaisho (Imperial Household Ministry) dealt with the control kazoku.
- 深草町は明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時には深草村で、大正11年(1922年)に町制を施行している。
- Fukakusa town was Fukakusa village at the time of the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889 and was established as a town in 1922.
- 1889年4月1日の市制、町村制施行に伴い下平屋・上平屋・安掛・野添・長尾 (京都府)等と統合、平屋村となる。
- On April 1, 1889 when the City-town-village system was enforced, the villages of Shimohiraya, Kamihiraya, Agake, Nozoe and Nagano (Kyoto Prefecture) merged into Hiraya village.
- 具体的には、天皇主権に重きをおき原則的に天皇には『憲法ノ條規』があってもあらゆる制限は無いという解釈と云える。
- Concretely, they put importance on imperial sovereignty, and they interpret the emperor's actions are not limited in principle irrespective of 'provisions in the constitution.'
- 全国的には鵜飼漁をする人は「鵜使い」と呼ばれるのだが、長良川鵜飼では世襲制のため古くから「鵜匠」と呼ばれている。
- While the people doing ukai fishing are generally called 'Utukai,' those doing ulkai in Nagara-gawa River are traditionally called 'usho' because of the hereditary system.
- あくまで律令官制の最高位に君臨するのは天皇であり、その天皇を代行・補佐することが、摂関の権力の源泉となっていた。
- It was the Emperor who was at the top position of the organization of government, according to the ritsuryo codes, it was the source of regent and chancellor's authority to act as Emperor or to support the emperor.
- 後嵯峨上皇の時代は、鎌倉幕府による朝廷掌握が進んだ時期であり、後嵯峨上皇による院政は、ほぼ幕府の統制下にあった。
- During the Retired Emperor Gosaga's reign, the Kamakura bakufu tried to control the Imperial Palace, the cloistered government ruled by the Retired Emperor Gosaga was mostly regulated by the government.
- 古くから型染め技法を使って着物を制作していた京都だが、型染めを駆使した小紋生産が隆盛したのは明治時代以降である。
- Although various types of kimono had been manufactured using a stencil dyeing technique in Kyoto for a long time, it was after the Meiji period that komon production, fully employing stencil dyeing, flourished.
- 1800年頃、各藩で財政対策として専売制が採用されるなか久留米藩の井上伝が掠れ模様の織り方を発見する(加寿利)。
- Around 1800, Den INOUE of the Kurume Domain invented the method to weave cracked patterns (加寿利) while the monopoly system as a fiscal measure in each domain was adopted.
- 1943年6月16日に日本の政府は、1940年11月2日の国民服令を緩和する国民服制式特例という勅令を施行した。
- On June 16, 1943, the government promulgated the edict 'Special Case of National Uniform System' to relieve the National Uniform Edict promulgated on November 2, 1940.
- 当時、庶民の移動、特に農民の移動には厳しい制限があったが、伊勢神宮参詣に関してはほとんどが許される風潮であった。
- Around that time, the movement of commoners, especially of peasants, was strictly regulated, but in most cases they were allowed to make a pilgrimage to the Ise-jingu Shrine.
- このパレードの目的は、織田信長天下布武を標榜する織田信長が、周辺大名を牽制し、力を誇示するためと考えられている。
- It is thought that the aim of the parade was for Nobunaba ODA who professed himself as 'Nobunaga ODA Tenka fubu' (Nobunaga ODA governs the entire world) to restrain the surrounding Daimyo and to display his power.
- これ以前は当時の写真をみればわかるとおり、立会いの距離制限がなく頭と頭をつけた状態から開始されることも多かった。
- As pictures from those days show, the distance between two wrestlers was not designated at a tachiai before starting lines were set up, and two wrestlers had a tachiai with their foreheads touching each other in many matches.
- 跡地には大規模な会員制ホテル「エクシブ八瀬離宮」が2006年11月28日に開業し、かつての面影はなくなっている。
- A large-scale membership hotel 'XIV Yase-Rikyu' opened on the site on November 28, 2006, and there is no shadow of what it used to be.
- 東京遷都の詔勅が発布されていない故、天皇制が存続する現在もなお京都が、公式に日本の首都である事実に変わりは無い。
- Because there has never been a shochoku (imperial edict) for the transfer of the national capital to Tokyo, there has been no change to the fact that Kyoto is officially the capital of Japan even now while the imperial system continues.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 町村制が施行され、宇治郡に宇治村・笠取村・醍醐村・山科村の4村が成立する。
- April 1, 1889: Town and Village Act was executed, and the four villages of Uji, Kasatori, Daigo, and Yamashina Villages were established
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日 - 郡区町村編制法に基づき宇治郡宇治郷に宇治・久世郡両郡合同の郡役所を設置。
- April 10, 1879: From the Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), the joint district public office of Uji and Kuse Districts were established in Uji-go of Uji District.
- この戊辰戦争を通じて倒幕に成功した大久保利通らは、天皇を中心とする新政権を当初、京都の太政官制度によって運営した。
- Toshimichi OKUBO and others, who succeeded to overthrow the bakufu through this Boshin War, at first managed the new government, with the Emperor at center, by the Daijokan (Great Council of State) system of Kyoto.
- また、明治と改元して一世一元の制を定めた(改元の詔書が発せられたのは、慶応4年9月8日(1868年10月23日)。
- Also the era was changed to Meiji and the regulation of Issei Ichigen (practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each emperor - an Imperial rescript of a change in era name) on October 23, 1868.
- ハッピーマンデー制度導入前は、1日のみの休みでは交通事情等の理由から故郷での成人式への出席が困難な成人も多かった。
- Before the Happy Monday System was introduced many people had difficulty participating in the one-day ceremony in their hometown due to the traffic.
- なお、制作から50年を経ていない美術品は認定対象となっておらず、たとえば明治天皇の書などは1件も認定されていない。
- Art objects not reaching 50 years since their production were not subject to the accreditation, and none of the calligraphy of the Emperor Meiji, for example, was accredited.
- 模刻(もこく)とは、書道において、書蹟を石や木に模写して彫りつけ、保存・鑑賞・学書用の書蹟「法帖」を制作すること。
- Mokoku (模刻) is a calligraphic term meaning to create a 'hojo' (copybook printed from the works of old masters of calligraphy) by reproducing and engraving handwriting on a piece of stone or wood, for the purpose of preservation, appreciation, and learning.
- 明治維新によりこれらの制度も崩壊したが、「茶屋辻」のその文様の形式は、一般庶民にも格の高い物として受け入れられた。
- Even after class system collapsed due to the Meiji Restoration, the high-toned formality of the 'Chayatsuji' pattern was accepted by populace.
- 府藩県制: 明治維新直後にそれまでの幕府直轄地のうち、京都所司代・城代・奉行が支配していた地を「府」と改めたもの。
- Fu Han Ken-sei (Fu, Han and Ken System): Immediately after the Meiji Restoration, the land controlled by Kyoto Shoshidai (the Bakufu-appointed governors of Kyoto), Chatelaines and Bugyo (Shogunate administrators), which were part of Bakufu-ruled lands, were reformed as 'Fu.'
- 浅井氏を六角氏から独立させると、久政は家臣たちから強制的に隠居させられ、家督は長政が継承することとなったのである。
- When the Azai clan achieved the independence from the Rokkaku clan, the Azai's retainers forced Hisamasa to be retired, and Nagamasa came to succeed the rein of the family.
- 中京区の西部は、明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時には葛野郡朱雀野村(かどのぐんすじゃくのむら)であった。
- The western part of Nakagyo Ward was Sujaku village, Kadono County prior to the enforcement of Municipal Government Act in 1889.
- 棚田日本の棚田百選一覧に選ばれた「毛原の棚田」では、毎年「棚田農業体験ツアー」や「棚田オーナー制度」を設けていた。
- As for the 'tanada (terraced paddy field) in Kehara,' which was selected as one of the Top 100 Terraced Paddy Fields in Japan, Oe-cho had set up the 'tanada farming tour' and the 'ownership system for the tanada.'
- 日本において、民俗文化財が文化財保護の対象となったのは、1950年(昭和25年)の文化財保護法制定においてであった。
- In Japan, folk-cultural properties became the cultural properties to be protected when the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was enacted in 1950.
- また、1932年発刊の『師範漢文改制版・巻二』(明治書院)と題する師範学校の教科書に『月瀬記勝』の一部が使用された。
- Also, a section from 'Tsukigase Kisho' was used in a teachers' college textbook titled 'Revised Chinese Classics for Teachers. Vol. 2' (Meiji-Shoin Publications), published in 1932.
- 美観地区が定められると、この美観地区内では、地方自治体の条例によって、建築物の構造や設備を規制することが可能となる。
- Once an aesthetic area is designated, the structures and facilities of buildings in the area can be restricted by regulations of the local government.
- これにより、天智・天武以来の直系皇位継承は放棄され、大兄制が(一時的とは言え)事実上復活したと見ることも可能である。
- Due to this, direct Imperial succession since Emperor Tenji and Emperor Tenmu, was not allowed, in fact Imperial succession between the eldest brothers was restored (even though it was only temporary).
- 後述のように、政府が皇族を無制限に増加させることには一貫して消極的であったことからも、この結果は当然のことであった。
- It was a natural consequence as was mentioned later, since the government was not keen on letting the scale of expenses for the Imperial family increase unlimitedly.
- またマルチメディア関連の活動にも積極的で、文化庁のCD-ROM、経済産業省のDVD-ROMコンテンツ制作に携わった。
- He was also active in multimedia related work, and was involved in producing the contents of CD-ROMs for the Agency for Cultural Affairs and DVDs for the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
- また流儀制度の経済的根幹である素人弟子の絶対数が少ない分野では、分派行動を起こしても経済的に立ちゆかないことが多い。
- In some fields where the absolute number of lay disciples who support the economic foundation of the iemoto system is small, attempts to establish new branch schools are often stymied for financial reasons.
- 屋台を合法的な存在と認める代わりに、屋台に関する様々な規制を明確化し、要綱に合致しない屋台の移転・再配置を明示した。
- In exchange for legalizing the existence of street stalls as a business entity, Fukuoka City would now establish clearly detailed regulations governing the operations of street stalls; the city stated that, 'street stalls businesses, might be moved or repositioned, if the shops did not meet the guidelines.'
- この自律神経と密接な関係にある小脳では、こうした危険部位への刺激に対する予測と、それに対する感覚の制御を行っている。
- The cerebellum is closely related with the autonomic nerves and controls the prediction of the stimuli for these dangerous parts and feeling of them.
- バブル期は総合保養地域整備法(通称リゾート法)の制定もあり、各地にゴルフ場、リゾートホテル、マリーナ等が計画された。
- During the bubble economy, the Law for Development of Comprehensive Resort Areas (Resort Law) was enacted, and people planned to build golf courses, resort hotels and marinas in many places.
- 内容がたとえ土器片一点であっても、指定されることなしに法的に文化財として認定する制度があることに特徴があるといえる。
- It would say that the characteristic lies in its system to legally recognize even an earthenware fragment as a cultural property without being designated as the historic site.
- 海軍においては、儀杖的な意味合いが強く、昭和12年制定の太刀型軍刀は、黒漆塗りもしくは研出し鮫皮巻の鞘が用いられた。
- In navy, swords were more ceremonial, and the tachi-style army sword ordained in 1937 employed scabbards with a black-lacquered or scraped shark skin finish.
- しかし、たびたび奢侈(しゃし)禁制の対象とされ、女房はもちろん、高貴な女性まで一切禁止という法令が出たこともあった。
- However, futaeorimono was often the target of sumptuary laws, and even regulations were issued to ban its use by not only nyobo but also the noble women.
- 山間地での開発は概ね抑制されているが、1990年代には市内の高層建築によって山への眺望景観が阻害されることになった。
- Development in the mountain area was generally restrained, but high-rise buildings constructed in the city in the 1990s spoiled the view of the mountains from the city.
- 「兵(つわもの)」は、律令制には規定されていない軍事力で、地方で頻発する騒擾事件の鎮圧の為に用いられた一種の傭兵団。
- 'Tsuwamono' were military force not specified in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and they were a kind of mercenary troops that were utilized to suppress civil disorder incidents which frequently occurred in the provinces.
- その制約は明治維新後も続き、押小路家・壬生家は男爵に叙せられたのに対して、平田家は並官人と同様の士族として扱われた。
- That rule was taken over after the Meiji Restoration: The Oshinokoji family and the Mibu family were conferred the title of Viscount, but the Hirata family was treated as a family of samurai descendants like the general lower ranking officials.
- 一方、岡崎は早くも明治21年(1888年)に京都市上京区(当時)に編入されて京都市の一部として市制確立を迎えている。
- In contrast, as early as 1888, Okazaki was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City and became a part of municipality established in Kyoto City.
- 当時日本ではすでに議院内閣制が施行されていたが、現代ではほとんどの国家で憲法が施行されている(右図の紫などを除く)。
- At that time, parliamentary Cabinet system had been already put into effect in Japan, but in modern age, constitutions have been effective in most states (excluding those colored in purple in the illustration on the right).
- 正倉(しょうそう)とは、律令制において中央・地方の官衙や寺院など公的な施設に設置された穀物や財物を保管する倉庫のこと。
- Shoso is an repository for grain and property, and is placed in the public facilities, such as central and regional kanga (government office) and temples in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 「坪内君が『桐一葉』を書いた時は、團十郎が羅馬法王で、桜痴居士が大宰相で、黙阿弥劇が憲法となっている大専制国であった。
- When Mr. Tsubouchi wrote 'Kiri Hitoha,' Kabuki was just like an autocratic large country in which Kabuki Danjuro was the Pope, Ochi-koji was dai saiso (great prime minister), and Mokuamii geki (drama) was a Constitution.
- そして実力的な裏付けの乏しい専制政治的な政策や無謀な討幕計画に対しては院の側近以外の貴族達は冷ややかな対応に終始した。
- Apart from Go-Toba-in's aides, the lords turned a cold shoulder toward Go-Toba-in because he had an arbitrary government (although he was not very talented as a leader), and he attempted incautious plans to defeat the Kamakura government.
- 蔵元のなかには、あえて政府の監査と級別制度の中に序せられることを拒否し、「無鑑査」として流通させるところもあらわれた。
- Some sake brewers daringly refused to be bound by the government appraisal and classification system, and distributed sake as a type of good that was 'exempt from appraisal.'
- そして、前者の技芸的側面と、後者の制度的側面をともに管理し、その永続を保障するべき機関として家元というものが存在する。
- Iemoto (the head family of a school) exists as an authority which should monitor both the former, the artistic aspect, and the latter, the institutional aspect, in order to ensure that both may last long.
- 一時期は人材不足に悩んだ文楽界だが、1973年に研修生制度が始まってからは、家柄に関係なく若者が門を叩くようになった。
- Though the bunraku world suffered a talent shortage for a while, young people have begun to approach the bunraku world to become a disciple since the trainee system was launched in 1973.
- 明治9年(1876年)には法制局が『公』・『伯』・『士』の3等級案を提出し、西南戦争以前は3等級案が主流となっていた。
- In 1876, the Department of the Legislation proposed the plan of classifying kazoku into these three ranks, 'Ko' 'Haku' and 'Shi,' and this three-rank plan was mostly supported before Seinan War.
- 永禄3年(1560年)、嫁を強制送還した新九郎が強硬派家臣を率いて六角氏との決戦に臨んだ野良田の戦いでは、義賢に大勝。
- In 1560, after sending his wife of the forced marriage back to her family, Shinkuro challenged the decisive battle against the Rokkaku clan, leading his hard-line retainers, and won an overwhelming victory over Yoshikata in the Battle at Norada.
- 備中国はもともと京兆家や阿波守護家など、他の有力守護家の影響が強く及んでおり、庄氏を初めとする国人統制も困難を極めた。
- The Bicchu Province was originally strongly affected by the other dominant Shugo families, such as the Keicho family and the Awa Shugo family, and the control of kokujin, including the Sho clan, was in utmost difficulty.
- なお、この戦いを制した秀吉は、同年末に当地に山崎城(宝積寺城、宝寺城とも)を築いて、翌年に大坂城に移るまで本拠とした。
- Incidentally, Hideyoshi, the winner of the battle, built Yamazaki-jo Castle (also known as Hoshakuji-jo Castle or Hoji-jo Castle) there in the end of the same year, where he was based until his transfer to Osaka-jo Castle the next year.
- 1938年(昭和13年)12月 - 公募により全国から集められた約2000点の作品の中から、福知山市市章が制定される。
- December 1938: The city symbol of Fukuchiyama City was chosen from about 2,000 entries from across Japan and established.
- 干拓地の農地は近鉄京都線(当時は奈良電気鉄道)を基準として区割りされたことから、周囲の条里制の区割りとは異なっている。
- Subdivision of farmland in the drained land was based on Kintetsu Kyoto Line (then Nara Electric Railway) that is different from subdivision by Jorisei (system of land subdivision in ancient Japan) which remained in effect in the surrounding areas.
- 中国・朝鮮・日本の王城都市で用いられた都市プラン「条坊制」において、都(洛中)の北辺を東西に通る大通り(大路)のこと。
- A big street that runs east to west in the northern part of the capital (Rakuchu) following the 'Jobosei' (street plan of ancient capital) used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cities with the castle of the king.
- 律令制では天皇の子、および兄弟姉妹が親王とされ、位階を授けられ、給田や俸禄が与えられて、家司(けいし)が付属せられた。
- With the Ritsuryo system, the emperor's child along with his siblings were the Shinno, and they received Ikai (Court rank), kyuden (provided rice field) and horoku (stipend), and a Keishi (household superintendent) was attached.
- なおこの件に関しては、第二次世界大戦中にアメリカ合衆国で制作された反日映画で、日本の前近代的な側面として紹介されている。
- In addition, this point was introduced as a premodern aspect in the anti-Japanese movies produced in the United States during World War II.
- 蔭位(おんい)とは、日本の律令制体制のなかで、高位者の子孫を父祖である高位者の位階に応じて一定以上の位階に叙位する制度。
- Oni was a system of conferring a rank above a certain court rank to the descendants of high officials, according to the court ranks those high officials, the descendants' forefathers, had under the system of the Ritsuryo codes in Japan.
- そこで、中国の制度文化の導入に熱心だった天智天皇が、流血事を避けるために直系相続を導入しようと構想したのだろうと考える。
- Then, it is supposed that Emperor Tenchi, who were anxious to introduce the Chinese culture, might have conceptualized to introduce the practice of direct line succession in order to avoid bloodshed.
- 1991年、創業者の貞一の息子や料理人である娘婿たちを暖簾分けの形で独立させて、吉兆グループとしてグループ会社制に移行。
- In 1991, the founder Teiichi gave his son and his daughters' husbands, who were cooks of Kitcho, the shops respectively, allowing them to form independent shops under the Kitcho name, and established the group businesses as Kitcho Group.
- しかし、第二次世界大戦でアメリカ合衆国と敵対国になったことにより、日系人コミュニティは強制収容という形で衰退してしまう。
- However, the Japanese-American community broke down in the form of compulsory confinement because Japan became an adversarial country during World War II.
- 20世紀に日本の中央の政府(地方を除く)が国民服の様式を規定した法律は、国民服令と国民服制式特例だけであり、他にはない。
- The National Uniform Edict and the Special Case of the National Uniform System were only the laws promulgated by the central government, except for those of local governments, to stipulate the forms of the national uniform in the twentieth century.
- 加えて、下野した木戸や自由民権運動を率いている板垣らを牽制、懐柔するため、に大阪会議を開催し、立憲政体の詔書を発布した。
- Additionally, to warn and to conciliate Kido who resigned from the post of councilor, Itagaki who was leading Jiyu Minken Undo (the Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and their sympathizers, Okubo held the Osaka Conference to proclaim the imperial edict on the constitutional system of government.
- 丹波栗はたびたび幕府や朝廷への献上品としても重宝され、江戸時代になると参勤交代制度により全国に広まったのが起こりである。
- The Tanba chestnut was often used as a tribute to the bakufu and imperial court; it gained nationwide popularity due to the system involving the alternating residence by daimyo in Edo during the Edo period.
- 明治政府が徴兵制度を導入したのは、義務教育と並び、国民の生活様式や言語を標準化させて富国強兵策を遂行する目的を担っていた。
- The conscription system that was introduced by the Meiji government involved an aim, along with the compulsory education, to standardizethe lifestyle and the language of the nation to make the country rich and strong.
- また天皇の神聖不可侵を強調して、政府に圧力を加え軍部大臣現役武官制や統帥権干犯問題、国体明徴宣言を通じて勢力を強めていく。
- The sacred and inviolable nature of the Emperor was also emphasized, the government was pressured, and using the rule that Military ministers were officers on active-duty, incidents violating supreme command, and declarations of proved national polity, strengthened the military's power.
- 内閣制度、市町村制、府県制、郡制の制定など、津々浦々に至る官僚制支配体系の整備と並行して、莫大な皇室財産の設定を行なった。
- The Emperor also set up the huge Imperial property along with all sorts of maintenance of bureaucratic control systems such as establishing the Cabinet system, municipality system, Prefectural system, and the district system.
- 戦後は、褌の着用を強制されていたことでの反発から旧軍隊の遺物の象徴のような存在として否定的なとらえ方をされるようになった。
- After the war, fundoshi came to be looked upon negatively as an existence just like a symbol of what the former army left behind, from the antipathy toward having been forced to wear it.
- しかし、加熱殺菌による殺滅は実質不可能なため『エマルション(成分表記上は乳化剤)』の添加による抑制がとられるようになった。
- However, as it is substantially impossible to sterilize by heat, control was maintained by adding 'Emulsion (Emulsifier on label).'
- 平安時代の貴族の姫君の遊び道具として愛玩された人形の制作は京の職人が担っており、江戸時代には京の土産品としても珍重された。
- Kyo ningyo, which were cherished as a favorite toy by daughters of nobles in the Heian period, have been made by craftsmen in Kyoto and were appreciated as gifts from Kyoto back in the Edo period.
- 同村は大正15年(1926年)に町制を施行して山科町となるが、5年後の昭和6年(1931年)には京都市東山区に編入された。
- This village gained town status to become Yamashinacho Town in 1926, and was integrated into Higashiyama Ward five years later, in 1931.
- このあたりは地理的には丹波国に属し、荘園制度があった頃から、このあたりに人が住み着いて山稼ぎをして生計を立てていたという。
- Geographically, this area belonged to Tanba Province and it is said that since the manorial system people lived here earning their livelihood by logging and hunting.
- 政治史という性質・史料の制約などもあり、証明は困難ではあるが、考古学的成果との連携などとも含め、今後の研究の進展が待たれる。
- It is hard to prove, since this is about political history with limited data; however, it is expected to have clearer information from close study in relation to the findings of archaeology.
- 』との反論、『古代においては珍しくなかった空位(実際、天武の前後に在位していた天智・持統も称制をしき、直ちに即位しなかった。
- It was usual to have no successor to the Imperial Throne for some period (in fact, Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) and Empress Jito, who were in power before and after Emperor Temmu, took control of the government without having an enthronement ceremony).
- また、純米酒の精米歩合をめぐる法規制として、平成15年(2003年)までは「精米歩合が70%以下のもの」という項目があった。
- And as for regulations about the polishing ratio of junmaishu (sake made without added alcohol or sugar), there was a provision until 2003 that said 'junmaishu shall be made with polishing ratio of 70 percent or less.'
- 律令制下で天皇は太政官組織に依拠し、実体的な権力を振るったが、この政治形態は法令に則っていたため、比較的安定したものだった。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, the Emperor stood on the organization of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and exercised his actual powers, but since the form of the government conformed to rules and regulations, it was relatively stable.
- 先代の称光天皇は1422年以降、幾度か危篤状態に陥るなど病弱で皇子が無く、後小松上皇は大覚寺統の動きを牽制する必要があった。
- Emperor Shoko was not well and had been in critical condition since 1422, and because he did not have any children, the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu felt the need to restrain the progression of the Daikaku-ji Imperial line.
- これは形式的には、強制ではなく、皇族たち自身が皇族の身分を離れることを請願し、皇室会議の議決により皇籍を離れるものとされた。
- Ritually this was not pompously accomplished, the Imperial family members themselves wished to leave their positions, and they were allowed to do so after the action taken at an Imperial meeting.
- 歌舞伎鳴物 - はっきりとした家元制度があるわけではないが、田中傳左衛門の名跡を中心に鼓方全体で一定のまとまりを見せている。
- Kabuki musical accompaniment: Although there is not clear iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), the whole drum players are stuck together around the successor of Denzaemon TANAKA.
- 大宝律令と養老律令の衣服令により、朝廷で着る服が定義され、礼服 (宮中)(らいふく)、朝服(ちょうふく)、制服が定められた。
- The clothing codes in the Taiho Ritsuryo Code and the Yoro Ritsuryo Code prescribed the clothes that should be worn in the Imperial Court as the formal clothing worn by the court nobles in the Imperial Court called 'Raifuku,' the clothing worn by the court nobles in the Imperial Court called 'Chofuku,' and the uniforms.
- したがって自分でそうした部位をくすぐってみても、その刺激は小脳の予測どおりなので、小脳が感覚を制御するため違和感が生じない。
- Accordingly, even if you tickle these parts by yourselves, the stimuli is predictable and you don't have uncomfortable feeling because the cerebellum controls the feeling.
- しかし、農民の移動に規制があった江戸時代に旅をするにはそれなりの理由が必要で、その口実として伊勢参拝が使われるようになった。
- A good reason was required, however, to make a journey in the Edo period when the movement of peasants was restricted, and the pilgrimage to Ise came to be used as justification for their journeys.
- 折しも京都の三千家では如心斎を中心に一大改革期を迎えており、それを担う高弟の一人として七事式の制定などで活躍することになる。
- At that time, the Sansenke (three schools associated with Sen Rikyu) in Kyoto entered a significant period of reform with Joshinsai at the forefront, and as one of the leading disciples in taking on the reformation, Fuhaku was active in the establishment of the Shichijishiki (seven training exercises).
- 1954年(昭和29年)6月1日:与謝郡宮津町・栗田村・吉津村・府中村・日置村・世屋村・養老村・日ヶ谷村が合併し、市制施行。
- June 1, 1954: Miyazu-cho, Kunda-mura, Yoshizu-mura, Fuchu-mura, Hioki-mura, Seya-mura, Yoro-mura, and Higatani-mura in Yosa-gun were merged to implement the shisei (grant of city status).
- 本来は王であるが、旧皇室典範制定前に親王宣下を受けて親王となっている者(宣下親王)は、宣下された順序によって、王の上とする。
- Those who were originally Princes but had been conferred the title of Imperial Prince before the implementation of the former Imperial House Act (declared Imperial Princes) were ranked above Princes in order of conferrence.
- これらは、文化財として一定の価値は認められるものの評価が定着しておらず、直ちに従来の指定制度による指定を行うことは困難である。
- Although they are valued in a certain way, it is difficult to be designated by the conventional designation system at once since their evaluation is not established.
- 食国法は国家統治の法律と解することに異論はないので、当時の国家統治の法、すなわち最初の令として制定された近江令のこととされる。
- Since there is no objection that the law of the nation's governance is a law formulated to rule the nation, this can be the law for the governance of the nation at that time, or that means, Omi-Ryo instituted as the administrative code for the first time.
- 第二次世界大戦以前の日本には1890年制定の帝室技芸員制度はあったものの、近代的な無形文化財の保護・指定制度は存在しなかった。
- Before World War Ⅱ, although the System of Imperial Arts and Crafts Experts established in 1890 existed, there was no modern system that protected and designated intangible cultural properties.
- 現在では古来のままの伝授形式を墨守している流派は少なくなり、現代武道的な段位制度や集団指導方法を取り入れている流派も存在する。
- Nowadays, very few schools adhere to the time-honored initiation form, and there exist some schools that have adopted the dan grading system or the group-class lesson method like gendai budo.
- もっとも、一応家元制度を取っていたとは言え、三派合同で流儀を形成したという過去の経緯もあって、近世を通じて家元の力は弱かった。
- The school had introduced the Iemoto system, however, the head family was little influential through the early modern age due to the background that the above-mentioned three families jointly decided the school style.
- 紀元節は、『日本書紀』が伝える神武天皇が即位した日に基づき、紀元の始まりを祝う祝日として、1872年(明治5年)に制定された。
- Kigensetsu was established in 1872 as a day for cerebrating the founding of Japan based on the day on which 'Nohonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) says the Emperor Jimmu ascended to the throne.
- 加えて、日清戦争の賠償金は、の金本位制施行の源泉となり、八幡製鉄所造営(開設)の資金となるなど、戦果は経済的にも影響を与えた。
- Additionally, the result of the Sino-Japanese War also had an economic impact with the war reparations serving as the source to implement the gold standard system and provided funds for building (and establishing) the Yahata Iron Factory.
- 同月、日活・松竹・帝キネ・マキノの4社で、検閲の統一や配給制度の確立、引き抜き防止等を目的に「日本映画製作者協会」を設立した。
- In January of the same year, the 'Japan Film Makers Association' was established by the four companies of Nikkatsu, Shochiku, Tei-kine and Makino for the purposes of unification of censorship, establishment of film distribution system, prevention of headhunting and so forth.
- そもそも丹波は、中央集権体制を進める明治政府の大久保利通らにより、但馬・丹後を含め似通った地域性を無視して2府県に分けられた。
- In the first place, Tanba, Tajima and Tango were divided up into two prefectures by people like Toshimichi OKUBO in the Meiji government who wanted to strengthen centralized control, ignoring their regional similarities.
- また同月、華族(元堂上)ならびに旧官人の禄制が定められ、旧官人らは士族、卒とし、華族以下すべて地方官の貫属とする旨布告された。
- In the same month, a salary system was established for kazoku (former tosho [high court nobility]) and for former governmental officers, and it was promulgated that former governmental officers should be given the new statuses 'Shizoku' (warrior class) or 'Sotsu' (lower warrior class), and all people including kazoku should belong to the local governments (to belong to the local governments was especially called 'kanzoku').
- 「八軒屋敷町」の区域は、明治22年までは「八軒町」であったが、同年の市制町村制施行により山科村(のち山科町)大字八軒となった。
- The area of 'Hachikenyashiki-cho' had been 'Hachikencho Town' until 1889, and was reorganized into Oaza Hachiken, Yamashinamura village (later Yamashinacho Town) in accordance with the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in the same year.
- maxellブランドで知られるDVDやコンパクトディスクなどを制作する大手記録メディアメーカーで、日立製作所の子会社でもある。
- Major storage media maker producing DVDs and compact discs known under the brand name of Maxell, which is a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd.
- 1991年(平成3年)4月 - 7代目市長であった塩見精太郎が名誉市民に選ばれ、市の花、鳥、木とあわせて市民憲章が制定される。
- April 1991: Seitaro SHIOMI who was the seventh mayor was selected as a honorary citizen, and the Citizen Charter was established along with the flower, bird and tree of the City.
- しかし、政党政治の不全が顕著になり、議会の統制を受けない軍部が台頭すると、軍国主義が主張され、天皇を絶対視する思想が広まった。
- However, when malfunction of the party government became pronounced and the military which wasn't controlled by the diet gained power, the militarism was insisted and the concept accepting the emperor as holy writ prevailed.
- 一方、所謂「天皇制」に批判的な者、また基本的に敬称を避ける傾向にある学術的な世界などにおいては「天皇」と呼び捨てることも多い。
- On the other hand, persons who are critical of the so-called 'Emperor system' and the academic world which basically tends to avoid the title of honor and so on often call 'Tenno' (the Emperor) without an honorific title.
- 現在では、正式には即位していなかったものの倭姫王(天智天皇の皇后)を立てて、皇太子として称制していたのではないかとの説もある。
- Currently, there is another theory that states that although Emperor Kobun wasn't enthroned formally, he put Yamato hime no Okimi (The empress of Emperor Tenchi) on the throne and administered affairs of the nation as the Crown Prince.
- 逆に書林のように幕府や諸藩の統制を受けにくかったために政治関係の書籍や新規の学説、主張などを取り込んだ書籍などが多く刊行された。
- At the time, these bookstores were not under strict control by the shogunate and domains, so that they published many political books or books introducing new theories and opinions.
- このような状況がジャパニーズのブレンデッドウイスキーが、とくに日本国外で成功を収めるうえで制限要素となってきたと考えられている。
- It was considered that such circumstances were the barriers for Japanese blended whiskies to succeed, especially in overseas market.
- この時代は、足利将軍家が禅宗を保護したことから前代にもまして禅宗が盛んになり、水墨による羅漢図、観音図などがさかんに制作された。
- During this period, as Ashikaga Shogun Family supported Zen sect, it became even more popular than in the previous period, and ink-wash painting Rakan zu (pictures of Buddha's disciple) and Kannon zu (Avalokitesvara painting), etc. were aggressively created.
- なお皇室制度について、一般には「天皇制」が広く用いられるが、天皇制とは本来コミンテルンの用語であり、歴史用語としては適当でない。
- Further about the system of the Imperial Household, the word 'Tennosei' (Emperor system) is used generally, but Tennosei is originally a word for the Comintern, and it is not appropriate for it to be used as a historical term.
- ゲーム作品(ここではKey作品)のアニメ化にあたっては、強制ではないがアニメを制作するスタッフ全員で原作ゲームをプレイしている。
- Before the company adapts a game (produced by Key) into an animation, all of the staff to be engaged in its production play the original game, although they are not forced to do so.
- 戦局悪化に伴い空襲時の防空用に女性の着用が義務付けられ、半ば強制された(その前の時期から男性には国民服が制定、配給されていた)。
- With the deterioration of the war, women were obliged and nearly forced to wear them to defend themselves from air raids (Men were already issued the designated 'kokuminfuku' (national uniform) before that).
- その象徴的出来事は明治5年(1872年)の学制発布の際、時の政府が「和算を廃止し、洋算を専ら用ふるべし。」と決断したことである。
- A symbolic event of such a decline was when the government at that time issued the proclamation of education in 1872 and declared that 'wasan should be abolished and we should practice only yosan.'
- 養老令の「衣服令」には規定がなく、平安時代初期に唐代の制度を摂取したものとみられるが、いつ取り入れられたかを明記する資料は無い。
- It is considered that the Gyotai took in the system of the Tang Dynasty in the early Heian period; however, since there was no dress code in the Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code), there is no document that clearly mentioned when the Gyotai was adopted.
- 律令制度下の教育機関である大学寮に書博士という役職が設置され、後に「書道」と呼ばれる学科が形成されたが、早い段階で衰退している。
- An official position called shohakase (the professor of calligraphy) was introduced in the daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and the department called 'calligraphy' was established later, but declined during it's early stage
- このため滋賀県は独自に工業排水と家庭用排水を規制する、いわゆる琵琶湖条例(滋賀県琵琶湖の富栄養化の防止に関する条例)を制定した。
- Consequently, Shiga Prefecture independently enacted the so-called Lake Biwa Ordinance (Ordinance for Prevention of the Eutrophication of Lake Biwa) in order to regulate factory and household effluents.
- 特に出羽北部には荘園が存在せず、公領制一色の世界であったため、どの程度まで奥州藤原氏の支配が及んだかは疑問であるとする説がある。
- Especially in the northern part of Dewa Province, there were no shoen but only koryo (public lands), so some people say it cannot be asserted that the Oshu Fujiwara clan extended its power this far in the region.
- 1947年5月3日、貴族制度の禁止(憲法14条2項)と法の下の平等(憲法14条1項)を定めた日本国憲法の施行とともに廃止された。
- On May 3, 1947, the kazoku system was abolished with the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan which stipulated the prohibition of aristocracy systems (Item 2, Article 14) and equality under the law (Item 1, Article 14).
- 日本における最初の学区制小学校は、国の学校制度創設(1872年)に先立ち、1869年に創設された64校の京都の番組小学校である。
- As the first elementary schools established in Japan under the school district system were 64 District Elementary Schools in Kyoto which were founded in 1869, prior to the establishment of the national school system (in 1872).
- 昭和4年(1929年)には市制を施行し伏見市となるが、この時、前述のように20町が整理されて、旧伏見地区の町数は168となった。
- It became a municipality as Fushimi City in 1929, and the number of towns in the former Fushimi district became 168 with 20 towns having been decreased as above-mentioned.
- 歴史的に古く鳶職の職能の一部だったが、最近は高度に工業化されたコンピューター制御のジャッキアップシステムを駆使する専門業者も多い。
- Although hikiya worker had a long history and was engaged in a part of occupational competence required by tobishoku, many specialists nowadays use the jack up system controlled by highly-industrialized computers.
- その後の級別制度は実質的に「特級」「一級」「二級」の三段階におちついていき、それぞれの級によって課せられる酒税の割合が定められた。
- Later, the classification system was practically stabilized into three categories: 'Special class,' 'First class,' and 'Second class,' in each of which the tax rate to be imposed on sake was determined.
- これにより征夷大将軍不在となった幕府の体制を不安定と見た後鳥羽は、幕府の武力排除を試みたが、幕府軍に敗北してしまった(承久の乱)。
- Toba attempted to overthrow the bakufu with armed force since he thought the bakufu was in an insecure condition without having the Seii Taishogun, but his forces lost the battle against the bakufu. (The Jokyu War)
- しかし当時、百姓層の階層分化が進み、貧民層が増加することにより律令制的な人別課税が行き詰まるといった社会情勢の変化が進展していた。
- At that time, however, Japan was experiencing social change in that the individual imposition of taxes under the Ritsuryo legal system was no longer being enforced due to an increase in the number of the poor and further stratification of the agricultural class.
- そこで、1920年(大正9年)5月19日に制定された「旧皇室典範皇族の範囲規定」により、この趣旨はさらに徹底され、準則第1条には、
- Then 'within the regulation of the former Imperial House Law,' issued on May 19, 1920, the concept of this Law was made even more drastic, as said in regulation No.1,
- ストーリー以外でも、原作のCGやイラストと近い作画を制作し、Key作品においては原作に使用されている主題歌・BGMを多用している。
- In addition to storylines, Kyoto Animation produces drawings very similar to the CG and illustrations of original works, and with regard to Key adaptations, uses a large number of the theme songs and background music used in the original games.
- やがて1990年代半ばから、演出・作画・仕上げ・背景・撮影などを自前で行う体制を整え、テレビアニメのグロス請けを行うようになった。
- The company established a framework for in-house staging, drawing, finishing, backgrounds and filming after mid-1990s and started to perform the gross subcontracting work of TV animations.
- 基本的に、流儀は芸道における家元制度によって形成されるものであるので、それが存在する分野などについてはこれらの項目を参照されたい。
- Basically, since ryugi is established in the iemoto system in arts (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), refer to the articles relevant to the iemoto system for information about fields of arts which include ryugi.
- 旧日本陸軍の銃剣術は、現在は競技武道の銃剣道となり、陸上自衛隊で、戦後に制定された自衛隊銃剣格闘とともに戦技として訓練されている。
- The jukenjutsu of the former Japanese Army became jukendo (the martial art using the bayonet), which is a kind of Kyogi Budo (athletic martial arts) now and is performed as a training of combat techniques at the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) together with the Self-Defense Force 銃剣格闘 (bayonet drill and combat techniques).
- 明治末から大正にかけて、大日本武徳会が古武道を武道に、剣術を剣道に名称を変え、旧制中学校で剣道を教えたため剣道が一般にひろまった。
- Kendo spread among ordinary people during the period from the end of Meiji era to the Taisho era because Dainihon butoku kai changed the names of Kobudo and Kenjutsu to Budo (martial arts) and Kendo respectively and began to instruct Kendo at junior high schools under the old education system.
- 第二次世界大戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により、封建制度の擁護や復讐の賛美などの要素があるとして一部の演目が上演を禁止された。
- After World War II, several acts of kodan were forbidden by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for entailing elements of protection of feudalism and the celebration of vengeance.
- また、宮中の絵所に属する絵師に対して、有力な寺社勢力の庇護のもと、寺社の絵像の制作に従事した絵師たちを絵仏師(えぶっし)と呼んだ。
- In comparison to 'eshi' (painters) who belonged to 'edokoro' (a workshop for paintings) in the Imperial Court, painters who were engaged on painting Buddhist statues under the patronage by the powerful temples and shrines were called 'ebusshi.'
- 1929年(昭和4年)7月25日、牧野省三が死去、没後50日を経た同年9月に牧野の長男・マキノ正博を中心とする新体制が発表された。
- In September of 1929, fifty days after Shozo Makino's death on July 25, a new administration was announced with Makino's oldest son Masahiro Makino at the head.
- 相撲司家の吉田司家の故実では、禁じ手制定以前の相撲の戦い方について「相撲の古法は、突く・殴る・蹴るの三手である」と伝えられている。
- According to the kojitsu (old customs and manners) of the Yoshida Tsukasake family, who was the head family of the sumo world, a push, a punch, and a kick used to be the three traditional techniques of sumo before the rules of prohibited techniques were established.
- やがて、専制を強めた浅見氏を追放し、京極氏を傀儡化させ、京極家の有力家臣をも従えて戦国大名へと成長していったとするのが通説である。
- According to a common theory, in due course, the Azai clan expelled the Asami clan, who was aiming at enhancing its autocratic rule, and instead, the Azai clan grew gradually and became a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), by making the Kyogoku clan as its puppet and handling the influential vassals of the Kyogoku family.
- 2006年(平成18年)7月、天橋立、松島、宮島の日本三景観光連絡協議会では、林春斎の誕生日の7月21日を日本三景の日と制定した。
- In July 2006, Nihon Sankei Kanko Renraku Kyogikai (literally, consultitative meeting for sightseeing information exchange for Nihon Sankei) organized by Amanohashidate, Matsushima and Miyajima set up Nihon Sankei's Day to July 21 which is the birthday of Shunsai HAYASHI.
- その後豊臣秀吉によって慣習法をまとめた「海路諸法度」により海難処理の詳細が制定され、江戸幕府に於いても慣習法として生き残る事となる。
- Later, details in dealing with marine disasters were stipulated in a customary law named 'Kaiji Shohatto' (various laws on sea routes) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and they remained as common laws in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- むろん伝説時代のことであるので当時に摂政だの称制だのという漢文の用語が使われたわけもなく、古事記では摂政とも称制ともいってはいない。
- Of course this was an early Japanese legend and there was no record of Chinese words being used like Sessho (Regent) or Shosei, in the 'Nihonshoki' it was called neither Sessho nor Shosei.
- また8世紀以降で高橋人足、高橋子老、高橋安雄の三名が若狭国の国司に任命されており、律令制成立以後は、内膳司が直接支配した地域である。
- In addition, Hitotari TAKAHASHI, Kooyu TAKAHASHI, and Yasuo TAKAHASHI were assigned as kokushi (provincial governors) of Wakasa Province after the eighth century, and Naizenshi directly dominated the province after the establishment of the Ritsuryo system.
- 院政は本来、朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであり、『禁中並公家諸法度』ではそれを統制できなかった(この件については霊元天皇の項も参照)。
- Originally the cloistered government could not have been regulated under 'the laws for the Court during the Edo period' as it was beyond the regulated legal system within the Imperial Palace. (Please refer to the section of Emperor Reigen for further details.)
- 「真打にふさわしいかどうかはお客様が決めること(であり、真打制度に胡坐をかいて落語家サイドが真打を客に押し売りするのはおかしい)」。
- It is our audience who decides if a rakugoka deserves shinuchi (and it is wrong that the rakugoka thrusts shinuchi at the audience while depending on the shinuchi system.'
- 女性向けのものとしては、戦前は、色衿や刺繍衿が中心であったが、昭和15年に出た、奢侈品等製造販売制限規則をきっかけに白衿が流行した。
- Before the World War II, iroeri (colored haneri) or shishueri (haneri with embroidery) were popular as women's haneri; however, shiroeri (white haneri) became popular after the Regulation of the Production and Sale of Luxury Items issued in 1940.
- 尊皇思想に基づき、天皇は親政を行い人民を直接統治するとしたが、政治体制は大日本帝国憲法(明治憲法)が制定されるまで、様々に変化した。
- In accordance with the pro-Emperor principles, the Government rule of a state by the direct administration of the Emperor took effect but the political system underwent numerous changes before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) was enacted.
- そして、、黒田清隆内閣の時、君主権が強いプロイセン憲法を模倣した大日本帝国憲法が明治天皇から臣下に授ける形で制定された(欽定憲法)。
- During times of the cabinet of Kiyotaka KURODA, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan modeling after the Prussian constitution which stresses royal prerogative was established in a manner that Emperor Meiji bestowed it on his subjects (a constitution enacted by the emperor).
- また板垣退助も華族制度は四民平等に反するという主張を持っており、明治20年(1887年)に伯爵に叙された際も2度にわたって辞退した。
- Taisuke ITAGAKI had the opinion that the kazoku system was against the concept of 'equality of all people,' and refused two times the offer of conferring the peerage of Hakusahaku in 1887.
- 深草村は明治22年の村制施行時に、旧伏見第1区に属していた35町のうち28町を編入したが、これら28町は以下の19大字に編成された。
- When the village system became effective in 1889, Fukakusa village integrated 28 towns out of 35 towns which had belonged to the former Fushimi kumi No. 1, which were then reorganized into the following 19 Oaza.
- なお、町制時の町名のよみは「むこうちょう」であったが、現在「向日町」と名のつく施設などは、「むこうまち」と読むものがほとんどである。
- When the chosei (grant of township) was implemented, the town was named 'Muko-cho;' however, the old town name Muko-cho is now generally read as 'Muko-machi' when it is used for the name of a facility.
- 新しい分類体系が消費者一般に徐々に浸透したものと見なされることに至ったため、日本酒級別制度は平成4年(1992年)に完全に撤廃された。
- Since the new classification system was considered to have gradually widespread among consumers in general, the Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act was completely abolished in 1992.
- 不改常典をめぐる諸学説は、直接的には詔の一節の解釈にすぎないが、これを足がかりに当時の政治体制とその変化について異なる理解が開かれる。
- Although the theories surrounding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten are mere direct interpretation of a paragraph of imperial edicts, they can lead us to different views on the political system during that period and its transition.
- キリスト教圏は一夫一妻制なので、どの国でも歴史上、男系男子の断絶により女系の王族が即位し、新たに王朝を開くということがしばしばあった。
- Since countries where Christianity is believed have a monogynous system, a female-line royal family member often ascended to the throne and started a dynasty due to the discontinuity of male-line.
- 近代に入り、明治政府が徴兵令を制定し、国民皆兵が義務付けられ、徴兵検査を受けることが成人男子の証として社会的に認知されるようになった。
- In the modern age, since the Meiji government instituted a conscription ordinance and made a universal conscription compulsory; it became widely acknowledged in the society as proof of reaching manhood to undergo an examination for conscription.
- かつては露天での販売も盛んであったが、衛生上の理由から屋台での寿司等生魚を使用した食品の販売は昭和初期までにその多くが規制されている。
- Although sushi used to be actively sold outdoors, many street stalls selling food using fresh food such as sushi and so on were controlled on hygienic grounds by the beginning of Showa period.
- 第二次世界大戦直後、厳しい食料統制のさなか、昭和22年(1947年)飲食営業緊急措置令が施行され、寿司店は表立って営業できなくなった。
- Soon after the World War II, under circumstances where food control was strict, the Emergency Restaurant Business Measures Ordinance was enacted in 1947, and it became impossible to openly operate sushi restaurants.
- しかし、当時野党第一党の日本社会党が「建国記念日」の制定を「戦前回帰、保守反動の最たるもの」として非難・反対したため、成立しなかった。
- However, such bills did not pass, because the then leading opposition party, Japan Socialist Party, opposed to and criticized the establishment of National Foundation Day, citing 'a return to a prewar period and the prime example of reactionary conservatism' as the reason.
- 第二次世界大戦直後、厳しい食料統制のさなか、昭和22年(1947年)飲食営業緊急措置令が施行され、すし店は表立って営業できなくなった。
- Under strict food control in the era immediately after the end of World War II, sushi shops were prohibited from doing business openly due to the enforcement of the Emergency Restaurant Business Measures Ordinance in 1947.
- 第二は、第二一条で規定された法律の範囲内において自由であるという臣民の権利であった(後に治安維持法などで権利の制限を行うようになる)。
- Second, it stipulated the rights of Japanese subjects that, pursuant to Article 21, they had the liberty within the limits of the law (but restrictive measures such as the Maintenance of Public Order Law subsequently came into effect to quality the rights of the subjects).
- 毒入りを危惧した政岡だったが、管領家の手前制止しきれず苦慮していたところ、駆け込んで来た千松が菓子を手づかみで食べ、毒にあたって苦しむ。
- Although Masaoka is worried that they may be poisoned, she cannot intervene, out of regard for the Kanrei family, and then Senmatsu rushes into the scene, grabs and eats the sweets, and suffers from the poison.
- 尚、以仁王自身はこの戦いで殺害されたが、皇族殺害の汚名をおそれた平清盛の計略により、死後強制的に源氏を賜与されて名も「源以光」とされた。
- After Prince Mochihito was killed in this battle, the TAIRA no Kiyomori were concerned with having a bad reputation from killing a member of the Imperial family, Kiyomori made a plan and the Prince was given the name of the Genji clan compulsory after he died, and was called 'MINAMOTO no Mochimitsu.'
- このような視点から男系護持論者の中には、「女系天皇の容認論は、天皇制廃止論のための布石ではないか」と述べて女系容認論を非難する者もいる。
- From such perspective, some male-line advocates claim the female-line acceptance theory is a stepping stone for emperor system abolition and criticize them.
- 義民・佐倉宗吾が幕府へ直訴するために江戸へ向かう際、禁制を犯して渡し舟を出しその後印旛沼に身を投じた渡し守「甚兵衛」の名前を使った蕎麦。
- Jubei soba was named after the ferryman who drowned himself in Inbanuma subsequent to rowing the boat for the man of righteousness Sogo SAKURA by violating prohibition when Sakura went to Edo to make a direct plea to the Shogunate.
- 真打制度は真打昇進と興行をリンクさせるが、上方落語協会(繁昌亭)は(香盤と関係なく)「賞」を落語家に受賞させそれと興行をリンクしている。
- The shinuchi system links the promotion of shinuchi to the show, but the Kamigata Rakugo Association (Hanjotei) gives a 'prize' (not related to koban) to rakugoka, linked with the show.
- 従来9月15日だった敬老の日が、祝日法の改正(いわゆるハッピーマンデー制度)により、2003年から9月第3月曜という移動日に変更された。
- Due to the revision of the Act on National Holidays (so called the 'Happy Monday System'), Respect for the Aged Day which used to be celebrated on September 15 was changed to the third Monday in September from 2003.
- 真精米歩合など高い精度の精米が必要とされる日本酒吟醸酒の誕生の醸造などのためには、今日ではコンピュータ制御の精米機が使われることもある。
- For producing Japanese liquor ginjoshu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperatures from rice grains milled to 60 % weight or less) which requires rice polishing at such high accuracy as shin seimai buai (true rice-polishing ratio), computer-controlled rice-milling machines are sometimes used nowadays.
- 祝日制定にあたり3月3日の案や、年度の4月1日の案も出ていたが、最終的には5月5日の端午の節句を祝日(こどもの日)とする案が採用された。
- Upon the creation of the new holiday, the dates of March 3 and April 1 (the beginning of the fiscal year) were proposed, but in the end, May 5 of the Tango no sekku (literally, the first day of the Horse month) was selected as the holiday (Children's Day).
- 1980年代半ば頃から落語協会、落語芸術協会共に所属する噺家の半数以上を真打が占めるようになり、制度としては形骸化しているとの意見もある。
- Since the mid 1980s, shinuchi have held more than half of the storytellers belonging to the Rakugo Kyokai Association and Rakugo Art Association, so some people say that it has lost substance as a system.
- 2004年(平成16年)4月1日 大宮町、峰山町、竹野郡網野町、丹後町、弥栄町、熊野郡久美浜町が合併・市制施行し京丹後市となり、中郡消滅。
- April 1, 2004: Omiya-cho, Mineyama-cho, Amino-cho in Takeno-gun, Tango-cho, Yasaka-cho and Kumihama-cho in Kumano-gun were merged to become Kyotango City by implementing the shisei (grant of city status); as a result, Naka-gun was dissolved.
- うち、納所町はもとは淀城下の6町の1つで、明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時に納所村の大字となり、昭和6年に伏見区納所町となった。
- Out of these, Noso-cho was originally one of the six towns near the Yodo-jo Castle; it became Oaza of Noso village at the time of the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889 and then became Noso-cho, Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 平安時代の律令制の形骸化にともなって次第に本来の領域にとらわれない、鴨川と大内裏・京都御所を中心とする都市になり、経済的に発展していった。
- As the Ritsuryo System (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) declined during the Heian period, the city gradually expanded beyond its original area to become centered around the Kamo-gawa River and the Kyoto Imperial Palace of the Daidairi (Greater Imperial Palace), and developed economically.
- 西欧キリスト教社会などの一夫一婦制度を採る世界では、皇帝の妻は正式には一人しか存在せず「皇后」または「皇妃」と訳されることが一般的である。
- In societies with the monogamous system, such as the West European Christian societies, there is only one official wife of the emperor and it is common to be translated as 'Kogo' or 'Kohi,'
- 完了を表す「ぬ」「つ」「り」、過去の時制を表す「き」「し」「けり」は廃れていき、代わりに完了相「たり」が一般的な過去時制へと発展していった。
- The perfective represented by 'nu,' 'tsu' and 'ri' and the past tense represented by 'ki,' 'shi' and 'keri' were obsolete and the perfect aspect 'tari' developed into the general past tense.
- また、モンゴル族はチベット仏教を信仰していたため、元 (王朝)時代にチベット様式の仏教絵画が導入され、以後、明、清時代にも盛んに制作された。
- In addition, as Mongolians worshipped Tibetan Buddhism, Buddhist paintings in the Tibetan style were introduced in Yuan Dynasty, and since then many of them were created in the Ming and Qing periods.
- 美観地区が最もよく整備されているのは京都市で、約1800haが美観地区に指定されており、市街地景観整備条例によって建築物の規制がされている。
- In Kyoto City where an aesthetic area is best maintained, a total of approximately 1800 hectares is designated as an aesthetic area, and architectural structures are regulated by an ordinance on urban area landscape improvement.
- 「衰亡のおそれ」あるか否かではなく、あくまでも無形文化財としての価値に基づき、重要なものを「重要無形文化財」に指定するという制度に変わった。
- The amendment of the law allowed important things to be designated as important intangible cultural properties based on their particularly high historical or artistic value, not on 'the possibility of the extinction'.
- 1992年にはシンエイ動画からの受注で、内田春菊原作のテレビアニメ『呪いのワンピース』を演出から仕上げまで初めて社内スタッフだけで制作した。
- Following an order from Shin-ei animation, Kyoto Animation produced the TV animation 'Noroi-no-one-piece' based on the comic by Shungiku UCHIDA, and this was to be the first animation produced using entirely the company's own staff from staging to finishing.
- 婦人標準服に関して行政上の公的な文書として残ったのは、婦人標準服を定める前に書かれた次官会議諒解事項「婦人標準服制定に関する件」だけである。
- Only the administrative official document remained on the standard female clothing as an Understanding of the Vice Minister Meeting 'Regarding the standard female clothing' written prior to prescribing the standard female clothing.
- アンティーク着物は日本人が日常的に着物を来ていた頃に制作されたものであり、縫製や染めが丁寧であったり、着易いように工夫されていることが多い。
- Antique Kiomono were made when Japanese people wore kimono everyday, so most of them were well sewed, dyed, and devised for putting on easily.
- このため「書聖」とまで呼ばれた彼らやその流儀を受け継いだ人々の書を学びたいと思う書家は多く、その複写・複製である法帖の制作が強く求められた。
- They came to be called 'calligraphy saints,' and many calligraphers wanted to learn from works of them and successors of their styles, which led to a strong need for creating the hojo, a copy or reproduction of the works.
- また、板垣、後藤、江藤、副島らは、に民選議院設立建白書を政府に提出して有司専制を批判し、議会開設を主な要求とする自由民権運動の嚆矢となった。
- Itagaki, Goto, Eto, Soejima and their sympathizers presented an opinion paper on establishing democratically elected parliament that criticized Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government) to the government starting the Movement for Liberty and People's Right of which the establishment of the National Diet was the main demand.
- 「髭茶屋」を冠称する町名の区域は、明治22年までは「髭茶屋町」であったが、同年の市制町村制施行により山科村(のち山科町)大字髭茶屋となった。
- The area which includes the name 'Higechaya' had been 'Higechayacho Town' until 1889, and was reorganized into Oaza Higechaya, Yamashinamura village (later Yamashinacho Town) in accordance with the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in the same year.
- 天皇の呼称に統一性を持たせる意味や、明治以降の「元号天皇の呼称」という規則(一世一元の制)に倣う意味で、「平成天皇」と呼ぶことは便利である。
- It is convenient to call 'Heisei Tenno' (Emperor Heisei) in the meaning of creating uniformity in the names of the emperors or following the rule of 'name of gengo (era name) emperor' (the practice of assigning one era name to one emperor).
- 皇室典範(こうしつてんぱん)は、皇位の継承順位など皇室の制度・構成等について定める日本国憲法で間接的に設置が義務づけられた日本の法律である。
- Imperial House Act is a law of Japan, institution of which was indirectly obligated by the Constitution of Japan and which establishes the system, composition, and the like of the Imperial family, such as an order of succession of the Imperial Throne.
- しかし、掛け声は上演中に観客から声を発する行為であり無制限に行えば雑音となるため、不文律として以下に挙げられる決まりごとが言われることが多い。
- However, as for kakegoe, since there are shouts from the audience during performances and it sometimes might become annoying, there are unwritten rules as follows.
- その背景には、檀家制度が破綻し経営が苦しくなった多くの寺院が大手墓石業者とタイアップし水子供養を大々的に宣伝し始めたことが大きく影響している。
- The reason behind this is largely due to the start of an extensive advertisement for mizuko kuyo by the temples which were in financial troubles as a result of the downfall of parishioner system and have arranged tie-ups with large grave stone companies.
- 大化の改新以降、中国(唐)の法令体系である律令を導入することにより、天皇を中心とした政府・国家体制を構築しようとする動きが活発となっていった。
- After the Reformation of Taika, the movement to construct the government and system of the country with the Emperor in the center was activated by introducing Ritsuryo, which is the system of rules and regulations in China (Tang).
- 娘に家の継承を認めないという中国を発祥として朝鮮経由で渡来した家父長的氏族制度の影響もあるだろうが、それだけですべてを説明することはできない。
- The paternalistic clanship under which a daughter is not allowed to succeed the household, originating in China, introduced from Korea, may have helped to establish such an unwritten rule, but that is not all about this.
- 明治天皇の代から、一人の天皇在位中に元号を変えず、またその元号を追号とする一世一元の制を採用したので、以後、諡(おくりな)を持つ天皇はいない。
- Since the era of Emperor Meiji, the Issei Ichigen system was introduced, which the one era name remain the same for each emperor and the name of the era was given to the Emperor as Tsuigo, since then there were no emperors who had a posthumous name.
- 伏見宮系の皇族はもちろんこの範囲には収まらないが、邦家親王を皇玄孫に擬制し、邦家親王の4世(玄孫)までを皇族の身分にとどめるものとされていた。
- The Fushiminomiya line of the Imperial Family were not included under this regulation, it was decided to add fictitious Imperial Princes to great-great grandchild of the Imperial Family, and to keep four generations (great-great grand child) of Imperial Princes in the ranks of the Imperial Family.
- 岩倉、大久保らは、天皇を近代国家の主体的君主として育成するため、宮廷改革を行なって旧習を廃し、天皇親政体制への切り替えと君徳の培養に尽くした。
- Iwakura and Okubo put effort into abolishing the old system of the Imperial Palace and to establish a new system for the Emperor to rule the government directly, and to educate the Emperor to become the sovereign of the modern nation.
- 中国北魏の仏像の様式の影響を受けた、古式の衣文や服制、杏仁形の眼、古式の微笑(アルカイックスマイル)などに止利および止利式の仏像の特色がある。
- The distinctions of the statues by Tori or in the Tori-Shiki are the ancient Emon (clothes), dress code system, the almond-shaped eyes and the ancient smile (the archaic smile) which were affected by the style of Buddhist Statues of Chinese Northern Wei.
- ほかに、自動車を利用した移動販売店舗も認められるが、許可取得に要する費用が高く、営業できる場所も制限を受けるため、日本のように一般的ではない。
- Another type of mobile shop that is permitted, is one that uses motor vehicles, but this shop type is not common, unlike Japan; the expense in obtaining a license permit is very high; and the places of operation for these motorized stalls is very limited.
- 1957年(昭和32年)2月13日には、自由民主党 (日本)の衆議院国会議員らによる議員立法として「建国記念日」制定に関する法案が提出された。
- Legislators of the house of Councilors and members of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) submitted a bill as legislation by House members to call for the establishment of 'National Foundation Day' (建国記念日) on February 13, 1957.
- ハッピーマンデー制度導入に伴い、2000年から1月第2月曜日、つまり、その年の1月8日から1月14日までのうち月曜日に該当する日に変更された。
- Along with introduction of the 'happy Monday' system, from 2000 this holiday was set to be on the second Monday of January, in effect a Monday between 8 and 14 January.
- 下関条約の結果、清の朝鮮に対する宗主権は否定され、ここに東アジアの国際秩序であった冊封体制は終焉を迎えた(李氏朝鮮は大韓帝国として独立した)。
- As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China's sovereignty over Korea was renounced whereby the traditional tributary system which was the international order in East Asia came to an end (and the Yi Dynasty Korea attained independence as the Korean Empire).
- 石板や木板に蘭亭序を模刻し、それから制作された拓本のなかで、古来最も貴ばれたものは、五代~北宋時代初期に碑石が定武郡で発見された定武本である。
- The Teibu-bon, on which a stone monument was found in Teibu County between the period of Five Dynasties and the period of Baisong Dynasty, has been valued the most since old times among all the rubbed copies produced using the Ranteijo engraved on slates or wooden boards.
- このため紙と違って、保存体制さえしっかりしておけば半恒常的に完全な形で残すことが可能であるという石や木の性質を経験的に知っていたと考えられる。
- Chinese people thus are thought to have known by experience that stone and wood, unlike paper, could remain intact almost permanently as long as a sufficient preservative system is provided.
- 南北朝期から室町期にかけ、惣領制が崩壊し有力庶子家・一族が本宗家から独立していった時代であり、松田氏においてもいずれが本宗家かは定かではない。
- From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, the Soryo system collapsed, and influential non-heir families and clans got independent from the head family, so it is uncertain which family was the head family of the Matsuda clan.
- 1886年に華族は第3者からの財産差し押さえなどから逃れることが出来る華族世襲財産法が制定されたことにより、世襲財産を設定する義務が生まれた。
- In 1886, Hereditary Property Law for Kazoku was established for protecting kazoku's property from being seized by a third party, and consequently, it obliged kazoku to 'set' their hereditary property.
- 1945年(昭和20)年の太平洋戦争の終戦にともない、大江山鉱山は閉山され、岩滝製錬所もルッペの生産を停止し、施設維持のみを行う体制に移った。
- Due to the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Oeyama Mine was closed, and Iwataki Smeltery stopped producing luppe and decided to do nothing but maintain its facilities.
- 武田氏は、戦国大名家の家臣団に関する軍制や所領の実態が記された軍役帳や所領役帳などの基礎史料を欠いているため、家臣団の実態を知ることは難しい。
- It is difficult to know the reality of its vassals because basic documents concerning the military system and territories of the vassals of the Takeda clan, such as the register of military service and tax ledgers, are no longer exist.
- 1889年、町村制施行により月瀬村が発足すると、奈良県知事税所篤や月瀬村長奥田源吉らは梅林の衰退を憂い、租税減免など、梅林保護の政策を実施した。
- However, the establishment of Tsukigase Village in 1889 in accordance with the enforcement of The Municipal Government Act turned the tide; the governor of Nara Prefecture, Atsushi SAISHO, and the mayor of Tsukigase Village, Genkichi OKUDA, lamented the waning state of the plum groves and implemented tax reductions and exemptions as well as plum grove protection measures.
- 明治時代になると如仏の判決(全局死活論)を支持する棋士 (囲碁)が多かったが、日本棋院が1949年に制定した囲碁規約では部分死活論が採用された。
- In Meiji period, many Igo players supported the judgment of Nyobutsu (theory of life-and-death in all stages), but Nihon Ki-in adopted the theory of partial life-and-death when it established the rule in 1949.
- また茶道の拡大に伴って需要が増えると備前焼や信楽焼で倣製品が作られるようになり、江戸時代には野々村仁清が室礼専用の色絵金彩の茶壺を制作している。
- Also, those copies were produced with Bizen yaki (Bizen ware) and Shigaraki-yaki (Shigaraki ware) as demands increased along with the expansion of tea ceremony, and in the Edo period, Ninsei NONOMURA created a chatsubo colored with various hues and gold specifically for the shitsurai (putting decorations suitable for a season or ritual onto an appropriate indoor places).
- 1930年代後半から1940年代前半にかけては、戦時体制により繊維・衣服の統制が極端に進み、さらに百貨店自体の売り上げが低迷した時期でもあった。
- From the latter half of 1930's until the first half of 1940's, fabrics and clothes were strictly controlled under wartime regime, and the sales of department stores were sluggish.
- 名所江戸百景(めいしょえどひゃっけい)とは、浮世絵師の歌川広重が安政3年(1856年)から同5年(1858年)にかけて制作した連作浮世絵である。
- Meisho Edo Hyakkei is a series of ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) created by Hiroshige UTAGAWA, an ukiyoe artist, from 1856 to 1858.
- 明治9年(1876年)全華族の融和と団結を目的とした宗族制度が発足し、華族は武家と公卿の区別無く系図上の血縁ごとに76の『類』として分類された。
- In 1876, Sozoku System (the system of the paternal family group) was enacted for the integration and solidarity of kazoku, and according to it, all kazoku were classified into 76 groups based on the family lines regardless of the differences of their original statuses as buke (samurai families) and kugyo (court nobles).
- 奥羽は南北朝期から、郡ごとに有力国人に軍事指揮権や権断権など強い権限を与えた「分郡」とも呼ばれる独自の制度があり、非常に有力国人の力が強かった。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the Ou region, there was a unique system called 'Bungun' (Independent county) in which the powerful Kokujin (local lords) were given the right of military command and of Kendan in each county, which meant the great influence of the powerful Kokujin.
- もっとも、このような一連の現象は、逆に言えば、天皇という地位が制度的に安定し、他の勢力からその存立を脅かされる可能性が薄らいだことの反映でもある。
- However, this series of phenomena, oppositely reflecting the fact that the position of the Emperor was stabilized, and the possibility of the threat being abolished had been reduced.
- 1932年(昭和7年)のロサンゼルスオリンピック (1932年)競泳で5種目を制したことから「水泳王国」として日本が世界に認知されるようになった。
- Japan was globally recognized as 'suiei-okoku' (a nation of the best swimmers) when Japanese athletes won five swimming events at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics.
- 戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱では、男性用の衣服を新しく制作するときは、色は自由とし、形は、国民服の乙号のタイプか、これに似たものに限定することとした。
- The Outline of Wartime Clothing Simplification stated that when the male clothing is produced, the color would be left to the discretion of the producer, but the shape should be limited to the Otsugo national uniform or close to it.
- 1967年(昭和42年)に制定された福岡市の市章も同様の理由でカタカナの「フ」を九つ並べて図案化されており、その点に関しては共通点があるといえる。
- The city emblem of Fukuoka established in 1967 was also designed by laying the nine katakana characters of 'Fu' side by side, therefore the two cities have this point in common.
- 郵便番号は京都府道110号久多広河原線が冬季閉鎖されて花脊峠方面から久多に進入できないという制約のため滋賀県大津市の堅田郵便局が集配を行っている。
- ZIP codes: Since access to the area from the Hanase-toge Pass side is prevented in the winter season, due to the closure of the Kuta Hirogawara Line of Kyoto Prefectural Route 110, the Katata post office in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, handles the collecting and distributing operations there.
- 洋服を率先着用した理由としてもう一つ「上半身と下半身の分かれていない着物は女子の行動を制限して不自由である」という皇后自身の言葉も伝えられている。
- As another reason for taking the lead in wearing western clothes, the empress herself was quoted as saying'Kimono that is not separated into upper and lower parts limits a girl's movements and is inconvenient.'
- 律令制度の下では、内親王・女王は非皇族と婚姻しても、皇族の身分を保持したままであることが通例であったが、皇室典範では皇籍を離脱することが定められる。
- Under a government based upon the ritsuryo legal code, the right was granted for Imperial Princes and Princesses to keep their rank as Imperial Family after marrying partners who were not from the Imperial Family, however according to Imperial House Law they must renounce their membership in the Imperial Family.
- その際、縞木綿や藍絣など丈夫な布地が使われ、よそ行き用には平時の着物を仕立て直した絹地を用いる場合もあった(戦時下の布地統制の為、和服の仕立直し)。
- Strong fabrics such as striped cotton and indigo cloth with splashed patterns were used, and for special occasions, silk cloths made-over from ordinary kimono, were also used (Due to the regulation of fabrics in wartime, people had to make over Japanese-style clothing).
- 清(現在の中華人民共和国・台湾・モンゴル国)と李氏朝鮮(現在の大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国)では、1644年に清が制定した時憲暦が使われていた。
- The Qing dynasty (the present People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and Mongolia) as well as the Joseon dynasty (the present Republic of Korea and Democratic People's Republic of Korea) used the Shixian calendar established by the Qing dynasty in 1644.
- 全国和菓子協会は、こうした故事にちなみ、日本の食文化を正しく隆盛に後世に伝え残すために一層の努力を積み重ねることを目的として、この記念日を制定した。
- The Zenkoku Wagashi Kyokai (Japan Wagashi Association) established the memorial day relating to this historical fact in order to make greater efforts to pass on Japanese food culture properly and actively to the next generations.
- 幕府において三管領四職七頭の制ができると、斯波氏は畠山氏、細川氏と管領を出す家柄として重んじられ、他の二家を抑えて三管領筆頭の家柄を有するに至った。
- After the establishment of Sankanrei, Shishiki (Four influential families) and Shichito (Seven influential families) in Bakufu, the Shiba clan was treated with respect as a Kanrei family together with the Hatakeyama clan and the Hosokawa clan and ended up becoming the head of the three Kanrei families by suppressing other two families.
- この山を制した方が天下を取ることになるとして「天下分け目の天王山」という言葉で表現され、現在でもスポーツやゲームの重大な試合や局面の比喩に名を残す。
- The battle has been expressed as the metaphor 'Tenka wakeme no Tennozan' (those who take hold of Mt. Tenno rule the world) which is still used especially in crucial matches or phases of sports or games.
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正により、1996年に創設された有形文化財(建造物)の文化財登録制度を拡充し、有形の民俗文化財も登録の対象としたものである。
- When the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, the cultural property registration system of the tangible cultural properties (architecture), established in 1996, was expanded and tangible folk cultural properties became subject to registry.
- 荘園制の普及にもかかわらず律令体制下の公領(国衙領)がなお根強く残されていたことから、鎌倉幕府の成立前後までは上皇がかなりの権力を振るう余地はあった。
- Since Koryo (Imperial demesne, or Kokugaryo) under the Ritsuryo system persistently continued even after the spread of the manorial system, there was room for Joko to use considerable power until the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日の町村制施行以降、昭和・平成の大合併の時期を含めて、一度も合併を経験していない、全国でも数少ない自治体のひとつである。
- Muko City is one of the rare municipalities in Japan that never merged with any other municipality since the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law) on April 1, 1889, including the Great Mergers of the Showa and Heisei periods.
- ハクジラ類についても、あくまで妊婦のみを対象とした一定量への制限に留まっており、一般人の摂食については幼児や授乳中の母親なども含め問題ないとされている。
- The restriction on odontoceti, concerned with the eatable amount of the meat, is targeted only at pregnant women, and concerning the eating of the meat by ordinary people, it is said that no problem exists even for infants and breast-feeding women.
- とあり、情願をしない王は強制的に臣籍降下させることが明記された(皇族身位令第25条は、情願をすることができるのは満15歳以上の王に限る旨の規定である)。
- It was clearly mentioned that any Prince who did not submit a petition would be demoted from a noble to a commoner (clause 25 of the regulations concerning Imperial rank stated that only Princes who were older than fifteen years old could submit a petition).
- 大日本帝国陸軍は、宝蔵院流や佐分利流などの日本の伝統的な槍術を元にした日本式の銃剣術を制定し、それまで行われていたフランス式銃剣術を廃し、これに改めた。
- Imperial Japanese Army established jukenjutsu (the martial art using the bayonet) in Nihon shiki (Japanese style) based on the traditional Japanese art of the spearmanship including Hozoin school and Saburi school, and the French-style jukenjutsu, which had been performed to that day, was abolished and was replaced with the new style.
- 一方の東部(草津市・彦根市・米原市・長浜市など)は畿内と東国・北国を結ぶ要地であり、律令制には東山道、江戸時代には東海道・中山道・北国街道が通っていた。
- On the other hand, the eastern part (Kusatsu, Hikone, Maibara, Nagahama Cities) is a key area which connects 'Kinai' and eatstern and nothern regions of Japan; in the days of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) Tosando ran there and in the Edo period, Tokaido, Nakasendo, and Hokkoku Kaido Road went through the area.
- その間1649年(慶安2年)に福知山藩に入った松平忠房が行った検地は、地租改正が行われるまで福知山の土地制度の基準となったためこれを松平検地と呼ばれる。
- During this time, the land survey carried out in 1649 by Tadafusa MATSUDAIRA, who joined the Fukuchiyama clan, acted as a benchmark for the land system in Fukuchiyama until the Land Tax Reform was carried out, and was called Matsudaira's land survey.
- 他方、ヒゲクジラ類については比較的有害物質の含有濃度は低く、特に南極海で捕獲されたものに関してはほとんど蓄積が無いことから、特段の制限は設けられていない。
- On the other hand, concerning baleen whales, no specific restrictions are imposed, because relatively small amounts of harmful substances are accumulated in these whales and in particular, almost no harmful substances are accumulated in the whale caught in the Antarctic ocean.
- しかし、アルコール度数に基づく級別・課税というシステムが、酒の品質の良し悪しと対応していないなどの理由で、この制度を疑問視する声がしだいに高まっていった。
- However, more and more people started questioning this system for the reason that the classification and taxation system based on alcohol content did not correspond to the quality evaluation of sake.
- 大王家の「倭」姓は、中国の冊封体制から離脱した5世紀末ないし、氏姓制度の形成が進んだ5世紀末から6世紀前半までの間に放棄されたとする説が有力となっている。
- A theory stating that the family name 'Wa' of Daio-ke was abandoned at the end of the 5th century when leaving the Sakuho system in China, or was abandoned in between the end of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century when the Shise system was established, is powerful.
- これらの製塩施設は大規模で、周辺住民が日々に使用する塩を作るためというより、時の権力による強制力により労働力が集められて、製塩が行われたと考えられている。
- These salt manufacturing facilities were large scale, but it was considered that authority, at the time, gathered manpower by using coercion to manufacture salt rather than for residents' daily use.
- HDでの制作は2006年の『Kanon』からであるが、BS-iはHDの素材をSDにダウンコンバートした後、HDにアップコンバートしなおしたものを放送した。
- Kyoto Animation began producing HD video after 'Kanon' in 2006, but BS-I converted HD video into SD video and reconverted them into HD video again before broadcasting them.
- しかし、同法制定当時の制度では「現状のまま放置し、国が保護しなければ衰亡のおそれのあるもの」を選定無形文化財として選定するという、消極的保護施策であった。
- However, it was a passive protection measure, because under the law, something had to be in danger of extinction without government's protection in order to be selected as an an intangible cultural property.
- 戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱は、すでに所有している服を着ることを禁止せず、女性たちにもんぺの着用を強制するとも、衣料切符の献納を推奨するとも書かれてはいない。
- The Outline of Wartime Clothing Simplification neither prohibited women from wearing their own clothes, nor forced them to wear Monpe, nor recommended them to donate their clothing coupons.
- この年の急な実施は明治維新後、明治政府が月給制度にした官吏の給与を(旧暦のままでは明治6年は閏6月があるので)年13回支払うのを防ぐためだったといわれる。
- It was implemented with such a short notice because the Meiji government wanted to avoid paying its officials monthly wages, whose system was introduced after the Meiji restoration, 13 times a year (as the coming year in the old calendar had leap June).
- また、京都側のふもとの八瀬には森のゆうえんち(森のゆうえんち)もあったが、こちらも2001年11月30日に閉鎖され、跡地には会員制リゾートホテルが建った。
- There was also a Forest Land Amusement Park in Yase, at the foot of the mountain on the Kyoto side, although that was closed on November 30, 2001, and a members-only resort hotel now stands in that location.
- 華族制度の策定にあたった伊藤博文は『公卿』、広沢真臣・大久保利通・副島種臣は『貴族』、岩倉具視は『勲家』・『名族』・『公族』・『卿家』等の案を持っていた。
- The persons who were engaged in compiling the kazoku system had their own idea for the title of the class: Hirobumi ITO suggested 'Kugyo' (compound of 'Ko' and 'Kei' which originally meaning the top court officials); Saneomi HIROSAWA, Toshimichi OKUBO, and Taneomi SOEJIMA suggested 'kizoku' (originally meaning nobles); and Tomomi IWAKURA suggested 'kunke' (families that contributed to the nation greatly), 'meizoku' (noble families), 'kozoku' (families of 'Ko') and 'gyoke' (families of 'Kei').
- 江戸幕府は朝廷秩序の回復に関与することで朝廷の統制を行うことを意図しており、朝廷儀式の再興を望む朝廷側との思惑の合致に伴い、地下官人制度の再編が行われた。
- The Edo bakufu intended to control the Imperial Court by taking part in reestablishing the order of the Imperial Court; on the other hand, the Imperial Court desired to restore Court ceremonies--as intentions of both sides matched, restructuring of the lower ranking officials was carried out.
- なお、京都タワーの所在地である東塩小路町は、市制町村制施行以前の明治12年(1879年)、当時の塩小路村の一部が下京区に編入された際に成立したものである。
- Higashi Shiokoji-cho, in which Kyoto Tower is located, was established before the Municipal Government Act was enforced, in 1879 when a part of Shiokoji village at that time was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward.
- 内廷費や、皇族としての品位保持の資に充てるために皇族費が国庫から支出される一方で、財産の賜与(贈与)及び譲受に関して憲法と皇室経済法による強い規制がある。
- While expenses for the Imperial family are paid out from the national treasury to allocate for the daily living expenditure of the Inner Court as well for the purpose of allotting funds to maintain the court rank as a member of the Imperial family, the bestowal or the transference of estate is strictly governed by the Constitution and the Imperial Household Finance Act.
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- 梅林の保護は軌道に乗り始めたかに見えたが、1937年ごろからの戦時統制の時代に突入すると食糧増産のために梅の木畑は半ば強制的に伐採され、耕作地に姿を変えた。
- It seemed the protection efforts of the plum groves had gotten on the right track, but with wartime control being introduced from around 1937, plum trees were almost forcibly cut down and fields were transformed into farmland to increase food production.
- 更なる発展形として、移動販売車の欠点[衛生面での業態の制限][道路交通法の問題][電気や給排水設備の不足][車内作業効率の悪さ]を解決した車両も現し始めた。
- Subsequently, Mobile Food Vendor Vehicles were developed into different forms to facilitate and resolve certain negative aspects: 'Limits on the business dependent on hygiene conditions,' 'problems in compliance to the Road Traffic Act,' 'the lack of equipment electricity, water supply, draining systems,' and 'the inefficiency of working inside a vehicle.'
- 6世紀の氏姓制度成立以前において、「葛城」が本来的なウヂ名として存在したかについては疑問があり、ここでは従来の「葛城氏」の呼称を用いて便宜を図ることとする。
- Although it is doubtful whether the clan name 'Katsuraki' actually existed before the establishment of the system of clans and hereditary titles, this clan name is employed here for the sake of convenience.
- その子 伊達晴宗は足利将軍家有力一門 斯波氏の流れをひく大崎氏歴代の職である奥州探題に補任されたが、一方で隠居の稙宗の専制に対する家臣団の反発が蓄積された。
- The son of Tanemune, Harumune DATE, was first appointed as Oshu Tandai, the post successively held by the Osaki clan, a branch family of the Shiba clan (a powerful family of the Ashikaga Shogun Family), while a dictatorship by retired Tanemune caused anti-Tanemune feeling to build up among the vassals.
- 町奉行は町の拡大を抑制する方針を採ったが、実際には都市の拡大が先行して町奉行及び新しい町割の是非を審査する新地掛の与力がこれを追認する状況が幕末まで続いた。
- Machi-bugyo adopted a policy to restrain the expansion of the town but it was in fact the case that until then end of the Edo period, a situation continued in which the city's expansion preceded any ratification by the machi-bugyo or the yoriki (police sergeants) who were responsible for assessing the propriety of new town planning.
- それに対し、『安宅』が成立したと考えられる室町時代や作中の時代である鎌倉時代ではそれほど重い罪ではなく、また幕府による御家人の統制もそれほど厳しくはなかった。
- On the other hand, in the Muromachi Period when 'Ataka' was believed to be accomplished and in the Kamakura Period in the story, it was not so serious crime and the control of gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was not so strict.
- この説では天智天皇10年に大友皇子が立太子したとする森田の説によれば、不改常典は複数の内容を含むもので、その一部に皇位継承に関わり皇太子制を定めた箇所がある。
- MORITA's theory advocates that the investiture of Crown Prince Otomo falls on the 10th year of the enthronement of Emperor Tenchi, and according to this theory, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten compiles plural contents, and a part of them touches on the succession of Imperial Throne with the specific description that institutes the Crown Prince system.
- 寛永10年(1633年)の鎖国によって中国の書籍・法帖などの輸入がきわめて制限されている中、この黄檗僧たちの書は主として儒学者・文人・僧などに受け入れられた。
- As the import of Chinese books and Chinese copybooks printed from the works of old masters of calligraphy was extremely restricted because of national isolation policy from 1633, calligraphic works by these priests in the Obaku school were accepted mostly by Confucian scholars, men of literature, and priests.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、久世郡に宇治町・淀町、槇島村・小倉村・大久保村・久津川村・富野荘村・寺田村・佐山村・御牧村が成立する。
- April 1, 1889: As a result of the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law), Uji-cho, Yodo-cho, Makishima-mura, Ogura-mura, Okubo-mura, Kutsukawa-mura, Tonosho-mura, Terada-mura, Sayama-mura, and Mimaki-mura were established in Kuse-gun.
- 浅井亮政のとき、近江の北3郡を統べる守護大名であった京極氏の御家騒動を経て、北近江では、有力豪族の浅見氏を盟主とした国人衆をによる京極家の家政体制が布かれた。
- In the generation of Sukemasa AZAI, the Kyogoku family's government system came to be practically managed by kokujin-shu (a group of local samurais) lead by the Asami clan, an influential local ruling family, throughing the Kyogoku clan's family troubles, who was a shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor which came to acquire an authority as a Japanese feudal lord) ruling over the three counties of the northern territory of Omi Province.
- 日本国憲法体制下の皇室典範は「法律」として制定され、他の法律と同様に、制定および改正は国会が行い、皇室の制度そのものに国民が国会を通じて関与することとなった。
- The Imperial House Act under the system of Constitution of Japan was enacted as a 'law' and is, like other laws, enacted and amended by the Parliament, thus the public being involved in the institution of the Imperial family itself through the Parliament.
- さらに論を進め、近江の皇別氏族(皇族が臣籍降下して誕生した氏族)息長氏(おきながうじ)の出身と見なし、大和王権を武力制圧して王位を簒奪したとする説も出された。
- A further advanced theory says that he came from the Okinaga clan, a family in Omi Province which branched out from the Imperial family (as a result of demotion from nobility to subject) and he wrested the throne by repressing the Yamato sovereignty by military power.
- 現在も三木市吉川町を中心に、村米制度が残っており、干ばつや水害、また、震災などの災害にも互いに助け合うなど、単に酒米の取引だけでなく、強いつながりが続いている。
- Even now there remains the muramai systems centering around Yoshikawa-cho, Miki City and is serving as a strong connection not only to deal rice for brewing sake, but also to help each other in the occurrences of disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, and so on.
- 同じく2005年、フルメタル・パニックシリーズの続編『フルメタル・パニック!フルメタル・パニック! The Second Raid』を制作し、これもヒットした。
- Also in 2005, the company produced 'Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid,' a sequel to the Full Metal Panic series, which also became a hit.
- 旧虫プロダクションで色彩設定仕上げ経験のある八田陽子が、1981年に近所の主婦らと、竜の子プロダクションやサンライズ (アニメ制作会社)の仕上げの仕事を始めた。
- In 1981, Yoko HATTA, who had experience of color setting at the former Mushi Production studio, began to undertake finishing work at the Tatsunoko Production and Sunrise animation studios with local housewives.
- 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.
- 戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱そのものは、法的な強制力がない努力義務のガイドラインのようなものであるが、後に戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱を推進するための法律が制定される。
- The Outline of Wartime Clothing Simplification was something like a guideline without authorization for the people who were obligated to make a sincere effort, but later, a law was enacted to promote this outline.
- この紀元節は、1948年(昭和23年)に制定された「祝日に関する法律」附則2項で、「休日ニ關スル件」(昭和2年勅令第25号)が廃止されたことに伴い、廃止された。
- This Kigensetsu was abolished, with the abolishment of 'matters related to national holidays' (imperial edict No. 25, 1927) under Article 2 of the supplementary provisions of 'the law of Holidays of People' enacted in 1948.
- 追号は天皇が崩御した後に贈られる称号であり、制度上は必ずしも元号が追号になるわけではない(明治以降は慣例を踏襲しただけであり、旧皇室令等でも規定されていない)。
- A posthumous title is the title given after the demise of the Emperor and gengo (era name) does not necessarily become his posthumous title from an institutional standpoint (after Meiji period the custom was just followed and nothing is prescribed for the posthumous title in Kyu Koshitsu-rei (the Old Imperial Families' Act) and so on).
- このように、公正な女帝の治世のもと、聖徳太子はその才能を十分に発揮し、冠位十二階(603年)・十七条憲法(604年)を次々に制定して、法令・組織の整備を進めた。
- As described above, under fair reign of the Empress, Prince Shotoku fully exhibited his ability and enacted Kan I junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) (in 603) and Seventeen-Article Constitution (in 604) one after another to carry out improvement of laws and organizations.
- 初期の時代物映画や時代小説が、話の筋や芸術性よりも、派手で俗受けしやすい剣戟の場面を重視し、もっぱらそれのみへの興味によって制作されたところから来るものといえる。
- This is because the early historical movies and novels were produced only featuring flashy swordplay scenes that could be popular easily instead of focusing stories and artistic qualities.
- 1180年代の治承・寿永の乱の結果、東国に鎌倉幕府が成立し、独自の支配権を獲得していたが、治天として専制を指向する後鳥羽には、幕府の存在が我慢ならないものだった。
- In 1180 as the result of the Jisho, Juei War, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) was established in the eastern province and had their own right to rule the government, however Gotoba who had the absolute power to direct a despotic government as Chiten, he could not stand the existence of the bakufu.
- 味噌により、肝がんを含めがんの発生が抑制されるという動物試験結果があることや古くから摂取され続けてきた食物であることから、麹酸の毒性は問題にならないとされている。
- Because animal experiments show that miso prevents the incidence of cancer including lung cancer, and it is a traditional food which has been eaten for a long time; the toxicity of kojic acid is considered to have little effect.
- 1945年の終戦までの間、生産される男性用の衣服は国民服ばかりになっていたうえ、本土決戦の機運が高まり、強制されなくても国民服を着ざるをえない男性が増えていった。
- Until the end of war in 1945, all the male clothes produced were national uniforms, and as there had been a sign of preparation for the mainland battle, an increasing number of men were obliged to wear the national uniforms.
- 2005年に滋賀県の「分権時代の県のあり方研究会」の報告書において、道州制の前段階として京都府と滋賀県の合併(京滋合併)が案のひとつに取り上げられたこともあった。
- A report published in 2005 by 'Workshop for the functions of each prefecture in the age of devolution of power' in Shiga Prefecture picked up the merger plan of Kyoto and Shiga Prefectures (Keiji Merger) as one previous step before introducing the regional system.
- 郡区町村編制法公布に伴い、明治12年(1879年)伏見区が設置され、上記の4区のうち第3・4区が各2分割されて6組が設置され、「伏水第○組」と称するようになった。
- Upon promulgation of Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), Fushimi Ward was established in 1879, and the wards Nos. 3 and 4 of the above four wards were divided into two respectively, resulting in the establishment of six kumi (unit), with each unit being called 'Fushimi kumi No. X.'
- 厳密には話芸ではないが、食べる、飲む、歩く、走る、着るなど、登場人物の動作を、座布団の上に制限された動きで表現することも、臨場感を出す上で非常に重要な役割を果たす。
- To make the performance lively, actions such as eating, drinking, walking, running, dressing, and so on expressed in a defined manner without moving from the zabuton play quite a significant role in rakugo, though the action is not part of the art of storytelling in a strict sense.
- 地方自治体が指定できる地域地区のひとつで、調和均整のとれた建築美を保っている地区において、その美観を守るために、建築物の配置、構造などが、建築制限などを行える地区。
- It is one of local areas which can be designated by local governments and is an area where building restrictions can be imposed on the layouts and structures, etc. of buildings in order to conserve the beauty in the places maintaining harmonious, well-balanced architectural beauty.
- 幕府はその機先を制して大政奉還を行ったが、将軍は「辞官納地」(全ての官職と領地の返上)を強要され、それに不満の旧幕府軍は鳥羽伏見の戦いで官軍と衝突し、内戦となった。
- The Bakufu forestalled them by conducting Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), but the shogun was forced to conduct Jikan-nochi (returning of all government posts and territories), and the old shogunate army that was discontented about that, and then collided with the Imperial army in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, and the civil war began.
- 昭和時代、日本国憲法の下で皇室典範は再度制定されたが、退位禁止と養子禁止と直系男子への皇位継承優先とする基本性格は変わらず、非嫡出子を皇族としない規定が追加された。
- In the Showa period, the Imperial Family Law was re-issued under the Constitution of Japan, the basic rule of the prohibition of the abdication, prohibition of the adoption, and priority of the male direct Imperial member's succession to the throne, remained the same, there was another regulation added that illegitimate children would not be included to the Imperial family.
- 宗慶とその長男・宗味(長次郎の義父)は樂家の制作活動に深く関わっていたが、前政権の秀吉と親しかったことを慮り、宗慶の次男・楽常慶(じょうけい)が樂家の2代となった。
- Although Sokei and his first son Somi (Chojiro's father in law) involved deeply in the creation activity of the Raku family, Jokei RAKU the second son of Sokei became the second leader of the RAKU family because it was thought to be a delicate matter that Sokei and Somi had a friendly relationship with Hideyoshi of the previous administration.
- 1879年(明治12年)には郡区町村編制法により、京都に上京区と下京区の2区が置かれ、続いて1889年(明治22年)に上京区・下京区は府管轄下の「京都市」となった。
- In 1879, the two wards of Kamigyo and Shimogyo were established in Kyoto under the Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (an act for the organization of the administrative divisions), and in 1889, Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward became 'Kyoto City' under the jurisdiction of the prefecture.
- この間、明治元年3月14日(1868年4月6日)には五箇条の御誓文を発布して新政府の基本方針を表明し、4月21日(6月11日)には政体書によって新しい政治制度を採用。
- During this time the new policy of the new government was announced when the Imperial Covenant Consisting of Five Articles was issued on April 6, 1868, the new political system was introduced with the Constitution of 1868, on June 11.
- 女性は華族や女子教育にあたる教員など一部を除きもっぱら和服であったが、大正時代後期から、女学校の制服にそれまでの袴に代えて洋服であるセーラー服が採用される例が増える。
- During the period, female students generally wore Japanese clothes except for the nobles and teachers of female students; but from the latter half of the Taisho period, increasing number of schools adopt sailor suits as their school uniforms to replaced the pleated skirt style.
- 国民には、江戸時代の自由の制限をなくし、身分の撤廃を行い四民平等とし、日本全国の行き来の自由を認め、職業の選択の自由や、散髪帯刀の自由など様々なことを改革していった。
- With regard to the citizens, the government lifted various restrictions on freedoms that existed during the Edo period whereby the social standing system was abolished and replaced by one that made all people equal, as well as various other reforms such as freedom to travel across the country, freedom to choose occupations, freedom to have closely cut hair and freedom to carry a sword in belt.
- 明治11年(1878年)2月4日、法制局大書記官尾崎三良と少書記官桜井能堅から伊藤博文に対し、『公爵』・『侯爵』・『伯爵』・『子爵』・『男爵』の5等級案が提出された。
- On February 4, 1878, Great Secretary of the Department of the Legislation Saburo OZAKI and Assistant Secretary Yoshikata SAKURAI proposed to Hirobumi ITO the plan of classifying kazoku into these five ranks, 'Koshaku (公爵)' 'Koshaku (侯爵)' 'Hakushaku' 'Shishaku' and 'Danshaku.'
- 近世の大原郷は12の村から構成されていたが、1883年に中心部の8村が合併して「大原村」を名乗り、1889年の町村制制定の際に残り4村を合併して愛宕郡大原村となった。
- During the early-modern period, Ohara-go Township consisted of 12 villages, but in 1883 the eight central villages merged to form the village of 'Ohara-mura,' and when the city-town-village system was enacted in 1889 the remaining four villages merged to form Ohara Village, Otagi District.
- 鞆の浦周辺は1925年に名勝・鞆の浦の指定を受け、さらに1931年に制定された国立公園法において国立公園として最初に指定された地区のひとつである(瀬戸内海国立公園)。
- An area in and around Tomonoura was designated place of extraordinary scenic beauty in 1925, and it composes a group of the first national parks designated pursuant to the National Park Acts enacted in 1931 (the Seto Inland Sea National Park).
- これらの君主が一夫一婦制の婚姻形態を採っていれば、妻の称号は「皇后」となるはずであるが、実際には、世間に通用している通称や研究者による慣用などが優先し、一様ではない。
- If these monarchs adopted the monogamous system, the title for the wife would have been 'empress' but in fact, alias that are normally used by researchers and custom take precedence so it is not uniform.
- 日本の場合摂政と似ているが、摂政の場合、天皇が同時に存在しているが、称制の場合は、天皇がいない(称制している本人が事実上の天皇か天皇に準ずる存在)のが大きな違いである。
- In Japan, it is similar to Sessho (regency) although the Emperor also exist with the Sessho, the big difference between Sessho and Shosei is there is no Emperor in case of Shosei (the one who rules Shosei is practically the Emperor or a person who has political control equivalent to Emperor).
- しかし明治24年(1891年)東京帝国大学教授久米邦武の「神道は祭天の古俗」という論文が皇室への不敬に当たると批判を受け職を追われ、学問的自由に制限が加わるようになる。
- However Kunitake KUME, a professor of Tokyo Imperial University, wrote the essay titled; ' Shintoism is to Enshrine God in the Old Way,' which was criticized as being rude to the Imperial family, he was removed from his position in 1891 and political pressure started to mount against the freedom to study.
- 旧皇室典範の制定後、明治33年(1900年)には賀陽宮、明治36年(1903年)には東伏見宮、明治39年(1906年)には竹田宮、朝香宮、東久邇宮の3宮家が設立された。
- After the issue of the former Imperial Family (Household) Law, Kayanomiya was established in 1900, Higashifushiminomiya was established in 1903, followed by three Miyake, Takedanomiya, Asakanomiya, and Higashikuninomiya established (1906).
- 次官会議諒解事項「婦人標準服制定に関する件」は、どのようなデザインの婦人標準服が望ましいのかが書かれている文書であり、具体的な婦人標準服のデザインを決めた文書ではない。
- The Understanding of the Vice Minister Meeting 'Regarding the standard female clothing' does not prescribe the specific design of the clothing, but states what kind of design is required for the clothing.
- 何千種類もあったが、専売制の下でマスプロ化が進んだことと、紙巻きタバコの消費増大で需要が減ったことで数銘柄からさらには1銘柄に減り、ついには国内での製造が打ち切られた。
- There were thousands varieties, but the number of brands were reduced to one because of the mass production promoted under the monopoly and decrease in demand caused by increase in cigarette consumption, and finally the domestic production was stopped.
- 普段は厚化粧しない俳優、歌手、等も、特別番組、化粧品等の広告や写真集、ビデオクリップ等を撮影する場合に、企画内容や、出演者や制作者の意図によって厚化粧をする場合がある。
- Actors, singers and so on who generally do not wear atsugesho may occassionally use it to follow planned content or to achieve an effect desired by the performers themselves or by a producer when they appear in photographs, movies, special programs, or advertisements for cosmetics.
- 第二次大戦前の新作能では、日清戦争や日露戦争、太平洋戦争に題材を取ったものも数多く制作された(「高千穂」「海戦」「征露の談」「皇軍艦」「撃ちてし止まむ」「玉砕」など)。
- As to Shinsaku-Noh works created before World War II, many works employing the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and the Pacific War as their subject matters were produced ('Takachiho,' 'Kaisen' (marine battle), 'Seiro-no-dan' (Story of Conquering Russia), 'Ko-gunkan' (Imperial battle ship), 'Uchiteshi-yamanu' (shooting goes on), 'Gyokusai' (to die in battle rather than surrender), etc).
- 大内弘世の跡を継いだ大内義弘は、今川貞世(了俊)の九州制圧に従軍し、南朝との南北朝合一でも仲介を務め、明徳2年(1391年)には山名氏の反乱である明徳の乱でも活躍した。
- Yoshihiro OUCHI, who succeeded Hiroyo OUCHI, took part in a campaign by Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) to subdue Kyushu, also played a reconciliatory role in the unification of Southern and Northern Courts, and took an active part in the Meitoku War, a rebellion by Yamana clan in 1391.
- うち、下ノ町、中ノ町、橋詰町は明治22年(1889年)の市制町村制施行時に伏見の町組から向島村に編入された区域で、昭和6年、向島下ノ町、向島中ノ町、向島橋詰町となった。
- Out of these, towns of Shimono-cho, Nakano-cho and Hashizume-cho formed a district which had been integrated into Mukaijima village from Machigumi of Fushimi at the time of the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889 and renamed as Mukaijima Shimono-cho, Mukaijima Nakano-cho and Mukaijima Hashizume-cho in 1931.
- 簡単に結う事が出来、古風で可憐で気品があることから明治から昭和戦前に掛けて一部の幼稚園・小学校(いわゆるお嬢様学校)では稚児髷に紫袴を制服に制定した(中学生以上は束髪)。
- Because it is easy to do the hair in chigomage and it is a traditional, cute and refined hairstyle; from the Meiji period to prewar days in the Showa period some kindergartens and elementary schools (so-called 'Ojosama gakko,' schools for rich young ladies) adopted chigomage and purple hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine stripes) as their regulation uniform (students of junior high school or above wore swept-back hair with the bun at the back of the head).
- 2008年度以降は2005年に完成した宇治市内の本社と、本社から徒歩圏内にあるスタジオ(第2スタジオ)とともに、一駅で行ける新スタジオでもアニメーション制作を行っている。
- Since the 2008 fiscal year, animation has been produced in a new studio located one station away from the headquarters, as well as at the headquarters which had been completed in Uji City in 2005 and a studio (the second studio) accessible on foot from the head office.
- 株式会社京都アニメーション(きょうとアニメーション、英語表記:)はアニメーションの企画・製作およびアニメーション制作に関する技術指導を主な事業内容とする日本の企業である。
- Kyoto Animation Co., Ltd. is a Japanese corporation engaged in the design and production of animation as well as technical guidance related to animation production.
- 柄や鞘には金銅製の筒金や、模様を打ち出した金銅または銀の薄板、金線や銀線などが多様され、出土品でありながら今尚その輝きを残していて、制作当時のきらびやかな様を想像させる。
- The hilts and scabbards fitted with abundant decorations including gilt-bronze rings, embossed gilt bronze/silver sheets, and gold and silver lines still remained their glitter despite their artifact nature, conveying luxurious atmosphere at the time they were created.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 - 町村制施行に伴い、乙訓郡に向日町と乙訓村・新神足村・海印寺村・淀村・久我村・羽束師村・大枝村・大原野村・久世村・大山崎村が成立する。
- April 1, 1889: As a result of the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law), Muko-machi, Otokuni-mura, Shinkotari-mura, Kaiinji-mura, Yodo-mura, Koga-mura, Hazukashi-mura, Oe-mura, Oharano-mura, Kuze-mura and Oyamazaki-mura were established in Otokuni-gun.
- 近江令に置かれていたとすれば、日本独特のものとして置かれた規定が、大宝令制定時に除かれたということになり、令から削除して間もない法を「改めるまじき法」と呼ぶ矛盾が生じる。
- If such a provision were included in Omi-Ryo, a uniquely Japanese rule would have been excluded at the time when Taiho Code was established, but if so it is inconsistent with the phrase, 'the law which should not be modified.'
- しかし、日本を強制退去となったシーボルトは帰国後の1840年に、伊能図をオランダでメルカトル図法に修正した「日本人の原図および天文観測に基づいての日本国図」を刊行している。
- However, expelled from Japan, Siebold published 'Map of Japan based on the original map by Japanese and the astronomical observation' by changing Ino map into Mercator projection in Holland in 1840, after he returned home.
- その主な活動はフェノロサによる古美術の鑑定や同時代作品の展覧会であったが、特に従来の画派の制約に縛られない制作を奨励し、その中で評価を高めたのが狩野芳崖と橋本雅邦であった。
- Its main activities were antique artwork appraisal by FENOLLOSA, holding exhibitions of contemporary works, and particularly encouraging artists to produce works free of restrictions of conventional schools of painting, and among the painters Hogai KANO and Gaho HASHIMOTO were highly evaluated.
- 皇位継承とする説としては他に、特に正妻から生まれた子に伝えるという嫡系皇位継承法説、譲位によって皇位を伝えるという譲位法説、皇太子を立てて継承させるという皇太子制説がある。
- Among the other imperial succession theories, the theory of lineal descendent hereditary imperial succession law theory, in which the throne is exclusively ascended to the son born from the legal wife, that of the throne abdication law, which establishes the succession of the throne by abdication, and the crown prince theory, in which the succession is undertaken by pointing the crown prince, can be found.
- その後大正デモクラシーの高まりを受けて歴史学にも再び自由な言論が活発になり、マルクス主義の唯物史観に基づく歴史書も出版されたが、社会主義運動の高まりと共に統制も強化された。
- After that, movement towards freedom of speech became popular again in historical studies as the Taisho Democracy became more popular, some historical books about Marxism based upon historical materialism were published, there was more strict control as the socialist movement became more popular.
- これ以後、天脈拝診(実際に天皇の体に触れて診察すること)の資格を持つ13人に、西尾と久野の2人を加えた15人の典医たちを下記の3班に分けて、24時間体制での治療が始まった。
- After that 天脈拝診 (conducting medical examination by touching Emperor's body) was conducted by qualified thirteen doctors and Nishio and Hisano, total of fifteen doctors who work in the Imperial Palace, then they were separated into three groups to start twenty four hours treatment.
- 明治天皇が即位、新政府は天皇を中心とした新しい国家体制を築くことを目指し、新たに江戸を東京と改め、天皇が東京に行幸してここを日本の新しい政治の中心にすえた(東京奠都を参照)。
- With Emperor Meiji's accession to the throne, as part of their effort to build a national government centered around the emperor, the new government renamed Edo to Tokyo where the emperor visited to proclaim that city to be the new political center of Japan (See Tokyo Tento (transfer of the national capital to Tokyo)).
- 源平の間を揺れ動いたことで頼朝の疑念を招き、隆直への恩賞は守護に任じられた少弐氏や大友氏・島津氏に遠く及ばず、逆に多くの関東系御家人を本拠地周囲に配置され、その牽制を受けた。
- His inconstancy between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan caused Yoritomo's distrust, and he was granted a reward far less than those of the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan and the Shimazu clan, which were appointed Shugo (provincial governors), and on the contrary, Takanao came to be checked by the gokenin from Kanto provinces, who were placed around his home base.
- 寛永文化の中心は京都であったとされ、中世以来の伝統を引き継ぐ町衆勢力と後水尾天皇を中心とする朝廷勢力が、封建制を強化する江戸幕府に対抗する形で古典文芸・文化の興隆を生み出した。
- The center of Kanei-bunka was Kyoto, and people of merchant class who inherited the tradition of medieval times and those of Imperial Court who gathered around the Emperor Gomizunoo created classical Japanese arts/culture against the Edo bakufu, which strived to strengthen the feudal system.
- 足利軍が入京すると後醍醐天皇は比叡山に逃れて抵抗するが、足利方の和睦の要請に応じて三種の神器を足利方へ渡し、尊氏は持明院統の光明天皇を立て、建武式目を制定して正式に幕府を開く。
- When the army of ASHIKAGA entered in Kyoto, the Emperor Go-Daigo escaped to Mt. Hiei and fought back. However, the Emperor accepted the reconciliation proposed by ASHIKAGA, and he handed over the Three Sacred Treasures to Takauji. Takauji ASHIKAGA, backed by the Emperor Komyo of the Jimyoin-to lineage, opened a new legitimate Shogunate with the enactment of a new political platform called Kenmu Shikimoku.
- 生物濃縮により人体に有害な重金属やポリ塩化ビフェニル(PCB)類などがクジラの体内に蓄積されているので、鯨肉は汚染されているとの指摘があり、一部の国では摂食制限が行われている。
- It has been pointed out that whale meat has been polluted because heavy metal and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) have been accumulated in whale bodies through bioaccumulation, and eating whale meat has been restricted in some nations.
- この指定制度は、1975年の文化財保護法の改正によって実現し、1976年5月4日に第1回として30件が指定されて以来、2009年3月11日現在で、合計264件が指定されている。
- This system of designation was established with the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1975, and since the first round of designations held on May 4, 1976 approved 30 properties, the number of designated properties has increased to a total of 264 as of March 11, 2009.
- かくして光仁以来の天智系皇統が天武系皇統を教訓にして取り入れた兄弟継承の相続(大兄制の実質復活)は、藤原種継暗殺事件から承和の変に至る皇位継承を巡る内紛の連鎖の招来に終わった。
- Therefore, after Emperor Tenji's Imperial line learned its lesson from Emperor Tenmu's Imperial line and since the era of Emperor Konin, the Imperial throne was succeeded between brothers (the practical return of the succession between the eldest brothers), and it was responsible for a continuous dispute for Imperial succession, starting from the incident to assassinate FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and ended with the Showa Disturbance.
- そもそも、奥羽は鎌倉府の管轄ではあったが、幕府と鎌倉府の対立が次第に深まると伊達氏は幕府直属の京都扶持衆となり、1413年の応永の乱では鎌倉を牽制している(伊達持宗の乱とも)。
- Originally, the Ou region (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) was placed under the direct control of Kamakura-fu, but the Date clan became a member of Kyoto fuchishu, a direct retainer of Muromachi bakufu, amid a deepening confrontation between Muromachi bakufu and Kamakura-fu, and strategically maneuvered Kamakura-fu in the Oei War of 1413 (also called a Rebellion of Mochimune DATE).
- 吉田孝は、倭国が5世紀末に中国の冊封体制から離脱し、7世紀初頭の推古朝でも倭国王に冊封されなかったことが、大王天皇が姓を持たず「姓」制度を超越し続けたことにつながったとしている。
- Takashi YOSHIDA states that the reason Daio and Tenno stood aloof from 'sei' (family name) system by not having it was because Wakoku (country of Wa) left the Chinese Sakuho system at the end of the 5th century, and was not taken into the system as Wakoku-o even during the Reign of Empress Suiko at the beginning of the 7th century.
- ところが、観応の擾乱の最中の1351年(観応2年/正平6年)、室町幕府の征夷大将軍である足利尊氏が南朝の後村上天皇に降伏、これを受けて南朝軍が京都を制圧して北朝方皇族を拘禁した。
- In 1351 in the middle of the Kano Disturbance, Takauji ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), surrendered Emperor Gomurakami of Southern Court; in response to this, the Southern court army conquered Kyoto, and held the imperial family members on the Northern court side in custody.
- 国民服制式特例の第1条により、礼装しない場合の国民服の上衣の色の指定はなくなり、礼装する場合の国民服の上衣と外套の色は、茶褐色、黒色、濃紺色、または白色のいずれかでよいとされた。
- According to Article one of the Special Case of the National Uniform System, the color of Joi for the national uniform on occasions of not being worn as the formal clothes was not specified, and the colors of Joi and overcoat of the national uniform on the occasion of being worn as formal clothes may be any of dark brown, black, navy blue, or white.
- その占領政策により、日本刀を振り回す剣劇(チャンバラ時代劇)は軍国主義的であり、敵討ちなど復讐の賛美がアメリカ合衆国に対する敵対心を喚起する要素があるとして一時製作が制限された。
- Through the terms of the occupation, jidaigeki production was temporarily restricted on the basis that dramas with characters brandishing Japanese swords were militaristic and glorified acts of vengeance, thus had an element of arousing hostility towards the States.
- 京都府は旧国制度で丹後国、丹波国(一部兵庫県を含む)、山城国の3つに分けられるがその中で京都府南部地域(きょうとふなんぶちいき)とは大まかに、次の5つの定義がなされる場合が多い。
- Kyoto Prefecture can be divided into three provinces, that is, Tango, Tanba (including a part of present Hyogo Prefecture), and Yamashiro, by former province system, however, the southern region of Kyoto Prefecture has roughly five definitions as follows.
- 両界曼荼羅は密教の世界観を象徴的に表わしたもので、空海が将来した原本は残っていないが、神護寺の通称・高雄曼荼羅は空海の時代に制作されたもので、空海将来の原本に近いものとされている。
- Ryokai mandala symbolically represents the view of the world conceived by Esoteric Buddhism; and although the original which Kukai brought over does not exist any more, commonly called Takao mandala at Jingo-ji Temple is said to have been created when Kukai lived and to be close to the original which Kukai brought over.
- しかし征韓論政変によって参議から下野した板垣退助らが自由民権運動を開始し、それが次第に議会開設の国民運動として発展すると、政府は大日本帝国憲法を発布し、議会と内閣制度を発足させた。
- However, when Taisuke ITAGAKI and others, who resigned from the post of Sangi (councilor) after the political change of Seikanron (debate about the subjugation of Korea), started the Jiyuminken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement), that movement developed gradually into a movement by the people to establish the Diet, and the government promulgated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and established the Diet and the cabinet system.
- 10世紀初頭に律令制回帰を志向する藤原時平が太政官首班に就き、902年に発布された延喜の荘園整理令により、勅旨田の新設は禁止されることとなり、以後、勅旨田は次第に見られなくなった。
- In the early tenth century, FUJIWARA no Tokihira who was oriented to return to laws and the ordinance system took a post as the leader of the Grand Council of State, and Chokushiden gradually disappeared after being prohibited from being newly established in accordance with a Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates in the Engi era promulgated in 902.
- アニメ監督の杉井ギサブローによると、その評判から仕事の依頼が絶えず、発注する元請けの制作会社では、京都アニメーションに仕事を依頼するためにスケジュール調整を行うことがあったという。
- According to Gisaburo SUGII, an animation director, the company accepted a constant flow of orders because of its good reputation, and production companies which were prime contractors sometimes had to adjust their schedule only for the purpose of making a request to Kyoto Animation.
- これに対して幕府は、儒教的価値観から倹約令にて度々規制しようとしたが、庶民の服飾への情熱は収まらず、茶道の影響もあって、見た目は地味だが実は金のかかっているものを好むようになった。
- From the Confucian perspective, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tried to cope with the trend by promulgating the ordinance of frugality, but the common people's craze for clothing was not suppressed and, influenced by the tea ceremony, they sought to wear subdued, but expensive clothes.
- 次官会議諒解事項「婦人標準服制定に関する件」の6番目の項目には、婦人標準服の制作が各家庭で行なわれることを前提にして、婦人標準服のデザインを決めるべきであるという旨が書かれていた。
- The sixth article of the Understanding of the Vice Minister Meeting 'Regarding standard female clothing,' states that the clothing should be designed based upon the assumption that they were to be produced in each house.
- 『紀氏家牒』によれば、襲津彦は「大和国葛城古代日本の地方官制地方官制のはじまり長柄里(ながらのさと。現在の御所市名柄)」に居住したといい、この地と周辺が彼の本拠であったと思われる。
- According to 'Kishi Kacho' (Lineage of the Kishi clan), Sotsuhiko lived in 'Nagara no sato (present day Nagara, Gose city), the original place of the ancient Japanese Local Bureaucratic System in Katsuragi, Yamato Province'; it is thought that his power was based in Nagara no sato and its surrounding areas.
- 日本酒級別制度(にほんしゅきゅうべつせいど)とは、昭和15年(1940年)から平成4年(1992年)まで日本において長らく存在した、日本酒の酒税法上、ならびに一般的な分類体系である。
- Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act is a general classification system of sake under the Liquor Tax Act, which long existed in Japan from 1940 to 1992.
- 中世の国家体制については、一般的には天皇・公家の後退と武家の伸張によって特徴付けられるが、公家と武家が両々相俟って国家を維持したとする権門体制論も提出されているなど学説も多様である。
- As for the system of the country during the Medieval period, it is generally characterized as the regression of the Emperor and Kuge and extension of Buke (samurai families), but the theories are various, like the kenmon taisei theory, a theory that suggests Kuge and Buke both kept the country together, is presented.
- 本来は落し咄は落ちによって締めくくられるが、最近は口演時間(寄席では概ね一人 15 分見当)の制約や、時代的に判り難い下げが出て来たなどの関係で、本来の下げまで行かずに終ることも多い。
- In general, otoshi-banashi should conclude with a punchline, but nowadays they often end before the punchline because of such factors as time constraints (a storyteller generally has only about fifteen minutes on stage) and for the reason that some punchlines are difficult for modern audiences to understand.
- だが、将軍徳川綱吉もまた個人的に基熙を嫌っていたために霊元院政に代わる近衛基熙体制も容認しがたく、幕府と関白が連携して院政(仙洞御所において行われる政治)を抑えるまでには至らなかった。
- However, Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA personally was not fond of Motohiro and did not want to support the cloister government of the Retired Emperor Reigen or the government of Motohiro KONOE; thus there was no conspiracy for the government of Edo and kanpaku to work together in pressuring the cloister government (the government ruled from Sento-Imperial Palace).
- 息子である天皇の崩御から元明天皇即位までの2ヶ月間は形式的には阿閉皇女の称制が成立していたと考えられているが、期間が短かったために、称制としての実質はほとんどなかったと考えられている。
- It was considered to be a period of two months, after Emperor Ahe no Himemiko died that she succeeded to the throne, and the official Shosei of Ahe no Himemiko was established, however, the government itself was not ruled properly during this short period of time.
- 1995年、十三世宗家和泉元秀の死去後、和泉流は宗家を定めておらず、能楽に関する決め事については、和泉流職分会 (会長:野村萬、代表幹事:井上菊次郎) における会員合議制を取っている。
- Since the death of the 13th Soke Motohide IZUMI in 1995, the Izumi school does not have Soke, and decisions regarding Nogaku (Noh and Kyogen) are made by a membership council system called Izumi-ryu shokubunkai (Chair: Man NOMURA, Secretary: Kikujiro INOUE).
- 観光協会等の団体を通じた事前申込制としているボランティア組織が多いが、別府温泉の「別府八湯ウォーク」 のように、決まった日時に集合すれば誰でも参加できる形態を採るところも最近ではある。
- There are many volunteer organizations that accept advance bookings through tourism associations, but there recently are also those such as the 'Beppu Hatto Walk' of the Beppu-onsen Hot Spring area that allow anyone who assembles at a given place at a certain date and time to participate.
- 1928年(昭和3年)1月12日から日本放送協会のラジオ放送による大相撲中継がはじまった際、放送時間内に勝負を納めるため幕内10分、十両7分の制限時間設定とともに仕切り線が設けられた。
- When Japan Broadcasting Corporation began to broadcast Ozumo over the radio on January 12, 1928, they set a time limit of 10 minutes for makuuchi (senior-grade) sumo wrestlers, a time limit of 7 for juryo (an intermediate division) sumo wrestlers, and starting lines such that all matches would finish before the end of the program.
- 1069年荘園整理令を発布して記録荘園券契所を設置し、1070年には絹布の制、1072年には延久宣旨枡や估価估価法の制定等、律令制度の形骸化により弱体化した皇室の経済基盤の強化を図った。
- In 1069, the Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was issued and a contract office to record estates was established, followed by the issuance of the silk fabric regulation in 1070 and the setting of the Enkyu measuring cup by the Emperor's order; the official measuring cup and the price regulation were established in 1072, and the Emperor tried to build a strong financial base for the Imperial Court, which had been destabilized due to the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes and had become a mere facade.
- 崇徳天皇の死後すぐに武士である平氏が権力を振るうがその間に大火事が起こり、末期には叛乱が相次ぎ(下記の諡号制定はこの時期であり、既に怨霊と深く認識されていた)、更には養和の飢饉が起こる。
- After Emperor Sutoku died, the samurai Taira clan took control of politics; however, a disastrous fire occurred and there were many wars at the end of their reign (just as there were in the following period, which was rumored as being due to Emperor Sutoku's curse), as well as the Yowa dearth.
- これは戦時体制下で過度に利用されたが、皇国史観それ自体は極度に否定されるものではなく、長い日本の歴史の歩みの中で国民に継承されてきた伝統、文化的な価値観として肯定的に評価するものである。
- Although it was overly exploited by the wartime regime, the Kokoku Shikan (an emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) itself should not be seen as something to be vehemently denied, but as something that should be positively valued as representing cultural values that have been passed down from one generation of the Japanese people to the next over the course of Japan's long history.
- 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭(太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」)が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化していった。
- Since 1871 when the Imperial instruction to make western style uniforms for the army and government officials was issued (Grand Council Proclamations No. 399), police officers, railway workers, and teachers adapted western clothes as their working clothes.
- 明治時代に徴兵制度が制定されて、軍隊で着脱が容易で、生地が短く経済的な越中褌が支給され、全国に普及したことから、その後の六尺褌は下着で用いられるよりも祭事や水着等で用いられるようになった。
- With the establishment conscription in the Meiji period, ecchu fundoshi, which were easier to put on and take off and more economical due to their shorter length, were supplied by the army and spread throughout Japan, following which rokushaku fundoshi were more often worn during rites and festivals or as swimwear than as underwear.
- 太刀や刀という区別も、外装が持つ属性に起因するもので、刀身自体に互換性が無いほどの差異がある訳では無かった(もちろん、それぞれに適した刀身の姿があり、制作時にはそれに則って作られている)。
- The differentiation such as tachi or katana is also attributed to the fittings of each sword, and the blades themselves were rather similar and shared commonalities (however, blades had shapes that suit their respective needs, which were taken into account in fabrication).
- 彼女は草壁の早世にめげず、強いリーダーシップで律令国家体制確立への舵を執り、孫・軽皇子への譲位(直前に天武天皇第一皇子高市皇子が薨去したが、菟野・藤原不比等による暗殺説もある。)を果たした。
- Although her son, Prince Kusakabe died young, she showed strong leadership and was brave enough to take control of politics to establish the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, she finally passed the throne to her grandchild, Prince Karu (there was a theory Uno no and FUJIWARA no Fuhito planned an assassination when Prince Takechi, Emperor Tenmu's first Prince died just before Prince Karu's enthronement).
- 鎌倉時代以降、親王宣下の制度により、本来その資格のない2世王以下の皇族が天皇・太上天皇の養子・猶子となって親王の称号を世襲する例が散見されるようになり、これを後世「世襲親王家」と呼んでいる。
- After the Kamakura period, due to the regulations governing the titles of Princes by Imperial Order, it was often seen for a member of the Imperial family, who was in his second generation or earlier, and not entitled to the throne, to became an adopted son of an Emperor or retired Emperor and then succeed to the throne, this example was called 'Seshu Shinnoke' (the Hereditary Imperial family) in future generations.
- しかし、、西南戦争での警視官(当時の警察官の呼称)によって編成された抜刀隊の活躍ゆえに、警視庁では警視流木太刀形が制定されるなど、剣術推奨の方針転換がなされ、剣術の復興の動きの端緒となった。
- However, as Battotai (drawn sword squad) consisting of keishikan (policemen at the time) achieved distinguished military service in the Seinan War, a policy of encouraging Kenjutsu was adopted, including the creation of Keishi-ryu katachi kata (attack and defend with wooden swords) by Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, and this became the momentum for the restoration of Kenjutsu.
- 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭(太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」)が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化することになる。
- After the imperial instruction to change the uniforms for the army and bureaucrats into western style uniforms (edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Number 399 'the western clothes shall be used as formal wear') was issued in 1871, the clothes of police officers, railway employees, and teachers were also westernized sequentially.
- 陸軍においては、最初の明治十九年制刀は、メッキ加工され銀色に輝いていた鞘だったが、敵機に見つかり易いために、九四式軍刀および九五式軍刀からはメッキに代わり艶消しの塗装を施されるようになった。
- In army, the first scabbard made in 1886 was plated and glittering silver in color, but scabbards came to be frosted from 9-4- and 9-5-model swords to make them less noticeable to enemies.
- 回転寿司店で寿司を回転させるコンベアは、ほぼ100%が石川県で製造されており、金沢市の石野製作所(販売は北日本カコー)が約60%、白山市横江町の日本クレセントが約40%を占める二強体制である。
- Almost 100% of the conveyer belts that move sushi plates in Kaitenzushi restaurants are manufactured in Ishikawa Prefecture with the two strongest – about sixty percent by Ishino Seisakusho (distributed by Kitanihon-Kakoh) in Kanazawa City and about forty percent by Japan Crescent in Yokoe-cho, Hakusan City.
- 同附則3項は「内閣総理大臣は、改正後の第2条に規定する建国記念の日となる日を定める政令の制定の立案をしようとするときは、建国記念日審議会に諮問し、その答申を尊重しなければならない。」と定めた。
- Article 3 of its supplementary provision also states, 'Prime minister shall consult Council for National Foundation Day and respect its report when planning to establish an ordinance to designate the date of National Foundation Day as stipulated in Article 2 of the revised National Holiday Law.'
- 第二次世界大戦後の1946年(昭和21年)には連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の政策により公娼制度が廃止されるが、カフェーや料亭などと看板を変えて、ほぼそのまま「赤線」の通称で呼ばれる地域になった。
- In 1946 after World War II, the Licensed Prostitution System was abolished under the policy of the General Headquarters (GHQ), but the red-light districts became areas commonly known as 'Akasen' where almost the same service was provided by changing their exterior trade signs to Cafe or fancy Japanese-style restaurant.
- 旧皇族との関連で言えば、準則は、伏見宮系の皇族を皇位継承者として確保することよりも、むしろ邦家親王の子孫からこれ以上宮家・皇族が増加することを抑制し、将来的には自然消滅に導くことを志向していた。
- Regarding the former Imperial Family, the purpose of the regulation was to prevent increasing the numbers of Miyake and prevent Imperial Family members spreading from among the Imperial Prince's descendants and to let it die out in the future accordingly, not to keep the Imperial succession from the Fushiminomiya line.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日 町村制施行により、大野村、長善村、五箇村、新山村、丹波村、吉原村、峰山町、河辺村、周枳村(すきむら)、三重村、常吉村、五十河村(いかがむら)の1町11村となる。
- April 1, 1889: As a result of the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law), Ono-mura, Chozen-mura, Goka-mura, Shinzan-mura, Tanba-mura, Yoshiwara-mura, Mineyama-cho, Kobe-mura, Suki-mura, Mie-mura, Tsuneyoshi-mura and Ikaga-mura were established in Naka-gun (one town and eleven villages).
- 観光シーズンになると渋滞が激しく道路交通が麻痺してしまうため、乗用車の乗り入れ規制や、郊外に格安または無料の駐車場を整備しそこからバス (交通機関)で運ぶパーク・アンド・ライドの実験が行われた。
- Because the heavy traffic paralyzes road traffic in the tourist season, regulations were imposed on cars coming into the city, together with the implementation of a trial operation of a park-and-ride system to carry visitors by bus (public transport) from an inexpensive or free parking area developed in the suburb.
- 更に、北条高時の時代になると、御家人の不満や悪党の活動に加えて高時本人が暗愚であった事もあり、幕政は内管領で頼綱の一族である長崎高綱(円喜)・長崎高資父子に牛耳られ、得宗専制体制は崩壊に向かう。
- Furthermore, the Tokuso autocracy system collapsed during the days of Takatoki HOJO due to the foolishness of Takatoki himself, the dissatisfaction and gangster activities of the gokenin, and the fact that the shogunate administration was controlled by Takatsuna NAGASAKI (Enki) and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI, who were Uchi-Kanrei and related to Yoritsuna.
- 皇位継承と無関係とするものには、藤原氏が天皇家を輔佐することを定めた法だとする説、天皇を隋唐の皇帝のような専制君主と定めた法だとする説、天皇家が代々統治する原則を定めたとする皇統君臨説などがある。
- Among the theories that argue the code's indifference with the imperial succession, a theory that it is a law to establish the regent of the Fujiwara clan, theory that it is a law to establish an imperial autocrat similar to that of the emperors in the Sui and Tang periods, and the theory that it is a norm that establishes the imperial family's successive rule, can be found.
- この時代には、ドイツのナチス政権やイタリアのベニート・ムッソリーニ政権といったファシズム体制が成立し、日独伊三国同盟が結ばれたことから、この時期の日本の皇室制度は天皇制ファシズムとも呼ばれている。
- Around this period, like the Nazis in Germany and the Benito MUSSOLINI government in Italy, Fascist systems were established, and because the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy was formed, the system of Imperial Household at this time was called Tennosei Fascism.
- 明治時代に制定された旧皇室典範の下では、永世皇族制を採るものとされたが、皇族(皇親)の増え過ぎを防ぐために、侯爵又は伯爵の爵位を賜り臣籍に下ろし、以て皇室の藩屏たらしめることが行われるようになる。
- Under Imperial Family Law issued during the Meiji period, the permanent Imperial regulation was decided, to prevent having too many Imperial members, Marquis and Counts were demoted from nobility to subject to protect the Imperial palace.
- さらに徹底して、折口信夫の中天皇あるいは民俗学者がいうヒメ・ヒコ制で歴史を整理すれば、『古事記』・『日本書紀』の矛盾の多くが解決し、巨大古墳の被葬者の治定も容易に定まることになるとする意見もある。
- Furthermore, there is an opinion that quite a few inconsistencies in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' are solved, and deceased persons in the gigantic ancient tomb are easily identified by reviewing history adopting the Nobuo ORIGUCHI's theory regarding Nakatsusumeramikoto; Empress or Princess who is a liaison between God and Emperor, and the Hime-Hiko system advocated by folklore scholars; the Princess-Prince system; governing the country by female and male imperial family members.
- 1873年(明治6年)に徴兵令が制定され、1889年(明治22年)に国民皆兵が義務付けられ、徴用された成人男子に軍隊が官給品として支給(貸興、給興)し、使用を強制したことで一般化するようになった。
- Ecchu fundoshi became accepted generally, as the Conscription Ordinance was enacted in 1873, the universal conscription was made obligatory in 1889, and the army provided (lent, supplied) it to the conscripted adult males as one of the government-issued supplies and forced them to use it.
- この基準は、明治17年(1884年)5月7日に賞勲局総裁柳原前光から太政大臣三条実美に提出された「爵制備考」として提出されたものが元になっており、実際の叙爵もおおむねこの基準に沿って行われている。
- The criterion for the rating was based on a paper 'Study on the Peerage System' written by President of Department of the Decoration Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA and submitted to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) Sanetomi SANJO on May 7, 1884; roughly speaking, actual peerages were conferred based on the criterion.
- 藤原京・平城京・平安京などの大規模な首都整備、豪族・貴族の在地から首都への集住強制、納税や官人の往来のための官道整備(→日本の古代道路)などにより、畿内は日本の富が集中する経済地域となっていった。
- Because of a large-scale preparation of the capitals, such as Fujiwara-kyo Palace, Heijo-kyo Palace and Heian-kyo Palace, the compulsion of concentrated dwelling of powerful regional clans and nobles from their local lands into the capitals, and the preparation of the official roads for tax payments and government officials, (refer to the ancient roads of Japan), the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara (Kinai region) had become an economic area in which the wealth of Japan was concentrated.
- 他にもJR向日町駅のように、「向日町」の旧町名を市制施行後の今でも地名のように使っている施設などがある(町が市へ昇格した際に「町」も市名に含めた例は新潟県十日町市、長野県大町市などが挙げられる)。
- Additionally, even after the shisei (grant of city status) was implemented, some facilities such as the JR Mukomachi Station have used the old town name 'Muko-machi' for their names as if it were still a name of the place; there are cases such as Tokamachi City, Niigata Prefecture and Omachi City, Nagano Prefecture that included even the part 'machi' (cho, or town) in their city names when towns were given city status.
- 歴代の当主・継嗣は、そのときどきの天皇または上皇の猶子となることによって擬制的な親子関係を構築し、そのことを根拠にして親王宣下により親王の地位と称号を与えられて、皇位継承権を保障されてきたのである。
- The successive head of the family or the successors to the family created fictitious relationships to emperors and retired emperors of each era, by being adopted as their children, then they were able to receive title of Imperial Prince by the Imperial Order which secured their position to succeed to the Imperial throne.
- 「コーヒー」「コーヒー飲料」などの表示の定義はしばらく存在しなかったが、1977年 業界団体は製造規約を制定、のちに公正取引委員会が正式に告示した『参考文献・リンク』に基づき次の3種類に区分された。
- Although the labels like 'Coffee,' 'Coffee beverage,' and so on, had not been defined for some time, the trade organization laid down manufacturing rules in 1977 and classified the products into the three types below according to 'Bibliography and links' officially announced by Japan Fair Trade Commission later.
- 平安時代中期に昇殿の制が始まったことと、公卿となることが出来る家柄が院政期から固定されるようになったことに伴い、公家の中で昇殿を許される家柄である堂上家と許されない地下家(じげけ)の区分が成立した。
- As, in the middle of the Heian Period, the system of shoden (to enter the court) commenced and the family lineage that can become kugyo (court nobility) were fixed since the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), discrimination among kuge (court nobles) between toshoke for which shoden was allowed and jigeke for which shoden was not allowed was established.
- 引き続き権力を握った仲麻呂(恵美押勝に改名)は唐で安史の乱が発生したことを機に、淳仁天皇の名において隣国新羅の討伐を目論み、国内制度も日本的なものから唐のものへ名称を変更するなどの政策を推し進めた。
- Inspired by the Anshi War in Tang Dynasty, Nakamaro, (now EMI no Oshikatsu) who continued in power, planned to attack neighboring Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and forged ahead with such policies as to change the names of domestic systems from Japanese style to Chinese style.
- 文化財保護法では、無形文化財の中から重要無形文化財および「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の文化財」を指定および選択し、指定された重要無形文化財の保持者または保持団体を認定し、保護する制度を定めている。
- The Act on Protection of Cultural Properties stipulates a protection system in which among intangible cultural properties, important intangible cultural properties and 'intangible cultural properties requiring special measures such as the creation of records' are selected and holders or holder groups of the designated properties are recognized and protected.
- 藤原道長の死後はその子息たちが後宮政策で互いに牽制し合う状況にあり、当時は関白藤原頼通の娘がいまだ幼かったため恐らく折衷案として、道長一族に連なり上東門院の後見を受ける章子内親王が選ばれたと思われる。
- After FUJIWARA no Michinaga's death, his sons warned each other regarding the inner palace policy, so it would appear that Princess Shoshi (Akiko) was placed under the guardianship of Jotomonin as one of the members of the Michinaga clan, and this was probably a compromise plan since the daughter of FUJIWARA no Yorimichi was too young at that time.
- 後にイギリスはユリウス暦からグレゴリオ暦となるが、現在でもイギリスの税制年度は4月6日(3月25日+12日;11日はユリウス暦から、グレゴリオ暦への差日分、+1日は1900年の閏日)を新年としている。
- Later on, Great Britain changed its calendar from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar while, even today, the taxation year has its new year's day on April 6th (which is March 25th plus 12 days, of which 11 days are the difference generated by the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar and one more day is an intercalary day of the year 1900.)
- また、実際には酒税法にて最低醸造量として定められている年間6キロリットル(一升瓶にして約3,326本)という制限を撤廃したのみで、アルコール度数の検査等々、酒税法に記される検査はあまり変わっていない。
- Actually, it only abolished the minimum annual brewing amount of six kilolitres (about 3.326 1.8 liter bottles) and examinations specified in the Liquor Tax Act, such as testing of alcohol content, have not changed so much.
- 磯野員昌を磯野氏本拠の磯野山城ではなく、元は小川氏の居城で百々内蔵助戦死後の佐和山城に置き、浅見氏の居城であった山本山城に阿閉氏を配した天文年間以降には支城在番制に近いものを構想していた様子も伺える。
- According to the fact that after the Tenmon era, the clan assigned Kazumasa ISONO to Sawayama-jo Castle, which was originally the home castle of the Ogawa clan, and after Naikuranosuke DODO (the castle lord at that time) died in battle, instead of his home base Isonoyama-jo Castle, and the Atsuji clan to the Yamamotoyama-jo Castle, which was the headquarters of the Asami clan, it can be thought that the Azai clan was planning a kind of 'rotating stationary system of branch castles.'
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正によって民俗文化財の登録制度が発足し、国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない有形民俗文化財のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なものを登録有形民俗文化財として登録することになった。
- When the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, a registration system for folk-cultural properties was introduced, enabling tangible folk-cultural properties that require special preservation and utilization among those not designated by the Government or the local public bodies as such to be registered as registered tangible cultural properties.
- 近世に入って日清戦争に勝利した大日本帝国の清への要求により、朝鮮は清国の冊封体制から離脱し大韓帝国となると華夷秩序の関係が崩れ、新たに大日本帝国の従属下に入った事によって初めて日本の天皇を皇帝と称した。
- In modern times, demanded by the Empire of Japan winning the Japanese-Sino War, the Chinese Suzerainty over Korea collapsed after Korea left from the Sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system), and called the Tenno of Japan the Emperor for the first time after being newly subordinated to the Empire of Japan.
- 後三条の子息の白河天皇は、子息堀河天皇・孫鳥羽天皇がいずれも幼少で即位し、父・祖父として後見役となる必要があったことから、次第に権力を掌握するようになり、最終的には専制君主として朝廷に君臨するに至った。
- Emperor Shirakawa, who was the son of Gosanjo, needed to become a conservator for his son, Emperor Horikawa, and his grandson, Emperor Toba, since they both were enthroned in their childhood, gradually came into power, and finally, he came to reign over the Imperial Court as an absolute monarch.
- 以後、朝廷の行動全般が京都所司代を通じて幕府の管理下に置かれた上に、その運営も摂政・関白が朝議を主宰し、その決定を武家伝奏を通じて幕府の承諾を得る事によって初めて施行できる体制へと変化を余儀なくされた。
- Subsequently, all the actions of the Imperial Palace were under the control of the government through Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy); meanwhile, the regent and chancellor organized the Court Council, and the running of the palace was determined after receiving approval from the government.
- 1889年(明治22年)2月11日制定の旧皇室典範で打ち出された永世皇族制は、すでに1907年(明治40年)の皇室典範増補で事実上放棄され、確実に皇族の身分にとどまるのは親王のみ(皇玄孫まで)とされた。
- The regulation concerning eternal Imperial membership of the former Imperial House Law issued on February 11, 1889 was in fact abolished when the same Law was greatly revised in 1907, it was decided that only an Imperial Prince (up to great-great-grandchild) can keep his position as an Imperial member.
- また酒造の制限は税制上の理由であり、所得税などは申告税制になっていることから家庭内酒造についても申告納税さえすれば自由に認めるべきであり、脱税酒についてのみ取締りをするべきであるという根強い意見もある。
- There is also a persistent view that people should be allowed to make liquors freely at home as long as they fill out an income-tax return and only liquor tax evasion should be controlled, since sake brewing is only restricted for tax reasons and income tax payment is made by declaration.
- 東舞鶴市は、1938年(昭和13年)8月1日に市制を施行したが、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)の拡大により東西舞鶴に軍需施設が点在するようになり、「軍都の一括管理」の名目のもと、海軍によって合併を要請された。
- Higashi-Maizuru City, established as a city on August 1 1938, was requested to merge with the old Maizuru City (Nishi-Maizuru) by the navy during the Pacific War (or the Greater East Asia War), because the navy wanted to control both Higashi-Maizuru and Nishi-Maizuru as a whole in case the number of munitions facilities increased in areas due to the expansion of the war.
- 民本主義と共に、議院内閣制の慣行・政党政治と大正デモクラシーを支え、また、美濃部の著書が高等文官試験受験者の必読書ともなり、大正時代半ばから昭和の初期にかけては、天皇機関説が国家公認の憲法学説となった。
- Along with the democracy, the Emperor Organ Theory supported practices in the parliamentary Cabinet system, and party government and Taisho Democracy, and also because Minobe's book became a bible of examinees for high civil officers, the theory became a constitutional doctrine approved by the state from the middle of Taisho period through early Showa period.
- 京都のなかでもとりわけ歴史的建造物などの多い場所であるため再開発事業などに対しての規制が比較的厳しく、住環境の整備がなかなか行わない為、『都会の過疎地』となっている(現在、市内11区中で人口が最も少ない。
- Since Higashiyama Ward in Kyoto has a wealth of historic buildings, regulations on redevelopment projects in the area has been relatively strict, causing insufficient improvement of the living environment; as a result, the ward has become a 'sparsely-populated urban area' (the ward has the smallest population in the eleven wards in Kyoto City).
- その権威が頂点に達したのは太平洋戦争時であり、昭和13年(1938年)の国家総動員法が発令された頃より、軍部により現人神(あらひとがみ)と神格化され、天皇を中心とした戦時国家体制が作られた(皇国史観を参照)。
- It was at the time of the Pacific War that authority reached its peak, and after the period when the National General Mobilization Act was issued in 1938, the Emperor was deified as Arahitogami, and the system of the nation under war with the Emperor in the center was established by the military (refer to Kokoku Shikan, or Emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 『AIR』『Kanon』『CLANNAD』は東映アニメーションもアニメ版を制作しているが、東映が独自の解釈でオリジナル要素が強いのに対し、京都アニメーションでは原作に忠実な点が高く評価される一因となっている。
- Although 'Air,' 'Kanon' and 'Clannad' were also adapted into animations by Toei Animation, the Kyoto Animation versions are true to the original and more highly praised than the Toei Animation versions, which featured original elements based on Toei's own interpretations.
- 他方、当初人力車の製造と使用を許可された和泉たちは激増する車夫たちすべてから使用料を取ることができず、また当時の特許制度(「専売略規則」)の不備・使いにくさもあいまってほとんど利益を上げることができなかった。
- On the other hand, Izumi and the others, who had initially been authorized to build and use jinrikisha, had difficulty collecting the usage fees from all the drastically-increasing rickshaw men, which, coupled with the fact that the original patent system ('Summary Rules of Monopoly') was inadequate and hard to use, meant they were unable to make any profit.
- 区南部は住宅地や文教地区になっている一方(岩倉地区などの北寄りの地域は市街化調整区域に指定されているため、高層建築物などの大規模開発が制限されている影響で、田畑も多く残る)、区北部は山間地で林業が盛んである。
- The southern part of the ward is mostly occupied by housing areas and school zones (however, in the northern area of the part, such as Iwakura area, fields still remain because large-scale development, such as constructing a high-rise building, is restricted due to the designation as an urbanization-restricted area), and its northern part is mountainous and the forest industry flourishes there.
- これら19大字は、大正11年の町制施行後は深草町の大字となり、昭和6年の伏見区成立時には「深草」を冠称する21町に編成された(大字北新は北新町、芳本町、芳永町に分離、直違橋二〜十一丁目は1町にカウントする)。
- These 19 Oaza became Oaza of Fukakusa town after the town system took effect in 1922 and were reorganized into 21 towns prefixing the name 'Fukakusa' when Fushimi Ward was established in 1931. (Oaza Kitashin was divided into Kita Shin-machi, Yoshimoto-cho and Yoshinaga-cho while 2-chome to 11-chome Sujikaibashi were counted as one town.)
- 明治28年(1895年)、「戦死者贈位並叙位ノ件」が制定されたのに伴い、功績抜群なる軍人が戦死した場合は生前の位階に関わらず従五位以上を贈るものとし、準ずるものは生前の位階を一級ないし二級特進させることとした。
- Since 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi no ken' (Matter for conferring and investiture of court ranks to those who died in the war) was enacted in 1895, when a military man with distinguished performance died in a war, Jugoi or higher was bestowed irrespective of the rank before his death, and those pursuant would receive an accelerated promotion by one or two ranks higher to the rank held before death.
- 大日本帝国憲法では、天皇は統治権の総攬者とされていたのに対し、日本国憲法では日本国・日本国民統合の象徴とされ、かつ国民主権原理を採用したため、日本国憲法の制定により日本の国体が変わったか否かについて起きた論争。
- Since in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Emperor was in a position to control the right to rule, but against that, in the Constitution of Japan, is a symbol of Japan and the unity of the Japanese people and has also adopted the principle of sovereignty with the people, disputes over whether or not the national structure of Japan changed by the establishment of the Constitution of Japan, broke out.
- 前近代の後宮制度の充実ぶりにも関わらず、中世以後に皇統断絶の危機が何度も生じたのはこうした事情がある)状態にあったが、世襲親王家が断絶した場合には天皇が実子を養子として送り込む事で子孫の安泰を図る事も行われた。
- This was the reason why there were many crisis of discontinuity of Imperial succession after the Medieval Period, even though the system of the Inner Palace in premodern time was well established.) there were even examples of an Emperor allowing his child to be adopted into the hereditary Imperial Family to secure the succession of descendants, if there was a crisis of the discontinuity of the family.
- この頃の皇位継承のルールには、兄弟承継、大兄承継、群臣推挙、先帝遺詔(更に近年では即位要件に年齢制限(30歳以上)があったとする説もある)などがあり、これらが複雑にからんで皇位継承が行われていたと推定されている。
- There was a regulation in terms of Imperial succession in those days such as the succession between brothers, the succession of eldest brothers, being nominated by aides, following the will of a former Emperor, etc, (there was a theory developed from a recent study that there was an age limit, up to thirty years old, for succeeding to the throne), it is presumed after fulfilling such complicated requirements, Imperial succession was decided.
- このため、郵便制度の整備、鉄道の敷設、輸出産業の育成(一例が富岡製糸場)を行い(殖産興業)、徴兵制を実施した(戸主は徴兵を免除されたので、主に戸主以外の次三男層や貧農層の子弟が兵役を担った為、血税一揆が起きた)。
- In light of the above, the government put the postal service in place, constructed the railway system, developed export industries (with an example being Tomioka Seishi-jo (Tomioka Silk Mill)) (encouragement of new industry) and implemented conscription (which, since the household head was exempt from this legislation and the other sons of the family or male members of the poor peasant class were drafted into military service, caused the blood tax revolt (anti-conscription revolt)).
- 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)(1869年7月25日)、版籍奉還と同日に出された行政官布達(公卿諸侯ノ称ヲ廃シ華族ト改ム)54号により、従来の身分制度の公卿・諸侯の称を廃し、これらの家は華族となることが定められた。
- On July 25, 1869, together with Hanseki Hokan (the return of the lands and people to the emperor), the administration issued the promulgation No. 54 'About abolishing the titles of Ko (top ministers), Kei (top councilors and court officials over the fourth rank), and Shoko (lords), and changing the titles to Kazoku' which stipulated that the titles of Ko, Kei and Shoko in the former class system should be abolished, and they should be called 'kazoku.'
- しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
- However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.
- 江戸時代の人海戦術と社会制度による資源還元にまでは、至っていないが、「もったいない」や「里山・鎮守の森」のように、九十九神や妖怪は自然保護を含めたものとして、日本はもとより世界に発信されるべき観念や価値観ともいえる。
- Although the level of recycling of resources does not reach the level of the Edo period, when the bakufu encouraged recycling through human-wave tactics and the social system, Tsukumogami or apparitions are the notion or the sense of values of nature conservation which Japan should send to the world, as with 'mottainai' (wasteful) and 'satoyama/chinju no mori' (outskirts of country/sacred shrine forest).
- さらに太平洋戦争の勃発にともなって香港、マレー半島、シンガポール、フィリピンなどで日本軍が捕獲した多数の連合軍捕虜、中国大陸からは強制連行されてきた中国人労働者、さらに朝鮮半島から徴用された朝鮮人が現場に投入された。
- Furthermore, following the outbreak of the Pacific War, many prisoners of the allied forces who the Japanese army captured in Hong Kong, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, the Philippines, etc., Chinese laborers who were forced to be brought against their will from the Chinese continent, and Koreans who were drawn from the Korean Peninsula were poured into the scene of labor.
- 江戸幕府は朝廷の行動の統制を目的として慶長18年6月16日(1613年8月2日)には、「公家衆法度」「勅許紫衣(しえ)法度」を制定し、次いで慶長20年7月17日(1615年9月9日)には「禁中並公家諸法度」を公布した。
- The Edo government issued Kuge shu hatto (the laws for court nobles) and Shie hatto (the laws prohibiting purple robes for high-ranking priests that had been granted by the Emperor) on August 2, 1613, to rule as an act of the Imperial Palace, followed by the issuance of Kinchu narabi ni kugesho hatto the (laws for the court in the Edo period) on September 9, 1615.
- この原因として韓国の「小中華思想」の他、朝鮮が清国の冊封体制から自立した後、大韓帝国と改称して憚りなく皇帝を称するようになったのに日本により再び「皇帝」から「王」に格下げされたことに対する報復であると指摘する説もある。
- There is a theory stating that the reason for this naming is not only because of 'little Sino-centrism,' but also because of retaliation for being demoted from 'Kotei' to 'O' (King) once again by Japan even after they came to call themselves the Korean Empire and held the title of Emperor without hesitation after the independence from the Sakuho system of Qing.
- 事実、準則が制定されてから1946年(昭和21年)に廃止されるまでの26年間に12例の皇族の臣籍降下があったが、いずれも準則に該当する王が勅旨により強制的に華族とされることを避けるために自発的に情願を行ったものである。
- In fact, there were 12 examples of Imperial members demoted from nobility to subject twenty six years after the regulation was issued and before it was abolished in 1946, in each case a Prince who falls under the regulation, voluntary appealed to avoid being forced to become nobility on the Emperor's order.
- 酒造技能士(しゅぞうぎのうし)とは、国家資格である技能検定制度の一種で、都道府県知事(問題作成等は中央職業能力開発協会、試験の実施等は都道府県職業能力開発協会)が実施する、酒造に関する学科及び実技試験に合格した者をいう。
- Licensed brewer is someone who passed the written and practical tests about sake brewing which is a kind of skill assessment system of nationally-accredited qualification conducted by prefectural governors (the questions are made up by Japan Vocational Ability Development Association and the administrator is Prefectural Vocational Ability Development Association).
- また1970年代の経済成長期には、戦前からの風致地区や美観地区などの制度にもかかわらず、1950年に制定された建築基準法により伝統工法が違法となり、バブル期には多くの建替えにより京町家による街並みが徐々に壊されていった。
- During the period of economic growth in the 1970s, the Building Standards Act of 1950 made the traditional methods of construction illegal despite the systems of fuchi-chiku (landscape area) and bikan-chiku (aesthetic area) established before World War II; and consequently, during the bubble years when many of the houses were rebuilt, the streetscape of Kyo-machiya or traditional Kyoto town houses were destroyed.
- 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
- The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.
- 現行の特定名称による区分は、アルコール度数による級別制度と異なり、その区分基準によってある一定の品質を保証していると捉えることができるが、任意の申請を行わない醸造酒がより下位の特定名称酒として流通することを妨げるものではない。
- In contrast to the classification system based on alcohol content, the current classification based on the specific class names can be regarded as a guarantee of a certain level of quality under its classification standard; however, it cannot prevent brews which are not processed for optional application from being distributed as lower grade of special designation sake.
- 先帝の后や母后ではなく皇太子の方が実権を握っている点で、中国の称制とは異なるが、まず母后(斉明天皇)のちに先帝の后(孝徳天皇の皇后・間人皇女)を名目上の上位者として立てていたために形式上「称制」という名称が選ばれたのであろう。
- Since the Crown Prince had actual political control of the Japanese Shosei, it was different from the one in China where the Empress or the Empress Dowager used to take control of politics, it is presumed that above case was formally called 'Shosei' as the Empress Dowager (Emperor Saimei) was first appointed the nominal highest position followed by former Emperor's Empress (Emperor Kotoku's Empress, Princess Hashihito).
- Key作品のアニメ化にあたっては、Keyファンであり『AIR (ゲーム)』アニメ化の話を持ち込んだアニメーション脚本家の志茂文彦が脚本を勤め、同じくKeyファンで京アニの主監督を勤める石原立也がタッグを組んで制作を行っている。
- When a Key game is adapted into an animation, Fumihiko SHIMO, a fan of Key and the animation scriptwriter who proposed making an animated adaptation of 'AIR,' writes the script, and Tatsuya ISHIHARA, who is also a fan of Key and the main director at Kyo-ani, teams up with Shimo and takes charge of production.
- また、皇族身位令の制定が1910年(明治43年)であっていまだその内容が充分に定着していなかったこと、さらに大宝律令の規定ではこれとは違い、1.太皇太后、2.皇太后、3.皇后の順と定められていたことも影響していると考えられる。
- The fact that the establishment of the Kozokushinirei happened in 1910 so it's contents were not firmly established enough, along with the fact that the regulation of the Taiho Code was different from this and the order was set as 1. Grand Empress Dowager 2. Empress Dowager 3. Empress, also possibly influenced her posthumous title.
- また南北朝期の頃から、荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が動揺し始めており、それまで職(しき)の継承は世襲による場合が多かったのに対し、職が金銭で売買されたり、必ずしも世襲によらなくなるなど、職の遷代と呼ばれる現象が起きつつあった。
- Besides, the system of shiki (the right of property, title, etc.) underlying Shoen koryo sei; the land governance system in the middle ages, started becoming unstable with the `transfer of shiki;' shiki was transferred using money or was not always succeeded by heredity while the succession of shiki (the right of property, title, etc.) had been based on hereditary transfer in most cases until then.
- 古代、氏族としての帰属は父系を原則としていたのは事実としても、生活習慣は基本的に母系制であり、家の継承が常に父系的に行われていたとは考えられないのではないだろうか、ということである(その後の時代も婿養子という制度は残されている)。
- In ancient times, belonging to a clan was based on the father-line, but customs are based upon the mother-line, therefore it is suspicious that the succession of a household was always based on the father-line (In subsequent periods, there has been a system taking a son-in-law into the house).
- 大映はすでに撤退したが、東映京都撮影所(大映から旧新興キネマの京都第二撮影所を買収。一部を東映太秦映画村として公開)、松竹京都撮影所(1965年閉鎖、現在は松竹京都映画が使用)2か所のスタジオが現在も映画・ドラマなどを制作している。
- Although Daiei has already withdrawn, Toei Kyoto Movie Studio (which took over Shinko Cinema's Kyoto second film studio, a part of which are open for public viewing as Toei Movie Land (Kyoto Uzumasa Eigamura)) and Shochiku Kyoto Studios (which was once closed in 1965 but now is used by Shochiku Kyoto Eiga Co., Ltd..) continue to make films and dramas.
- 皇位継承者の決定が難航したときは、女性天皇が選ばれることもあり、推古天皇、皇極天皇が即位して、他に適当な男子の皇位承継者が現れるまで皇位についた(女帝が選ばれた理由には諸説あり、律令制以前の中継ぎ説を認めないなどの異説が多く存在する)。
- There was some occasion that the female Emperor was chosen when there was an issue to decide who to succeed to the throne, there were Emperor Suiko and Emperor Kogyoku who succeeded to the throne until there was appropriate male successor was found. (There were many theories of the reason why the female Emperors were chosen, some people are against the theory of not accepting the temporally Imperial succession until there was someone appropriate to become Emperor before the government of Ritsuryo codes system.)
- また後継者不足の問題も表面化してきており、その対策としてそば打ちの技術や作法を習得することを目的とした「豊平流そば打ち段位認定制度」を発足させ道の駅豊平どんぐり村で実施したり、新品種「とよむすめ」の栽培を展開するなど各種活動を行っている。
- At the same time, however, securing the future generation of soba makers has become a challenge and, as a measure to address the situation, the region has been taking various actions such as; implementing the 'Grade Certification System for Toyohira Soba Makers,' designed to teach the soba-making skills and manners, at Toyohira Donguri-mura Road Station and cultivating the new variety of buckwheat 'Toyomusume.'
- その際和歌山県田辺市との重複を避けるため、京都府の「京」を冠して『京田辺市』となった京都府綴喜郡田辺町を「京都府田辺市」とする町を市とする処分(市制施行)と、「京都府田辺市」を「京都府京田辺市」とする市の名称変更が、同日に実施されている。
- Kyoto Tsuzuki-gun Tanabe Chou (Town) was made a city by the name of Kyoto Tanabe City, in order to avoid confusion with Tanabe City in Wakayama Prefecture, and then had its name changed to Kyoto Kyoutanabe City (it was added 'Kyo'of Kyoto) the same day.
- 日本においては、中大兄皇子(舒明天皇・斉明天皇の皇子で後の天智天皇)と持統天皇(天智天皇の皇女・天武天皇の皇后で後の持統天皇)の2例を「称制」としているが、この他に神功皇后・飯豊皇女・阿閉皇女の計3例のケースも称制に相当すると言う考えがある。
- In Japan there were two examples of Shosei which were, Prince Naka no Oe (Emperor Jomei and Empress Saimei's Prince, later called Emperor Tenchi or Tenji) and Emperor Jito (Emperor Tenchi's Princess, Emperor Tenmu's Empress and later called Emperor Jito), however there are some opinions that the three examples of Empress Jingu and Iitoyo no Himemiko (Princess Iitoyo) and Ahe no Himemiko (Princess Ahe) were considered as Shosei.
- その後、明治22年(1889年)の大日本帝国憲法公布にともない、衆議院議員選挙法が公布され、直接国税15円以上を納税した25歳以上の男子のみ(当時の全人口の1.1%)に選挙権を与えた制限選挙を実施し、に最初の帝国議会(第一議会)が開会された。
- Afterwards, in conjunction with proclamation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan in 1889, the Election Law of the Member of the House of Representatives was issued thereby implementing a limited election allowing male subjects who paid 15 yen or more directly in general tax and who were over 25 of age (that accounted for approximately 1.1% of the total population of Japan at the time) to vote and, on November 25, 1890, the inaugural Imperial Diet (the first parliamentary session) convened.
- 二・二六事件や五・十五事件以降の軍部の台頭と政党政治の終焉以降の1930年代後半ころには、日中戦争の激化と世界的な国際関係の緊張を受け国家総動員法となり、これらの文化は「軟弱で贅沢」「反“新体制”的」として排斥され、昭和モダンは終わりを迎える。
- In the latter half of 1930s, after the ascendancy of the military and the end of the party politics following the Incident of February 26 and the Incident of May 15, the Sino-Japanese War intensified and the international tensions ran high, which led to the promulgation of the National Mobilization Law, and, against such a background, the culture described so far was criticized as being 'weak and wasteful' and 'against the 'new order',' and Showa-modern was terminated.
- 1884年(明治17年)になり、明治天皇の高祖父にあたるという事で「慶光天皇」の諡号と「太上天皇」の尊号が贈られた(明治以後に「太上天皇」制度が廃止された関係で二重の手続を要した)、以後、閑院宮典仁親王ではなく、慶光天皇または慶光院と称される。
- In 1884, he was given the posthumous name of 'Emperor Kyoko' and the respected title of 'retired emperor,' being Emperor Meiji's great great grandfather, (The procedure to do this was a lot more complicated since the system of having a 'the retired emperor' was abolished after Meiji period) so, after that he was called Emperor Kyoko or Kyokoin, instead of Kaninnomiya Imperial Prince Sukehito.
- 現在の福知山市章は、1938年(昭和13年)12月に公募により二千点近くの中から選ばれ制定されたもので、「ふくちやま」の頭文字である「ふ」をカタカナにし、それを九つ並べて図案化されたものであり、その図案はフ九」つまり「福」をこの市章は表している。
- The current city symbol of Fukuchiyama was chosen from about 2,000 entries from across Japan and was established in 1938; it was designed by laying side-by-side the nine katakana characters of 'Fu,' the initial letter of 'Fukuchiyama'; this design expresses 'Fuku' (good luck) with the 'nine Fu' pronounced as 'Fuku.'
- 政治的な重要事件に関する記述は役目の地位の問題から多くはないが、その代わり江戸時代の宮中儀式のあり方や日常の宮廷の状況、地下官人制度についての記録は詳細であり、公卿の日記・記録類では多くを見ることが出来ない事務方の動向について知ることが可能である。
- Because of the official status of the Hirata family, the records contain few descriptions about important political events; instead, they contain details of the Imperial Court ceremonies, daily life in the imperial court, and the lower ranking official system during the Edo period, providing movements of the secretaries which cannot be seen in the court nobles' diaries and records.
- 寿司の食品素材を販売する広島市の株式会社あじかんによれば、質素倹約を奨励し、庶民の奢侈をたびたび禁じた備前国岡山藩藩主の池田光政が汁物以外に副食を一品に制限する「一汁一菜令」を布告したことが、岡山名物のばらずしが生まれた背景となっていると説明している。
- AHJIKAN Co. Ltd. of Hiroshima City, who sells food ingredients for sushi, explains the appearance of barazushi (scattered sushi), one of specialities in Okayama, went back to an order issued by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of Okayama Domain in Bizen Province, who encouraged people to live a modest and frugal life and often prohibited extravagant lifestyles, that restricted their daily meals to the one rice bowl with one side dish and one soup.
- そのため2005年にBS-TBSで放送され、2006年にはBlu-ray Discで発売されるなど高精細度ビデオ(High Definition:HD)での映像フォーマットが使用された『AIR』でも、SDで制作しアップコンバートでHD化したものであった。
- Therefore 'Air,' which used high definition video formats for its broadcast on BS-TBS in 2005 and release on Blu-ray Disc in 2006, were produced in SD video and converted into HD video.
- それを犯せば君主であれ国民であれ主権を侵すことになり、ここに立憲制は瓦解する(この場合の主権は、例えば領海侵犯や国民が他国へ拉致された場合などにおいて「我が国の主権侵害」などと言われるが、まさにこの内外に(法律面で)侵されざるべき国家の權利を主権という)。
- Irrespective of monarch or general people, violating it means a violation of sovereign power, and this makes the constitutional system collapse (in this case, sovereign power means state right which shouldn't be [legally] violated in and outside of Japan, and an expression like 'infringement of Japanese sovereignty' is often used in the case of intrusion into territorial waters or abduction of Japanese civilians to other country).
- 南北に長い京都府では従来、京都市を除く12の地域に地方振興局を設置し、地域にあった振興策を策定していたが、社会情勢の大きな変化により、2004年(平成16年)5月に地域の中核都市(宇治・亀岡・舞鶴市・京丹後)に地方振興局を集約、4の広域振興局体制に再編した。
- In Kyoto Prefecture that covers a wide area in the north-south direction, a regional development bureau placed at each of the twelve regions of the prefecture, except Kyoto City, compiled its own development plan, but corresponding to changes in social situations, they were reorganized in May of 2004 into four wide-area development bureaus, each placed in the four core cities of Uji, Kameoka, Maizuru and Kyotango.
- 現在では、級別制度のあったころに比べて消費者が自分で商品情報を見極めて選択できるように、原料米名、産地名など、国税庁による日本酒国税庁の清酒の製法品質表示基準による任意記載事項を初めとして、精米歩合、仕込み方、瓶詰めの仕方など多様な情報がラベルに表示されている。
- As compared with the time when the old classification system was still effective, the optional entries such as brand name of the rice and area of production based on the standard that regulates the method of manufacturing and quality labeling of refined sake issued by the National Tax Administration Agency, as well as various information on the rice-polishing ratio, preparation method, and bottling method, are nowadays listed on the label in order for consumers to evaluate the product information and select their product on their own.
- ただ多子が入内したのは、平治の乱が終結した直後という異常な状況下であり、二条の後見である美福門院や側近の藤原経宗・藤原惟方がこの件に関与しなかったとは考えにくいことから、父・後白河に対する牽制(自分が鳥羽・近衛両帝の後継者)を目的とした政略結婚とする見方もある。
- However, Masaruko reentered into the inner palace just after the Heiji War was over, under abnormal situation; there is a view that it was the political marriage in order to control her father and Goshirakawa (he was the successor of Emperor Toba and Emperor Konoe) in that it is unlikely that Bifukumonin who was the guardian of Emperor Nijo and the aides of Emperor Nijo; FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata didn't interfere in this.
- また、1870年代半ばより中国を中心として東南アジアやインドに至るアジア各地への輸出が始まり、特に東京銀座に秋葉商店を構えた秋葉大助はほろや泥除けのある現在見るような人力車を考案し、性能を高め贅を凝らした装飾的な人力車を制作し、その多くを輸出して大きな富を得た。
- In addition, from the mid-1870s, jinrikisha began to be exported to various Asian countries, ranging from Southeast Asia, centered on China, to India; in particular, Daisuke AKIBA, who opened a shop called Akiba Store in Ginza, Tokyo, invented the current version of the jinrikisha with a covered top and mud flaps, producing decorative jinrikisha with high performance and a sumptuous appearance and making huge profits by exporting most of them.
- これは、日本古来の民族信仰の基盤の上に、自然風土の中で培われた年中行事や、祭礼などを通じて、多くの日本人が七五三や初詣、あるいは季節の祭りを神社で行い、江戸時代の寺請制度の影響で、葬式や盆などを仏教式で行うなど、複数の宗教にまたがって儀礼に参加しているためである。
- This is because many Japanese people engage in rituals of multiple religions, holding the seven-five-three festival and other seasonal festivals at shrines and visiting shrines at the beginning of the New Year based on annual events and rituals developed in the natural climate from ancient ethnic religions of Japan, and by the influence of the temple guarantee system in the Edo period, holding funerals and bon festivals (a festival of the dead or Buddhist all soul's day) with Buddhist rites.
- この時代には前代に引き続き来迎図や装飾経なども制作されているが、六道輪廻思想を背景とした六道絵、亡者を裁く冥界の王たちを描いた十王像、日本の神を仏教の仏が姿を変えたものとする本地垂迹説に基づく垂迹画など、新しいジャンルが現れた時代でもあり、仏教絵画の内容は多彩になった。
- In this period, Raigo-zu (painting of Descent of Amitabha Tathagata) and sosyoku-kyo (copying of a sutra with decorative ryoshi-paper) were created following the previous period, but we see the advent of new genres such as Rokudo-e (paintings of the six realms) in the context of philosophy of the six realms, Juo-zo (the statue of Juo) depicting the dead realm's king who judges the dead, and suijakuga which are paintings based on the theories of Buddhist/Shinto unity, and the contents of Buddhist paintings became diverse.
- 平安時代、桓武天皇の政策により東宮とならなかった親王を八省卿にする方針が打ち出されたが、後に親王に政治責任を負わせることに消極的な立場から中務省、兵部省兵部省 (律令制)、式部省、弾正尹、大宰帥といった名誉職に就いて俸禄のみを得て、政務には携わらないという慣習ができた。
- In the Heian period, a plan was put out for making the Shinno, who was not able to become a Togu (crown prince) due to Emperor Kammu's policy, a Minister for one of the eight central ministries, but later, from a passive viewpoint towards putting political responsibility on a Shinno, it became a custom for a Shinno to take the position of an honorary office such as the Ministry of Central Affairs, Ministry of Military (Treasury code), Ministry of Ceremonial, Danjoin, and Dazai no sochi, where they received only stipends and did not participate in state affairs.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末期には京都での天皇や公家の窮乏は著しく、烏帽子を逆さまにして物乞いをしたり、共同浴場に出向いたりする公家も生じるようになったが、有力戦国大名や織田信長政権が天皇・公家を政治的・経済的に意識的に保護したことによってその後まで制度として継続することになる。
- At the end of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the destitution of the Emperor and Kuge in Kyoto was remarkable, like some Kuge begged by putting his formal headwear for court nobles upside down and some Kuge going to public bathhouse, but it was continued as a system because of the intentional protections of the Emperor and Kuge in both political and economical ways made by powerful Sengoku-daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the government by Nobunaga ODA.
- 『古事記』、『日本書紀』やその他歴史書の表向きの記載によれば、日本の皇統は初代神武天皇から現在の第125代今上天皇まで男系の血筋のみで続いてきたとされる(いわゆる「万世一系」、ただし信憑性については諸説あり、高群逸枝などの民俗学者は古代が母系制であったことを主張している)。
- According to the statements in the 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and other history books, the Japanese imperial line has been succeeded by the male bloodline since the first Emperor Jinmu to the hundered and twenty-fifth present Emperor (so-called `unbroken line of Emperors,' however, there are many views regarding the credibility of this theory including the view of Itsue TAKAMURE; that imperial succession was based on the mother-line in ancient times.)
- 一方、小売業では、1970年代頃までは松の内(関東)の頃(1月5~7日)まで休業していた店が多かったが、24時間営業のコンビニエンスストアの登場などの生活様式の変化により、開店日は早くなり、1990年代以降は元日のみ休業し、翌1月2日から短時間体制での営業を始める店が多い。
- On the other hand, until the 1970s (in the Kanto region) many retail stores used to be closed until around the end of matsu no uchi (January 5th to 7th), while the day in the new year on which retail stores started their operation became earlier due to the change of the people's lifestyles such as the appearance of convenience stores which operate 24 hours a day and, therefore, in and after the 1990s, many stores started their operation on the next day, January 2nd on a fewer-hours basis.
- この指定制度が発足した背景には、平凡な人々のあいだに繰り返されてきた伝承文化が保護の対象になる、という考え方が定着したことにもよるが、昨今の社会の急激な変貌により、営々として長期にわたって継承されてきた「民間伝承」が、今絶滅の危機に瀕しているという問題意識によるところも大きい。
- This designation system was introduced in part because of the increasing belief that traditional culture passed down from generation to generation by ordinary people is to be protected, but mostly due to awareness that well-established 'folk traditions' with a long history have been put in danger of disappearing by drastic changes in society in recent years.
- 日記の家では歴代の当主が単に日記を執筆したり所持するだけでなく、家記から写本や抄本、部類記の作成や内容の研究を通じてそこに書かれた有職故実の内容を吸収するとともに、家記の喪失を防いで朝廷の官吏あるいは摂関家の家司・家礼として奉仕できる体制を整えることで家名の安定を図っていった。
- In such 'houses with diaries,' beyond simply having the family head of each successive generation record and then maintain ownership of a diary, family members would also make manuscript copies, abridged versions, and indices (by topic or category) of the house diary, and gain a thorough understanding and knowledge of court practices through research into what was recorded therein; moreover, such families also tried to guard against the possibility of losing their house diaries by setting up a governmental system in which they themselves could serve the Imperial Court as officials or the Sekkanke (the line of regents and advisors) as keishi (clerks and household superintendents) and karei (house retainers), thereby aiming to keep their family name stable and secure.
- 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
- The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.
- しかし、文政11年(1828年)紅葉山文庫を所管する書物奉行でもあった高橋景保が、長崎オランダ商館付の医師であるフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルト(1796年 - 1866年)に禁制品である伊能図を贈ったことが露顕し、高橋景保は逮捕され、翌年3月に獄死した(シーボルト事件)。
- However, it was revealed that in 1828 Kageyasu TAKAHASHI who was shomotsu bugyo (archive commissioner) taking charge of Momijiyama Library presented Ino map to a doctor working at the Dutch trading house in Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866) in spite of a ban on possessing the map so Kageyasu TAKAHASHI was arrested and died in prison in March the following year (Siebold Incident).
- この当時の状況は和久田薫著『大江山鉱山 中国人拉致・強制労働の真実』(2006年、(株)かもがわ出版)、フランク・エバンス著『Roll Call at Oeyama P.O.W. Remembers 大江山の点呼 捕虜は思い出す』(1985年、イギリスにて出版、英文のみ)に詳しい。
- The details of the circumstances at the time are mentioned in 'Oeyama Mine: the True Story of the Kidnapping of Chinese Nationals and the Forced Labor' written by Kaoru WAKUDA (published by Kamogawa Shuppan Publishers in 2006) and 'Roll Call at Oeyama P.O.W. Remembers' written by Frank Evans (published in English only in England in 1985).
- 丹波国が令制国として成立した当初には、丹波郡・丹波郷を有して丹波国の中心であったとみられる北部の地域が丹波国として残されず、逆に丹後国として分離されてしまったのは、丹波国の中心が北部の丹波郡から、より都に近い丹波国南部(丹後分国後の丹波国の地域)へと移動していたためと考えられている。
- The northern part of the region, and seemingly the center (including Tanba-gun and Tanba-go), was not included in Tanba Province but was instead separated to form Tango Province when the former was first established as one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei; this could be explained by the assumption that the central area of Tanba Province had been incorporated into the southern part of Tanba Province (a part of Tanba Province after the separation of Tango Province) from Tanba-gun in the north.
- 明治22年(1889年)の町村制導入以後は、それぞれ京都府の上鳥羽村・下鳥羽村として別個の歩みを遂げ、大正7年(1918年)には上鳥羽村の一部が京都市下京区(当時)に編入され、昭和6年(1931年)に上鳥羽村の残部は下京区に、下鳥羽村は伏見市などとともに新設の伏見区に編入される事になる。
- After the introduction of Municipal Government Act in 1889, the two villages took its course individually as Kamitoba Village and Shimotoba Village of Kyoto Prefecture; Kamitoba Village was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City (at the time) partially in 1978, then the rest in 1931, while Shimotoba Village, along with Fushimi City, was incorporated into the newly established Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 地方プロダクションであり近場に外注を出せる制作会社が無い事もあって、演出、作画、仕上げ、美術、撮影、デジタルエフェクトまでのプロダクション作業を社内で行なえる体制を構築しており、外注による分業体制を取るプロダクションに対して、スタッフのコミュニケーションが密に取れることが特徴となっている。
- Being a local studio with no production companies nearby to outsource to, Kyoto Animation has established systems capable of in-house production processes including staging, drawing, finishing, art, filming and digital effects, so that one of its characteristics is the close communication among its staff compared with studios which establish division of labor through outsourcing.
- 復元作業にあたっては、現存する資料を元に、宮内庁楽部楽師・芝祐靖氏(復曲)、NHKプロデューサー・堀田謹吾氏(企画)、元宮内庁楽部楽長であり小野雅楽会会長であった東儀和太郎氏(振り付け)、東京芸術大学教授・小泉文夫氏(監修)、並びに、大阪芸術大学教授・吉岡常雄氏(装束制作)らの尽力によって現実。
- The restoration process was completed by the efforts of Mr. Sukeyasu SHIBA, an ancient music performer of the musical performance department at the Imperial Household Agency (for re-composition of the musical part), Mr. Kingo HOTTA, a TV producer of NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai [Japan Broadcasting Corporation]) (for planning), Mr. Wataro TOGI, a bandmaster of the musical performance department at the Imperial Household Agency and the chairperson of the Ono Gagakukai (for choreography), Mr. Fumio KOIZUMI, a professor of Tokyo University of the Arts (for project supervision), and Mr. Tsuneo YOSHIOKA, a professor of Osaka University of Arts (for production of the consume) and so on, based on the existing documents.
- 明治31年(1898年)には、第一次大隈重信内閣の文部大臣尾崎行雄が、ある教育会の席上で藩閥勢力の拝金主義を攻撃した演説に「日本で共和制が実施されれば、三井・三菱は大統領となるだろう」とあったため問題となり、皇室制度の下にあって共和制を想定することは不敬にあたるとして辞任に追い込まれた(共和演説事件)。
- In 1898, Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education in the first Okuma Shigenobu Cabinet, made a speech in an educational meeting, attacking the greed of the domain clique by saying 'If a republic is established in Japan, Mitsui and Mitsubishi would be the president.' and this became a problem, because making an assumption of a republic under the system of Imperial Household was disrespectful, and he was forced into resignation (Kyowaenzetsu Jiken, or republic speech incident).
- 祇園社の南北朝時代 (日本)の記録である『祇園執行日記』の康永2年(1343年)7月7日 (旧暦)の条に、麺類を指す言葉として索餅(さくべい)、索麺・素麺(そうめん)と三つの表記があり、これが「そうめん」という言葉の文献上の初出とされている(南北朝時代の「異制定訓往来」が「素麺」の初出という説もある)。
- In an article of July 7, 1343 (old calendar) in 'Gion Shigyonikki' which is a record of Gion-sha Shrine during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), there are three words indicative of noodles including 'sakubei,' 'sakumen,' and 'somen,' and it is believed to be the first appearance of the word 'somen' in writings (there is another theory that the first appearance of 'somen' was 'Iseiteikinourai' during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).
- 建武の新政は表面上は復古的であるが、内実は蒙古的な天皇専制を目指し、武家を排除した公家中心の政権運営を敷き、性急な改革、土地訴訟への対応の不備や恩賞の不公平、大内裏建設計画などその施策の大半が各方面、特に武士勢力の不満を呼び、また有名な二条河原の落書に観られるようにその無能を批判され、権威を全く失墜した。
- The Kenmu Restoration appeared to be a reactionary movement, but was in fact an old and ignorant imperial dictatorship, and most of the measures introduced, such as aristocracy-centered political management that excluded the samurai, sudden reforms, inability to handle lawsuits for land, inequality in rewards, and the unreasonable Daidairi Construction Plan, caused discontent in various sectors, especially in the samurai class. As a consequence, criticism of the government for its incompetency grew, as was evidenced in the famous Nijogawara Graffiti, and the government completely lost power over the public.
- また、片足を上げたり、屈んだりせずに着脱ができることや、靴やズボンを脱がずに下着を交換できることから、ヘルニアなどの腰痛に苦しむ人々に加えて、実用面でも、吸湿性が良いことから夏場に野外で作業をする人達や、着替えに場所や時間の制約がある人達の他に長時間着席を余儀なくされる業務を行う人達にも愛用されているようだ。
- What is more, Ecchu fundoshi seem to be used habitually not only by the people who suffer from lumbago such as a rupture because they can be put on and taken off without lifting one leg nor bending down, or because undergarments can be exchanged without taking off shoes nor trousers, but also, for the practical purpose, by the people who work outdoors in the summer because they are absorbent, by the people who are restricted about the place or the time to change their clothes, and also by the people who, while working, are obliged to be seated for a long time.
- 元請制作作品は『空を見上げる少女の瞳に映る世界』を除き、アドベンチャーゲーム(Key作品)・ライトノベル・コミックなどを原作としているが、それらの作品はいずれも基本は原作に忠実であり、その上でサプライズ的な要素を付加させるといったストーリー展開を貫いている(『涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱』では原作小説の地の文まで再現している)。
- All of Kyoto Animation's own prime productions (except for 'Sora wo Miageru Shojo no Hitomi ni Utsuru Sekai' (The World Reflected in the Eyes of a Girl Looking Up at the Heavens)) are based on adventure games (produced by Key), light novels and comics, and they were basically true to the original storylines with some surprise elements added (in 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' even the text of the original novel was reproduced).
- 日本独立の1952年(昭和27年)から復活運動がおき、1958年(昭和33年)に国会への議案提出があり、1966年(昭和41年)に国民の祝日に関する法律が改正され、さらに佐藤栄作内閣によりs建国記念の日となる日を定める政令(昭和41年政令第376号)として再制定され、1967年(昭和42年)2月11日建国記念の日として実施された。
- A movement to revive the holiday started with the independence of Japan in 1952 – in 1958 a bill was submitted to Parliament, in 1966 the Public Holiday Law was revised, then the cabinet of Eisaku SATO issued a cabinet order (cabinet order no. 376, 1966) to re-establish the day as National Foundation Day (Kenkoku Kinen no Hi), which was enforced on February 11, 1967.
- HDのまま放送しないのはDVDの売り上げ増や、次世代DVDが普及した後にHDリマスター版で再び売り出す事を狙ったものと言われており、故意に画質を落とし放送するのはTBS(および子会社のBS-i)で多用される手法である(その一方で系列局の毎日放送(MBS)や中部日本放送(CBC)制作作品では近年になってHDマスターでの放映を実施している)。
- It is said that they do not broadcast in HD video in an attempt to increase DVD sales, or because they are planning to release the HD remastered versions again after the widespread adoption of next-generation DVD, and the broadcasting of videos which have been intentionally degraded is a method frequently used by TBS (and its subsidiary, BS-i) (on the other hand, works produced by Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc. (MBS) and Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd. (CBC), which are affiliates of TBS, have been broadcast in the HD master versions in recent years).
- 裁判では、食文化の一つである(と主張する)どぶろくを、憲法で保障された人権における幸福追求権において、自家生産・自家消費する事の是非に始まって、「酒税法上で設けられた様々な制限が、事実上において大量生産が可能な設備を保有できる大資本による酒類製造のみを優遇し、小規模の酒類製造業が育たないようにしている」という前田側の主張がクローズアップされている。
- This Trial argued the rights and wrongs of in-house production/consumption of Doburoku, which is (insisted as) one of food cultures, in constitutionally-guaranteed right to pursue happiness, and highlighted the Maeda' claim that 'various restrictions in the Liquor Tax Act actually favor only alcoholic liquor manufacturers with large capital that can possess equipment enabling large-scale production and prevent the development of small-scale alcoholic liquor manufacturers.'
- 維新期の皇后として社会事業振興の先頭に立ち、華族女学校(現学習院女子部)や、お茶の水の東京女子師範学校(現お茶の水女子大学)の設立、日本赤十字社の発展などに大きく寄与した(赤十字社の正式紋章「赤十字桐竹鳳凰章」は、紋章制定の相談を受けた際、皇后がたまたま被っていた冠が桐と竹の組み合わせで出来ていた事から、「これがよかろう」という事で決められたという)。
- As an empress after the Restoration, Shoken took the lead in social work promotion and greatly contributed to the establishment of Kazoku Jogakko (present day Gakushuin School Corporation Girl's Division) and Tokyo Joshi Shikan Gakko (present day Ochanomizu University), along with the development of the Japanese Red Cross Society and others (it is said that the official crest for the Red Cross Society, the 'Red Cross Kiritake Phoenix,' was decided on from the crown, made by a combination of paulownia wood and bamboo, which Shoken happened to be wearing on the occasion she was consulted for the decision of the crest.
- その理由は、「仲哀天皇がいまだ崩御していないという建前をとったためその代理だから」という意味か、または「特に理由はなく、称制も広義の摂政の中の一種という建前でただ慣習的に称制という言葉が使われなかっただけ」というわけなのか、あるいは「応神天皇は胎中天皇と称されたように胎児の頃からすでに正式な天皇であってその代理」という主旨なのか、いずれにしてもよくわからない。
- The reason for above is unknown, although there are some possibilities of the following, 'since Emperor Chuai's death was not announced officially after he died, and it was temporary measure,' or 'there was no particular reason, the word Shosei was being used as a custom, since it also meant Regent after all,' or 'Shosei meant temporarily government since Emperor Ojin was officially considered as proper Emperor and he was called Emperor Taichu (Taichu means inside mother's womb).'
- その例として、例えば平安時代から鎌倉時代の絵画である「扇面古写経」・「鳥獣人物戯画」・「信貴山縁起絵巻」・「男衾三郎絵詞」・「北野天神縁起(弘安本)」・「東北院職人歌合絵巻」などには「桶」が描かれており、絵画の制作年代から類推して、この「桶」は鎌倉時代以降に作られた結桶ではなく曲桶であり、曲物の「桶」が遅くても平安時代以降には日用的に使用されていたとされている。
- For instance, the paintings from the Heian period through the Kamakura period, such as 'Senmen Koshakyo' (ancient sutra manuscripts on a fan), 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (caricatures of frolicking birds, animals and humans), 'Shigisan Engi Emaki' (picture scroll depicting the stories about Mt. Shigi), 'Obusuma Saburo Ekotoba' (picture scroll of the Kamakura period), the Koan version of 'Kitano Tenjin Engi' (history of Kitano Tenjin Shrine), and 'Tohoku-in Shokunin Utaawase-emaki (Touhoku-in poetry Contest among persons of various occupations), depict 'oke' (wooden bucket); judging from the periods when these paintings were produced, these oke are not 'yuioke' (wooden bucket with a bottom) which were developed after the Kamakura period, but are 'mageoke,' which suggests that the 'oke' in a form of magemono was used on a daily basis after the Heian period.
- 第二次世界大戦の終戦後、連合国(UN)の間では、軍国主義の一因として天皇を処罰し、天皇制を廃止すべきだという意見が強かったが、日本政府がその維持を強く唱えたこともあり、ダグラス・マッカーサー元帥、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部 (GHQ/SCAP) は、日本の占領行政を円滑に進めるため、また共産主義に対する防波堤としても皇室制度は存続させるべきだという方向性を取った。
- After the end of the World War II, between the countries of the UN, the opinion to punish the Emperor for militarism and abolish Tennosei was strong, but because the Japanese government strongly advocated the preservation of the Emperor, General Douglas MACARTHUR and the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP), to smoothly advance the administration of occupation and as a bulwark against communism, took the direction that the Imperial Household system should be preserved.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)になると、信濃小笠原氏は北朝 (日本)に属し、桔梗ヶ原の戦いで南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を破り吉野へ駆逐した戦功で、室町時代には一族が幕府の奉公衆や信濃の守護となり活躍したが、小笠原長秀が大塔合戦での敗北で守護職を罷免されるなど村上氏や諏訪氏などの有力国人の統制がうまくいかず、上杉氏や斯波氏に守護職を奪われ、強力な統治体制を整えることが出来なかった。
- n the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Shinano Ogasawara clan belonging to the Northern Court (Japan) defeated Imperial Prince Muneyoshi of the Southern Court (Japan) at the Battle of Kikyogahara and drove out in Yoshino, by which the clan played active role as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) and Shinano shugo in the Muromachi period, however, because of out-of-control powerful local lords (kokujin) such as the Murakami clan and the Suwa clan, Nagahide OGASAWARA was defeated at the Battle of Oto and therefore the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) was superseded by the Uesugi clan and the Shiba clan, and it couldn't lay out a strong controlling system.
- 14世紀から18世紀まで存在したヨーロッパ史有数の巨大国家であるポーランド・リトアニア連合(俗に「ポーランド」と呼ばれる)では、「黄金の自由」と呼ばれた貴族民主主義の政治システムの体制下で、国王(すなわち中央政府)と大貴族(マグナート)たち、国王と貴族(シュラフタ)たち、ポーランド国会(セイム)と一部の少数派貴族たちの間で利害の対立が深刻化した際にしばしば大規模な強訴が発生した。
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnate, which existed from the 14th century to the 18th century and was one of the greatest nations in the history of Europe, often experienced large-scale goso when conflicts of interests intensified between the King (the central government) and the major nobles (magnate), the King and the nobles (szlachta), and the parliament (Sejm) and some of the minor nobles.
- これは、文化財保護法が制定された1950年(昭和25年)当時の日本国の財政状況や政治情勢では指定文化財のすべてについて必要十分な保護措置がとれないために、そのとき新設された「無形文化財」は別としても、戦前の国宝保存法と史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法による指定物件を多く引き継いだ「有形文化財」および「記念物」の2種については、指定物件のなかから特に重点的に保護する対象を厳選する必要にせまられたためであった。
- Since not all designated cultural properties could be protected by necessary and sufficient measures under the Japan's financial and political situations at the time when the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was enacted in 1950, the government was forced to stringently select cultural properties to be protected among the two categories of 'Tangible Properties' and 'Monuments' to which categories many items designated in the prewar period under the Preservation of National Treasures or the Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law had been carried over, aside from the then-established category of 'Intangible Cultural Properties.'
- しかし、1907年以来の政府の皇族増加抑制策は、明治維新前後の時期に新たに興された各宮家が、いわゆる「四親王家」とは異なり、元来は世襲を予定しなかったにもかかわらず、天皇の「特旨」などによって漸次永世皇族に移行してゆき、結局、皇室典範での永世皇族制の成立に結びついた経緯への反省を踏まえたものでもあり、宮家の不足も生じていなかったことから天皇の大権を発動して例外をつくるケースが実際に発生したとは考えにくい。
- However, the government policy to halt the increasing numbers of Imperial members since 1907, was established after reflecting on the experience of each new Miyake established before and after the Meiji Restoration, that were different from the 'four Imperial Prince families' that were not originally planned as hereditary families, they gradually became the permanent Imperial Family by the order of the Emperor, since there was no shortage of Miyake, it is hard to think that there was a case when Emperor had to make an exception by using the Emperor's Taiken (Emperor's right).
- また、天皇が道長を関白とせずに内覧に留めたのは、天皇自身が長ずるにつれ、曽祖父の醍醐天皇・祖父の村上天皇のように、摂政関白を置かずに親政する事を志したのと、道長自身も、当時閣議に出られない決まりがある摂政関白よりも、内覧を兼ねたまま一上(閣員の首座)として実権を掌握しようとした事が一致した為で、これにより、後に大江匡房が『続本朝往生伝』で藤原実資や藤原行成等の有能な人材を輩出したと称えたほど、有為な政治体制が確立した。
- The Emperor decided that Michinaga would be nairan (chief secretary) instead of kampaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, once he became older, since he wanted to run the government directly instead of having a regent and kampaku, like his great-grandfather Emperor Daigo and his grandfather, Emperor MurakamiI; on the other hand, Michinaga agreed to be nairan and also the head of various sections to control the government, since the regent and kampaku weren't entitled to attend the meetings of the Cabinet; thus a strong political framework was set up and OE no Masahusa acknowledged through 'Zoku Honcho Ojoden,' with which talented people like FUJIWARA no Sanesuke and FUJIWARA no Yukinari were produced.
- 日本人の洋装化が一段と進んだこと、敗戦で軍隊で強制されていたことの嫌悪感から旧文化が否定される風潮になったこと、日本の工業化の進展で農村部から都市部に人口の移動が起こり、核家族化が進行して「褌祝」の私的祭事に象徴される褌継承の文化が断絶したこと、女性の社会進出で家事が簡略化されて自家で縫製する機会がなくなったこと、製造販売する業者も少なく店頭に並ばず、入手性に難があったこと、ブリーフ、トランクス等の新しい下着が廉価で出現して、機能性だけでなくファッション性のある下着が若者を中心に普及したことなどである。
- (1) Western clothes became more popular than ever in Japan; (2) there brought about a tendency to deny the previous culture because of the loss of the war, and, to make the matter worse, the fundoshi was something the military forced them to wear; (3) because of the advancement of industrialization, people moved from agricultural communities to urban areas to change the traditional family form to a nuclear family, and thus it made it hard to continue the culture in which wearing fundoshi was often symbolically celebrated as a rite of passage to be a grown-up man; (4) as women were encouraged to participate in society, household chores were simplified and thus the time for sewing fundoshi at home became limited; (5) manufacturers of fundoshi were practically decreased and it made it hard for people to get fundoshi at stores; and (6) new types of undergarments, such as a brief type and a trunks type of underpants, appeared at low prices, those functional, and were seen fashionable, undergarments became popular mainly among young people.
- 天皇という呼称は律令制(「儀制令」)に規定があり、祭祀においては「天子」、詔書には「天皇」、華夷においては(国内外にむけては)「皇帝」、臣下がすぐそばから呼びかける時には「陛下」、皇太子など後継者に譲位した場合は「太上天皇(だいじょうてんのう)」、外出時には「乗輿」、行幸時には「車駕」という7つの呼び方が定められているがこれらはあくまで書記(表記)に用いられるもので、どう書いてあっても読みは風俗(当時の習慣)に従って「すめみまのみこと」や「すめらみこと」等と称するとある(特に祭祀における「天子」は「すめみまのみこと」と読んだ)。
- A regulation in the ritsuryo codes ('Gisei-ryo,' or the regulation of ceremonies code) regarding the title to be used for the Tenno states that the Emperor should be called 'Sumemimanomikoto,' 'Sumeramikoto,' or another such title in accordance with the customs of that time; this was despite the fact that there were already seven ways of addressing the Emperor—'Tenshi' at ceremonies, 'Tenno' in Shosho (imperial edicts or decrees), 'Kotei' in relations with China (domestic and diplomatic), 'Heika' when addressed by vassals in close proximity, 'Daijo-Tenno' when retired, 'Joyo' when going out, and 'Shaga' when traveling—because these names are only used in writing ('Tenshi' attending ceremonies in particular were addressed as 'Sumemimanomikoto').