初: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- お初
- doing something for the first time (ever, in a season, etc.)
- new item
- first crop of the season
- 初寄り
- Hatsuyori (an event in which geisha pay a visit to their teachers to wish them a Happy New Year)
- 初期荘園
- Early shoens
- Shoki Shoen (early shoen)
- 成立初期
- The beginning of the regency's existence
- 江戸初期
- The early Edo period
- 初期の往来
- Relations in the early days
- 平安初期の出挙
- Suiko in the early Heian period
- 梅雨前線の最初
- Initial stage of baiu front
- 江戸初期の軍役
- Military service in the early Edo period
- 景初四年銘盤龍鏡
- Banryu-kyo Mirror with the Date 'Fourth Year of Jingchu'
- 初期多田庄とその相続
- Early Tada manors and their inheritance
- 最初の数は国別である。
- The first number is based on the country.
- 10世紀初頭の社会情勢
- The social situation of the early tenth century
- これが最初の梅雨前線である。
- This is the baiu front in its initial stage.
- - ともに初音学区内にある。
- Both towns are in the Hatsune school district.
- 令史(従六位大初位相当)一名
- A Reishi (same rank as Jurokui and Daishoi [Great Initial Rank])
- これが班田収授法の初見である。
- This was the first appearance of Handen Shuju-no-ho.
- (昭和12年廃止)初音町、芝本町
- (Abolished in 1937) Hatsune-cho, Shibamoto-cho
- 当初の彩色や切金文様がよく残る。
- Original colors and kiriganemonyo (delicately made metal foil craft works) have been preserved in good condition.
- 最初の治安維持法適用事件である。
- This was the first affair to which the Maintenance of Public Order Law was applied.
- 初日の出を見る好スポットでもある。
- It is one of the best places to go to see the first sunrise of the year.
- 明治初年の一時期五條県が置かれた。
- Gojo Prefecture was placed in a certain period in the first year of the Meiji period.
- この源顕綱が初代大河内顕綱である。
- This MINAMOTO no Akitsuna is the first Akitsuna OKOCHI.
- これが日本で最初の民選議院である。
- This was the first popularly-elected parliament in Japan.
- 当初鴻臚館での通商は官営であった。
- Initially, the trade carried out at Korokan was managed by the government.
- 農民が起こした初めての一揆でもある。
- It was the first peasant uprising.
- 明治初期の廃城令に伴う破却を免れた。
- The castle escaped the demolition by haijorei (an order for abandoning castles) in the early Meiji period.
- 初めの部分は制定の意義を述べている。
- At the beginning, the values of the laws are stated.
- 「閏月の最初が閏8月ではいけない。」
- If the first intercalary month becomes intercalary August, it is unlucky.'
- これがアプリシオの初現だとされている。
- This is regarded as the first emergence of aprisio.
- 最初は、荘官らが必要上始めたとされる。
- It is said that the administrators of manors originally began organizing the Toimaru for reasons of expediency.
- 国府の遺跡が発見された最初の例である。
- It was the first case that the remains of a provincial office were found.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命された。
- At the beginning, Tokimasa HOJO was appointed to the position while he was in Kyoto.
- (実際には4世紀初めのことと思われる)
- (This is, however, believed to have actually happened at around the beginning of the fourth century.)
- このとき初めて「大和」の用字が現れた。
- This was when the word '大和' appeared for the first time.
- その際最初の3丁の銃が日本に輸入された。
- At that time, three guns were imported to Japan for the first time.
- 「日本開白以来、土民の蜂起之初めなり。」
- It was the first uprising by ordinary people since Japan was founded.'
- 明初南京の永楽帝、清代北京の恭親王など。
- Emperor Yongle of Nanjing, in the early Ming Dynasty, or Gongqinwan of Beijing in Qing Dynasty.
- 最初は五条橋東詰の長円寺に屯所を構えた)
- He established a base in Choen-ji Temple at the Gojobashi Higashizume (the east foot of the Gojo-bashi bridge)).
- 最初の朝廷が開かれたのもこの飛鳥である。
- It is Asuka where the first Imperial Court was placed.
- 望楼式6重7階で初重平面は長方形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style (a type of castle tower for lookout on the building with a gabled, hipped roof) with six-storied (sixfold roofs) and seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had a rectangular ground plan.
- この時期の勲功者が武士の初期原型となった。
- Those who distinguished themselves at this time were the ancestors of warriors.
- 初期は大内義興と尼子経久との対立があった。
- In the early stage, there was conflict between Yoshioki OUCHI and Tsunehisa AMAKO.
- 大属(従八位下相当) 少属(大初位上相当)
- Daisakan (Juhachiinoge (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) Shosakan (Daishoinojo (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade)
- Daisakan (Senior Clerk) (equivalent to Juhachiinoge [Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade]), and Shosakan (Junior Clerk) (equivalent to Daihatsuinojo [Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade])
- 鎌倉幕府は当初、将軍(実際には「鎌倉殿」。
- Initially, what lay at the heart of the Kamakura bakufu was the Shogun (or in actuality, 'the Lord of Kamakura.'
- 大属(従六位従八位) 少属(従六位大初位)
- Daizoku (senior clerks), of Juhachiinoge (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade), and the Shozoku (junior clerks), of Daishoijo (Grater Initial Rank, Upper Grade)
- それで、当初は「徳政禁止」の命令も出した。
- Accordingly, the bakufu initially issued orders to forbid tokusei.
- 当初は八瀬遊園として1964年にオープン。
- It was originally opened as Yase Amusement Park in 1964.
- 河川を総合的に規制する条例は全国初である。
- It was the first act as general regulation for rivers in Japan.
- 室町時代初頭には 守護の権能に加えられた。
- At the beginning of the Muromachi period, the shisetsu jungyo was included in the capacity and power of Shugo (provincial constable).
- 院宮分国制は10世紀初頭から行われていた。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system existed from the early 10th century.
- 単語の最初の仮名で「いろは順」としている。
- Instead, 'the iroha order' was applied only to the first syllables of words.
- 11月3日の天長節にて初めて公に披露された。
- It was introduced officially for the first time on the occasion of Tenchosetsu (the Birth-day of the Emperor) on November 3.
- このときの大規模な私有土地を初期荘園という。
- The large scale private ownership of land at that time was called shoki shoen.
- また、日本で初めて映画館ができた場所である。
- Additionally, Nishijin is the place where the first movie theater in Japan was built.
- 1925年に日本初のラジオ放送が行われた地。
- Japan's first radio broadcast was made from here in 1925.
- 望楼式5重6階地下1階で、初重平面は長方形。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and six floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had a rectangular plan.
- 望楼式6重7階地下1階で、初重平面は長方形。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of six-storied and seven floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had a rectangular plan.
- これが外国使節を宿泊させる客館の初見である。
- This was historically the first guest house in Japan at which envoys from foreign countries could stay.
- 当初は数も少なく弓足軽と同じ組に属していた。
- At the beginning, they were few in number and they belonged to the same infantry as yumi ashigaru (foot soldiers who are archers).
- 戦国初期はまだ備の構成も曖昧なものであった。
- During the early Sengoku Period, organization of sonae was still ill-defined.
- 倭名類聚抄:源順が編纂した日本最初の百科事典。
- Wamyo-ruijusho: Japan's first encyclopedia edited by MINAMOTO no Shitago.
- 上位成績になれば八位~初位の官位が授けられた。
- If students achieved high grades, they were granted official court ranks between Hachii and Shoi (Initial Rank).
- これらにより初期荘園は10世紀までに衰退した。
- For this reason, shoki shoen declined until the tenth century.
- 1466年、近江国・金森合戦 史上初の一向一揆
- 1466: The Battle of Kanamori in Omi Province, the first recorded Ikko ikki
- 海抜129m、光達28海里、初点灯1925年。
- The Bakuchi-misaki Cape lighthouse is 129 meters above sea level, and the visible distance is about fifty-two kilometers; the lighthouse was first lit in 1925.
- 907年の宇多天皇の熊野行幸が最初と言われる。
- It is said that the first visit to Kumano was the visit by Emperor Uda in 907.
- 八景としては、日本でもっとも初期に選定された。
- It was the first hakkei to be selected in Japan.
- 136mにわたり大手道の当初ルートを確認する。
- In addition, the original route of Ote-michi Road spreading 136m was identified.
- 総見寺の高石垣を解体し当初の大手道を検出する。
- In addition, dismantling the high stone-wall of Soken-ji Temple led to the discovery of the original Ote-michi Road.
- 奥書には、江戸時代初期の に書写されたとある。
- According to its okugaki, it was transcribed in the early Edo period.
- 平安初期の中央文化は、唐の影響を強く受けていた。
- The central culture of the early Heian period was strongly affected by the Tang dynasty.
- 大属(従八位下相当) 少属(大初位上相当)各1人
- 1 daisakan (senior clerk, equivalent to Juhachiinoge [Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade]) and 1 shosakan (junior clerk, equivalent to Daihatsuinojo [Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade])
- また同施設は丹後町では初めての温泉施設でもある。
- The facility was the first hot spring facility in Tango-cho as well.
- 層塔式7重8階又は7階で初重平面は長方形である。
- The castle tower was a multi-leveled tower type keep with either seven-storied (sevenfold roofs) and eight floors structure or seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had a rectangular ground plan.
- 『日本書紀』持統天皇6年(692年)の条が初出。
- The first reference to Onmyo hakase appeared in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) in its paragraph about the Empress Jito in 692.
- これは初重の内部空間を広く使うためと考えられる。
- This was to secure the internal space of the first-level pagoda.
- 戦国時代初期の永正・大永年間の著作とされている。
- The book is believed to have been written during the Eisho to Daiei era during the early Sengoku period.
- 遣明船は当初、幕府が直接船主となり運航していた。
- Originally, the bakufu was the shipowner of Kenminsen and directly operated them.
- 初代問注所執事(長官)には、三善康信が任命された。
- Yasunobu MIYOSHI was appointed as the first head of the Monchujo.
- これが、日本で最初の成文化された教育の制度になる。
- This was also the first codified educational system in Japan.
- 凹凸形の県境による越県合併は、これが初めてである。
- This was the first merger across the prefectural border to make a projecting part on the borderline.
- これが初陣であった若き頼朝も殺されるはずであった。
- Young Yoritomo who had served in the battle for the first time, was supposed to be killed.
- 望楼式6重7階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with six-storied and seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 憲法制定当初は井上毅らの国体論を基礎的原理とした。
- Just after the promulgation of the constitution, the national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE was a key principle of the constitution.
- (木戸当初案)旧来の陋習を破り宇内の通義に従ふへし
- (The first draft of Kido) 旧来の陋習を破り宇内の通義に従ふへし (Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon accepted orders of the whole world.)
- 当初は朱雀大路南端の羅城門の両脇に設けられていた。
- Initially, the Korokan was located on both sides of Rajomon Gate situated at the south end of Suzaku-oji Street.
- その盟主は倭国王と称し、最初期の倭国王に帥升がいる。
- Its chief was called the king of Wa, and Suisho was the king of Wa during the early period of the confederation era.
- 日本最初の流通貨幣「和同開珎」が造られた地でもある。
- The first currency in circulation in Japan, 'Wado-Kaichin silver coins,' was made in this area.
- 嶋原の歴史は古く、日本で最初の公許された花街である。
- Shimabara has a long history, and is the first officially acknowledged hanamachi in Japan.
- 最近では芸妓としては初のジャズシンガーの真箏がいる。
- Recently, there is a geisha called Makoto who became the first Jazz singer among geisha.
- 旧摠見寺境内地を調査し当初の伽羅配置を明らかにする。
- In 1994, the original arrangement of Buddhist temples became clear after investigating the precincts of Soken-ji Temple.
- 最初のうちは大友氏の内訌等もあり、島津氏優勢に進行。
- In the beginning, the Shimazu clan had the advantage with problems in the Otomo clan, etc.
- また当初、有力貴族層を中心としていた知行国制だった。
- Initially, the chigyo-koku system was used mostly by powerful nobles.
- 日本内地では最初の治安維持法適用事件として知られる。
- It has been known as the first incident to apply the Maintenance of Public Order Law in Japanese mainland.
- 初期荘園は賃租に伴う地子収入によって経営されていた。
- The early shoens were run on the income from land taxes accompanied with this chinso.
- また、女性に初めて布教をおこなったのも法然であった。
- It was also Hoen who missioned women for the first time.
- 戯曲風に構成しており、12世紀初めの成立とみられる。
- It is composed like a play, and is regarded to be completed in the early 12th century.
- また、この戦いは、毛利輝元と吉川元長の初陣でもあった。
- In addition, this was the first battle in which Terumoto MORI and Motonaga KIKKAWA participated.
- 区内の他の町は遅くとも明治時代の初期には成立している。
- Other towns in Kamigyo Ward had been established by the early Meiji period at the latest.
- 五条橋下 1912年(大正初期?)~、七条新地に合併。
- Gojo-hashishita: merged with Nanajo-shinchi in c. 1912.
- 4月初旬から末にかけて山下から山上へ順に開花してゆく。
- Cherry trees come into bloom from early to late April, starting from the foot and proceeding to the top of the mountain.
- 当初は清和天皇皇子貞保親王の邸宅であったとされている。
- The residence was originally owned by Imperial Prince Sadayasu (a son of the Emperor Seiwa).
- 伝来当初は猟銃としてであったがすぐに戦場で用いられた。
- Although right after the introduction the guns were used for hunting, soon they started to be used in battle.
- 初の武家政権となる鎌倉幕府が成立して以降も同様である。
- The situation did not change even after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the first military government.
- 例えば鎌倉幕府の最初の侍所別当となった和田義盛である。
- For an example, Yoshimori WADA, who became Samurai-dokoro betto (the Chief Officer of Board of Retainers) during the early Kamakura bakufu.
- これらは昭和時代初期には財閥として君臨することになる。
- They came to reign the business world in Japan as zaibatsu.
- 伊勢十巻本=室町時代初期写・巻三~八のみ(神宮文庫蔵)
- The Ise 10-volume book: Copied manually in the early Muromachi period, only volumes 3 - 8 (owned by the Jingu Library)
- 当初は講堂や職員室・校長室内部に奉安所が設けられていた。
- At first, Hoan-sho (place for displaying the goshin-ei portraits and the Imperial Rescript on Education, the predecessor of Hoan-den) was established at the auditorium or inside the staff room or principal's office.
- 同年5月 - 初代福知山市長として高木半兵衛が就任する。
- May 1936: Hanbei TAKAGI took office as the first mayor of Fukuchiyama City.
- 江戸時代初期における朝幕関係上、最大の不和確執とされる。
- It is considered the most serious discord or feud between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court in the early Edo period.
- 急な派兵であったため、東海道軍は当初18騎で鎌倉を発向。
- Because the forces had been assembled so hastily, the army that departed from Kamakura along the Tokaido initially consisted of only 18 horsemen.
- 初期構成以降から新選組と名前が変わるまでに入隊した隊士。
- The members who joined the group during the period from its foundation to the time the group was renamed the Shinsengumi.
- 1959年(昭和34年)2月23日、磯城郡初瀬町を編入。
- On February 23, 1959, Hase-cho of Shiki County was incorporated into Sakurai City.
- 一方、奈良県の広報には最初から「五條」と表記されている。
- On the other hand, it was described as '五條' in the public relations in Nara Prefecture from the start.
- - 日本初の湖上蒸気船「一番丸」が,大津-海津間に就航。
- The first steamship in lake in Japan 'Ichibanmaru' went into service between Otsu and Kaizu.
- 4月初め、織田信孝は四国攻めの大将に任命されたため転任。
- At the beginning of May, Nobutaka ODA was transferred to the commander for an attack of the Shikoku region.
- 『太平御覧』は、北宋代の初期に成立した類書の一つである。
- 'Taihei Gyoran' is one of the reference books completed during the early Northern Sung Dynasty generation.
- 平氏政権は、今日では日本史上初の武家政権と考えられている。
- The Taira clan administration is currently considered as the first bushi government in Japan.
- 律令以前の初穂儀礼に由来するのではないか、とする説もある。
- There is a theory that this system might originate in the etiquette of the first years of rice before the enforcement of the Ritsuryo codes.
- 梅雨入り当初は比較的しとしととした雨が連続することが多い。
- It occurs rather often that, immediately after tsuyuiri, comparatively gentle rain continues.
- 菅谷館跡(国指定史跡。鎌倉時代初期の武将畠山重忠の居館跡)
- Site of Sugaya-yakata (officially-designated historical site; site of Shigetada HATAKEYAMA who was a warlord living during the early Kamakura period)
- 初期の政治は、まだ南朝が存在したこともあり不安定であった。
- Government during the initial period was unstable, partly because Nancho still existed.
- 今井まちや館 - 本町筋の中央部にある18世紀初期の町家。
- Imai Machiyakan: It is a machiya (a traditional townhouse) building built in the early 18th century around the middle of Honmachi-suji Street.
- 望楼式5重6階地下一階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and six floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 望楼式5重7階地下1階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and seven floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 初めは官軍に与していた廬龍軍などが乱側に寝返ってしまった。
- Armies like the Lulong army that used to side with the imperial army switched sides and allied themselves with the rebels.
- 『自家伝抄』は、16世紀初頭に成立したと見られる能の伝書。
- 'Jika Densho' is a noh text that is thought to have been written at the beginning of the 16th century.
- 初歩教材総合教科書と形容したくなるような体裁をとっている。
- They were sufficiently organized to be referred to as integrated elementary textbooks.
- 江戸初期には、年貢の他に、各種の賦役を負う家が定められた。
- In the early Edo period, various kinds of labor services other than paying rice were specified to each family unit.
- 室町時代から江戸時代初期までのものを「古本節用集」という。
- The setsuyoshu published during the Muromachi period through the early Edo period was called 'Kohon setsuyoshu.'
- 鎮守府相当の機関は、初め多賀城に置かれたと推測されている。
- It is assumed that an institution equivalent to the Chinju-fu was first established in Taga-jo Castle.
- 同書をもって初めて歴史認識が明確に示されたとする見解もある。
- According to some opinions, this book is the first one in which a recognition of history was clearly described.
- 冒頭の神代に関する稿は、後代の挿入で、当初はなかったらしい。
- It appears as though the opening text pertaining to the age of the gods was not originally contained within the text but was incorporated after completion.
- しかしながら、上海で「重度」となったのは初めてのことだった。
- However, it was the first 'serious' index for Shanghai.
- 教育についての日本では初めて思想として提起されたものになる。
- It's a concept of education that was implemented for the first time in Japan.
- 内府: 明治から昭和の初めにかけてあった「内大臣府」の通称。
- Nai-fu: Vernacular term for 'Udaijin-fu' which existed from Meiji to early Showa.
- 同年内に、日本初の学区制小学校である番組小学校が開設される。
- Bangumi Shogakko elementary schools, the first schools in Japan administered by the school district system, were opened in the same year.
- 京おどり 4月初旬から下旬にかけて宮川町歌舞練場で上演する。
- Kyo Odori (Kyoto Dance): performed at the Miyagawa-cho Kaburen-jo Theater from early to late April.
- 江戸時代初期の1642年に「守山宿」として制札が与えられた。
- The area was named 'Moriyamajuku' by edict in 1642, in the early part of the Edo Period.
- 彼らは当初は海賊行為を主体とした小規模な集団に過ぎなかった。
- At first they only consisted of small groups that were mainly engaged in pirate activities.
- 江戸時代初期には旧豊臣系大名を中心に大名廃絶政策が取られた。
- In the early Edo period, the Daimyo system abolishment measure was implemented mainly targeting Daimyo of the former Toyotomi family.
- 初代頼朝の時は実質的にトップだったが、その後形骸化していく。
- When Yoritomo was the first shogun, it was practically a top rank, but later became a mere façade.
- 鎌倉時代初期においては、守護の職務は大犯三箇条に限定された。
- In the early Kamakura period, functions of Shugo were limited to Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping).
- 幕末の開国を経て、明治初年に日本とスペインは国交を回復する。
- After the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan resumed diplomatic relations with Spain in the first year of the Meiji period.
- 10世紀初頭の朱雀期になって初めて個別人身支配が放棄された。
- The principle of people-based governance was finally abandoned in the Suzaku era, early 10th century.
- 仁治2年(1241年)に鎌倉幕府が課した例が初出といわれる。
- It was adopted for the first time in 1241 by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- その結果、アジアで最初の普通選挙が実施され政党政治が成立した。
- As a result of this movement, popular election was conducted and party politics were established.
- 輪郭を描かず、初めから画面に形と色を同時にあらわすという技法。
- It is a drawing technique to express, from the beginning, the shape and color on the canvas without drawing contours.
- そのため、太政官も同時に移すという当初の計画は取り下げられた。
- Consequently the initial plan to move the Daijokan at the same time was withdrawn.
- 容保は初め徳川慶喜・松平春嶽からの再三の就任要請を断っていた。
- Katamori first refused the repeated requests asking him to take the post, from Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA.
- 薬子の変(くすこのへん)は、平安時代初期に起こった事件である。
- The Kusuko Incident is an incident that occurred in the early Heian period.
- 茶の産地としても知られ、初夏になれば新緑が斜面を鮮やかに彩る。
- It is also known as a production area of tea, fresh green leaves cover slopes brightly in the beginning of summer.
- 江戸時代初期、各藩は隣接する藩との間で境界争いが盛んとなった。
- In the beginning of the Edo period, each domain frequently engaged in border conflicts with neighboring domains.
- 秀吉は当初、水攻めが始まれば数日で降伏させられると考えていた。
- At first Hideyoshi thought that he could make it surrender in a few days after the start of inundation tactics.
- 給田(給田畠)は、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期までに成立した。
- Kyuden (Kyudenpaku) were established from the end of the Heian period to the beginning of the Kamakura period.
- 昭和初期を最後に「節用集」は出版されなくなりその歴史を終えた。
- It was in the Early Showa period that the last edition was published, and the history of 'setsuyoshu' came to an end.
- 平安時代末期、平清盛が武家としては初めての太政大臣に任じられた。
- At the end of Heian period, TAIRA no Kiyomori was appointed Grand Minister for the first time from a samurai family.
- 以下ふたつは、「会所」の語がみえる初期、鎌倉時代での記述である。
- The following two quotes were from articles written during the Kamakura period, the start of a time when the word, 'Kaisho' could be observed.
- 惣村が形成された当初は、惣村の構成員は乙名のみに限定されていた。
- Early in the period in which a soson was formed, only the members of the Otona could be recognized as members of the soson.
- 通説においては、承和の変は藤原氏による他氏排斥事件の初めである。
- It is a common view that the Jowa Incident was the first incident to expulse other clans from the Imperial Court plotted by the Fujiwara clan.
- (紫竹)桃ノ本町、西北町、西南町、東南町、東北町、初音町、芝本町
- (Shichiku) Momonomoto-cho, Seihoku-cho, Seinan-cho, Tonan-cho, Tohoku-cho, Hatsune-cho, Shibamoto-cho
- 二上山の南に、日本で最初の官道として知られる竹内街道が作られた。
- Takenouchi-kaido Road, which is known as the first Kando (a road that is improved, managed, and maintained by the Japanese nation), was constructed in the south of Mt. Nijo.
- 奈良県桜井市の箸墓(はしはか)古墳は最初期の古墳と言われている。
- The Hashihaka Mounded Tomb in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture, is said to have been the earliest example of kofun.
- ところが、律令制の弛緩とともに封戸や初期荘園の機能が形骸化した。
- As the statutory ritsuryo system became slack, fuko and the early shoen systems were only in name.
- 1482年、牙符を携行した最初の日本国王使が通交することで発効。
- In 1482, the Gafu came into effect when the first King of Japan envoy carrying Gafu had diplomatic relations with the Yi-Dynasty.
- 広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
- In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.
- 河内源氏初代の源頼信は、平忠常の乱を鎮定し坂東に勢力を扶植した。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the founder of Kawachi-Genji, subjugated the TAIRA no Tadatsune War and established the influence in Bando (old Kanto region).
- 木戸当初案の「宇内(うだい)」は「天下」「世界」の別表現である。
- Udai' (the whole world) of the first draft of Kido was another expression of 'tenka' 'sekai' (world).
- 長宗我部元親は当初織田信長による四国征伐の備えで兵を休めていた。
- Motochika CHOSOKABE had his troops stand by to prepare against the expedition to Shikoku by Nobunaga ODA.
- これは兵農分離を意図した史料上初めて確認できる刀狩令と言われる。
- This is said to be the first command to collect swords in historical materials which aimed at heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil).
- 国語辞典の登場当初は節用集も日常的で手軽な存在として生き残った。
- Even after this advent of the Japanese-language dictionary, the setsuyoshu had survived for a while as convenient dictionaries for daily use.
- 何度か増補・校訂が行われたらしく、初稿本・再稿本などが存在する。
- The book appears to have been enlarged and revised several times, and the first and the revised manuscripts exist.
- 江戸時代初期には、大名の末期養子は江戸幕府によって禁じられていた。
- During the early Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited the daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) to carry out the practice of Matsugo yoshi.
- また、初学者のための学問所直轄の教授所が深川・麻布・麹町にあった。
- For elementary learners, Kyoju-sho under the direct control of Gakumonjo were established in Fukagawa, Azabu and Kojimachi.
- 学研都市で開発計画が中止に追い込まれたのは、これが初めてであった。
- This was the first case in which a development plan was cancelled.
- 同年、頼家の弟・源実朝が3代将軍となり、北条時政が初代執権となる。
- In the same year Yoritomo's brother, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo became the third shogun and Tokimasa HOJO became the first regent.
- 石寺楽市は日本国内での文献上の初見で城下町に築かれたとされている。
- Ishidera Rakuichi was the first Rakuichi held in a castle town to be recorded in literature.
- その結果、初期の節用集は一番始めに出てくる項目が「伊勢」であった。
- As a result, the first entry in the early setsuyoshu was 'Ise' (Ise Province).
- この政策が結実したのが9世紀末~10世紀初頭の寛平・延喜期であった。
- This idea was brought to fruition in Kanpyo and Engi eras, from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 光悦村(こうえつむら)は、本阿弥光悦らが営んだ江戸時代初期の芸術村。
- Koetsu mura was a village that flourished in arts and crafts, and managed by Koetsu HONAMI during the early Edo Period.
- 鎌倉時代初め、鴨長明の『無名抄』「近代会狼藉事」にこう書かれている。
- At the beginning of the Kamakura period, it was written as follows within 'Kindaikairozekiji' in 'Mumyosho' (an essay on tanka poetry) written by KAMO no Chomei:
- 8世紀に施行された律令に初めて「出挙」の語が現れた(養老律令雑令)。
- The word 'Suiko' first appeared in the Ritsuryo codes enforced in the eighth century (Yoro-ritsuryo-zoryo [a chapter in the code promulgated in the Yoro period dealing with miscellaneous materials]).
- また京都府北部では唯一の私立中学校や、北近畿初の4年制大学を有する。
- Also in Fukuchiyama City, there are the only private junior high school in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture and the first four-year college founded in the northern Kinki area.
- 江戸時代初期から「巡礼講」が各地で組まれ団体の巡礼が盛んに行われた。
- In the early Edo period, the 'junrei-ko' (pilgrim groups) were organized in many parts of the country, and group pilgrimage became popular.
- 江戸初期に八坂神社の門前で営業された水茶屋がこの花街の始まりである。
- Gion Kobu started with the opening of a teahouse in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine at the beginning of the Edo period.
- It started with the opening of a tea house in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in the beginning of the Edo period.
- 黄初元年に今度は甘粛省側を分割して涼州として、陝西省側を雍州とした。
- Next, in 220, Gansu Province side was separated to be named Liang Zhou, while Shan Xi Province side was to be called Yong Zhou.
- 幕末から明治初期にかけては朝鮮征伐、征韓などと呼ばれるようになった。
- From the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was called 'chosen seibatsu' (punitive expedition to Korea) or 'seikan' (punitive expedition to Korea).
- また、立法府に関しては木戸孝允らが明治初年から議会開設を唱えていた。
- Also, as far as the legislation was concerned, Takayoshi KIDO and others had insisted on the establishment of the Diet since 1868.
- 松山は多和に築城し、2月初頭には盛んに九度山町方面へ攻撃を仕掛けた。
- Matsuyama had a castle built at Tawa and actively attacked Kudoyama Town at the beginning of March.
- 鉄道開通を機に日本初の別荘分譲地(鵠沼海岸別荘地)として開発された。
- Upon the opening of railroad, the land was developed as the first cottage subdivision lots for sale in Japan (Kugenuma-Kaigan Villas).
- 当初は30町であり、室町時代には年貢として200貫の地とされていた。
- Kuragaki no Sho was originally 29 hectares, which in the Muromachi period was worth 750 kilograms in nengu (land tax).
- その戦後初期の武士在地領主論では、武士を武士団と同義ととらえている。
- The theory of bushi lord of manor in early post-war period considered bushi the same as bushidan.
- 石山本願寺への兵糧搬入という当初の目的は毛利方が果たす結果となった。
- Consequently, the primary purpose of the Mori side was fulfilled by delivering provisions to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
- 内奏方(ないそうがた)とは、室町幕府初期に設けられた訴訟機関の1つ。
- Naisogata was one of the legal institutions set up in the early stage of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 初期の畿内においては足利将軍家と管領の細川氏との抗争が繰り広げられた。
- In the early stage in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), struggles between the family of Ashikaga shogun and kanrei, the Hosokawa clan were repeated.
- 行家は4月から5月にかけて東国を廻ったが、5月初めには計画は露見した。
- During the fifth and sixth months (fourth and fifth months in lunar calendar) Yukiie traveled around the eastern provinces before the plot was discovered at the beginning of the sixth month.
- 前任者は、解由状を式部省へ提出して初めて、次の官職に就くことができた。
- Only after submitting a geyujo to Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies), is the former officer able to assume the next official position.
- 最初、加地子は、耕作者から名主・荘官へ本年貢と合算して納入されていた。
- Originally, cultivators delivered the total Kajishi and honnengu to myoshu/shokan.
- 新興コンツェルン以外で、昭和初期~第二次世界大戦中に発展した中堅財閥。
- There were some medium-size zaibatsu, other than the emerging zaibatsu, that grew from the early Showa era through the middle of World War II.
- 野田川町町長初当選当時、京都府内唯一の女性首長として一躍有名になった。
- She became instantaneously famous for being the only female head in Kyoto Prefecture at the time of passing the election of the mayor of Nodagawa-cho.
- 総督府: 明治から昭和の初めにかけて外地の総督が執務の拠点とした施設。
- Sotoku-fu: Facility used as an office by the government-general in foreign countries from the Meiji to the early Showa period.
- 現在の地に建国され初代サバーハが首長に選出されたのは1756年である。
- The first Sabah selected as Emir since the country was built at its present location was 1756.
- 江戸時代は、当初は松倉氏の大和五条藩領地、後に天領(江戸幕府直轄領)。
- During the Edo period, Ano was originally the land of Yamato Gojo Domain of the Matsukura clan, and later became the shogunal demesne (land directly controlled by Edo bakufu).
- 11月初め、陣代山内政綱がようやく京より帰国し観音寺城の防備を固めた。
- Jindai (a role), Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI finally came back from Kyoto and built up the defenses of the castle, in the beginning of November.
- 18世紀の初めころの京都市と大坂はともに40万近い人口をかかえていた。
- Early in the 18th century, the cities of Kyoto and Osaka both had populations close to 400 thousand each.
- 42ヵ国89ヵ所に及ぶ長講堂の膨大な荘園は当初院政の財政基盤となった。
- The Chokodo had eighty-nine shoen in forty-two provinces that were initially the financial base of the Insei (rule by the retired Emperor).
- 巡爵(じゅんしゃく)とは平安時代初期に成立した蔵人の叙位に関する慣例。
- Junshaku is a customary practice of conferring a Court rank on kurodo (chamberlain), which developed in the early Heian period.
- なお賃租は、国衙だけでなく、初期荘園を経営する大寺社なども行っていた。
- Chinso was also imposed by not only kokuga but also main temples and shrines that ran early shoens (manors in medieval Japan).
- 当初は10巻であったが、間もなく臨時格2巻が追加されて全12巻となった。
- Engikyaku at first consisted of 10 volumes, but two additional volumes were soon added to make the total number of volumes 12.
- 初期荘園は特に畿内に集中しており、全国に満遍なく拡がっていた訳ではない。
- Shoki shoens concentrated especially on the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and did not spread evenly across Japan.
- 境内町と九条町は、明治時代初期、社寺の境内に新たに起立された町名である。
- Keidai-cho and Kujo-cho were newly set up within the precincts of temples and shrines at the beginning of the Meiji period.
- 多田庄を本拠とする源満仲を中心とした初期清和源氏全般を指して用いる場合。
- In one case, 'Tada-Genji' means all of the early Seiwa-Genji branches whose center figure was MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was based in Tada Manors.
- 従って承平天慶の乱(承平5年、935年)がその初期の現われとみなされる。
- Therefore, the Johei and Tenkyo War (in 935) is regarded as an early sign of it.
- 代宗は禁軍(近衛軍)と廬龍を初めとした他藩鎮軍とを動員して討伐を加えた。
- Daizong mobilized the kingun (army guarding an emperor) and hanchin's armies starting with the Lulong army to suppress the rebels.
- 由利の草稿では、初めは「万機公議」と書き、後で「万機公論」と改めている。
- In the draft of Yuri it was written first 'banki kogi' (万機公議) and later revised to 'banki koron' (万機公論).
- 相馬御厨については最初の段階では同族の上総権介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- Soma-mikuriya were owned by Tsunezumi of Kazusa no Gon no suke (provisional governor of Kazusa Province) of the same clan and were owned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 伊勢二十巻本=室町時代初期写・巻一~二および巻九~二十のみ(神宮文庫蔵)
- The Ise 20-volume book: Copied manually in the early Muromachi period, only volumes 1, 2 and 9 - 20 (owned by the Jingu Library)
- 後白河と平氏の政治路線の対立が、院政開始後に初めて表面化した事件である。
- It was the first incident where the confrontation of the political lines between Goshirakawa and the Taira clan became an issue.
- 初日ないし最終日には法会と共に各寺院の得度を朝廷から賜る儀礼が行われた。
- On the first or final day of a Kinomidokyo, a ritual was performed through the Imperial Court, together with a hoe, for those entering into Buddhist priesthood at each temple.
- これとは別に、平安時代後期、慶滋保胤が尽力した勧学会が初出であるともいう。
- Apart from this, it was where the Kangakukai (a place where study is encouraged) contributed by YOSHISHIGE no Yasutane at the end of Heian period, was first mentioned.
- 君手摩を神の名とする初出史料は尚象賢(羽地朝秀)が編纂した中山世鑑である。
- The first historical record referring to Kimitezuri as the name of a god is Chuzanseikan (literally, Mirror of the Ages of Chuzan) compiled by Joken SHO (Choshu HANEJI).
- 上洛する際、最も初めに京都の街を見下ろすことが出来た峠として知られている。
- Upon going to the center of Kyoto, this was the pass where one could take the first glimpse of the town of Kyoto.
- 山国村 10大字(小塩、初川、井戸、大野、比賀江、中江、塔、辻、鳥居、下)
- In the Yamakuni village there were ten Oaza (Oshio, Hatsukawa, Ido, Ono, Higae, Nakae, To, Tsuji, Torii and Shimo)
- だが、禁中並公家諸法度は江戸幕府にとっては初代徳川家康が定めた祖法である。
- However, 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' were the progenitor law for the Edo Bakufu, as ordained by the first Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 江戸時代初期には、1614年に徳川家康の顧問を務めた天海の支配下となった。
- In the beginning of the Edo period in 1614, it was in the control of Tenkai, who was an adviser of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- かつては、日本で最初の木造灯台、油火灯台である旧福浦灯台が利用されていた。
- Former Fukura Lighthouse, which was the first wooden lighthouse in Japan and used an oil lamp, was once available.
- 秀吉が最初に築いた居城であり、秀吉の城下町経営の基礎を醸成した所でもある。
- This is the first castle that Hidoyoshi built to live in and where he culminated his thinking on the management of a castle city.
- 伊達綱村、伊達村和、伊達宗贇は、伊達綱村と三沢初子との間にできた子である。
- Tsunamura, Murayori, and Muneyoshi DATE were born to Tsunamune DATE and Hatsuko MISAWA.
- すなわち、昭和初期の酒屋は現在のバーテンダー的な技量も必要だったのである。
- In other words, the techniques required for present bartenders were necessary for sakaya in the early Showa period.
- 一種の封禄としての意味を持ち、平安時代初期に三宮に給与したのにはじまった。
- This system was meant to pay a kind of salary to the above people and started in the early Heian period when such posts were given to sangu (three empresses).
- 造営費用には当初、安芸国・周防国両国の公領からの収入をあてる計画であった。
- In the beginning, the revenue from the Imperial estate of Aki and Suo Provinces was planned to cover the construction expenses.
- 8世紀初頭から末にかけては奈良時代と呼ばれ、奈良に都城(平城京)が置かれた。
- The early eighth century is called the Nara period, because the capital (Heijo-kyo capital) was placed in Nara.
- こうした歴史像に基づく記述が、21世紀初頭まで一部の辞書などに残存していた。
- Such a historical image remained in some dictionaries until the beginning of the 21st century.
- これは軍政官を派遣するなどの点で、最初期の武家政権としての性格を有している。
- This administration was characterized as an early samurai administration in terms of dispatch of gunsei (military government) officers.
- つまり、最終氷期初期は現在の3 - 4倍と、かなり多かったと推定されている。
- In other words, it is estimated that the amount in the last glacial period was three or four times that of today.
- 最初の教育の制度というのは、大宝律令(701年)による教育制度の確立である。
- The first educational system, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), was the one established in 701.
- 1932年4月1日:日本初の都市トロリーバス(京都市営トロリーバス)が開業。
- April 1, 1932: The first city trolley (Kyoto City Trolley (京都市営トロリ-バス)) opened.
- 15世紀後期~16世紀初頭ごろに一部は戦国大名となり、一部は没落していった。
- From the period of the late fifteenth to early sixteenth century, some daimyo became Sengoku daimyo (daimyo of the Sengoku, or 'Warring States' period) while other daimyo declined.
- 特に乱以後初めて本格的な院政を布いた後嵯峨天皇に院政諸制度が整備されている。
- Particularly, during the age of Emperor Gosaga, who conducted the first full-scale insei after the rebellion, various systems of insei were organized.
- これらの一揆は将軍の代替わり期に多く発生し、「代初めの徳政」を要求している。
- These uprisings commonly happened upon the change of shoguns, and involved demands for 'Tokuseirei upon Change of the Shogun.'
- 今は失われた五重塔の初層に安置されていたと思われるもので、奈良時代末期の作。
- They are believed to have been enshrined in the first story of the lost five-story pagoda and they were made in the late Nara period.
- 朱印船として用いられた船は、初期には中国式のジャンク (船)が多数であった。
- In the early period, there were many Chinese style Junk (ship) utilized as the Shuinsen.
- 1957年に戦後初めての銀貨として鳳凰を意匠とする100円銀貨が発行された。
- In 1957, the 100-yen silver coin was issued with the design of a 'Hoo' (a mythological sacred bird in Chinese lore, a phoenix) as the first silver coin minted after the war.
- (当初は漢城戦線を維持したまま日本本土からの新戦力を投入する計画であった)。
- (At the beginning, it was planned to use the new troops from Japan while maintaining the front line at Hancheng.)
- これに焦った義栄も巻き返しを図り、翌年初めには同じ従五位下左馬頭に任じられた。
- Alarmed by this appointment, Yoshihide attempted a rollback, and early in the following year was appointed to the same status, Samanokami with a rank of Jugoinoge.
- また、初期の自由民権運動は不平士族が中心になっていた(士族民権ともいわれる)。
- In addition, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (also called Shizokuminken) was initiated mostly by fuhei shizoku (dissatisfied former samurai).
- また、中世初期の領主が荘園公領とその下部単位である名田を領地の単位としていた。
- In the early Medieval Ages, a unit of a landlord's territorial land was 'shoen koryo' (a private estate and a public land) and the underlying unit of 'myoden' (a rice field lot under the charge of a nominal holder).
- 製作当初は金色に輝き、所有者の富と威厳を誇示する役割があったものと想像される。
- The bell is imagined to have given off a gold radiance at first, and to have flaunted the owner's wealth and dignity with the radiance.
- 当初は会社敷地内で石炭による火力発電を行い、直流による近距離低圧配電を行った。
- At that time, coal-fired thermal power was generated within the company premises, and short-distance, low-voltage power distribution, operated on direct current, was carried out.
- 他方、軍事面でも710年の河西節度使の設置を初めとして十の節度使が設置された。
- On the military aspect in the meanwhile, 10 setsudoshi were installed, starting with the placement of setsudoshi in Hexi in 710.
- 関ヶ原の合戦では当初は西軍につくが、主戦場で小早川秀秋に同調して東軍に寝返る。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara, he initially fought for the Western Camp, but later, on the main battle field, he followed Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA's example and defected to the Eastern Camp.
- 家格は当初御家人(かかえぜき)だったが、文久2年(1862年)に譜代となった。
- Their family status were initially gokenin (kakaezeki (the lowest rank of gokenin)), but it became fudai (the highest rank of gokenin) in 1862.
- 「運上は最初から一定の金額を納付するように定められているが冥加にはそれがない」
- 'While the amount of Unjo was fixed, no fixed amount existed for Myoga.'
- 初層内は扉の釈迦八相、四隅の十六羅漢図などが装飾文様とともに壁面を埋めている。
- The walls in the first-level pagoda are covered in Shaka Hasso (Eight Aspects of Buddha) on its door, Jurokurakan-zu (the painting of sixteen disciples of Buddha who attained Nirvana) around its corner, together with decorative patterns.
- 心柱が初層の天井裏で止まり、板床となるその上には中央方一間に仏壇を構えている。
- Its central pillar ends under the roof of the first-level pagoda, and on the wooden floor located over the roof, a Buddhist alter is put on a square whose side is ikken (appox. 1.8 m) in the center of the floor.
- 弘文院(こうぶんいん)は、平安時代初期の平安京に和気広世が建てたとされる施設。
- Kobunin was a facility considered to be built by WAKE no Hiroyo in Heiankyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) at the beginning of the Heian period.
- 彼が入京して最初にしたことは大津・堺・山崎など商業都市を直轄地としたことである。
- After entering Kyo, the first thing he did was to make commercial towns such as Otsu, Sakai, and Yamazaki his directly controlled areas.
- (実際に鷲尾家は隆康の代で断絶して江戸時代初期になってようやく再興されている)。
- (In fact, the Washio family was extinguished during Takayasu's generation and reemerged only at the beginning of the Edo Period.)
- 元佶が出版した書籍は、1599年の『孔子家語』、『六韜』、『三略』が最初である。
- Genkitsu first published 'Koshi-kego' (a chronicle of the sayings and doings of Confucius and his disciples), 'Rikuto,' and 'Sanryaku' (ancient Chinese strategy books) in 1599.
- キリスト教は、当初から殉教者を出したが、その墓所に詣でて敬意を表する信者がいた。
- Christianity had martyrs in its history from the beginning, and there were followers who visited their graves in order to honor them.
- 戦国時代初期の文化は北山文化や東山文化と同様に、禅宗などの強い影響を受けている。
- Culture at the beginning of the Sengoku Period was strongly influenced by the Zen sect, same as Kitayama culture and Higashiyama culture.
- 荘園制に先立つシステムは、後期ローマ帝国の農村経済にその初現を見ることができる。
- The system preceding the manorialism firstly appeared in the rural economy of the late Roman Empire.
- 宗氏は当初恒居倭を掌握しておらず、自身の支配下にある対馬への送還に熱心であった。
- At the beginning, since the So clan did not have a command of kokyowa, they actively sent kokyowa back to Tsushima, which was the place under the control of the clan.
- 信長死後その政権を引き継いだ豊臣秀吉は初めて全国的に検地(太閤検地)を実施した。
- After Nobunaga died, his successor, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, carried out the first nation-wide land survey (which is called the 'Taiko Kenchi' because one of Hideyoshi's official titles was 'Taiko').
- 市長職務執行者(初代市長選出まで)藤原 秀夫(ふじわら ひでお) - 旧山城町長
- The administrator as the mayor (until the first mayor was elected): Hideo FUJIWARA, who was the mayor of the former Yamashiro-cho.
- 国政調査において初めて人口が10万人を超えた(その後、人口はやや減少している)。
- For the first time, the total population exceeded 100,000. (Over time, the population has slightly decreased.)
- 内大臣府: 明治から昭和の初めにかけて、内大臣府が執務の拠点とした施設及び組織。
- Naidaijin-fu: Facilities and organization where the base of operations for the Naidaijin-fu (Minister of Interior's Office) were located from the Meiji to the early Showa period.
- 明治5年(1872年)に鴨川をどりが初演され、先斗町は花街としての花を開かせた。
- The first performance of Kamogawa Odori (Kamo River Dance) was held in 1872, and Ponto-cho bloomed as a hanamachi.
- - 天智天皇が日本で初めて水時計(漏刻)を設置した故事に因み、時計博物館を併設。
- It has also the Clock Museum, in connection with the historical event that Emperor Tenchi installed a water clock (rokoku) for the first time in Japan.
- 京からの東下りにおいては最初の宿泊地で「京立ち守山泊まり」と言われ繁栄した宿場。
- For travellers, Moriyamajuku became widely known and thrives as the first stopover point on the route from Kyoto heading toward east, recognized by the saying, 'Kyo-dachi, Moriyama-domari (leave Kyoto and sleep over in Moriyama).'
- 当初、御家人らは訴訟の進行を歓迎したが、ほどなく独裁的な判決への反発が高まった。
- At first, gokenin welcomed the advancement of lawsuits, but a backlash against autocratic judgment soon emerged.
- また、西園寺家一族ではないものの、初代の関東申次であった吉田経房の末裔であった。
- Also, not belonging to the Saionji family, Tsuneaki was one of the descendants of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA, the first Kanto moshitsugi.
- 明治新政府は発足当初から公議を標榜し、その具体的方策としての国是を模索していた。
- From the beginning of inauguration, the New Meiji Government advocated fair discussion and sought national policy as the concrete measure.
- (「朔旦冬至」とは19年周期の最初の年に11月1日 (旧暦)が冬至となること。)
- (When the winter solstice happens to be the first day of November (in the old lunar calendar) once in 20 years, it is called sakuten toji.)
- 乾本の初期のものに、後書に「易林誌」とあるため「易林本」とも呼ばれるものがある。
- Among the series of the early Inuibon, there was edition called 'Ekirinbon,' the name was derived from the word, 'Ekirinshi' (records of Ekirin) appearing in the postface of the book.
- 初期のものには寺社・本所関係、守護・地頭関係など全国的な広がりを持つ法令が多い。
- In the early days, many statutes regulated nationwide matters, such as temples, shrines, honjo (the administrative headquarters of a shoen), shugo (provincial constable), and jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 但し、その名称は、現代の研究者等が名付けたものであって、当初よりの名称ではない。
- Provided, however, that this name was created by contemporary researchers and was not originally in use.
- 人臣最初の摂政となった藤原良房が白河の地に別業を営んだのが白河別業の開始である。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who assumed the office of sessho (regent) as the first subject, built a villa on the land of Shirakawa, which was the beginning of Shirakawa betsugyo.
- 逮捕当初動機として「世間を騒がせたかった」や「社会への復讐のため」などと供述した。
- At first, he said in a deposition that his motive was to create disorder in society or that he had sought revenge against society.
- 朝鮮王朝の当初の目論見では三浦は入港場にすぎず、日本人の定住は想定していなかった。
- At the outset, the Korean Dynasty considered Sanpo as just entrance ports and they did not anticipate that Japanese people would settle down there.
- 1895年 琵琶湖疏水蹴上発電所の電気により日本初の路面電車(京都電気鉄道)運行。
- 1895: Street cars (of Kyoto City Trams), first in Japan, were operated using the electric power generated in the Keage power station based on the Lake Biwa canal.
- 一方、初夏に入った5月ごろ、亜熱帯ジェット気流も北上し、チベット高原に差し掛かる。
- On the other hand, around May in which the early summer begins, the subtropical jet stream moves also to the north and reaches Tibetan Plateau.
- 「吉祥院嶋」を冠称する町名は、野間詰町(もと大字吉祥院)を含め当初10町であった。
- Initially 10 towns were prefixed by 'Kisshoin Shima,' including Nomazume-cho (the former Oaza Kisshoin).
- 1895年2月1日:日本初の路面電車として京都電気鉄道(後に京都市電となる)開業。
- February 1, 1895: Kyoto Electric Railway (the latter-day Kyoto City Trams), the first streetcar in Japan, opened.
- 嶋原の舞踊の流派は、当初篠塚流、その後一時井上流になったが、後に花柳流に変わった。
- Classical Japanese dance in Shimabara followed the Shinozuka School first, then the Inoue School of Dance temporarily, and later the Hanayagi School of Dance.
- 京北地区の歴史としては、平安京造営の際に木材を献上した山国郷が歴史上最初に現れる。
- Yamaguni-go was first seen in the history of Keihoku as a donor of wood for constructing Heian-kyo.
- 本堂は近世初頭に再建されたもので、平成14年5月23日国の重要文化財に指定された。
- The main hall of the temple was rebuilt in the early modern period and designated as a national Important Cultural Property on May 23, 2002.
- 初期農耕文化の時代であり、おおよそ紀元前3世紀から紀元後3世紀頃までの期間を指す。
- The Yayoi period falls under the age of the early agrarian culture, and ranged from about the third century B.C. to about the third century A.D.
- 急遽入城した加藤清正を初め日本軍の堅い防御の前に大きな損害を被り苦戦を強いられた。
- But, the allied forces suffered a large casualties and faced an uphill battle because of the strong defense by the Japanese army including Kiyomasa KATO who hurried to enter the castle.
- 旧事本紀には、健磐龍命の子とされる速瓶玉命が初代阿蘇国造であったと記録されている。
- According to 'Kujihoongi' (Ancient Japanese History), Hayamikatama no mikoto, who was Takeiwa tatsuno-mikoto's child, was the first Asonokuni no miyatsuko.
- 初めの頃は大倭と書かれ、奈良時代の天平9年から10年間大養徳と字を改めた事がある。
- Initially, it was written as '大倭' but was changed to '大養徳' for ten years from 737 during the Nara period.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- 租税義務のともなう輸租田を主とするものであり、初期荘園(墾田地系荘園)と呼ばれる。
- Shoen were mainly Yusoden, which were rice fields subject to taxation, and known as shoki shoen (literally, shoen in initial stage).
- 合戦開始当初は両軍互角の状況だったが、次第に数で劣る最上軍が追いつめられていった。
- Although the battle was initially a pitched battle, the Uesugi's allied troops, who outnumbered those of Mogami, gradually drove their opponent into a corner.
- 奈良時代から平安時代初期にかけては、大津氏・弓削氏・滋岳氏などが、世業としていた。
- From the Nara period to the early Heian period, the position was hereditary in the Otsu, Yuge and Shigeoka clans.
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍足利義満が就任して最初の評定始の際に定められた法令である。
- Jisha honjoryo no koto was formulated at the first hyojohajime (a ceremony within the bakufu conducted at the first held conference gathering of government officials on New Year's day or at the inauguration of a new shogun) after the inauguration of the third Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 10世紀初頭に成立し、11世紀中期ないし12世紀後期までの期間に存続したとされる。
- It is considered this polity was established in early 10th century and continued to exist until the mid-11th century or late 12th century.
- 坂本によって名体制の成立と王朝国家の成立とが初めて有機的に理解されるようになった。
- Thanks to Sakamoto, the establishment of the myo-system and that of Dynastic polity were coordinately understood for the first time.
- 初陣(ういじん)は日本における武士階級の子弟が初めて戦闘行為に参加することをいう。
- Uijin is the first battle that young people in the Japanese samurai hierarchy participated in.
- その初見が692年(持統天皇6年)のため『飛鳥浄御原令』で制定されたとされている。
- The first zoyo is believed to have been established in the 'Asuka-kiyomihara-ryo' code of 692.
- その後、伊勢など旧国名が付録として本の後ろにまわり、最初の項目は「印度」となった。
- At a later time, the names of provinces, such as Ise, moved to the back of the book, and the first entry was replaced by 'Indo' (India).
- 日本気象協会が日本初の一般向けスギ花粉情報を開始したのは1987年3月9日である。
- The Japan Weather Association began the first Japanese cedar pollen information service for the general public on March 9, 1987.
- まさに東勝寺合戦の初七日の供養をしめすものであり、伝承が事実であったことがわかった。
- This shows exactly that the memorial service was held on the sixth date after their death at Tosho-ji War, so the folklore turned out to be true.
- 発掘が始まった当初、国府は平城京や平安京のような中央の都城の縮小版と考えられていた。
- When the excavation was started, Kokufu was thought to be a miniature of a capital in the central government such as Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) and Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).
- 近江国は、当初は淡海(あはうみ、あふみ)と書き、近淡海(ちかつあはうみ)とも呼んだ。
- In early days, Omi Province was described as 'Awaumi,' 'Afumi' or 'Chikatsu Awaumi no kuni.'
- 1981年5月29日:京都市営地下鉄初の路線として、京都市営地下鉄烏丸線が部分開業。
- May 29, 1981: A portion of the Kyoto Municipal Subway Karasuma Line opened as the first line on the Kyoto Municipal Subway.
- もともとは鴨川の州で、江戸時代初期に護岸工事で埋立てられ、新河原町通と呼ばれていた。
- The land was originally a sandbar on the Kamo-gawa River, but was reclaimed through the bank protection work in the early Edo period and was called Shinkawaramachi-dori Street.
- Its original land feature was a sandbank in the Kamo-gawa River, but, reclamation work was conducted as part of bank protection work during the early Edo period, and the place came to be called Shin-kawaramachi-dori Street.
- 正月の大神神社に訪れる初詣客は、主にJR桜井線を利用し三輪駅は普段の数十倍混雑する。
- Visitors to Omiwa-jinja Shrine for 'hatsumode' (the practice of visiting a shrine or temple at the beginning of the New Year) mainly use JR Sakurai Line, and at that time Miwa Station is dozens of times as crowded as usual.
- 高野山と織田信長の関係悪化は、天正初年の大和宇智郡の領有問題に絡むトラブルに始まる。
- The relationship between Koyasan and Nobunaga ODA began to become worse since the trouble on the issue of territorial rights over Yamato Uchi County in 1573.
- ちなみに、最初に認められた6人は、頼朝と源義経の仲が険悪化する以前に推挙されていた。
- In fact, the first six people had been recommended before Yoritomo got onto bad terms with MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- ただ、『占事略决』では三伝の中の発用(初伝)を機械的に変更する方法が解説されている。
- In 'Senji ryakketsu', however, the method to automatically change hatsuyo (shoden), one of Sanden, is explained.
- その後、初めて女院となった東三条院藤原詮子に対しても上皇と同じような待遇が許された。
- Subsequently, Higashi Sanjoin FUJIWARA no Senshi was the first nyoin to be treated in the same way as the Retired Emperor.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけての寛平・延喜期になると、抜本的な国政改革が展開した。
- In the Kanpyo to Engi eras, that is to say, from around the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, the national administration was reformed drastically.
- 主に日本の戦国時代 (日本)の合戦では、敵軍に対し最初に槍で勝利をあげた者を指した。
- In battles during the Sengoku period (Japan), Ichiban-yari usually referred to the first warrior to defeat an enemy with a spear.
- 喜界町志戸桶(喜界島)、奄美諸島に到着した平家が最初に築いたと言われる七城跡がある。
- Shitooke, Kikai-cho (Kikai-jima island); here are the ruins of Shichi-jo castle, which is believed to be the first castle constructed by the Taira family after their arrival in Amami-Oshima Island.
- この治承三年の政変をもって、武家政権としての平氏政権が初めて成立したとする見解もある。
- This 'Political Change in Jicho 3 (1179)' is considered by some as the initial establishment of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government.
- 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
- In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
- 朝鮮王朝建国当初は入港場に制限はなく、通交者は随意の浦々に入港することが可能であった。
- When the Korean Dynasty was founded, there was no restriction on entrance ports, and foreigners who visited Korea for trade were allowed to enter any port.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて紛争の火種となる任用たちの現地赴任は行われなくなった。
- During the late 9th century to the early 10th century, the ninyo, who were more likely to cause conflicts, were no longer employed to be dispatched to the provinces.
- 江戸時代初期に角倉了以により大堰川が開削され、丹波国地方と京都の間の水運が確保された。
- In the early Edo period, the Oi-gawa River was excavated by Ryoi SUMINOKURA and thus the water transportation system between the Tanba Province region and Kyoto was secured.
- どの年を「鎌倉時代」の最初の年とするかについては、上に挙げた以外にも二、三の説がある。
- There are few opinions other than the above as to what year the 'Kamakura Period' started.
- なだらかで登山道が整備され比較的登りやすいため、登山初心者をはじめ登山客に人気が高い。
- Due to its moderate slopes, it is a relatively easy mountain to hike and is a popular hiking destination for beginners, as well as other hikers.
- 平安時代初期に、高取川に堤防を築いて水の流れをせき止めて作られた巨大な灌漑用の貯水池。
- This very big pond was created as an irrigation reservoir in the early Heian period by stemming the flow of the Takatori-gawa River through the embankment.
- 明治の頃には間口9間・奥行6間の豪邸があり、最後の住人が昭和初めまで住んでいたという。
- There was a residence with a frontage of about 10.92 meters and a depth of about 10.92 meters in the Meiji period and the last residents lived until the early Showa period.
- 3月度の定例市議会で古都税の初年度収入を含んだ昭和60年度一般会計予算案が可決された。
- The bill of the general account budget of the 1985 fiscal year which included the first year revenue from the Old Capital Tax was approved at the regular city assembly of March.
- 初め明将陳愚衷が全州を捨てて逃走すると提督麻貴は漢城より遊撃牛伯英を遣わし赴援させた。
- When Ming warrior Chin fled Jeonju at first, Admiral Ma Gui sent for the ranger Gyu from Hanseong for support.
- そうした地方行政の実情を国家体制の基本方針に採用したのが、10世紀初頭だったのである。
- It was early 10th century when the government adopted the actual situation of local administration as the basic policy of the nation.
- 8世紀初年に本格的に始まった日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳を元にして百姓・人民を把握した。
- The Ritsuryo system, which officially started at the beginning of the 8th century, controlled farmers and citizens based on family registers and the yearly tax registers.
- 鶴林寺は聖徳太子創建と伝えられる天台宗寺院であり、太子堂は当初法華堂として建造された。
- Kakurin-ji Temple was the Tendai sect temple which was said to be constructed by Prince Shotoku, and Taishi-do Hall was originally constructed as Hokke-do Hall.
- 飢餓と疫病によって、寛正2年の最初の2ヶ月で京都で8万2千人の死者が出たと言われている。
- It is said that 82,000 lost their lives to famine and plague in Kyoto in the first two months of 1461 alone.
- 秀吉は初めての領地が長浜市であった関係もあり、多数の近江国民を主に事務方として登用した。
- Partly because Hideyoshi's first territory was Nagahama City, he promoted a lot of people from Omi as the clerical staff.
- 1891年11月:琵琶湖疏水の水を用いて、日本初の水力発電所となる蹴上発電所が稼動開始。
- November 1891: The Keage Power Plant, the first hydroelectric facility in Japan using water from Lake Biwa Canal, became operational.
- 上記の蛤御門は、元々開かずの扉であったが、1788年の天明の大火の際に初めて開門された。
- The above Hamaguri-gomon Gate was originally unopened, but, was opened for the first time when the Great Fire of Tenmei occurred in 1788.
- 694年に日本最初の都城である藤原京が造営され、都が平城京に移転するまで16年存続した。
- Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace), the first capital of Japan, was built in 694 and had existed for 16 years until the capital was transferred to Heijo-kyo.
- 地震波初動の分布や地殻変動がはっきりと観測され、この地震を契機に地震学が大きく進展した。
- The distribution and the initial motion of the seismic wave as well as the movement in the Earth's crust was clearly observed during the Northern Tango Earthquake; and as a result, the field of seismology has greatly developed since.
- 牙符制は導入当初こそ通交統制に効果を発揮したが、明応の政変を期に牙符が流出し効力を失う。
- Although Gafusei was effective in controlling dispatch of envoys at the beginning, Gafu flew after the Meio no ran and lost its effect.
- 上方(かみがた・かみかた)は、江戸時代に、大坂や京都を初めとする畿内を呼んだ名称である。
- Kamigata is a name used in the Edo period referring to Kinai including Osaka and Kyoto.
- 平安時代初期に編集された『和名抄』に、大和国城下郡に大和郷(於保夜末止)が記されている。
- 'Wamyosho', a dictionary compiled in the early Heian period, describes Yamato-mura (also called Ohoyamato) located in Shikino-shimono-kori in Yamato Province.
- 忠次はその後譜代大名として武蔵小室藩の初代藩主となり、長男の伊奈忠政が2代藩主となった。
- Subsequently, Tadatsugu, as a fudai daimyo (a daimyo as hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) became the first lord of the Musashikomuro Domain, with his eldest son Tadamasa INA inherited as the second lord.
- 6月5日 宮津湾で駆逐艦「初霜 (初春型駆逐艦)」を標的とした夜間爆撃訓練中、1機墜落。
- June 5: One plane crashed during night training using the destroyer Hatsushimo (Hatsuharu type destroyer) as the target in the Miyazu Bay.
- このように当初は太政官が郡司・百姓らの主張を認め、国司を解任することが基調となっていた。
- Initially as described above, it was common that Daijokan approved claims of gunji and farmers and dismissed the kokushi.
- 併せて、天皇支配を具現化するために律令制の導入を進め、8世紀初頭の大宝律令制定に結実した。
- In addition, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code) was introduced to realize control by the Emperor, producing Taiho Ritsuryo (the Taiho Code) in the early eighth century.
- 初期の武士身分は諸大夫身分の軍事貴族と、侍身分の一般武士のふたつの階層から構成されていた。
- The position of bushi originally had two classes, the militaristic aristocracy with the position of shodaibu, and the ordinary bushi with the position of samurai.
- 作曲は『小学唱歌集 初編』には「英国古代の大家ウェブの古歌」と記されているが、詳細は不明。
- With respect to composition, it is written in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen' as 'an old song by Webb, who was a virtuoso in ancient Great Britain.
- 頼朝は、当初国衙の主として朝廷公家に追い使われていた東国武士集団反乱の旗手として登場する。
- Yoritomo appeared as a flagman in revolts by samurai groups in the eastern countries, who originally served as court nobles of the Imperial Court as lords of kokuga.
- 幕府においては、年始及び征夷大将軍就任時に初めて評定衆を集めて開く評定の際に行われていた。
- Hyojohajime of the bakufu was conducted at the New Year and at the first consultation that convened hyojoshu (the members of the Council of State) after a seii taishogun (lieterally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') assumed the post.
- 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
- Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.
- この後、良房は昇進を重ね、ついに人臣最初の摂政・太政大臣にのぼり、藤原氏繁栄の基礎を築く。
- Then, after building up promotions, Yoshifusa finally achieved the position of the Sessho and Daijo-daijin (regent and grand minister of state) to become the first subject to be officially appointed to the post, laying the foundation of the Fujiwara clan's prosperity.
- 7世紀末から8世紀初頭に始まった律令制では、人民一人ひとりを租税収取の基礎単位としていた。
- In the ritsuryo system (system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which started around the end of the seventh century or the beginning of the eighth century, the basic unit for tax collection was every single person.
- 1990年代初頭までこの周囲は雑木林で照明設備が少なく、昼夜問わず寂しさを感じさせていた。
- Until the early 1990s, the pass was a wooded area with sparsely placed lights, making people feel lonely even in the daytime as well as at night.
- 上平屋から園部町へ向かう京都府道19号園部平屋線(京都府道19号線)沿道にある最初の集落。
- Shimohiraya is the first community found along the Sonobe Hiraya Line of Kyoto Prefectural Route 19 when driving along the road from Kamihiraya to Sonobe-cho.
- 1961年(昭和36年)6月21日姉妹都市提携 - 日露(当時はソビエト連邦)間で初の提携
- Sister-city affiliation established on June 21, 1961: first sister-city affiliation between Japan and Russia (then part of the Soviet Union)
- 奈良時代に孝謙天皇の発願により、僧・常騰(じょうとう)を開山(初代住職)として建立された。
- It was built in the Nara period at the wish of the Empress Koken having Joto, a priest, as kaisan (the first chief priest).
- 守護所は、当初、山城国守護を京都守護が兼任していたため、京都守護の御家人の館が当てられた。
- As for Shugosho (governor's office), at first, the mansion of the Gokenin of Kyoto Shugo (Kyoto governor) was designated because the person holding the post of Kyoto Shugo concurrently took charge of Yamashiro Province's Shugo.
- 前述のとおり小西行長は当初は李氏朝鮮、後には明との和平交渉を優先して平壌で北進を停止した。
- As described above, Yukinaga KONISHI put priority on peace talks with Yi Dynasty Korea, at first, and, then, with Ming and stopped any further movements north, stopping at Pyongyang.
- 初期の検地では統一した書式による検地帳が存在しなかった(例えば、村切の未確立の問題など)。
- At an early stage of kenchi, there was no standardized form of kenchi-cho, because there existed some policies yet to be implemented, such as 'muragiri' (the formation of cultivated land done per village through kenchi during the early modern ages of Japan, which reorganized the complicated rights on land in medieval Japan).
- 当初は全国を、都(平城京・平安京)周辺を畿内五国、それ以外の地域をそれぞれ七道に区分した。
- At first, it consisted of five provinces in the Kinai, around the capital (Heijokyo or Heiankyo), and seven do in the other areas of Japan.
- 変の直後、藤原氏は不比等の娘光明子を、臣下で最初の皇后(光明皇后)に立てることに成功した。
- Immediately after the disturbance, the Fujiwara clan succeeded in making a daughter of Fuhito, Komyoshi (Empress Komyo), the first retainer to become Empress.
- 当初、暦道と宿曜道が共同して暦を作成していた時期もあった(『小右記』長和4年7月8日条)。
- Initially, scholars of rekido and sukuyodo collaborated to make a calendar (according to an entry in 'Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated August 30, 1015).
- 折りしも義仲は西走した平氏追討のため、10月初頭から播磨へ出陣しており、京に不在であった。
- Yoshinaka was not in the capital at that moment because he had gone to Harima since the beginning of October to search for and kill Taira clan on the run towards Saigoku.
- 当該制度は平安時代初期にはじまり、次第に年爵の特典は女院や准后にも与えられることとなった。
- This system started in the early Heian period and later, the privilege of nenshaku was also granted to nyoin (close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparative standing) and jugo (honorable rank next to the three empresses).
- 室町時代から江戸時代の初頭には、領地を持った武士で、蔵米取りでないという意味で使用された。
- The term kyujin was used to mean a samurai who owned territory but was not a kuramaidori (a rank of retainers) from the Muromach period to the early Edo period.
- 大学別曹における学問料の初例は和気広世が設置した弘文院によるものとされる(『日本後紀』)。
- It is said that the first case of Gakumonryo granted by Daigaku-besso was the one granted by Kobun-in, which was established by WAKE no Hiroyo ('Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan)).
- 6世紀後半から8世紀初頭までは、ヤマト王権の本拠が飛鳥に置かれたことから飛鳥時代と呼ばれる。
- The era from the latter half of the sixth century to the early eighth century is called the Asuka period, because the core site of the Yamato sovereignty was placed in Asuka.
- また慈照寺内の東求堂同仁斎は四畳半の座敷で、初期書院造といわれ、和風建築の原型になっている。
- Within Jisho-ji Temple, the room called the Togudo Dojinsai was a four and a half tatami mat room; it is in what has been called early shoinzukuri-style, and is a prototypical example of Japanese-style architecture.
- 6世紀末には日本最初の本格的仏教寺院である法興寺(飛鳥寺)の建設が蘇我氏によって始められた。
- In the end of the sixth century, the Soga clan started to construct Hoko-ji Temple (also called Asuka-dera Temple), which was the first full-scale Buddhist Temple in Japan.
- 1900年(明治33年)には日本初の美術史本と目される『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行された。
- In 1900, the book with the title 'The original draft of the brief history of Japanese art' was published, which is deemed the first book written on art history in Japan.
- 最初に惣田数と年間可収租税総額を記載して、次に「除田」と「定田」のそれぞれの明細を列記した。
- In the first part, the total number of rice fields and the total amount of the annual tax to be imposed were written, and in the second part, the details of 'joden' (tax-free rice fields) and 'teiden' (taxable rice fields) were written.
- 当初郡国制では諸侯に貨幣鋳造権や軍事権が認められていたが、徐々にこのような権力は回収された。
- Under the Gun Ken system, the right of coinage and military right were granted at first, but those rights were gradually forfeited.
- 大和(やまと)とは、古代から明治初期まで、現在の奈良県域を指すとともに、日本の別名でもある。
- Yamato refers to the current region of Nara Prefecture in ancient times to the early Meiji period and is also another name of Japan.
- 十六世紀初頭(戦国時代中頃)、光村の孫・及川重胤は江刺氏と戦って敗れ、光村の家系は衰退した。
- During the early sixteenth century (the mid-Sengoku (Warring States) period), Mitsumura's grandson Shigetane OIKAWA fought with the Esashi clan but was defeated, and consequently the Mitsumura family line went to ruin.
- そのような例では地子が「免許」されたというより「初めからなかった」と捉えたほうが事実に近い。
- In this case, jishi was non-existent from the beginning rather than exempt.
- 本書は、奥書によれば、鎌倉時代初期のに、安倍泰際 (あべ やすきわ) が書写したものである。
- According to its okugaki, this book was transcribed by ABE no Yasukiwa in the early Kamakura period.
- これらの初期荘園には荘民が存在せず、耕作労働力は周辺の班田農民に対する賃租が一般的であった。
- In general, nobody lived in the Shoki Shoen, so farmers from neighboring handen (allotted farmlands) worked the fields by renting them under the Ritsuryo system.
- そのため、代わりに「慶安版本」「寛文版本」が広く用いられ、明治時代初期まで何度も刷を重ねた。
- Therefore, 'Keian printed books' (books printed in the Keian era [1648-1652]) and 'Kanbun printed books' (books printed in the Kanbun era [1661-1673]) were widely used instead, being published many times until the early Meiji period.
- しかし、実際に合戦が行われた戦国時代から江戸時代初期には足軽の過半が動員兵で占められていた。
- However, during the Sengoku Period and the beginning of Edo period where the actual wars took place, the majority of the foot soldiers were soldiers to be mobilized.
- 記録上でも平安時代末期の12世紀初期を最後に姿を消し、このころに廃絶されたと考えられている。
- As the last record concerning Kokugaku was written in the end of the Heian period (early 12th century), it is believed that Kokugaku were abolished around that time.
- しかし、この分類変更の結果、「印度」は「ゐ」部に分類され、「い」部の最初は「乾」に変わった。
- However, due to the aforementioned change of classification, the word 'Indo' was moved to the section of 'ゐ,' losing its position as the first entry in the section of 'い' to another word, 'Inui.'
- ただし、これは初期国家と呼べる段階にはなく、王権の連合(連合王権)と見るのが適切とされている。
- However, it is said to be more accurate to consider that the state of the Japanese islands had not reached the initial nation stage yet, but was still a confederation of sovereign groups.
- 平安時代初期の貴族層を見ると、飛鳥時代の豪族層に出自する氏族がまだ上流貴族階層を構成していた。
- The noble class in the early Heian Period consists of the clans from the local powerful family class in the Asuka Period, in its upper noble class.
- 藤原定家の日記、『明月記』(建仁1203年十二月十日条)にある記述は、「会所」の初見とされる。
- The description within the diary of FUJIWARA no Teika (Sadaie), 'Meigetsuki' (the entry dated December 10, 1203 (old calendar)) was supposedly the first place where the word, 'Kaisho' was mentioned.
- 1930年に日本で初めてミズグモが発見された場所であり、本州以南で数少ない生息地の一つである。
- It is where water spiders were sighted for the first time in Japan in 1930, being one of their very few habitats in Honshu and the south.
- なお、当初「吉祥院中河原」を冠称していた町名の一部において、冠称が「吉祥院」に変更されている。
- In certain towns their prefix changed from 'Kisshoin Nakagawara' to 'Kisshoin.'
- 向かって右手が築城当初からの「ごぼう積み」、左手が新たに積み直された「落し積み」となっている。
- The stones in the stone wall on the observer's right were piled up by the method of original 'gobozumi', and stones on the left were newly piled up with the method of 'otoshizumi' (a method of piling up stone wall, putting rectangular stone on the angle for leaning over on the next stone).
- 実戦での最初の使用は、薩摩国の島津氏家臣の伊集院忠朗による大隅国の加治木城攻めであるとされる。
- It is said that the first use of guns in battle was seen in the attack on Kajiki-jo Castle in Osumi Province by Tadaaki IJUIN, a vassal of the Shimazu clan from Satsuma Province.
- 室町時代に流行した私印は江戸時代初期にも見られ、藤原惺窩や林羅山などの儒者を中心に用いられた。
- Private seals, which became popular in the Muromachi period, were still used by people, centering around Confucians such as Seika FUJIWARA and Razan HAYASHI in the early Edo period.
- 弟子の高元岱を通じて榊原篁洲・池永一峰・細井広沢などの初期江戸派と呼ばれる人々の間に伝わった。
- Through his disciple Gentai KO, it was also spread among those people now known collectively as the early Edo school, such as Koshu SAKAKIBARA, Ippo IKENAGA and Kotaku HOSOI.
- 『今昔物語集』は12世紀初頭の成立といわれるが、呼ばれ方は「兵(つわもの)」「豪の者」である。
- The 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have been written in the early twelfth century, but it was called 'Tsuwamono' (written as 兵) or 'rich person.'
- そして、同乱の鎮圧に勲功をあげた「寛平延喜勲功者」こそが最初期の武士であったと考えられている。
- Kanpyo Engi kunkosha' (the persons who realized achievements in the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War), or the persons who contributed significantly to suppress the war, are considered to have been samurai at the initial stage.
- この後、戸田芳実らにより王朝国家は農奴などを抑圧する初期封建国家であるとの位置づけがなされた。
- Thereafter, Yoshimi TODA defined the Dynastic polity as the early feudal nation which oppressed serf.
- 朝廷でも伏見天皇親政期に越訴奉行が設置され、室町幕府でも初期には越訴方・越訴奉行が設置された。
- The ossobugyo was organized in the Imperial Court during the period in which Emperor Fushimi had the control of the government from 1287 to 1298), and the ossokata and ossobugyo were organized in the early Muromachi bakufu.
- 更に『神木動座之記』(内閣文庫所蔵)という書物によれば、寛弘3年(1006年)が最初だという。
- And 'Shinboku doza no ki' (the book on moving the sacred tree, owned by the Cabinet Library) says the first one was in 1006.
- 法親王は当初は反対したものの押し切られ、綱吉は就任早々の朝廷との関係悪化を嫌ってこれを承諾した。
- The Cloistered Imperial Prince, at first against the proposal, was eventually persuaded and Tsunayoshi, wishing to avoid worsening relations with the Imperial Court in the early days of his new position, also consented.
- 常照愚草(じょうしょうぐそう)は、戦国時代 (日本)初期の山城国守護職・伊勢貞陸による有職故実。
- Jisho-guso is a Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by Sadamichi ISE, the military governor of Yamashiro Province in the early Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- 初期の会所とよばれた空間は建物の一部だったが、室町時代に独立して、特定の建物に会所の名がついた。
- Spaces called Kaisho in the beginning were part of the architecture, became independent during the Muromachi period and specific buildings became known as Kaisho.
- 日本の荘園は、奈良時代に律令制下で農地増加を図るために墾田私有を認めたことに始まる(初期荘園)。
- Japanese shoens started when the private ownership of newly cultivated land was allowed to increase the farmland under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) during Nara period (shoki shoen (early shoen)).
- 当初朝鮮政府は日本人には徴税権・検断権も行使出来なかった為、彼等を統制下に置こうと圧力をかける。
- Since the Korean Government was at first unable to exercise on Japanese the right to collect taxes nor the right to judge criminal cases, it pressured them in an attempt to put them under its control.
- 軍事貴族(ぐんじきぞく)とは、日本の古代後期から中世最初期にかけて出現した軍事専門の貴族をいう。
- The military aristocracy consisted of aristocrats specialized in military affairs who emerged in history in the late ancient period through the early medieval period.
- この年の初め、足利尊氏は新田義貞・楠木正成・北畠顕家らに敗れて京都を追われ九州へ落ち延びていた。
- At the beginning of 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA was defeated by Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE before being driven back to Kyoto and fleeing to Kyushu.
- 江戸時代初期には将軍上洛用御殿が近江国内に水口城のほかに、永原御殿、伊庭御殿、柏原御殿があった。
- In the early Edo period, in Omi Province there were four places where Shogun stayed when he went to Kyoto: Nagahara Goten (palace), Iba Goten, and Kashiwabara Goten in addition to Minaguchi-jo Castle.
- 現存する最初の半済令は、1352年(観応3年/正平 (日本)7年)7月に室町幕府から発布された。
- The oldest hanzei law in existence was published by the Muromachi bakufu in July 1352.
- 平安京は後世においては音読みの「へいあんきょう」と読むが、当初は「たいらのみやこ」と訓読みした。
- Heian-kyo was pronounced as 'Heian-kyo' in On-yomi (Chinese readings) by later generations, but it was originally pronounced as 'Taira no Miyako' in Kun-yomi (Japanese readings).
- 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
- The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
- 初代藩主・京極高通 (丹後国峰山藩主)は朽木宣綱の次男として生まれたが、京極高知の養子となった。
- The first lord Takamichi KYOGOKU (lord of the Mineyama domain of Tango province) was born as the second son of Nobutsuna KUTSUKI and was adopted by Takatomo KYOGOKU.
- 発行される前年の1954年、この一円硬貨と(旧)五十円硬貨のデザインが戦後初めて一般公募された。
- In 1954, one year before it was issued, designs for this one-yen coin and (former) 50-yen coin were sought from the public for the first time after the war.
- 4月に入り織田信長は甲斐に向かい、その途中の台ヶ原(北杜市)で、生涯初めて富士山を見たとされる。
- Nobunaga ODA, who departed for Kai Province in April 1582, is reported to have seen Mt. Fuji at Daigahara (in present-day Hokuto City) for the first time in his life.
- 大学寮における当初の両博士の立場はあくまでも明経道を補完するものでしかなかったと考えられている。
- At first, these two hakase were only there at the daigakuryo to support myogyodo.
- 従って、藤原氏とあるが本来の初姓は有道氏であり、12世紀中には塩谷を名乗っていたものと見られる。
- Thus the name was FUJIWARA, but originally the first family name was ARIMICHI clan; during the twelfth century, they identified themselves as SHIONOYA.
- この動きは、初期荘園から寄進地系荘園(内部リンク「荘園」を参照)への移行を如実に表すものである。
- This movement clearly demonstrates the shift from early stage shoen to kishinchikei shoen (shoen that were originally donated by developers for the purpose of tax-exemption etc.) (refer to internal link 'Shoen').
- 平安時代中葉には正法・像法各千年説が有力となって永承7年(1052年)が末法の初年と考えられた。
- In the middle of the Heian period, the theory of 1,000 years for Shobo and Zobo was popular, and the year 1052 was considered to be the first year of Mappo.
- 節用集(せつようしゅう)は、室町時代から昭和初期にかけて出版された日本の用字集・国語辞典の一種。
- Setsuyoshu is a series of Yojishu (a collection of useful characters) or Japanese-language dictionary published from the Muromachi period to the early Showa period.
- 日本の組織的なスギ花粉の調査は、1965年に現国立病院機構相模原病院が開始したものが最初である。
- The first systematic Japanese cedar pollen investigation was begun in 1965 by the current National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital.
- 当初フェントンによって作曲がなされたが、洋風の曲であり日本人に馴染みにくかったため普及しなかった。
- At first, Fenton composed the melody, but as it was western style, it was unfamiliar to Japanese people and was not accepted very well.
- 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
- The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.
- 施政にあたる人物で、最初に教育に関心を示したといわれるのは、聖徳太子(574年-622年)である。
- Among those who had administrative rights, the first person who was considered to be interested in education was Prince Shotoku (574- 622).
- 新撰姓氏録(しんせんしょうじろく)は、平安時代初期のに、嵯峨天皇の命により編纂された古代氏族名鑑。
- Shinsen Shojiroku is an ancient clan-name register or directory that was compiled by an order from Emperor Saga in the early Heian period.
- 江戸時代初期に八坂神社の門前で水茶屋を営業したのが始まりで以後、花街として発展し正式に許可された。
- Gion Kobu started with the opening of a tea house in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in the beginning of the Edo period; thereafter, Gion Kobu flourished as a hanamachi and received official approval.
- 鎌倉時代初期には、国衙領や、荘園のうち皇室・公家や寺社の領地には、武家の支配がおよんでいなかった。
- In the early days of the Kamakura period, samurai had not yet begun to challenge the ownership of kokugaryo (public) lands and shoen (private estates) by the Imperial household, the aristocracy (the Court nobles), and the temples and shrines.
- ただし、白河は当初からそのような院政体制を意図していたわけではなく、結果的にそうなったともいえる。
- In the beginning, Shirakawa did not intend to institute the insei system, but it was established nevertheless.
- 冬嗣の子藤原良房は、857年に太政大臣へ、866年には摂政へと、いずれも人臣として初めて就任した。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, the son of Fuyutsugu, took office as prime minister in 857 and became regent in 866, both of these firsts for an imperial subject.
- 近世初期に宣教師らが日本を訪れ、一部に西洋美術が知られるようになったが、その影響は局所的であった。
- At an early stage of the early modern ages, Christian missionaries came over to Japan, and Western art became known to some Japanese at that time, but its influence on Japanese art was quite limited.
- 安土城は現在の安土山に建造され、大型の天守(現地では「天主」と表記)を初めて持つなど威容を誇った。
- Azuchi-jo Castle was built on now Mt. Azuchi, presenting dignified appearance for its unprecedented large-scaled castle tower (or Azuchi-jo Castle keep) and others.
- 日本では、明治初年に始まる明治維新により、さまざまな改革が行われ、旧来の国制は根本的に変更された。
- After the Meiji Restoration which began in 1868, various reforms were implemented in Japan, and the national polity was radically changed.
- 姓、戸主、死亡者名、年齢、区分、死亡月日の一連の情報がわかるものとしては秋田城跡の例が最初である。
- Shibocho unearthed from the Remains of Akita-jo Castle was the first one showing a series of information such as Kabane (hereditary title), head of Ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration), name of deceased person, age, classification, and date of death.
- 初期荘園(しょきしょうえん)は、8~9世紀に未墾地の墾田化・既墾の墾田の集積を通して成立した荘園。
- Shoki shoen (early shoen) were shoen (manors) established through an accumulation of wasteland and a collection of reclaimed rice fields from the eighth to the ninth century.
- 初期荘園においては、荘園領主直属の奴婢や他郷から流入してきた浮浪を例外として荘民は存在しなかった。
- In shoen of the earlier period, there were not people who were categorized as shomin, except slaves who directly belonged to the shoen owners or vagabonds who drifted from other provinces.
- 中世から近世初期にかけて押買・押売は、質取行為と並んで市場における悪習として取締りの対象とされた。
- From the middle ages to the beginning of the modern era, oshigai and oshiuri along with pawn taking, were regulated as unacceptable customs in markets.
- 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
- The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.
- 守護による国衙支配は、特に東国で顕著であり、15世紀初頭までに守護による国衙掌握がほぼ完了していた。
- Shugo's control over kokuga was so remarkable in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) that shugo had almost finished gaining control over the kokuga by the beginning of the 15th century.
- その後、奈良末期~平安初頭にかけて桓武天皇が、律令国家の再構築を目指して大規模な行政改革を実行した。
- Afterwards, aiming at restructuring the nation under the Ritsuryo codes, the Emperor Kanmu carried out a large scale of administrative reform from the late Nara period to the early Heian period.
- サークル関係者と吉田寮の寮生らが初期消火を行い、消防車が到着してから火は20分ほどで消しとめられた。
- People of club activities as well as the students of Yoshida dormitory engaged in the initial firefighting activities and the fire was put out within 20 minutes after the arrival of fire engines.
- 日本史においては主に平安時代後期から安土桃山時代、江戸時代初期までの頭立った武人に対して使用される。
- In Japanese history, it is mostly used for an outstanding warrior from the late Heian period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the early days of the Edo period.
- 11歳の時から醍醐寺、高野山などで修行し、文暦2年(1235年)、35歳の時に初めて西大寺に住した。
- Since the age of eleven, he had trained himself in Daigo-ji Temple, Koyasan and soon and, in 1235 when he was thirty-five years old, he became the chief priest of Saidai-ji Temple for the first time.
- また京阪電気鉄道藤森駅は開業当初師団前という名称であった(1941年(昭和16年)に現名称に改称)。
- Furthermore, Fuji no Mori Station of Keihan Electric Railway Corporation had the name, Shidan mae (front of division) around the time it was established (it was renamed to the current name in 1941).
- また、首都については、当初京都では旧弊が多いとして、大阪市遷都論が大久保利通を中心として唱えられた。
- In addition, Toshimichi OKUBO insisted at first that the capital should be transferred to Osaka as there were many old-fashioned customs related to the old regime in Kyoto.
- 8世紀初頭に律令国家に安定的に組み込まれていたのは、今の山形県庄内地方や宮城県中部以南までであった。
- However, only Shonai region in present-day Yamagata Prefecture and areas south of central Miyagi Prefecture were stably incorporated into ritsuryo kokka at the beginning of the eighth century.
- 当初は諸法令の1文に加えられる形式のものが多かったが、後には単独の法令として出される場合も増加した。
- Initially, sumptuary laws were issued as parts of other laws as single added lines, but later, there were an increasing number of cases where they were issued as independent ordinances.
- 現存する天皇の日記として最初のもので、『醍醐天皇御記』『村上天皇御記』と共に「三代御記」と呼ばれた。
- It is the first existing diary of the Emperor and it was called 'the three major gyoki' together with 'Daigo tenno gyoki' (the Emperor Daigo's diary) and 'Murakami tenno gyoki' (the Emperor Murakami's diary).
- 平安初期には空海によって真言宗が、最澄によって天台宗がもたらされ、貴族の仏教信仰に大きな影響を与えた。
- In the early Heian Period, Shingon sect was introduced by Kukai, Tendai sect by Saicho, which greatly influenced the noble's belief in Buddhism.
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力酒屋を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに酒屋役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected taxes initially, but later it picked up a large sake brewery from each several dozen houses in the same business and assigned them to serve as Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) to collect sakaya-yaku.
- 日本書紀によれば、646年正月の大化の改新の詔において「初めて戸籍・計帳・班田収授法をつくれ」とある。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), an imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms in the New Year of 646 mentioned, 'Make the family register and Keicho, and enact the Handen Shuju-no-ho for the first time.'
- 承和の変(じょうわのへん)は平安時代初期に起きた藤原氏による最初の他氏排斥事件とされている事件である。
- The Jowa Incident is believed to be the first incident to expulse other clans from the Imperial Court plotted by the Fujiwara clan in the early Heian period.
- 平安京は当初から京都とも呼ばれたが、定着したのは平安後期からで、京や京師という呼び名も併用されていた。
- Heian-kyo was also originally called Kyoto but the name became established during the latter part of the Heian period when both the names Kyo and Keishi were used.
- (昭和11年成立)西玄以町、西元町、下花ノ木町、下板倉町、下初音町、西・南上総町、東・西・南・北大野町
- (Established in 1936) Nishi Geni-cho, Nishi Moto-machi, Shimo Hananoki-cho, Shimo Itakura-cho, Shimo Hatsune-cho, Nishi Kamifusa-cho, Minami Kamifusa-cho, Higashi Ono-cho, Nishi Ono-cho, Minami Ono-cho, Kita Ono-cho
- 鳥羽伏見の戦い以前に、新選組隊内において粛清された隊士は初代局長芹沢鴨や新見錦らを含めて41名である。
- The total number of Shinsen-gumi members purged up to the Battle of Toba Fushimi, including Kamo SERIZAWA (initial Commander) and Nishiki NIIMI, is 41.
- また、「日本で初の武家政権」とされたこともあったが、今では平氏政権に次ぐ武家政権と位置づけられている。
- Also, it was regarded as 'the first samurai government in Japan,' but now it is seen as the one following Taira clan government.
- 清和源氏の武士団を摂津国川辺郡多田(兵庫県川西市多田)に最初に形成した源満仲の三男の源頼信を祖とする。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, is regarded as the founder who formed the samurai group of Seiwa-Genji in Tada, Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Tada, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- 儒教は日本においてはむしろ儒学として発展し、江戸時代初期から中頃にかけて朱子学や陽明学が盛んになった。
- Confucianism developed not as a religion but rather as a study, and from the beginning to the middle of Edo period, the doctrines of Zhu Xi (the shushigaku school) and the teaching of Wan Yangming (the yomeigaku school) became popular.
- 新羅は、半島統一を阻害する要因であった唐を牽制するため、8世紀初頭までは日本に従うかたちをとっていた。
- In order to keep Tang, a factor hindering unification of the peninsula, in check, Silla pretended to obey to Japan until the beginning of the eighth century.
- 鴻臚の名は入唐留学僧円仁の『入唐求法巡礼行記』の承和 (日本)4年(837年)の記述に初めて登場する。
- The name 'Koro' first appeared in the chapter of the fourth year of the Showa era (837) of 'Nitto guho junreiki' (The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law), which was described by Ennin, a monk who went to China for studying.
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力土倉を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに土倉役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected dosoyaku at first, but later on appointed influential doso as nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and had them collect dosoyaku from several dozens of doso.
- 浄瑠璃寺三重塔・一乗寺三重塔以降の三重塔では、心柱はすべて初重天井上の梁 (建築)から立つようになる。
- Regarding the three story pagodas constructed after the three storied pagoda of Joruri-ji Temple and that of Ichijo-ji Temple, a central pillar was put on hari (a beam) of the ceiling of the first-level tower (architecture).
- また、近年では、江戸時代の面影が残る街を小江戸(当初は川越市などの一部の都市を指した)と呼ぶこともある。
- In recent years, towns that retain their character from during the Edo period are called Ko-edo (little Edo) (originally meant Kawagoe City and a few other cities).
- 初期の頃は京都、美濃国、伊勢国、若狭国などを中心に行商を行っていたが、徐々に活動地域や事業を拡大させた。
- From the earlier period when Omi merchants peddled mainly in Kyoto and the provinces of Mino, Ise, and Wakasa, they gradually extended their businesses and the areas of activity.
- 著名な初期荘園には、越前国の道守荘(東大寺領、荘園絵図が現存する)や播磨国の鵤荘(法隆寺領)などがある。
- As for famous shoki shoen, there are Chimori no sho estate in Echizen Province (the estate of Todai-ji Temple and Shoenezu (a pictorial map drawn in order to clarify the territories and solve disputes caused by the complications of such) still exist), Ikaruga no sho (the Ikaruga shoen estate) in Harima Province (the estate of Horyu-ji Temple) and so on.
- また国学の初歩である古典を教える寺子屋も増えるなど、時代状況に応じて寺子屋も少しずつ変化を遂げて行った。
- Terakoya that taught Koten (classics) which was the basics of Kokugaku also increased, and Terakoya gradually changed with the times.
- 鎌倉時代初期に成頼から数え7代後の佐々木信綱の子らが四家に分かれ六角氏、京極氏、大原氏、高島氏となった。
- In the early Kamakura period, the children of Nobutsuna SASAKI, the seventh family head from Nariyori, divided into four families; the Rokkaku clan, the Kyogoku clan, the Ohara clan and the Takashima clan.
- この城を秀吉は当初兵糧攻めで攻略する予定だったが、兵糧攻めでは時間がかかりすぎるために水攻めに変更した。
- At first, Hideyoshi intended to capture this castle by starvation tactics, but since it took too much time, he changed it to inundation tactics.
- 主に戦国時代 (日本)の合戦で用いられた言葉であるが、現代社会においても最初に手柄をあげた人の事を指す。
- Although it was primarily used in reference to battles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), in modern society it refers to the first person to distinguish themselves.
- 最初に王朝国家という概念を示したのは高尾一彦「荘園と公領」(『日本歴史講座』第2巻、1956年)である。
- Kazuhiko TAKAO firstly proposed the notion of Dynastic polity in his book 'Shoen and Koryo' (manor and Imperial demesne) ('Japanese history course,' volume 2, 1956).
- 「小物成・運上は幕藩制初期からの租税で、冥加は株仲間結成をはじめとして後世に新たに賦課されたものである」
- 'While Komononari (miscellaneous tax) and Unjo existed since the early stage of shogunate system, Myoga was newly imposed later when kabunakama (merchant guild) was established.
- 鎌倉時代の武家社会における惣領制の確立によって初期には総領に従う庶子の事を指した(『鎌倉幕府追加法』)。
- In the Kamakura period, the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was established in the samurai world, and at first Yoriko meant the child born out of wedlock who followed the eldest child ('Kamakura Bakufu Tsuika Ho' - additional laws applied by Kamakura Bakufu).
- 西讃岐は守護代の香川氏が毛利氏などと結んで当初は三好氏と対立するが、善通寺合戦後、三好氏の支配下に入った。
- In western Sanuki, the Kagawa clan, which was shugodai, opposed in cooperation with the Mori clan, the Miyoshi clan at first, but after the Zentsuji War, entered under control of the Miyoshi clan.
- 堯智は、橘清友の名を出して、初句を「君か代ともいうなり」とし、「我が大君の天の下知しめす」と解説している。
- 堯智 referred to TACHIBANA no Kiyotomo and said that the first line read 'Kimigayo' and explained that it meant 'my lord reigns over the whole world.'
- 10世紀の初め頃から11世紀の摂関政治期を中心とする文化であり、12世紀の院政期文化にも広く影響を与えた。
- It was a culture developed during the Sekkan seiji (regency government) period from the early 10th century to the 11th century and has much influenced the culture during the Insei (cloister government) period in the 12th century.
- しかし、田地の不足、班田手続きの煩雑さ、偽籍の増加等により、平安時代初期には班田収授が実施されなくなった。
- However, due to the deficiency of rice fields, the complexity of the procedure for Handen Shuju, the increase of false registers and so on, Handen Shuju was abandoned in the early Heian period.
- 室町幕府も当初は訴訟処理機関として問注所を設置したが、記録文書の管理や簡易訴訟のみを取り扱うにとどまった。
- At the beginning, the Muromachi bakufu established the Monchujo also as a body that dealt with lawsuits, but its function remained only to manage the recordings and summaries of lawsuits.
- 当初、問注所は訴訟に対する裁判事務は行わず、武家棟梁である源頼朝へ訴訟事案を進達することを任務としていた。
- In the beginning, the Monchu-dokoro did not handle the judicial administration pertaining to lawsuits, but simply conveyed to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of samurais, the details of lawsuits.
- アプリシオが最初に出現したのは、シャルルマーニュ(カール大帝)の南仏保有地であるセプティマニア地方である。
- The first emergence of aprisio was in the Septimania region, in southern France owned by Charlemagne (Charles the Great).
- 北魏から分裂した北斉において初めて口分田の用語が登場するようになり、それを引き継いだ隋も均田制を採用した。
- The term of kubunden appeared for the first time in the Northern Qi which was separated from the Northern Wei, and Sue that succeeded the Northern Qi also employed an equal-field system.
- 周山街道の別名を持つ国道162号において京都から若狭を目指す場合、最も初めに越えなければならない峠である。
- Mikyozaka is the first pass crossed by National Route 162, also known as Shuzan-kaido Road, when traveling from Kyoto to Wakasa.
- 出生率は1.8を超えるなど全国的な傾向からは高いものの、2004年には人口動態が初めて自然減となっている。
- Although the birth ratio is over 1.8 and higher than the national average, dynamic trends in the population caused a natural reduction to occur for the first time in 2004.
- そのため、京都府都道府県知事(市制施行当初は、京都市長も兼任)などから産業の振興を呼びかける声が上がった。
- Consequently, local authorities such as the governor of Kyoto Prefecture (who also served as the mayor of Kyoto City at the onset of municipality) requested the development of industry.
- 当初、刺客が「こなくそ」と伊予弁を話していたことなどから、新選組の原田左之助や大石鍬次郎らの仕業とされた。
- At the beginning, because the assassins were talking in Iyo dialect, it was thought that the deed was done by Sanosuke HARADA and Kuwajiro OISHI of the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).
- この堂はかつては宝暦2年(1752年)の建築とされていたが、正しくは前述のように19世紀初頭の建築である。
- It was once told that this hall was built in 1752, but, as described above, it was built in the beginning of the nineteenth century.
- また、「壹與(ゐよ)」(「台与」)は、中国風の名「(倭)與」を名乗った最初の倭王であるなどと主張している。
- He also claimed that 'Iyo' (Toyo) was the first ruler of Wa, who assumed the Chinese-style name of '[Wa] Yo.'
- ただし、後に徳川家斉の正室となった広大院の場合、立場が微妙であったためか当初は「御縁女様」と呼ばれている。
- However, in the case of Kodaiin, who later became the legal wife of Ienari TOKUGAWA, she was referred to as 'Goenjosama' at first, possibly because she was in such a delicate position.
- 同じ国衙軍制のテーマであるが、戸田は平安時代初期中期の武士発生段階を、石井はその後の院政期について論じた。
- Although having the same kokuga forces system theme, Toda argued about the state of origin of bushi during the middle of the early Heian period while Ishii argued for the later Insei period (period of a rule by the retired emperor).
- 「大索(おおあなくり)」は結果的には官職によらず「武」を担う、「兵の家」の最初の認定式であったとも言える。
- Oanakuri' could be said to be the first qualification ceremony of the 'house of tsuwamono' carrying 'mu' (military) without the concern for a court position.
- 公営田の導入は、人別課税を基本とした律令制支配から土地課税を重視した支配への転換を示す最初期の例であった。
- The introduction of Kueiden was one example of the early changes in which the Ritsuryo system, the individual-based ruling system, turned into a land-based ruling system.
- 平安時代の塔建築では、最初に宝塔や大塔といった新形式の導入がみられたが、現存する遺構は層塔形式のみである。
- Regarding pagoda architecture during the Heian period, new types of pagodas including hoto (treasure pagoda) or daito pagoda were introduced, however the structural remnants that exist today were in soto (multi-leveled tower) architecture only.
- 初出は『日本書紀』にある持統天皇5年(691年)条で、木素丁武・沙宅万首が呪禁博士であったことが知られる。
- The jugon hakase first appears in the written record in the section of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) detailing the year 691 that Chobu MOKUSO (木素丁武) and Banshu SATAKU (沙宅万首) were the jugon hakase.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 評定始(ひょうじょうはじめ)とは、中世日本の権門において、年始にその年最初の評定を行う際に行った儀式のこと。
- Hyojohajime was a ceremony held by an influential house of medieval Japan conducted at the first consultation in the New Year.
- これにより、耕地が大幅に増加し、17世紀当初の約160万町歩が18世紀初めには約300万町歩にまで激増した。
- Cultivated areas dramatically increased with these measures, from about one million six hundred thousand choho in the early seventeenth century to about three million choho in the early eighteenth century.
- このとき福知山市章も制定され、後に福知山市史上初の名誉市民となる福知山出身の芦田均が内閣総理大臣に就任する。
- The city simbol of Fukuchiyama was established, and Hitoshi ASHIDA coming from Fukuchiyama City, who became the first honorary citizen later, took office as prime minister.
- 両統迭立が鎌倉幕府(最高権力者は得宗北条貞時)の公式な方針として表明されたのは、この交替のときが最初である。
- This change is the first time when Ryoto tetsuritsu was announced as being the official policy of the Kamakura Shogunate (when its supreme leader was Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO).
- 冷泉の狂気はすでに誰の目にもあきらかな状態に至っており、その在位は短期間であることが当初から予測されていた。
- Reizei's madness was already apparent to everyone and it was predicted from the beginning that his rule would be short.
- 建築家ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズが近江八幡で最初に設計した現存する3棟の大正時代築の西洋館で構成される。
- It consists of 3 Western-style residences which were built in the Taisho Period and exist to this day in the city, as well as being some of the first in the city to be designed by William Merrell VORIES.
- 1885年(明治18年)には、太政官を廃止して内閣 (日本)が創設され、伊藤博文が初代内閣総理大臣となった。
- In 1885, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was abolished and the first cabinet was established, and Hirobumi ITO became the first Prime Minister.
- 遅くとも3世紀中ばまでにヤマト・吉備・筑紫などの諸勢力が糾合し、初期ヤマト王権が形成されたと考えられている。
- It is thought that some political powers, such as Yamato, Kibi and Chikushi, had grouped together and formed the Yamato Kingdom by the third century at the latest.
- 小曽根乾堂・篠田芥津・円山大迂・中村蘭台 (初世)・浜村蔵六 (五世)・桑名鉄城・河井荃廬などが挙げられる。
- Among them were Kendo KOSONE, Kaishin SHINODA, Taiu MARUYAMA, Randai NAKAMURA (the first), Zoroku HAMAMURA (the fifth), Tetsujo KUWANA, Senro KAWAI and others.
- これら功績をあげた最初期の武士たちは、貴種の血統を受けており、武芸をもって朝廷政治への再復帰を目指していた。
- The samurai at the early stage who accomplished the distinguished achievements belonged to honorable blood lines and aimed at returning to the imperial government, based on their military art.
- 当初は地頭職というものはなく、あくまで荘官や郷司、保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれていた。
- At first there was no such thing as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate), but among shokan, Goji and hoji only the ones who established the relationship between lord and vassal with the bakufu were called jito.
- 越中の神保氏は当初敵対していた一向一揆と結んだが、越後上杉氏、守護畠山氏、能登畠山氏の連合軍により征伐された。
- The Jinbo clan in Ecchu allied with ikko ikki, with which the Jinbo clan stood against at first, but they were subjugated by the allied forces of the Uesugi clan in Echigo, the Hatakeyama clan which was shugo and the Noto-Hatakeyama clan.
- ただ、この事件が初めから源高明の失脚を目指していたことは明白で、これが藤原氏による最後の他氏排斥事件となった。
- However, this incident clearly aimed at ousting MINAMOTO no Takaakira from the start, and became the last case of ostracism against other clans by the Fujiwara clan.
- 小笠原諸島は初夏より太平洋高気圧に支配されて梅雨前線が近付けず、真夏の空気に包まれるため、こちらも梅雨がない。
- Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) have no baiu because the Pacific anticyclone is dominant since the early summer and the baiu front cannot come close and the region is covered by the real summer air.
- 雄略天皇(418年-479年)が初瀬を皇居とした後、用明天皇代(585年-587年)を期に飛鳥へと遷都される。
- After Emperor Yuryaku (418 - 479) placed the imperial palace in Hatsuse, in the era of Emperor Yomei (585 - 587) the capital was transferred to Asuka.
- ここで培われた築城技術が安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけて相次いで日本国中に築城された近世城郭の範となった。
- The castle construction technology cultivated in this construction became the model of modern castles that were constructed nationwide one after another from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the beginning of the Edo period.
- 但し、彼らの用いる兵力は殆どなく、18世紀初頭の長崎奉行は10数人、幕末の五条代官所でも30人しかいなかった。
- But, their military strength was almost nil, and early in the 18th century there were only ten soldiers in the Nagasaki magistrate office and at the end of the Edo period only 30 soldiers in the Gojo magistrate's office.
- 鎌倉時代初期ごろになると、所領に対する自らの知行権を主張するため、その所領の作物を強制的に刈り取る者も現れた。
- The early Kamakura period saw the appearance of the illegal reaping of crops to establish a claim to the ownership of the land.
- また10世紀初頭に始まる前期王朝国家と11世紀40年代を画期とする後期王朝国家の登場が唱えられるようになった。
- Further, the division of the early Dynastic polity period, which started in early 10th century, and the late Dynastic polity period, which started in the 1140's, was also proposed by him.
- そうした修史の伝統を継承して、律令統一国家が成立した8世紀前半には、日本最初の正史である『日本書紀』が完成した。
- Inheriting such a historical document-compiling tradition, the compilation of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the first official document about Japanese history, was completed during the first half of the 8th century when a unified nation based on Ritsuryo codes was established.
- 文化の国風化(日本化)の萌芽は、奈良時代から見られていたが、平安初期は唐風文化の影に隠れるかのようになっていた。
- Although the beginnings of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) were seen in the Nara period, it was hidden under the shadow of Tang-way culture.
- 平氏政権は、貴族社会の中で成立したが、各地に地頭や国守護人を設置するなど最初の武家政権としての性格を持っていた。
- Although the Taira clan government was established under an aristocratic society, it had some similarities to the first military government, such as the setting up of jito (manager and lord of manor) and provincial officers in many places.
- 近世初頭、豊臣秀吉、徳川政権によって固定的な被差別身分が編成された際に、河原者はその中に組み込まれたと言われる。
- It is said that the Kawaramono were included in a fixed discriminated position when the position was organized by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa government in the early modern period.
- 天文 (元号)18年(1549年)に近江国の六角定頼が、居城である観音寺城の城下町石寺に楽市令を布いたのが初見。
- The first rakuichi-rakuza was established in 1549 by Sadayori ROKKAKU of Omi Province in the town of Ishidera surrounding Kannonji-jo Castle in which he resided.
- 当初、源頼光や源頼信をはじめとして清和源氏が相次いで正四位に任じられ、清和源氏が武家の棟梁として認識されていた。
- At first, members of Seiwa-Genji, such as MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and MINAMOTO no Yorinobu were appointed to shoshii, allowing Seiwa-Genji to be recognized as the head of the samurai families.
- 1180年に発足した初期鎌倉幕府は、御家人の中から荘園・公領の徴税事務や管理・警察権を司る地頭を任命していった。
- The early Kamakura bakufu, established in 1180, appointed the jito who was responsible for the office work of tax collection and the control and police power in shoen and koryo from gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- しかし、寺子屋によって実務的な教育が庶民の間に定着しており、明治初期における日本の識字率は世界最高水準にあった。
- However, practical education by Terakoya had been entrenched among the ordinary citizens and the literacy level of the Japanese in the beginning of the Meiji period was among the top in the world.
- 1898年(明治31年)12月25日初点灯した灯台で、第1等フレネルレンズを使用した第1等灯台に指定されている。
- Kyoga-misaki lighthouse was first lit up on December 25, 1898; it uses a first-order Fresnel lens and is designated as a first-order lighthouse.
- 2003年(平成15年)、宮川町芸妓ふく葉(同芸妓組合会長)、君直、ちづるの三名が宮川町初の若柳流名取となった。
- In 2003, three geisha girls in Miyagawa-cho, Fukuha (chairperson of Miyagawa-cho Geisha Association), Kiminao and Chizuru, became the first natori (diploma holder in Japanese dance) of Wakayagi school in Miyagawa-cho.
- 院政の形態は存在しなくても律令政治初期の頃から、上皇が「天皇家の家父長」として天皇の保護者・後見者を担ってきた。
- Since the early days of government based on the ritsuryo legal codes, when cloistered government had not yet been formed, the retired emperor had taken the role of the emperor's protector and guardian upon himself as 'the patriarch of the emperor's family.'
- 紫衣事件(しえじけん)とは、江戸時代初期における、江戸幕府の朝廷に対する圧迫と統制を示す朝幕間の対立事件である。
- The Shie Incident occurred in the early Edo period and was a conflict between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court that shows the oppression and control exercised by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on the Imperial Court.
- 20数名の尊攘過激派に対し、当初踏み込んだのは近藤勇・沖田総司・永倉新八・藤堂平助の4名で、残りは屋外を固めた。
- Four of the members - Isami KONDO, Soji OKITA, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, and Heisuke TODO - first attacked the 20-some radical nationalists while the rest shored up the perimeter.
- 史料上の国司苛政上訴の初見は、974年(天延2)に尾張国の百姓らが国守藤原連貞の非法を太政官へ訴えた事例である。
- The first historical record of Kokushi kasei joso was a case in which farmers in Owari Province complained to Daijokan about illegal behaviors of their kokushu, FUJIWARA no Tsurasada in 974.
- この時代は、日本が初めて外来の宗教である仏教を受け入れ、その後の文化の下地をつくったという点で重要な時期である。
- This period is significant, because Japan accepted Buddhism then - the first religion from abroad - and by that means laid the foundation of its culture after that.
- 初期は倹約と藩札発布が主であったが、18世紀中盤になると塩・陶器などの土地産物の専売制がかなりの藩で実施される。
- Initial policies were mainly the order to encourage a frugal life and the issue of local paper currency, but in the middle of the 18th century a monopoly system of local specialties, such as salt and ceramics, was introduced in many domains.
- 江戸時代初期は交易国であったイギリスやポルトガルなどからもキリスト教が伝えられたため、禁止令も徹底されなかった。
- Since Christianity was also brought from England and Portugal which were trading countries in the early Edo period, the ban was never completed.
- 伊藤の別荘は手狭だったことから、事務所として料理旅館の「東屋」(現在の神奈川県横浜市金沢区)を当初は用いていた。
- Since Ito's villa was small, a hotel-restaurant 'Azuma-ya' (now Kanazawa-ku Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture) was used as an office at beginning.
- この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
- This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
- したがって、当初より、数種の絵巻が存在していて、それが模写・転写されて、今日に伝わっているものと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that several kinds of picture scrolls originally existed and these have been passed down after being copied.
- しかし朝鮮人捕虜を送還するなど対馬藩の必死の努力によって、1607年最初の朝鮮通信使が来日し、国交回復が決まった。
- However, thanks to desperate efforts by the Tsushima clan, including extradition of Korean captives, the first Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) arrived in Japan in 1607, leading to the recovery of Japanese-Korean diplomatic relations.
- 初期の都だった南京に集められたため「京銭」といわれた夥しい数の戦時通貨のほか、明のインフレ通貨も事情は同じである。
- The situation is the same for coins made during the inflationary period of Ming, in addition to those in the war state, a huge number were issued and called 'Kinsen' (京銭) because they were concentrated in Nanjing, the capital of Ming Dynasty (南京) during its early period.
- 元は中国古典に見られる『勧課農桑』という句が略されたもので、日本では律令において国司の職務とされたのが初見である。
- Originally, kanno was a shortened term for 'kankanoso' written in the Chinese classics and in Japan that was first regarded as the duty of kokushi in the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance).
- 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末~8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
- In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.
- その歴史は福知山市を含む丹波地方の養蚕業は千年以上も昔から行われていたとも言われ、昭和初期ごろに全盛期を向かえた。
- It is said that sericulture in the Tanba Region including Fukuchiyama City has a history longer than one thousand years, with its peak around the beginning of the Showa period.
- この戦いは最初は数に勝る旧幕府軍が有利だったが、戦況は新装備を有する新政府軍へと傾き、新政府側の勝利で幕を閉じた。
- At the beginning of the battle, the former Shogunate forces, which outnumbered the new government's forces, were superior, but the military situation shifted in favor of the new government's forces with their modern military equipment, and the war ended in a victory for them.
- 一方、には大坂の豪商が朱子学を中心に儒学を学ぶ懐徳堂を設立して、後に幕府官許の学問所として明治初年まで続いている。
- On the other hand, a wealthy merchant in Osaka established Kaitokudo school, where Confucianism, mainly the doctrines of Zhu Xi, was taught, and later this school was officially licensed by the shogunate government as gakumonjo (a school) and existed until 1886.
- 従来、上記の箸墓古墳の築造年代は古墳分類からは3世紀末から4世紀初頭とされ、卑弥呼の時代とは合わないとされてきた。
- It has been said that the Hashihaka Tumulus was created between the end of the third century and the beginning of the fourth century, which does not match the period of Himiko's reign.
- その初期、古代的な天皇親政を理想とする後醍醐天皇と現状重視の尊氏を中心とした勢力が対立した(南北朝時代 (日本))。
- In its early years, the period was characterized in particular by the conflict between Emperor Godaigo, who dreamed of reinstituting the ancient custom of direct Imperial rule, and Takauji, who placed more emphasis on preserving the status quo (this being the essence of the Northern and Southern Courts).
- 平安初期の嵯峨天皇治世前後の弘仁・貞観文化は、中央貴族たちの文化だったが、中国(唐)の影響を色濃く受けた文化だった。
- Konin-Jogan culture around the reign of the Emperor Saga in the early Heian Period, was centered around the culture of the central nobles, which was deeply influenced by China (Tang).
- 官職秘抄(かんしょくひしょう)とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年(1200年)頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
- The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.
- 猪熊事件(いのくまじけん)は、江戸時代初期の慶長14年(1609年)に起きた、複数の朝廷の高官が絡んだ一大醜聞事件。
- The Inokuma Incident was a big scandal involving high-ranking officers of the Imperial Court in 1609 the early Edo period.
- 江戸時代初期は、軍役を担う兵としての要素が強かったが、中期後期になると次第に官僚、役人としての意味合いが強くなった。
- Although they mainly served as soldiers playing military roles during the early Edo period, they gradually became bureaucrats and lost most of their military function during the mid-to-late Edo period.
- 室町期の守護は、当初(14世紀中葉)、室町幕府から数年ごとに補任されており、守護職の交替は比較的頻繁に行われていた。
- The shugo in the Muromachi period were initially (around the mid 14th century) appointed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) once in several years, which resulted in the comparatively frequent alternation of the shugo-shiki (the post of shugo).
- 貞観_(日本)元年(895年)12月付の元興寺領近江国愛智荘(えちのしょう)の検田帳に「田刀」とあるのが初見である。
- The term '田刀' first appeared in kenden-cho (note of Cadastral Surveys) of Echinosho, Omi Province owned by Ganko-ji Temple, as of December 895.
- まだ小規模ではあったが、日本が初めて西洋文化と直接(中国などを介さずに、正式な形で)触れ合ったという点で重要である。
- It is significant that Japan had the first contact with Western culture (formally, without China, etc., acting as an intermediary), although it was still small in scale.
- 武士は発生当初から血縁的要素よりも地縁的要素の強い集団であったが、この乱は日本を一層の地縁社会へと導くことになった。
- Since their start, bushi had stronger ties with their regions than blood relatives, and this rebellion led to the strengthening of regional ties within society in Japan.
- 法隆寺のすぐ西に広がる西里の集落は、近世初期の日本で最も組織的な力をふるった大工棟梁・中井正清の育った集落でもある。
- The community of Nishisato that spreads westward from Horyu-ji Temple was created by Masakiyo NAKAI, the master builder renowned for his leadership and unparalleled skills in construction in the early part of the pre-modern era (late 16th century - early 17th century).
- この成立年代を考えるならば、小辺路の名は早ければ戦国時代 (日本)末期から近世初頭には知られていたことが推測できる。
- For the year of the compilation, it is considered that the name Kohechi had been known as early as the end of the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States, Japan) to the beginning of the early-modern period.
- 有名人としては、中条家長(初代評定衆として御成敗式目の策定に関与)や愛甲季隆(弓の名手。畠山重忠を討ち取る)が居る。
- Ienaga CHUJO, who was involved in the establishment of code of conduct for samurai as the first member of the Council of State, and Suetaka AIKO, who was a very skillful archer and slew Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were well known as members of the Party.
- 三浦義明の七男・佐原義連を初代とするが、蘆名姓を名乗るのは、義連の孫に当たる光盛の代になってからである(異説あり)。
- While Yoshitsuna SAHARA, the seventh son of Yoshiaki MIURA, was the founder, the family only began to bear the name Ashina starting from the Yoshiaki's grandson Mitsumori's (there are different opinions.) generation.
- 杉本氏からは、初代の鎌倉幕府侍所別当 和田義盛にはじまる和田氏が別れた他、杉浦氏、鮎川氏、走水氏などの庶流が別れた。
- From the Sugimoto clan, the Wada clan, which originated from Yoshimori WADA, Samuraidokoro Betto (an administrator of the Board of Retainers) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), separated, and other branch families such as the Sugiura clan, as did the Ayukawa and Hashirimizu clans.
- 初期のものは、単なる業績のみの記述に留まったが、時代が下るにつれて様々なエピソードが盛り込まれるようになっていった。
- In early times those descriptions were only about their achievements, but later various episodes were also added.
- 軍事貴族である源頼信は、追討の成功により多くの板東武士と主従関係を結び、最初の「武家の棟梁」と呼びうる存在となった。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, a military noble, established master-servant relationships with many Bando Bushi (samurai in the eastern region) through the success of the searching and capturing activities, becoming the first person who could be called 'Buke no toryo' (the leader of samurai families).
- 当初は淳和天皇の治世だけに限定して始められたが、結局この制度はその後も存続し、平安時代を通じて定着することとなった。
- Although this system initially started as one which was valid only during the era of the Emperor Junna, it continued to exist and took root throughout the Heian period.
- 当初は弥勒信仰にもとづく仏典保存を目的としていたが、やがて極楽往生や現世利益などの動機も早い段階から複合していった。
- Originally, it was intended to preserve Buddhist scriptures based on Miroku Belief, but it gradually incorporated, from an early stage, motivations such as gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and spiritual and material benefit gained in this world through observance of the Buddhist teachings.
- 実語教(じつごきょう)は、平安時代末期から明治初期にかけて普及していた庶民のための教訓を中心とした初等教科書である。
- Jitsugokyo was a textbook used for elementary education from the end of the Heian Period to the early Meiji period in which precepts for ordinary people were mainly compiled.
- 日本の美術作品で民衆の暮らしぶりが描かれるのは、院政期に始まったこれら絵巻物が最初であり、その意味でも画期的である。
- These emakimono originated in the Insei period, and the emakimono is the first Japanese arts in which the life of people was described, therefore, it is revolutionary from this point of view.
- 「君が代は」の型は『和漢朗詠集』の鎌倉時代初期の一本に記すものなどが最も古いといえる(巻下祝、国歌大観番号775番)。
- We can say that the oldest example of the form of 'Kimigayoha' appears in the version of 'Wakanroeishu (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing)' at the beginning of the Kamakura Period (巻下祝, Kokka Taikan No. 343).
- 8世紀初頭に本格運用され始めた律令制においては、国家の軍事組織として全国各地に軍団 (古代日本)を置くこととしていた。
- Cohorts were deployed throughout the country as the national military organization under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which began to take full effect at the beginning of the eighth century.
- 「敵は本能寺にあり」は江戸時代初期の『川角太閤記』が初出だが、『川角太閤記』には明智軍の参加者も協力したともいわれる。
- Our enemy is in the Honno-ji Temple' was first seen in 'Kawasumi Taikoki' of the beginning of the Edo period, and it was told that the person who participated in the troop of the Akechi clan gave help for 'Kawakami Taikoki.'
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命され京都の御家人を統率、洛中の警護・裁判を行い、朝廷と幕府の間の連絡の任に当たっていた。
- He took command of gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in Kyoto and engaged in guarding and judging activities in Kyoto as well as performing a liaison function between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 最初の統一王朝新羅の時代には、清海鎮大使張保皐が中国・日本まで股にかけた東アジアの大海上勢力を築きあげたことが名高い。
- During the period of the first unified kingdom Shilla, Cheonghaejin Ambassador Jang Bogo was famous for building large forces on the sea in East Asia, straddling as far as China, Japan.
- 織田政権が永禄10年(1567年)に岐阜城の城下町である加納宿に楽市楽座とともに地子免許を命じたのが初例とされている。
- The regime of Nobunaga ODA is said to have granted jishi menkyo to Kano-juku (a castle town of Gifu Castle) and allowed the town to implement raku ichi raku za (a commercial policy that permitted free markets and open guilds) for the first time in 1567.
- 1946年(昭和21年)6月25日、衆議院本会議における日本国憲法案の審議の初め、当時の吉田茂首相は御誓文に言及した。
- On June 25, 1946, at the beginning of consideration of the Constitution of Japan in the Lower House, Prime Minister Shigeru YOSHIDA referred to Charter Oath.
- この革命の象徴となり、アジア初の本格的立憲君主となった明治天皇について、諸外国では日本以上に高く評価されることもある。
- Emperor Meiji, who became the symbol of this revolution and the constitutional monarch for the first time in Asia, is sometimes more valued in foreign countries than in Japan.
- 義江彰夫は同じ12世紀ながら、その初期と後期との間に地方の長者、すなわち開発領主の武装(武士団化)が進んだとしている。
- Akio YOSHIE interpreted that weapon preparation (bushidan formation) of local heads or cultivation lords developed between the early and later periods despite being the same twelfth century.
- 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれる。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
- 中世初期には家門は男子直系の家系に限られていることが主であったが、中世盛期の家門には複数の家系が含まれるようになった。
- Although in the early medieval ages a kamon (family) was usually limited only to the direct male line, during the prime of the medieval ages a kamon (family) would include several families.
- 戦国時代当初、少弐、大友、島津の三氏は権益を守るべく、また地頭出自の諸国の国人豪族は自立するべく、戦いが展開していった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles were repeated by three clans since the Heian Period, the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan, and the Shimazu clan to protect their interests and by kokujin gozoku in each country who were formerly jito to become independent.
- 古今和歌集:延喜5年(905年)に醍醐天皇が紀貫之、紀友則、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑等に編纂を命じて出来た最初の勅撰和歌集。
- Kokin Wakashu: Japan's first chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) in 905 which was ordered by the Emperor Daigo and compiled by KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, MIBU no Tadamine, etc.
- もっとも薩摩藩や長州藩のように初代藩主以来、明治時代の廃藩置県まで国替えがなかった藩の場合は「藩士」の呼称でも通用する。
- The name 'Hanshi' is also commonly used in the case of domains, such as the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, which had not come under provincial rule the time of the first lord until the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in the Meiji period.
- 康信は有能な役人として知られていたが、親類に源頼朝の乳母がいた縁もあって、初代執事として京都から鎌倉へ招かれたのである。
- Through the influence of his relative who worked as a wet nurse of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Yasunobu, known as a competent government official, was invited from Kyoto to Kamakura to assume the role as the first head of the monchujo.
- 1333年の鎌倉幕府滅亡から建武の新政、室町時代初期までの間は、全国的に戦乱が相次ぎ、荘園の所有関係も非常に流動化した。
- From the demise of the Kamakura bakufu in 1333 to the Kenmu Restoration or the early Muromachi period, the maelstrom of war continued and the ownership relationship of shoen were also fluidized.
- 二条城の敷地を町域とする「二条城町」は昭和14年に成立したものだが、他の単独町名は遅くとも明治時代初期には成立している。
- The town 'Nijojo-machi' which makes the premise of Nijo-jo Castle as its boundary was established in 1939, but other individual town names were established in the early Meiji Period at the latest.
- 嶋原の歴史は古く、日本で最初の公許された花街であり室町時代に「九条の里」という傾城局が設置されたのが始まりだといわれる。
- Shimabara has a long history, and is believed to have been the first officially acknowledged hanamachi and have started with the opening of the 'Keisei no tsubone' (a courtesan house) called 'Kujo no Sato.'
- その間、お茶屋『吉田家』の娘であるひろ子が戦後で初の舞妓として店出しをしたが、後に襟替えをし、舞妓はしばらくは消滅した。
- In the meantime, a daughter of the teahouse 'Yoshida-ya,' Hiroko opened a teahouse for the first time as a apprentice geisha after World War II, but later carried out the eri-age to become a geisha, and as a result, apprentice geisha disappeared from Kamishichiken for some time.
- 北朝を擁立し、京都で成立した初期の足利幕府においては統治機構が未整備で、足利家の家政機関を利用しての統治が行われていた。
- The governance system in the early Ashikaga shogunate (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which supported the Northern Court and was established in Kyoto was not yet functional and governance used the kasei (vassal) system of the Ashikaga family.
- 近江八景の絵画作品の登場が17世紀後期以降であることを考えると、先行すべき和歌の成立が17世紀初期であるのは自然である。
- Regarding the fact that art work relating to Omihakkei appeared in the late 17th century, it is natural that waka which should be ahead of art work was established in the early 17th century.
- これらのことにより、当初大字石寺に築かれていた楽市は、後に大字東老蘇にも新市として増設されたのではないかと指摘している。
- The book points out that Rakuichi was first held in Oaza-ishidera, and then was probably later opened in Oaza-higashioiso too.
- 戦国時代後期から江戸時代初期の大名が編成した水軍においては、安宅船と呼ばれる数十人から数百人が乗り組む巨船が配備された。
- From the late Sengoku period to the early Edo period, huge ships called Atake-bune that carried dozens of or hundreds of crew on board, were built and deployed.
- 豊臣政権では、国政の執行官僚としての奉行は当初から存在していたが、体制を定めた体系的な法令は政権末期まで存在しなかった。
- Although the Toyotomi Government had 'bugho', magistrates as government bureaucrats who were in charge of national politics from its beginning, they didn't have any systematic laws until the end of the government.
- また、結果的に大敗のきっかけを作った康成・牧野忠成 (越後長岡藩初代)父子は部下を庇って出奔したため、一時謹慎となった。
- Yasunari and his son Tadanari MAKINO (the first lord of the Echigo Nagaoka Domain), who made the cause of huge defeat in hindsight, ran away protecting their followers, so they were temporarily suspended.
- 当初は尼崎城に陸揚げされ有岡城に届けられていたが、次第に織田信長軍の砦が築かれると、尼崎ルートの補給路は使えなくなった。
- At the beginning, provisions were landed to Amagasaki-jo Castle and sent to Arioka-jo Castle, but as forts of troops of Nobunaga ODA were constructed one by one, the supply route via Amagasaki became inoperable.
- 総じて、「天地の公道」(木戸当初案では「宇内の通義」)とは、普遍的な宇宙の摂理に基づく人の道を指しているものと解される。
- In general '天地の公道 (the just laws of Nature) ' (宇内の通義 (Udai no Tsugi) ' in the first draft of Kido is interpreted as a way of human based on the workings of the universe.
- この運動の名称は、下記の五十殿利治による大著『大正期新興美術運動の研究』(初版は1995年刊行)により、強く提唱された。
- The names of the movements were strongly advocated in the following bulky work 'Study of New Art Movements in the Taisho Period,' by Toshiharu OMUKA (which was first published in 1995).
- 新宮氏(しんぐうし)は、鎌倉時代~室町時代初期にかけて陸奥国(後の岩代国)耶麻郡新宮荘(福島県喜多方市)を支配した氏族。
- The Shingu clan ruled Shingu-sho, Yama-gun (present-day Kitakata City, Fukushima Prefecture), Mutsu Province (later Iwashiro no kuni) from the Kamakura period to the early part of the Muromachi period.
- 紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
- Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- 班田収授法の発足は、初めて戸籍が作成された670年、若しくは飛鳥浄御原令が制定された689年以降であろうと考えられている。
- It is believed that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect either in 670 when the family register was first made, or after the enactment of Asuka Kiyomihara-ryo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state) in 689.
- 正月の初夢に見ると縁起が良い夢をあげて「一富士、二鷹、三なすび」(いちふじ、にたか、さんなすび)という伝統的な表現がある。
- There is the traditional expression 'Mount Fuji for first, hawk for second and eggplant for third' as the lucky items to dream about in the first dream of the new year.
- 7世紀末~8世紀初頭に始まった律令制における租税は、租庸調制と呼ばれ、人民一人ひとりを対象に課税・徴税する性格が強かった。
- The taxation system under the ritsuryo system, which was started during the late 7th century to the early 8th century, was called 'the soyocho (tax paid by rice, labor, or textile) system', and it was imposed on and collected from each member of the community.
- その後1901年(明治34年)10月には、軍事的要地として東舞鶴に舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、初代長官には東郷平八郎が就任した。
- Following this, the Chinju-fu (a large and critical army or naval base) was installed in Higashi-Maizuru in October 1901, due to Maizuru's position as a military choke point, of which the first director was Heihachiro TOGO.
- また、当初は現地の有力武士が任じられる事が多かった守護の人選も次第に足利将軍家の一族や譜代、功臣の世襲へと変更されていく。
- Moreover, originally the shugo were often selected from the powerful samurais in the local area, but the change was gradually made to select from the descents of the Ashikaga shogun family, the Fudai (hereditary vassals) or the meritorious retainer.
- 斎藤利三の娘である春日局は、初対面であるはずの天海に対して最上礼である「平伏」をした上で「お久しゅうございます」と述べた。
- Kasuga no Tsubone, who was a daughter of Toshimitsu SAITO, showed the highest politeness by 'prostrating herself' before Tenkai, with whom she must met for the first time, and stated, 'It is a long time since we met each other last time.'
- 一方で、頼朝は、義仲に対する牽制として源範頼、源義経らに京都への進軍を命じて範頼・義経軍は11月初めには近江まで到着した。
- On the other hand, to hold Yoshinaka in check, Yoritomo sent MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune towards Kyoto and the Noriyori/Yoshitsune forces reached Omi Province in the beginning of November.
- 吉野が最初に史書に現れるのは、『古事記』『日本書紀』の神武東征の記事で、熊野国から大和国に入る通過地として記載されている。
- The first appearance of Yoshino in history books is the article of Jinmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) in the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' and it is described as the point to be passed through from Kumano Province to Yamato Province.
- 9月末から10月初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍は総力を挙げた攻勢をかけ、日本軍の順天城、泗川城、蔚山城を攻撃したがすべて撃退した。
- Despite the Ming-Korean forces waging all-out war and attacking Junten-jo, Shisen-jo and Urusan-jo Castles, which had been established by the Japanese forces, from the beginning of October to the end of October in 1598, the Japanese forces fought them off.
- 西欧中世においては、特にその初期においてノルマン人、イスラーム教徒、マジャール人などの外民族のあいつぐ侵入に苦しめられた。
- In medieval Europe, particularly in its early days, people suffered from repeated invasion by foreigners such as the Normans, Muslims and Magyars.
- 役者:市川團十郎、嵐三右衛門 (初代)、坂田藤十郎、瀬川菊之丞 (3代目)、尾上菊五郎 (3代目)、松本幸四郎 (5代目)
- Actors: Danjuro ICHIKAWA, Sanemon ARASHI the first, Tojuro SAKATA, Kikunojo SEGAWA the third, Kikugoro ONOE the third, and Koshiro MATSUMOTO the fifth
- 当初は太政官の上卿から弾正や検非違使に勅許の内容を伝えることとなっていたが、後に外記が宣旨を作成して伝える方法に変わった。
- Initially, the high-ranking courtiers of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) were to transmit the content of the decree to the Danjo (censors) and Kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but later it changed to the Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) preparing the senji and transmitting the content.
- さらに、戦後大きく後退していた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する立場が、平成初年頃から自由主義史観と称してその主張を展開している。
- In addition, the power of strongly insisting on the uniqueness of Japanese history, which has become considerably weaker after the war, has insisted its views as liberalism-based views of history.
- 嵯峨治世初期は、太政官筆頭だった藤原園人の主導のもと、百姓撫民(貧民救済)そして権門(有力貴族・寺社)抑制の政策がとられた。
- At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga, FUJIWARA no Sonohito, the head council of state, lead a policy to rescue farmers (relief of the poor) and control power (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines).
- 此比の人々の会に連なりて見れば、まず会所のしつらひより初めて、人の装束の打解けたるさま、各が気色有様、乱れがわしき事限りなし
- By looking at series of meetings of people at this time, the day Kaisho was established, there was a look of relaxation on all people, each showing their emotions, and there was no limit to the disturbance.
- 1895年(明治28年)2月1日 - 京都駅前(七条)と伏見下油掛の間で、営業用としては日本初の電車である京都電気鉄道開業。
- February 1, 1895: Kyoto Electric Railway--Japan's first commercial electric railway-- opened between a square in front of Kyoto Station (Shichijo) and Fushimi-Shimoaburakake.
- これは、六角定頼時代に家臣団、国人衆を観音寺城へ居住させ、文献上では初めて「城割」を実施したためではないかと推定されている。
- This is probably because Sadayori ROKKAKU implemented Shirowari (breaking castles), and made his liegemen and Kokujin-shu live in Kannonji-jo Castle, for the first time in literature.
- 1925年春季は阪神競馬倶楽部の鳴尾競馬場を借りて代替開催をしたが、これが競馬法に基づき馬券発売の伴う初の競馬開催となった。
- In the spring of 1925, Naruo Race Track of Hanshin Horse Racing Club was leased to hold horse racing, which was the first horse racing event accompanied by the sale of betting tickets based on the Horse Racing Act.
- そのため、明軍の略奪と合わせて日本軍が一歩も足を踏み入れていない平安道も荒廃して開戦当初の人口を養いきれずに人口が激減した。
- Therefore, together with despoliation by troops of Ming, even Pyeongan Province, in which no Japanese troops entered, went to pot and could not feed the population just before the commencement of the war and the population decreased drastically.
- 認可の最初の年には多額の冥加を納付(初年金/初年銀)して、以後は少額の冥加を毎年納付(年々金/年々銀)することとなっていた。
- While the amount of Myoga was big for the first year of permission (shonenkin/shonengin (down payment)), a small amount of Myoga was imposed annually (nennenkin/nennengin (annual payment)).
- 日本の室町幕府と中国の明朝との間で行われた日明貿易(勘合貿易)は、室町初期の幕府3代将軍足利義満、明の建文帝の頃に開始された。
- The Japan-Ming trade (tally trade) between the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China began around the time when the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the early Muromachi bakufu governed Japan and Emperor Jianwen ruled China.
- そのため、平安時代初期に再度の改革が行われ、806年には10歳以上の諸王と五位以上の官人の子孫の就学を義務付ける勅が出された。
- Therefore, another reform was implemented in the early Heian period, and an imperial decree was issued in 806, whereby Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) aged over 10 and the children or grandchildren of government officials of Goi (Fifth Rank) and above were required to attend Daigaku-ryo.
- これらの港は当初日本船の入港指定地に過ぎなかったが、やがて多数の日本人が住み着くようになり、朝鮮政府はこれを制止できなかった。
- At first, those ports were nothing more than designated ports to accept Japanese ships, but gradually, many Japanese began living in these areas, and the Korean Government could not stop it.
- 世界各地の農業社会では、その初期の頃から、播種期に種子を貸与し、収穫期に利子を付けて返済させる慣行が生まれたと考えられている。
- In the agrarian society worldwide, it is thought that a system, in which seeds were loaned to peasants in the planting season to make them pay back the loaned seeds and the born interest in the harvesting season, was launched in the early days.
- これに伴い、平安前期の弘仁貞観期(9世紀)には、政府の租税方針も律令が当初想定していた人への課税から土地への課税へと転換した。
- Therefore, in the Konin-Jogan eras in the early Heian period (the ninth century), the taxes policy of the government was converted from taxation on people, which was the initial policy mapped out under the Ritsuryo codes, to the taxation on lands.
- 9世紀末期~10世紀初頭(寛平の治・延喜の治期)には再び律令制の原則へ回帰する政策が採られたものの、結局それは失敗に終わった。
- Although the policies to return back to the principles of the Ritsuryo system were implemented again from the late ninth century to the early tenth century (during the peaceful era of Kanpyo and the peaceful era of Engi), such policies eventually ended in failure.
- 古来その名が良く知られていた峠であり、落ち武者がこの峠を越えて、山の奥の初川集落に逃げ込んで生活していたとの伝説が残っている。
- Since ancient times the pass has been famous and a legend is remained that a defeated soldier fleeing the enemy climbed over the pass to Hatsukawa Settlement deep in the mountain and lived there.
- しかしながら美川圭のように、院政の当初の目的を皇位決定権の掌握と見て、王権の拡大を意図したこと自体を重要視する意見も出ている。
- There are also such opinions as that of Kei MIKAWA, who considered that the initial purpose of insei was to control the right to decide who would succeed the throne; this view places importance on the fact that the expansion of sovereignty was intended.
- 集外三十六歌仙(しゅうがいさんじゅうろっかせん)は、室町時代から江戸時代初頭にかけての歌人を三十六歌仙に倣って取り上げたもの。
- Shugai Sanjurokkasen is a collection of poems by 36 poets from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period following the example of Sanjurokkasen (36 Master Poets).
- 長城外節度使には武人や蕃将(異民族出身の将軍)が就けられ、長城内節度使には中央から派遣された文官が付くのが当初の方針であった。
- The policy at the beginning was to assign warriors and bansho (non-Han generals) as setsudoshi stationed in the regions outside of the Great Wall, and to place civil officers sent from the central government as setsudoshi stationed in the areas on the inside of the Great Wall.
- 為基の息子三沢清長は娘・初子が藩主伊達綱宗の側室(伊達綱村生母・綱宗には正室はいなかった) となった事から重臣の待遇を受けた。
- Kiyonaga MISAWA, a son of Tamemoto, was treated as a senior vassal because his daughter Hatsuko became a concubine of Tsunamune DATE, the head of the Date Domain, who had no legal wife (Hatsuko was the real mother of Tsunamura DATE).
- この写本は、江戸時代初期のに、安倍家の当主であった安倍泰福(あべ やすとみ)によって、加賀藩の藩主であった前田氏に献上された。
- This transcript was presented to the Maeda clan, which was the lord of the Kaga domain, by the head of Abe family Yasutomi Abe in the early Edo Period.
- 領域と住民の全面的掌握を指向する寄進型荘園が、平安時代後期に全国的に成立すると、初期荘園もその中に組み込まれて解消していった。
- As donated shoen, which were oriented towards total control of the fields and residents, were established nationwide in the late Heian period, Shoki Shoen were incorporated into the system and eventually disappeared.
- 国歌君が代制定の経緯を初めて研究し、遺作として『国歌君が代の由来』を残した小山作之助も、まずは歌詞についての考察から始めている。
- Sakunosuke KOYAMA, who was the first person to have studied the details of establishing Kimigayo as the national anthem and wrote 'Kokka Kimigayo no Yurai (literally, Origin of Kimigayo, Japan's National Anthem)' as his posthumous work started his study from consideration on words.
- しかしそもそも吹奏楽は西洋のものであって、明治初年の日本ではなじみがなく、当初はNational anthemの訳語もなかった。
- As wind-instrument music originally belonged to the Occident, however, it was not accustomed in Japan in the beginning of the Meiji Period and, at first, there were no words to translate 'national anthem.'
- 平安時代初期の右大臣藤原園人は、貧民救済を主要政策として精力的に取り組んだが、貧民層の増大が課題となっていたことを物語っている。
- FUJIWARA no Sonohito, Udaijin (Mnister of the Right) in the early part of the Heian period, made positive efforts to rescue the poor, which showed that there was a problematic increase in the number of poor people.
- 当初平安京と同様の条坊制による都市を建設しようとしたが、和田は平地が少なく手狭だったため、すぐにこの計画は行き詰まってしまった。
- The plan was to build a capital with the same street plan as Heian-kyo (ancient capital and present-day Kyoto), but the land of Wada was not broad enough and the plan soon got bogged down.
- 日本における最初の学区制小学校は、国の学校制度創設(1872年)に先立ち、1869年に創設された64校の京都の番組小学校である。
- As the first elementary schools established in Japan under the school district system were 64 District Elementary Schools in Kyoto which were founded in 1869, prior to the establishment of the national school system (in 1872).
- これが「日本三景」という言葉の文献的な初出とされ、貝原が訪れる以前から「日本三景」が一般に知られた括りであったと推定されている。
- This is deemed as the first appearance of the words 'Nihon Sankei' in literature and it is inferred that 'Nihon Sankei' was well-known grouping even before Kaibara's visit.
- そうした生活道路が熊野と高野山を結ぶ参詣道として利用されるようになったのは近世以後のことであり、小辺路の名も近世初期に初出する。
- Since the early-modern period, such a local road was used as a pilgrimage route that connected Kumano and Mt. Koya, and the name 'Kohechi' also appeared at the beginning of the early-modern period for the first time.
- そして、これらの郎党を組織して多田庄に武士団を形成したことから、のちに武門として大きく発展した清和源氏一族の最初の拠点となった。
- As he organized his retainers to form an army in Tada Manors, the manors became the first base of Seiwa-Genji which had developed to a prominent samurai clan.
- しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
- However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name 'Akitsuna' doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
- 国衙軍制(こくがぐんせい)とは、日本の古代末期から中世初頭にかけて(10世紀 - 12世紀)成立した国家軍事制度を指す歴史概念。
- The kokuga forces system indicates a historical concept of a national military system established in the period from around the end of ancient times to the early medieval period of Japan (the 10th century to the 12th century).
- 当初鎌倉幕府はこうした業者を禁止していたが、京都の朝廷では財源不足を補うために酒屋を認めてその代わりに酒造役(壷銭)を徴収した。
- Although the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) initially prohibited such operation of business, the Imperial Court in Kyoto permitted the sakaya business but collected sake-related tax called shuzo-yaku (or tsubo-sen) instead, to compensate for its financial shortage.
- 庭訓往来(ていきんおうらい)とは、往来物(往復の手紙)の形式をとる、寺子屋で習字や読本として使用された初級の教科書の一つである。
- Written in an oraimono (exchange of letters) style, Teikin Orai was an elementary textbook used as a copybook and reader at Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period).
- それ以前の藤原良房の時から藤原北家が摂政・関白に就いて執政してきたが、発展段階の摂関政治だったとして初期摂関政治と区別されている。
- Although the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had conducted policy as a regent or chief adviser to the Emperor since the time of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, their regency is considered to have still been in the developmental stage and was distinguished from the early regency.
- つまり、最初は武士のみならず、明法家などの他の中下級技能官人も「侍」とされたのであり、そこに武人を意味する要素はなかったのである。
- In other words, the word 'saburafu' originally included the nuance of not only 'bushi' but also other low- to middle-ranking ginou kanjin such as myoboke (legal experts), so it did not have the connotation of warrior or soldier.
- 各地の大名は、伝来当初こそこの新兵器の実力を疑問視したが、合戦でその効果が証明されるとこぞって買い求め、自国での量産化に奔走した。
- At first, every daimyo doubted the real power of this new weapon, but as the effectiveness was confirmed through battles, they bought them and made every effort to mass-produce them in their respective territories.
- 当村の前身の小学校は当地の真宗本廟(東本願寺系・真宗大谷派)西乗寺の寺子屋が発祥で、公立化後の初代校長には西乗寺の住職が就任した。
- The former elementary school of this village originated in the terakoya (temple school) at Saijo-ji Temple in this village, which is related to Shinshu Honbyo Temple (Higashi Hongan-ji Temple of the Otani school of Shin-shu Sect), and the priest of Saijo-ji Temple assumed the post of the first schoolmaster after it was converted to a public school.
- 高瀬川(たかせがわ)は、江戸時代初期に角倉了以・角倉素庵父子によって、京都の中心部と伏見を結ぶために物流用に開削された運河である。
- The Takase-gawa River is a canal excavated by Ryoi SUMINOKURA and his son Soan SUMINOKURA in the early Edo period for distribution of goods between the central Kyoto and Fushimi.
- 1959年(昭和34年)6月 - 福知山市出身の内閣総理大臣である芦田均が死去すると同時に、史上初の福知山名誉市民として選ばれる。
- June 1959: Hitoshi ASHIDA, the prime minister from Fukuchiyama City, was selected as the first honorary citizen of Fukuchiyama in history at the same time as his passing.
- こうした風景が大きく変わるのは、江戸時代初頭の1606年(慶長11年)に角倉了以が保津川を改修して大堰川を開いて以後のことである。
- The region came to a turning point when Ryoi SUMINOKURA developed the Hozu-gawa River to open the Oi-gawa River in 1606 of the early Edo period.
- 当初は職住一体の街を計画していたが、実際には大阪市や京都市の都心に働きに行く人が多く、両市へのベッドタウンの傾向が強くなっている。
- Initially, it was planned that people working in the city would also be able to live there, but in reality, commuters to Osaka City or Kyoto City are on the rise, resulting in a bedroom community for both cities.
- この当時(12世紀末~13世紀初頭)は、京都の中央政府(院政)の力も衰えておらず、中央(都、首都)と鎌倉の二元的支配体制であった。
- In those days (the end of 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century) the central government (Insei (rule by the retired Emperor)) had not yet lost its power, creating a dual system of governments: the central government (Kyoto, the capital) and Kamakura government.
- 用明天皇の皇子である厩戸皇子(聖徳太子の名で広く知られる)は、仏教に深く帰依し、6世紀末に四天王寺、7世紀初めに法隆寺を建立した。
- Emperor Yomei's son Prince Umayado, commonly known as Prince Shotoku, became a devout believer in Buddhism, so he constructed Shitenno-ji Temple in the end of the sixth century, and Horyu-ji Temple in the early seventh century.
- 朱印船(しゅいんせん)は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状(海外渡航許可証)を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
- The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- また、文章生も当初はその資格を「白丁雑任の子弟」に限定されて、貴族子弟は明経生、それ以外は文章生という明確な格差が定められていた。
- Also, at first, 'only sons of hakucho (ordinary people or inferior servants) and zonin (lower-ranking government official)' were qualified for monjosho, as there was a clear distinction that sons of nobles became myogyosho and others became monjosho.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- 問注所は当初、訴訟・裁判事務全般を所管したが、訴訟事案の増加に伴い、次第に事案が滞り始め、事務処理の迅速化が求められるようになった。
- As the Monchujo, which at first was responsible for lawsuits and judicial affairs in general, could no longer cope with the increasing number of lawsuits, much faster handling of the cases was called for.
- 特に第一条「広く会議を興し万機公論に決すべし」は、当初は民選議会を意図したものではなかったが、後に民選議会を開設すべき根拠とされた。
- Especially the first article 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion' was not intended for popularly-elected parliament at the beginning, but later it was considered as a basis of introduction of popularly-elected parliament.
- この新しい篆刻の風は大坂では新興蒙所や佚山らによって初期浪華派に、長崎では源伯民らによって長崎派が形成されるなど日本各地に伝播した。
- This new trend of tenkoku spread throughout the country, turning to the early Roka school established by Mosho NIIOKI and Itsuzan in Osaka as well as the Nagasaki school established by Hakumin GEN in Nagasaki.
- 院宮王臣家(いんぐうおうしんけ)とは、平安時代初期(8世紀末~9世紀ごろ)、天皇権力と結びついて勢力を強めた少数の皇族・貴族の総称。
- Engu oshinke is a collective term referring to a limited number of imperial families and nobles who gathered strength by taking advantage of their relationship with the Emperor in the early Heian Period (8th to 9th century).
- 初陣の年齢は個人差があるが多くの場合、元服前後の10代前半が多く、親は子供の将来の安寧を願い必ず勝てる戦いに参加させる傾向があった。
- Although the ages for uijin varied from person to person, in many cases the participants were in their early teens around genpuku (coming of age ceremony) and the parents were inclined to send them to a battle that they would doubtlessly win, wishing for their safety.
- 最初の6条は「神社仏寺」(宗教関係)、次の4条は「過差停止」(奢侈禁止)、最後の1条は「公事催勤」(政務励行)についての規定である。
- The first six clauses are rules about '(Shinto) shrines and (Buddhist) temples' (relations with religions), the next four clauses are about 'kasateishi (prohibition of the luxury beyond one's means or position)' and the last clause is about 'strict enforcement of government affairs.'
- なお、6代伊行は日本最初の書論書『日本の書流世尊寺流』を、7代伊経も藤原教長から授かった秘伝をまとめた書論書『才葉抄』を著している。
- The sixth generation, Koreyuki wrote 'Sesonji School of Japanese Calligraphy,' the first Japanese calligraphy book, and the seventh generation, Koretsune wrote the book, 'Saiyosho' (teachings on calligraphy) in which techniques taught from FUJIWARA no Norinaga were summarized.
- 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
- 黒板勝美の説は壇ノ浦の戦いについて初めて科学的な検証を行ったものであり、最も権威のあるものとして定説化して広く信じられるようになった。
- Katsumi KUROITA's theory of the battle of Dannoura marked the first time such a theory had been verified by scientific data, and consequently was seen as very authoritative, leading to its widespread acceptance.
- そのことから、この一帯を中心にして日本列島を代表する政治的勢力、すなわちヤマト政権の初期の三輪政権(王朝)が存在したと考えられている。
- From here onwards, it is considered that a leading political force in Japan island, that is, Miwa Regime (dynasty), which was equivalent to the early Yamato regime, existed mainly in this area.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 初め荒川氏を称してたが、荒川易氏のときに征夷大将軍足利義尚から信濃国伊那郡の一部を与えられ、易氏の孫の伊奈易次の代に伊奈熊蔵と号した。
- Although the family first referred to itself as the Arakawa clan, Yasutsugu INA, a grandson of Yasuuji ARAKAWA who had been given a part of Ina County, Shinano Province, by the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, called himself Kumazo INA.
- 当然このような劣悪な状況では途中で飢餓や病により倒れたり、死亡したりして行旅死亡人となる者も多く、初期の頃から社会問題化し始めていた。
- As a matter of course, the severe conditions caused many people to collapse from starvation and illnesses or even die en route, causing the issue to be recognized as a social problem.
- 南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易(勘合貿易)が開始するのである。
- The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.
- 当初は畿内を中心にした概念と考えられていたが、後に九州の事例を研究した工藤敬一らによって日本全国的な事象として考えられるようになった。
- Initially Zoyakumen kei shoen were regarded as the cases that were seen mainly in kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), but thanks to Keiichi KUDO's research on the cases in Kyushu, it is now believed that such cases were seen across the nation.
- 初め煎茶は遣唐使によりもたらされた貴重なものが用いられたが、9世紀後半には宮中の内裏茶園で栽培され、蔵人所の造茶使が製造を行っている。
- After it was first introduced to Japan, a valuable kind of sencha was used that had been brought over by the Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China), but by the late ninth century, the zochashi (a person who manages a tea garden) at the Kurodo-dokoro (chamberlain's office) made tea from plants that had been grown in the tea garden of the Imperial Court.
- 当初、受領たちは東北制圧戦争に伴って各地に捕囚として抑留された蝦夷集団、すなわち俘囚を騎馬襲撃戦を得意とする私兵として鎮圧に当たらせた。
- The Ezo (northerners) group, that is, barbarians, who were in custody as prisoners in each region after the war for conquest of the north-east region, were first made by zuryos to be the private armies who were in charge of suppression and good at cavalry attack.
- 幕府は承久の乱で鎌倉の武家権力が朝廷権力に勝利して、旧平家領にも守護地頭を起き支配権を全国に広げ、ついに初の全国統一の武家政権となった。
- The samurai authority in Kamakura defeated the Imperial Court authority in the Jokyu Revolt, and thus the bakufu deployed Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) in the territory of the Taira family, spread their authority across the country, and eventually established the first nationally-standardized military government.
- 「和歌初学抄」、「五代集歌枕」など多くの歌学書では、「くらぶ山」は山城国の山であるとはしているものの、その具体的な場所を特定していない。
- In many books concerning poetry, such as 'Waka Shogakusho' (basics of Japanese 'waka' poetry) and 'Godaishu Utamakura,' it is said that 'Kurabu-yama' (Mt. Kurabu) is located in Yamashiro Province, but its exact location is not identified.
- 1931年3月31日:京阪電気鉄道新京阪鉄道(今の阪急電鉄阪急京都本線)の大宮駅 (京都府)乗り入れにより、近畿地方初の地下鉄道線開業。
- March 31, 1931: The first subway system in the Kinki region opened with the extension of the Keihan Electric Railway Shin-Keihan Railway (the present-day Hankyu Corporation Hankyu Kyoto Main Line) to Omiya Station (Kyoto Prefecture).
- 特に明治時代から昭和初期にかけては、書道用の和紙や障子用の和紙としても原材料のコウゾとあわせて他府県にこの和紙は大量に生産、販売された。
- Especially from the Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period, a large amount of Washi paper was produced and sold as paper for calligraphy and Shoji (sliding door) to other prefectures, along with paper mulberries used as raw materials.
- 鎌倉幕府初代将軍の頼朝がここを拠点としたのは、父祖ゆかりの土地であったこととともに、こうした地理的条件による部分が大きかったと思われる。
- Yoritomo, the first Shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, established his stronghold here largely because Kamakura was his fatherland and has these geographical features.
- 旧字体の簡素化が推奨される時代であった1957年の市制施行の際も、初代市長である山本米三は表記を「五條市」として国及び県に申請している。
- Even at the time of the enforcement of the municipal organization in 1957, when they had been advocating a simplification of old form of Chinese characters, the first mayor, Yonezo YAMAMOTO applied for a description of '五條 City' to the nation and the prefecture.
- 「美術館」という名称は1877年(明治10年)に東京・上野で開催された第1回内国勧業博覧会の陳列館の名称として使用されたのが初出である。
- Bijutsu-kan' was used as the word to mean an art exhibition building for the first time in 1877, when the First National Industrial Exhibition was held in Ueno, Tokyo.
- 戦国初期より、九州北部の豊前、筑前に勢力をもっていた大内氏は、東は石見・安芸、西は筑前、肥前、筑後など、多くの地域を勢力下においていた。
- From the beginning of the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Ouchi clan which had been influential in Buzen and Chikuzen in the northern part of Kyushu placed the many regions from Iwami and Aki in the east to Chikuzen, Hizen, Chikugo and so forth in the west under its control.
- なお、一部の例外を除いて、各藩は藩士への知行体制を18世紀初旬までに地方知行制(現地領主制)から俸禄制(サラリー制)へと変遷させている。
- In addition, with some exceptions, by early in the 18th century, each domain had changed the fief system for retainers to provide a land into the salary system.
- また日本国で最初の天守が備えていたと言われており、城内には猪名野神社、上﨟塚砦、鵯塚砦、岸ノ砦、昆陽口砦などが築かれており堅城であった。
- It is said that Arioka-jo Castle was the first castle in Japan that had a keep and in its precincts there are Inano-jinja Shrine, Fort Jorozuka, Fort Hiyodorizuka, Fort Koyaguchi and so on and it was a strong castle.
- また同じく江戸で益田勤斎が初期江戸派の流れを汲みながら古法を守り、創意を加えた作風でその子益田遇所とともに浄碧居派と称する一派を成した。
- Also in Edo, Kinsai MASUDA revived the early Edo school, keeping the old style and adding his originality, and established the Johekikyo school with his son, Gusho MASUDA.
- 『粉河寺縁起絵巻』は後白河天皇のプロデュースとも言われるが、はっきりはぜず、その成立時期は、12世紀後半から13世紀初頭までと諸説ある。
- 'Kokawadera Engiemaki' is said to have been created by Emperor Goshirakawa, but not certain, but as for its completion, there were various theories that stated between the late twelfth century to the early thirteenth century.
- これは、口宣正文と区別するために端裏に「口宣案」の3文字と最初の行の右上に「銘」と呼ばれる口宣を渡した上卿の氏名を付記した上で渡された。
- For distinguishing the copy from the script (original) of the kuzen, the three Chinese characters '口宣案' (kuzen-an; draft of kuzen) were written on the reverse edge and the so-called 'mei,' the name of the shokei to whom the kuzen was submitted, was added on the upper right of the first line of the copy before being handed over.
- さらに後世、初句が「君が代は」となり、さまざまな形で世に流布されるにつれ、歌われる場も多様となり、解釈の状況が変わっていくことは後述する。
- In addition, it will be described below that, in later ages, the first line was changed to 'kimigayoha' and, as the waka was disseminated in society in various forms, situations under which the waka was chanted varied and the situations related to interpretation were changed.
- 醤油を除き、中国から伝わっていた要素で、室町時代の商工業発達によって普及した(醤油の普及はやや遅れ、関西では江戸時代初期、江戸では中期)。
- With the exception of soy sauce (which had not widely proliferated throughout western Japan until the early Edo period nor spread into Edo itself until the mid-Edo period), these were items that had been introduced from China and then disseminated thanks to the commercial and industrial growth seen during the Muromachi period.
- 歴史資料に三十三所巡礼が表れるのは、1090年(寛治4年)の近江国園城寺(三井寺)の僧・行尊による「観音霊場三十三所巡礼記」が最初である。
- The first historical document to refer to the Sanjusankasho junrei (pilgrimage) was the 'Kannon Reijo Sanjusankasho Junrei-ki' (Memoirs of the pilgrimage to the thirty-three holy places of Kannon) written by the Buddhist monk Gyoson of the Onjo-ji Temple (known as Mi-dera Temple) in Omi Province in 1090.
- 江戸初期には大石内蔵助が一力茶屋で遊んでいた話は歌舞伎などでも知られ、江戸末期には後の新政府を樹立する多くの志士らによって利用され続けた。
- Even in a particular kabuki play, Kuranosuke OISHI is shown to have played around in the Ichiriki-jaya teahouse at the beginning of the Edo period, and many anti-shogunate samurai who were to establish the new government frequented the hanamachi.
- この枡は、制定後間もなく全国的に流布し、その後は14世紀初頭に至るまで、数多い私枡のなかにあって、一定の権威をもった公定枡として機能した。
- Soon after it was designated, Senjimasu was put into circulation throughout the nation, and until the beginning of the fourteenth century it functioned as an official measure holding constant authority within many private measures.
- 寛平・延喜東国の乱と承平南海賊のいずれにおいても、反乱制圧・平和維持に尽力した最初期の武士たちは、十分な恩賞が与えられたとは考えなかった。
- In either of the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku, the samurai at the early stage who made efforts to suppress the rebellions and to maintain security did not consider their rewards sufficient.
- 聖徳太子の冠位十二階でも朝廷に出仕する者の服装規定が定められ、以後も度々奢侈禁止令が出されたが、当初はその対象は主に貴族・官人層であった。
- Under the Kani junikai (12 grades of cap rank) of Prince Shotoku, a dress code for those who attended the Imperial Court was established, and this was followed by frequent sumptuary laws which were, at first, mainly aimed at nobles and government officials (especially those of low to medium rank).
- 実際、日本の僧尼令では僧尼が私寺を建立することは禁じたものの、その他の私寺に関しては平安時代の延暦年間の太政官符において初めて規制された。
- In fact, although Japanese Soni ryo prohibited erection of private temple by monks and nuns, other private temples were regulated for the first time by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) in the Enryaku era of the Heian period.
- その長官である将軍の名が729年に初めて見えることから、奈良時代前半には鎮守府相当の機関が東国のいずれかの地に設置されたものと推測される。
- As the word 'shogun,' its commander-in-chief, was first mentioned in 729, it is assumed that an institution equivalent to the Chinju-fu was established in some area in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) in the early Nara period.
- 当初は有力な公民に対する賦課として行われる形式を採っていたが、11世紀中期の官物率法の成立を機に次第に土地に対する賦課へと変質していった。
- Originally it was a tax on prominent citizens, but with the establishment of Kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) in the middle of the 11h century, it transformed into a tax against land.
- 慈円は末法思想と「道理」をテーマとして国初以来の歴史を説き起こし、武家が大きな政治権力を握ったことを「道理」観念で合理的に理解しようとした。
- Jien described Japanese history based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and dori (order), and tried to rationally understand, based on the concept of dori, why samurai came to gain such strong political power.
- こうした就学政策に加えて、唐風文化への関心の増大などがあり、平安時代前期に相当する9世紀から10世紀初頭にかけてが大学寮の全盛期にあたった。
- In addition to these school attendance policies, because of a rise in interest in a Tang Dynasty-style culture, Daigaku-ryo saw its heyday between the 9th century and the early 10th century, which corresponds to the first half of the Heian period.
- ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、寺院境内地など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在する。
- However, there are some towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as precincts of shrines.
- 福知山市の場合、それを示唆するものの一例として国の重要文化財にも指定された盤龍鏡と呼ばれる「景初四年」の年号が刻まれた鏡の出土があげられる。
- In the case of Fukuchiyama City, one such finding supporting this speculation is a mirror called Banryu-kyo Mirror; it has been designated as a national heritage cultural property, and has the name of the period, 'Fourth Year of Jingchu,' engraved upon it.
- 幕府開設当初、江戸の地はひなびた場所であり、上方が文化の先進地域であったが、やがて諸国の人材が集まる江戸に美術の担い手が集まるようになった。
- When the Edo bakufu was founded, Edo was just a rural area, while Kamigata was the cultural front line, but before long, Edo began to attract artists, because Edo became the mecca of local talents in other fields as well.
- 幕府水軍の拠点は三浦半島の浦賀と江戸の日本橋 (東京都中央区)に設けられ、1631年に建造された将軍の御座船安宅丸を初めとする巨船を擁した。
- The footholds of the bakufu's suigun were set up in Uraga on the Miura Peninsular and Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) of Edo, and the bakufu possessed large ships including the pleasure boat Atake maru for the shogun built in 1631.
- また、これに先立った1585年(天正13年)6月に秀吉が金剛峯寺の僧侶に対して武装放棄を確約させており、これを刀狩の最初とする見方もある)。
- In June 1585, before the edict was issued, Hideyoshi obtained pledges from monks in the Kongobu-ji Temple to disarm, which is regarded by some people as the first attempt at katanagari.
- 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
- It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
- 江戸時代初期の清水寺本堂が有名であるが、この特異な形式が生まれるにあたっては神仏習合、なかでも山岳仏教より生まれた修験道の影響が甚大である。
- Kiyomizu-dera Temple Main Hall during the early Edo period was a famous example in kake-zukuri, and syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, especially, Shugendo derived from Mountain Buddhism, significantly contributed to the development of this unique style.
- ただ、清盛も当初から軍事独裁を考えていたわけではなく、左大臣・経宗、右大臣・兼実、左大将・徳大寺実定など上流公卿には地位を認めて協力を求めた。
- However, Kiyomori was also not planning the military dictatorship from the beginning, and he accepted the positions of the upper class kugyo such as FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, who had the title of Sadaijin, Kanezane, who had the title of Udaijin (Minister of the Right), and Sanesada TOKUDAIJI, who had the title of Sadaisho (Major Captain the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) and sought cooperation.
- 確認されたもののうち、最も初期のアプリシオは、ナルボンヌ(Narbonne)に近いフォンジョクス(Fontjoncouse)で見つかっている。
- The earliest aprisio among the ones confirmed was found in Fontjoncouse near Narbonne.
- 律令制における租が、平安初期~中期に律令制が崩壊・形骸化したことにともなって、年貢へと変質したが、貢租(こうそ)という別称に名残が残っている。
- As the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on a set of codes) collapsed during the early to mid-Heian period, the system of taxation called so (tax) evolved into the nengu; the name nengu (annual tribute), however, kept something from its precedent, 'koso' (the tribute-tax).
- なお、奈良時代の日本の人口は約500万人、農地は100万町(約120万ヘクタール、21世紀初頭が約480万ヘクタール)だったと推計されている。
- It is estimated that the population of Japan in the Nara period was approx. five million and the arable land area was approx. 1.2 million hectares (compared with approx. 4.8 million hectares in early 21st century).
- 現在、平成20年初頭の完成を目指して、国際多目的ターミナル・和田埠頭(仮称)が建設中で、埠頭完成時には5万トン級のフルコンテナ船が就航できる。
- Wada Wharf, a multi-purpose international terminal (tentative name) is under construction with aims to be completed early 2008; the wharf, when completed, will enable full-scale container ships in the 50,000 ton class to berth.
- 出雲阿国の歌舞伎踊りの時代から始まり、最初は若衆歌舞伎の小屋と茶屋が立ち並び10代の少年が接待をしていたので「陰間」と呼ばれていた花街だった。
- The hanamachi originated in the time of IZUMO no Okuni's Kabuki dance, and it was initially called 'Kagema' (male prostitute), for the area was lined with kabuki and tea houses for the 'wakashu' (a teenage kabuki apprentice and also male prostitute), and those boys entertained patrons.
- Miyagawa-cho started during the Kabuki Odori Dance era (these performances were the real start of kabuki and were comprised of vivacious dancing and joyous songs combined with amusing stories) of IZUMO no Okuni, and was first a red-light district called 'kagema' (male geisha) because playhouses for Wakashu Kabuki (young men's Kabuki) and chaya (literally 'teahouse' which refers to places where geisha entertain their guests) stood side by side, where male teenagers entertained guests.
- このように中世における事例が見られるとはいえ、小辺路が参詣道として確立するのは近世になってのことであり、その呼称の初見も近世初期のことである。
- Although there were such examples in the Muromachi period, Kohechi as a pilgrimage road was established in the early-modern period, and its name 'Kohechi' appeared at the beginning of the early-modern period for the first time as well.
- その後、鎌倉幕府の初代の征夷大将軍として武家棟梁となった源頼朝が河内源氏であったことから、河内源氏から名実ともに武家の棟梁が出ることとなった。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who became the head of samurai families as the first Seii Taishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) of the Kamakura bakufu later, was Kawachi-Genji, therefore, the head of samurai families was chosen from Kawachi-Genji both in name and reality afterwards.
- 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
- Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
- また、免田も当初は特定の耕地を指定せず一定の地域(郡・郷・荘)の中に一定の面積が指定されるだけで、下地が固定していない浮免(うきめん)だった。
- In addition, Menden originally did not specify a certain field but was a designation of a certain surface area within a certain region (gun, go, sho) and was an Ukimen (floating concession) without a base.
- 当初、朝廷や幕府は祠堂銭を禁止する姿勢を取ったが、後には仏教保護の一環として反対に祠堂銭を徳政令の対象外とするなど、容認・保護の姿勢に転じた。
- The Imperial Court and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) banned Shidosen at first, but later on accepted it, protecting Buddhism by exempting shidosen from Tokuseirei (ordering a return of sold land and a dissolution of debts).
- 貴族は支配階級であり、支配階級たる貴族は本来「武」を兼ね備えており、平安時代初期の貴族の「卒伝」の中にも、そうした「武勇の士」は沢山出てくる。
- Aristocrats of the ruling class originally trained in 'martial arts' as well, and there were many 'heroic samurai' that appeared within the 'obituaries' of aristocrats during the early Heian period.
- 往来物(おうらいもの)とは、平安時代後期より、明治時代初頭にかけて主に書簡などの手紙類の形式をとって作成された初等教育用の教科書の総称である。
- Oraimono is a collective term for primary education text books that were compiled from the late Heian period to the early Meiji period, mainly in the form of letters.
- これは、辺境地帯でなく内地において、荒廃した田畑を一般の人民にあてがって耕作させるもの(民屯)で、当初は許都の周辺で行われ、のち各地に広まった。
- This was not in the outlying areas but inland and had ordinary citizens farm land that had not been used (Minton) and was originally started around Xuchang and then spread to other regions.
- 昭和初期では第16師団の将校、兵士にも利用され、1958年(昭和33年)3月15日、売春防止法によって遊廓としての役割を閉じ、花街のみとなった。
- In the early Showa period, Chushojima was utilized by the officers and soldiers of the 16th division of the Imperial Army, and in March 15, 1958, it finished its role as a yukaku due to the Anti-Prostitution Law, and only its role as Hanamachi remained.
- 梅雨の晴れ間のことを五月晴れ(さつきばれ)というが、この言葉は最近では「ごがつばれ」とも読んで新暦5月初旬のよく晴れた天候を指すことの方が多い。
- Sunny spells during baiu is called 'satsukibare' (literally, sunny spells in May), but, in recent years, it is more popular that this expression is read as 'gogatsubare' and means fine weather in the beginning of May by new calendar (solar calendar).
- 旧細野村の区域は京北町大字細野となり、残りのの1町4村の計41の大字は引き続き京北町の大字となり、発足当初の京北町は42の大字で構成されていた。
- The area of the former Hosono village became Oaza Hosono, Keihoku Town, and the other forty-one Oaza (one town and four villages) became the Oaza in Keihoku Town, therefore, there were forty-two Oaza in the Keihoku Town at the time of establishment.
- 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
- Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area, or industrial city, such as those for the wealthy class, and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in Japan, which brought the accompanying influence of Kyoto culture to those regions thereon.
- 薩摩藩・土佐藩などは、当初は公武合体・徳川家を議長とする諸侯会議を目標としていたが、ある段階から幕府を見切り、それまでの敵の長州藩と手を結んだ。
- As for the Satsuma clan/Tosa clan, while they initially targeted a meeting by various daimyos headed by the Tokugawa clan, at a certain point they turned their back on Bakufu and joined hands with their former enemy, the Choshu clan.
- 熊野記念館は、1985年(昭和60年)から翌1986年(昭和61年)3月までの秋冬季に全ルートを調査しており、これが小辺路の初の学術調査である。
- The team of the Kumano Kinenkan Museum investigated the whole route in Autumn and Winter from 1985 to 1986, and this was the first academic investigation of Kohechi.
- この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
- At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.
- 鎌倉時代以降は御家人に列し、初代・重長の娘が鎌倉幕府2代征夷大将軍源頼家の室となり公暁を儲けるなど幕府との強固な繋がりを有したことが想定される。
- Since the Kamakura period, its name was listed among the vassals and seemed to have such a strong relationship with the shogunate that the daughter of the first-generation Shigenaga became a wife of the second shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), MINAMOTO no Yoriie, who had a child called Kugyo with her.
- かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
- In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
- ここでいう日光山とは護摩壇山の北西約1キロメートルほどのところにあるピークで、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期に創建されたと伝えられる日光神社がある。
- This 'Mt. Nikko' is the peak about 1 kilometer northwest from Mt. Gomadan and there is Nikko-jinja Shrine that is said to have been built in the end of the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
- その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
- When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.
- 聖徳太子が物部守屋との仏教受容をめぐる戦いを制し建てた、日本初の大寺である大阪市の四天王寺について、アラハバキ及び縄文系との関わりが指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka City, which was the first large temple built in Japan by Prince Shotoku when he battled and defeated MONONOBE no Moriya over accepting Buddhism, has a relationship with Arahabaki and Jomon culture.
- このように、平氏政権は従来の貴族政権と異なり、武力に大きな基盤を有していたことが明らかとなり、学界では日本最初の武家政権とするのが通説となっている。
- This is why the Taira clan administration differs from previous aristocratic governments and it is clear that its main foundation was military power, and the academic field normally considers it as the first bushi government in Japan.
- 東京では同年月での快晴日数は0(梅雨期である6、7月を除いては初のワースト記録)、日本気象協会発行の天気図日記では「暗い3月」と評される程であった。
- In Tokyo in the same month and year, there was no clear day (the worst record excluding June and July which fall under tsuyu season) and it was commented in the Weather Chart Diary published by the Japan Weather Association as 'dark March.'
- ところが、斥候の浅野薫が乱戦を怖れたため、大石鍬次郎隊への連絡が遅れて当初予定していた包囲体制が完成せず、土佐藩士たちは退路を確保することができた。
- However, because Kaoru ASANO, on patrol, was afraid of the battle royal and his report to the group of Kuwajiro OISHI was too late, the plan to surrender the Tosa retainers failed and consequently they secured their escape route.
- 清盛はその経済力・軍事力を背景に朝廷における武家の地位を確立して、永暦元年(1160年)、参議に任命され、武士で初めて公卿(議政官)の地位に就いた。
- With the weight of the Taira's great economic and military might behind him, Kiyomori firmly established the (high) position of the warrior clans at court; in 1160 he was named Sangi (councillor), marking the first time a warrior had been raised to such a high and lordly (Giseikan) rank at court.
- 当初の鎌倉幕府は東国を中心に成立した鎌倉殿を主宰者とする武士を首班とした地方政権であり、承久の乱後、全国政権へと飛躍し、権力を拡大させたものである。
- The Kamakura Bakufu was originally a local government headed by the Kamakura-dono founded in the Tokoku region which presided over the samurai but rapidly developed throughout the nation and expanded its power following the Jokyu War.
- しかしながら、排出量の上限を最初にどのように公平に割り振るかが問題であり、一律に割り振ると、既に省エネを徹底していた企業が損をするという問題がある。
- However, there is an issue how to assign the upper limits of emissions fairly and impartially, and if assigned uniformly, it can be disadvantageous to enterprises which have already realized the emissions reduction with their efforts.
- 初期の大学寮においては儒学を教える明経道が中心とされ、律令を教える明法道と算術を教える算道が実務的な観点からこれを補う構造であったと考えられている。
- It is thought that in the early daigakuryo, myogyodo, which was the study of Confucian classics, was centered on supplementary subjects: myobodo to teach the Ritsuryo codes and sando to teach arithmetic, added from practical viewpoints.
- 現在でも納経をしないと御朱印がもらえない寺院が存在するが、多くの寺社では少額の金銭(初穂料・御布施)を納めることで御朱印がもらえるようになっている。
- There are still some temples that will not give goshuin unless sutra copies are submitted, but at many temples, goshuin will be given by donating a small amount of money (hatsuho-ryo (ceremony fee) or offerings).
- 南蛮貿易(なんばんぼうえき)とは、日本の商人とスペイン、ポルトガルの商人(南蛮人)との間で16世紀半ばから17世紀初期にかけて行われていた貿易である。
- Nanbanboeki indicates trade that was carried on between merchants in Japan and those in Spain or Portugal during the era from around the middle of sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- 当初は舞鶴西港に発着していたが、増大する輸送力に対応するため、1990年(平成2年)舞鶴東港に国内貿易の拠点埠頭として整備されたのが、前島埠頭である。
- Initially, the ferry arrived at and departed from Maizuru-Nishi Port (Maizuru West Port); Maejima Wharf was constructed in Maizuru-Higashi Port (Maizuru East Port) in 1990 as a core wharf for domestic trade and to cope with increased transportation occurring in Maizuru-Nishi Port.
- ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、北野天神の社領など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名などもかなりの数が存在する。
- However, there are quite a few towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as the estate of Kitano Tenjin Shrine.
- しかしこういった遺跡や住居跡などは平安時代初期にかけてまでしか見つかっておらず、こういった勢力は飛鳥時代の終わりごろに滅亡していったと考えられている。
- However, it is speculated that such powerful families perished around the end of the Asuka period, since only the remains of dwelling sites dating up to the Heian period were found.
- これに対して、近年では後鳥羽上皇は武家政権との対立ではなく、当初は公武融和による政治を図っており、そのために実朝の位を進め優遇していたとの見方が強い。
- Regarding this state of affairs, the retired Emperor Gotoba had initially avoided confrontation with the military government and had instead aimed for harmony between court and shogunate; for that reason, he had if anything seemed strongly supportive of Sanetomo's rise to the rank of Shogun.
- 当初13,000名で臨んだレイテ決戦も生還者は僅か620名で、3人の連隊長が戦死しており、牧野四郎師団長も1945年(昭和20年)8月10日自決した。
- Among thirteen thousand soldiers that participated in the battle on Layt Island, only six hundred twenty survived, and three regimental commanders died in the battle, and Shiro MAKINO, who was the head of the division committed suicide on August 10, 1945.
- 12世紀末の治承・寿永の内乱(源平合戦)を経て、初期鎌倉幕府政権は、国追捕使の権限を継承した惣追捕使を各国に設置することについて、朝廷から承認を得た。
- After the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War) towards the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at its initial stage gained the approval of the Imperial Court to establish Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles), inheriting the rights of koku-tsuibushi, in each province.
- 朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
- Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.
- 戦いは当初地の利に勝る尼子勢が優勢だったが、攻め落とすのが難しいと判断した吉川元春が住民に間道を教えてもらい、別働隊を率いて裏から布部山の頂上に登った。
- While the Amago army was initially dominant due to the advantageous location, Motoharu KIKKAWA found it difficult to defeat the Amago army and obtained information about a by-path from local residents and went up to the top of Fubeyama from the rear side of the mountain, leading a separate battalion of troops.
- 明治から昭和の初めまでは、明治初期からの代々の家族が全て同じ戸籍に記され、4代くらいに渡って兄弟姉妹、配偶者、其々の子供、子孫ら家族全てが記されていた。
- From the Meiji period to the early Showa period, families through successive generations were recorded in the same family register, including all the brothers, sisters, spouses, their children and grandchildren of those families over about four generations.
- 江戸前期、武断政治から文治政治への移行を背景に、1641年(寛永18年)岡山藩主池田光政が設立した花畠教場(はなばたけきょうじょう)が最初の藩校である。
- In the early stage of the Edo period, government by the military was changed into civilian government, Hanabata Kyojo Classroom, which was established by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of the Okayama domain; in 1641 at the background of that change was the first hanko.
- 奈良時代初期には既に漆掻き(漆の採取)が行われていたとされ、明治時代には福知山とその周辺の地域において漆掻きをする人が500人近くも居たといわれている。
- It is believed that Urushikaki (collection of lacquer by tapping lacquer trees) was already implemented in the beginning of the Nara period, and in the Meiji period, as many as 500 people were engaged in Urushikaki in Fukuchiyama and the surrounding area.
- この乱は、3年後の平治の乱の遠因ともなり、さらには日本最初の武士政権である平氏政権の成立、また関東武士団を基盤とする鎌倉幕府の成立をもたらすこととなる。
- The disturbance, one of the underlying causes of the Heiji Disturbance (Heiji-no-ran) that occurred three years later, led to the establishment of Japan's first samurai-dominated government--that of the Taira clan--and the Kamakura shogunate based on the kanto warrior bands.
- 当初、柴の行為に問題無しとして念のため会津藩から医師と謝罪の使者を送り、これに対し土佐藩側も最初に名乗らなかった麻田にも落ち度があると理解を示していた。
- At first, Shiba's action was passed and the Aizu clan dispatched a doctor and a messenger to apologize to the Tosa clan; the Tosa clan responded by mentioning that Asada was also to blame for not having mentioned his name in the beginning.
- 蕨尾から七色(なないろ)にかけては明治初年に七色横手(なないろよこて)という道が開かれたが、断崖沿いの危難な道であるため、ほとんど使われなかったという。
- A road named 'Nanairo Yokote' road was built from Warabio to Nanairo in the first year of the Meiji era, however it was seldom used because it was a dangerous path along a cliff.
- 1269年と1271年にもモンゴルから国書が届き、朝廷は返書送付を提案したが、幕府は当初の方針どおり黙殺を選んだ(外交権も幕府が握っていたことを表す)。
- Sovereign messages from Mongol arrived in 1269 and 1271 and Imperial Court suggested replying, but the bakufu chose to ignore them following the original policy (indicating that diplomatic powers were also held by the bakufu).
- このため、競売方式で排出権を購入する方式が広まりつつあるが、当初の購入資金が負担となることや、価格の変動による経営リスクが生じることが問題とされている。
- Accordingly, the method to purchase the right of emissions at auction is spreading, meanwhile there are issues such that getting an initial fund for purchase is a considerable burden and a management risk arises caused by the fluctuation of prices.
- 天長3年に初めて3国の太守に任じられたのは、賀陽親王(常陸国太守)、仲野親王(上総国太守)、 葛井親王(上野国太守)で、いずれも桓武天皇の皇子であった。
- Those who were firstly appointed to the kokushu of the above three provinces in 826 were Imperial Prince Kaya (Taishu of Hitachi Province), Imperial Prince Nakano (Taishu of Kazusa Province), and Imperial Prince Kadoi (Taishu of Kozuke Province) and all of them were Emperor Kanmu's princes.
- 1406年に帰国した第二次遣明船は6~7隻と記録が残っており、1410に足利義持が中止するまでの初期6回の遣明船の船団規模は同程度であったと推定される。
- As the record exists that the number of ships of the second Kenminsen fleet returned to Japan in 1406 was six to seven, it is presumed that the scale of six Kenminsen fleets which visited Ming until Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA ceased dispatching them in 1410 was within the same range.
- このため、初期の本所法も本所である権門の出自に属する公家法や寺社法、それに現地の慣習法や国衙が定めた国例などの地域独自の規定に拘束される場合が多かった。
- For this reason, the early honjo law was often constrained by court noble law and Jisha-ho (laws regarding shrines and temples) that governed the classes to which the honjo had originally belonged as the influential families, as well as by regionally specific regulations, such as local common law or Kokurei (a common law based on actual state of affairs in each area), which was enacted by the kokuga.
- 古くは仏教の祈祷と混同されて用いられた例もある(『日本書紀』敏達天皇6年条)が、本格的な導入の初出は『日本書紀』にある持統天皇5年(691年)条である。
- There are examples from ancient times of a sort of proto-jugonshi, who used spells containing elements of Buddhist prayers mixed in (see for instance the section on the year 577 in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)), but full-blown jugonshi do not appear in the written record until the section of the 'Nihonshoki' describing the year 691).
- 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋(現:サントリー)がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
- After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
- これに並行して鎮守府諸施設の工事が始まり、1901年(明治34年)10月1日に舞鶴鎮守府が開庁、初代司令長官は当時海軍中将であった東郷平八郎が任命された。
- At the same time construction of the facilities for Chinjufu began, and on October 1, 1901, Maizuru Chinjufu started operations under first Admiral Heihachiro TOGO who had been a vice admiral till then.
- 初めは懐良親王ら南朝勢力の討伐に任じられた今川貞世(了俊)が就くが、了俊が九州で独自の勢力を築くと幕府に警戒され、了俊が解任された後は渋川氏の世襲となる。
- Initially, Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun), who had been ordered to subdue Nancho powers such as Imperial Prince Kanenaga, assumed the position, but the Bakufu feared that Ryoshun would establish his own power in Kyushu; after Ryoshun was dismissed, descendants of the Shibukawa clan succeeded in the position.
- このため、昭和初期(地方によっては昭和20年代)まで酒は現在のように瓶で売られるのではなく、町の酒屋においてはまだ酒樽からの量り売りするのが主流であった。
- Therefore, until the early Showa period (or during the period from 1945 to 1954 in local regions), sake was sold mostly by measure from a sake barrel, not in a bottle.
- 中山忠親は平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期の公卿で内大臣を務めた人物で、書名の「山槐」とは忠親の家号「中山」と、大臣家の唐名(槐門)を合わせたものに由来する。
- Tadachika NAKAYAMA was a court noble who lived from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period and served as Naidaijin (Minister of the Palace); the name given to his diary (which is written as '山塊' in kanji) is derived from a combination of the last kanji of Tadachika's yago (family name), which is written as '中山' in kanji, and the first kanji of the Chinese name given to the office of minister ('塊門', which is pronounced 'Kaimon').
- 明治2年(1869年)、明治維新に伴う官制改革によって廃止されたが、律令制に基づく機関の中では、最後まで設置当初の職掌を名実ともに保った稀有の存在であった。
- In 1869, the Tenyakuryo was abolished during the reform of government institutions that followed the Meiji Restoration, but among all the institutions based on the ritsuryo system, the Tenyakuryo had the rare distinction of having managed to maintain, both in word and in deed, its official functions from when it was founded right up until the moment it was dissolved.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 当初、転業にめぐってお茶屋派と学生相手の下宿派に別れ対立してきたが沈静化し、その後、徐々に衰退してくるようになり、1970年にその長い歴史に終止符を打った。
- To decide their next business, those who wanted to open ochaya (literally 'teahouse' which refers to places where geisha entertain their guests) conflicted with those who wanted to rent rooms for students at first but it was settled, then Chushojima gradually fell into decline and put an end to its long history in 1970.
- 再開発をされたのが江戸時代初期、御所拡大に伴い移住してきた住民が北野天満宮、愛宕山への参拝客を相手に煮売茶屋をはじめ、それが花街として発展してゆくのである。
- Goban-cho was redeveloped during the early Edo period, and as people moved in and 'Gosho' (the imperial palace) expanded, they formed 'Niuri-jaya' (tea houses selling boiled vegetables, fish and beans) for visitors going to Kitano Tenmangu Shrine or Mt. Atago; in later days, these shops changed their business and the area formed the geisha quarter.
- 地方においても、形骸化していた律令制の官の復権である国司と、鎌倉幕府以来の武家による統治機構である守護・地頭の並立は、当初から新政の矛盾を示すものであった。
- In rural areas, as well, having the position of the provincial governor, working to revitalize the officers of the Ritsuryo system who had become mere empty figureheads, coexisting with the Protectors and jito (estate stewards), who had been part of the system of government by the samurai clans since the founding of the Kamakura bakufu, revealed the contradictions of the new government right from the beginning.
- また幕府が当初、農民に限定した徳政令を発布して事態の収拾に乗り出したのに対し、公家や武家も含む一国平均の徳政令を要求し、支配者層の支持をも得ようとしている。
- From the shogunate which set out to settle the situation by spreading Tokuseirei exclusively for the farming population, the uprisers demanded that Tokuseirei be issued throughout the country including the court nobles and samurai in order to obtain support from the ruling classes.
- 江戸時代に初演された人形浄瑠璃・歌舞伎の『義経千本桜』は大当りとなり、劇中の舞踊「道行初音旅(みちゆきはつねのたび)」も好評を得て、吉野山の愛称で呼ばれる。
- A ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and kabuki story titled 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees) was played for the first time in the Edo period and became a big hit, and 'Michiyuki Hatsune no Tabi,' a dance number performed in the story, also gained a good reputation and was affectionately called Mt. Yoshino.
- このようにして、中世末期から近世の初頭にかけて日本の海上勢力は自立した海賊衆から大名の統制に服して公権力の海上における軍事力である水軍に転化させられてゆく。
- As mentioned above, from the end of middle ages to the early modern ages, the armed forces on the sea in Japan changed from independent kaizoku shu to suigun that was put under control of daimyo and incorporated into military force of public power on the sea.
- その中で最も東端に位置する蔚山城が未完成のまま、年末から翌慶長3年(1598年)初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍の攻撃を受けるが撃退に成功する(第一次蔚山城の戦い)。
- When Urusan-jo Castle, at the east most edge of Korea, was under construction, the Japanese forces were attacked by the Ming-Korean forces from the end of 1597 to the beginning of 1598; the Japanese fought the enemy off (the first Battle of Ulsan).
- 経済産業分野では、富国強兵・殖産興業のスローガンの下、富岡製糸場を初めとする官営工場が作られるなど、政府主導の産業育成が始まり、西洋式工業技術が導入された。
- In economic and industrial areas, the government began leading industrial development, and Western industrial technology was adopted, such as the establishment of government-owned factories including Tomioka Silk Mill under the slogans 'Fukoku Kyohei' (enriching the country and strengthing the military) and 'Shokusan Kogyo' (encouraging building of new industries).
- 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
- しかし、越訴頭人は初代の頭人が金沢実時・安達泰盛であったように引付衆の中でも執権・連署を除く上首(最上位)もしくはそれに次ぐ御家人が任じられる慣例があった。
- However, among Hikitsukeshu, particularly joshu (the head) or second-tier vassal, except regency and rensho (assistant to regents), were customarily appointed as ossotonin; for example, the first ossotonin were Sanetoki KANEZAWA and Yasumori ADACHI.
- こうした中で最初の武家政権である平氏政権が登場するが、この時期の社会矛盾を一手に引き受けたため、程なくして同時多発的に全国に拡大した内乱により崩壊してしまう。
- As the first Samurai government, the Taira clan administration came to the forefront, but soon collapsed due to simultaneous nation-wide civil wars, brought upon their attempt to single handledly shoulder the social contradictions of the times by themselves.
- 因みに、文部省(現在の文部科学省)が編集した『小学唱歌集 初編』(明治21年(1881年)発行)に掲載されている歌詞は、現在のものよりも長く、2番も存在する。
- By the way, words in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen (Collection of songs for elementary school, First Version)' (issued in 1881) edited by the Ministry of Education (current Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) is longer than the current one and it has the second verse.
- 彼らは諸大夫層への復帰を賭け、蝦夷の戦術に改良を施して、大鎧と毛抜型太刀を身につけ長弓を操るエリート騎馬戦士として活躍し、最初の武芸の家としての公認を受けた。
- In order to return to the class of shodaibu, they improved the Ezo's fighting tactics, wore oyoroi (big armor) and a sword composed of a blade and a hilt, used chokyu (long bow), flourished as cavaliers and firstly and publicly were authorized as families of military arts.
- 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
- In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'
- なお、諸般の事情により大名脇坂氏2代の脇坂安元が堀田氏から養嗣子を迎えたことで、血統では初代からの連続性は早々と絶えており、その後も堀田氏とのつながりが強い。
- However, due to various reasons the second generation of the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) Wakisaka clan, Yasumoto WAKISAKA, took an adopted heir from the Hotta clan; the bloodline from the first generation died out in the early stage, and the relationship with the Hotta clan became stronger.
- 国衙軍制と武士身分が確立する過程で、初期の武士が自分たちの地位確立を目指して行った条件闘争が武装蜂起にまで拡大し、平将門と藤原純友らによる承平天慶の乱に至った。
- Through the process of the establishment of the kokuga forces system and the samurai status, the conditional strike, which was originally started by the first samurai to establish their position, turned into an armed uprising, resulting in the Johei-Tengyo Revolt fought by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado.
- 蛤御門の名前の由来は、天明の大火(1788年1月30日 (旧暦))の際、それまで閉じられていた門が初めて開門されたので、焼けて口を開ける蛤に例えられた為である。
- The reason it came to be called Hamaguri (Clam) Gate was that during the great Tenmei fire (on January 30, 1788 in the old calendar), the gate, which had until then always remained closed, was opened for the first time, and thus resembled a clam's shell opening in response to being subjected to fire.
- これに加えて初期多田源氏の系譜には混乱がみられることなどから、多田庄は満仲から七男源頼範とその子の頼綱に継承されたとする説が昭和40年代に提起されたことがある。
- In addition, there are some disorders in the early genealogy of Tada-Genji, so that it was suggested during the 1960s or 1970s that Mitsunaka had handed over Tada Manors to his seventh son, MINAMOTO no Yorinori, and to Yorinori's son, Yoritsuna.
- また、京都や大坂などの大きな町では江戸時代初期から伊藤仁斎が古義堂を開くなど私塾を構えるところもあったが、江戸中期くらいから郷村で村塾といわれる私塾が出てきた。
- In big cities such as Kyoto and Osaka, private schools, such as Kogido school opened by Jinsai ITO, had existed since early in the Edo period, but after around the middle of the Edo period, private schools called village schools appeared in rural areas.
- 10世紀初頭頃から、公田は名田と呼ばれる租税収取の基礎単位へ編成され、現地の富豪層(田堵・負名層)が名田経営と租税納入を請け負うという名体制が形成されていった。
- In the early 10th century, Koden was reorganized into the base for taxing called Myoden (rice field lots managed by a nominal holder) and the system called Myo-system, under which local wealthy peasants (Tato (cultivators)/Fumyoso (tiller of the public rice field)) were responsible for the management of Myoden as well as land tax payment, was established.
- 当初はその該当地は定まっていない浮免(うきめん)と呼ばれる存在であったが、後に一定の区画が雑役免田として固定化される定免(じょうめん)と呼ばれる仕組が成立した。
- Though the object lands were not fixed initially and called 'Ukimen,' the system called Jomen under which some land was fixed as Zoyakumenden established later.
- また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始(ふどのはじめ)とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
- The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.
- 寛平・延喜年間(9世紀末期-10世紀初期)になると、板東において、中央へ進納する官物を強奪するといった「群盗蜂起」が頻発した(しゅう馬の党・寛平・延喜東国の乱)。
- In the Kanbyo-Engi period (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century), there were frequent 'outbreaks of banditry' (Shuba-no-to and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (disturbances by banditry in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi)) in which Bando were robbed of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to be offered to the central government.
- 1991年(平成3年)3月26日に舞鶴自動車道(現・舞鶴若狭自動車道)の福知山インターチェンジ - 舞鶴西インターチェンジ間が開通し、市内初の高速道路が開通した。
- On March 26, 1991, the Maizuru Express Way (today's Maizuru-Wakasa Express Way) between Fukuchiyama Interchange and Maizuru-nishi Interchange opened to became the first Automobile Express Way in Maizuru City.
- 当初、関東や北陸で勃興した反平氏勢力は、旧勢力の期待するところであって平氏政権を排除した後は、それまでの歴史の通りにいずれ中央政府に帰順するものと考えられていた。
- Initially, the anti-Taira clan forces that began in the Kanto and Hokuriku regions were acting as the old regime anticipated and it was thought that after the Taira clan government was removed, the country would return to a central government as in the past.
- 急性疾患(特に熱のある場合)、活動性の結核、悪性腫瘍、重い心臓病、呼吸不全、腎不全、出血性疾患、高度の貧血、その他一般に病勢進行中の疾患、妊娠中(特に初期と末期)
- Acute diseases (in particular, when feverish), active tuberculosis, malignant tumor, serious cardiac diseases, respiration failure, dysfunction of kidneys, bleeding disease, serious anemia, progressing diseases in general, and pregnancy (in particular, first pregnancy trimester and last pregnancy trimester)
- この出来事に大坂城の淀殿は驚き、高次夫人に使者を遣わして(淀殿の妹である初(常高院)は高次の正室として城中にあった)、停戦・降伏を求めるが大津側は断固として拒否。
- Yodo-dono (Lady Yodo; Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's concubine and the mother of Hideyori, the heir to the Toyotomi clan) was surprised to hear of this treachery and dispatched an envoy to Takatsugu's wife (Yodo-dono's younger sister Hatsu/Joko-in was at Otsu-jo Castle as she was Takatsugu's lawful wife) to call for a truce and surrender, but the Otsu side never accepted it.
- そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
- Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
- 特に11月13日付で「天皇への無礼と京大の責任」なる論説を掲載した京都新聞を初めとして新聞は学生側を強く非難し、常軌を逸した「不敬罪」であるかのように書き立てた。
- Especially, newspapers strongly condemned students as if they committed 'lese majesty,' including Kyoto Shimbun which posted the article 'Disrespect for the Emperor and Kyoto University's responsibility' on November 13.
- 「飛散開始日」とは、その日の1平方センチメートルあたりの花粉観測数が連続して1個以上になった最初の日をさし、実際には飛散開始日よりも前に少量の飛散は始まっている。
- First day of pollen dispersal' is the first day on which the observed pollen count per square meter exceeds a value of 1, but low-level pollen dispersal begins actually before the first day of pollen dispersal.
- 当初は信長と協調関係にあったが、将軍権力の抑制を図る信長の一連の動き(永禄12年(1569年)1月に信長が出した殿中御掟等)により次第に信長と対立するようになった。
- At first, he was in a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, but gradually came into conflict with him because of Nabunaga's attempts to control the Shogun's power, such as Denchu on okite (regulations for the shogunal residence) issued by Nobunaga in 1569.
- 明治初期の刑法典である『改定律例』278条には「違勅罪」という罪名が置かれて違法とされたが、以後天皇の立憲君主化に伴って違勅そのものが罪に問われることは無くなった。
- In Article 278 of 'Kaiteiritsurei', a criminal code in the beginning Meiji Period, a charge named 'Ichokuzai' was established as an illegal act, but in line with the subsequent constitutional monarch of Emperors, accusing a person of Ichoku itself as a crime ceased.
- 平安中期ごろ、特に東国の発祥当初の武士層の間で、朝廷との関係において名乗る姓名とは別に、自らの所領(名:みょう)に通称名(字:あざな)を並べる通称が広まっていった。
- In the mid-Heian period, besides a full name used at the Imperial Court, the use of a pseudonym containing a domain name (myo) followed by a nickname (azana) became popular especially among early samurai warriors who were originally from the eastern provinces.
- 『朝鮮人来聘記』等においても三韓征伐等を持ち出して朝鮮通信使は朝貢使節であると見なしており、当初から日本人が朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節団として捉えていたことがうかがえる。
- In 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' (a document about Koreans who visited Japan to pay tributes), it is described that, referring to 'Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), Chosen Tsushinshi was an envoy bringing tributes to Japan, suggesting that Japanese considered, from the beginning, Chosen Tsushinshi an envoy bringing tributes.
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- 昭和時代初期には、無尽会社による無尽は更に発展していき、銀行に相当するほどの規模を持つものまで存在すようになっていき、日本の経済を担う金融機関の一つとなっていった。
- In the early Showa period, Mujin by Mujin companies further developed and some of them became quite large equivalent to banks, and consequently became one of the financial institutions to bear the Japanese economy.
- そこには三輪山山麓部の纏向遺跡には最古級の前方後円墳である箸墓古墳があり、また天理市の南部に所在する初期ヤマト政権の大王の墓を含むと推測されている大和古墳群がある。
- This area contains Hashihaka tomb, the oldest keyhole-shaped mound and part of the Makimuku ruins at the foot of Mt. Miwa and, to the south of Tenri city, the Yamato tomb group, where the royal tombs of the early Yamato Kingdom are thought to be located.
- 鎌倉時代初期の多田経実に始まり大和国の国人(衆徒)として存続した多田氏は源満仲の後裔と伝え代々佐比山城に拠ったが、別族とも取れる記述が見られるなど系譜が明確でない。
- The Tada clan, as founded by Tsunezane TADA in the early Kamakura period, existed in Yamato Province (today's Nara Prefecture) as local samurai, and this clan, which is said to have comprised descendants of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, maintained a foothold at Sahiyama-jo Castle for generations; however, in some historical sources there are depictions that can be taken to mean that this lineage had nothing to do with the Tada clan mentioned above, so the detail of this lineage is unclear.
- この形式は11世紀に完成されたもので、口宣が行われた初期(10世紀前半)には、宣旨との書式の区別が確立しておらず、年月日が最後の行の位署の上に記載されたものもある。
- The form was established in the eleventh century -- When the kuzen began to be practiced (in the first half of tenth century), the form of kuzen had not been distinguished from the form of senji yet, and the date was put above the isho in the last line in some cases for kuzen.
- 最終氷期の初期にあたる7万年前 - 6万年前ごろの風送ダスト(風によって運ばれ、堆積した砂や塵のこと、黄砂もこれに含まれる)の堆積量は10cm²あたり12gであった。
- The amount of dust sent by wind in the period from 70 to 60 thousand years ago (the sand and dust carried over to and accumulated in Japan, including kosa) was 12 g per 10 square centimeters.
- 鞆の浦周辺は1925年に名勝・鞆の浦の指定を受け、さらに1931年に制定された国立公園法において国立公園として最初に指定された地区のひとつである(瀬戸内海国立公園)。
- An area in and around Tomonoura was designated place of extraordinary scenic beauty in 1925, and it composes a group of the first national parks designated pursuant to the National Park Acts enacted in 1931 (the Seto Inland Sea National Park).
- 言葉の成立当初は、具体的に36の峰を擁するという意味ではなく、なだらかに連なる東山の山々を洛中から見て、おおよそ三十六ほどは連なっていようかと例えられたものであろう。
- When the name was first invented, it apparently did not point to the specific 36 mountains, but just expressed an impression that there were a chain of gently sloping mountains in the east viewed from the Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto), which could be seen as roughly 36 of them.
- もともと太上天皇は天皇と同格かつ同等の権限を有するものとされ、最初の太上天皇である持統天皇と文武天皇以来、太上天皇と天皇が共同で執政することは当然のこととされていた。
- Originally, a retired empreor was considered to hold the same and equivalent authority as an emperor, so it was considered natural that the retired emperor and emperor rule together since the first Retired Emperor Jito and Emperor Monmu.
- 弥生式土器は地理的に中国大陸や朝鮮半島に近い北部九州で最初に出現したもので、他の地方でも縄文式土器に代わって製作されるようになり、北海道を除く日本全国に分布している。
- The Yayoi pottery was made at first in the northern part of the Kyushu region, which is situated close to China and the Korean Peninsula, and then Yayoi pottery began to replace Jomon pottery in other regions as well, so the excavation site of the Yayoi pottery ranges nationwide except for Hokkaido Island.
- 慶長3(1598)年9月末から10月初めにかけて明と朝鮮の連合軍は西から順天倭城(小西行長軍)、泗川倭城(島津軍)、蔚山倭城(加藤清正軍)、に対して同時攻勢を掛けた。
- The Ming and Korean Allied Forces simultaneously attacked Suncheon Waeseong (Yukinaga KONISHI army), Sacheon Waeseong (Sacheon Japanese Castle) (Shimazu army), and Ulsan Waeseong (Ulsan Japanese Castle) (Kiyomasa KATO army) from the west between early to mid-October 1598.
- 突撃した大友軍は親将が杉長門を一騎討ちで討ち取るなど、初期はよく戦ったが、数で勝る大内軍は鶴翼の陣に切り替え、前後左右から少数の大友軍を攻め、壮絶な死闘が展開された。
- In the beginning, the swooping down Otomo army successfully fought the enemy such that Chikamasa defeated Nagato SUGI in a one-on-one fight -- On the other hand, since the Ouchi army outnumbered the Otomo army, it changed their battle formation to kakuyoku (crane's wing), and encircled and attacked the Otomo army, which resulted in a fierce and desperate battle.
- 農業生産の向上や商工業及び交通の発達によって貨幣流通が盛んになるにつれて広く行われるようになり、室町時代には最初から銭納を想定した公事に対してもこの名称が用いられた。
- It was widespread, as money became circulating more rapidly due to agricultural production increase, and development of commerce, industry, and transportation; and in the Muromachi period, this name was also applied to kuji which was decided to be paid by money from the beginning.
- なお、当初は東一条殿(ひがしいちじょうどの)と呼ばれていたが、邸内に撫子や萩が咲き乱れていたことから、「花山院」と呼ばれるようになったとされている(『古今著聞集』)。
- It was originally called 'Higashi-Ichijo Dono' (the residence by Eastern Ichijo Street) but it subsequently came to be called 'Kazanin' (the residence by the mountain covered with flowers) after the dianthus and lespedeza flowers in the estate (according to 'Kokon Chomon-Ju').
- しかし、石山本願寺と毛利氏に呼応して味方であったはずの摂津国荒木村重が反乱を起こすと、播磨においても小寺氏、別所氏が反旗を翻すなど、中国征伐は当初から苦難が多かった。
- But the Chugoku Conquest was full of troubles, from the beginning as Murashige ARAKI in Settsu Province, who had supposedly been on Hideyoshi's side, cooperated with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Mori clan to rise in revolt while the Kodera clan and the Bessho clan led a rebellion in Harima.
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- 8世紀初頭に成立した律令制のもとでは、公田のうち口分田を班給した後に余った乗田を国衙が百姓らに貸し付けて、収穫物の2割を納入させる賃租の規定があった(「田令公田条)。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) established at the beginning of the 8th century, there was a provision of chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) that, after hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the field given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), kokuga (provincial government offices) lent peasants joden (rest of the field after kubunden was given) from the remaining koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and charged 20 percent of their harvest as jishi (according to 'Denryo-koden-jo).
- 上記22町のうち大竹町、淵田町、土居之内町、桧町、東高田町の5町は西院村西院の一部で、当初「西院」を冠称していたが、昭和6年(1931年)からは「壬生」を冠称している。
- Of the 22 towns which were mentioned above, the five towns of Otake-cho, Fuchida-cho, Doinouchi-cho, Hinoki-cho and Higashi Takada-cho were a part of Sai, Sai village, and the name 'Sai' was prefixed in the beginning, but since 1931, 'Mibu' has been prefixed.
- 当初、半済は戦乱の激しい3国(近江国・美濃国・尾張国)に限定して認められていたが、守護たちは半済の実施を幕府へ競って要望し、半済は次第に恒久化され、各地に拡がっていく。
- Initially, the hanzei was granted only in the three provinces where fierce battles had raged (Omi Province, Mino Province, and Owari Provice), but the shugo competed to demand the granting of hanzei, and the right was gradually perpetuated, spreading throughout the land.
- 昭和初期に子母沢寛が新選組3部作を発表すると認識が広まり、戦後の価値観の転換で新選組が主役に扱われる事も多くなり、各隊士にもスポットが当てられ創作がされるようになった。
- When Kan SHIMOZAWA made his Shinsengumi Sanbusaku public in the early Showa era, Shinsen-gumi's notoriety increased, and along with the reversal of views after the World War II, there were more cases where Shinsen-gumi was given the leading role, and attention was given to each member, and works were produced based on the members.
- この時代の土器は1874年(明治17年)に帝国大学(現・東京大学)の隣地の向ヶ岡弥生町(現・東京都文京区弥生)から出土した壷形土器が学史的には最初の出土例とされている。
- Of all earthen vessels of this period, the crock-shaped vessel, excavated in Mukaigaoka-Yayoi-cho (the present Yayoi, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis) next to Tokyo Imperial University (today's Tokyo University) in 1874, was found for the first time in the history of Japanese archeology.
- 宇喜多直家は当初は毛利氏の傘下として行動し、織田よりであった主君の浦上宗景を追放し下剋上を果たしていたが、織田氏と秀吉の力を知ると毛利氏を見限り秀吉に降参を申し入れた。
- At first, Naoie UKITA acted under the dominance of the Mori clan and climbed up the ranks after driving out Munekage URAGAMI, who was his lord but was more on Oda's side, but once he found out how powerful the Oda clan and Hideyoshi were, he gave up on the Mori clan and offered to surrender to Hideyoshi.
- 大同類聚方(だいどうるいじゅほう)は、平安時代初期の大同_(日本)3年(808年)に編纂された日本における唯一の古医方の医学書であるとともに、最古の国定薬局方でもある。
- Daidoruijuho was a unique Koiho (school of ancient medicine) document compiled in Japan in 808 during the early Heian period, while it was also the oldest government-designated pharmacopoeia.
- 初期の官物徴収は特に基準がなかったためにそれぞれの国例に従って官物率法が決定されて賦課されたが、国司による恣意的な賦課(官物加徴)やこれに対する農民側の抵抗も強かった。
- The initial Kanmotsu collection did not have any standards and Kanmotsu ritsuho was customarily decided and taxed in each province, but arbitrary taxation (Kanbutsu kacho) by Kokushi (officiers of the local government) occurred and resistance by farmers against this was strong.
- 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同 (日本)年間初頭(大同元年は806年)の設立と推定されている。
- It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because 'Nihon Koki' was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
- フロイス「日本史」によれば、変の直前の天正10年5月15日 家康が戦勝祝賀のために武田の降将の穴山信君(梅雪)の随伴で信長を安土城に訪ねた際、当初、光秀が饗応役となった。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois, when Ieyasu visited Nobunaga on June 15, 1582, immediately before the Incident in Azuchi-jo Castle accompanied by Nobukimi (Baisetsu) ANAYAMA, who was a surrendered warlord from the Takeda clan to celebrate the victory in the battle Mitsuhide was at first appointed to the position of marshal.
- 大江山鉱山などからの鉱石をもとに試験製錬を繰り返したが、鉱石に含まれるニッケルの含有量が低すぎたため、当初の目的だった純粋のニッケルにまで精錬することはできないままだった。
- Trial smelting was performed repeatedly using ore from Oeyama Mine etc., but because the ore was too poor in nickel, pure nickel remained unable to be refined as previously planned.
- それに続く形で市区改正道路(都市計画道路)事業と市電の敷設が進められ、昭和初年には、伏見市(現在の伏見区中心部)など周辺の市町村を編入し、ほどなく人口も100万人を超えた。
- Subsequently, the road plan under the Municipal Improvement Act (roads under the City Planning Act) and the construction of city trams were carried out, and the population of Kyoto City exceeded a million some time after the city absorbed the surrounding municipalities such as Fushimi City (the central part of the present-day Fushimi Ward) in the first year of the Showa period.
- 当時の学問水準より比定の誤りなどが見られるが、平安初期以前の薬物の和名をことごとく記載しておりかつ来歴も明らかで、本拠地である中国にも無いいわゆる逸文が大量に含まれている。
- Although there are some errors in the identification of the medicines by analogy due to the low level of the study at that time, every single Japanese name of the medicines used before the early Heian period is recorded, and the origins and histories of them are revealed, and plenty of so-called itsubun (lost writings), which previously existed but do not exist now even in its home country, China, are included in the dictionary.
- 戦国時代初期の頃は通常農閑期に行われる戦は農民兵たちにとって支給される賃金と陣中食はじめ兵糧、即ち現金収入がある出稼ぎと食い扶持減らしの出来る一挙両得の短期雇用の場であった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles which were usually conducted in off-season for farmers were an opportunity for peasant soldiers for short-term employment with ikkyoryotoku (killing two birds with one stone) where they could obtain wages to be paid and army provisions including a combat ration, in other words, cash income and a decrease in payment for food.
- こうした事情は武士の発生時期から数世紀下る17世紀初頭の日葡辞書に、「さむらい」は貴人を意味し、「ぶし」は軍人を意味すると区別して記載されていることにもその一端が現れている。
- We can see a part of these situations in the description, where distinctively, 'samurai' refers to nobility and 'bushi' a military officer, in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604) during the early 17th century, some centuries after the time of bushi's emergence.
- 当時の官制においては、位階は八位まで(その下に初位というのも存在した)で、当時の貴族とは従五位以上を指し、従八位から正六位までは官人(官僚)であり、厳密には貴族ではなかった。
- In government-regulated organizations at that time, the lowest rank of the ikai (court ranks) was Hachii (the rank of Shoi also existed below Hachii), and the definition of a noble of the time was a person ranked Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) or above whereas persons ranked between Juhachii (Junior Eighth Rank) and Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) were regarded as government officials (bureaucrats), who were not nobles in the strictest sense.
- 検非違使は、刑部省および太政官が司法上の機能を果たさなくなるにしたがって平安初期に設置されたもので、司法警察上の追捕(ついぶ)のみならず、糾弾・断獄の諸権をももつにいたった。
- Kebiishi was established at the beginning of Heian period when the judicial function of gyobusho and daijokan was diminishing, and they gained authority for tsuibu (pursue and capture) as judicial police, as well as condemnation and adjudication.
- 大坂には各藩の蔵屋敷が集まり、世界初の商品先物取引所たる堂島米会所が置かれ、遠隔地取引での為替手形も用いられるようになり、大坂は「天下の台所」として日本経済の中心地となった。
- In Osaka where warehouses of each domain were concentrated, the Dojima Rice Exchange, the first commodity futures exchange in the world, was established, and bills of exchange for long-distance transactions also came to be used, making Osaka, the 'kitchen of Japan,' the center of the Japanese economy.
- 『続史愚抄』によれば、建武5年8月28日 (旧暦)に朝廷で行われた「暦応」改元の決定は幕府側には伝えられず、足利尊氏ら幕府首脳は9月4日 (旧暦)になって初めて知ったという。
- According to 'Zoku Shigusho' (Historical work published in 1791), the decision to change the name of the era to 'Ryakuo' in the Imperial Court on October 19, 1338 was not conveyed to the bakufu, and it was not until October 25 that the seniors in the bakufu, including Takauji ASHIKAGA knew of the change.
- その時期は関東においては平忠常の乱が終わり、そこでの「亡国」といわれるほどの焦土戦による荒廃から、復興・再開発が始められた段階、つまり11世紀後半から12世紀初頭に相当する。
- That period ranged from late eleventh to the early twelfth century when the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune ended in the Kanto region, and when reconstruction and reestablishment started from the ruins of what was called almost a 'dead province.'
- 和辻哲郎の「巨椋池の蓮」という手記は、大正末年か昭和初年の夏に巨椋池で蓮見船に乗った思い出をつづったもので、当時の観蓮の情景を描いており、1950年(昭和25年)に発表された。
- A collection of notes entitled Oguraike-no-Hasu (Lotus in Ogura-ike Pond) written by Tetsuro WATSUJI, reminiscing the occasion when he was on board a lotus-viewing boat on Ogura-ike Pond in the summer of 1926 or 1927, described scenes of lotus-viewing at the time and was published in 1950.
- 新政の当初は院政を行わず、摂政・関白や征夷大将軍などを設置せずに政治権力の一元化を目指しており、表面的には復古王政を装いつつ、内実は先例主義を否定する革新的な政治路線であった。
- In the beginning, the new government did not have any separate government by retired emperors, nor did it make the usual appointments of regent, chief advisor, or Seii taishogun, instead aiming to centralize all political power; superficially, the government was dressed in the guise of a restoration to direct Imperial rule, but in fact it was a government set on a truly progressive course, one that rejected the old principle of putting precedent first.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 下向井らの議論は、武士の成立を王朝国家論・荘園公領制論などと整合的・有機的に結びつけるものであり、21世紀初頭において、武士成立に関する最も有力な説の一つに位置づけられている。
- The theory by Shimomukai and others connects the establishment of samurai to the dynastic nation theory and the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) theory consistently and systematically, and in the early 21st century, has been positioned as one of the most promising theories concerning the establishment of samurai.
- 『今昔物語集』の「摂津守満仲出家せる語」には500との数もあるが、それは『今昔物語集』が書かれた12世紀初めの段階での当時最大の都の武士団の印象を元にした誇張・文飾だとされる。
- The story of Mitsunaka, the lord of Settsu Province' in 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' stated 500, but it is assumed to be just an exaggeration and flowery words following the impression of bushidan of the biggest capital back in early twelfth century when 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' was written.
- 最初に新山城を陥落させ、出雲国の旧領をほぼ制圧し、破竹の勢いで月山富田城に向かったが、守兵300であるにも関わらず天野隆重が守る難攻不落の険城をなかなか落とすことができなかった。
- First they took control of most of their former territories in Izumo Province by destroying Shinyama-jo Castle and advanced unresisted to attack Gassantoda-jo Castle, but the castle was so tightly guarded by Takashige AMANO, making it inaccessible and impregnable, that they had problems destroying the castle, despite the castle only being guarded by three hundred warriors.
- 当初は、荒廃田を再開させた開発者には、期限つきで耕作権が認められるに過ぎなかったが、平安時代初期には終身の権利に発展したため、富豪農民(田堵)・郡司級土豪は積極的に開発を行った。
- An award given to developers who resumed ruined fields was at first nothing but the right to cultivate the land on a temporary basis, but eventually evolved into permanent rights in the early Heian period, which greatly motivated Tato (wealthy cultivators) and powerful local clans at Gunji (magistrates) level to cultivate fields.
- 奈良時代初期は、律令に基づいて中央政府による土地・民衆支配が実施されていたが、人口や財政需要の増加に伴い、722年、国家収入を増やすため政府において大規模な開墾計画が策定された。
- During the early Nara period, the land and people were governed by the central government based on the Ritsuryo system, but in 722, with the increase in population and financial demands, a large scale land development program was formulated to increase the national income by the government.
- 福知山市内からは古くは縄文時代初期のころのものが出土していることから、既にそれ以前にはこの地に人が住んでいたことや、多くの有力豪族がこの地一帯を統治していたことが考えられている。
- Since the oldest finds of the Jomon period were found in Fukuchiyama City, it is speculated that people already lived here and that many influential powerful families ruled the area.
- 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
- There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
- In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
- 律令制において租庸調として中央に貢進されていた米が平安時代に滞るようになると、官司の大粮に宛がうために本来は不動穀に充てられる筈であった田租を中央に貢進したのが最初とされている。
- It began when the rice tithed to the central government as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) went into arrears in the Heian period, and Denso that was kept as Fudokoku (emergency grain) was tithed to the central government for use in food supplies for government officials.
- 新制そのものの最古は天暦元年(947年)とされているが、中世における新制の基本的要素である「神社仏寺」「過差停止」「公事催勤」の3つの項目が揃った法令としては最初のものであった。
- While the oldest shinsei is considered to have been issued in 947, Chohogannenrei is the first law which contains all of the three fundamental elements of shinsei in the Middle Ages: '(Shinto) shrines and (Buddhist) temples,' 'kasateishi (prohibition of the luxury beyond one's means or position)' and 'strict enforcement of government affairs.'
- 伏見版(ふしみばん)とは、江戸時代初頭に、徳川家康の命により、山城国伏見区の伏見学校の一角に建立された円光寺(現在地は、京都市左京区一乗寺)において開版された木活字版のことである。
- Fushimiban are block printed books printed at the Enko-ji Temple (now Ichijoji, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), which was established on a corner of the Fushimi School in Fushimi Ward of Yamashiro Province by order of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.
- 同年9月に開かれた被告2名の初公判では、被告側の弁護人として11名の弁護士(この中には先述の佐伯千仭が含まれている)のほか、田畑茂二郎ら3名の法学部教官が特別弁護人として参加した。
- At the first court hearing of the two defendants held in September of that year, 11 lawyers participated as the defendants' lawyers (including the aforementioned Chihiro SAEKI) along with 3 other law faculty staff such as Shigejiro TAHATA as special lawyers.
- 一方、研究設備や研究成果、教授陣が充実している大学や、関西文化学術研究都市や神戸医療産業都市構想を初めとした産学官連携研究施設が集積しており、経済面の環境が縮小している訳ではない。
- On the other hand, universities with excellent research equipment, research achievements and professors, and research facilities based on industry-academia-government collaboration, including the Kansai Science City and the Kobe Medical Industry Development Project, are concentrated in the area, and it is not the case that the economical environment would decrease their size.
- 六月の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が殺されると政治的混乱の中「代初めの徳政」を求めて(天下一同の徳政令)京都近江坂本の馬借を中心に農民が蜂起、地侍が指導し、数万人の一揆にふくれあがった。
- In the political turmoil after the assassination of Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in the Kakitsu War, the farming population lead by bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Omi Sakamoto in Kyoto rose up in rebellion to demand 'daihajime-no-tokusei (acts of virtuous government requested at shogun replacement)' (Tenkaichido no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order for all throughout the country)), which was directed by jizamurai (local samurai) and lead to an uprising by tens of thousands of people.
- そして、江戸のように全く新しくあるいはそれに近い都市改造の結果誕生した都市では、初期段階において領主への国役などの負担と引換に新設された町屋敷地を拝領する方式が取られた地域もある。
- In some cities - newborn ones and renewed ones - such as Edo, residents offered 'kuniyaku' (public duties) to the feudal lord at the early stage of the city development, and in exchange, they received the land of the town's residential area that was newly developed.
- それに対し、日本では堺市や寺内町のような堀と土塁で囲まれた都市や町は早くから存在していたものの、初期の城下町では領主の居城のみが堀と城壁に囲まれ、街自体は城壁には囲まれていなかった。
- However, in Japan, although there have been cities and towns such as Sakai City and Terauchi-cho which are surrounded by a moat and dirt mounds since early times, only the lord's residence castle was surrounded by a moat and castle wall and the town area itself was not surrounded by a castle wall in the initial jokamachi.
- 畿内は当初大和国(やまと)・河内国(かわち)・摂津国(せっつ)・山城国(やましろ)の四カ国からなり、四畿内と称されたが、のち河内の国から和泉国(いずみ)の国が分立して五畿内となった。
- The Kinai region consisted of Yamato Province, Kawachi Province, Settsu Province and Yamashiro Province, which were called 'Shikinai' (lit. Four Kinai Provinces) but Izumi Province later became independent from Kawachi province and the region became known as 'Gokinai' (lit. Five Kinai Provinces).
- 特にローソン三条大橋店は、道路に面している壁面が前面ガラス張りであるため、大変特徴的でわかりやすいことから、初めて三条京阪を訪れる人にも待ち合わせとしてわかりやすい場所となっている。
- The Lawson Sanjo-ohashi Bridge Branch is noted for having a unique glass covered wall facing the road, and is considered to be an easy place to spot and meet even for people visiting Sanjo Keihan for the first time.
- 市西部および北部は奈良盆地の東南に位置し、寺川や初瀬川(大和川)が流れる比較的平坦な田園地帯で、桜井駅 (奈良県)および三輪駅周辺や国道165号沿線を中心として市街地を形成している。
- The western and northern parts of the city are located to the southeast of Nara Basin and form a relatively flat rural zone; this area constitutes of a downtown location, the center of which are Sakurai Station (Nara Prefecture), places around Miwa Station and along Route 165.
- また京都電燈から供給される豊富な電力は、京都市の産業振興に大きく貢献し、日本初の路面電車である京都電気鉄道(後に京都市電へ買収)を1895年(明治28年)に走らせる事にもつながった。
- The large amount of electricity supplied by Kyoto Dento also greatly contributed to the industrial development of Kyoto City, as it led to the inauguration of Kyoto Electric Railway (later sold to Kyoto City Trams), which was the first Japanese electric tramway, in 1895.
- 使節団によってヨーロッパの人々に日本の存在が知られる様になり、彼らの持ち帰ったヨハネス・グーテンベルク印刷機によって日本語書物の活版印刷が初めて行われた(これをキリシタン版という)。
- The mission made the existence of Japan known among the European people and Japanese documents were printed for the first time with a printing press that Johannes Gutenberg brought back (this is called Jesuit printing).
- 11世紀中期から12世紀・13世紀初頭にかけて、荘園公領制の成立や院政・武家政治の登場などに対応した中世国家体制が漸進的に構築されていったため、この時期に王朝国家体制は終期を迎えた。
- As the medieval national polity, which corresponded to the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and the advent of cloister government/samurai government, was progressively built up during the period from the mid-11th century to the 12th century/early 13th century, the period of dynastic polity ended around that time.
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- 源満仲以来の本拠地である多田に隣接する能勢地方は古くから源氏一族とも関係の深い土地であったと考えられ、能勢氏や地元の伝承などによると源頼光の長子・源頼国が最初に入部し開発したとされる。
- Lying next to Tada, which was the home to the Minamoto clan since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, the Nose region is considered to have been closely related to the Minamoto clan and according to the local and the Nose clan's tradition, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, the eldest son of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, first entered this place and exploited it
- また守護は、当初は国司の業務や地頭の権限への介入を禁じられていたが、応仁の乱以後の地方定住と権力の拡張の結果次第に領主化して室町後期には地方支配も進み、この頃の守護は守護大名と呼ばれる。
- At first, it was prohibited for shugo to intervene in the tasks of Kokushi and the authorities of Jito, however, as a result of settlement in local areas and expansion of authorities after the Onin War, they gradually became feudal lords and cemented their grip in local areas by the late Muromachi period; shugo in this period are especially called shugo-daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 当初、こうした臨時雑役は国衙領を対象としていたが、租納入が免除された不輸荘園が拡大するにつれて国衙領を浸食していったため、国司側の対抗手段として不輸荘園にも雑役が課せられるようになった。
- Temporary tasks and taxes were first collected from kokugaryo, but fuyu shoen that were exempt of tax submission expanded and as a result reduced kokugaryo, so the governor imposed taxes and tasks on fuyu shoen as well.
- 古代においては自前の神田・寺田に加え、律令国家によって給付された封戸や墾田開発によって成立した初期荘園が寺社の大きな収入源であった(一部の大寺院・大神社には造寺司や神郡の制度もあった)。
- In ancient times, in addition to shinden (also referred to as kanda; land held by a shrine) and jiden (also referred to as terada; land held by a temple), fuko (households of temples and shrines) granted by the Ritsuryo state (state based on ritsuryo code in the seventh century) and the early time shoen (estate) which was established by konden (development of fallow land or creation of new rice paddies) were the main source of income for the temples and shrines (Some big temples and shrines had systems such as zojishi (officials responsible for building temples, and shingun - also referred to as kamikoori; deity district).
- 最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉~中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階(プレ・ヤマト王権)だったとする見解もある。
- As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
- From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
- 更に建武の新政において元弘3年(1333年)、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
- Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.
- 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆(江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる)も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
- As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).
- その伝統は現在も伝統工芸として残るのみならず、京セラや島津製作所など先端技術を持つ企業を初め、任天堂やワコールなど業界トップクラスの本社が集まるなど、現代産業を支えている地域の一つである。
- Kyoto City maintains its legacy, as can be seen in traditional handicraft; furthermore, with industry-leading companies such as Nintendo and Wacoal Holdings Corporation, along with high-tech companies such as Kyocera Corporation and Shimadzu Corporation, which are headquartered in the city, Kyoto is becoming one of the areas capable of sustaining current industries.
- 当初、守護の職権については鎌倉期と同じく大犯三ヶ条の検断に限定されていたが、国内統治を一層安定させるため、1346年(貞和2)幕府は刈田狼藉の検断権と使節遵行権を新たに守護の職権へ加えた。
- Initially, the power of the shugo was limited to the taibon-sankajo-no-kendan, just as it was in the Kamakura period, but in 1346 the Muromachi shogunate gave the shugo the authority to judge the case of the karita-rozeki and the authority of the shisetsu-jungyo to administer the country more stably.
- 結果、容堂は幕末の四賢侯の一人に挙げられていながらも、討幕運動が盛んになり続けても逆に幕府を擁護したため幕末及び明治初期の政局に混乱をきたす事となり、彼の評価は芳しい物ではなくなっていく。
- As a result, although Yodo's name is listed among the Bakumatsu-no-shikenko (幕末の四賢候), he continued to defend Bakufu even when the Tobaku movement became active; this brought about confusion in political conditions at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period, and his reputation declined.
- 奈良盆地を指す令制国の名称が、三野が美濃国、尾治が尾張国などと好字をもって二字の国名に統一されたのと同じく、和銅初年(701年)には「倭国」を「大倭国」と書くようになったと考えられている。
- The name of ryoseikoku (province) that indicated the Nara Basin was considered to be changed from '倭国' to '大倭国' in 701 in the same way as 三野 was changed to 美濃国 and 尾治 was changed to 尾張国 by using koji (letters signified good meaning and often used for person's name or place name).
- しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末~10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
- However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- ただし、北九州から出土する最初期の土器を炭素14による年代測定法で調査したところ、紀元前8~9世紀という値が出たとの報告もあり、弥生時代の始期を5世紀ほどさかのぼらせるべきだとの主張もある。
- However, some argue that the Yayoi period should date from a point five centuries earlier, based on a carbon-14 dating report that the earliest earthen vessel of this period excavated in Kitakyushu had been made in the eighth or ninth century B.C.
- 日本初の営業用水力発電である琵琶湖疏水の蹴上発電所(発電所は京都市営)から生み出される当時としては大量の電力を背景として、発電コストを低下させ電灯料金も引き下げ、電灯の本格的普及に貢献した。
- Kyoto Dento contributed to the widespread installation of electric lamps by lowering the cost of power generation and the price of electric lamps by drawing on the large amount (for that time) of electricity generated at the Keage Power Plant (run by Kyoto City) on Lake Biwa Canal, which was the first commercial hydraulic power generation in Japan.
- 律令初期は原則どおり議政官会議における決定を受けて太政官符が発給されたと考えられているが、平安中期頃になると、上卿(太政官筆頭)が主宰する陣定での決定をもとに太政官符が発給されるようになった。
- During the early period under the Ritsuryo system, it is considered that Daijokanpu was issued in accordance with the principles following the decision of the Giseikan Conference, but in the middle of the Heian period, Daijokanpu came to be issued based on Jin no Sadame (one of the Imperial conferences) hosted by Shokei (court novels who work at Imperial Court as high rank post) (the top official of Daijokan).
- また、江戸時代末期から明治時代初頭にかけて、1町が「東・西」「上・下」に分割されたり、町組に属していなかった周辺部の町が編入されるなどして町数に変動があり、明治時代初期には267町が存在した。
- From the end of Edo period to the early Meiji period, some towns were divided into 'east and west' or 'upper and lower' and some neighboring towns not belonging to any Machigumi were integrated into Fushimi, and there existed 267 towns in the early Meiji period.
- 前述の町屋や、大正から昭和初期にかけては木造3階建ての料亭や旅館が多数建設され、老朽化や都市計画による道路拡張などにより、城下町の風情でもあった珍しい木造建築は姿を消そうとしている現状もある。
- The aforementioned tradesmen's houses, and many other wooden three-story Japanese restaurants and inns built from the Taisho to the early Showa periods, which made the castle town attractive are disappearing due to deterioration by aging and road extension carried out by urban planning.
- なお、文禄元年への改元は12月8日(グレゴリオ暦1593年1月10日)に行われたため、4月12日の釜山上陸で始まった戦役初年の1592年のほとんどの出来事は元号的には天正20年の出来事である。
- As the name of era changed to 'Bunroku' on December 8 (January 10, 1593 by the Gregorian calendar), almost all events in 1592, the first year of the War, that began with landing at Busan on April 12, occurred in Tensho 20 as far as name of the era is concerned.
- 近世初期(1683年(貞享3年)また一説によれば寛永(1622年-1643年)に、下総国葛飾郡からその一部、すなわち隅田川から利根川(現在の江戸川下流)までの地域をあわせ、武蔵国の葛飾郡とした。
- In the beginning of the early modern period (1683) or, as some people say, between 1622 to 1643, a portion of the Katsushika district in Shimo-Usa Province, from the Sumida River to the Tone River (the downstream of the present-day Edo-gawa River), was combined to form the Katsushika district of Musashi Province.
- もちろんデマだったわけであるが、結果的に摂津衆は清秀・高山右近を初めとしてほとんどの諸将が秀吉に味方をすることになり、さらに四国征伐のために大坂に集結していた織田信孝・丹羽長秀らも味方になった。
- Of course, it was a lie, but eventually most leading members of Settsushu including Kiyohide and Ukon TAKAYAMA sided with Hideyoshi, and Nobutaka Oda and Nagahide NIWA, having gathered in Osaka to join the Conquest of Shikoku, also joined Hideyoshi's camp.
- 明治維新以降の近代に入ってからは熊野詣の風習も殆どなくなってしまったため、参詣道としての利用はほとんど絶えたものの、周囲の住人が交易・物資移送を行う生活道路として昭和初期までは使用されつづけた。
- Since in modern times after the Meiji Restoration, the custom of the pilgrimage to Kumano became obsolete, Kohechi was no longer used as a pilgrimage route, however it continued to be used as a community road for trade and transportation of goods by local residents until the early Showa era.
- 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった(記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある)。
- Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).
- 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配(人別支配)を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
- The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.
- 室町時代初頭の貞和2年(1346年)、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
- In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).
- 円融も独自の皇統を創始する意欲を強く持っており、また、最初に皇后とした媓子の死後、皇子懐仁を産んだ詮子をさしおいて、皇子のいない遵子を皇后に立てるなど、貴族たちを手玉に取るような行動にも出ている。
- Enyu also wanted to establish his own imperial line and after the death of the first Empress Koshi, skipping Senshi who was the mother of the prince Yasuhito, he made the childless Junshi Empress and acted as if he was leading the aristocrats around.
- 天下統一を達成した豊臣秀吉は日本人の海外交易を統制し、倭寇を禁圧する必要から、1592年に初めて朱印状を発行してマニラ、アユタヤ、パタニになどに派遣したとされるが、この時のことはあまり資料がない。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who achieved the unification of the whole country, regulated Japanese foreign trading by printing Shuinjo in 1592 in order to suppress wako and dispatched people to Manila, Ayutthaya, and Pattani but few documents exist concerning this period.
- 紀伝体の史書で、本紀(帝王)73巻、列伝(后妃・皇子・皇女を最初に置き、群臣はほぼ年代順に配列、時に逆臣伝・孝子伝といった分類も見られる)170巻、志・表154巻、全397巻226冊(目録5巻)。
- The history book is written about events and consists of the 397 volumes with 226 books, and the first seventy three volumes are honki (about the emperors), next 170 volumes are retsuden (retsuden describes empresses, prince and princesses and courts chronologically while it is sometimes classified as gyakushinden or koshiden) and the last 154 volumes are shi and hyo (five catalogues).
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- 初めは紀伊藩徳川光貞や加賀藩前田綱紀といった有力藩主とその周辺の学者によって行われたのをその嚆矢とするが、光貞の子・徳川吉宗が江戸幕府の第8代将軍になると、幕府内部でも研究が進められるようになった。
- Initially it was performed by powerful feudal lords such as Mitsusada TOKUGAWA of the Kii Domain, Tsunanori MAEDA of the Kaga Domain, and the scholars around them, but when Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the child of Mitsusada, became the eighth shogun of the Edo bakufu, research was performed in the bakufu as well.
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期にかけての桓武天皇は、国司の任務遂行の徹底を企図して、延暦元年(782年)、後任が到着して120日経過しても解由状を得られない官司は、厳しい処分を受けることが定められた。
- Emperor Kanmu, who was an emperor from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period, attempted to make kokushi perform his duties completely, and regulated in 782 that, if a government officer could not obtain a geyujo even after 120 days from when his successor arrived, the officer should be punished severely.
- 福知山城の初代城主であったことに加えて明智光秀は善政をしいたことから、明智氏の治世がごくわずかであったのにもかかわらず、福知山市ではいたるところで明智氏や光秀に関連したものやイベントが多数所在する。
- Mitsuhide AKECHI was the first castellan of Fukuchiyama-jo Castle, and many events and items around Fukuchiyama City are related to the Akechi clan and Mitsuhide, despite the short length of his rule, due to the positive reputation of his administration.
- 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
- Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.
- そのため、当初、海軍兵学校 (日本)へ出仕していた蘭学者である近藤真琴へ歌詞を書かせたが、海軍内で異論があり、海軍海補であった川村純義が郷里で祝言歌として馴染みのあった歌詞を採用したというものである。
- According to this view, therefore, Makoto KONDO, who was a rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) entered the service of the Naval Academy (Japan), was ordered at first to create the words, but there was an objection in the Imperial Japanese Navy, therefore, Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, who was a 海軍海補, adopted words familiar to him as a song for celebration of his home town.
- 鎌倉時代初期の朝廷は、幕府を武家もしくは関東と呼称していたが、承久の乱を経て、幕府が朝廷を監視するため京都に六波羅探題を設置すると、武家の語は六波羅探題のみを指し、幕府は関東とのみ呼ばれるようになる。
- In the beginning of the Kamakura period, the Imperial Court had called the bakufu buke or Kanto (derived from the 'Kanto region'), but once the bakufu installed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) in order to monitor the Imperial Court after the Jokyu War, the term 'buke' came to indicate Rokuhara Tandai only, while the bakufu was simply called Kanto.
- さらに、出雲大神宮や継体天皇元年に初めて神殿が建立された元愛宕神社 (京都市)や立命館大学創立者の中川小十郎の子息である有名な彫刻家流政之氏のくぐりほていがある養仙寺もあるなど歴史的に古い地域である。
- Moreover, the area is a historical site with the Izumo-Daijingu Shrine, the Moto-Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) whose first shrine was established in 507, and the Yosen-ji Temple, which possesses the sculpture 'Kuguri Hotei' created by the famous sculptor Masayuki NAGARE, a son of Kojuro NAKAGAWA who founded Ritsumeikan University.
- 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
- According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
- 日本の右軍の主力毛利秀元(兵約25000)、加藤清正(兵約10000)、黒田長政(兵約5000)及び軍監太田一吉、竹中重利の五将は兵40000余人を率い8月29日全州を発して北進し9月初旬公州に至る。
- The five main groups of the right army of Japan, consisting of Hidemoto MORI (about 25,000 soldiers), Kiyomasa KATO (about 10,000 soldiers), Nagamasa KURODA (about 5,000 soldiers), Assistant Deputy General Kazuyoshi OTA and Shigetoshi TAKENAKA led about 40,000 soldiers and left Jeonju on October 10; they headed north, reaching Gongju in the middle of October.
- ただし、この説は明治当初に海軍が陸軍に対抗して自ら国歌の必要性を理解した上で発起したということを知らしめるために利用されていた節があり、現在の国歌研究においては「大山発案説」が事実であると見られている。
- However, this view seems to have been used by the Navy to compete with the Army by making it known that the Navy made the proposal understanding the necessity of the national anthem and, according to the present study of the national anthem, it is understood that 'Oyama's ' was the fact.
- 推古天皇元年(593年)、聖徳太子が大阪に日本最古の官寺・四天王寺を建立の際、四箇院の一つとして建てられたのが日本での最初とする伝承があり(四箇院とは施薬院に悲田院・敬田院・療病院を合せたものである)。
- Tradition has it that in 593, when the Prince Shotoku erected Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka, which was the original kanji (state-sponsored temple) in Japan, he erected the Seyaku-in as one of the Shikain (four institutions) which included Hiden-in, Keiden-in, Ryobyo-in and Seyaku-in.
- 将軍義輝の排除はもともと三好・松永の発案ですらなく、古くは阿波国守護細川持隆が最初に策した事であり、この事も示すように当初より実権と将軍専制に固執した義輝の存在は多くの幕府吏僚にとって煙たい存在であった。
- Ousting of Shogun Yoshiteru, not even proposed by Miyoshi and Matsunaga initially, but was first masterminded by Mochitaka HOSOKAWA, governor of Awa Province, in a rather early year and, as this fact reveals, Yoshiteru who had insisted on real power and despotism by the Shogun, had been shunned by Bakufu bureaucrats since the beginning.
- ただし、明治時代初期に変更された町名、近隣の二、三町が合併して成立した町名、寺院境内地、畑地など従来町名のなかった地区に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在し、現行町名のすべてが近世以前からの町名ではない。
- However, there are some town names which had been changed during the early Meiji period, created by the merging of few towns, or given to areas where town names had not originally existed including the precincts of temples or fields, and not all the town names in the present-day derive from the town names before the early modern era.
- 繁華街としては茶屋、旅籠などが置かれたのが始まりですでに芸妓、娼妓が居住するようになり何度も取り締られていたが川端二条にあった『二条新地』(にじょうしんち)の出稼ぎ地として認められ、明治初期に独立をした。
- Ponto-cho as an entertainment district started from the establishment of Chaya (Teahouse) and inns, and was already controlled repeatedly because geisha and shogi (prostitutes) came to reside here, but Ponto-cho was recognized as a place for migrant workers working at 'Nijo Shinchi' in Kawabata Nijo, and became independent during the early Meiji period.
- この間に上杉勢援軍との小競り合いや更なる増援の報に接し、家康は援軍(井伊直政(一部部隊は当初より参陣)、大須賀康高、松平康重の5000)を出すと共に一時撤退を下令、これを受け徳川軍は28日に上田より撤退した。
- During this time, upon skirmishes against reinforcements of the Uesugi Army and news of additional reinforcements, Ieyasu delivered reinforcements (5000 soldiers led by Naomasa II (some troops joined the battle from the beginning), Yasutaka OSUGA, and Yasushige MATSUDAIRA) while ordering a temporary retreat, and as a result, Tokugawa's army retreated from Ueda on October 21.
- 堺で会合衆の名が初見されるのは季弘大叔の『蔗軒日録』で、1484年(文明16年)8月1日に三村社(開口神社)の祭礼で頭を務めたのが「会合衆内、カスエ(材木商・三宅主計)、イスミ(和泉)屋両人」と記されている。
- The name of Egoshu first appears in Sakai City, in the 'Shaken nichiroku,' a diary written by a Zen priest, Daishuku KIKO. It records that on August 1 in 1484, both the Kasueya (timber merchant, Kazue MIYAKE) and the Isumiya (Izumiya) from among the Egoshu members led the festival at Mimura-sha Shrine (Aguchi-jinja Shrine).
- 以前、学界では平氏政権を貴族政権的な性格が強いとする見解が主流であったが、1970年代・1980年代頃からは、平氏政権が地頭や国守護人を設置した事実に着目し、最初期の武家政権とする見解が非常に有力となっている。
- In the past, many theories in the field considered the Taira clan administration as being a strongly aristocratic administration, but from around the 1970s and 1980s, the theory that the Taira clan administration was the first warrior class government which focussed on the fact that the Taira clan administration established Jito (local lord of a manor) and Province officers became dominant.
- その後戦国時代 (日本)末期から江戸時代初期の宮本武蔵と争った吉岡清十郎、吉岡伝七郎を京八流吉岡道場の達人と伝承もあるが、当の吉岡一門が断絶しており、吉岡一門と武蔵の私闘自体、文献の信用性が薄く検証性が乏しい。
- There are also folklores that say Seijuro YOSHIOKA and Denshichiro YOSHIOKA, who fought Musashi MIYAMOTO from the final days of Sengoku Period (period of warring states) to the beginning of the Edo period were masters from the Kyohachiryu-school's Yoshioka-dojo hall, but it is not possible to determine the validity of such stories as the Yoshioka family and followers have become extinct and there are no trustworthy materials to give light on the conflicts between the Yoshioka group and Musashi.
- 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
- Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- また、守護大名による合議制の連合政権であった室町幕府は、3代将軍足利義満と6代将軍足利義教のときを除いて、成立当初から将軍の権力基盤は脆弱であり、同じように守護大名も台頭する守護代や有力家臣の強い影響を受けていた。
- Furthermore the Muromachi bakufu, which was a coalition government of shugo daimyos based on a consultative principle, had provided no solid basis for the Shogun's power since its very beginning except under the rule of the Third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and shugo daimyos were under the strong influences of emerging shugodais and their key vassals.
- 神木入洛強訴の最初は安和元年(968年)に発生した東大寺との抗争の際に、同年7月15日に神木をもって入洛した(『日本紀略』)のが最初とされているが、寛治7年(1093年)の強訴を最初とする異説もある(『康富記』)。
- 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) says that the goso with Shinboku carried into Kyoto was made for the first time on July 15 (in the lunar calendar), 968, when Kofuku-ji Temple was in conflict with Todai-ji Temple, but 'Yasutomi-Ki' (Diaries of Yasutomi NAKAHARA) says the first one was in 1093.
- 朝鮮王朝建国当初においては対馬以外の地域からも興利倭船が派遣されていたが、入港場の制限・行状所持の義務化・文引制の施行等、通交統制が進み通交経費の増加に伴い、対馬以外の地域から派遣される興利倭船は姿を消すことになる。
- Although Koriwasen were dispatched from regions other than Tsushima at the beginning of the Korea kingdom, as the regulation on the traffic progressed and traffic expenses increased such as restriction on the ports for Koriwasen to enter, requirement for Koriwa to bear gyojo, enforcement of bunin system (require all the passenger to bear passage permission issued by the So clan), Koriwasen dispatched from the region other than Tsushima gradually disappeared.
- 租税としての「所当」も本来は適切に賦課された官物・雑役・地子などの租税のことを指していたが、12世紀初頭頃より、単に「所当」をもって(公事や臨時雑役などの臨時の賦課に対する)正規の賦課を意味する言葉となったのである。
- Shoto,' which meant tax, originally indicated taxes properly levied such as kanmotsu (produce tax), zoyaku (miscellaneous labor services), and jishi (land tax); but from the beginning of the 12th century, 'shoto' solely meant a regular levy (in contrast to such extraordinary levies as kuji and extraordinary odd-jobs).
- その後17世紀前半(江戸初期)にかけて、キリスト教の布教(キリシタン)と貿易(南蛮貿易)を通じて、日本とスペインの間には盛んな人物の往来が見られ、また衣食住を含む当時の日本の文化や世界観にも影響を与えた(南蛮文化)。
- From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.
- 9世紀末~10世紀初年に醍醐天皇及び藤原時平が主導した律令制復活の最後の試みである延喜の治が失敗に終わると、次代の朱雀天皇及び藤原忠平は、個別人身支配を基調とする体制から土地課税基調の体制へと大きな政策転回を行った。
- When the Engi no chi (Reign of the Emperor Daigo), the last attempt for reviving the Ritsuryo system led by the Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira during the period from the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, ended in failure, the emperor Suzaku, his successor, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira made a bold policy change from the principle of people-based governance to that of tax on land.
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- 大股集落は『清良記』にも名があることから室町時代初期には街道集落として成立していたものと見られ、『めぐり』にも伯母子峠越えを控えた宿場として機能していたようすが記されており、津田屋・坂口屋等の旅籠の名が伝えられている。
- Since Omata Village was mentioned in 'Seiryoki,' it is considered to have been formed as a village along a major road in the early Muromachi period, and 'Meguri' described the village as an inn town for travelers who crossed Obako Pass and recorded the names of such inns including Tsuda-ya Inn and Sakaguchi-ya Inn.
- 否な豊臣の末期から、徳川の初期にかけて、かかる快文字は、ほとんどその比類がない」と絶賛したが、一九八〇年代には桑田忠親は「後世の好事家の偽作にすぎない」、二木謙一は「『直江状』と称する古文書までが偽作された」と唱えた。
- Such a magnificent composition was almost unparalleled from the end of Toyotomi period to the beginning of the Tokugawa period', but Tadachika KUWATA refuted this saying that 'It was just a forgery by a dilettante in a later period' and Kenichi NIKI added in the 1980s, 'Even the old document called 'Naoejo' was forged.'
- 歌詞の出典はしばしば『古今和歌集』(古今和歌集巻七賀歌巻頭歌、題しらず、読人しらず、国歌大観番号343番)とされるが、古今集のテクストにおいては初句を「わが君は」とし、現在採用されているかたちとの完全な一致は見られない。
- It is often said that the origin of the words in Kimigayo is the 'Kokin-Wakashu' (Volume seven of Kokin-Wakashu, gaka (celebration poetry), first waka, title not known, author not known, Kokka Taikan (Comprehensive National Poems - No. 343), but, the first line of the text in Kokinshu is 'Wagakimiha (literally, 'my lord')' which does not coincide completely with the presently adopted form.
- ところで、古今和歌集巻七の賀歌22首のうち18首は、特定の個人の具体的な祝い(ほとんどが算賀だが出生慶賀もある)に際して詠まれたものだが、最初の4首は読み人知らずで、作歌年代も古いと見られ、歌が作られた事情もわからない。
- In Volume seven of the Kokin-Wakashu, eighteen wakas out of twenty-two gaka were made on the occasion of concrete celebrations of specific individuals (most of them for longevity, but some were for celebrating birth.), the author is not known for the first four wakas and they seem to have been made in an older time and under a situation which is not known.
- 近衛親子を初めとする五摂家が秀吉の関白就任を容認したのは、天下人である秀吉が相論収拾のために一時的に関白に就任して時が来れば近衛信輔に地位が譲られて再び以前のように五摂家間の持ち回りになるものと解釈されていたからである。
- The five sekke including Nobusuke KONOE and his father accepted the appointment of Hideyoshi to Kanpaku because they had presumed that Hideyoshi, the ruler of Japan, would temporarily assume the position of Kanpaku to settle the dispute and relinquish it to Nobusuke KONOE in due course, and that the position of Kanpaku would be rotated among the five sekke again as it had been.
- 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
- During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.
- 江戸時代初期の神道者である橘三喜が延宝3年(1675年)から元禄10年(1697年)までの足掛け23年に亘って全国の一宮を巡った際は、『大日本国一宮記』の類本である『吉田一宮記』と『豊葦原一宮記』を携帯して諸国を巡った。
- Mitsuyoshi TACHIBANA, a Shintoist in the early Edo period, had carried 'Yochida Ichinomiya-Ki' and 'Toyoashihara Ichinomiya-Ki' (both of those were copied after 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki') to visit Ichinomiya shrines of the whole country, making a long tour over nearly 23 years from 1675 until 1697.
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- また、大正には、西舞鶴駅-宮津駅間の鉄道敷設に際し、当初、この峠を経て由良川に出、川沿いに北上させる計画であったが、工事に困難を極め、現在のルート(北近畿タンゴ鉄道北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線西舞鶴駅~丹後神崎駅)に敷設された。
- In addition, there was a plan to build a rail road between Nishi-Maizuru and Miyazu Stations across the mountain pass by jutting out at the Yura-gawa River and running it north along the river, but construction proved difficult and it was constructed on the current route (Kitakinki Tango Railway Miyazu Line Nishi-Maizuru Station - Tango Kanzaki Station).
- 兵力の差は歴然で、少弐貞経が足利軍のために調達した装備は菊池軍の大宰府攻撃の際に焼失していたため、当初は宮方の菊池軍が優勢であったが、菊池軍に大量の裏切りが出たため戦況は逆転し、菊池軍は総崩れで敗走し、阿蘇惟直は戦死する。
- At first Kikuchi's forces on the Imperial side were superior because the Ashikaga forces were greatly outnumbered and the military equipment obtained by Sadatsune SHONI was destroyed by fire during the attack of Dazaifu; the situation, however, was reversed due to betrayal by many warriors in Kikuchi's forces: leading Kikuchi's forces to collapse and flee, and in the meantime, Korenao ASO died in battle.
- 1871年8月29日(7月14日 (旧暦))に、薩摩・長州藩出身の指導者により廃藩置県が実施され、都道府県制度が設置され(当初は3府302県、直後に整理され3府72県)、中央政府から都道府県知事を派遣する制度が実施された。
- Therefore, on August 29, 1871, the leaders from Satsuma domain and Choshu domain abolished feudal domains and established prefectures instead (Haihan-chiken), and the modern prefecture system of Japan was established (at first, there were 3-fu and 302-ken, and soon after the system was organized to 3-fu and 72-ken), and then the system of dispatching the prefectural governors from central government was implemented.
- 「文人」に対する「武人」、「文官」に対する「武官」と同じような使い訳で、「文士」に対する「武士」といういわれ方は奈良・平安時代初期にも僅かに見られたが、職能としてはともかくとして、それは後の「武士」につながるものではない。
- The 'literati' in contrast to 'warrior,' 'civil officer' in contrast to 'military officer' were referred a little during Nara and early Heian periods but not as a work duty nor connected to later 'bushi.'
- 当初は正丁(21~60歳の男性)年間60日以下、次丁(正丁の障害者と老丁(61歳以上の男性))年間30日以下、中男(17~20歳の男性)年間15日以下を限度としたが、757年(天平宝字元年)に雑徭を半減する格式が出された。
- Initially, the maximum number of days per annum for the zoyo was less than or equal to 60 for the seitei (a male between the ages of 21 and 60), 30 for the jitei (a seitei with disabilities) and the rotei (a male over age 60), and 15 days for the chunan (a male between the ages of 17 and 20), but the Kyakushiki code (a code to amend and supplement the Ritsuryo code) intended to reduce the zoyo by half was introduced in 757.
- その江戸幕府においても高家が大名に礼儀作法を伝授する際に受け取る「束脩」などは一種の幕府公認の礼銭であり、かの『忠臣蔵』の最初の場面である浅野長矩と吉良義央の遣り取りも実は「束脩」の性質を巡るトラブルと考える事も可能である。
- In the Edo bakufu, however, the 'sokushu' (initiation fees) that Koke (government position in charge of rituals and ceremonies) received from Daimyo when teaching manners can be considered to be a type of reisen officially recognized by the bakufu; in fact, it is possible to assume that the fight between Naganori ASANO and Yoshihisa KIRA in the first scene of the 'Chusingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers) was over the nature of the 'sokushu.'
- また、弘仁3年(812年)に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁(庶民あるいはそれに近い身分)のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
- 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
- The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'
- 当初は田令の規定通り田租の一部が貢進されたが、田租を不動穀として備蓄する制度が始まると、国司による出納が許されていた動用倉正税の中から出挙が行われ、それによって得られた利息の一部を田租に替わって年料舂米にあてるようになった。
- Initially, part of Denso was donated as determined by the Denryo, but after the system for storing Denso as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency) started, Suiko (government loans, often seed rice) was taken from the Doyoso Shozei (movable resource) that was allowed to be taken out by the Kunishi, part of the interest earned from this was used instead of Denso to pay for Nenryoshomai.
- 当初は燈燭料・月料とも呼ばれ、元慶4年(880年)に小野美材が受けた(『古今和歌集目録』)とも、承平 (日本)2年(932年)に橘敏通、その3年後に菅原文時が受けた(『朝野群載』所収藤原為兼申文)のを最古であると言われている。
- It was initially called toshokuryo/tsukiryo and it is said that either ONO no Yoshiki (880) ('Kokin Wakashu Mokuroku' (a list of Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), TACHIBANA no Toshimichi (932) or SUGAWARA no Fumitoki (three year later) (Fujiwara no Tamekane's letter compiled in 'Choya gunsai' - Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) was the first recipient.
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- 加賀守・藤原師高の目代が白山の末寺を焼いたことが発端で、当初は目代と現地の寺社によるありふれた紛争にすぎなかったが、白山の本寺が延暦寺であり、師高の父が院近臣の西光だったため、中央に波及して延暦寺と院勢力との全面衝突に発展した。
- The beginning was an incident where Kaga no kami (the governer of Kaga Province) FUJIWARA no Morotaka burned a branch temple of Hakusan, and initially this was simply an ordinary conflict between the Mokudai (personal deputy of an absentee provincial governor) and the local temple, but the main temple of Hakusan was Enryaku-ji Temple and because Morotaka's father was the cloistered government aide Saiko, this led to a direct confrontation at the central government between the Enryaku-ji Temple and the cloistered government.
- その他、2002年(平成14年)、2006年(平成18年)には2月おわりから3月初めにかけて、南岸前線が停滞したり、朝晩中心に雨の降り易いすっきりしない空が続いて、お天気キャスターの一部では「菜種梅雨の走り?」と評されたりもした。
- Other than those years, in 2002 and 2006, the south coast front became stationary and unclear sky which tended to rain mainly in the morning and night continued and certain weather-related casters commented 'the forerunner of natanetsuyu.'
- この半済令の対象地は兵粮料所と呼ばれて当初は激戦地の8ヶ国に限定されていたが、南朝 (日本)側がこれに対抗して朝用分制度を導入したこともあって次第に広がりを見せて全国的な半済へと至り、兵粮料所は事実上守護領に編入されることとなった。
- The territory to which this Hanzeirei applied, or in other words the territory called hyoro-ryosho, was initially limited to the eight provinces involved in the fiercest fighting, but the Southen Court, to counter this move, introduced their own system of separating out a portion of rice for use by the court and its adherents, so that Hanzeirei gradually spread until it eventually covered the entire country, until the hyoro-ryosho were in actuality absorbed into the territories of each shugo.
- 貞治の変(じょうじ の へん)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)後期(室町時代初期)の貞治5年(1366年)、室町幕府の執事(のちの管領)であった斯波義将およびその父で征夷大将軍足利義詮側近の有力守護大名であった斯波高経が失脚した事件。
- Joji Incident, which occurred in 1366 during the late Northern and Southern Courts Period (Japan) (the early Muromachi period), was an incident by which Yoshimasa SHIBA, shitsuji (steward, later renamed kanrei) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his father Takatsune SHIBA, an influential shugodaimyo (territorial lord as provincial constables) and a close aid of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, fell from power.
- 裏書が付いている第1-3巻の3巻が、洞院公賢が書いた最初の形態であり、そのことは彼自身が書いた日記『園太暦』の延文元年(1356年)4月9日_(旧暦)条にて、皇代暦の続きを編纂したと記しており、これが第4巻部分であると考えられている。
- The third volume belonging to the first three volumes with uragaki is the original form written by Kinkata TOIN which is indicated in the page of April 9, 1356 (the first year of the Enbun era) (old calendar) of his own diary 'Entairyaku', which says he had edited the continuation of Kodaireki, and this continuation is considered to be the fourth volume.
- 『日本後紀』に記された弘文院の役割は他の大学別曹の例と同様ではあるが、設立そのものが文章院や他の大学別曹に対して幾分か早くかつ記録がほとんど残されていないために、設立当初から後世の大学別曹と同じ目的を担っていたかについては不明である。
- Although the role of the Kobunin described in 'Nihon Koki' was the same as that of the other daigaku besso; since the Kobunin was founded a little earlier than the other daigaku besso including Monjoin and since few record on the Kobunin was left, it was unknown whether it had the same purpose as that of the other later daigaku besso from the beginning or not.
- 更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
- Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.
- サイズが大きく見栄えのするものであることから、豊臣秀吉が天正17年(1589年)5月に太閤の金賦りで与えたものは長大判であるとする説もあるが、これは菱大判の鋳造時期であり長大判の初鋳が文禄4年(1595年)であるならば矛盾し疑問である。
- Based on its impressive big size, some historians consider that the Tensho naga oban were used when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI generously gave away money to lords and court nobles in May 1589 (according to old lunar calendar, that event is called 'Taiko no Kanekubari'), however, that theory is doubtful because Tensho naga oban was minted first in 1595.
- その慣習は戦国時代 (日本)初期の永正2年(1505年)の室町幕府による撰銭令の中において、(銅銭96枚を100文とすることを前提として)100文の1/3を32文として換算する規定が見られ、こうした慣行を九六銭(くろくせん)とも呼んだ。
- This custom is found in the ban on use of poor-quality currency issued by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), 1505, saying (on the assumption that 96 cooper coins is considered as 100 mon) all figures must be converted at 32 mon to one third of 100 mon, and such a custom was also called kurokusen ('ku' means 9, 'roku' means 6 and 'sen' means money).
- また後で登場する千葉氏も名馬の保有で有名であり、『平家物語』の中で平山季重が自分の馬は千葉氏から手に入れたものだと自慢したり、鎌倉時代初期に源頼朝周辺に何度も献馬したりするなど、良質な「牧」を管理しているというイメージがあったようである。
- The Chiba clan, which is mentioned later, was also famous for owning meiba and Sueshige HIRAYAMA boasted in the 'Tale of Heike' that his horse was bought from the Chiba clan and donated a horse to associates of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period, and gave the impression of managing good quality 'maki.'
- 当初事件の主犯とされた義家の次弟の源義綱が義忠の養子源為義(源義親の五男)の討伐を受けて壊滅、また事件後真犯人がもう一人の弟(三弟)源義光であったことが明らかになるなど、源氏内部の内紛・衰退がさらに明白になり、源氏の権勢はしばらく失墜した。
- At first, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, the second younger brother of Yoshiie, was considered to be the main culprit, and was annihilated in the punitive expedition by MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, the adopted son of Yoshitada (the fifth son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika), and after the incident, MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu, another younger brother (the third younger brother) was found to be the real culprit, which made internal troubles and decline of Genji more apparent and its power was lost for a while.
- 当初は学生が東西いずれの曹に属するかという規定は定まっていなかったが、文章生が文章得業生となり対策を受ける際には所属する曹とは反対の曹の文章博士から出題を受けることとなっていたため、当然その頃にはいずれかの曹に属していなければならなかった。
- Although it was not defined which of the toso and seiso the students were to belong at the beginning, when monjosho became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and took taisaku (civil service examination), it was decided that the Monjo hakase of the so other than that the monjosho belonged to set the examination, which meant that the monjosho had to belong to either the toso or the seiso by that time.
- ところで、現在京都市内には、多くの木造建築物や仏像などの文化財が数多く現存しているが、その理由として、これらの文化財は昭和初期までほとんどが住宅地の外にあり、幾たびかの市街地からの延焼をまぬがれてきたから存在するとの研究結果が認知されつつある。
- Many cultural properties including a large number of wooden buildings and Buddhist images exist in modern-day Kyoto City, and there is continuing recognition of research findings which claim that these cultural properties have survived because the majority of them were located outside of the residential area until the early Showa period and therefore escaped the fires that repeatedly spread from the urban center.
- 羽織のダンダラは忠臣蔵の赤穂浪士が吉良邸に討ち入りするときに着ていた羽織の柄で、浅葱色は武士が切腹の時に着る切腹裃の色だと伝えられているが、羽織は実際には最初の1年ほどで廃止されたらしく、池田屋事件の時に着用していたとする証言が最後の記録である。
- The mountain-like patterns on short coats are those of Ako Roshi of Chushingura, when they marched into and attacked the KIRA residence, and very light blue is said to be the color of the seppuku kamishimo worn by a samurai when he commits hara-kiri, but the short coats of Shinsen-gumi seem to have been abolished after the 1st year, and the last recorded instance of the coats being worn was in the Ikedaya Incident.
- 平安時代中期頃から見られるが、当初は親王・女御などの生計に資するために判官以下の官職に限って給したが、後には太上天皇や三宮 (后妃)、大臣などに支給対象が広げられ、支給される役職も権守や介などにも広げられた(ただし大臣は掾・大舎人に制限された)。
- The custom had been observed from the mid Heian period: at first, it was limited to the government posts at the rank of hangan (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) and below in order to support Imperial Princes and consorts financially; later it was extended to Daijo Tenno (retired emperors), Sangu (the Empress, the Dowager Empress, the Grand Dowager Empress), and ministers (however, it was limited to jo [secretary of provincial offices] and Otoneri [royal attendant] among ministers), and the government posts granted were also extended to gon no kami (provisional governor) and suke (provincial governor) other than hangan.
- 当初は明確な学科の種別はなかったが、一般の官人を育成するために設けられた本科に相当する儒教の講義(後の明経道にあたる)以外には、儒教経典の原典をそのまま筆記するための書道 (大学寮)とそのまま発音するための音道は本科の補完するためのものであった。
- Initially there were no clearly defined departments, but the course established to educate general government officials consisted mainly of Confucian lectures (later Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)), complemented by Shodo (calligraphy), which involved writing down the original Confucian scriptures verbatim (Daigaku-ryo), and Ondo, learning to pronounce them correctly.
- だが、16世紀末から17世紀初めにかけて起きた壬辰倭乱・丁酉倭乱・丁卯胡乱・丙子胡乱の4つの戦乱によって職田制が崩壊し、17世紀後半には免税特権を国家から与えられた宮荘や屯庄が設置されるとともに土地売買の制約が一層緩くなり、荘園制度は最盛期を迎えた。
- However, by the four wars of Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), the Japanese Invasion in 1597, the First Manchu invasion of Korea and the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, the 'office land' (chikchon) system collapsed and during the late seventeenth century, kyuso or tonsho which were given the privilege of tax exemption from the nation were set up and the constraints on the purchase and sale of land were increasingly loosened and the shoen system culminated.
- 「美術」という日本語の単語は西洋語からの翻訳語であり、1873年(明治6年)、当時の日本政府がウィーン万国博覧会へ参加するに当たり、出品する品物の区分名称として、ドイツ語のKunstgewerbeの訳語として「美術」を採用したのが初出と言われている。
- The Japanese word 'bijutsu' is the translation of the Western word that means 'art,' and in A.D. 1873, the then Japanese government participated in the Vienna International Exhibition, and used for the first time 'bijutsu' as the translation of the German word 'Kunstgewerbe' in order to distinguish Japanese exhibits from others, they say.
- 小辺路を含む熊野川流域に自動車道が初めて通じたのは1922年(大正11年)、北の五條市から天辻峠(標高800メートル)にトンネルを開削してのことであったが工事は遅々として進まず、川津集落 まで開通したのはようやく1936年(昭和11年)のことであった。
- By building a tunnel from Gojo City at the north to Tentsuji Pass (800 meters above sea level), in 1922, a motor road was constructed for the first time at Kumano-gawa River Basin through which Kohechi went, however the construction was deferred again and again, and in 1936 the road to Kawatsu Village was finally completed.
- また5世紀末から6世紀初めにかけて、それまで首長墓を造営してきた古墳群の多くが衰退し、新興の古墳群が出現していることから、ワカタケル大王の王権強化策は成功したが、その一方で旧来の勢力からの反発を招き、その結果として王権が一時的に弱体化したとの説もある。
- Furthermore, since towards the end of the fifth and the beginning of the sixth centuries many of the old burial mounds where chiefs were entombed went into decline and new types of burial mounds emerged, it is thought that King Wakatakeru's strategy for strengthening sovereignty succeeded, although his power was temporarily weakened by rebellions from the former powers.
- 口宣は最初の行に出された年月日を書いてからその下に一字分を開けて「宣旨」という2文字を書き入れ、次の行以後にその内容を記し、最後の行には勅旨の奉者(受けた者)の位署(蔵人所における官職・その他の兼官職・氏名)の後にその下に小さく「奉」の1文字を据える。
- This was the form of kuzen: Put the date of issue in the first line; then two Chinese characters '宣旨' (senji) on the second line from the date line; below the line of the two Chinese letters, the contents of the senji; and isho (the government post at kurodo dokoro, an additional post, and name) of hosha (the personnel who receive it) of the imperial edict, with a Chinese character '奉' added in a size smaller than that of the other letters.
- 舞鶴港が1951年(昭和27年)に重要港湾に指定、また1995年(平成7年)には日本海側港湾では初めてFAZ(輸入促進地域)の指定を受けるなど、中華人民共和国や大韓民国、ロシアなど定期コンテナ航路を有する国際貿易港を持つ交流・物流都市としての性格を持つ。
- Since Maizuru Port was designated as an Important Port in 1951 and also designated the first among the Japan Sea coast ports as FAZ (Foreign Access Zone), it has thus taken on the characteristic of a logistics/trade city functioning as an international trade port with periodical container carrier routes between the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation.
- 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
- それまでの新制は、従来から行われてきた法令の性格を残した「新しい禁制」としての新制に留まっていたのに対し、長保元年令は中世における新制公布の最大の動機である天人相関説に由来する攘災と政治再建のための「徳政」の推進という理念に基づいて定められた最初のものであった。
- While shinsei before Chohogannenrei were no more than a 'new ban' which retained characteristics of the former laws, Chohogannenrei was the first to be established based on the idea of promotion of 'virtuous rule' for eradicating disaster and rehabilitating politics, originating from tenjin sokansetsu (one of ancient Chinese views of the world and political thought, the theory that there is close relationship between human action or political affairs, personnel affairs, and natural phenomenon), which was the main motivation for issuing shinsei in the medieval period.
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- 東回りでマカオの歴史にまで進出したポルトガルおよびポルトガル人とならんで、西回りで太平洋に進出マニラ・ガレオンを開拓しフィリピンの歴史を植民地としたスペイン帝国およびスペイン人は、16世紀半ば(戦国時代)に日本人が初めて接触したヨーロッパの国・ヨーロッパ人であった。
- The Spanish Empire and its people that advanced to the Pacific Ocean via an east-to-west route, developed Manila Galleon and made a colonial period in the history of the Philippines, as well as Portugal and its people that advanced to the history of Macao via a west-to-east route, were the first European country and people Japanese people met in the middle of the 16th century (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]).
- 日本で今日のような天文学の研究が開始されるのは、江戸幕府が天文方を設置して以後であるが、初代天文方の渋川春海は『天文瓊統』において、科学的な天文観測とともに天文道以来の天体と占いの関係についての学説に割いている(これは春海が土御門泰福から神道を学んだ影響も大きい)。
- Although it was only after the establishment of tenmonkata (officer in charge of astronomy) by the Edo bakufu that people started to conduct astronomical research in the current style, the first tenmonkata, Harumi SHIBUKAWA, discussed the theory on the relationship between astronomical bodies and divination, which followed the tradition of Tenmondo, as well as scientific observation of the sky in a book called 'Tenmon Keito' (this may stem from the fact that Harumi learned Shinto from Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO).
- 信輔は「近衛家では前官(前職大臣)の関白の例はない」と主張して左大臣を秀吉に譲る前に現職の大臣として関白に就任したい旨を正親町天皇に奏上し、これに対して昭実は「二条家では初めて任命された関白が1年以内に辞めた例はない」と主張して信輔の理不尽な要求を退けるように訴えた。
- Nobusuke insisted that no one in the Konoe family assumed the position of Kanpaku as former minister, and he presented a petition to Emperor Ogimachi, requesting he be appointed to Kanpaku as an incumbent minister before yielding the position of Sadaijin to Hideyoshi; on the other hand, Akizane maintained that no one in the Nijo family resigned from the position of Kanpaku within a year when he assumed the position for the first time, and he made a request to Emperor Ogimachi for rejecting Nobusuke's unreasonable demands.
- 室町幕府は寺社領及び公家領を「寺社本所領」と呼び、特に地頭やその他預所が置かれていない本所の一円支配領を本所一円支配地と呼んだ(なお、「寺社本所領」の初出は観応2年/正平 (日本)6年(1351年)の幕府法令とされている。また、国衙領を寺社本所領に加えた用法もある)。
- The Muromachi bakufu called the jisharyo and the kugeryo collectively as 'jisha honjoryo', and called especially the land, throughout of which was ruled by the bakufu and neither jito (steward) nor azukari dokoro (estate custodian) was placed, as honjo ichien shihaichi (honjo throughout ruled land) (It was considered that the term 'jisha honjoryo' first appeared in the laws and regulations of the bakufu in 1351. The kokugaryo was included in the jisha honjoryo in some cases.)
- 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
- Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
- 倭寇としても有名な九州北部の松浦党は、外部からは「党」と見られるが、その実ほとんど組織的な共同行動はとらず、南北朝時代に九州探題であった今川了俊の働きかけによって最初の下松浦党の一揆団結が行われるが、1384年(永徳4)の一揆誓約書の署名の順番はクジ引によって決たという。
- Matsuurato in northern Kyushu also famous for wako (Japanese pirates) could be interpreted as 'to' from outside, but it did not have same systemized actions, and unified for the first time during the uprising of Shimo Matsuura Party (Lower Matsuura Party) by Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who participated in the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the order of signature of the contract for the uprising was decided by lottery in 1384.
- 刀狩(かたながり、刀狩り)とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日(天正16年7月8日 (旧暦))に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令(同時に海上賊船禁止令)を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す(ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
- Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- 同時期にはまた、学徒出陣記念のために製作されたにもかかわらず受け入れ先が決まっていなかった「わだつみ像」(当初東京大学での建立が予定されていたが東大当局の拒否により実現しなかった)が、末川博総長などの尽力によりようやく立命大に受け入れられこの地に建立されることが決まっていた。
- Before that, due to the President of Ritsumeikan University Hiroshi SUEKAWA's effort, Ritsumeikan University had decided to accept the 'Wadatsumi-zo Statue' to the campus (the statue was to memorialize the Students' Departure to the Front, and originally it had been planned for Tokyo University, however the authorities of Tokyo University had rejected the offer).
- 刈田・刈畠行為をめぐる紛争は当初、所務沙汰(不動産に係る民事事件)として扱われていたが、時代が下るにつれ、刈田・刈畠行為が増加していくと、13世紀後期ごろには違法行為のニュアンスを含む「狼藉」、すなわち刈田狼藉と呼ばれるようになり、通常の所務沙汰とは別個の取扱いがなされ始めた。
- Initially, karita or karihata related disputes were handled as shomu-sata (civil trials dealing with land-related issues), but the number of karita and karihata acts increased with the times, and around the late thirteenth century, such karita or karihata related disputes began to be called 'rozeki' with the implication of illegal acts, that is, karita-rozeki, and the handling of such disputes was separated from ordinary shomu-sata.
- 足利三代木像梟首事件(あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん)は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日 (旧暦)(1863年4月9日)に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。
- In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.
- 丹波国が令制国として成立した当初には、丹波郡・丹波郷を有して丹波国の中心であったとみられる北部の地域が丹波国として残されず、逆に丹後国として分離されてしまったのは、丹波国の中心が北部の丹波郡から、より都に近い丹波国南部(丹後分国後の丹波国の地域)へと移動していたためと考えられている。
- The northern part of the region, and seemingly the center (including Tanba-gun and Tanba-go), was not included in Tanba Province but was instead separated to form Tango Province when the former was first established as one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei; this could be explained by the assumption that the central area of Tanba Province had been incorporated into the southern part of Tanba Province (a part of Tanba Province after the separation of Tango Province) from Tanba-gun in the north.
- 昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
- When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.
- 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある(宇田川武久説)。
- Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.
- 天正大判(てんしょうおおばん)とは安土桃山時代から江戸時代の初期に掛けて、主に豊臣家が金細工師後藤家に鋳造を命じた大判であり、天正16年(1588年)が初鋳とされ、天正菱大判(てんしょうひしおおばん)、天正長大判(てんしょうながおおばん)および大仏大判(だいぶつおおばん)が知られる。
- The Tensho oban is a type of oban (large monetary gold plate in the shape of a flat oval) that had been struck by the Goto family, time-honored craftsmen of gold, mainly by order of the Toyotomi family since the Azuchi Momoyama period until the early Edo period; it is considered to have been minted first in 1588, and the well-known 'Tensho hishi oban', 'Tensho naga oban' and 'Daibutsu oban' are categorized under it.
- 古今和歌集において、紀友則の「み吉野の山べにさける桜花雪かとのみぞあやまたれける」(春歌上)と詠まれているのが桜についての初見ではあるが、この頃はまだ、百人一首にも選出されている、坂上是則の「あさぼらけ有明の月とみるまでに吉野の里にふれる白雪」(冬歌)に代表される雪の歌が優勢であった。
- Cherry blossoms first appeared in KI no Tomonori's poem, 'When I saw Mt. Yoshino covered with cherry blossoms, I thought it must have snowed' (Spring Poems Part 1), in Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), but around that time, snow poems remained more common, such as 'At dawn, when the sky began to lighten a little, I saw sparkling white snow that carpeted the country of Yoshino and I thought the moon might be lingering' (Winter Poems) by SAKANOUE no Korenori, which is selected for One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets.
- 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科(明経道)と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士(後の明法博士)と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
- In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).
- また、秀吉は当初は征夷大将軍への就任に意欲を示したとも言われているが実現せず、代わって偶発的事情から得た関白の地位を武家である豊臣氏による世襲制度(公家である藤原氏の五摂家を排除)に変更して、幕府制度に代わる武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい)とも言うべき体制を導入しようとしたと考えられている。
- It is said that after Hideyoshi's failure to accomplish his desire to become 'Seii Taishogun', he introduced a new system, 'the Kanpaku system by the samurai family' instead of the 'Bakufu' system; the status of 'Kanpaku' was given to him through accidental events, and he tried to change the status to the Toyotomi-clan hereditary system (by excluding five Fujiwara Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku)).
- が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている(明経道=明経博士、算道=算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された)ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
- However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道(文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」)が盛んになると、文章博士(大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官)が「策文」を出して文章得業生(もんじょうとくごうしょう)に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
- This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'
- また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝 (日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代 (日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝 (日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満(南北朝合一以前)は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった(皇国史観)。
- Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).
- この結果法学部教官は、解決案により要求が達成されたとして辞表を撤回した残留組(中島玉吉、末広重雄、牧健二など)と、辞表を撤回せず解決案を拒否した辞職組に分裂し、前記6教授以外に恒藤恭(のちの大阪市立大学初代学長)および田村徳治の教授2名、助教授5名、専任講師以下8名が辞職という形で事件は決着した。
- As a result, law faculty staff became divided into those who decided that their demands had been reached by the solution and retracted their resignations and stayed (Tamakichi NAKAJIMA, Shigeo SUEHIRO, Kenji MAKI, etc.), and those who resigned because they did not retract their resignations and refused the solution, who were the aforementioned six professors, two professors, Kyo TSUNETO (later the first president of Osaka Prefectural University) and Tokuji TAMURA, five associate professors and eight lecturers and the incident was concluded.
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- 律令制の衰退によって朝廷自体が天皇家の家政機関としての色彩を強めてくると、内蔵頭には蔵人頭や弁官・近衛府を歴任した四位の殿上人が就任するのが慣例となり、更に院政期には財力を有する有力な受領に移り、室町時代初期には山科家の当主が御厨子所別当を兼務して就任するようになると、以後同家の事実上の世襲となった。
- As the Ritsuryo system declined and the court itself started to function as the institution to manage the Emperor's family's household, it became tradition for the position of Kuranokami (the chief of Kuraryo) to be filled by court officials of the fourth rank that had previously been Kurodonoto (the chief of Kurodo Dokoro) or worked in the Benkan (clerical section) or Konoefu (Imperial palace guards), and then in the period of governments by cloistered emperors became a position for prominent Zuryo (head of provincial government) with strong financial power, and in the early Muromachi period, the Yamashina family held the position together with the position, Mizushidokoro Betto (superintendent of the cooking section for the emperor), and it has been essentially their hereditary post ever since.
- 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革(前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士(後の明法博士)が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した)を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田(後の勧学田)が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
- At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.
- 弘和/永徳・元中/至徳 (日本)年間に入ると、南朝は動乱初期からその支えとして活躍してきた懐良親王、北畠顕能、宗良親王の相次ぐ死と、対北朝強硬路線を通していた長慶天皇の譲位により、衰退を極める事となったが、明徳年間の足利義満による相次ぐ有力守護大名勢力削減により、北朝に抵抗する術を殆ど失うようになる。
- But having reached the period of the Kowa/Entoku and Genchu/Shitoku eras, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Akiyoshi KITABATAKE, and Imperial Prince Muneyoshi, who had been fighting for the Southern Court from the early days of their anti-shogunal struggle, and had been the Southern Court's main support, died one after the other, and when Emperor Chokei--who had been such a stalwart opponent of the Northern Court--abdicated, the Southern Court entered a period of extreme decline; during the Meitoku period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was able to greatly reduce the power and influence of the strongest shugo daimyo one after another, until almost all means to resist the Northern Court had been lost.
- また、「文章道」の名も通称に過ぎなかったあるいはそうした名称すら無かったと言われている(そもそも大学寮において学科の名称が公式に採用されたのは、遥か後世の貞観_(日本)年間(明文化された初出を『貞観式』とする)説もあり、これを採用すれば「文章科」というものはあっても「文章道」は存在しなかったことになる)。
- In addition, there is a theory which claims that the name 'monjodo' was only a popular name or which even denies the existence of the name (in the first place, the names of subjects were officially adopted during the Jogan era (or clearly specified for the first time in 'Joganshiki Code'), which was much later than this time, and if this is true, there must have been 'monjo ka' but not 'monjodo').
- 更に『吾妻鏡』建久2年正月15日条に書かれた職制においても、政所と侍所については行を改めて別当以下を記載しているのに対して、問注所については政所の項目の最後に「問注所執事」と1行で記されていることから、初期の問注所は政所に属する1機関であり、後に政所から分離して独立した機関となったとする説もある(佐々木文昭説)。
- Furthermore, in the entry about the titles of office written on January 15, 1191 in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), while the betto (the assistant chief officer) and other officers of Mandokoro and Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) were each inserted at the start of a new paragraph, the 'head of Monchu-dokoro' is described in the last line of the paragraph concerning Mandokoro, which may explain, according to Fumiaki SASAKI, that the Monchu-dokoro in the beginning might have been a body belonging to the Mandokoro but later become a separate and independent body.
- これは唐の国子監に置かれた算学と同数であり、教授として博士1名以外に助教2名及び複数名の直講が置かれて、学生も400名もいた本科と比べると小さいものの、唐の国子監の規模は日本の大学寮と比べて大きいこと、唐の算学博士は従九品下と低い地位に置かれたことを考えれば、設置当初の地位は一概に低いとは言えなかったとされている。
- These numbers are the same as those of the Sangaku (study of mathematics) in the Kokushikan (educational ministry) of Tang Dynasty, China, which had one doctor as professor, two associate professors, and a few chokko (lecturers); while the Sando was smaller than the regular course, which had four hundred students, it is thought not to have been categorically in a low position during its early days, considering that the Tang's Kokushikan was larger than the Japanese Daigaku-ryo, and that the Tang's San hakase was put in the low position of Jukuhonge (Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade).
- ただし、フロイスがこの「儀式」について初めて記したのは信長の死後であり、フロイス自身が「儀式」が行われたとされる当時に安土周辺にはいなかったこと、日本国内の一級史料ではこの「儀式」についてまったく言及されていないことなどから、谷口克広はフロイスの記述に信憑性はなく、信長が滅んだことを正当化するために記したものであるとの見解を示している。
- However, as Frois first written about this 'ceremony' only after Nobunaga's death and he was not in the vicinity of Azuchi when such ceremony was held and this 'ceremony' has never been referred to in first-class historical materials in Japan, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI proposed the view that description by Frois is not reliable and it was written just to justify overthrowing Nobunaga.
- 当初は、琵琶湖から日本海と瀬戸内海を結ぶ阪敦運河構想を北栄造福井県知事が調整し始めたが、当時の平田佐矩四日市市長が熱心だったこともあり、福井県・滋賀県・岐阜県・愛知県・三重県、名古屋市・敦賀市・四日市市の間で、自民党副総裁の大野伴睦を会長に、総工費2500億円~3500億円に及ぶ若狭湾~琵琶湖~伊勢湾を結ぶ運河の建設期成同盟が結成された。
- Initially, the governor of Fukui Prefecture, Eizo KITA, accommodated the plan 'Framework on Hanko Canal' (阪敦運河構想) to connect the Sea of Japan and the Seto Inland Sea via Lake Biwa, but because Sukenori HIRATA, who was then the mayor of Yokkaichi City, was keen on the plan, the alliance for the construction of the canal to connect Wakasa Bay and Ise Bay via Lake Biwa (at a total cost of 250 to 350 billion yen) was formed with Banboku ONO, the Vice President of the Liberal Democratic Party, as chairman, among Fukui Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Nagoya City, Tsuruga City and Yokkaichi City.
- 当初、東軍が義政の支持を受けて「官軍」と号し、内裏や花の御所周辺から西軍を駆逐して皇室と義政を確保したこと、細川氏及びその支持者の領国が畿内周辺に集中していた事が幸いして戦いを有利に進めたが、 6月には細川領丹波国を制圧した山名軍8万が上洛、8月には周防から大内政弘が四国の河野通春ら7カ国の軍勢をはじめ、水軍を率いて入京、西軍が勢力を回復する。
- At first, the Eastern camp was dominant, favored by the circumstances that it called itself the 'imperial army' winning the support of Yoshimasa, that it drove the Western camp away from the surroundings of the Imperial Palace and Hana no Gosho to secure the Imperial Family and Yoshimasa and that the territories of the Hosokawa family and its supporters were concentrated in the surrounding areas of the capital; but by June Yamana's 80,000-member troops having conquered Hosokawa's Tanba Province had come up to Kyoto and by August Masahiro OUCHI had entered Kyoto, leading not only the troops of Michiharu KONO's and others' seven provinces in Shikoku, but also suigun (navy) squadrons, resulting in recovered power of the Western camp.
- 当初は徳政令に慎重だった室町幕府は、1454年の土一揆を機に分一銭(ぶいちせん・分一徳政令(ぶいちとくせいれい)・徳政分一銭(とくせいぶいちせん)とも)を発布して、債権債務額の1割を一種の手数料として幕府に納めた紛争当事者に当該債権債務の権利を許す命令を出したが、これは債務の1割が幕府の収入となったため、後に幕府財政再建のために濫用されることとなった。
- Initially, the Muromachi bakufu was cautious about issuing Tokuseirei, but in 1454, the bakufu issued 'Buichi-sen,' 'Buichi Tokuseirei,' 'Tokusei-buichi-sen,' which ordered 10% of debt repayments to be paid to the government as a type of handling fee, and since this 10% of debt became income for the bakufu, it was later frequently used to unlawfully renew the bakufu finances.
- 『日本三代実録』元慶8年7月8日条によれば、同年6月7日に光孝天皇から政務の要請された(通常、これを関白の開始とするが、「関白」という言葉自体は宇多天皇が出した仁和3年の詔が初出であって、太政大臣あるいは摂政としての継続の意味であった可能性もある)際に一旦これを辞退した際の基経の返答に「如何、責阿衡、以忍労力疾、役冢宰以侵暑冒寒乎。」という語句を含めている。
- According to the description of July 8, 884 in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' when Mototsune was requested on June 7 of the same year by the Emperor Koko to assume state affairs (although this request is generally believed to have been the beginning of his tenure of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), it could have been the request to continue to serve as Dajodaijin (grand minister) or Sessho (regent) since the word 'Kanpaku' was used for the first time in the shochoku issued by Emperor Uda in 887), he once declined and used in his reply the phrase of 'I wonder whether I can fulfill Ako's responsibilities even though I work hard regardless of heat and cold.'
- この変更の理由としては江戸時代も安定期に向かい、将軍の国内的地位が幕初の覇者的性格から実質的に君主的性格に移行した現実を踏まえ、「国王」を称することにより徳川将軍が実質的意味において君主的性格を帯びるようになったことを鮮明にせんとしたとも、あるいは、「大君」は朝鮮国内においては王子のことを指すので、これではむしろ対等ではないので国王に戻すのだとも説明されている。
- The reason why the term for the title of shogun was changed was explained as follows: The change was made because the state of the nation in the Edo period had become stabilized, then the domestic positioning of shogun became like sovereign rather than a winner of wars, and therefore, it was intended to use the term of 'King of Japan' to clearly show that the Tokuwaga shogun became effectively a sovereign, or because the term of 'Tycoon' was used in Korea for indicating a prince, and therefore, use of 'King of Japan' was restored to remedy the unequal state of using the term.
- 新制の一環としての寺社興行令は院政期から出されており、職の体系や神人・供御人制を確立したとの評価がある保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」においても、後白河天皇による神事興行令が出されているが、具体的な施策としては、後嵯峨上皇新制において、建長5年(1253年)官司国司による神事執務怠慢を諌め、神人、供御人の増加を防止する方針が打ち出されたことが最初の事例である。
- Jishakogyo-rei (literally 'law on the performance of temples and shrines') had been issued as part of such new policy systems since the rule by cloistered emperors; under Hogen Shinsei (Hogen new law) of 1156 acclaimed as having established the Shinjin (godlike person) Kugonin (people who presented food and other supplies to the Imperial Court, noble families, temples and shrines) Sei (system), Emperor Goshirakawa promulgated his own Shinji Kogyo Rei (literally 'law on the performance of religious rituals') but as a specific policy action, the first instance is found in the policy advocated under the Shinsei of the Retired Emperor Gosaga in 1156 to admonish government officials and provincial governors against neglect of religious rituals and to prevent Shinjin and Kugonin from increasing in number.
- 『法曹至要抄』によれば、養老律令詐偽律の解釈を巡る明法家の先例の学説として「太上天皇宣」の偽造は詔書と同一の罪に当たるとする説を挙げており早くから知られていた可能性があるが、院宣に関する記録の初見は延長 (日本)7年(927年)の宇多天皇が伊勢神宮に宣旨を下されたことを受けて神宮側がその指示を神郡に向けて発した「延長七年大神宮勘注」(『大日本史料』一之六)である。
- According to 'Hososhiyo-sho', when the Myobo-ke (judicial officials) interpreted Yororitsuryo Sagi-ritsu (punitive clause regarding fabrication of official documents and government properties under the Yororitsuryo code) earlier, it was described that the fabrication of the Daijo Tenno Zen (a decree by the Retired Emperor) is a crime comparable to the fabrication of the Shosho (an imperial decree), which shows that the concept of inzen could have been in use early in the history. Nonetheless, the first record which mentions the term inzen is 'Encho Shichi-nen Daijingu Kanchu', taken from 'Dai Nihon Shiryo' (the Historical Materials of Japan) Vol.1, no.6, which was a document that, upon receipt of an imperial decree from Emperor Uda in 927, Ise-jingu Shrine issued as the Emperor Uda's instructions to Shingun (a district designated as a sanctuary which enjoyed certain privileges under an Imperial charter).
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- 会場となった3大学は京都大学・同志社大学・立命館大学(当時の校地は鴨川 (淀川水系)西岸の広小路通 (京都市)に所在していた)各大学であったが、このうち京都大学では会場に予定されていた法経一番教室の使用を大学当局(服部峻治郎学長)が認めようとせず、警官隊導入により抗議する学生を排除するなどしていたため当局と学生自治会である同学会(1951年の京大天皇事件の結果解散をよぎなくされ、この年の初夏、学生による全学投票を経て再建されたばかりであった)との間には険悪な雰囲気が漂っていた。
- The chosen universities as places for the meetings were Kyoto University, Doshisha University and Ritsumeikan University (the then campus was located at Hirokoji-dori Street, the west shore of the Kamo-gawa River of Yodogawa River system in Kyoto City), however, Kyoto University authorities (President Shunjiro HATTORI) didn't permit the use of classroom number one of the faculty of law and economics, and called the police to remove protesting students, as a result, an explosive atmosphere remained between the authorities and the students, especially the students' association 'Dogakukai' of Kyoto University (although the Dogakukai had been forced to dissolve after the Kyodai Tenno Incident of 1951, in the early summer of 1953 it had just been reorganized by a vote in which all the students had been involved).
- 朝鮮併合がなった際、初代総督寺内正毅は『小早川、加藤、小西が世にあれば、今宵の月をいかにみるらむ(秀吉公の朝鮮征伐に参加された小早川・加藤・小西の諸将が今生きていれば、朝鮮を日本のものとしたこの夜の月をどのような気持ちでみられるだろうか)』と歌を詠み、外務部長だった小松緑はこれに返歌して、『太閤を地下より起こし見せばやな高麗(こま)やま高くのぼる日の丸(太閤殿下を蘇らせ見せ申し上げたいものだ、朝鮮の山々に高く翻る日の丸を)』と歌い、共に太閤の成し得なかった朝鮮の編入が成功したことを喜んだ。
- When annexation of Korea was completed, Masatake TERAUCHI who was the first Governor-General of Korea, composed a waka, 'If Kobayakawa, Kato, and Konishi were alive, how would they look the moon of tonight' (If Kobayakawa, Kato, and Konishi, who were commanders took part in the war by Hideyoshi to conquer Korea were still alive, how would they look at the moon of tonight after obtaining Korea for Japan) and Midori KOMATSU who was the secretary of foreign affairs, composed in reply to it 'I would like to awake Taiko (Hideyoshi) from the underground and make him look at Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) above the mountains of Korea' (I would like to revive Taiko and show him Hinomaru flaunting above mountains of Korea) and they were delighted at success to annex of Korea which Hideyoshi could not achieve.
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.