列島: 250 Terms and Phrases
- 列島
- archipelago
- chain of islands
- 火山列島
- chain of volcanic islands
- Kazanrettou
- Volcano Islands
- 弧状列島
- Arcuate Islands
- island arc
- 甑島列島
- Koshikijimarettou
- Koshikijima Islands
- 琉球列島
- Ryukyu Islands
- Ryuukyuu (Ryukyu) Islands
- 日本列島
- the Japanese islands
- islands of Japan
- Japanese archipelago
- 千島列島
- Kurile Islands
- Kuril Islands
- 五島列島
- Gotourettou
- Gotō Islands
- 宮古列島
- Miyakorettou
- Miyako Islands
- 花綵列島
- island arc (like the Aleutian Islands)
- festoon islands
- 八重山列島
- Yaeyamarettou
- Yaeyama Islands
- 吐喝喇列島
- Tokara Islands (chain of islands off the southern end of Kyushu)
- クリル列島
- Kuril'skie Ostrova (island chain)
- スンダ列島
- Sunda (island chain)
- Sunda Islands
- 小スンダ列島
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- 列島改造景気
- economic boom from the national remodeling
- 大スンダ列島
- Greater Sunda Islands
- 日本列島改造論
- Japanese Archipelago Remodeling Plan
- Plan for Remolding the Japanese Archipelago
- アリューシャン列島
- Aleutian Islands
- Aleutians
- 日本は火山列島だ。
- Japan is made up of volcanic islands.
- 琉球列島米国民政府
- United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
- 「トカラ列島以南」
- South of the Tokara Islands'
- 五島列島の杜氏集団。
- They are a toji school based on Goto Islands.
- 日本列島の旧石器時代
- Japanese Paleolithic
- 長崎県五島列島の潮豆腐
- Shio-dofu (saltwater tofu) in Goto-retto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture
- 北極海のノルウェー列島
- a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean
- 2006年千島列島沖地震
- 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake
- 2007年千島列島沖地震
- 2007 Kuril Islands earthquake
- 日本列島を占める立憲君主国
- a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago
- 日本列島の生みの親、および神
- mother of the islands and gods of Japan
- 長崎県五島列島で産するうどん。
- Goto Udon is produced in the Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture.
- 知訶島(ちかのしま) 五島列島
- Chika no Shima: The Goto Islands
- 日本の火山列島の中で最も大きい
- the largest of the Volcano Islands of Japan
- スペインの東岸沖の西地中海の列島
- an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain
- 仏領ポリネシアの小島が連なる列島
- a chain of small islands in French Polynesia
- 日本列島および朝鮮半島に分布する。
- It is distributed throughout the Japanese islands and the Korean Peninsula.
- 日本列島の全てを支配した訳はない。
- However, Yamatai didn't assume control over the entire island of Japan.
- 小スンダ列島の最も東にある最大の島
- the largest and most eastern of the Lesser Sunda Islands
- 五島列島から東シナ海を横断するルート。
- Route crossing the East China Sea from the Goto Islands.
- 鹿児島県三島村・トカラ列島及び奄美群島
- Mishima-mura Village, Tokara Islands and Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture
- 6世紀代に列島各地に須恵器窯が造られた。
- In the sixth century, kilns for Sueki were made in various locations in Japan.
- 北太平洋の列島でアラスカから南西へ伸びる
- an archipelago in the North Pacific extending southwest from Alaska
- 日本列島を取り込む光ファイバ・ケーブル網。
- JIH Japan Information Highway
- 当時の日本列島は中国から倭・倭国と呼ばれた。
- The Japanese islands at that time was called Way or Awoke by China.
- 前方後円墳は日本列島の広範囲に分布している。
- Keyhole-shaped tumuli range over a wide area of the Japanese Archipelago.
- 妹の伊邪那美とともに日本列島と神々を生んだ神
- the god who fathered the islands and gods of Japan with his sister Izanami
- 小スンダ列島で話されているインドネシアの言語
- the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
- 日本列島には約500基の前方後方墳が存在する。
- There are approximately 500 square front, square back tomb mounds in the Japanese Archipelago.
- ハワイおよびアリューシャン列島西部で使用される
- used in Hawaii and the western Aleutian Islands
- スコットランド北西部の130マイルにおよぶ列島
- a 130-mile long archipelago to the northwest of Scotland
- 日本列島で最古の窯は大阪府堺市大庭寺窯跡である。
- The oldest kiln in Japan is Obadera ruins of kiln in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture.
- 彼らは、当時の列島にさまざまな文化をもちこんだ。
- They brought back various forms of culture to Japan at the time.
- アリューシャン列島と南西アラスカに住む人々の一人
- a member of the people inhabiting the Aleutian Islands and southwestern Alaska
- ジャワ島の東にある、インドネシアの州を形成する列島
- a chain of islands forming a province of Indonesia to the east of Java
- ボルネオ、セレベス、ジャワ、およびスマトラを含む列島
- a chain of islands including Borneo and Celebes and Java and Sumatra
- 13,000以上の島を含む列島上の南東アジアの共和国
- a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands
- フィンランドの統治下にあるボスニア湾の6000に及ぶ列島
- an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control
- 南樺太・千島列島・歯舞群島・色丹島が現在も占領下にある。
- South Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Habomai Islands and Shikotan island are still under occupation at present.
- アイセルからユトランドに及ぶヨーロッパ北西部沖の北海の列島
- a chain of islands in the North Sea off the coast of northwestern Europe extending from the IJsselmeer to Jutland
- 以後、日本列島の中心的な政治勢力が倭を自称することは絶えた。
- After that, the main political powers in Japan stopped calling themselves Wa.
- 途中暴風雨に遭遇し、五島列島福江島玉之浦の大宝港に寄港した。
- Encountering a storm, the ship stopped at the Daiho-ko harbor in Tamanoura, Fukue-jima Island, the Goto Islands.
- スコットランド北東部沖、北大西洋と北海上の約70からなる列島
- an archipelago of about 70 islands in the North Atlantic and North Sea off the northeastern coast of Scotland
- スコットランド北海岸沖の北大西洋にある約100の島からなる列島
- an archipelago of about 100 islands in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Scotland
- 列島へは、まず熱帯ジャポニカが南西諸島を通って列島に伝播した。
- At first, tropical Japonica was introduced to the Japanese archipelago through the Nansei Islands.
- 水稲農耕は、かなりな速さで日本列島を縦断し伝播波及したといえる。
- Rice-paddy cultivation quickly spread across the Japanese Archipelago.
- この過程で、台湾や朝鮮から日本列島への他の民族の流入もおこった。
- During this time, other races came into the Japanese archipelago from Taiwan and Korea.
- 日本列島方面では北のオホーツク海気団と南の小笠原気団が、せめぎあう。
- In Japanese Islands area, the Okhotsk Sea air mass and the Ogasawara air mass struggle with each other.
- 日本列島での米の口噛み酒は、縄文時代後期以降であると考えられている。
- It is thought that kuchikami-sake was produced for the first time in Japan during the latter half of Jomon period.
- このため、後期後半の日本列島でイネが栽培されていたことは間違いない。
- Therefore, it is certain that rice was cultivated in the Japanese archipelago in the latter half of the end of the Jomon period.
- 主に日本列島に居住しており、日本国を形成し、日本国の大多数民族である。
- The Yamato race is the major race in Japan, living mainly in the Japanese archipelago which forms the country.
- これと並行して、日本列島の政治勢力も対外的に倭国と自称するようになった。
- At the same time, the political forces in the Japanese Islands used the name of Wakoku to designate their country to foreign countries.
- 結局、この技術は百済から伽耶を経て日本列島に伝えられたと考えられている。
- Consequently, this technique is considered to have been conveyed from Baekje to Japan via Kaya.
- 春になると、揚子江気団は東の日本列島や朝鮮半島などに移動性高気圧を放出する。
- If spring comes, the Yangzi jiang air mass releases a migratory anticyclone to Japanese islands and Korean Peninsula in its east.
- 日本列島に住む人々が倭・倭人と呼称されるに至った由来にはいくつかの説がある。
- There are several views about how people living in the Japanese Archipelago came to be called Wa or Wajin.
- この武器は日本列島で大流行し、日本でも鍛造技術が駆使されたことは間違いない。
- The weapons were used widely throughout the Japanese archipelago, and it is certain that hammering technique was fully used to make them in Japan as well.
- それぞれ種子島、屋久島、奄美大島、トカラ列島(徳之島との説もある)とされる。
- Those places are now known as Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, Amami-Oshima Island, and the Tokara Islands (some believe it is Tokuno-shima Island).
- また、鏡も弥生時代前期末に渡来し、中期末以降列島でも生産されるようになった。
- Bronze mirrors were also introduced at the end of the early Yayoi period and the manufacture in the Japan Archipelago started on and after the middle period.
- 日本列島は最終氷期が終わったおよそ1万年前にユーラシア大陸から切り離された。
- Japanese islands were divided from the Eurasian Continent about 10,000 years ago when the last glacial period ended.
- 日本列島の地域で制作・享受された美術をその範囲とすると考えるのが一般的である。
- Geographically speaking, it is common that the arts produced or enjoyed on the Japanese archipelago are regarded as the objects which Japanese art history covers.
- 環濠集落は稲作文化と同時に大陸から伝来し、列島東部へ波及したと考えられている。
- The moat settlement is thought to have introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, spreading eastward on the archipelago.
- 紀元前後頃から7世紀末頃にかけて、日本列島の政治勢力も倭もしくは倭国と自称した。
- From around the beginning of the first century to the end of the seventh century, political powers in the Japanese Archipelago called themselves Wa or Wakoku.
- ナイフ形石器は、日本列島で独自に発達したものであって、アジア大陸ではみられない。
- Stone tools resembling a knife were developed uniquely in the Japanese Islands and have not been found in the Asian Continent.
- しかし歴史時代に入るとともに日本列島の里山は乱伐と保護を繰り返していくこととなる。
- However, as historic period begins, Satoyama in the Japanese archipelago underwent repeated cycles of destructive exploitation and protection.
- 日本列島の旧石器時代の人々は、大型哺乳動物や中・小型哺乳動物を狩猟対象としていた。
- The people in the Paleolithic period in the Japanese archipelago hunted large, medium, and small mammals.
- 前述のように、縄文前期には日本列島内に九つの文化圏が成立していたと考えられている。
- As mentioned above, it is assumed that nine cultural regions were established in the Japanese archipelago by the early Jomon period.
- 微妙な地域差が見出せるものの、列島的規模での規格化の力が働いていることは確かである。
- Although there are slight regional differences, it is certain that the nationwide-scale standardization was implemented.
- こうした対策の結果、日本列島の森林資源は回復に転じ、里山の持続可能な利用が実現した。
- As a result of such measures, the forest resources in Japan gradually recovered, enabling the sustained logging of Satoyama.
- 広嗣は船に乗って肥前国松浦郡値嘉嶋(五島列島)に渡り、そこから新羅へ逃れようとした。
- Hirotsugu went to Chikano-shima Island, Matsuura-gun, Hizen Province (the Goto Islands) by ship and tried to escape to Silla.
- 3世紀中ごろに機内に出現した前方後円墳とそれに伴う墓制が急速に列島各地に広まっていた。
- Large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds appeared around the middle of third century and the use of this grave style spread rapidly throughout the islands of Japan.
- この頃の日本列島人は縄文式土器を作り、早期以降定住化が進んでおもに竪穴式住居に住んだ。
- During this period, people in the Japanese islands made Jomon-style earthenware, and increasingly more people came to live in fixed places, mostly in pit dwellings.
- 日本列島において確認されている人類の歴史は、約10万年ないし約3万年前までさかのぼる。
- The history of the human race confirmed in the Japanese archipelago can be traced back to about 30,000 to 100,000 years ago.
- 大倭は、日本列島を代表する政治勢力の名称であると同時に、奈良地方を表す名称でもあった。
- 大倭 was the name of the political force that represented the Japanese Islands; at the same time it was also the name of the Nara region.
- 日本列島の旧石器時代の最終に現れたのが、この細石器(細石刃)を使った細石刃文化である。
- What appeared at the end of the Paleolithic period in the Japanese archipelago is the Saisekijin Culture in which saisekki (or saisekijin) was used.
- この時期には日本列島に大きく分けて九つの文化圏が成立していたと考えられている(後述)。
- It is assumed that roughly the nine cultural regions were established in the Japanese archipelago during this period (mentioned below).
- このようにして、中国風(漢風)・仏教風の文化の影響が日本列島の地域社会へ浸透していった。
- In this way, the influence of the Chinese and Buddhist style cultures began to permeate down to regional communities throughout the Japanese archipelago.
- 弥生時代(やよいじだい)は、北海道・沖縄諸島を除く日本列島における時代区分の一つである。
- Yayoi period is one of periodizations in the Japanese Archipelago excluding Hokkaido and Okinawa Islands.
- 約3万4千年前に華北地方からナイフ形石器と呼ばれる石器が伝わり、列島全域で広く使用された。
- About 34,000 years ago, stone tools called knife-type stone tools were brought to Japan from Northern China and were used throughout the Japanese islands.
- 日本列島と朝鮮半島の間にある水域については、「日本海」と呼ぶのが長年にわたる米国の方針です。
- Concerning the body of water between the Japanese archipelago and the Korean peninsula, longstanding U.S. policy is to refer to it as the "Sea of Japan."
- 日本の歴史(にほんのれきし)、日本史(にほんし)とは、日本または日本列島における歴史である。
- Nihon-no-rekisi (literally, Japanese history) or Nihonshi (literally, Japan history) is used for indicating history of Japan or that of the Japanese archipelago.
- ニューギニアと日本の間にあるミクロネシア(グアムと北マリアナ諸島を含む)のサンゴと火山の列島
- a chain of coral and volcanic islands in Micronesia (including Guam and the Northern Marianas) halfway between New Guinea and Japan
- その中には淡路島・隠岐島からはじめやがて日本列島を生み、更に山・海など森羅万象の神々を生んだ。
- They created the Japanese Islands starting with Awaji-shima Island and Oki no shima Island, and then created the various gods of nature, including the mountain god and sea god.
- 縄文時代は日本列島の美術が外部からの影響や情報にさらされず、独自の発展をとげた唯一の時代である。
- The Jomon period was the only period that Japanese art developed by itself without the influence and information from abroad.
- 稲作を中心とする農耕社会が成立し、北部九州から本州最北端以北を除く日本列島各地へ急速に広まった。
- Agriculture-based society centered on rice cultivation was established and spread rapidly to various parts of the Japanese islands, from northern Kyushu to throughout Honshu, except for the northernmost part of the Honshu and the further northern territories.
- 日本列島はいまだ先史時代であり、この時代の歴史は同時代の中国の史書によって間接的に知るほかない。
- Japan was still in the prehistoric age at that time, so we can only know about the Japanese history of this period indirectly from the contemporary Chinese history books.
- 北は宗谷岬、南は屋久島、東は国後島、西は五島列島までの海岸線および内陸河川の形状をつぶさに描く。
- The contour of all the coastlines and continental rivers was drawn in detail from Cape Soya in the north to Yakushima Island in the south, from Kunashiri Island in the east to the Goto Islands in the west.
- 日本列島の旧石器時代に用いられた石材の代表的なものは、黒曜石、頁岩、サヌカイトなどがあげられる。
- Typical stone materials used in Japan in the Paleolithic Period were obsidian, shale, Sanukite (Sanuki-gan stone) and others.
- このことは日本における「天下」概念をますます固有の地理概念である日本列島に近づけたと考えられる。
- This made the notion of 'Tenka' in Japan more closer to the geographical notion, namely the Japanese archipelago.
- この間に日本列島は100メートル以上もの海面上昇を経験しており、今日では縄文海進と呼ばれている。
- The Japanese archipelago experienced a rise in the sea level of over 100 meters during this period; today it is called the sea level rise of the Jomon period.
- 中国で誕生した環濠集落は、農耕文化の重要な要素の一つとして、朝鮮半島を経由して日本列島に伝来した。
- Originating in China, moat settlement was transmitted to Japan through the Korean Peninsula as one of the important elements of agricultural culture.
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- 弥生時代は、水稲耕作による稲作の技術をもつ集団が列島外から北部九州に移住することによって始まった。
- The Yayoi period started when a group of people with rice-paddy cultivation techniques immigrated from outside the Japanese Archipelago to northern Kyushu.
- 1万年ほど昔から大陸から切り離された列島であった日本には、元来ネコ(イエネコ)が存在していなかった。
- In Japan which was an island separated from the continent since about ten thousand years ago, cats (domestic cats) originally did not exist.
- 列島周辺の主権を失ったために、各地に移住していた日本人の大概は、引揚者として日本に引き揚げていった。
- Japanese people who had migrated to various places returned to Japan as repatriates since Japan lost sovereign power in countries around the archipelago.
- なお、正安3年11月(1301年)に薩摩国甑島列島の沖に異国船が出現し、うち1隻から襲撃を受けている。
- Meanwhile, in November 1301, foreign ships appeared offshore near the Koshikijima Islands in Satsuma Province, and one of them made an attack.
- それに先駆けて築造された憤丘長90メートル前後の纒向型前方後円墳も3世紀では列島最大の憤丘規模を持つ。
- Makimuku-style tumuli, which are circular in shape and have a rectangular frontage with a length of around 90 m, were constructed earlier than the Hashihaka Tumulus and are some of the largest tumuli to have been constructed in Japan during 3rd century.
- 天地開闢 (日本神話)から日本列島の形成と国土の整備が語られ、天孫が降臨し山幸彦までの神代の話を記す。
- Kamitsumaki describes the period from Tenchikaibyaku (creation of heaven and earth) (Japanese Mythology) to the formation of the Japanese Islands and development of National land, and also describes the mythological age from tenson korin (tensonkorin - the descent to earth of the grandson of the sun goddess) to Yamasachihiko.
- 縄文草創期当時の日本列島の植生は冷涼で乾燥した草原が中心であったが、落葉樹の森林も一部で出現していた。
- The Japanese archipelago during the incipient period was cold and the vegetation cover was mostly dry meadows; however, forests of deciduous trees appeared in some regions.
- 瀬戸内海はまだ存在しておらず、本州、四国、九州、種子島、屋久島、対馬列島は一つの大きな島となっていた。
- The Seto Inland Sea didn't exist yet and Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, and Tsushima Island were connected and existed as one big island.
- そのことは当時の支配層にとっては大変な脅威であり、日本列島の各地に防衛施設を造り始めるきっかけとなった。
- The defeat in the Korean peninsula was a serious threat to the governing class in Japan and led to the building of defense facilities in various places in Japan.
- 日本列島において、継続的に人間の手が入る森林が出現した時期は、少なくとも縄文時代までは遡ることが出来る。
- The first forest where continuous human activity can be seen in Japanese archipelago dates back at least to the Jomon period.
- 日本列島では、縄文時代中期にはブドウ果汁を発酵させた飲料がつくられ飲用に供されていたとも考えられている。
- In the Japanese Islands, it is also believed that a beverage made of fermented grape juice was produced and provided to drink in the mid Jomon period.
- しかし、継体天皇の登場によりヤマト王権による列島支配が強まり、一方、朝鮮半島への進出傾向は大きく後退した。
- However, after Emperor Keitai was introduced, control over the islands of Japan by Yamato sovereignty became stronger, but on the other hand, the trend of advancing to the Korean peninsular became considerably weak.
- 約1万2千年前頃、最終氷期が終わり急激な温暖化による海面上昇が始まると、日本列島はアジア大陸から分離した。
- Around 12,000 years ago, the ice age ended and the sea level began rising corresponding to rises in the atmospheric temperature, separating the Japanese islands from the Asian continent.
- 出雲国がヨミの国と目される最大の理由は、同地方が日本列島において太陽の沈む地域と目されることがあげられる。
- But the biggest reason that Izumo province was thought to be the location of Yomi, the underworld, is that it was believed to be the place where the sun set on the Japanese archipelago.
- 倭(わ、やまと)は、紀元前から中国各王朝が日本列島を中心とする地域およびその住人を指す際に用いた呼称である。
- 倭 (Wa or Yamato) was the name used by Chinese dynasties to refer to the area centering the Japanese Archipelago and people living there since the days before Christ.
- イザナギ・イザナミは葦原中国に降り、結婚して大八洲と呼ばれる日本列島を形成する島々を次々と生み出していった。
- Izanagi and Izanami descended on Ashihara no nakatsukuni (Central Land of Reed Plains, which refers to the human world), married each other and created one island after another that formed the Japanese Islands known as Oyashima.
- 縄文末期、弥生時代にも人々が海を渡って日本列島にたどり着き、日本列島に在来の人々と同化していったようである。
- In the late Jomon period and Yayoi period, people came into the Japanese archipelago by sea, assimilating with the native people there.
- 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は失敗に終わり、徳川将軍家が支配する江戸時代になると、「天下」は日本列島に限る意味で用いられた。
- The Hideyoshi's dispatch of troops to Korea ended in failure, and in the Edo period when the Tokugawa Shogun family ruled Japan, the term 'Tenka' was used in only referring to the Japanese archipelago.
- 日本列島は4000万年前まで大陸の一部であったが、4000万年前頃から2000万年前にかけて大陸から分離した。
- Up to 40 million years ago, the Japanese archipelago was part of the Asian Continent but it became detached from the continent approximately between 40 million and 20 million years ago.
- 秦氏は6世紀頃に朝鮮半島を経由して日本列島の倭国へ渡来した渡来人集団と言われ、そのルーツは秦の始皇帝ともいう。
- It is said that the Hata clan was a group of immigrants to Wakoku (the ancient Japan) in the Japanese archipelago via the Korean Peninsula during the sixth century and its roots are traced to the first Qin Emperor.
- なお、8世紀には日本列島最古の地図(行基図)が作られ、日本国内では津軽海峡の存在が認識されていたと考えられる。
- It was believed in the eighth century that the existence of Tsugaru Straits was recognized on the oldest map of the Japanese Islands (gyogi zu) that were developed in the eighth century.
- 温帯ジャポニカは、中国の長江北側から、日本列島というごく限られた地域に水稲農耕と密接に結びついて分布している。
- Temperate Japonica is distributed in the very limited area from the northern Yangtze River in China to the Japanese archipelago and closely related to wet-rice agriculture.
- 日本列島への渡来時期や製法、文化を考えると、同じく米を原料としている日本酒の原形とはなり得ないと考えられている。
- In view of the time of importation into Japan, method of production and culture, it is thought that kuchikami-sake couldn't be the origin of Japanese sake, though both use rice as ingredient.
- このうち大阪府の陶邑窯跡群は日本列島最大であり、天皇陵を含むと考えられている百舌鳥古墳群と地理的に近接している。
- Among these ruins of kilns, Suemura ruins of kilns in Osaka Prefecture is the largest in Japan and is located close to Mozu burial mounds which is considered to have the Imperial mausoleum.
- 折しも田中角栄内閣総理大臣によって、国土開発を促進する「日本列島改造論」が提唱され、整備は順調に進むかに見えた。
- It happened to coincide with the time when Prime Minister Kakuei TANAKA proposed 'Nippon Retto Kaizo-Ron' (Building a New Japan) for promoting the development of land in Japan, and it seemed that the construction of these Shinkansen lines could progress smoothly.
- 蝦夷(えみし、えびす、えぞ)は、日本列島の東方、北方に住み、日本人によって異族視されていた人々に対する呼称である。
- Ezo (also referred to as 'Emishi' or 'Ebisu') is an appellation for the people who once lived in the eastern and northern areas of what is now Japan, and who were considered by the Japanese to belong to a different ethnic group.
- 倭国(わこく)は、古代の中国の諸王朝やその周辺諸国が、当時日本列島にあった政治勢力あるいは地域を指して用いた呼称。
- The term 'Wakoku' refers to a name which ancient Chinese dynasties or other countries around China used to designate a political force or its area in the Japanese Islands around that time.
- 実際には翌々年の4月19日 (旧暦)(1539年5月7日)に3隻に分乗した460名の船団を率い五島列島を出帆する。
- He left the Goto Islands on May 17, 1539, which was two years after planning, leading 460 people on three ships.
- 日本列島では、まだユーラシア大陸と陸続きの時代に石製加工具類が発掘されており、約3万年前に人類が存在したとされる。
- Tools made of stone used when the Japanese archipelago was still connected to the Eurasian Continent by land were unearthed, indicating human beings were present 30,000 years ago.
- 日本列島の各地に形成されたこのような地域国家的な公儀を天下の公儀として形成しようとしたのが安土桃山時代の特徴である。
- The characteristics of the Azuchi-Momoyama period was that many sengoku daimyo tried to integrate such kogi, which had been founded at many places throughout Japan as if they were local states, into the kogi of Tenka.
- 縄文文化は日本列島のどの地域でも同質のものだったのではなく、多様な地域性を備えた文化群であったことが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the Jomon culture was not uniform in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago, but was a collection of cultural styles representing many regional differences.
- 伊勢国の商人である大黒屋光太夫は1782年に漂流してアリューシャン列島からロシアへ渡り、10数年を経て帰国を果たした。
- In 1782, Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, a merchant in Ise Province, drifted and went to Russia via the Aleutian Islands, and returned to Japan ten years later.
- しかし、奈良盆地に日本列島における最大規模の政治拠点が構築されていたことが纏向遺跡の発掘により次第に解明されつつある。
- However, with excavations at the Makimuku ancient ruins, it has gradually become clear that the largest political stronghold in the Japanese archipelago was constructed in the Nara basin.
- ただし、この時期の鉄器は鉄素材を半島から輸入して製作されており、列島で製鉄が見られるのは古墳時代後期以降と考えられる。
- However ironware during this period were made from iron imported from the peninsula and iron making in Japan Archipelago is said have started after the end of the Kofun period.
- これにより日本列島内への騎馬文化の流入および東アジアにおける騎馬文化の伝播の理解が従来よりも古く修正されることになった。
- On that basis, the understanding with regard to the inflow of the kiba culture (the equestrian culture) into the Japanese archipelago, as well as the diffusion of the kiba culture in East Asia, has been modified in order to reflect their earlier occurrences.
- なお土器についた穀物圧痕の研究が進み、稲作技術は、遅くとも縄文時代後期までには列島にもたらされていたことが分かっている。
- Research on grain impressions on earthware progressed and it is known that rice-cropping techniques were introduced to Japan Archipelago by the end of the Jomon period at the latest.
- 大和民族(やまとみんぞく)は古代から日本本土(本州、四国、九州)と、その周辺離島を含む日本列島の全域に住む民族とされる。
- The Yamato race is the race that has been living since ancient times in the Japanese Islands including Japan's mainland (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and the other islands around them.
- また対外的にも、琉球列島や小笠原諸島、千島列島や樺太といった列島の諸島の領有を確立し、現在の日本の領土をほぼ確定させた。
- Meanwhile, externally, the possession of islands, such as the Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands), Kurile Islands and Sakhalin was established, nearly settling the present territory of Japan.
- 日本の境界領域である琉球王国と蝦夷地(和人地である渡島半島を除く北海道、樺太及び千島列島)の支配は大名を通じて行なわれた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom and the Ezo area (the Hokkaido areas except for the Oshima peninsula occupied by wajin - Japanese: persons whose origin was the main Japanese lands, - Sakhalin and Kurile Islands) were controlled through the Daimyo concerned.
- この説によるとハイヌウェレ型神話は芋(あるいは五穀)栽培とともにすでに縄文中期に日本列島で知られていた、ということになる。
- If this theory were true, people throughout Japan in the mid Jomon Period had already been familiar with the Hainuwele-type myth and cultivation of potatoes (or five grains).
- また日本列島は南北に極めて長く、地形も変化に富んでいる為、現在と同じように縄文時代においても気候や植生の地域差は大きかった。
- The Japanese archipelago is extremely elongated from north to south and its topography varies considerably; therefore, regional differences in the climate and vegetation were large during the Jomon period as is today.
- さらに支配・制圧が日本列島の大半(東北地方南部から九州南部まで)にまで及ぶに至り、それらを総称して大和と呼ばれるようになった。
- When most of the Japanese Islands (from the south of the Tohoku region to the south of Kyushu) were ruled and controlled, these areas were collectively called Yamato.
- サハリンから日本列島沿岸に沿って海嶺やマグニチュード7クラスの地震の多発域が帯状に連なっており、これを日本海東縁変動帯と呼ぶ。
- Between Sakhalin and the coastline of the Japanese archipelago, there is a band of areas where the magnitude 7 class earthquakes frequently occur that is referred to as the Japan Sea Eastern Margin Mobile Belt.
- 上円下方墳(じょうえんかほうふん)とは日本列島でかつて築造された古墳の一類型、及び近代に築造された天皇家の陵墓の一形式である。
- A dome-shaped mound on a square base is a type of tumuli that were constructed in the past in the Japanese Islands, and also a type of mausoleums of the imperial family in modern times.
- これにより日本列島の日本海側に豪雪地帯が出現し、その豊富な雪解け水によって日本海側にはブナなどの森林が形成されるようになった。
- The change in the current resulted in a snowy area and the forests of beech and other trees were formed with the abundant snowmelt on the Sea of Japan side in the Japanese archipelago.
- 日本列島で大規模な古墳が築造された3世紀半ば過ぎから7世紀後半にかけての時期には、朝鮮半島でも墳丘をもつ古墳が盛んに造営された。
- Between the middle of the third century and the late seventh century, a lot of major kofun were constructed in Japan, and at this time in Korea, a lot of kofun which have tumuli were constructed.
- 現在の、東京都伊豆諸島(青ヶ島村を除く)、島根県隠岐諸島、長崎県対馬、鹿児島県三島村・トカラ列島及び奄美群島、沖縄県で施行された。
- It was implemented in the Izu Island chain of Tokyo (except for Aogashima Village), Oki Islands of Shimane Prefecture, Tsushima of Nagasaki Prefecture, Mishima-mura Village, Tokara Islands and Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, and Okinawa Prefecture.
- そのことから、この一帯を中心にして日本列島を代表する政治的勢力、すなわちヤマト政権の初期の三輪政権(王朝)が存在したと考えられている。
- From here onwards, it is considered that a leading political force in Japan island, that is, Miwa Regime (dynasty), which was equivalent to the early Yamato regime, existed mainly in this area.
- 照葉樹林帯の植物性食料と内湾性の漁労がこの文化圏の特徴で、特に貝塚については日本列島全体の貝塚のうちおよそ6割がこの文化圏のものである。
- The plant-derived foods from the laurel forests and fish catching in the inner bay areas were the characteristics of this cultural region; especially, approximately sixty percent of shell mounds excavated in the entire Japanese archipelago were from this cultural region.
- 縄文人が製作した土偶は、縄文時代の全期間を通して日本列島各地で満遍なく使われていたのではなく、時期と地域の両面で限定されたものであった。
- The earthen figures created by the Jomon people were not used universally in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago through all the time of the Jomon period; their use was limited in terms of both the periods and the regions.
- 最初の日本列島の住人である縄文人は、狩りや漁撈を生活の中心に据えた狩猟民であったが、のちに集団農業を行い、日本各地に大小の集落を形成した。
- Jomon men, the first people in the Japan islands, were hunting people who mainly hunted and fished for their life, and later, they did collective farming, forming large and small communities.
- 青銅器の鋳型は、列島での初現期にあたる弥生時代前期末~中期前半期のものは主に佐賀県佐賀市から小城市にかけての佐賀平野南西部に多く見られる。
- Many of the molds for bronze ware in its time of emergence, around the end of the early Yayoi period to the first half of the middle Yayoi period, were found mainly in south west part of the Saga plain, around Saga City, and Ogi City, Saga Prefecture.
- 北九州から南関東にいたる全国各地の土器が出土し、纏向が当時の日本列島の大部分を統括する交流センター的な役割を果たしたことがうかがえること。
- It can be seen from earthenware from all over northern Kyushu to southern Kanto excavated from the Makimuku ruins that these buildings played roles such as exchange centers controlling most of the Japanese Islands at that time.
- こうした激烈な森林破壊の背景には日本列島の人口の急激な膨張による建材需要や、大規模な寺社・城郭の造営が相次いだことがあったと考えられている。
- This drastic destruction was accounted for by an increased demand for construction materials owing to a nationwide population explosion and the large-scale construction of temples, shrines and castles that were carried out successively.
- 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
- On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
- また、ロシア帝国との間では1875年に、樺太・千島交換条約が締結され、それまで日露雑居地とされた樺太および千島列島における日露国境が確定した。
- Also in 1875, the government concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire to determine the border between Japan and the Russian Empire in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which was a mixed residential quarter of Japan and the Russian Empire until then.
- 漢字が渡来するまでの文字は現在まで見つかっていないため、日本列島に居住していた人間に関すると思われる文書による記述は、山海経に初めて登場する。
- As no written characters before the introduction of kanji (Chinese characters) have been discovered, the first written history is a document about people living in the Japanese archipelago which appeared in Sengaikyo (oldest topography of China).
- すなわち、18世紀にまで日本列島の里山は継続的に過剰利用の状態にあった(「はげ山」参照)のであり、「持続可能な」利用が為されていたわけではない。
- This means that until the 18th century, the Satoyamas in the Japanese archipelago had undergone constant over forestation (please refer to the section 'Hageyama' (treeless hill)), and Satoyama had not been used in a 'sustainable' manner.
- この場合の天下はどちらかといえば実際の律令国家の支配が及んだ範囲という意味で、今日の日本列島における本州・四国・九州などにあてはまると思われる。
- In this case, Tenka basically referred to the territory which was ruled by Ritsuryo Kokka (the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes), namely present Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.
- ただし、火山を多く持つ日本列島は火山灰に覆われており、土壌が酸性であるため化石が残りにくい事から、この時代の人類の化石は未だに発見されていない。
- However, human fossils from that era have not yet been discovered because the Japanese archipelago is covered with volcanic ash and has acidic soil due to its many volcanoes, which makes fossils difficult to retain.
- 「環濠」と「環壕」のルーツはそれぞれ、長江中流域と内蒙古(興隆窪文化)であると考えられており、日本列島では、弥生時代と中世にかけて各地で作られた。
- Water moat and dry moat are respectively thought to have its origin in the midstream of the Yangtze River and in Inner Mongolia (where the Xinglongwa Culture flourished), and were built in various places on the Japanese archipelago since the Yayoi period until the medieval period.
- 土師器までの土器が日本列島固有の特徴(紐状の粘土を積み上げる)を色濃く残しているのに対し、須恵器は全く異なる技術(ろくろ技術)を用いて製作された。
- Whereas the ancient pottery including Haji pottery was made with clear characteristics of stacking up ring-shaped clays which was unique to Japanese archipelago, Sueki was made using the potter's wheel which was a completely different technique.
- 当時の倭寇は王直に代表される中国人が多くを占めていたが、明の取締を逃れるために日本の五島列島や平戸島などの沿岸に拠点を構えている者も少なくなかった。
- Chinese, represented by Wang Zhi (王直), accounted for a large part of wako in those days, many of whom made their headquarters on the coasts of the Goto Islands and Hirado of Japan to escape the crackdown by Ming.
- 日本列島に住む民族の間に自然発生的に生まれ育った伝統的な民俗信仰・自然信仰を基盤とし、豪族層による中央や地方の政治体制と関連しながら徐々に成立した。
- Shinto is based on traditional ethnic and natural beliefs that naturally generated and grew among ethnic groups living in Japan and has been gradually growing in conjunction with central and local systems of politics carried out by groups of local ruling families.
- 以下のことから、漢代から代々中国に朝貢していたのは九州の大王であり、日本列島を代表して中国・朝鮮と交流・交戦していたのも九州王朝だったと考えられる。
- As described below, it is believed that the great king of Kyusyu paid tribute to China for generations since the age of the Han dynasty while the Kyushu dynasty had cultural exchanges with or battles against China and Korea on behalf of Japan.
- その過程で日本の境界領域であった旧琉球王国領域や、樺太を除く蝦夷地(北海道の大部分と千島列島)、小笠原諸島を完全に日本の領域内におき、国境を画定した。
- In the process, the government placed the former Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo area except Sakhalin (almost all areas of Hokkaido and Kurile Islands) and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) completely into the Japanese territories, fixing the boundaries of Japan.
- 前年に唐軍の捕虜から解放され帰国した九州王朝の天皇である「筑紫君薩夜麻」を巡る九州王朝内の内紛に畿内大和の豪族が介入し日本列島の覇権を得た事件である。
- It is an incident that occurred when the local ruling family in Yamato Province, Kinai region, interfered with the dispute in Kyushu dynasty over `Tsukushi no kimi sachiyama,' an emperor of the Kyushu dynasty, who was taken prisoner and then returned home after being released from the Tang army during the previous year, and took control of the Japan islands.
- なお、「魏志倭人伝」は、倭国(日本の古代中国での呼び名)と倭国の人々についての記述であることから、昔日本列島に存在した国に関する記述である可能性が高い。
- Incidentally, as 'Gishiwajinden' is a description of Wakoku, which is the name of Japan used by ancient China, and the people of Wakoku, it is highly possible that the article was about a country that once existed in the Japanese islands.
- 全国からヒスイや土器などが集まる一方、銅鐸の主要な製造地でもあったと見られ、弥生時代の日本列島内でも重要な勢力の拠点があった集落ではないかと見られている。
- The site is regarded as a place where jades and earthen vessels across the country were carried in, a main place where dotaku (bronze bell-shaped vessels) were produced and a settlement which had bases of important powers among Japanese Islands in the Yayoi period.
- 7世紀の中頃までについては、日本列島で書かれた最古の歴史書である『古事記』および『日本書紀』、そして『風土記』のみが、この時代の歴史学上の資料となっている。
- Only the 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' the oldest chronicles written in the Japanese islands as well as 'Fudoki' were available as historical sources for the Kofun period, i.e., until the middle seventh century.
- 弥生時代中期頃から日本列島の各地に政治勢力(筑紫国、吉備国、出雲国、ヤマト王権、毛野氏など)が形成されていき、それら勢力の連合体を中国の諸王朝が倭国と称した。
- Several political forces of local clans (Tsukushi Province, Kibi Province, Izumo Province, Yamato sovereignty, and the Kenuuji clan) in verious areas in the Japanese Islands emerged around the middle of the Yayoi period, and these forces as a whole was referred to as Wakoku by the Chinese dynasties.
- こうした広範な森林破壊は木材供給の逼迫をもたらしただけでなく、山林火災の増加、台風被害の激甚化、河川氾濫の増加など様々な災厄を日本列島にもたらすことになった。
- Such an extensive forest destruction not only threatened the supply of timber, but also triggered various disasters in the Japanese archipelago, including increased wildfires, intensified damage by typhoons, and frequent river flooding.
- 前代との大きな相違は、日本列島の文化が外来の文化や技術の影響を受けるようになったことであり、稲作農耕と金属器が中国大陸からもたらされ、文化は新たな時代に入った。
- What differed greatly from the previous period was that Japanese culture became influenced by foreign culture and technology, and rice growing and metal artifacts, both from China, led Japanese culture to a new age.
- 邪馬台国の比定地については、「魏志倭人伝」に書かれている方角表記や距離表記をその通りにたどると、日本列島のはるか南方の海中になるため、様々な解釈がなされてきた。
- The presumed location of Yamatai has been interpreted variously because Yamatai is supposed to be in the middle of the ocean, farther south of the Japanese islands, if you follow the direction and the distances written in 'Gishiwajinden.'
- 縄文土器の分布を目安とした場合、北は宗谷岬と千島列島、南は沖縄島を限界とし、宮古島や八重山諸島には分布しない(宮古島や八重山諸島は台湾島の土器と同系統のもの)。
- Using the criteria based on the distribution of the Jomon earthenware, the northern limit is Cape Soya and the Kurile Islands and the southern limit is the islands of Okinawa; the Jomon earthenware is not distributed in Miyakojima Island and the Yaeyama Islands (the earthenware found in Miyakojima Island and the Yaeyama Islands belongs to the family of the earthenware found in Taiwan).
- キル・サイトやブロック、礫群、炭の粒の集中するところなどは日本列島内で数千カ所も発見されているが、竪穴住居などの施設をともなう遺跡は、ほとんど発見されていない。
- Several thousand sites with slaughter-houses and blocks, with mounds of small stones and charcoal remains were discovered in the Japanese archipelago; however, the remains with facilities such as tateanajukyogun were hardly discovered.
- 大きく分けると、日本列島の細石刃文化は、北東日本の楔形(くさびがた)細石刃と南西日本の野岳(のだけ)・休場(やすみば)型や船野型細石刃の二つの分布圏に分かれる。
- The Saisekijin Culture of the Japanese archipelago is largely divided into two areas of distribution, that of cuneate saisekijin in northeast Japan and those of Nodake, Yasumiba, and Funano types in the southwest Japan.
- 前述のように近世、特に石炭が燃料として普及する以前の日本列島における里山の負荷は一貫して高く、村落共同体は里山の植生崩壊を防止する為に様々な規則を作って対応した。
- As mentioned before, the stress on Satoyamas throughout the Japanese archipelago had been heavy until coal began to be used as a fuel, and to cope with this burden, each community set up its own regulations to protect the destruction of Satoyama's vegetation.
- 3世紀から日本列島ではクニの統合や政治的連合などが進み、ヤマト王権が確立し国家が成立していく時期になるが、また高塚式の墳墓を伴う古墳が造られ始めた時代と考えられる。
- From the 3rd century, integration of provinces and politics advanced, and Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty), the state was being established during this period, and burial mounds, such as the takatsuka style tomb (a tomb built as a mound), were constructed.
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢(ちょうせんしゅっぺいにおけるごとうぜい)では、豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役における、肥前国五島藩(福江藩、現長崎県五島列島)の動きについて述べる。
- Here is the article 'The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea' about the activities of Goto Domain in Hizen Province (Fukue Domain, the present Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture) in the Bunroku and Keicho War led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- そこから単純に100里+100里=200里が不弥国(大隅半島付近?)と考えると、さらに10日南に水行する邪馬台国なるものは日本列島を飛び越えて太平洋上になってしまう。
- If the journey is simply 200 ri (100 ri plus 100 ri) from Ito, ending up in the state of Fumi (possibly near today's Osumi Peninsula), to then travel south by sea for 10 days would mean that Yamatai is located in the Pacific Ocean, past the Japanese islands.
- 銅鐸を祭る当時の列島の信仰的背景とは著しく異なる文化を持った外敵が攻めて来た等の社会的な変動が起きた時に、銅鐸の所有者が土中に隠匿して退散したという説(古田武彦等)。
- The sixth is that people hid dotaku in the ground and escaped when a social change took place, such as attacks of a foreign enemy with a significantly different religious background from that of the Japanese island of that time, when dotaku were adored (Takehiko FURUTA).
- それまでは、針葉樹林が列島を覆っていたが、西南日本から太平洋沿岸伝いに落葉広葉樹林が増加し拡がっていき、北海道をのぞいて列島の多くが落葉広葉樹林と照葉樹林で覆われた。
- Until then, the conifer forests covered much of the Japanese archipelago; however, the deciduous broad-leaved forests grew and spread from southwest Japan along the coast of the Pacific and the deciduous broad-leaved and the laurel forests came to cover much of the Japanese archipelago except Hokkaido.
- 日本では古墳時代に古墳の副葬品として馬具が見られることからこの頃に乗馬文化が導入され、軍事的利用される馬の育成は日本列島の各地へ広まり、特に東国において分布が拡大する。
- From seeing the harness as burial goods of the old tomb it proved that a cavalry horse culture started at the tumulus period in Japan, and then raising horses for military use spreaded to various places in the Japanese Islands, especially the distribution expanded in the eastern country.
- 織豊政権期、江戸時代に入っても日本列島の森林破壊は留まる所を知らず、1710年までには本州、四国、九州、北海道南部の森林のうち当時の技術で伐採出来るものの大半は失われた。
- During the administrations of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Azuchi Period and Momoyama Period (1568 - 1600)) as well as during in the Edo Period (1603-1868), the destruction of forests did not stop, and in Honshu (main island), Shikoku, Kyushu and southern Hokkaido regions, the major part of the forest exploitable by the technology available at that time had been lost.
- 『続日本紀』天平12年(740年)11月条に、同年10月に藤原広嗣を肥前国値嘉嶋長野村(長崎県北松浦郡宇久町小浜郷長野,五島列島の宇久島のうち)で捕縛したと記載されている。
- In the article of December in 740 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), it is recorded that ABE no Kuromaro arrested FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu at Nagano-mura Village, Chikano shima, Hizen Province (Obama go Nagano, Uku-machi, Kitamatsuura County, Nagasaki Prefecture, Uku Island, Goto Islands).
- 出現当初は鍛造鉄斧の断片を研ぎ出して小型の工具などとして使っていたが、中期前半までには北部九州で袋状鉄斧と呼ばれる列島製の鉄斧が出現し、徐々に西日本一帯へと波及していった。
- Smaller tools, manufactured by grinding a fragment of forged iron axe, were in use at the time of its emergence, but Japan made an iron axe called Fukurojo-Teppu (literally 'bag-shaped iron axe,' hollow structured iron axe) emerged in northern Kyushu by the first half of middle period and it gradually spread around western Japan.
- 日本国は、千島列島並びに日本国が千九百五年九月五日のポーツマス条約の結果として主権を獲得した樺太の一部及びこれに近接する諸島に対するすべての権利、権原及び請求権を放棄する。
- Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5, 1905.
- そしてこの偏りが絶対であったうちは中京以西の列島を二分する「銅鐸文化圏」と「銅矛文化圏」の存在によるものであると捉えられ、仮定としてではなく真剣に論じられていた時代があった。
- When this biased distribution was still predominant, the theory that the island from Chukyo to the west was divided into two parts, 'the dotaku cultural area' and 'the dohoko cultural area,' was not treated as a hypothesis and seriously discussed.
- 日本民族(にほんみんぞく)という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団(エスニック・グループ)を統合した政治的共同体(ネーション)を表す概念である。
- The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
- ただし、5世紀後半から6世紀には既に朝鮮半島での利権は縮小化し、磐井の乱でヤマト王権も朝鮮半島への興味を失うこととなり、もっぱら日本列島内で徐々に勢力を拡大していくようになる。
- However, Japan's hold on the Korean Peninsula had already decreased through the late 5th to the 6th century and the Yamato sovereignty also lost their interest in the Korean Peninsula due to the Iwai War, increasing its power only within the Japanese archipelago.
- 元老院議官時代には、北海道の根室から千島列島を北上して、シュムシュ島に渡り、帰りには国後島や根室から陸路北海道の内陸部を調査し「千島警備及び北海道開拓に対する意見書」をまとめた。
- When he was Genroin gikan, he carried out survey starting from Nemuro of Hokkaido, and going north along Chishima (Kurile) Islands to Shumushu Island, and on the way back he continued to survey Kunashiri Island and the inland area of Hokkaido as he was moving by land from Nemuro, so that he compiled 'The opinions on the guards of Chishima and the reclamation of Hokkaido.'
- 698年には覓国使が南島に派遣され、翌年多褹(種子島)、夜久(屋久島)、菴美(奄美大島)、度感(トカラ列島または徳之島)が朝貢に訪れ、702年には行政組織としての多禰国が設置された。
- In 698, Bekkokushi (researchers sent to Kyushu and the Northern islands of Japan during the Nara period) were dispatched to Minami-jima Island and the next year Tane (Tanegashima Island), Yaku (Yakushima Island), Amami (Amami Oshima) and Tokara (the Tokara Islands or Tokunoshima Island) came to pay tribute and, in 702, Tane Province was established as an administrative organization.
- このような天下人による「天下一統」(この用語自体は南北朝時代から散見される)によって現実的な「天下」の地理概念はかなり明確化され、ほぼ今日の日本列島と変わらない領域として認識された。
- Thanks to this act of 'Tenka Itto' (unifying Tenka) (this word itself was sometimes used since the Northern and Southern Courts period) by Tenkabito, the geographical notion of 'Tenka' was clarified considerably and was understood as the territory mostly corresponding to the present Japanese archipelago.
- また韓国の考古学者の中にも、民族主義の影響を強く受けた従来の自国の研究者の学説を厳しく批判し、この時期の韓半島と日本列島の交流が極めて密接なものであったことを指摘する者が現れている。
- Some South Korean archaeologists now sharply criticize conventional theories by Korean researchers strongly affected by nationalism and they point out that the interaction between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago at the time was extremely inseparable.
- 中国では古くより日本列島の人々・政治勢力を総称して倭と呼んでいたが、古墳時代に倭を「やまと」と称したことは、「やまと」の勢力が日本列島を代表する政治勢力となっていたことの現れとされる。
- The people or political force in the Japan Islands was called 倭 by China in ancient times, and 倭 was called Yamato in the Kofun period because the political force of 'Yamato' became the main political force in the Japan Islands.
- 日本列島にも旧石器文化が存在したことは、岩宿遺跡(群馬県)をはじめ、各地での発掘調査の結果から明らかとなっているが、日本の旧石器文化の遺物には造形芸術と呼ぶべきものはほとんど存在しない。
- Excavation and research in many places, including the Iwajuku Archaeological Site (in Gunma Prefecture), revealed that there had once existed a Paleolithic culture on the Japanese archipelago, but things that can be called art and design have rarely been found in the relics of the Paleolithic culture.
- 日本列島以外では、近年韓国における考古学者の研究によって倭の支配を受けていたと見られる朝鮮半島南部から南西部にかけて5、6世紀に建造されたと見られる前方後円墳の存在が明らかになっている。
- With respect to areas outside the Japanese Archipelago, the recent research by Korean archeologists has revealed presence of the keyhole-shaped tumuli that seem to have been constructed in the fifth and sixth century in the southern and southwestern Korean Peninsula, which is considered to have been under the control of Wa (the oldest recorded name for Japan).
- なお、長崎県の五島列島宇久島には清盛の弟の平家盛という名の人物が壇ノ浦の戦いの後、落ち武者狩りを逃れて移り住み、宇久次郎家盛と名乗って宇久氏(五島氏)の祖となったという伝承が残っている。
- Additionally, there is folklore in one of the Goto Islands, Uku Island in Nagasaki Prefecture, that, to elude the hunt for remnants of the defeated Heike clan after the Battle of Dan-no-ura, a younger brother of Kiyomori by the name of TAIRA no Iemori migrated to Uku Island under the assumed name of Jiro-Iemori UKU becoming the forefather of the Uku clan (the Goto clan).
- 日本列島に住む人々がいつ頃から米を原料とした酒を造るようになったのかは定かではないが、稲作、とりわけ水稲の耕作が定着し、安定して米が収穫できるようになってからのことであるのは確かと思われる。
- Although it is not certain when Japanese people began to make liquor from rice, but it seems to be after rice cropping, especially wet-rice cultivation, had been established and its stable harvesting had become possible.
- 当時の日本列島は縄文時代晩期ないし弥生時代初期であり、この時期から日本列島と中国との通交が始まったとする見解もあるが、『論衡』の成立が1世紀であるため、同書に依拠することに慎重な見解が有力である。
- The Japanese Archipelago was then in the late Jomon period or early Yayoi period, and some believe that trade between China and Japan began around that time, but since 'Ronko' was written in the first century, it is generally considered that the book should be taken with caution.
- 日本列島内には、異民族とされている九州南部の隼人(熊襲)、北日本の蝦夷などがいたが、隼人の反乱の鎮圧や征夷大将軍坂上田村麻呂の活躍等によって、隼人は8世紀に、蝦夷は12世紀に完全に服従したとされる。
- There were different races such as the Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) in the south of Kyushu and the Ezo (northerners) in the north of the Japanese archipelago; however, the former was subjugated in the 8th century and the latter in the 12th century thanks to the suppression of the uprising of the Hayato people and the achievements of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 使いを遣わして貢物を献じた目的として、中国大陸の文明・文化を摂取すると共に、南朝の威光を借りることによって、当時の日本列島中西部の他の諸勢力、朝鮮半島諸国との政治外交を進めるものがあったと考えられる。
- The purpose of dispatching envoys and presenting tribute seems to have been to develop a political diplomacy with the other powers in the mid-western part of Japanese archipelago and Korean peninsula with the help of the prestige of the Southern Dynasty, as well as absorbing the civilization and caulture of the Chinese continent.
- また朝鮮北部での水耕田跡が近代まで見つからないことや朝鮮半島での確認された炭化米が紀元前2000年が最古であり、日本列島のものを遡れないことなどから、稲作は日本列島から朝鮮半島へ伝播した説も出ている。
- Wet-rice fields couldn't be found in northern Korean until the recent period and the oldest carbonized rice found on the Korean peninsula which can't be traced back to rice found in the Japanese archipelago was from 2000 B.C.; therefore, one theory suggests that the rice cropping was introduced to the Korean peninsula through the Japanese archipelago.
- 作成年代によって違いはあるものの、基本的な形態として平安京のある山城国を中心として、令制国を俵あるいは卵状(主として楕円もしくは円 (数学))に表して、これを連ねることで日本列島の大まかな輪郭を形成している。
- Different versions were produced in different periods, but as the basic format, the general outline of the Japanese archipelago was formed by arranging (partly overlaying each other) tawara (straw bags for rice) or oval shapes (mainly ellipses or circles) expressing ryoseikoku (provinces) centering around Yamashiro Province where Heian-kyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto).
- また、温暖化による植生の変化は、マンモスやトナカイ、あるいはナウマンゾウやオオツノジカなどの大型哺乳動物の生息環境を悪化させ、約1万年前までには、日本列島から、これらの大型哺乳動物がほぼ絶滅してしまうことになる。
- Change in the vegetation due to the warm temperature worsened the habitat environment for large mammals such as mammoths, reindeer, Naumann elephants, and elks; as a result, these large mammals were almost driven to extinction by approximately 10,000 years ago in the Japanese archipelago.
- 『日本書紀』の持統天皇の吉野行きの記事は、ひと干支(60年)前の「白村江の戦い」時の天皇の佐賀県吉野地方への出撃部隊視察の記事である(部隊は機密保持のため有明海に集結し、有明海→五島列島→韓のコースを辿ったと考えられる)。
- The article on Emperor Jito's visit to Yoshino in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) is an article on the emperor's visits to mission troops to the Yoshino area, Saga Prefecture at the time of `the battle of Hakusukinoe' sixty years ago (the troops gathered at the sea of Areake for maintaining confidentiality, and are believed to have taken the course; from the sea of Ariake, the Goto Islands, to Kan).
- 他に群馬県甘楽郡の2町1村・滋賀県彦根市・兵庫県尼崎市・島根県松江市・高知県幡多郡の2町1村・福岡県嘉麻市・長崎県五島列島の福江島など日本各地において類似の話が残っており、それらが相互に影響しあいながら成立したものであろう。
- Similar stories also remain all over Japan: In two towns and one village of Kanra-gun, Gunma Prefecture; Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture; Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture; Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture; two towns and one village of Hata County, Kochi Prefecture; Kama City, Fukuoka Prefecture; the Island of Fukue, Goto-retto Island, Nagasaki Prefecture: and it is assumed that those stories were made with a mutual influence on each other.
- だが日本列島における森林破壊は進行し、800年代までには畿内の森林の相当部分が、また1000年頃までには四国の森林も失われ、1550年代までにこの二つの地域の森林を中心にして日本列島全体の25%の森林が失われたと考えられている。
- However, the destruction of forests had advanced, and it is thought that by the year 800, a considerable part of the forests in Kinai had been lost, and by around the year of 1000, the destruction had been extended to the forests of Shikoku region and by the 1550's, 25% of the forests in the whole Japanese archipelago had been lost.
- 雪中行軍が行われたのは、冬季によく見られる典型的な西高東低の気圧配置で、未曾有の寒気団が日本列島を襲っていた時で、日本各地で観測史上における最低気温を更新した日でもある(旭川で1月25日、日本最低記録である-41.0℃を記録した)。
- The march was carried out on the day of the lowest temperature ever recorded in the country (on January 25, -41.1 degrees Celsius, the lowest temperature ever observed in Japan, was recorded in Asahikawa) when Typical winter pressure patterns such as, the high-pressure area to the west, and the low-pressure area to the east, and an unprecedented cold air mass was covering the Japanese archipelago.
- また、『鉄炮記』に「五峰」と記されている人物は、日本の平戸市や五島列島を拠点に活動していた倭寇の頭領である王直の号と同じであり、またポルトガル史料にはジャンク (船)であったと記されていることなどから同一人物であるとも考えられている。
- The man called 'Goho' in 'Teppoki' is considered to be the same person as Ochoku who was the leader of wako based on today's Hirado City and the Goto Islands, because Goho coincides with the byname of Ochoku and the record in Portugal shows the ship was a junk one.
- まとめると、歴史的に見て日本列島の里山は植生が極度に破壊された禿げ山、草山、アカマツ林から、本来の極相とは違う形で安定した二次林、あるいは竹害的な竹林、そしてその土地本来の極相林など、多様な植生が存在する場所であるということが言える。
- In summary, Satoyama in the Japanese archipelago can be defined historically as a place where we can observe diversified habitats, such as bald mountains, grass mountains and red pine forests which are the result of extreme destruction, secondary forests which are stabilized in a form different from the inherent full range of vegetation, or bamboo forests resulting from harmful bamboo invasion, and lastly, the local autochthonous climax forests.
- 縄文時代(じょうもんじだい)は、年代でいうと今から約16,500年から約3,000年前(紀元前10世紀)、地質時代では更新世末期から完新世にかけて日本列島で発展した時代であり、世界史では中石器時代ないし新石器時代に相当する時代である。
- The Jomon period is approximately from 16,500 to 3,000 years ago (the tenth century B.C.) in terms of date, developed from the end of the Pleistocene epoch to the Holocene epoch in the Japanese archipelago in terms of geological age, and is comparable to the Mesolithic period or the Neolithic period in terms of the world history.
- 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島(主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島)の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
- As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.
- 外地郵便貯金・外地郵便為替・外地郵便振替貯金...朝鮮、台湾、関東州、樺太、千島列島、南洋群島、小笠原諸島、火山列島、硫黄鳥島、伊平屋村及び北緯27度以南の南西諸島(大東諸島を含む)にあった郵便局で扱われたもの(軍事郵便貯金等特別処理法第2条)。
- Gaichi postal saving, Gaichi money order, Gaichi money order saving ⋯ Services provided by the postal offices located in Korea, Taiwan, the Kwangtung Leased Territory, Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, the South Sea islands, Ogasawara Islands, Volcano Islands, Iotori Island, Iheya-Village and a part of Nansei Islands located below 27 degrees north latitude including Daito Islands (Article 2 of the Act on Special Treatment of Military Postal Savings, etc.).
- 7世紀末まで日本列島を代表する政権は九州にありヤマト王権は一地方政権に過ぎなかったとする説もあるが、埼玉県稲荷山古墳と熊本県江田船山古墳から「ワカタケル大王」と推定される銘の鉄剣が出土していること、様々な考古学的遺物などから成立する余地はないと考えられている。
- There is an opinion that the main political regime of the Japanese Islands until the end of the seventh century existed in Kyushu and that the Yamato Kingdom was only one regional government, but since iron swords believed to be King Wakatakeru's were found in the Inariyama burial mound (Saitama prefecture) and the Eta Funayama burial mound (Kumamoto prefecture), this theory is not thought to be valid.
- なお、5世紀の倭王武が倭王と新羅・任那・加羅をはじめとする六ヶ国諸軍事の封号官職爵位を得ており、中華王朝から本拠のある日本列島の外部では君主としてではなく武官の地位のみ認められていたことから、日本府の役割を将軍府即ち軍事機関と捉えた坂元義種、山尾幸久等の説もある。
- There is also a theory proposed by Yoshitane SAKAMOTO, Yukihisa YAMAO and others, which treated Nihon Mimana-fu as a military institution, because King Bu of Wakoku in the fifth century was awarded by the Chinese dynasty the title of King of Wa, as well as a military rank and position for six countries including Silla, Mimana and Kara, which meant that he was not recognized as a monarch but as a mere military official outside his home, the Japanese archipelago.
- ただし、両者は大きく違い別系統に属すると考えられ、前者は典型的な行基図の体裁であるが、後者は元寇以後の軍事的緊迫下にある鎌倉近郊で用いられた事情を反映したものか、日本列島は龍らしき生物に囲まれてその外側に唐土・蒙古などの海外の国々や雁道・羅刹国などの空想上の国々が描かれている。
- However, the two are quite different and seem to belong to different lineages, the former being in the typical Gyoki-zu format and the latter containing the Japanese archipelago surrounded by dragon-like creatures around which foreign countries like China and Mongolia and imaginative countries like Gando and Rasetsu-koku are painted, probably reflecting the circumstance of Kamakura which had been under military tension after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
- 人類学では骨格の研究により、北部九州(福岡県北部、佐賀県北部、山口県西部)に東北アジア系の渡来人集団が弥生時代中期以後定住し、徐々に勢力を西日本一帯に拡大し、それまで日本列島で暮らしていた縄文系の人々を征服し、あるいは混血しつつ古墳時代までには近畿地方まで広がったとする説(≒埴原和郎の仮説)がある。
- Based on the research on skeleton, there is a theory in anthropology that a group of toraijin (settlers) from northern east of Asia settled down in the northern Kyushu (northern Fukuoka Prefecture, northern Saga Prefecture, western Yamaguchi Prefecture) after the middle of Yayoi period, and conquered or mixed with Jomon-jin people who lived in the Japanese islands, extending their influences across the west Japan little by little, and finally spread to the Kinki region by the Kofun period (tumulus period) (hypothesis by Kazuro HANIWARA).
- 3世紀中葉以降に見られる前方後円墳の登場は日本列島における統一的な政権の成立を示唆しており、このときに成立した王朝が天皇家の祖先だとする説や、弥生時代の近畿地方にあった場合の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を天皇家の祖先とする説、天皇家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
- Many theories, such as a theory stating that the appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds seen in and after middle 3rd century suggests the establishment of unified government in the Japanese Islands, and the dynasty established at that time were the ancestors of the Imperial Family, a theory regarding the lineage of Himiko of the Yamatai Kingdom, if it existed in the Kinki region of the Yayoi period, as the ancestors of the Imperial Family, and a theory stating that the dynasty of the ancestors of the Imperial Family was established in 4th century, has been presented, and has not been settled.
- なお、「大輪田」の地名は津泊の意におこるとも理解されており、上記河尻泊の所在した摂津国神崎川の河口にも「千船駅」の地名があるのをはじめ日本列島各地に同様の地名がのこり、そうしたなかで単に「大輪田」といえば概ね務古水門のことをさすのは、この地が古くから最重要港湾として認められていたことを示しているとも考えられる。
- And the place-name 'Owada' is considered to have semantically originated from staying at a ferry and similar place-names remain across Japanese islands like a place-name 'Chibune-eki' which exists in the mouth of Kanzaki-gawa River in Settsu Province in Kawajiri no tomari mentioned above, and among them, simply 'Owada' mostly refers to Muko no minato, which is, they think, because this land was regarded as the most important port (ferry).
- 大和民族とは、日本列島に住んできた人類で構成される民族で、そこでは縄文時代から日本列島に住んできた人々(いわゆる縄文人)と、縄文末期から弥生時代にユーラシア大陸から渡来した人々(いわゆる弥生人)が中心となって形成したヤマト王権が、日本列島各地に散在していた様々な人的集団を勢力下に置き、同化したことにより大和民族が成立していったと考えられている。
- The Yamato race consists of people living in the Japanese archipelago, where the race was formed as the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), composed mainly of people living in the Japanese archipelago since the end of the Jomon Period (Jomon man) and people from the Eurasian Continent (Yayoi people) between the late Jomon period and the Yayoi period, controlling various groups of people which had spread across the Japanese archipelago and assimilating them.
- 井上によると、任那日本府とは『日本書紀』が引用する『百済本紀』において見られる呼称であり、6世紀末の百済が高句麗・新羅に対抗するために倭国(ヤマト王権)を懐柔しようとして、『魏志』(『三国志 (歴史書)』)韓伝において朝鮮半島南部の諸国を表していた「倭」と、日本列島の倭人の政権とを結びつけて、ヤマト王権の勢力が早くから朝鮮半島南部に及んでいたかのような印象を与えるに過ぎない。
- According to Inoue, the name of Mimana Nihon-fu can be found in 'History of Baekje,' which is quoted in 'Nihonshoki,' and although the name of 'Wa' (倭) originally meant the various districts in the southern area of the Korean Peninsula as mentioned in the account of Korea in 'Records of Wei' ('Sangokushi' [Three Kingdoms Saga]), Baekje in the end of sixth century used the word as if it was related to the government of wajin (倭人, people of Wakoku) in the Japanese archipelago, trying to win their favor and support in order to compete with Goguryeo and Silla, which unintendedly gives the impression that the power of Yamato sovereignty extended to the southern area of the Korean Peninsula early on.
- 日本国は、北緯二十九度以南の南西諸島(琉球諸島及び大東諸島を含む。)、孀婦岩の南の南方諸島(小笠原群島、西之島及び火山列島を含む。)並びに沖の鳥島及び南鳥島を合衆国を唯一の施政権者とする信託統治制度の下におくこととする国際連合に対する合衆国のいかなる提案にも同意する。このような提案が行われ且つ可決されるまで、合衆国は、領水を含むこれらの諸島の領域及び住民に対して、行政、立法及び司法上の権力の全部及び一部を行使する権利を有するものとする。
- Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29° north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.
- 『日本書紀』をはじめ、中国や朝鮮の史書でも朝鮮半島への倭国の進出を示す記事が存在すること、『広開土王碑』に倭が新羅や百済を臣民としたと記されていること、またいくつもの、日本列島独特の墓制である前方後円墳が朝鮮半島で発見され始めたこと、そして新羅・百済・伽耶の勢力圏内で日本産のヒスイ製勾玉が大量に出土(高句麗の旧領では稀)したこと等の史実より、倭国と深い関連を持つ何らかの集団(倭国から派遣された官吏や軍人、倭国に臣従した在地豪族など)が伽耶地域において一定の軍事的影響力および経済的利権を有していたことはほぼ確実視されている。
- It is almost presumed from historical facts that some sort of group deeply related to Wakoku (such as government officials and military men dispatched by Wakoku or local powerful clans who served Wakoku) possessed certain military clout and economic interest in Gaya region (another name of Mimana); Wakoku's advance to the Korean Peninsula is recorded in history books of China and Korea as well as 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan); 'Gwanggaeto Stele' tells that Wakoku subjugated Silla and Baekje; large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds, which are peculiar to the Japanese archipelago, are starting to be discovered in the Korean Peninsula; a massive amount of Japanese jade magadama (comma-shaped beads) have been excavated in the influence area of Silla, Baekje and Gaya (rare in the former territory of Goguryeo).
- 日本の領土は本州、九州、四国、北海道の主要4島及び隣接する全ての小島からなる。小島には、内海(瀬戸内海)の島、対馬、竹島(リアンクール岩礁)、隠岐列島、佐渡、奥尻、礼文、利尻、及び対馬、竹島、礼文の遠方の岸を結ぶ線の内側にある日本海の他の全ての島、五島列島、北緯29度以北の琉球諸島、及び東経127度以東且つ北緯29度以北にある東シナ海の全ての島、最南端孀婦岩(ロトの妻)を含む伊豆諸島、及びフィリピン海の名前を付与された島よりも主要4島に近い他の全ての島、及び北緯43度35分、東経145度35分から北緯44度、東経146度30分を結ぶ線の南東側に位置し、北緯44度に平行して真東に引いた線の南側に位置する歯舞諸島及び色丹を含む。
- The Territory of Japan shall comprise the four principal Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido and all adjacent minor islands, including the islands of the Inland sea(seto Naikai); Tsushima,Takeshima (Liancourt Rocks), Oki retto, Sado, Okujiri, Rebun, Riishiri and all other islands in the Japan Sea (Nippon Kai) within a line connecting the farther shores of Tsushima, Takeshima and Rebun; the Goto archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands north of 29° N. Latitude, and all other islanls of the East China Sea east of longtude 127° east of Greenwich and north of 29°N. Latitude; the Izu Islands southward to end including Sofu Gan (lot's Wife) and all other islands of the Philippine Sea nearer to the four principal islands than the islands named; and the Habomai group and Shikotan lying to the east and south of a line extending from a point in 43°35' N.Latitude, 145°35' E. logitude to a point in 44°N. latitude, 146°30' E. longitude, and to the south of a line drawn due east on the parsllel in 44° N. Latitude.
- 大久保は、説得に大院君が耳を貸すとは思えず西郷が朝鮮に行った場合必ず殺される(殺されずとも大院君が使節を拒否した場合は開戦の大義名分になってしまう)、そうなった場合結果的に朝鮮と開戦してしまうのではないかという危機感、当時の日本には朝鮮や清、ひいてはロシアとの関係が険悪になる(その帰結として戦争を遂行する)だけの国力が備わっていないという戦略的判断、外遊組との約束を無視し、危険な外交的博打に手を染めようとしている残留組に対する感情的反発、朝鮮半島問題よりも先に片付けるべき外交案件が存在するという日本の国際的立場(清との琉球帰属問題(台湾出兵参照)、ロシアとの樺太、千島列島の領有権問題、イギリスとの小笠原諸島領有権問題、不平等条約改正)などから猛烈に反対、費用の問題なども絡めて征韓の不利を説き延期を訴えた。
- OKUBO didn't think Daewongun lend an ear to persuasion, and thought SAIGO will be killed (even if he won't be killed, if Daewongun rejected the envoy, it can be a legitimate reason for outbreak of war) inevitably when he went to Korea, and he felt a sense of danger that they will start the war with Korea as a result, and his strategic decision that Japan doesn't have national strength at that time to strain the relationship (as a result, wage a war) with Korea, Qing, and eventually Russia, an emotional backlash to the remaining group that ignored agreement and about to dabble in diplomatic gambling, he strongly opposed because of the presence of a diplomatic matters (Ryukyu attribution issue with Qing [see the Taiwan expedition], territorial right problem on Sakhalin and Kurile Islands with Russia, territorial right problem on Ogasawara Islands [Bonin Islands] with England, revision of the unequal treaty) that must be dealt with before Korean Peninsula problem on Japanese international standing, and he correlated it with expenses etc and appealed postponement by telling disadvantage of subjugation of Korea.