分: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 約3分。
- It takes approximately 3 minutes.
- 植物分布
- Distribution of Plants
- Phytogeography
- 時代区分
- Classification of historical periods
- History by period
- periodization
- 尊卑分脈
- 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' the biographies of the nobles and humbles
- 約30分。
- It takes approximately 30 minutes.
- 六分の一殿
- One Feudal Lord for One Sixth
- 組成と成分
- Composition and components
- 分子疫学調査
- molecular epidemiologic study
- molecular epidemiological study
- 都祁水分神社
- Tsugemikumari-jinja Shrine
- 一分召の除目
- Ichibumeshi no jimoku
- - 徒歩約3分
- Approximately three minutes on foot
- 処分をうけた藩
- Domains that received punishment
- 公家衆への処分
- Punishment of court nobles
- (車で約15分)
- (Approx. fifteen minutes by car)
- 前近代の神仏分離
- Separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, before Modern Times
- 黄砂の形状と成分
- Shapes and components of kosa
- 一分召ともいう。
- It is also referred to as Ichibumeshi.
- 明治時代の神仏分離
- Separation of Buddhism and Shintoism in the Meiji period
- 飛行時間質量分析計
- Time-of-Flight mass spectrometers
- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- 天理駅から車で15分。
- It is a 15 minutes drive from Tenri Station.
- 15 minutes car ride from Tenri Station.
- 令制国により分類する。
- These will be categorized according to their respective provinces.
- 「引二信西國分一曰。」
- An excerpt from 信西國分 states as follows:'
- 山城国分寺跡(恭仁京跡)
- Yamashiro provincial monastery site (Kuni-kyo site)
- The former Yamashiro provincial monastery site (former Kuni-kyo site)
- Remains of Yamashiro Kokubun-ji Temple (remains of Kuni-kyo City)
- 分譲予定面積:6.1ha
- Area of land to be subdivided: 6.1 hectares
- 足利政権の分裂と正平一統
- The Division of the Ashikaga Government and Shohei Itto
- 天理駅から徒歩で約60分。
- It takes about 60 minutes to walk from Tenri Station.
- 航空自衛隊 経ヶ岬分屯基地
- Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Kyogamisaki Sub Base
- 京阪本線淀駅より徒歩一分。
- It is a one-minute walk from Yodo Station on the Keihan Main Line.
- 毎分500Lの湧出量がある。
- It springs 500 liters every minute.
- 鳥羽殿へ五六騎いそぐ野分かな
- To the Toba-dono PalaceFive or six cavalry rushedIn a gust of autumn wind
- Five or six riders hurrying/to Tobadono/an autumn storm
- この報によって義材勢は分裂。
- Yoshiki's forces were divided by this news.
- 京阪本線淀駅より徒歩十五分。
- It is a fifteen-minute walk from Yodo Station on the Keihan Main Line.
- 京阪本線淀駅より徒歩二十分。
- It is a twenty-minute walk from Yodo Station on the Keihan Main Line.
- 以下、令制国名ごとに分類する。
- From here onward we will categorize them according to their respective provinces.
- 2時間50分程度が必要である。
- It takes approximately two hours and fifty minutes.
- 湧出量 約12.6リットル/分
- The rate of water flowing out of the hotspring source: approx. 12.6 litters/minute
- また、視程現象にも分類される。
- Kosa is used as a phenomenon for classifying the degrees of visibility.
- (『古事記』より。〔〕は分注)
- (From 'Kojiki'. The sentence in [ ] is an annotation.)
- 関係者が処分される(元弘の変)。
- Those who were involved in the plot were executed (Genko Incident).
- 近江鉄道 近江八幡駅 徒歩20分
- 20 minuites on foot from Omihachiman Station on Omi Railway
- 京阪本線伏見桃山駅より徒歩十分。
- It is a ten-minute walk from Fushimi-Momoyama Station on the Keihan Main Line.
- 足軽は士分(武士)には入らない。
- Ashigaru (common foot soldier) were not included in the class of shibun (bushi).
- 京阪本線伏見桃山駅より徒歩七分。
- It is a seven-minute walk from Fushimi-Momoyama Station on the Keihan Main Line.
- 巻十一・巻十二 臨時格(追加分)
- Volumes 11 and 12: Rinjikyaku (Extraordinary Volumes) (Supplements)
- Volume 11, Volume 12 : temporary laws (additional laws)
- 皇祚は一系にして分裂すべからざる
- Only descendants of the unbroken Imperial family can succeed to the throne.
- 江戸時代には大原家が分かれ出た。
- The family established a branch family, the Ohara family, in the Edo period.
- 以下はその中でも顕著な部分である。
- The followings are the sections which were particularly damaged among them.
- 若狭町では分庁方式を採用している。
- Wakasa-cho has adopted a scheme to assign departments to former government offices.
- 耶馬渓 … 大分県中津市にある渓谷
- Yabakei: Valley existing in Nakatsu City, Oita Prefecture
- 近鉄奈良駅から北へ徒歩10~15分。
- 10 to 15-minute walk toward north from Kintetsu Nara Station.
- JR琵琶湖線 近江八幡駅 徒歩25分
- 25 minutes on foot from Omihachiman Station of JR Biwako Line
- 近鉄南大阪線 二上山駅 徒歩約30分
- Approximately 30 minutes walk from Nijozan Station of the Kintetsu Minamiosaka Line
- 近鉄京都線桃山御陵前駅より徒歩七分。
- It is a seven-minute walk from Momoyamagoryo-mae Station on the Kintetsu Kyoto Line.
- 近鉄京都線桃山御陵前駅より徒歩四分。
- It is a four-minute walk from Momoyamagoryo-mae Station on the Kintetsu Kyoto Line.
- 全国はさらに畿内・七道に区分される。
- Above the level of provinces, the entire country was divided into the Kinai region and the shichido.
- その解決策が地頭請や下地中分である。
- To resolve this issue, the Jito uke (proprietor's annual tax) and Shitaji chubun (physical division of land) were adopted.
- 右方と左方もはっきりと分かれていた。
- The left and right of the room were also clearly divided.
- 主に日本の皇族の身分及び地位を指す。
- Specifically, it indicates a social status and a position of the Japanese Imperial family.
- - バス約5分、浜大津バス停留所下車。
- Approximately five minutes ride by bus, and get off at Hamaotsu Bus Stop
- 西日本旅客鉄道 近江八幡駅 徒歩20分
- 20 minuites on foot from Omihachiman Station on West Japan Railway
- 近畿日本鉄道大和西大寺駅下車 徒歩数分
- Several minutes on foot from Yamato-Saidaiji Station of Kintetsu Railway.
- 区成立当時は大部分が農村地帯であった。
- It was for the most part a rural area when it was established.
- 近鉄京都線桃山御陵前駅より徒歩十三分。
- It is a thirteen-minute walk from Momoyamagoryo-mae Station on the Kintetsu Kyoto Line.
- それぞれ一巻を分担する形で筆写された。
- The copying task was shared among the family members, each responsible for one volume.
- 「侍従ハ……奏任トス側近ノ事ヲ分掌ス」
- 'Chamberlains should be appointed with the Emperor's approval, and they should work together to address the Emperor's personal or private affairs.'
- また、加筆されている部分も同様である。
- The same goes for other added sections.
- 陽イオン(1mg/kg以上の成分を表記)
- Cation (only ingredients 1 mg/kg or more)
- 近江舞子駅(新快速も停車)から徒歩15分
- 15 minutes on foot from Omi Maiko Station (Shin-kaisoku [Special Rapid] stops)
- 遊離成分(1mg/kg以上の成分を表示)
- Free ingredients (only ingredients 1 mg/kg or more)
- 陰イオン(1mg/kg以上の成分を表記)
- Anion (only ingredients 1 mg/kg or more)
- しかし距離を置いて分散する例も多かった。
- However, in many Kokufu, these facilities were built dispersively, and not too close to each other.
- 林若樹氏死後に蔵書が処分され転売される。
- After his death, the books owned by Wakaki HAYASHI were cleared and resold.
- 田川交差点の先で分岐する一般道沿いにある。
- It is located along the local road branched after Tagawa Intersection.
- 湧出量 毎分81リットル、日量116トン
- 81liters of hot spring water per minute (116 tons per day) is welled up.
- 713年 丹波国から分離して丹後国を設置。
- 713: Tango Province was established by separating from Tanba Province.
- 源泉 湧出温度42℃ 毎分1400リットル
- The source of the hot spring - The temperature is 42 degrees Celsius and the flow rate is 1400 liters per minute.
- これらは中国史の時代区分からの借用である。
- These are taken from the classification of historical periods used in China
- 満幸の軍勢は二手に分かれて京に攻めかけた。
- Mitsuyuki's army split into two groups and attacked Kyoto.
- 氏清の軍勢2000騎は二手に分かれて突入。
- 2000 cavalrymen of Ujikiyo's forces split into two groups and charged ahead.
- 11月奴卑口分田の班給を12歳以上とする。
- In December, the minimum age for the allotment of a rice-field for nuhi servant was set to 12 years.
- 室町幕府が成立すると南朝・北朝に分裂した。
- When the Muromachi Bakufu was established (in 1338), the Chotei was split into Hokucho (the Northern Court) and Nancho (the Southern Court).
- 「飯豊」と「忍海」について見解が分かれる)
- The opinion is divided between 'Iitoyo' and 'Oshinumi.'
- (分注、甲辰の年の四月六日に崩りましき。)
- (note: He died on April 6, in the year of Kinoe-Tatsu [one of the Oriental Zodiac].)
- 西日本旅客鉄道湖西線 近江今津駅 徒歩20分
- 20 minuites on foot from Omi-Imazu Station on the West Japan Railway Company Kosei Line
- 上千本に水の分配を司る、吉野水分神社がある。
- There is Yoshino Mikumari-jinja Shrine, which controls the water distribution, in the Kamisenbon area.
- 西日本旅客鉄道湖西線大津京駅より徒歩約7分。
- Seven minutes on foot from Otsukyo Station on the Kosei Line of the West Japan Railway Company.
- 曹丕の治世中に雍州西部を分割して秦州とした。
- During the reign of Cao Pi, the west of Yong Zhou was separated to Qin Zhou.
- そのうちの山鳩湯は、成分の多い濁り湯で有名。
- Yamabatoyu hot spring is famous as an opaque hot spring which includes many constituents.
- 標準的に4時間あれば十分まわれる距離となる。
- In general, four hours are sufficient to go around.
- 近鉄大阪線 関屋駅 (奈良県) 徒歩約30分
- Approximately 30 minutes walk from Sekiya Station of the Kintetsu Osaka Line (Nara Prefecture)
- これにより、西高瀬川が分断されることになる。
- This excavation segmentized Nishitakase-gawa River.
- 京阪電気鉄道・京阪京津線 追分駅 (滋賀県)
- Oiwake Station (Shiga Prefecture) on the Keihan Keishin Line of Keihan Electric Railway
- 京都市営バス 「三ノ宮」停留所から徒歩約5分
- It is five minutes on foot from the 'Sannomiya' bus stop of Kyoto City Bus.
- 身位(しんい)とは、身分や地位のことをいう。
- Shini means a social status and a position.
- (分注、丁未の年の四月十五日に崩りましき。)
- (N.B. He passed away on April 15th in the year of Hinoto hitsuji.)
- 所領及び家に伝わる文書は、この時二分された。
- The family land and documents were divided in half on this occasion.
- 近鉄橿原線 八木西口駅下車、南西へ徒歩約3分。
- Three-minute walk toward southwest from Yagi-nishiguchi Station, Kintetsu Kashihara Line.
- 名神高速道路大津インターチェンジから約15分。
- About fifteen minutes drive from Otsu Interchange of Meishin Expressway.
- 2世住持の日朝が建立した日蓮聖人分骨堂がある。
- The temple has Nichiren Shonin Bunkotsu Do (A hall to place some of the Nichiren's ashes) founded by the second chief priest, Niccho.
- 吉野川が市の中央を分断するように西流している。
- The Yoshino-gawa River flows to the west dividing the center of the city into parts.
- この政治権力の分立状態は「両将軍」と評された。
- This separation of political power was called 'Ryoshogun' (two shoguns).
- 北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線木津温泉駅下車、徒歩1分
- It is a one minute walk from Kitsu-onsen Station on Miyazu Line which is operated by Kitakinki Tango Railway Corporation.
- この地区の町名も大部分は近世以来のものである。
- Most of the town names in this area have been also derived since the early-modern times.
- 東舞鶴(ひがしまいづる)とは、舞鶴市の東半分。
- Higashi-Maizuru is the eastern half of Maizuru City.
- 荘園を構成する土地は、次の3階層に分けられた。
- The lands which made up the shoens were divided into the following three strata.
- 江戸時代の武士の身分を以下に大雑把に分類する。
- The samurai status during the Edo period is roughly classified as follows.
- 怒った満幸は舅の氏清の分国和泉の堺市へ赴いた。
- Angered, Mitsuyuki went to the city of Sakai in Izumi Province, which was a territory of Ujikiyo, his father-in-law.
- これを公家法の時代として区分することができる。
- This can be categorized as the age of court noble law.
- 範頼・義経軍は二手に分かれて平氏軍を急襲する。
- Noriyori and Yoshitsune's troops split in two and attacked the Taira clan forces.
- その他に太郎路バス停から、徒歩60分でも行ける。
- The plateau is also accessible by a 60-minute walk from Taroji Bus Stop.
- 京阪電気鉄道京阪石山坂本線皇子山駅より徒歩約7分
- Seven minutes on foot from Ojiyama Station on the Keihan Ishiyama Sakamoto Line of the Keihan Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
- 義満は大内氏の分国和泉・紀伊・石見・豊前を没収。
- Yoshimitsu stripped the Ouchi clan of their control over the provinces of Izumi, Kii, Iwami, and Buzen.
- 西舞鶴(にしまいづる)は、現在の舞鶴市の西半分。
- Nishi-Maizuru is the western half of present Maizuru City.
- 徒歩5分程度で河原町三条からも多数発着している。
- There are many buses that leave from Kawaramachi Sanjo in a five minute walking distance.
- 多紀連山では、鼓峠が最も標高の低い分水嶺である。
- Tsuzumi Pass is the drainage divide at the lowest altitude in Taki mountain range.
- 播但連絡道路・和田山インターチェンジより約25分
- About 25 minutes from Wadayama Interchange of Bantan Renraku Road.
- 京都市営バス 「三ノ宮街道」停留所から徒歩約3分
- It is three minutes on foot from the 'Sannomiya kaido' bus stop of Kyoto City Bus.
- 受領が徴税権を担う国衙領と勢力を二分していった。
- Shoen shared the power with Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), where zuryo were responsible for levying taxes.
- 二上山周辺は、火成岩や火砕流堆積物が分布している。
- Igneous rocks and pyroclastic flow deposits are distributed in the vicinity of Mt. Nijo.
- 鉄道:JR北陸本線河毛駅下車、タクシーで約10分。
- Railway: From Kawake Station, JR Hokuriku Main Line, approximately 10 minutes by taxi.
- こうして東西両軍の間には厭戦気分が漂うようになる。
- This made samurai in both Eastern and Western camps weary of war.
- 府庁によって、府下は7つの地域圏に分けられている。
- Kyoto Prefecture is divided into seven areas by the prefectural government.
- 網野駅より丹後海陸交通バス乗車、所要11〜14分。
- Riding from Amino Station by a bus operated by Tango Kairiku Kotsu Co., Ltd., takes eleven to fourteen minutes to reach the beach.
- 峰山駅より丹後海陸交通バス乗車、所要30〜33分。
- Riding from Mineyama Station by a bus operated by Tango Kairiku Kotsu Co., Ltd., takes thirty to thirty-three minutes to reach the beach.
- 気象予報などの地方区分では、近畿中部に分類される。
- According to the regional classifications of weather forecasting and such, it is classified as the middle part of the Kinki region.
- 租税の対象となる農地は名田という単位に分けられた。
- The farmland on which the taxation was imposed was divided into the unit called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder).
- しかし分家の島津忠良の子・島津貴久が本家を継いだ。
- However, Takahisa SHIMAZU who was a son of Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, a branch family, inherited the head family.
- また自分の修行を妨げる因縁も指していう場合がある。
- In some cases, the gyaku-en refers to the fate that interferes with one's ascetic practices.
- 魚類学としても知られ、ハゼの分類学的研究者である。
- Also known as an ichthyologist, he is a taxonomic researcher of gobioidei.
- 別名に『新編纂圖本朝尊卑分脈系譜雜類要集』がある。
- It is also known as 'Shoke-Okeizu.'
- その後、713年に丹後国が分置され、丹後国となった。
- In 713, that area was divided into Tanba and Tango, and Mineyama-cho belonged to Tango Province.
- 主な諸藩の処分は次の通りである(括弧内は旧領石高)。
- The punishment for the major domains were as follows (the number in the brackets indicates the former territory's amount in goku):
- 近畿日本鉄道近鉄京都線桃山御陵前駅から近鉄バス5分。
- Five minutes ride by Kintetsu Bus from Momoyama Goryomae Station of Kintetsu Kyoto Line operated by Kinki Nippon Railway Company.
- 3月30日 - 山田啓二に対し、廃置分合申請を行う。
- March 30: Made an application to Keiji YAMADA for municipal merger.
- 干拓事業は、国営、府営、組合営の分担により行われた。
- The reclamation work was carried out with the government, prefecture and union sharing the burden of the project.
- 舞鶴若狭自動車道・福知山インターチェンジより約45分
- About 45 minutes from Fukuchiyama Interchange of Maizuru-Wakasa Expressway.
- 武田氏の滅亡により甲斐・信濃は織田家臣に分配される。
- As the Takeda clan was ruined, Kai and Shinano were distributed to vassals of the Oda clan.
- 明治になり、武士をはじめとする身分制度はなくなった。
- In the Meiji period, the class system such as bushi and so on disappeared.
- 健児は元々、軍団兵士の一区分だったと考えられている。
- Therefore, it's believed that the term 'kondei' originally referred to a status or a position of a cohort soldier.
- 黄砂粒子のサンプルを採取した分析なども行われている。
- It is also conducted to gather sample kosa grains and to analyze them.
- ちなみに、当時は屠畜業者と皮革業者は未分化であった。
- At the time, there was no distinguishment made between the handling of animal carcasses or leather processing.
- 法然は行空を破門処分としたが、事態は収まらなかった。
- Honen excommunicated Gyoku, but the situation was not resolved.
- 従って、第3巻までは延文以前の作であることが分かる。
- Therefore, the first three volumes were written before the Enbun era.
- 単に便宜的に用いられているに過ぎない時代区分である。
- It is a classification of historical periods utilized only because it is convenient.
- み吉野の山の白雪踏み分けて入りにし人のおとづれもせぬ。
- He made his way through white snow into Mt. Yoshino, and I have not heard from him since then.
- しかしながら、それに先立って失われた部分は小さくない。
- However, many parts of the road were damaged before the registration.
- 北魏の太和11年にさらに雍州西部を分割して岐州とした。
- In 487 of Northern Wei, the west of Yong Zhou was further separated to Qi Zhou.
- 熊野交通バス「玉置口」行きに乗換えて30分、終点下車。
- Transfer to KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Tamakiguchi'-bound, and get off the bus at the last bus stop after a 30 minutes ride.
- 新政府の重鎮、西郷隆盛によって、寛大な処分がとられた。
- Lenient treatment was given by Takamori SAIGO, an important figure in the new government.
- ただし、この地区の町名は大部分が近世以来のものである。
- However, most of the town names in this area have been passed on since the early-modern times.
- これら4町はJR山科駅周辺の3か所に分かれて存在する。
- These four towns are separated into three areas around JR Yamashina station.
- 正式名称は『新編纂圖本朝尊卑分脈系譜雜類要集』である。
- The full title is 'Shin-Hensanzu-Honcho-Sonpi-Bunmyaku-Keifu-Zatsurui-Yoshu.'
- 実村の弟実清(梅園実清)は分家して梅園家の祖となった。
- Sanekiyo (Sanekiyo UMEZONO), the younger brother of Sanemura, established a branch family called the Umezono family.
- 峠からはなだらかな下り道をたどり、上西家跡の分岐に着く。
- From the pass, the road descends a gentle slope and arrives at a crossroads where remains Uenishi-ke-ato (literally, 'the ruin of the Uenishi house').
- 熊野交通バス「玉置川口」行きに乗換えて30分、終点下車。
- Transfer to KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Tamaki Kawaguchi-bound' and get off the bus at the last bus stop, `Tamaki Kawaguchi' after a 30 minutes ride.
- その後、若干の分派が十津川村をたよって小辺路を敗走した。
- After that, some groups of them ran away along Kohechi to Totsukawa Village.
- 庄内藩に対する処分は、西郷隆盛らによって寛大に行われた。
- Punishment of the Shonai Domain was carried out leniently by Takamori SAIGO and some other people.
- 更級日記:菅原孝標女が自分の人生を自伝的に綴った回想録。
- Sarashina Nikki (Sarashina Diary): A memory in which the wife of SUGAWARA no Takasue spoke of her own life in the style of an autobiography.
- 草創期・早期・前期・中期・後期・晩期の6期に区分される。
- The Jomon period is classified into six sub-periods of the incipient period, earlier period, early period, middle period, end period, and last period.
- その内の一番乗りで本能寺に侵入したという部分を掲載する。
- The following are excerpts from the record, which described the scene where Soemon was first to break into Honno-ji Temple.
- これ以後、794年の平安京遷都までを奈良時代と区分する。
- A period from this year to the transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo in 794, is classified as the Nara period.
- 『十六夜日記』で有名な細川庄は、下冷泉家の相続分である。
- The Hosokawa estate made famous in 'Izayoi Nikki' passed to the Shimo Reizei family.
- 分家に山科家、鷲尾家、西大路家、油小路家、櫛笥家がある。
- The Yamashina family, the Washinoo/Washio family, the Nishioji family, the Aburanokoji family, and the Kushige family are branch families of the Shijo family.
- 明治維新後、神仏分離令により熊野古道周辺の神社の数は激減。
- After the Maiji Restoration, the number of shrines around Kumanokodo Road dropped significantly.
- 家兼の死後に羽州探題が分裂し、出羽の斯波氏は最上氏となる。
- Ushu Tandai (羽州探題) split after the death of Iekane, and the Shiba clan of Dewa became the Mogami clan.
- 1879年(明治12年)、北桑田郡と南桑田郡に分割された。
- In 1879, the county was divided into Kita Kuwada-gun and Minami Kuwada-gun.
- 細川氏も政元死後、晴元と高国と2派に分裂して混迷を深める。
- After Masamoto's death, even the Hosokawa clan was split into two fractions, for Harumoto and Takakuni, increasing chaos.
- 別の紛争解決として、下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)があった。
- As the other way of dispute settlement, there was shitaji chubun (physical division of the land).
- 「職能」起源論では地方の武士を十分説明できるわけではない。
- The bushi in local regions cannot be explained fully by the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 里は、715年(霊亀元)郷に改め、郷を2、3の里に分ける。
- In 715, villages were replaced by go (townships) which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato.
- 1955年(昭和30年) 9月1日 上京区から分区して誕生
- On September 1, 1955, Kita Ward was divided from Kamigyo Ward to be established as a ward.
- 通常、名称が長いために、略されて、『尊卑分脉』と呼ばれる。
- Generally, however, this long name is shortened to 'Sonpi Bunmyaku'.
- 分家の四条男爵家に四条流包丁道を受け継いでいる女子がいる。
- In the branch family of Baron Shijo, there is woman who inherited the Shijo-ryu hocho-do (Shijo-ryu cuisine).
- 新大和橋・石川橋(東高野街道・長尾街道重複、国分経由ルート)
- Shin-Yamato-bashi Bridge, Ishikawa-bashi Bridge (Higashi Koya Kaido overlapping with Nagao Kaido, the route via Kokubu)
- 」とのみ簡潔に書かれており、合戦の具体的な経過は分からない。
- This is all the concisely written entry has to say, so nothing is known of the progress of the battle in any greater detail.
- むしろ、貴族たちが嵯峨派と淳和派に分裂する傾向さえ見られた。
- Rather, the aristocracy even showed a tendency to break apart into Saga group and Junna group.
- また、青島は2つに分かれており、過去に魚類の養殖が存在した。
- Aoshima Island in fact consists of two islands, and fish were cultivated there in the past.
- 当区は昭和30年(1955年)、上京区から分区して成立した。
- Separated from Kamigyo Ward, the ward was established in 1955.
- 出口を通過後に分岐器(両渡り線)があり、大津京駅に到達する。
- After passing the exit, there is a crossover turnout, then the tracks reach the Otsukyo Station.
- 氏清は大義名分を得るために南朝に降り、錦の御旗を下賜される。
- Ujikiyo descended to the Southern Court in order to obtain a legitimate reason, and he was granted the Imperial standard made of a gold brocade.
- 気象観測における天気としては煙霧またはちり煙霧に分類される。
- In weather observations, kosa is classified as smog or dust haze.
- 2000年(平成12年) 滋賀県水産試験場醒井養鱒分場となる。
- 2000: The farm became Samegai Trout farm under Shiga Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station.
- また河内源氏の東国進出の拠点である鎌倉に八幡神の分霊を祀った。
- He also made a branch shrine to dedicate the deity of the Hachiman-gu in Kamakura, a strong fold for Kawachi-Genji to advance to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- また、他の臨時収入的なものとして礼銭や分一銭などが挙げられる。
- Other special income included Reisen (礼銭) and Buichisen (分一銭).
- また国分寺や総社のあった場所に国府もあったと見る説などがある。
- Furthermore, there is a theory that Kokufu was also located at the site where Kokubun-ji Temple and So-ja shrine were constructed.
- 京阪電気鉄道京阪本線伏見桃山駅から桃山御陵前駅までは徒歩3分。
- Three minutes walk from Fushimi Momoyama Station of Keihan Line operated by Keihan Electric Railway Co., Ltd. to Momoyama Goryomae Station.
- 区の大部分は山村地域で、いわゆる観光スポットはあまり多くない。
- It is mostly a rural area in the mountains with few sightseeing spots.
- ただし、真夏の空気に包まれる期間が長い分、台風が襲来しやすい。
- As the period in which the region is covered by the real summer air is long, however, the region tends to have typhoons.
- さらにこの気流は、カムチャツカ半島付近で南側の分流と合流する。
- This air current joins further together with the southern split flow around the Kamchatka.
- 国造が分立した時代には、滋賀県はヤマト王権の領土に入っていた。
- When there were a lot of 'Kuni no miyatsuko' (Local ruling families in ancient Japan), Shiga was in the territory of 'Yamato sovereignty' (the ancient Japan sovereignty).
- これらの全国の大名は信長派か反信長派に分かれて争うことになる。
- Such daimyo all over Japan fought with each other and split into a group for Nobunaga and a group against Nobunaga.
- また、主に戦前戦中には戦時捕虜の身分にあるものも俘囚と呼んだ。
- The word Fushu was also used for people who were treated as prisoners of war, mainly before and during the war.
- どの程度の身分、階級から将と呼ばれるのかの下限は明確ではない。
- From which status or rank may be called sho has not been defined.
- 京都には軍兵が充満し、人々は何が起こるか分からず騒擾を極めた。
- Kyoto was filled with military soldiers, and people rioted over the uncertain future.
- 山を分け入りこの地まで辿りついたが難産(流産)の末亡くなった。
- She made her way through the mountains and finally arrived at the place, however, after a difficult delivery (miscarriage), she died.
- 車:西名阪自動車道郡山インターチェンジ (奈良県)より約90分。
- By car: approximately 90 minutes from Nishimeihan Jidoshado Expressway Koriyama Interchange (Nara Prefecture).
- 1891年(明治24年)1月29日 - 鷹峯村から野口村が分立。
- January 29, 1891: Noguchi Village became separated from Takagamine Village
- 昭和30年(1955年)に北区を分区して以来、現在の境域となる。
- The present boundary of the ward was formed in 1955 when the Kita Ward was separated.
- 昭和30年(1955年)に南区を分区して以来、現在の境域となる。
- The present boundary of the ward was formed in 1955 when the Minami Ward was separated.
- ただし、官人として武に携わることを本分とした武装集団ではあった。
- However, the bushi were in the armed group which were professionally involved with military affairs as government officials.
- 東シナ海において黒潮で北に流される分を考慮し、一度南進している。
- Ships went south at the first stage in consideration of possibly being swept away to the North by the black current in the East China Sea.
- 武士以外の百姓・町人らは武士身分一般をも武家と呼んでいたらしい。
- It is believed that people except for samurai, namely peasants and townsmen, referred to all samurai as buke.
- 満幸を分国丹波へ帰国させて丹波路から京へ攻め寄せる準備をさせた。
- He let Mitsuyuki return to his territory of Tamba so that he could prepare to attack Kyoto through Tambaji (Tamba Road).
- また、『日本後紀』の散逸部分を知る際に『日本紀略』が助けになる。
- 'Nihongi Ryaku' is also helpful in better understanding the sections lost from 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan).
- 式部省が諸国の史生、国博士、国医師などの一分の官を任命する除目。
- Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) appointed low ranking local governmental officials whose salary was one bu, such as Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents), Kunihakase (political advisor), and Kuniishi (local governmental doctor).
- 時代区分名称は、この時期に特徴的に見られた弥生式土器に由来する。
- The term used for identifying this period originated from Yayoi-style earthenware characteristic of this period.
- 座主から見て、より身分の低いものは、遠くへ、下へ、となっていた。
- From the master seat, a person of lower birth was seated further away and at a lower level.
- これに伴い、神武天皇以後の歴代天皇の寿命や在位期間も半分となる。
- With that result, life durations and reign periods of successive Emperors after Emperor Jinmu become half.
- 清寧天皇2年(481年)に、弟王が宴の席で王族の身分を明かした。
- In 481, at a banquet, the younger prince revealed that they were members of the imperial family.
- JR湖西線マキノ駅下車、徒歩25分 ※桜シーズンのみ路線バスが運行
- 25 minutes on foot from Makino Station of JR Kosei Line -- Shuttle bus service is available only during cherry blossom season.
- そのことが植物や動物など生物の生育と分布に大きな影響を与えている。
- This heavily affects the growth and distribution of living things such as plants and animals.
- 国分寺に由来すると思われる国分(こくぶ)を国府に変更した例もある。
- Some of the '国分' (Kokubu), which is assumably derived from Kokubun-ji Temple, changed their name to '国府'.
- これは火山の定義からは外れているため、第四紀火山には分類されない。
- Because this means that the mountain does not meet the definition of a volcano, it is not classified into a volcano in the Quarternary period.
- 西日本旅客鉄道 舞鶴線 西舞鶴駅 からバス (交通機関)で約25分
- Twenty-five minute bus (commuter) ride from Nishi-Maizuru Station on Maizuru Line, West Japan Railway (JR West).
- 上記の通り戦国時代は室町時代・安土桃山時代と重なる年代区分である。
- As described above, the Sengoku Period is a chronological period that overlaps with the Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama Periods.
- 土岐康行が後を継いだが、義満は土岐氏一族が分裂するように仕向けた。
- Yasuyuki TOKI succeeded, but Yoshimitsu manipulated it so that the Toki clan members would split.
- 「則ち山河を隔(さか)いて国郡を分ち、阡陌に随ひて、邑里を定む。」
- 'Separate provinces and districts according to mountains and rivers, and establish villages according to road senpaku.'
- 英語の名称は、学術分野では言語に差異に関わらず広く使用されている。
- In academic areas, the terms in English are used widely regardless of the language used.
- 数十分ほど屋外は真っ暗となり、歩くことさえままならない状態となる。
- For several tens of minutes, it remains dark outdoors and it is almost impossible even to walk.
- この新しい体制下で、国衙軍制を担う戦士として、武士身分が成立した。
- Under this new system, samurai were established as warriors who would manage the kokuga forces system.
- 黄初元年に今度は甘粛省側を分割して涼州として、陝西省側を雍州とした。
- Next, in 220, Gansu Province side was separated to be named Liang Zhou, while Shan Xi Province side was to be called Yong Zhou.
- 現在は役所群のほうを国衙、都市のほうを国府と分けて用いることもある。
- At present, the word 'Kokuga' is sometimes used for the government offices only, as well as 'Kokufu' for urban areas in historical study.
- しかしこれらの身分は足軽より下の中間(ちゅうげん)小者待遇とされた。
- However, these soldiers were treated as even lower as the chugen and komono which ranked below ashigaru.
- 江戸時代の教育制度は、士農工商の身分制度を反映して、二極化していた。
- The educational system in the Edo period was polarized, reflecting the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants in Edo society.
- この大きさの粒は、地質学においては砂というよりも「泥」に分類される。
- In geology, these sizes of grains are classified as mud rather than sand.
- 皇后宮と中宮との使い分けについても固定した明確なルールは存在しない。
- There are no clear rules about usage of Kisai no miya and chugu.
- 公定死後の部分に関しては他の史料との整合性や比較批評が必要とされる。
- The section written after Kinsada's death requires a more critical approach and has to be checked against other sources.
- その中にはこれよりも半分程度の距離のハイキングコースも紹介されている。
- Another hiking course with a half distance of the regular course is shown too.
- セビリア万国博覧会に出展された安土城の復元天守(5・6階部分)を移築。
- This is the restored tenshu (the fifth and sixth storeys) of the Azuchi-jo Castle, which was exhibited at the Seville World Expo.
- この頃、京都は上京と下京に分かれ、それぞれ「構」によって囲まれていた。
- During this period, Kyoto was divided into Kamigyo (the northern part of capital) and Shimogyo (the southern part of capital), and each part was surrounded by 'fortifications.'
- 江戸時代には百姓身分の自治結集の単位であり、中世の惣村を継承していた。
- A 'village' in the Edo period (1615-1868) was a unit of autonomous community of farming ranks that developed from medieval 惣村 (soson, a self-governing rural community).
- 744年(天平16年) 難波宮に遷都され、恭仁宮跡は山城国分寺となる。
- 744: The capital was relocated to Naniwanomiya Palace and the Yamashiro provincial monastery was built at the site of Kuni-kyo.
- 同時に大字景勝が8町に分割されたため、伏見市の町数は計176となった。
- At the same time, Oaza Kagekatsu was divided into eight towns, which made the number of towns in Fushimi City 176 in total.
- これにより、二流に分かれた将軍家を擁した抗争が各地で続くこととなった。
- This caused conflicts all over the country among supporters of the shogunal family that divided into two lines.
- 各時代の詳細は、各時代区分項目(各節の冒頭のリンク先)を参照されたい。
- For more information about each period, refer to the term indicating each period (the link destination listed at the head of each section).
- 中宮寺に伝わっていたが、大部分が失われ、現在では残片が残るのみである。
- The Tenjukoku Mandara Shucho had been preserved in Chugu-ji Temple, but there are only fragments of the embroidery remaining today, with most of them being lost.
- 大伴家持は自分が仕えた聖武天皇を褒め称える次のような和歌を残している。
- OTOMO no Yakamochi wrote the following waka (Japanese poetry) to express his admiration for Emperor Shomu whom he was serving for:
- 古御旅町は、昭和30年、線路用地を挟んで北が下京区、南が南区に分かれた。
- In 1955 Furuotabi-cho was divided by the railway tracks into north and south, of which the latter joined Minami Ward and the former belonged to Shimogyo Ward.
- なお、新御霊口町は大部分が北区に編入されたが、一部は上京区に残っている。
- Shingoryoguchi-cho was mostly incorporated into the ward although some areas in the town still remain in Kamigyo Ward.
- うち西九条地区は、昭和30年の南区成立後はその大部分が同区に属している。
- Most of Nishikujo district has belonged to Minami Ward since 1955 when the ward was established.
- この時期は社会経済史・文化史・思想史など幅広い分野に関心が拡がっていた。
- During this period, interests were generated in various areas of history, such as socioeconomic history, cultural history, and ideological history.
- 付近の村落を城下に移住させたり、商人や職人を職種ごとに分けて移住させた。
- People from surrounding villages were moved into the joka and merchants and craftsmen were separated into their occupation.
- 郷士は郷に住む武士で、多くは「徒士」身分であるが、「侍」身分の者もいる。
- Goshi (country samurai), who lived in the country, were bushi and many of them were in the class of 'kachi' but some of them were in the class of 'samurai.'
- そのため、各地は国府が管理する国衙領と私有地である荘園にほぼ二分される。
- As a result, all over Japan jurisdiction over land was split roughly in half, with half remaining under control of the various provincial governments as 'kokugaryo' (public territories) and half becoming shoen (private estates).
- 現に事情が変われば瞬く間に内部分裂が起こり、織田信長と対立して敗北した。
- In fact, a change in the circumstances triggered internal dissension, whereby the powers confronted Nobunaga ODA and they were defeated by him.
- しかしながら、化学物質が分解されて有害なものになることも懸念されている。
- However, there is also concern about chemicals that might decompose into dangerous ones.
- さらに教科書改訂を行い、教科書執筆責任者である喜田貞吉を休職処分とした。
- Furthermore, the textbooks were revised and the person responsible for writing the textbooks, Sadakichi KIDA, was suspended from his job.
- 日本の歴史における時代区分には様々なものがあり、定説とよべるものはない。
- Periods in Japanese history are classified in various ways, and there is no accepted theory.
- 梅は二つ折りの輪のほうを使い、梅のがくの部分以外一切絹の織地は用いない。
- Japanese plum was made by curved edges of bent raw silk strings, and none of silk texture was used except for sepals of the flower.
- 皇統譜(こうとうふ)とは、天皇及び皇族の身分に関する事項を登録する帳簿。
- Kotofu refers to a register to keep records concerning the statuses of emperors and members of Imperial family.
- 学友の橋本明とは身分を忘れ本気で喧嘩をするほどの間柄であったと言われる。
- He and his schoolmate Akira HASHIMOTO was such a close friend that they often quarreled with the Crown Prince's statue neglected.
- 遊部は大和国高市郡に居住していたと言われ、橿原市四分町が比定されている。
- It is said that Asobibe lived in Kashihara City, Yamato Province, and it is identified with Kashihara City Shibuncho.
- 現在は堅田1~2丁目、本堅田1~6丁目、今堅田1~3丁目に区分されている。
- At present, this town is divided into 1-2 Chome, Katata, 1-6 Chome, Honkatata and 1-3 Chome, Imakatata.
- 同年(明治元年)12月7日、東北地方と越後の諸藩に対する処分が発表された。
- On December 7 in the same year, punishment for the domains in the Tohoku Region and Echigo was announced.
- 西日本旅客鉄道舞鶴線・東舞鶴駅(北口)より約2.3km(タクシーで約7分)
- Use of the Maizuru Line of West Japan Railway Company: approx. 2.3 km from (the north entrance of) Higashi Maizuru Station (approx. seven minutes by taxi)
- 愛宕郡野口村は、同郡鷹峯村から明治25年(1892年)に分立した村である。
- Separated from Takagamine village, Otagi County, Noguchi village in the same county became an independent village in 1892.
- 当区は昭和4年(1929年)、当時の上京区から分区して成立したものである。
- Separated from the then Kamigyo Ward, Sakyo Ward was established in 1929.
- 上り線は、下り線と分岐するまでは同じ複線のトンネルで、途中で下り8となる。
- The westbound track goes through the same double track tunnel until it diverges from the eastbound track, and it runs downward at a gradient of 8 midway.
- 全国66カ国のうち11カ国で山名氏が守護領国となり「六分一殿」と呼ばれた。
- Of 66 provinces nationwide, the Yamana clan members became shugo of 11 provinces, and the clan was called 'one feudal lord of one sixth.'
- 11世紀中期を画期として以前を前期王朝国家、以後を後期王朝国家と区分する。
- The dynasty state before the mid-11th century is noted as the early dynasty state and the period after the mid-11th century as the later dynasty state.
- 激怒した室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義政は領主である延暦寺に堅田の処分を要求した。
- Sei taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians'), Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA of the Muromachi bakufu was furious to hear that and ordered Enryaku-ji Temple, the lord of Katata, to punish Katata.
- 分岐からは山腹を巻きながらふもとへ下る旧道と、尾根近くを通る古道に分かれる。
- From the crossroads, one road (called 'kyudo' literally 'former road') goes down the side of the mountain to the foot, and the other road (called 'kodo' literally 'old road') goes across near the ridge.
- この辺りの小辺路は尾根道を通り、所々でふもとの集落への枝道を分岐させている。
- In this section, Kohechi goes across the ridge, and at some points it branches and leads to villages at the foot of the mountain.
- JR紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで35分、「志古」下車
- After 35 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine-bound' from Shingu Station of the JR Kisei Main Line and get off at the bus stop, `Shiko'
- 更に義満が日明貿易を始めると貿易そのものや抽分銭による収益も幕府収入となる。
- Furthermore, when Yoshimitsu initiated trade between Japan and Ming, profit by Chubunsen (抽分銭) also became the income of Bakufu.
- 国府の内と外を区分する外郭線は、国府が城柵に置かれたような例外を除き、ない。
- There was no border between the inside and outside of Kokufu except the case that Kokufu was established at Josaku.
- 途中に比叡平の住宅地があり、比叡山頂に向かう比叡山ドライブウェイが分岐する。
- There are residential areas at Hieidaira along the road, which branches into Hieizan Driveway heading toward the top of Mt. Hiei.
- この他、日本に分布する約200種トンボのうち、約50種が生息しているという。
- Further, it is said that some 50 species out of approximately 200 species of dragonflies found in Japan live around Midoroga-ike Pond.
- 昭和30年、上京区から北区が分区した際、上記の町は北区に属することとなった。
- They were incorporated into Kita Ward which was separated from Kamigyo Ward in 1955.
- 国分寺・国分尼寺は、はじめ甲可寺(現甲賀市信楽町、紫香楽宮跡とされてきた)。
- At first, the provincial monastery and nunnery in that area was Koka-dera Temple (Shigaraki-cho, Koka City, Shiga Prefecture at present, the remains of 'Shigaraki no miya'),
- 京北町側では現国道からの分岐直後にゲートで封鎖されており通過は不可能である。
- On the Keihoku Town side the road is closed with a gate immediately after it branches off from the current national route so it is not possible to drive through.
- 朱雀野村は大正7年(1918年)、当時の上京区と下京区に分割して編入された。
- Sujaku village was split and integrated into the then Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- かつては東山区の一部であったが、昭和51年(1976年)に同区から分区した。
- It was once part of Higashiyama Ward, but split off from the ward in 1976.
- 岡山藩や水戸藩、淀藩などの儒教が興隆した藩を中心に神仏分離政策が行なわれた。
- The policy to separate Buddhism and Shintoism was adopted in Domains where Confucianism flourished, such as the Okayama Domain, the Mito Domain, and the Yodo Domain.
- この道筋が子孫の増加、分家以外で武士身分に属する家系が拡大する機会となった。
- This line increased the descendants and then the family line which belonged to samurai status expanded, except for branch families.
- 小田原には小規模ながら常備軍が置かれ兵農分離を志向していた事がわかっている。
- Odawara had a small-scale standing force and it is known that it aimed for heinobunri (separation of the warrior class from farmers).
- 沙塵暴はさらに3級(弱)、2級(中)、1級(強)、0級(特強)に分類される。
- Shachenbao is further classified into class 3 (weak), class 2 (medium), class 1 (strong) and class 0 (especially strong).
- 彼らは、自分の支配地域における課税を行うための資料として土地の調査を行った。
- Some such daimyo began to conduct land surveys, which provided the data they needed in order to set up systems of taxation within their own domains.
- 発生地付近では、砂塵の濃度や粒子の大きさがバラバラで非常に複雑な分布である。
- Around the area where a kosa originates, the distribution of dust density and that of sand gain sizes are quite complicated.
- そのため、その成分は発生する地域と通過する地域により異なると考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the components depend on the place where the kosa is generated and on the areas where it passes.
- 従って貴族制的な身分秩序を法によって確立することが律令法の骨格となっている。
- Therefore, the framework of ritsuryo law was the legal establishment of a class system somewhat like the kizoku system.
- 王妃は以下のいずれかを満たした場合、皇族の身分を離れ王妃としての地位を失う。
- An empress leaves the status of the Imperial Family member and loses the position as an empress upon the fulfills of any of these followings:
- 光明皇后は仏教に篤く帰依し、東大寺、国分寺の設立を夫に進言したと伝えられる。
- Empress Komyo embraced the Buddhist faith and advised her husband to build Todai-ji Temple and Kokubun-ji Temple.
- 十津川・野迫川両村を含む地域は植物分類地理学上、伯母子山地植物地区と呼ばれる。
- The area including Totsukawa and Nosegawa Villages is called the Obako mountains plant region according to plant classification geography.
- 「吉野山の峰の白雪を踏み分けて姿を隠していったあの人(義経)のあとが恋しい」。
- I miss him (Yoshitsune) who disappeared from my sight, making his way through white snow in Mt. Yoshino.
- 現在は第一期工事(13ha)の最中であり、埠頭自体では岸壁部分が完成している。
- At present, the first phase of construction (thirteen hectares) is in progress, and as to the wharf itself, the quay part is completed.
- 軍事貴族の「武家」としての職能はこの国衙軍制の中で十二分に発揮されたのである。
- In this military system, military aristocrats as 'samurai families' demonstrated more than enough capabilities.
- 当時の武家も自分たちが生きている時代は「戦国」である、という自覚をもっていた。
- Samurai at that time had an understanding that the period in which they were living was the period of warring states.
- 法界寺阿弥陀堂:永承5年(1050年)頃、日野資業が自分の別荘を寺にしたもの。
- Amida Hall of Hokai-ji Temple: Originally a second house owned by Sukenari HINO, transformed into a temple by him around 1050.
- 12月29日夜、到着が遅れた氏清の軍勢は淀の中島に至り三隊に分かれて京に進撃。
- On the night of January 31, 1392, Ujikiyo's army, arriving late, reached Nakajima in Yodo, and they separated into three squads and marched into Kyoto.
- 在学中は全学自治会同学会の委員長として竹本処分闘争以降の京大学生運動を導いた。
- When he was a student, he spearheaded the student movement at Kyoto University after 'Takemoto shobun' struggle as the chairman of the national student association.
- 山名氏を分裂させて時熙と氏幸を追放したが、氏清と満幸の勢力が強まってしまった。
- Yoshimitsu broke up the Yamana clan and ousted Tokihiro and Ujiyuki, but Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki's powers increased.
- 文中の()の年はユリウス暦、月日は西暦部分を除き全て和暦、宣明暦の長暦による。
- Note: all subsequent years given are according to the Julian calendar, while except for a few dates also given according to the Western calendar, all months and days are given under the Japanese calendar--specifically, the long version of the (originally Chinese) Senmyoreki calendar.
- The years given in parentheses are according to the Julian calendar and, unless the context clearly indicates that the Christian calendar is being used, every month and day is based on the Senmyo calendar, a traditional Japanese calendar used to cover ancient history.
- 論者の主張は大きく南朝正統論、北朝正統論、両統対立論、両統並立論に分けられる。
- The contention of the proponents are generally classified into the Nancho (Southern Court) legitimacy theory, the Hokucho (Northern Court) legitimacy theory, the both line opposition theory, and the both line concurrent theory.
- この勢力の大部分は、関東一帯に勢力をはる平氏系武士であり、在地領主でもあった。
- The majority of the troops were bushi belonging to the Taira clan associated with the Kanto area and were also in fact local governors.
- 守屋は自分が推していた穴穂部皇子が法師を連れてきたことに大いに怒り睨みつけた。
- Moriya was mad at Prince Anahobe and glared at him because Prince Anahobe, who was supported by Moriya, took a Buddhist preacher to the Emperor.
- 各家ともに分封、転封、改易はあったが、ともに明治維新を迎え、華族に列せられた。
- Each family experienced division, transfer, and deprival of their domains, but both families survived through the Meiji Restoration and raised to their peers.
- 分家に山本家(羽林家・維新後 子爵)、北大路家(男爵)、玉松家(男爵)がある。
- The Yamamoto family (which held the status of Urin, and the title of viscount after the Restoration), the Kitaoji family (which held a the title of baron), and the Tamamatsu family (which also held the title of baron) were the branches of the family.
- 二上山は死火山で、今後、噴火可能性はなく、地図で火山として分類されることはない。
- As Mt. Nijo is an extinct volcano, there is no possibility of an eruption in the future so that it is not classified as a volcano on a map.
- その後も忍性などの高僧を輩出するとともに、荒廃した諸国の国分寺の再興に尽力した。
- After that also, many priests of great sanctity and learning including Ninsho appeared one after another and efforts to restore devastated kokubunji (provincial monasteries) in various provinces were made.
- 日本における南北朝時代(なんぼくちょうじだい)とは、中世の時代区分の1つである。
- The Nanbokucho era (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) in Japan refers to one subsection of medieval Japanese history.
- 昭和4年(1929年)に上京区の一部は新設の中京区、東山区、左京区に分離された。
- In 1929, a part of Kamigyo Ward was split into the newly created Nakagyo Ward, Higashiyama Ward, and Sakyo Ward.
- 近江においては、佐々木氏の分家である北近江の京極氏と南近江の六角氏が覇を競った。
- In Omi, the Kyogoku clan in Kitaomi (northern Omi), which was a branch family of the Sasaki clan and the Rokkaku clan in Minamiomi (southern Omi) contended for majesty.
- 武士の身分を「士分」といい、士分は、大きく「侍」と「徒士(かち)」に分けられる。
- The samurai status is called 'shibun' (samurai class) and the shibun is roughly divided into 'samurai' and 'kachi' (foot guards).
- このように、アジアの他の地域でも同様の越境汚染問題があることが分かってきている。
- In this way, it has also become known that similar across-boarder problems exist in other areas of Asia as well.
- 鳥取県衛生環境研究所の調査では、2005年4月に黄砂を含む大気中の成分を調べた。
- Tottori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science investigated the components of the kosa-including air in April, 2005.
- 猪熊は京都から追放処分とされ、いったん出奔したが、いつの間にか京へ戻ったという。
- Inokuma was expelled and once disappeared from Kyoto, but he is said to have returned to the capital unnoticed by others.
- 営業実態により、本役と半役(半公事)に分けられ、半役は本役の半額の課税がされた。
- Sakaya was categorized into honyaku (the predetermined amount of tax to be the tax standard for people) and hanyaku (hankuji) according to business situations, and hanyaku was subjected to taxation of half the amount of that imposed on honyaku.
- なお、昭良の子(醍醐冬基)が分家して醍醐家を興しており、その男系子孫が現存する。
- Yet, Fuyumoto DAIGO (the son of Akiyoshi ICHIJO) formed the branch family, Daigo family, and his male descendants still exist.
- しかし、材質(五位以上は四菱紋)や額や纓の処理によって着用者の身分や年齢を示す。
- However, materials and finishes of a hitai and an ei represent a person's rank or age; for example, material called yotsubishimon is used for those who are at the Fifth Rank or higher.
- また、皇族譜は所出天皇(直接の先祖にあたる天皇)ごとに簿冊を区分して編纂される。
- Also, the Kozokufu is divided into thinner booklets, which are edited depending on each source Emperor (direct ancestral Emperor).
- 尊卑分脈(正しくは『尊卑分脉』、そんぴぶんみゃく)は、日本の初期の系図集である。
- Sonpi Bunmyaku is a text compiled in early Japan that records the lineages of the aristocracy.
- 江戸時代には「大和の金は今井に七分」「金の虫干し玄関まで」と称されるまでになった。
- In the Edo period, the town was referred to by such sayings as 'you could find 70 percent of all Yamato Province's money in Imai' and 'they air the money even at the entrance.'
- 大阪市内からでも車で60分程度の距離にある為、健康登山、回数登山の山としても有名。
- Since it is 60 minute-car ride from the Osaka City, it is known as a mountain for health and for counting the number of climbing.
- また、登録されたルートでも、大辺路・伊勢路の大部分は国道42号線に吸収されている。
- Even in terms of routes which have been registered, most of Ohechi and Ise-ji Routes are taken by National Route 42.
- その他の地域から見れば1km四方の温泉街が同一視されるのはやむを得ない部分もある。
- However, it is partly unavoidable that the resort area is mixed up with the red-light area by the people living in the other areas of Japan, because they are located within 1 square kilometer.
- 湯の落ちる先には二股ラジウム温泉の石灰華を思わせる温泉成分から成る断崖が見られる。
- The point where hot water drops has a cliff that consists of hot spring constituents, which looks like the calcareous sinter of Futamata Radium Onsen Hot Spring.
- JR紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで40分、「宮井大橋」下車。
- After 40 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine-bound,' from Shingu Station of the JR Kisei Main Line, and get off at the bus stop, `Miyai Ohashi.'
- 2007年8月3日 若狭湾国定公園から分離した部分に、新たな地域を加えた上で新設。
- August 3, 2007: This park was newly established by separating part of the Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park and by adding new areas to the separated one.
- 岬への海岸は、北半の花崗岩に対し南半は輝緑岩と、白と暗褐色にクッキリ分かれている。
- The coast to the cape has two distinct colors, white and dark brown colors: the northern half part is made of granite and the southern half part is made of diabase.
- 頂上は東西2つの峰に分かれており、西側が最高峰で三角点があり、東側には石室がある。
- There are two peaks at the top, on the east and the west; the western peak, the highest, has a triangulation point, and the eastern peak has a rock chamber.
- 大字御室は大部分が「御室」を冠称する5町に編成され、残余は大字御室として残された。
- The Oaza Omuro was mostly reorganized into five towns which were prefixed by the name of 'Omuro,' and the rest were left as Oaza Omuro.
- その後、前述のとおり昭和51年(1976年)に同区から分区して山科区となっている。
- After that, as mentioned above, it split off from Higashiyama Ward in 1976 to form Yamashina Ward.
- 室町時代の一部、あるいは信長上洛以後を織豊時代(安土桃山時代)と区分する事もある。
- Sometimes, a part of the Muromachi Period or from and after Nobunaga's visit to Kyoto is segmented as the Shokuho (Azuchi-Momoyama) Period.
- これは今までの公家法からの武家社会の離脱であり、法制上も公武が分離したことを示す。
- These regulations legally differentiated the warrior class from the aristocracy, heretofore (legally) indistinguishable, and demonstrated that the nobility and the warriors had parted ways.
- 朱子学は儒教の中でも大義名分や主君への「忠」、「君臣の別」を重んじる学派であった。
- The Shushi-gaku was a school sect within Confucianism which honored 'loyalty' to a just cause or masters and 'the separation of ruler and ruled.'
- 蝦夷の性格については、後のアイヌとの関係を中心に、江戸時代から学説が分かれている。
- There have been two different theories concerning the characteristics of the Emishi, revolving around the relationship with the Ainu since the Edo period.
- 文化面では、連歌・猿楽・喫茶など身分を超えた交流に特徴付けられる室町文化が栄えた。
- In culture, the Muromachi culture, which is characterized by interaction among people in different social strata, as seen in renga, sarugaku (the predecessor of Noh), and drinking tea, flourished.
- しかし、商品経済の発達による社会各層での貧富の拡大とそれに伴う身分制の流動化した。
- However, as commodity economy advanced, disparity in wealth had enlarged in each of the social classes, making the social status system fluid.
- このように同じ二人説でも、その二人の名前のちがいをどう考えるかは説が分かれている。
- Thus, in the same two-persons theory, the interpretations of the difference of the two names differ among them.
- この話は『古事記』には見られず、雄略天皇の系譜部分にも母・娘ともに名を欠いている。
- However, this story was not written in the 'Kojiki,' and the family genealogy of the Emperor Yuryaku missed the names of the mother and the daughter.
- 南北朝時代、冷泉為尹の長男冷泉為之の上冷泉家と、次男冷泉持為の下冷泉家に分かれた。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family split into two families, the Kami Reizei family of Tameyuki REIZEI, the first son of Tamehiro REIZEI, and the Shimo Reizei family of Mochitame REIZEI, the second son of Temehiro REIZEI.
- タイノ原林道が通る尾根道には、麓の集落への分岐点であった檜股辻・今西辻・平辻が続く。
- The road of the ridge (present Tainohara Route) leads to the old crossroads to the villages at the foot of the mountain including Hinokimata-tsuji crossroads, Imanishi-tsuji crossroads, and Taira-tsuji crossroads.
- JRきのくに線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで40分、「宮井大橋」下車。
- After 40 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine bound' from Shingu Station of the JR Kinokuni line, get off the bus at `Miyai Ohashi.'
- 京方は美濃と尾張国の国境の尾張川に布陣するが、少ない兵力を分散させる愚を犯していた。
- The capital faction formed defensive battle lines along the Owari river, the provincial borders of Mino and Owari (part of modern-day Aichi Prefecture), unwisely dispersing their already outnumbered forces.
- 自分も関東にあったなら義時に味方していた」と楽観論を戒め、後鳥羽上皇の不興を買った。
- Indeed, had I been in Kanto (eastern Japan), I too would have become Yoshitoki's ally,' and with these words fell into disgrace with the retired Emperor Gotoba.
- 鉄道:北近畿タンゴ鉄道 峰山駅下車、丹後海陸交通バスに乗り換え、久僧下車、徒歩5分。
- By train: Get off at Mineyama Station on the Kitakinki Tango Railway, transfer to the Tango Kairiku Kotsu Bus, get off at Kyoso and walk for five minutes.
- 明治22年から昭和4年までは伏見町大字景勝で、昭和4年の伏見市成立に際し8町に分割。
- It was Oaza Kagekatsu, Fushimi town from 1889 to 1929 and was divided into eight towns when Fushimi City was established.
- 大韓民国では、黄砂はその程度により、強度0、強度1、強度2の3段階に分類されている。
- In the Republic of Korea, the strength of kosa is classified into three stages of strength 0, strength 1, and strength 2.
- 第20巻の前半、光孝天皇の代までは、六国史から重要部分を短く抜き出して採録している。
- The first half of volume 20 covering the period until the reign of Emperor Koko is an abridged version of the main section of Rikkokushi.
- 半済(はんぜい)は、室町幕府が荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めたことを指す。
- 'Hanzei'means that the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the power of collection of half of the customs or taxes on production from manors and lands under the control of the feudal government to the provincial constables.
- 大覚寺統の南朝 (日本)と足利氏が支援する持明院統の北朝 (日本)に朝廷が分かれた。
- During this period, the Imperial Court was divided into the Southern Court for Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and the Northern Court for Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu).
- そこは、院の邸内という、本来ならば身分秩序が守られるべき場であるはずのところである。
- It was the place within the palace of the emperor, where social order was supposed to be protected.
- そこで駿府の家康と京の勝重は、綿密に連絡を重ねながら公家衆への処分案を練っていった。
- In view of these circumstances, Ieyasu in Sunpu and Katsushige in Kyoto, keeping close contact with each other, worked out their proposal for the punishment of the court nobles.
- 東舞鶴は、一般に、与保呂、八島、北吸などの東半分の地域を指し、市役所が置かれている。
- Higashi-Maizuru generally refers to the eastern half areas of Maizuru City including Yohoro, Yashima and Kitasui, where the City Hall is located.
- 公式に身分と冠が結び付けられたのは、推古11年制定の冠位十二階と呼ばれる制度である。
- The Kan I Junikai (a system of twelve court ranks instituted in Japan), which was established in 603, was the first system in which ranks were officially linked with caps.
- 昭和8年(1933年)12月23日午前6時39分、宮城(現:皇居)内の産殿にて誕生。
- He was born at 6:39AM, on December 23, 1933 at San-den Hall (a maternity room) in Kyujo Palace (now Imperial Palace).
- 全長600メートルにも及ぶこの行列は1分間に進む速度が86メートルと決められていた。
- The six-hundred-meter-long parade was arranged to move 86 meters per minute.
- 国分神社・ジェイテクト(旧光洋精工)工場・川端橋・青谷青少年運動広場(国分経由ルート)
- Kokubu-jinja Shrine, JTEKT (former Koyo Seiko Co. Ltd.) factory, Kawabata-bashi Bridge, Aotani Athletic Ground for Young People (the route via Kokubu)
- しかし後漢の興平元年に甘粛省側の4郡を分割して雍州とし、陝西省側をそのまま涼州とした。
- In 194 of the Later Han Dynasty, however, four countries of Gansu Province side were separated and named Yong Zhou, while the Shan Xi Province was continuously called Liang Zhou.
- 西日本旅客鉄道紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで35分、「志古」下車
- After 35 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine bound' from Shingu Station of the JP West Kisei Main Line, get off the bus at `Shiko.'
- 平家は五百艘を三手に分け山峨兵藤次秀遠および松浦党らを将軍となして源氏に戦いを挑んだ。
- The Taira clan split their 500 ships into three fleets, and with Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA as well as Akira MATSUURA as the generals in command, challenged the Minamoto clan to fight.
- このため、地方政治の分野で「京都」と呼んだ場合、京都市ではなく、京都府を指す事も多い。
- Therefore, when 'Kyoto' is said in the field of politics, it often refers to Kyoto Prefecture, not Kyoto City.
- 気象庁による海洋気象の海域区分として、「山陰沖東部および若狭湾付近」というものがある。
- As a division unit of the sea area set by Meteorological Office for indicating marine meteorology, there is 'the eastern part off the coast of Sanin region and the surrounding seas of Wakasa Bay.'
- 1879年(明治12年)3月14日 - 郡区町村編制法により北桑田郡と南桑田郡に分割。
- March 14, 1879: According to the law for making an organization of counties, wards, towns and villages, the county was divided into Kita Kuwada-gun and Minami Kuwada-gun.
- 当区はもと下京区の一部であったが、昭和30年(1955年)に同区から分区して成立した。
- It used to be a part of Shimogyo Ward, from which it was separated to become an independent ward in 1955.
- 八条の一部と西九条の大部分は、昭和30年(1955年)の南区成立後は同区に属している。
- A part of Oaza Hachijo and most of Oaza Nishikujo belonged to Minami Ward which was established in 1955.
- 分かれた亜熱帯ジェット気流のうち、北側の分流は、樺太付近で寒帯ジェット気流と合流する。
- From divided subtropical jet streams, the northern split flow joins together with the polar jet stream in the vicinity of Sakhalin.
- これら6町は区内の3か所に分かれて存在し、厨子奥長通と厨子奥花鳥町は飛地となっている。
- These six towns are located in three places in the ward, and Zushioku Nagamichi and Zushioku Kacho-cho are detached towns.
- 宗教組織は、依然として僧兵組織の維持や、戦闘拠点となりうる寺院の造営に力を振り分けた。
- Religious organizations still used powers for maintenance of organizations of armed priests and constructions of buildings for temples that could be used as the base of battle.
- 阿弥陀如来像を大量生産するため、分けて造った部品を組み立てる寄木造の技法が用いられた。
- Parquet technique, which consists of making geometric mosaic patters of wood pieces, is utilized in order to produce statues of Amida Nyorai in large numbers.
- 百姓一揆の闘争形態の分類として、代表越訴、惣百姓一揆、村方騒動、国訴などがあげられる。
- The form of struggle represented by hyakusho ikki can be classified into daihyo osso (illegal direct petition made by a representative of the village), so hyakusho ikki (political appeal made by all the peasants in a village under the control of officials), murakata sodo (infighting that develops into accusation), kokuso (or kuniso; a legal petition made by peasants tied up across the border of the province), etc.
- 公家法の時代には、法のあらゆる分野で、慣習法の体系が重要な法的意義をもつようになった。
- In the age of court noble law, the system of common law developed an important legal significance in various areas of law.
- 特にこれに該当する公家は勅勘などの公家社会では放逐に相当する処分を受けることもあった。
- Of note, there were cases in which court nobles who were applicable to this and received a punishment equivalent to being expelled from the court noble community, such as the emperor's censure.
- 少なくとも平安時代中期以降、日本の冠の形状は基本的に身分や年齢による大きな差異はない。
- Shapes of Japanese Court caps have had no remarkable differences between ages or ranks since the middle of the Heian period.
- 幕府軍は敗走に次ぐ敗走の末、石清水八幡宮の鎮座する男山の東西に分かれて最後の決戦に挑む。
- The Shogunate forces were routed repeatedly, but, finally, they were to fight the final, decisive battle fought at two positions: to the east and west of Mt. Otoko-yama in which the Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine was located.
- また、周防国に残した母に形見と遺言を送り、弟の大内盛見には分国を固く守るよう申し送った。
- He also sent both his will and a remembrance of himself to his mother, whom he had left at home in Suo Province, and sent a message to his younger brother Morimi OUCHI to guard the provinces under their control well and fiercely.
- 京内は東西南北に走る大路・小路によって40丈(約120m)四方の「町」に分けられていた。
- The inner capital was subdivided into 'Machi/Cho' (town) of approx. 120 sq. meter by Oji (main avenue) and Koji (small alley) which ran east-west and north-south.
- こうして、予想を越える秀吉軍の進攻に体制を十分確立できぬまま光秀は決戦に望む羽目となる。
- Thus, Mitsuhide had to enter into a showdown, still unable to fully establish a defense setup against the unexpectedly fast advance of Hideyoshi's troops.
- 元々は平安京を東西に分割し、西側(右京)を「長安」、東側(左京)を「洛陽」と呼んでいた。
- Heian-kyo was originally divided into eastern and western sections, with the western side (Ukyo) called 'Choan' and the eastern side (Sakyo) called 'Rakuyo.'
- 巨椋池の形態に大きな変化を与えた事業によって、いくつかの段階に分けて考えることができる。
- The history of Ogura-ike Pond can be broken down into several phases by the projects that significantly altered the shape of that pond.
- 現在では京都市でも南区 (京都市)に属する上鳥羽・伏見区に属する下鳥羽に分割されている。
- In the present-day, although it is in Kyoto City, Toba is divided into Kamitoba which belongs to Minami Ward (Kyoto City), and Shimotoba which belongs to Fushimi Ward.
- - 町地の大部分が京都御苑敷地内となり、現状は丸太町通り沿いのごく狭小な土地を残すのみ。
- Large part of the towns have become the premise of Kyoto Gyoen National Garden, and at present, only a small part of land along the Marutamachi-dori Street remains
- まれに低身分から戦国大名となった者もおり、当時の風潮だった下克上の例とされることが多い。
- In rare cases, certain sengoku daimyo were from a low status and such cases are deemed examples of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) which was the trend at that time.
- 郡は二十里、二十里は千戸を上限として、その領内に含まれる里数によって五等級に区分される。
- Distircts were restricted to 20 villages in which 20 villages was comprised of 1,000 households, and were classified as one of five grades depending on the number of villages within the territory.
- 715年(霊亀元)に里は郷(ごう)と改称され、郷は2~3里に分かれ統率者は郷長であった。
- In 715, villages were renamed by go which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato and headed by a gocho (township chief).
- 律令法によって規定された身分秩序において、独特の地位を占めているのは、天皇の地位である。
- A unique position in the class system defined by ritsuryo law is the position of the Emperor.
- 一般によく知られている時代区分は、主として政治センターの所在地に着目した時代区分である。
- According to a well-known period classification based on this theory, a period is classified mainly based on where the political center was located.
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- つまり、継体を含め祖先の異なる複数の豪族があり、祖先が誰かは分からないという意味である。
- That means that there existed several local ruling families with different ancestors, including the one which Keitai came from, instead of one identifiable imperial ancestor.
- これは皇太子が即位する「践祚の儀」と即位したことを内外に宣下する「即位の礼」に分かれる。
- They are divided into the 'Senso-no-gi,' in which the Crown Prince accedes to the throne and 'Sokui no rei,' in which imperial proclamation is carried out in and around.
- これを見ていた義弘は項羽の討死の故事を引き、自分も後代に残るような最後を遂げると決意する。
- Yoshihiro, after seeing this, resolved that he would continue in the tradition of general Xiang Hu's glorious death, and make such an end for himself as would ensure his fame for posterity.
- かつては京阪京津線が三条通の路上(峠の部分は三条通に接した南側の専用軌道上)を走っていた。
- In the past, Keihan Keishin Line ran on Sanjo-dori Street (for the part of mountain pass, a special track on the southern side adjacent to Sanjo-dori Street was used).
- (東高瀬川において、宇治川に直接つなげるために整備された部分を新高瀬川と呼ぶこともある。)
- (The section in the Higashi-takase-gawa River which was developed to directly connect to the Uji-gawa River may be called the Shin-takase-gawa River.)
- 鷹峯村大字鷹峯は昭和6年、上京区に編入され、大部分が「鷹峯」を冠称する39町に編成された。
- In 1931 the Oaza was included into Kamigyo Ward, most of which was then reorganized into 39 towns prefixed by 'Takagamine.'
- 「葭島」を冠称する町は、京阪電鉄中書島駅付近と、京都競馬場付近の2か所に分かれて存在する。
- The towns prefixing the name 'Yoshijima' separately exist in two locations, i.e., the area around Keihan Electric Railway Chushojima Station and the area around Kyoto Race Course.
- なお、昭和30年(1955年)には旧上鳥羽村を含む下京区南部が分離して南区が成立している。
- Furthermore, the southern Shimogyo Ward including the former Kamitoba Village was separated to be established Minami Ward in 1955.
- 現在では京都市左京区に属するが、南白河は岡崎 (京都市)・北白河は北白川に分割されている。
- It currently belongs to Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, but was separated into Minami Shirakawa as Okazaki (Kyoto City) and Kita Shirakawa as Kita Shirakawa.
- 初期の武士身分は諸大夫身分の軍事貴族と、侍身分の一般武士のふたつの階層から構成されていた。
- The position of bushi originally had two classes, the militaristic aristocracy with the position of shodaibu, and the ordinary bushi with the position of samurai.
- 皇別氏族は、さらに、皇親(「真人」のカバネをもつ氏族)とそれ以外の姓をもつ氏族に分かれる。
- The clans branched out from the Imperial Family are further divided into Koshin (Emperor's families that had the official status title (called kabane) of 'Mahito'), as well as other clans.
- 大部分は一時強勢を誇っても内部分裂等で弱体化し、個別に撃破されるケースがほとんどであった。
- Even if ikki once boasted great power, most ikki were weakened by internal factionalization or the like, which caused most ikki to be defeated on an individual basis.
- 宗教面では従来の神仏混交が改められ(神仏分離)、仏教弾圧(廃仏毀釈)などの動きも見られた。
- In religion, the syncretism of Shintoism and Buddhism was rejected (separation of Buddhism and Shintoism), and moves to oppress Buddhism (Haibutsu-kishaku) were also observed.
- 仏教では鎮護国家思想が強まり、聖武天皇の発願で東大寺・国分寺が国家護持の名目で建立された。
- In Buddhism, the idea of national defense was strengthened, and the Todai-ji and Kokubun-ji Temples were constructed due to the wishes of Emperor Shomu on the pretext of kokka goji (defending and maintaining the nation).
- 文化面では、ばさらに代表されるように、身分秩序を軽視し華美な振る舞いに走る傾向が見られた。
- In culture, there was the tendency to behave extravagantly, thinking little of social classes or social order, as typically seen in 'Basara.'
- 京都郡代から分離する形で寛文8年12月8日 (旧暦)(1669年1月10日)に設置された。
- It was set up on January 10, 1669 as a spin-off from the Kyoto Gundai (rural intendants).
- 広庇、落間は、いやしいものが高貴な身分のものにちかづくとき、その身分差を表すためにあった。
- The ochima and hirobisashi had the purpose of demonstrating birth class difference to lower class people who were not welcomed.
- 同朋衆の能力は、会所においては、飾りつけの分野で発揮された(唐物の展示場として、で詳述)。
- The power of Doboshu was carried out in the field of decoration in karamono concerning Kaisho (as the place of exhibition of Karamono (Chinese items) and will be explained in detail).
- 歴史上で企図した人物を確認出来るとされるが、それらにその意図があったかは不明な部分が多い。
- It is said that historical people who plotted it can be checked but it is unknown whether they had such intentions.
- この問題では、万世一系の概念の中で、皇統の一系(皇統が分立することがない)が問題になった。
- As for the issue of textbooks, in the theory of the unbroken Imperial line, the idea that only one Imperial family could succeed to the throne (more than one Imperial family could not exist) was especially controversial.
- また、付近で石川 (大阪府)を越えて国分村を経由し、さらに夏目茶屋付近を渡し船で越えていた。
- It crossed a creek called Ishikawa (Osaka Prefecture) and passed through Kokubu-mura village and then connected to a ferry across the River Yamato near a place named Natsume-jaya.
- ただし風俗街は温泉街とは隔てられているので、一般客が宿泊、保養を楽しむ分には全く問題はない。
- However, the red-light area is separated from the hot springs resort area, and there are no problems for the regular customers to enjoy the stay and recreation.
- 鎌倉時代には、公家社会一般で分家を次々に創出させる傾向が見られたことにも留意する必要がある。
- It is also necessary to note that in the Kamakura period, the Imperial court society in general had a tendency to produce branch families.
- 実際は包囲は十分でなく、織田長益など逃げおおせており、歴史を変えるほどの判断の誤りであった。
- In reality, however, as encirclement was not sufficient and, for example, Nagamasu ODA succeeded to escape, Nobutada's judgment was a big mistake that could change the history.
- 「鎌倉時代」あるいは「鎌倉幕府」の始まりをどこに置くかは、研究者によって見解が分かれている。
- Opinions on when the 'Kamakura period' or 'Kamakura bakufu' started are divided.
- 日本史の時代区分の一つである安土桃山時代の語源ともなった安土城が建てられた地として知られる。
- It is known as the place where the Azuchi-jo Castle was built which is the word origin of Japanese historical period 'the Azuchi-Momoyama period.'
- 丹波地方の中央部、丹波高地を控え、旧丹波町の南部が淀川水系と由良川水系の分水界となっている。
- Tanba Highland is located at the center of Tanba region, while the southern part of former Tanba-cho divides the Yodo-gawa and Yura-gawa River systems.
- 愛宕山を望む田辺城 (丹後国)(舞鶴城)の城下町と、加佐地区を合わせた舞鶴市の西半分を指す。
- Nishi-Maizuru refers to the western half of Maizuru City that constitutes the castle town of Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) (Maizuru-jo Castle) having a fine view of Mt. Atago as well as Kasa area.
- 細川家もまた細川澄元、細川高国と2派に分かれて抗争することとなった(澄之は高国に討たれた)。
- The Hosokawa clan was also split into two factions, one for Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and the other for Takakuni HOSOKAWA and they quarreled with each other (Sumiyuki was killed by Takakuni.)
- しかしながら、観測点に偏りがあることに加え、気象観測だけでは黄砂現象の解明には不十分である。
- However, the observation points are not placed uniformly nor weather observations alone are enough for understanding kosa phenomena thoroughly.
- 鎌倉時代に皇統は後深草系統の持明院統と亀山系統の大覚寺統のふたつに分裂する両統迭立が起こる。
- The Kamakura period saw the Imperial line split into two, the Jimyoin line of Emperor Gofukasa's lineage, and the Daikakuji line of Emperor Kameyama's lineage, and this situation is called 'Ryoto Tetsuritsu.'
- 武士身分出身である平氏への嫌悪も手伝って、貴族層を中心に平清盛政権への反発が密かに広まった。
- With the help of hatred towards the Taira clan, who originated from the warrior class, rebellion against TAIRA no Kiyomori's government started to secretly spread, mainly among the aristocracy.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立をもって新たな時代区分が開始したとされ、この時点が平安時代の終期とされている。
- This new period of history is considered to have started with the establishment of Kamakura bakufu and this point is regarded as the end of the Heian period.
- この時代区分は明確な区分基準を持っている訳ではなく、歴史研究上の時代区分としては適当でない。
- However, this classification of historical periods is not based upon clear criteria for the classification and is inappropriate for classifying historical periods for researching of history.
- 穴穂部間人皇女は蘇我氏と物部氏との争乱を避けて丹後に身を寄せ、都に戻る際に自分の名を贈った。
- Anahobe no hashihito no himemiko moved to Tango in order to flee the conflict between the SOGA and the Mononobe clans, and when she returned to the capital, she allowed to use her name as a place-name.
- 彼らは、南北朝時代 (日本)に分岐した伏見宮系のいわゆる「旧皇族」よりも現皇室に親等が近い。
- Kobetsu Sekke has a higher degree of kinship to the present Imperial Family than so-called 'the former imperial family' of Fushimi no miya lineage, which branched out in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 隆季は寛文元年(1661年)3月28日、弟の九鬼隆重に500石を分与し、分家を創設している。
- Takasue allocated 500 koku to his younger brother Takashige KUKI on March 28, 1661 and founded a branch family.
- それゆえ現在も、町の大半が江戸時代の姿を残しており、大部分は実際に住居としても使用されている。
- Therefore, much of the town still remains as it was in the Edo period, and most of the houses are being used for actual dwelling.
- もし、これが事実なら家康は美濃~京へ進軍する方と、伊勢~京に進軍する二手に分かれることになる。
- If this is true, Ieyasu must have divided his troop into two, one to march to Kyoto through Mino and the other to march to Kyoto through Ise.
- 大字松尾谷は昭和6年大部分が「松尾」を冠称する9町に編成され、残余は右京区大字松尾谷となった。
- The Oaza Matsuodani was mostly reorganized into nine towns which were prefixed by the name 'Matsuo' in 1931, and the rest became Oaza Matsuodani, Ukyo Ward.
- 近江国 (おうみのくに) は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、東山道に位置する。
- Omi Province was one of the provinces, the former local administration division, and is located in Tosando.
- 以降、六角氏や京極氏と分かれながら、佐々木一族は戦国時代_(日本)に至るまで近江国を支配した。
- Afterwards the Sasaki clan, dividing into the Rokkaku clan and the Kyogoku clan, governed Omi Province until the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
- As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.
- 平安前期には、人民内部で少数の富豪層と大多数の貧困層(一般百姓層)へと階層の二極分化が進んだ。
- In the earlier part of the Heian period, people were divided into a few millionaires and a majority of poor people (common peasants).
- しかしその後に入り乱れる同名の人物群を両人にどう振り分けるかについては、確実な手がかりがない。
- However, there is no certain evidence proving who was who in a group of the same name afterwards.
- 母親の身分が高くなかったことも関係して、数多くいた天武天皇の皇子の中では影の薄い存在であった。
- He was not distinguished among many of princes of the Emperor Tenmu, partially due to his mother's relatively low rank.
- 那須御用邸は、2007年に御用邸敷地の約半分の570ヘクタールが宮内庁から環境省に移管された。
- In 2007, the control of about a half of the site of the Nasu Goyotei, which was the 570-hectare site, was transferred from Imperial Household Agency to Ministry of the Environment.
- 道祖王は春宮坊(東宮御所)を夜一人で引き払い「自分は愚か者で皇太子なぞ務まらない」と放言した。
- Prince Funado withdrew from Togubo (Togu-gosho) by himself and said 'I am too foolish to be a Crown Prince'.
- 遺産本体部分やその緩衝地帯、さらには(世界遺産には含まれないが)その周辺地域での損壊が絶えない。
- There are constant damages on the body of heritage, a buffer area, and even the area in the vicinity of the heritage (not included in the world heritage).
- 古河公方も小弓公方との分裂を経て、盛時の子孫である後北条氏によって傀儡化させられていくのである。
- Also, Koga-kubo, after splitting off Oyumi-kubo (小弓公方), was made a puppet of the Go-Hojo clan, who were descendants of Moritoki.
- また、安土桃山時代の元号の大部分が天正だったので、天正時代(てんしょうじだい)と呼ぶこともある。
- Also, because the name of the era used for most of the Azuchi Momoyama period was Tensho (天正), it is sometimes referred to as the Tensho period.
- 髭茶屋追分(ひげちゃやおいわけ) は山科盆地内にある、東海道と大津街道の分岐点(山科追分とも)。
- Higechaya-oiwake was a point in the Yamashina Basin, where Otsukaido Road diverges from Tokaido (it was also called Yamashina-oiwake).
- 「桃山町」を冠称する町のうち、弾正島、金井戸島、真斎は地区の主要部分から離れた飛地となっている。
- Among the towns prefixing the name 'Momoyama-cho,' Danjojima, Kanaidojima and Shinsai are detached towns away from the central part of the district.
- 大字下山田は昭和6年大部分が「山田」を冠称する29町に編成され、残余は右京区大字下山田となった。
- The Oaza Shimoyamada was mostly reorganized into twenty-nine towns which were prefixed by the name 'Yamada' in 1931, and the rest became the Oaza Shimoyamada, Ukyo Ward.
- 当地区は、昭和30年に大部分が南区となったが、高畑町のみ下京区に残り、梅小路高畑町となっている。
- A greater part of the Karahashi area was incorporated into Minami Ward in 1955 with the exception of Karahashi Takahata-cho, which remained in Shimogyo Ward and was renamed Umekoji Takahata-cho.
- また、一地一作人原則が確立されて土地に対する借耕が盛んになり加地子・作徳分が成立するようになる。
- One cultivator policy was established and shakko (borrowing land for cultivation) land became popular and kajishi (land rent) and sakutokubun (profit which was left after paying land tax) began existing.
- 諸藩の分限帳には、足軽や中間の人名や禄高の記入はなくて、ただ人数だけが記入されているものが多い。
- Many of the bugencho (registers of vassals) of the domains of Japan do not record the names and stipends of ashigaru and chugen but simply record the number.
- なお、第1-3巻には、唐土の事歴・僧侶の補任が付記されており、その部分を「裏書」と呼称している。
- In the first to the third volumes, the history and appointments of monks in China were added and these parts were called 'uragaki' (additional parts).
- 同書に付された「従四下、母大織冠(鎌足)女耳面刀自」の注記から、母は耳面刀自であることも分かる。
- There is an annotation in 'Honcho koin jounroku' as this; 'Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), and the mother was Mimimotoji, the daughter of Taishokkan (Holder of the Grand Crown), FUJIWARA no Kamatari,'so it is clear that her mother was Mimimotoji.
- 親王妃は以下のいずれかを満たした場合、皇族の身分を離れ親王妃としての地位を失う。(同法第14条)
- A Shinnohi, when meeting any of the following conditions, shall cease to be the member of the Imperial Family and lose her status as Shinnohi (Article 14 of the Imperial House Law):
- 天皇はそれで、彼女の母が一夜で身ごもったのは異常であるため、自分の娘であるか疑っていると答えた。
- The Emperor Yuryaku replied that he had doubts whether the daughter was his own child because he thought it was unlikely that her mother had become pregnant from one night stand.
- 大統譜は、天皇により門を分かち、その代数を掲げて各門に天皇の欄及び皇后の欄を設ける(旧11条)。
- As for the Taitofu, groups are divided depending on Emperors, the chronological order of Emperors is provided, and for each division the columns of Emperor and of Empress are provided, respectively (the old Article 11).
- その際、旧12の村はそのまま集落として引き継がれ、後に13番目の集落として古知谷が分離・成立した。
- At that time, the 12 former villages continued as settlements and Kochidani subsequently separated to form a 13th settlement.
- 下鳥羽芹川町は、平成9年に主要部分が下鳥羽東芹川町、下鳥羽西芹川町となり、旧飛地のみ存続している。
- The main part of Shimotoba Serikawa-cho was divided into Shimotoba Higashi Serikawa-cho and Shimotoba Nishi Serikawa-cho and only the former detached towns exist.
- 当区はもと下京区の一部であり、昭和4年(1929年)に鴨川以東の地域が分区して成立したものである。
- Higashiyama Ward was originally a part of Shimogyo Ward, and it was established in 1929 when an area east of the Kamo-gawa River split off from Shimogyo Ward.
- なお、緩勾配の側線への分岐は制限速度60km/hとなっている(トンネル内の合流部(後述)も同様)。
- The speed limit at the point of divergence to the gentle gradient sidetrack is 60 km/h (the same speed limit is applied at the joining point of the tracks inside the tunnel (described later)).
- 昭和51年(1976年)に桂川右岸の地域(旧松尾村、桂村、川岡村を含む)が分区して西京区となった。
- In 1976 the area of the right bank of the Katsura-gawa River (including former Matsuo, Katsura and Kawaoka villages) was split off to form the Nishikyo Ward.
- 足軽部隊は、槍組足軽、弓足軽、鉄砲足軽などに分類され、多くは集団で隊を編制して小頭の指揮に従った。
- Ashigaru units were divided into yarigumi-ashigaru (carrying spears), yumi-ashigaru (carrying bows and arrows), and teppo-ashigaru (carrying firearms), with multiple groups forming units led by a kogashira (a head of small ashigaru group).
- 黄砂の強さや頻度は数年~数十年単位で変動していることや、その変動は地域によって異なることが分かる。
- It is found that the strength of kosa and its occurrence frequency have changed in the order of several years to several tens of years and that these changes have depended on the area.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)中期に上冷泉家(かみれいぜいけ)・下冷泉家(しもれいぜいけ)の2家に分かれた。
- The family split into two, the Kami Reizei family and the Shimo Reizei family, midway through the Northern and Southern Courts Period (of Japan).
- 西日本旅客鉄道桜井線・近畿日本鉄道天理線 - 天理駅から奈良交通バスで上滝本バス停下車後、徒歩5分。
- West Japan Railway Sakurai Line/Kintetsu Railway Tenri Line: Get off at Tenri Station, take a Nara Kotsu Bus, and after alighting from the bus at Kamitakimoto Bus Stop, walk five minutes.
- 1月には天皇の皇居にあたる大内裏の造営のための二十分の一税などの新税が計画され、土地調査が行われる。
- Also in the first month, plans were released for new taxes, including a 5% tax to fund construction on the Emperor's own palaces within the Daidairi, the Imperial Palace complex, and a land survey was carried out.
- 甲州勝沼の戦いの後、江戸に戻ったが、方針の相違から永倉新八、原田左之助らは分離して靖兵隊を結成した。
- They returned to Edo after the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma, but due to policy differences, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA and others separated to form Seihei-tai.
- 国府には正倉が付属するが、奈良時代には徴税実務上郡の重要性が大きく、地方の正倉は大部分郡家にあった。
- In spite of the custom that 'Shoso' (warehouse) was established in the site of Kokufu, most Shoso in the local area were established at 'Gunke' (municipal government office in a county) in the Nara period, because the county played an important role in collecting taxes.
- 総面積は約19,023ヘクタールで、うち3,762ヘクタールは若狭湾国定公園から分離した部分である。
- The total land space is approx. 19,023 ha, of which 3,762 ha have been separated from the Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park
- 最もポピュラーなルートは奥るり渓方面からアプローチするもので、頂上まで1時間50分ほどが必要である。
- The most popular one is an approach from Okururikei River Valley, and it takes approximately one hour and fifty minutes to reach the mountain top.
- その後、約1,300m離れた位置で、湖西線下りの緩勾配の側線が琵琶湖線上り外側線から北側へ分岐する。
- Afterwards, from a position of about 1,300 m, a gentle gradient sidetrack of the eastbound Kosei Line diverges to the north of the Outer eastbound Biwako Line.
- 古代に国造が分立した時代には、青葉山を境にして、東側がヤマト王権の領土で、西側が丹国の領土であった。
- In ancient times when many provinces existed, the east side of Mt. Aoba was a territory of the Yamato authorities and the west side that of Ni Province.
- 分流後、途中で有栖川や天神川 (京都市)と交差する形で東に流れ、中京区壬生天池町で南に向きを変える。
- After being diverted, the Nishitakase-gawa River runs eastwards crisscrossing the Arisu-gawa River and the Tenjin-gawa River (Kyoto City) along the way and changes its direction southwards in Mibu Amagaike-cho Nakagyo Ward.
- 計画では琵琶湖疏水分線から賀茂川をサイフォンでくぐり、紫明通、堀川通の地下に導水路を設けて水を引く。
- In the plan, water from a branch of the lake Biwa canal is siphoned under the Kamo-gawa River, and is supplied to the area through a channel provided under Shimei-dori Street and Horikawa-dori Street.
- 当地区は、昭和30年に大部分が南区となり、北ノ内町の一部(東海道本線線路敷)のみ下京区に残っている。
- Most of this area belonged to Minami Ward in 1955 while a part of Nishikujo Kitanouchi-cho (the railway tracks of JR Tokaido Line) still belongs to Shimogyo Ward.
- 当区はもと右京区の一部であり、昭和51年(1976年)に桂川右岸の地域が分区して成立したものである。
- This ward, originally a part of Ukyo Ward, was established when the area of the right bank of the Katsura-gawa River was separated in 1976.
- 日本史の時代区分としての「戦国時代」という術語が一般でも広く使われるようになるのは、明治以降である。
- General use of the term 'Sengoku Period' as a section in the history of Japan was commenced only in the Meiji period.
- 逆に言えば、いくら武芸に優れていて身分が高くても、出生が武士身分でない限り武士とは認められなかった。
- On the other hand, even if someone excelled in military arts and were high in rank, he could not be admitted as bushi unless they originated from a samurai status.
- サークル関係者と吉田寮の寮生らが初期消火を行い、消防車が到着してから火は20分ほどで消しとめられた。
- People of club activities as well as the students of Yoshida dormitory engaged in the initial firefighting activities and the fire was put out within 20 minutes after the arrival of fire engines.
- このため、国人層は伊勢派と細川派に分裂してしまい、翌年には山城国一揆は解散に追い込まれる事になった。
- Due to this, the local samurai class divided into an Ise faction and a Hosokawa faction, and the following year the uprising in Yamashiro Province was forced to disband.
- 定信は中山愛親・正親町公明らの公家に処分を下し、また九州で活動していた勤皇家の高山彦九郎を処罰した。
- Sadanobu reprimanded the nobles, including Naruchika NAKAYAMA and Kinaki OGIMACHI, as well as punishing Hikokuro TAKAYAMA, an imperialist who was active in Kyushu.
- 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
- Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.
- 基本的には即位の礼を行い、天下に自分が天皇の位を継いだことを示すことで、昔は践祚との区別はなかった。
- It basically refers to the act of the new emperor or empress demonstrating that he or she has succeeded the predecessor by holding the Sokui no rei (ceremony of the enthronement), and there was no distinction between sokui and senso (accession to the throne) in the past.
- 一方の『日本書紀』は王に関する伝承を伝えてはいるが、「景行紀」の日本武尊の系譜部分に記載していない。
- 'Nihonshoki', on the other hand, describes the legend concerning Ashikamino kamami wakenomiko, but does not mention his name in the section on the pedigree record of YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto in 'Keiko-ki.'
- 皇統譜は、皇室の身分関係(家族関係)を公証し、皇位継承の順序を定める基礎となる、皇室の戸籍にあたる。
- Kotofu is a family register of Imperial family which is a base to decide the order of succession to the Imperial Throne and to notarize the lineage relation (family relation) of Imperial family.
- その後、細川氏が細川高国派と細川晴元派に分裂、内藤氏ら丹波諸豪は高国に属して度々晴元の攻撃を受ける。
- Thereafter, the Hosokawa clan split into two groups, one led by Takakuni HOSOKAWA and the other by Harumoto HOSOKAWA, with the result that the Naito clan and other local ruling families of Tanba, which belonged to the Takakuni group, were frequently attacked by the Harumoto group.
- 1898年 京都府(~1898年)が分割され、広域自治体として京都府が、基礎自治体として京都市が発足。
- 1898: Kyoto Prefecture (until 1898) was divided, and Kyoto Prefecture started as an autonomous body covering a wider area, and Kyoto City as a basic autonomous body.
- 太子殿(医王寺から山道を約15分ほど登ると太子殿があり、ここからの仙酔島と瀬戸内海の眺めは絶景である)
- The Taishiden (a temple dedicated to the Imperial Prince Shotoku): About 15-munite walk on the mountain road will lead you to this Taishiden that offers panoramic views of the Sensuijima Island and the Seto Inland Sea.
- 舞鶴若狭自動車道綾部インターチェンジから中丹広域農道・福井県道・京都府道1号小浜綾部線経由で約30分。
- It takes approx. thirty minutes by car from the Ayabe Interchange of Maizuru Wakasa Expressway, via Chutan Koiki Nodo (a road for the wide agricultural area of Chutan), the Obama Ayabe Line of the Fukui Prefectural Route/Kyoto Prefectural Route 1.
- 昭和6年には東隣の宇治郡山科町を編入するが、当該地区は昭和51年(1976年)分区して山科区となった。
- By 1931, Yamashina town, Uji County which was in the east of Higashiyama Ward was integrated, but that very area was split off in 1976 and became Yamashina Ward.
- 昭和4年(1929年)、区の南部と東部の一部地域が分離され、新設の中京区、左京区、東山区に編入された。
- In 1929, some of the areas of the southern and eastern part of the Kamigyo Ward were split off, and were integrated into the newly created Nakagyo Ward, Sakyo Ward, and Higashiyama Ward.
- 川田梅ケ谷町の一部は、昭和51年の山科区分区の際、東山区側に残され、東山区今熊野梅ケ谷町となっている。
- Kawata Umegadani-Cho was partly left in Higashiyamaku Ward when Yamashinaku Ward separated in 1976, as Umegadani-Cho, Imagumano, Higashiyamaku Ward.
- この間、昭和4年(1929年)、区の北部と東部の一部地域が分離され、新設の中京区、東山区に編入された。
- During this period, in 1929, some parts in the north and east were separated and incorporated into newly established Nakagyo Ward and Higashiyama Ward.
- 室町時代には問屋と呼ばれるようになり、やがて運送専門や卸売専門に業種分化しても、各々が問屋と呼ばれた。
- In the Muromachi period, it came to be called Toiya, and later, even after being separated into the areas of transportation and wholesale, each one was still called Toiya.
- 本書には、全部で1182氏姓が記録され、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に3分類されている。
- This register records a total of 1182 clan names, being classified the into three types - 'Kobetsu,' 'Shinbetsu' and 'Shoban' - based on the place of origin.
- だが、それでも不十分であり、砂漠緑化をはじめとした地道な活動が、黄砂対策として必要であるとされている。
- However, the measure alone is not enough, and it is considered that steady activities, including planting trees in desert, are required as measures against kosa.
- その催されたところは清涼殿や二棟廊などで、公的な場ということもあって、身分により、座る場所が決まった。
- A place where such renga was held was Seiryoden (the Residence of the Emperor) and Futamunero where seating location was predetermined by birth class since it was a public space.
- これには、会所空間が平等の場であり、身分の上下関係なく人々が入り混じっていたことも関係してくるだろう。
- This was related to the fact that the space of kaisho was a place of common ground, and people mixed together regardless of their social status.
- 通常、上皇・皇太子以下男性貴族は公的な場に冠・私的な場に烏帽子を対応する平安装束と共に使い分けていた。
- Generally, retired emperors, princes, and male nobles wore Court caps at official occasions and eboshi (formal headwear for Court nobles) at private occasions, with matching Heian costumes respectively.
- 上記の通り、皇位簒奪を行ったのか、あるいは皇位簒奪を目指していたかどうかについては議論が分かれている。
- As mentioned above, it is controversial whether usurpation of the imperial throne did happen or it was just aimed.
- 「(中略)結婚によって開かれた窓から私は多くのものを吸収し、今日の自分を作っていったことを感じます。」
- (omission of a sentence) I think I could form myself of today by absorbing a lot through the window opened after the marriage.'
- この道標のある場所は、護摩壇山・伯母子峠・伯母子岳山頂への分岐点となっており、古道は山頂東側の峠を通る。
- This guidepost was located at a crossroads to Mt. Gomadan, to Obako Pass and to the summit of Mt. Obako-dake, and the old road went through the east side of the summit.
- 本土決戦を目前にした陸軍が航空部隊・航空総軍の戦闘司令所として建設されたもので、二つの壕に分かれている。
- It was built as the top headquarters of air battle units of the Imperial Japanese Army in preparation for the coming decisive battles in the mainland, and it consisted of two shelters.
- 京方の公家、武士の所領約3000箇所が没収され、幕府方の御家人に分け与えられ新補地頭が大量に補任された。
- Roughly 3000 different territories were confiscated from capital faction nobles and samurai, divided up and given to gokenin that supported the shogunate, and a great many new supplementary jito (estate steward) positions were created.
- 1960年代までの研究では、「国府(こう)」、「国分寺」、「総社」、あるいはそれと似た地名が探索された。
- In research conducted until the 1960's, places whose name was associated with 'Kokufu' as 'Ko,' 'Kokubunji,' 'Soja' or names that are similar to the above were searched.
- このうち、大字東梅津の区域は大部分が「梅津」を冠称する24町に編成され、残余は大字東梅津として残された。
- Among them, the area of Oaza Higashi Umezu was mostly reorganized into twenty-four towns which were prefixed by the name 'Umezu,' and the rest remained as Oaza Higashi Umezu.
- 自由農民の保有地が占める割合は、一定範囲内に収まっていたが、小さな荘園では幾分大きくなる傾向が見られた。
- The ratio of the land which free farmers occupied was in a certain range, but in small shoens the ratio tended to be somewhat larger.
- 宇多天皇から後一条天皇まで、887年から1036年の記述は、抜粋ではなく日本紀略編者の作った部分である。
- Descriptions of period from the reign of Emperor Uda to Emperor Goichijo between 887 and 1036 are not excerpts but were created by the compiler of 'Nihongi Ryaku.'
- だが、これだけでは必ずしも十分でないため南北朝時代 (日本)・戦国時代 (日本)という区分を設けている。
- However, since this classification is not always complete enough, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) and the Sengoku period (in Japan) are also included in the classification as well.
- アイヌの大部分が居住していた北海道は蝦夷が島、蝦夷地などと呼ばれ、欧米でも「Yezo」 の名で呼ばれた。
- Hokkaido, in which most of the Ainu lived then, was called 'Ezoga-shima' or 'Ezo-chi' in Japan and 'Yezo' in the Western countries.
- 古代の始期については古代国家の形成時期をめぐって見解が分かれており、3世紀説、5世紀説、7世紀説がある。
- Concerning the start of the ancient times, there are the following opinions about the era when an ancient state was formed: the 3rd century, the 5th century, and the 7th century
- 1996年(平成8年)に鎌倉市が土地と建物を取得し、通称旧華頂宮邸として庭園部分が一般に公開されている。
- In 1996 Kamakura City acquired the land and building and the garden is open to the general public with the common name of the former Kachonomiya residence.
- 清寧天皇2年11月(481年12月)、弘計王自ら新室の宴の席で、歌と唱え言に託して王族の身分を明かした。
- In December, 481, the younger Oke no miko revealed that the two brothers were members of the imperial family at a banquet of a new house by means of a song and chant.
- このため事態は一刻を争うと見た局長の近藤勇は単独行動に踏み切り、近藤隊と土方隊の二手に分け捜索を開始する。
- That is why the boss, Isami KONDO, knowing that every moment counted, acted alone by splitting their members into two squads under KONDO and HIJIKATA and began the search.
- 4日に堀尾吉晴・蜂須賀正勝を立会人にして宗治の自刃の検分を行い、後始末の後に5日から6日にかけて撤兵した。
- On June 4, Muneharu's jijin was confirmed by Yoshiharu HORIO and Masakatsu HACHISUKA as eye witnesses, and Hideyoshi withdrew his forces from June 5 to 6 after settling the aftermath.
- 会津藩と庄内藩の処分については、新政府内においても「厳罰論」と「寛典論」に分かれたが対照的な処分となった。
- Punishment of the Aizu Domain was contrasted with that of the Shonai Domain, dividing the new government into two opinions of 'severe punishment' and 'lenient punishment'
- 4年半後の1881年2月7日の福井県発足によって嶺南は滋賀県から分離され、内陸県である現在の領域となった。
- However, four and half years later, on February 7, 1881, Fukui Prefecture was established and Reinan was separated from Shiga and incorporated into Fukui, which resulted in making Shiga the present inland prefecture.
- こうした状況は、日本の歴史研究が近代的な歴史学を受容するための十分な素地を既に生んでいたと評価されている。
- This situation is evaluated to show that the research of history in Japan had already been provided with enough bases for accepting modern history.
- これを誠実な態度の表れとみる者もいるが、その部分に編者が故意に隠した事実があるのではないかと疑う者もいる。
- There are those who regard this as a manifestation of the sincere attitude but there are also those who have doubts that there are facts that were deliberately withheld by the compilers.
- 黄砂の成分であるリンや鉄などが、海洋のプランクトンや、ハワイの森林の生育に関わっているのと研究結果もある。
- There is also research showing that phosphorous and iron constituting kosa are related to the growth of plankton in the sea and that of forests in Hawaii.
- 義栄は一万疋の献金を半分にまけて貰った上に永禄11年(1568年)2月に摂津富田において将軍宣下を受けた。
- Yoshihide succeeded in not only bargaining down the donation of 10,000 hiki to a half but also winning proclamation as Shogun at Settsu-Tonda in March and April 1568.
- 約1万2千年前頃、最終氷期が終わり急激な温暖化による海面上昇が始まると、日本列島はアジア大陸から分離した。
- Around 12,000 years ago, the ice age ended and the sea level began rising corresponding to rises in the atmospheric temperature, separating the Japanese islands from the Asian continent.
- 荘園公領制の変質が、社会各層における対立を顕在化させ、南北朝の争いを大義名分とする全国的な抗争が展開した。
- Changes in the nature of shoen koryo sei made confrontations in each social class of the nation apparent, developing into nation-wide confrontations with the confrontation between the Northern Court and the Southern Court used as a legitimate reason.
- そこで大分恵尺、黄書大伴、逢志摩の三人の使者を高坂王に遣わして、急使を立てるための駅鈴を高坂王に請わせた。
- Then, he dispatched three envoys, OITA no Esaka, KIFUMI no Otomo and AU no Shima to Takasaka no Okimi to ask Takasaka no Okimi to hand over ekirei (a bell needed for the exercise of imperial power) for sending a courier.
- 最後の藩主である第12代藩主・大村純熈が藩主に就任した時代は幕末であり、藩論は佐幕と勤王に大きく分かれた。
- Sumihiro OMURA became the 12th and last lord in the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate when opinion in the domain was largely divided between support for the Bakufu and support for the pro-imperialists.
- 鎌倉時代に近江守護に代々任じられていた佐々木氏の当主である佐々木信綱は、四人の息子に近江を分けて継がせた。
- The family head of the Sasaki clan that had been appointed as Omi Shugo (Military Governor of Omi Province) during the Kamakura period over generations, Nobutsuna SASAKI divided Omi Province into four to order his four sons to inherit them, respectively.
- 湯船は本来は木の浴槽でありながら、そうであることは全く分からないほどに黄褐色の石灰質の析出物が付着している。
- Brownish yellow calcareous deposits adhere to the inside of a bathtub to the extent that people cannot recognize that the bathtub is made of wood.
- この3つの堤のほか、大池堤、中池堤がこの時期に築かれ、巨椋池は、大池、二の丸池、大内池、中内池に分割された。
- In addition to the previous three dikes, Oike-zutsumi Dike and Nakaike-zutsumi Dike were built during this period and Ogura-ike Pond was divided into Oike Pond, Ninomaru-ike Pond, Ouchi-ike Pond and Nakauchi-ike Pond.
- 「紫野」、「紫竹」(しちく)、「大宮」を冠称する町名は、大部分が愛宕郡大宮村、一部が同郡野口村に属していた。
- Towns prefixed by 'Murasakino,' 'Shichiku,' and 'Omiya' formed a larger part of Omiya village, Otagi County, except a few areas which belonged to Noguchi village, Otagi County.
- その後、瀬田廃寺(大津市神領)にうつり、焼失の後、820年(弘仁11年)に国昌寺跡(大津市国分)に移された。
- Afterwards, the provincial monastery and nunnery was transferred to Seta Ruin Temple (Jinryo, Otsu City) and then it was transferred to the site of Kokusho-ji Temple in 820 after Seta Ruin Temple was burned down,
- 明治以降編入された愛宕郡、葛野郡及び紀伊郡の旧村の区域は、現在は大部分が中京区、東山区及び南区に属している。
- Large part of the former villages of Otagi County, Kadono County, and Kii County currently belong to Nakagyo Ward, Higashiyama Ward, or Minami Ward.
- お抱えは、一代限りの雇用の者だが、実際は世襲することも多く、軽輩の者が多いなかで、専門職で侍身分の者もいた。
- Okakae (retainer) was hired only in one generation, but in fact was often inherited, and among many of keihai some of them were professional and in the class of samurai.
- 筆頭にあげられた「皇別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以降、天皇家から分かれた氏族のことで、335氏が挙げられている。
- The 335 clan names of 'Kobetsu', which were listed at the top of the register, comprised clans that had branched out from the Imperial Family after the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- だが、6月2日_(旧暦)(1582年6月21日)、信長は前右大臣の身分のまま本能寺の変で明智光秀に討たれた。
- Attacked by Mitsuhide AKECHI in the Honno-ji Incident, however, Nobunaga died as former Udaijin without an official title on June 21, 1582.
- この政変で政元は幕政を掌握し、奉公衆などの軍事的基盤が崩壊した将軍権力は、幕府公権の二分化により弱体化した。
- Due to this incident, Masamoto took over shogunal administration, and the authority of the shogun whose military foundations, such as shogunal guards, had broken down, became weaker because of the bakufu's governmental authority being divided into two.
- また、この処分から程無く源信・藤原良相の左右両大臣が急死したために藤原良房が朝廷の全権を把握する事になった。
- Also, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa ended up gaining total control over of the court due to the sudden deaths of both the ministers of the right and left, MINAMOTO no Makoto and FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, not long after this disciplinary action was carried out.
- そのため、時代を区分する対象ではなく移行するものとして捉える「時代移行論」を提唱する研究者も現れ始めている。
- Therefore, some researchers have begun to propose 'period change theory' in which periods should not be classified, but changed.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 会所の隣には泉殿と有名な三階建ての舎利殿(金閣)があって、舎利殿は二階部分は会所建築であるともいわれている。
- There were izumidono and famous three story Shariden (Kinkaku) next to the kaisho, and a part of the second floor of Shariden is said to have the architecture of Kaisho.
- 日本国皇帝(にほんこくこうてい)は昭和前期まで用いられていた天皇の称号の一つ、主として外交分野で使用された。
- Nihonkoku Kotei is one of the titles of the Emperor of Japan that had been used up to early Showa period and was mainly used in diplomatic domain.
- 明治時代に入ると、国分村の北に国豊橋が架けられ、亀ノ瀬の対岸の大和川南岸壁を開削して新たなルートが開設された。
- In the Meiji period, its new route was developed by building Kunitoyo-bashi Bridge at the north of Kokubu-mura village and laying a road on the south bank of the River Yamato.
- 合併後も区分変更は行われていないために同じ五條市内で天気予報の発表区分および警報・注意報の発表区分が2つある。
- Since a revision of the classifications has not made even after the merger, there are two classifications to issue weather forecast, weather warning and advisory in the same Gojo City.
- その後、高知の三子により3藩に別れ(丹後三分割)、峰山には京極高通 (丹後国峰山藩主)により峰山藩が置かれる。
- Afterwards, the domain was divided into three and one-third was given to each of Takatomo's sons (Tango trifurcation) and in Mineyama, the Mineyama Domain was established by Takamichi KYOGOKU (the lord of the Mineyama Domain of Tango Province).
- これに対し石田三成を中心とした反家康勢力が反発し慶長5年(1600年)に全国を二分する関ヶ原の戦いが勃発した。
- Anti-Ieyasu powers led by Mitsunari ISHIDA opposed such moves by Ieyasu, resulting in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which divided the entire country into two parties.
- 固定電話の市外局番が八幡市、宇治市のごく一部、久御山町の半分、相楽郡笠置町、南山城村を除き0774であること。
- The area core for fixed-line telephones is 0774 except for small areas of Yawata City and Uji City, half of Kumiyama-cho, Kasagi-cho of Soraku-gun and Minami-yamashiro-mura.
- おおむね北半分は昭和23年及び24年(1948・1949年)、上記2郡から当時の上京区に編入された区域である。
- The northern half largely comprises the towns transferred from the above-mentioned counties to the then Kamigyo Ward in 1948 and 1949.
- 区の北西部、旧翔鸞学区の区域は、大部分が北野天神の社領で、明治元年(1868年)に上京に編入されたものである。
- Most of the area of the former Shoran school district in the northwestern part of Kamigyo Ward is the estate of Kitano Tenjin Shrine which was integrated into Kamigyo in 1868.
- 更には太閤検地、刀狩、身分統制令、貨幣統一を達成して、これまで各地ばらばらであった日本の全てを一つにまとめた。
- In addition, he achieved taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), katanagari (disarmament of farmers), social status regulation edict, unification of currency, unifying everything in Japan which were different region by region.
- 侍(さむらい)は、古代から中世にかけての日本における官人の身分呼称、あるいはそこから発展的に生じた武士の別名。
- 'Samurai' is the positional title for officials in Japan from the ancient to middle ages, and an alternative name for 'bushi' (warrior) that was derived from the first meaning.
- 満幸の分国出雲国において後円融天皇の御料である仙洞領横田庄を押領して、御教書にも従わなかったとの理由であった。
- The reasons were that he seized sento ryo Yokota no sho, which was Emperor Goenyu's Imperial property within Mitsuyuki's territory of Izumo Province, and that he did not follow the migyosho (document of shogunate order).
- 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
- The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.
- しかしながら、研究により同じく麦の病害である黄さび病の胞子も毎年黄砂とともに日本に飛来することが分かっている。
- However, it has also been known through research that spores of strip rust, a disease damaging barley and wheat as well, have flown to Japan together with kosa.
- 武家権力は決定的な勢力となるがその一方で成り上がった戦国大名は朝廷から官位官職を受けて、権威や大義名分を得た。
- The samurai authority became a decisive power, but parvenu daimyo in the Sengoku period, on the other hand, received official rank and government post from the Imperial Court and obtained administrative power and legitimate reasons.
- 平安前期は、前代(奈良時代)からの中央集権的な律令制を、部分的な修正を加えながらも、基本的には継承していった。
- In the early Heian period, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of centralized governance structure from the former period (the Nara period) was basically continued with partial amendments.
- が、当時の冠は漆を薄く塗った柔らかなもので雨などにあうと簡単に型崩れしていたことが枕草子などの記述から分かる。
- However, according to some materials such as Makura no Soshi (The Pillow Book), Court caps in those days were thinly lacquered soft caps, and they easily lost their shapes due to rain and so on.
- 東吉野村内の温泉地は3ヶ所に分散していて、それぞれ、「東吉野温泉」「たかすみ温泉」「やはた温泉」とよばれている。
- Hot spring areas in Higashiyoshino-mura are dispersed into three areas and are referred to as 'Higashi-yoshino Onsen Hot Spring', 'Takasumi Onsen Hot Spring' and 'Yahata Onsen Hot Spring,' respectively.
- 7月11日 (旧暦)未明、天皇方は清盛300余騎、義朝200余騎、義康100余騎の3隊に分かれて白河北殿を奇襲。
- Before dawn on August 5, the Emperor's army made a surprise attack on Shirakawakita-dono Palace in the three separate forces: Kiyomori led approximately 300 cavalry, Yoshitomo 200 cavalry and Yoshiyasu 100 cavalry.
- 自治会(地区会・町内会)や消防団の地域分団の編成単位として、地域自治の最小単位としての命脈を保っている面がある。
- They have survived as the smallest unit of regional autonomy and as an organization unit of residents' association (for example, a regional association, a neighborhood association) or a local fire brigade of a fire company.
- 福知山都市圏は集客力が高く、福知山市が掲げる北近畿の都という名称にあう商業や様々な分野での中心都市となっている。
- The Fukuchiyama urban area has been attracting many visitors; accordingly, Fukuchiyama City has become a center of business and other fields so that the city has become deserved 'the capital of the northern Kinki region', the name it gave itself.
- 廃藩置県後、1876年8月21日に敦賀県が分割され、嶺南が滋賀県に編入したため、若狭湾に面していた時期もあった。
- After the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) on August 21, 1876, Tsuruga Prefecture was devided and Reinan was incorporated into Shiga Prefecture, so at that time Shiga Prefecture faced to Wakasa Bay.
- 唐代の部曲がヨーロッパの農奴に相当していたが、晩唐以後の混乱によって部曲が自立して一円的な大土地所有も分解した。
- The buqus during the Tang dynasty corresponded to the serfs in Europe, but during the chaos after the late Tang dynasty buqus became independent and the large landholding widely collapsed.
- これらは必ずしも近代的な知識ではなく、少なくとも部分的には古くから知られていたことが「さざれ石」の名からわかる。
- These examples are not necessarily reflective of modern knowledge and we can see from the name 'sazareishi (pebble)' that, at least partially, it has been known since olden times.
- 近世初頭、豊臣秀吉、徳川政権によって固定的な被差別身分が編成された際に、河原者はその中に組み込まれたと言われる。
- It is said that the Kawaramono were included in a fixed discriminated position when the position was organized by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa government in the early modern period.
- また、公的な軍事力が低下する反面、摂関家は、武力に秀でた清和源氏を家来とするなど、軍事力の分散化が見られ出した。
- Also, military power started to be decentralized, such events such as the regent's house taking the militarily powerful Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) into its service, while the official military force grew weaker.
- 公賢の死後もその続きにあたる部分を書いた人物がいたと考えられているが、それを今日の形にしたのは甘露寺親長である。
- Some unknown people are considered to have taken over to write the continuation after Kinkata's death, but it was Chikanaga KANROJI who made Kodaireki as it is today.
- なお、鎌倉市にある華頂侯爵の旧邸は、1996年に鎌倉市が取得し、旧華頂宮邸として庭園部分が一般に公開されている。
- The former residence of Marquis Kacho located in Kamakura City was acquired by Kamakura City in 1996 and the garden has been opened to the general public as the former residence of Kachonomiya.
- 領土も磐城平藩を領するなどしたが、三河安藤氏の宗家はこの紀州徳川家を支えた安藤家であり、他の安藤家は分家である。
- The Ando family also came into possession of the domain of Iwaki-Taira, but the main line of the Mikawa Ando clan was that which supported the Kishu Tokugawa family, and other Ando families are branch families.
- いわゆる「平成の大合併」で天気予報の発表区分や気象警報・注意報の発表区分を2つ以上持つ市町村が数多く発生している。
- Due to the so-called 'great merger of municipalities in the Heisei period,' many cities, towns and villages ended up with two or more classifications for weather forecast, weather warning, and advisories.
- 幕末の混乱した政局の中、第15代将軍徳川慶喜は朝廷に統治権を返上する大政奉還を行い、倒幕運動の大義名分を失わせた。
- Amid political turmoil, at the end of the Edo period, the 15th Shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned political power to the Imperial Court (Taisei Hokan), and diminished the legitimate reason for the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- 良寛坊主が残した戒語のひとつ「好んで唐言葉を使う」によって表される社会の気分・雰囲気から生まれたものだと思われる。
- This was probably a result of the social feeling or atmosphere, as indicated by words of warning by the priest Ryokan, who 'preferred to use the words of Tang.'
- 現在は鴨川 (淀川水系)において京都側と伏見側で分断されており、上流側を高瀬川、下流側を東高瀬川、新高瀬川と呼ぶ。
- Today the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system) divides the Takase-gawa River into two; the Kyoto side section and Fushimi side section--the upstream side is called Takase-gawa River and the downstream side is called Higashi-takase-gawa River or Shin-takase-gawa River.
- 侍町とは、家臣の屋敷いわゆる武家屋敷が建ち並ぶ町であり、基本的には身分の高い家臣ほど、城に近い位置に屋敷を持った。
- Samurai towns were where the large estates of retainers, the so called Buke yashiki (samurai residence), were located and in general, retainers with higher position had a closer location to the castle.
- 1500年に朝鮮に訪れた宗氏の使者は11万5千斤の銅を持ち込むが、朝鮮王朝は三分の一を買い取り残りを持ち帰らせる。
- The envoy of the So clan who visited Korea in 1500 brought 115 thousand kins (69,000kg) of copper, but the Korean Dynasty purchased only one third of the total amount and told the envoy to take the rest back to Japan.
- 天平6年4月23日(734年)に出された勅(天皇の命令)には、「健児・儲士・選士の租と雑徭を半分免除する」とある。
- The Imperial decree issued on May 30, 734, said that kondei, choshi (non-regular soldiers) and senshi (soldiers guarding the Kyushu region) were exempted from a half amount of both so (rice tax) and zoyo (irregular corvee).
- 現在、黄砂の砂塵の大部分は、発生地である乾燥地帯を襲う砂嵐(砂塵嵐)により大気中に巻き上げられると考えられている。
- Today, it is considered that most of kosa dust is flung up into the air by sandstorms (dust storms) striking the dry areas where kosa can originate.
- 室町時代(むろまちじだい、1336年 - 1573年)は、室町幕府が存在した時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Muromachi period (1336-1573) is a period of Japanese history spanning the length of time the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was in existence.
- 国家の出納事務を行う大蔵省律令制における大蔵省や官営工房の中核である内匠寮と重複する部分も多く官制は度々変化した。
- Kuraryo had a large overlap with the Finance Ministry of the Ritsuryo system, which did the accounting and the Naishoryo (the institution where the furnishings and formality goods of the Imperial Family were made), which was the core of the government-run craft centers, and government-regulated organizations changed frequently.
- このとき「ぎゃあ!!」と大声を上げた山田に対し、龍馬は「ほたえな!」と言い、刺客に自分たちの居場所を教えてしまう。
- Hearing Yamada's scream, Ryoma yelled out 'Hotaena! (Be quiet)' which revealed where he was to the assassins.
- 半年が経過した8月、範頼軍は平氏軍を背後からつくため山陽道を進軍したが、長く延びた戦線を平行盛によって分断された。
- After 6 months, in August, Noriyori's troops were progressing along the Sanyo-do Road to attack the Taira clan from the back, but the line was stretched thin and was cut off by TAIRA no Yukimori.
- この人たちは、ひとたび、連歌を張行する、となると、主室で車座になり、身分の低いものでも気兼ねなく歌をよむのだった。
- Once these people performed renga (early Japanese poetry form) they would sit in circle in a shukushitsu (main guest room) and recite poetry without concern even for those with low social status.
- 上記の「事績」に記した中では、日本書紀編纂から筑紫大宰までの各々について、どちらの人物を指すのか説が分かれている。
- There are different views for which Mino no Okimi made the abovementioned achievements from Nihonshoki compilation to Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no Tsukasa.
- 冠本体上部の前面から側面に当たる部分(磯)が高いタイプを厚額(あつびたい)、低いタイプを薄額(うすびたい)と言う。
- Court caps which have tall iso (the part from the front to the side of a cap's main part) are called atsubitai, and Court caps which have short iso are called usubitai.
- 比良招福温泉は琵琶湖の湖西地区の近江舞子と比良駅の中間、琵琶湖から徒歩5分の場所に位置し比良山系を望める位置にある。
- Hira-shofuku onsen is located between Omi-Maiko in Kosei district of Lake Biwa and Hira Station in a place which takes five minutes on foot from Lake Biwa and from which Hira mountain range can be seen.
- 建築年は分からないものの、寛廷元年(1748)の絵図に描かれていることから、当時すでに住居を構えていたことがわかる。
- It is not known when the residence was built, but given the fact that it appears on a pictorial map drawn in 1748, it had already been established around that time.
- その狭い面積の半分以上を山地と琵琶湖が占めており、都道府県の面積一覧2001年 可住地面積の順位は大阪府よりも狭い。
- More than half of the small area is occupied by mountains and Lake Biwa, so the inhabitable land area of Shiga measured in 2001 was smaller than that of Osaka.
- 前述のように表向きは一揆の盟約が禁止されていながらも、百姓身分の権利行使の慣例として現実的には認めざるを得なかった。
- In reality, even if ikki was ostensibly prohibited, they virtually had to admit ikki as a social custom by which to execute rights by people of peasant status, as mentioned above.
- 以仁王の死後も頼朝は自らの関東支配の大義名分として以仁王の「令旨」を掲げ、寿永改元後も治承年号の文書を発給している。
- Even after prince Mochihito's death, Yoritomo was able to point to his 'princely command' as a just cause to rally the portions of the Kanto region under Yoritomo's own control, and continued to issue documents bearing the Jisho era name even after the era name was changed to Juei (arguing thereby that the current emperor's administration was illegitimate).
- 事績に不明な点が多く、686年(朱鳥元年)8月に志貴皇子と共に封200戸を加えられたが、以後の消息は分かっていない。
- Most of his achievements are unknown, and his life after he and Shiki no miko (the Prince Shiki [志貴]) were granted 200 households of fuko (residential units [ko] assigned as fiefs [fu] to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince) in 686 is unknown.
- 6月24日に行動を起こした大海人皇子は、大分恵尺を使者として、高市皇子と大津皇子に事を告げ、伊勢国で会うよう命じた。
- Prince Oama (Oama no Miko) who made a move on July 27 sent OKIDA no Esaka as an envoy to Prince Takechi and Prince Otsu to inform them of the situation and ordered them to meet him in Ise Province.
- 大伴にも高志との間に恒世親王が生まれていたが、平城は大伴父子の存在を無視してあえて自分の皇子高岳親王を皇太子に立てた。
- Otomo had a son with Koshi called Imperial Prince Tsuneyo, but Heizei ignored the existence of the Otomo father and son and explicitly placed his son, Imperial Prince Takaoka as Crown prince.
- 後宇多は、あくまでも邦良を自分の正統な後継者と考えており、後醍醐の即位は邦良が成人するまでの“中継ぎ”でしかなかった。
- Gouda considered Kuniyoshi as his genuine successor and the accession of Godaigo was only an 'interim' measure until Kuniyoshi came to age.
- 承和 (日本)7年(840年)に淳和が死去し、承和9年(842年)に嵯峨が危篤に陥ると、この分裂はたちまち表面化した。
- When Junna died in 840 and Saga fell into critical condition in 842, this break up became apparent.
- 古くから洛北の街道筋でも難所としてその名を知られており、鞍馬という名からも分かるとおり魑魅魍魎が現れる峠と伝えられる。
- Since ancient times the Pass has been known as one of chokepoints in main roads of Rakuhoku (Northern Kyoto), and as the name Kurama (a Japanese ghost) suggests, it is said to be a pass which various ghosts and monsters had gathered.
- 伴善男は伊豆国、伴中庸は隠岐国、紀豊城は安房国、伴秋実は壱岐国、伴清縄は佐渡国に流され、連座した紀夏井らが処分された。
- TOMO no Yoshio was sent to Izu Province, TOMO no Nakatsune to Oki Province, KI no Toyoki to Awa Province, TOMO no Akimi to Iki Province, TOMO no Kiyotada to Sado Province, and KI no Natsui and others who were implicated were also punished.
- しかし『愚管抄』にはその話は見えず、大将に任じられるのは院近臣の身分では常識的に無理なことから事実かどうかは疑わしい。
- But no trace of this version of events can be found in the 'Gukansho' and indeed, given the fact that close retainers of the retired emperor did not normally have the authority to appoint Commanders, it is doubtful whether this episode really occurred.
- 応安の半済令により、守護は実質的に荘園・公領の半分を簒奪することとなり、荘園の解体が緩やかに進行していくこととなった。
- Based on the practice of the hanzei law of Oan, provincial constables disfranchised half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government virtually, thereby resulting in the gradual demise of manors.
- しかし、8世紀後半に入ると、百姓階層の分化が始まり、百姓の逃亡が増加するなど、律令支配の転換を迫る状況が生じていった。
- However, entering the latter half of the eighth century, farmers became hierarchical, and situations to force the change in control based upon the Ritsuryo system, for example, an increase in the farmers to replace those who fled, were created.
- 当時はまだ関西国際空港が開港しておらず、関西地区における要人の大規模な受け入れ態勢が十分には整っていなかったのである。
- Kansai International Airport did not open yet at that time, and Kansai area was not fully ready to accept so many important persons.
- 但し、細川氏は領国支配政策として分郡守護代制を布いていることから、内藤氏が丹波一国を支配していたかどうかは不明である。
- However, because the Hosokawa clan used the Shugo system, a county-by-county ruling system, as the governing system for its territory, it is uncertain whether the Naito clan ruled the whole of Tanba.
- ここからの古道は国道425号に飲み込まれたと見え、大津越え近辺の区間などのわずかな部分を除けば古道の道筋は不明確である。
- From this point, the old road seems to have been incorporated in National Highway 425, therefore the old road is unclear except for few sections such as the section around Otsu-goe.
- 特に湯殿がある部分は明治41年(1908年)に増築登記されたもので、当時のものではあり得ない(お龍はその2年前に病没)。
- Since the space of the bathroom was added to the new building and registered in 1908, it can not be the same one as the time of the incident (Ryo had passed away two years before).
- 慶応3年3月、伊東らの一派は思想の違いなどから御陵衛士を拝命して隊から分派するが、同年11月、新選組によって粛清される。
- In March 1867, ITO and his group, due to differences in ideology, were assigned the post of Goryo Eji and separated from Shinsen-gumi, but were purged by Shinsen-gumi in November of the same year.
- 自分を追放し、室町幕府を滅亡に追いやった信長に恨みを抱く足利義昭が、その権力を奪い返すために光秀をそそのかしたとする説。
- This view advocates that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA who had hard feelings against Nobunaga who had expelled him and ruined the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), tempted Mitsuhide in order to regain Yoshiaki's power.
- さらに先、2又に分かれる道を右側に進み、鷺の森神社の森を左手に見て、また小さな川を渡った先の坂が2つ目の異説の坂である。
- Walk further, and you will reach a fork in the road; take the road on the right, and walk straight ahead; keep the woods of Saginomori-jinja Shrine on the left, and cross a small river again to reach the second alternative slope
- これによって、横大路沼(現在の伏見区横大路の京都市南清掃工場を中心とする一帯に位置した。)が宇治川・巨椋池と分離された。
- As a result, Yokooji-numa Pond (It was located in the expanse centered at the present Southern Kyoto Garbage and Sewage Plant in Yokooji, Fushimi Ward) was separated from the Uji-gawa River/Ogura-ike Pond.
- 残余は昭和6年、当時の上京区に編入されて、大部分が「上賀茂」を冠称する93町に編成され、一部が大字上賀茂として残された。
- The rest of the area was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1931 and was for a most part reorganized into 93 towns prefixed by 'Kamigamo' while some areas remained as Oaza Kamigamo.
- それは、承平天慶期の勲功者の子孫で侍身分の技能官人の家と認知され、武芸を家業としている郡司・富豪百姓・田堵負名らである。
- These certain individuals were gunji (district managers), wealthy farmers, and tato fumyo (cultivators/tax managers) who were descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha, samurais, family members of technical officers, and specialized in military arts as a family business.
- 更に堆積物の分析結果から、最も古い時代では白亜紀後期にあたる約7,000万年前から、黄砂が発生していたと考えられている。
- An analysis of sediments showed that kosa originated as early as in the latter half of the Cretaceous period, or from approx. 70 million years ago.
- 1979年に名古屋で採取された黄砂の分析では、おおむね1μm - 30μmのものが多く4μmくらいの粒子が最も多かった。
- An analysis of kosa conducted in Nagoya in 1979 showed that most of the sand grain sizes are distributed roughly between 1 μm to 30 μm, with its distribution peak at 4μm.
- 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
- Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.
- 「天皇の活動の在り方は、時代とともに急激に変わるものではありませんが、時代とともに変わっていく部分もあることは事実です」
- Although activities of the Emperor should not change dramatically with the times in principle, it is undeniable that some of them may undergo a change with the times.'
- そのため、1950年(昭和25年)には住民投票で舞鶴市を再び東西に分割する案が成立するが、京都府によって否決されて終った。
- In 1950, in response to these sentiments, a plan to divide Maizuru city into two was adopted in a referendum, but was rejected by Kyoto Prefecture.
- また国道1号及び国道9号という大動脈の分岐点であることから、京都府のみならず西日本の交通においても重要な場所となっている。
- Since it is the branching point of the big National Route 1 and 9, it is an important location not only for the transportation of Kyoto Prefecture but Western Japan.
- 北と南の気団が衝突した部分には、東西数千kmに渡って梅雨前線(ばいうぜんせん)ができ、数ヶ月に渡って少しずつ北上していく。
- In the part where northern and southern air masses collide with each other, a baiu front is formed for several thousands kilometers from east to west and it moves to the north gradually over several months.
- そして、トンネル入口から約1,800mの位置で、左カーブ(半径1,000m、反対側の下り線は直線)となり下り線と分岐する。
- The track curves to the left at a point about 1,800 m from the entrance of the tunnel with the radius 1,000 m, while the eastbound track on the opposite side maintains a straight line.
- 神仏分離(しんぶつぶんり)は、神仏習合の慣習を禁止し、神道と仏教、神 (神道)と仏、神社と寺院とをはっきり区別させること。
- Shinbutsu-bunri is to prohibit conventional syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism and to distinguish between Shintoism and Buddhism, Kami (Shinto) and Buddha, and shrines and temples.
- この点が歴史学において十分解明されていなかった時期には武士を国家の統制外で私的に武装する暴力団的なものと見る見方もあった。
- During the period when this point was not fully clarified in historical studies, bushi were sometimes seen as gang groups who were privately armed outside of the nation's control.
- このことは、院政下で活躍した北面武士などもその名簿を参照すると、侍身分以外の僧侶・神官などが多数含まれている事でも分かる。
- This is clear in the name list of Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), who were active under the cloister government, in which many Buddhist priests, Shinto priests, and others not of the samurai status were included.
- 内閣府政府広報室の世論調査により、君が代を国歌とすることについて大部分の国民に受け入れられていることが明らかとなっている。
- According to an opinion poll carried out by the Public Relations Department of the Cabinet Office, it became clear that a large segment of population has accepted Kimigayo as the national anthem.
- 表向きは一揆が禁止されていた中で実際には百姓身分の権利行使運動として恒例化していた江戸時代のいわゆる百姓一揆の時期を経た。
- Although ikki was ostensibly prohibited during the Edo period, there was actually a period of time during which the so-called hyakusho ikki (peasant uprisings) regularly broke out as the peasantry sought to exercise their rights.
- 対策が遅れている原因として、各国で黄砂の定義や分類(各国の黄砂参照)、黄砂に関する認識に相違点があることが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the recognition of kosa as well as the definition and classification of kosa (refer to the section of kosa in various countries) depends on the nation and the differences constitute one factor of delaying taking necessary measures.
- また、北海道・北東北、南西諸島などの周縁部については、これらとは異なる時代区分が用いられている(詳細→日本史時代区分表)。
- Concerning the areas located remotely from the center of Japan, such as Hokkaido, the northern Tohoku area and the islands in the southeast of the main islands of Japan, different classifications of historical periods are used (for more information, refer to the table of the classification of historical periods in Japanese history).
- 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
- It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.
- この処分案に対し、後陽成帝は非常に不満であったが、諸公卿・新上東門院など朝廷の主立った面々は賛成しており、処刑が確定した。
- Although Emperor Goyozei was very much dissatisfied with this proposal, court nobles and other influential members of the Imperial Court including Shinjotomon-in approved of it, and the penal sentence was finalized.
- 頭に被る部分と、巾子(こじ)と言って髷を納める部分、纓(えい)と言って背中にたらす長細い薄布の大きく三つの部分に分かれる。
- A Court cap roughly consists of three parts: the main part which covers the head, a koji where a topknot is kept, and a long strip of thin cloth called ei which hangs down to the back.
- 日本の市町村の廃置分合平成の大合併において、京都府内では既存の市名との重複を避ける為もあって「京」を冠するところが多かった。
- In the great merger of municipalities in the Heisei period, many cities crowned 'Kyo' in their names in order to avoid overlap from exsiting cities.
- 鎌倉時代末にあたる寛元4年(1246年)、後嵯峨天皇の退位後に天皇家は皇位継承を巡って大覚寺統と持明院統に分裂してしまった。
- In 1246, towards the end of the Kamakura period, the Imperial family fell into a struggle over the Imperial succession upon the abdication of Emperor Gosaga, splitting into two groups, the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) lineage.
- 両統迭立(りょうとうてつりつ)とは、一国の君主の家系が2つに分裂し、それぞれの家系から交互に国王を即位させている状態をいう。
- 'Ryoto tetsuritsu' refers to the situation where the family line of a country's monarchy is split into two and the monarch is alternately selected from these two family lines.
- 朝廷黒幕説には、中心となる黒幕として、正親町天皇・誠仁親王、あるいは近衛前久等の公家衆を主体とみるかについて意見が分かれる。
- Among views which advocates that the mastermind was the imperial court, there are different views with respect to the key person of the plot, for example, the Emperor Ogimachi, Imperial Prince Sanehito or a noble such as Sakihisa KONOE.
- また、4年後の鳥羽・伏見の戦いでは、旧幕府軍が男山の麓の橋本と淀川の対岸にある大山崎に分かれて布陣して新政府軍を迎え撃った。
- Four years later, at the Battle of Toba and Fushimi, the army of former bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) set up camps separately in Hashimoto at the foot of Mt. Otoko and Oyamazaki on the other side of the Yodo-gawa River to counter the new government army.
- 南及び西ほどこの傾向が強く、特に九州では、十数年に1回程度の割合で、この時期に一年分の降水量がわずか一週間で降ることもある。
- This tendency is stronger in the south and west, and especially in Kyushu, at the rate of once in ten-odd years, the amount of rainfall equal to that for a year rains in a week.
- とりわけ大津市は京都市中心部から約10kmしか離れておらず、JR大津駅からJR京都駅までは各駅停車でも9分で行き来ができる。
- Especially Otsu is close to Kyoto; it is approximately 10 km from the center of Kyoto City to Otsu City, and it takes only nine minutes from JR Kyoto station to JR Otsu station even by train that stops at every station.
- この上杉氏・北条氏の争いは全関東の諸豪族を二分して、北条氏康と里見義堯(上杉陣営)による国府台合戦などの戦いを惹き起こした。
- This struggle between the Uesugi clan and the Hojo clan divided gozoku the whole of Kanto into two groups causing battles such as the Battle of Konodai between Ujiyasu HOJO and Yoshitaka SATOMI (UESUGI SIDE).
- さらに、1352年、守護が軍費調達の名目で荘園・公領からの年貢の半分を徴発する半済を、近江・美濃・尾張3国に限定して認めた。
- Furthermore in 1352, the bakufu admitted that only three provinces of Omi, Mino and Owari had hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds).
- また、韓国に到達する黄砂の「発生から飛来までの経過日数」と「飛来時に黄砂が分布する平均高度」を調べた韓国気象庁の資料がある。
- Concerning the kosa arriving in South Korea, the South Korean meteorological agency investigated 'the number of days between the occurrence of kosa and its arrival in Korea' and 'the average heights of the arriving kosa.'
- この法令により、守護は荘園・公領の半分の支配権を主張することとなり、各地で荘園・公領が分割され、守護の権益が拡大していった。
- This law strengthened the provincial constables' claim of the right to rule half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government, and manors and lands under the control of the feudal government became divided in various regions, and accordingly the interests of provincial constables expanded gradually.
- 文献史料がなく考古史料が残る時代は、考古学上の時代区分に従い、旧石器時代 (日本)・縄文時代・弥生時代・古墳時代と区分する。
- The era when no historical documents are available and the historical archaeological materials that remain are classified, based on the classification of historical periods used in archaeology, in the Paleolithic period (in Japan), the Jomon period, the Yayoi period, and the Tumulus period.
- 『沙石集』では、酒宴の場を座席と、詩歌の場を会所と表現し、どちらからも、会所が文芸に関りの深いところだ、ということが分かる。
- According to 'Shasekishu,' it described the place of drinking parties as the seating, and the place of poetry reading as kaisho, and either way, it could be seen that kaisho was strongly related to art and literature.
- 皇太子どころか親王ですらなく、王に過ぎない彼の奉書形式の命令書は、本来は御教書と呼ばねばならないが、身分を冒してこう称した。
- But Mochihito, far from being the crown prince, wasn't even an acknowledged imperial prince, and as a mere princeling, his order, issued as a hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) must in fact be called a migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people); and for this reason, he exaggerated his social status with the name he gave himself.
- この場合、『公卿補任』『尊卑分脈』の記載から、難波皇子と栗隈王の間に「大俣王(おおまたのおおきみ)」を1代補うことが出来る。
- In this case, 'Omata no Miko' can be added as one generation between the Prince Naniwa and Kurikuma no Okimi according to the descriptions in 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Sonpibunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).
- 平安時代末期の院政期には、漆を厚く塗って形が崩れない冠となり、纓が本体から分離して纓壺に纓を差し込んで固定するようになった。
- During the regime of cloistered government in the end of the Heian period, Court caps were thickly lacquered so they would not lose their shapes, and ei was separated from the main part and it was put in etsubo (a pocket for ei attached to the back of the main part) to be fixed.
- 広げて持つときは要の少し上を持ち、閉じてからは片手で中心より根元よりの部分を軽く持ち、もう一方の手を下から先の部分に添える。
- To hold an open fan, the user has to hold it by the point slightly above the pivot; to hold an closed fan, the user has to hold it lightly with one hand by the point closer to the bottom from the center and place the other hand from below the fan to the position near the top.
- 「天皇の歴史というものを知ることによって、自分自身の中に皇族はどうあるべきかということが次第に形作られてくるのではないか。」
- I believe that I would gradually find the ideal image of the Imperial family by learning the history of the emperor.'
- 下剋上 / 下克上 (げこくじょう)とは、日本史において下位の者が上位の者を政治的、軍事的に打倒して身分秩序を侵す行為をさす。
- Gekokujo ('the low overturning the high,' a term used to describe retainers overthrowing their lords) describes situations in Japanese history that occur when a person of lower rank overthrows a superior either politically or militarily, and then supplants the superior's position in society.
- この傾向は南北朝時代に入ると顕著になり、荘園の年貢の半分を幕府に納める半済や、年貢の取立てを守護が請け負う守護請が一般化した。
- These trends became still more prominent in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts with the spread of the half-tax, in which half of the yearly proceeds of a shoen were turned over to the shogunate, and the shugouke system, in which the shugo was contracted with the duty of collecting the land tax.
- 貿易の回数が限られていたために臨時収入的なものに留まったが、1回の貿易で他の税収の数年分の収益を挙げる事もあったとされている。
- Due to the limited numbers of trade activities, they remained as income of a temporary nature, but it is said that there were cases where income from a single trade was as great as the other tax income of several years.
- 西日本旅客鉄道山陽新幹線および山陽本線・福塩線 福山駅南口から鞆鉄バス(11番のりば)「鞆港」行きで約30分、「鞆の浦」下車。
- From south exit of Fukuyama Station of West Japan Railway Company (JR West) Sanyo Shinkansen, Sanyo Main Line and Fukuen Line, take Tomotetsu bus bound for 'Tomoko' (Platform 11) and get off at 'Tomonoura' bus stop after about 30 minutes ride.
- 戦国大名は武力で自らの支配地域を確立していったため、従前の権利関係を解消して、支配地域を家臣や寺社へ分け与えることが多かった。
- As Sengoku-daimyos established their own regions of influence by force, they dissolved the previous rights and often gave their regions to the retainers, temples or shrines.
- 時代が下って武士階層の裾野が広がり、侍身分より下の地侍なども武士の扱いを受けるようになると、侍は上層の武士を指すようになった。
- As time passed, the range of bushi class was expanded and jizamurai (local samurai) with positions lower than samurai were also considered bushi while the term samurai began to indicate upper class bushi.
- しかし、1580年織田信長との抗争に敗れて顕如が大坂を退去した後は本願寺の分裂騒動もあって一向一揆という名称は見られなくなる。
- But in 1580, when their resistance to Nobunaga ODA was quelled, the Ikko (Jodo Shinshu) sect patriarch, Kennyo, was forced to flee the Ikko stronghold of Osaka, and thereafter a rift appeared in the power structure of Hongan-ji Temple itself, and from that point on one heard of Ikko ikki no more.
- しかしながら、石灰岩などの主成分である炭酸カルシウムが硫酸アンモニウムと反応して石膏となることが知られており(次の文で詳説)。
- However, it is known that, when Calcium carbonate, a major component of limestone, reacts with ammonium sulfate, gypsum is generated (to be described in details in the following sentence).
- 鎌倉時代(かまくらじだい、1185年頃-1333年)は、日本史で幕府が鎌倉に置かれていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Kamakura period (1185-1333, called 'Kamakura jidai' in Japanese) describes one distinct period in Japanese history in which the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was located in the city of Kamakura.
- 『正倉院文書』その他の資料によると、律令法の公法的部分は、奈良時代においては、継受法とは考えられないほど実際に施行されていた。
- According to 'Shosoin-bunsho' and other sources, during the Nara period, the public law portion of ritsuryo law was in fact enforced as if it was not an adopted law.
- そのため後醍醐天皇は再び武家権力との対立を深め、吉野に南朝 (日本)を開き南北朝二つの勢力に分かれて全国的な争乱の時代となる。
- For this reason, Emperor Godaigo recreated conflict with the samurai authority again and thus established the Southern Court in Yoshino, which marked the beginning of the nation-wide war between the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 中世では、その「人々」を構成するものもまた多様であったが、会所内ではその多様さから生まれた身分差を気にせず過ごすことができた。
- There were various things that structured 'people' during the medieval era, but one could spend time within Kaisho without concern for their birth.
- それは、身分の低い、例えば同朋衆が、連歌や闘茶などの遊びの際に同席して、同じ空間を共有できる場として、会所があったからである。
- It was because Kaisho was a place where people of lower status, such as Doboshu, could attend the games of renga and Tocha (Tea Gambling where the player had to guess the tea brand) and share the same space.
- 鎌倉時代を通じて、武家の統治機構である守護・地頭に属する武士が、地頭請や下地中分という形で国衙領や荘園を蚕食し始めるようになる。
- But as the Kamakura period progressed, the samurai-based administrative system, warriors serving as shugo (Protectors) and jito (estate stewards) began to take over kokuga (public) territories and shoen through such means as jitouke (in which an estate steward was contracted by the rightful owner of an estate to guard it) and shitaji chubun (whereby lands were divided between steward and owner).
- 中丹(ちゅうたん)とは京都府の丹波地方北部と丹後地方南部を指す呼称で、行政区分として舞鶴市、福知山市、綾部市の3市の地域をいう。
- Chutan indicates an area extending from the northern part of Tanba region to the southern part of Tango region in Kyoto Prefecture, where three cities of Maizuru, Fukuchiyama and Ayabe exist as an administrative province.
- その大部分は平安時代末期書写の東寺本(宮内庁書陵部に8巻、京都国立博物館に3巻、大谷大学に1巻架蔵されている)に収録されている。
- Most of them are collected in a handwritten copy created in the late Heian period, the Toji-bon (To-ji Temple book); eight volumes of the book are held in the Imperial Household Archives, three volumes in Kyoto National Museum, and one volume in Otani University.
- さらに、太平洋戦争での敗戦をもって近代と現代を区分することもある(以上の詳細→古代、中世日本、近世、近代、現代 (時代区分))。
- Furthermore, the timing of the defeat in the Pacific War is sometimes used as the end of the modern times and the start of the contemporary period (for more information, refer to ancient times, medieval Japan, the early-modern times, modern times, or the contemporary period).
- 所領の分散防止の観点から武士社会において先行して社会全般において「嫡流継承」の原理が完成するのは鎌倉時代後期に入ってからである。
- The 'chakuryu succession' started among the samurai society first in terms of preventing the shoryo (territory) from being scattered, and it was not until the late Kamakura period that the basis of the system was realized by the whole society.
- 1947年(昭和22年)5月の日本国憲法の施行、および同憲法に基づく皇室典範の施行後は、皇族の身分を離れることを皇籍離脱という。
- After the enactment of the Japanese Constitution and the Imperial House Act drawn up in accordance with the Constitution in May of 1947, the term Koseki Ridatsu is used to refer to secession from the Imperial Family.
- その一方でうかつに実施した場合、後任の太子の人選によっては宮廷内外に大混乱、最悪の場合内乱や国家の分裂を引き起こす可能性がある。
- On the other hand, if a prince is disinherited carelessly, the selection of his successor could raise havoc in the imperial court and its environment, or even cause a civil war or disruption of the country in the worst-case scenario.
- 以上のとおり、天皇及び皇族の身分関係に関する事項は皇統譜令に基づく皇統譜に登録されるため、天皇及び皇族は戸籍法の適用を受けない。
- As mentioned above, entries concerning statuses of the Emperor and of members of the Imperial family are registered in the Kotofu according to the Kotofu Rei, and thus the Family Registration Law is not applied to Emperors and members of the Imperial family.
- 三代京極高盛は寛文3年(1663年)に弟の京極高門に2千石を分知し、また寛文8年(1668年)には、但馬国豊岡藩に転封となった。
- The third generation lord Takamori KYOGOKU subdivided and gave a domain of 2,000 koku to his younger brother Takakado KYOGOKU, and in 1668 he was transferred to the Toyooka domain in Tajima Province.
- 大阪駅から新快速で約1時間35~40分(特急列車「雷鳥 (列車)」を利用して近江今津駅で乗り換えた場合は約20~25分短縮される)
- One hour and 35 to 40 minutes from Osaka Station by Shin Kaisoku (new rapid service) (It can be shortened by 20 to 25 minutes by taking Limited Express 'Raicho' and changing train at Omi Imazu Station.)
- 平均してみれば、領地(領主の直轄地)は耕地可能な土地のおよそ3分の1を占有し、農奴の保有地はそれよりも広いというケースが多かった。
- On average, the land (the land directly controlled by the lords) occupied more than one-third of the cultivatable lands and the lands owned by serfs were wider than these.
- 1977年(昭和52年)の「竹本処分」強行を経て、沢田敏男総長時代には吉田寮など学生寮の閉鎖に向け「学生寮の正常化」政策を進めた。
- After forcing through 'Takemoto shobun' (dismissal of associate professor Takemoto) in 1977, the president Toshio SAWADA implemented the policy of 'normalization of student dormitories' with the aim of abolishing student dormitories including Yoshida dormitory.
- そうした流れの中で16世紀中葉に登場した織田信長は、兵農分離などにより自領の武力を強力に組織化して急速に支配地域を拡大していった。
- Nobunaga ODA who appeared around the middle of the 16th century established a strong fighting organization in his territory, for example, by separating samurai from the farmers, and rapidly expanding his territory.
- また、果無山脈それ自体が近隣の河川(熊野川、日置川、富田川、日高川)の分水嶺となっており、工事による河川への悪影響が懸念されている。
- In addition, the Hatenashi mountain range is a dividing mountain of neighboring rivers (the Kumano-gawa River, the Hiki-gawa River, the Tonda-gawa River, and the Hidaka-gawa River), and adverse effect caused by constructions on the rivers is concerned.
- 会津藩に対する処分は厳しく「旧領の猪苗代か新天地の斗南どちらか3万石に転封」というもので、会津藩内での議論の末、斗南を選択している。
- So severe was the punishment of the Aizu that the Aizu Domain must move to either the former territory of Inawashiro or the new land of Tonami with 30 thousand goku; after discussion, it decided to be Tonami.
- 宗教については、日蓮宗や浄土真宗といった厭世気分と免罪への求心から発しその後救世への渇望と強い結束を見せた宗派の布教が成功している。
- With respect to religion, propagation of religious schools that started with a pessimistic way of thinking and desire for indulgence and later showed anxiety for salvation and strong solidarity such as the Nichiren sect and Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) succeeded.
- 戦史編纂研究所の分析は、世宗実録の敗戦記述を無視して偽使者の言葉のみを取り上げており、意図的に史料を歪曲して解釈している疑いがある。
- But the analysis conducted by the research center that compiles Korean military annals ignores the entry in the True Record of King Sejong's Reign that describes the expedition as a military defeat, focusing exclusively on the words of a man who claimed to be an emissary, leading to doubts about whether they intentionally distorted historical records to support their explanation.
- 尊氏は鎌倉において、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に勝手に恩賞を分配したり、建武政権の上洛命令を無視したりするなど、建武政権から離反する。
- In Kamakura, Takauji gave onsho (reward grants), at his discretion, to those who followed him in the battle of suppressing the war, ignored the Kenmu Government's order to return to Kyoto and became alienated from the Kenmu government.
- 武士身分を対象とした学校は、江戸幕府直轄の学校と、藩が運営した藩校に大別され、その規模、内容共にこの時代を代表する教育機関であった。
- Schools for samurai status were broadly divided into the schools under the direct control of the Edo bakufu and those run by each han (domain); both were educational institutions representing the period in their scale and content.
- カザフスタンでは、アラル海の例を見ると分かるように、農業政策の失敗により地下水や湖水をくみ上げすぎるなどして、土地の乾燥化が進んだ。
- In Kazakhstan, as known from the example in the Aral Sea, inappropriate agricultural policies caused underground water and wake water to be pumped excessively, expanding dry areas.
- 一般に、キリスト教やイスラム教に見られる一つの聖地だけに巡礼する直線型と、インドや東洋で見られる複数の聖地を巡る回国型に分類される。
- There is the direct type of pilgrimage seen in Christianity and Islam where a pilgrim visits only holy site, and the round-the-country type seen in India and Asia where a pilgrim visits several holy sites.
- 草創期の鎌倉幕府は、東国の支配権を有するのみだったが、それは当時の幕府を構成する武士たちにとって十分満足できる結果だったはずである。
- The initial Kamakura bakufu only had the right to control the Eastern provinces and this should have been enough for the bushi who were part of the government of that time.
- 関所の代官は年貢・公事の納入以外で京都に入る商品や往来する人馬から率分に応じた商品あるいは一定の金額を通行税(関銭)として徴収した。
- A local magistrate of a checkpoint collected pro rata goods or a certain amount of money as passenger tax (sekisen, checkpoint charge) from goods coming to Kyoto, and people and cargoes passing up and down, except delivery of land taxes, political operations and ceremonies by the Imperial Court.
- 伯母子山地植物地区は東を十津川渓谷、南北と西を和歌山県境稜線で画された地域を指し、神納川を境にさらに伯母子区および果無区に細分される。
- The Obako mountains plant region refers to the area which is surrounded by Totsukawa Valley on the east and by the boundary of Wakayama Prefecture on the south, on the north and on the west; the area is further divided into Obako section and Hatenashi section by Jinno-gawa River.
- 王家の分裂を固定化する意図によるものとする説と、皇位継承を王家の自律に任せ直接的な関与を避ける意図によるものとする説とが対立している。
- There are two opposing theories, one that this was done to establish a division in the Imperial family, and the other is that it was done to avoid direct intervention and leave the Imperial succession to the autonomy of the Imperial family.
- 現在では、行政区分としての用語に留まらず幅広く定着しており、官民問わず地域内の施設、事業所の名称に冠して用いられる事例が増えつつある。
- At present, the term Chutan is used extensively without being used only as a term of administrative province, and both public and private sectors prefixing Chutan to the names of own facilities and business offices in the area are on the increase.
- The term is used not only to indicate an adminimistrative area, but is increasingly used to refer to the names of various facilities and business sites, regardless of whether they are owned publicly or privately.
- 湖西線下り線から分岐する緩勾配の側線は、勾配を緩和することで牽引定数を確保することで、重量のある列車が通過できるように設けられている。
- The gentle gradient sidetrack diverging from the westbound Kosei track secures a certain nominal hauling capacity by decreasing the gradient in order to enable heavy trains to pass through.
- 武士(ぶし、もののふ)は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
- Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
- 神仏分離令は仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが、これをきっかけに全国各地で廃仏毀釈運動がおこり、各地の寺院や仏具の破壊が行なわれた。
- Although the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism was not issued for the purpose to exclude Buddhism from the country, it triggered a nationwide anti-Buddhism campaign, and people destroyed temples and Buddhist altar fittings across the country.
- 父系で見れば源氏だが、母系で見れば平氏、またはその逆という武将も少からずいて、去就に苦慮した者や、一族が2つに分かれて争った者もいる。
- Some warriors were Minamoto clan on the paternal side and Taira clan on the maternal side, or vice versa, and there were some who had a hard time deciding, and even families that split in two to fight each other.
- 平安時代末期、院政の進展に伴って内裏における陣定に代わって、上皇や法皇が自分の御所内において議定を行って重要な決定を行うようになった。
- At the end of the Heian period, with the development of government by a retired emperor, the abdicated emperor and cloistered emperor came to make important decisions after formulating agreements at their own residence, replacing the reign of the emperor at the Imperial Palace.
- 枝の下端は輪になっており、これを赤い絹のより糸で、蜷飾りの上端の下に向けて折って綴じ糸でしばられたところでできる輪状の部分の中に通す。
- The bottom of the branch was made into a circle, and it was pierced with a red silk strand into another circle made at the top of nina decoration which was bent downward and tied by a binding string.
- 日本では、鎌倉時代に天皇家(当時の呼称では「王家」)が2つの家系に分裂し、治天と天皇の継承が両統迭立の状態にあったことが最も著名である。
- The Imperial family (at that time called 'Oke') during the Kamakura period was split into two family lines and was best known to be in the state of Ryoto tetsuritsu regarding the succession of Chiten (retired emperor who runs the cloistered government) and Emperor.
- 鎌倉幕府初代将軍の頼朝がここを拠点としたのは、父祖ゆかりの土地であったこととともに、こうした地理的条件による部分が大きかったと思われる。
- Yoritomo, the first Shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, established his stronghold here largely because Kamakura was his fatherland and has these geographical features.
- 741年(天平13年)以降、国ごとに国分寺と国分尼寺が建てられることになったが、それ以前から国府機能と密着した付属寺院を持つ国もあった。
- A provincial monastery and provincial nunnery had officially been built by each province since 741, however some provinces had already built their own temple having a collusive relationship with 'Kokufu.'
- 南方に緩やかに、北方に急峻な地形であり、水系としては日本海へ注ぐ由良川水系と瀬戸内海に注ぐ加古川水系とに分かれる中央分水嶺となっている。
- Its topography is gentle on the south and steep on the north; and in terms of water systems, it is the central divide between the Yura-gawa Water System which flows into the Sea of Japan, and the Kako-gawa Water System which flows into Seto Inland Sea.
- 西九条地区は大正7年下京区に編入され、昭和30年の南区成立後は大部分が同区に属しているが、西九条北ノ内町の一部のみ下京区に残存している。
- The Nishikujo district was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward in 1918, and since Minami Ward was established in 1955, large part of it has belonged to Minami Ward while a part of Nishikujo Kitanouchi-cho has remained in Shimogyo Ward.
- 別の推定によれば、黄砂による医療・福祉分野の被害額や黄砂への対策費用は、年間3,640億ウォン(Kang, 2004年)だとされている。
- According to another estimate, the total of the amount of damage due to kosa in the medical and welfare areas and of the cost needed for the measures taken against kosa is 364 billion won yearly (according to Kang, 2004).
- シロッコは砂塵の混じった赤い雨を降らせたり、地中海に広く分布する赤土テラロッサの起源になっていると考えられており、黄砂との類似性がある。
- Scirocco resembles kosa in the following sense: It brings the falling of red rain that includes dust, and is considered contributing to the generation of terra rossa, the red clay distributed widely in the Mediterranean region.
- また、黄砂の観測やモデルによる黄砂飛散の推定結果などから、東南アジアで発生した煤や一酸化炭素が日本に飛来してきていることも分かっている。
- Furthermore, from measurements of kosa and estimates based on a kosa-scattering model, it has also been known that soot and carbon monoxide generated in eastern Asia have flown to Japan as well.
- 成人男性用の場合は三重白糸綴じ、女性の場合は五重色糸綴じの扇を用いたが、偶数を嫌って実際は1橋分減らしたり増やすなどして奇数にしていた。
- Adult men used three-layered fan with white binding string, while women used five-layered fan with colored binding string; actually, however, even numbers were regarded as ominous and people used fans with odd numbers of slates by adding or omitting one slate.
- 応永6年(1399年)10月13日、大内義弘は軍勢を率いて分国和泉国堺の浦に着き、家臣の平井新左衛門を入洛させるが、自身は参洛しなかった。
- On November 19, 1399 (Oei era), Yoshihiro OUCHI led his forces out and arrived at the inlet of Sakai (Osaka) at the border of Izumi Province, and sent his retainer Shinzaemon HIRAI on to the capital, but chose not to go himself.
- 亀山は、朝廷の訴訟処理機構の整備を進め、また公家社会の身分秩序を律する「弘安礼節(弘安書札礼)」を制定するなど、意欲的に政務に取り組んだ。
- Kameyama worked extensively to arrange a court management system within the Imperial court, and established 'Koanreisetsu' (Koan Shosatsurei) to maintain class order within the Imperial Court society.
- これに直接的な関連は無いが、1990年代前半に地方分権法案が審議され日本の遷都が検討された際に、仙台市も首都候補都市として挙げられていた。
- Irrelevant of this directly, Sendai City was named as one of the candidates for the capital when the draft 'law of decentralization of authority' was deliberated and the transfer of the capital in Japan was examined in the early 1990's.
- 山腹には青葉山にだけ自生するオミナエシ科の多年草「オオキンレイカ」のほか、イワヒバ科のヒモカズラなど、きわめて重要な種が多く分布している。
- Many important species of plants, such as Himokazura (Selaginella shakotanensis) of Selaginellaceae, in addition to Okishireika (Patrinia takeuchiana Makino) of the Valerian family, which grows naturally only in this mountain, exist on the hill side.
- これは、土地(下地)を折半(中分)するもので、両者の交渉(和与)で中分する和与中分と荘園領主の申し立てにより幕府が裁定する中分とがあった。
- The shitaji (lands) were divided into halves and there was wayo chubun (territorial division agreed to by compromise) where the lands were divided into halves by the compromise between the both sides and in some cases the bakufu divided the lands following the claim of the lords of shoens.
- 座は公家や寺社を本所として座役を納め、あるいは奉仕を行い、本所は座の構成員である座衆に供御人・寄人・神人などの身分を与えてこれを保護した。
- A za did za-yaku (duties imposed on a za) or offered services to a court noble, a temple or a shrine which was their honjo (a controller and protector of a za), and in exchange for it the honjo granted some status such as Kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial Household), Yoriudo (dependents of powerful nobles, temples or shrines), or Jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) to za-shu (members of a za) of that za.
- 七道は京を中心にして四方にのびる幹線交通路(水路も含む)に沿った行政区分で、東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道である。
- The shichido were administrative areas that followed the main roads (including water channels) which stretched away from the capital in all directions, and consisted of Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido.
- 細かい砂の粒子や、粒子に付着した物質、黄砂とともに飛来する化学物質(黄砂の形状と成分での説明参照)などにより、さまざまな健康被害が生じる。
- Fine sand grains, the substances stuck to sand grains, and the chemicals coming flying together with kosa (refer to the description of Shapes and components of kosa) inflict various kinds of damage on health.
- 同年6月、幽閉されていた義材は、側近らの手引きで越中国射水郡放生津へ下向し、政長の重臣であった婦負郡・射水郡分郡守護代・神保長誠を頼った。
- In June of the same year, Yoshiki, who had been confined, went from Kyoto to Hojo-du, Izumi county, Ecchu Province with the help of his close aides, relying on Naganobu JINBO, a chief vassal of Masanaga and deputy of the divided counties Nei and Izumi who had been appointed by a shugo.
- 現在では、考古学からする文化圏の検討と、北東北に分布するアイヌ語地名から、7世紀以降の蝦夷についてアイヌとの連続性を認める説が有力である。
- Nowadays, the leading hypothesis is derived from a theory that considers the issue from the perspective of cultural areas based on archaeology; another theory considers the continuity of Emishi after the seventh century with the Ainu, as examined from the perspective of toponyms of the Ainu language distributed in the northern Tohoku region.
- しかしながら、一応のところ、(原始・)古代・中世・近世・近代(・現代 (時代区分))とする時代区分法が歴史研究では広く受け入れられている。
- However, roughly it can be said that classifying the periods into (the primitive period), ancient times, the medieval period, the early-modern times, modern times, and the contemporary period is widely accepted in the researching of history.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
- Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.
- だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
- Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.
- 2年後再度訪れた使者は残余の買い取りを迫るが、朝鮮王朝は綿布の交換レートを引き上げた上での三分の一の買い取りを提示し、交渉は物別れに終わる。
- Two years later, the envoy visited Korea again and pressed the Korean Dynasty for the purchase of the remaining copper, but the Dynasty proposed they would purchase one third of the remaining copper after raising the exchange rate of cotton cloth against copper, and eventually, the negotiation ended in failure.
- 形態は、藩が設立し、藩学校の分校のようなものから、庶民を対象にしたもの、藩と庶民が協力して設立したもの、庶民のみの手になるものなどがあった。
- Gogaku had various forms: some were like branch schools of domain-run schools, and others were established for ordinary people; some were established by domains and ordinary people, and others were established only by ordinary people.
- 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
- The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.
- 本阿弥光悦が、江戸幕府から与えられた、京都の鷹ヶ峰の地に、さまざまな分野の、町衆の文化人や職人、芸術家たちを集めて、独自の文化を築きあげた。
- Koetsu HONAMI gathered artisans and artists from machi-shu (towns people) of various fields in Takagamine, Kyoto, which he received from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and subsequently build a unique culture.
- 同5年(484年)に清寧が崩御した後、皇太子の億計は身分を明かした大功を理由として弟の弘計に皇位(王位)を譲ろうとするが、弘計はこれを拒否。
- After Seinei passed away in 484, Crown Prince Oke tried to pass the Imperial Throne to his younger brother Oke for his great achievement of revealing their social status, but younger Oke refused it.
- 18世紀中頃に作られたと見られる新道と古道の分岐点を左にとって古道を進むと、観音堂の傍を過ぎ、十津川の支流・西川のほとりの西中大谷に降り立つ。
- And the road (the old road) meets a new road which is considered to have been built in the middle of the 18th century, the old road extends to the left, passes beside Kannon-do (a temple dedicated to Kannon), and descends to Nishinaka-Otani near Nishi-kawa River, a branch of Togtsu-kawa River.
- 平城は朝原と大宅の2人との間に子はなく、ほかの皇子たちはいずれも母の身分が低く、神野と大伴の隠然たる権威と存在感を無視することはできなかった。
- Heizei was not able to ignore the authority and existence that Kamino and Otomo had, because Asahara and Oyake did not have any children and all the other princes had lowly-born mothers.
- 応仁の乱は将軍や守護大名の没落を促進し、守護代であった朝倉孝景が守護大名の地位を得たことに象徴されるように、真の実力者の身分上昇をもたらした。
- The Onin War served to accelerate the downfall of Shoguns and shugo daimyos and to raise the status of true strongmen, as symbolized by the acquisition by Takakage ASAKURA, who had been a deputy shugo, of the rank of shugo daimyo.
- 過去に存在した町組や「区」に相当する行政区画は現在は存在しないが、便宜上明治12年(1879年)、旧4区が6組に分かれた時点の区分を採用する。
- While there are no administrative divisions today corresponding to the past Machigumi and 'wards', explanation will be made, for convenience' sake, according to the divisions at the time of the reorganization of the former four wards into six kumi in 1879.
- 兵卒の身分は依然として武士と農民の間に位置して低かったが、功を認められれば侍や特異な例ではあるが豊臣秀吉のように大名にまで出世する者もあった。
- The low status held by ashigaru was intermediate between that of samurai and peasants but there were those such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI whose abilities were recognized and who rose to the rank of daimyo (feudal lord), although it was a peculiar case.
- 敗戦後に研究はさらに深化したが、全体としてみれば個別化し細分化して、個々の条文の意味やそれによって定められた制度などは詳細に解明されつつある。
- After the defeat in the war, research deepened further, but in general, through individualization and fragmentation, the meaning of each text and the systems established based on them are becoming clarified in detail.
- しかし幕末には禁裏御料は郷内の半分ほどで、村々の所領関係が異なることは、山国の諸村が一体となり山国神社の宮座を堅持していく上で問題も多かった。
- But by the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), the remaining territory controlled by the imperial house was about half of the interior of the region, and territorial relations among the villages had changed; the various villages in Yamaguni had joined together as organized parishioners of the same local shrine, the Yamaguni-jinja Shrine, and the new balance of power led to many conflicts over land control.
- 「延喜格」の原文は残されていないが、『類聚三代格』や惟宗允亮の『政事要略』にその多くが引用されており、その相当部分の内容を窺い知る事が出来る。
- Although the original text of Engikyaku is lost, many of its passages are quoted in 'Ruiju Sandaikyaku' (a statute book written in the Heian period) and 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of political affairs in the Heian period) written by KOREMUNE no Tadasuke to enable present-day students to guess substantial contents of the text.
- 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
- The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.
- 7世紀頃には、蝦夷は現在の宮城県中部から山形県以北の東北地方と、北海道 (地方公共団体)の大部分に広く住み、その一部は日本の領域の中にあった。
- By the seventh century, the Emishi had lived broadly in the Tohoku region (from mid-Miyagi Prefecture through Yamagata Prefecture and to the north) and most of Hokkaido (local public entity), a part of which was included in the Japanese territory.
- NHKが中継した「即位の礼・正殿の儀」(12時20分から1時間40分放送)は、平均視聴率31.9%(ビデオリサーチ・関東地区調べ)を記録した。
- 'The Sokui no rei and the Enthronement Ceremony' (1 hour and 40 minutes air time from 12:20), which broadcasted on NHK, had an average audience rating of 31.9 percent (in Kanto region according to Video Research).
- 東西方向の帯状配列が顕著で、北から南に向かって三波川帯、秩父帯、四万十帯と古から新へ配列し、その周辺に新生代の田辺層群および熊野層群が分布する。
- The zonation that extends east and west is very clear; from north to south there extend Sanbagawa Belt, Chichibu Belt and Shimanto Belt, the northernmost belt is the oldest and the southernmost belt is the youngest; and around the belts are Tanabe Group and Kumano Group which were formed in the Cenozoic era.
- また、大内裏の造営のための二十分の一税などの新税や、新貨幣鋳造、新紙幣発行などの唐突な経済政策は倒幕戦争直後の疲弊した経済の混乱に拍車をかけた。
- Moreover, the assessing of a new 5% tax to fund construction at the Imperial palace complex and the abrupt economic policy decisions to mint a new coinage, issue new paper notes, etc. only exacerbated the chaos facing the economy, already exhausted due to the just-ended war against the shogunate.
- 遺言状も財産の分与をこまごまと定めるのみで後継者を指名する文言はなく、ただ次代の治天の指名は鎌倉幕府の意向に従うようにという遺志だけが示された。
- His will only specified the division of property without naming a successor, only indicating his wish that the naming the next Chiten should follow the wishes of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 当然、宗全は義視の後見人である勝元と対立し、将軍家の家督争いは全国の守護大名を勝元派と宗全派に二分化させて、その衝突は避けられないものとなった。
- Naturally, Sozen opposed Katsumoto, Yoshimi's guardian, and the rivalry for Shogunate succession divided the shugo daimyos in the whole country into two camps, those of Katsumoto and of Sozen, making collision between them inevitable.
- 「壬生」を冠称する町は、大部分がもとの朱雀野村壬生、一部が葛野郡西院村西院で、ともに大正7年(1918年)下京区に編入され、22町に編成された。
- Of the towns whose names are prefixed by 'Mibu,' most of them are located in the former Mibu, Suzaku village while a part of them in Sai, Sai village, Kadono County, and both were integrated into Shimogyo Ward in 1918 to be reorganized into 22 towns.
- この少量のニッケルを含む蛇紋岩の風化によりニッケル分が濃縮され二次的に生成した珪ニッケル鉱などのニッケル鉱物を含む含ニッケル粘土が分布している。
- Due to weathering of serpentinite containing a small amount of nickel, the nickel component becomes concentrated and nickel-containing clay including nickel minerals such as garnierite which is secondarily generated from the weathering is distributed.
- 戦国時代の城は、“よく知られ、有名”でないために、開発に際して必ずしも十分な調査や記録がなされないままに貴重な遺構が破壊されてしまうこともある。
- As castles of the Sengoku Period are not 'well-known and famous,' precious structural remains are sometimes destroyed without sufficient research and recording in developing land.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- 武芸の実務、技能官人たる武士もこの両身分にまたがっており、在京の清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が諸大夫身分、大多数の在地武士が侍身分であった。
- Technical officers who did the practical work of military art were divided into these two statuses and the military aristocracies such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and so on, who were staying in Kyoto, were in the shodaibu status and the majority of local bushi were in the samurai status.
- 国にも大・上・中・下の四等級があり、中国には介がなく、下国にはさらに掾も置かれないなど、職員の異同があるが、等級区分の基準はつまびらかではない。
- Provinces were ranked according to their size, as taikoku, jokoku, chukoku and gekoku, and were governed by different officials so that, for example, chukoku would not have a suke and gekoku would not have a jo, but the size classification criteria are unknown.
- 皇族・寺社・摂関領などを例外として、全ての荘園年貢について、本所側と守護側武士(半済給付人という)とで均分することを永続的に認めるものであった。
- The law recognized the right of samurais who were employed to serve the provincial constables (hanzei beneficiaries) to divide all customs and taxes on the manors equally with Honjo on a permanent basis, except for customs and taxes on the lands of the Imperial family, temples and shrines, and regent to the emperor.
- 蝦夷に統一アイデンティティーは無かったと解するか、日本との交渉の中で民族意識が形成されたであろうと想定するかは、研究者の間で意見が分かれている。
- Opinions are varied among researchers regarding the interpretation of whether the Emishi lacked a unified identity or if their ethnic consciousness was formed while they were negotiating with Japan.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 天武天皇が壬申の乱で大友皇子を破って即位し、自分の子の草壁皇子を皇太子としたことから、皇太子の交代をそれぞれの妃に伊勢神宮に報告させたという説。
- The third one is based on the fact that Emperor Tenmu defeated Prince Otomo to ascend the throne and raised his own son Prince Kusakabe to the Crown Prince, so he made both wives of the Crown Princes report the change of crown prince to the Ise-jingu Shrine.
- 翌年3月11日に吉親が死去すると、その隠居料であった5000石は英知の弟・小出吉直と小出吉忠がそれぞれ3000石と2000石に分割して相続した。
- When Yoshichika died on March 11 the next year, his retirement benefice of 5,000 koku was divided between Yoshinao KOIDE and Yoshitada KOIDE, Fusatomo's younger brothers, who inherited territories with yields of 3,000 koku and 2,000 koku respectively.
- なお、東海道から京街道に入る場合は三条大橋は通らず髭茶屋追分(大津市追分町)で南西に折れるルート(大津街道)をとるため、大津宿の次は伏見宿となる。
- Furthermore, when entering the Kyokaido Road from the Tokaido Road, Sanjo-Ohashi Bridge will not be crossed, and the route taken will turn southwest at Higechaya-oiwake (髭茶屋追分) (Oiwake-cho, Otsu City), so the station following Otsu-juku Station will be Fushimi-juku Station.
- これは、条例においては「笹屋町一・二・三丁目」「笹屋四・五丁目」「猪熊一・二丁目」を丁目ごとに1町と数えているため、4町分の差を生じたものである。
- This is because 'chome' in '1, 2 and 3-chome, Sasaya-cho', '4 and 5-chome, Sasaya', and '1 and 2-chome, Inokuma' are being counted as one town, resulting in the difference by four towns.
- 峠から麓までアスファルトで舗装されており、道幅も1.8車線程度、狭窄しても1.5車線程度までにしかならないので、普通車同士の離合も十分可能である。
- The road is paved with asphalt from the foot to the peak with 1.8 lanes wide, or still with 1.5 lanes wide in the narrowest part, so standard-sized cars can pass each other easily.
- 備前国を手中にした宇喜多直家は時代を読む目があった人物のようで、羽柴秀吉が播磨姫路城に入ると降伏、自分の嫡子宇喜多秀家を秀吉に人質にするなどした。
- Naoie UKITA, who acquired the Bizen Province, seemed to have the capability to understand the characteristics of the age and he surrendered when Hideyoshi HASHIBA entered Himeji-jo Castle in Harima and made his heir, Hideie UKITA, a hostage for Hideyoshi.
- 当時、武士身分の領地所有は不安定であって頼朝軍への急速な武士の集結の背景には、武士による権利確立への強い希求があったのではないかと考えられている。
- In those times, the ownership of land by members of the warrior class was uncertain and it is suggested that the reason for the rapid gathering of bushi under Yoritomo's troops was because there was a strong wish for a government controlled by bushi.
- 文献史料がある程度残る時代以降は政治センターの所在地に従って、飛鳥時代・奈良時代・平安時代・鎌倉時代・室町時代・安土桃山時代・江戸時代と区分する。
- The era when a certain amount of historical documents remain are classified, based upon where the political center was located, into the Asuka period, the Nara period, the Heian period, the Kamakura period, the Muromachi period, the Azuchi-Momoyam period, and the Edo period.
- 『日本書紀』によると、雄略天皇は采女の童女君がたった一夜で身ごもったために、生まれた春日大娘皇女が自分の娘であるかどうかを疑い、養育されなかった。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' because Ominagi as a uneme (a court lady) had became pregnant with the Emperor Yuryaku after spending only one night; then the Emperor Yuryaku had doubts as to whether this daughter (Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume) was truly his child or not, and he did not raise her as her own.
- 皇族譜は、所出天皇により簿冊を区分し、各親王・内親王・王・女王につき一欄を設け、妃については夫の所出天皇に属する簿冊に各一欄を設ける(旧22条)。
- In the Kozokufu, thin booklets are divided per source Emperor (the Emperor who was the direct ancestor), and columns are provided for each Shinno, Naishinno, O and Nyo-o, and as for Empress consort one column is provided in a thin booklet of her husband, source Emperor (the old Article 22).
- しかし彼女が資産家の令嬢とはいえ皇族・華族出身ではない(新田義重の家臣生田隼人を遠祖とする士分の家系である)ことから、皇室内外から猛反対を受けた。
- However, taking her in marriage met strong opposition from the inside and outside of the Imperial household, because she was neither from the Imperial family nor from the peerage despite being a daughter of a wealthy person (She comes from a long line of samurai class with a forefather Hayato IKUTA, a retainer of Yoshishige NITTA).
- 1352年(文和元)、観応の擾乱における軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領から年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, the shugo were given the right of hanzei to collect half the customs from the manor and the Kokuga's territory within the province, in order to secure military provisions for the Kanno-no-Joran (turmoil of the Kanno).
- この山を制した方が天下を取ることになるとして「天下分け目の天王山」という言葉で表現され、現在でもスポーツやゲームの重大な試合や局面の比喩に名を残す。
- The battle has been expressed as the metaphor 'Tenka wakeme no Tennozan' (those who take hold of Mt. Tenno rule the world) which is still used especially in crucial matches or phases of sports or games.
- しかし、チベット高原は上空を流れる亜熱帯ジェット気流よりも標高が高いため、亜熱帯ジェット気流はチベット高原を境に北と南の2つの流れに分かれてしまう。
- However, as Tibetan Plateau is higher than the subtropical jet stream, the latter is divided by the former into two streams, northern and southern streams.
- 中京区においては、区のほぼ東半分の地域の町名は単独町名であり、西部は市町村合併以前の地名を継承する「聚楽廻」「西ノ京」「壬生」を冠称する町名となる。
- In Nakagyo Ward, town names in most of the eastern half of Nakagyo Ward are independent town names, while those in the western part of Nakagyo Ward are prefixed by the place names from before the municipal merger such as 'Jurakumawari,' 'Nishinokyo' and 'Mibu.'
- 文化芸術的にもこのような社会情勢を背景に新風が巻き起こり、それまでの公家社会文化と異なり、仏教や美術も武士や庶民に分かりやすい新しいものが好まれた。
- Given this societal milieu, a new style arose both culturally and artistically, differing from the cultural output of aristocratic societies heretofore, with a preference for new items in the Buddhist and fine arts that were easier to understand, catering more to warriors and commoners.
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 南北朝末期、花の下連歌が廃れたとき、その代わりを担った、主に北野天満宮で張行された笠着連歌もまた、参加者の身分を明かさずにおこなわれるものであった。
- When Hananomoto-renga disappeared at the end of Nanbokucho (the Southern and Northern Court Period), the Kasagi-renga (a form of renga) that came in place of it was performed mainly in Kitanotenmangu Shrine without revealing the background of participants.
- ただし、6巻本・7巻本も存在し、前者は第4巻を2巻構成に分けたもの、後者は6巻本より更に裏書(後述)部分を抜書きして独立した第7巻としたものである。
- There are also a six-volume edition and a seven-volume edition: the fourth volume was split in two for the former; the latter has the separate seventh volume which has excerpts of the uragaki (additional parts) in addition to the former one.
- 後世、神仏習合の教説で蔵王権現と同一視されたため、明治時代の神仏分離以降に、従来蔵王権現を祭神としていた神社で安閑天皇を祭神とし直したところが多い。
- In future generations, as Emperor Ankan was identified with Zao Gongen (the principal image of the Kimpusen Zaodo, and the highest worship object of the Shugendo) according to the teaching of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, the Shinto shrines which conventionally assumed Zao Gongen as an enshrined deity, replaced Zao Gobgen with Emperor Ankan as an enshrined deity after the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism in the Meiji Period.
- 県土の大半が琵琶湖であるかのように思われがちだが、最も面積を占めるのは山林(県総面積の約半分)であり、琵琶湖が占める面積は県総面積の1/6程度である。
- Although some think a large portion of Shiga Prefecture is occupied by Lake Biwa, it is forests that occupy the largest area (approximately half of the total area of the prefecture), and the area of Lake Biwa is approximately one-sixth of the prefecture's total area.
- フェロニッケルは特殊鋼、ステンレス鋼、高速度鋼などの製造には十分であり、日本火工ではクルップ・レン法を採用してフェロニッケルの製造をめざすことにした。
- Because ferronickel is adequate for the manufacture of special steel, stainless steel, high-speed steel and so on, Nihon Kako decided to employ the Krupp-Renn process with the aim of producing ferronickel.
- その過程で日本の境界領域であった旧琉球王国領域や、樺太を除く蝦夷地(北海道の大部分と千島列島)、小笠原諸島を完全に日本の領域内におき、国境を画定した。
- In the process, the government placed the former Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo area except Sakhalin (almost all areas of Hokkaido and Kurile Islands) and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) completely into the Japanese territories, fixing the boundaries of Japan.
- 親王、内親王、王 (皇族)又は女王 (皇族)が、皇族の身分を離れたときの登録に関しても、新旧令に大きな違いはない(旧31条、32条、34条、現5条)。
- As for register in the case where Shinno (Imperial Prince), Naishinno (Imperial Princess), O (male member of the Imperial Family) or Nyo-o (female member of the Imperial Family) left the status of the Imperial family, there is no major difference between the new and old Kotofu Rei (the old Articles 31-32 and 34, the existing Article 5).
- しかし皇太子という立場を慮った侍従の機転によって(内容が内容だけに、何が起こるか分からない)御座所に引き返して東宮大夫以下の近臣とともに放送を聞いた。
- However, a chamberlain, who was quick-witted enough to think about the complex footing of the Crown Prince (he must have imagined the worst scenario in the light of the humiliating contents of the announcement), took him to Gozasho (living room for the Crown Prince) to let him listen the broadcast with close aides from the Togu-daifu (the Lord Steward to the Imperial Prince).
- その為、天皇に質問された出席者は「陛下が自分のことについてこちらがドキッとするほどお詳しいので恐縮に堪えません」などと記者団に感想を述べることが多い。
- Therefore, those guests asked by the Emperor frequently make comments to the press that 'I am quite embarrassed because his Majesty had so profound knowledge of me as to make me surprise.'
- この頃から高市皇子は天武天皇の皇子の中で3番目とされるようになった(皇女を母にもつ草壁皇子、大津皇子に次ぐ。母親の身分による序列では10人中8番目)。
- Around that time on, Prince Takechi was regarded as the third among the princes of Emperor Tenmu (He followed Prince Kusakabe and Prince Otsu whose mother were Imperial princesses In the ranking by the status of mother, he was the eighth out of ten).
- 日本の学界では中国の荘園に対する理解(主に「世界史の基本原則」及び中世ヨーロッパの荘園との対比)について大きく分けると2説に分かれて論争が行われてきた。
- Concerning the understanding on Chinese shoens in Japanese academia (mainly the contrast between 'the basic principle of world history' and European shoens in medieval times), opinions have been divided roughly into two theories and disputed.
- そういった国歌の有り様は、1876年(明治9年)に、海軍楽長・中村裕庸が海軍軍務局長宛に出した「君が代」楽譜を改訂する上申書の以下の部分でもうかがえる。
- We can have a glimpse of the plight of the national anthem in the following part of the written report for revising the musical score of 'Kimigayo' submitted to the Chief of the Bureau of Naval Affair in 1876 by Suketsune NAKAMURA, who was the Kapellmeister of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 現在の日本で、人口十万以上の都市の半分以上は城下町を起源とするが、大火や戦災、開発などで姿が変わり、往時を偲ぶことのできる城下町は少なくなってきている。
- Currently in Japan, half of the cities with over 100,000 in population were originally jokamachi, but with large fires, war, and development, they have changed so much that it is rare to find jokamachi that reflect what they looked like in the past.
- 明日香皇女は、母が豪族の娘という身分にしては、持統天皇の訪問を受けたり、彼女の病気平癒のために108人の沙門を出家させたりなど、異例の扱いを受けている。
- The Imperial Princess Asuka, despite of the fact that her mother was a daughter of a merely local ruling family, was given an unusual treatment, as she was visited by the Empress Jito, who also persuaded 108 people to become priests, praying for the recovery of the princess from her illness.
- 区のおおむね南半分は大正7年(1918年)及び昭和6年(1931年)に愛宕郡(おたぎぐん)及び葛野郡(かどのぐん)から当時の上京区に編入された区域である。
- The southern half of the ward roughly consists of towns transferred from the Counties of Otagi and Kadono to the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 and 1931.
- その後、公家・武家・寺院に権力が分散し、税の畿内集中が弱まることもあったが、室町幕府や南朝 (日本)が置かれたり、貿易により兵庫や堺が伸張して富を集めた。
- Thereafter, although the power was dispersed in court nobles, samurai families and temples, and the concentration of taxes in Kinai region was sometimes weakened, wealth was taken in with the establishment of the the Muromachi shogunate government and the South Court (Japan) as well as the expansion of Hyogo and Sakai by trade.
- そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
- The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.
- これに激怒した天皇は阿野を閉門処分にして宮中警護の武士を小倉邸に派遣して同邸を制圧、一宮を飛鳥井雅豊邸に幽閉した上、幕府に対し小倉実起への処分を要請した。
- Furious at this outcome, the Emperor ordered Ano under house arrest, sent warriors guarding the Imperial Place to Ogura's residence, which was occupied by the warriors, confined Ichinomiya in the residence of Masatoyo ASUKAI, and requested the Bakufu to punish Saneoki OGURA.
- 律令法は形式、内容ともに主として唐の律令を模範とした法制であって、この時代の東洋で一種の世界法の役割を果たした唐の律令の日本における分枝とみるべきである。
- Ritsuryo law was a legal system modeled mainly upon the Tang ritsuryo in both style and content, and should be seen as a Japan branch of the Tang ritsuryo, which served as world law in the East, at that time.
- 9月23日 (旧暦)(新暦10月20日)、駿府から戻った所司代・板倉勝重より、事件に関わった公卿8人、女官5人、地下1人に対して以下の処分案が発表された。
- On October 20, Shoshidai Katsushige ITAKURA back from Sunpu announced the following proposal for the punishment of eight court nobles, five court ladies and one jige (lower class noble) involved in the scandal.
- 紀元前88年には、四道将軍の一人、大彦命がきいた童歌から武埴安彦命の反乱を予言したうえ、彼の妻吾田媛と二手に分かれて攻めてくるとも予言し、的中させている。
- In 88 B.C., she predicted the revolt of Takehaniyasuhiko no Mikoto from an old children's song that Obiko no Mikoto who was one of the Shido-shogun (Generals Dispatched to Four Circuits) had heard; furthermore, she also made a prediction which came true that divided into two groups with his wife, Ata hime Takehaniyasuhiko no Mikoto would make an attack.
- 天気予報の発表区分および気象警報・注意報の発表区分について、合併前の五條市域と旧吉野郡西吉野村域は「奈良県全域 > 奈良県北部 > 奈良県五條・北部吉野」。
- With respect to weather report classifications, and other warnings and advisories, the pre-merger Gojo City area and the former Nishi-yoshino Village area in Yoshino County belong to the 'whole area of Nara Prefecture –> the northern part of Nara Prefecture -> Gojo and the northern part of Yoshino, Nara Prefecture.'
- 区の北端近くを旧東海道が通り、東西方向にはJR東海道本線、東海道・山陽新幹線、国道1号、南北方向には京阪電鉄本線(大部分は地下化)、東大路通りなどが通じる。
- There is the former Tokai-do Road running near the north end of Higashiyama Ward, as well as the JR Tokaido Main Line, Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen, National Route 1 running in the east-west direction, and there is Keihan Electric Railway Main Line (mostly underground) and Higashioji-dori Street running in the north-south direction.
- 2002年4月に黄砂の発生・飛来地域で行われたエアロゾルの成分分析では、カルシウム鉱物に占める石膏の割合が、東の地域にいくほど増加したという調査結果がある。
- A component analysis of aerosol conducted in April, 2002 at a kosa-producing place and a kosa-falling place showed that the ratio of gypsum included in calcium minerals was larger in more eastern places.
- 同様に皇族にも院宮分国制が敷かれ、こうして権門層たる上級貴族、受領層たる国司、大名田堵たる惣司・郷司・保司が結びつき、荘園制とほとんど変わらぬ構造となった。
- In the same manner, the Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was applied to the high-level aristocrats, it formed a structure in which the high-level aristocrats were connected as Kenmonso, the Kokushi as Juryoso, and the Soji, Goji, and Hoji as Daimyo tato, resulting in as system which was little different from the Shoen system.
- 武家政権の誕生以前の日本は、天皇親政、摂関政治、院政など、主に皇族や公家から構成される朝廷機構の中枢から、官人身分の国司を全国に派遣して統治が行われていた。
- In the pre-military government era in Japan, the Imperial Court mechanism, which included the Emperor's direct rule, the government of regents and advisers, and the cloister government and were formed mainly with Imperial families and Court nobles, supported the nucleus of the administration, and thus provincial governors who had authorities of government official were sent all over Japan to rule the nation.
- 江戸時代の百姓身分とは、主たる生業が農業・手工業・商業のいずれかであるかを問わず、村に石高を持ち、領主に年貢を納める形で権利義務を承認された身分階層を指した。
- During the Edo period, a farming rank was one of social status in which a farmer had 'kokudaka' (crop yield) in his village and his duties and rights were approved by paying his nengu' (land tax) to the landlord, whichever his regular vocation was agriculture, labor industry, or commerce.
- 例えば、大分県豊後高田市の田染荘(たしぶのしょう)では、中世前期の荘園景観が残存している全国でも珍しい地区であり、このことを核として地域振興に取り組んでいる。
- For example, in Tashibu no sho in Bungo-Takada City, Oita Prefecture, the view of shoens of the early medieval times remains unusually even across Japan and they promote regional development through this.
- このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
- Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
- また、国政の安定を背景に、権力の分散化も顕著となっていき、例えば、地方官の辞令を受けた者から現地の有力者へその地方の統治権が委任されるといった動きも見られた。
- Also, backed by the country's stable administration, the decentralization of power became obvious, and there were examples such as someone who had received an official announcement of appointment as a local authority transferring that power so they could exercise sovereignty in the region to an influential local person.
- この時代は、守護大名や守護代、国人などを出自とする戦国大名が登場し、それら戦国大名勢力は中世的な支配体系を徐々に崩し、分国法を定めるなど各地で自立化を強めた。
- During this period, Sengoku daimyo (the daimyo, that is Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who came from the Shugo daimyo, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), or from Kokujin (local samurai) appeared, and the power of the Sengoku daimyo destroyed the medieval control system, raising their levels of independency, for example, by establishing bunkokuho (a law that individual sengoku-daimyo enforced within their own domains).
- 天皇・皇后・皇太后に関する事項を登録する大統譜と、その他の皇族に関する事項を登録する皇族譜があり、皇室の身分関係(家族関係)と天皇の血筋である皇統を公証する。
- There are Taitofu (genealogy which states various matters about Emperors and Empresses) to register Emperors, Empresses and Empress Dowagers, and Kozokufu to register things on the other Imperial family members, which notarized the lineage relation of the Imperial family members (family relationships) and the Imperial lineage of the Emperor's genealogy.
- 成立当初は帝皇系図・神祇道系図・宿曜道系図を伴ったらしいが失われ、現存する部分は源平藤橘のうち藤原氏・源氏の両氏(いずれも長く宮廷社会の中枢にいた)に詳しい。
- When first written, a genealogical table of the Imperial line, a genealogical table of the gods, and a genealogical table of astrology appear to have been included, but these have been lost, with the surviving books being especially detailed on the Fujiwara and the Minamoto clans (because both had taken over key positions in the court society) among the distinguished families which included the Minamoto, the Taira, the Fujiwara, and the Tachibana (also known as the Gen, Pei, To, Kitsu due to Chinese readings of the characters in their names).
- 明治に入り、五番町は四番町とともに独立の遊廓として認められ女紅場を設置したが有名無実となり、やがて東部と西部に分けられ、東部は芸妓、西部は娼妓とそれぞれ栄えた。
- During the Meiji period, Goban-cho was permitted as an independent prostitution district along with Yonban-cho, and 'Nyokoba' (Women's School); however, Nyokoba became a nominal institution, and Goban-cho was divided into two areas; an eastern area with geisha and the western area with prostitutes.
- 桃陵町は昭和26年(1951年)頃の成立、片桐町は昭和34年(1959年)の成立で、東奉行町、西奉行町、奉行前町は昭和36年(1961年)に桃陵町から分立した。
- Toryo-cho was established around 1951, Katagiri-cho around 1959, and Higashi Bugyo-cho, Nishi Bugyo-cho and Bugyomae-cho were separated from Toryo-cho in 1961.
- 応永の外寇(おうえいのがいこう、朝鮮では己亥東征と称す)とは、日本史の時代区分では室町時代の1419年(応永26年)に起きた、李氏朝鮮軍による対馬国襲撃をさす。
- The Oei Invasion (known in Korea as the Gihae Eastern Expedition, with Gihae being a reference to the year 1419) refers to a raid on the Japanese island of Tsushima by Joseon Korean forces that occurred in 1419 (the 26th year of the Oei era, from which the Japanese name is taken), meaning that it took place during the Muromachi period according to the standard classification of Japanese history.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- また、日本の南西諸島にはクチャ(学術名島尻層泥岩)と呼ばれる厚さ約1,000mの泥岩層が分布しているが、この層には黄砂由来の粒子が含まれていると考えられている。
- Approx. 1,000m thick mudstone layers called kucha (Shimajiri Mudstone in the scientific name) exist on the Nansei (Southwestern) Islands of Japan, and it is considered that the layers include sand grains that originated in kosa.
- 日本では第二次世界大戦前に三井財閥・三菱財閥・住友財閥・安田財閥などの財閥があったが、敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により分散させられた(財閥解体)。
- In Japan, there were several zaibatsu prior to World War II, including Mitsui Zaibatsu, Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, Sumitomo Zaibatsu and Yasuda Zaibatsu, but after the war they were dismantled by the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) (i.e., the dissolution of Zaibatsu).
- 国衙軍制と武士身分が確立する過程で、初期の武士が自分たちの地位確立を目指して行った条件闘争が武装蜂起にまで拡大し、平将門と藤原純友らによる承平天慶の乱に至った。
- Through the process of the establishment of the kokuga forces system and the samurai status, the conditional strike, which was originally started by the first samurai to establish their position, turned into an armed uprising, resulting in the Johei-Tengyo Revolt fought by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado.
- 前漢の高祖劉邦は皇帝になってから、「朕は沛公からはじめて暴虐を誅し、ついに天下を得た」として、挙兵の地である沛を自分の湯沐邑にして、沛の税や労役負担を軽減した。
- When the Emperor of Gaozu Liu Bang of the Former Han took the throne, he said 'At first, I was named Haiko, then I defeated tyranny, and finally I came to power.' and he made Hai, where he raised an army, his own Tomokuyu to reduce taxes and labor service.
- 幕府が諸外国と通商条約を締結して開国を行うと、在野の志士(活動家)たちは、水戸学の思想的影響のもと、名分論に基づき攘夷を断行しない幕府に対する倒幕論が形成された。
- When Bakufu executed trade agreements with various countries and opened the country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, activists outside of government, who were under the influence of Mito-gaku, built up the argument of tobaku against Bakufu, which, for reasons that were superficial, did not carry out the expulsion of foreigners.
- 2005年に滋賀県の「分権時代の県のあり方研究会」の報告書において、道州制の前段階として京都府と滋賀県の合併(京滋合併)が案のひとつに取り上げられたこともあった。
- A report published in 2005 by 'Workshop for the functions of each prefecture in the age of devolution of power' in Shiga Prefecture picked up the merger plan of Kyoto and Shiga Prefectures (Keiji Merger) as one previous step before introducing the regional system.
- そのため、高瀬川が北から鴨川に流入する地点は十条通付近まで移され、また一方で鴨川横断点の下流方向では鴨川からの取水が不可能となり、高瀬川は分断されることとなった。
- As a result, the junction at which the Takase-gawa River flows into the Kamo-gawa River from the north was relocated to an area near the Jujo-dori Street; on the other hand in a downstream area where the Takase-gawa crossed the Kamo-gawa river, it became difficult to carry out water intake from the Kamo-gawa River; as a result the Takase-gawa River was divided.
- 現存している茅葺き屋根の家屋の多くが江戸時代中頃から末期にかけて建てられたものであり、昔話に出てくる民家を思わせる屋根形状が特徴である「北山型民家」に分類される。
- Many of the existing thatched-roofed houses were built between the mid and late-Edo period that are classified as the 'Kitayama-style houses,' characterized by the shape of roof reminding one of houses in folk tales.
- 郡区町村編制法公布に伴い、明治12年(1879年)伏見区が設置され、上記の4区のうち第3・4区が各2分割されて6組が設置され、「伏水第○組」と称するようになった。
- Upon promulgation of Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), Fushimi Ward was established in 1879, and the wards Nos. 3 and 4 of the above four wards were divided into two respectively, resulting in the establishment of six kumi (unit), with each unit being called 'Fushimi kumi No. X.'
- よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
- It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.
- しかしながら、黄砂発生地の土壌・エアロゾルと中国主要都市のエアロゾルの成分を比較すると、後者のほうが硫酸イオンや硝酸イオン、重金属である鉛の濃度が高くなっていた。
- However, when the components of the aerosol in the soil of the place where kosa was produced was compared with those in major cities in China, it was found that the latter included more sulfide ion, more nitrate ion and more lead (a heavy metal).
- 吉野山といえば吉野大峯ケーブル自動車吉野山駅付近の「下千本」と呼ばれる地域から南方向の吉野水分神社あたりの「上千本」呼ばれる地域一帯を指すのが一般的であるといえる。
- Mt. Yoshino usually refers to the entire region from the area called 'Shimosenbon' near the Yoshinoyama Station of Yoshino-oomine-ke-buru bus corporation to the area called 'Kamisenbon' surrounding the Yoshino Mikumari-jinja Shrine, which is located south of Shimosenbon.
- 後醍醐天皇やその近臣らは中国への関心や朱子学(宋学)的な君臣名分論の影響を受けていたとされ、宋代の官制との比較などから、君主独裁政を目指していたとも考えられている。
- Emperor Godaigo and his vassals had considerable interest in China and were influenced by Neo-Confucian (the Song-period teachings of Chu Hsi) arguments of ruler and ruled and of moral duties, and it is thought that they were trying to set up a dictatorship comparable to the Song-era administration.
- だが成氏も享徳の乱を起こして、古河城に逃れて古河公方を名乗り、更に上杉氏は山内上杉家と扇谷上杉家に分裂したため、応仁の乱が始まるよりも前に関東地方は騒乱状態となる。
- However, Shigeuji also raised the Kyotoku Rebellion and escaped to Koga-jo Castle, where he named himself Koga-kubo (古河公方), and as the Uesugi clan split into the Yamanouchi Uesugi and Ogigayatsu Uesugi families, the Kanto region was in a state of turbulence before the Onin War started.
- 何れにしても、「織田・豊臣の時代」という概念をどこで区分するかの違いではあるが、室町時代、戦国時代 (日本)と重複してしまうことが、その定義付けを複雑化させている。
- In any case, it is a matter of where to divide 'the period of Oda/Toyotomi,' but the definition of this period has become complicated because it overlaps the Muromachi period and the age of civil war (Japan).
- 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
- Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
- これ以外で武士の身分を得るには、正統な武士身分の者の郎党となってその家伝来の武芸の伝授を受け、さらに新たに独立の家を起こすに当たって家芸の継承権を得るしかなかった。
- To obtain the samurai status except for this, he had to become a roto of a man with authentic samurai status, receive the instruction of traditional military art in the family and get the right to succeed the iegei, so as to establish a newly independent family.
- またこの地区は「茨木」姓が多く、茨木姓の家では節分に豆をまかない習わしがあり、また家の屋根に破風を作るとその家では不良が出るので作らないという言い伝えがあるという。
- Moreover, there were many people in this region whose family name was 'Ibaraki,' and tradition among Ibaraki families of the area holds that they not throw soy beans at Setsubun (a demon-exorcising holiday elsewhere known throughout Japan for the custom of throwing beans), and that gables not be built on houses, since the building of gables on houses was thought to bring misfortune on the family.
- 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤(せん)に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民(べのたみ)の後身である品部(しなべ)、雑戸(ざつこ)の身分がおかれた。
- The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
- これによって一族の財産や地位の分散を最小限に止め、血筋の尊貴さと正当性を有する嫡流は氏族の栄達を成し遂げ得る存在であり、庶流とも官位などの面で大きな差がつけられた。
- This minimized the risk of dispersing their fortunes and ranks; chakuryu, who held nobility and legitimacy of blood, were those who could advance the status of their clans and were greatly favored over the shoryu in terms of official ranks, for example.
- 盛子は夫・藤原基実の死後、摂関家領の大部分を相続していて、九条兼実は「異姓の身で藤原氏の所領を押領したので春日大明神の神罰が下った」(『玉葉』)と日記に記している。
- Moriko inherited most of the estate of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) after the death of her husband, FUJIWARA no Motozane, and Kanezane KUJO mentioned in his diary, 'Gyokuyo,' 'Since she forcefully took away the estate of Fujiwara clan despite being someone of an opposite gender, there was a divine punishment from Kasuga Daimyojin (the Shinto deity).'
- 三条西家の文書は、学習院大学、東京大学、国立公文書館、国立国文学歴史資料館、早稲田大学、カリフォルニア大学、天理大学、日本大学などの各研究機関に分散所有されている。
- Written documents of the Sanjonishi Family are variously housed in institutions such as Gakushuin University, the University of Tokyo, the National Archives of Japan, Kokuritsu Kokubungaku Rekishi Shiryoukan, Waseda University, University of California, Tenri University and Nihon University.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)の明徳2年(1391年)に出された「西大寺末寺帳」には8ヶ国、同時代のその他の史料から更に十数ヶ国の国分寺が西大寺の末寺であったと推定されている。
- Eight provinces were shown in the 'Saidaiji Matujicho' (list of all subtemples) made in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in 1391, and it is inferred from other historical materials of the same period that, other than those, kokubunji in ten and several provinces were subtemples of Saidai-ji Temple.
- これら有力守護は、幕府に出仕するため継続して在京することが多く、領国を離れる場合や多くの分国を抱える場合などに、守護の代官として国人や直属家臣の中から守護代を置いた。
- These powerful shugo often resided in the capital for some duration in order to serve the shogunate, and for that reason they appointed the shugo-dai (deputy shugo) from the kokujin and the direct vassals as deputies of the shugo when they left the province or had many provinces.
- 旧村域は大正7年、一部が「北白川」を冠称する12町(仕伏町、上池田町、下池田町、上終町、別当町、小倉町、久保田町、西町、追分町、平井町、伊織町、琵琶町)に編成された。
- In 1918 it was partly divided into 12 towns prefixed by 'Kitashirakawa' (Kitashirakawa Shibuse-cho, Kitashirakawa Kami Ikeda-cho, Kitashirakawa Shimo Ikeda-cho, Kitashirakawa Kamihate-cho, Kitashirakawa Betto-cho, Kitashirakawa Ogura-cho, Kitashirakawa Kubota-cho, Kitashirakawa Nishi-machi, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa Hirai-cho, Kitashirakawa Iori-cho, Kitashirakawa Biwa-cho).
- 区の大部分は明治35年(1902年)、大正7年(1918年)、及び昭和6年(1931年)、旧葛野郡(かどのぐん)及び紀伊郡の村から当時の下京区に編入された区域である。
- Most of its areas were villages in the former Counties of Kadono and Kii, which were then transferred to the former Shimogyo Ward in 1902, 1918 and 1931.
- 区の南西部、仁和学区の区域は、大部分が旧葛野郡聚楽村、西ノ京村、大将軍村の各一部で、これらの村のうち早くから町地化していた区域が明治元年に上京に編入されたものである。
- Most of the area of Ninna school district in the southwest part of Kamigyo Ward is a part of the former Juraku village, Nishinokyo village and Taishogun village of Kadono County, and the areas in these villages which had developed into towns from earlier times were integrated into Kamigyo in 1868.
- 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日 (旧暦)(1872年4月21日)のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
- The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
- 「できないことは口にしない、できることだけを口にする」という信念を持っており、家族が自分の役目をおろそかにしたときには「もうしなくてよろしい」と叱責したこともあった。
- Having belief of 'I only say what I can do, without saying what I cannot do,' he scolded the member of Imperial household when the member neglected his or her duty, saying 'I can no longer leave the duty to you.'
- 経之の子、経明には嗣子が無く、萬千子(まちこ)が中御門家を相続、婦人が戸主となったため、侯爵位を返上したが、分家から経恭(つねやす)を養子に迎えて、改めて旧に復した。
- When Tsuneaki, the son of Tsuneyuki, had no heir, and Machiko, a woman, inherited the Nakamikado family name, the title of marquess was returned; but the family adopted Tsuneyasu from a branch family and were able to recover their status.
- 『承久記』など旧来の説では、これは「官打ち」(身分不相応な位にのぼると不幸になるという考え)などの呪詛調伏の効果であり、後鳥羽上皇は実朝の死を聞いて喜悦したとしている。
- According to the explanation given in the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era) and other ancient sources, this resulted from the curse of 'getting too big for one's breeches' (the idea that if someone rose to an official post beyond what was appropriate for them, disaster would occur); when the retired Emperor Gotoba heard of Sanetomo's death, he was inordinately pleased.
- しかし、このような新政策は、当然、既得権を侵害される貴族・大寺社の抵抗や全国統一政権としての性格を強めつつあった幕府の規制を受けて充分な成果を挙げることはできなかった。
- However, such new measures naturally did not attain sufficient results because of resistance from aristocrats, large temples and shrines that had their privileges infringed upon and the restrictions imposed by the bakufu, which was strengthening its character as a united national government.
- 明治5年(1872年)には上京1 - 33番組が上京1 - 33区と改められ、33に区分される点は変わらないが、旧1番組が3区になるなど、番号を振る順番が変化している。
- In 1872, Kamigyo bangumi Nos. 1 to 33 were reorganized into to Kamigyo ward Nos. 1 to 33, and although it remains unchanged in terms of dividing the ward into 33, the order in which the wards are being numbered are changed, such as the former bangumi No.1 being numbered to ward No. 3.
- 江戸時代にベストセラーとなった『日本外史』でも、巻十一に「降りて戦国に至り、この兵各々群雄の分ち領する所となり(中略)之に教へて後戦う者は、武田・上杉より過ぐるはなし。
- In Volume 11 of 'Nihon Gaishi (historical book on Japan),' which was one of the bestsellers in the Edo Period, it is described as 'Later in sengoku (period of warring states), such military forces were divided and owned by local barons (snip) after teaching them, Takeda and Uesugi became the best fighters.
- また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
- And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.
- しかし、1990年代に黄砂現象の実態が詳しく分かるようになったことで、黄砂の実態把握には、数十年という長期間の監視体制を整える必要があることが次第に明らかになってきた。
- However, since the reality of kosa phenomena became known in details in 1990s, it became gradually clear that, to grasp the reality of kosa phenomena, it is necessary to deploy a monitoring system for a long period of several tens of years.
- 平氏の軍制の欠陥は、直属部隊が伊勢・伊賀の重代相伝の家人・「私郎従」と呼ばれる諸国の特定武士だけで、兵の大部分を公権力の発動によって動員する形態を採っていたことにある。
- The defect of the military organization of the Taira clan was that their direct troops consisted only of vassals from Ise and Iga and specific bushi from various provinces that were loyal for successive generations, and the majority of the troops were taken from official government calls to enlist.
- 義昭は先の義栄将軍宣下の関係者の処分を要求し、関白近衛前久と参議高倉永相は石山本願寺を頼って逃亡し、権中納言勧修寺晴右は蟄居、参議水無瀬親氏は義栄とともに阿波に下った。
- Yoshiaki demanded punishment of those who had tried to have Yoshiteru proclaimed as Shogun; Sakihisa KONOE, (Chief Advisor to the Emperor) and Nagasuke TAKAKURA, Councilor, fled to Ishiyamahongan-ji Temple to take refuge, Gon chunagon (Deputy Middle Level Councilor) Haremigi KAJUJI shut up himself in his house as an expression of repentance, and Councilor Chikauji MINASE accompanied Yoshihide in his exile to Awa.
- 皇子を憐れんで祖母・皇極天皇は皇子をとても可愛がったと日本書紀に記載されており、「萬歳千秋の後に、要ず朕が陵に合せ葬れ」と言い、自分が崩御した際一緒に合葬せよと命じた。
- According to the Nihonshoki, feeling pity towards the prince, his grandmother, the Empress Kogyoku, doted so fondly on him that she ordered at the time of her demise to bury him together with her, saying that 'even after a long period of time, be certain to bury him together with me in my tomb.'
- それ以前の鞆の成り立ちがどのようなものであったかは、はっきりしないが、遺跡の分布状況などから、弥生時代にはすでにある程度の集落が成立していた可能性が高いと考えられている。
- Although the origin of Tomo until that is unclear, the distribution of ruins and others suggests that it is highly possible that some sort of settlement was organized to some extent in the Yayoi period.
- また、同じく韓国で2003年、黄砂の飛来する前後に行われた疫学調査では、尿の成分測定で多環芳香族炭化水素(PAH)に属する発ガン性物質が平均で25%増加したと発表された。
- Also in South Korea, it is reported in 2003 that analyses of urine samples in epidemiological investigations conducted before and after kosa arrived showed that carcinogens belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) increased by 25 percent on average when kosa arrived.
- 実際、中国と日本の茨城県つくば市でそれぞれ採取された黄砂の成分調査によると、つくば市のものは二酸化窒素(NO2)や硫酸水素(HSO4)が増加しており、これを裏付けている。
- Actually, according to an investigation in which both the components of the kosa captured in China and those in Tsukuba City, Ibaragi Prefecture in Japan, were analyzed, the kosa in Tsukuba City included more nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and hydrogen sulfate (HSO4), supporting the relationship described above.
- 何ぞ文部省側の主張の如く一時の変態として之を看過するを得んや」「日本帝国に於て真に人格の判定を為すの標準は知識徳行の優劣より先づ国民的情操、即ち大義名分の明否如何に在り。
- How can we allow this to be overlooked as suggested by the Education Ministry, because it was just a temporary anomaly?'; 'In Imperial Japan, the true way of determining character is not by knowledge or good deeds but by national emotions, in other words, the cause.
- 正中の変(しょうちゅうのへん)とは、鎌倉時代後期の1324年(正中 (元号)元年)に起きた、後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府討幕計画が事前に発覚して首謀者が処分された事件である。
- The 'Shochu Incident' occurred in 1324 (late Kamakura period), where a plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu by Emperor Godaigo was discovered beforehand and the main perpetrators were executed.
- 関係者全員死罪を主張しながら、周囲の説得により手ぬるい幕府の処分案に同意せざるを得なくなった後陽成帝は、ままならぬ状況に絶望し、これ以降しばしば譲位を口にするようになる。
- Emperor Goyozei, persuaded by his aides into accepting the Bakufu's lukewarm proposal against his demand for capital punishment of all the persons involved, despaired at the circumstances which were out of his control and began to speak of abdication quite often.
- また皇位は基本的に万世一系であるとされており、皇位簒奪の具体例として挙げられているものは、未遂、あるいは本当に皇位簒奪かどうかは学者の間でも議論が分かれているものとなる。
- Also, basically, the Imperial Throne is said to be an unbroken imperial line and there is a controversy among scholars over whether specific examples of usurpation of the imperial throne were attempts or in fact, usurpation of the imperial throne.
- 京極高知は丹後国十二万三千石のうち、嫡男の京極高広に宮津藩七万八千石を、京極高三に丹後田辺藩三万五千石を、養子京極高通 (丹後国峰山藩主)に峰山藩一万石を分けて継がせた。
- Takatomo KYOGOKU divided 123,000 koku of Tango Province into three: he had his heir Takahiro KYOGOKU inherit 78,000 koku of the Miyazu domain, Takamitsu KYOGOKU inherit 35,000 koku of the Tango Tanabe domain, and his adopted child Takamichi KYOGOKU (the lord of Mineyama domain of Tango Province) inherit 10,000 koku of the Mineyama domain.
- 推古天皇が崇峻5年(592年)の豊浦宮(とゆらのみや)での即位から持統天皇8年(694年)の藤原京への移転までの、約100年間を日本史時代区分表として飛鳥時代と称している。
- About 100 years, from when Emperor Suiko ascended the throne at Toyura no miya Imperial residence in 592, until when Emperor Jito transferred to Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara) in 694, was called the Asuka period in the Japanese historical period table.
- 後宇多が記した大覚寺統の所領処分目録には、後醍醐の子孫は皇位継承権を持たないこと、後醍醐は邦良を自分の実子と思って待遇することなどが記され、そのことは関係者にも周知された。
- In the property allocation list for the Daikakuji line written by Gouda, he wrote that Godaigo's descendants had no right to succession and Godaigo should consider Kuniyoshi as his own son and this was also known to those concerned.
- 「京都市平安京創生館」では,平安京復元模型(1/1000:京域・鴨東・北山部分),豊楽殿復元模型(1/20),豊楽殿鴟尾実物大模型の他,平安時代の出土品を多数展示している。
- The Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum exhibits the reconstructed model of Heian-kyo (1/1000, Kyoiki/Oto/Kitayama areas), the reconstructed model of Buraku-den Hall (1/20), the reconstructed model of the Shibi at Buraku-den Hall (life size) and many other excavated articles from the Heian period.
- 南丹(なんたん)とは、京都府の丹波地方南部を指す呼称で、行政区分として京都府中央部の亀岡市、南丹市、船井郡京丹波町の3市町の地域(旧船井郡・旧北桑田郡・旧南桑田郡)をいう。
- Nantan refers to the southern part of the Tanba area of Kyoto Prefecture, and administratively includes the two cities and one town of Kameoka City, Nantan City and Kyotanba-cho of Funai-gun (former Funai-gun, former Kitakuwada-gun and former Minamikuwada-gun), all of which are located in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture.
- このように「阪神都市圏」と「京都都市圏」に分ける例は、国際連合のUrban Agglomerationやプライスウォーターハウスクーパース社の都市圏別GDPなどに見られる。
- Examples of it being divided in this manner into the 'Hanshin urban area' and 'Kyoto urban area' can be seen in the Urban Agglomeration of the United Nations and the GDP by urban areas by PricewaterhouseCoopers Co., Ltd., etc.
- これに対して宮廷内部は2つに分かれたものの、一見暴論でありながらも、予想外の事態で左大臣を失う事になるかも知れない信輔への同情は意外と多く、決着のつく見通しは立たなかった。
- The opinions about this matter inside the Imperial Court were divided into two groups, and reaching a conclusion seemed unlikely since more people than expected sympathized with Nobusuke, whose insistence seemed unreasonable at a first glance but who might need to lose the position of Sadaijin from an unforeseen event.
- しかし、その後裔氏族は美濃のみならず、常陸国・甲斐国・三河国・伊勢国・近江国・山城国・河内国・大和国・但馬国・播磨国・丹波国・吉備国・若狭国・因幡国など広汎に分布している。
- Besides the Mino province, his descendants expanded upon their territories into many different places such as Hitachi Province, Kai Province, Mikawa Province, Ise Province, Omi Province, Yamashiro Province, Kawachi Province, Yamato Province, Tajima Province, Harima Province, Tanba Province, Kibi Province, Wakasa Province and Inaba Province.
- 『里程大和著聞記』の記述には「道幅一尺」「難所」「牛馬常通不申」といった表現が繰り返し見られ、険しい峰道か峠道、あるいは獣道程度の道でしかなく、困難な道であったことが分かる。
- In the article about Kohechi in 'Ritei Yamato Chomonki', expressions like 'the road 1 shaku (about 30.3 centimeters) in width', 'dangerous spot', 'horses and cattle cannot go through the road' appear frequently, therefore it is known that at that time Kohechi was just a steep slope on a mountain or some animal trail that was very difficult for people to travel.
- 瀬戸内海の海流は満潮時に豊後水道や紀伊水道から瀬戸内海に流れ込み瀬戸内海のほぼ中央に位置する鞆の浦沖でぶつかり、逆に干潮時には鞆の浦沖を境にして東西に分かれて流れ出してゆく。
- At high tide, the ocean currents from the Bungo-suido Channel and the Kii-suido Channel flow into the Seto Inland Sea, where they collide off the coast of Tomonoura (located roughly in the center of the Seto Inland Sea); at low tide, however, they flow away from each other, with the current from the Kii-suido Channel flowing to the east and that from the Bungo-suido Channel flowing to the west and the coast of Tomonoura serving as a kind of central border.
- 昭和4年(1929年)の伏見市成立時には、「東・西」「上・下」に分割されていた町を再統合したり、小規模な町を隣町に編入する等の整理が行われ、町数は20減って168町となった。
- At the time of establishment of Fushimi City in 1929, some towns that had been divided into 'east and west' or 'upper and lower' were reintegrated and some small towns were incorporated into neighboring towns, resulting in the number of 168 towns with the decrease of 20.
- 諸蕃氏族は、さらに5分類され、「漢」として163氏、「百済」として104氏、「高麗」(高句麗を指す)として41氏、「新羅」として9氏、「任那」として9氏がそれぞれ挙げられる。
- The clans of Shoban are further divided into five types: 'Han,' which includes 163 clans; 'Kudara,' which includes 104 clans; 'Goryeo' (meaning Goguryeo), which includes 41 clans; 'Silla,' which includes nine clans; and 'Mimana,' which also includes nine clans.
- 特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関(だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所(だいりりつぶんしょ))を設置した。
- Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.
- 武力紛争の総数から見れば、その大部分は、隣接する非友好的な勢力が互いに、領地、あるいは、影響を及ぼし得る勢力圏の境境付近において繰り広げる小競り合い・抗争レベルの応酬であった。
- Judging from the total number of armed conflicts, most of them were exchanges of skirmishes/private wars which were conducted between neighboring unfriendly powers in the vicinity of the border of their territory or areas on which they could influence.
- 果ては幕府自体が財政難を救うためにあえて一揆を黙認して「分一徳政令」(紛争となった債権額の一割を幕府に納付した紛争当事者が自由に処理できるとした徳政令)を出すに至ったのである。
- Eventually, the bakufu even issued the 'Buichi Tokusei-rei' (Ten Per Cent Debt-relief Edict), in which a party involved in a conflict was allowed to dispose their credit at will if they paid ten percent of the credit amount in dispute to the bakufu, and they acquiesced ikki in order to solve their own financial difficulty.
- 「いつ兵隊にとられるか分からない。戦場に行けば必ず死が待っている。そういった緊迫した状態で学問に打ち込んでいた。寄宿舎の連中は皆そうだった。それだけにお互いの連帯感は強かった」
- I didn't know when I was to be called up for military service. Being called up inevitably led to my death. I concentrated on my study in such a tense atmosphere. So did all of my colleagues in the dormitory. For that reason alone, we had a strong sense of solidarity.
- 麹屋は北野社(現在の北野天満宮)の神人(じにん)身分を得て「麹座」と呼ばれる同業者組合(座)を結成して北野社(本所)の権威を背景に京都西部の麹の製造・販売の独占権を有していた。
- Obtaining the position of jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) at Kitano-sha Shrine (present Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine), the kojiya formed a guild called 'koji-za' and had exclusive rights to produce and sell koji malt in the western part of Kyoto backed by the authority of Kitano-sha Shrine (honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor)).
- そして、1911年(明治44年)1月19日付の読売新聞社説に「もし両朝の対立をしも許さば、国家の既に分裂したること、灼然火を賭るよりも明かに、天下の失態之より大なる莫かるべし。
- In the editorial of Yomiuri Shinbun issued January 19, 1911, the following idea was proposed: 'If both dynasties are allowed to oppose each other, it is clear that the nation is divided and this is the fault of the government.
- 戦国時代 (日本)から安土桃山時代にかけて、内藤清長・内藤正成・内藤家長・内藤信成らが徳川家康に仕え活躍し、その功績により江戸幕府の成立後は数家に分かれ譜代大名として隆盛した。
- From the Sengoku period (Japan's Warring States period) to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Kiyonaga NAITO, Masashige NAITO, Ienaga NAITO, and Nobunari NAITO served Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and worked so hard that the family was granted the right to establish several branch families, which flourished and provided hereditary daimyo to the Tokugawa House.
- いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
- In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.
- 京都府は旧国制度で丹後国、丹波国(一部兵庫県を含む)、山城国の3つに分けられるがその中で京都府南部地域(きょうとふなんぶちいき)とは大まかに、次の5つの定義がなされる場合が多い。
- Kyoto Prefecture can be divided into three provinces, that is, Tango, Tanba (including a part of present Hyogo Prefecture), and Yamashiro, by former province system, however, the southern region of Kyoto Prefecture has roughly five definitions as follows.
- さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
- In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- ただし、こうした現地支配の形態は、関係史料が少ないため明らかでない部分もあるが、平氏支配地に一律で適用されたのではなく、武士による支配を模索する中で現れたに過ぎないとされている。
- However, the details of this system of local governance are not clear because there are few historical documents, and it is considered that it did not happen consistently throughout the area controlled by the Taira clan, but was a transient phenomena while testing ways for bushi to govern.
- 酒呑童子は蒲原郡の砂子塚(現・新潟県分水町砂子塚)生まれで国上寺の稚児だったが、茨木童子は古志郡の山奥の軽井沢(現・新潟県長岡市軽井沢)の生まれでやはり弥彦神社に預けられていた。
- Shuten Doji was born in Sunakozuka in Kanbara county (modern-day Sunakozuka, Bunsui-cho, Niigata Prefecture) and served as a page-boy of Kokujo-ji Temple, whereas Ibaraki Doji was supposedly born deep in the mountains at Karuizawa in Koshi county (today's Karuizawa in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture) and his upbringing entrusted to Yahiko-jinja Shrine.
- なお、明治維新の官制改革で一旦は廃止されたものの、伊藤博文が進めた「宮中と政府の分離」方針に則って、1884年に宮内省に属する機関として復活し、1947年の同省廃止まで存続した。
- Although this position was abolished with the government system reforms that took place during the Meiji Restoration, in conforming with the plan by Hirofumi ITO to 'separate the court and government,' it was reinstated as an institution within the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 and continued until the ministry was abolished in 1947.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- そして、明徳2年(1391年)、11カ国の守護となり『六分の一殿』と呼ばれた大勢力の山名氏の分裂をけしかけ、山名時熙と山名氏幸の兄弟を一族の山名氏清と山名満幸に討たせて没落させた。
- And then, in 1391, Yoshimitsu bent his efforts on creating divisions and strife within the very powerful Yamana clan, which held the role of shugo (de facto governor) for 11 provinces and were called 'the lords of one-sixth of all Japan;' Yoshimitsu succeeded in bringing about the family's ruin when he had the brothers Tokihiro and Ujiyuki YAMANA strike against their own relatives, Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki YAMANA.
- それによると、平均値に比べてヒ素が22倍、マンガンが13倍、クロムが7倍、ニッケルが3倍という高い数値を記録しており、黄砂の飛来時には大気の成分が通常とは異なることを示唆している。
- In the investigation, the amount of arsenic included was 22 times the average value, that of manganese 13 times the average value, that of chromium 7 times the average value and that of nickel 3 times the average value, each quite a high value compared with the average value, were detected, suggesting that the components of the air in the time when kosa is falling are different from those of the ordinary air.
- 鎌倉幕府の権威を背景に荘園を侵略し、豊作凶作にかかわり無く一定額の年貢で荘園管理を一切請け負わせる地頭請や、荘園を地頭分と領家分に強引にわける下地中分など、一部で横暴も多くあった。
- With the backing and authority of the Kamakura bakufu, jito could (and many did) treat shoen very harshly; given their total contractual power over shoen to collect the predetermined amount for the annual tax regardless of whether it had been a good or a poor harvest, and their power forcibly to divide the land in a shoen into the jito's private section and the (absentee) owner's section, many jito were oppressive and little more than tyrants, in a sense.
- 賤民の身分は、陵戸、官戸、家人古代の家人(けにん)、公奴婢(ぬひ)、私奴婢の5階層に区別され、各階層は同一身分内部で婚姻しなければならないという当色婚の制度によって隔離されていた。
- The senmin (humble or lowly people) class was divided into five ranks, namely, ryoko (imperial tomb guards), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin (slaves of nobles), kunuhi (government-owned slaves), and shinuhi (privately-owned slaves), and the ranks were segregated by a tojikikon system where marriage must be between those of the same class.
- 畿内は当初大和国(やまと)・河内国(かわち)・摂津国(せっつ)・山城国(やましろ)の四カ国からなり、四畿内と称されたが、のち河内の国から和泉国(いずみ)の国が分立して五畿内となった。
- The Kinai region consisted of Yamato Province, Kawachi Province, Settsu Province and Yamashiro Province, which were called 'Shikinai' (lit. Four Kinai Provinces) but Izumi Province later became independent from Kawachi province and the region became known as 'Gokinai' (lit. Five Kinai Provinces).
- こうした内乱で大きな働きをした平清盛は、武士の身分でありながら異例の栄達を遂げ(平清盛の実父が白河天皇だったためとする説もある)、仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)には太政大臣となる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori was highly successful in quelling these rebellions and attained exceptional advancement even though he belonged to the warrior class (there are theories proposing that Emperor Shirakawa was TAIRA no Kiyomori's biological father), reaching the post of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in 1167.
- 平安時代(へいあんじだい、794年-1185年頃)とは、794年に桓武天皇が平安京(京都)に都(首都)を移してから、鎌倉幕府の成立までの約390年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Heian period denotes a period of Japanese history spanning roughly 390 years, from 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian Kyo (ancient Kyoto) to the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1185.
- 特に、玉置らは猛吹雪に見舞われ、峠での40センチメートルの積雪や和歌山県側の積雪で道が不明確であったことなどに阻まれて、充分な調査ができなかったと述べている[玉置 1979: 28]。
- It explains particulars about snow on the route as Tamaki and others encountered heavy snow and could not know even which was the right course since 40 centimeters of snow lay at one of the passes and there also lay the thick snow at the other side of the pass (Wakayama Prefecture), therefore they could not make sufficient investigation (refer to 28 of 'Tamaki 1979').
- 「一代主」の立場を甘受することもできず、自らが理想とする政策を充分に実現することもできなかった後醍醐は、唯一の突破口として武力により既存の政治秩序を根こそぎ破壊する道を選ぶことになる。
- Not being able to accept that he was in the position of a 'One-generation-head' and not being to sufficiently implement his idealized measures, he selected the path of destroying the existing political order by force as a way of breaking out.
- これらの町は、「山科」の後に旧大字名を付したものを冠称し、たとえば「東山区山科安朱稲荷山町」のように称していたが、昭和51年(1976年)の山科区分区後は、「山科」の冠称を廃している。
- For these town names, the former Oaza had been used after the name of 'Yamashina,' such as 'Yamashina Anshu Inuyama-Cho, Higashiyamaku Ward,' but the name of 'Yamashina' was not used after the separation of Yamashinaku Ward in 1976.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)には一族のほとんどが南朝_(日本)方に付くが、それが却って一族の分裂・弱体化を回避する事になり、南北朝合一後に京都に復帰した後も公家社会に留まる事を可能にしたという。
- Most of the family took the Southern Court side in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but this in fact helped the family avoid to being broken up or weakened, which enabled it to remain part of the nobility on its return to Kyoto after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 安土桃山時代(あづちももやまじだい、1568年 - 1603年)とは、織田信長と豊臣秀吉が天下人として日本の統治権を握っていた(織田政権・豊臣政権)時代を指す、日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Azuchi Momoyama period (1568 - 1603) is one of the age classifications in Japan, referring to the period in which Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held the right to rule Japan (Oda government, Toyotomi government).
- また、その京都府側では名神高速道路の大山崎ジャンクション/大山崎インターチェンジがあり、名神高速道路のバイパス機能を持つ京滋バイパスが宇治・滋賀(名神瀬田東ジャンクション)方面へ分岐する。
- On the Kyoto Prefectural side, there is Oyamazaki Junction and Oyamazaki Interchange on Meishin Expressway where Keiji Bypass, which functions as a bypass of Meishin Expressway, diverges into Uji and Shiga (Meishin Seta Higashi Junction).
- 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
- Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- すなわち、その年から翌年にかけて、藤原不比等(ふひと)をはじめとする編纂者たちは、 明法博士(みようぼうはかせ)または令官(りようかん)として、分担して律令条文を講説し、また解釈を治定した。
- From that year and on to the following year, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and other compilers took part in lecturing, explaining, and deciding the interpretation of the ritsuryo text as myoho-hakase (illuminators of the law) and ryokan.
- 前者が天正元年12月8日の『孝親日記』、後者が天正9年4月1日の『兼見卿記』の記述を挙げてることが多く、信長の皇室政策の時期的に相違する部分の一部を捉えて自説の論拠として挙げる傾向が見られる。
- In many cases, the former group refer to a description in 'Takachika Nikki' (Takachika NAKAYAMA's Diary) of January 10, 1574 and the latter a description in 'Kanemikyoki' of May 13, 1581, it is observed that they tend to pick up a part of Nobunaga's policy with respect to the Imperial Court that had changed over time to use as the ground for their own view.
- 朝廷の関与を否定する説も、否定しない説も、信長と正親町天皇の関係については、退位を要求したとする点に着目する説と、反対に、天皇自身の退位希望を信長が受け入れなかった点に着目する説とに分かれる。
- Whether or not involvement of the Imperial Court in the plot is denied, views on the relation between Nobunaga and the Emperor Ogimachi are divided into two groups, one to look at the point that Nobunaga is said that he required abdication and the other to look at the fact that the Emperor Ogimachi himself wanted to abdicate but Nobunaga did not agree.
- また、江戸時代末期から明治時代初頭にかけて、1町が「東・西」「上・下」に分割されたり、町組に属していなかった周辺部の町が編入されるなどして町数に変動があり、明治時代初期には267町が存在した。
- From the end of Edo period to the early Meiji period, some towns were divided into 'east and west' or 'upper and lower' and some neighboring towns not belonging to any Machigumi were integrated into Fushimi, and there existed 267 towns in the early Meiji period.
- このため、信長がこの問題にどう対応しようとしたのかについて諸説に分かれている(拒絶したとする説、征夷大将軍あるいは太政大臣に就任する事を内諾したとする説、結論が出る前に討ち死にしたとする説)。
- As a result of this, there are a few theories on how Nobunaga tried to deal with this offer: Nobunaga refused to accept any one of the positions, he unofficially agreed to accept the position of either Seii Taishogun or Dajodaijin, or he died in battle before reaching a conclusion.
- 更に天正19年(1591年)に鶴松が病死すると、秀吉は甥の豊臣秀次(内大臣)を養子として関白の地位を譲り関白が豊臣氏の世襲とする意思を改めて表明し、自分は太政大臣在任のまま実権を保持し続けた。
- Furthermore, when Tsurumatsu died of disease in 1591, Hideyoshi adopted his nephew, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI (Naidaijin), and yielded the position of Kanpaku to him, showing again his determination to relinquish the position of Kanpaku to only the Toyotomi clan and staying in power as Dajodaijin.
- 討幕計画に参加した上皇方の「合戦張本公卿」と名指しされた一条信能、葉室光親、源有雅、葉室宗行、高倉範茂ら公卿は鎌倉に送られる途上で処刑され、その他の院近臣も各地に流罪になったり謹慎処分となった。
- Court nobles such as Nobuyoshi ICHIJO, Mitsuchika HAMARU, Arimasa MINAMOTO, Muneyuki HAMARU, and Norishige TAKAKURA who had joined the Retired Emperor Gotoba in his plan to raise an army against the shogunate (who later became known as the 'kasen-chohon-kugyo,' meaning 'the court nobles behind the attempt to overthrow the shogunate') were sent to Kamakura but executed en route, and the various other ministers close to the retired emperor were banished and dispersed throughout the country or kept under house arrest.
- また交差点及びその周辺では、透水性舗装の車道に加えて、電線類地中化や歩道のタイル舗装化、中央分離帯には五重塔の屋根を模したデザインの照明が設置される等、環境・景観向上のための工夫が施されている。
- The intersection and its surrounding areas have devices used to improve the environment and appearance by making the road water permeable, centralizing electricity lines, decorating pedestrian walk with tiles, and having electric lights designed like the roof of Gojo Tower at the central division of the road.
- そのため、地域一円を荘園化して山や川などの自然物をもって境界とした荘園や分散した土地を合わせて1つの荘園として扱う場合など様々な形態が存在し、中には数路にわたって多数の荘園を有する者も存在した。
- For this reason there were various types of shoens, for example, they made shoen throughout the regions, drew lines between the shoens with natural objects such as mountains, rivers, and so on, and regarded the dispersed lands as one shoen and so on and some of them possessed many shoens across the roads.
- 執権北条時宗の代に2度に渡る元寇があり、鎌倉幕府はこれを撃退したが、他国との戦役であり新たに領土を得たわけではなかったため、十分な恩賞を与えることができず、これもまた武士たちの不満を強めさせた。
- During the time of the regent Tokimune HOJO, Japan was twice invaded by the Mongols, and although the Kamakura bakufu managed to repel both invasions, it was an international conflict and thus there was no enemy land to confiscate and award to their soldiers, leaving them unable to provide suitable rewards, something that only strengthened malcontent among the warrior class.
- その場しのぎの対応で法皇が実覚処分の要求を飲んだことから興福寺が激怒、天台座主・仁豪と法性寺座主・寛慶の流罪、祇園社を春日大社の末社にすること、実覚の配流停止といった3ヵ条を奏上として提出した。
- The Kofuku-ji Temple was outraged by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's makeshift handling of the situation and acceptance of the request to punish Jikkaku, and submitted to the Emperor the three pleas that Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) Ningo and Head priest of Hossho-ji Temple Kankei be banished; that the Gion-sha Shrine be a subordinate shrine of the Kasuga-taisha Shrine; and that Jikkaku's banishment be halted.
- しかし、うえの歌の「駒」が間人を譬喩しており、古代の「見る」が恋愛の直結するものであることから、自分の妻をほかの男に見られたの意に理解し、中大兄との近親相姦の関係を説く吉永登のような見解もある。
- Minoru YOSHINAGA who interprets the Emperor Kotoku's poem to mean that some man has stolen his wife, based on the assumption that 'a chess piece' is the metaphor of Hashihito and that in the ancient times 'to see someone' implies to love someone, says that Hashihito no Himemiko had an incestuous relationship with her brother, Naka no Oe no Oji.
- その後、高清との争いに敗れ近江を追われた政経は、経久と和睦し出雲に在ったと考えられており、吉童子丸へと家督を譲り亡くなるが、その吉童子丸の行方は分からず、出雲は戦国大名となる尼子氏の領国となる。
- After that, it is considered that Masatsune who was expelled from Omi after he lost the battle against Takakiyo was reconciled with Tsunehisa and lived in Izumo, and he died after he transferred his family estate to Kichidojimaru, but thereafter the whereabouts of Kichidojimaru is not known and Izumo became the territorial province of the Amako clan who became the Sengoku Daimyo; daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period.
- これらの町は2009年現在も大部分が存続しているが、1997年(平成9年)と2006年(平成18年)に土地区画整理事業実施に伴う町名町界の整理があり、町数は差引で12町増えて642町となっている。
- While most of these towns still exist in 2009, the names and the borders of some towns were changed in accordance with the land readjustment project in 1997 and 2006 and the number of towns became 642 with 12 towns having been increased.
- ただし、八条宮家から臣籍降下した広幡家(正親町源氏)と一条家(摂関家)から分家した醍醐家は、摂関家に次ぐ清華家に加えられて後には左大臣にまで昇進した者もおり、他の新家との待遇の差は歴然としていた。
- However, there were two families whose status was manifestly different from the other Shinke families, these being the Hirohata family (Ogimachi-Genji (Minamoto clan)) which was a part of the Hachijomiya family that had lost its membership of the Imperial family and the Daigo family (a branch family of the Ichijo family of regents): these families had the status of seiga just below the rank of regent and included members who advanced as far as sadaijin (minister of the left).
- これに対し、後鳥羽上皇は近臣藤原忠綱を鎌倉に送り、愛妾伊賀局(元は遊女の亀菊)の所領である摂津国長江荘、倉橋荘の地頭職の撤廃と院に近い御家人仁科盛遠(西面の武士)への処分の撤回を条件として提示した。
- In response to this request, the retired Emperor Gotoba sent his vassal Tadatsuna Fujiwara to Kamakura, who submitted as requirements that the punishment of the gokenin (low-ranking warrior vassal) Morita NISHINA (a member of the Western Guard Corps), who was close to the retired Emperor, be overturned, and the annulment of responsibility over the Nagae estate in Settsu Province, which belonged to the courtesan Igakyoku (formerly the prostitute Kamegiku), and the Kurahashi estate be repealed.
- 明治時代に入り、明治27年(1894年)に琵琶湖疏水(鴨川運河)が通じると、輸送物資の役割分担によって共存を図ろうとしたものの物資輸送量は減少し、大正9年(1920年)に水運は廃止されることになった。
- In the Meiji period, after Lake Biwa Canal (Kamogawa Canal) opened in 1894, the volume of goods transported through Takase-gawa River declined despite efforts to share the River's transportation capabilities with Lake Biwa Canal, and transportation through the Takase-gawa River came to an end in 1920.
- 神別姓氏は、さらに、ニニギが天孫降臨した際に付き随った神々の子孫を「天神」とし、瓊瓊杵尊から3代の間に分かれた子孫を「天孫」とし、天孫降臨以前から土着していた神々の子孫を「地祇」として3分類している。
- The clans of Shinbetsu are further divided into three types: 'Tenjin,' descendants of gods that had come with Ninigi for tensonkorin (the descent to earth of the grandson of the sun goddess); 'Tenson' (the grandson of the sun goddess); descendants who branched out in three generations from Ninigi-no Mikoto; and 'Chigi,' descendants of gods that had been on earth since before tensonkorin.
- だが、大規模な軍事衝突にも関わらず、参加諸大名の士気は低く、かと言って勝利の際の利益配分を期待しなかったわけではないため、結果的に首都で延々と11年間も決着が付かない軍事衝突を断続的に行う事になった。
- Yet despite the enormous size of the armies involved, morale among the various participating daimyo was low; this wasn't to say that they weren't hoping to be rewarded if their side was victorious, but as a result of this situation, inconclusive and intermittent fighting ravaged the capital for the next eleven years.
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- 経房の孫にあたる資経の子・吉田為経が甘露寺系、同じく吉田経俊が勧修寺系、同じく万里小路資通が万里小路系として分かれる(さらに経俊の子中御門経継からは中御門家が、曾孫の勧修寺経顕からは勧修寺家が出る)。
- The family split into the Kanroji lineage of Tametsune YOSHIDA, who was the son of Suketsune and the grandson of Tsunefusa, the Kajuji/Kanjuji lineage of Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA, and the Madenokoji lineage of Sukemichi MADENOKOJI (moreover, the Nakamikado family was established by Tsunetsugu NAKAMIKADO, who was the son of Tsunetoshi, and the Kajuji family by Tsuneaki KAJUJI, who was a great-grandson of the same).
- 光秀の敗因は思った兵力が整わなかったため十分な迎撃体制をとることができなかったことや、山崎が京から西国へと出るために要所であり、明智軍はこの要所を防衛する形で戦わざるを得なかったからだとも言われている。
- Mitsuhide's defeat is attributed to his inability to sufficiently equip himself for engaging the enemy on account of an unexpectedly small size of the mobilized troops and the circumstances which obliged his troops in the form of defending Yamazaki which was a key transit point from Kyoto to western provinces.
- 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
- This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.
- 紀伊山地は西日本を南北に二分する中央構造線以南の外帯に属し、南北方向に走る山脈、すなわち、紀伊山地中央にそびえる大峯山脈、十津川を挟んで大峯山脈の西側の伯母子山脈、北山川を挟んで東側の台高山脈を軸とする。
- The Kii Mountains belongs to the outer zone of the south of the medial line that divides the western Japan into the north part and the south part, and it is formed of mainly the mountain ranges which run from north to south including the Omine Mountain Range that rises at the middle of the Kii Mountains, the Obako Mountain Range that rises at the west of the Omine Mountain Range and at the opposite side of Totsu-kawa River which separates from Omine, and the Daiko Mountain Range that rises at the east side of Kitayama-gawa River which separates from Omine as well.
- 2つの皇統は、こののち、治天・天皇・皇太子の地位だけでなく、女院などの皇族たちが分散して管理する王家領荘園群の熾烈な争奪戦も演じることになり、王家は政治的にだけではなく経済的にも分裂状況に陥ることになる。
- The two Imperial lines fought fiercely over not only the positions of Chiten, Emperor, and Crown Prince, but also the Imperial private estates separately managed by nyoin (title given to some high-ranking female Imperial family member who have been Empress, etc.) and other Imperial family members, leading to a division within the Imperial family, both financially as well as politically.
- 近年の京都府出身の有力国会議員では、野中広務(旧園部町出身)や前原誠司(京都市出身)などがおり、党派では、野中は利益分配路線で「旧来の地域ボス型」、前原は新自由主義路線で「新来の若手ネオコン型」に当たる。
- Recently, Hiromu NONAKA (from former Sonobe-cho) and Seiji MAEHARA (from Kyoto City) are influential diet members from Kyoto Prefecture, politically with NONAKA being a politician of 'the conventional local boss type' using profits-distributing policies and MAEHARA being a politician of 'the new young neo-conservatism type' using policies based on neoliberalism.
- 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている(日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている)。
- Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).
- 従来伝承されていた『晴豊公記』は、天正10年4月分から同年9月分が欠けていたが、1968年(昭和43年)岩沢愿彦が内閣文庫(現国立公文書館)にあった『天正十年夏記』が『晴豊公記』断簡であることを発表した。
- 'Haretoyo-koki' that had been handed down had missing pages from May to September in 1582, but in 1968 Yoshihiko IWASAWA released 'The Record of Summer in 1582' he found in Naikaku-bunko (literally, 'Library of the Cabinet,' National Archives of Japan now) which was a fragment of 'Haretoyo-koki.'
- また、水場が乏しいこともあって、前鬼宿(奈良県下北山村)太古の辻以南の部分(南奥駈と呼ばれることもある)はたどられないことが一般的であり、現在でも大峯七十五靡を踏破する奥駈の行をおこなう寺院は限られている。
- In addition, since this area is short of watering places, it often happens that practitioner of austerities are not able to follow the route, the south of crossroad of ancient times (it is sometimes called minami okugake) in Zenki no Shuku (Zenki station) (Shimo Kitayama-mura, Nara Prefecture), and even now, temples which perform okugake practice (going through the entire distance of Omine seventy five nabiki) are limited.
- また、奈良市の大部分を占める市外局番0742(奈良第1MA)のエリアへは市内料金が適用され(但し市外局番は必要)、奈良県内(吉野郡など)へは県内通話となるが、南山城村を除く京都府域への通話は県外通話となる。
- Local rates are applied (though the area code is required) to numbers with the area code 0742 (Nara first message area (MA)), the major part of Nara City; calls to Nara Prefecture (including Yoshino-gun) are in-prefecture calls; and calls to Kyoto Prefecture except for Minami-yamashiro-mura are out-of-prefecture calls.
- 前述のとおり、明治35年(1902年)、大正7年(1918年)、昭和6年(1931年)には周辺の村を区に編入しているが、これらのうち葛野郡大内村と同郡七条村の区域はそれぞれ大部分が現在の下京区に属している。
- As described above, neighboring villages were incorporated into the ward in 1902, 1918, and 1931, among which large part of Ouchi village and Shichijo village in Kadono County belong to current Shimogyo Ward.
- 各地の大名によって城下町等に布告されたが、なかでも織田信長は、自分自身が美濃国・加納、近江国・安土町、近江国・金森 (守山市)に楽市・楽座令を布いただけでなく支配下の諸大名に伝達され、各城下町で実施された。
- Rakuichi-rakuza were proclaimed by daimyo throughout Japan, and these included not only those proclaimed by Nobunaga ODA himself in Kano, Mino Province; Azuchi-cho, Omi Province; and Kanamori, Omi Province (Moriyama City); but the practice was also conveyed to all daimyo under his control and rakuichi-rakuza came to be established in various castle towns.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- しかしながら、律令制度下の太上天皇制度が王権を分掌していることから事件が起きたという評価がなされるようになり、2003年頃から一部の高校用教科書では「平城太上天皇の変」という表現がなされるようになっている。
- However, some have concluded that this incident occurred because in the Daijo tenno (retired emperor) system under the Ritsuryo system sovereign power was divided, and the expression 'the Incident of the Retired Emperor Heizei' has been used in some high school textbooks since 2003.
- これら19大字は、大正11年の町制施行後は深草町の大字となり、昭和6年の伏見区成立時には「深草」を冠称する21町に編成された(大字北新は北新町、芳本町、芳永町に分離、直違橋二〜十一丁目は1町にカウントする)。
- These 19 Oaza became Oaza of Fukakusa town after the town system took effect in 1922 and were reorganized into 21 towns prefixing the name 'Fukakusa' when Fushimi Ward was established in 1931. (Oaza Kitashin was divided into Kita Shin-machi, Yoshimoto-cho and Yoshinaga-cho while 2-chome to 11-chome Sujikaibashi were counted as one town.)
- しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
- However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.
- 一方、師直は、武士たちが幕府に敵対したり南朝側についたりしないよう、十分な恩賞を与える必要を感じ、守護・地頭やその配下という形で公家や寺社の荘園を実際に管理している武家が土地支配者となるべきであると考えていた。
- On the other hand, Moronao felt it necessary to give sufficient reward to bushi to prevent them from confronting the bakufu or supporting the Southern Court, and thought that buke who had been the actual managers of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines as shugo (constable) or jito (land steward) should become the landlord.
- 保津川下りとほぼ同じコースをゴム製のラフト(ゴムボート)で下るラフティングは、一般的には観光川下りよりもスリルが味わえ、かつ「自分で操作する」という満足感を味わえるために人気が高まり、複数の業者が開催している。
- The rafting--going down almost the same stream as that of the pleasure boat trip by rubber raft (rubber boat)--has become popular not only because people are usually more thrilled than the pleasure boat trip but also because people can experience a feeling of satisfaction in 'operating the raft by themselves'; therefore, several companies has launched rafting trip here.
- 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
- The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.
- 『古事記』と『日本書紀』を編集した人物は、当代の天皇の正統性を確保しようとするために、これらの天皇とその年代を、当時最先端の科学(讖緯説)に基いて算出したと考えられるが、現在の科学からは疑問視される部分も多い。
- Editors of the'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' tried to date the ages of these emperors using the most advanced technology at the time so as to justify the orthodoxy of their emperor, but many modern scholars doubt their dating.
- 本能寺の変前年に光秀が記した『明智家法』によれば、『自分は石ころのような身分から信長様にお引き立て頂き、過分の御恩を頂いた。一族家臣は子孫に至るまで信長様への御奉公を忘れてはならない』という趣旨の文を書いている。
- In Mitsuhide's writings 'Akechi-kaho' (family rules of the Akechi clan) written one year before the incident, Mitsuhide wrote a sentence that reads 'I was set up in the world by Nobunaga from the status like a pebble and I owe him a lot. My family and vassals including their descendents should not forget to serve to Nobunaga.'
- 現在ではこの登山道が雲母坂として知られているが、具体的場所については同じくこの行者道の一部であった京都市左京区一乗寺 (京都市)の曼殊院道(京都府道104号高野修学院山端線部分)や、曼殊院参道とする説などもある。
- At present, this path is known as Kirara-zaka Slope, but there are other theories which say that Kirara-zaka Slope indicates Manshuin-michi Road (the portion of the Takano Shugakuin-Yamabana Line of Kyoto Prefectural Route 104), which was also a road used by the ascetics, in Ichijo-ji, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City or the road approaching Manju-in Temple.
- その後新政から離反した尊氏が北朝 (日本)を立て、南北朝時代 (日本)となると、京都争奪戦が何度も行われる(南北朝分裂以後、南朝 (日本)による京都占領は4度行われたが、いずれも短期間で足利軍に撃退されている)。
- Takauji, who distanced himself from the restoration, subsequently established the Northern Court (Japan), and numerous battles for control of Kyoto broke out during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (following the division into the Northern Court and Southern Court, the Southern Court (Japan) occupied Kyoto on four occasions but was repelled by the Ashikaga army within a short space of time).
- 行政区画は、天皇の権力の及ぶ範囲、畿内(大和・摂津・河内(後、和泉が分立)・山城)と七道(東海・東山・北陸・山陰・山陽・南海・西海)に分け(道制)、その下に66国と壱岐国(いき)嶋、対馬国(つしま)嶋が置かれた。
- Administrative areas were divided between the areas ruled by the emperor, the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara - Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi [Izumi later became separate], and Yamashiro), and the shichido (the seven districts of ancient Japan - Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido) (called 'Dosei,' a system of administrative areas according to main roads), and 66 provinces were created below these in addition to Iki Province and Tsushima Province.
- 床屋に怒られた童子は気落ちして近くの小川の橋にもたれてうつむいていると、水面に写る自分の顔がすっかり鬼になってしまっているのに気づき、床屋には帰らずに北の丹波の山に逃げ、やがて酒呑童子と出会い家来となったと言う。
- After being scolded by the irate barber, Doji was feeling despondent and wandered aimlessly down to the bridge over a nearby stream, hanging his head, only to notice that his face, reflected in the water, had completely transformed into that of an oni, whereupon he fled north, without ever returning home to the barber's, into the mountains of Tanba, where he eventually encountered Shuten Doji and became his henchman.
- 1355年(文和4年/正平10年)、幕府は半済の拡大を防ぐため、戦乱の収まった国の半済を停止するとともに、戦乱国においても、守護が年貢半分を直接徴収するのではなく、本所(荘園領主)から守護へ納入させることとした。
- In 1355, to prevent the spread of the hanzei law, the feudal government exempted provinces in which the disturbance had settled from its application and made the Honjo (lord of the manor) pay half of the customs or taxes to the provincial constable, instead of letting the provincial constable directly collect the customs or taxes from peasants even in the provinces in which the disturbance was still continuing.
- その後長屋王は養老5年(721年)に従二位右大臣、さらに神亀元年(724年)聖武天皇の即位と同日、正二位左大臣に進み、また、元正天皇も自分の妹である吉備内親王とその夫の長屋王に厚い信任を寄せていたといわれている。
- Prince Nagaya became Junii (Junior Second Rank) udaijin (minister of the right) in 721, promoted to Shonii (Senior Second Rank) sadaijin (minister of the left) in 724 on the day when the Emperor Shomu ascended the throne, and it is said that Empress Gensho also trusted her sister Imperial Princess Kibi and her husband Prince Nagaya.
- 後醍醐天皇は11月には比叡山を降りて足利方と和睦し、光明天皇に三種の神器を渡すが、12月に京都を脱出し、吉野へ逃れて吉野朝廷(南朝)を成立させ、先に光明天皇に渡した神器は偽器であり自分が正統な天皇であると宣言する。
- In the eleventh month, Emperor Godaigo descended from Mt. Hiei and made peace with the Ashikaga faction, handing over the three Imperial Regalia to Emperor Komyo, but in the twelfth month he escaped from Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, whereupon he established the Yoshino Court (the Southern Dynasty), claiming that the Regalia he had passed to Komyo were fakes and insisting that he himself was the only legitimate Emperor.
- また、近江商人が日本各地に分散して上方を日本の物資の集散地および金融の中心地へと変えた(江戸幕府は、上方を直轄地とし、さらに御三家の内、東廻り航路の友ヶ島水道に紀州徳川家、東海道・中山道合流地に尾張徳川家を置いた)。
- And the Omi merchants dispersed in various areas in Japan, changing Kamigata area to a collection and distribution center and financial center of Japan (the Edo shogunate directly controlled Kamigata area, and moreover, among three privileged branches of Tokugawa family, placed the Kishu Tokugawa family on the Tomogashima Channel in the eastward sea route, and the Owari Tokugawa family on the junction of Tokai-do Road and Nakasen-do Road).
- この時代には、勅撰集で二十一代集のひとつの『新古今和歌集』が編まれたが、その編集作業もかねて行われた歌合では、会の効率をあげるため、屋内という閉ざされたところで、身分の高きも低きも一緒のところで歌をよむようになった。
- The 'Shin-Kokinwakashu' (New Collection of Old and New waka (Japanese poems)), one of the Nijuichidaishu (twenty one representative collection) and Chokusenshu (Imperial-commissioned poem anthology) was edited during this period, but utaawase which was performed in order to do editorial work confined those of different social status to read out poems in the same location to increase the productivity of the meeting.
- 明治元年制定の皇族の範囲を定めた皇族賜姓の成規によれば本来、華頂宮は皇族としては博経親王一代限りで臣籍降下するはずであったが、明治天皇の特旨をもって皇族の身分に留まる事となり、更に明治天皇の猶子として親王宣下を受けた。
- According to the seiki (written rules) of Kozoku (Imperial family) shinsei (bestowing a surname) determining the range of Imperial families which was established in 1867, he was supposed to be demoted from nobility to subject so that the Imperial title would be limited only to one generation of Imperial Prince Hirotsune, but with Emperor Meiji's special consideration, he remained Imperial family, and furthermore was given the title of Imperial Prince as an adopted child of Emperor Meiji.
- ミツガシワやホロムイソウのような寒冷地に分布する植物や、ジュンサイのような各地に自生するような植物、タヌキモやモウセンゴケのような食虫植物、ヌマガヤやイヌノハナゴケといった高層湿原の構成種など、様々な植物が共存している。
- Various plants including those normally found in cold climates such as buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and rannoch-rush (Scheuchzeria palustris), those that are grown wild in various regions such as water shields, carnivorous plants such as Utricularia japonica and roundleaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), and constituents of high moors such as Moliniopsis japonica (Hack.) Hayata and イヌノハナゴケ are coexisting in Midoroga-ike Pond.
- 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
- While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was 'horrified.'
- また、乾燥地帯が発生地ということは分かっているものの、飛来する砂塵の分析結果から、発生地は砂漠のみであるとする説、砂漠以外の乾燥した地域であるとする説、その両方であるとする説の3つが唱えられている(黄砂の成分・形状参照)。
- Although it is known that kosa originates in dry zones, there are the following three theories about the area where kosa actually originates: One of them limits the area to deserts alone, based on analysis of the dust that comes flying, another attributes the area to dry areas other than deserts, and the last one says that kosa originates in both deserts and dry areas (see the section of Components and shapes of kosa).
- 一部の愛好者のみがこのことばを細々と伝えてゆくなかで、摂家だけではなく、そこから新しく分家を興した者たち、養子縁組に出て他家を相続した者たち、さらにはその男系子孫たちをも「皇別摂家」というカテゴリでくくるようになっていった。
- While the word has been passed down to future generations by some enthusiasts of the term, the category of Kobetsu Sekke started to include people who newly established a branch family, people who succeeded other families through adoption and their male descendants.
- 決定的とは認知されていない説だが、『魏略』には現在の半年を当時の日本が一年として数えていたという『倍年説』を基に歴史を再計算しその結果、神武天皇の即位は西暦181年であり、寿命は127歳の半分の63歳であったと主張している。
- It is not recognized as conclusive, but he recalculated years of the history according to 'Double Year Theory' which says in 'Weilue (Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty)', a half year of the present was counted as a year at that time in Japan, and as a result, he asserts that Emperor Jinmu was enthroned in 181 and his life duration was 63 years, half of 127 years.
- 『上宮記』逸文は近年、黛弘道の研究によって推古朝の遺文である可能性も指摘され、その内容の信憑性や実際の血統については前述のとおり議論が分かれているものの原帝紀の編纂(欽明天皇朝か)と同じ頃に系譜伝承が成立したものと思われる。
- Recently, Hiromichi MAYUZUMI's study pointed out the possibility that the surviving fragment of 'Joguki' is a remaining document from the Reign of Empress Suiko, and, even though its credibility and the truth of genealogy remain an open question as mentioned above, the tradition of genealogy appears to have been established around the same time as when Gentekiki (the ur-text of Teiki [records of Emperor's family tree]) was compiled (possibly in the reign of Emperor Kinmei).
- また、バックグラウンド黄砂の成分の特徴として、通常ではCa(カルシウム)が主にCaSO4(硫酸カルシウム)の形で存在しているのに対して、バックグラウンド黄砂では主にCaCO3(炭酸カルシウム)の形で存在していることが挙げられる。
- The components of background kosa are provided with the following feature: While Ca (calcium) in ordinary kosa exists in the form of CaSO4 (calcium sulphate), Ca in background kosa exists in the form of CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate).
- 当時、全国的な争乱(観応の擾乱)が続いており、兵糧調達のため、激戦地であった近江国(守護:六角氏)・美濃国(守護:土岐頼康)・尾張国(守護:土岐頼康)の本所領(荘園)を対象として、その年の収穫に限り、守護に年貢半分の徴発を認めた。
- At that time, the government allowed provincial constables to requisition half of the taxes from the production of the year to obtain provisions in the midst of a nationwide disturbance (the Kanno Disturbance), aiming at the manors of the Province of Omi (provincial constable: Rokkaku clan), the Province of Mino (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) and the Province of Owari (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) all of which were the bloodiest battlefields in the disturbance.
- 範囲は、右上の図の紺色・青色・水色部分に相当し、大阪府全域、兵庫県南部、京都府南部、奈良県北部および南部の一部、滋賀県南部および北部の一部、和歌山県の橋本市・岩出市・かつらぎ町・九度山町、三重県の名張市に及び、人口は約1864万人。
- The extent corresponds to the parts colored in dark blue, blue and light blue in the right figure, and covers the entire area of Osaka prefecture, the southern part of Hyogo Prefecture, the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, the northern part and part of the southern part of Nara Prefecture, the southern part and part of the northern part of Shiga Prefecture, Hashimoto City, Iwade City, Katsuragi Town and Kudoyama Town in Wakayama Prefecture and Nabari City in Mie Prefecture, with a population of about 18.64 million people.
- 今後の課題としては、地表の水分量や植生の状態、作物の種類や分布、家畜の分布、地下水の取水状況などの継続した調査や、観測機器の整備、観測データの常時共有化、黄砂の定義や分類の統一、黄砂の予測技術の改良、対策の評価などが挙げられている。
- The following are considered as future problems to be tackled: Continuing surveying the water amount and state of flora on the earth surface, the kinds and distribution of crops, the distribution of livestock, and the continuous survey of the state in which underground water is taken up, deploying advanced observation instruments, enabling observed data to be shared anytime, unifying the definitions and classifications of kosa, improving kosa-forecasting technologies, and evaluating the measures taken.
- この半済令の対象地は兵粮料所と呼ばれて当初は激戦地の8ヶ国に限定されていたが、南朝 (日本)側がこれに対抗して朝用分制度を導入したこともあって次第に広がりを見せて全国的な半済へと至り、兵粮料所は事実上守護領に編入されることとなった。
- The territory to which this Hanzeirei applied, or in other words the territory called hyoro-ryosho, was initially limited to the eight provinces involved in the fiercest fighting, but the Southen Court, to counter this move, introduced their own system of separating out a portion of rice for use by the court and its adherents, so that Hanzeirei gradually spread until it eventually covered the entire country, until the hyoro-ryosho were in actuality absorbed into the territories of each shugo.
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- 裏書が付いている第1-3巻の3巻が、洞院公賢が書いた最初の形態であり、そのことは彼自身が書いた日記『園太暦』の延文元年(1356年)4月9日_(旧暦)条にて、皇代暦の続きを編纂したと記しており、これが第4巻部分であると考えられている。
- The third volume belonging to the first three volumes with uragaki is the original form written by Kinkata TOIN which is indicated in the page of April 9, 1356 (the first year of the Enbun era) (old calendar) of his own diary 'Entairyaku', which says he had edited the continuation of Kodaireki, and this continuation is considered to be the fourth volume.
- 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
- In particular, completion of 'sado (tea ceremony)' by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of 'wabi, sabi' based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid 'golden tea arbor,' which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.
- そこで旧来の法令に欠けている分野を補完する目的で江戸幕府や諸藩の中で明王朝で使われた明律の研究が始められた(中国では既に清の時代に入っていたが、明の法律文献が多く日本に伝来していたことや清律も明律をほぼ踏襲していた事が影響している。)。
- Therefore, in order to supplement the areas lacking in traditional law, research on the Ming code, used in the Ming dynasty, began within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various clans (China was already in the Qing period, but many Ming legal documents were introduced in Japan and the Qing code mostly succeeded the Ming code).
- この言葉は、弘仁6年(815年)に朝廷が編纂した古代氏族の系譜集『新撰姓氏録』が、皇別(天皇・皇子の子孫)・神別(天津神・国津神の子孫)・諸蕃(朝鮮半島・中国大陸から渡来した人々の子孫)の3種に氏族を分類していることにちなむ造語である。
- The word 'Kobetsu Sekke' is originally coined by 'Shinsen Shojiroku'(Newly Complied Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility), the pedigree record of ancient cognate clans edited by the Imperial Court in 815 which classified clans into three types: Kobetsu (descendants of emperors and princes), Shinbetsu (descendants of Amatsukami [heavenly god] and Kunitsukami [god of the land]), and Shoban (descendants of migrants from Korean Peninsula and the Chinese Continent).
- 太平洋戦争後の開放的気分の中で「熊沢天皇」こと熊沢寛道など、自らを正統な天皇の継承者と称する自称天皇たちが現れたとき、その多くは、1911年(明治44年)に明治天皇の裁断によって南朝が正統とされたことを受けて、後南朝の子孫と主張していた。
- In the liberal atmosphere after the end of the World War II, when figures like Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, the so-called 'Emperor Kumazawa,' appeared and each claimed that only he himself was the legitimate successor to the Emperor, most of these self-styled Emperors were reacting to the fact that in 1911 Emperor Meiji had decided that the Southern lineage was the legitimate one, and came forward claiming to be descendants of the Southern dynasty.
- 後伏見の政務が停止され、光厳が廃位されたのは当然であるが、後醍醐はそもそも元徳3年に自分が廃位された事実自体を認めず、隠岐に流されていた間も自分はずっと天皇に在位していたという立場をとり、従って光厳の即位と在位も“なかったこと”にされた。
- It was natural that government affairs by Gofushimi were terminated and Kogon was deposed, but Godaigo did not even recognize that he was deposed in 1331, and took the stance that he was ruling during the whole time he was exiled in Oki, so therefore there was 'no accession nor rule' of Kogon.
- 綱吉は小倉の勅命違反の事実を重視して小倉実起と嫡男の小倉公連、その弟の竹淵季件を佐渡国へと流刑を命じ、藪家や中園家といった小倉家の同族に対しても逼塞を命じた(なお、この処分が決定する直前に天和への改元が以前からの予定通りに実施されている)。
- Taking Ogura's failure to obey the imperial command seriously, Tsunayoshi ordered to banish Saneoki OGURA, his legitimate son Kintsura OGURA and Kintsura's younger brother Kiken TAKEBUCHI to Sado Province, and relatives of Ogura including the Yabu and Nakazono families under house arrest (incidentally, immediately before these punishments, the imperial era name had been changed to Tenwa as scheduled beforehand).
- 皇室令及附属法令廃止ノ件(昭和22年皇室令第12号)により廃止されたが、現行皇統譜令は第1条で「この政令に定めるものの外、皇統譜に関しては、当分の間、なお従前の例による」との経過規定を置き、皇統譜の詳細に関しては旧皇統譜令の定めを準用する。
- The Kyu Kotofu Rei was repealed based on 'Koshitsu rei oyobi fuzoku horei haishi no ken' (literally, repeal of Koshitsu Rei and the subordinate laws and ordinances (Koshitsu Rei No.12 of 1947), but Article 1 of the existing Kutofu Rei is a progress provision stipulating that 'any matters concerning Kotofu, except for those stipulated by this government ordinance, shall, for the time being, comply with precedents,' and thus, detailed rules stipulated in the Kyu Kotofu Rei applies mutatis mutandis to the existing Kotofu.
- そのため、小辺路や大峯奥駈道のような例外はあるものの、古人の拓いた道と現在の主要な交通路が、並行(中辺路と国道311号線、JR紀勢本線・国道42号線の紀伊半島部分と大辺路・伊勢路)していることや、重複(前述)していることが少なくないのである。
- With the exception of roads including Kohechi and Omine Okugake-michi (paths), roads developed by ancient people and current major traffic routes are often paralleled (examples: Nakahechi and National Route 311; portion of National Route 42 and the JR Kisei Main Line included in Kii Peninsula and Ohechi and Ise-ji Routes) or often overlapped (as prescribed earlier).
- 戊辰戦争は、新政府下での薩長と幕府の主導権争いに起因する「鳥羽・伏見の戦い」の段階、会津藩・庄内藩の処分問題に起因する「東北戦争(北越戦争と会津戦争を含む)」の段階、旧幕府勢力の最後の抵抗となった「箱館戦争」の段階の3段階に大きく区分される。
- The Boshin War was roughly divided into three phases: the Battle of Toba and Fushimi phase which arose from the power struggle between the Sat-Cho and the Shogunate under the new government; the Tohoku War phase, including the Hokuetsu War and the Aizu War, which arose from the issue of punishment meted out to Aizu and Shonai Domains; and the Hakodate War phase in which the members of the former Shogunate staged a final revolt.
- 特に十津川支流の神納川のV字谷は、紀伊山地の中でも発達が著しいもので両側の稜線間の距離は10キロメートル、深さは500メートル以上、神納川と十津川本流との合流点である川津から分水嶺までの標高差は1000メートル以上に及ぶが蛇行はさほどではない。
- The v-shaped valley along Jinno-gawa River, a branch of Totsu-kawa River, is particularly well developed among the rivers in the Kii Mountains, the distance between ridge lines on both sides is 10 kilometers, the depth is more than 500 meters, the vertical drop from Kawatsu which is a joint of Jinno-gawa River and the main stream of Totsu-kawa River to the divide is more than 1,000, however it does not have great flections.
- また、江村宗具の「老人雑話」の、「明智の乱(本能寺の変)のとき、東照宮(家康)は堺におわしました。信長は羽柴藤五郎に仰せつけられて、家康に大坂堺を見せよとつかわされたのだが、 実のところは隙をみて家康を害する謀であった」とある部分が著名である。
- Also, a well-known quotation from 'Rojinzatsuwa' (literally, miscellaneous stories by an old man) by Munetomo EMURA states: 'On the occasion of the Akechi Disturbance (Honnoji Incident), Toshogu (Ieyasu) was in Sakai. Nobunaga ordered Togoro HASHIBA to act as a sightseeing guide for Ieyasu in Osaka and Sakai, but in reality, it was a plot to exploit an opportunity to kill Ieyasu'.
- こうしたとき「唐物目利」として活躍したのが、同朋衆の能阿弥、芸阿弥、相阿弥で、彼らによって書かれた『室町殿行幸御餝記』や『小河御所并東山殿御餝図』から、行幸のときや普段、御所がどう飾りつけられたか、が分かるが、会所を飾ったのは主に唐物であった。
- Doboshu, Noami, Geiami, and Soami were active as the 'judges of Karamono' and wrote 'Muromachidono Gyokookazariki' and 'Ogawagosho hyohigashiyamadonookazariki' and described how gosho was decorated during gyoko or usually, but kaisho was mostly decorated with karamono.
- 藤田はこの説を裏付ける証拠として、本能寺の変の直前に光秀が上杉景勝に協力を求めて送った使者が、「御当方(上杉のこと)無二御馳走(協力)申し上げるべき」(「覚上公御書集」より)と、明らかに上杉より身分の高い人物への協力を促していることを示している。
- Fujita advocated that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA existed in the background of Mitsuhide pointing out that, as evidences to substantiate his view, Mitsuhide's envoy who was sent to Kagekatsu UESUGI immediately before Honnoji Incident asking for cooperation stated 'The Uesugi should cooperate' ('Kakujokogoshoshu') requesting cooperation to a person who was in higher position than Uesugi's.
- 旧上中町が小浜市にごみを持ち込んでいたのに対し、旧三方町は合併直前に美浜町 (福井県)と共同でエコクル美方(ガス化溶融施設・リサイクルプラザ)を稼動したため、それぞれで処理場が別になり、そのために三方と上中で分別方法が違うという事態になっている。
- Old Kaminaka-cho and Old Mikata-cho differ in garbage disposal facilities and separating systems, due to the fact that Old Kaminaka-cho had to transport their waste in Obama City, whereas Old Mikata-cho had started, immediately before the merger, to operate Ecocle Mikata (gasification and fusion furnace facility, and recycling plaza).
- さらに、西大路三条付近で桂川と鴨川の分水嶺を越えることになる上、西大路三条以西は天神川に向かって(上流に向かって)流れるように改修されたこともあって、天神川~三条通の暗渠部あたりまで、溜まった雨水が流れる程度、もしくは干上がった状態になっている。
- Additionally, since the Nishitakase-gawa River crosses over the divide between the Katsura-gawa River and the Kamo-gawa River and its flow path has been modified to run (upstream) towards the Tenjin-gawa River from Nishioji-sanjo and the east, the canal is either full of accumulated rain water or dry in the section from the Tenjin-gawa River to the vicinity of the drainage in Sanjo-dori Street.
- また、文化面に着目して、縄文文化・弥生文化・古墳文化・飛鳥文化・白鳳文化・天平文化・弘仁・貞観文化・国風文化・院政期文化・鎌倉文化・北山文化・東山文化・桃山文化・元禄文化・化政文化・明治文化・大衆文化〜などとする区分もある(詳細→日本の文化歴史)。
- Furthermore, the following classification, based upon the cultural aspects, is also used: Jomon culture, Yayoi culture, tumulus culture, Asuka culture, Hakuho culture, Tenpyo culture, Konin-Jokan culture, Kokufu culture (Japan's original national culture), Insei period culture, Kamakura culture, Kitayama culture, Higashiyama culture, Momoyama culture, Genroku culture, Kasei culture, Meiji culture, and popular culture (for more information, refer to 'cultural history of Japan.'
- この乱により、足利尊氏・直義に分割されていた将軍の権力は尊氏のもとに一本化され、将軍の親裁権は強化されるが、高師直によって吉野を陥落させられ滅亡寸前にまで追い込まれた南朝に、直義・尊氏が交互に降るなど息を吹き返し延命したため、南北朝の動乱が長引いた。
- Because of this disturbance, the authority of the shogun that was divided between Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was unified under Takauji and the power of the shogun was strengthened but the Southern Court that was forced to the brink of elimination when KO no Moronao attacked Yoshino, was prolonged when Tadayoshi and Takauji surrendered in turn, and led to the prolongation of the upheaval of the period of Northern and Southern Courts.
- この説に対する反論としては「信長はイエズス会から資金提供を受けていた」という点に関し、当事の会の定収入は年2万クルザード程度であり、しかもその半分以上はインドに送金されており、そもそも会を維持運営するのにも事欠く有様であったことなどが挙げられている。
- As a refutation against this view on the point that 'Nobunaga had been receiving funds from the Society of Jesus,' it is pointed out that the constant income of the Society at that time was around 20,000 cruzados and that more than a half of it had been remitted to India and, therefore, the Society did not have sufficient fund for maintenance and operation.
- 編纂に当たっては「弘仁格」・貞観格に既出のもの、編纂当時に廃止されていたものは掲載せず、文章が長すぎるものは削り、以前の格で内容が不十分あるいは不明確であったものは書き加え、更に一部が使われていない場合には該当部分を削除するなどの修正が施されている。
- In compiling the new collection, such corrections were made as excluding items already taken up in Koninkyaku or Jogyankyaku and those already abolished at the time of compilation, shortening too long sentences, supplementing insufficient or unclear statements in any earlier Kyaku and, where some rules were partially out of use, clearing the pertinent rules of those unused parts.
- そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
- Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
- 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
- According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.
- これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
- Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
- ※道路標識の表記は、通常ならば「京都」「奈良」のように行政区分名を付けずに「木津川」となるところだが、河川の木津川 (京都府)との混同を避けるため、「木津川市(Kizugawa City)」という珍しい表記となっている(徳島県吉野川市、徳島県三好市も同様)。
- * According to the usual notation of road signs in which no administrative category is displayed, for examples, 'Kyoto' and 'Nara,' the notation of 'Kizugawa' should be used, but a rare notation of 'Kizugawa City' is in fact used for preventing the road sign from being mistaken for indicating Kizu-gawa River (similar notations are also used for Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima Prefecture, and for Miyoshi City, Tokushima Prefecture).
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- この動きにより、地頭請、下地中分等を通じた武家の側からのみならず、領家側からの一円知行化が活発となり、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- This development stimulated the proliferation of Shinryo ichien chigyo not only from the samurai side through jito-uke (system under which the jito controls a manor and pays a fixed fee to its owner) and shitaji-chubun (halving of revenue source land) but also from ryoke (lords of manors), resulting in the beginning of breakdown of the traditional system of occupational positions based on status differences, which involved the emergence of jito having a ryoke position and vice versa, and eventually in a major change of ryoke positions and jito positions in manors and public estates.
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
- However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
- 丹後王国論(たんごおうこくろん)は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方(今の京都府京丹後市辺り)を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの(丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される)。
- Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).
- 8代将軍・足利義政は芸術や建築に関しては優れた才覚の持ち主であったものの、政治的関心には乏しく、自然と政治は将軍の正室・日野富子や将軍側近、有力大名らによる権力抗争の場と化し、関東で鎌倉公方の復活を巡って生じた享徳の乱が発生しても、十分な対策を打とうとはしなかった。
- The eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, while exceptionally gifted in the arts and in architectural design, had little interest in politics, so it naturally fell to his lawful wife Tomiko HINO, his inner circle of advisors, and the most powerful daimyo to rule and to solve disputes over authority; and upon the outbreak of the Kyotoku Rebellion, in which some sought to revive the fortunes of the Kubo of Kamakura, they failed to respond with sufficient force.
- ところが、大正政変の際に大正天皇より公家出身の立憲政友会総裁西園寺公望に対して第3次桂内閣への内閣不信任案を撤回させて政友会を内閣に協力させるように勅命が出されたものの、政友会の代議士達は自分達は日本国民の代表であるとして西園寺に突き返させた(1913年2月9日)。
- In the Taisho Political Crisis, Emperor Taisho issued an imperial command that Kinmochi SAIONJI, president of Rikkenseiyukai (a political party originally organized by Hirobumi ITO) should withdraw a parliamentary motion of non-confidence against the cabinet related to the 3rd Katsura Cabinet and urge Seiyukai to collaborate with the Katsura Cabinet, but the parliamentarians of the Seiyukai made Saionji return the imperial command for the reason that the parliamentarians were the representatives of the Japanese nation (February 9, 1913.)
- (明治22年、深草村へ28町を編入)飯食町、寺内町、七瀬川町、北蓮池町、南蓮池町、鍵屋町、山村町、稲荷榎木橋町、稲荷中之町、稲荷御前町、十九軒町、玄蕃町、北新町、極楽町、鳥居崎町、直違橋北一丁目、直違橋南一丁目、直違橋二〜十一丁目(10町分にカウントする)、直違橋片町
- (28 towns integrated into Fukakusa village in 1889) towns of Ijiki, Jinai, Nanasegawa, Kita Hasuike, Minami Hasuike, Kagiya, Yamamura, Inarienokibashi, Inarinakano, Inarionmae, Jukyuken, Genba, Kita Shin-machi, Gokuraku, Toriizaki, 1-chome Sujikaibashi-Kita, 1-chome Sujikaibashi-Minami, 2-chome to 11-chome Sujikaibashi (counted as 10 towns), Sujikaibashi Kata-machi
- 唐田令では、官人永業田および賜田は無制限に売買・貼賃(ちようちん)(質入れあるいは賃貸のこと)の自由を有し、庶人の永業田は特別の場合には売買を許され、口分田(くぶんでん)は原則としては売買を禁じ、例外的にこれを許し、諸田地の貼賃なども、原則的に禁止されるにとどまった。
- Under toden law, kanjin-eigyo-den (hereditary field of officials) and farmland given by the Emperor, could be bought, sold, pledged, or rented without any limits, selling and buying of hereditary fields of commoners were permitted under special circumstances, selling and buying rights for farmland equally given to common people was forbidden in principle and allowed only in exceptional circumstances, and pledging or renting of various farmlands was forbidden in principle.
- 戦国時代(せんごくじだい、1493年(1467年)頃-1573年頃)は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.
- 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために(多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した)北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
- On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
- 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
- The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.
- この時期、諸国の神社領は、地頭、非御家人のみならず、本所による恣意的な神官任命や別相伝(神社領が細分化され本所である摂関家等の縁故者に占有されること)承認により、神官による神社領管理が不安定となっており、このため財源に事欠くことから神社における諸儀式が滞るようになっていた。
- In this period, the management of shrine estates by Shinto priests was destabilized by arbitrary appointment of priests and approval of betsusoden (fragmentation of shrines' estates to be separately possessed by Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or other persons having particular relations, who were honsho (nominal landowners)) by not only jito (estate stewards) and higokenin (lower-ranking samurai not under official control of the Bakufu) but also by honsho, and the consequent lack of funds prevented shrines from duly performing various rituals.
- 2001年にアジアの黄砂発生源を3つに区分(中国西部・中国北部・黄土高原)して行われた黄砂の成分分析では、質量が多い順にケイ素が24 - 30%、カルシウムが7 - 12%、アルミニウムが7%、鉄が4 - 6%、カリウムが2 - 3%、マグネシウムが1 - 3%ほどを占めた。
- According to component analyses of kosa conducted in 2001 at the three typical kosa source places (the western area of China, the northern area of China and the Loess Plateau) in Asia, the kosa included, in the larger mass order, silicon (24 to 30 percent), calcium (7 to 12 percent), aluminum (7 percent), iron (4 to 6 percent), potassium (2 to 3 percent) and magnesium (1 to 3percent).
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- 14世紀には、「渡党」(北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身)、「日の本」(北海道 (地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷)、「唐子」(北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷)に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献(『諏訪大明神絵詞』)が残っている。
- In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).
- それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎(鉄舟)これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とあり、少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
- According to this, 'it is not Shinto, not Confucianism, not Buddhism, but the concept which mixes these three and since ancient and medieval times it has excelled only in military art; Tetsutaro (Tesshu YAMAOKA) called it bushido' and at least from the viewpoint of Tesshu YAMAOKA, it had existed since the medieval times but he said that it was not called 'bushido' until he named it.
- 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通(師輔の次男)の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠(実頼の長男)の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家(師輔の三男)の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
- In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.
- 裏づけとする史書の記述として、フロイスの「日本史」が続いて、光秀の京都への反転に際して 「兵士たちはかような(本能寺を攻める)動きがいったい何のためであるか訝り始め おそらく明智は信長の命に基づいて、その義弟である三河の国主(家康)を 殺すつもりであろうと考えた。」という部分がある。
- As descriptions in historical books that support this view, it is well-known that a section of 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois continued as, when Mitsuhide reversed the course to Kyoto, 'Soldiers began to wonder about the purpose of such action (to attack the Honno-ji Temple and thought that Mitsuhide intended to kill the lord of Mikawa Province (Ieyasu), who was a younger brother-in-law of Nobunaga, according to Nobunaga's order, and a section of 'Rojinzatsuwa' by Munetomo EMURA.'
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
- 戦国時代に築城あるいは使用された大部分の城は、戦国時代末期から江戸時代にかけて築城された、現存の姫路城や松本城のように世界遺産や国宝に指定されたり、あるいは大坂城、江戸城、名古屋城のように、都市の歴史の象徴として、広い年齢層の人々があまねく一般知識として認知するまで敷衍されてはいない。
- With the exception of certain castles constructed around the end of the Sengoku Period or in the Edo period, such as Himeji-jo castle and Matsumoto-jo castle (both of which still exist and have been designated as world heritage sites and national treasures), as well as Osaka-jo castle, Edo-jo castle, or Nagoya-jo castle (which are well known symbols of the history of the city by people of a wide range of ages), the majority of the castles that were constructed or used in the Sengoku Period are not well known.
- また実験により、黄砂の粒子が触媒となって、二酸化硫黄ガスが黄砂粒子の表面に吸着されて反応し硫酸イオンになることや、中国主要都市の大気に多く含まれる硫酸アンモニウムが、湿度が高いときに黄砂に吸着され、黄砂中のカルシウムがアンモニアと置換反応して硫酸カルシウム(石膏)になることも分かった。
- Based on experiments, it was also found that sulfur dioxide gas adheres to the surfaces of kosa particles, with kosa particles working as a catalyst, and that the ammonium sulfate, much included in the air of major cities in China, adheres to kosa in high-humidity conditions and becomes calcium sulphate (gypsum) through the process in which calcium in kosa reacts with ammonia.
- 准母は堀河天皇が践祚に際して、既に生母である中宮藤原賢子が崩御していたため、寛治元年(1087年)に皇姉てい子内親王が母に擬せられたのが初例となり、爾来、天皇の生母が死去した後に幼年で即位した場合や、生母が存命だが身分が低すぎるか既に女院となっている場合などに、准母を定めるようになった。
- It became the first example of junbo that in 1087, in the succession of Emperor Horikawa to the throne, his elder sister, Imperial Princess Teishi was equated with his mother because his real mother, Chugu (Empress) FUJIWARA no Kenshi was already deceased, after that, junbo was named in the case that an infant emperor succeeded to the throne after his real mother passed away, or the case that although his real mother was alive, her social status was too low or she was already a nyoin (a woman bestowed with the title 'in' [title given to retired emperor]).
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- 大覚寺統では、すでに後二条には正安2年(1300年)に第1皇子邦良親王が生まれて将来の皇位継承が予定されていたにもかかわらず、亀山が乾元 (日本)2年(1303年)に生まれた自分の皇子恒明親王を偏愛するあまり、邦良に代えて恒明を皇位につけることを後宇多と伏見に約束させて、さらなる皇統分裂の種を蒔いた。
- Although the Daikakuji line already had its future heir apparent for the throne because Gonijo's first son, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi was born in 1300, Kameyama was partial to his son Imperial Prince Tsuneaki who was born in 1303, and had made Gouda and Fushimi promise to place Tsuneaki instead of Kuniyoshi on the throne, which led to further seeds of Imperial lineage division.
- 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
- As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).
- だが、それも天正17年5月27日_(旧暦)(1589年7月9日) に秀吉の側室淀殿が豊臣鶴松を生んだ事で白紙とされ、この年の12月29日_(旧暦)(1590年2月3日)、親王宣下を受けて「八条宮智仁親王」と名乗った六宮に八条宮家を創設させた事で、秀吉は天皇に対して鶴松を自分の次の関白にする事を納得させたのである。
- However, Hideyoshi's concubine, Yodo-dono gave birth to his child, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI, on July 9, 1589, and therefore his plan was dropped; on February 3, 1590, Hideyoshi helped Rokunomiya (the Emperor's sixth child), who had received the Imperial edict to award him the title of Shino (Imperial Prince) and had called himself 'Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA,' establish the Hachijonomiya family, which made it possible for Hideyoshi to have the Emperor accept that Tsurumatsu would assume Kanpaku after him.
- 東京、横浜、大阪、神戸の四都市に本社をおく財閥を中央財閥、その他を地方財閥と定義されるが、西宮に本社を持つ辰馬財閥のようにその規模や活動範囲からみても中央財閥としての風格を持つものもあるため、全国的規模の企業活動を行っていた財閥を中央財閥、各地域に限定された企業活動を行っていた財閥を地方財閥と分類することができる。
- A central zaibatsu is generally defined as a zaibatsu whose headquarters are located in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka or Kobe, while local zaibatsu are the other zaibatsu; however, there are some zaibatsu whose size and range of activities are as great as those of the central zaibatsu - such as Tatsuuma Zaibatsu - and thus central zaibatsu can also be defined as a zaibatsu that has developed nationwide corporate activities; contrastingly, a zaibatsu that has developed activities limited to a specific area can be defined as a local zaibatsu.
- その風光明媚な地形は、1955年に笙の川以西の全湾岸周辺にわたり若狭湾国定公園の大部分、1968年に東岸周辺の一部が越前加賀海岸国定公園の一部に指定されていたが、2007年8月3日に若狭湾国定公園のうち由良川以西が分離独立し、大江山などを加えて新たに丹後天橋立大江山国定公園となり、3つの国定公園を有することになった。
- Due to the beautiful topography, the entire coast from Shono-kawa River and westward was designated in 1955 as a major part of Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park, and a part of the eastern coast was designated in 1968 as a part of Echizen Kaga Coast Quasi-National Park, and in August 3, 2007, the coast from Yura-gawa River and westward was separated from Wakasa Bay Quasi-national Park, and instead, the coast was combined with Oe-yama Mountain Range and became Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park, so there are three quasi-national parks here now.
- 戦国時代における合戦には、示威行動や小競り合いといった、低強度の武力闘争から、戦国時代に含めるか否かは別として、少なくとも戦国時代の延長線上にはある関ヶ原合戦のように、国内を二分しての会戦・決戦といった、後の国家総力戦にある程度擬し得る戦争形態、さらには、文禄・慶長の役である文禄・慶長の役まで、多様な戦争形態が見られる。
- Battles in the Sengoku Period include various forms of war such as armed conflict with low-intensity like demonstrative actions or skirmishes, a form of war that was to a certain extent comparable to later all-out war like the Battle of Sekigahara which was a decisive battle fought by dividing all forces in Japan into two and even if there is a doubt if we can say that it occurred in the Sengoku Period, it was on the extension of the Sengoku Period, and the Bunroku/Keicho War which was war to invade a foreign country.
- 明治2年(1869年)1月25日、東京への再度の行幸を前に岩倉は、天皇の意向を知らずに政府や民間で遷都があるかのように思っている者が少なからずいるために、京都や大坂の人々の動揺が大きくなっているとし、関東諸国は王化が行き届いていないため新政を施すための再幸である旨を十分に分からせるための諭令を出すよう求める建議を行なった。
- Before the second return of the emperor to Tokyo on January 25, 1869, Iwakura believed that there were many in the government including civilians who thought of the move as a capital transition without understanding the true intentions of the emperor, and from the agitation of those in Kyoto and Osaka, held out a proposition of an expostulation edict to let everyone know the reason why the emperor was returning again to set up a new government in Kanto where his influential virtue had not been delivered in the past.
- 後嵯峨上皇の下で記録所が再建され、続く亀山上皇院政下の1286年(弘安9年)には、院評定を徳政沙汰(人事・寺社などの行政問題)と雑訴沙汰(所領・金銭などの一般的な訴訟)に分割するなどの改革を行い(「弘安徳政」)、1293年(正応6年・永仁元年)には伏見天皇(のち上皇)が記録所を徳政推進の機関として充実を図った(「永仁徳政」)。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga re-established Kirokusho and in 1286, the Retired Emperor Kameyama cloistered government promoted reforms ('Koan-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Koan era) such as dividing In-hyojo into Tokusei-sata (governmental issues related to personnel and temples/shrines) and Zasso-sata (ordinary court cases related to property, money, etc.) and in 1293, Emperor Fushimi (later the Retired Emperor) enhanced Kirokusho as the organization for promoting tokusei ('Enin-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Enin era).
- この両者の説は中国史における時代区分論と密接に関係しており、周藤は唐及び五代を「古代」・宋を「中世」とする立場から、宮崎は漢代を「古代」・三国時代 (中国)から唐及び五代を「中世」・宋を「近世」とする立場に立っており、ヨーロッパ中世の荘園と対比すべき農奴制による経営に基づく荘園がそれぞれが主張する「中世」に存在したというものである。
- These two theories are closely related with the periodization theory in Chinese history and Sudo's standpoint is that the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties period were 'ancient' and the Sung dynasty 'medieval' and Miyazaki's standpoint is that the age of the Han dynasty was 'ancient' and the Three Kingdoms period (China), the Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties period 'medieval' and the Sung dynasty 'early modern,' and in both of their 'medieval,' there existed the shoens managed by the serf system which should be compared with the manors in medieval Europe.
- 発生期の武士の家組織の内部奉公人の中においても武士と同様に戦場では騎馬戦士として活動した郎党や、徒歩で戦った従卒がいたが、室町・戦国期になると武士身分の拡散が大きくなり、狭義の武士同士の主従関係のほかに、本来は百姓身分でありながら狭義の武士の支配する所領の名主層から軍役を通じて主従関係を持つようになった広義の武士としての地侍などが登場する。
- Also among the servants who belonged to the family organization of bushi during the early period, there were the roto who fought as cavalry warriors in the battlefield like bushi or jusotsu (officer's servants) who fought on foot, but in the Muromachi and Sengoku period the samurai status spread increasingly and jizamurai (local samurai), originally coming from the class of farmers, as bushi in a broad sense appeared by having a relationship between lord and vassal through the military service for the class of myoshu (owner of rice fields) of shoryo governed by the bushi in a narrow sense, as well as the master-subordinate relationship of the bushi in a narrow sense.
- だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
- However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.
- 平安時代中後期は、一時、紀伝道の分野で大江氏に優位を奪われ、菅原文時(899年~981年)(従三位・非参議)、菅原輔正(925年~1009年)(位階・参議・大宰府)のような例外を除いて公卿に列せられることはなかったが、鎌倉時代初期の菅原為長(1158年~1246年)が正二位・参議・大蔵省に昇進して以降、子孫は累代公卿に列せられ、朝廷における紀伝道の要職を独占。
- In the mid-to-late Heian period, the Sugawara clan was temporarily displaced from its dominant position in the field of Kidendo by the Oe clan and, as a result, and with the notable exceptions of Sugawara no Fumitoki (899-981) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) and Sugawara no Sukemasa (925-1009) (Court Rank, Councilor, Dazaifu, foreign affairs office in Kyushu), members of the Sugawara clan were not ranked as Court nobles over this time, but at the beginning of the Kamakura period Sugawara no Tamenaga (1158-1246) was promoted to Senior Second Court Rank, Councilor, Treasury Office and his descendants were subsequently ranked as Court nobles, taking all the important Kidendo posts at Court.
- 黄砂の粒子が森林や海洋の上にあるときは太陽放射を遮蔽する日傘効果(冷却)、黄砂の粒子が雪や氷河の上にあるときは太陽光線を吸収して大気を暖める効果(加熱)、黄砂の粒子が雲核となって地球上の雲の分布を左右する効果(冷却・加熱)、黄砂に含まれる成分が植物やプランクトンに作用することで炭素循環に作用する効果などがあり、結果的にどう作用するかは現在はっきりと分かっていない。
- Today, the following are known as effects caused by kosa, but it is not known clearly how kosa works completely: When being placed over forests or sea, kosa grains provide the so-called umbrella effect to prevent the penetration of the sunlight (cooling effect); When being placed on snow areas or glaciers, they provide the effect of warming the air through absorbing sunlight (heating); Being able to become nuclei of generating clouds, they provide the effect of controlling the distribution of clouds above the earth; Because substances included in kosa affect the growth of plants and planktons, kosa also provides the effect of affecting the carbon cycle.
- ドラマ中では、猪熊教利が名前すら登場しないこと、唐橋局が掌侍であること、兼安備後が奥の門の見張り役であること、花山院忠長の配流先が津軽であること、公家の処分が徳川家康による豊臣家を支援する公家の宮中からの追放を意図したものであること、広橋局以下女官を謹慎とする後陽成帝の案に対して徳川家康が難色を示し配流となったこと(後陽成帝の処分案が手ぬるいことになる)が異なる。
- The TV-adapted story differs from historical facts in that, in the TV play, even the name of Noritoshi INOKUMA is not mentioned, Karahashi no Tsubone is a naishi no jo (a woman officer who carries the Emperor's sword when accompanying him out of the Palace), Bingo KANEYASU is a watchdog at the Okunomon (Inside Gate), the destination of banishment of Tadanaga KAZANIN is Tsugaru, the punishment of court nobles was intended by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to expel pro-Toyotomi nobles from the Imperial Court, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA disagreed to Emperor Goyozei's proposal only to restrain the behaviors of Hirohashi no Tsubone and other court ladies and instead ordered them to be banished (this means that Emperor Goyozei's proposal for punishment had been more lenient).
- 広義には足利尊氏が1336年(建武 (日本)3年)に建武式目を制定し、1338年に正式に京都に幕府を開いてから、15代将軍足利義昭が1573年に織田信長によって追放されるまでの235年間の足利将軍の存続期間を指すのが一般的であるが、前期を南北朝時代 (日本)、後期を戦国時代 (日本)とそれぞれ区分して、南北朝合一から明応の政変(あるいは応仁の乱)までを狭義の室町時代とする場合も多い。
- In the broadest sense, the term 'Muromachi period' refers to the 235-year span during which the country was at least nominally ruled by an Ashikaga Shogun, beginning when Takauji ASHIKAGA enacted the Kenmu Code in 1336 before formally creating the bakufu in Kyoto in 1338, and ending when Nobunaga ODA exiled the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, in 1573; however, both the early and late stages of the Muromachi period can also be classified as the Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokucho) (Japan) and Sengoku periods, respectively, so many favor a narrower definition of the Muromachi period, in which it is limited to the span from the unification of the two courts (in 1392) until the outbreak of the Meio Coup (in 1492, or alternatively the outbreak of the Onin War in 1467).
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- その後、慶長16年3月21日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇の即位に合わせて14名、4月21日_(旧暦)には19名の公家の一斉昇進が行われて豊臣政権時代に昇進が停滞してしまった公家の昇進人事が一括して行われ、次いで豊臣氏が滅亡した元和_(日本)元年(1615年)に制定された「禁中並公家諸法度」に公家官位と武家官位の完全分離が図られたのも、豊臣政権末期の官位を巡る朝廷の混乱を知る家康にとっては当然の事であったのである。
- Subsequently, fourteen court nobles advanced in rank on May 3, 1611, in conjunction with Emperor Gomizunoo's ascension to the Imperial throne while nineteen nobles on Jun 2, 1611, getting the promotion of court nobles, which had been hindered during the Toyotomi administration, to be awarded all together; it was only natural for Ieyasu to establish, in 1615, the same year as the Toyotomi clan was collapsed, the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and Kyoto nobles), which completely separated the official rank of the court nobles and that of the samurai class, for Ieyasu had witnessed the struggle of the Imperial Court regarding to official ranks at the end of the Toyotomi administration.
- 黒板勝美は大日本帝国海軍水路部の元暦2年3月24日(ユリウス暦で5月2日)の関門海峡の潮流の調査を元に、午前8時30分に西への潮流が東へ反転して、午前11時頃に8ノットに達し、午後3時頃に潮流は再び西へ反転することを明らかにし、合戦が行われた時間帯は『玉葉』の午の刻(12時ごろ)から申の刻(16時ごろ)が正しく合戦は午後に行われたとして、潮流が東向きだった時間帯は平氏が優勢で、反転して西向きになって形勢が逆転して源氏が優勢になったとした。
- Katsumi KUROITA, based on an investigation conducted by Tokyo Imperial University's naval hydrographic department into the tidal currents on May 2, 1185, proved that the westward tidal current in the Kanmon straits started flowing eastward at 8:30 in the morning, reaching a speed of eight knots by around 11 AM, and returned to flowing westward at around 3 in the afternoon; asserting that the times given in the 'Gyokuyo' for when the battle was fought (from noon to 4 PM) were correct and thus that the battle took place in the afternoon, he further stated that as long as the current was flowing east the Taira clan had the advantage, but after it switched back to flowing west, there was a reversal of fortunes and the Minamoto clan gained the upper hand.
- 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付(後に新家方を統合して目付方とも)、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
- During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.