凡: 538 Terms and Phrases

• 凡
• about
• roughly
• as a rule
• approximately
• mediocrity
• Tadashi
• Chika
• Tsune
• Nami
• Hiroshi
• Bon
• mediocre

• 凡凡
• ordinary
• usual

• 凡庸
• mediocre
• banality
• commonplace

• 凡流
• ordinary style
• Bonryuu

• 凡百
• many
• many kinds

• 凡慮
• ordinary minds
• ordinary men

• 凡夫
• ordinary person
• prthag-jana (unenlightened person)
• Tadao
• Tsuneo
• Bonpu

• 凡退
• out in 1-2-3 order (baseball)

• 凡僧
• unranked priest
• ordinary priest
• foolish monk

• 凡戦
• dull game

• 凡俗
• mediocrity
• the masses
• ordinary run of men

• 凡体
• mediocrity
• mediocre

• 凡打
• poor batting

• 凡例
• introductory remarks
• explanatory notes
• legend (on maps, drawings, etc.)
• symbol legend
• Examples
• Legends
• Explanatory note.
• Map Key

• 卯凡
• Ubon

• 凡常
• ordinary
• common

• 昌凡
• Masakazu

• 実凡
• Miho

• 宗凡
• Soubon

• 至凡
• Yukichika

• 花凡
• Kabon

• 琴凡
• Kotona

• 香凡
• Kanami

• 訓凡
• Kunichika

• 凡人
• ordinary person
• average person
• mediocre
• Kazuto
• Tadahito
• Namihito
• Bonjin
• Bondo
• mediocrity

• 凡小
• small and of mediocre talent

• 凡々
• ordinary
• usual

• 凡そ
• about
• roughly
• as a rule
• approximately

• 平凡
• common
• commonplace
• ordinary
• mediocre
• Heibon
• trivial
• mediocrity
• platitude
• prose
• unremarkable

• 非凡
• prodigy
• rare
• unique
• extraordinary

• 超凡
• extraordinary

• 不凡
• uncommon
• outstanding

• 凡て
• all
• the whole
• entirely
• in general
• wholly
• overall

• 凡書
• ordinary book
• ordinary handwriting

• 凡失
• common mistake

• 凡手
• mediocre ability
• person of ordinary skills

• 凡作
• poor piece of writing

• 凡庶
• common people

• 凡策
• commonplace policy

• 凡才
• mediocrity
• ordinary ability

• 凡眼
• a layman's eyes

• 凡器
• ordinary talent
• Bonki

• 凡骨
• ordinary person
• Bonkotsu

• 凡愚
• common person
• foolish commoner

• 千凡
• Chinami
• Chihiro
• Chiho

• 凡柳
• Bonryuu

• 凡予
• Namiyo

• 凡雄
• Chikao
• Tsuneo

• 凡美
• Bonbi
• Minami

• 凡羊
• Bon'you

• 凡平
• Bonpei

• 凡帆
• Namiho

• 凡郎
• Tsuneo
• Bonrou
• Minao

• 凡奈
• Hanna

• 凡二
• Bonji

• 凡乃
• Namino
• Hirokazu

• 凡梨
• Bonri

• 凡和
• Tsunekazu

• 凡天
• Bonten

• 莉凡
• Ribon

• 麻凡
• Manami

• 明凡
• Meibon

• 楊凡
• Yonfan

• 理凡
• Ribon

• 梨凡
• Ribon

• 凡亭
• Bontei

• 凡間
• Kazama

• 凡恵
• Namie

• 凡久
• Bonku

• 凡哉
• Bonsai

• 凡華
• Namika

• 凡三
• Bonzou

• 凡絵
• Chikae

• 凡花
• Bonka

• 凡子
• Chikako
• Tsuneko
• Namiko
• Hiroko
• Bonko
• Minako

• 美凡
• Minami

• 博凡
• Hirokazu

• 歩凡
• Honami

• 凡士
• Namiji

• 凡児
• Bonji

• 凡鳥
• Bonchou

• 凡男
• Tsuneo
• Bon'o

• 凡兆
• Bonchou

• 凡大
• Bondai

• 凡蝶
• Bonchou

• 凡坦
• Tsunehiro

• 凡秋
• Bonshuu

• 凡石
• Bonseki

• 凡生
• Tsuneo
• Bonmi

• 凡草
• Bonsou

• 凡太
• Bonta

• 大凡
• about
• roughly
• as a rule
• approximately

• 非凡な
• extraordinaire
• uncommon

• 小泉凡
• Koizumi Bon

• 松藤凡
• Matsufuji Hiroshi

• 橋凡子
• Hashi Namiko

• 岩永凡
• Iwanaga Hiroshi (h) (1965.10.20-)

• 非凡人
• extraordinary person
• genius

• 凡ゆる
• all
• every
• for all

• 凡試合
• dull game (of baseball)

• 凡ミス
• basic mistake
• trivial mistake

• 凡庸児
• Bon'youji

• 凡天勝
• Bontenshou

• 凡二郎
• Bonjirou

• 平凡な
• banal
• common
• conventional
• everyday
• humdrum
• pave
• pedestrian
• platitudinous
• quotidian
• stock
• trite
• trivial

• 凡庸な
• banal
• mediocre

• 凡天岩
• Bonten'iwa

• 凡河内
• Ooshikouchi

• 凡太郎
• Bontarou

• 凡太朗
• Bontarou

• 三者凡退
• out in 1-2-3 order (baseball)

• 非凡の者
• prodigy

• 凡俗な人
• philistine

• （凡例）
• Legend

• 凡庸愚昧
• ordinary and ignorant
• mediocre and stupid

• 伊上凡骨
• Igamibonkotsu

• 世志凡太
• Seshi Bonta (h) (1934.1.4-)

• 西条凡児
• Saijou Bonji (h) (1914.10.17-1993.5.31)

• 大木凡人
• Ooki Bondo (h) (1949.7.1-)

• 平凡陳腐
• commonplace and stale
• humdrum and hackneyed

• 平凡な説
• platitude

• 平平凡凡
• very ordinary
• mediocre
• all-too-common
• quite commonplace

• 平々凡々
• very ordinary
• mediocre
• all-too-common
• quite commonplace

• 凡フライ
• easy fly (in baseball)

• 内藤凡柳
• Naitou Bonryuu

• 平凡な人
• bromide
• mediocrity

• 野沢凡兆
• Nozawabonchou
• Boncho NOZAWA

• 梅田凡乃
• Umeda Hirokazu

• 凡忠別岳
• Ponchuubetsudake

• 凡河内氏
• Oushikochi clan

• 凡海麁鎌
• OAMA no Arakama

• 白凡記念館
• Kim Koo Museum

• 非凡な才能
• genius

• 全く平凡な
• common as pig tracks

• 凡その見当
• rough estimation

• 凡河内躬恒
• Ooshikouchinomitsune
• Oshikochi Mitsune
• Poet of the Heian period, included in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
• OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune
• Ōshikōchi Mitsune

• 平凡なさま
• routine

• 非凡な技術
• a rare skill

• 平凡な答え
• a stock answer

• 凡例マーカー
• legend keys

• 非凡な木工師
• a woodworker extraordinaire

• 凡ならざる人物
• man of unusual ability
• remarkable man

• きわめて平凡な
• common as dirt

• 平凡な若い女性
• a trivial young woman

• 「非凡ですよ」
• 'You are unusual,'

• 平凡 (小説)
• Heibon (Mediocrity) (novel)

• テレビのある平凡
• TV-given mediocrity

• 平凡な歌声を持つ
• has an indifferent singing voice

• 平凡な日々の活動
• commonplace everyday activities

• 非凡な精神的能力
• unusual mental ability

• 凡例　太線は実子。
• Explanatory note: biological sons indicated with heavy lines
• Legend: The bold lines indicate biological children.

• 平平凡凡(とした)
• quite ordinary

• 三者凡退となった。
• The three batters went out in quick.

• 平凡なフライを打つ
• hit a pop-fly

• 『平々凡々四十印』
• 'Heihei Bonbon Shijuin'

• （平凡社大百科事典）
• (Heibonsha Daihyakkajiten (Encyclopedia published by Heibonsha))

• 周期表/周期別 凡例
• Element color legend

• 平凡に表現された感情
• tritely expressed emotions

• 平凡でつまらない作家
• a mediocre and disdained writer

• 平凡なことより優れて
• superior to mundane matters

• 彼は凡打を打ち上げた。
• He hit an easy fly.

• 平凡で想像力のない随筆
• a prosaic and unimaginative essay

• パーキンソンの凡俗法則
• Parkinson's Law of Triviality

• 彼は冒涜すら平凡だった
• even his profanity was unimaginative

• 平凡で取るに足らない人
• someone who is small and insignificant

• 凡此三神 亦能分布木種
• These three gods worked hard to sow the seeds.

• 彼はまったく平凡な男だ。
• He is just an ordinary person.

• 彼は凡俗にかかわらない。
• He always stands aloof from the masses.

• 彼は凡俗を超越している。
• He rises above the rest of mankind.

• それはごく平凡な物語だ。
• It's just another story.

• 強打者が簡単に凡退した。
• The slugger was easily put out.

• 平凡な人の好色な女たらし
• a salacious rooster of a little man

• 周囲の凡人の中で輝いていた
• shone among the mediocrities who surrounded him

• 平凡な才能はみとめられる。
• But ev'ry-day talent will pay.

• 形式が陳腐または平凡なこと
• triteness or triviality of style

• 私たちは平凡な質問で落選した
• We fell out over a trivial question

• 特に普通で平凡な人や物の群れ
• a crowd especially of ordinary or undistinguished persons or things

• あに凡人の堪える所ならんや。
• No normal person can compare.

• 彼は決して平凡な生徒ではない。
• He is no ordinary student.

• 彼女は話し振りが極めて凡俗だ。
• She is extremely vulgar in her speech.

• 凡例に合計残高を表示しますか?
• Show the total balance in legend?

• 彼女は決して平凡な生徒ではない。
• She is no ordinary student.

• 彼女はピアノに非凡な腕を示した。
• She showed great skill on the piano.

• 能と近代文学 平凡社, 1990
• Noh and Modern Literature' (Heibonsha, 1990)

• 色の凡例：最後の翻訳が[$1]日前
• Legend for the color: Last translation [$1] days ago.

• 彼ほど平々凡々たる主人公は珍しい。
• A protagonist as plain and ordinary as him is rare indeed.

• 彼女の非凡な才能が経験不足を補う。
• Her genius makes up for her lack of experience.

• 生産は専門的的だったが、平凡だった
• the production was professional but uninspired

• 「凡そ亡国の基、之に過ぐべからず。」
• This may ruin the country more than anything else.'

• 彼は地位も名声ももたない平凡な人だ。
• He is a mere nobody.

• 彼は非凡な数学的才能に恵まれている。
• He is endowed with unusual ability in mathematics.

• 彼女は非凡な音楽の才能を持っている。
• She has an extraordinary ability in music.

• その模様の色は実に平凡なものである。
• The colors of the pattern are very ordinary.

• とても平凡で下手なアーティストがいた
• there have been good and mediocre and bad artists

• 『釘のように硬い』のような平凡な比喩
• the trite metaphor `hard as nails'

• 能百番 平凡社カラー新書, 1979
• 100 Noh Stanzas' (Heibonsha New Color, 1979)

• 記号凡例 自＝自由席、指＝座席指定席
• Legend symbols: 自＝Non-reserved seat, 指＝Reserved seat

• 3人の旅行記は、平凡社東洋文庫で刊行。
• Their travel accounts are being published from Heibonsha, Toyo bunko.

• 委員会は臆病で、平凡で、優柔不断だった
• the committee was timid and mediocre and irresolute

• 彼の発言は、ありふれていて、平凡だった
• his remarks were trite and commonplace

• あなたはむしろ平凡な建物を美化している
• You are glorifying a rather mediocre building

• だが一介の凡人の目には我が姿は見えぬ。
• 'but to the eyes of common mortals I am invisible.

• 平凡（へいぼん）は、二葉亭四迷の小説。
• Heibon is a fiction written by FUTABATEI Shimei.

• 「制度通」13巻　平凡社東洋文庫全2巻
• Seido Tsu (System expert) 13 volumes, Heibonsha, Toyo bunko all in two volumes

• ワープロ発想法 平凡社, 1984.6
• Word processor Way of Thinking' (Heibonsha, June 1984)

• 凡海氏は摂津国を本拠にした氏族である。
• The Oshiama clan was based in Settsu Province.

• 地質図−記号，色，模様，用語及び凡例表示
• Geological map - symbols, colors, patterns, terms, and presentation of legend

• そして男子は凡鼓（ぼこ）の木の傍らで休み
• So rested he by the Tumtum tree,

• 平均的で突出していない結果としての平凡さ
• ordinariness as a consequence of being average and not outstanding

• 予想しうる状況、あるいは平凡な状況、状態
• the expected or commonplace condition or situation

• 自伝が長与専斎と共に平凡社東洋文庫にある
• His autobiography is in Toyo bunko, by Heibonsha Limited, Publishers, with Sensai NAGAYO.

• 凡三神 亦能分布八十木種 則奉渡於紀伊國
• Also, they worked hard sowing many seeds and moved to Kii Province.

• 尋為医學博士在官凡三十五年薫陶諸生数千人
• The guru became a medical doctor and stayed in that position for about thirty-five years, teaching as many as several thousand students.

• 1面コラムのタイトルは「凡語（ぼんご）」。
• The front-page column is titled 'Bongo'(plain words).

• 「倭在韓東南大 海中依山島為居 凡百餘國」
• `倭在韓東南大 海中依山島為居 凡百餘國'

• 本当に難しいのは平凡な、特色のない犯罪だ。
• It is your commonplace, featureless crimes which are really puzzling,

• その不器用な男は彼女の非凡な才能を羨んだ。
• The clumsy man envied her extraordinary talent.

• そのピアニストは非凡な才能を授かっている。
• The pianist is endowed with extraordinary talent.

• 青年はあまりに平凡な大学生活について話した
• the young man spoke so mundanely of university life

• ある分野や活動で非凡で天賦の才能を有する人
• a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity

• 結果として稀有で最上級の質に特徴的な非凡さ
• extraordinariness as a consequence of being marked by an uncommon or superlative quality

• 凡例に勘定科目のフルネームを表示しますか?
• Show the full account name in legend?
• Show the percentage in legend?

• 非凡に初期に、あるいは予期された時間の前に
• uncommonly early or before the expected time

• 後に『其面影』『平凡 (小説)』を書いた。
• Later he wrote 'Sono Omokage' (An Adopted Husband) and 'Heibon'(Mediocrity).

• 平凡社東洋文庫と中公クラッシクスで読める。
• It is published as a book in the series of Heibonsha, Toyo bunko and Chuko Classics.

• 能のデザイン 平凡社カラー新書, 1976
• Noh Designs' (Heibonsha New Color, 1976)

• 『日本歴史地名大系　京都市の地名』、平凡社
• 'Japanese History Place Names - Place Names of Kyoto City' published by Heibonsha
• 'Place Names in Japanese History: Place Names of the City of Kyoto' Heibonsha

• 『日本歴史地名大系　京都市の地名』　平凡社
• 'Japanese Historical Place Names: Place Name of Kyoto City' Heibonsha
• Encyclopedia of Japanese Historic Places: Place Names of Kyoto Heibonsha

• 投稿一覧の下の凡例を見て原因が分かりました。
• When I looked at the explanatory notes under the posts list I realized what was causing it.

• 私は一目見て彼は非凡な男であると知りました。
• I saw at a glance that he was an extraordinary man.

• そこでも平凡な詩人の本が論じられていました」
• where the tame poet's book was being discussed.

• 平凡 (小説)（1908年、文淵堂、如才堂）
• Heibon (Mediocrity, 1908, Bunendo and 如才堂)

• 諸法の生ずる時は、体及び余の法は凡て九事有り。
• All the universe is substantial and has all the nine factors at its onset.

• 私はひとめ見て彼は平凡な男であると知りました。
• I saw at a glance that he was an ordinary man.

• 『渋沢栄一全集』（全6巻） 平凡社、1930年
• 'Complete works of Eichi SHIBUSAWA' (six-volume) Heibonsha, 1930

• 懐旧録（1927年）　のち平凡社東洋文庫で再刊
• Kaikyuroku (memoir) (1927), later republished by Heibonsha, Toyo bunko

• - 10月、「平凡 (小説)」の連載を始める。
• In October, 'Heibon' started to be serialized.

• 遂始自筑紫 凡大八洲國之内、莫不播殖而成青山焉
• He sowed the seeds all over the country of Oyashima (Great Myriad Islands, which is another name for Japan) starting with Tsukushi (Kyushu), until finally the whole country was covered with green mountains.

• 篤胤の執筆する様子は、凡人のものではなかった。
• How Atsutane write was not something of an ordinary person.

• 代表作に江岑好・独楽香合、庸軒好・凡鳥棗など。
• His representative works include Koshinko, Komanurikoawase, Yokenko, and Bonchonatsume.

• 現代思潮社や平凡社の東洋文庫から校本が出ている。
• Compilations of these various texts have been published by Gendaishicho-sha and The Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library) of Heibon-sha.

• 「凡そ近日の天下武士の外、一日存命の計略無し。」
• Basically, these days in Kyoto, people other than samurai cannot find a way to survive for just one day.

• 凡例　太字は当主、太線は実子、細線・二重線は養子
• The family tree: the head of the family is indicated in bold letters, biological children with heavy lines, and adopted children with thin or double lines

• 非凡な母音のゲール族の言語−ウォルター・スコット
• the Gaelic language being uncommonly vocalic- Walter Scott

• 『蜻蛉日記』（平凡社ライブラリー）与謝野晶子 訳
• 'Kagero Nikki' (The Gossamer Years) (Heibonsha library) translated by Akiko Yosano

• 1978年 林裕校注で東洋文庫 (平凡社)で出版
• In 1978, it was published from The Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library) (Heibonsha Limited, Publishers) after revised and annotated by Yutaka HAYASHI.

• 観世寿夫著作集 全4巻 平凡社, 1980-81
• Four volume of Kanze Hisao chosakushu (Writings of Hisao KANZE), Heibon-sha, 1980-1981

• 戦国時代に向かない凡庸な人物だったとされている。
• It is said that Shigekatsu was mediocre unsuitable to the Warring States period.

• 「凡そ都城宮室は一処にあらず、必ず両参を造らん。」
• 'The capital and palace should not be one, so I will build more than one.'

• 『古事記』に「凡そ帯中日津子天皇の御年、五十二歳。
• In the 'Kojiki,' it is recorded that 'the age of Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto was fifty-two.

• は・・・、若かったとはいえ、しょうもない凡ミスだ。
• Ahh ... well I was young but what a stupid mistake.

• 上品な服でも、彼女の平凡さを隠すことは出来なかった
• fine clothes could not conceal the girl's homeliness

• 単調で、刺激的でない結果として、ごく平凡であること
• commonplaceness as a consequence of being humdrum and not exciting

• 義時は「凡そこの如き災いに遭うは、官仕の習いなり。
• Yoshitoki said, 'It is a practice of officials to meet with this kind of trouble.

• 野沢凡兆と共に、蕉風の代表句集「猿蓑」を編纂した。
• Together with Boncho NOZAWA, he compiled 'Sarumino,' a collection of representative haiku in the Basho school.

• ちょうど平凡な顔が最も見分けにくいのと同じようにね。
• just as a commonplace face is the most difficult to identify.

• その平凡な人は彼の上司によってその地位に置かれている
• the common man has been kept in his place by his betters

• そこには賞賛された詩人、平凡な方、が座っていました。
• There sat the be-praised poet, the tame one;

• 芭蕉より野沢凡兆とともに「猿蓑」の編者に抜擢される。
• He was selected as an editor of 'Sarumino' (The Monkey's Straw Raincoat) along with Boncho NOZAWA.

• 天津彦根命であれば、凡河内国造である凡河内氏と同系。
• If the kuninomiyatsuko was a descendant of Amatsuhikone-no-mikoto, they belong to the same line of the Oshikochi clan, who held the position of Oshikochi no Kuni no Miyatsuko.

• 「言凡流をへだてて幽玄に入れり。まことに上科とすべし」
• 'The words flowed and then entered Yugen. It is really high level.' 'The words are similar to those of an old style, but the meanings seem to reach Yugen.'

• 間違いないよ、平凡なものくらい異常なものはないんだ。」
• Depend upon it, there is nothing so unnatural as the commonplace.'

• 常習的で、平凡であることの結果としての、普通であること
• ordinariness as a consequence of being frequent and commonplace

• 平安時代中期には明法勘文の文体が凡そ定型化されていった。
• In the mid Heian period, buntai (literary style) of Myobo kanmon was generally fixed.

• 工場労働者の多くは自分のことを平凡な人間だと思っている。
• Many factory workers consider themselves just an average Joe.

• しかし彼らはいつも大衆、つまり集団をなす凡庸者なのです。
• But they are always a mass, that is to say, collective mediocrity.

• 「もちろんあなたの顔は、少しばかり平凡だけどね、でもね」
• 'of course your face is just a tiny bit homely, but--'

• その上、「凡庸の中でも最も下等」とまで評されたと伝わる。
• Moreover, it was said that Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA evaluated Iesada as 'He was the lowest grade among all mediocre people.'

• 和歌・管絃をよくし、紀貫之・凡河内躬恒の後援者であった。
• Skilled at waka poetry and musical composition, he was a major patron of KI no Tsurayuki and OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune.

• 去れども、个様（かよう）の人は、凡俗の眼には見得られぬぞ
• It is, however, difficult for those that are mediocre and worldly to identify such people.

• 『昔夢会筆記-徳川慶喜公回想談-』（渋沢栄一編、平凡社）
• 'The Note of Old Dreams: Recollections of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA' (Eiichi SHIBUSAWA, editor, Heibonsha)

• さらに「凡汎説古事言及平闕之名非指説者皆不平闕」という。
• It also says, 'When mentioning names usually written in honorific format (byoshutsu and ketsuji) without referring to these subjects in particular, such as when writing about history, do not use either byoshutsu or ketsuji.'

• 戦略家としては凡庸であり愚将であると評価する意見もある。
• Some people further argue that he was mediocre as a strategist and a foolish general.

• 一念とは、凡夫・衆生が日常におこす瞬間的な心（念）をいう。
• Ichinen means momentary thoughts of ordinary people.

• 平凡社東洋文庫が手に入れ易い（木村紀子訳注、2006年）。
• Heibonsha, Toyo bunko can be procured relatively easily (translated and noted by Noriko KIMURA, 2006).

• 本項目における用語の使用も凡例の一つと認識する必要がある。
• Therefore, the use of terminology even in this section should be acknowledged as an explanatory note.

• 雄略天皇の命により、神事を汚して逃げた凡河内香賜を殺した。
• He killed OSHIKAWACHI no Katabu who had profaned a Shinto ritual and run away, by order of Emperor Yuryaku.

• 「上宮記」逸文には、凡牟都和希王（ほむたわけのみこ）と表記。
• In the surviving fragment of 'Joguki' (Record of the Crown Prince), it is written as Homutawake no miko.

• 琴にも秀で、藤原兼輔・紀貫之・凡河内躬恒などと交流があった。
• He also excelled at playing the koto (Japanese zither), and was friends with FUJIWARA no Kanesuke, KI no Tsurayuki and OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune.

• 賀茂祢宜神主系図（凡例並目録共）（（財）賀茂県主同族会所有）
• Kamo priest genealogy (legend and catalogue) (owned by The Foundation of The Kamoagatanushi Clan)

• 凡そ文に属する者で敦基の弟子でない者はない、とまで謳われた。
• He was so highly praised for his innate talents in literature, it was said that no poet was not a pupil of Atsumoto.

• 細川涼一訳が平凡社東洋文庫全2巻で1巻目のみ1999年に刊行。
• Only the volume 1 of the Ryoichi HOSOKOWA version in two volumes was published by Heibonsha, Toyo bunko in 1999.

• 人（凡夫）はすべて悪（往生の手段とならない行為）しか成せない。
• People (sentient beings) always do evil things, which never leads them to the Pure Land.

• これは凡夫である自己を過信した仏法を破壊する業（わざ）である。
• Nichiren criticizes this aspect of Zen Buddhism, arguing that Zen Buddhism is based on excessive confidence in one's mediocre self and will eventually lead to the destruction of Buddhism.

• 非常にキレイではあったし、また凡ての位置は昔日のままであった。
• As I entered I saw, it is true, an unwonted tidiness, but the old landmarks were all in their place.

• 最初は芸術としての平凡な物を発表した（1887年−1968年）
• was first to exhibit commonplace objects as art (1887-1968)

• 「星亨とその時代」全2巻　平凡社東洋文庫が、基本的伝記である。
• 'Toru HOSHI and his era', which spans two volumes, published by Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko, is his biography.

• 能と狂言の世界 対談 五人の人間国宝にきく 平凡社, 1972
• The world of Noh and Kyogen (farce played during a Noh play cycle), interviewing five Living National Treasure, Heibonsha Limited, Publishers, 1972

• 仏の教化対象の世界も仏土であるから、凡夫の世界も仏国でありうる。
• The world for Buddha's edificatory purpose is also the land of Buddha, hence, the world of Bonpu (ordinary unenlightened person) could be the land of Buddha.

• それがいまや底意地の悪い、平凡で、取るに足りない女になっている。
• Now she was sour, trivial, insignificant

• 『比叡山　天台宗開宗千二百年記念(別冊太陽)』　平凡社、2006
• 'Mt. Hiei: 1200th Anniversary of the Founding of the Tendai Sect (Bessatsu Taiyo)' Heibonsha, 2006

• また、天台宗では弥陀の浄土は凡聖同居土として劣応身の土とみている。
• Also in the Tendai sect, Jodo of Amitabha is regarded as a land where common people and saints both exist, and it's a land of Retsuojin (Buddha of an inferior manifested body).

• 凡夫は、「因」がもたらされ、「縁」によっては、思わぬ「果」を生む。
• Cause (In)' is brought about by ordinary people, and 'Relationship (En)' can bring about an unexpected 'Result (Ka).'

• すべての衆生は、末法濁世を生きる煩悩具足の凡夫たる「悪人」である。
• Ordinary people are all 'evil' people filled with passions and struggling to live in the latter days of Buddhism, in a world stained by defilement.

• また、凡の字が異なるのは諱となることを避けてのことといわれている。
• Also, it is said that the name the Prince Oama (大海人皇子) doesn't include the Chinese character (凡), because they avoided his name to be Imina (personal name).

• 非凡な歴史観がうかがえる問答体の書で三巻本・六巻本・八巻本がある。
• It is a work in the style of a dialogue that shows a remarkable historical viewpoint, and is divided into three, six or eight parts.

• 平凡な、または反復性の行動を意思に反しても行う際の、分別のない動機
• an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will

• 観世寿夫世阿弥を読む（荻原達子編） 平凡社ライブラリー, 2001
• Kanze Hisao Zeami wo yomu (Hisao KANZE reads Zeami) (edited by Tatsuko OGIWARA), Heibonsha library, 2001

• 僕の人生は平凡な存在から逃れようとする長く続く努力に費やされるんだ。
• My life is spent in one long effort to escape from the commonplaces of existence.

• （平凡社東洋文庫、1970年） ISBN 4-582-80168-4
• (Heibonsha, Toyo bunko in 1970) ISBN 4-582-80168-4

• 『日本後紀』の薨伝によれば、凡庸な人物であるが人柄はよかったという。
• According to the koden (memorial records) in 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan), he was an ordinary man, but had a good personality.

• 初期の演出では、富樫は見事に欺かれた凡庸な男として描かれていたという。
• It is said that in the early rendering, Togashi was represented as a mediocre man who was fooled by Benkei far too easily.

• 凡夫の往生は仏願に乗托するから許されるというのが、浄土教の理由である。
• The reason for it in the Jodo sect is that since common people believe in the oath of Buddha they are allowed to make Ojo.

• 「また平凡な顔を目にするのが、どれほど落ち着くかわからないだろうなぁ」
• 'You can't think, my dear, what a relief it is to see a homely face again.'

• 猿蓑（さるみの）は、向井去来と野沢凡兆が編集した、蕉門の発句・連句集。
• Sarumino is a collection of Shomon (Basho School) which contains hokku (the first lines of waka poems) and renku (linked verses) and was edited by Kyorai MUKAI and Boncho NOZAWA.

• 『其面影』や『平凡 (小説)』を発表し、読者からは大好評で迎えられる。
• He published 'Sono Omokage' and 'Heibon,' and they were welcomed and enjoyed a really good reputation among readers.

• 能百十番 能鑑賞ハンドブック 平凡社, 1996 (コロナ・ブックス)
• 110 Noh Stanzas: A Noh Appreciation Handbook' (Heibonsha, 1996 (Corona Books))

• だから web ページが内容の高さや非凡な努力の証拠だとは考えにくい。
• so it's hard to consider a web page evidence of substance or unusual effort.

• 凡夫・外道が、単に心をカラにして分別を生じないのを禅定だと思っている境地。
• It is a mental state of Bonpu (ordinary person) and Gedo (a believer of heretical doctrine other than Buddhism) to think simply that the empty mind with no discernment is Dhyana-Mediation.

• 詔は大きく4か条の主文からなり、各主文ごとに副文（凡条）が附せられていた。
• The edict was constituted by four main parts and accompanied each of them with subsections.

• 七、主は凡て一家の事、上下大小の区別無く、これに通暁する事に心掛けるべし。
• 7, The master, for all matters of the family, must be well acquainted with them irrespective of high and low, big and small of those matters.

• 『支那史学史』全2巻、『清朝史通論』　（平凡社東洋文庫　1992～93年）
• 'History of Chinese Historical Study,' in two volumes and 'A Study on the Qing Dynasty History' (Heibonsha, Toyo bunko, published from 1992 through 1993)

• 巻22の民部省上の中に、「凡諸国部内郡里等名 並用二字 必取嘉名」とある。
• The volume 22, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) I, stated that counties and villages of countries should be named in two characters.

• 凡海麁鎌（おおあまのあらかま、生没年不明）は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物である。
• OAMA no Arakama (date of birth and death unknown) was a person who lived during the Asuka period.

• 『古語拾遺』に「凡（およ）そ鎮魂の儀は、天鈿女命の遺跡（あと）なり」とある。
• The 'Kogo-shui' (the History of the Inbe clan) says, 'the outline of Chinkon no Gi is the remains of Amenouzume no Mikoto.'

• （平凡社ワイド版東洋文庫、2004年） ISBN 4-256-80168-5
• (Heibonsha Wide Toyo bunko in 2004) ISBN 4-256-80168-5

• のちに、善導は九品皆凡といい、一切衆生は本質的にみな迷える存在であると捉えた。
• Later, Zendo described it as Kuhonkaibon and suggested that all living things were essentially straying beings.

• 以上のように、凡夫が浄土に往生する相（すがた）を、教・行・信・証とで説明する。
• As can be seen from the above, how foolish beings attain birth in the Pure Land is explained through Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment.

• また十地と等覚を因、妙覚を果と称し、十地～妙覚までを聖と総称し、凡と相対する。
• Juchi and Tokaku names 因, Myokaku names 果, and the ranks from Juchi to Myokaku name 聖, which are in opposition to 凡

• 実際のところ、平均的個人が持って生まれた凡庸な性質で取り組むしかないのである。
• The truth is, they can only bring to bear in common on the work in hand those mediocre qualities which are the birthright of every average individual.

• だが、そういう連中の哲学的ポーズは、能力が凡庸以下の人々にはとても都合がいい。
• Their fashion of philosophizing, however, is well suited to persons whose abilities fall below mediocrity;

• 凡例には「凡そ是の書の始終両部習合の邪説を排して唯一宗源の正道に帰す」とある。
• The introductory notes say 'largely this book excludes the heretical doctrine of ryobu shugo (dual compromise) from beginning to end and returns the doctrine to the right path of yuiitsu sogen (the one and only Shinto as origin and foundation).'

• 源頼朝（明治42年7月）　平凡社東洋文庫　昭和62（1987）年、のちワイド版
• MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (July 1909), with the reprinted edition published by Heibonsha's Toyo Bunko brand in 1987, which later became larger in size.

• こうした院家からは凡僧は排除されて皇族・貴族身分の学侶だけが止住を許されていた。
• Ordinary monks were excluded from such inge sub-temples, with only scholar monks of aristocratic or imperial lineage permitted to reside within.

• 幕末政治家（1900年）　平凡社東洋文庫501　1989年、岩波文庫　2003年
• 'Bakumatsu Seijika' (Politicians in the end of the Edo period) (1900) Heibonsha, Toyo bunko No.501 published in 1989, Iwanami bunko, published in 2003.

• 歌人別では紀貫之の8首が最多で、以後凡河内躬恒、伊勢 (歌人)が後に続いている。
• Among kajin (waka poet), KI no Tsurayuki has the most poets (eight), followed by OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune and Ise (Poetess).

• このとき凡海氏もその中にあったので、麁鎌もこの時に連から宿禰になったはずである。
• The Oama clan was among the 50, and therefore, Arakama's kabane should have also changed at this time.

• 多くの凡人達の思想とは相容れない思想があり、詭弁家の理論とは異なる理論があるのだ。
• - other thoughts than the thoughts of the multitude - other speculations than the speculations of the sophist.

• 幕府衰亡論（1883年）　平凡社東洋文庫84　1967年、オンデマンド版で購入可能
• 'Bakufu Suiboron' (the collapse of bakufu) (1883) Heibonsha, Toyo bunko No.84 published in 1967, on-demand edition is available.

• 「方言と候文」に関しては五十嵐力他監修『手紙講座第1巻』平凡社、昭和10年 より。
• Information regarding 'Dialects and sorobun' taken from 'Tegami Koza Vol. 1' (volume 1, Lesson of writing a letter) edited by Tsutomu IGARASHI et al., issued by Heibonsha in 1935.

• 昭和13年の調査でもなお、無格社の数は60496社あり、凡そ神社の半数を占めている。
• The survey conducted in 1938 showed that the number of Mukakusha was still 60496, which accounted for about half of the shrines.

• なお、凡河内躬恒の図は当初のものが失われ、江戸時代・狩野探幽筆のものに代わっている。
• It should be noted that the original portrait of OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune was lost and substituted with the one by Tanyu KANO in the Edo Period.

• 叙景歌にすぐれているものの、力がとぼしく、二条家の平凡化してゆく頽勢をしめしている。
• Scenery poetries were excellent but this anthology lacked the strength, indicating the Nijo clan's falling into the mediocrity.

• 本の「凡例」には参照したギリシャ史の書名を挙げ、史実に価値を置く姿勢を表明している。
• In the 'explanately notes' of the book, the author listed the titles of Greek history books that he used for reference to express his approach valuing historical facts.

• この日、雄略天皇は宗像三女神（宗像神社の神）を祀るために凡河内香賜と采女を遣わした。
• On that day, Emperor Yuryaku dispatched OSHIKAWACHI no Katabu and a court lady to worship Munakata Sanjojin (three goddesses enshrined in Munakata-jinja Shrine).

• 非凡の才が優れていればいるほど、世間の人々がそれを発見し理解するのに長い時間がかかる。
• The greater the genius, the longer it takes the world to find it out and understand it.

• いつも仕事熱心で、親切で、平凡中の平凡な男、哀れなスメーが、ミシンを動かしていました。
• at which Smee sat, ever industrious and obliging, the essence of the commonplace, pathetic Smee.

• 『日本三代実録』の死亡記事には「他に才能無し」と記されており、凡庸な人物であったようだ。
• According to the article of death in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), he had no other remarkable talent: he was a mediocre person.

• なお、凡例によれば、原本には国史見在社の記載もあったようであるが、現刊本中には見えない。
• Additionally, the original copies seem to have contained descriptions of kokushigenzaisha (shrines appearing in the six official histories) as well according to the introductory notes, but they are not found in the presently available book.

• そうではなくて、凡庸な人による統治が凡庸な統治になるのを防ぐことはないと言いたいのです。
• But that does not hinder the government of mediocrity from being mediocre government.

• 信も、凡夫が阿弥陀仏を信じるのではなく、本願の力によって信が凡夫に回向されるものである。
• Faith is not the belief that foolish beings have in Amida, but is what is instructed to them by the power of the Primal Vow.

• 我身わろしとても疑（うたご）うべからず、自身はこれ煩悩具足せる凡夫なりと宣（のたま）えり。
• Do not doubt even if you have sinned, as the saint said 'be proud to say you are a being with earthly desires.'

• ここで言う人（凡夫）とは、仏のような智慧を持ち合わせない末法の世に生きるすべての人を言う。
• In the teaching of Jodo Shinshu, all people (sentient beings) are considered creatures who don't have wisdom like Buddha and have to live through the degenerate age of Mappo.

• 次元の特徴として決して成熟しない；彼は青白くて平凡で主体性を欠いている−ノーマン・カズンズ
• never matures as a dimensional character; he is pasty, bland, faceless- Norman Cousins

• 戦後になると、一東国武将に過ぎなかった者が能力以上の大任を与えられた凡将との見方が現れた。
• After the war, a view appeared that he was a common military commander in Eastern Japan who was entrusted with an important duty beyond his capability.

• 「凡海・大海」は旧仮名遣いでは、「おほあま」、「おほしあま」、あるいは「おほさま」と訓む。
• In the old Japanese syllabary system, Oama (凡海 or 大海) is pronounced 'Ohoama,' 'Ohoshiama' or 'Ohosama.'

• なお、十信を外凡、十住～十廻向までを内凡あるいは三賢と称し、十信～十廻向までを凡と総称する。
• Additionally, Jushin names generically the gebon, (i.e., outer stages) the ranks from Juju to Jueko (called naibon, i.e., inner stages or the three virtuous positions) and the ranks from Jushin to Jueko (called 凡).

• 『解体新書』の凡例の中で「ターヘル」が表、「アナトミイ」が解剖を意味しているとの説明がある。
• In the explanatory note of 'Kaitai Shinsho,' there is an explanation of the meanings of 'Taheru' (charts) and 'Anatomia' (anatomy).

• 今後、あるいは、誰か知者があらわれてきて、私の幻想を単なる平凡なことにしてしまうかもしれぬ。
• Hereafter, perhaps, some intellect may be found which will reduce my phantasm to the common-place

• しかるに常没の凡愚、流転の群生、無上妙果の成じがたきにあらず、真実の信楽まことに獲ること難し。
• For the ever sinking foolish and ignorant in birth-and-death, the multitudes caught in revolving transmigration, it is not difficult to attain of the fruit of enlightenment; the real difficulty is realizing faith in it's true and real form.

• 網野善彦『異形の王権』（平凡社ライブラリー、1993年）　ISBN 4-582-76010-4
• AMINO, Yoshihiko. (1993). Igyo no Oken. Heibonsha Library. ISBN 4-582-76010-4.

• 神領興行令により武家や凡下（一般民衆）による諸職は排除される結果となり、神領一円知行が進んだ。
• Under Shinryo Kogyo-rei, samurai and bonge (commoners) were excluded from various shrine positions, and Shinryo ichien chigyo (unified proprietorship of shrine estates) became more prevalent.

• また、貨幣経済が浸透し、多くの御家人が経済的に没落し、凡下と呼ばれる商人階層から借財を重ねた。
• Moreover, a money-based economy had begun to proliferate, which led to the financial ruin of many gokenin as they fell deeply into debt with members of the merchant class, looked down upon as Bonge ('commoners').

• 競争相手の藤原実資に「一文不通の人(何も知らない奴)」(小右記)と痛罵されるほど凡庸であった。
• He was considered mediocre, and his rival, FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, abusively described him as a 'total illiterate (a person who does not know anything)' in Shoyuki (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke).

• この知らせを受けた九条兼実は日記『玉葉』に「凡そ言語の及ぶ所にあらず」と悲嘆の言葉を綴っている。
• Kanezane KUJO who received the news expressed his words of grieving in his diary 'Gyokuyo' as 'far beyond description'.

• 友は音楽にも熱中していて、彼自身、きわめて優れた演奏家であるばかりでなく非凡な作曲家でもあった。
• My friend was an enthusiastic musician, being himself not only a very capable performer but a composer of no ordinary merit.

• フォッグ氏の成功を祈り、次回はもっと平凡な、しかし有益な目的を持って、来ていただきたいと述べた。
• wishing him all success, and expressing the hope that he would come that way again in a less original but more profitable fashion.

• 行とは、凡夫が往生のために行う行ではなく、阿弥陀仏が行じ終わってその功徳を凡夫に回向するとする。
• This does not mean practice when foolish beings direct their merit toward attaining birth, but is the practice fulfilled when Amida instructs out of great compassion.

• 仏の種がない末世の凡夫衆生には、折伏により下種して未来に得脱の縁を結ばせることが肝要であるとした。
• He believed that it is essential for ordinary people in Mappo, who do not have the seed of Buddhahood, to sow the seed of Buddhahood through Shakubuku (a method of propagating Buddhism which was practiced by Nichiren Daishonin) and make a connection with a future enlightenment.

• 重野本より注釈は多く、訳語に苦労したことがうかがえるが、内容は凡庸と評されている（住谷1973）。
• The book has more translator's notes than Shigeno version and it seems the author had difficulty with translation word selection but the book is not highly evaluated and it is referred to as an inferior contents (Sumiyoshi 1973).

• 「凡庸だ暗愚だと言われているが、それは越前（松平慶永）や薩摩（島津斉彬）らと比較するからである。」
• 'It was said that Iesada was mediocre and an imbecile, but that was result of comparing him with Echizen (Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA) and Satsuma (Nariakira SHIMAZU).'

• しかるに煩悩成就の凡夫、生死罪濁の群萌、往相回向の心行を獲れば、即のときに大乗正定聚の数に入るなり。
• When the foolish ones possessing blind passion, the multitudes caught in the endless birth-and-death circle defiled by evil karma, realize the mind and practice what Amida instructs them to do on their journey forward, they immediately join the truly settled of the Mahayana.

• 現在最も入手しやすいテキストは、平凡社東洋文庫の『説経節』（荒木繁,山本吉左右編、1973)である。
• Today the most available text is 'Sekkyo-bushi' (edited by Shigeru ARAKI and Kichizo YAMAMOTO, in 1973) in the edition of Toyo Bunko, Heibonsha Limited.

• 『後撰和歌集』や凡河内躬恒の『躬恒集』などの和歌が『大和物語』出てくることから、何らかの関係がある。
• Furthermore, it is supposed that 'Yamato Monogatari' may have some relations with 'Gosen Wakashu' (selected collection of Japanese poetry) and 'Mitsune's Poetry Book' compiled by OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, because some poems in these books appear in 'Yamato Monogatari.'

• 人工的（通俗的）で型にはまっていたり、平凡であったり感傷的な性質を持つことで洒落た娯楽を提供するさま
• providing sophisticated amusement by virtue of having artificially (and vulgarly) mannered or banal or sentimental qualities

• 子には、宗及に続いて『天王寺屋会記』を記した津田宗凡、大徳寺156世で龍光院の開祖・江月宗玩がいる。
• His children were Sokyu and Sobon TSUDA who wrote 'Tennojiya-kaiki' and Sogan KOGETSU who was the 156th generation of Daitoku-ji Temple and the founder of Ryuko-in Temple.

• この経の大意は、弥陀、誓を超発して、広く法蔵を開きて、凡小を哀れんで選んで功徳の宝を施することを致す。
• The central purpose of this sutra is that Amida, by creating the Vows, has opened the doors to the dharma-storehouse, displaying his compassion for small, lesser creatures, chooses and grants a virtuous treasure.

• （2-c）非御家人・凡下（武士以外の庶民・農民や商工業者）の買得地は年限に関係なく元の領主が領有せよ。
• Article 2-c specified that a land purchased by higokenin (non-Gokenin) and bonge (common people, peasants, merchants, and traders other than samurai) should be possessed by the original feudal lord irrespective of length of term.

• これは五経の一つである礼記の王制篇に『王者之制禄爵　公候伯子男　凡五等』とあるのにならったものである。
• This was based on the description in the king system part of Raiki (Book of Rites), one of Gokyo (Five Classics), that 'The salary and title in the king's system is commonly classified into five ranks including Ko (公), Ko (候), Haku, Shi, Dan.'

• また、『桃源遺事』『義公遺事』『玄桐筆事』などの伝記史料には幼少時からの非凡を示す逸話が記されている。
• Mitsukuni's prodigy left many episodes in such biographical sources as 'Togen Iji,' 'Giko Iji,' and 'Gento Hitsuji.'

• 大海人（おおあま）皇子の名は、凡海（おおあま）氏が皇子の養育にあたったことから付けられたと推定される。
• It is presumed that Prince Oama was named after Oama as he was involved in the prince's rearing.

• 日本では凡庸と見られた主題とスタイルの多くがインドでは強くアピールする現実性を持っていたともいわれる。
• It can be said that many of its themes and styles that were seen as mediocre in Japan had a realism that strongly appealed in India.

• また写真家土門拳は1967年東大寺修二会を撮影し、翌年、平凡社「太陽」1月号に特集記事として掲載された。
• The photographer Ken DOMON photographed Shuni-e in Todai-ji Temple in 1967 and next year the photographs appeared on the feature article in January issue of the magazine 'Taiyo (the sun)' by Heibonsha Limited, Publishers.

• 徳一は『中辺義鏡』において法華教説や最澄に対して「凡人臆説」「顛狂人」「愚夫」などと悪し様に罵倒している。
• Tokuitsu reviled the Hokekyo theory and Saicho in 'Chuhen gikyo,' calling him 'Bonjin okusetsu' (conjecture of ordinary person), 'tengonin' (madness), 'gufu' (fool) and so on.

• 陳腐な決まり文句、無意味な同情表現、記者の周到な言葉が勝利して詳細を隠した平凡で俗悪な死が彼の胃を襲った。
• The threadbare phrases, the inane expressions of sympathy, the cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach.

• 一心三観とは、凡夫・衆生の心にはつねに一瞬一瞬で変化するが、その中に「空・仮・中」の三諦で観ずることをいう。
• Isshin sangan means to accept the three dogmas of 'Ku (mind that is not bound by anything), Ke (or difference, a thought that things exits temporally) and Chu (or totality)' although the mind of an ordinary person keeps changing all the time.

• 衆生は、末法に生きる凡夫であり、仏の視点によれば「善悪」の判断すらできない、根源的な「悪人」であると捉える。
• Ordinary people live in the latter days of Buddhism, and from Buddha's perspective they are interpreted as fundamentally 'evil' people who are unable to distinguish good from evil.

• その起源は明らかでないが、「大唐西域記」に、釈迦が霊鷲山で説法する時、退凡下乗の卒塔婆を建てたことが見える。
• The origin of 'Geba-fuda' is not known, but it was described in 'The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions' that, when Shakyamuni (Buddha) was preaching at Ryojusen Mountain, he put up Sotoba (a tall, narrow wooden tablet) to notify all nobles to get down from their palanquins or dismount their horses and all ordinary people not to enter into the area secured for his preaching.

• さまざまな才能に恵まれて、なんでもそつなくこなす姉にとって、平々凡々たる俺の存在はひどく許せないものらしい。
• For my multi-talented sister, able do anything with ease, it seems that my commonplace self is something whose existence she finds very hard to forgive.

• 古来凡庸の人と評し来りしは必ず誤なるべく、北条氏を憚りて韜晦せし人か、さらずば大器晩成の人なりしかと覚え候。
• It is definitely wrong that he was evaluated as an ordinary person, and I think that he just held back from the Hojo clan and concealed his talent or he was a late-boomer.

• 貞成親王の『看聞日記』（永享三年二月七日、1431年）には、「凡会所奥端両会所以下荘厳置物宝物等、目を驚かす。
• According to the 'Kanmon Nikki' of the Imperial Prince Sadafusa (written on February 7, 1431 (old calendar)), 'the normal kaisho such as the Oku gokaisho and Hashi gokaisho both had Shogon (decorations related to Buddhism) and jewelries, which was surprising to the eyes.

• 八代国治はそれを評して「叙事は平凡にして、文章も流暢ならず、日記を読むが如く無味乾燥にして興味少なし」という。
• Kuniji YASHIRO commented, 'the description is mediocre, and the writing lacks fluency, so it is as monotonous as reading a mere diary.'

• 私たちの客は太りすぎでもったいぶってのんびりしていて、平凡な平均的イギリス商人のあらゆる特色を身につけていた。
• Our visitor bore every mark of being an average commonplace British tradesman, obese, pompous, and slow.

• しかし諫言で有名な梶原景時や、畠山重忠などの勇将を統率した範頼の手腕を凡将という言葉で説明することはできない。
• However, it is not right to make light of the contributions made by Noriyori who led Kagetoki KAJIWARA who was famous for admonition and brave generals like Shigetada HATAKEYAMA and judge Noriyori as an ordinary general.

• 10歳になるまでに四書などの教えを受けるが、非凡な才能を示したため、周囲の大人はこの子に学問を仕込もうとした。
• Until the age of 10, he was taught the teachings of Shisho (The Four Books of Confucianism), but since he displayed remarkable talents, the adults around him tried to educate him.

• 「我古道の学問に考徴すべきこと少なからず、然れど此は容易く神の道を知らざる凡学の徒に示すべきものには非らず。」
• I have studied knowledge of Kodo for a long time, however this is not something to be shown to those who does not know god's way and only hold mediocre knowledge'

• わたしの才能は凡庸だし、人生も短いけれど、この手法を使えばその限界の中で到達できる最高点にまでたどりつけるのだ。
• which the mediocrity of my talents and the brief duration of my life will permit me to reach.

• (凡例: ^M = C-M, ^L = C-L, ^G = C-G, ^R = C-R, ^~ = 1秒停止,
• (LEGEND: ^M = C-M, ^L = C-L, ^G = C-G, ^R = C-R, ^~ = pause 1 second,

• 武光誠の『凡将家康天下取りの謎』がこの説を採っており、池宮彰一郎の小説『遁げろ家康』もこの観点より書かれている。
• 'Bonsho-Ieyasu-tenkatorino-nazo' (The riddles why Ieyasu, an ordinary military commander, could unify the nation) written by Makoto TAKEMITSU employs this theory, and 'Nigero Ieyasu' (Escape! Ieyasu), a novel by Shoichiro IKEMIYA, is written form this viewpoint as well.

• しかし平時における大石は凡庸な家老だったようで、「行灯その他行灯に関わる事項」と渾名されていたことは有名である。
• Unfortunately, in peace time OISHI appeared to have been a mediocre chief retainer and he was famously nicknamed 'the miscellany of articles surrounding a paper lamp stand.'

• これを大きくまとめれば、浄土教系の人々は、極楽は報土であるとし、しかもこの報土へ凡夫も往生することができるとする。
• In summary, people in the Jodo sect see Gokuraku as Hodo; moreover, common people can also enter this Hodo.

• 歴史を動かすような人たちは、いずれも非凡な才能の持ち主であったかのように考えがちだが、実態は必ずしもそうではない。
• It is often thought that people who influenced human history had extraordinary abilities, however, in reality, that was not always the case.

• 飛鳥井雅道『坂本龍馬』（平凡社、1975年）・石尾芳久『大政奉還と討幕の密勅』（三一書房、1979年）などを参照。
• Refer to 'Ryoma SAKAMOTO' by Masamichi ASUKAI (Heibonsha, 1975) and 'Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial rule) and Confidential Imperial Order to Overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate' by Yoshihisa ISHIO (San-ichi Shobo, 1979).

• 叙位条例によると「凡ソ位ハ華族勅奏任官及国家ニ勲功アル者又ハ表彰スヘキ功績アル者ニ叙ス」（叙位条例第1条）とされた。
• The 'Joijorei' stipulated that 'Court rank is conferred on Peers, officials of the 'Choku nin' and 'So nin'ranks, persons who have rendered distinguished services to the State or persons of such merit as to warrant public notice.' (Article 1 of 'Joijorei')

• 佐藤進一『足利義満 中世王権への挑戦』（平凡社ライブラリー、1994年（平成6年）） ISBN 4582760627
• SATO, Shinichi. (1994). Ashikaga Yoshimitsu: Chusei Oken e no Chosen. Heibonsha Library. ISBN 4582760627.

• 一時、友人林信時の子である、若き日の林羅山を弟子としていたが、羅山の非凡なるを視て他の職に進むように勧めたとされる。
• Tradition says that he once admitted young Razan HAYASHI, a son of his friend Nobutoki HAYASHI, as his disciple, but observing that Razan was extraordinarily talented, he encouraged Razan to proceed to other profession.

• 「本朝麗藻（ほんちょうれいそう）」に13首があり、大江匡衡は、源為憲、源孝道らとともに「凡位を越える詩人」と評した。
• There are 13 pieces of his Chinese poetries in 'Honcho reiso' (a collection of Chinese poetries compiled by Takashina no Moriyoshi) and OE no Masahira praised him as well as MINAMOTO no Tamenori and MINAMOTO no Takamichi and commented; 'He is a very gifted poet among men.'

• 高度な知性が要求される行為を群集が為し得ないのは、まさに群集が凡庸な性質を共通に持っているという事実によるものである。
• This very fact that crowds possess in common ordinary qualities explains why they can never accomplish acts demanding a high degree of intelligence.

• その非凡なデザイン感覚は「光琳模様」という言葉を生み、現代に至るまで日本の絵画、工芸、デザイン等に与えた影響は大きい。
• His extraordinary sense of design brought about the term Korin Moyo (Korin Pattern), which significantly influenced Japan's current-day paintings, craftwork and design.

• 遺された作品からも非凡な才能を持っていたことが窺えるだけに、三十代半ばという「盛りの極み」に死去したことが惜しまれる。
• Since the remaining works show that his talent was extraordinary, it is really regrettable that he died at his 'peak' in his mid thirties..

• 平凡社の『朝鮮を知る事典』では、一進会を「親日御用団体」と呼び、表立った運動以外にスパイ活動などにも協力したとしている。
• In '朝鮮を知る事典'(Encyclopedia to know Korea) published by Heibon-sya, Isshinkai is called 'pro-Japanese order-taker organization' with the mention that they cooperated as spy other than their outer activities.

• 古今和歌集：延喜5年（905年）に醍醐天皇が紀貫之、紀友則、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑等に編纂を命じて出来た最初の勅撰和歌集。
• Kokin Wakashu: Japan's first chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) in 905 which was ordered by the Emperor Daigo and compiled by KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, MIBU no Tadamine, etc.

• この五岳図については、平成16年に出版された米田勝安・荒俣宏編 平凡社 別冊太陽 平田篤胤の中で一部写真公開されている。
• The photo of some parts of Gogaku-shingyo-zu, which the Hirata family had preserved, is shown in 'Bessatsu Taiyo, Hirata Atsutane' (edited by Katsuyasu MAITA and Hiroshi ARAMATA, published by Heibonsha in 2004).

• 風変わりな精神の持ち主は、ぼくのような資質が平凡なひとたちの中に現れると、それを目ざとく見出し、すりよってくるものなのだ。
• The abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality when it appears in a normal person,

• ――ただしバグが極端にてごわかったり見つけにくかったりして、それを仕留めること自体が非凡なスキルや賢さを示すのでない限り。
• ?unless the bug is exceptionally nasty or obscure, such that nailing it is itself a demonstration of unusual skill and cleverness.

• 野沢凡兆（のざわ　ぼんちょう、寛永17年（1640年）？ - 正徳 (日本)4年（1714年））は、江戸時代前期の俳諧師。
• Boncho NOZAWA (1640 - 1714) was a haikai poet in the early Edo period.

• また、その評の筆者である紀貫之を初め、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑といった著名な歌人たちが、歌合の参加者として曲中に名を連ねている。
• In this poetry contest, prominent poets including KI no Tsurayuki, the reviewer of the two, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune and MIBU no Tadamine are amongst the attendance.

• だが、既に皇位が天武天皇系に移されて久しく、王自身も皇族の長老ゆえに大納言の高位に列しているだけの凡庸な人物と見られていた。
• Since the Imperial Throne was transferred to Emperor Tenmu family for a long time, Okimi himself was considered an ordinary person who was a Dainagon (Major Counselor) as he was a patriarch of the imperial family.

• さて、わたくしはこれまで、つたないながらも、アパートに住む二人の愚かな子供たちに起こった、平凡な物語をお話してまいりました。
• And here I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children in a flat

• 土方久元「その言行すこぶる意表に出で、時としては大いに馬鹿らしき事を演じたれど、また実に非凡の思想を有し、之を断行し得たり」
• Hisamoto HIJIKATA said that 'Ryoma's words and deeds were something extremely unexpected, and he sometimes did very absurd things, but he had extraordinary ideas and achieved what he believes.'

• またこの時代の文人を特に貴族的文人と呼ぶことができるがその貴族としての意識が凡俗であることを見下す姿勢を産み出したともいえる。
• In addition, especially the Bunjin in this period can be called aristocratic Bunjin and it can be also said that their awareness as nobility created an attitude to disrespect the ordinary and secular.

• 歌よみとして知られているのは、藤原興風・凡河内躬恒・坂上是則・紀貫之であるが他に宇多法皇・伊勢・大中臣頼基の歌も含まれていた。
• The well-known tanka composers in Teiji-in uta-awase were FUJIWARA no Okikaze, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, SAKANOUE no Korenori, and KI no Tsurayuki, and in addition, Cloistered Emperor Uda, Ise, and ONAKAOMI no Yorimoto composed tanka of their own.

• ――飾ってある家具類や絵は至って平凡な凡俗なものばかりでしたが、私が、例の奇妙な顔を見た窓のついている寝室の中だけは別でした。
• The furniture and pictures were of the most common and vulgar description, save in the one chamber at the window of which I had seen the strange face.

• 一説曰 素戔烏尊之子 號曰 五十猛命 妹 大屋姫命 次 抓津姫命 凡三神 亦能分布八十木種 則奉渡於紀伊國 及此國所祭之神是也
• Susanoo had a son, Isotakeru and two daughters, Oyatsu-hime and Tsumatsu-hime. These three gods contributed to sowing seeds and growing trees all across the nation, and then they moved to Kii Province where they were enshrined.

• このうち5代不俊斎は4代不管斎の妹の婿だが、焼きもの・建築・造園、さらに詩歌に通じた非凡の人で、松尾流中興の祖と称せられている。
• Among the heads of the Matsuo family, the fifth head, Fushunsai, who was the husband of the younger sister of the fourth head, Fukansai, was a prodigy with extraordinary talents for earthware, architecture, gardening and poetry, and regarded as the originator of the restoration of Matsuo-ryu school.

• このように、すでに古くから阿弥陀仏の目的が凡夫の救済を目標としていること、悪人正機の教えが親鸞の独創ではない事は指摘されていた。
• Thus, it has been pointed out through the ages that the object of Amida Buddha is the salvation of ordinary people and that the teaching of the salvation of the wicked did not originate with Shinran.

• そういう抑圧への非難は、この平凡な議論に基くことを容認することになるのでしょうが、平凡であることは、そう悪いことではありません。
• Its condemnation may be allowed to rest on this common argument, not the worse for being common.3

• 従兄弟で妻の父である三条右大臣藤原定方とともに当時の歌壇の中心的な人物であり、紀貫之や凡河内躬恒など多くの歌人が邸宅に集まった。
• Along with his cousin--and wife's father--Sanjo Udaijin (Minister of the Right), or in other words FUJIWARA no Sadakata, he is considered one of the foremost poets of his generation, and regularly hosted gatherings of poets such as KI no Tsurayuki and OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune at his home.

• また、三味線音楽のジャンルを超えた合奏曲（杵屋正邦の「三弦四重奏曲」、藤井凡大の「二種の三弦のためのソナタ」など）も作られている。
• Furthermore, ensembles that go beyond shamisen music (such as Seiho KINEYA's 'Sangen Quartet' and 'Sonata for Two Kinds of Sangen' by Bondai FUJII) have been created.

• しかし、元和 (日本)2年から1俵を3斗5升として、これに2升の延米を加えて、3斗7升入にして、御蔵に納めさせた（地方凡例録5）。
• However, starting in 1616, a payer had to pay three to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and seven sho (a unit of measure, approx. 1.8 liters) of rice tax to the okura (a rice storehouse of the Edo shogunate) because one bale was set at three to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and five sho (a unit of measure, approx. 1.8 liters), with two sho of nobemai added on (Jikata Hanreiroku 5).

• 延喜5年（905年）醍醐天皇の勅命によって、紀貫之・紀友則・凡河内躬恒・壬生忠岑の4人によって編纂されたのが『古今和歌集』である。
• 'Kokin wakashu' was compiled by Imperial command of Emperor Daigo in 905; the compilers were KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune and MIBU no Tadamine.

• だが、度重なる政変で多くの親王・王_(皇族)が粛清されていったために専ら酒を飲んで日々を過ごす事で凡庸を装っていたといわれている。
• However, as many imperial princes and princes (members of Imperial family) were purged in a series of political changes, it is said that he pretended to be a mediocre person, spending most of the time drinking.

• 凡河内躬恒（おおしこうちのみつね、貞観 (日本)元年（859年）? - 延長 (元号)3年（925年）?）は、平安時代前期の歌人。
• OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune (859? - 925?) was a poet of the early Heian period.

• 実際の所、“握りの位置は弓の上部から約3分の2”とはあるが、実際の握りの位置は厳密に3分の2の位置にはなく、大凡5分の3辺りにある。
• While it is determined that 'the location of the grip is located two-thirds from the top,' the actual grip is not located exactly two-thirds but approximately at three-fifth.

• その信心というはなにの用ぞというに、無善造悪のわれらがようなるあさましき凡夫が、たやすく弥陀の浄土へまいりなんずるための、出立なり。
• What use is faith us, shameless unenlightened men, who do wrong without good deed, to easily go to Jodo of Mida (Amida).

• 系譜の直系のみを示せば、「凡牟都和希王 ― 若野毛二俣王 ― 大郎子（意富富等王） ― 乎非王 ― 斯王 ― 乎富等大公王」となる。
• If we trace only the direct lines of genealogy for Prince Oi from the Joguki, it could be written this way: 'Homutawake no Miko –Wakanuke futamata no Miko – Oiratsuko (Ohodo no Okimi)– Oi no Okimi – Ushi no Okimi – Odo no Okimi.'

• 聞くところによると、あなたのうちには、聖なる神の霊がやどっていて、明知、分別および非凡な知恵があるそうだ。 (ダニエル書 5:14)
• I have heard of you, that the spirit of the gods is in you, and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom are found in you. (Daniel 5:14)

• 延喜5年（905年）醍醐天皇の勅命で、紀貫之・紀友則・凡河内躬恒・壬生忠岑の4人により、最初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』が撰進された。
• In 905, due to an imperial order from the Emperor Daigo, the 'Kokin wakashu' (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems), which was the first of the Chokusen wakashu (anthologies of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command), was compiled and presented to the emperor by four people: KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune and MIBU no Tadamine.

• たとえば、平凡社『世界大百科事典』、小学館『日本大百科全書』は「東寺」、『ブリタニカ国際大百科事典』は「教王護国寺」を見出し語とする。
• For example, Heibonsha's World Encyclopedia and Shokakukan's Encyclopedia of Japan list it under 'To-ji', while Encyclopædia Britannica lists it under 'Kyoogokoku-ji'.

• 「白浪物」に登場する主人公は、いずれも石川五右衛門や児雷也のような大盗賊ではなく、市井に住む平凡な男女がよんどころない理由で盗賊となる。
• The protagonists in 'Shiranami mono' are, unlike Goemon ISHIKAWA and Jiraiya who are famous bandits, ordinary men and women who have no choice but to become thieves.

• 普通の人々の人生を理解するために、歴史家は時として、誰も文献とは考えないようなごく平凡な書類からも多くの手がかりを引き出すことができる。
• To understand the lives of common folks, historians can also piece together clues from mundane forms of writing that no one thought of as literature:

• '凡例:' '(1)' - ひどい; '(2)' - 低い; '(3)' - 可; '(4)' - 高い; '(5)' - すばらしい;
• 'Legend:' '(1)' - Poor; '(2)' - Low; '(3)' - Fair; '(4)' - High; '(5)' - Excellent;

• どの分野かで人間の知力が偉大なことを成し遂げ、非凡な能力があることを示すと、他のどの分野でも同じような能力があると思い込む傾向があります。
• When the human mind has achieved greatness and given evidence of extraordinary power in any domain, there is a tendency to credit it with similar power in all other domains.

• このように、教行信証すべてが阿弥陀仏によって仕上げられて、それが凡夫に回向されていると見ることから、他力回向といい、他力本願と言うのである。
• Such terms as Tariki-eko (directing of virtues by another Other Power) and Tariki-hongan (Salvation through the power of Amida's Primal Vow) have thus emerged through the conception that the Kyogyoshinsho is all brought to perfection by Amida,

• しかしこれまでの英明な筒井氏当主に比せば見目は良いものの平凡な人物で、中坊秀祐の讒言を受け入れて名臣の島左近と対立し、これを追放してしまう。
• Compared with the past wise heads of the Tsutsui clan, he was mediocre in wisdom although he looked better in appearance, and he ousted Sakon SHIMA, an excellent vassal, after believing the false charge made by Hidesuke NAKANOBO against SHIMA.

• 第四条　凡ソ法律及一般ノ行政ニ係ル勅令ハ内閣総理大臣及主任大臣之ニ副署スヘシ　勅令ノ各省專任ノ行政事務ニ屬スル者ハ主任ノ各省大臣之ニ副署スヘシ
• Article 4: Imperial edicts concerning laws and general administration shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister and the State Minister, and imperial edicts concerning each ministry's duties shall be countersigned by the Minister of State of the ministry in question.

• しかし、平凡で常識的な人間は、この題目についての常識的礼節の表明−始まりにまで遡る途切れることの無い文化的血統の遺産に拘束されているのである。
• But the commonplace, common-sense man is bound by the deliverances of common-sense decorum on this head - the heritage of an unbroken cultural line of descent that runs back to the beginning.

• 平凡社マイペディアでは、慶応3年8月4日（1867年9月1日）、東海道の御油宿（愛知県豊川市御油）に秋葉神社の火防の札が降下したのが最初という。
• According to 'My Pedia' of Heibonsha, its first appearance was the fire prevention talismans for Akiba-jinja Shrine, which spiraled down on a post station on the Tokaido Way, Goyushuku (Goyu, Toyokawa City, Aichi Prefecture) from heaven on September 1, 1867.

• こうしたごく平凡な無難な生活をしている貴族の青年に、全く突然に、奇怪極まる死が襲いかかったと云うのであるから、全く不可思議千万であったのである。
• Yet it was upon this easy-going young aristocrat that death came, in most strange and unexpected form,

• かつては暗愚な凡将との評価が有力だったが、現在では、信長には及ばないものの後継者としては十分な能力・資質を備えた武将との評価が主流になっている。
• The opinion that he was a foolish and mediocre commander was widely accepted at one time, however, the prevailing opinion at this time is that he was a qualified busho, perhaps as much so as Nobunaga, and a worthy successor.

• 「去来抄」「湖東問答」などをみても、去来、凡兆などの間にかなり激しい議論があり、芭蕉もまた去来の疎漏を遠慮なくただすというような熱心さであった。
• According to 'Kyoraisho' (Conversations with Kyorai) and 'Koto Mondo,' Kyorai and Boncho held an enthusiastic discussion, while Basho also pointed out Kyorai's carelessness frankly.

• これらの記録は、天王寺屋の宗達、宗凡が記したものと合わせて『天王寺屋会記』と称され、当時の武将たちの関係や事件などを知る歴史的資料になっている。
• Along with records written by Sotatsu and Sobon of Tenoojiya, they were referred to as 'Tennojiya-kaiki' (a record of the tea ceremony at Tennojiya), and they have become historical documents that tell the relations and incidents of the warlords of those times.

• 「凡夫たる衆生は、戒律を守る事ができないので、阿弥陀如来の誓願によってのみ救われる」という無戎の教義に基づき、「戒名」ではなく、「法名」を授かる。
• Homyo', not 'Kaimyo' is given on the basis of doctrine without precepts that 'Ordinary people can not follow the precepts, so they are healed only by the oath of Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata).

• しかし彼女の出会う若い男たちは平凡で、彼女は彼らに希望を与えることなく、内緒でゼリー飴をたくさん食べてはロマンチックな欲求を慰めるようにしていた。
• But the young men whom she met were ordinary and she gave them no encouragement, trying to console her romantic desires by eating a great deal of Turkish Delight in secret.

• でも、わたしはなにか非凡な発見ができるなどと約束するほどの自負はないし、世間一般がわたしの意図なんかに大した興味を抱くと夢想するほどの虚栄心もない。
• But besides that I neither have so high an opinion of myself as to be willing to make promise of anything extraordinary, nor feed on imaginations so vain as to fancy that the public must be much interested in my designs;

• 黒田は榎本の非凡な才に感服し、皇国無二の才として断然助命しようと各方面に説諭、その熱心な助命嘆願活動により一命をとりとめ、江戸辰の口の牢に投獄された。
• KURODA was greatly impressed with ENOMOTO's outstanding ability, and so strove to persuade people in various sectors that they must save his life, protesting that he was a man with unparalleled intelligence in the country; thanks to KURODA's hard efforts in pleading for his life to be spared, ENOMOTO was kept alive and put in a prison located in Tatsunokuchi, Edo.

• 905年（延喜5年）、醍醐天皇の命により初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』を紀友則、壬生忠岑、凡河内躬恒と共に編纂し、平仮名による序文である仮名序を執筆した。
• In 905, by order of Emperor Daigo, he compiled 'Kokinwakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern),' the first collection of poems by imperial command, with KI no Tomonori, MIBU no Tadamine and OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, and wrote the kanajo (preface written in Hiragana).

• こんな情勢で期待できるのは、凡庸への追従者か、あらゆる大問題について議論を聴衆向けに行い、自分ではそれを確信していないような真理への迎合主義者なのです。
• The sort of men who can be looked for under it, are either mere conformers to commonplace, or time-servers for truth, whose arguments on all great subjects are meant for their hearers, and are not those which have convinced themselves.

• 人間の本性で、抜きん出ており、人を平凡な人間性とは外形上まるで違ったもにするようなどの部分も、中国の纒足のように、圧迫することで不具にすることなのです。
• to maim by compression, like a Chinese lady's foot, every part of human nature which stands out prominently, and tends to make the person markedly dissimilar in outline to commonplace humanity.15

• 幼少の頃、兄の伊通とともに伯母の藤原全子の元を訪れた際、全子によって「兄の方は将来大臣になるが、弟は凡愚で終わるだろう」と評されたという（『古事談』）。
• It is said that when he visited his aunt FUJIWARA no Matako with his brother Koremichi when he was young, she said, 'this elder brother will become a minister in future, but this little brother will end as a common person', according to 'Kojidan' (Talks of the Past).

• これに反して聖道門の人々は、この浄土を報土とみる人々は凡夫の往生を認めないし、凡夫も往生できるとする人々は、これを報土と認めないで応化土と説くのである。
• Contrastingly, people in Shodo-mon (Gateway of the Holy Path) who see this Jodo as a Hodo do not accept the presence of common people in this land, and people in Shodo-mon who accept the entry of common people to this Jodo preach this land as Kedo.

• 範頼が凡将、無能というように記述されているのは『源平盛衰記』だけであり、盛衰記は14世紀に作成されており創作部分が多いことから、正確性は低いと判断される。
• Noriyori was described as an ordinary, incapable general in 'Genpei Seisui ki (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans)' but there is doubt on the objectivity of 'Genpei Seisui ki' because it was written in the 14th century and contains a lot of fiction.

• 弟子に蕉門十哲と呼ばれる宝井其角、服部嵐雪、森川許六、向井去来、各務支考、内藤丈草、河合曽良、杉山杉風、立花北枝、志太野坡、越智越人や野沢凡兆などがいる。
• His disciples included Kikaku TAKARAI, Ransetsu HATTORI, Kyoriku MORIKAWA, Kyorai MUKAI, Shiko KAGAMI, Joso NAITO, Sora KAWAI, Sanpu SUGIYAMA, Hokushi TACHIBANA, Yaba SHIDA, and Etsujin OCHI, who were called the ten representative pupils under Basho MATSUO, and Boncho NOZAWA.

• 1951年の『雪割草』は、深刻な家族の葛藤を甘いホームドラマのスタイルで描いた作品だが、日本では興行的にも批評の上でも、ごく凡庸な作品との評価に留まった。
• The 1951 film 'Yukiwariso' depicted a serious family conflict in the style of a light-hearted family drama but it met with mediocre box-office ratings and reviews in Japan.

• 一方、出家者ではない俗世間の凡夫でもこの利他行を続けてさえいけば、誰でも未来の世において成仏できる（ブッダに成れる）と宣言したのが大乗仏教運動の特色である。
• On the other hand, the defining feature of Mahayana Buddhism is that it declared that ordinary people, those who had not renounced the everyday world and become monks, could become a Buddha in the future world as long as they continued ritagyo.

• 彼のそれらの利用について非凡であることは、彼の時代または別の時代の他のいかなるアーティストもそれほど直接、親密に、そして、適切に彼らを描かなかったことである
• what is singular about his use of them is that no other artist, of his time or any other, has painted them so directly, intimately and pertinently

• 紀貫之の邸宅で開かれた曲水宴の際に作られた『三月三日紀師匠曲水宴（紀師匠曲水宴和歌）』の序文を書いた凡河内躬恒が「うたのみち」と述べたのが代表的な事例である。
• A typical example is that OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, who wrote the preface of 'Yayoi mika Ki no shisho Gokusuinoen' (Ki no shisho Gokusuinoen waka) that was made at gokusuinoen (ceremony in the Imperial Court) held in the house of KI no Tsurayuki, said 'uta no michi.'

• 平成16年5月23日発行の平凡社版、別冊太陽「平田篤胤」号に平田神社米田宮司と作家の荒俣宏の対談を中心に宗家秘蔵の未公開資料が写真版を含め多数収録されている。
• Atsutane HIRATA's issue of the extra number Taiyo issued by Heibonsha Limited, Publishers on May 23, 2004 included a talk between the chief priest of Hirata Shrine, Maita and novelist, Hiroshi ARAMATA, and many unreleased materials of the treasures kept in the head family, including photographs editions.

• この報土にどうして凡夫の往生が許されるかについては、善導は、凡夫の往生が許されるのは、凡夫も仏厳に乗托するからで、仏願に乗托して凡夫の往生が認められるという。
• As for the reason common people can make ojo (enter Gokuraku), Shandao said that since common people believe in the oath of Buddha, the ojo of the common people is accepted by that oath of Buddha.

• 贄の貢ぎが史料として現れるのは、日本書紀の大化の改新の詔の其の四のところで、「凡その調の副物の塩と贄（にえ）とは、亦（また）郷土（くに）の出せるに随へ」とある。
• The supply of offerings appeared as historical materials in section 4 of mikotonori (an Imperial edict) in the Taika Reform in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), and it said 'Usually, by-products of the cho (tributes) such as salt and offerings, need to be followed according to local capacity.'

• しかし、私小説の本格的な始まりは、大正2年の近松秋江「疑惑」と木村荘太「牽引」だとする説もあり、花袋や藤村はその後、むしろ平凡な日々を淡々と描く方向に向かった。
• However, there is an opinion that the full-scale development of 'I novel' began with 'Suspicion' by Shuko CHIKAMATSU and 'Traction' by Sota KIMURA both written in 1913; Katai and Toson gradually shifted from 'I novel' and rather aimed at the direction of describing ordinary daily life scenes in a light and even tone.

• この為、人（凡夫）が極楽浄土へ往生出来るのは阿弥陀仏の本願によるものであり、この理（ことわり）を賜る（信心をいただく）ことにより、往生への道がひらける（易行道）。
• It is the Great Vow of Amida Butsu that leads all the people (sentient beings) to the Pure Land, and the path to the Pure Land will open by the faith which is given by Amida Butsu (Easy Path).

• 親王の薨去を記した『文徳実録』の記事でも「久在式部 諳職務 凡在旧典 莫不達練 挙朝重之」と記して親王が式部省の長官として実際に省を統率していたことを記している。
• An article in 'The Montoku Jitsuroku' (official national history book), in which the death of the Imperial Prince is described, asserts that he actually directed the Shikibu-sho as a chief officer, describing '久在式部 諳職務 凡在旧典 莫不達練 挙朝重之.'

• （例 『三絃四重奏曲』（杵屋正邦作曲・長唄、地歌、常磐津、義太夫の各三味線のための曲）、『二種の三絃のためのソナタ』（藤井凡大作曲・地歌および長唄三味線のための曲）
• For example, the term sangen is used in some titles, such as 'Sangen shijuso kyoku' (A sangen quartet), composed by Seiho KINEYA for shamisen as performed in Nagauta (ballads sung to shamisen accompaniment), Jiuta, Tokiwazu (dramatic narrative chants accompanied by shamisen) and Gidayu (a style of chanting with shamisen), and 'Sonata for two types of sangen,' composed by Bondai FUJII for shamisen performed in Jiuta and Nagauta).

• ところが、午後1時頃より愛宕山 (京都市)上空から黒雲が垂れ込めて平安京を覆いつくして雷雨が降り注ぎ、それから凡そ1時間半後に清涼殿の南西の第一柱に落雷が直撃した。
• Ironically, however, around one o'clock in the afternoon on that day, dark clouds lowered on Mt. Atago (Kyoto City) and overwhelmed Heiankyo along with a thunderstorm -- About an hour and a half later, a thunderbolt struck the first pillar at the southwest corner of the Seiryoden.

• 「上宮記」には、「凡牟都和希王（応神） ― 若野毛二俣王 ― 大郎子（意富富杼王） ― 乎非王（私斐王） ― 斯王 ― 乎富等大公王（継体）」の文章系譜が記される。
• In 'Joguki,' there was a written genealogy, 'Homutawake no Miko (Ojin) –Wakanuke futamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi (Oi no Okimi [私斐王]) - Okimi - Odo no Okimi (Keitai).'

• 出納平田家は催官人であり職掌面では局務押小路家・官務壬生家と同格であったが、伝統的な公家社会では壬生孝亮が唱えたように出納を「凡卑」と捉える考え方は依然と強かった。
• The Suino Hirata family was in the controlling class equivalent to the Kyokumu Oshinokoji family and the Kanmu Mibu family; yet in the traditional court noble society, Suino was regarded as people of humble origin as stated by Takasuke MIBU.

• これに対し美濃部達吉は、著書『憲法講話』において上記植民地の見解をふまえ「凡て殖民地には憲法は施行せられないと解するのが正当な解釈である」として政府の解釈を否定した。
• On the other hand, with regard to the above assumption about colonies, Tatsukichi MINOBE denied the interpretation of the government, stating that it was legitimate to interpret that the Constitution should not be enforced to all colonies,' in his book 'the Lecture of the Constitution.'

• はじまりは、いつもと全くかわらない平凡な、本当に他の幾夜と全く同じで、ナナはマイケルのお風呂のために水をいれ、マイケルを背中に乗せてお風呂までつれていくところでした。
• It had begun so uneventfully, so precisely like a hundred other evenings, with Nana putting on the water for Michael's bath and carrying him to it on her back.

• 訓読すれば「餓鬼に施す」と読めることからも分かるように、六道輪廻の世界にある凡夫の中でも、死後に特に餓鬼道に堕ちた衆生のために食べ物を布施し、その霊を供養する儀礼を指す。
• As it can be read as 'feeding hungry ghosts' in the kun-doku (the word-for-word translating method from Chinese to Japanese), it means the rites to feed living things who fell into Gaki-do (world of hungry ghosts) specially after their death among Bonpu (unenlightened persons) in the worlds of Rokudo rinne (Rebirth in the Six Worlds) and holding a mass for their spirits.

• しかしながら、その解釈は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)のもので、同時代の『実躬卿記』の同年5月8日条にも「凡珍事々々」とある通り、北条一門の暗闘の真相は不明である。
• However, the interpretation was made in the era from towards the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and as described 'a very strange incident' in the article on May 8, the same year, in 'Sanemikyoki' (Kugyo (top court official) Sanemi's diary), the truth of secret feuds in the Hojo clan is unclear.

• 凡下平民の出自でこれといった一門衆家臣団を持たない秀吉は、有力家臣である大名や武家に任官の際に豊臣姓や羽柴の名字を与え、自らは豊臣氏の氏長者となることで統治しようとした。
• Hideyoshi, who was from a family of ordinary commoner and had no hereditary vassals of the family, tried to strengthen his reign as the head of the uji no choja (the head) of the Toyotomi clan, by granting the name of the 'Toyotomi' or his myoji (family name) 'Hashiba' to those influential daimyo (feudal lords) and samurai families, when he appointed them to a certain government post.

• カーニー夫人は何も言わなかった、が、平凡な演目が次々と演壇に上がり、ホールの数少ない人々がますます少なくなると、そんなコンサートに少しでも散財したことを彼女は後悔し始めた。
• Mrs. Kearney said nothing, but, as the mediocre items followed one another on the platform and the few people in the hall grew fewer and fewer, she began to regret that she had put herself to any expense for such a concert.

• 本来、毎月や月ごとなどを意味する「月並み」という言葉が、『人並み、平凡』という意味も含んだのは、正岡子規がありふれた俳句や短歌を「月並み調」と批判したことが始まりとされる。
• It is believed that the word 'tsukinami' (meaning of monthly or every month) including the meaning of somthing commonplace or ordinary is derived from the word 'tsukinamicho'(monthly style) used by Shiki MASAOKA to criticize trite haiku and tanka.

• 世俗説話には、紀貫之・凡河内躬恒・藤原公任などの才子に加え、和泉式部・赤染衛門・伊勢大輔・選子内親王ら王朝を代表する才媛が登場し、和歌を中心とする宮廷社会の風雅な逸事を集める。
• Characters of the stories of the first part include noteworthy and talented women of the Imperial Court such as Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon, ISE no Taifu, and Imperial Princess Senshi, as well as talented men such as KI no Tsurayuki, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, and FUJIWARA no Kinto, and many elegant anecdotes based on waka (Japanese poems) are used in the narratives.

• 『源氏物語』が書かれてから凡そ100年のちの 藤原隆能（ふじわらのたかよし）の描いた『源氏物語絵巻』は、濃い色彩を塗り重ねていく、つくり絵の独特の優美な日本最古の絵巻物語である。
• 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated handscrolls of the Tale of Genji) was the oldest scroll depicting a story in Japan, in the style of peculiar and elegant tsukuri-e (pictures created by careful executed three step paintings), painted by FUJIWARA no Takayoshi 100 years after 'Genji Monogatari' was written.

• 特に浄土真宗においては、煩悩具足の凡夫は、阿弥陀如来の本願、すなわち他力本願によって「のみ」往生を遂げることができるとし（絶対他力）、仏である釈迦の力すら「自力」として否定される。
• Particularly in the Jodo Shinshu sect, an ignorant, deluded person with earthly desires can become Buddha 'only' by Amidanyorai's Hongwan, as it were, or Tariki Hongwan (absolutely Other-Power), and even the power of Shaka as Buddha is denied as 'Self-Power.'

• 2と3は同じものと見る説（広辞苑、平凡社日本歴史地名大系など）もあるが、『信長公記』その他の史料、及び発掘結果、残存地名などを根拠として別のものとするのが現在では通説となっている。
• Though some (Comprehensive Dictionary of the Japanese Language, Heibonsha Japanese Historic Place Names) say that 2 and 3 were the same building, historical sources such as the Nobunaga Koki, excavations results and surviving place names support the currently prevailing view that they were separate.

• このため、院家は平民出身の凡僧とは格別した身分的特権が与えられるようになるとともに、その実家の財政力を背景に既存の院家を獲得あるいは新規に創設することが盛んに行われるようになった。
• For this reason, as inge were granted rights separate to ordinary monks of common lineage, it became popular for monks from wealthy families to obtain existing inge sub-temples or establish new inge sub-temples.

• 日蓮は、いかなる凡夫にも「仏性」が秘められており、「南無妙法蓮華経」（なむ・みょうほうれんげきょう）と題目を唱える「唱題」の行 (仏教)を行えば「仏性」が顕現するという思想を説いた。
• Nichiren taught the idea that any unenlightened person kept 'bussho' (the Buddhist nature) in the inside of him and once he performed a Buddhist practice (called 'gyo') of chanting the Nichiren chant 'Nam Myohorenge-kyo' (called 'shodai'), 'bussho' would appear on the outside of him.

• 「女義太夫」という呼び方は、たとえば『演劇百科辞典』（平凡社）や『国史大辞典』（吉川弘文館）で「女義太夫」として立項されているが、21世紀に入ってからは「女流義太夫」が一般的である。
• The term 'Onna-gidayu' is listed in 'Encyclopedia of Theatrical Arts (published by Heibon-sha)' or in 'Kokushi Daijiten (Great Dictionary of National History)' (published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan), for example, but during the twenty-first century, the term 'Joryu-gidayu' is generally used.

• 実態は冥加に対しても一定額が定められる場合もあり、「運上と云も冥加永というも同様たり（中略）、何れを唱へても苦しからず」とした『地方凡例録』の記述が近いものであったと考えられている。
• In view of the fact that there were cases where a fixed amount was set for Myoga, the reality might be similar to the description of 'Jikata hanreiroku' saying 'Unjo and Myogaei are the same, (snip) you may use them interchangeably.'

• 即位前の名は大海人皇子（おおあまのみこ、おほしあまのみこ、おおさまのみこ）といい、幼少期に養育を受けた凡海氏（海部一族の伴造）にちなむもので当時では養育者より幼名をとるのは慣例だった。
• His childhood name, the Prince Oama (Ohoshiama, Osama), which he used until he ascended the throne, was related to the Oshiama clan (they worked as the chiefs of various departments at the Imperial Court for the Amabe clan) that took care of him when he was a child, and it was the custom of that time to take one's childhood name from someone who brought one up.

• 『古今和歌集』の撰者の一人である壬生忠岑は、歌論『和歌体十種』の高情体の説明において「詞は凡そ流たりと雖も、義は幽玄に入る、諸歌の上科と為す也」と表現し、高情体を十種の最高位としている。
• MIBU no Tadamine, one of the compilers of 'Kokin wakashu', expressed it as follows: 'Words are flowing, but meanings are entering Yugen. It is the highest rank of any waka.' to explain the Kojo style of a treatise on waka poetry 'Wakatai Jissyu (the Ten Styles of Waka)', and considered the Kojo style as the highest rank of Jissyu.

• 一方で浄土宗の祖である法然や浄土真宗を開いた親鸞などは、自らさとりに向かうことのできない凡夫の救いは浄土三部経に説かれているとし、それを正依としたが、法華経を批判する言葉は見いだせない。
• On the other hand, Honen, a founder of the Jodo sect, as well as Shinran, a founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect, and others regarded the Three Sutras of the Pure Land as major sutras because they thought that the relief of an ignorant, deluded person was written in it, but nothing critical of the Hokke-kyo sutra has been seen.

• 日蓮は、「南無妙法蓮華経」の題目を唱え（唱題行）、妙法蓮華経に帰命していくなかで凡夫の身の中にも仏性が目覚めてゆき、真の成仏の道を歩むことが出来る、という教えを説き、法華宗各派の祖となった。
• Nichiren recited the Nichiren chant of 'Namu Myohorenge-kyo' (唱題行) and became a founder of the Hokke sects by teaching that an ignorant, deluded person could have the ability to become a Buddha through belief in Myohorenge-kyo and could trace the path to true enlightenment.

• それぞれ凡牟都和希（ほむたわけ）王は応神天皇、若野毛二俣（わかぬけふたまた）王は稚野毛二派皇子、大郎子は意富富杼王、 斯（うし）王は彦主人王、乎富等（おおど）大公王は継体天皇に比定され得る。
• Each of these names can be identified as follows: 'Homutawake no Miko' was the Emperor Ojin; 'Wakanuke futamata no Miko' was 'Wakanoke futamata no Miko'; Oiratsuko was 'Ohodo no Okimi'; 'Ushi no Okimi' was 'Hikoushio' (also pronounced 'Hikousi no Okimi') and 'Odo no Okimi' was the Emperor Keitai.

• 民主制によるのであれ多数者の貴族制によるのであれ、どんな政府も、その政治的活動でも、またその政府が育成する精神の意見や性質や風潮でも、凡庸を超えることは今までなかったか、できなかったのです。
• No government by a democracy or a numerous aristocracy, either in its political acts or in the opinions, qualities, and tone of mind which it fosters, ever did or could rise above mediocrity,

• 明末の文震享の『長物志』（訳注は、平凡社東洋文庫全3巻）は、この趣味をもっともよく体系化しており、室盧・花木・水石・禽魚・書画・几榻・器具・衣飾・舟車・位置・蔬果・香茗の12門に分類している。
• 'Chobutsushi' written in the end of Ming period (translators' notes were in the three volumes in Heibonsha, Toyo bunko) systemized this hobby best, classifying it into 12 categories of shitruro (室盧), flowers and trees, suiseki (viewing stone), birds and fish, calligraphic works and paintings, kito (几榻), instruments, fashion, ship and car, interior accessory, soka (蔬果) and komei (香茗).

• 、市場に流れた場合は両替商において含有金量および需要に基づいて価格が決められ、慶長小判、一分判に対し含有金量に基づけば大凡、七両二分であるが初期の慶長年間は道具値段として八両二分が相場であった。
• In case such a coin drifted to the currency market, its value was determined at an exchange shop according to the amount of contained gold and demand for the coin, and as for Keicho Koban and Ichibuban, their value was approximately 7 ryo 2 bu according to their gold content but in the early Keicho era, the market price of Keicho Koban and Ichibuban was 8 ryo 2 bu as a coin used for rewards and gifts.

• 〔凡例〕単なる訳語と書名を区別するため、以後『万国公法』と書く場合は書名を意味し、「万国公法」と書く場合は国際法の訳語および'International Law'としての国際法を指すものとする。
• [Remark] In order to distinguish between the translated term and the name of book, hereinafter, 'Bankoku Koho' means the name of the book, and bankoku koho means translation of kokusaiho (international law) and international law itself.

• もし彼ら天才が強い性格であり、その足枷を壊すなら、彼らを平凡なものに引きずり降ろすことに成功しなかった社会からは、「粗野だ」とか「奇矯だ」といったもったいぶった警告を言いたてる標的となるのです。
• If they are of a strong character, and break their fetters, they become a mark for the society which has not succeeded in reducing them to commonplace, to point at with solemn warning as 'wild,' 'erratic,' and the like;

• マーティンは国際法について「諸国間に行われ、一国が私することができない」（『万国公法』凡例）と述べ、欧米各国間に存在するこの公的なルールこそキリスト教文明が生み出した最良の成果の一つと捉えていた。
• With respect to international law, Martin said, 'International law is applied among various countries and it cannot owned by a single country' (legend in 'Bankoku Koho') and he understood that these official rules existed among European and American countries were as one of the best results generated by Christian civilization.

• これによると、男子の直系は「凡牟都和希王（ほむたわけのおおきみ・応神天皇） ─ 若野毛二俣王 ─ 大郎子（一名意富富杼王） ─ 乎非王 ─斯王（彦主人王） ─ 乎富等大公王（継体天皇）」とされる。
• This material identifies the direct male descendants of Emperor as follows; 'Homutawake no Okimi (Emperor Ojin) - Wakanukefutamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (a man whose name is Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi - Okimi (Hikoushio) - Odo no Okimi (Emperor Keitai)'.

• しかし、前代までの将軍たちと異なり、生き残ること自体が困難であった戦国時代を生き抜いて天寿を全うしたこと、また壮大な信長包囲網を作り上げたことなどから、非凡な才能を持った将軍であったとも思われる。
• But contrary to others who held the position, Yoshiaki seems to have been an unusually talented Shogun, considering that died a natural death in an age of wars, when it was difficult to survive and that he was able to wage a major siege against Nobunaga.

• 実際上であれ想像上であれ精神的な卓越にどのような敬意が告白され、あるいは払われようが、この世を貫いているものごとの一般的傾向は、人類のなかで凡庸を優勢なものにしている、というのが妥当な真実なのです。
• In sober truth, whatever homage may be professed, or even paid, to real or supposed mental superiority, the general tendency of things throughout the world is to render mediocrity the ascendant power among mankind.

• 秀次は通説として凡庸・無能な武将として評価されることが多いが、秀次の失敗は小牧・長久手の戦いの敗戦の一度だけであり、その後の紀伊・四国征伐、小田原征伐での山中城攻め、奥州仕置などでは武功を発揮した。
• As a popular theory, Hidetsugu was evaluated often as a mediocre and incapable Japanese military commander, but his failure was only the defeat of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute; he later achieved military exploits at the Kii and Shikoku Conquests, the Siege of Yamanaka-jo Castle at the Conquest and Siege of Odawara, and the executions in Oshu.

• 村田も東映京都撮影所に入所し、気のない凡作を矢継ぎ早に作るかと思われていたが、1934年、大仏次郎原作の『霧笛』で久々の高評価を受け、第11回（1934年度）キネマ旬報ベストテン第9位に選出された。
• When Murata joined Toei Kyoto Movie Studios, people thought that he would make mediocre products quickly one after another, but in 1934 he was highly appreciated about 'Muteki' (A Foghorn) which was Jiro DAIBUTSU's original novel after a long-term interval and won the ninth prize in the Eleventh Kinema Junpo Top Ten (1934.)

• このように法然の教えは、三心の信心にもあるとおり、民衆に凡夫であるということをまず認識させ、その上で浄土に往生するためには、専修念仏が一番の道であるから勧めるから選択するべきだというものとなっている。
• Therefore, Honen's teaching states, as in the Profound Mind of the Three Minds, that the common people must first become aware that they are unenlightened, and because senju-nenbutsu is the best path he recommends it, and therefore it should be chosen.

• 現在、江戸時代から発達した絢爛豪華な火鉢は、装飾植木鉢、プランターカバーとしての需要があり、また凡庸な火鉢もリサイクル用途として、庭先などで中に水を張り金魚などの大型の金魚鉢として、使われることも多い。
• Luxurious hibachi developed since the Edo period are now in demand as decorated flower pots or planter covers, and simple hibachi are often recycled for use as goldfish bowls in gardens.

• しかし、もし群集を構成するそれぞれが、［群集になることで］その平凡な性質を混合するだけのことであったなら、単に平均化という結果が得られるだけで、先ほどから見ている、新しい性質が発生することは説明されない。
• If the individuals of a crowd confined themselves to putting in common the ordinary qualities of which each of them has his share, there would merely result the striking of an average, and not, as we have said is actually the case, the creation of new characteristics.

• 彼の日常生活のごく些細なことが覗き見られ、低劣中の最低劣な認識力と表現力を通して見て、完全なる平凡さとは異る様子が見られるなら、なんであれ心神喪失の証拠として陪審員に提示され、それがしばしばうまくいくのです。
• All of the minute details of his daily life are pried into, and whatever is found which, seen through the medium of the perceiving and describing faculties of the lowest of the low, bears an appearance unlike absolute commonplace, is laid before the jury as evidence of insanity, and often with success;

• 仏教の悟りは般若を体としており、凡夫（ぼんぶ）が煩悩（ぼんのう）に左右されて迷いの生存を繰り返し、輪廻（りんね）を続けているのは、それは何事にも分別（ふんべつ）の心をもってし、分析的に納得しようとする結果であるとする。
• The Satori concept in Buddhism encapsulates the unenlightened (Sanskrit: prthag-jana) being captive to a bewildering cycle of worldly desires and eventually developing a sense of the meaningless in relation to this endless treadmill of birth and rebirth.

• 玉葉集は、新古今で行き詰まった和歌の世界へ新風を吹きいれた非凡な作品であるにもかかわらず、僅かに『風雅和歌集』という後継者を得ただけで、その後何世紀にも渡って歌壇を保守的な二条派が主導したため、長らく異端視され続けた。
• Although Gyokuyo wakashu was an extraordinary work that ushered in a new phase in the world of waka, which had reached a dead end with the Shinkokinshu, it was followed only by 'Fuga waka shu' (Collection of Elegance) and was long regarded as heretical because the conservative Nijo faction led waka circles for many centuries.

• また、従属の度合いも異なり、『地方凡例録』には夫婦を構成して生活している者や主家から土地を預けられて事実上の小作人であった者から、主家の屋敷内に住まわされてその命令下で田畑を耕す者など様々な形態があった事が知られている。
• Moreover, the level of subordination was also different and it was noted in 'Jikata Hanreiroku' (a guide to regional governance) that there were various forms, for example, people who lived with their wives, people who were de facto kosakunin (a tenant farmer) given land by their masters, people who were forced to live in their masters' houses and cultivated fields under orders from their masters and so on.

• なお、校異編は『校異源氏物語』として昭和17年（1942年）に先行して出版されたものとほぼ同じ（若干の誤植を手直しした程度）であり、例えば校異編の凡例は『校異源氏物語』の凡例を「校異源氏物語」の文言もそのままに使用している。
• The book of comparison was almost the same as 'Koi Genji monogatari' published precedently in 1942 (a few misprints were corrected), and explanatory notes and wording in a book of comparison were exactly the same as the ones in 'Koi Genji monogatari.'

• ――というのも、その理由づけをよく検討してもらえれば、それがきわめて単純で常識にかなっていて、同じ対象についていわれたほかのどんな説に比べても、非凡だったり、矛盾だったりするところはずっと少ないはずだと自ら確信しているからだ。
• -- persuaded as I am that if their reasons be well considered they will be found to be so simple and so conformed, to common sense as to appear less extraordinary and less paradoxical than any others which can be held on the same subjects;

• 『養老令』によると「凡縁東辺北辺西辺諸郡人居、皆於城堡内安置。其営田之所、唯置庄舎。至農時堪営作者、出就庄田　謂、強壮者出就田舎、老少者留在堡内也。収歛訖勒還　謂、要勒而還於城堡也。」との記述があり、考古学の成果とほぼ一致する。
• For the most part, the descriptions '凡縁東辺北辺西辺諸郡人居、皆於城堡内安置。其営田之所、唯置庄舎。至農時堪営作者、出就庄田　謂、強壮者出就田舎、老少者留在堡内也。収歛訖勒還　謂、要勒而還於城堡也。' in Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code) correspond to what has been found in archaeology.

• 秀甫は中江兆民『一年有半』で「近代非凡人三十一人」に数えられるほどの名声を得ていたが、本因坊道策・秀和・秀策・秀栄といった史上の大名人たちに比べると知名度は低く、時の第一人者でありながらその生涯は決して恵まれたものではなかった。
• Although Shuho had such an excellent reputation that Chomin NAKAE regarded him as 'one of the 31 distinguished people in the modern time' in his book 'Ichinen Yuhan' (One and a Half Year Left), he was less known to the public, compared with the grand masters such as Honinbo Dosaku, Shuwa, Shusaku and Shuei, and his life was not totally fortunate in spite of that he was the leading player of the time.

• (『西宮記』ほか)これらの親祭では、占食といって亀占により選ばれた者が「小忌(小斎)」と呼ばれて神祭に奉仕した(これに選ばれない者は「大忌」－「大」は「凡」と同じで「一般の」の意味－と呼ばれ、祭の枢要に携わることはできなかった)。
• (According to the records such as 'Saikyuki '), a person called 'omi' or 'kosai' that was chosen by kameura (tortoise-shell divination) in the process called senjiki (占食), served in Shinto festivals (anyone not chosen by the senjiki (占食), was called ohomi (大忌) ('oh'(大) means 'mediocrity'(凡)) and was not allowed to hold an important position in the festivals).

• その由来には唐の張懐瓘『玉堂禁経』にある「大凡筆法、点画八体は『永』字に備わる」「八法は隷字の始めに起こり、後漢の崔子玉より、鍾・王を歴て以下、伝授し用うる所の八体は万字に該す」といった記述から崔瑗・鍾繇・王羲之説が唱えられてきた。
• Based on 'taihon hippo (most writing techniques), i.e. tenkaku hattai (eight basic elements of characters) are included in character '永',' and 'happo (eight techniques) were created at the beginning of the use of reiji (Chinese characters written in the demotic semi-square style), and '八体 (eight shapes) which have been passed from Houhan's SAI Shigyoku via SHO and O to later generations are sufficient for ten thousands characters,' which are stated in Tang's CHO Kaikan, 'Gyokudo Kinkei', a theory has been put forward for its origin that SAI En, SHO Yo, and WANG Xizhi initiated.

• 私は文字通り終日、この事件に対して、あらゆる智慧を絞って考えて、大体において辻褄の合う、一通りの条理ある解釈を見出そうとし、かつて私の哀れな友人の云った、「凡（すべ）ての考査の出発点となる、最も抵抗の少ない一点」の発見に努力したが、
• All day I turned these facts over in my mind, endeavouring to hit upon some theory which could reconcile them all, and to find that line of least resistance which my poor friend had declared to be the starting-point of every investigation.

• 壬生孝亮はこの中で近年出納が諸社に対する官幣を行い、陣儀に参仕していることは「旧儀」に反すること、出納は本来凡卑の家柄であるにも関わらず身分不相応の知行を得て、衣冠束帯を身に付けており、両局と並肩しているのは「違乱」であると主張した。
• In the dispute, Takasuke MIBU stated that 'suino' carried out imperial offerings to shrines and 'suino' was present at the conference of the court nobles in those days, which violated 'the old rules,' and besides, 'suino' obtained too much income, wore formal attire and daily attire in the imperial court, and behaved equivalent to 'the two major offices' in spite of its humble origin, all of which disturbed the order.

• 平安時代以降近世まで、公式の文書・記録等には原則として「東寺」という表記が用いられ、それが正式名称であり、「教王護国寺」という呼称は特殊な場合以外には用いられなかったこのことは、たとえば平凡社『世界大百科事典』の東寺の項に明記されている。
• From the Heian period into the middle ages, official documents and records as a rule used 'To-ji' to signify this temple, as that was the official name, and 'Kyoogokoku-ji' was not used except for special circumstances; this fact is noted in the To-ji article in Heibonsha's World Encyclopedia, for example.

• この『式目』は漢字も知らぬこうした地方武士のために作られた法律であり、従者は主人に忠を尽くし、子は親に孝をつくすように、人の心の正直を尊び、曲がったのを捨てて、土民が安心して暮らせるように、というごく平凡な『道理』に基づいたものなのだ。」
• Instead, this 'shikimoku' is a law that has been created for the local warriors who cannot read Chinese characters, and this shikimoku is based on the very common reason called 'dori' for the native residents to be able to live in peace by respecting honesty in people's minds and eliminating dishonesty, as followers who are loyal to their master and children who are dutiful to their parents.'

• 『吾妻鏡』1254年（建長6年）5月1日条の「人質の事（人間を質入すること）沙汰有り。・・・凡そ御制以後質人の事は、一向停止すべきの由と。此の如く申し沙汰すべきの旨、相州より問注所に仰せらると。勧湛・實綱・寂阿奉行たり」などはその例である。
• For example, according to the entry from 'Azuma Kagami' dated May 1, 1254, 'There is an announcement about taking hostages. … Taking hostages must be prohibited. This announcement has been sent from Soshu to Monchujo. 勧湛・實綱・寂阿奉行たり'

• 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等　凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
• For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.

• ただし、幾世紀にもわたって、非凡な人々によって探求されてきたというのに、いまだにその領域で議論に片が付いたものは何一つないし、だから疑問の余地のないものも何一つないというのを見ると、自分がやってもほかの人より成功する見込みがあるとは思えなかった。
• except that when I saw that it had been cultivated for many ages by the most distinguished men, and that yet there is not a single matter within its sphere which is not still in dispute, and nothing, therefore, which is above doubt, I did not presume to anticipate that my success would be greater in it than that of others;

• 『歎異抄』に「善人なおもて往生をとぐ、いわんや悪人をや（善人が極楽往生できるのなら、悪人ができないはずが無い）」と有るのは、上記「他力本願」とも関係する思想であるが、その意味は、＜人（凡夫） は自力で善（往生の手段となる行為）を成しとげることは不可能である。
• In the book 'Tannisho' is written that 'if even good people can be born in the Pure Land, how much more so the evil people', and this has also something to do with the concept of 'Tariki Hongan,' which was mentioned above. The meaning of this is that people (sentient beings) are too ignorant to do something good that leads to the Pure Land.

• 雄足がその経歴・経済活動・その職務において特別なのであれば、より「平凡」な官人たちはどのような活動をしていたのかが今後の検討課題となるし、雄足の活動は多くの他の官人たちも行いうるものであったのならば、雄足の研究はまさに下級官人の実態に直接迫る研究となりうる。
• If Otari was special in term of career, economic activity and work, finding out about how more 'ordinary' government official worked became subject of future investigation, and if many other government officials could work the same way as Otari, studying about Otari surely leads us to approach the actual condition of lower-ranking government officials.

• 法然の思想の根底には、『選択本願念仏集』や『黒谷上人語灯録』などには、「罪悪深重の衆生」「妄想顛倒の凡夫」などという表記が数多く見られるように、まず自分を含めた衆生の愚かさや罪といったものへの深い絶望があり、そこから凡夫である衆生の救済への道を探り始めている。
• Because words such as 'the multitude who are deeply sinful' and 'unenlightened people who are confused with delusions' appear often in 'Senchaku Hongan Nenbutsu Shu' and 'Kurodani Shonin Gotoroku,' at the base of Honen's ideology there is a deep despair in the sinfulness and foolishness of the multitude including himself, and he uses that as the starting point for exploring the path to deliver the multitude who are unenlightened.

• 差分の選択：比較したい版のラジオボタンを選択し、エンターキーを押すか、下部のボタンを押します。凡例：'({{int:cur}})'＝最新版との比較、'({{int:last}})'＝直前の版との比較、'{{int:minoreditletter}}'＝細部の編集
• Diff selection: Mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.Legend: '({{int:cur}})' = difference with latest revision, '({{int:last}})' = difference with preceding revision, '{{int:minoreditletter}}' = minor edit.

• 清盛の死後、嫡男の重盛はすでに病死し、次男の基盛も早世していたため、平氏の棟梁の座は三男の宗盛が継いだが、凡庸な宗盛は清盛のような器量もなく、全国各地で相次ぐ反乱に対処できず、後白河の奇謀に翻弄され院政勢力も勢力を盛り返すなど、平氏は次第に追いつめられていった。
• Since Kiyomori's legitimate first son, Shigemori, had already died of illness and his second son, Motomori, had also died young, after Kiyomori's death, Kiyomori's third son, Munemori, became the head of the Taira clan; however, he was an ordinary person and was not as capable as Kiyomori, and he therefore could not control rebellions that occurred across the country and was always swayed by eccentric ideas of Goshirakawa, allowing the cloister government to regain power, and as a result, the Taira clan was gradually driven into a corner.

• さらに文の終わりころにある「凡て天が下は小さきことはとてもかくても世々すべらぎの伝わり給ふこそよけれ」とか「すべらきのもとの如くつたわり給ふ国」などの言葉で知られるように、天皇の存在が日本にとって自然なこと、よいことであるという主張は、復古神道の学統に引き継がれた。
• Furthermore, as is known by the words appearing at the end of his writing, such as 'everything in the world is small, but it's good that the Emperor reigns for years,' and 'a country under the reign of the Emperor,' the affirmation that the presence of the emperor is natural and good for Japan was taken up by the group of Fukko Shinto.

• なお、校異編の凡例によれば、比較校合に採用した写本の基準は、おおむね、青表紙本系統の写本については南北朝時代 (日本)ころまでの書写であるもの。河内本系統の写本については鎌倉時代ころまでの書写であるもの。別本の写本については室町時代ころまでの書写であるもの。としている。
• According to explanatory notes in a book of comparison, the criteria for selecting the manuscripts for comparison and collation are generally as follows: the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscripts which were made by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); the Kawachi-bon line manuscripts which were made during the Kamakura period; the Beppon manuscripts which were made during the Muromachi period.

• この指定制度が発足した背景には、平凡な人々のあいだに繰り返されてきた伝承文化が保護の対象になる、という考え方が定着したことにもよるが、昨今の社会の急激な変貌により、営々として長期にわたって継承されてきた「民間伝承」が、今絶滅の危機に瀕しているという問題意識によるところも大きい。
• This designation system was introduced in part because of the increasing belief that traditional culture passed down from generation to generation by ordinary people is to be protected, but mostly due to awareness that well-established 'folk traditions' with a long history have been put in danger of disappearing by drastic changes in society in recent years.

• 寺院・僧侶の意義を認めない徹底した在家主義は、やがて徒党を組む既成寺院の僧侶から度重なる当局への讒言となり、清風（日扇）は弟子とともに逮捕されること2回、遠足止めなどの弾圧を受けるが、1878年（明治11年）には清風（日扇）自ら「花洛佛立講三十三組、人数凡1万人」というほど敎線を伸ばした。
• The Zaike shugi, having found no acceptance by temples and monks, led to frequent slander from monks of the league of existing temples in regard to his temple, and Seifu (Nissen) was suppressed by being arrested twice along with his disciples and was stopped from going afar; however, in 1878 he increased the size of his sect to one having '30 groups of Karaku (Kyoto) butsuryu-ko and about 10,000 people.'

• 内容は、発句382句（芭蕉41句、去来25句、宝井其角25句、凡兆42句）、連句歌仙4巻（去来、芭蕉、凡兆、中村史邦4吟1巻。凡兆、芭蕉、去来3吟1巻。凡兆、芭蕉、岡田野水、去来4吟1巻。芭蕉、川井乙州、浜田珍碩、素男その他1巻）、幻住庵記、几右日記をおさめ、これに其角序、内藤丈草跋が付く。
• It contains 382 hokku (41 poems by Basho, 25 by Kyorai, 25 by Kikaku TAKARAI, 42 by Boncho) and 4 volumes of Renku Kasen (thirty-six verse comic linked verse) (1 volume by Kyorai, Basho, Boncho, and Fumikuni NAKAMURA; 1 volume by Boncho, Basho, and Kyorai; 1 volume by Boncho, Basho, Yasui OKADA, and Kyorai; 1 volume by Basho, Otokuni KAWAI, Chinseki HAMADA, 素男, and others), Genjuan ki, Kiyu Diary, a preface written by Kikaku and a postscript by Joso NAITO.

• 天智天皇崩御後に勃発した壬申の乱に勝利した夫・大海人皇子（天武天皇）崩御後、菟野皇后は息子・草壁皇子への皇位継承を望んでいたのだが、ライバルの大津皇子を自害に追いやった為に却って反発を買い、草壁の凡庸な器量も相まって、草壁を即位させる事が出来なかったため、母后である菟野が政務を執り草壁を支えた。
• After Emperor Tenchi/Tenji died, the Junshin War happened and Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) won the war, after he died as well, Uno no Sarara no Himemiko wished her son, Prince Kusakabe to succeed to the throne, however she put pressure on Prince Kusakabe's opposition, Prince Otsu to kill himself and was blamed for it, she was not able to make her wish happen (for Prince Kusakabe to succeed to the throne), also Prince Kusakabe had an ordinary character, (he was not good enough to become Emperor) thus the Empress Dowager, Uno no Sarara no Himemiko took control of politics to support Prince Kusakabe.

• 家康は、独断で物事を決するよりは、専ら評定を開いては家臣だけで議論をさせ、家臣たちが結論を出したところで決断をするところから、あくまでその議論のまとめ役や政策実行の代表者に過ぎない（部下の使い方がうまいという見方もある）、たまたま長生きしたために天下を取ることができた凡人に過ぎないとする意見もある。
• There exists the following opinion as well: Rather than determining things independently, Ieyasu held meetings and made his retainers discuss them, and made decisions after they reached conclusions, and therefore, he was only an organizer of discussions or the representative of policy-executing staffs (there is also a viewpoint that he was good at using subordinates), and he could unify the nation because he happened to live a long life and actually was only an ordinary person.

• 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
• These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.

• 当時の主な銭湯の利用客である市井の人々には「お伊勢参り」や「金毘羅山参り」、「日光東照宮参り」 など日本各地の神社仏閣への「お参り」旅行は参詣本来の目的に加えてイベントであり娯楽であったことも鑑み、人々の平凡な日常にとって宮型造りの銭湯に足を運ぶことはいつかの「お参り」にいざなう魅力的な装置としても機能した。
• Given the fact that for ordinary people, who were main users of sento at that time, taking a trip to 'visit' temples and shrines in various regions in Japan such as 'a pilgrimage to Ise,' 'pilgrimage to Konpirasan,' 'pilgrimage to Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine,' etc., was the original purpose of visiting temples and was also an event or entertainment, shrine-shaped sento also functioned as attractions, thus leading to the eventual tradition of 'temple visiting' in later, less eventful days.

• 逍遥の言葉「・・・要するに、彼の貴族的な、英雄本位、淑女本位の高尚がりの活歴派に対しては、それとは反対の、平民的な、不作法な、凡人沢山、風情沢山の丸本式、草双紙式を発揚し、厳格な、窮屈な外国の審美論に対しては、無主義の、放埒な、いわば不即不離の国劇式を、暗に擁護しようという主張と抱負とが内心にあって、彼の作を書き始めたのである。」
• Shoyo said, 'In short, I started to write this work with a view and ambition in my mind to inspire noble, hero- and lady-oriented, intellectual audience, who like historical dramas, the maruhon shiki (style of complete set of books) and kusazoshi-style featuring common, rude people and having a lot of ordinary and interesting scenes--contrary to the characteristics of those audiences--and imply my ambition to support the so-called kokugeki shiki (national drama style)--a non-doctorine, loose, and neutral style--to foreign aesthetes, who hold a strict and rigid view.'

• 著作としては、『如来秘蔵集』6巻・『小止観鈔』3巻・『龍華傳鈔』3巻・『本朝法華傳』3巻・『扶桑隠逸傳』3巻・『元々唱和集』2巻・『衣裏宝珠鈔』・『釈氏二十四孝』・『釈門孝傳』・『龍華歴代師承傳』・『身延山七面記』・『身延山紀行』・『溫泉遊草』・『称心病課』・『草山要路』・『草山和歌集』・『食医要編』・『以空上人方丈記首書』・『聖凡唱和』・『都土産』・『霞谷法語』・『江左垂示』・『唱題得意』・『題目和歌鈔』がある。
• His writings included six volumes of 'Treasury of Tathagata,' three volumes of 'Small Writings about Meditation,' three volumes of 'Commentary on the Legend of Ryuge Tree under which Bodhisattva Attains Nirvana,' three volumes of 'Commentary on Japanese Nichiren Sect,' three volumes of 'Writings about Japanese Hermits,' two volumes of 'Poetries exchanged between Nissei and Chen Yuan-Ping, '衣裏 Hoju sho,' 'Twenty-four Dutiful Children among Buddhists,' 'Writings about Dutiful Children among Buddhists,' 'Traditions of Generations of Teachings from Teachers to Disciples about Attaining Nirvana,' 'The Record of Shichimen, Mt. Minobu,' 'Travelogue of Mt. Minobu,' 'Onsen Yuso,' 'Sickly Life at Shoshin,' 'Important Teachings at Sozan,' 'Sozan Poetry,' 'Important Collections on Food and Medicine,' 'Annotations about Hojo ki by St. Iku,' 'Incantation in Unison by Priest and Believers,' 'Souvenir from Kyoto,' 'Teachings of Kakoku,' 'Teachings by Kosa,' '得意 Incantation of the Name of the Lotus Sutra,' and 'Small Writings about Poetries sung as Teachings of the Nichiren Sect.'

• 私のまわりの事物が――天井の彫刻、壁のくすんだ掛毛氈（かけもうせん）、黒檀（こくたん）のように真っ黒な床、歩くにつれてがたがた音をたてる幻影のような紋章付きの戦利品などが、自分の幼少のころから見慣れていたもの、あるいはそれに類したものであるにもかかわらず、――どれもみな自分のよく見知っているものであることをすぐと認められるにもかかわらず、――平凡な物の形が自分の心に煽（あお）りたてる空想のあまり奇怪なのに私は驚いた。
• While the objects around me - while the carvings of the ceilings, the sombre tapestries of the walls, the ebon blackness of the floors, and the phantasmagoric armorial trophies which rattled as I strode, were but matters to which, or to such as which, I had been accustomed from my infancy - while I hesitated not to acknowledge how familiar was all this - I still wondered to find how unfamiliar were the fancies which ordinary images were stirring up.

• 「私の流儀にすれば金がなければ使わない、有っても無駄に使わない、多く使うも、少なく使うも、一切世間の人のお世話に相成らぬ、使いたくなければ使わぬ、使いたければ使う、嘗（かつ）て人に相談しようとも思わなければ、人に喙（くちばし）を容れさせようとも思わぬ、貧富苦楽共に独立独歩、ドンなことがあっても、一寸でも困ったなんて泣き言を言わずに何時も悠々としているから、凡俗世界ではその様子を見て、コリャ何でも金持だと測量する人もありましょう。」
• My policy on money is like this. When I do not have it, I cannot use it, and when I have it, I do not waste it. Whether I use a large sum of money or little, I will never borrow it from people. When I do not want to use it, I do not use it, and when I want to use it, I use it. I have never sought someone's advice about whether or not to use it. I do not want to be instructed by anyone about that. When I am rich or poor, or when I am having a hard time or an easy time, I am always independent. Whatever happens, I have never grumbled to someone about it and always kept calm, which might have made people believe that I am rich.'

• 一書曰 素戔嗚尊曰 韓郷之嶋 是有金銀 若使吾兒所御之國 不有浮寶者 未是佳也 乃拔鬚髯散之 即成杉 又拔散胸毛 是成檜 尻毛是成柀 眉毛是成櫲樟 已而定其當用 乃稱之曰 杉及櫲樟 此兩樹者 可以爲浮寶 檜可以爲瑞宮之材 柀可以爲顯見蒼生奥津棄戸將臥之具 夫須噉八十木種 皆能播生 于時 素戔嗚尊之子 號曰五十猛命 妹大屋津姫命 次枛津姫命 凡此三神 亦能分布木種 即奉渡於紀伊國也 然後 素戔嗚尊 居熊成峯 而遂入於根國者矣棄戸 此云須多杯 柀 此云磨紀
• Susanoo said, 'There is gold and silver in the islands of Karakuni (considered to be a part of present-day Korea), so it is not good that the country controlled by my children doesn't have any ships.' Then, he pulled out some hairs of his beard and scattered them, and then, they turned into cedars. He continued pulling out some hairs from parts of his body. The hairs he picked from his chest turned into hinoki (Japanese cypresses), the hairs he picked from his buttocks turned into maki (Japanese yew pines), and his plucked eyebrows turned into camphor trees. After that, he decided on the use of each tree and suggested, 'Cedars and camphor trees should be used for making ships, Japanese cypresses should be used for constructing palaces, Japanese yew pines should be used for coffins when the body is buried. Everyone should join together to sow seeds of many trees used for these various purposes and grow many more trees.' Around this time, he had a son, Isotakeru, and two daughters, Oyatsu-hime and Tsumatsu-hime. These three gods contributed to sowing seeds and growing trees all across the nation, and then they moved to Kii Province (the southern part of present-day Mie and Wakayama Prefectures) where they were enshrined. After that, Susanoo finally entered Ne-no-kuni (underworld) via Kumanarinotake.

• 生涯苦心致され候中にも、古史伝は最初文化の末頃より草稿取り掛かり、文政の始め頃に、成文一二巻程は、ざっと稿本成り候ところ、段々見識博くあいなり、殊に故鈴屋大人の御遺教をも相伺れ候て、いよいよ以って、世界悉く我が皇大神達の御鎔造（ツクリカタメ）なされたる事を感得致され候に付、古史伝は先ず差し置き、赤縣州を始め、印度及び西洋の古伝をも悉く皆探索網羅して、其の上にて、充分に古史の註解をと存し込まれ候て、文政の半ば頃より、専ら外国の学に困苦致され、凡そ廿余年も歳月を過ごされ候て、赤縣太古傳を初め、即ち今此れある丈の著述は出来候へ共、中々もって先人の心底に叶ひ候事には此れ無く候へ共、大抵は見当も付き候に依っては、私を始め門人の中の所存にも、段々時節後れ、先人も老年に成られ候に付き、先ず先ず外国の所は大抵にして差し置かれ、古史伝の清撰をしきりて、相願い催促致し候て、天保10年頃より、漸々と其の方にも趣かれ候所、言語規則の書之無きに付き、余儀なく五十音義の撰にかかり、凡そ一ヵ年ほど打ち過ぎられ候所、旧幕府の命に依って秋田へ放逐、尤も同所は本国の事、親族共も少なからず、第一旧君侯より厚く恩遇も之有りて会計の辛苦は薄らぎ候へ共、著述致す可き遑なく、此処両三年心配致され候内に病を発し入幽致され候次第にて残念至極にて御座候。
• Our teacher dedicated his life to the study requiring great pains; as to 'Koshi-den', at the end of the Bunka era (1804-1818), he began to write the draft, and by the early Bunsei era (1818-1830), about 12 volumes had been completed; however, by that time, he had also gradually gained an insight into the study and understood the teachings of the master of Suzunoya (Norinaga MOTOORI), then he realized that this world was the product of our great gods of Japan, so he decided to suspend 'Koshi-den' temporarily, and first explore and read through all the past annotations of the histories of our country as well as those of India and Europe to use new knowledge to his advantage in writing 'Koshi-den'; therefore, since the middle of the Bunsei era, he intensly studied foreign literature and culture mainly, and during a period of over 20 years, he completed almost all his works, which he left for us, including 'Sekiken Taiko-den' (Japanese Early History); although he was never satisfied with his works, his students, of course, including myself, with a feeling of gratitude, thought that our master had succeeded in completing most his researches and studies, and were concerned about the delay in completing 'Koshi-den' and because of our master's age, we repeatedly begged him to restart the writing, then thankfully at about the 10th year of the Tenpo era (1839), he restarted; however, he was requested to write on linguistic methods so he began to write 'Goju Ongi' (Pronunciation and Meaning of 50 Kana) and suspended 'Koshi-den' again; after a year, he was banished to Akita Province by order of the former bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), fortunately since Akita was his hometown and there were many relatives of his, besides the former load treated him very kindly, they relieved him off poor living, although under those conditions, he had no time to finish the remaining works; he was always concerned about those unfinished works, and after only a few years, he became sick and regrettably died.