冊: 852 Terms and Phrases

• 冊
• counter for books
• volume
• Fumi
• copy
• tome

• 一冊
• one copy (e.g. book)

• 分冊
• separate volume
• fascicle
• fascicule

• 別冊
• separate volume
• extra issue
• supplement
• additional volume
• supplementary volume
• separate edition

• 大冊
• large or bulky book or volume

• 冊夫
• Satsuo

• 冊姫
• Satsuki

• 冊音
• Satsune

• 短冊
• long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written (vertically)
• strip of paper
• thin rectangle
• Tanzaku

• 数冊
• several volumes (books)

• 冊子
• book
• booklet
• story book
• pamphlet
• notebook
• written work (esp. a bound text, as opposed to a scroll)
• a text written entirely in kana
• graphic novel (esp. one created between the 12th and 19th centuries)
• notebook (for practicing kana, drawing pictures, etc.)
• rough draft
• Namiko
• Fumiko

• 合冊
• collection in one volume

• 冊数
• number of books
• Volume

• 冊立
• imperial investiture

• 小冊
• pamphlet
• booklet

• 書冊
• book

• 手冊
• notebook
• memo pad

• 各冊
• each book (volume or copy)

• 短冊形
• thin rectangle

• 伊弉冊
• Izanami

• 巻･冊
• volume

• 冊封使
• accredited Chinese envoys to neighbouring kingdoms

• 小冊子
• booklet
• pamphlet
• brochure
• flyer
• manual
• tract
• Pamphlets

• 冊子体
• booklet
• pamphlet

• 冊亨県
• Ceheng County

• 冊封国
• Tributary state

• 1冊。
• It consists of one volume.

• 別冊索引
• separate index

• 冊子本。
• A bound book

• 別冊付録
• separate-volume supplement (to)

• 伊弉冊川
• Izanamigawa

• 分冊番号
• Volume

• 冊府元亀
• Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau

• 冊封体制。
• Tributary system.

• 五巻五冊。
• It consists of five volumes.

• 5巻5冊。
• It is comprised of five books in five volumes.

• 別冊の連載
• Serial writings in a separate volume

• 全66冊。
• 66 volumes in total.

• ほか全29冊
• 29 other works

• 扇形の冊子本
• Fan-shaped Booklets

• 別冊花とゆめ
• Bessatsu Hana to Yume

• 別冊フレンド
• Bessatsu Friend

• 革命の小冊子
• revolutionary pamphlets

• 『荏野冊子』
• 'Ena Booklet'

• 和装14冊。
• This book consists of 14 volumes with a Japanese-style binding.

• 「系図」1冊
• Keizu (Genealogy), one book

• 「引歌」1冊
• Hikiuta (Index), one book

• 全3巻8冊。
• The book consists of three series in eight volumes.

• 1185冊。
• It contains 1185 books.

• 中国の冊封体制
• Tributary system of China

• 13巻22冊。
• It consists of 13 volumes in 22 books.

• 扇面法華経冊子
• Senmen Hokekyo Sasshi (fan-shaped articles decorated with sutras)

• 制作された別冊
• produced supplementary volumes

• 賢俊日記　2冊
• Kenshun Nikki - 2 books

• 古類集（30冊）
• Koruishu (Old collection of the cases; 30 volumes)

• 続類集（31冊）
• Zokuruishu (Collection of the cases, continued; 31 volumes)

• 新類集（37冊）
• Shinruishu (New collection of the cases; 37 volumes)

• 「源氏目案」3冊
• Genji Meyasu (Commentary on key words and phrases in the text), three books

• 別冊少年サンデー
• Bessatsu Shōnen Sunday

• 琉球冊封使の一覧
• Imperial Chinese missions to Ryūkyū Kingdom

• 別冊マーガレット
• Bessatsu Margaret

• 別冊少年マガジン
• Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine

• 「山路の露」1冊
• Yamaji no tsuyu (Sequel of The Tale of Genji), one book

• 日本書紀　28冊
• 28 volumes of Nihon Shoki

• 摧邪輪　2帖1冊
• Saijarin 2 Pictures in One Book

• 元亨釈書 30冊
• 30 volumes of Genko-Shakusho

• 万葉集注釈　9冊
• Manyoshu Commentary 9 Books

• 義満と日本国王冊封
• Yoshimitsu and the king of Japan under the tributary system

• 天保類集（65冊）
• Tenporuishu (Collections of the cases in Tenpo era [1830 to 1843]; 65 volumes)

• 新々類集（79冊）
• Shinshinruishu (Newer collection of the cases; 79 volumes)

• 宝積経要品紙背短冊
• Hoshaku Kyoyohon Shihai Tanzaku (Japanese poetry written in a combined form of long and narrow cards with the back side of the paper used for a copy of the Daihoshaku-kyo Sutra)

• 太平御覧 103冊
• 103 volumes of Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era

• 形状は長方形短冊状。
• It was rectangular strip shape.

• 全部で60巻31冊。
• It consist of sixty volumes in total, made up of thirty-one books.

• 特にお勧めの1冊の本
• recommended one book in particular

• 数冊から成る百科事典
• multi-volumed encyclopedias

• この小冊子は無料だ。
• This booklet is free of charge.

• 冊封使（1866年）
• Sakuho-shi Delegates (the term sakuho refers to the Chinese emperor's acknowledgment of the status of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and the Chinese representatives dispatched by the Chinese emperor was called Sakuhoshi) (1866):

• 2巻1冊または2冊。
• It consists of a two-volume book or two books.

• 教部省撰の全32冊。
• Compiled by Kyobusho (the Ministry of Religion, Meiji Government), it consists of 32 volumes.

• 法華寺縁起類3巻1冊
• Documents on the origin and history of Hokke-ji Temple, volumes three, one copy

• 義演准后日記　62冊
• Gien Jugo Nikki - 62 books

• 参天台五台山記 8冊
• 8 volumes of Santendai Godaisanki

• 蔵書能力は約11万冊。
• The capacity of the library is about 110,000 books.

• 彼がXを一冊に纏めた。
• He compiled X into a book.

• 同年4月、中宮に冊立。
• In April 1190, it was formally decided for her to become the second consort.

• 同年3月、中宮に冊立。
• In April of the same year, she became Chugu.

• 何冊かの本が盗まれた。
• A number of books were stolen.

• 私は一冊の本を買った。
• I bought a book.

• 小冊子の形で出版される
• published in the form of a booklet

• ものみの塔聖書冊子協会
• Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses

• ルモンド世紀の100冊
• Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

• 机の上に本が１冊ある。
• There is a book on the desk.

• この辞書は１２冊ある。
• This dictionary has 12 volumes.

• 本が一冊棚から落ちた。
• A book dropped from the shelf.

• 宋刊本義楚六帖 12冊
• 12 volumes of the Song Dynasty book 'Yichu Liutie'

• 写本は一冊のみ現存する。
• Only one copy is extant.

• 全102巻（103冊）。
• It comes in 102 volumes (103 books).

• 扇面法華経冊子の現存遺品
• Existing Articles of the Senmen Hokekyo Sasshi

• 今朝から本を３冊読んだ。
• I have read three books since this morning.

• 私は彼に本を数冊与えた。
• I gave him a few books.

• 私は彼に本を一冊やった。
• I gave him a book.

• 机の上に何冊か本がある。
• There are some books on the desk.

• 机の上に数冊の本がある。
• There are some books on the desk.

• 机の上に一冊の本がある。
• There is an album on the desk.

• 宋刊本仏鑑禅師語録 4冊
• 4 volumes of Song Dynasty China book the analects of Zen master Fojian

• 形状は長方形短冊形である。
• It was rectangular reed-shaped coin.

• 大根 - 短冊切りで使う。
• Daikon (Japanese radish): Daikon cut into rectangles may be used.

• 源氏物語本文54帖・54冊
• 54 chapters of the main text of The Tale of Genji, 54 books

• おじは私に本を一冊くれた。
• My uncle gave me a book.

• ここに一冊の本があります。
• Here is a book.

• 一度に何冊借りられますか。
• How many books can I take out at one time?

• 彼女は１０冊も本を書いた。
• She wrote as many as ten books.

• 彼は講義を小冊子で補った。
• He supplemented his lecture with a booklet.

• 私は彼に数冊の本を与えた。
• I gave some books to him.

• 我々は、年間6冊を刊行する
• we issue six volumes per annum

• 机の上に本が一冊あります。
• There is a book on the desk.

• 机の上に一冊の辞書がある。
• There is a dictionary on the desk.

• 十六巻十六冊・安土記とも。
• It consists of 16 volumes (books) and is also called Azuchi-ki (A Diary of Azuchi).

• 全15編30冊、万笈閣刊。
• There are a total of 15 volumes comprised of 30 books published by Bankyukaku.

• 彼は２冊の本を著している。
• He has written two books.

• 上下2冊を封筒に入れて一編。
• Two volumes were placed into an envelope, making one book.

• 各冊は紙縒で綴じられている。
• Each volume was bound with Koyori (string made from twisted paper).

• すでに１冊の本が出ています。
• One book has been already published.

• 同年8月に中宮に冊立される。
• In September 1261, she was formally installed as chugu.

• 光秀は短冊に辞世の句を詠む。
• Then Mitsuhide writes his dying poetry on an oblong card.

• これらの本を２冊とも読んだ。
• I've read both these books.

• ここに週刊誌が１冊あります。
• Here is a weekly magazine.

• 彼は何冊本を持っていますか。
• How many books does he have?

• 部屋には１冊の本もなかった。
• There was single book in the room.

• 彼女は二千冊本を持っている。
• She has two thousand books.

• 彼は３年間に３冊本を書いた。
• He wrote three books in as many years.

• 私は二冊の本を持っています。
• I have two books.

• 私はその本を二冊もっていた。
• I had two copies of the book.

• 君は何冊の本をお持ちですか。
• How many books have you?

• 机の上には本が１冊しかない。
• There is only one book on the desk.

• その結果を一冊の本に著した。
• the result of which he had expounded in a book

• 彼は毎週２０冊もの本を読む。
• He reads as many as twenty books every week.

• 晩年に2冊著作を出している。
• In his later years, he wrote two literary works.

• 彼は家に帰ると本を十冊読む。
• He reads 10 books when he returns to the house.

• 彼は書店で数冊の本を買った。
• He bought a number of books at the bookstore.

• 宋刊本楞伽通義 善月述 6冊
• 6 volumes of Song Dynasty China book Lengjia Tongyi written by Shanyue

• 国立国会図書館蔵の5巻5冊本。
• These are five volumes in five books and kept at the National Diet Library.

• 彼が早速一冊の本を買いました。
• He immediately bought a book.

• 彼が昨日、一冊の本を購入した。
• He bought a book yesterday.

• 彼が図書館で１冊の本を借りた。
• He checked out a book from the library.

• 弟の本を何冊か貸してあげよう。
• I'll lend you some books of my brother's.

• その２冊の本は同じ価値がある。
• The two books are equivalent in value.

• 彼女は棚から本を一冊降ろした。
• She took down a book from the shelf.

• 私は１か月に５冊の本を買った。
• I bought five books a month.

• 机の上に２冊しか本がなかった。
• There were no more than two books on the desk.

• 同5年（982年）中宮に冊立。
• In 982, she officially became Chugu at the order of the Emperor.

• 禅定寺文書　125通（附4冊）
• Zenjo-ji Temple Documents 125 copies (Four volumes of tsuketari (attachments, appurtenances))

• 父は５００冊の本を持っている。
• Father has 500 volumes.

• 『顕浄土真実教行証文類』 6冊
• 6 volumes of 'Ken Jodo Shinjitsu-kyo Gyosho Monrui' (Selected passages revealing the true teaching, practice and attainment of the Pure Land)

• 宋刊本楞伽経（蘇軾写刻本）4冊
• 4 volumes of Song Dynasty China book Lankavatara Sutra (transcribed by Su Shi)

• 彼は１０冊も辞書を持っている。
• He has not less than ten dictionaries.

• 彼は私に本を２冊貸してくれた。
• He lent me two books.

• 彼には３００冊もの蔵書がある。
• He has no less than three hundred books.

• 彼は辞書を五冊以上持っている。
• He has more than five dictionaries.

• 彼は辞書を５冊以上持っている。
• He has more than five dictionaries.

• 教行信証　親鸞筆（坂東本）6冊
• Kyogyo Shinsho, by Shinran (Bando Edition) 6 Volumes

• 宋刊本宗門統要集 宗永集 5冊
• 5 volumes of Song Dynasty China book Shumon toyoshu Soeishu

• 図は別に1冊にまとめられている。
• Drawings were put together in an separate book.

• 源氏物語　蓬生、薄雲、関屋　3冊
• Three volumes of Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji); Yomogiu (A Waste of Weeds), Usugumo (Wisps of Cloud), and Sekiya (The Gatehouse).

• ついに一冊目の本が出版されます。
• The first book is finally being published.

• １人の作家が１冊ずつの本を出す。
• Every author comes out with a book.

• 短冊にわたしの願いを込めました。
• I put my wishes on the strip of paper.

• 天長4年（827年）皇后に冊立。
• She was officially appointed as the empress in 827.

• 私は彼女から数冊の本をもらった。
• She gave me several books.

• 一冊の本に４０ドルも支払えない。
• I can't afford $40 for one book!

• 私は、１０冊もの本を持っている。
• I have no less than ten books.

• 私は手に辞書を１冊持っています。
• I have a dictionary in my hand.

• 机の上に一冊の本がありましたか。
• Was there a book on the desk?

• あなたは辞書を３冊もっています。
• You have three dictionaries.

• あなたは二冊の本を持っています。
• You have two books.

• ここに君の好きな物語が一冊ある。
• Here is one of your favorite romances.

• 付置の図書館は、蔵書数74万冊。
• The University's library holds 740,000 books.

• 彼は５００冊もの本を持っている。
• He has no less than five hundred books.

• 同5年（1091年）、中宮に冊立。
• She was officially appointed as Chugu in 1091.

• 保元元年（1156年）中宮に冊立。
• In 1156, she was formally installed as chugu.

• 今日、私は全部で十冊の本を買った。
• Today, I bought ten books in all.

• 私はイギリスへ本を何冊か注文した。
• I ordered several books from England.

• この本を二冊ほしいと思っています。
• I am hoping to get two copies of this book.

• あなたは二冊の本を持っていますか。
• Do you have two books?

• どれでも好きな本を１冊選びなさい。
• Choose any one book you like.

• あなたは何冊の本を持っていますか。
• How many books do you have?

• 私はこれらの本のうち何冊か欲しい。
• I want some of these books.

• 本の貸出しは１度に５冊までですよ。
• You are allowed to check out not more than five books at a time.

• 彼の書斎には何百冊という本が有る。
• There are hundreds of books in his study.

• 彼女は何百冊という本を持っている。
• She has hundreds of books.

• 彼女は本を一冊小脇にかかえている。
• She has a book under her arm.

• 私は、１０冊しか本を持っていない。
• I have no more than ten books.

• 私は英語の本を何冊か持っています。
• I have some English books.

• 私は先日、一冊の辞書を買いました。
• I bought a dictionary the other day.

• 大学で筆記試験に使われる青い小冊子
• a blue booklet used in universities for writing examinations

• 4つのCDとかえて3冊の本をあげる
• I'll give you three books for four CDs

• その２冊の本の両方ともはだめです。
• You can't have both books.

• 粉末と、小瓶が一つとノートが一冊。
• some powders, a phial and a paper book.

• 同9年（1012年）、中宮に冊立。
• She was promoted to be the Chugu in 1012.

• 彼は私に読むべき本を３冊指定した。
• He assigned me three books to read.

• 彼は何十冊も英語の本を持っている。
• He has dozens of English books.

• 残りの12冊も焼損痕が残っている。
• The remaining 12 volumes also have marks from fire damage.

• 宋刊本台宗十類因革論 善月述 4冊
• 4 volumes of Song Dynasty China book Taizong Shilei Yinge Lun written by Shanyue

• 蔡鍔訳『国際公法志』全一冊、広智書局
• 'Bankoku Koho Shi', one volume, translated by 蔡鍔, published by 広智書局

• 上中下の3冊全7巻により構成される。
• It consists of three books (the first, second and third) containing seven volumes in all.

• 彼が７５歳までに本を３冊書きました。
• He wrote three books by the age of 75.

• 源吾は槍の先に付けた短冊を差し出す。
• Gengo held out tanzaku (long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written vertically) which was attached onto the end of the spear.

• 私は今までに約１００冊の本を読んだ。
• I've read some hundred books so far.

• どれでもいいから本を三冊選びなさい。
• It doesn't matter which, just pick three books.

• ブラウン氏はいつも本を１冊持ち歩く。
• Mr Brown always carries a book with him.

• 何冊かの新刊書をアメリカに注文した。
• I ordered some new books from America.

• テーブルの上に何冊の本がありますか。
• How many books are there on the table?

• 経済学の本を５冊ロンドンに注文した。
• I order five books on economics from London.

• 彼の本のうち何冊かは読むのが難しい。
• Some of his books are difficult to read.

• 今まで何冊の本を読んだと思いますか。
• How many books do you think you have read so far?

• 書架の本は１冊残らず全部読みました。
• I have read every book on the shelf.

• 彼は少なくとも月に１０冊は本を読む。
• He reads ten books a month at least.

• これまでに何冊の本を代作しましたか？
• How many books have you ghostwritten so far?

• 『南郭先生文集』全四編四十巻二十四冊
• 'Nankaku sensei bunshu' (Collections of Nankaku's poetry) A total of 4 books, 40 volumes and 24 booklets

• 主な半翻訳本に砲家必読11冊がある。
• Hoka Hitsudoku (literary, guidelines on gun battery) (Vol. 1-11) is one of his main translations.

• 一字名を「干」と称し短冊を多く残す。
• He was called with the one character name '干', and left behind a lot of tanzaku (short books).

• 彼はこの２週間に本を５０冊も読んだ。
• He has read as many as 50 books for the last two weeks.

• 大蔵経 2,018冊（うち版本6冊）
• 2,018 volumes of the Daizokyo (Chinese Buddhist Canon) (of which 6 have been printed from woodblocks)

• 日本へは少なくとも2冊輸入されている。
• At least two books were imported into Japan.

• 附指定建築仕様書等1冊、建築設計図1巻
• A copy of the architectural specifications and a volume of architectural blueprints were also designated.
• It has a specification of designated architecture, as well as an architect's blueprint.
• One book of construction specifications, etc., one volume of construction plans

• 生涯に70冊以上もの浩瀚な書を著した。
• During his lifetime he wrote a vast amount of writings, comprising more than 70 books.

• 彼があるとき本屋で一冊の本を見付けた。
• One day, he found a book in a bookstore.

• 彼がこのたび４冊目の本を出版しました。
• He has now published his fourth book.

• 同7年（1093年）2月、中宮に冊立。
• Formally decided that she should become the second consort in February 1093.

• 私は少なくとも毎月１冊は本を読みます。
• I read at least one book every month.

• その小説家は何冊かの伝奇小説を書いた。
• The novelist wrote several romances.

• あなたは１ヶ月に何冊の本を読みますか。
• How many books do you read a month?

• 彼女は本棚にある数冊の本を彼に見せた。
• She showed him several books that were on the shelf.

• 彼女は１週間に平均３、４冊の本を読む。
• She reads on average three or four books a week.

• 今までに何冊の本を読んだと思いますか。
• How many books do you think you have read so far?

• 彼が次に出した二冊目の本は小説だった。
• His next two books were novels.

• ポール、8冊までなら借りられるからね。
• Paul, we can borrow up to 8 books.

• その老婦人は私に面白い本を２冊くれた。
• The old women gave me two interesting book.

• かばんの中に本が２、３冊入っています。
• There are a few books in the bag.

• 何のために同じ本を６冊ほしいのですか。
• What on earth do you want six copies of the same book for?

• この図書館には５万冊以上の書物がある。
• This library has over 50,000 volumes.

• 彼は上の棚から茶色の重い一冊を取った。
• He took down a heavy brown volume from his shelves.

• ためになる本か雑誌を週1冊読むこと。
• Read one improving book or magazine per week

• 著書が渡辺雅司により2冊訳されている。
• Two of the Mechnikov's books were translated by Masaji WATANABE.

• 高弁夢記　1巻、9通、2帖、2冊、3幅
• Koben Yume no Ki in 1 scroll, 9 sheets, 2 bindings, 2 books and 3 panels

• 宋版十諫書　2冊（京都国立博物館寄託）
• 2 Song Dynasty Chinese copies of Shijianshu (deposited at Kyoto National Museum)

• 彼は今までのところ本を五冊書いている。
• He has written five books so far.

• 彼はある書店で１冊の英語の本を買った。
• He bought an English book at a bookstore.

• 一冊1,000円（100円券11枚綴）
• One bundle of coupon tickets: 1000 yen (11 one-way trip tickets for 100 yen each)

• 宋刊本四明十義書 智礼撰 継忠述 3冊
• 3 volumes of Song Dynasty China book Siming Shiyi compiled by Zhili, written by Jizhong

• 冷泉家歌書類　38巻147冊52帖11幅
• Of the various types of Reizei family waka anthologies: 38 volumes, 147 books, 52 sections, and 11 hanging scrolls.

• 重要文化財梅沢本一冊が天下の孤本である。
• The Umezawa-bon (representing a book held by the Umezawa Family), which is designated as an important cultural property, is the only existing copy.

• - サクラエビ、イカの短冊切り、シラウオ
• Sakura shrimps, chopped squid, Japanese icefish

• 私は先日久しぶりに１冊の本を読みました。
• The other day, I read a book for the first time in a long time.

• 4月に女御宣旨を受け、10月中宮に冊立。
• She became Nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court (a consort of an emperor)) in May by the Imperial decree and became Chugu in October.

• 誰かが私の本を２冊持っていってしまった。
• Two of my books have been taken.

• １冊の新しい辞書の発行が計画されている。
• A new dictionary has been projected.

• 出版社へその本１冊注文してくれませんか。
• Will you please order a copy of the book from the publisher?

• ケンはわずか１０冊しか本を持っていない。
• Ken has no more than ten books.

• 私は、少なくとも１０冊の本を持っている。
• I have at least ten books.

• 私はいつも辞典を３冊手元に置いています。
• I always keep three dictionaries at hand.

• 私はいつも手元に数冊の辞書をおいている。
• I always keep several dictionaries at hand.

• ジョルジュシムノンは、本を何冊書いたか？
• How many books did Georges Simenon write?

• 我々は何冊かの新しい本を英国に注文した。
• We ordered some new books from England.

• この百科事典は毎月分冊で発行されている。
• This encyclopedia is issued in monthly parts.

• 一冊の本がお茶の用意の側に開かれていた。
• one lay beside the tea-things open,

• 『明霞先生遺稿集』（八巻五冊、寛延元年）
• 'Meika Sensei Ikoshu' (Collection of literary remains of Meika) (eight volumes in five books, 1748)

• 1冊5丁で、2・3冊からなるものが多い。
• One book has five leaves, and most of them consisted of two or three books.

• ほかに『装束抄』が付かない六冊本もある。
• In addition, there are six books unrelated to 'Shozokusho.'

• 刊本は18冊（本文17冊、総目録1冊）。
• The number of volumes is 18 (the body text 17 volumes, the bibliography 1 volume).

• 独活 - 短冊切りやねじり独活にして使う。
• Udo salad: Udo salad cut into rectangles or shaped into a twist may be used.

• 私たちは少なくとも月に一冊本を読むべきだ。
• We should read one book a month at least.

• 私たちは、新しい本を何冊か海外に注文した。
• We ordered some new books from abroad.

• 私はほかの本も何冊か読んでみるつもりです。
• I'm going to read some other books.

• この図書館では１度に３冊まで借りられます。
• At this library, you can borrow up to three books at a time.

• ２、３冊の読むべきいい本を選び出せますか。
• Can you pick out a few good books to read?

• 彼女はピアノの上に本が何冊かあるのを見た。
• She saw some books lying on the piano.

• 彼女は君の３倍の冊数の辞書を持っています。
• She has three times as many dictionaries as you do.

• 私は、せいぜい１０冊しか本を持っていない。
• I have not more than ten books.

• よろしければ一冊か二冊、届けさせましょう」
• I could send you one or two if you like. . .'

• 彼は私にアメリカの雑誌を数冊送ってくれた。
• He sent me some American magazines.

• 「藤簍冊子」（つづらぶみ）（歌文集）上梓。
• Tsuzurabumi' (a collection of poetry and prose) was published.

• 宋版仏法大明録　2冊（京都国立博物館寄託）
• 2 Song Dynasty Chinese copies of Fofa Daming Lu (deposited at Kyoto National Museum)

• 彼はわずかに１００冊の本しか持っていない。
• He has no more than one hundred books.

• 彼は何十冊もの日本に関する本を持っている。
• He has dozens of books about Japan.

• 彼は少なくても５冊の英語の本を持っている。
• He has no less than five English books.

• 宋刊本圜悟禅師語録 紹隆等編 （二部）4冊
• 4 volumes of Song Dynasty China book the analects of Zen master Yuanwu (2 parts) compiled by Shaolong etc.

• 祇園執行日記　9冊　附 祇園社記等　59冊
• Gion Shikko Nikki: 9 volumes; with Gion Shaki, 59 volumes

• 以下『江戸会誌』2冊（10号）37頁による。
• The following figures are based on 'Edo Kaishi' (p. 37 of No. 10).

• この間に刊行された書籍は、8部80冊である。
• The number of books published in this period was 8 titles, a total of 80 books.

• また、1人1回請求する冊数も制限されている。
• There is a limit to the number of materials that can be requested by an individual at one time.

• 同3月7日 （4月6日）、中宮に冊立される。
• She was appointed as Chugu in April 6, 1794.

• 教授は新刊本を何冊かニューヨークに注文した。
• The professor ordered some new books from New York.

• 今朝あの人が私に２冊の本を貸してくれました。
• The man lent me two books this morning.

• 私はビートルズについての本を何冊か読みたい。
• I'd like to read some books about the Beatles.

• その作家は私に彼の最新作を一冊贈ってくれた。
• The author presented a copy of his latest book to me.

• 彼女は長いキャリアの間、25冊の本を発行した
• She published 25 books during her long career

• いったい何のために同じ本を６冊いるのですか。
• What on earth do you want six copies of the same book for?

• その２冊の本の中でどちらの方が好きでしたか。
• Which of the two books did you like better?

• あなたは一度に三冊の本を借りる事が出来ます。
• You can borrow three books at a time.

• 彼は多くても１００冊しか小説を持っていない。
• He has not more than a hundred novels.

• 彼の書斎には少なくとも１０００冊の本がある。
• He has not less than 1,000 books in his study.

• 彼は多くても５冊しか英語の本を持っていない。
• He has no more than five English books.

• 彼は少なくとも１、０００冊の本をもっている。
• He has at least one thousand books.

• 成相寺文書・制礼6通4枚（附・成相古記1冊）
• 6 Nariai-ji Temple documents and 4 Seisatsu (a wayside board prohibiting certain activities) (including a volume of Nariai ancient records)

• 扇面法華経冊子（四天王寺、東京国立博物館ほか）
• Senmen Hokkekyo Sasshi (Lotus Sutra Booklet on a Fan): owned by some institutions, including Shitenno-ji Temple and Tokyo National Museum

• この書は当初全二冊で、1875年に出版された。
• It was originally a two-volume book, which published in 1875.

• 大きさは半紙半截、1冊5丁を形式的条件とした。
• Books were produced in a half page size format consisting of five sheets in total.

• 中国では五色の短冊ではなく、五色の糸をつるす。
• In China, five colored threads are hung instead of five colored tanzaku.

• 私は何冊かの本を読むために図書館へ行きました。
• I went to the library to read some books.

• 私は多くとも１０冊しか英語の本を持っていない。
• I have no more than ten English books.

• 『古今奇談莠句冊』（ひつじぐさ）、（1787）
• 'Kokonkidan Hitsujigusa' (1787)

• 『玄々瓷印譜』一帙二冊　天保2年（1831年）
• 'Gengen Shi Inpu,' two books in a chitsu (a container to keep books made of Japanese papers in it), in 1831.

• 『天文日記（光教日記）』自筆本　56冊、11巻
• 11 volumes and 56 books of the autographic book 'Tenbun Nikki' (diary of Shonyo Kokyo)

• 毎日１０冊の本を読むとは彼は本の虫に違いない。
• He must be a bookworm to read ten books every day.

• 彼は５０冊もの英語で書かれた小説を持っている。
• He has got as many as fifty novels written in English.

• これにより、中国と朝鮮との冊封関係は精算された。
• This caused the vassal relationship between China and Korea came to come to an end.

• 中国が日本を冊封した記録は後漢の時代にまで遡る。
• Records indicate that China put Japan in its tributary system, going back to the age of the Later Han Dynasty.

• 君は、その２冊の本のうち、どちらを選んでもよい。
• You may choose either of the two books.

• 私はリンカーンに関する本を何冊か読みたいものだ。
• I would like to read some books about Lincoln.

• 私はたった１０冊しか英語の教科書を持っていない。
• I have no more than ten English textbooks.

• ヘブライ語の聖書の最初5冊が書かれる羊皮紙の巻物
• the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written

• 毎週発行される定期刊行物（または、1年に52冊）
• a periodical that is published every week (or 52 issues per year)

• 指定された期間の間、図書館で貸し出される本の冊数
• the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period

• 教授が試験小冊子を取り出したとき、学生はうめいた
• The students groaned when the professor got out the exam booklets

• 西洋史新話 第1-9冊 博文館, 1911-18
• Seiyo-shi Shinwa (New Stories on Western World History) vol.1-9, Hakubunkan, 1911-1918

• 日本植物編 第1冊 大日本図書 明治33年12月
• Japan Shokubutsu Hen vol.1 published by Dainihontosho; December, 1900

• 翌年2月25日、皇后に冊立され「中宮」を号した。
• On February 25 of the following year, she was officially made empress and called herself Chugu.

• 現在の蔵書数は702,309冊（2001年度末）
• There are 702,309 books in the collection at present (as of end of 2001 academic year).

• 大山崎離宮八幡宮文書 24巻、1冊、1鋪、52通
• Oyamazaki Rikyu Hachiman-gu Monjo (historical documents): 24 scrolls, 1 book, 1 binding, 52 sheets

• 宋刊本中庸説 巻第一、第二、第三 張九成著 1冊
• 1 volume of Song Dynasty China book The Doctrine of the Mean in three sections written by Jiu-cheng ZHANG.

• 『縮冊大蔵経』『大日本続蔵経』所収本 - 全36巻
• 'Concise Daizo-kyo Sutra' 'Dainihon Zokuzo-kyo Sutra' - 36-volume Book

• 短冊（たんざく）は、細長く切った紙や薄い木のこと。
• Tanzaku means paper cut into strips, or thin slices of wood.

• 冊封使歓待を目的として発展した明清系の音楽である。
• It is a style of music with roots in the Ming and Qing dynasties that was developed with the aim of fostering warm diplomatic relations.

• 太郎は何冊かの英会話テキストをロンドンに注文した。
• Taro ordered some English conversation textbooks from London.

• 彼女は行き当たりばったりに棚から一冊の本を取った。
• She took a book at random from the shelf.

• 彼が金を出して図書室に数冊の新しい本が加えられた。
• Some new books were added to the library at his expense.

• 四半期ごとに出版される定期刊行物（1年あたり4冊）
• a periodical that is published every quarter (or four issues per year)

• あなたたちは一度に３冊の本を借りることが出来ます。
• You can borrow three books at a time.

• あなたはその２冊の本のうち、どちらを取ってもよい。
• You may take either of the two books.

• 現存するのは龍谷大学の写字台文庫の1冊のみである。
• The only extant book is in the collection of Shajidai-bunko at Ryukoku University.

• 52巻25冊が現存したが関東大震災で焼失したという。
• 25 volumes consisting of 52 Book was existent, but they were burnt in the Great Kanto Earthquake.

• 内親王宣下、後堀河天皇准母として皇后宮に冊立される。
• She was given title of Imperial Princess under the imperial proclamation, and became Kisainomiya as Junbo of Emperor Gohorikawa under the imperial investiture.

• またこれに、毎号12ページの別冊「法話特集」が付く。
• Moreover, a 12-page separate volume of 'Howa Tokushu' (Sermon Feature) is attached to each issue.

• サウルとダビデについて書かれた2冊の旧約聖書の2冊目
• the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David

• 彼女の蔵書は全部で３５００冊で多くの初版が入ってる。
• Her library has 3,500 books and includes many first editions.

• 遠西医範（オランダ解剖学書を訳した三十冊に及ぶ大著）
• Ensei Ihan (Examples from Western Medicine): Translation of a Dutch anatomical book, and it counts 30 volumes

• ロンドンで陸奥が書いたノートが今も7冊残されている。
• Seven notebooks which he wrote while in London are still remaining today.

• 寛政5年（1793年）に『楷林』上下2冊を刊行した。
• In 1793, he published the two volumes of 'Kairin.'

• 中断した巻三を除外し、二巻二冊（一冊合本板もある）。
• The unfinished Volume Three was excluded and later published in two volumes (there is also a one volume version).

• そのことから、これを写本から切り取り１冊の本にした。
• Because of that, he removed them from the manuscript and made them into a book.

• 同年4月女御宣下を受け、さらに7月中宮に冊立される。
• In April of the same year, she was proclaimed a Nyogo (consort) of Emperor Enyu, and in July, she officially became Chugu.

• 1929年に火災に遭い、全13冊のうちの1冊を焼失。
• 1 volume out of a total of 13 volumes was lost in a fire in 1929.

• 1998年、新潮別冊『コマネチ!』にて北野武と対談。
• In 1998, he had a dialogue with Takeshi KITANO that is included in the Shincho supplement 'Komanechi!'

• また補助資料となる3冊のオランダ医学書を提供している。
• He provided three books of Dutch medical science as supplementary materials.

• その後、足利義満が新たに冊封されて「日本国王」となる。
• Thereafter, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was sent a new official message (Sakuho) from the Ming Court addressing him as the 'King of Japan.'

• 私家集（承空本）43冊－鎌倉時代の浄土宗の僧・承空筆。
• 43 books of (Shoku's) private poetry anthologies, written by the Kamakura-period Jodo (Pure Land) sect monk Shoku.

• このうち3冊は別に筆写され『上記副本』として残された。
• Three of them were copied separately and left as 'Uetsufumi Duplicate book'.

• 動物図書館 - 動物関係の約6,000冊の蔵書がある。
• Animal library: storing approximately 6000 books on animals.

• 寿永元年（1182年）安徳天皇准母として皇后宮に冊立。
• In 1182, it was decided for her to be Kisai no miya (empress) as the stepmother of Emperor Antoku.

• 私はその本を１冊買いたいが、その本は絶版になっている。
• I want to buy a copy of the book, but it is out of print.

• 問題とそれを解くための空白がある学生用の本または小冊子
• a student's book or booklet containing problems with spaces for solving them

• 一週間に１０冊も本を読むの？一ヶ月の間違いではないの？
• You can read ten books in a week? Don't you mean in a month?

• 八坂神社文書（2,205通）89巻、40冊、1帖、1通
• Yasaka-jinja Shrine Documents (2,205 items): 89 scrolls, 40 books, 1 ledger, 1 letter

• 開成所（西周訓点）『万国公法』全6冊、老皀館、1865年
• Kaiseijo (School for Western Studies) version 'Bankoku Koho,' six-volume book with guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese by Amane NISHI, 老皀館 in 1865.

• 絵入源氏物語は以下のような内容で全60冊からなっている。
• Eiri Genji monogatari consists of 60 volumes and its contents are as follows.

• 各種展示のほか、約6,000冊の関係資料の閲覧もできる。
• In addition to various exhibitions, around 6,000 relevant materials can be seen.

• 数冊の案内書を買ったが、どれも私の助けにはならなかった。
• I bought several guidebooks, none of which helped me.

• 手伝ってもらった代わりに彼にテキストブックを３冊あげた。
• I gave him three textbooks in exchange for his help.

• 毎週二回（または年当たりの104冊）発行される定期刊行物
• a periodical that is published twice each week (or 104 issues per year)

• 一冊の本として出版された歴史的に重要な文書のコレクション
• a collection of historically important documents published together as a book

• バイロンの詩の一冊が彼の前のテーブルの上に置いてあった。
• A volume of Byron's poems lay before him on the table.

• 太平記12冊（重文）－『太平記』の古写本の代表的なもの。
• 12 Volumes of the Taiheiki (Important Cultural Property) - Representative codices of the Taiheiki.

• その後、渤海は新羅とは対立を続けるも唐からは冊封を受ける。
• Although the Bokkai Kingdom and Silla continued to clash in the subsequent years, Silla was still a vassal under the Tang Dynasty.

• 清は冊封関係の回復にむけ積極的になり日清の関係は悪化した。
• The relationship between Japan and Qing worsened as Qing took active steps to recover the sakuho relationship.

• 現存しているのはこのうちの1部（1帙5冊・欠1冊）である。
• One of the copies exists today (One case has five volumes, but one of the volumes is missing.)

• 重野安繹（鹿児島藩）訳注『和訳万国公法』全三冊、1870年
• 'Wayaku Bankoku Koho' three-volume book, translator's notes by Yasutsugu SHIGENO (Kagoshima Domain) in 1870.

• 紙本墨書勧進帳奉加帳 １通・１冊綾部市指定文化財、室町時代
• A temple solicitation book and a subscription list, on paper with monochrome ink, a cultural property designated by Ayabe City, were produced in the Muromachi period.

• この花見で詠まれた和歌の短冊は今も三宝院に保管されている。
• The Tanzaku (long, narrow card on which a Japanese poem is written vertically) of Waka (Japanese poem) which were composed at this blossom-viewing party are still kept at Sanboin Temple.

• 最近王室ファミリーについて出された本で二冊が傑出している。
• Two books stand out among the dozens recently published on the Royal Family.

• 重要なのは、何冊本を読むかでなく、どんな本を読むかである。
• What is important is not how many books you read, but what books you read.

• 私たちはたまたま「ライ麦畑でつかまえて」を２冊持っている。
• It happens that we have two copies of Catcher in the Rye.

• 彼の研究室には、１、０００冊以上のノートが保存されていた。
• Preserved in his laboratory were more than a thousand notebooks.

• 同年10月5日 (旧暦)、皇后に冊立され「中宮」を号した。
• On October 5 (old lunar calendar) of the same year, she was named empress and given the title of 'Chugu.'

• 彼は私に本を２冊貸してくれたが、まだどちらも読んでいない。
• He lent me two books, neither of which I have read as yet.

• 和装本で350冊、洋装本では51冊になる（60冊版もあり）。
• The amount of volumes are counted as 350 volumes in the Japanese binding style, and 51 volumes in the Western binding style (the edition with 60 volumes are also available).

• 宮内庁書陵部蔵本の形態は冊子で、全1冊36丁から構成される。
• The transcript possessed by Imperial Household Archives is in the form of a book consisting of 36 booklets.

• 他方清との間ではその冊封を受けず限られた貿易のみを容認した。
• The Tokugawa shogunate did not have a Sakuho relationship with Qing dynasty and allowed limited trade.

• 延喜9年（909年）従三位、延長元年（923年）中宮に冊立。
• In 909, she was given the rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), then officially became the second consort of the Emperor by royal edict in 923.

• 以来、皇后は同時に2人まで冊立することができるようになった。
• Since then, up to two people could ascend to the throne as empress simultaneously.

• ホーキング博士は、ある１冊の本をほぼ書き終えたところだった。
• Dr. Hawking had almost finished writing a book.

• 私はその本がとても好きだったので友人のために１０冊注文した。
• I liked the book so much I ordered ten copies for friends.

• ユダとイスラエルの王様の履歴を語っている2冊の旧約聖書の第一
• the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel

• もちろん三条天皇が即位すると、妍子も早々と中宮に冊立された。
• When Emperor Sanjo ascended the throne, Kenshi was promoted to Chugu without a question.

• - 話が長く、三冊以上の分冊になったものを一巻に綴じたもの。
• It had a long story and was separated into more than three books, but bounded into one book.

• いずれも若い作家が書いたニ冊のささやかな本が批評されています。
• and two little books, both by young authors, were to be noticed.

• ユダとイスラエルの王の歴史を述べている2冊の旧約聖書の本の第二
• the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel

• 十数冊もの雑誌をあわただしく拾い読みしているような感じだった。
• it was like skimming hastily through a dozen magazines.

• 「冊府玄亀」には開元23年（735年）3月日本国使来朝とある。
• According to 'Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau,' the Japanese envoys visited the emperor of Tang China in the third month of the 23rd year of Kaigen era (735).

• 元は2巻2冊であるが、現存本（東京大学史料編纂所所蔵本）は1冊。
• The original records consisted of two volumes and two books but the existing record book (a book possessed by Historiographical Institute The University of Tokyo) has only one book.

• 二条天皇が即位した翌年の平治元年（1159年）中宮に冊立された。
• In the year after the Emperor Nijo ascended the throne (1159), it was formally decided for her to be Chugu (the Empress).

• 板付きの蒲鉾などをそのまま、短冊切りにしてわさび醤油などで食す。
• Itatsuki kamaboko (processed fish paste placed on a wood piece) is cut into rectangles and eaten with soy sauce seasoned with wasabi.

• そして文政年間、戯作家の柳亭種彦は古本屋で一冊の古書を発見する。
• And during Bunsei era, Tanehiko RYUTEI, a popular novelist, found an old book in a secondhand book store.

• 三十六歌仙の和歌を歌仙別に1帖ないし2帖の冊子としたものである。
• One or two books are allotted to each of Sanju-rokkasen for their poems.

• 私が言葉遣いの上達に専念していたとき、一冊の英文法書と出会った。
• While I was intent on improving my language skill, I came upon an English grammar book.

• スージーは私に本を２冊貸してくれたが、まだどちらも読んでいない。
• Susie lent me two books, neither of which I have read as yet.

• 旧約聖書のソールとデヴィッドについて伝えられている2冊の本の第一
• the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David

• 子規三部作とされ、一冊本が講談社学術文庫で刊行（1986年品切）
• A compiled edition of the three-part Shiki works was published by Kodansha Academic paperback library (out of stock in 1986).

• 『比叡山　天台宗開宗千二百年記念(別冊太陽)』　平凡社、2006
• 'Mt. Hiei: 1200th Anniversary of the Founding of the Tendai Sect (Bessatsu Taiyo)' Heibonsha, 2006

• 転じて、国を冊封された諸侯一般、およびその領地を指すようになった。
• Later, Han came to refer to the lords and their territories, whose country was in a vassal relationship with the Chinese empire.

• 京都大学附属図書館蔵本の形態は冊子で、全1冊41丁から構成される。
• The transcript possessed by The Kyoto University Library is in the form of a book consisting of 41booklets.

• 京都府立総合資料館蔵本の形態は冊子で、全1冊36丁から構成される。
• The transcript possessed by Kyoto Prefectural Library and Archives is in the form of a book consisting of 36 booklets.

• 堤殼士志訳『万国公法訳義』御用御書物製本書版、1868年、全4冊、
• 'Bankoku Koho Yakugi' four-volume book, translated by Shishi TSUTSUMIKOKU, published by Gyo Goshomotsu Seihonsho in 1868.

• 『白隠禅師法語全集』全14巻＋別冊『総索引』、花園大学禅文化研究所
• 'Hakuin Zenji Hogo Zenshu' (Complete Collection of Buddhist Sermons by Hakuin Zenji, Master of Zen Buddhism) complete in 14 volumes with a separate-volume supplement 'Full Index', published by The Institute for Zen Studies of Hanazono University.

• 晩年に天明の大火に遭い、過去帳1冊以外のすべての家伝・家財を消失。
• In his later years, Joeki lost everything including the articles handed down within the family and all the household effects, except for a copy of the family register of deaths, in the Great Fire of Tenmei.

• 色紙と呼ばれるが、もとは冊子本で、それが分割されて色紙形になった。
• Although called 'shikishi' (which means square paper specially prepared for writing poetry), it was originally a booklet that was divided into shishiki-like parts.

• 英語を学ぼうとする学生は一冊良い英英辞典を手元に置いておくべきだ。
• All students of English should have a good English-English dictionary at hand.

• その女の子は、数冊の本を抱えていた。教科書じゃなく、分厚い上製本。
• The girl was carrying several books, not textbooks but thick hardback books.

• 私たちが一冊の本を通読したとすれば、こんな安いものはないと言える。
• A book, if read through, may be said to be cheaper than anything else.

• 僕はその男の手にナイフだけではなく、一冊の本があるのがみてとれた。
• I could just make out that he had a book as well as a knife in his hand,

• そう言うと、ミルヴァートンは机の引出しからノートを1冊とりだした。
• He took a notebook from the drawer of his desk.

• これは最良の本ではないにしても、そうした本の一冊だということです。
• They say this is one of the best books, if not the best.

• 駅の本屋に立ち寄ると、廉価なミステリ本を何冊か手軽な荷物に加えた。
• There he paused at the bookstall to add to his light luggage a number of cheap murder stories,

• 彼がそれを一冊の詩集に表現できたら、あるいは人が耳を傾けるだろう。
• If he could give expression to it in a book of poems perhaps men would listen.

• 日本植物図解 第1冊 第1-3号 丸善 明治24年 - 明治26年
• Japan Shokubutsu Zukan vol.1 part 1-3 published by Maruzen Company Ltd.; 1891-1893

• 仁和寺黒塗手箱聖教　65巻、3冊、138帖、32通、16鋪、28枚
• Ninnaji Kuronuri Tebako Shogyo: 65 Volumes; 3 Books; 138 Pictures; 32 Letters; 16 鋪; 28 Leaves

• 冊封体制下では「属国」でありながら、「自主」であることは矛盾しない。
• Under the tributary system, being an 'independent' state as well as an 'autonomous state' did not contradict each other.

• 全国的には、短冊に願い事を書き葉竹に飾ることが一般的に行われている。
• By writing wishes on tanzaku (strips of colored paper) and hanging them on bamboo branches is a common practice around the nation.

• ではもう一冊の本はどうだろう、作者はどうやら僕にも買わせる気らしい。
• But this other book - I suppose the author expects me to purchase it?

• 全ての本を屋根裏に収納できるわけではないので、私は何冊かの本を売った
• I couldn't store all the books in the attic so I sold some

• 翻訳やあらすじ解説本の著者たちは、一冊3ドル以上のものを狙っていた。
• Authors of translation and plot synopses booklets were interested in more than the $3 per book:

• また、伝存する為世の自筆として、数枚の短冊と古筆切『五条切』がある。
• The actual writing of Tameyo, which passed down over different generations were a few pages of short booklets as well as the separated pieces of writing, 'Gojo-gire' (Fragment of the Gojo Edition).

• 同年2月従三位、4月に入内・女御の宣旨を受け、6月中宮に冊立される。
• In February of the same year, she was ranked to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank,) in April, she received an imperial letter to do judai (an Imperial Consort's bridal entry into court) and become a nyogo (a consort of an emperor), and in June, she was formally became a Chugu with an Imperial order.

• 朝鮮を冊封体制から近代国際法的な属国へと位置づけし直そうとしはじめる。
• The Qing dynasty started to change the position of Korea from a subject state under the tributary system to that based on modern international law.

• 同一内容のものを2冊作成した後、検地役人と村役人がそれぞれに連署する。
• A copy of the kenchi-cho was made, and a kenchi official and a village officer jointly signed both the original and the copy.

• 特定可能が50冊あったとする横山敬の集計(ref.横山敬,1981)。
• A tally by Takashi YOKOYAMA shows that there were 50 books in which the year and month were specified (ref. Takashi YOKOYAMA, 1981).

• 翌寛永元年には冊立され中宮となり、翌寛永2年9月には女二宮が誕生する。
• In the following year of 1624, she was officially appointed as Chugu (second consort of an emperor), in October 1625, the second Princess was born.

• 君がどんなにがんばっても、１日で５冊も小説を読むことはできないだろう。
• Try as you may, you will not be able to read as many as five novels in a day.

• 1週間か2週間（104冊か1年あたり26冊）に二度発行される定期刊行物
• a periodical that is published twice a week or every two weeks (either 104 or 26 issues per year)

• 中には２つのものが入っていて、１冊の帳簿と、一枚の封をした紙があった。
• It contained two things--a book and a sealed paper.

• 著書に『源氏物語』を考察し、注記を加えた『一簣抄』（全74冊）がある。
• He wrote 'Ikki sho' (a total of 74 volumes), where he studied 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of the Minamoto Clan) and added annotations.

• 正編1270種530巻666冊からなり、以下の25部に分類されている。
• The main part of the books consists of 1270 kinds, 530 volumes and 666 books, and is divided into the 25 categories below.

• その前書きによると初出版以来8年間で合計約70万冊が売れたとの事である。
• According to the preamble, 700,000 copies were sold during the eight years since the first was published.

• 当時、李氏朝鮮は清朝中国を中心とした冊封体制を堅持し、鎖国状態にあった。
• The Yi Dynasty Korea maintained a tributary system with the Qing Dynasty China as its center, and was closed off to the outside world at that time.

• このことは、朝鮮は清の冊封国であるという姿勢の清を牽制する意味もあった。
• This was also meant to act as a restraint on the Qing, who acted according to the principle that Korea was a Qing vassal state.

• 2冊を預かって、同じ小浜藩医で先輩であった杉田玄白のところへ持ってきた。
• Junan borrowed the two books and took them to his fellow doctor of Obama Domain and also his mentor, Genpaku SUGITA.

• その他に元帳が一冊と屑籠が一つと、それだけが全部の家具なんですからねえ。
• which with a ledger and a waste-paper basket, made up the whole furniture.

• 紋章学の本がさらにもう一冊というのは、不必要であると思われるかもしれない
• yet another book on heraldry might be thought redundant

• だって、本を一冊鏡に向けてみたら、向こうでも一冊こっちに向けるんだもん。
• because I've held up one of our books to the glass, and then they hold up one in the other room.

• 取り合えず古史伝の廿九巻上・中・下並びに第三十巻の四冊は完成させている。
• However, he had finished four books, volume 29 (first, middle, last) and volume 30.

• 貧窮の中で全国を行脚して約5万冊の書物を集め、さらにその総てを読破した。
• He pilgrimized across the country in poverty, collected about 50,000 books and read all of them.

• 「日本古典文学大系」（岩波書店）に『江談抄　中外抄　富家語』の合冊で収録。
• It is included in the volume which is entitled 'Godansho Chugaisho Fukego' of 'Nihon koten bungaku taikei' (Japanese Classic Literature Systematic Edition) (the publisher is Iwanami Shoten).

• 南朝 (中国)との関係では、倭の五王と冊封関係にあったことが知られている。
• As to any relationship with the Nan-Dynasty, it is well known that the five kings of Wa were in a sakuho (homage to the Chinese emperor) relationship with Nan-Dynasty.

• 「新修シェークスピア全集」全20函（全40冊、1函に２冊収納）中央公論社。
• 'Shinshu Shakespeare Zenshu' (newly compiled complete works of Shakespeare), a total of 20 boxes (total of 40 books, with two books enclosed in the one box) were published by Chuo Koronsha.

• しかし、清国はあくまでも朝鮮は冊封体制下の属邦であるとの主張を変えなかった。
• However, Qing did not change its view that Korea was its subject state under the tributary system.

• 中国は自らが東アジアの中心となり近隣諸国・地域との冊封体制を構築していった。
• In China, civilization occurred during earlier times and as the center of East Asia, China built a tributary system with neighboring countries and areas.

• 額一分判（がくいちぶばん）は長方形短冊形の金貨で慶長一分判と同じ形状である。
• Gaku Ichibuban is a rectangular reed-shaped gold coin with the same shape as Keicho Ichibuban.

• この本は１、０００ページ以上の大冊ですが、来週の今日までには読み終わります。
• Though this is a bulky book with over 1000 pages, I will have read it all by this time next week.

• これらの中に僕はページが丸まって湿っぽいペーパーバックの本を何冊か見つけた。
• Among these I found a few paper-covered books, the pages of which were curled and damp:

• 同10年（956年）従二位に進み、天徳 (日本)2年（958年）中宮に冊立。
• She was promoted to Junii Rank (Junior Second Rank) in 956 and Chugu in 958.

• 一回目の寄贈は大正14年（1925年）5月に行われ、英仏書187冊であった。
• The first donation took place in May, 1925, and consisted of 187 British and French books.

• 中国唐王朝時代の条坊制に基づいた長安に始まり、冊封制度により周辺諸国に波及。
• Such streets, which were based on the street plans of the ancient capital, and which originated in Changan of Tang dynasty period, China, became popular in neighboring countries under the system of Sakuho System (System conferring a peerage with a Saku paper).

• 成立、原本は全20巻であるが、現存本には15冊・21冊・54冊本などもある。
• Although the original consisted of 20 volumes, there are surviving texts with 15 volumes, 21 volumes and 54 volumes.

• その後1880年（明治13年）に「」という前書きを加え、一冊の本に合本された。
• Then, all volumes were combined to one volume by adding a preamble in 1880.

• 足利義満は明徳の和約を遂げ、また日明貿易を行い明皇帝から日本国王に冊封された。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA completed the Meitoku treaty to unify the Northern and Southern Courts, conducted trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China and was awarded the title of King of Japan by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

• そして全ての綴じ目に奉行の割印を押印した上で、領主側と村方に1冊ずつ保管した。
• Then, a magistrate affixed a seal on the seam in every page of the two kenchi-cho, and the feudal lord and the village each kept one.

• 大半の装丁に冊子と巻子が用いられており、ごく一部が折り本と断簡で残されている。
• Most of the diaries were preserved in a shape of booklet or kansu (a scroll), and only limited parts of them were preserved taking the form of folded books and fragmentary leaves of books.

• 7世紀なって日本は遣隋使を送るようになるが、これは冊封体制のもとではなかった。
• In the 7th century, Japan started to send Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, but this envoy was not under tributary system.

• また、内務省 (日本)も幸松の献本を筆写し、『うへ津婦美』41冊を完成させた。
• The prewar Ministry of Home Affair (Japan) copied the dedicated book of Sachimatsu and completed 41 volumes of 'Uetsufumi'.

• 明治時代以降は内務省、宮内省により整理が続けられ、667巻5冊の形態になった。
• After the Meiji period, those documents continued to be organised by the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of the Imperial Household, resulting in 667 volumes and 5 books.

• 『日本全国書誌』はインターネット上で公開されるほか、冊子体で刊行・頒布される。
• The 'Japanese National Bibliography Weekly List' is published on the Internet and is issued and distributed as a booklet.

• 数枚の新しい楽譜が下の部屋の譜面台をふさぎ、棚には二冊のニーチェが立っていた。
• Some new pieces of music encumbered the music-stand in the lower room and on his shelves stood two volumes by Nietzsche:

• 英語もできたし、文章も巧みで文字は美しく、父の詠んだ和歌を短冊に代筆している。
• Besides she understood English; she wrote well with beautiful handwriting which remains in oblong cards when she wrote her father's waka (poetry) for him.

• 北九州で活動していた南朝方の懐良親王は明に朝貢し、「日本国王」に冊封されていた。
• The Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi taking sides with the Southern Court, who worked in the northern Kyushu, had been conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' in return for the tributes he paid to the court of the Ming Dynasty.

• 1492年に中山王尚氏が三山を統一して琉球王国を建国すると、明朝の冊封を受けた。
• When the Sho clan, the royal family of Chuzan (the middle mountain), unified the Sanzan (Three Mountains) and established the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1492, they received an official seal from the Ming court of China.

• 日本は唐の冊封はうけなかったものの、実質的には唐に臣従する朝貢国の扱いであった。
• Although Japan did not receive sakuho (homage by the Chinese emperor) from Tang, it was essentially treated as a tributary state which served Tang as a subject.

• 大鎧の主体部は小札と呼ばれる鉄製または皮革製の短冊状の小さな板で構成されている。
• The main part of the large armor is composed of strips (made of iron or leather) called kozane.

• 永享年間から刊行され、半紙半截5丁、まれに6丁を1冊とし、2、3冊で1部とした。
• They were published from the Eikyo era (1429 – 1441) in half sheet size five page (occasionally six) format in two or three pamphlets per installment.

• また、皇族譜は所出天皇（直接の先祖にあたる天皇）ごとに簿冊を区分して編纂される。
• Also, the Kozokufu is divided into thinner booklets, which are edited depending on each source Emperor (direct ancestral Emperor).

• 月に2回、または2ヵ月に一回ごとに発行される（1年に24冊または6冊）定期刊行物
• a periodical that is published twice a month or every two months (either 24 or 6 issues per year)

• この間662年には唐から＜開府儀同三司・上柱国・楽浪郡王・新羅王＞に冊封された。
• In 662, Tang conferred honorific titles of 'Kaifu Yitong Sansi (Supreme Minister), Jochukoku (an official rank given in recognition of one's services), King of Rakuro County, and King of Silla' on him.

• 明が海禁政策を行っている事情から足利将軍家の幕府将軍が「日本国王」として冊封した。
• Because the Ming Dynasty adopted the haijin policy (a ban on maritime activities), the shogun of the Ashikaga Shogun Family was granted the title of 'King of Japan' by the emperor of China.

• 琉球王国は明（1644年滅亡）の冊封を受け東アジア諸国との交易により繁栄していた。
• The Ryukyu Kingdom was in a sakukfu relationship with the Ming Dynasty (that fell in 1644), and trade with East Asian countries flourished amongst the islands.

• 現代に伝えられる伝本は、藤原定家の孫である冷泉為相による古写本1冊しかないという。
• The only existing copy is a reprint made by Tamesuke REIZEI, a grandson of FUJIWARA no Teika.

• 176冊の中から文化、文政、天保の年に多く出版されているという村田あがの分析結果。
• The research results by Aga MURATA, of 176 books most were published in the Bunka, Bunsei and Tenpo eras.

• 延享4年（1747年）、桜町天皇が遐仁親王に譲位すると、舎子は皇太后に冊立される。
• In 1747, when Emperor Sakuramachi abdicated the throne to Imperial Prince Tohito, Ieko was formally decided to be the Empress Dowager.

• 1256年（康元元年）、後深草天皇に入内し女御となり、その翌年に中宮に冊立される。
• In 1256, she entered into court to become nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court - a consort of an emperor) of Emperor Gofukakusa, whereupon she became Chugu of Emperor Gofukakusa in the following year.

• 宗二が複数の弟子に書き与えたため、宗二自筆と認められる類本が十冊ほど現存している。
• Because Soji transcribed the book and gave the transcriptions to several disciples, about 10 transcriptions authenticated to be written in his own hand exist.

• 原則的にそれぞれ独立した17つのテーマからなる、初編から十七編の17の分冊であった。
• The book principally consists of seventeen different themes, and originally the seventeen volumes were serially published from the first to the seventeenth.

• 明が清にかわると朝鮮国王に「三跪九叩頭の礼」を強いるなど冊封国としての関係を強めた。
• When the Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it forced the Korean dynasty to perform the courtesy of 'nine kowtows' to strengthen the relationship under the vassal system.

• 更には室町時代の書写8冊本（第2巻のみ久我通博書写、尊経閣文庫所蔵）などが存在する。
• Moreover, there exists an unknown person's transcription (but its second volume turns out to have been the transcription of Michihiro KUGA), and this manuscript in eight volumes was written in the Muromachi period, and is now owned by 'Sonkeikaku-bunko' [a library of the Kaga Maeda family]).

• 私家集　4巻83冊196帖－冷泉家に伝わる私家集（個人歌集）写本を一括指定したもの。
• Four volumes, 83 books, and 196 sections of the Reizei family poetry anthology, designating all the transcriptions of the private family anthologies (personal waka anthologies) passed down in the Reizei family.

• 清の時代には冊封を受け、服属しながらも知識人の間では明の崇禎年号が好んで使用された。
• Korea received sakuho (the title, etc. given in return to tribute to China) during the era of the Qing dynasty, but the era name of the Ming dynasty was favored by intellectuals.

• 漉返半紙または上半紙半截二つ折本、1冊5枚の形式、これが2冊または3冊で1部をなす。
• Books were of lower grade pulp paper or better quality paper stock that was cut in half and folded, made into a format of five sheets per volume of which two or three of these volumes then made up one installment.

• また、お盆や施餓鬼法要で用いる佛教の五色の施餓鬼幡からも短冊は影響を強く受けている。
• Tanzaku is also influenced by five colored-segakibata of Buddhism which is used at the Buddhist service for segaki (Hungry Ghosts).

• 大治4年（1129年）崇徳天皇に入内して女御となり、同5年（1130年）中宮に冊立。
• She married into the imperial court to Emperor Sutoku in 1129 and was promoted to Chugu in 1130.

• 伴存は以上のように大きな業績を残したが、生前に公刊した著作はわずか1冊のみであった。
• Tomoari left great accomplishments as mentioned above, but he published only one book during his lifetime.

• 彩色された色紙箱や短冊箱の上から截金を施し相乗効果を利用して作品の統一感を高めている
• She gave her works a uniform look by using a synergistic effect of putting saikin on top of dyed colored paper boxes or tanzaku (long, narrow cards on which Japanese poems are written vertically) boxes.

• 条約締結以後、清朝が最後の冊封国朝鮮を維持しようと、朝鮮に積極的に関与するようになる。
• After conclusion of the treaty, the Qing dynasty became positively involved with Korea in order to maintain the last subject state under the tributary system.

• 同時期に編纂された『太平広記』、『冊府元亀』、『文苑英華』と合わせて四大書と称される。
• Together with 'Extensive records of the Taiping era,' 'Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau' and 'Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature,' they are called the four great compilations of the Northern Song dynasty.

• 半裁した半紙の右左に1ページずつを刷り、二つに折り、十枚重ねて綴じて、1冊20ページ。
• Each page was printed on the right and left of a half sheet of Japanese paper, and the printed paper was folded in half, bound ten sheets to one book which consisted of 20 pages.

• やがて後冷泉天皇が嗣子なくして崩御、後三条天皇が即位して馨子内親王も中宮に冊立される。
• After the death of Emperor Goreizei, who had no heir, Imperial Princess Keishi was appointed to the Chugu with the enthronement of Emperor Gosanjo.

• 貞世は懐良親王を指すとされている「日本国王良懐」を冊封するために派遣された明使を抑留。
• Ryoshun interned an envoy from Ming who was sent to confer peerage of '日本国王良懐' (King of Japan Ryokai); because 'King of Japan Ryokai' seemed to be Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi.

• 古筆は主に貴族文化の中で、本来、冊子や巻物という完全な形で大切に保存、鑑賞されていた。
• Old writings were mainly stored and appreciated as books or rolls in their entirety with care in the aristocratic culture.

• のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
• In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.

• 南北朝時代以降、皇后の冊立が絶え、その間は皇后宮・中宮の呼称も用いられることがなかった。
• The empresses were not installed after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the names of Kisai no miya and chugu were not used.

• この冊子は、当時大量につくられた扇の地紙をそのまま写経用紙として転用した珍しい例である。
• They are unusual in that the sutras are copied onto paper which was produced in large amounts for fans.

• 古今伝授伝承者に名を連ねる和歌の名手で、能書家でもあり、短冊などの遺墨は、たいへん貴重。
• He was a talented poet of Waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) who was one of the popular poets of oral tradition in the Kokindenju, he was also known to be good with a brush and an very rare example of his calligraphy in black paint exists in Tanzaku (a long sheet on which Waka poems are written).

• ひろしは困り果てているのよ。レポートを書くのに必要な一冊しかない本をなくしてしまったの。
• Hiroshi is worn out with worry since he lost the only copy of the book he needed for his report.

• 2冊からなり前編は1883年（明治16年）3月刊、後編は1884年（明治17年）2月刊。
• It has two volumes: the first part was published in March 1883, and the second part in February 1884.

• が、朝鮮への影響力を確保したい日本と、冊封体制を維持したい清との対立が高まることになった。
• However, this incident resulted in a severer confrontation between Japan and China, one of which wanted to ensure influence on Korea and the other of which wanted to maintain the vassal-state system.

• このうち、堺本系後光厳院本は『群書類従』に上下分冊、堺本の3種目は『新校群書類従』に収録。
• Among them, the Sakaibon group Gokogoninbon was separately collected in two volumes of 'Gunshoruiju (Japanese history book),' and three kinds of Sakaibon were collected in 'Shinko Gunshoruiju (library).'

• 田溶新の翻訳や柳呈の翻訳『源氏物語イヤギ（物語）』全3冊（ナナム出版、2000年）がある。
• CHON Yon Haku's translation and YU Gyon's three-volume translation 'Iyagi, Tale of Genji' (Nanamu publisher, 2000) are currently available.

• 正倉院文書は『大日本古文書』（編年文書、25冊、1901-1940年）に活字化されている。
• Shosoin monjo was published as 'Dai Nihon Komonjo' (Old Documents of Japan) (chronology monjo, 25 books, 1901-1940).

• ミュージアムの顔としては、総延長140メートルの書架に4万冊が並ぶ「マンガ本の壁」がある。
• The main focus of the museum is the book shelves called 'Wall of Manga,' which is 140 meters long in total and contain as many as 40,000 publications.

• 再興されるのは、寛永元年（1624年）冊立の後水尾天皇の皇后（中宮）徳川和子のときである。
• It was revived, for the empress of Emperor Gomizunoo (Chugu), Masako TOKUGAWA, when she became the empress in 1624.

• そのうえに扇子、短冊、天皇の吉書などを結び付け、陰陽師に謡い囃して焼かせ、天覧に供された。
• Fans, paper strips, kissho (ritual writings) written by the Emperor were tied to those bamboo trunks and a Yin Yang master burned them while his singing and playing musical accompaniment, then the Emperor inspected it.

• 当時朝鮮は清の冊封国であったが、鎖国政策を国是としていたため、国際交流は非常に限られていた。
• At that time Korea was a tributary state of the Qing dynasty, but as its national policy was seclusionism, it had diplomatic relations with very limited countries.

• 室町幕府将軍が明皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け、明皇帝に対して朝貢する形式で行われた。
• The Japan-Ming trade took the form of having the Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' by the Ming emperor, and in return he paid tributes to the emperor.

• 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした（海禁政策）。
• It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).

• また、関西館設置に伴い、国内出版物の納本冊数が2冊となったが、うち一冊は関西館に収蔵される。
• In tandem with the establishment of the Kansai-kan, the required number of deposits for domestic publications increased to two copies, one of which is housed in the Kansai-kan.

• 治暦4年（1068年）後三条天皇が即位、それに伴い翌延久元年（1069年）中宮に冊立される。
• With the enthronement of Emperor Gosanjo in 1068, she was appointed to the Chugu in 1069.

• 同10年（1037年）2月、中宮に冊立されるも、3月藤原嫄子（藤原頼通養女）の立后で皇后に。
• In February 1037, she was appointed as Chugu, and she officially became the Empress when FUJIWARA no Genshi (FUJIWARA no Yorimichi's adopted daughter) was appointed as the Empress in March.

• 昭和の補写本2冊を除く37帖が、付属の後奈良天皇宸翰女房奉書1幅と共に国宝に指定されている。
• 37 books other than two books drawn in the Showa era are designated as a national treasure together with a scroll of 'Imperial letter of the Emperor Gonara nyobo hosho' ('nyobo hosho' is a letter sent by the Court ladies by imperial order).

• 残りは古本の目録や『ソールズベリー用法典』のような小冊子で、大佐と少年は一瞥しただけだった。
• The rest were catalogues of old books, and pamphlets, like one entitled 'The Use of Sarum,' one glance at which was sufficient both for the colonel and the schoolboy.

• 長編化し、それまで五丁で一冊に綴じていたものを十丁ないし十五丁単位で一冊に綴じたものだった。
• Books began getting longer; until then books had been bound as 5 sheet publications, then units of ten sheets or otherwise 15 sheets making up one book.

• 「天路歴程」が気に入ったので、私が最初に集めたのは小さい分冊本のジョン・バニヤン著作集だった。
• Pleased with The Pilgrim's Progress, my first collection was of John Bunyan's works in separate little volumes.

• そうするうちに気付いたことなどを書き溜めたノートが20冊を超え、それを整理して書き物を始める。
• In the meantime, he started writing, using thoughts and ideas he put down in more than 20 notebooks.

• ただし、仏教用語を用いたことで中華的冊封体制からの離脱を表明する表現であったとも考えられている。
• At the same time, it is also thought that they used the Buddhist terms to announce their secession from the Chinese tributary system.

• しかし清は元来二島の領有を望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めていた。
• However, Qing whisked to maintain the sakufu relationship instead of possessing both islands changed its mind and requested Japan to return the islands to the Ryukyu Kingdom.

• 中国語版の一、二巻と三、四巻をそれぞれまとめて一巻としているためベトナム版は二分冊となっている。
• Vietnam version only has two volumes because first and second volumes in Chinese and third and fourth volumes were combined into one volume each.

• また、秋田県などでは短冊状に加工したものもあり、味付けも味噌と砂糖をまぜたものを使う場合がある。
• In some areas such as Akita Prefecture, karinto sometimes comes in strips and may be seasoned with sugar and miso (fermented soybean paste).

• 十八代・貞慶は、「三議一統」後に加えられた記述をし、武家礼法を「小笠原礼書七冊」としてまとめる。
• The 18th generation of the family, Sadayoshi, wrote about changes since the 'Sangiitto', compiling them into the 'Seven Volumes of Ogasawara Etiqutte', which covered samurai etiquette.

• 「皇帝の冊封をうけたわが国は、中国からは遠く偏って、外臣としてその藩屏となっている国であります。
• Our country, which was taken into Sakuho by the Emperor, is far away from China, and has become a hanpei (protector of the Emperor) as indirect subject.

• このうち、伊勢 (歌人)集と貫之集下は1929年に冊子の形を解体して一葉ずつの断簡に分割された。
• Among them, the collections of Ise (poet) and Tsurayuki were split into dankan (fragmentary pieces of a book) in 1929.

• その他1巻物と2巻以上に分かれているもの、巻子形態のものと冊子形態のもの等に分けることが出来る。
• Other than these, it is possible to classify them into the manuscript consisting of one book and the one consisting of more than two books, or the one in the form of kansu (a scroll) and a booklet.

• 「境内地としてのを将来した。（「昭和二十一年稿　橿原神宮史」五冊－三、五冊－五（橿原神宮所蔵））
• 'This project promised to preserve this land as precincts' (History of Kashihara-jingu Shrine, written in 1946, third and fifth volumes of five (owned by Kashihara-jingu Shrine).

• なお清の冊封国であったベトナムでは、1802年に阮朝が建てられるとともに一世一元の制が行なわれた。
• In Vietnam, a Sakuho-koku (a kind of vassal state) of Ching, the system of one era per Emperor was introduced when the Nguyễn Dynasty was established in 1802.

• 修貢して倭国王に冊封された王が中国史書に5名記されていることから、これらの王は倭の五王と呼ばれる。
• According to Chinese historical sources, five figures from Wakoku paid tributes to the Chinese Court and were recognized as the kings of Wakoku; they are called the Five Kings of Wa.

• ジェームズ・ケント著・蕃地事務局訳・大音龍太郎校正『堅土氏万国公法』全一冊、蕃地事務局、1876年
• '堅土氏万国公法' one-volume book, by James KENT, translated by Banchi-jimukyoku Secretariat, proofread by Ryutaro ODO published by Banchi-jimukyoku Secretariat in 1876.

• 房子は天和 2年（1682年）12月7日 准三后宣下され、翌年の2月14日 には中宮に冊立される。
• On December 7, 1682, she received the Imperial order to be ranked as Jusango, then officially became the second consort of Emperor Reigen by royal edict on February 14, the next year.

• 加工品としてのこんにゃくを短冊切りなどにしたものをわさび醤油や酢醤油、酢味噌などで食すものである。
• A processed food konnyaku is cut into rectangles and eaten with soy sauce seasoned with wasabi, soy sauce mixed with vinegar and vinegared miso.

• そば生地を短冊形に切ったもので、大根や豆腐の鍋物に入れたり、ネギやニンニクなどで味付けして食べる。
• Food referred to as batto, kakke, or hatto is soba dough cut into strips used in various ways like when being added to the radish or a tofu hot-pot and is also eaten with condiments such as green onions or garlic.

• あの本棚の第二段目の空所（すき）は、せいぜい五六冊もあれば、きちんと埋まりますが、いかがですか？　
• With five volumes you could just fill that gap on that second shelf.

• 「新著百種」と名づけられたそのシリーズの第1冊目として、紅葉の『二人比丘尼 色懺悔』が刊行された。
• As the first book of the series called 'Shincho Hyakushu,' Koyo's 'Ninin bikuni irozange' (Amorous Confessions of Two Nuns) was published.

• 現在のような形で１冊にまとめたのが伊行自身なのか後人の手によるものなのかについては両説が存在する。
• As to whether it was compiled into its current single volume form by Koreyuki himself or by a later hand, there are theories supporting either view.

• さまざまな時期に書いたメモのようなものを切り貼りして一冊の本として作り上げたものであるとしている。
• He therefore surmises that the redactor brought together different notes written at various times to compile the text.

• 東福寺文書（5,585通）43巻、129幅、1,474冊、67帖、3,770通、51鋪、6綴、2枚
• Tofuku-ji Temple archives (5585) including 43 scrolls, 129 plates, 1474 books, 67 folding books, 3770 sheets of paper, 51 shiki, 6 leaves, 2 sheets

• これにより冊封体制の維持を理由に国交交渉を忌避する朝鮮を、交渉のテーブルに着くように促したのである。
• As a result of that, Japan urged Korea to enter into negotiations, while Korea had been avoiding the diplomatic negotiations in order to maintain the tributary system.

• 誤解されがちだが、冊封体制下の国、すなわち「朝貢国」とは即、「属国・保護国」を意味するものではない。
• It is often misunderstood, but a country under the tributary system, i.e. 'a tributary country,' does not directly imply 'a subject state/protected state.'

• その中に、「茲に特に爾を封じて日本国王と為す」の一文があり、秀吉は冊封を拒否して慶長の役に突入した。
• In this letter was a sentence which read, 'I hereby appoint you the king of Japan,' but Hideyoshi refused the investiture by the Chinese court and started the Japan's second invasion of Korea.

• 冊子は巻子に比べて閲覧の便が高いが、巻子であれば後から手紙などの他の文書を貼り次ぐことが可能になる。
• The booklet shape was easier to read than kansu, but letters or other documents could easily be added later to kansu.

• しかし続く清朝においても「冊封」や「朝貢」が、明朝の対外関係で同じ比重を占めていたわけではなかった。
• However, it does not mean that the weight of 'sakuho' and 'choko' in the era of Qing was same as that in the era of Ming.

• セオドア・D・ウールジー著・箕作麟祥訳『国際法 一名万国公法』全五冊、弘文堂、1873年～1875年
• 'Kokusaiho Ichimei Bankoku Koho' five-volume book by Theodore Dwight WOOLSEY, translated by Rinsho MINOTSUKURI, published by Koubundou from 1873 to 1875.

• 「たなばたさま」の楽曲にある五色の短冊の五色は、五行説にあてはめた五色で、緑・紅・黄・白・黒をいう。
• Tanzaku's five colors, which are mentioned in the lyrics of a song 'Tanabata-sama,' refer to green, red, yellow, white and black based on Gogyo-setsu (the theory of five elements).

• 簒奪の為の準備の一つであるとの説がある（ただし、貿易の利便性を高める為、冊封を受けたとの説もある）。
• There is a theory that says this was in preparation for usurpation (another theory says that sakuho was received in order to enhance convenience of trading).

• 青竹を束ねて立て毬杖三本を結び、その上に扇子や短冊などを添え、陰陽師が謡いはやしながらこれを焼いた。
• In the ceremony, fans and tanzaku (long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written vertically) were placed on the three Giccho (a Japanese ancient game similar to Hockey) sticks tied to the vertical green bamboo poles, and a Yin Yang master burned them while he was singing and playing musical accompaniment.

• 寛徳2年（1045年）親仁親王の受禅に伴って女御宣下を受け、永承元年（1046年）中宮に冊立される。
• With the juzen (accession to the throne as a result of abdication) of Imperial Prince Chikahito in 1045, she received the title of nyogo (a court title given to a consort of the Emperor) and was officially appointed as the second consort of the emperor in 1046.

• 川島と同じ大正7年戊午生まれの西河克己、小林桂三郎、柳沢類寿と共に『泥馬クラブ』という小冊子を作成。
• He produced a small magazine titled 'Dorouma Club' (Maddy horse club) with Katsumi NISHIKAWA, Keizaburo KOBAYASHI, and Ruiju YANAGISAWA, who were born in the same year as Kawashima, that is, in 1918 or in the Year of Tsuchinoeuma (the year of the dobbin horse, according to zodiac sign).

• 全国城郭及ヒ軍事ニ関渉スル地所建物是迄陸軍省管轄ノ処今度別冊第一号ノ通リ陸軍必要分改テ同省管轄被仰付。
• Although the lands and the buildings related to the military and castles across the country have been managed by the Department of War, an order was given to renew the management of those that are required by the Army, as shown in Supplement 1.

• 宝永4年（1707年）5月3日に准后宣下を経て、翌宝永5年（1708年）2月27日、中宮に冊立される。
• She received the Imperial letter of appointment as the title Jugo on May 3, 1707; She was given the title Chugu on February 27, 1708.

• 先生の医学書の一冊がテーブルの上に開いたままになっていて、ページの半分くらいはびりびりと破かれていた。
• One of the doctor's medical books lay open on the table, half of the leaves gutted out,

• ベン・ガンは人手不足でしたってな、牧師はいないし、それどころか聖書の一冊や国旗の一本もなかったんです。
• Ben Gunn was short-handed--no chapling, nor so much as a Bible and a flag,

• 河豚之毒　（高橋順太郎・猪子吉人「河豚之毒」明治22年（1889年）『帝国大学紀要医科』第1冊第5号）
• Poison of Puffer Fish (Juntaro TAKAHASHI and Yoshito INOKO, 1889, 'Journal of Medical Department, Imperial University ' Vol.1 no.5)

• 朝鮮側の認識では、日朝修好条規の締結は江戸時代における冊封体制下における交隣関係復活であると捉えていた。
• Korea understood the conclusion of the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was a revival of the relationship of peace and amity under the tributary system during the Edo period.

• 水戸徳川家による『大日本史』の史料探索中、延宝年間に金沢文庫本を発見し、10冊に書写して世間に流布した。
• While the Mito Tokugawa family was searching for historical materials in 'Dainihon shi' (Great History of Japan) during the Enpo era, the chronicle was found in the Kanazawa library and they made ten copies of the manuscript, which were put into circulation.

• それを目的に中国を訪れた冊封あるいは朝貢使節の存在は、中国皇帝の徳が遠くの「夷狄」に及んだ証左とされた。
• Existence of envoys for sakuho or choko was recognized as the proof of emperor's virtue influencing 'iteki.'

• 高谷龍州註釈・中村正直批閲及び序文『万国公法蠡管』（ばんこくこうほうれいかん）全八冊、済美黌、1876年
• 'Bankoku Koho Reikan' eight-volume book, translator's notes by Ryushu TAKATANI and foreword and proofread by Masanao NAKAMURA, published by Seibiko in 1876.

• オーガスト・ウィルヘルム・ヘフター著、荒川邦蔵・木下周一共訳『海氏万国公法』全一冊、司法省蔵、1877年
• '海氏万国公法' (Heffter version Bankoku Koho) one-volume book by August Wilhelm HEFFTER, translated by Kunizo ARAKAWA and Shuichi KINOSHITA, stored at Ministry of Justice, 1877.

• さらに、上記乞巧奠は技芸の上達を祈る祭であるために、短冊に書いてご利益のある願い事は芸事であるとされる。
• As Kikkoten mentioned above is a festival to pray for improving the technique of the arts, it is believed that wishes to be written on tanzaku are supposed to be about accomplishments.

• キリストの人生と教えについて書かれた、新約聖書の（マタイ伝、マルコ伝、ルカ伝、およびヨハネ伝の）4冊の本
• the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

• 冒険を全部書いていたら、英語からラテン語、ラテン語から英語の辞典ほどの厚さの本が１冊必要になるでしょう。
• To describe them all would require a book as large as an English-Latin, Latin-English Dictionary,

• 『草廬文集』・『草廬詩集』・『金蘭詩集』・『唐詩材』・『日本詩冊』・『論語詮』・『毛詩證』などを著した。
• He had written 'Soro bunshu (Collection of anthologies of Soro),' 'Soro shishu (a collection of poetry by Soro),' 'Kinran shishu,' 'Materials for poetry of Tang Dynasty,' 'Book of Japanese poetry,' 'Summary of Rongo Analects,' and 'Moshi (the book of poetry in ancient china) sho.'

• なので、作者は晩年、『逍遙選集』を編集したときに、この作品などの小説類を、すべて〈別冊〉にくくりこんだ。
• For that reason, Shoyo put this novel along with all of his other novels into the 'supplemental volumes' when he compiled and edited the 'Shoyo senshu' (literally, 'Shoyo's collection') in his later years.

• 創刊時には一気に4冊出版しているが、雑誌の行く末が危ぶまれた時には月に一回しか発行しなかったこともあった。
• Although four volumes were successively published at the time when the publication had just begun, there was a month in which the issue was made only once because of the concerns about the future of the bulletin.

• -近畿地方では細く短冊に切ったものを掻き揚げした形態ではなく、塊を薄くスライスしたものを揚げた形態である。
• -In Kinki region, rather than cutting the different ingredients into strips, these ingredients are sliced thinly and then mixed together in tempura batter before being deep-fried.

• 風流人なんていうものは、画（え）を見ても、頭巾（ずきん）を被（かぶ）るか短冊（たんざく）を持ってるものだ。
• Any one who aspires to be a patron of art is usually pictured,--you may see in any drawing,--with either a hood on his head, or carrying a tanzaku[3] in his hand.

• 明治26年（1893年）には、民友社「十二文豪」シリーズの1冊としてトーマス・マコーリーの伝記を担当する。
• In 1893, he took charge of the biography of Thomas MACAULAY, as one of the books compiled in a series published by Minyu-sha under the name of 'Juni Bungo' (Twelve great literary figures).

• 34歳で夫孝明天皇の急逝に遭い、明治天皇即位後、慶応4年（1868年）3月18日 (旧暦)、皇太后に冊立。
• When she was 34, Emperor Komei died unexpectedly and, after Emperor Meiji was enthroned, she was officially made Empress Dowager on April 10, 1868.

• 物語ならびに注釈書　物語類8冊2帖、伊勢物語ならびに注釈書13冊3帖、源氏物語ならびに注釈書1巻38冊2帖
• Monogatari (tales) as well as annotated versions of: miscellaneous tales (eight books and two sections), the Tales of Ise, including annotated versions of it (thirteen books and three sections), the Tale of Genji, including annotated versions of it (one volume, 38 books, and two sections).

• この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
• At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.

• プラスチック−熱可塑性プラスチック材料の射出成形試験片−第1部：通則並びに多目的試験片及び短冊形試験片の成形
• Plastics−Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials−Part 1 : General principles,and moulding of multipurpose and bar test specimens

• おもに関西地区で、油揚げを煮付けたりせずにそのまま短冊切りにしたもの（これを「きざみ」と呼ぶ）を載せたもの。
• Eaten mainly in the Kansai area, Kizami soba consists of buckwheat noodles in hot soup with unseasoned aburaage (deep-fat fried tofu) cut into strips (referred to as 'kizami') on top.

• 国立天文台が作成する『暦象年表』という小冊子に基づいて閣議で決定され、前年2月第1平日付の官報で発表される。
• The day is decided at Cabinet meetings based on the booklet called ' Calendar and Ephemeris 'created by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and is announced in an official gazette as of the first weekday in February of the previous year.
• The day is decided at Cabinet meetings based on the booklet called 'Calendar and Ephemeris 'created by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and is announced in an official gazette as of the first weekday in February of the previous year.

• 紀元前536年にバビロニアのバビロンの捕囚から帰還までのユダとイスラエル史を伝えている2冊の旧約聖書本の第一
• the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC

• 紀元前536年のバビロン捕囚からの帰還までの、ユダとイスラエルの歴史について語られている2冊の旧約聖書の第2
• the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC

• 当時流行の白話小説の影響を受け、20歳代に、『英草紙』、『繁野話』、『莠句冊』を含む、30編の原稿を書いた。
• In his 20s, he wrote 30 texts including 'Hanabusasoshi,' 'Shigeshigeyawa,' and 'Hitsujigusa' under the influence of Chinese novels popular in those days.

• しかし、所生の一条天皇が即位すると形勢は一変し、寛和2年（986年）7月5日_(旧暦)に皇太后に冊立される。
• However, when Emperor Ichijo came into power, the situation drastically changed and she was made Empress Dowager on July 5, 986 (old lunar calendar).

• （9月より5月迄配本）以後この版を底本として戦後に創元社（全１冊）、新樹社（分冊）等から新版が出されている。
• (Distributed from September 1933 to May 1935) Afterwards, using this version as an original, new editions were published by Sogensha (total of one book), and Shinjusha (separate volume) in the postwar period.

• 骨だけが鉄製で紙や布などを張ったもの、鉄の短冊を重ねたもの、また扇子の形を模しただけで開かない鉄扇も存在する。
• There are Tessen products which are made of paper- or cloth-pasted on iron ribs, made of stacked iron pieces like Tanzaku (small card on which Japanese poems are usually written vertically), and which don't open although its appearance is like a Sensu's shape.

• このことから、宋 (南朝)との冊封関係を結ぶ上で、ヤマト王権の王が姓を称する必要があったのだと考えられている。
• From this fact, it is believed that the king of the Yamato Dynasty needed to have a family name in order to form a Sakuho relationship with Sung (Southern Dynasty).

• 今谷明は、足利義満が明に「日本国王」に冊封されたことを重視して、以降の義満の御教書を「国王御教書」と呼んでいる。
• In emphasis of the fact that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was conferred the title of 'King of Japan' by the Emperor of Ming, Akira IMATANI called Yoshimitsu's Migyosho 'Migyosho of a King.'

• 中打ちはさらにヒゴと呼ばれる黒く焦がした短冊状の竹を数本横並びに重ね合わせ、さらにその両脇を木で挟み込んでいる。
• Nakauchi has layers of charcoaled strips of bamboo called higo piled up in a row and sandwiched between layer of wood.

• 尺時計とは、短冊形をした箱の上部に取り付けられたおもりが箱の中の機械を動かし、おもりに付いた針が箱の目盛を指す。
• Shaku-dokei is a clock whose weight attached to the upper part of the reed-shaped box moves machines in the box, and whose clock hands attached to the weight show scale.

• 季節が百たび以上もめぐる間、男の両親や祖父母、先祖たちは咲き誇る枝に賛美の句を記した明るい色紙の短冊をつるした。
• and his parents and grandparents and ancestors had hung to its blossoming branches, season after season for more than a hundred years, bright strips of colored paper inscribed with poems of praise.

• 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
• As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).

• それには、刊行年月の特定が出来るものと出来ないものが100冊あったとする内藤昌の集計(ref.内藤昌,1961)。
• Akira NAITO claims that there were 100 books, of which the year and month of publication could or could not be specified (ref. Akira NAITO, 1961).

• - 毎号平均3205冊余発行（第30号森有礼演説による）、あるいは毎号平均2840冊（『内務省第一回年報』による）
• It had a circulation of 3,205 copies and a little on an average (according to a speech of Arinori MORI published on the 30th issue) or a circulation of 2,840 copies and a little on an average (according to 'the first annual report of the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs').

• 美濃部の著書である『憲法撮要』『逐条憲法精義』『日本国憲法ノ基本主義』の3冊は、出版法違反として発禁処分となった。
• His three books, 'Kenpo Satsuyo' (Compendium of the Constitution), 'Chikujo Kenpo Seigi' (Additional Commentaries on the Constitution), and 'Nihonkoku Kenpo no Kihon Shugi' (Fundamental principle of the Constitution of Japan) were banned for violation of Publishing Act.

• ウルガタ聖書（IIエスドラス書を除いて）に含まれるが、ユダヤやプロテスタント版の聖書では省略される旧約聖書の14冊
• 14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible

• 著書に、『成斎文初集』『成斎文二集』『成斎先生遺稿』があり、『重野博士史学論文集』全3巻補巻1冊も刊行されている。
• He wrote 'Seisai Bunshu' (Seisai's writings), 'Seisai Bunnishu' (Seisai's writings II), 'Seisai-sensei Ikoshu' (Professor Seisai's literary remains), and his collection of papers, 'Shigeno Hakase Shigaku Ronbunshu' (Collection of history papers of Dr. Shigeno) consisting of three volumes and an appendix was also published.

• その怒りの矛先は幕府だけでなく依然として中華思想からなる冊封体制を維持していた清や李氏朝鮮の支配層にも向けられた。
• The bakufu was not the only target of his anger; he also directed his anger at the ruling classes of the Qing dynasty and the Yi dynasty of Korea, both of which clung to the sakuho system based on Sinocentrism.

• ようやく明の建文帝によりそれまでの懐良親王に代わって日本国王に冊封され、明の大統暦が授与され国交が正式に樹立した。
• Finally Emperor Jianwen of Ming offered a master-and-man relationship (sakuho) to the Japanese sovereign instead of to Prince Kanenaga, with whom Ming had wanted to have contact until then, and when Ming gave the Datongli calendar to Japan, the two countries' diplomatic relations were formally established.

• この日記が広く知られるようになったのは、江戸時代末期に編纂された『丹鶴叢書』の中の13冊として上梓されたためである。
• The diary became widely known when it was published in thirteen volumes in the series 'Tankaku-sosho' compiled in the late Edo period.

• 宗祇が各地に下向する際、実隆に色紙・短冊・扇などに筆を染ませ、帰洛の際に礼銭や土産ものを持ってくるようになっていた。
• When Sogi set off to the provinces, he had Sanetaka write poems on shikishi (a square piece of fancy paper for writing a poem on), tanzaku (a strip of fancy paper for writing a poem on), or ogi (a folding fan), and when Sogi returned to Kyoto, he brought Sanetaka souvenirs or paid him remunerations.

• この間、東寺の真雅から借りていた「三十帖冊子」を高野山に持ち出したことは、その後東寺と高野山との紛争の原因となった。
• His removing of the 'Sanjujo Sasshi' (30 volumes of esoteric Buddhist scripture hand-copied by priest Kukai when he was staying in China) lent to him by Shinga from Mt. Koya during this period is said to have been the origin of a dispute between To-ji Temple and Mt. Koya.

• 『升色紙』（ますしきし）は、清原深養父の歌集を書写した冊子本であったが、後に分割され、料紙の升の形からこの名がある。
• 'Masu-shikishi' was a booklet containing copies of a collection of KIYOHARA no Fukayabu's poems which was later divided and given this name due to the square shape of the paper.

• 沖永良部島は西郷の「敬天愛人」思想の培養基であり、一説には本土から1,200冊あまりの本を取り寄せていたそうである。
• Okinoerabu-jima Island was Saigo's spiritual base let him develop the idea of 'Revere heaven, Love people'; and according to a story, Saigo had about 1200 books sent from the mainland while he was there.

• 承安 (日本)2年（1172年）2月10日、新たに高倉天皇の妃平徳子が中宮に冊立されたため、称号を皇后に改められた。
• On March 13, 1172, TAIRA no Tokuko, the consort of Emperor Takakura, newly got 'Sakuryu' (imperial investiture) of chugu, so Muneko's title was changed to empress.

• 写本として、中御門宣胤書写の6冊本（天理図書館所蔵）、甘露寺親長書写の4冊本（勧修寺流旧蔵本、京都大学所蔵）がある。
• There exist several kinds of Gokeshidai's manuscripts, such as that of Nobutane NAKAMIKADO's handwriting (in six volumes, owned by Tenri Library), and that of Chikanaga KANROJI's (in four volumes, formerly owned by 'Kajuji-ryu' [the Kajuji line] and now owned by Kyoto University).

• 明国と冊封関係にあった琉球王朝は慶長14年（1609年、万暦37年）の薩摩藩による侵攻以来、日本と中国に両属してきた。
• The Ryukyu dynasty, which was conferred peerage by Ming dynasty, had belonged to both Japan and China since the invasion of Satsuma domain in 1609.

• 貞享4年（1687年）刊行の藤田理兵衛の『江戸鹿子』（えどかのこ）には、「七夕祭、江戸中子供、短冊七夕ニ奉ル」とある。
• In 'Edokanoko' written by Rihei FUJITA in 1687, there is a description saying 'On the day of tanabata, children in Edo offer tanzaku'.

• ここに、別々の歴史をもつ2館の蔵書は1館に合流し、同年11月1日、国立国会図書館本館は蔵書205万冊をもって開館した。
• Combining the collections of books from the two libraries, with their different histories, the NDL Main Library opened on November 1, 1961 with a total collection of 2,050,000 volumes.

• 元久2年（1205年）4月、21歳で10歳年下の土御門天皇のもとに入内して女御宣下を受け、同年7月に中宮に冊立される。
• In April 1205, she entered into the court of Emperor Tsuchimikado who was ten years younger than her at the age of 21, and was given the title of nyogo; she was formally installed as chugu in July during the same year.

• 『公用日記』（52冊は東京国立博物館蔵、4冊は諸家分蔵）は奥絵師の日常や仕事の詳細を伝えるものとして近年注目されている
• The diary is entitles 'Official Service Diary' (it consists of 52 volumes that are maintained at the Tokyo National Museum, and 4 volumes that are separately maintained at the different families), and have become the focus of a lot of attention in recent years for the detailed information they present on the daily life and work of a prestigious official painter.

• （「時局小冊子」といわれる小冊子に詳細に書かれた）オックスフォード運動の教理を支持し、オックスフォード運動を支援した人
• a follower of Tractarianism and supporter of the Oxford movement (which was expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times')

• 「枕草紙」「枕冊子」「枕双紙」「春曙抄」とも表記され、最古の鎌倉時代の写本前田本の蒔絵の箱には『清少納言枕草子』とある。
• The title was also written using Chinese characters such as '枕草紙' (Makurazoshi Notebook), '枕冊子' (Makura Sasshi), '枕双紙' (Makura soshi), and '春曙抄' (Shunsho-sho Commentary), and the oldest manuscript (called 'maedabon' in Japanese), a copy of which was made in the Kamakura period, has a gold-lacquered casket with the Chinese characters '清少納言枕草子' (Sei Shonagon, The Pillow Book) written on it.

• 池田亀鑑は、約300点、冊数にして約15,000冊の写本を調査し、写本を撮影したフィルムは約50万枚に及ぶとされている。
• Kikan IKEDA is said to have investigated about 300 manuscripts, or 15,000 books of manuscript, and the number of films he used reached about five hundred thousand.

• 前述したように華夷秩序では、中国王朝から冊封から受け、あるいは朝貢を行うことで、周辺諸国は宗主国―藩属国の関係となった。
• As described above, in the structure of Kaichitsujo, neighboring countries of China received sakuho or conducted choko and built a relationship with China as suzerain state and hanzokukoku.

• 特に表面がなめらかで艶があり、耐久性に優れた美しいものであるため、上流階級の永久保存用の冊子を作るのに好んで用いられた。
• Especially, its surface was smooth, glossy, and beautiful with good durability, so that it was preferably used to make a book for permanent preservation by the upper class.

• 間口が狭いのは、間口の大きさに応じて税金をかけていた名残だといい、道路に面して短冊形に敷地を取るタイプが各地に見られる。
• A reason for its small width is said to have come from the days when tax was imposed in accordance with the width of the entrance, and strip-shaped premises with the short side on the street are commonly seen in many regions.

• 1807年（文化 (元号)4年）にまず前篇が発刊、後篇、続篇、拾遺、残篇と全5篇、29冊で1811年（文化8年）に完結。
• The first edition was published in 1807, and a complete five editions consisting of 29 volumes of prequel, sequel, second sequel, shui (collect), and remaining volumes were completed in 1811.

• と、――その途端に私は、私の後に立っていた畸形の老人に突き当って、その老人の持っていた本を五六冊、振り落させてしまった。
• As I did so I struck against an elderly, deformed man, who had been behind me, and I knocked down several books which he was carrying.

• 「沙翁全集」全40冊、第一編（12月）のみ富山房と早稲田大学出版部との共同出版、第二編以降は早稲田大学出版部の単独出版。
• 'Sao zenshu' (the complete works of William SHAKESPEARE) was composed of 40 books, of which only the first book (December 1909) was published jointly by Fuzanbo and Waseda University Press, and the remaining books including the second were independently published by the Waseda University Press.

• また、従来の農書とは別に、角力番付、一枚刷り、小冊子など、農民にわかりやすい形式を活用して、自らの農法を積極的に広めた。
• He actively tried to pass his agricultural methods to many farmers by utilizing easily understandable form of information rather than a traditional agricultural method book, such as the formats of sumo wrestling ranking list, single-sheet block print, small booklet, etc..

• そして中国の明王朝から「日本国王」として冊封を受けて天皇に迫る権威を確立するなどして、幕府の安定化と全盛期を築き上げた。
• He was then granted the title 'King of Japan' by the Ming Dynasty of China, establishing his authority as almost equal to that of the Emperor, thereby stabilizing his military government and leading to the heyday of the shogunate.

• この五岳図については、平成16年に出版された米田勝安・荒俣宏編 平凡社 別冊太陽 平田篤胤の中で一部写真公開されている。
• The photo of some parts of Gogaku-shingyo-zu, which the Hirata family had preserved, is shown in 'Bessatsu Taiyo, Hirata Atsutane' (edited by Katsuyasu MAITA and Hiroshi ARAMATA, published by Heibonsha in 2004).

• 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を勢力下においたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに南下政策を取りつつあった。
• Although the Korean Empire broke away from the tributary system, Russia which held Manchuria under its sphere of influence, took advantage of its interests in Korea to proceed with its southward expansion.

• 刊本としては、部分的ではあるが、『大日本史料』第3編や『歴代残闕日記』第7冊、『翻刻為房卿記』（『史聚』第10号）に掲載。
• Parts of the diary are included in printed and published books, such as the third volume of the 'Dai Nihon Shiryo' (Important Historical Records), the seventh volume of the 'Rekidai Zanketsu Nikki' (Successive Partial Diary) and the reprint 'Honkoku Tamefusa-kyo Ki' (the tenth volume of 'Shishu' [Historical Stories]).

• また、多くの物語絵（冊子または絵巻物）が制作されたことが推測されているが、11世紀末以前に制作された作品は現存していない。
• It is estimated that many narrative paintings were created (either in books or scrolls), but no such paintings from before the end of the 11th century remain.

• 破り継ぎ、金銀の切箔・砂子、墨流しなどさまざまな料紙装飾を施した華麗な冊子に三十六歌仙の和歌を散らし書きにしたものである。
• Waka of the Thirty-six Immortal Poets were discretely written in a gorgeous book with various ryoshi decorations such as yaburitsugi (a Heian-style collage technique used to decorate poetry sheets), kirihaku (decorative metal pattern on sculptures or paintings), fine powder in gold and silver, suminagashi (a marbleized pattern produced by dropping black ink on damp paper; frequently used during the Heian period on poetry sheets) and so on.

• 明六社が発足してより約一年後、社長であった森有礼は『明六雑誌』の毎月の売れた部数は平均3205冊であると演説で述べている。
• About one year after Meirokusha was established, Arinori MORI who was the president told that the average sales of 'Meiroku Zasshi' every month was 3,205 in a speech.

• 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を手に入れたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに明確な南下政策を取りつつあった。
• Although the Korean Empire seceded from the tributary system, Russia, which obtained Manchuria, was obviously making southward expansion, taking advantage of the interest it had in the Korean peninsula.

• 勅撰和歌集　12帖、9冊、12紙－冷泉家に伝わる『古今和歌集』から『続後撰和歌集』までの勅撰和歌集の写本を一括指定したもの。
• Twelve sections, nine books, and twelve sheets of the Chokusen wakashu (Imperial waka anthology), which includes transcriptions of Imperial waka anthologies all the way from the 'Kokinshu' handed down in the Reizei family to the 'Zoku gosen wakashu' (Later Imperial Waka Anthology, Continued).

• 中国の史書『宋書』夷蛮伝・倭国条（倭国伝）には、5世紀に冊封された倭の五王（讃・珍・済・興・武）についての記述が残っている。
• There is description about the five kings of Wa (San, Chin, Sai, Ko, and Bu) remaining in the Chinese history book in the 5th century, 'Sosho (Sung Shu)' Ibanden, Wakokujo (Wakokuden, or description about Wakoku).

• 何度かの戦闘の結果、新羅は再び唐の冊封を受け、唐は現在の清川江以南の領土を新羅へ与えるという形式をとって両者の和睦が成立した。
• As a result of several battles, Silla became a vassal under the Tang Dynasty again, and the two parties reached a reconciliation by Tang giving the territory south of Seisenko River.

• 日本の開国・冊封体制からの離脱は、長らく東アジア国際秩序を保証していた中華秩序への挑戦であり、李氏朝鮮はこれに批判的であった。
• As the Japanese opening of the country to the world, and secession from the tributary system was a challenge to the Sinocentrist order that had assured East Asian international order for a long time, the Yi Dynasty Korea was critical of that decision.

• ここで、日本と清どちらが反乱を鎮圧するかの争いになったが、朝鮮は清の冊封国だからという理由で、清朝軍はそのまま反乱を鎮圧した。
• Here occurred a conflict between Japan and the Qing over which country was to subdue the revolt, but the Qing troops went ahead and did so on the basis that Korea was a Qing's vassal state.

• 室町時代、三代将軍である足利義満は、朝廷からの権力簒奪による治天の君を目指し策謀を図り、中国の明から「日本国王」に冊封される。
• In the Muromachi period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, hatched a conspiracy to obtain the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) by regaining the Imperial Court's power, and obtained sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Japan' from Ming, China.

• 短冊などを笹に飾る風習は、夏越の大祓に設置される茅の輪の両脇の笹竹に因んで江戸時代から始まったもので、日本以外では見られない。
• Hanging tanzaku on bamboo branches is a unique Japanese practice and it was created during the Edo period based on bamboo set at the both sides of cogon grass ring for Natsugoshi no Oharae (great purification ceremony).

• 文保2年（1318年）2月、尊治親王の即位に伴い、同年4月に女御宣下、次いで翌元応元年（1319年）8月には中宮に冊立される。
• After Imperial Prince Takaharu succeeded the throne in February 1318, she was given title to become Nyogo (imperial consort) in April, then was officially appointed to Chugu in August 1319.

• 扇面法華経冊子（せんめんほけきょうさっし）または扇面古写経（せんめんこしゃきょう）は、大阪市・四天王寺に伝来した装飾経の遺品。
• The Senmen Hokekyo Sasshi or Senmen Koshakyo is a collection of fan-shaped articles decorated with sutras that has been passed down by Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka.

• この最後の寄贈資料は和漢書6,671冊にもおよび、西園寺が特に愛読していたと思われるものが大量に含まれているのが特徴とされる。
• The resources donated in this last donation amounted to 6671Japanese and Chinese books, and it was unique because it contained large numbers of books Saionji particularly loved.

• 1596年（慶長元年）の通信使は日本と明の休戦交渉の締めくくりとして行われた明使（冊封使）の日本への派遣に同行したものであった。
• In 1596, Tsushinshi came together with the Ming envoy (Sakuho-shi ambassador) who came to Japan for closing the truce negotiation between Japan and the Ming.

• こうした国際法への認識を改め、率先して条約体制に参加するよう促す一助となったのが、『万国公法』という一冊の国際法解説書であった。
• What helped to correct such understanding about international law and promote participation in treaty system voluntarily was a commentary of international law named 'Bankoku Koho.'

• テリヤキソース調理法はキッコーマン主催の料理教室や販売促進用の小冊子などで、ゆっくりとアメリカに定着し現在の地位を確立してきた。
• The cooking method using the teriyaki sauce gradually became widespread in the United States through cooking classes hosted by Kikkoman, sales promotion brochures and to gain the popularity it enjoys today.

• 仁治3年（1242年）1月の後嵯峨天皇の即位を受けて、6月に急遽18歳にして同天皇の女御となり、その2ヵ月後に中宮に冊立された。
• Came to the throne of Emperor Gosaga on January 1242, she was appointed to his Nyogo (imperial consort) on very short notice as an 18 year old, and was promoted to Chugu two months later.

• 後はその冊子の最後の数ページの白紙にいくつかの場所の方角と、フランスとイギリスとスペインの換算表が書いてあるくらいのものだった。
• There was little else in the volume but a few bearings of places noted in the blank leaves towards the end and a table for reducing French, English, and Spanish moneys to a common value.

• 1919年（大正8年）6月に、東京高等師範学校（現在の筑波大学）へ千本の旧蔵書192冊が収められ、現在は千本文庫とよばれている。
• In June 1919, 192 books of Senbon's old possession were stored in Tokyo Higher Normal School (current University of Tsukuba) and now they are called Senbon Library.

• 冊封体制の下での「属国」・「属邦」とは、近代あるいは現代の国際法におけるそれとは表記を同じくしながら、性格を異にする存在とされる。
• Although the terms 'subject state' or 'client state' used under the tributary system have a different meaning in the international law of recent history and the present day, the same expressions are still used.

• なお、「切（きれ）」とは、元来、冊子本や巻物であった和歌集、漢詩集などの写本を、後世鑑賞用に切断して掛軸などに仕立てたものを指す。
• Kire' (literally 'cut') originally referred to hanging scrolls or other items of appreciation which were made from the manuscript collections of waka poetry or Chinese poetry in the shape of a book or a scroll, after cutting them out.

• 8世紀半ばごろまで難波の百済郡には、「天皇」が藩屏として冊立する「百済王」の「小百済国」的実体が存続していた可能性さえ考えられる。
• It can be thought that there was a 'small Baekje country' of 'King Baekje' who was installed as hanpei (protector of the emperor) by the 'emperor' at the Kudara County of Nanba until the middle of the eighth century.

• 色紙や短冊は、この半切紙に比べてより高級な加工が必要であったが、宮中御用の老舗が多かった仏光寺通りが色紙短冊の加工の中心であった。
• The colored paper and strip of paper needed a higher process than hankiri-gami, and the colored strip paper was processed along Bukkoji-dori Street where there were many long-established stores as purveyors to the Imperial Court.

• 中国の北宋の時代は書誌学のうえでは、巻子本から冊子本への転換のなされた一大画期であったが、その影響は平安時代の日本におよんでいる。
• The Northern Sung Dynasty period in China is one of the most important periods in the field of biblography, since there was a shift from scroll style books to booklets, with Japan being influenced by such a shift in the Heian period.

• 『解体新書』には『ターヘル・アナトミア』以外にも数冊の蘭書が参考資料として使われていたので、どれかにフルヘッヘンドの単語があった。
• Several Dutch books other than 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen' were used as reference for 'Kaitai Shinsho,' so the word came from one of these books.

• また、南北朝時代 (日本)時代には、懐良親王が倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「良懐」の名で日本国王の称号を受けている。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Imperial Prince Kanenaga was given the title of the king of Japan under the name of 'Ryokai' by the Ming dynasty on the condition that he crack down on the Japanese pirates.

• これは琉球の帰属問題で日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
• This put Japan in an advantageous position on the issue of the possession of Ryukyu and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji government ordered Ryukyu to abolish its sakuho and tribute relationship with Qing and use the era name of Meiji.

• 他にも『歴聖図像』4軸や『今上起居注』45冊、方賓『皇宋会編』（宋版）、呉応箕『十七朝聖藻集』（明版）など貴重な秘蔵文書が消失した。
• Valuable treasured documents such as four scrolls of '歴聖図像,' 45 volumes of '今上起居注,''皇宋会編' written by 方賓 (sohan (wooden print made during Song dynasty)), '十七朝聖藻集' (明版) by 呉応箕 also disappeared.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、元弘3年（1333年）に後醍醐天皇の皇后（中宮）に立てられた珣子内親王を最後として、皇后の冊立は途絶えた。
• The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) onward, Imperial Princess Junshi, the wife of Emperor Godaigo was the last to become empress (Chugu) in 1333 and the empress by Imperial Investiture ended.

• その中でも京都や金沢などの大城下町では特に奥行が深く、極端な短冊の敷地に建てられた町屋は「うなぎの寝床」などと呼ばれることもあった。
• In the major castle towns such as Kyoto and Kanazawa, those merchant houses that were built on deep and narrow lots were also referred to as eel's nest.

• 仏画、山水画、花鳥画、墨蹟、古筆、色紙、短冊、画賛、手紙である「消息」、巻物を切りとった一部である「断簡」などが表装され掛軸となる。
• These following items were mounted into kakejiku, 'butsu ga' (Buddhist paintings), 'sansui ga' (Chinese-style landscape painting), 'kacho ga' (painting of flowers and birds), 'bokuseki' (black ink brush writing by Zen priests), 'kohitsu' (ancient calligraphy), 'shikishi' (a square piece of fancy paper for writing a poem on), 'tanzaku' (long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written vertically), 'gasan' (inscriptions associated with paintings), 'shosoku' (a letter) and 'dankan,' fragmentary pieces of a scroll.

• 琉球王国では、中国(明や清)から冊封使が来たとき、あるいは徳川将軍に謝恩使や慶賀使を送る「江戸上り」のとき、中国系の音楽を演奏した。
• Music with roots in China was performed in the Ryukyu kingdom when diplomatic missions arrived from China (Ming & Qing) or whenever missions of gratitude and congratulations (Edo nobori) were sent to Shogun Tokugawa.

• ある日バトラー神父がローマ史の四つの出来事について聞いていたとき、レオ・ディロンのどじがハーフペニー・マーベルの一冊を見つけられた。
• One day when Father Butler was hearing the four pages of Roman History clumsy Leo Dillon was discovered with a copy of The Halfpenny Marvel.

• これらは義満が皇位の簒奪を企てていたためであり、明による日本国王冊封も当時の明の外圧を利用しての簒奪計画の一環であると推測している。
• It is thought that all of this was done by Yoshimitsu with the intention of usurping the throne, and becoming Ming's hosaku is also supposed to have been planned as a part of his plot, in order to make use of external pressure on the imperial court.

• 南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易（勘合貿易）が開始するのである。
• The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.

• また、実隆の文化人としての名声は地方にも広まり、各地から和歌・連歌の添削・合点や古典の書写、色紙・短冊の染筆を依頼されるようになった。
• His fame as a person of culture spread throughout the country, being asked to correct or put a rating mark beside waka poems and renga, transcribe the classics, and make calligraphy writings on shikishi and tanzaku.

• この公相君とは、1756年に訪れた冊封使節の中の侍従武官だったのでないかと見られており、空手の起源をこの公相君の来琉に求める説もある。
• It is considered that Koshokun was a military attaché to the Chinese palace who visited the Ryukyu Kingdom as one of the Sakuho Shisetsu (entourage of Chinese diplomats for the creation of peerage) in 1756, and there is a theory that the beginning of karate can be traced to this visit by Koshokun to the Ryukyu Kingdom.

• 明治時代の児童書、巖谷小波著『日本昔噺』（1896年・明治29年発表）全24編の内の一冊、一寸法師において小波型一寸法師を定着させた。
• With Issunboshi, a book from the collection of 24 volumes of 'Nihon Mukashibanashi' (Old Tales of Japan) authored by Sazanami IWAYA (introduced in 1896), which were children's books during the Meiji period, the Sazanami-style Issunboshi became established.

• 文化 (元号)11年（1814年）に刊行が開始され、28年をかけて天保13年（1842年）に完結した、全98巻、106冊の大作である。
• It consists of 98 volumes, 106 books in total, that started to be published in 1814 and was completed in 1842, 28 years later.

• 1945年にナグ・ハマディの町の近くで農民によって発見されたギリシア語からコプト語に翻訳された13冊の古代のパピルス写本のコレクション
• a collection of 13 ancient papyrus codices translated from Greek into Coptic that were discovered by farmers near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945

• 黒板勝美が既刊の国史大系の六国史を再校訂し、新たに『類聚国史』を加え、『国史大系六国史』4冊、『国史大系類聚国史』1冊の計5冊にした。
• Katsumi KUROITA revised the already published Rikkokushi of Kokushi Taikei and newly added 'Ruiju Kokushi' to make a series of five volumes consisting of four volumes of 'Kokushi Taikei Rikkokushi' and one volume of 'Kokushi Taikei Ruiju Kokushi.'

• ほか、空海が唐から請来した「三十帖冊子」を東寺の経蔵に納めて以後代々の真言宗長者の相承とするなど、東寺を中心として真言宗の再編を行った。
• In addition, Kangen restructured Shingon sect, based in To-ji Temple, by storing in the Kyozo (sutra repository) the 'Sanjujo Sasshi' (30 volumes of esoteric Buddhist scripture hand-copied by priest Kukai when he was staying in China) brought back by Kukai from Tang Dynasty, and determining that the volumes should be looked after by choja of Shingon sect generations after generation.

• 『寸松庵色紙』（すんしょうあんしきし）は、『古今和歌集』四季の歌を抜き書きしたもので、もと粘葉装冊子であったが、分割され色紙形になった。
• The 'Sunshoan-shikishi' contains waka poetry from the 'Kokin Wakashu' relating to the four seasons and was originally a decchoso-style booklet but was divided, giving it a shikishi-like form.

• 現実の外交関係においては日清戦争での敗戦によって朝鮮が冊封関係から離脱し、そのことにより冊封と朝貢に基づく清朝の外交秩序は終焉を迎えた。
• In the real diplomacy, Korea seceded from the relation of sakuho after Qing's defeat in Japanese-Sino War, and the Qing dynasty's diplomacy based on sakuho and choko ended at that time.

• これらには「冊封」（国王承認）や「朝貢」（貢ぎ物と引替えに賞賜が与えられ、さらに交易することができる）という政治的・経済的見返りを与えた。
• To such countries, political and economical returns such as sakuho (emperor's approval) and choko (In exchange of tributes, premium was conferred and the countries were allowed to trade with China).

• 日本国内の資料以外に世界各国の日本マンガの現地版や日本以外の国のマンガも収蔵されており、うち約1,340冊が開架図書として公開されている。
• The museum houses domestic materials as well as local editions of Japanese manga around the world and comic books from foreign countries, of which around 1,340 items are arranged for open access.

• 弘安8年（1285年）8月、後二条天皇准母として皇后に冊立（尊称皇后、ただし実際は後二条天皇は生後間もなく立太子もしていないので誤りか）。
• In August, 1285, she was formally proclaimed Empress as junbo (a woman who was given the status equivalent to the emperor's mother) of Emperor Gonijo (Sonsho Kogo, an empress who was not actually the spouse of an emperor but given only the honorific title, however, this may not be true because this was too soon after the birth of Gonijo and the emperor was not formally installed as Crown Prince).

• そしてこれまで述べてきたような「冊封」や「朝貢」、「互市」によって中国と関係を持つ国々をそれぞれ「冊封国」・「朝貢国」・「互市国」という。
• Countries which had relation through 'sakuho,' 'choko,' or 'goshi' were called respectively 'sakuho-koku (countries which were conferred peerage),' 'chokokoku (countries which bring tribute),' or 'goshikoku (countries which are trading partners).

• 『解体新書』は基本的に『ターヘル・アナトミア』の翻訳であるが、他にも数冊の洋書が参考にされており、杉田玄白による独自の注釈も付けられている。
• 'Kaitai Shinsho' is basically a translation of 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen,' but referred to several other Western books and incorporated Genpaku SUGITA's own notes.

• その記録として「氏子駈帳」なる文書が残されており、1893年（明治26年）まで250年間に渡って計87冊・3万世帯に及ぶ記録が残されている。
• There remains a document which recorded their business; it is titled 'Ujikogaricho' and formed of 87 volumes in total, and it recorded about 30,000 households of kiji-shi for 250 years until 1893 (the year 26 of the Meiji era).

• 1871年7月の廃藩置県により琉球は鹿児島県に一応編入され、翌1872年9月琉球藩を設置し国王を藩王として華族に列する冊封詔書が授けられた。
• Ryukyu belonged to Kagoshima prefecture according to Haihan-chiken (new administration system to abolish feudal domains and establish prefectures) in July 1871, while the Ryukyu Domain was established and granted Sakuho Shosho (imperial edict, decree) recognizing peerage with the king of Ryukyu as the king of the domain in September 1872.

• 実際には国書を下げ渡された堀尾吉晴が保管しており、現在も重要文化財（「綾本墨書 明王贈豊太閤冊封文」）として大阪歴史博物館に所蔵されている。
• In fact, the letter was kept by Yoshiharu HORIO, who received it from Hideyoshi, and is currently in the possession of the Osaka Museum of History as important cultural property (the official letter to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from the King of Ming, 綾本墨書 明王贈豊太閤冊封文).

• これに家伝の儀式・有職書や図面、重要な儀式について日記とは別個に記した記録「別記」のみを編纂した「平田家日記部類」32冊などが残されている。
• Records remaining other than the diaries include: hereditary documents of ceremonies and precedents of customs and practices in the imperial court and their rules; drawings; and 32 volumes of 'Hiratake nikki burui' in which only the records 'bekki' on important ceremonies are compiled separately from the diaries.

• 1802年9月、大阪長堀心斎町の板元 播磨屋五兵衛が出願した「弁惑書口訣」「天分捷径平天儀図解」の2冊に対して、暦に差支えないか問題となる。
• Similarly, in September of 1802, Gohei HARIMA, a publisher in Nagahori Shinsaibashi cho, Osaka, filed that some problems may arise in the calendar from the two books 'Benwaku book oral instruction' and 'Tenwakeshokeiheitengi graphic illustration.'

• 漢代になると、この「中国＝天下」概念が現実の冊封関係に影響されて変容し、周辺諸民族をも含めた現代的意味での世界として「天下」概念が成立した。
• During the Han dynasty era, this notion of 'China = Tenka' changed under the influence of actual sakuho relations, and the contemporary notion of 'Tenka,' which means the world including other surrounding ethnic groups, was established.

• 尚泰王の冊封式典のために訪れた清の使節の前で、「交手（こうしゅ）」という名で組手を披露したという記述があるが、その内容については不明である。
• There is a description that a kumite called 'ko-shu' was demonstrated in front of an ambassador from the Qing Dynasty who had visited Okinawa to create King Sho Tai as a new rank, but it isn't known what the 'ko-shu' was.

• だが、これを転写したものに、鴻山文庫蔵「細川十部伝書」の一冊である鴻山本、また江戸時代後期に金春座によって写された、宝山寺蔵の金春本がある。
• But there is the copy of the manuscript called Kozanbon, which is one of 'Hosokawa jubu densho' owned by Kozan Bunko Library, and there is also a manuscript called Konparubon owned by Hozanji Temple.

• Alan Cooper の 2 冊目の著作、「About Face 2.0」から、このことをうまく要約しているふたつを引用することにします。
• Two key quotes from Alan Cooper's second book, About Face 2.0, summarise this very well:

• 野村総合研究所（1978）の調査によると、1946年から1978年の間に「日本人論」というジャンルに分類される書籍が698冊出版されている。
• According to the research conducted by Nomura Research Institute (1978), 698 books that were classified into the genre of the 'Nihonjin-ron' were published from 1946 and 1978.

• 1599年（慶長4）に幽斎が烏丸光広や中院通勝らを招いて天橋立見物の和歌会をした際にも加わり、忠隆が詠んだ和歌短冊が丹後の智恩寺に現存する。
• He participated in a poetry gathering held by Yusai to appreciate the view of Amanohashidate in 1599, during which Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU, Michikatsu NAKANOIN and others were invited, after which, a tanzaku (long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written vertically) which was written by Tadataka, remained in Chionji Temple in Tango Province.

• 全1冊の自筆本が東山御文庫蔵書として現存する他、同文庫・宮内庁書陵部・陽明文庫・尊経閣文庫・大東急記念文庫などに室町時代の写本が残されている。
• Besides a complete volume in the author's own handwriting which was the extent of one of the collections in the Imperial Library of the Kyoto Palace Higashiyama Bunko, handwritten copies made during the Muromachi period were held in the same Higashiyama Bunko as well as the Imperial Household Agency Shoryobu (Archives and Mausolea Department), Yomei Bunko (Yomei Archives), Sonkeikakubunkio, and Daitokyukinenbunko Library.

• 清代では、明朝の時以上に欧米諸国が中国を訪れるようになり、「冊封」や「朝貢」よりも政治的意味合いが希薄化した交易が増加の一途を辿ったのである。
• In Qing era, visits from European and American countries increased compared to Ming era and trade with less political meaning than 'sakuho' and 'choko' continued increasing.

• 元禄5年（1692年）刊の『諸国万買物調方記』には、山城の名産として扇の地紙、渋紙のほか、水引、色紙短冊、表紙、紙帳、から紙などをあげている。
• In the 'Shokoku yorozukaimono choho-ki' (a guide book for shopping in various provinces) published in 1692, there are descriptions of ceremonial paper strings, a colored strip of paper, a cover, shicho (a paper-made mosquito net) and karakami as well as a basal paper for fans and a paper treated with astringent persimmon juice as noted products.

• 子供たちが「竹に短冊七夕祭り、多いはいやよ、蝋燭一本頂戴な」と歌いながら蝋燭やお菓子をもらいに近くの家を訪ね歩くハロウィンのような特徴がある。
• It has characteristics similar to Halloween as children visit neighboring houses to ask for candles and cakes while singing 'we hang tanzaku on a bamboo at Tanabata Matsuri, give us a piece of candle, not many'.

• また、国会議員と国会職員に対しては国会分館を中心に貸し出しサービスも行われており、図書館への貸し出しと異なって貸し出しの冊数制限も存在しない。
• Additionally, loan services are available for Diet members and Diet staff primarily in the Diet Branch Library; but unlike loans to other libraries there is no restriction on the number of books to be loaned to Diet members and Diet staff.

• 翌文応2年2月（1261年3月）、中宮に冊立されるが、半年後の弘長元年8月（1261年9月）、女御西園寺嬉子が立后されるのを受け、皇后となる。
• In March, 1261, she was installed as chugu (the second consort of an emperor), and a half year later, she became an empress when nyogo, Kishi SAIONJI was installed as empress in September, 1261.

• 下関条約の結果、清の朝鮮に対する宗主権は否定され、ここに東アジアの国際秩序であった冊封体制は終焉を迎えた（李氏朝鮮は大韓帝国として独立した）。
• As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China's sovereignty over Korea was renounced whereby the traditional tributary system which was the international order in East Asia came to an end (and the Yi Dynasty Korea attained independence as the Korean Empire).

• 芭蕉の門人・土芳は『三冊子』の中でこれを「見るにつけ、聞くにつけ、作者の感じるままを句に作るところは、すなわち俳諧の誠である」と表現している。
• Basho's disciple, Toho HATTORI, described this kyakkan shasei in 'Sanzoshi' (The Three Books on the opinions of haiku) as 'creating a poem just as the composer feels either through sight or sound, that is the truth of haikai.'

• 生前に自らの葬儀で参会者に配布するための冊子を書き、これに『寂光門松後万歳』という外題までつけたが、自身を風刺化した笑い溢れた「作品」だった。
• He made a booklet for distributing the mourners at his funeral with a title 'Shidenokadomatu Gomanzai', which was a humors 'work' full of satire on himself.

• 1150年正月に頼長が養女藤原多子を入内させ、皇后に冊立させたのに対し、忠通もその三ヵ月後にやはり養女藤原呈子を入内させて、中宮に冊立させた。
• On New Years of 1150, Yorinaga sent his adopted daughter, FUJIWARA no Tashi, to the inner palace as bride-to-be, three months after which Tadamichi also sent his adopted daughter, FUJIWARA no Teishi, to the inner palace.

• 日本において皇后の称号が使用されたのは、鎌倉時代後期、後宇多天皇の皇女奨子内親王が1319年に皇后に冊立されて以来、約500年ぶりのことである。
• It was the first time in about 500 years that the title of empress was used in Japan since 1319 when the Imperial Princess Soshi, the Emperor Gouda's princess, became an empress by the imperial investiture in the late Kamakura period.

• しかし後朱雀天皇の即位にあたり、伯父の関白頼通が養女嫄子を入内させて中宮に冊立した頃から、禎子内親王と摂関家の関係は急速に悪化していったらしい。
• However after Emperor Gosuzaku's enthronement, this was the time the Princess's uncle and the Chancellor, Yorimichi made her adopted daughter Geshi an Imperial Consort's bridal entry into court and she became Chugu, the relationship between the Princess Teishi and the Sekkan family (family eligible for the regent and the chancellor) became worse all the sudden.

• 皇統譜及び副本には、簿冊ごとに表紙の裏面に御璽をおし、宮内庁長官が枚数及び調製の年月日を記入し、宮内庁書陵部部長とともに署名する（旧3条1項）。
• The gyoji (imperial seal) is put on the back of front cover for each thin booklet and the Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Agency fills in with the number of pages and the date of production, and he signs with Manager of the Imperial Household Archives (the old Article 3, Paragraph 1).

• 「古池や蛙飛込む水の音」（柿衞文庫に直筆の短冊が現存する）、「荒海や佐渡に横たふ天の河」、「夏草や兵（つはもの）どもが夢のあと」などが有名である。
• His famous haiku include 'Furu ike ya/kawazu tobikomu/mizu no oto' (Ah! The ancient pond, as a frog takes the plunge, sound of the water) (An autograph tanzaku (long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written vertically) exists in Kakimori Bunko (a museum - library for the Kakimori Collection)), 'Ara umi ya/Sado ni yokotau/ama no gawa' (Turbulent sea, above Sado, stretches the Milky Way), 'Natsu-kusa ya/tsuwamono-domo ga/yume no ato' (Mounds of summer grass - the place where noble soldiers one time dreamed a dream).

• 中国王朝に対しどのようなスタンスを取るかという点で、（中国王朝から見て）周辺諸国はいくつかの国際関係の種類、たとえば冊封や朝貢、互市に分類される。
• Depending on what kind of stance was taken toward Chinese dynasty, neighboring countries were classified into several categories of international relations such as sakuho (conferring a peerage with papers), choko (bringing tributary) and goshi (relation to conduct a limited amount of trade).

• 地上4階地下8階で広大な地下部分をすべて書庫にあてた新館の完成により、国立国会図書館は全館合計で1200万冊の図書を収蔵可能な巨大図書館となった。
• With the completion of the annex, including four floors above ground and eight floors underground, with all of the underground floors allocated for the stack space, the NDL grew to a massive library that could accommodate a combined total of 12 million volumes.

• 皇族譜は、所出天皇により簿冊を区分し、各親王・内親王・王・女王につき一欄を設け、妃については夫の所出天皇に属する簿冊に各一欄を設ける（旧22条）。
• In the Kozokufu, thin booklets are divided per source Emperor (the Emperor who was the direct ancestor), and columns are provided for each Shinno, Naishinno, O and Nyo-o, and as for Empress consort one column is provided in a thin booklet of her husband, source Emperor (the old Article 22).

• その後、文保2年（1318年）に同母弟の後醍醐天皇が即位すると、翌文保3年（1319年）3月に皇后（実際には天皇の后でない尊称皇后）に冊立される。
• After that, when her younger brother Emperor Godaigo was enthroned in 1318, she was given Sakuryu (Imperial investiture) as the Kogo, or the Empress (actually, a Sonsho Kogo, an Empress not being a wife of an Emperor) in March 1319.

• 翌3年（1134年）3月2日、廷臣の反対を排し、上皇の妃ながらに女御宣下を与え、同月19日、これまた異例中の異例として、皇后宮に冊立したのである。
• Despite the objections of court retainers, Taishi was given the title of Imperial Princess on April 5 of the following year, entitling her to be treated as almost equal to the Retired Emperor's Empress, and in an almost unprecedented turn of events, she became Kogogu (equivalent to Empress) on April 22.

• 「扇面古写経」（扇面法華経冊子）は、12世紀末葉に流行した装飾経のひとつで、自然や風俗をえがいた扇形の紙面（扇面型料紙）に法華経を写したものである。
• The 'Senmen Koshakyo' (Ancient Sutra Manuscripts on a fan) (Senmen Hokkekyo Sasshi [Lotus Sutra Booklet on a Fan]) is one of decorative sutras that became popular in the end of the 12th century, and Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) was copied on the fan-shaped paper (fan-shaped ryoshi) on which nature or customs were described.

• 前王朝の明代において、「冊封」や「朝貢」は諸外国との関係の中で大きな比重を占めていたが、こうした制度自体は、清代まで大きく変化することなく存続した。
• In the former dynasty, Ming, 'sakuho' and 'choko' had a large weight in the relation with various foreign countries, and such system itself remained without large change until the era of Qing.

• 扇形に切った料紙（扇子扇面）に絵を描いて2つに折り、折り目で貼り合わせて冊子とし、そこに法華経・無量義経・観普賢経の経典の経文を書写したものである。
• Fan-shaped pieces of 'ryoshi' writing paper (the fan face), decorated with pictures, are folded in two, and joined along the fold to other pieces to make a booklet, into which sutras from Buddhist scripture such as the Hokekyo (Lotus Sutra), Muryo gikyo (Sutra of Immeasurable Meanings) and Kanfugenkyo (Samantabhadra Contemplation Sutra) were copied.

• その後、昭和5年（1930年）10月16日に和漢書約300冊、昭和13年（1938年）6月には西園寺家伝来の和綴本739部881冊の寄贈が為された。
• Later on, 300 Japanese and Chinese books were donated on October 16, 1930, and in June, 1938, 739 volumes and 881 traditionally bound Japanese books, which had been passed down in the Saionji family, were donated as well.

• 具体的には後述するが、注目すべきなのは、朝鮮側の修正要求は冊封国としての体面的なものが多く、後々問題となる領事裁判権は一切問題とならなかった点である。
• The details will be described later, but an important point was that while Korea required amendments to maintain their honor as a tributary country, they did not mind at all about consular jurisdiction, which would later become a problem.

• 加賀花降銀（かがはなふりぎん）：長方形板状の花降一枚銀（160.5グラム）および短冊形銀塊の花降百目銀（374.0および373.5グラム）などがある。
• Kaga Hanafuri Gin: rectangular board-like Hanafuri Ichi-mai Gin (160.5 grams), and reed-shaped silver block called Hanafuri Hyaku-me Gin (374.0 grams and 373.5 grams), etc.

• 天皇家の代わりに、中国の明朝皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け独自の外交を行っているが、これを国内的な君主号としての天皇の権威に対抗するためである。
• On behalf of the Imperial Family, a unique diplomacy was in place which was done by receiving a sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as the 'King of Japan' from the Ming Dynasty in China which was to oppose the Emperor's power, the monarch in Japan.

• 享保14年（1729年）発梓本では巻ごとに1冊に分けられ、巻末に壺井義知著『枕草子装束撮要抄』（「装束抄」）1冊が合綴されて袋綴じ13冊となっている。
• Each of the printed copies published in 1729 comprises one volume of the full text, and another book by Yoshitomo TSUBOI entitled 'Makura no Soshi Shozoku Satsuyosho' ('Shozokusho') is bound to the final volume to make a total of 13 double-leaved books.

• 李氏朝鮮の時代には、明の冊封を受け国号を「朝鮮」としたこともあって、「明＝李氏朝鮮」関係を「周＝箕子朝鮮」関係と同一視する中華的な「天下」概念があった。
• During the era of the Joseon Dynasty, the state name was changed to 'Chosen' since it entered into the sakuho relation with Ming, and there was a Chinese-style notion of 'Tenka' under which the relation of 'Ming between the Joseon Dynasty' was deemed as identical to the relation of 'Zhou between Gija Joseon.'

• 総合資料館には、一般図書約32万冊のほか、京都府の行政資料、社寺や旧家伝来の古文書、美術工芸品、玩具、人形、民俗資料などの実物資料などが収蔵されている。
• It stores real tangible materials, such as the administrative documents of Kyoto Prefecture, ancient documents of temples, shrines and old families, arts and crafts, toys, dolls, folk materials, as well as 320,000 general books.

• 総合資料館の開館は1963年（昭和38年）で、京都府立図書館（京都市左京区岡崎成勝寺町）のその当時の蔵書21万冊のうち18万冊を引き継いでスタートした。
• It opened in 1963, taking over 180,000 books out of 210,000 books stored in Kyoto Prefectural Library (Okazaki Seishoji-cho, Sakyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City) at that time.

• しかし、清は元来二島の領有は望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めており、分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり清は調印に至らなかった。
• But Qing basically didn't hope to get possession of those two islands but to revive the Ryukyu Kingdom, returning two islands to Ryukyu so that it could maintain a relationship based on sakuho, while Ryukyu objected to separating territorial rights over the islands, because of which Qing didn't sign the treaty.

• 版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
• In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.

• 2006年9月17日、韓国軍の戦史編纂研究所は、李氏朝鮮までの軍事戦略を分析した資料3冊を発刊し、うち「朝鮮時代の軍事戦略」編で応永の外寇の分析を行った。
• On September 17, 2006, three volumes analyzing military strategy as far back as Joseon-era Korea were published by a research group that compiles Korean military annals, one of which (a 'compilation of Joseon-era military strategy') exmines the Oei Invasion.

• 6世紀前半即位した百済の聖王（聖王）は、中国南朝梁の武帝から「持節・都督・百済諸軍事・綏東将軍・百済王」に冊封され、当初新羅と結んで高句麗に対抗していた。
• King Sei, who was enthroned in the early part of the sixth century, was conferred 'Jisetsu, Totoku, Military affairs of Baekje, Suito Shogun, Kudarao' (持節・都督・百済諸軍事・綏東将軍・百済王) by Han Wudi of the Liang of Southern Dynasty of China and held out against Koguryo with Silla at first.

• 大王家の「倭」姓は、中国の冊封体制から離脱した5世紀末ないし、氏姓制度の形成が進んだ5世紀末から6世紀前半までの間に放棄されたとする説が有力となっている。
• A theory stating that the family name 'Wa' of Daio-ke was abandoned at the end of the 5th century when leaving the Sakuho system in China, or was abandoned in between the end of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century when the Shise system was established, is powerful.

• 元応元年（1319年）西園寺禧子が後醍醐天皇の中宮に冊立された際に、19歳にして上臈として入侍し、やがて禧子を押しのけてその寵愛を一身に集めるようになる。
• In 1319, when Kishi SAIONJI became the wife of Emperor Godaigo, Yasuko accompanied her as joro (high ranking woman servant in the Imperial Court), and later became the Emperor's favorite mistress, surpassing Kishi.

• しかし、現代では願い事を書く目的で七夕の行事の一環として用いることがほとんどであるが、実は短歌や俳句を詠むための分厚く装飾が施されたものも短冊の一種である。
• Although its main purpose today is to write wishes on as a part of the Tanabata festival (the star festival celebrated on the seventh of July), actually thick and decorated pieces of paper, on which tanka and haiku poems are written, are also a kind of tanzaku.

• 三角錐の松明に『ダシ』と言われるその年の干支にちなんだ飾り物（五穀等で飾り付ける）を付け、松明の頭に『十二月』と言われる赤い短冊をつけた5～6mの竹を差す。
• The grain decorations called 'Dashi,' which are associated with the year of oriental zodiac are attached to a torch of triangular pyramid, and 5 to 6m long bamboo trunks with red paper strips called 'Juningatsu' are stick to the top of the torch.

• 唐の「冊府元亀」によれば、「開元22年（734年）4月日本国遣使来朝、美嚢絁（みのうのあしぎぬ）二百匹、水織絁（みずおりのあしぎぬ）二百匹を献ず。」とある。
• 'Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau' compiled in Tang China describes that 'in the fourth month of the 22nd year of Kaigen era (734), the envoys came from Japan and presented the emperor with 200 rolls of thick silk fabric called Mino no ashiginu and another 200 rolls of thick silk fabric called Mizuori no ashiginu.'

• まだ日本に『白氏文集』が一冊しか渡来していない頃、天皇が戯れに白楽天の詩の一文字を変えて篁に示したところ、篁は改変したその一文字のみを添削して返したという。
• It is said that, in those days when there was only one copy of 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji' (a collection of poem by Bai Letian, a famous Chinese poet) in Japan, when the emperor showed that book to Takamura after changing a character in a poem written by Bai Letian for fun, Takamura returned the book after correcting the character modified by the emperor.

• 王子は、出窓のそばで上質皮紙の大冊にペンを走らせていたのですが、ビロードのスカルキャップに毛皮のスリッパといういでたちで出てきて、壁のレイピアを手にとりました
• and the Prince, who was writing in the large vellum book in the oriel window, came out in his velvet skull-cap and furred slippers, snatched a rapier from the wall–

• 平成16年5月23日発行の平凡社版、別冊太陽「平田篤胤」号に平田神社米田宮司と作家の荒俣宏の対談を中心に宗家秘蔵の未公開資料が写真版を含め多数収録されている。
• Atsutane HIRATA's issue of the extra number Taiyo issued by Heibonsha Limited, Publishers on May 23, 2004 included a talk between the chief priest of Hirata Shrine, Maita and novelist, Hiroshi ARAMATA, and many unreleased materials of the treasures kept in the head family, including photographs editions.

• その元になる32冊は黒川本（和学講談所本）と同様に、応永11年に金沢文庫本から書写したものを更に文亀年間（1501～1504年）に書き写したものと見られている。
• As well as Kurokawabon (Wagaku Kodan-shobon), those original 32 volumes seem to have been copied from the ones owned by the Kanazawa Library in 1404, and then recopied during the Bunki era (1501 to 1504).

• 本来は良い概念ではなかったが、『徒然草』などには古くなった冊子を味わい深いと見る記述があり、この頃には古びた様子に美を見出す意識が生まれていたことが確認される。
• Originally it was not a good concept, however, in 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness), there was a description thought to deeply appreciate a book that became old and it has been verified that around this time the meaning of discovering the beauty of an antiquated state arose.

• 扇面法華経冊子の成立は、「女人成仏」、「写経成仏」を説く法華経信仰がさかんとなるなかで、経典そのものも美しく飾りたてられるようになったことによるものとみられる。
• It is believed that the Senmen Hokekyo Sasshi was created when Buddhist scriptures began to be beautifully decorated with the spread of belief in the Lotus Sutra, which preached 'Nyonin Jobutsu' (attainment of buddhahood by women) and 'Shakyo Jobutsu' (attainment of buddhahood by copying of sutras).

• 同様に経典でありながら「絵画」の部で指定されているものとしては「扇面法華経冊子」（四天王寺、東京国立博物館）、「白描絵料紙金光明経」（京都国立博物館）などがある。
• There are several other examples of similar situations in which sutras (that is, Buddhist scriptures) were despite their written nature designated national treasures as paintings, like for example 'the Senmen Hokekyo Sasshi' (Booklet of the Lotus Sutra Inscribed on a Fan, owned by Shitenno-ji Temple and held by the Tokyo National Museum) and 'the Hakubyo eryoshi Konkomyo kyo' (Sutra on Paper Decorated with Line Drawings, in the Kyoto National Museum).

• 紫式部日記には、寛弘5年（1008年）に源氏物語と思われる物語の冊子作りが行われたとの記述があり、そのころには源氏物語のそれなりの部分が完成していたと考えられる。
• 'Murasaki Shikibu (Diary)' has a description that in 1008 she made a book that seems to have been 'The Tale of Genji,' so it is thought that most of 'The Tale of Genji' was completed around this time.

• 『源氏物語』の古写本の場合、冊子の標題には「源氏物語」ないしはそれに相当する物語全体の標題が記されている場合よりも、それぞれの帖名が記されていることが少なくない。
• Each volume of the old manuscript of 'The Tale of Genji' usually has a chapter name on its cover rather than a title of the overall work such as 'The Tale of Genji' or something similar.

• 「全国城郭及び軍事に関係する土地建物は、これまで陸軍省の所轄であったが、このたび、別冊一号のとおり、陸軍が必要とする分について改めて陸軍省所轄を仰せ付けられた。」
• Although the lands and the buildings related to military and castles across the country have been managed by the Department of War, an order was given to renew the management of those that are required by Army, as shown in Supplement 1.'

• しかし、光明皇后が磐之媛の例を先例として皇后に冊立されてから、このような制約はなくなり、むしろ皇族よりも藤原氏のほうが皇后の出身氏族として尊重されるようになった。
• However, since Empress Komyo became empress by imperial investiture, following Iwanohimenomikoto as a precedented example, these became unrestricted and rather, the Fujiwara clan became more respected than the Imperial Family as the origin of the empress' clan.

• 英照皇太后は生前女御のままで皇后には冊立されず、明治天皇の即位にともなって皇太后とされたので、その追号は正確なものであったが、昭憲皇太后にはこれは当てはまらない。
• In life, Empress Dowager Eisho stayed as a consort and was never installed as an empress, and she was titled Empress Dowager to accompany Emperor Meiji's enthronement, so this posthumous title is correct, but this does not hold true for Empress Dowager Shoken.

• また、津田左右吉は1930年の『日本上代史研究』において太子作ではないとしている（『日本上代史研究』ほか著書四冊は発禁となり、津田左右吉は早稲田大学を辞職した）。
• Sokichi TSUDA argued in his 'Nihon Jodaishi Kenkyu' (Research in the ancient history of Japan) published in 1930 that Jushichijo Kenpo was not made by Shotoku Taishi (his four books including 'Nihon Jodaishi Kenkyu' became prohibited books and Sokichi TSUDA resigned his post at Waseda University).

• 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満が、明皇帝から「日本国王源道義（にほんこくおうげんどうぎ）」の封号を与えられ、日本国王に冊封されて以降、室町将軍の外交称号として使用された。
• It had come to be used as the diplomatic title of the Muromachi shogun since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of Muromachi shogunate government, was appointed king of Japan under a seal of investiture of a title of 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi' by the emperor of the Ming dynasty.

• 縄文中期中葉以降、関東地方や中部地方では打製石斧の数量が爆発的に増加するが、形状は短冊形、撥形、分銅形のものが多く、これらは垂直に打ち下ろす「斧」には向いていない。
• After the middle of the middle Jomon period the number of chipped stone axes increased explosively in the Kanto and Chubu regions; many of these assumed the reed, plectrum or counterweight shapes, and not suitable for 'axes' that were vertically brought down.

• 原本82冊が国立公文書館（内閣文庫）に所蔵（ただし、1冊は尋尊の日記が誤って伝えられたものと判明している）され、平成15年（2003年）には重要文化財に指定された。
• The original eighty two diaries were kept in the National Archives of Japan (the Cabinet Library) and were made Important Cultural Properties in 2003 (however one diary was found not to be Kyokaku's but to have been written by Jinson).

• また、茅の輪の左右に設置する笹竹に願い事を書いた短冊を振下げ、七夕に河川に流すといった俗信仰は、書初めをどんどん焼きで焚くと筆が上達するといった行事と対応している。
• The communal worship that tanzaku (long, narrow card) cards on which a wish is written are hung up on small bamboos provided on the right and left sides of the kaya grass hoop and the bamboos are thrown into a river on the Tanabata festival corresponds to the event in which kakizome (New Year's writing, resolution) is burnt in the Dondon-yaki (a Shinto blessing of objects that have been a part of a celebration but are now debris consuming by fire from the 14th to the 16th of the lunar New Year) to improve writing.

• 倭の五王（わのごおう）とは、5世紀に、南北朝時代 (中国)の東晋や宋 (南朝)に朝貢して「倭国王」などに冊封された倭国の五人の王、すなわち讃、珍、済、興、武をいう。
• The five kings of Wa refer to San (讃), Chin (珍), Sai (済), Ko (興) and Bu (武) who paid tribute to the Eastern Jin and Song (Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) in 5th century and received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Wa'.

• 武雄には現在も138冊の蘭書コレクションや、地球儀や天球儀、測量器具や時計、薬品などの輸入物品が残されているが、これは茂義の時期にオランダから購入されたものである。
• In Takeo, there is a collection of 138 Dutch books and there also remain imported goods such as globes, celestial globes, measurement tools, clocks, and drugs at present; these items were all purchased from the Netherlands at the time of Shigeyoshi.

• 光厳天皇、光明天皇、崇光天皇、後光厳天皇、及び後円融天皇に係る事項（いわゆる北朝 (日本)の系統にかかる事項）は、別に簿冊を設け、大統譜に準じて登録する（旧41条）。
• The entries of Emperor Kogon, Emperor Komyo, Emperor Suko, Emperor Gokogon and Emperor Goenyu (the entries concerning the genealogy of the so-called Northern Court of Japan) are registered in a separately provided thin booklet in accordance with the Taitofu (the old Article 41).

• 通常は一冊に対し一つの帯が用いられるが、出版社によるキャンペーン（フェア）が行われる場合、その商品群に対して統一した帯が用意され、書店などにおいて掛け替えが行われる。
• Usually, one kind of obi is used for one book, but when a publisher launches a sales campaign (or sales fair) for a group of books, obi with a unified design are prepared for the group and the replacement of obi is done by the bookstores.

• 源氏釈は、もともとは独立した注釈書ではなく藤原伊行が所有する源氏物語の写本に頭注、傍注、付箋などの形で書き付けていった注釈を改めて一冊にまとめたものと考えられている。
• It is considered that the Genji shaku was originally not an independent commentary, but rather that FUJIWARA no Koreyuki added headnotes, glosses and tags to a manuscript of the Tale of Genji that he possessed, and later put them together in one manuscript.

• さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
• Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.

• 縦の辺が約25.5センチメートル、上弦幅約49.5センチメートル、下弦幅約19センチメートルの夏扇（蝙蝠扇）の料紙を粘葉装（でっちょうそう）の冊子に仕立てたものである。
• Each ryoshi is a natsu-ogi or Kawahori-ogi folding fan with a side edge of about 25.5cm, an upper arc of about 49.5cm and a lower arc of about 19cm, and the booklets are bound in a style known as deccho-so.

• 春夏秋冬の全4冊から成り（流布本は10巻）、その内訳は春冊が神代～醍醐天皇、夏冊が朱雀天皇～高倉天皇、秋冊が安徳天皇～後嵯峨天皇、冬冊が後深草天皇～花園天皇となっている。
• It consists of four volumes of spring, summer, autumn, and winter (the popular edition consists of ten volumes): the volume of spring covers the periods from a mythological age to the reign of Emperor Daigo, the summer covers the reigns of Emperor Suzaku to Emperor Takakura, the autumn covers the reigns of Emperor Antoku to Emperor Gosaga, and the winter covers the reigns of Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Hanazono.

• 冊封関係とは、周辺国家の首長を皇帝の臣下として君臣関係を取り結ぶもので、このことにより周辺国家の首長の支配下にある地域は、観念的に皇帝の主宰する秩序原理に組み入れられた。
• Sakuho relations means the lord-vassal relations between the emperor of China and the heads of neighboring states, and by making such relations, the regions under the rule of the heads of those states were ideologically incorporated into the principle of order of the Chinese emperor.

• なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
• In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.

• この試みは、『基督教新聞』にて「子児之話」欄が創設されたことや、その以前から発行されていた、家庭向けの小冊子『喜の音（よろこびのおとずれ）』に影響を受けたものとされている。
• It is considered that this attempt was inspired by the facts that the Shoni no Hanashi column was created in the Christian Newspaper and Yorokobi no Otozure, the booklet intended for family which had already been in circulation.

• 『東武皇帝の実像ー戊辰の歴史に埋もれたもう一人の天皇』山陰久志（『別冊歴史読本　皇位継承の危機　皇室典範改正に向けて皇統の本義に迫る!』新人物往来社、2005年5月25日号）
• 'The truths of the Emperor Tobu - Another Emperor buried under the history of Boshin', Hisashi YAMAKAGE ('Separate volume history book, Crisis of succession to the Imperial Throne, Approach the basic principle of the imperial line toward Revision of Imperial House Act', Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, issued on May 25, 2005)

• 各保存会、講・連によって、それぞれの曲の呼称は異なるであろうが、大阪市青協の地車囃子の講習会で1990年ごろに配られていた小冊子に基づいて、以下の用語を記すことを断っておく。
• Although the name of each piece of music differs depending on the preservation society, Ko and Ren, the words and terms below are based on the brochure which was produced in about 1990 at the training session of danjiri-bayashi hosted by Youth Groups committee in Osaka City.

• 当時の清国が列強の侵略下にあり、朝鮮がその清の冊封国であるという現状を踏まえて、まず三国が完全に独立を果たす、次いで三国の同盟を目指すという形で将来の東アジア像を描いていた。
• At the time, Qing was being invaded by such powerful countries, and he had a vision of the future of East Asia that included, first, the three countries complete independence, then, in consideration of the current situation of Korea with regard to the Sakuho-koku (countries to confer peerage with a Saku paper), and then aimed for the tripartite alliance of Japan, Qing and Korea.

• 特に新約聖書の最初の4冊のようなキリスト教の福音の、特に新約聖書の最初の4冊のようなキリスト教の福音に関する、または、特に新約聖書の最初の4冊のようなキリスト教の福音に沿った
• of or pertaining to or in keeping with the Christian gospel especially as in the first 4 books of the New Testament

• 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
• It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.

• しかし国書の中に「皇」「勅」の文字が入っており、冊封体制下では「皇」は中国の皇帝にのみ許される称号であり、「勅」は中国皇帝の詔勅を意味していたので、朝鮮側は受け取りを拒否した。
• However, the Joseon Dynasty refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters '皇' (Royal, imperial) and '勅' (imperial decree) despite the fact that '皇' was allowed to be used only for the Chinese emperor and '勅' signified the imperial rescript under the tributary system.

• この条約によって朝鮮王朝は清の冊封体制から離脱して大韓帝国となり、第26代の高宗 (朝鮮王)が中国皇帝の臣下を意味する「国王」の称号を廃して、はじめて皇帝と称することとなった。
• In the aftermath of this treaty, the Korean dynasty became the Korean Empire, breaking free from the tributary system of Qing, and the 26th Gao Zong (Korean King) first referred to himself as 'Emperor,' abolishing the title 'King,' which means a vassal of the Chinese Emperor.

• 『源氏釈』や『奥入』といった初期の注釈書はもともとは独立した注釈書ではなく写本の本文の末尾に書き付けられていた注釈が、後になって独立した1冊の書物としてまとめられたものである。
• The early commentaries like 'Genji-shaku' and 'Okuiri Interpretation' were not originally independent but were added at the end of the manuscripts, and later they were gathered up into an independent book.

• 他府県の廃藩置県も済んだ翌年、元来琉球は日本と清（中国）に使を送り独自性を保っていたが、同治11年（1872年）に日本は強引に尚泰を琉球藩藩王に冊封し、東京に藩邸を与えられた。
• In the following year after an abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (which is known as Haihan-chiken in Japanese), although Ryukyu had basically maintained her identity (independence) by sending missions to Japan and Qing (China), yet in 1872 Japan forced SHO Tai to be resigned to establishing a vassal relationship with Japan, and SHO Tai was thereby appointed King of the Ryukyu Han (feudal clan) and given a residence in Tokyo with the new title Han-O (king of the clan).

• これまでの諸研究では、このような様々な国際関係を束ねたものを朝貢―冊封体制、あるいは朝貢システム、互市体制、華夷秩序と表現することが多い（対象とする時代や研究者によって異なる）。
• According to various studies in the past, package of such various international relations has been often expressed as the choko-sakuho system, goshi system or Kaichitsujo (It differs by the target period or researcher.)

• 『継色紙』（つぎしきし）は、もと粘葉装の冊子本で、多くの場合2ページにわたり、『古今和歌集』・『万葉集』などの歌を、紫、藍、赭、緑などに染めた襖鳥の子物語に1首ずつ書写している。
• The 'Tsugi-shikishi' was originally a booklet bound in the decchoso style and containing poems from works such as the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), with one poem written across two pages which are made of thick 'tori no ko' paper that is dyed various colors including purple, indigo, brown and green.

• そして後世、唐代の大詩人である李商隠は尊敬する詩人の作品を短冊に書き、左右に並べ散らしながら詩想に耽ったため、短冊の並ぶ様を先の『禮記』の故事に準え、自らを「獺祭魚庵」と號した。
• The great Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, Ri Shoin, wrote the works of poetry which he admired on tanzaku (strips of fancy paper) and spread them out in view while he contemplated poetic thoughts, from which he gave himself the pen name of 'Dassaigyoan'based on the spread-out view of tanzaku of historical origin described earlier in 'Raiki.'

• 吉田孝は、倭国が5世紀末に中国の冊封体制から離脱し、7世紀初頭の推古朝でも倭国王に冊封されなかったことが、大王天皇が姓を持たず「姓」制度を超越し続けたことにつながったとしている。
• Takashi YOSHIDA states that the reason Daio and Tenno stood aloof from 'sei' (family name) system by not having it was because Wakoku (country of Wa) left the Chinese Sakuho system at the end of the 5th century, and was not taken into the system as Wakoku-o even during the Reign of Empress Suiko at the beginning of the 7th century.

• 収蔵された図書は、貴衆両院図書館からの引継書と戦後の収集分からなる赤坂の国会図書館仮本館蔵書が約100万冊、帝国図書館による戦前収集分を基礎とする上野図書館の蔵書が約100万冊。
• The collection of books included a stock of approximately a million volumes previously housed in the NDL's temporary main library in Akasaka, which consisted of those transferred from the libraries of the houses of Representatives and Peers along with those acquired after the war, as well as approximately a million volumes previously housed in the Ueno Branch Library, most of which had been acquired prior to the war.

• 上記のほか、蕪村の俳諧の門弟でパトロンでもあった寺村百池の家に伝わった絵画、短冊、書状等の遺品一括が「与謝蕪村関係資料」として重要文化財に指定されている（1987年指定、個人蔵）。
• In addition to those listed above, the collected paintings, poems, and letters that were passed on to the family of Buson's patron and Haikai student, Hyakuchi TERAMURA, being 'materials related to Buson YOSA,' have been designated an Important Cultural Property (1987, Private Collection).

• （朝鮮・韓国における日本起源否定の流れの一つに）別冊BUBKA2006年7月号33ページに「焼肉」の起源は日本であるが、日本発祥といえども始めたのは朝鮮人であるという説が掲載された。
• On page 33 of the July 2006 supplement edition of the magazine called BUBKA, it is stated (as one of a wave of denials in Korea of a Japanese origin) that 'Yakiniku' originated in Japan but even though its place of origin can said to be Japan, it was Korean residents of Japan who actually created it.

• これは本書が一定の書名を持っていなかったためであるとする見解と本書が一冊の注釈書になる前の原型である写本に付記された注記から直接引用された場合があるからであるとする立場とが存在する。
• According to one view, this was because the book did not have an actual title, while another says it was because in some cases, people quoted his opinions directly from the notes attached to the original manuscript before they were compiled into a single commentary.

• しかし、王国が用意したもてなしは、来客への慣例として行ったものに過ぎず、清からの冊封使に対するもてなしよりも下位の料理を出すことで、暗黙の内にペリーへの拒否（親書の返答）を示していた。
• The hospitality the kingdom extended to Perry and his officers, however, amounted to nothing more than a very ordinary level of hospitality--the dishes prepared were inferior to those offered to the Qing Dynasty's Imperial Chinese missions, an implicit indication that the kingdom was returning a negative response to the letter from the United States.

• しかし、後に臣従して「日本国王良懐」（『太祖実録』の記述による）として冊封を受け、中央では既に南朝勢力は衰微していたものの、懐良親王は明の権威と勢力を背景に独自に九州に南朝勢力を築く。
• However, later on, Kanenaga followed SHU, and he was granted the title of 'King of Japan Kanenaga' (based on the record of 'Taiso Jitsuroku' - the history of the founder) under sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors), and with the help of Ming's authority and power, Imperial Prince Kanenaga built the Southern Court force in Kyushu, even though the Southern Court forces had waned in the center of the politics.

• 全145冊、原稿用紙にして1万5千枚という膨大な量の日記であるが、三村竹清日記研究会によって早稲田大学演劇博物館が発行する紀要『演劇研究』16号（1993年）から毎号に連載されている。
• The diary, consisting of an enormous 145 volumes, or an equivalent of 15,000 pages of writing manuscript, is introduced by a research society of Chikusei MIMURA diary in the bulletin 'Theatre Research,' published by the TSUBOUCHI Memorial Theatre Museum of Waseda University, since its volume 16, 1993.

• しかし、中華秩序において冊封を受けた朝貢国は元々「自主の邦」であるため、清朝の冊封体制から離脱させようという日本の意図は朝鮮王朝にとっても朝鮮の知識人にとって理解しがたいものであった。
• However, it was difficult for the Korean dynasty and Korean intellectuals to understand the Japanese intention to force Korea to secede from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, on the grounds that a tributary country, on which China had conferred sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) in the Sinocentrism order, was originally an 'independent country.'

• 『読史余論』の自跋には「右三冊ハ正徳 (日本)二年春夏之間、座ヲ賜テ古今ヲ論ジ申セシ時ノ講章ノ草本也」とあるが、実際に稿本が完成されたのはそれ以前であることが漢文の自跋によって知られる。
• Although he said in his afterword to 'Tokushi Yoron' that 'these three books above are drafts of lecture notes from when I gave lectures on ancient and modern times in the presence of my master from spring to summer in the second year of Shotoku (Japan),' it is known from the afterword in kanbun (Sino-Japanese) that in fact the original draft was completed before then.

• しかし1998年、京都御所内東山御文庫に所蔵されていた後西天皇の宸翰『年中行事』という二冊の書物が『新撰年中行事』の写本であることが逸文との照合等により判明し、研究者の注目を集めている。
• However, it was discovered in 1998 that two documents of Shinkan (original handwriting of the emperor) of Emperor Gobunko called 'Nenchugyoji' (events within the year) stored in Higashiyama Gobunko of the Imperial Palace, Kyoto was the manuscript of 'Sinsen Nenchugyoji' by contrasting with the little remaining manuscript, and came under attention of researchers.

• 日本と清国との間で帰属がはっきりしなかった琉球だったが、この事件の処理を通じて日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
• The attribution issue of Ryukyu between Japan and Qing, which had remained unsolved, worked out in the favor of Japan in the peace process and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji Government ordered Ryukyu to sever relations with Qing based on sakuho (Chinese vassal system) and choko (tributary system) as well as to adopt Meiji as an era name.

• 明の冊封国であった李氏朝鮮に征明嚮導の意思はなく、秀吉は明への遠征のため先ず朝鮮の制圧を決め、文禄元年（1592年）4月（和暦。漢数字表記の月は以下同じ）、16万人の大軍を送ることとなる。
• The Yi Dynasty Korea, which had been Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) of Ming, did not have the intention of leading troops to conquer Ming and Hideyoshi decided to conquer Korea at first in order to make a successful expedition to Ming and a large army of 160,000 were sent in May 1592 (according to the traditional Japanese calendar).

• 「ホルモンうどん」という、うどんかけうどん・素うどんにもつを乗せた食べ物があちこちの食堂で販売されているが、別冊宝島270「競輪マクリ読本」誌上にて、競輪場ナンバーワングルメに選出された。
• Giblets udon noodles,' in which Japanese wheat noodles in broth are topped with cooked giblets, are sold at many restaurants inside the velodrome, and this is the dish chosen as the best gourmet food at velodromes in a magazine called Bessatsu Takarajima 270 'Keirin Makuri Dokuhon' (All about keirin).

• 安土桃山時代以降、茶道の流行にしたがって、古筆が鑑賞の対象として愛好されるようになると、経巻や歌書・消息などの巻子本や冊子装からその一部を切り取って「古筆切」として収集することが流行した。
• After the Azuchi-Momoyama period, when ancient calligraphy came to be enjoyed for appreciation along with the popularity of Sado (Japanese tea ceremony), it became popular to cut out and collect a part of kansubon (books in scroll style) or sasshiso (books) such as scriptures, waka anthologies, and shosoku (letter) as 'kohitsugire' (samples of classical calligraphy).

• 特に養女藤原嫄子（後朱雀天皇中宮）が早世した後は、頼通はこの一人娘に皇太子誕生の命運を賭けて永承5年（1050年）12月22日後冷泉天皇に入内させ、さらに翌年2月13日、皇后宮に冊立する。
• When his adopted daughter, FUJIWARA no Genshi (Chugu (Empress) of Emperor Gosuzaku) passed away early, Yorimichi tried his luck on his only daughter and made her go under Judai (marry into the imperial court) to Emperor Goreizei on February 11, 1051 and promoted her to Kisai no miya (Empress) on April 2 of the same year.

• 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」（明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない）と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
• After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.

• 皇帝を中心とする華夷秩序に理念づけられ、朝貢と冊封によって外国との関係を維持していた「天下」概念が変容するのは、1793年イギリスの外交使節ジョージ・マカートニーが派遣されたころからである。
• The notion of 'Tenka,' which had been formed based on the order of kai (the Chinese and barbarians) and maintained the diplomatic relations by the sakuho and choko (bringing tribute) system, started to change when George Macartney, a British diplomat, was dispatched in 1793.

• この頃、朝鮮半島や中国の沿岸などで倭寇（前期倭寇と呼ばれる）と呼ばれる海上集団が活動し始めており、懐良親王は倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「日本国王」としての権威で勢力を強める。
• Around this time, maritime groups of pirates called Wako (meaning Japanese pirates) began to raid the coasts of the Korean peninsula and China (these are labeled the 'early period Wako' to distinguish them from later pirate groups of the same name), and a request, called a Sakuho, from the Ming court that the pirates be brought under control was sent to Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, addressed to the 'King of Japan'; Kaneyoshi thereby received a boost to his authority.

• 淳和天皇の皇后正子内親王の立后以来約100年、その間6代の天皇はいずれも皇后を立てることがなかったが、延喜23年（923年）、醍醐天皇は女御藤原穏子を皇后に冊立し、久しぶりに皇后を復活させた。
• Six generations of emperors did not put up empresses for about 100 years after the investiture of the Empress to Imperial Princess Masako, empress of Emperor Junna, but Emperor Daigo put up nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court [a consort of an emperor]) FUJIWARA no Onshi as empress to revive the empress after a long time.

• 「萬福寺」16棟（総門、三門、天王殿、大雄宝殿、法堂、鐘楼、鼓楼、伽藍堂、祖師堂、斎堂、禅堂、東方丈、西方丈、祠堂、大庫裏、威徳殿）（附廊8棟、鎮守社、廊棟札、伽藍絵図5点、作事関係文書7冊）
• 16 buildings of Manpuku-ji Temple (main gate, Sammon gate, Tenno-den hall, Daio Ho-den hall, Hatto, Belfry, Drum tower, Garan-do hall, Soshi-do hall, Sai-do hall, Zen-do hall, Tohojo, Seihojo, Shi-do hall, Okuri, Itoku-den hall) (including 8 corridors, Tutelary shrine, Ro Munefuda, 5 paintings of the temple, 7 books relating to the temple's construction).

• 倭の五王による中国への冊封要請遣使は、4世紀後期から倭国が朝鮮半島南部の伽耶諸国群へ資源・利権獲得のために介入しようとしたため、その地の冊封を受けて大義名分を得ようとしたものと考えられている。
• According to one belief, the five Kings of Wa, who intended to intervene in Gaya, located in the southern part of Korea, for acquiring concessions of natural resources there from the latter half of the fourth century, dispatched an envoy to China to submit to a suzerain-vassal relationship with the Chinese sovereign so that they might make use of such a relationship on the pretext of their intervention in Korea.

• 南京条約の締結によって中国に条約体制がもたらされたが、正確にはそれにより冊封や朝貢といった華夷秩序が一度に崩壊したわけではなく、しばらくの間華夷秩序と条約体制は相剋しつつも並存することとなった。
• Conclusion of the treaty of Nanking brought treaty system to China, but Kaichitsujo based on sakuho and choko did not fall apart at a time and still coexisted with the treaty system for a while.

• 牛馬と犂を用いた深耕、乾田化に代表される土地改良・施肥技術の改良、塩水選による短冊苗代を用いた健苗育成に代表される選種の精緻化、耐肥性多収品種の導入に代表される優良品種の導入がその特徴とされる。
• Its characteristics are deep plowing using oxes and horses, improvement of soil such as drying rice fields, fertilization techniques, minute seed sorting like healthy seedling with furrow beds, sorting seeds in salt water, and introduction of varieties of high quality plants with high yield and fertilizer-resistant.

• その他、喜多川守貞の『守貞謾稿』にも、「七月七日、今夜を七夕という、今世、大坂ニテハ、・・・太鼓など打ちて終日遊ぶこと也。江戸ニテハ、・・・・青竹ニ短冊色紙ヲ付ケ、高ク屋上ニ建ルコト。」とある。
• In 'Morisada Manko' written by Morisada KITAGAWA, there also is a description saying 'The night of July 7 is tanabata. In Osaka, people play throughout the day while beating drums. In Edo, people hang colored tanzaku on a green bamboo and place it high on the roof'.

• 数の桁の名称や単位、掛け算九九などの基礎的な知識のほか、面積の求め方などの算術を日常生活に身近な話題をもとに解説しており、一冊で当時の生活に必要な算術全般をほぼ網羅できるような内容となっている。
• This book covers almost all important mathematics useful for daily life in the Edo period, from basic knowledge of naming of numbers, units, and the multiplication table to explanation of mathematics with familiar examples such as calculation of area.

• 紀伝体の史書で、本紀（帝王）73巻、列伝（后妃・皇子・皇女を最初に置き、群臣はほぼ年代順に配列、時に逆臣伝・孝子伝といった分類も見られる）170巻、志・表154巻、全397巻226冊（目録5巻）。
• The history book is written about events and consists of the 397 volumes with 226 books, and the first seventy three volumes are honki (about the emperors), next 170 volumes are retsuden (retsuden describes empresses, prince and princesses and courts chronologically while it is sometimes classified as gyakushinden or koshiden) and the last 154 volumes are shi and hyo (five catalogues).

• これらの短所は、泥土の混入の比率の多い下張り用の間似合紙のことであり、混入比率の少ない高級間似合紙や鳥の子紙になると、欠点が少なくなり、色紙や短冊、書簡用半切り紙、書写用経紙、藩札などに用いられた。
• These disadvantages are specific to the maniai-shi for groundwork which contains more soil, and the high quality maniai-shi and torinoko paper containing less soil, having fewer advantages, were used for various papers such as a colored paper, a paper strips to write waka or other characters on, hankiri paper for a letter, paper for Buddhist sutra writing and for han-fuda bills.

• それまでの源氏物語は平安時代に成立して以後、すべて写本の形で存在しており、1冊ずつ人の手で写さなければならないものであるために作成に手間と時間がかかり、一般の人々が容易に入手出来るものではなかった。
• Since its completion during the Heian period, The Tale of Genji until then had all existed in the form of manuscripts, and it was a time-consuming work to compile one manuscript because a person had to transcribe it one by one, therefore ordinary people could not obtain it easily.

• 近世に入って日清戦争に勝利した大日本帝国の清への要求により、朝鮮は清国の冊封体制から離脱し大韓帝国となると華夷秩序の関係が崩れ、新たに大日本帝国の従属下に入った事によって初めて日本の天皇を皇帝と称した。
• In modern times, demanded by the Empire of Japan winning the Japanese-Sino War, the Chinese Suzerainty over Korea collapsed after Korea left from the Sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system), and called the Tenno of Japan the Emperor for the first time after being newly subordinated to the Empire of Japan.

• また、高句麗移民に対しては安勝を保護して高句麗王、次いで報徳王として新羅の配下に冊封していたが、680年には文武王の妹を安勝に降嫁させて新羅・高句麗の王家の結合を図り、旧の三国が一体となるように努めた。
• For people from Goguryeo, Anseung was under control of Silla by protecting him as King of Goguryeo and then King of Bodeok, but King Munmu put much effort into integration of the former three kingdoms by having his younger sister marry Anseung in 680 to unite the two royal families of Silla and Goguryeo.

• 教部省の意向で根本真苗・吉良義風が共同で『上記』の翻訳作業を行い、1875年（明治8年）に『上記』及び『上記直訳』41冊を発表すると、続けざまに、井上頼圀が『上津文辨義』、後藤碩田が『上記考』を発表した。
• According to the indication of Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion), Manae NEMOTO and Yoshikaze KIRA worked with coalition to translate 'Uesufumi' and in 1875, they published 41 volumes of 'Uetsufumi' and 'Direct translation of Uetsufumi', Yorikuni INOUE published 'Uetsufumibengi' and Sekiden GOTO 'Uetsukiko'.

• 冊封の内容はアルタン・ハンの冊封を先例としたもので、かなりの高格での冊封（秀吉の王冊封以外にも行長、大谷吉継ら和平派諸将が大都督、行長家臣が都督指揮に任じられるなど、大盤振る舞いの内容であった）であった。
• Japan's tributary status, which followed the case of Altan KHAN, was high (for example, generals from the peace-seeking group including Yukinaga and Yoshitsugu OTANI were appointed to governor-generals and Yukinaga's vassals to commanders of governor-general in addition to Hideyoshi).

• 寛政10年（1798年）、22年の歳月をかけて亀山天皇から先代の後桃園天皇の時代までを扱った歴史書『続史愚抄』81冊を完成させた（なお、同書は北朝 (日本)正統論を取っており吉野朝廷の天皇を認めていない）。
• In 1798, it took 22 years for him to compile the 81 history books 'Zokushigusho' which covered the period between the Emperor Kameyama and the Emperor Gomomozono. (His history books stressed the legitimacy of the Northern Dynasty and denied the Yoshino court.)

• 夜も更けた頃、興仙・政元・唐橋らが酒を飲んで語るうち、興仙は「法の奥義は、言葉では表せない」と短冊に「張良化現大天魔源義経神」と書いて見せたので、僧侶たちは怖がって逃げた、という話が、公家の日記に残っている。
• There is a story in the diary of a certain court noble that while drinking with Masamoto and Karahashi in the evening, Kosen told them that 'I can't talk about the secrets of the method with words' and wrote '張良化現大天魔源義経神' on tanzaku (a long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are usually written vertically), and the monks fled out of fear.

• 東三条院詮子の支持もあって、長保二年（1000年）2月25日 (旧暦)、女御彰子が新たに皇后に冊立され「中宮」を号し、先に「中宮」を号していた皇后定子は「皇后宮」に号され、史上はじめての「一帝二后」となった。
• With the support of Higashi Sanjoin Senshi, Nyogo Shoshi was installed as Empress and given the title of 'Chugu' on February 25, 1000, and Teishi, the previous 'Chugu,' was named 'Empress Consort,' creating the first 'One Emperor, Two Empresses' in recorded history.

• 日本側は従来の冊封体制的な交隣関係から、条約に基礎づけられた関係へと、日朝関係を変化させることを企図したのであるが、一方朝鮮側はこれまでどおり冊封関係にとどまり、その中で日本との関係を位置づけようとしていた。
• Japan attempted to change the style of the relationship with Korea from that of peace and amity based on the conventional tributary system to that based on a treaty, whereas Korea intended to maintain the conventional tributary system and establish a relationship with Japan under its framework.

• 室町時代の所在は不明であるが、関白豊臣秀次の所有となった後徳川家康のものになり、、徳川家康の死去に伴い第九子の徳川義直に「駿河御譲本」と呼ばれた約3,000冊の蔵書の一つとして分与され尾張徳川家のものとなった。
• Whereabouts during the Muromachi period is unknown, but it was owned by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA after being owned by Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, the chief adviser to the emperor, and after Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's death, it was given to Yoshinao TOKUGAWA, the ninth child, as one of the 3,000 books called 'Suruga oyuzuri bon' and belonged to the Owari Tokugawa family.

• 後年は冊子形式を用いているが、これは実隆が政治の実際から離れ、出家した頃（永正13年（1516年））に符合し、実隆が日記を家記としてではなく、備忘録的なものと位置づけるようになったのではないかと推測されている。
• The later years' entries took a form of booklet, and these years corresponded to the years when Sanetaka left politics and became a priest (in 1516), which makes us imagine that Sanetaka came to consider a diary not a family record but a memorandum.

• 前年娍子の皇后冊立を巡ってぎくしゃくしていた道長と三条天皇の間は、妍子に皇子が誕生することで関係修復を期待されていたのだが、それも無に帰してしまい、道長はこの内親王誕生に大層不機嫌であったという。（『小右記』）
• There was a hope that the birth of an imperial prince by Kenshi would recover the awkward relationship between Michinaga and Emperor Sanjo over the promotion of Seishi to Empress the previous year, but it turned into nothing and Michinaga's mood turned foul over the birth of this imperial princess ('Shoyuki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).

• 真田幸村の忍者として著名な「真田十勇士」は、「真田三代記」や「難波戦記」を底本として、大正時代に一世を風靡した立川文庫の中の一冊·「猿飛佐助」が大好評を博し、その総集編のタイトルとして使われたのが始まりとされる。
• It is said that 'Sanada Juyushi,' famous as ninja of Yukimura SANADA, have their origin in the title of an omnibus of 'Sasuke SARUTOBI,' a book in the 'Tachikawa Bunko' series, which was based on 'Sanada Sandaiki' and 'Nanba senki' and lauded throughout the world in the Taisho era.

• 江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国（または冊封国）としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」（事大党ともいう）と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」（独立党ともいう）とに分かれていた。
• In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.

• 皇帝が冊封国の王に与えた金印に「漢の○の○の国王」のような三重にも修飾した例が無い（金印は陪臣に与えるものでない）こと及び、高位の印であることからことから、この金印は「委奴国王」＝「倭国王」に与えられたものである。
• Because the golden seals which the emperor gave to the king of Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) haven't been inscribed in such a way that `the king of X of X in Han,' and the golden seals are to be given to a person of high rank, the golden seal was given to `the king of Wanonanokuni,' or `the king of Wakoku.'

• 晶子が34歳のとき『新訳源氏物語』を四冊本として出したが、拠り所とした北村季吟の『湖月抄』には誤りが多く、外遊の資金調達のために急ぎ、また、校訂に当たった森鴎外は『源氏物語』の専門家でないなど欠陥が多いものだった。
• When Akiko was thirty-four, 'the New Translation of The Tale of Genji' was published as a four-volume work, but was filled with flaws because its source Kigin KITAMURA's 'Kogetsu-sho Commentary' contained many errors, the process of publication was hasty in order to earn money for traveling abroad, and Ogai MORI who was in charge of proofreading was not an expert on 'The Tale of Genji.'

• 明治30年（1897年）から明治34年（1901年）までの間に、『日本書紀』等17冊が経済雑誌社から刊行され、続編が、明治35年（1902年）から明治37年（1904年）の間に『続国史大系』として15冊が刊行された。
• Between 1897 and 1901, 17 books including 'Nihon Shoki' were published by Keizaizasshi-sha, then between 1902 and 1904, 15 books of the sequel to Kokushi Taikei were published as 'Zoku Kokushi Taikei.'

• この原因として韓国の「小中華思想」の他、朝鮮が清国の冊封体制から自立した後、大韓帝国と改称して憚りなく皇帝を称するようになったのに日本により再び「皇帝」から「王」に格下げされたことに対する報復であると指摘する説もある。
• There is a theory stating that the reason for this naming is not only because of 'little Sino-centrism,' but also because of retaliation for being demoted from 'Kotei' to 'O' (King) once again by Japan even after they came to call themselves the Korean Empire and held the title of Emperor without hesitation after the independence from the Sakuho system of Qing.

• ところが、近衛天皇即位・得子の皇后冊立と相前後して得子を標的にしたと考えられる呪詛事件（日吉社呪詛事件・広田社巫呪詛事件）が相次いで発覚し、息子が皇位を失った待賢門院が裏で糸を引いているという風説が流されるようになる。
• However after Emperor Konoe succeeded to the throne, and also just before and after Tokushi officially became the Empress, there were some curse incidents (the Hie Shrine Curse Incidents, the Hirota Shrine Curse Incident) continuously happening, and there was a rumor that Taikenmonin, whose son lost his Imperial succession, had something to do with them.

• 納本の対象となる出版物は、図書、小冊子、逐次刊行物（雑誌や新聞、年鑑）、楽譜、地図、マイクロフィルム資料、点字資料およびCD-ROM、DVDなどパッケージで頒布される電子出版物（音楽CDやゲームソフトも含む）などである。
• The applicable publications include books, pamphlets, serials (magazines, newspapers and periodicals), musical scores, maps, microfilm materials, materials published in Braille, and electronic publications distributed in formats such as CD-ROM, DVD, etc. (including music CDs and gaming software).

• 磯部甲陽堂が刊行の準備をしていたが、印刷途中の同12年9月に関東大震災が起こり、その災禍で草稿から清書本に至る原本（内務省本）は4冊を残し、その他上述『式社崇敬社調書』や『大小神社取調書』を始め関係書類の全てを焼失した。
• Isobe Koyodo started to prepare for publishing and while they were printing the work in September 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake took place, in which all the relevant documents were destroyed by fire, including the original copies (drafts and clean copies kept by the Home Ministry), 'Shikisha Sukeisha Shirabesho' and 'Daisho Jinja Torishirabesho' which were mentioned earlier, except for 4 volumes of the original copies.

• この計画は最初は2ないし3冊程度からなる源氏物語の注釈書として計画されたものであるが、池田亀鑑はそのために必要な資料を集めていく中で古注を研究者が容易に利用できるような資料、すなわち「古注集成」を作ることの必要性を感じた。
• At first, it was a project of creating a commentary of The Tale of Genji consisting of two or three volumes, but in the process of collecting necessary materials, Kikan IKEDA felt a necessity to make something that enabled scholars to easily access old annotations, that is to say, 'a collection of old annotations.'

• しかし中国に対し冊封・朝貢を行っていた周辺諸国も、次第に欧米列強の植民地へと変えられていき、また清朝自身もロシアのイリ地方地方占領や清仏戦争、日本の台湾出兵、日清戦争などアヘン戦争以降の度重なる列強からの外圧にさらされた。
• However, as those Asian countries which conducted sakuho and choko to the Qing dynasty became colonies of western countries and America, the Qing dynasty was also put pressure continuously by powerful countries after the Opium War, especially when Ili region was seized by Russia, the Sino-French War, the Taiwan expedition and the Japanese-Sino War occurred.

• 「高野切」などの「切（きれ）」とは美術史、書道史、茶道などの用語で、元来巻物や冊子本であった和歌集、漢詩集などの写本を、鑑賞用とするため切断し、掛軸に仕立てたり、手鑑（でかがみ）と称するアルバムに貼り込んだりしたものを指す。
• The 'kire' (or 'gire') from 'Koya-gire' is a technical term used in art history, calligraphic history, and the tea ceremony; it refers to the process of cutting out sections of the original scrolls or booklets of the waka or kanshi (Chinese poem) anthologies and featuring them for aesthetic reasons, for example by integrating them into a kakejiku (hanging scroll) or pasting them into albums called 'dekagami' (literally 'hand mirrors,' collections of handwriting).

• 全81巻と「陰徳記序および目録」1冊で、戦国時代 (日本)の山陰地方、山陽地方を中心に、室町時代13代将軍足利義輝の時代から、慶長の役まで（永正8年（1507年）頃-慶長3年（1598年）頃までの約90年間）を書く軍記物語。
• It is a war chronicle comprising 81 volumes plus a separate volume entitled 'Intokuki jo oyobi mokuroku' (Preface and Table of Contents for the Intokuki); it is focused mainly on the Sanin and Sanyo regions and begins its account in the time of the thirteenth Shogun of the Muromachi period, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, and continuing until the Keicho Campaign (or in other words, it covers a roughly 90-year span from 1507 to 1598).

• 建武中元二年（57年）、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印（倭奴国王印）の賜与を受けており（『後漢書』「」）、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
• In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.

• 慶長一分判（けいちょういちぶばん）は慶長小判と同品位、1/4の量目でもってつくられた長方形短冊形の一分判であり、表面は上部に扇枠の桐紋、中央に横書きで「分一」、下部に桐紋が配置され、裏面は「光次（花押）」の極印が打たれている。
• Keicho Ichibuban is a rectangluar reed-shape ichibuban with the same carat and one fourth ryome of Keicho Koban, having fan shape Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the upper part of its head, 'bu ichi' in horizontal writing on the center, Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the lower part, imprinted hallmark of Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) on the tail.

• 美術の著作物又は写真の著作物の原作品により、第二十五条に規定する権利を害することなく、これらの著作物を公に展示する者は、観覧者のためにこれらの著作物の解説又は紹介をすることを目的とする小冊子にこれらの著作物を掲載することができる。
• A person who publicly exhibits the originals of artistic works or photographic works in a manner that does not harm the rights [of the author] provided for in Article 25, may reproduce such works in pamphlets for the purpose of explaining or introducing them to viewers.

• 主な著書に『霊界物語』(全81巻83冊)、『道の栞』、『霊の礎』、『本教創世記』、『出口王仁三郎全集』、『道の大本』など多数があり、歌集としては、『花明山』、『彗星』、『故山の夢』、『東の光』、『霧の海』、『愛善の道』などがある。
• His main works include 'Reikai Monogatari' (81 volumes, 83 copies), 'Michi no shiori,' 'Tamashii no ishizue,' 'Honkyososei-ki,' 'Onizaburo DEGUCHI Zenshu,' 'Michi no Omoto,' and poetry books such as 'Kameyama,' 'Suisei,' 'Kozan no yume,' 'Higashi no hikari,' 'Kiri no umi,' and 'Aizen no michi.'

• 前近代における冊封体制下において、「皇上」や「奉勅」ということばは中国の王朝にのみ許されたことばであって、日本がそれを使用するということは、冊封体制の頂点に立ち朝鮮よりも日本の国際地位を上とすることを画策したと朝鮮は捉えたのである。
• Because Japan used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order,' which were only allowed to be used by the Chinese dynasty under the tributary system of the premodern era, Korea understood that Japan was attempting to stand at the top of the tributary system and get a higher position in the world than Korea.

• しかし、池田ら関係者がさまざまな伝手をたどった結果、中央公論社が谷崎潤一郎による（当時の）現代語訳源氏物語の出版に続く源氏物語の出版事業として同社から1942年（昭和17年）10月に『校異源氏物語』全4冊として出版されることになった。
• However, after IKEDA and other staff involved in the work tried to develop connections, Chuo Koronsha Inc. decided to publish 'Koi Genji monogatari' (book of comparison of The Tale of Genji) (four volumes in total) in October 1942 as a publishing project which followed publication of the (then) contemporary translation of The Tale of Genji by Junichiro TANIZAKI.

• 当初は宮中儀礼において必要に応じて定められた地位であったが、後に皇女の優遇のために置かれるようになり、天皇と配偶関係にない皇女が准母・皇后として冊立された例も多い（これを准母立后と称し、このように后となった内親王を尊称皇后とも呼ぶ）。
• At first junbo was the status which was named accordingly in court ceremony, later it was put to give good treatment to imperial princesses, and there were many examples that imperial princesses who were not married to the emperor were named as a junbo and empress (it is called junbo-rikko [investiture of junbo and empress], and an imperial princess who became an empress in this way is also called a Sonsho kogo [honorific empress who is not a wife of the emperor]).

• 躰仁の東宮冊立とともに女御となった得子は、近衛即位の同年、国母であることから皇后宮に立てられ、さらに久安5年（1149年）8月3日 (旧暦)、美福門院の院号を宣下され、鳥羽法皇の先立の中宮藤原璋子（待賢門院）を凌ぐ権勢を持つようになる。
• Nariko became 'nyogo' (a court title given to a consort of the Emperor) as Narihito's togu sakuritsu (formal decision of Crown Prince) took effect, and in the year when Konoe was appointed Emperor, she became Kisainomiya because she was the kokubo (mother of Emperor Konoe); furthermore, on September 13, 1149, she was given an ingo Bifukumon-in, and gained more power than FUJIWARA no Shoshi (Taikenmon-in), whom Cloistered Emperor Toba had earlier decided to formally appoint chugu (Emperor's wife).

• 三十帖冊子・宝相華迦陵頻伽蒔絵ソク冊子箱（ソク＝土へんに「塞」）（ほうそうげ　かりょうびんが　まきえ　そく　さっしばこ）－「三十帖冊子」は、空海が唐から持ち帰った写経の小冊子（サイズは縦横とも十数センチ）30冊で、一部に空海自筆を含む。
• Sanjutcho Sasshi and Hosoge Karyobinga Makie Soku Sasshibako - Sanjutcho Sasshi are 30 small Sasshi scriptures that Kukai brought back from Tang China (size of each is 10x10cm), including some that he transcribed by himself.

• それにより古活字本開版の準備をしていた処に、黒田長政献上のものを含むめて、不足分8冊（白紙に近い紙）をそれまで入手していたものと同じ書式で書き写させて51冊とし、これを1605年（慶長10年）印行の底本としたのではと現在では推定されている。
• When he was preparing to publish old typographic books, it is assumed that he ordered copies of the missing eight volumes (which were almost all blank) including the ones presented by Nagamasa KURODA in the same format as the manuscript which he had already had until then, making 51 volumes and using it as an original text to publish in 1605.

• 銀行業務やクレジットや投資信託に関する本を何十冊と買いこんで本棚に立ててみると、それらは造幣局から出てきたばかりの貨幣のように朱色や黄金色に輝き、マイダス、モーガン、ミシーナスのみぞ知る輝かしい秘密の解明を約束してくれるもののように思えた。
• I bought a dozen volumes on banking and credit and investment securities, and they stood on my shelf in red and gold like new money from the mint, promising to unfold the shining secrets that only Midas and Morgan and Maecenas knew.

• 日本最初の医学雑誌『泰西名医彙講』をはじめ、『外科必読』・『産科簡明』・『和蘭文典』・『八紘通誌』・『水蒸船説略』・『西征紀行』など阮甫の訳述書は99部160冊余りが確認されており、その分野は医学・語学・西洋史・兵学・宗教学と広範囲にわたる。
• It is confirmed that Genpo translated 99 titles (nearly 160 volumes in total) including 'Taisei Meii Iko' (literary, Western medicine), the first medical journal in Japan, 'Geka Hitsudoku' (literary, essentials for surgery), 'Sanka Kanmei' (literary, a brief explanation about obstetrics), 'Oranda Bunten' (literary, grammar of Dutch language), 'Hakko Tsushi' (literary, the overview of world history), 'Suijosen Setsuryaku' (literary, a brief explanation about steamboat), 'Seisei Kiko' (literary, records on the Western world) and his specialty ranged from medical science, language, history of the Western world, to military science and philosophy of religion.

• 第五十二条第一項、第五十三条第一項及び第五十四条第一項の公表の時は、冊、号又は回を追つて公表する著作物については、毎冊、毎号又は毎回の公表の時によるものとし、一部分ずつを逐次公表して完成する著作物については、最終部分の公表の時によるものとする。
• The time when a work is made public for the purposes of Article 52, paragraph (1), Article 53, paragraph (1), and Article 54, paragraph (1), shall be, [(a)] in the case of a work made public in successive volumes, issues or installments, at the time when each volume, issue or installment is made public, and [(b)] in the case of a work gradually made public in parts, at the time when its last part is made public.

• 初期の体裁が定まっていない時期から、冊子（文明 (日本)15年（1483年）～長享元年（1487年））、巻子（長享元年（1487年）～永正9年（1512年））、再び冊子（永正10年（1513年）～天文 (元号)5年（1536年））に変化している。
• A shape of the diary had been changed since the early days when the appearance of books were not fixed yet; from a booklet shape (1483-1487), through a kansu shape (1487-1512), and then to a booklet shape again (1513-1536).

• 本来、皇后の定員は1名であったが、永祚 (日本)2年（990年）、一条天皇が藤原定子を皇后に冊立するにあたり、すでに円融天皇の皇后として藤原遵子が在位していたにかかわらず、先帝の皇后と今上の皇后は併存しうるものとして、2人の皇后の並立が強行された。
• Normally, only one person could be the empress, however, when FUJIWARA no Sadako became empress of Emperor Ichijyo in 990, despite FUJIWARA no Junshu's reign as the empress of Emperor Enyu, he allowed and enforced two empresses to co-exist, the one that was in reign and the new one.

• そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
• One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.

• 2004年度（平成16年度）末の統計によれば、国立国会図書館の所蔵資料は図書8,369,233冊、雑誌176,961タイトル、新聞10,351タイトルで、ほかにマイクロフィルムや地図、電子資料といった図書形態以外の資料を1,200万点以上所蔵している。
• According to the statistics as of the end of fiscal year 2004, the NDL possesses 8,369,233 volumes of books, 176,961 titles of magazines, 10,351 titles of newspapers, as well as more than 12 million items of materials in various non-book formats, such as microfilm, maps, digital materials, etc.

• 神職として奉仕するばかりでなく神道学の学者として学問にも貢献、白山比咩神社時代に『白山比咩神社叢書』全7冊の編纂、函館八幡宮時代に『函館戦争資料』、弥彦神社時代に『弥彦叢書』第一輯、八坂神社につとめて間もなく『八坂神社記録』『八坂神社文書』など刊行した。
• He served as a Shinto priest and also contributed to learning as a scholar of Shinto studies, he published 'Shirayamahime-jinja Shrine Sosho,' compilation of seven volumes, when he served at Shirayamahime-jinja Shrine, published 'Battle of Hakodate Records' when he served at Hakodate Hachiman-gu Shrine, published the first collection of 'Yahiko Sosho,' when he served at Yahiko-jinja Shrine, and published 'Yasaka-jinja Shrine Records' and 'Yasaka-jinja Document' right after he started to serve in Yasaka-jinja Shrine.

• また、懐良親王が「良懐」として明と冊封関係を結んでしまったため、義満が日明貿易（勘合貿易）を開始する際に新たに建文帝から冊封をうけ「日本国王」となるまでは、北朝や薩摩の島津氏なども明に使節を送る場合は「良懐」の名義を用いねばならないという事態も発生した。
• Because Imperial Prince Kanenaga was in Sakuho relationship (vassal relationship) with Ming as '良懐,' to commence Japan-Ming trade (the tally trade), the Northern Court or the Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province had to use the name of '良懐' to send an ambassador to Ming until Yoshimitsu was granted the title of 'King of Japan' under sakuho by Kenbun-tei (Jianwen Emperor).

• 朝鮮半島においては、高麗のモンゴル帝国干渉期から李氏朝鮮まで他国の冊封体制下にあったため太子の称号が使えず、国王の継承者は「王世子」と呼ばれていたが、日清戦争の結果、下関条約が結ばれた事により清国の冊封から外れ、国号を大韓と改めた際に「皇太子」を使うようになった。
• Since the Korean peninsula was under the tributary system from the Goryeo period which was subjected to the interference by the Mongolian Empire to Joseon Dynasty, the successor to the king was called '王世子 (crown prince)', but since the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded as a result of Sino-Japanese War, Korea was released from the tributary system of the Qing,, the name of the country was changed to Korea and 'Crown Prince' came into use.

• 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
• In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.

• 文治5年（1189年）には太政大臣となり、建久元年（1190年）には、娘九条任子を入内させて中宮に冊立、朝廷の第一人者に昇ったかに見えたが、建久3年（1192年）までは後白河院の影響力のため、容易に政権運営が出来ず、頼朝と協力関係を築いたが、反面、朝廷での孤立は否めなかった。
• He became Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State) in 1189 and made his daughter Ninshi KUJO marry the emperor to become Chugu (Empress) in 1190; it seemed that he turned into a powerful presence in the Imperial Court, but he could not easily control the government until 1192, perhaps due to the influence of Goshirakawa-in, and he was inevitably left out in the Imperial Court despite building a cooperative relationship with Yoritomo.

• やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球（なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった）を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
• The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.

• そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
• And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).

• しかしながら、家康による古活字本開版の準備が1603年（慶長8年）には始まっていることから、この説には疑問もあり、楮紙の古い料紙の32冊と、楮紙の古い料紙に修善寺紙を用いた補入が施されている10冊、修善寺紙のみの1冊の計43巻を家康は1603年（慶長8年）以前に一括して手に入れていたと推定される。
• However, a doubt about this view arose because Ieyasu had already begun to prepare to publish old typographic books in 1603, and it is conjectured that in 1603 he had already got 32 bundles of kozo (paper mulberry), 10 bundles of kozo to which Shuzenji paper was added, and a bundle of Shuzenji paper only, which came to 43 bundles all together.

• 江戸時代の代表的な『源氏物語』の刊本を見ても、「絵入源氏物語」は『源氏物語』本文54冊に、「源氏目案」3冊、「引歌」1冊、「系図」1冊、「山路露」1冊を加えて、「源氏物語湖月抄」は「若菜」上下と「雲隠」を共に数に入れた源氏物語本文55冊に「系図」、「年立」等からなる「首巻」5冊を加えて、いずれも全60冊になる形で出版されている。
• The Tale of Genji with illustrations,' a representative printed book of 'The Tale of Genji' in the Edo period, consists of 54 volumes of 'The Tale of Genji,' three volumes of 'Genji Meyasu,' one volume of 'Poem Quotation,' one volume of 'Genealogy' and one volume of 'Yamaji no Tsuyu,' making 60 volumes, while 'Kogetsu-sho Commentary of The Tale of Genji' has 55 volumes of 'The Tale of Genji,' including two books of 'Wakana' and a book of 'Kumogakure' and five books of 'Kubimaki,' consisting of 'Genealogy,' 'Chronology' and others, which together make a total of 60 volumes.

• ちなみに長松清風は、書画においては江戸末期の三筆と言われたり、当時の知識層などが掲載された平安人物誌、西京人物誌にその名が掲載されたり明治天皇の和歌の教師であった高崎正風が清風の詠んだ歌を優れた歌として明治天皇に紹介し、明治天皇から清風の歌を非常に賞賛されていることを知らせる使者が清風の元に使わされており、明治天皇以外にも三条実美などの公家にも清風の短冊を所望する声が多かったという。
• Thanks to the paintings and writings the Sanpitsu (three great calligraphers) of the end of Edo period, his name was published in the Heian Jinbutsushi (Record of Heian Notables) and Saikyo Jinbutsushi (Record of Saikyo (Kyoto) Notables); moreover, Masakaze TAKASAKI introduced a poem by Seifu as a great poem to Emperor Meiji, and the messenger was sent to Seifu stating that the Emperor Meiji greatly praised his song, and even kuge (court noble) such as Sanetomi SANJO (other than Emperor Meiji) desired the tanzaku (a long, narrow card on which Japanese poetry is written vertically) of Seifu.

• 本書は、原形のままでは伝わっておらず、天暦元年（947年）・2年・3年、天徳 (日本)元年（957年）・2年・3年・4年（960年）の記事の抄録本（『九暦抄』）、承平 (日本)2年（932年）-天徳4年迄の大饗・五月節・成選短冊の部類記（『九条殿記』）、承平6年（936年）-天慶9年（946年）迄の父忠平の教命の筆録（『九暦記』〈貞信公教命〉）、天慶4年（941年）の本記の断簡（『九暦断簡』）、『西宮記』『小右記』等からみられる逸文（延長 (日本)8年〈930年〉-天徳4年）によって内容を知ることができる。
• Because the original diary has been lost, we can learn what was written in it from an abridgement of entries from 947 to 949 and from 957 to 960 ('Kyureki sho'), classified records of grand banquets, the Sweet-Flag Festivals and Josen Tanzaku (special strips of paper announcing official promotions) from 932 to 960 ('Kujo-dono ki'), records of the ordinances of his father Tadahira from 936 to 946 ('Kyurekiki' (The Ordinances of Teishinko)), a fragmentary text of this diary describing things in 941 ('Kyureki dankan'), and fragments seen in 'Saikyuki' and 'Shoyuki' (from 930) to 960).

• （大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊（2号） pp. 18–26（1889年） 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』（1890年） 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23（1891年） 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243（1922年） 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210（1930年） 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻（1号） pp. 1–23（1938年） 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1（本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上） pp. 59–83（1940年） 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社（1941年） 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館（1958年） 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館（1978年）より作成。
• Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).