兵: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 兵粮料所
- Hyoro-ryosho (grant areas for the support of troops in the field)
- 挙兵露見
- The uprising is detected
- 酒井兵庫
- Kisaburo KAWAI
- Hyogo SAKAI
- 上皇挙兵
- Retired Emperor Gotoba raises an army
- 幕末の兵器
- Weapons in the bakumatsu period
- 両軍の兵力
- Strength of both forces
- 挙兵の動機
- The motives behind their raising of an army
- 化学兵器テロ
- chemical terrorism
- 屯田兵の組織
- Organization of Tondenhei
- 屯田兵の所管
- Jurisdiction of Tondenhei
- 屯田兵の開始
- Beginning of Tondenhei
- 屯田兵の廃止
- Abolition of Tondenhei
- 以仁王の挙兵
- The raising of forces by Prince Mochihito
- Prince Mochihito's Uprising
- Prince Mochihito raising arms
- Raising of an Army by Prince Mochihito
- Battle of Uji (1180)
- 巻八 兵部省
- Volume 8: Ministry of Military Affairs
- Volume 8 : Hyobusho (Military Office)
- 兵庫県篠山市
- Sasayama City, Hyogo Prefecture
- 朝鮮出兵下準備
- Preliminary preparations for Japan's Invasion of Korea
- 穴師坐兵主神社
- Anashinimasuhyozu-jinja Shrine
- Anashinimasu-Hyozu-jinja Shrine
- 連隊付:一戸兵衛
- Regimental Officer: Hyoe ICHINOHE
- 関東武士団の挙兵
- The Raising of Forces by the Kanto Bushi Group
- 伊東直二(奇兵隊)
- Naoji ITO (the Kihei-tai troop)
- 砲兵隊:関広右衛門
- Artillery unit: Hiroemon SEKI
- 湯村温泉 (兵庫県)
- Yumura Onsen Hot Spring (Hyogo Prefecture)
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢
- The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea
- 明軍の兵力は4万余り。
- The Ming force consisted of forty thousand soldiers.
- 歩兵第14連隊(小倉)
- The 14th infantry regiment (in Kokura)
- 歩兵第13連隊(熊本)
- The 13th infantry regiment (in Kumamoto)
- ─ 振武隊・奇兵隊など
- - The Shinbu-tai troop, the Kihei-tai troop, and others
- 歩兵頭 古屋佐久左衛門
- Head of infantry, Sakuzaemon FURUYA
- 特種技能集団・弓射騎兵
- Special skill unit forces and cavalry with archers
- 城兵は城内に引き籠った。
- The castle soldiers stayed in the castle.
- 秀吉は再度出兵を命じた。
- Hideyoshi ordered troops dispatched again.
- 地方武士団・源義仲の挙兵
- Regional Bushi Groups and the Raising of Forces by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka
- 榎峠 (京都府・兵庫県)
- Enoki Pass (Kyoto Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture)
- 神戸研究学園都市(兵庫県)
- Kobe Kenkyu Gakuen Toshi (Kobe Science City) (Hyogo Prefecture)
- 播磨科学公園都市(兵庫県)
- Harima Science Garden City (Hyogo Prefecture)
- そのため朝鮮出兵も終息した。
- With this, the dispatch of soldiers to Korea came to an end.
- 東京鎮台歩兵第2連隊(佐倉)
- The 2nd infantry regiment of Tokyo Garrison (in Sakura)
- 東京鎮台歩兵第3連隊(高崎)
- The 3rd infantry regiment of Tokyo Garrison (in Takasaki)
- 大阪鎮台歩兵第8連隊(大阪)
- The 8th infantry regiment of Osaka Garrison (in Osaka)
- 幕兵との戦闘も行われている。
- They also fought with the bakufu forces.
- そして手兵を以て敵を側撃する。
- Then, he attacked the enemy's flank with his troops.
- 広島鎮台歩兵第11連隊(広島)
- The 11th infantry regiment of Hiroshima Garrison (in Hiroshima)
- 屯田兵の生活規則は厳しかった。
- Tondenhei had to observe strict living regulations.
- 工兵隊:小管辰之助、吉沢勇四郎
- Engineering Brigade: Shinnosuke KOSUGE, Yushiro YOSHIZAWA
- 神戸医療産業都市構想(兵庫県)
- Kobe Medical Industry Development Project (Hyogo Prefecture)
- 名古屋鎮台歩兵第6連隊(名古屋)
- The 6th infantry regiment of Nagoya Garrison (in Nagoya)
- 広島鎮台歩兵第12連隊(丸亀市)
- The 12th infantry regiment of Hiroshima Garrison (in Marugame City)
- 一律的に兵役が課せられる軍事制度
- Military system of uniformly imposing military service on the people
- 兵力的には天皇方が優勢であった。
- In terms of military force, the Emperor's side had the advantage.
- 大日本帝国憲法第20条 兵役の義務
- Article 20. Duty of military service
- この乗馬歩兵は屯田兵から選ばれた。
- These dragoons were chosen from tondenhei.
- 兵庫県道・京都府道63号山東大江線
- Santo-Oe Line of the Hyogo/Kyoto Prefectural Route 63
- (のちに憲兵のような役割を果たす)
- (Eventually they played a role similar to that of military police.)
- 図書助等これを機とし兵を収めて退く。
- Zushonosuke used this opportunity to rally the soldiers and retreat.
- 三左衛門遂に先鋒の兵を収容して還る。
- Sanzaemon rallied the vanguards and returned.
- このような兵士のことを驕兵と呼んだ。
- Such soldiers were called kyohei.
- 参謀:鮫島重雄陸軍工兵中尉(4月-)
- Staff Officer: Shigeo SAMEJIMA, First Lieutenant of kohei (military engineers) (April -)
- 翌日薩軍各隊は原田村に兵を配置した。
- On the next day, the troops of the Satsuma army were deployed in Harada Village.
- 越山らが兵を三方面に分けて進撃した。
- KOSHIYAMA and others divided the forces into three groups to advance to different areas.
- 兵村は他に広大な共有地も持っていた。
- In addition, each heison had vast communal land.
- 同時に伊達領に出兵して各地を攻略した。
- At the same time, by sending troops to Date's territory, Yoshiaki captured a portion of his territory.
- 但馬国・氷上郡・多紀郡は兵庫県へ編入。
- Tajima Province, Hikami County and Taki County were incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture.
- 以仁王の乱、源頼政の挙兵とも呼ばれる。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising is also called the War of Prince Mochihito and MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's uprising.
- 旧逸見勘兵衛家 - 江戸時代建築の町家
- Old House of Kanbe HENMI -- a trader house built in the Edo period
- 本丸に追い詰められた城兵は投降を申し出。
- The castle soldiers who were tracked down to Honmaru offered surrender.
- 先鋒の兵敵に追躡せられ其勢は甚だ危うし。
- However, he was pursued by the enemy's vanguard and was therefore in a dangerous position.
- 安禄山の兵力は圧倒的なものとなっていた。
- Lushan AN's military power was overwhelming.
- 東洲斎写楽:『二世大谷鬼次の奴江戸兵衛』
- Sharaku TOSHUSAI: 'Otani Oniji Ⅱ in the role of Yakko Edobe'
- (歩兵第1連隊中隊長心得):安東貞美中尉
- (Assistant Company Commander of the first infantry regiment): Teibi ANDO, First Lieutenant
- 逆襲した薩軍と壮烈な白兵戦が展開された。
- The government army and the counterattacking Satsuma army fought hand-to-hand fights fiercely.
- この時、多くの飫肥隊員、薩兵が投降した。
- On this occasion, many members of the Obi-tai troop and many soldiers of the Satsuma army surrendered.
- ここで募兵して報国隊数100名を加えた。
- He recruited soldiers here and added Hokoku-tai with several hundred soldiers to his forces.
- 一旦は兵を塩田城に向け直した景虎だった。
- Kagetora once made arrangements to move his forces towards Shioda-jo Castle again.
- そして更に兵士を確保することが難しくなる。
- Therefore, it became even more difficult to gain enough soldiers.
- 使者を追い返し朝鮮への再度出兵を決定した。
- He sent the envoy back and was determined to send troops again to Korea.
- 1889年には徴兵令の免除規定を全廃した。
- In 1889, the exemption clause was completely abolished.
- 二個師団を上回る兵力が台湾占領にあたった。
- The troops comprising of more than two divisions were assigned the duty of conquering Taiwan.
- 藤原光能(参議・右兵衛督・皇太后宮権大夫)
- FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, who possessed the title of Sangi, Uhyoenojo (Captain of the Right Watch), Kotaigogu gon no daibu (Provisional Master of the Empress Dowager's Household).
- 増援軍の雑賀衆も白兵戦には弱くほぼ全滅した。
- Saiga shu (Ikko groups), which were reinforcement troops, were not good at close combat and totally wiped out.
- 三節度使を兼任した安禄山の総兵力は約十八万。
- The total military force of Lushan AN, who was appointed to the setsudoshi of 3 regions combined, amounted to about 180,000 men.
- 一方、官軍は熊本城を中心に守備兵を配置した。
- On the other hand, the government army deployed garrisons centered on Kumamoto Castle.
- 屯田兵例則 明治7年(1874年)10月制定
- Tondenhei Reisoku (regulations) enacted in October, 1874
- 我兵一丸を費さずして之を踰え、山口村に至る。
- Our soldiers passed this place without consuming a bullet, reaching Yamaguchi Village.
- 6月5日 大本営を開設し、朝鮮への派兵を開始
- June 5: Imperial headquarters was set up to start dispatching soldiers to Korea.
- 9月1日、景虎は自ら兵を率いて北信濃へ出陣。
- On October 7, Kagetora advanced to the northern Shinano area, leading his forces by himself.
- 尾崎弥兵衛……1865年11月17日、病死。
- Yahei OZAKI: Died November 17, 1865 from illness
- 愛宕山 (三木市) - 兵庫県三木市にある。
- Atago-san (Miki City) - It is located in Miki City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 愛宕山 (加東市) - 兵庫県加東市にある。
- Atago-yama (Kato City) - It is located in Kato City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 当社の神霊が頼朝の挙兵をうながしたとされる。
- The divine spirit of this shrine is believed to have encouraged Yoritomo to raise an army.
- その他の雑兵・農民らは赦免され退城を許された。
- The other people such as zohyo (common soldiers) and farmers were allowed to leave the castle.
- 長政は自ら爾餘の兵2000人を率いて本隊たり。
- Nagamasa personally led the remaining 2,000 troops.
- 県庁は旧生野代官所(兵庫県朝来市)に置かれた。
- The prefectural government was located at the former Ikuno magistrate's office (Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- 岩佐又兵衛:『三十六歌仙図額』--浮世絵の開祖
- Matabei IWASA: The maker of 'the Portraits of Thirty-six Immortal Poets,' and the founder of ukiyoe
- 屯田兵本部(明治18年(1885年)5月改称)
- Tondenhei Headquarters (renamed in May, 1885)
- 屯田兵条例の改正 明治22年(1889年)7月
- Revision of Tondenhei Jorei in July, 1889
- 屯田兵条例の改正 明治23年(1890年)8月
- Revision of Tondenhei Jorei in August, 1890
- 予備兵は明治14年(1881年)に廃止された。
- The reservists were abolished in 1881.
- 豊臣秀吉が関白となって以降は兵農分離が進んだ。
- After Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became a Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a policy called heinobunri (separation of warrior class from the soil of its territory) was implemented.
- 頼政と一族の主だった者は以仁王の挙兵で討死した。
- Yorimasa and top family members died in battle when Prince Mochihito raised an army.
- が、大量の兵員動員による軍事費は財政を圧迫した。
- However, the cost of military spending for mobilizing a large number of soldiers increased the financial pressure.
- そのため、客戸が増えれば徴兵数は減ることになる。
- Therefore, an increase in the number of visiting families meant a decrease in the number of people available for the conscripted army.
- 屯田兵司令部(明治22年(1889年)7月改称)
- Tondenhei Command Center (renamed in July, 1889)
- 屯田兵条例 明治18年(1885年)5月5日制定
- Tondenhei Jorei (ordinances) enacted on May 5, 1885
- 7月29日に日本軍は牙城に篭る清国兵を攻撃する。
- On July 29, the Japanese army attacked Qing troops staying in their stronghold.
- 行軍中に歩兵第11旅団長大寺安純少将が戦死する。
- Second General Yasuzumi ODERA, who led the eleventh infantry brigade died while on march.
- 初期の屯田兵募集は原則として士族が対象であった。
- The initial tondenhei recruitment was, as a rule, limited to shizoku.
- 屯田兵は西南戦争、日清戦争、日露戦争に参加した。
- Tondenhei fought in wars such the Seinan War, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Russo-Japanese War.
- 兵屋は一戸建てで村ごとに定まった規格で作られた。
- Each heioku was a separate house built in a standard set up in every village.
- 一方上杉側はこの後もすぐに関東へ出兵している)。
- On the other hand, the Uesugi side sent its troops to Kanto immediately after the battle as well).
- 京極秀満は近江国で挙兵して、京への侵攻を図った。
- Hidemitsu KYOGOKU raised an army in Omi Province and planned to invade towards the capital.
- その他には兵庫県側からアプローチする方法もある。
- The other route is to approach it from the Hyogo Prefecture side.
- 水を一気に流した為、十河兵は流される者が多数出た。
- The flash flood swept away many Sogo soldiers.
- 府兵制は戸籍を元に兵役義務を負わせる制度であった。
- A divisional militia system was one in which conscription was based on the family registry.
- 20日早朝、官軍は開戦以来、最大の兵力を投入した。
- In the early morning of 20th, the government army sent the biggest military force since the start of the war.
- 屯田兵条例の廃止 明治37年(1904年)9月8日
- Abolition of Tondenhei Jorei in September 8, 1904
- 3月25、26日の両日で1500名ほどを徴兵した。
- In two days of the 25th and 26th of March, they recruited around 1,500 soldiers.
- 8月に清国軍は平壌に1万2千名の兵員を集中させる。
- The Qing troops concentrated 12,000 solders in Pyongyang in August.
- 源信は無実となり、邸を包囲していた兵は引き上げた。
- MINAMOTO no Makoto was set free, and the soldiers who had besieged his house were withdrawn.
- 愛宕山 (上郡町) - 兵庫県赤穂郡上郡町にある。
- Atago-yama (Kamigori-cho) - It is located in Kamigori-cho, Ako County, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 伊勢貞興・溝尾勝兵衛・諏訪盛直・御牧兼顕:2000
- Sadaoki ISE, Katsubee MIZOO, Morinao SUWA and Kaneaki MIMAKI's: 2,000
- 一般に律令制での軍団は歩兵中心とのイメージが強い。
- There is a strong public image of the army under the Ritsuryo system mainly consisting of foot soldiers.
- 有岡城の城兵はただちに各砦へ配置し臨戦態勢を整えた。
- Soldiers of Arioka-jo Castle were posted immediately to each fort to prepare for battles.
- 藩師がわも驕兵の意を迎えるために苦慮することになる。
- Hanshi struggled to accommodate kyohei's demands.
- 追撃戦には矢沢勢も加わり神川で多数の将兵が溺死した。
- Yazawa's force joined the running battle and many officers and soldiers drowned in Kan-gawa River.
- 森九兵衛(石田隊先鋒として前方柵を防衛、奮戦し討死)
- Kuhee MORI (He fought for the spearhead convoy of the Ishida squad and protected the front line and exalted, but died during the battle.)
- 屯田兵予備兵条例 明治10年(1877年)12月制定
- Tondenhei Yobihei (reservists) Regulations enacted in December, 1877
- 屯田兵予備兵条例の廃止 明治14年(1881年)2月
- Abolition of Tondenhei Yobihei Regulations in February, 1881
- 屯田兵本部概則 明治18年(1885年)10月16日
- Tondenhei Headquarters Gaisoku (general regulations) enacted on October 16, 1885
- 屯田兵土地給与規則 明治23年(1890年)9月公布
- Tondenhei Tochi (land) and Kyuyo (salary) Regulations in September, 1890
- この時、三股では別府九郎の奇兵隊などが防戦していた。
- At the same time, Kiheitai led by Kuro BEPPU fought a defensive battle in Mimata.
- 晴信は一旦兵を引き、村上義清は葛尾城奪回に成功する。
- Harunobu withdrew his forces once, and Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI succeeded in taking back Katsurao-jo Castle.
- 同時期に、関東では甲斐源氏の武田信義も挙兵していた。
- At the same time, Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) had raised forces in Kanto as well.
- 藤原良相は源信の逮捕を命じて兵を出し、邸を包囲する。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshimi ordered the arrest of MINAMOTO no Makoto, and so soldiers were sent and his house besieged.
- さらに、氏清と満幸を挑発して挙兵に追い込み滅ぼした。
- What's more, he then provoked Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki into raising an army and then destroyed them in turn.
- 治承4年(1180年)源頼朝、伊豆で平氏打倒の挙兵。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army against the Taira clan.
- 11月には直義は高兄弟の追討のために諸国の兵を募る。
- In November, Tadayoshi gathered troops from the various provinces to attack the Ko brothers.
- 2月6日、先鋒隊は伊那街道から信濃国に兵を進めている。
- On February 6, 1582, the spearheading unit invaded Shinano Province from the Ina-kaido Road.
- また藩鎮の勢力を削った結果、藩鎮の抱える兵力が減った。
- Furthermore, as a result of paring down hanchin's power, there was a decrease in the number of soldiers hanchin held.
- 高麗は水軍の兵力を維持するために水軍万戸の制をしいた。
- Goryeo established the system of suigun banko to maintain the power of the navy.
- 本営は延岡に置き、山蔭から美々津海岸まで兵を配置した。
- The Satsuma army placed the headquarters in Nobeoka and deployed its soldiers from Yamakage to the coast of Mimitsu.
- この時の戦闘では塹壕に拠る抜刀白兵戦が繰り広げられた。
- The fights this time were hand-to-hand ones with swords based in trenches.
- 薩軍各隊は大いに苦戦し、次々と兵を原田村に引き揚げた。
- The troops of the Satsuma army fought against heavy odds and were forced to withdrew to Harada Village one after another.
- 7月15日早朝、行進隊・奇兵隊は嘉例川街道を攻撃した。
- In the early morning of July 15, Koshin-tai and Kihei-tai attacked the Kareigawa-kaido Road.
- 陸軍はその海軍の兵食改革(麦飯支給)に否定的であった。
- The army was skeptical about reforming food for solders (keaping barley rice) like the Navy did.
- その対象となった荘園・公領を特に「兵粮料所」と呼んだ。
- The target manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were called 'Hyoro-ryosho.'
- 愛宕山 (猪名川町) - 兵庫県川辺郡猪名川町にある。
- Atago-san (Inagawa-cho) - It is located in Inagawa-cho, Kawabe County, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 延暦寺と園城寺(三井寺)の抗争が激化し僧兵が登場する。
- The strife between Enryaku-ji Temple and Onjo-ji Temple (Mii-dera Temple) intensified, and armed priests emerged.
- 千石堀城が陥落した21日夜、城兵は城を自焼して退却した。
- On the night of the 20th when Sengokubori-jo Castle fell, the castle soldiers set fire to the castle by themselves and withdrew.
- 毛利援軍は1兵も来援しなかったが兵糧は補給し続けていた。
- Although not even a single soldier of reinforcement troops of the Mori clan came, provisions had been supplied.
- この義兵は流民も多く、朝鮮の民衆や軍隊も襲う事もあった。
- Such volunteer soldiers included many displaced persons and sometimes attacked Korean people or the army.
- 島津義弘は泗川新城を背に強固な陣を張り、伏兵を配置した。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU formed a strong battle formation with the New Sacheon Waeseong at its back and positioned ambush soldiers.
- 8月4日に動員が命令され、充員のため屯田兵も召集された。
- Mobilization was ordered on August 4, and tondenhei were summoned for filling up vacancies.
- 戦争開始後、屯田兵は後備兵とともにはじめ国内に残留した。
- After the war began tondenhei together with kobihei soldiers (soldiers in service after reserve duty) remained in Japan for the first time.
- 土佐勤皇党、海援隊 (浪士結社)、陸援隊、奇兵隊、赤報隊
- Tosaginno-to Party, Kaientai (an association of roshi organized by Ryoma SAKAMOTO), Rikuentai Army (an association of roshi organized by Shintaro NAKAOKA), Kiheitai Army, Sekihoutai Army
- また丁汝昌提督の最期の希望を聞き届け、清国兵を助命する。
- He also followed the last desire of Commodore Ding Ruchang and saved the lives of solders.
- 屯田兵は、二百余戸の中隊を一つの単位として兵村を作った。
- Tondenhei formed a heison (tondenhei village) as a unit of a troop of about two hundred families.
- 1897年(明治30年):舞鶴に舞鶴要塞砲兵大隊を配置。
- 1897: Maizuru Yosai hohei daitai (Garrison Artillery) was deployed in Maizuru.
- 愛宕山 (三田市) - 兵庫県三田市と篠山市の境にある。
- Atago-yama (Sanda City) - It is located on the border between Sanda City and Sasayama City in Hyogo Prefecture.
- 急な派兵であったため、東海道軍は当初18騎で鎌倉を発向。
- Because the forces had been assembled so hastily, the army that departed from Kamakura along the Tokaido initially consisted of only 18 horsemen.
- だが城兵も鉄砲によって防戦し、寄手の損害も大きく撤退した。
- But the castle soldiers also fought with guns and the besiegers were greatly damaged and withdrew.
- 城内の人間は焼け死に、討って出た城兵はことごとく戦死した。
- The people in castle were burnt to death and all castle soldiers who went out of the castle for fighting were killed in the battle.
- この方面の戦闘は激戦で西鄉小兵衛以下、薩軍諸将が戦死した。
- The battle in this area was so fierce that a lot of commanders of the Satsuma army including Kohei SAIGO were killed in the battlefield.
- 6月2日 在韓邦人保護を名目として日本軍の朝鮮派兵を決定。
- June 2: A dispatch of Japanese troops to Korea was decided upon the pretext of protecting Japanese living in Korea.
- また、関門海峡も平知盛によって封鎖されて兵糧不足に陥った。
- The Kanmon Straits were closed off by TAIRA no Tomomori and the troops lacked food and supplies.
- 1万5000人の兵力が本戦に参加できなかった意味は大きい。
- It was significant that 15,000 soldiers were unable to make it to the main part of the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 愛宕山 (宝塚市) - 兵庫県宝塚市にある中山連山の一峰。
- Atago-yama (Takarazuka City) - One of mountains in Nakayama Mountains in Takarazuka City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 原則的に藩兵1,000人が京都に常駐し1年おきに交替した。
- Basically, 1,000 samurai of the Aizu clan were stationed in Kyoto and took turns every another year.
- 天正19年(1591年)、秀吉は配下武将に出兵軍役を命じた。
- In 1591, Hideyoshi ordered his subordinate warlords to gather their troops for military service.
- このことにより、兵士の交代要員を確保することが難しくなった。
- This resulted in a difficulty in ensuring the number of soldiers who could be put on rotation for military service.
- この大陸侵攻・朝鮮出兵は戦争途中で秀吉の死によって終結する。
- The invasion of the Asian continent and the dispatch of troops to Korea finished upon Hideyoshi's death.
- 25日、歩兵第14連隊は山鹿街道と高瀬道に分かれて進撃した。
- On February 25, the 14th regiment was divided into two groups; one was to push through the Yamaga Highway and the other through the Takase Road.
- 以後、屯田兵は八代から人吉への進撃に加わって、交戦を重ねた。
- Thereafter, tondenhei joined marching from Yashiro to Hitoyoshi and fought a series of battles.
- 檜垣直枝・佐川官兵衛(元会津藩家老)・斎藤一(元新撰組隊士)
- Naoe HIGAKI, Kanbei SAGAWA (a former chief retainer of Aizu Domain), and Hajime SAITO (a former member of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate))
- 中国では府兵制、日本では軍団 (古代日本)として施行された。
- The military system was enforced under the name of Fubingzhi in China and Gundan in Japan.
- その後も信濃国への出兵を繰り返し、徐々に領地を広げて行った。
- Sending forces into Shinano Province even after that, the clan continued expanding its territory gradually.
- つまり、夜間、多数のハマダラカが侵入するような兵屋であった。
- In a word, the heioku was a house into which many anopheles could invade at nighttime.
- この除目で源義朝は播磨守、嫡子・源頼朝は右兵衛権佐となった。
- At this session, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was made the governor of Harima while his son and heir, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, was appointed Uhyoe no Gon no suke (provisional assistant captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).
- この日の戦闘で日本軍の戦死黒田兵29人、明軍の戦死200餘人。
- The dead in this day's battle numbered 29 soldiers in the Kuroda troops for the Japanese army and about 200 soldiers for the Ming army.
- 日清両国が出兵し、日本から軍を率いた花房義質公使が派遣された。
- Both Japanese and Qing sent their forces; the Japanese force was led by Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the minister to Korea, was also sent.
- 慶長元年(1596年)9月、秀吉は再度朝鮮出兵の命をくだした。
- In October 1596, Hideyoshi issued orders to invade Korea again.
- その領土を都護府・羈縻政策・府兵制の制度をもって維持していた。
- It maintained its territory through protectorate, tributary and divisional militia systems.
- 1876年(明治9年)に分割され、兵庫県と京都府に編入された。
- Toyooka Prefecture was divided in 1876 and incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture.
- 派兵を免れたことが徳川家康が後に天下を取る要因の一つとなった。
- The fact that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was exempted from sending troops to Korea was one of factors allowing Ieyasu to conquer the whole country.
- 屯田兵は都ノ城、神戸、東京を経由して9月30日に札幌に戻った。
- Tondenhei returned to Sapporo on September 30 via Miyakonojyo, Kobe, and Tokyo.
- 屯田兵に募集に関する陸軍省告示 明治23年(1890年)10月
- Notification of the Ministry of Army Concerning Recruitment in October, 1890
- 激戦の末、寡兵のうえ、軍備に劣る薩軍はやがて長尾山から退いた。
- Shortly after fighting a fierce battle, the Satsuma army retreated from Mt. Nagao, because it was smaller in the number of soldiers and inferior in armaments.
- 兵士の戦意、士気の問題は政府軍にとって解決すべき課題であった。
- For the government Army, how to raise fighting spirit and morale of the soldiers was a problem to be solved.
- 7月20日 朝鮮政府に対して清軍の撤兵を要求する最後通牒を発令
- July 20: The final notice calling for the Korean government to demand the withdrawal of the Qing troops.
- 平時は徒歩憲兵に編制されるものと規定されていた(屯田兵例則)。
- In peacetime they were regulated to be organized into toho-kenpei (military foot policemen) (Tondenhei Regulations).
- 形勢不利となった政虎は、兵を引き犀川を渡河して善光寺に退いた。
- Because the battle state became disadvantageous to his forces, Masatora made his forces retreat to Zenko-ji, crossing the Sai-gawa River.
- 京都には軍兵が充満し、人々は何が起こるか分からず騒擾を極めた。
- Kyoto was filled with military soldiers, and people rioted over the uncertain future.
- 京都では細川方の兵が宇治や淀など各地の橋を焼き、4門を固める。
- In Kyoto, samurai on the Hosokawa side burnt a number of bridges including those at Uji and Yodo, and solidified the defense of the four key gates.
- また、会津兵や薩摩兵による敵兵の肝を食う行為も伝えられている。
- Additionally, Aizu and Satsuma warriors were said to have eaten the liver of the enemy.
- 現在の兵庫県伊丹市寺本にある昆陽寺の元になったといわれている。
- This Fuseya is said to have been the foundation of Konyo-ji Temple in present-day Teramoto, Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- そして2回にわたって攻撃を加えたが、城兵の逆襲を受けて敗退した。
- Though they attacked the castle two times, they lost in face of the counterattacks by johei (castle garrisons).
- これは兵農分離を意図した史料上初めて確認できる刀狩令と言われる。
- This is said to be the first command to collect swords in historical materials which aimed at heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil).
- 一氏の直属兵力は三千ほどで、紀州勢と対峙するには十分でなかった。
- The direct military force of Kazuuji was about 3,000, which was not enough to confront the Kishu army.
- 長宗我部元親は当初織田信長による四国征伐の備えで兵を休めていた。
- Motochika CHOSOKABE had his troops stand by to prepare against the expedition to Shikoku by Nobunaga ODA.
- 日本の古墳所在件数が最も多いのは兵庫県で16,577基にのぼる。
- With 16,577 tumulses, Hyogo Prefecture has the largest number of kofun in Japan.
- すでに18世紀末、仙台藩の林子平は海国兵談で海防論を説いていた。
- Late in the 18th century, Shihei HAYASHI of the Sendai Domain; had already advocated the way of maritime defense in his book titled Hkikoku heidan (a discussion on the maritime nations' soldiers).
- 加茂砦には織田信忠が率いる美濃国、近江国3千兵が陣をはっている。
- In Fort Kamo, 3,000 soldiers from Mino Province and Omi Province headed by Nobutada ODA took up a position.
- 戦後の1949年、歩兵第24連隊跡地に平和台野球場が建設される。
- After World War II, Heiwadai Baseball Stadium was constructed at the station site of 24th Infantry Regiment in 1949.
- しかし兵糧不足に陥った日本軍は漢城を撤退し、釜山方面に集結した。
- However, the Japanese army withdrew from Hansong due to their provisions running short, and concentrated their troops in Busan and the surrounding areas.
- 驕兵は戦闘のときにも十分な恩賞が約束されねば戦おうとしなかった。
- Kyohei did not even fight in a battle if they were not adequately compensated.
- そのため、辺境ともなるととてつもない遠い地への兵役となっていた。
- Therefore, military service at the frontier meant having to go to a place that was extremely far away.
- 本来ならば一年で交代の兵役が3年・4年と長引くようになっていた。
- The military duty that was supposed to last for one year began to drag on to 3 or 4 years.
- その後、集結して撤退できた連合軍の兵力は一万ほどであったという。
- There were only ten thousand military effectives, who were able to gather and retreat afterwards.
- 屯田兵は小樽港から出向し、熊本県の百貫に着き、小島町に宿営した。
- Tondenhei, leaving the Otaru port and arriving at Hyakkan in Kumamoto Prefecture, quartered in Kojima-cho.
- この時、英国人船員ら3人を救助し、約50人の清国兵を捕虜とした。
- At this time, he rescored three British crews and took about fifty Qing prisoners.
- 2月12日に丁汝昌提督は将兵の助命を日本側に懇願して自決をする。
- On February 12, Commodore Ding Ruchang solicited Japan to save lives of solders and committed suicide.
- 屯田兵は全力が西南戦争に動員され、人吉方面への追撃戦に参加した。
- All tondenhei were mobilized into the Seinan War, and took part in pursuit battles in the Hitoyoshi region.
- 何度かの法令改正で、兵員の将来と権利を保障する制度が導入された。
- After several act amendments an institution that would guarantee the future and rights of the soldiers was introduced.
- 愛宕山 (神戸市北区淡河町) - 兵庫県神戸市北区淡河町にある。
- Atago-yama (Ogo-cho, Kita Ward, Kobe City) - It is located in Ogo-cho, Kita Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 愛宕山 (神戸市北区山田町) - 兵庫県神戸市北区山田町にある。
- Atago-yama (Yamada-cho, Kita Ward, Kobe City) - It is located in Yamada-cho, Kita Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 畠中城では、日根郡の地侍・農民らからなる城兵と中村一氏が対戦した。
- At the Hatanaka-jo Castle, the castle soldiers consisting of jizamurai and farmers of Hine County fought against Kazuuji NAKAMURA.
- 落語:鹿野武左衛門、露の五郎兵衛初代、米沢彦八初代、三遊亭圓朝初代
- Rakugo (traditional comic storytelling): Buzaemon SHIKANO, Gorobe TSUYUNO the first, Hikohachi YONEZAWA the first, and Encho SANYUTEI the first
- 動機は、朝鮮出兵への反発とも、秀吉の支配に対する反発ともいわれる。
- His motivation was said to be his objection to the Korean invasion and/or against the Hideyoshi's rule.
- しかし戦後にはこの戦争に過大な兵役を課せられた西国大名が疲弊した。
- After the war, however, Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in western Japan), having suffered from too heavy a military service for the war, was impoverished.
- 占領各地では義兵の決起が生じ、このため武器・兵糧不足に悩まされた。
- In various occupied areas, volunteer soldiers arose and they suffered from insufficient weapons and provisions.
- その鍛冶銘は「国友」姓で統一されて「江州国友藤兵衛重恭」等と切る。
- The gunsmiths all held the title of 'Kunitomo' and they included individuals such as Tobeshigeyuki KUNITOMO.
- 台師の「大嶋吉兵衛」象嵌師の「臨湖堂充胤」等は名工として知られる。
- The taishi OSHIMA Kichibe and the inlayer Michitane RINKONDO were known as masters in their respective fields.
- 戦争中、屯田兵は戦死7人、戦病死20人、負傷20人の損害を出した。
- In the war Tondenhei suffered damage of seven soldiers who died in action, twenty soldiers who died from disease and twenty injured soldiers.
- この時、別働第3旅団は多くの薩軍兵捕虜の対応をするために解団した。
- On this occasion, the detached 3rd brigade was disbanded to deal with the captured Satsuma army soldiers.
- この頃、薩軍は各郷から新兵を募集し、新振武隊15個中隊を編成した。
- Around this time, the Satsuma army recruited from villages and organized 15 companies for the new Shinbu-tai troop.
- 屯田兵は明治10年(1877年)に西南戦争に参加して戦闘を重ねた。
- Since the participation in the Seinan War in 1818, tondenhei had fought a series of battles.
- 源平の戦いにおいて、河内源氏・平家双方が諸国より兵粮負担を求めた。
- During the Genpei War (the twelfth-century war between the Minamoto and Taira clans), the Kawachi Genji (the Minamoto clan) and the Taira family each asked various provinces to shoulder the burden of supplying their armies with provisions.
- 津田隊は三方から攻め立てられ、雑兵が逃げ出したこともあり崩壊した。
- Attacked on three sides, Tsuda's corps collapsed, partly because the petty soldiers ran away.
- が、守備兵は前夜のうちに海路紀伊へ退却していたので空振りに終わった。
- But the soldiers who guarded it had already withdrawn to Kii Province by ship, so that they could not attack them.
- 織田勢は山手と浜手の二手にそれぞれ三万の兵を投入して侵攻を開始した。
- The Oda army began an invasion by dispatching all 30,000 soldiers to the two sides of the mountain and beach.
- そのため和泉衆をその与力として付け、合わせて五千弱の兵力を編成した。
- Therefore, he added Izumi shu as the same side and composed less than 5,000 military force in total.
- 歩兵第14連隊(乃木少佐)は石貫に進む一方で高瀬方面へ捜索を出した。
- The 14th regiment (Major NOGI) headed toward Ishinuki, while sending a reconnaissance party to the Takase area.
- 辺見と野村忍介が援兵を送り熊本隊を支援したが、官軍は守備を突破した。
- HENMI and Oshisuke NOMURA supported the Kumamoto-tai troop with reinforcements, but government army broke through the defense.
- 官軍は5月23日、矢筈岳へ進攻し、圧倒的物量と兵力で薩軍を攻撃した。
- On May 23, the government army advanced to Mt. Yahazu and attacked the Satsuma army with overwhelming material and troop strength.
- 11日、雷撃隊は水俣の間近まで兵を進め、大関山から久木野に布陣した。
- On May 11, the Raigeki-tai troop advanced close to Minamata, and set up a battle formation from Mt. Ozeki to Kukino.
- 額兵隊(仙台藩)、雷神隊(桑名藩)、凌霜隊(郡上藩)、天誅組、天狗党
- Gakuheitai (Army in Western system: Sendai domain), Raijintai (a Japanese guerilla warfare unit formed in 1868 during the Boshin War: Kuwana domain), Ryosotai (Gujo domain), Tenchugumi (the Heavenly Avenging Force), Tengu-to Party
- 7月26日に第9歩兵旅団(旅団長大島義昌少将)にその旨が伝達される。
- On July 26, the ninth infantry Brigade (headed by major general Yoshimasa OSHIMA) was informed of the request.
- はじめ、屯田兵は開拓使の屯田事務局(後に屯田事務係)の下に置かれた。
- At first tondenhei were placed under the tonden jimu-kyoku (bureau) (later tonden jimu-gakari [bureau]) of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- 山縣有朋や井上馨も北海道を視察して屯田兵を重視すべきとの印象を得た。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA and Kaoru INOUE also inspected Hokkaido and got an impression that they should give greater importance to todenhei.
- 信玄も午後4時に追撃を止めて八幡原に兵を引いたことで合戦は終わった。
- Shingen also stopped chasing Uesugi's forces in around 4 PM, and as he made his forces retreat to Hachimanbara, the battle ended.
- 1943年(昭和18年):倉谷工業団地 (京都)に第二造兵部を設置。
- 1943: The second arms factory was set up in the Kuratani Industrial Park (Kyoto).
- これに対して管領畠山持国は4月13日に鎮圧の兵を北野社に差し向けた。
- In response, Mochikuni HATAKEYAMA, the kanrei (shogunal deputy), dispatched an army to Kitano-sha Shrine on April 13 to suppress the protest.
- 愛宕山 (神戸市北区有馬町) - 兵庫県神戸市北区の有馬温泉にある。
- Atago-yama (Arima-cho, Kita Ward, Kobe City) - It is located in Arima Onsen in Kita Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 長宗我部元親は信長の四国征伐の影響もあり、兵を白地城に休ませていた。
- Partly because of influence of Conquest of Shikoku by Nobunaga, Motochika CHOSOKABE was giving a rest to his warriors in the Hakuchi-jo Castle.
- 慶応4年3月12日 (旧暦) 永倉新八、原田左之助ら靖兵隊となり離隊
- March 12 1868, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA and others formed Seihei-tai and left Shinsen-gumi.
- 榎峠(えのきとうげ)は、兵庫県丹波市と京都府福知山市との境にある峠。
- It is a pass on the border between Tanba City, Hyogo Prefecture and Fukuchiyama City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 原産地の兵庫県篠山市を越えて、中部地域で「黒豆」の栽培や加工が盛ん。
- Kuromame (black soy bean) is widely cultivated and processed in the central area, as in Sasayama City, Hyogo Prefecture, which is located across this area and where the bean originated.
- 2005年10月24日、三木市が美嚢郡吉川町 (兵庫県)を編入した。
- On October 24, 2005, Miki City annexed Yokawa-cho, Mino-gun (Hyogo Prefecture).
- 馬廻り 10名前後、雑兵 300名を失うという大敗をして、兵を退いた。
- His horse guards by the number of around ten and common soldiers by the number of around 300 were killed before he withdrew his army.
- また根来衆と通称される強力な僧兵武力を擁し、大量の鉄砲を装備していた。
- In addition, it held a strong military force of armed priests which were commonly called Negoro shu and equipped with a large amount of guns.
- 時正に午後3時を過ぎ、故に日本軍は敢えて追撃せず兵を収めて天安に還る。
- It was after 3 pm, so the Japanese army didn't pursuit the enemy, and rallied the troops and returned to Cheonan instead.
- こうした兵農分離政策は江戸時代に一層強化され身分の移動は少なくなった。
- These policies which separated warriors and peasants were further enforced in the Edo period, and social mobility was reduced as a result.
- これに対して、京極持清軍は多賀高忠や六角政暁を派兵、鎮圧に向かわせた。
- Mochikiyo KYOGOKU sent Takatada TAGA and Masaaki ROKKAKU there to subdue them.
- 永山はこの後も出兵に賛成しなかったが、桐野の説得で後日従軍を承知した。
- Exceptionally, NAGAYAMA disagreed on the plan of dispatching the troops throughout the discussion, but later, he was persuaded into joining the army by KIRINO.
- そのために長囲軍は寡少の兵で巨大な熊本城を全面包囲することに苦しんだ。
- Consequently, it was hard for the besieging army to completely invest the large Kumamoto Castle with exceedingly few soldiers.
- このころ、薩軍は田原方面での戦闘の激化に伴って兵力が不足してきていた。
- Around this time, the military force of the Satsuma army became insufficient due to the battle intensified in the Tabaru area.
- 西南戦争の教訓から、徴兵兵士に対する精神教育を重視する傾向が強まった。
- From the lessons obtained through the Seinan War, the tendency of emphasizing moral education for conscripted soldiers became stronger.
- こうして北方から圧力を受けた奇兵隊は6月22日、本拠地を熊田に移した。
- Pressured from the north in this way, Kiheitai moved its base to Kumata on June 22.
- これらのことにより、雷撃隊は高野へ、奇兵隊は庄内へとそれぞれ退却した。
- Therefore, Raigeki-tai and Kiheitai retreated to Takano and Shonai, respectively.
- 江戸での薩摩藩邸焼き討ちの報が大坂城へ伝わると、城内の旧幕兵も興奮し、
- Troops of the former bakufu staying in Osaka-jo Castle were excited when they heard the residence of the Satsuma clan had been burnt down.
- 閏10月15日、駿河国の今川義元の仲介で和睦が成立し、両軍は撤兵した。
- On the 29th of the second October (in the old calendar), Yoshimoto IMAGAWA mediated between two parties to establish peace between them, and then both sides withdrew their forces.
- 藩兵千名を率いて上洛した久光は日本中の尊王派の希望をその身に背負った。
- Hisamitsu entered Kyoto at the head of 1,000 domain soldiers, carrying with him the hopes of royalists from across Japan.
- 以仁王と頼政が反平氏を唱えた挙兵の意思を固めた経緯と動機には諸説ある。
- Theories abound as to the beginnings of and motives behind the stiffening of the resolve of prince Mochihito and Yorimasa to raise an army against the Taira clan.
- なお、これらの兵の素行や略奪に関する概念は近代の倫理観と落差があった。
- However, notions of these acts and pillage, at the time, differed from modern ethics.
- 軍隊での兵站輸送の手段としては第二次世界大戦まで世界各国で残っていた。
- Horses remained as a means of logistic transportation for armies in various nations across the world until World War II.
- 実際に感状を得、数千石の禄を得たのは桜井佐吉、石川兵助一光も同様である。
- In fact, there were others such as Sakichi SAKURAI and Heisukekazumitsu ISHIKAWA who also received citations and were awarded thousands of koku of stipends.
- 徳川軍は甲斐から諏訪道を北国街道に進み、上田盆地の国分寺付近に兵を展開。
- Tokugawa's army proceeded from Kai to Hokkoku Kaido Road through Suwa-do Road and deployed troops near Kokubun-ji Temple in the Ueda Basin.
- 水兵を拠出しなかった戸には免税の代償に兵士の家族の扶養を義務付けられた。
- Also, households that did not offer soldiers had the obligation to support the life of the soldier's family in exchange for a tax exemption.
- 結果として冬季の戦闘で多くの将兵が凍傷にかかり、相当な戦力低下を招いた。
- Consequently, many solders suffered from frostbite during battles in winter, significantly reducing military power.
- 太政官は黒田の提案に賛成し、明治7年(1874年)に屯田兵例則を定めた。
- The Dajokan agreed to his proposal and set up Tondenhei Regulations in 1874.
- 山本勘助と馬場信春は、兵を二手に分ける、大規模な別働隊の編成を献策した。
- Kansuke YAMAMOTO and Nobuharu BABA proposed the plan to divide their forces into two troops, organizing a separate large-scaled troop..
- 酒井兵庫……1864年の池田屋事変以降、1865年7月頃に脱走し、斬殺。
- Hyogo SAKAI: After the Ikedaya Incident in 1864, deserted the group in about July 1865, and was killed
- このとき、田辺城は忠興の父・細川幽斎が留守の兵、500人で守備していた。
- At this time, Tanabe-jo Castle was protected by the remaining 500 soldiers lead by Yusai HOSOKAWA, the father of Tadaoki.
- 都落ちして平氏追討宣旨が下された時点で、平氏に従う兵は僅かになっていた。
- At the point when the Taira clan escaped Kyoto and the Imperial call for attacking the Taira clan was issued, the number of troops that followed the Taira clan had dwindled greatly.
- - 兵庫県との県境に位置し、日本海に面した町で町内では温泉も湧いている。
- This town, located on the border between Kyoto and Hyogo Prefectures, faces Japan Sea and has some hot springs.
- 繁長は余勢を駆ってさらに兵を進めたが、東根で最上勢の猛反撃に遭い撤退した。
- Shigenaga advanced his troops further as he was spurred by his side's victory, but he was obliged to withdraw due to a fierce counter-offensive by the Mogami troops at Higashine.
- これは近代日本初の海外出兵であったが、清側は直ちに抗議し撤兵を強く求めた。
- This is the first time for Japan to dispatch troops abroad in modern times, but the Quing dynasty immediately protested demanding the withdrawal of the troops.
- そのため、兵農分離の一連の流れと朝鮮出兵の流れの両方として評価されている。
- It is acknowledged that the Expulsion Edict contributed both to the separation of warriors and farmers and to the Korean invasions.
- この制度における兵士は辺境に屯田をしながら半永久的に定住するようになった。
- Soldiers under this system settled semi-permanently at the frontier, and they farmed the land and served as soldiers when necessary.
- 近世以前に分かれた一族の別系に、代々「大河内善兵衛」を称した旗本があった。
- Among the members of the family branch that split prior to the modern times, there was a family of hatamoto that passed the name 'Zenbei OKOCHI' down through the generations.
- 8月7日、奇兵隊三・六・十四番隊は別働第2旅団の攻撃を受け、山蔭から敗退。
- On August 7, the detached 2nd brigade attacked the 3rd, 6th, and 14th troops of the Kihei-tai troop and drove them off from Yamakage.
- しかしながら、雨が降り進退の自由を失い、あと一歩のところで兵を引き揚げた。
- However, becoming unable to move freely due to the rain that started falling, the Satsuma army withdrew although it was almost win.
- 延岡に進出した薩軍はここに出張本営を設け、弾薬製造、募兵、物資調達をした。
- The Satsuma army that had advanced to Nobeoka established a temporary headquarters there, manufactured ammunition, recruited soldiers, and procured necessary goods.
- 4月10日、黒田長官は屯田兵第一大隊、つまりは屯田兵全部隊に出征を命じた。
- On April 10, General KURODA gave orders to the Tondenhiei Daiichi Daitai (First Battalion) or all the Tondeihei troops to go to the war.
- 浪士組、新選組(壬生浪士組、甲陽鎮撫隊、靖兵隊、御陵衛士)、新徴組、見廻組
- Roshigumi (an organization of masterless samurai), Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate: Mibu-Roshigumi, Koyo Chinbutai [a military unit formed specially for the campaign in Kai Province], Seiheitai, Goryo-eji [guards of Imperial mausoleums]), Shincho-gumi (the Tokugawa Shogunate guard organization), Mimawari-gumi (an organization to maintain public order)
- しかし既に農民軍は撤収しており天津条約上でも日本軍の派兵理由は無くなった。
- However the armed peasants had withdrawn, and the reason of the dispatch of Japanese troops based on Treaty of Tianjin had disappeared.
- 清は6月7日には日本に派兵を通告し12日に900名の軍隊が牙山に上陸した。
- Qing informed Japan of the dispatch of the troops on June 7, and 900 soldiers landed at Asan on the 12th.
- 妻女山は戦術的に死地にあたり(兵を動かしにくく補給も困難で囲まれやすい)。
- Saijo-San Mountain is a tactically disadvantageous place (being difficult to move soldiers and to get supplies, and to be enclosed easily by enemy forces).
- 嵯峨天皇の動きを知った平城上皇は激怒し、自ら東国に赴き挙兵する決断をする。
- The Retired Emperor Heizei was infuriated by Emperor Saga's actions, and he made a firm decision that he himself would go to the eastern provinces and raise an army.
- 律令制下の蝦夷討伐においで東国諸国の正税を遠征軍の兵粮にあてる事を許した。
- During the military campaigns, launched under and during the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), to subjugate the Ezo (or Ebisu) barbarian peoples of northeastern Japan, the various eastern provinces were permitted to pay their taxes (of rice) in the form of supplying the expeditionary troops with provisions.
- 泰時は途中で鎌倉へ引き返し、天皇が自ら兵を率いた場合の対処を義時に尋ねた。
- Before he had gone too far, Yasutoki turned back to Kamakura to consult with Yoshitoki about how to proceed if the Emperor were to lead his forces personally.
- これに対して島津義久は圧倒的に兵力差があり過ぎることから戦線の縮小を図った。
- Seeing the wide military capabilities gap, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU planned to consolidate his forces.
- 7月12日、要所に陣取った毛利軍は攻撃を開始し城内の兵も果敢に立ち向かった。
- On July 12, the troops of the Mori clan, which had taken their stand at a strategically critical point, started the attack, and the soldiers in the castle resisted with great bravery.
- 水軍(すいぐん)は、東アジアの漢字文化圏における伝統的な水上兵力の称である。
- Suigun is the traditional armed forces on the water in the countries in East Asia where Chinese characters are used.
- 戦争中に屯田兵は廃止されたが、そのまま従軍し、戦争終了によって免役となった。
- Tondenhei were abolished during the war, but stayed in the army and got free of military service after the war.
- 途中、9月3日に屯田予備兵とともに明治天皇の観閲を受け、慰労の言葉を賜った。
- On the way back tondenhei and reservists were reviewed by the Meiji Emperor and given words of thanks from him.
- 2004年10月22日に「屯田兵村と兵屋」として北海道遺産に選定されている。
- 'Tondenhei Villages and Heioku' were selected for Hokkaido inheritances on October 22, 2004.
- 翌29日、官軍は兵を返して高岡に向かう途中で赤坂の険を破り、高岡を占領した。
- On the next day, July 29, the government army moved the soldiers towards Takaoka by breaking through the dangerous pass at Akasaka on the way to Takaoka, and seized Takaoka.
- なお当時は、軍の輸送能力が低いこともあり、兵站が滞ることがしばしばであった。
- In addition, the transportation capacity of the troops is not high so, that war supplies were often delayed.
- その報告である「北海道三県巡視復命書」の中で、金子は屯田兵の拡大を提案した。
- KANEKO proposed the expansion of tondenhei in the report of 'Inspection Tour in Three Prefectures of Hokkaido'.
- 明治8年(1875年)5月、札幌郊外の琴似兵村への入地で、屯田が開始された。
- In May, 1875, the first tondenhei settlement was built in Kotoniheison in the suburbs of Sapporo.
- 上杉政虎は、8月15日に善光寺に着陣し、荷駄隊と兵5000を善光寺に残した。
- Masatora UESUGI and his forces arrived at Zenko-ji Temple on September 23, and made transportation corps and 5,000 soldiers stay at Zenko-ji Temple.
- やがて関東諸将の一部が勝手に撤兵するに及んで、景虎は小田原城の包囲を解いた。
- Meanwhile, some of military commanders in Kanto became to make their soldiers retreat at their discretion, and consequently, Kagetora released the siege of Odawara-jo Castile.
- 兵站線(前線と根拠地の間の道)の長い武田軍は、兵糧の調達に苦しんだとされる。
- It is said that Takeda's forces with a longer logistic routes (the road between the battle line and the military base site) were excruciated for procuring food.
- この制度の下で、班給・課税・徴兵の台帳となる戸籍・計帳の作成が可能となった。
- This system enabled the creation of the family register and yearly tax records, which were to be used as the original registers in allotting land, imposing taxes, and conscription.
- その頃、義弘に同心した土岐詮直が挙兵して尾張国へ討ち入り、美濃国へ侵攻した。
- Around this time, Akinau TOKI, who had formed an alliance with Yoshihiro, raised an army and invaded Owari Province, penetrating as far as Mino Province.
- そうした不満を背景として1180年に後白河の皇子以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げた。
- With such complaints in the background, Prince Mochihito, a son of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, rose in arms to subjugate the Taira clan in 1180.
- この動きに三人衆は大規模な攻勢をかけるべく、4月 (旧暦)に大和へ出兵した。
- To wage an all-out counter-offensive to this move, the three men sent troops to Yamato in May and June.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、後醍醐天皇の皇子である護良親王が吉野山で倒幕の兵を挙げる。
- In the late stage of the Kamakura period, Imperial Prince Morinaga, who was a prince of the Emperor Godaigo, raised an army in Mt. Yoshino to overthrow the shogunate.
- 光季は僅かな兵で奮戦して討死したが、下人を落ち延びさせ変事を鎌倉に知らせた。
- Mitsusue had only a handful of samurai with him and was killed in heavy fighting, but he managed to get one of his servants safely away who went and reported the critical state of affairs to the shogunate.
- 城兵は石・弓・鉄砲を放ちながら討って出て、寄手の先鋒細川勢と激戦を繰り広げた。
- The castle soldiers went out of the castle, throwing stones and shooting with bows and guns and fought with the Hosokawa troops, the vanguard of yosete.
- 元々このような募兵に応えるようなものは多くが自らの土地を持たない客戸であった。
- Many of the men who enlisted in the military service were kyakko who did not have their own land.
- これにより6月1日朝鮮政府は清の派兵を要請する一方、農民軍への宣撫にあたった。
- On June 1, the Korean government asked Qing to dispatch troops and tried to pacify the armed peasants.
- 後に士族原則が取り払われると、新兵の身分比はほぼ人口中の身分比に等しくなった。
- In later years with the repeal of the shizoku-only principle, the social status ratio of new soldiers became almost equal to that of the population.
- 政虎は、甘粕景持に兵1000を与えて渡河地点に配置し、武田軍の別働隊に備えた。
- Masatora gave Kagemochi AMAKASU 1,000 soldiers, and deployed them at the river crossing area to prepare for the possible attack by the separate troops of Takeda's forces.
- 信玄は、24日に兵2万を率いて善光寺平西方の茶臼山に陣取って上杉軍と対峙した。
- Leading 20,000 soldiers, Shingen set up his military base on Chausu-yama Mountain in the west of Zenkoji-daira on the October 2, confronting UESUGI's forces.
- また、兵庫府民・奈良府民・滋賀府民・三重府民・和歌山府民という俗語も登場した。
- Furthermore, some new slangs also appeared, such as Hyogo-fumin (lit. a resident of Osaka Prefecture), Nara-Fumin, Shiga-Fumin, Mie-Fumin and Wakayama-Fumin.
- 豊臣秀吉の九州征伐の際は、豊臣氏と島津氏の兵力の違いを認識し早期降伏を主張した。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI started his conquest of Kyushu, he recognized the difference in military force between the Toyotomi clan and the Shimazu clan and therefore recommended an early surrender.
- 庄内軍記によれば、忠真の兵力は2万人と記されているが、実際は8千人程度であった。
- According to the Shonai Gunki, Tadazane's forces numbered 20,000, but actually they were about 8,000.
- その後、忠恒は、野之美谷と志和地の間の森田に陣を築き、志和地城を兵糧攻めにした。
- Afterward, Tadatsune set camp in Morita between Nonomitani and Shiwachi, and laid siege to Shiwachi-jo Castle.
- 1871年の琉球島民殺害事件にたいして薩摩藩出身者を中心に台湾出兵が建言された。
- In response to the murders of some Ryukyu sailors in 1871, politicians mainly from the Satsuma Domain strongly suggested the dispatch of troops to Taiwan.
- 島津軍は川上忠実に数百の兵を与えて泗川古城を守らせ、およそ1万石の食糧を置いた。
- Shimazu Army provided several hundred soldiers to Tadazane KAWAKAMI to defend the old Sacheon Waeseong and left ten thousand koku (1 koku=180.4 liters) worth of food.
- 陸軍省大日記 明治10年 「大日記 砲兵本支廠工兵各方面 1月木 陸軍省第1局」
- In 1877: The Diary of the Department of War: '大日記 砲兵本支廠工兵各方面 1月木 陸軍省第1局'
- 奇兵隊(指揮長野村忍介)・中津隊(中隊長増田宋太郎)・正義隊(指揮長高城七之丞)
- The Kihei-tai troop (Commander: Oshisuke NOMURA), the Nakatsu-tai troop (Company Commander: Sotaro MASUDA), and the Seigi-tai troop (Commander: Shichinojo TAKI)
- 「高陞号」は、戦争準備行動として仁川広域市に清国兵約1100名を輸送中であった。
- Kowshing' was transporting about Qing 1,100 soldiers to Incheon Metropolitan city to prepare for war.
- 陸軍は3年後からの兵力倍増を、海軍は翌年からの8カ年で48隻の建艦計画をたてた。
- The Army planned to double it's solders and the Navy planned to build 48 warships in eight years begining the following year.
- 上杉軍は川中島北の善光寺に配置していた兵3000と合流して、越後国に引き上げた。
- Merging 3,000 soldiers placed in Zenko-ji Temple in the north of Kawanakajima, Uesugi's forces went back to Echigo Province.
- 明治6年(1873年)に、政府は北方警備と開拓とを兼任させる屯田兵制を開始した。
- In 1873, the government started a farmer-soldiersystem in which a farmer-soldier doubled the tasks of northern-territory security and land reclamation.
- 承久の乱後には鎌倉幕府が備前国・備中国両国より兵粮米を受け取る権利が認められた。
- After the Jokyu War, the authority of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to collect provisions for the troops from both Bizen and Bicchu provinces was recognized.
- 平安時代、我々が一般に「武士」と認識している者達は「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれた。
- People we considered as 'bushi' were called 'tsuwamono' during the Heian period.
- 元親は兵力増強の為、十五歳以上から六十歳までの領民の中で戦に参戦できる者を集めた。
- Motochika collected people aged from 15 to 60, who could participate in the war to raise his troop strength.
- 純玄は軍役担当に従って兵700を出陣させ, 五島八郎兵衛盛長を城代留守役に命じた。
- Sumiharu sent 700 soldiers according to the military role allocated to him, and assigned Hachirobe Morinaga GOTO as Jodai (the keeper of castle) and rusuyaku (the proxy governor).
- しかし士大夫出身の者を藩師に就けることはその下の兵士たちの反感を生むこととなった。
- However, appointing civil officials to hanchin created dissatisfaction among the soldiers under them.
- 日露戦争で、屯田兵は第七師団に後備兵として配属され、旅順と奉天で激戦を潜り抜けた。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, tondenhei were assigned to the Seventh Division as kobihei soldiers and went through fierce battles in Lushun and Hoten.
- なお、4日夜から日本公使は警護兵百数十を連れて朝鮮王宮に国王保護の名目で参内した。
- Also Japanese minister with a hundred and several tens of escorting soldiers entered the Korean palace at night on 4th on the pretext of protecting the king.
- 幕府・各藩は海防のため、後には倒幕のために、競って西洋の最新兵器を揃えようとした。
- The bakufu and other clans tried to get modern Western weapons, at first to protect the coastlines, and later to overthrow the bakufu.
- また、1883年には徴兵令を改正し、免役規定中の代人料を廃止して兵員増をはかった。
- In addition, a Conscription Ordinance was revised in 1883 aiming at increasing soldiers by abolishing payment for substitutes to be exempt from conscription provided for in the exemption clause.
- 屯田兵に与えられる土地は従来の1.5倍となり、ほかに共同利用の公有地が用意された。
- The land given to a tondenhei became 1.5 times larger than that in the past, and, besides, the public land for shared use was prepared.
- これに激怒した北条氏康は、駿河国へ出兵して武田軍と戦いになり、三国同盟は崩壊した。
- Enraged by the situation, Ujiyasu HOJO sent his forces to Suruga Province to fight with Takeda's forces, making the tripartite alliance collapsed.
- 一方、平家の残る拠点は彦島のみであり、兵糧・兵器の補充もままならない状況であった。
- Meanwhile, the Taira family, for whom Hikoshima was their only remaining stronghold, were unable to adequately resupply their troops with provisions and weapons.
- 『平家物語』には、挙兵を呼びかける(対象として?)諸国の源氏の名が列挙されている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' lists the names of those Minamoto clan members throughout the country that responded to the call to raise troops.
- これを見て、かねてから家康と敵対していた石田三成は、豊臣氏擁護の立場から挙兵した。
- Seeing this situation, Mitsunari ISHIDA, who had been taking sides against Ieyasu, raised an army in advocacy of the Toyotomi clan.
- - 兵庫県氷上町、柏原町、青垣町、春日町、山南町、市島町が新設合併し丹波市が発足。
- Hikami-cho, Kaibara-cho, Aogaki-cho, Kasuga-cho, Sannan-cho and Ichijima-cho in Hyogo Prefecture were consolidated, and Tanba City was the result.
- 新政府軍により同盟軍の防衛線は突破され、会津藩兵および旧幕府軍は若松城に篭城した。
- The new government's forces broke through the defense line of the allied forces, and the samurai warriors of the Aizu Domain and the former Shogunate forces were besieged at Wakamatsu Castle.
- 10月、一氏は兵力で劣るために正面からの戦いを避け、夜襲で対抗するよう指示を出した。
- In November, Kazuuji issued a command to attack at night, avoiding a fight from the front because he had a smaller military force.
- 16日、紀州勢が来援し、五城の城兵と合わせて八千の兵力となり、岸和田を衝こうとした。
- On the 28th, the Kishu army arrived to help and tried to attack the Kishiwada army with 8,000 soldiers combined with the five castles' soldiers.
- また、釜山から漢城までの輸送路がゲリラ攻撃されると内陸部では兵糧備蓄の不安が起きた。
- In addition, as the transportation route from Busan to Hansong was attacked using guerrilla tactics, inland bases became concerned about their emergency provisions.
- 相次いだ出兵にかかった費用を穴埋めすべく、尋常ならざる割合の年貢や賦役を課していた。
- In order to cover expenses required for the frequent dispatch of troops, Katsuyori imposed extremely high taxes and used a large amount of forced labor.
- 徳川家康率いる東軍は、下野国小山市において三成ら西軍の挙兵を知って、軍を西に返した。
- The Eastern Camp led by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA came to know the rise of the Western Camp of Mitsunari and others in Oyama City, Shimotsuke Province and returned the army to the west.
- そして雨の中、二股の横平山の砲兵陣地から田原坂一帯に未だかつてない大砲撃を開始した。
- In the rain, the government army made unprecedented heavy artillery attack from the artillery position on Mt. Yokohira in Futamata toward the whole area of Tabaru Slope.
- それから、荒磯野の官軍を攻撃するため兵を本道・左右翼に分け、夜明けに高野を出発した。
- Then, to attack the government army in Araisono, he divided the forces into three troops for the main road, left flank and right flank, and made them depart for Takano at dawn.
- 1350年12月、師直のクーデターで失脚した直義は京都を脱出し、師直打倒の兵を募る。
- In December 1350, Tadayoshi lost power due to a coup d'etat by Moronao, and escaped Kyoto to gather troops to bring down Moronao.
- 筒井順慶は最終的には洞ヶ峠に着くことなく大和へと撤兵して中立を保ったと言われている。
- It is said that Junkei TSUTSUI finally withdrew his army to Yamato to remain neutral, without reaching to Horaga-toge Pass.
- 幕府軍は道々で徐々に兵力を増し、『吾妻鏡』によれば最終的には19万騎に膨れ上がった。
- Along the way, the ranks of the shogunal army swelled until in the end, if the 'Azuma kagami' can be believed, they had assembled an army of 190,000 horsemen.
- 京方は美濃と尾張国の国境の尾張川に布陣するが、少ない兵力を分散させる愚を犯していた。
- The capital faction formed defensive battle lines along the Owari river, the provincial borders of Mino and Owari (part of modern-day Aichi Prefecture), unwisely dispersing their already outnumbered forces.
- 天皇方は頼政、源重成、平信兼らの軍兵を投入するが、上皇方は各門で奮戦して激闘が続く。
- The emperor's side deployed Yorimasa's, MINAMOTO no Shigenari's, and TAIRA no Nobukane's forces, but the retired emperor's side fought hard at each gate and fierce battles continued.
- 792年(延暦11)の軍団解消以降、軍事を担った「健児」も基本的には弓射騎兵である。
- The 'kondei' (regular soldiers guarding kokubu - ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)) that managed the army after the dismantling cohort in 792 was basically cavalry with archers.
- 義光が政宗との戦に忙殺されているのを好機と見た上杉景勝は、庄内占領のため兵を動かした。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI sent troops to conquer the Shonai district, by taking advantage of the situation in which Yoshiaki was busily occupied with the battle against Masamune.
- 8月28日に中富川にて決戦の火蓋が切られた(兵力は長宗我部23000、十河6000)。
- On September 24, they opened fire at the Nakatomi-gawa River (Chosokabe force 23000, Sogo force 6000).
- ここでも押し寄せる上方勢に城兵の鉄砲という図式は変わらず、寄手の負傷者は多数に上った。
- There was the same pattern where the castle soldiers shot the Kamigata army with guns, and many soldiers of yosete were injured.
- 遊撃擺賽・千総李盆喬・把総劉遇節等2000人の援軍を得て再び兵気を回復して攻め寄せた。
- With the arrival of the 2,000 troops led by Chinese leaders ranger Haisen, Senso ribonkyo and Haso Ryogusetsu, the army regained energy and attacked the enemy.
- すると一条家への義を感じる土豪がつぎつぎと参陣し、その兵力はたちまち3500に達した。
- Then the local clans who felt indebted to the Ichijo clan joined the army one after another, and the number of troops rose to 3,500 quickly.
- 島国日本では隣国の朝鮮と同様に、古代から沿海部に居住する海民が水上兵力として活躍した。
- In Japan, which is an island nation, from ancient times kaimin who lived in the coastal area flourished as armed forces on the water as well as in Korea.
- しかしその後、織田信雄は秀吉の強大な兵力に圧迫され、家康に相談なく秀吉と単独講和する。
- Afterward, however, Hideyoshi's tremendous force bore upon Nobukatsu, who made a peace treaty all by himself without counsel from Ieyasu.
- 4月27日に別働第二旅団に所属することが決まり、鎮台兵一中隊と狙撃兵若干が配属された。
- It was decided on April 27 that they would belong to Betsudo Daini Ryodan (Independent Second Brigade) and one troop for the Chindai (garrison) and several snipers were arranged.
- 熊本県、士農工商に至るまで、此節は薩兵を慕ふが如き有様にて、万事不都合の義、毛頭無し。
- In Kumamoto Prefecture in these days, all people in the warrior, farmer, artisan, and merchant classes seemed to adore the Satsuma soldiers, saying that there is nothing improper about them.
- これ以降、薩軍は官軍へ投降する将兵が相次ぐものの、活路を宮崎へと見出していこうとした。
- Although the Satsuma army had its officers and soldiers began to surrender to the government army one after another after this, it tried to find a winning possibility in Miyazaki.
- 甲午農民戦争の停戦後、朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵を要請したが、どちらも受け入れなかった。
- After the Donghak Peasant Revolution the Korean government requested both Japan and Qing to withdraw their troops, but neither accepted.
- 午前2時に、清国兵の襲撃により松崎直臣陸軍歩兵大尉ほかが戦死する(日本側初の戦死者)。
- At 2 AM, a sudden attack of Qing soldiers killed Japanese soldiers including Naomi MATSUZAKI, Infantry Captain (the first war deaths on the Japanese side).
- 屯田兵(とんでんへい)は、明治時代に北海道の警備と開拓にあたった兵士とその部隊である。
- Tondenhei refers to a soldier or a troop that undertook the guard and reclamation of Hokkaido in the Meiji period..
- 御所への立ち入りは藩兵が厳しく制限し、驚いた二条摂政や朝彦親王などにも参内を禁止した。
- The Domain soldiers strictly controlled entry to the palace, even refusing entry to the shocked Regent Nijo and Imperial Prince Asahiko.
- 元長の子である三好長慶兄弟が晴元に対して挙兵、晴元を追放して将軍足利義輝を傀儡化した。
- Nagayoshi (Chokei) MIYOSHI, Motonaga's son, raised an army along with his brothers to hunt down Harumoto, who was driven into exile, while the Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was converted into a mere puppet.
- 平家は五百艘を三手に分け山峨兵藤次秀遠および松浦党らを将軍となして源氏に戦いを挑んだ。
- The Taira clan split their 500 ships into three fleets, and with Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA as well as Akira MATSUURA as the generals in command, challenged the Minamoto clan to fight.
- 京に到着後、清河が勤王勢力と通じ、浪士組を天皇配下の兵力にしようとする画策が露見する。
- After arriving in Kyoto, KIYOKAWA communicated secretly with imperial loyalist parties, and his scheme to make Roshi-gumi a force under control of the Emperor was discovered.
- 鎌倉へは、西園寺公経の家司三善長衡と伊賀光季からの上皇挙兵の急報が19日に届けられた。
- Nagahira MIYOSHI, a high-ranking member of Kintsune SAIONJI's household, and Mitsuhide IGA both sent urgent messages to Kamakura that the retired Emperor Gotoba was raising an army; they arrived on the nineteenth.
- 根来衆の主要兵力は和泉の戦線に出払っていて、寺には戦闘に耐えうる者はほとんどいなかった。
- The main force of Negoro shu went out to the battle line of Izumi and few people who could fight stayed at the temple.
- 肥前の名護屋には徳川家康、前田利家、上杉景勝、伊達政宗ら兵十余万の予備軍団を待機させた。
- A reserve army of more than 100,000 soldiers, including those of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Toshiie MAEDA, Kagekatsu UESUGI and Masamune DATE, were on standby in Nagoya, in Hizen Province.
- 7月には朝鮮の救援要請に答えた明の遼東副総兵・祖承訓が北京市の命令を待たず援軍を発した。
- In August and September, Zu Chengxun of Ming, the Vice Commander of Liaodong, who had answered Korea's request for help, dispatched reinforcements without waiting for orders from Beijing.
- 長い戦いにより多くの兵士と金銭が失われたが、結局藩鎮抑制の目標を達成したとは言いがたい。
- Many soldiers and money were lost because of the long war, but in the end, it is difficult to say that the goal of bringing hanchin under control was accomplished.
- また支城の真田本城真田本城の支城群には、昌幸の従兄弟矢沢頼康が上杉の援兵と共に篭城した。
- In the branch castles of the Sanada Main Castle, Masayuki's cousin Yoriyasu YAZAWA and Uesugi's enpei (reinforcements) were besieged.
- 2月14日、私学校本校横の練兵場で、騎乗した西郷による一番~五番大隊の閲兵式が行われた。
- On February 14, SAIGO, mounted on a horse, reviewed the troops of the 1st to 5th battalions in the drill ground next to the main campus of Shigakko.
- あと一歩のところで奪還するところであったが、官軍の増援と弾薬の不足により兵を引き揚げた。
- Although almost having come to take back the place, the troops withdrew due to reinforcements of the government army and their lack of ammunition.
- このため、干城隊三・七番隊、雷撃隊六番隊がこれを防いだが、決着はつかず両軍は兵を退いた。
- For this, the 3rd and 7th companies of Kanjotai and the 6th company of Raigeki-tai defended the attack, but both sides retreated without gaining any decisive result.
- 一方、越山・別府九郎ら率いる市成口牽制の奇兵隊・振武隊・加治木隊も8日に市成に到着した。
- On the other hand, Kihei-tai, Shinbutai, and Kajikitai, led by KOSHIYAMA, Kuro BEPPU, and others, arrived at Ichinari to contain the government army's movements at Ichinariguchi.
- 兵村には、週番所(明治18年(1886年)に中隊本部と改称)、練兵場、射的場が付属した。
- A shubansho (later renamed a chutai-honbu or troop headquarters), a drill court and a rifle range were attached to each heison.
- 以後、信玄は東海道や美濃国、上野国方面に向かって勢力を拡大し、輝虎は関東出兵に力を注だ。
- After this, Shingen expanded his power toward areas along the Tokai-do road, Mino Province and Kozuke Province, while Terutora concentrated his power to send his forces to Kanto.
- 武田軍は、荒砥城に夜襲をしかけ、長尾軍の退路を断とうとしたため、景虎は八幡まで兵を退く。
- Takeda's forces attempted a night attack to Arato-jo Castle to cut off the retreat path of Nagao's forces, and therefore, Kagetora made his forces retreat to Hachiman.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月、信濃国で平家打倒の挙兵をした源義仲が数万騎を率いて入洛した。
- In July 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, who raised an army in Shinano Province to overturn the Taira family, led several tens of thousands of samurai into Kyoto.
- 康応元年(1389年)には土岐康行を挑発して挙兵に追い込み、これを下す(土岐康行の乱)。
- In 1389, Yoshimitsu deliberately provoked Yasuyuki TOKI into raising troops and then crushed him (this incident is referred to as Yasuyuki TOKI's rebellion).
- 義弘は森口城で戦っていた杉九郎と鴨山に配備した杉備中守を立退かせて堺に兵力を集中させた。
- Yoshihiro gathered all available troops at Sakai, and had both Kuro SUGI, who was fighting at Moriguchi Castle, and Bicchu no kami (the governor of Bicchu Province) SUGI, who was deployed at Kamoyama, fall back and join him there.
- しかしこれを契機に諸国の反平氏勢力が兵を挙げ、全国的な動乱である治承・寿永の乱が始まる。
- However, the uprising provided an opportunity for forces throughout the provinces that opposed the Taira clan to mobilize, leading to the breakout of the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira; in Japanese it is called the Jisho-Juei War, so named for the two eras in which it occurred), an uprising that was truly countrywide in scale.
- 庄内軍記によれば、忠恒の兵力は10万人と記されているが、実際は3万から4万人程度であった。
- According to the Shonai Gunki, Tadatsune's forces numbered approximately 100,000, but actually they amounted to about 30,000 to 40,000.
- また、この目的を達するための具体的なスローガンとして「富国強兵」「殖産興業」が頻用された。
- Also, 'Fukoku Kyohei' (enriching the country, strengthening the military) and 'Shokusan Kogyo' (encouragement of new industry) were often used as specific slogans in order to achieve this goal.
- 朝鮮の朝廷もまた李元翼をして兵を率い竹山方向に下り清州路を扼し以て明軍の左翼を警戒させた。
- The Korean court sent troops led by LEE Won-Ik, which headed down to Chukusan and took the Cheongju route in order to guard the left wing of the Ming army.
- 京都市、兵庫県洲本市、福井県福井市、敦賀市、奈良県奈良市、広島県福山市で震度5を記録した。
- Kyoto City, Sumoto City (Hyogo Prefecture), Fukui City (Fukui Prefecture), Tsuruga City, Nara City (Nara Prefecture) and Fukuyama City (Hiroshima Prefecture) all registered a magnitude of 5 on the Richter scale.
- 秀忠は上田城が予想外に頑強であることに驚き、上田城に押さえの兵を残して先を急ぐことにする。
- Hidetada was surprised that Ueda-jo Castle was so robust beyond expectations and decided to hurry to his destination leaving the closer troops at Ueda-jo Castle.
- 絵本太閤記では、泗川城(泗川古城)を守備していたのは伊勢兵部少輔定正(貞昌)となっている。
- According to Ehon Taikoki, the one that defended Sacheon Waeseong (Old Sacheon Waeseong) was Sadamasa (his name was written as 定正 or 貞昌 with same pronunciation), who had the title of Ise Hyobu shoyu (junior assistant minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of War in Ise Province).
- 第七師団全体の損害は、死者3142人、負傷8222人に及んだ(屯田兵だけの損害ではない)。
- The damage of the whole Seventh Division reached 3142 deaths and 8222 injuries (damage not including tondenhei alone).
- そのため、桐野の命で淵辺群平・別府晋介・辺見らが鹿児島に戻って新たな兵力の徴集にあたった。
- Therefore, according to Kirino's order, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shinsuke BEPPU, and HENMI returned to Kagoshima and recruited new soldiers.
- 薩軍も本営の指令で兵を恒吉に引き揚げ、振武十一番隊を編隊し直し、奇兵隊一・二番中隊とした。
- The Satsuma army also withdrew to Tsuneyoshi according to a command from the headquarters, and reorganized the 11th company of Shinbutai into the 1st and 2nd companies of Kihei-tai.
- 増援のために屯田予備兵が編成されたが、こちらは東京で訓練中に終戦の見込みとなり、解散した。
- Tondenhei reservists were organized for reinforcement, but were dismissed during training in Tokyo because the war was expected to end.
- さらに水戸藩では元治元年(1864年)3月、藤田小四郎・武田耕雲斎ら天狗党が筑波山で挙兵。
- In Mito domain, Tengu-to party, whose members included Koshiro FUJITA and Kounsai TAKEDA, raised an army in Mt. Tsukuba in March 1864.
- 天文22年(1553年)4月、晴信は北信濃へ出兵して、小笠原氏の残党と村上氏の諸城を攻略。
- Sending his forces in April, 1553, Harunobu defeated the remaining forces of the Ogasawara clan and took the castles of the Murakami clan.
- 仁和寺門跡である守覚法親王の質問を受けて、従三位兵部卿であった基親が著したと言われている。
- Motochika, Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and Minister of the Hyobu-sho (Ministry of Military Affairs), is said to have written the book after being asked questions by the chief priest of the Ninna-ji Temple, Cloistered Imperial Prince Shukaku,
- だが、信長横死を知るや出兵し、中富川の戦いに勝利し、阿波国・讃岐国を完全に勢力下に入れた。
- As soon as he knew about Nobunaga's death, however, he dispatched troop and won the Battle of Nakatomi River and took complete control of Awa Province and Sanuki Province.
- また、隣接する兵庫県北部の但馬国と併せて「三たん」(さん‐)や北近畿と呼ばれることもある。
- The area is occasionally called the North Kinki or 'San-Tan' (meaning three 'Tan') when combined with adjacent Tajima Province (但馬国) in northern Hyogo Prefecture (as the Chinese character '但' can be also pronounced 'tan').
- 公宗は後醍醐天皇の暗殺に失敗し誅殺されたが、泰家は逃れ、各地の北条残党に挙兵を呼びかける。
- Kinmune failed his attempted assassination of Emperor Godaigo and was subsequently executed, but Yasuie escaped and began calling together the remnants of the Hojo's military forces from all over the land.
- ちょうど、その10世紀頃に、「兵」(つわもの)と呼ばれる武人が、記録や伝承の上に姿を現す。
- There were warriors called 'tsuwamono' recorded that appear in folklore around the tenth century.
- 図書助等は進んで稷山まで距離一里許の地に到り日の出と共に敵兵が山野に充満し近迫する様を見る。
- Zushonosuke advanced up to about 4 meters before Shokusan, whereupon it became evident that the enemy troops were starting to fill the mountain fields and were drawing closer at dawn.
- そんな中、同年4月18日、有岡城方より討って出て、有岡城の城兵3兵が討ち取られたようである。
- Under such situations, on May 23, 1579, it seems that troops from Arioka-jo Castle made a sortie and three soldiers from Arioka-jo Castle were killed.
- これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
- Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
- 一方で、兵力と火力に勝っていながら、鎮台兵は戦術的戦闘ではしばしば西郷軍の士族兵に敗北した。
- On the other hand, although having been superior in troop strength and firepower, soldiers in Kumamoto Garrison were often defeated by soldiers from warrior class in Saigo's army in strategic fights.
- 薩摩士族兵達の苛烈な白刃突撃や白兵戦を見て、日本軍は白兵戦を重視するに至ったとの意見もある。
- There is an opinion that, seeing the sight that soldiers from warrior class in Satsuma furiously rushed in with swords and waged hand-to-hand fights with swords, the Japanese army became to place importance on hand-to-hand fights.
- 「それにもかかわらず、清国は朝鮮を属邦と称して、内政干渉し、朝鮮を救うとの名目で出兵した。」
- However, Qing has intervened in the domestic affairs of Korea saying Korea is a tributary state, so Japan has dispatched troops for the cause of saving Korea.'
- 屯田兵本部長、屯田兵司令、そして後に設置される第7師団 (日本軍)長は、永山武四郎が務めた。
- Takeshiro NAGAYAMA served as Tondenhei Director-general, Tondenhei Commander, and the later-established Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division) Chief.
- 自らは兵13000を率いて更に南下を続け、犀川・千曲川を渡り善光寺平南部の妻女山に陣取った。
- Leading 13,000 soldiers, he continued going further southward, crossed the Sai-gawa River and the Chikuma-gawa River, and set his front military base on Saijo-san Mountain in the southern part of Zenkoji-daira.
- 第三列士満:第一大隊(春日左衛門、4個小隊、春日隊)、第二大隊(星恂太郎、4個小隊、額兵隊)
- The Third Regiment: the First Battalion (Saemon KASUGA, four platoons, Kasuga-tai), the Second Battalion (Juntaro HOSHI, four platoons, Gakuhei-tai).
- しかし挙兵直前に企てが発覚したことと併せて期待していた令旨に呼応する挙兵勢力も現れなかった。
- However, this plan was found out just before the forces were ready and none of the forces that had been anticipated to support the call appeared.
- このため旧幕府方は15,000人の兵力を擁しながら緒戦にして5,000人の新政府軍に敗れた。
- As a result, the former Shogunate forces of 15,000 soldiers were defeated by the new government's forces of only 5,000 soldiers early in the battle.
- (訳:えみしを、1人で100人に当たる強い兵だと、人はいうけれど、抵抗もせず負けてしまった)
- (Translation: Although people have said that a person of the Emishi is equivalent to 100 soldiers, they were vanquished easily without resisting.)
- 1934年(昭和9)年に日本火工は兵庫県、京都府、福井県に見られた蛇紋岩地帯の調査を行った。
- In 1934, Nihon Kako conducted a survey on serpentine areas in Hyogo, Kyoto and Fukui Prefectures.
- 義就は釈迦堂から出兵し、加勢した斯波義廉、山名政豊、朝倉孝景 (7代当主)らもそれぞれ攻撃。
- Yoshinari launched his offensive from Shakado (Sakyamuni Hall), and the supporting troops of Yoshikado SHIBA, Masatoyo YAMANA and Takakage ASAKURA (the seventh family head) also made attacks.
- 長州奇兵隊を結成した高杉晋作は「太平の世で堕落した武士より戦力になる」と考えていたとされる。
- Shinsaku TAKASUGI who organized the Choshu militia (Choshu Kiheitai) is said to have thought that his soldiers were superior to the samurai who had been corrupted in time of peace.
- これに対し、高野山側は領内の僧兵や地侍に諸国の浪人を加え、合計三万六千余の軍勢を集めたとする。
- On the other hand, the Koyasan side gathered more than 36,000 troops in total with armed priests and jizamurai in the territory and ronin (masterless samurai).
- 荒木久左衛門は手勢300兵を率いて尼崎城に向かったが、荒木村重はこの説得に応じる事はなかった。
- Kyuzaemon ARAKI visited Amagasaki-jo Castle accompanied by 300 warriors, but Murashiga ARAKI would not accept this proposal.
- 9月7日未明、黒田長政は部将黒田図書助・栗山利安等をしてその先鋒の兵若干を領し先ず前進させた。
- Nagamasa KURODA sent some advance troops led by those including Zushonosuke KURODA and Toshiyasu KURIYAMA, early in the morning of October 17.
- 軍役(ぐんやく、ぐんえき)は、戦時、武士が主君に拠出すべく課せられる軍事力や兵糧その他である。
- Gunyaku (also known as Guneki) was a military service and provisions that was imposed by the lord on a retainer to offer in wartime.
- 源義朝の子の源頼朝は後に挙兵して平家(伊勢平氏の平清盛一族)を倒し、源家による鎌倉幕府を開く。
- Later, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, raised an army and beat Heike (the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori of Ise-Heishi), and established the Kamakura bakufu ruled by the Gen family.
- ノモンハン事件ソ連軍の8月攻勢時のソ連兵達の方が銃剣による伝統的白兵戦を挑んだ事で有名である。
- On the other hand, it is famous that the Soviet soldiers challenged the Japanese soldiers to traditional hand-to-hand fights in the August attack in the Nomonhan incident.
- また島津斉彬はこれらの問題の解決を図るため、率兵上京を試みるが、決行の直前に病を得て急死した。
- Nariakira SHIMAZU tried going to Edo with his soldiers to settle the disputes, but he passed away just before he could put his plan into effect.
- 663年、百済復興に助力するため朝鮮半島へ出兵したが、白村江の戦いで新羅・唐連合軍に大敗した。
- In 663, Prince Naka no Oe dispatched troops to the Korean peninsula to help the Kingdom of Baekje (Kudara) rebuild the country, but the Japanese army was soundly defeated by the Silla -Tang allied forces in the battle of Hakusukinoe, at the mouth of Kum River.
- ロシアは満洲の植民地化を既定事実化しようとしたが、日英米がこれに抗議しロシアは撤兵を約束した。
- Although Russia attempted to secure Manchuria through colonization, Japan, England, and the United States protested, and Russia subsequently promised to withdraw its troops.
- 陸軍省のもとで屯田兵の所管組織は屯田兵本部、屯田兵司令部と改称し、一般の部隊の編制に近づいた。
- Under the Ministry of Army the presiding organizations of tondenhei were renamed Tondenhei Headquarters, Tondenhei Command Center and became more similar to the formation of general military units.
- 法制上は兵卒から士官への昇進の規定はなかったが、実際には昇進者もあり、後期屯田の幹部となった。
- Legislatively, there were no regulations on the promotion from heisotsu (solidier) to shikan (officer), but actually some soldiers were promoted to top officials of the late Tondenhei settlements.
- 永山武四郎本部長はロシアでコサック兵の制度を調べ、これを参考にして屯田兵拡大の具体策を立てた。
- Takeshiro NAGAYAMA, the director-general, examined the Cossac soldier system in Russia, and set up concrete measures of the tondenhei expansion on this model.
- 上杉輝虎は、関東へ連年出兵して北条氏康との戦いを続け、武田信玄は常に輝虎の背後を脅かしていた。
- Terutora UESUGI sent his troops to Kanto every year to continue fighting with Ujiyasu HOJO, and Shingen TAKEDA always threatened the rear side of Terutora.
- 確かに、甲斐源氏の武田信義や木曾の源義仲など、反平氏の掛け声のもとに挙兵をした源氏一族は多い。
- It is a fact that many Minamoto clan members, such as Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka of the Kiso clan, raised forces in response to the anti-Taira clan call.
- 旧幕府軍主力の幕府歩兵隊は鳥羽街道を進み、会津藩、桑名藩の藩兵、新選組などは伏見市街へ進んだ。
- The Shogunate infantry, the main force of the former Shogunate forces, advanced on the Toba-kaido Highway, while the Shinsengumi and the soldiers of the Aizu and Kuwana domains advanced to the urban area of Fushimi.
- 一方で、産業育成と軍事力強化(富国強兵)を国策として推し進め、近代国家の建設は急速に進展した。
- In addition, the government promoted the fostering of industries and the strengthening of military power (so-called Fukoku-kyohei) as a national policy, forwarding the move to convert Japan into a modern state rapidly.
- この範囲は福井県・京都府・鳥取県の沖、及び兵庫県の日本海沖、島根県の隠岐諸島周辺となっている。
- To be more exact, this means the sea area off the coast of Fukui, Kyoto and Tottori Prefecture, and the Sea of Japan off the coast of Hyogo Prefecture, and the surrounding seas of Oki Islands in Shimane Prefecture.
- 『今昔物語集』は12世紀初頭の成立といわれるが、呼ばれ方は「兵(つわもの)」「豪の者」である。
- The 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have been written in the early twelfth century, but it was called 'Tsuwamono' (written as 兵) or 'rich person.'
- 秀吉はすぐに黒田官兵衛と合議し、一刻も早く毛利と和睦して明智光秀を討つべく上洛する方針を固める。
- Hideyoshi promptly took counsel with Kanbei KURODA, establishing a policy of making peace with Mori as soon as possible and of going to Kyoto to subjugate Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- 逆に戦闘が終了した亥刻(午後十時頃)には織田信長軍の万見重元ら多くの近臣と2千兵を失う事になる。
- On the other hand, by around ten o'clock in the night when the battle ended, troops of Nobunaga ODA had lost many close vassals including Shigemoto MANMI and 2,000 soldiers.
- そのため、ロシア兵側では降伏することを「マツヤマ、マツヤマ」と勘違いしたというエピソードもある。
- There was an episode in which Russian soldiers mistook 'Matsuyama, Matsuyama' to mean surrender.
- 北畠満雅は再び小倉宮聖承(後亀山の皇子恒敦の王子)を担いで伊勢国で挙兵、幕府軍と戦って敗死した。
- Once again, Mitsumasa KITABATAKE, who was supporting Prince Oguranomiya Seisho (the son of Tsuneatsu, himself Gokameyama's son and Imperial Prince), raised an army in Ise Province, but he was defeated in a battle with shogunal forces and died.
- これに酒屋側が反発すると、幕府は兵を動員して「麹室」と呼ばれる酒屋付属の麹工房を悉く打ち壊した。
- When the sakayas opposed this, the bakufu mobilized an army to destroy every koji factory called 'koji muro' attached to the sakaya.
- 山国隊(やまぐにたい)は、幕末期に丹波国桑田郡山国郷(現京都市右京区京北町)で結成された農兵隊。
- The Yamagunitai (the Yamaguni Corps or Troop) was an armed force of farmers that was formed during the Bakumatsu period (a fifteen-year period, from 1853-1868, that saw the demise of the Tokugawa bakufu) in the hamlet of Yamaguni in Kuwata county of Tanba Province (the modern-day Keihoku-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto).
- 光秀の挙兵の動機には怨恨、天下取りの野望、朝廷守護など数多くの説があり、意見の一致をみていない。
- With respect to Mitsuhide's motive for raising an army, there are various views such as resentment, ambition to conquer the whole country and protection of the imperial court and no consensus has been formed.
- 甲陽鎮撫隊は甲府盆地へ兵を進めたが、慶応4年3月6日 (旧暦)(同3月29日)新政府軍に敗れた。
- The Koyo-Chinbutai infantry advanced to the Kofu basin, but was defeated by the new government's forces on March 29, 1868.
- 後藤基次は一高地を占領し其部兵を馳駆せしめ、以て敵をして我衆寡を測らさしめ、且つ先鋒兵に声援する。
- Mototsugu GOTO, who held a high ground, sent troops to fight the enemy, prevent the enemy from becoming aware that our troops are outnumbered, and also support our vanguards.
- 玄雅を再度召して、留守役五島八郎兵衛の息子を養子として受け入れた上で五島家を相続することを勧めた。
- He summoned Harumasa again and advised him to succeed the Goto family after receiving the son of the proxy governor Hachirobe GOTO for adoption.
- しかし、兵の疲労を考慮し、19日は休養日として、20日早朝に二方面から総攻撃を決行する、と決めた。
- By taking consideration of soldiers' fatigue, they agreed in taking a day off on 19th and starting the all-out attack on the two sides in the early morning of 20th.
- 各所で苛烈な近距離戦闘が発生した第二次上海事変での日本兵の主な武器は手榴弾や十年式擲弾筒であった。
- In the Second Shanghai Jihen (Shanghai incident), in which short-distance battles occurred in various places, the main arms of the Japanese soldiers were grenades and tenth-year (Taisho 10, or 1921) type grenade launchers.
- 7月17日、辺見は奇兵隊を率いてきた別府九郎と本営の伝令使としてやってきた河野主一郎らと合流した。
- On July 17, Henmi joined Kuro BEPPU, who came leading Kiheitai, and Shuichiro KONO, who came from the headquarters as a messenger.
- その上で、仲成を捕らえて右兵衛府に監禁し、仲成を左遷し、薬子の官位を剥奪して罪を鳴らす詔を発した。
- In addition, he captured Nakanari and confined him at uhyoe-fu (Right Division of Middle Palace Guards), and issued an Imperial edict that he would demote Nakanari, deprive Kusuko of her rank at the Imperial Court and made a proclamation announcing their wrongdoings.
- これにより日和見を決めていた鳥取藩、山崎にいた津藩兵(旧幕府軍先鋒)などの諸藩が新政府軍に付いた。
- For this reason, several domains such as the opportunistic Tottori domain and the soldiers of the Tsu domain (the spearhead of the former Shogunate forces) in Yamazaki sided with the new government's forces.
- 代表格である昆陽布施屋(こやのふせや)は天平3(731)年に摂津国川辺郡 (兵庫県)に開設された。
- Most notable among them was Koya no Fuseya that was established at Kawabe-gun in Settsu Province (Hyogo Prefecture) in 731.
- 『陰徳太平記』では南条元続が河原山城を直接攻撃したと書かれているが元続は実際に出兵を行ってはいない。
- According to 'Intoku Taiheiki' (Old Chronicle), Mototsugu NANJO directly attacked Kawarayama-jo Castle, but in actuality, Mototsugu never dispatched troops.
- この一報に驚いた吉川元春は弟の毛利元康を出兵させ、多数の支援部隊を送り込んでただちにこれを回復した。
- Surprised to hear about this, Motoharu KIKKAWA made his brother, Motoyasu MORI, dispatch a great number of support troops, and promptly recovered the castle.
- 兵員・物資の補給拠点である雑賀を攻略すれば、大坂の本願寺勢の根を枯らすことができると考えたのである。
- He thought that if he captured Saiga which was the supply base of soldiers and goods he would be able to destroy the roots of the Hongan-ji Temple group in Osaka.
- これに対し根来・雑賀衆は沢・積善寺・畠中城・千石堀などの泉南諸城に合計九千余の兵を配置して迎撃した。
- Against this, Negoro and Saiga shu lined up more than 9,000 soldiers in total at some castles of Sennan such as Sawa, Shakuzenji, Hatanakajo and Sengokubori.
- そこで栗山利安、母里太兵衛、井上九郎次郎らが商人に変装し有岡城に潜入し投獄されている場所を特定した。
- Toshiyasu KURIYAMA, Tahei MORI, Kurojiro INOUE and so on dressed as merchants and sneaked into Arioka-jo Castle and identified the place where Yoshitaka KURODA was imprisoned.
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- やがて鉄砲鍛冶が成立し、戦場における新兵器として火器が導入され、日本の天下統一を左右することになる。
- The gunsmith industry was then established and guns started to be used in the battlefield as a new weapon, even affecting the unification of Japan.
- 次男源義高 (左兵衛権佐)・四男源義清 (左京権大夫)・五男源義雄の子孫は源氏を名乗りつづけている。
- The descendants of the second son, MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke, Provisional Assistant Master of the Left Military Guard), the fourth son, MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Sakyo no gon no daifu, Provisional Master of the Eastern Capital Offices) and the fifth son, MINAMOTO no Yoshikatsu still identify themselves as Genji.
- その後、反乱軍側の内部分裂と顔真卿・顔杲卿たちに代表される勤皇軍の奮戦・ウイグルの援兵などがあった。
- Later, there was a series of unrest, such as the internal rift within the rebel army, struggle by the imperial army represented by Shinkei GAN and Kokei GAN, as well as reinforcement troops sent from the Uighurs.
- ③大谷・増田の箇所は宮本氏の誤読であり、二人が上杉の上洛問題に関わることと三成の挙兵とは関係はない。
- (3) Mr. Miyamoto misread the part of Otani and Mashita, and the matter of the two being involved with Uesugi's ascension to Kyoto was unrelated to the raising of an army by Mitsunari.
- また国友一貫斎(藤兵衛重恭)は「気砲」と呼ばれる蓄気ボンベ式の空気銃や高性能望遠鏡の開発で知られる。
- Ikkansai KUNITOMO (Tobeshigeyuki) was known for the development of high power telescopes and a compressed gas cylinder air gun called a 'kiho.'
- 6月2日閣議は衆議院解散と公使館、居留民保護の名目で朝鮮への混成一個旅団8000名の派兵を決定した。
- On June 2, the cabinet dissolved the house of Representatives and decided to send a mixed brigade consisting of 8,000 soldiers to Korea on the pretext of protecting Japanese residents in Korea.
- 園城寺と興福寺は再び平氏への反抗の動きを見せ、同年12月に平重衡らの兵によって焼き討ちにあっている。
- Both Onjo-ji temple and Kofuku-ji temple once again revealed their opposition and active resistance to the Taira clan, and in the twelfth month of the same year they were burned down by the forces of TAIRA no Shigehira.
- 『平家物語』には、頼政方の五智院但馬や浄妙明秀、一来法師といった強力の僧兵たちの奮戦が描かれている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' depicts the fierce fighting of three mighty warrior-monks on Yorimasa's side, GOCHIIN no Tajima, Akihide JOMYO, and Priest Ichirai.
- この挙兵はすぐに鎮圧されたが、平家支配に潜在的な不満を抱いていた各地の武士・豪族層が次々に挙兵した。
- Although it was soon crushed, many warriors and powerful regionals who had been discontent with the Taira government rose in arms one after another.
- 松永久秀や三好義継、三好三人衆らと結んで挙兵し、公然と敵対行動を見せた足利義昭を討伐するためである。
- The purpose was to subdugate Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was openly showing hostile behavior, and had raised an army with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI and Miyoshi sanninshu (Nagayuki MIYOSHU, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI).
- 甲州勝沼の戦いの後、江戸に戻ったが、方針の相違から永倉新八、原田左之助らは分離して靖兵隊を結成した。
- They returned to Edo after the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma, but due to policy differences, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA and others separated to form Seihei-tai.
- が、色川氏などは堀内氏との因縁からその指揮下に入ることを嫌い、朝鮮出兵の際には藤堂氏の指揮下に入った。
- However, the Irokawa clan and others disliked being ruled by the Horiuchi clan because of the previous relationship and joined the troops under the Todo clan at the time of Japan's Invasion of Korea.
- 筒井・長谷川・堀勢ら一万五千人が進撃すると、城兵五百余が討って出て横合いから弓・鉄砲で奇襲を仕掛けた。
- When 15,000 troops of Tsutsui, Hasegawa and Hori attacked, more than 500 castle soldiers fought against them and took them in a surprise attack with bows and guns.
- 清和源氏の武士団を摂津国川辺郡多田(兵庫県川西市多田)に最初に形成した源満仲の三男の源頼信を祖とする。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, is regarded as the founder who formed the samurai group of Seiwa-Genji in Tada, Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Tada, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- 薩摩藩最高実力者島津久光は兵を率いて上洛し、尊皇攘夷派を取り締まり、朝廷に運動して公武合体を推進した。
- Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the most powerful man of the Satsuma clan, led forces to Kyoto, suppressed the Sonnojoi group and promoted Kobu gattai by influencing the Imperial Court.
- ちなみに泗川の戦いでの明軍の兵力ははっきりしていないが、敗戦側の明の記録では「戦死者約8万人」とある。
- The seize of the Ming force in the Battle of Shisen was not certain, but the record of the defeated Ming side mentioned 'eighty thousand war casualties.'
- かくして小兵衛と辺見から西郷暗殺計画と弾薬掠奪事件を聞いた西郷は、これに対処するために鹿児島へ帰った。
- Consequently, having learned the assassination plan on himself and the munitions seizure incident from Kohei and HENMI, SAIGO returned to Kagoshima to take measures against the matters.
- これに対し、官軍の征討旅団は順次南関町に入って本営を設け、ただちに石貫に派兵し、岩崎原に増援を送った。
- Against them, the punitive brigades of the government army successively entered Nankanmachi and established the headquarters, immediately dispatched troops to Ishinuki, and sent reinforcements to Iwasakihara.
- 第七師団は、他の師団と異なり、各連隊に約1個小隊の乗馬歩兵を配属し、伝令などに当たらせる編成をとった。
- The Seventh Division, unlike other divisions, arranged in each regiment about one platoon of dragoons to act as messengers.
- この分銅は江戸時代を通じて後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、それ以外のものの製作および使用は禁止された。
- The Shirobei GOTO family was exclusively permitted to produce the balance weights throughout the Edo period while other balance weights were prohibited to be produced or used.
- 攻略に当たっていた日本軍の歩兵第18連隊長佐藤正 (陸軍草創期)大佐は銃弾を受け左足切断の重傷を負う。
- Colonel Tadashi Satoh, the commander of the 18th infantry regiment of the Japanese army (in the pioneer days of the Army) engaged in an assault and was shot in his left leg, suffering serious injury, resulting in an amputation.
- 大坂、兵庫、長崎、大津、京都、横浜、箱館裁判所、越後府新潟裁判所、佐渡、笠松、府中、三河裁判所である。
- They were established in Osaka, Hyogo, Nagasaki, Otsu, Kyoto, Yokohama, Hakodate, Niigata of Echigo-fu, Sado, Kasamatsu, Fuchu and Mikawa.
- 鎌倉政権軍は水軍を保有しておらず、源氏方は水軍編成のために、平氏方は兵力再建のために暫く休戦が続いた。
- Since the Kamakura government troops did not have a naval force, there was a ceasefire while the Minamoto clan organized a navy and the Taira clan built their numbers up again.
- 兵を撤退させる事になったのは、余りの長い戦争に耐え切れなくなった領国で不穏な動きが相次いだからである。
- The daimyo did not in fact withdraw their soldiers until successive uprisings and unrest broke out in their home territories due to war weariness from the cost of having to support a war for so long.
- だが、範頼軍は兵糧の不足と優勢な水軍を有する平氏軍の抵抗によって進軍が止まり、九州にも渡れなくなった。
- But Noriyori's army, lacking sufficient provisions and opposed by the Taira's superior naval might, was forced to halt its advance, and could not even cross into Kyushu.
- 毛利方は軍僧の安国寺恵瓊を黒田官兵衛のもとに派遣し、「五国割譲と城兵の生命保全」の条件で和議を提示した。
- Mori sent Ekei ANKOKUJI, a military monk, for Kanbei KURODA to offer peace negotiations under the conditions of 'the cession of the five countries and the security of the troops in the castle.'
- 同年7月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷の諸士を中心とする雑賀衆が兵を動かし、先に信長に与した三組の衆への報復を始めた。
- In August of the same year, Saiga shu consisting of warriors of Saigaso and Jikkago rose an army and began to retaliate against the three groups who previously sided with Nobunaga.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条は、人民の均しい公務就任権を規定し、大日本帝国憲法第20条は兵役の義務を規定した。
- Article 19 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan guaranteed equal rights of all the people to engage in public services, and article 20 defined the people's duty of military service.
- 難航の末イギリスの仲介もあり清は日本の出兵を「義挙」と認め50万両(テール)の賠償をすることで決着した。
- The negotiations floundered but, through the mediatiion of Britain, came to the conclusion that Qing would recognize the dispatch of the Japanese force as 'Gikyo (actions out of justice)' and pay 500,000 ryo (taes).
- 西洋・近代の軍事における海軍に相当するが、東洋の水軍においては河川や湖沼における水上兵力の比重も大きい。
- It is equivalent to the navy in the modern West, but in suigun in the East, forces on rivers and lakes, too, played a large part.
- 文禄2年(1593年)正月、明は李如松を総兵官として4万3000の兵をもって、平壌の小西行長を包囲した。
- In February and March 1593, the Ming army, under the general Li Ru-song and his 43,000 men, besieged Yukinaga KONISHI in Pyongyang.
- 金子城には周辺の城から武将が兵を率いて集結していたがその数わずか2千、戦況不利は誰の目にも明らかである。
- At Kaneko-jo Castle, the busho (Japanese military commanders) were gathered from their castles along with their retainers; however, the total number of soldiers was only 2,000, and the difficult war situation of the Kaneko side was visible to all.
- 秀吉も直ちに兵を出し、3月19日 (旧暦)(5月10日)には5万といわれる兵力を率いて木ノ本に布陣した。
- Hideyoshi immediately sent in troops as well, and deployed his army, said to number 50,000, at Kinomoto on May 10.
- 秀吉方で功名をあげた兵のうち以下の7人は後世に賤ヶ岳の七本槍(しずがたけ の しちほんやり)と呼ばれる。
- Among those who had achieved the greatest feats on the Hideyoshi side, the following seven warriors came to be called the 'Seven Spears of Shizugatake' by later generations.
- 崩壊の最も大きな原因は、均田制および府兵制を支える主戸(戸籍に登録された戸)が急速に減少したことにある。
- The main reason for the collapse was the rapid decrease in the number of shuko (families registered in the family registry) that sustained the equal-field system and the divisional militia system.
- また、のちに石田三成の挙兵に加担する大谷吉継・増田長盛との関係がこの時点から強調される点も不自然と指摘。
- Moreover, he pointed out that the emphasis placed on the relationship between Yoshitsugu OTANI and Nagamori MASHITA, who was later involved in raising an army for Mitsunari ISHIDA, was not natural.
- 島津軍の兵力は、義弘の5千余、忠常の1千余、伊勢兵部少輔定正(貞昌)の3百余、併せて、6千3百余である。
- The military force of the Shimazu army consisted of six thousand and three hundred soldiers that included around five thousand Yoshihiro soldiers, one thousand soldiers of Tadatsune, three hundred soldiers of Sadamasa, who had the title of Ise Hyobu shoyu.
- 連合軍が攻めあぐねたところへ、義弘は伏兵を出動させて敵の隊列を寸断して混乱させ、義弘本隊も攻勢に転じた。
- When the Allied forces attacked, Yoshihiro had his soldiers carry out an ambush to confuse and scatter the enemy formation before shifting to the main battle formation that attacked the enemy.
- 大兵力の連合軍は食糧が不足していたが、食料庫を焼かれたことでさらに窮地に陥り、短期決戦を余儀なくされた。
- The allied forces with a great number of soldiers faced food deficiency and got into a difficult situation further by having their food supply burnt down and had to make the battles short.
- 明治29年(1895年)3月4日、屯田兵を中心とした臨時第七師団の編制が命じられると、全兵力が出動した。
- On March 4, 1896, an order was given to organize a temporal Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division) centering on todenhei, and all soldiers were mobilized.
- 日本側は4隻の大中破を出し、旗艦「松島」の戦死者の中には勇敢なる水兵と謳われた三浦虎次郎三等水兵もいる。
- Four warships were seriously or half damaged with war deaths including Petty office third class Torajiro MIURA, who was admired as a brave seaman.
- 戦後、屯田予備兵は普段は生業に就き、戦時と年1度の演習時にのみ召集される兵士として、そのまま常置された。
- After the war, tondenhei reservists remained as they were, as soldiers who usually did their jobs, but were called up for service only during wars and in the annual training.
- 屯田兵は家族を連れて入地し、入地前に建てられ用意された「兵屋」なる家と、未開拓の土地とを割り当てられた。
- Tondenhei immigrated with their families and were given a heioku (soldier's house), which had been built and prepared before their immigration, and undeveloped land.
- 平城天皇と嵯峨天皇とが対立するが、嵯峨天皇側が迅速に兵を動かしたことによって平城上皇が出家して決着する。
- There was a confrontation between the Retired Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga, but it resulted in the Retired Emperor Heizei's becoming a monk due to Emperor Saga's quick mobilization of soldiers.
- 後白河法皇の第三皇子である以仁王も所領没収の憂き目にあい、このことが以仁王の挙兵の直接的な原因となった。
- The third crown prince of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Prince Mochihito, also faced his estate being confiscated, and this became a direct cause for the Prince Mochihito to mobilize the army.
- 1180年、八条院の猶子である以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げたときに、以仁王の令旨が八条院領荘園に伝えられた。
- When Prince Mochihito, an adopted child of Hachijoin, raised an army against the Taira clan in 1180, Prince Mochihito's ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses, etc.) was delivered across the shoen of the Hachijoin-ryo.
- 7月16日、信長は填島城を攻撃し、足利軍の兵士50人ほどを討ち取り、填島城の防御施設をほとんど破壊した。
- On August 23 (July 16 in old lunar calendar), Nobunaga attacked Makishima-jo Castle, killed about 50 soldiers of Ashikaga army, and destroyed almost all the castle's defenses.
- 後鳥羽上皇は自ら武装して比叡山に登り、僧兵の協力を求めるが、上皇の寺社抑制策が禍して比叡山はこれを拒絶。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba personally girded on weapons and armor and climbed Mt. Hiei, seeking the military support of the sohei (warrior monks), but his plan to rein in the temples and shrines had not gone over well at all with the monks of Mt. Hiei, who refused to join forces with him.
- 築き堤奉行には蜂須賀正勝が任命され、宇喜多忠家が黒田官兵衛の指導のもと難所の門前村から下出田村までを担当。
- Masakatsu HACHISUKA was put in charge of the embankment while Tadaie UKITA, under the direction of Kanbei KURODA, was in charge of the difficult area from Monzen Village to Shimoideta Village.
- 慶長5年(1600年)には五大老の徳川家康に対し三成方が挙兵し、武断派は家康方に荷担し関ヶ原の戦いに至る。
- In 1600, when Mitsunari and his followers took up arms against Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was a member of the Council of Five Elders, the Budan-ha faction sided with Ieyasu leading to the Battle of Sekigahara.
- このときの両軍の兵力は諸説があって定かではないが、豊臣軍は8万、島津軍は3万5000ほどだったといわれる。
- Although opinions vary on the accurate numbers of the armies, it is said that the Toyotomi army numbered around 80,000 soldiers, whereas the Shimazu army numbered 35,000.
- 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
- In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
- 貞観11年(869年)の新羅の入寇貞観の韓寇の後、警固所として鴻臚中島館を建設し大宰府の兵や武具を移した。
- After the Silla invasion in the Jogan period in 869, the Dazaifu constructed 鴻臚中島館 as a guard office and moved soldiers and armor belonging to the Dazaifu to 鴻臚中島館.
- 秀吉が三法師を推したのは腹心の黒田孝高(官兵衛)の策で、他の宿老たちにも根回しが行き渡っていたと言われる。
- It is said to have been the plan of Yoshitaka KURODA, a trustworthy assistant of Hideyoshi, that Hideyoshi backed up Sanboshi in the conference and that the consensus was secretly built among other chief vassals in advance.
- 石田三成は家康が会津攻めに赴いたことを好機として、大谷吉継や毛利輝元ら反家康派の諸大名を糾合して挙兵した。
- Taking the opportunity presented by Ieyasu leaving to attack Aizu, Mitsunari ISHIDA rallied anti-Ieyasu daimyos (feudal lords) such as Yoshitsugu OTANI and Terumoto MORI and took up arms.
- 兵士や盗賊は僧院に赴き、哀れな僧侶は僧衣を俗衣に代え、袖や懐に自らが所持していた金銀・茶器を隠して逃げた。
- Soldiers and robbers went to priests' quarters and poor priets ran away, after changing their robes into common clothes and hiding their gold, silver and tea utensils in their sleeves or pockets.
- 4日に堀尾吉晴・蜂須賀正勝を立会人にして宗治の自刃の検分を行い、後始末の後に5日から6日にかけて撤兵した。
- On June 4, Muneharu's jijin was confirmed by Yoshiharu HORIO and Masakatsu HACHISUKA as eye witnesses, and Hideyoshi withdrew his forces from June 5 to 6 after settling the aftermath.
- 主峰は御嶽 (兵庫県)(793m)で西ヶ嶽(727m)、小金ヶ嶽(725m)の3つの峰が中心となっている。
- Three peaks form its main structure: Mt. Mitake (793 meters), the main peak; Mt. Nishigatake (727 meters) and Mt. Koganegatake (725 meters).
- 北近畿地方は兵庫県、京都府の日本海側及び福井県嶺南地方の3県にまたがる事から横の繋がりは極めて希薄である。
- Kita Kinki region extends over three prefectures, namely Hyogo Prefecture, the Sea of Japan side in Kyoto Prefecture, and Reinan region in Fukui Prefecture, thus transverse communication across the prefectural border is quite poor.
- 新庄藩を占領し久保田城に迫ったが、他の同盟藩の降伏によって新政府軍の兵力が増強されたため領内へと撤退した。
- The Shonai Domain occupied the Shinjo Domain and advanced to Kubota Castle, but retreated back into its own territory because the new government's forces became dominate from the surrender of some of Shonai's allied domains.
- 禁門の変に於いて長州藩兵が御所へ向けて発砲した事等を理由に幕府は長州藩を朝敵として、第一次長州征伐を行う。
- Using the fact that the Choshu loyalists dared to fire their guns in the direction of the Imperial palace during the Hamaguri rebellion as a pretext, the Tokugawa shogunate labeled Choshu domain an official enemy of the Court, and as such launched the First Punitive Expedition against them.
- いわゆるガラの悪い人物の多い混成部隊ではもちろんの事、藩兵が同盟領内や自国内で行った記録すら残されている。
- There were even records of these acts, not only by mixed forces comprising a large number of so-called outlaws, but also by regular soldiers within their own and allied domains.
- 城を守るのは知将・清水長左衛門尉宗治で、3000余りの兵が立てこもり、容易には攻め落とせる状況ではなかった。
- Chozaemon no jo Muneharu SHIMIZU, a resourceful man, was in charge of the castle with about 3,000 soldiers inside, which made it a difficult castle to conquer.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 一、是なりにて幕兵東帰せし時は、きっと朝廷へ申上げすぐさま冤罪は朝廷より御免に相成り候都合にきっと尽力との事
- Article 4 : When the war ends in stalemate and bakufu returns to the Kanto region, the Satsuma Domain shall definitely appeal to the Imperial Court to clear up the false charge of being the enemy of the emperor, which was imposed on Choshu on the occasion of Coup on August 18.
- 兵力的には秀吉軍が圧倒的に優勢であったが、家康の巧みな戦術の前に秀吉軍は小牧・長久手の戦いで局地的に敗れた。
- Although Hideoyoshi's military force overpowered Ieyasu's, Hideyoshi was defeated locally, at the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, because Ieyasu was a superb tactician.
- 中でも赤尾伊豆・山田大炊の活躍はめざましく、精兵500を率いて城外の大軍へ討って出、存分に暴れ回ったという。
- People who took an especially active role included Akao Izu no kami and Oi YAMADA, who are said to have sallied forth from the castle with 500 elite warriors and stormed their enemy.
- 征夷大将軍徳川家康と朝鮮側の使節との会見が実現したのは日本軍撤兵から6年後の慶長9年(1604年)であった。
- It was in 1604, six years after the withdrawal of the Japanese army, that an interview of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA took place, who was seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), with an envoy from Korea.
- 明治37年(1904年)2月に日露戦争がはじまったとき、屯田兵はすべて現役を退き、後備兵になる間際であった。
- When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in February, 1904, all tondenhei were out of active service, on the verge of becoming kobihei soldiers.
- 同時に鹿子木の中島健彦、鳥巣の野村忍介に急使を送って川尻の敗戦を報せ、適宜兵を木山に引き揚げるように伝えた。
- At the same time, KIRINO dispatched an express messengers to Takehiko NAKAJIMA at Kanokogi and to Oshisuke NOMURA at Tosu to inform them of the defeat at Kawajiri and to command them to move their soldiers to Kiyama properly.
- 7月12日、蓬原・井俣村の奇兵隊は大崎に進撃したが、荒佐野の官軍はこの動きを察知し、大崎にて両軍が激突した。
- On July 12, Kihei-tai in Futsuhara and Imata Village advanced to Osaki, but the government army detected the movement and violently fought with Kihei-tai in Osaki.
- 兵庫県の丹波市や周辺市町村からの通勤や買い物客も多く、舞鶴都市圏と並んで北近畿の中心的な都市圏となっている。
- The Fukuchiyama Urban Area, which has many commuters and shoppers from Tanba City in Hyogo Prefecture and its surrounding municipalities, has become the leading urban area in the Northern Kinki region with the Maizuru Urban Area.
- 開戦時での兵力や兵站は旧幕府軍が圧倒的に優勢であったが、小銃での戦闘に習熟した新政府軍に対応できず大敗した。
- At the beginning of the war, the former Shogunate forces were far superior in military strength and logistics, but later were severely defeated by the new government's forces accustomed to battle with rifles.
- 但し、彼らの用いる兵力は殆どなく、18世紀初頭の長崎奉行は10数人、幕末の五条代官所でも30人しかいなかった。
- But, their military strength was almost nil, and early in the 18th century there were only ten soldiers in the Nagasaki magistrate office and at the end of the Edo period only 30 soldiers in the Gojo magistrate's office.
- 麻貴は乃ち水原市に到り副総兵解生・遊撃牛伯英・楊登山・頗貴の4将をして精騎2000を率い6日稷山に向かはせた。
- Ma Gui reached Suwon City together with four warrior groups of Deputy Admiral Kaisei, the ranger Gyu, Yang, and Haki (pronunciation unconfirmed) leading 2,000 experienced horsemen, and set out for Shokusan on the 16th.
- こうして編成された豊臣政権の水軍は、1592年に始まる朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)大々的に投入されることになる。
- The organized suigun in the Toyotomi administration were sent to dispatch troops to Korea from 1592 (battles of Bunroku and Keicho) on a big scale.
- 歩兵・集団戦術で戦う蒙古兵の姿や、軍船、使用した「てつはう」などの兵器が描かれた唯一の画像史料として知られる。
- It is known as the only visual material to show Mongolian soldiers fighting in infantry formations, battle ships, or guns and other arms used in the battles.
- ─ 指揮長篠原国幹、一番小隊隊長西郷小兵衛、二番小隊隊長浅江直之進、五番小隊隊長鄭智陽、六番小隊隊長相良吉之助
- Commander: Kunimoto SHINOHARA, Leader of the 1st platoon: Kohei SAIGO, Leader of the 2nd platoon: Naonoshin ASAE, Leader of the 5th platoon: Chii TEI, Leader of the 6th platoon: Kichinosuke SAGARA
- 清国は、遼東半島、台湾、澎湖諸島を日本に割譲し、該地方にある城塁、兵器製造所及び官有物を永遠に日本に割与する。
- Qing permanently cedes to Japan the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and the Penghu islands together with fortifications, arsenals and public property located in such areas.
- 西南戦争後の軍の近代化路線では、徴兵を基盤とした常備軍を置き、装備統帥の近代化を追求する路線に変更はなかった。
- Therefore, in the policies of modernizing forces after the Seinan War, the government army kept its policies of deploying regular troops based on conscription, and of modernizing equipment and the supreme command.
- 6月に開戦するが、薩摩との連携後軍備を整え、大村益次郎により西洋兵学の訓練を施された長州の諸隊が幕府軍を圧倒。
- The war started in June, and the troops of Choshu, better-equipped after the cooperation with Satsuma and trained in Western military theories by Masujiro OMURA, overwhelmed the bakufu.
- なお、秀満の官職が金吾(左衛門尉)であったことから、この挙兵だけを指して金吾騒動(きんごそうどう)とも称する。
- Moreover, because Hidemitsu's official government post was 'kingo' (saemon no jo under the ritsuryo system), when referring to just his raising of troops it is also called the Kingo Disturbance (kingo sodo in Japanese).
- 宇治に出動した正盛・忠盛・重時は検非違使だったが、検非違使別当・藤原宗忠の指示を介さず法皇の命令で派兵された。
- Masamori, Tadamori and Shigetoki, who were deployed to Uji, were the kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but they were ordered to be deployed by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa without an instruction from FUJIWARA no Munetada, the kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police).
- 『平家物語』では、挙兵の動機は、頼政の嫡男・仲綱と平宗盛(清盛の三男)の馬をめぐる軋轢ということになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' the motive for the uprising was that Yorimasa's son and heir Nakatsuna had become embroiled in discord with TAIRA no Munemori (Kiyomori's third son) over a horse.
- 地元住民の車は榎峠よりも、比較的走行が容易な京都府道・兵庫県道109号福知山山南線の穴裏峠を越えることが多い。
- Local people tend to cross over Anaura Pass on Kyoto and Hyogo Prefectural Road 109 Fukuchiyama Sannan Line which is relatively easier to drive.
- 秀吉本隊(蜂須賀正勝・堀秀政・中村一氏・堀尾吉晴・羽柴秀長・黒田官兵衛・神子田正治・蜂屋頼隆など):20000
- Hideyoshi's core troops (including those of Masakatsu HACHISUKA, Hidemasa HORI, Kazuuji NAKAMURA, Yoshiharu HORIO, Hidenaga HASHIBA, Kanbei KURODA, Masaharu MIKODA and Yoritaka HACHIYA): 20,000
- 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は「鼻を削いで首にかえよ」という残虐な侵略戦であったため長く朝鮮民衆の間にその非道が語り継がれた。
- Hideyoshi's invasion into Korea was a war of cruel aggression and a story of cruel acts as shown in his order to 'cut off the nose instead of the head' as a reminder passed down from generation to generation.
- しかし本願寺顕如の要請を受けた延暦寺の僧兵も連合軍に加わり、9月20日にさらに数の膨らんだ連合軍の侵攻を受ける。
- However, the allied forces were joined by armed priests of Enryaku-ji Temple at the request of Kennyo HONGANJI, and on October 29, the enlarged allied forces invaded the Yoshinari's territory.
- 翌天正11年(1583年)正月、伊勢国の滝川一益が柴田勝家への旗幟を明確にして挙兵し、峯城や亀山城を落城させた。
- On January 24, 1583, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA of Ise Province raised his army and conquered Mine-jo Castle and Kameyama-jo Castle, clearly demonstrating his support of Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 1882年7月、旧式軍の兵士と市民が漢城で蜂起して新編成の「別技軍」の日本人教官らを殺害し日本公使館を包囲した。
- In July 1882, the old-fashioned solders and civilians rose up in revolt in Hanseong and killed the Japanese military trainers of the newly formed 'Byeolgigun (a modernized special military force)' and seized the Japanese legation.
- 西南戦争が勃発した明治10年(1877年)2月、屯田事務局は黒田開拓長官の命令で、屯田兵小隊を函館港に派遣した。
- In February, 1877 when the Seinan War broke out, the Tondenhei Bureau sent a tondenhei platoon to the Hakodate port by orders of KURODA Reclamation General.
- 大崎に屯集しているとの情報を得た先発の奇兵隊は7月11日、官軍を奇襲したが、二番隊長が戦死するほどの苦戦をした。
- Having received the information that the government army gathered and stationed in Osaki, the earlier dispatched Kihei-tai launched a surprise attack on the government army but fought so tough a fight that the commander of the 2nd company was killed in the fighting.
- またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
- In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
- このとき、増援のために屯田予備兵が編成されたが、訓練中に戦争が終結に向かったため、こちらは実戦を経験しなかった。
- At that time, tondenhei reservists were formed for reinforcement, but because the war ended during their training, they did not experience actual battles.
- この強訴では、重盛の兵が神輿を射るという失態を犯したことで延暦寺側に有利に事が運び、師高の配流で一旦は決着する。
- During this direct petition, Shigemori's forces made a mistake when they shot an arrow at a portable shrine, which led to an advantage for the Enryaku-ji Temple side and was settled temporarily by Morotake's exile.
- 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
- Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
- この事件をきっかけに、長州藩は強硬派に引きずられる形で挙兵・上洛し、7月19日 (旧暦)の禁門の変を引き起こす。
- Beginning with this incident, the Choshu clan fell under the influence of zealots and later came to Kyoto and raised the Kinmon rebellion on July 19 (in the old calendar).
- 新政府軍は長岡城を再奪取、米沢・会津藩兵が守る新潟も陥落したため、8月には越後の全域が新政府軍の支配下に入った。
- The new government's forces recaptured Nagaoka Castle again, and with the fall of Niigata which had protected the Yonezawa and Aizu Domains, they placed the entire area of Echigo under control.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)に後醍醐天皇は隠岐を脱出し、伯耆国で名和長年に迎えられ船上山で倒幕の兵を挙げる。
- In 1333 Emperor Godaigo escaped from Oki island, whereupon he was met in Hoki Province by Nagatoshi NAWA; they went to Mount Senjo and began raising an army to strike down the shogunate.
- 兵力は、『応仁記』によれば東軍が16万、西軍が11万以上であったと記されているが、誇張があるとも指摘されている。
- The Eastern camp had 160,000 samurai and the Western, 110,000 or more, according to 'Oninki' (The Record of the Onin War), but some suspect these figures may be exaggerated.
- 4月16日 (旧暦)(6月6日)、一時秀吉に降伏していた織田信孝が滝川一益と結んで再び挙兵して岐阜城下へ進出した。
- On June 6, Nobutaka ODA, who had at one point surrendered to Hideyoshi, raised his army again, joining forces with Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and heading for the town of Gifu-jo Castle.
- 一、戦いと相成候時は、すぐさま二千余の兵を急速差登し只今在京の兵と合し、浪華へも一千程は差置き、京阪両所相固め候事
- Article 1: When war breaks out between the Choshu clan and bakufu, the Satsuma Domain shall immediately dispatch its approximately 2000 soldiers to Kyoto, make them guard Kyoto together with the soldiers already there at present, and keep about 1000 soldiers in Osaka, thereby taking control of Kyoto and Osaka.
- 2月12日、本隊の信忠と一益がそれぞれ岐阜城と伊勢国長島城を出陣し、翌々日の2月14日には美濃岩村城に兵を進めた。
- On February 12, 1582, Nobutada (who led the main unit of the Oda army) and Kazumasu departed, respectively, from Gifu-jo Castle and from Nagashima-jo Castle in Ise Province, moving their troops to Iwamura-jo Castle in Mino two days later, on February 14.
- この時、負傷を推して二本木本営から人力車で駆けつけた永山弥一郎は酒樽に腰掛け、敗走する薩軍兵士を叱咤激励していた。
- On this occasion, though having been injured, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA rushed to the site by rickshaw from the headquarters at Nihongi, and, sitting on a sake barrel, spurred the Satsuma army soldiers who took to flight.
- 北部の熊田には小倉処平・佐藤三二が指揮する5個中隊を配備して熊本鎮台兵に備え、予備隊として使用するつもりであった。
- In Kumata in the northern part, five companies led by Shohei OGURA and Sanji SATO were deployed as a reserve troop to fight against the soldiers of Kumamoto Garrison.
- しかしながら、官軍が八代に上陸し、宇土から川尻へと迫っていたため、この兵力は熊本にいる薩軍との合流ができなかった。
- However, since the government army landed in Yatsushiro and closed in on Kawajiri from Uto, these soldiers could not join the Satsuma army in Kumamoto.
- 両作戦の日本側の死傷者は82名なのに対して、清国兵は500名以上の死傷者を出し、武器等を放棄して平壌まで逃亡する。
- The Japanese side had 82 solders killed and injured in both operations, while the Qing troops had more than 500 casualties and threw down their arms and fled to Pyongyang.
- 日本軍の王宮占領後、朝鮮では軍用電線の切断、兵站部への襲撃と日本兵の捕縛、殺害など民衆の「義兵」反日抵抗が続いた。
- Since the Japanese troops conquered the royal palace, there had been anti-Japanese resistance in Korea -- cuts of electric cables for military use, attack of logistics on bases, and capture and the murder of Japanese solders, and so forth.
- 第二列士満(本田幸七郎):第一大隊(大川正次郎、4個小隊、伝習歩兵隊)、第二大隊(松岡四郎次郎、5個小隊、一聯隊)
- The Second Regiment (Koshichiro HONDA): the First Battalion (Shojiro OKAWA, four platoons, Denshu Infantry), the Second Battalion (Shirojiro MATSUOKA, five platoons, Ichiren-tai).
- 969年(安和2年)3月25日、左馬助源満仲と前武蔵国介藤原善時が中務少輔橘繁延と左兵衛大尉源連の謀反を密告した。
- On March 25, 969, Sameryo (trainer of the left of horses owned by the imperial court), MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, and former Suke (assistant director) of Musashi Province FUJIWARA no Yoshitoki, reported an act of treason committed by Nakatsukasa (ministry of central affairs) Shosuke (assistant director), TACHIBANA no Shigenobu, and Sahyoe (guards of the left) Taii (captain) MINAMOTO no Tsuranu.
- やむなく、京方は残る全兵力をもって宇治・瀬田に布陣し、宇治川で幕府軍を防ぐことに決め、公家も大将軍として参陣した。
- Lacking any other choice, the capital faction decided to take all their remaining military forces and form up for battle in Uji and Seta and attempt to repulse the shogunal army at the Uji river; the court nobles also joined the battle formation as high generals.
- 荒木村重の説得を約束していた荒木久左衛門は織田信長に顔向け出来ないと思ったのか、300兵共々姿をくらましてしまった。
- Kyuzaemon ARAKI who promised to convince Murashige ARAKI, perhaps feeling that he could not face Nobunaga ODA, disappeared into thin air together with 300 soldiers.
- 牛伯英は陳愚衷と兵を合わせ公州に駐屯していたが、日本軍が全州を発して大挙北進するのを聞くと蒼黄となり漢城に退却した。
- Gyu combined forces with Chin and stayed in Gongju; upon hearing that the Japanese army had left Jeonju and headed north, they became afraid and retreated to Hanseong.
- 毛利秀元は天安に在り稷山の戦急なるを聞き、乃ちその兵を率いてこれに赴援し先鋒の将宍戸元続・吉見広行等に先ず進ませた。
- Hidemoto MORI was at Cheonn, heard about the precarious situation at Shokusan and immediately rushed to support the battle at Shokusan with his army, ordered vanguards including Mototsugu SHISHIDO and Hiroyuki YOSHIMI to spearhead the attack.
- そこに荒木村重自身が指揮をとり5百兵を北ノ砦より出撃させ3町 (単位)離れた加茂砦の西方より火を放って切りかかった。
- Murashige ARAKI assumed command of 500 solders and made a sortie from Fort Kitanotoride and set fire from the left side of Fort Kamo approximately three cho (3,272 meters) away and attacked with swords and so on.
- 此上し別に行も候はじ、只早く大将尼崎へ御出有りて、中国・西国の諸将を語らはれ候はば、定めて援兵を出さるべきかにて候。
- As we cannot further continue such situations, you, the lord, go out to Amagasaki and negotiate with commanders of Chugoku Province and saigoku (western part of Japan, especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), they would send reinforcement troops.
- 12月8日の戦いが思いのほか損害が大きかったことから力押しの攻城戦を変更し、兵糧攻めに切り替えられたと思われている。
- It is believed that, as damages from the battle of January 15, 1579, were unexpectedly big, he changed from attack to the castle to starvation tactics.
- 一条方はただでさえ少ない兵力をさらに分散させてしまったため、正面から迫る倍以上の敵軍を迎え撃つだけの余力はなかった。
- The Ichijo army, which scattered their small army, did not have capacity to counter the head-on attack of the enemy force of more than double in number.
- 嫡子の源義平などが奮戦し活躍するが、坂東にいる郎党を動員する時間がなく少数兵力のままで平清盛率いる伊勢平氏に敗れる。
- Samurai warriors including Yoshitomo's heir, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira fought bravely and distinguished themselves in the War, but there was not time to mobilize followers in Bando, and therefore they remained to be a small number of warriors and was finally defeated by Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 信長が明智光秀に本能寺で襲われたのが、それを如実に示しているように、信長は配下の家臣に兵力を与えすぎていたのである。
- As clearly shown by the fact that Nobunaga was raided by Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple, Nobunaga gave too much military force to his vassals.
- 1月29日、政府は鹿児島県にある陸軍省砲兵属廠にあった武器・弾薬を大阪へ移すために、赤龍丸への搬出を秘密裏に行った。
- On January 29, the government secretly carried the arms and ammunition from the arsenal of the Army Ministry in Kagoshima into the ship Sekiryu-maru to transfer them to Osaka.
- 是より先、戦死者を収拾するに方り、一兵卒其の隻眼を銃射せられ、八日間晶外に外れ、絶えて飲食せず、能く生命を保てりと。
- In collecting the dead body of the war after this, it is said that a low-level soldier, whose eye was shot by a gun, was out of Shogai for eight days, ate nothing and drank nothing, but was still alive.
- いっぽう久光率いる薩摩藩兵は帰国途中、生麦村で行列を横断しようとした英国人に斬りつける事件を起こす(生麦事件参照)。
- Meantime, on their way back to Satsuma, Hisamitsu's troops attacked British people who tried to cross the procession of the lord of the Satsuma clan in the village of Namamugi (the Namamugi incident).
- またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
- And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).
- しかし、織田氏の同盟者である三河国の徳川家康は長篠以降、武田氏に対し攻勢を強め、勝頼はたびたび出兵を余儀なくされた。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of Mikawa Province, who was an ally of the Oda clan, intensified his offensive after the Battle of Nagashino, forcing Katsuyori to frequently send his troops to battle.
- さらに、管領細川持之が土倉から賄賂一千貫を貰って保護の為に、出兵命令を出したという事実を知った守護大名は出兵を拒否。
- Besides, shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) who had learned that kanrei (shogunal deputy) Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA ordered that troops be dispatched to protect the doso in exchange for 1,000 kan bribe from the doso, blocked the dispatch of the troops.
- 治承3年(1179年)11月、近衛家の所領継承問題に端を発し、ついに清盛は兵を率いて京都へ乱入してクーデターを断行。
- Then in the twelfth month (eleventh month in old lunar calender) of 1179, beginning with the succession dispute over the Konoe family's territory, Kiyomori eventually led soldiers in a raid into Kyoto and launched a coup d'etat.
- だが、テレビ東京がテレビ大阪の京都府および兵庫県への放送対象地域拡大を目指すと表明しており、今後の動向が注目される。
- However, TV TOKYO announced that it would expand its broadcasting area of TV Osaka to Kyoto Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture, attracting attention about future development.
- 最高指揮官であり当事者であるはずの徳川慶喜が敵前逃亡したことにより、旧幕府軍は自壊し、抗戦をやめて各藩は兵を帰した。
- Because Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was the Commander in Chief and the core of the conflict, deserted the army in the face of the enemy, the former Shogunate forces disintegrated and stopped fighting; each of the domains brought their troops home.
- 第6代石川広季は、伊豆で源頼朝が平家討伐の兵を挙げたことを知り、寿永2年(1183年)、伯父光治率いる軍を鎌倉に送る。
- When the sixth head of the family Hirosue ISHIKAWA heard that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army to defeat the Taira family in Izu, he dispatched an army headed by his uncle Mitsuharu to Kamakura in 1183.
- しかしながら、当時なお多方面に敵を抱えていた織田氏がそれだけの兵力を高野山に投入することができたのかという疑問がある。
- However, it's doubtful that the Oda clan who faced enemies in various directions in those days could send such a big military force to Koyasan.
- 井出原右近・山田蓮池坊らの指揮する根来衆からなる城兵に対し、細川忠興・大谷吉継・蒲生氏郷・池田輝政らが攻撃を担当した。
- Against the castle soldiers of Negoro shu led by Ukon IDEHARA (井出原右近), Hasuikebo YAMADA (山田蓮池坊) and others, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Yoshitsugu OTANI, Ujisato GAMO, Terumasa IKEDA and others attacked.
- 根来寺炎上の原因については、根来側による自焼説、秀吉による焼き討ち説と兵士による命令によらない放火または失火説がある。
- As to the reason for the burning of Negoro-ji Temple, there is a theory that the people there set burned it by themselves, and another that Hideyoshi ordered it set ablaze and another that a soldier set fire without any order or by negligence.
- しかし、これらの軍役は後世のように所領の大きさや収穫量に基づいたものではなく、動員兵力は各々の御家人に委ねられていた。
- The military services were based neither on the area nor crop yields of of territories, and the military force to mobilize was left to the discretion of each of the immediate vassals of the shogunate.
- 織田信長軍は、まず別動隊として動いていた滝川一益、丹羽長秀隊が同年12月4日兵庫の須磨区を焼き払い塚口付近に布陣した。
- Among troops of Nobunaga ODA, troops of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and Nagahide NIWA, which acted as detached forces, burnt down Suma in Hyogo on January 11, 1579 and took up their position in the vicinity of Tsukaguchi.
- しかし翌天正3年(1575年)、九州から戻った一条兼定が伊予国宇和島市で挙兵し、旧臣を従えて本拠地の中村市に帰郷した。
- The following year in 1575, however, Kanesada Ichijo who came back from Kyushu raised an army in Uwajima City, Iyo Province, and returned to his home base Nakamura City with an entourage of his old vassals.
- その元で駐屯する兵士は、徴兵制たる府兵制によって集められたものではなく、募兵制である長征健児制によってのものであった。
- Soldiers who were stationed under them were not gathered through fuheisei, which was conscription, but through chosei kondeisei (selection of healthy, talented men for military service over an extended distance), which was a voluntary enlistment instead.
- この時豊橋の歩兵第38連隊が新設の第29師団 (日本軍)に編入されることになり、第16師団は三単位制師団に改編された。
- At this time, the Thirty-eighth Infantry Regiment of Toyohashi was incorporated into the new Twenty-Ninth Division (Imperial Japanese Army), and the Sixteenth Division was reorganized into santani-sei Shidan (Shidan comprised of three infantries).
- さらに味方の援軍を断って島津家の兵だけで戦ったことにより、少数ながらも軍としてのまとまりが非常にあったものと思われる。
- In addition, since they were cut off from the supporting army of their comrades and only the soldiers of Shimazu family fought, there was an extremely strong morale as the army in spite of being small in size.
- 屯田兵の下士兵卒には東北諸藩の士族出身が多かったので、戊辰戦争の敵だった鹿児島県士族を相手とするこの戦争に奮い立った。
- There were many former shizoku from Tohoku Domains among noncommissioned officers, and therefore, they were spurred to fight against shizoku in Kagoshima Prefecture, who were enemies in the Boshin War.
- 関東公方足利満兼は1万騎余を率いて武蔵国府中市 (東京都)高安寺まで進んだが、関東管領上杉憲定に諌められて兵を止めた。
- Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, kubo (shogunal representative) of the Kanto, led about 10,000 men into Musashi Province, advancing as far as Koan-ji Temple in the city of Fuchu, but halted his advance after he was warned by the Kanrei of the Kanto, Norisada UESUGI not to continue.
- その最中、東国より兵を率いて馳せ上った源義平は直ちに清盛の帰路を討ち取るよう主張したが、信頼はその必要はないと退けた。
- In the midst of these proceedings, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira, who had raised an army out in the eastern provinces and hastily made his way to the capital, strongly advocated that he prepare to kill or capture Kiyomori while he was still on his way back to the capital, but Nobuyori refused, declaring there was no need for such measures.
- こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動(1180年挙兵、1183年上洛)を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
- This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
- ここで摂津の武将中川清秀・高山右近・池田恒興を味方につけ、さらに四国出兵のため堺市にいた織田信孝・丹羽長秀と合流した。
- He won Kiyohide NAKAGAWA, Ukon TAKAYAMA and Tsuneoki IKEDA, who were warlords in Settsu Province to his side here, and merged with Nobutaka ODA and Nagahide NIWA, who were in Sakai City for dispatching troops to Shikoku.
- 政子の裁決で出撃策が決定され、素早く兵を集め、5月22日には軍勢を東海道、東山道、北陸道の三方から京へ向けて派遣した。
- Masako judged a sortie towards Kyoto the best course of action, so it was decided to launch an attack; samurai were quickly assembled, and on May 22 they were dispatched to converge on the capital from three sides, along the Tokaido (Eastern Sea road), the Tosando (Eastern Mountain road), and the Hokurikudo (the road through Hokuriku, the area on the Japan Sea side northwest of modern-day Tokyo).
- 特に中心となった長岡藩は郡奉行河井継之助により、兵制改革が進められ、武装も更新されており、、ガトリング砲も有していた。
- The center of the alliance, in particular the Nagaoka Domain, allowed the county magistrate, Tsugunosuke KAWAI, to carry out army reform and to upgrade military equipment, and even possess Gatling guns.
- しかし両陣営とも外国の軍隊の派兵を要請することはなかったため、欧米列強による内政干渉や武力介入という事態は避けられた。
- Military intervention and interference in domestic affairs by powerful western nations were, however, avoided since both sides did not request them to deploy troops.
- 兵力として藩士からなる正規兵だけでなく、町民や農民、無頼の徒や他国藩士によって結成された混成部隊が戦力とされ活躍した。
- Not only the regular soldiers consisting of retainers but also mixed forces consisting of townspeople, peasants, outlaws, and retainers from other domains played an active part in their military forces.
- 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれる。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
- (高城町史)また、直接的な兵力ではないが、物資の援助などを島津氏と領地を隣接する加藤清正、伊東祐兵らが密かに行っている。
- According to the 'Takajirocho history,' those including Kiyomasa KATO and Suketaka ITO, who shared the borders with the Shimazu clain, provided support including materials in secret, although they are not counted as a direct military power.
- 足利義昭や毛利輝元は当時から織田方の敗北を喧伝していたし、雑賀衆も半年もたたないうちに再度挙兵して信長と戦うようになる。
- Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and Terumoto MORI had trumpeted the defeat of the Oda side in those days, and Saiga shu rose an army again and fought with Nobunaga within half a year.
- 筒井勢などは傘下の大和衆・伊賀衆を合わせて八千人で戦闘に臨んだが、城兵の銃撃の前に死傷者は数千人に上り、進撃を阻まれた。
- Among the 8,000 soldiers of the Tsutsui troops including its followers Yamato shu and Iga shu, several thousand soldiers were killed or injured by the shooting of the castle soldiers and could not progress.
- 第26代昭光は天正18年(1590年)、豊臣秀吉による小田原攻めに参陣しない伊達政宗を憚って自らも援軍の派兵を見送った。
- In 1590, Akimitsu, the twenty-sixth head of the family, postponed sending the reinforcements to the Invasion of Odawara headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, as he was afraid of Masamune DATE who did not participate in the invasion.
- しかし、可成の部下である各務元正らが城兵と共に強硬に抵抗し、24日に信長が大津市が救援に現れるまでついに落城しなかった。
- However, Motomasa KAGAMI, Yoshinari's subordinate, and others strongly fought back along with the castle garrison, and tenaciously held out until Nobunaga arrived in Otsu City to help them on the November 2.
- 『陰徳記』によると石山合戦で織田信長と交戦中の石山本願寺へ毛利氏勢と通じた荒木村重が兵糧を密かに搬入したとの噂が流れた。
- According to 'Intokuki' (the war chronicle of the Sengoku period in Chugoku region), it was rumored that Murashige ARAKI, who clandestinely consorted with the troops of the Mori clan, carried army provisions into Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple which had been fighting with Nobunaga ODA in Ishiyama War.
- 城主不在にもかかわらず城兵は健闘し敵を寄せ付けなかったが、やがて城内で一部の兵が裏切り敵を手引きしたため奮戦空しく落城。
- Despite the fact that the lord of the castle was absent, the garrison fought very spiritedly and prevented the enemy from drawing close, but soon after one portion of the garrison betrayed their comrades, switched sides and guided the attackers into the castle, rendering vain all the hard fighting and making surrender inevitable.
- 全国統一を達成した秀吉は、文禄元年(1592年)、明の征服を目指して、全国諸大名に李氏朝鮮への出兵を命じた(文禄の役)。
- In 1592 (the first year in the Bunroku era), Hideyoshi, who had unified the nation, ordered 'daimyo' (feudal lords) all over the country to dispatch troops to the Joseon Dynasty (Korea) in order to conquer Ming (the Bunroku War).
- この原因として挙げられるのは、薩軍が優れた兵を保持していることと、地の利を生かして田原坂の防衛線を築いているためである。
- It was partly because the Satsuma army had superior soldiers and established the line of defense at Tabaru Slope by taking advantage of the terrain.
- 倭国を率いていた中大兄皇子はこれを承諾、661年に斉明天皇は難波から九州へ出兵するも、邦の津にて急死する(暗殺説あり)。
- Prince Naka no Oe, who was the head of state of Wakoku, approved their request, and in 661 Empress Saimei departed with the expeditionary force from Naniwa to Kyushu, but she met an untimely death at Kuni no Tsu (there a theory that she was assassinated).
- 同日夜薩摩藩兵などの警護の中行われた小御所会議において、徳川慶喜は官職(内大臣)辞職および領地返上を要請されたのである。
- In the Kogosho kaigi (a meeting), held under the guard of the Satsuma troops, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was required to resign from the official position (Minister of the Interior) and return to the domains.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月には、紀伊国の熊野三山勢力が挙兵して、伊勢国や志摩国で平氏側勢力と交戦するという動きもあった。
- In January 1181, the forces of the Kumano-Sanzan (three temples in the Kumano region) in the Kii Province raised forces and battled with Taira clan troops in Ise and Shima Provinces.
- にも関わらず、7月3日に足利義昭は勅命を破棄して再度挙兵し、二条城に三淵藤英を入れて守らせ、自らは槇島城に立て籠もった。
- In spite of that, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA abondoned the imperial command, raised yet another army and barricaded himself and his army in Makishima-jo Castle while making Fujihide MITSUBUCHI guard Nijo-jo Castle.
- 1331年に鎌倉幕府の倒幕計画が発覚した後醍醐天皇は三種の神器を保持して笠置山にて挙兵、篭城して元弘の乱の発端となった。
- In 1331, Emperor Godaigo, whose plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was revealed, went to Mt. Kasagi, with Sanshu no Jingi (Three Imperial Regalia), raising his army and staying there, which lead to Genko War.
- 同盟軍も奪還を試みたが失敗に終わり、白河口へ兵力が集中した隙を衝かれ二本松城も落城し新政府軍は会津へと進行路を確保した。
- The allied forces attempted to recapture the castle, but in vain; on the other hand, the new government's forces seized Nihonmatsu Castle while the allied forces deployed their troops heavily concentrated their troops at Shirakawaguchi, gaining access to Aizu.
- 続く戦国時代_(日本)においては、軍事力・兵站輸送力の観点より戦国大名の側から積極的に水軍の編成に対する働きかけを行った。
- During the following Sengoku (the Warring States) period, daimyo during the Sengoku period were actively engaged in organizing a suigun navy in view of military power and transport force.
- 清が水軍再編に対して重い腰をあげたのはようやく日本の台湾出兵によって屈辱的な和平を結ばざるをえなかった1874年であった。
- It is in 1874 when Qing was forced to ratify the humiliating treaty with Japan due to the Japan's Taiwan Expedition that it at long last decided to reorganize the navy.
- 上級兵士たちは気に入らない藩師を実力をもって追い出し、自らが支持する人物を藩師に立ててこれを朝廷に認めさせるようになった。
- By force, high-ranking soldiers got rid of the hanshi they did not like, and they set up the ones they supported as their hanshi, and they made the imperial court accept it.
- さらに、日本兵の首に賞金を掛けたため都市部で朝鮮軍・明軍による朝鮮領民の首無し死体が続出するなど荒廃した状況が伝えられる。
- Furthermore, as a prize was offered for the heads of Japanese soldiers, it is reported there were situations in which a large number of bodies without heads of Korean people taken by the Korean and Ming troops in urban districts.
- 上記の要因が複合し、島津軍の奇襲作戦や伏兵などが成功して連合軍が混乱し瓦解したため、寡兵の島津軍が勝利しえたと推測できる。
- It could be assumed that the outnumbered Shimazu army was able to face a victory due to a combination of various factors mentioned earlier and the successful surprise and ambush attacks that led the allied force into confusion and fell.
- 次いで、南下してきた野津鎮雄少将(兄)の兵が右翼隊の右側面を衝いたので、猛将桐野の率いる右翼隊も堪らず、江田方面に退いた。
- Subsequently, the soldiers of Major General Shizuo NOZU (older brother), who had arrived from north, assaulted on the right side of the right flank so that even the right flank led by brave KIRINO could not withstand it and retreated toward Eda.
- 新助はやがて病死し鋳造は途絶えるが、九年後の寛永12年(1635年)に新助の息子、佐藤庄兵衛が後を継ぎ再び鋳銭を願い出た。
- Although the minting came to an end because Shinsuke died of illness before long, Shobei SATO, Shinsuke's son, who succeeded to Shinsuke's business in 1635 requested to be allowed to reminting the coin.
- 後白河天皇の皇子である以仁王による挙兵を契機に各地で平清盛を中心とする六波羅政権ともよばれる平氏政権に対する反乱が起こる。
- Starting with the raising of forces by Emperor Goshirakawa's son, Prince Mochihito, a country-wide rebellion against the Taira clan government occurred, also known as the Rokuhara government, which was led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 公家7名は長州藩兵に付き添われて洛東妙法院に集結してから、兵庫を経て船で、長州藩の三田尻港(現・山口県防府市)を目指した。
- Accompanied by Choshu clan soldiers, the seven court nobles gathered at the Rakuto Myoho-in Temple, and set out for Mitajiri-ko port (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture, Hofu City) in Choshu Domain via Hyogo by boat.
- 政局を有利に運んだ宗全は、自邸周辺に同盟守護大名の兵を多数集め、内裏と花の御所を囲み、義政に政長や勝元らの追放を願い出た。
- Having steered the political situation in his favor, Sozen mobilized many samurai of allied shugo daimyos, besieged the Imperial Palace and Hana no Gosho, and requested Yoshimasa to expel Masanaga and Katsumoto among others.
- 前述の通り、開戦時の兵力では旧幕府軍が上回っており、新政府軍では天皇を連れて京都から撤退することも検討していたと言われる。
- As described above, the former Shogunate forces were superior in military strength at the beginning of the war, and in fact, the new government's forces had reportedly reviewed the option of withdrawing from Kyoto with the Emperor.
- さらに薩摩藩は藩士に命じ江戸で騒擾を起こさせたため、旧幕府軍は討薩表を掲げて、京都を軍事力によって鎮定するべく兵を進めた。
- Furthermore, the former Shogunate forces advanced to pacify Kyoto under the banner of 'the statement to the Emperor on avenging Satsuma' (to-satsu-hyo) because the Satsuma Domain had ordered its retainers to cause a disturbance in Edo.
- 騎馬武者は中世武士の専売特許ではなくて、弓射騎兵が武力の中心という伝統は律令軍団から中世武士までの一貫したスタイルである。
- The cavalry busha was not a specific right of medieval bushi, but a tradition of having cavalry with archers as the main military force that continued uniformly throughout from the cohort of the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi.
- 中村一氏が「これだけの兵力差があるのに攻撃を延期するのは他国への印象が悪い」と即時開戦を主張したため、直ちに戦端が開かれた。
- Since Kazuuji NAKAMURA insisted on attacking immediately because 'it gives a bad impression to other countries to postpone an attack in spite of such a big difference of military force,' they began to fight immediately.
- しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
- However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.
- これは中西新八郎と宮脇平四郎のみが裏切ったわけではなく、中西新八郎らの説得に応じた守備兵力の足軽大将らが加わったためである。
- This was not only because of betrayal of Shinpachiro NAKANISHI and Heishiro MIYAWAKI, but also because a certain number of ashigaru taisho (samurai in command of a troop of foot soldiers) of the garrison force had been convinced by Shinpachiro NAKANISHI and so on.
- 1874年には台湾における宮古島民殺害事件をきっかけに台湾出兵が行われ、両国の間で台湾・沖縄の帰属が決定されることになった。
- In 1874, the government dispatched the army to Taiwan after a Japanese person from Miyakojima Island was murdered in Taiwan, and then Japan and Qing decided the ownership of Taiwan and Okinawa.
- ヤマト王権(倭国)は百済と連携して朝鮮半島南部への出兵を頻繁に展開し、このことは高句麗が遺した広開土王碑にも記述されている。
- The Gwanggaeto Stele, erected by the Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo, states that the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began dispatching troops to the southern Korean Peninsula in collaboration with the Kingdom of Baekje.
- 加茂砦の急襲を知った刀根山砦にいた兵たちが直ちに織田信忠隊の救援に駆け付けたが、馬や兵糧を奪われて加茂砦は炎上した後だった。
- Soldiers who were in Fort Toneyama knew the sudden attack to Fort Kamo hurried to help the troops of Nobutada ODA but horses and provisions had been already robbed and Fort Kamo had burst into flames.
- これに対し、西郷軍による可愛岳突破に衝撃を受けていた官軍は、横川・吉松・加治木などに配兵し、西郷軍の南進を阻止しようとした。
- For this, the government army, which had been shocked by the breaking-through of Mt. Eno by Saigo's forces, deployed soldiers in Yokokawa, Yoshimatsu and Kajiki to prevent the southward advancement of Saigo's forces.
- 投票に参加したのは、旧幕府脱走軍の指揮役(士官)クラス以上であり、下士官・兵卒クラスは除外、むろん箱館住民も参加していない。
- The persons who took part in the vote were the leaders (commissioned officers) and the higher ranking officials of the Old Bakufu Deserters' Army, and noncomissioned officers and soldiers were excluded, and of course, Hakodate residents did not take part in it, neither.
- しかし、これを契機に得宗専制に不満を持つ楠木正成、赤松円心など各地の悪党と呼ばれる武士が各地で反幕府の兵を挙げるようになる。
- However, samurai known as akuto in various areas, including Masashige KUSUNOKI and Enshin AKAMATSU, were dissatisfied with the Tokusho autocracy and raise forces opposed to the bakufu throughout the country.
- 遺骸を引き取りにきた同志は、藤堂平助・篠原泰之進・鈴木三樹三郎・服部武雄・毛内有之助・加納道之助・富山弥兵衛の7名であった。
- The seven Goryo Eji members who came to pick up the body were Heisuke TODO, Tainoshin SHINOHARA, Mikisaburo SUZUKI, Takeo HATTORI, Arinosuke MONAI, Michinosuke KANO, and Yahei TOYAMA.
- 東北戦争では奥羽同盟に参加した藩の多くが、改革の遅れや財政難から軍備が立ち後れており、新政府軍とは兵力での開きが大きかった。
- In the Tohoku War, many domains of the Ou alliance lagged behind in armaments due to financial difficulties and delay in political reform, and differed greatly in military strength compared with the new government's forces.
- 「太田の決戦は、中世を象徴する宗教的な民衆武力と、兵農分離の近世秩序が、真正面から戦いあった日本史上のクライマックス」である。
- The battle of Ota was the climax of Japanese history in which the military force of religious common people which symbolized medieval times and the order of heinobunri in recent times confronted.'
- 補給路が途絶えた石山本願寺の戦力は幾分和らいだとみたのか、同年11月9日山城国と摂津国の国境にある大山崎町に5万兵で進軍した。
- Troops of the Oda clan might think that war capability of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple somehow decreased because of blockage of supply route and, on December 17, 1578, a troop of 50,000 soldiers charged forward to Oyamazaki-cho located on the border of Yamashiro Province and Settsu Province.
- これに不満を持った織田信雄(信長の次男)が、天正12年(1584年)に信長の盟友であった徳川家康と結んで、反秀吉の兵を挙げる。
- Nobukatsu ODA, Nobunaga's second son, who was discontent with this, raised an anti-Hideyoshi army in 1584 with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had been an ally of Nobunaga's.
- 5月24日、別働第1旅団と別働第3旅団は大挙攻勢に出、涙橋付近で交戦する一方、軍艦に分乗した兵が背後を衝き、薩軍を敗走させた。
- On May 24, the detached 1st brigade and the detached 3rd brigade made attacks in full strength: While they fought with the Satsuma army around the Namida-bashi Bridge, soldiers on the warships attacked the Satsuma army on the rear and routed it.
- 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- また藩兵の軟弱さを嘆いた長州藩士高杉晋作は、新たに武士以外の身分を含む奇兵隊などの諸隊を結成し、後の長州藩の武力となっていく。
- In the meantime, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, a member of the Choshu clan, lamented their weak troops and started to form new groups to include ordinary, non-samurai class people, such as Kihei-tai (a cavalry squad), which could help the Choshu clan.
- この上洛の際、義昭の挙兵を諫めた細川幽斎と荒木村重は明智光秀の調略を受けて義昭を見限り、信長に味方するべく逢坂で出迎えている。
- When Nobunaga went up to Kyoto, Yusai HOSOKAWA and Murashige ARAKI, who had advised Yoshiaki not to raise an army, agreed to Mitsuhide AKECHI's plot, abandoned Yoshiaki, and welcomed Nobunaga at Osaka to side with him.
- 伏見城は豊臣秀吉が築き上げた巨郭であったが、兵力差から考えれば短時日で決着するはずの戦いであったが、攻城側は苦戦を強いられた。
- Fushimi-jo Castle was a huge building built by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and the battle should have come to an end in a short period of time given the difference in the size of the forces; however, the attacking force faced a hard time against the defensive force.
- 御霊合戦ののち、細川勝元は領地の四国9カ国から兵を集結させ、細川派の大名では赤松政則が播磨で山名領へ侵攻して守護職を奪還した。
- After Goryo Gassen, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA mobilized troops from nine provinces in Shikoku and, among the daimyos on the Hosokawa side, Masanori AKAMATSU invaded Yamana's territory in Harima and recaptured the position of shugo.
- 平安時代、律令制下では庶民は租税や労役、兵役を課せられていた。その運搬や出向は全て本人が自ら都まで出向かなければいけなかった。
- 下の文を統合しました.
- 既に他大名を圧倒する国力と兵力を有していた秀吉は、どれほど犠牲を払おうとも一切無視して大軍でひた押しにする戦法を採ったのである。
- Hideyoshi, who had an overwhelmingly big power and military force, adopted the tactics to attack with a big army ignoring any big sacrifice.
- 秀次は自身の馬廻も投入して二の丸に突入させ、城兵三百余を討ち取ってさらに本丸を攻めるが、またしても城兵の弓・鉄砲により阻まれた。
- Hidetsugu made his troops including umamawari (horse guards) attack the Ninomaru (second bailey), kill more than 300 castle soldiers and attack Honmaru (the keep of a castle), but they were prevented by the shooting with bows and guns of the castle soldiers again.
- 元宅は城を弟の金子元春に託して全軍指揮のために守護代 石川氏の高峠城に入り、兵を氷見(現 西条市)の高尾城に集めて軍勢を整えた。
- Motoie, having left the castle to the care of his brother, Motoharu KANEKO, entered Takatoki-jo Castle of Shugodai (the acting military governor) of the Ishikawa clan to command all the troops, and thus concentrated the soldiers at Takao-jo Castle in Himi (the present-day Saijo City) in order to consolidate the forces.
- つまり、西軍は本来なら関ヶ原にあったはずの1万5000人の兵力を欠いたまま東軍と戦うという不利な状況に追い込まれていたのである。
- Which means that the West squad was forced to fight with the disadvantage of fighting against the East squad without the 15,000 warriors that should have been deployed to Sekigahara.
- 『浅野家文書』によると、この再出兵の目的は赤国(全羅道)を残らず成敗し、余力をもって青国(忠清道)その他を討つこととされている。
- According to Asanoke monjo (the records of the Asano family), the purpose of the second dispatch was to punish the red country (Jeolla Province) completely, and then conquer the blue country (Chungcheong Province) and other areas.
- しかしながら、友軍の川尻突入を見て、機逸すべからずと考え、兵を分けて、自ら撰抜隊を率いて熊本城目指して突入し、遂に城下に達した。
- At the sight of the troops on his side charging into Kawajiri, YAMAKAWA made a snap decision that he must not miss the opportunity, divided his soldiers and led the pick of the troops by himself and rushed towards Kumamoto Castle, and entered the castle town.
- 5月、村上義清は北信濃の国人衆と景虎からの支援の兵5000を率いて反攻し、八幡の戦い(現千曲市八幡地区、武水別神社付近)で勝利。
- In May, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI fought back Takeda's forces, leading the samurai land owners in northern Shinano and a support troop of 5,000 soldiers from Kagetora, and won the Battle of Hachiman (around present Takemizuwake-jinja Shrine in the Yawata area of Chikuma City).
- 慶応3年12月9日(1868年1月3日)、朝議が終わり公家衆が退出した後、待機していた薩摩藩兵ら5藩の軍が京都御所9門を固めた。
- On January 3, 1868, after the Court Council ended and the participant court nobles left the room, soldiers of Satsuma and other domains who had been waiting outside, went to stand guard at the nine gates of Kyoto Imperial Palace.
- 兵村は形式においては一般の村と並ぶものではないが、集団で入って一つの規律に服したので、実際には村の中の独立した村として機能した。
- Heison in their form were different from villages in general, and functioned as an independent village in a village because people entered it as a group and followed one discipline.
- 新たな入植は明治32年(1899年)の上川、士別で終わり、彼らが後備役に入った明治37年(1904年)に屯田兵制度が廃止された。
- New immigration ended in Kamikawa and Shibetsu in 1899, and the tondenhei institution was abolished in 1904 when they entered kobieki.
- 平氏軍は500艘(『吾妻鏡』)で、松浦党100余艘、山鹿兵籐次秀遠300余艘、平氏一門100余艘(『平家物語』)の編成であった。
- The Taira clan had 500 ships (according to the 'Azuma kagami'), which were divided into 100 under Akira MATSUURA, 300 under Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA, and 100 under the command of Taira clan members (according to the 'Heike monogatari').
- 漕ぎ手を失った平氏軍は身動きが取れなくなって狼狽、そこを義経軍が攻めかかり、武勇の坂東武者たちが敵船に乗り移って白兵戦となった。
- Having lost their oarsmen and thus their means to direct their course, the Taira forces were thrown into confusion, and just then Yoshitsune's army made their attack; the brave among the east Japan soldiers boarded the enemy ships and engaged them in hand-to-hand fighting.
- 反清盛の気運が高まる中、治承4年(1180年)4月には以仁王(後白河の第2皇子)が平氏追討の令旨を発し、源頼政と結んで挙兵した。
- In April 1180, with the anti-Kiyomori movement, Prince Mochihito (Goshirakawa's second son) issued a call for attacking the Taira clan and collaborated with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa to raise forces.
- 武芸・武力を家業とする兵の家が軍事貴族へと発展し、地方官(受領)として赴任した際に現地の富豪百姓らとゆるやかな主従関係を結んだ。
- The Army clan which worked for military arts and force as a family business, developed into military nobles, and they established a gradual relation of master and servant with the local rich farmers when they transferred as a local official (Zuryo).
- そうこうしている内に10日に秀吉接近の報を受け、急いで淀城・勝竜寺城の修築に取り掛かり、また男山に布陣していた兵力を撤収させた。
- In the meantime, hearing on June 10 of Hideyoshi's approach, Mitsuhide hurried to repair Yodo-jo Castle and Shoryuji-jo Castle, and pulled back his forces taking up their position on Mt. Otokoyama.
- 300余の兵を討ち取られ敗走した秀満は坂本城で相手方に家宝を贈呈した後、光秀の妻子を殺害し、溝尾茂朝、明智光忠とともに自刃した。
- Hidemitsu, having lost more than 300 soldiers and put to rout, Hidemitsu killed Mitsuhide's wife and child after presenting the Akechi family's treasures to the enemy at Sakamoto-jo Castle, and committed jijin together with Shigetomo MIZOO and Mitsutada AKECHI.
- のち直家と結んだ毛利氏により三村氏は滅ぼされ(備中兵乱)、その傘下であった城主の多くは毛利氏を頼ったが、その一人が清水宗治である。
- In a disturbance in the Bitchu area, the Miura clan was defeated by the Mori clan, cooperated with Naoie, after which many lords of a castle under the Mimura clan went to the Mori clan for help, one of whom was Muneharu SHIMIZU.
- 永禄5年(1562年)に毛利氏が出雲への侵攻を開始すると、三刀屋城は山陰と山陽を結ぶ要地であったため、毛利軍の兵站の拠点となった。
- When the Mori clan began invading Izumo in 1562, Mitoyajjo Castle served as the base for war supplies for the Mori force, as the castle was a strategic point connecting the place in the shade of the mountain and the south side of the mountain.
- そこで元親の弟、香宗我部親泰や元親の嫡男、長宗我部信親は一気に勝瑞城を攻め落とそうと兵を進め一宮城 (阿波国)、夷山城を落とした。
- Chikayasu KOSOKABE, a younger brother of Motochika and Nobuchika CHOSOKABE, a legitimate child of Motochika put their troops forward to capture Shozui-jo Castle after seizing Ichinomiya-jo Castle (Awa Province) and Ebisuyama-jo Castle.
- 以後1873年徴兵令公布、1876年廃刀令、秩禄処分に至る過程で士族反乱が相次ぎ明治政府はこうした不満を海外に向ける必要もあった。
- Revolts by Shizoku occurred one after another during a process that ended in the promulgation of a Conscription Ordinance in 1873 and a decree banning the wearing of swords in 1867, and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), and the Meiji government needed to turned their attention to the outside of Japan.
- 守備兵はことごとく討ち取られていき、北ノ砦の渡辺勘太郎、鵯塚砦の野村丹後の両大将は降伏を申し出たが受け入れられず、切腹してはてた。
- All garrisons were killed one by one and Kantaro WATANABE, the general of Fort Kitanotoride and Tango NOMURA, and the general of Fort Hiyodorizuka made a proposal of surrendering, but refused and they committed suicide by harakiri.
- 古来、攻城側は守城側の10倍は必要とされていることからすれば、いかに剽悍な薩摩兵とはいえ、1対3での包囲強襲は無謀な作戦と言える。
- Traditionally, it had been said that the besiegers had to be ten times as strong as the defenders; therefore, the plan to press a siege against the castle with the ratio of 1:3: would have been reckless for the Satsuma soldiers however fierce and cunning they were.
- この時日本は台湾の略取を目的にその条件となる日本軍による占領を行うため、3月23日歩兵一個旅団を台湾島西方の澎湖諸島に上陸させた。
- Aiming to seize Taiwan this time, Japan sent an infantry brigade to the Penghu islands west of Taiwan island on March 23rd to create a precondition for the Japanese troops to occupy it.
- そうした流れの中で16世紀中葉に登場した織田信長は、兵農分離などにより自領の武力を強力に組織化して急速に支配地域を拡大していった。
- Nobunaga ODA who appeared around the middle of the 16th century established a strong fighting organization in his territory, for example, by separating samurai from the farmers, and rapidly expanding his territory.
- また、筒井順慶は参戦に応じ配下を山城に派兵していたが、極秘裏に秀吉側に寝返り、9日に郡山城 (大和国)で籠城支度を始めてしまった。
- On the other hand Junkei TSUTSUI, who had agreed to join Mitsuhide's camp and sent troops to Yamashiro, turned his coat to Hideyoshi side in strict secrecy, and on June 9 began preparations for holing up in Koriyama-jo Castle (in Yamato Province).
- この時、明智・羽柴の双方から加勢を依頼された大和国の戦国大名筒井順慶は、一度は明智側に従って山崎の南方にある洞ヶ峠まで兵を進めた。
- During this battle, Junkei TSUTSUI, a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who was asked for support by both AKECHI and HASHIBA (TOYOTOMI), once took the side of Akechi and advanced to Horaga-toge Pass, which was located at south of Yamazaki.
- そのため舞鶴都市圏の他にも福知山市を商圏とする福知山都市圏、兵庫県但馬地方の中心都市である豊岡市を中核とする豊岡都市圏などがある。
- Because of this, other than the Maizuru urban area, there are some urban areas including Fukuchiyama urban area trading in Fukuchiyama City, and Toyoka urban area trading in Toyoka City, which is the center city of Tajima region in Hyogo Prefecture.
- 佐々木道誉や赤松則祐らが南朝と通じて幕府に反すると、尊氏は近江へ佐々木、尊氏の子の義詮は赤松を討伐のために播磨へそれぞれ出兵する。
- Doyo SASAKI and Norisuke AKAMATSU rebelled against the bakufu and joined the Southern Court, and Takauji set out to Omi to attack Sasaki, and Takauji's son, Yoshiakira set out to Harima to attack Akamatsu.
- 榎本らは北方の防衛開拓を名目として旧幕臣政権による蝦夷地支配の追認を求める嘆願書を朝廷に提出したが、新政府はこれを認めず派兵した。
- Enomoto and some others submitted a petition for granting the control of Ezochi to the retainers of the former Shogunate in the name of development and protection of the north, but the new government rejected it and deployed troops.
- 1467年2月22日(応仁元年1月18日)、政長は無防備であった自邸に火を放つと、兵を率いて上御霊社(京都市上京区)に陣を敷いた。
- On February 22, 1467, Masanaga set on fire his own undefended residence, led samurai and took up a position at Kami Goryo Shrine (in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City).
- 朝鮮出兵により朝鮮人技術者の技術を移植した木版による活字印刷と、イエズス会のヴァリニャーニが伝えた西洋の活字印刷によるものがある。
- There are the type printing by wood block, which was prepared by transferring the know-how of Korean technicians upon the dispatch of troops to Korea, and the Western type printing, which was introduced by Valignano, from the Society of Jesus.
- これを不満とした宇合の長男藤原広嗣は、740年(天平12年)、真備らを除くことを名目に、九州で挙兵したが、敗死した(藤原広嗣の乱)。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the oldest son of Umakai, was unhappy with such a situation, and raised an army in Kyushu in 740 with the pretext of removing Makibi et al, but was defeated and died (Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu).
- 目的は秀吉の朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)のための兵力把握や人夫の動員可能数の把握と言われているが、結果として兵農分離の一因ともなった。
- The goal was said to have determine the mobilization capacity of military force and workers to deal with Korean invasions (Bunroku and Keicho battles) by Hideyoshi and it also contributed to the separation of warriors and farmers.
- 1908年(明治41年)に完成した第16師団司令部庁舎は後に学校法人聖母女学院が法人本部として利用、師団練兵場は龍谷大学が利用する。
- The dormitory of the commanders of the Sixteenth Division whose construction was completed in 1908 was later used as the main headquarters of Seibo Jogakuin School Corporation, and the division drill court was used by Ryukoku University.
- しかし豊臣秀吉はあくまで明を征服することを目指しており、朝鮮そのものの侵略が目的ではなく、あくまで明への出兵の途上での戦役であった。
- However, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI absolutely aimed to conquer Ming and invasion into Korea itself was not the purpose and, therefore, it was a war on the way to sending military forces to Ming.
- 白兵抜刀攻撃に対抗するため、官軍は士族出身の兵卒を選び抜刀隊を組織したが、討ち破られたため、3月13日、新たに警視抜刀隊を組織した。
- The government army formed Battotai (drawn sword squad) with soldiers selected from the warrior class for the close fighting with swords but it was defeated; then, on March 13, the government army newly formed the Keishibatto-tai troop (drawn sword squad of police officers.)
- これに対し、23日、中島・貴島・相良は官軍に反撃し、行進隊8個中隊と奇兵隊2箇中隊で雀宮・桂山を襲撃し、多数の銃器・弾薬を獲得した。
- For this, on May 23, the troops of NAKAJIMA, KIJIMA, and SAGARA counterattacked the government army, and eight companies of the Koshin-tai troop and two companies of Kiheitai raided Suzumenomiya and Katsurayama and looted lots of firearms and ammunition.
- 尼子勢は布部山の2つしかない登り口(水谷口・中山口)に山中幸盛を大将とする総勢6800の兵を布陣し、万全の体制で毛利軍を待ち構えた。
- The Amago army sent a total of 68,000 soldiers who were directed by Yukimori YAMANAKA to only two gateways (Mizutani (水谷) gateway and Nakayama (中山) gateway) to Fubeyama and waited for the Mori troops, taking all possible measures.
- 一方、光秀は変後は京の治安維持に当たった後、武田元明・京極高次らを近江に派兵して、数日内に近江は瀬田城(山岡景隆・山岡景佐兄弟在城。
- On the other hand, after keeping public order in post-incident Kyoto, Mitsuhide sent the forces of Motoaki TAKEDA, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU, among others, to Omi and they conquered Omi within a few days except for Seta-jo Castle (held by brothers Kagetaka YAMAOKA and Kagesuke YAMAOKA;
- 承久の乱(じょうきゅうのらん)は、鎌倉時代の承久3年(1221年)に、後鳥羽天皇が鎌倉幕府に対して討幕の兵を挙げて敗れた兵乱である。
- The Jokyu Rebellion (jokyu no ran) occurred in the third year of the Jokyu era (A.D. 1221) during the Kamakura period; in this armed conflict, Emperor Gotoba raised troops to attack the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) but was defeated.
- この戦が起きたのは、天正15年(1587年)12月の豊臣秀吉による奥羽惣無事令の発令後であり、本来この出兵は認められないはずであった。
- The battle broke out after the proclamation of a cease-fire edict for the Ou region issued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in December 1587 and January 1588; which means that the allied dispatch of the troops by Uesugi should have been unlawful.
- この時の様子を、「山々をさがし、あるいは斬りすて、あるいは兵糧その外、思い思いに取り来ること、際限なし」と『信長公記』には記している。
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as 'continuing without end to search in mountains and cut down people and rob provisions and so on at will.'
- 明治維新の諸改革は、新たな制度で生じた矛盾をいくらか孕みながらも、おおむね成功を収め、短期間で立憲制度を達成し、富国強兵が推進された。
- The reforms of the Meiji Restoration were more or less successful and the Japanese government established the constitutional government and promoted Fukoku Kyohei (enriching the country and strengthening the military) although there were some contradictions in these reforms.
- 兵庫県川西市にある満願寺(川西市)の境内に、源国房、源光国、源明国、源仲政、源国直、源行国、源国基ら摂津源氏の武将7人の供養塔がある。
- On the grounds of Mangan-ji Temple in Kawanishi City in Hyogo Prefecture, there is a memorial tower dedicated to seven warriors of the Settsu-Genji: MINAMOTO no Kunifusa, MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni, MINAMOTO no Akikuni, MINAMOTO no Nakamasa, MINAMOTO no Kuninao, MINAMOTO no Yukikuni, and MINAMOTO no Kunimoto.
- このことから明らかなように国家の目は内陸に向いており、本格的な海上兵力を養成して海外に直接国家が乗り出していったことはあまり多くない。
- As this fact indicates, the kingdom looked inland, and there were not many instances where the kingdom directly developed its own full-fledged navy to advance abroad.
- 奇兵隊は6月1日に臼杵を占領したが、6月7日の野津道貫大佐の指揮する4個大隊の攻撃と軍艦3隻による艦砲射撃により6月10日に敗退した。
- Kiheitai seized Usuki on June 1, but was attacked on June 7 by four battalions led by Colonel Michitsura NOZU and bombarded from three warships, and was defeated on June 10.
- その後、義経が頼朝に許されることは無く、頼朝との対立が強まり、同年10月に後白河法皇に奏上して頼朝追討の宣旨を出させて挙兵するが失敗。
- Thereafter, Yoshitsune did not obtain Yoritomo's forgiveness, and their faceoff grew worse, until in November, Yoshitsune went to attend the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who issued an Imperial decree that Yoritomo be hunted down and killed, whereupon Yoshitsune raised an army, but was defeated.
- 後白河は強硬策をとり官兵を派遣するが、警備にあたった重盛の兵と大衆の間で衝突が起こり、矢が神輿に当たったことから事態はさらに悪化する。
- Goshirakawa took strong measures and sent court troops, but there was a confrontation between Shigemori's troops, who were sent to maintain security, and the monks, and the situation worsened after an arrow hit the mikoshi.
- 慶応4年3月13日 (旧暦) 五兵衛新田(現在の東京都足立区綾瀬 (足立区)四丁目)の金子家を中心に屯所を設営して滞在(4月1日まで)
- March 13 1868, established military post around the KANEKO residence in Gohei Nitta (present-day Ayase 4-chome, Adachi Ward, Tokyo) and stayed there (until April 1st).
- 徳川慶喜が謹慎していた上野寛永寺には、旧幕府徹底抗戦派の彰義隊が集結して反政府軍の拠点となっており、しばしば新政府軍の兵士と衝突した。
- The hard-core resistant Shogi-tai from the former Shogunate forces gathered at the Ueno Kanei-ji Temple where Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA had confined himself, and, from their base at the temple, they often clashed with soldiers of the new government's forces.
- 軍団解消は、軍団歩兵の解消であって、上兵である騎兵は、人数としては縮小されながらも諸国においては「健児制」として継承されたとも言える。
- The dismantling of cohort was the dismissal of foot soldiers, and the higher ranking cavalry continued as 'the Kondei system' in districts despite lowered in numbers.
- 友愛会京都支部の支部長を務めた高山義三(たかやま ぎぞう、のちの京都市長)は、1年間志願兵として軍隊勤務に従事し、1920年に除隊した。
- Gizo TAKAYAMA (later the Mayor of Kyoto City), who worked as the manager of the Kyoto Branch of Yuai-kai, served in the army as a volunteer for one year and left the army in 1920.
- 特に、季長と対峙する3人の蒙古兵(上の画像)は同じ絵巻の他の蒙古兵と装備や絵のタッチが明らかに異なり、近世に加筆されたと考えられている。
- Especially the three Mongolian soldiers standing face to face with Suenaga (refer to the picture above) are thought to have been added in the early-modern period, because they are apparently different in their equipages, or depicted in different ways from other Mongolian soldiers in the same picture scrolls.
- まとめてスナイドル銃に改造して、軍による造兵施設の独占と軍用銃の所持を厳しく規制する事で、国民の武装を封じて内乱の再発を防ごうと努めた。
- Then, the government managed to prohibit the possession of arms by the general public to prevent a civil war by converting all of the withdrawn guns into Snider rifles, making the arms factories monopolized by the national Army, and regulating the possession of military guns more strictly.
- 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
- Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 13日(5月2日)には政府の命令を受けた熊本藩兵が久留米城を接収して藩幹部を拘束(大楽は直前に逃亡)し、14日には愛宕通旭が捕縛された。
- On May 2, samurai of Kumamoto clan took over Kurume Castle and arrested top officials of the clan (Dairaku escaped in the last minute) under orders from the government, and Michiteru OTAGI was arrested on May 3.
- 京都府中部と兵庫県中部にまたがる丹波地方と、京都府北部の舞鶴市や宮津市を中心とする丹後地方は歴史的にも経済的にも強い繋がりをもっている。
- Tanba region, extending from the Mid Kyoto Prefecture to the Mid Hyogo Prefecture, and Tango region, centering on Maizuru City and Miyazu City in northern Kyoto Prefecture, have been deeply connected in terms of history and economy.
- 兵力は二個大隊であり、うち鎮台兵は一個大隊で残りは「植民兵」として薩摩など九州各地の士族で占領地永住を前提に募集・編成されたものであった。
- The military force consisted of two battalions: one was made up of soldiers of chindai (garrison in the Meiji era) and the other was formed by the former shizoku in Kyushu regions who had been recruited on the condition that they be granted permanent residence of occupied lands.
- 以後戦線は膠着し、日本軍は兵糧不足に陥り、明軍は数万匹の馬が餓死するなど、双方が兵站に苦しむこととなると、講和交渉が開始され休戦に入った。
- Afterward, the battle drew to a stalemate as both sides suffered from logistical problems; the Japanese forces ran out of provisions while the Ming lost hundreds of thousands of horses due to starvation, which led to the discussion of a peace treaty and then to a truce agreement.
- 朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵要求を回答、7月23日未明に陸軍第五師団の二個大隊が漢城の電信線を切断して朝鮮王宮を3時間にわたり攻撃・占領する。
- The Korean government responded that it wanted both Japanese and Qing troops to withdraw, and early on July 23, two battalions of the fifth Army Division cut the telegraph wire in Hanseong and occupied the Korean Palace after a three hour attack.
- しかし、比較実験の結果、麦の摂取が脚気に有効であるとの実証結果を得ていた海軍では、兵食に麦飯を採用し、脚気による死者がほとんどいなかった。
- However, few died of beriberi in the Navy because it had obtain the result of a comparative study demonstrating that eating barley is effective in preventing beriberi and they adopted barley rice.
- 平城上皇と薬子の一行は大和国添上郡田村まで来たところで、兵士が守りを固めていることを知り、とても勝機がないと悟ってやむなく平城京へ戻った。
- When the party of the Retired Emperor Heizei and Kusuko proceeded up to Tamura, in Soekami County, Yamato Province, they realized that their opponent's military defense was so strong, that there was no chance for them to win and they could do nothing but go back return to the Heijo-kyo.
- 旧幕府軍の総大将の徳川慶喜の撤退と、新政府軍の砲兵力、新政府軍の優勢により多くの藩が旧幕府軍を見限ったことで、旧幕府軍の全面敗北となった。
- The former Shogunate forces were completely defeated due to the retreat of the Commander in Chief of the former Tokugawa Shogunate, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the strong artillery of the new government's forces, and the abandonment of the former Shogunate forces by an increasing number of domains due to the superiority of the new government's forces.
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
- Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.
- 同年5月14日、後鳥羽上皇は「流鏑馬揃え」を口実に諸国の兵を集め、北面・西面の武士や近国の武士、大番役の在京の武士1700余騎が集まった。
- On the fourteenth day of the fifth month in 1221, the retired Emperor Gotoba used a mounted archery competition as a pretext to gather samurai warriors together from all over the country, until he had assembled an army of over 1700 mounted samurai, including those in the Northern and Western Guard Corps and those official guardsmen stationed in Kyoto.
- また11月30日、赤井五郎が3000の兵を率いて神尾寺城包囲軍の背後から襲い掛かり、赤井五郎軍にも大きな損害がでたものの包囲軍を打ち破った。
- On January 2, 1527, Goro AKAI led an army of 3,000 samurai to attack the army surrounding Kannosanjo Castle from behind and defeated the army, although the army of Goro AKAI also suffered heavy casualties.
- 行家は治承・寿永の乱の際に以仁王の平家追討の令旨を全国の源氏に伝え挙兵を促すなど活躍したが、平家滅亡後に甥の源頼朝と対立し、敗れ殺害された。
- Yukiie played an active role in passing on to all Genji people in the country Prince Mochihito's order to hunt down and kill the Heike family and raise an army against the Heike clan during the Jisho-Juei War, but after the fall of the Heike clan he entered a conflict with his nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as a result of which he was defeated and killed.
- 一方、鹿児島から帰京した川村中将から西郷軍の問罪出兵の報を得た政府は2月19日、鹿児島県逆徒征討の詔を発し、正式に西郷軍への出兵を決定した。
- On the other hand, Vice Admiral KAWAMURA returned from Kagoshima to Tokyo and reported to the government that Saigo's army was approaching to censure the government; and on February 19, the government issued an Imperial edict to defeat the rebels of Kagoshima and formally decided to dispatch troops against Saigo's army.
- 豊後・日向方面は4月末から5月末にかけて、野村忍介が率いる奇兵隊とそれを後方から指揮・支援する池上とその部隊の働きで薩軍の支配下におかれた。
- From the end of March to the end of April, the Bungo and the Hyuga areas were placed under the control of the Satsuma army, due to the efforts of Kiheitai led by Oshisuke NOMURA, of IKEGAMI, who commanded and supported KIHEITAI from the rear, and of the troop led by IKEGAMI.
- 5月には摂政二条斉敬以下多くの公卿を集めた徹夜の朝議により長年の懸案であった兵庫開港の勅許も得るなど、慶喜による主導権が確立されつつあった。
- In May, the long-awaited imperial approval to open Hyogo port was given after an all-night meeting of many noble figures, including Nariyuki NIJO, Sessho (regent), allowing Yoshinobu to seize the initiative.
- 帰国した永山が、明治21年(1888年)6月15日に、屯田兵本部長を兼ねつつ北海道庁長官に就任すると、屯田兵の改革・増設計画が急速に進んだ。
- NAGAYAMA, who returned to Japan, assumed the post of governor of the Hokkaido government concurrently serving as Tondenhei Director-general on June 15, 1888, the reformation/expansion program of tondenhei was rapidly improved.
- 出生地には、摂津国(大阪府茨木市水尾、または兵庫県尼崎市富松)という説と、越後国(新潟県旧栃尾市、現在の長岡市の軽井沢集落)という説がある。
- There are two theories about his birthplace: one claims he was born in Settsu Province (either in modern-day Mizuo, Ibaraki City, Osaka Prefecture, or in Tomimatsu, Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture), while the other holds that he was born in Echigo Province (specifically in the town of Karuizawa, which is located in Nagaoka City--formerly known as Tochio--in modern-day Niigata Prefecture).
- また新兵組とともに軍費自弁のためにできた膨大な借金は名主仲間共有の山林を売り払うなどして賄われ、肝心の宮座は維新後間もなく消滅してしまった。
- But much like the Shinpeigumi, they were left with enormous debts because they were shouldering the financial burden of their wartime activities themselves, so although the council of village headsmen managed to cover their expenses by selling the lumber and other things they owned jointly as villages, this led to the shrine organization--the heart and soul of the troop--quickly ceasing to exist soon after the Restoration.
- 土佐藩兵は板垣を大将に戊辰戦争でよく活躍しており、さらに大政奉還の青写真を描いたのは坂本龍馬であったが、それを実行に移したのは容堂であった。
- The soldiers of the Tosa clan fought well in the Boshin Civil War under the leadership of Taisuke ITAGAKI, and while Ryoma SAKAMOTO planned the restoration of Imperial rule, it was carried out by Yodo.
- 奥羽越列藩同盟政府は、旧幕府艦隊を率いて脱走していた榎本武揚に対して援軍の要請を行うも、榎本はこれに同調せず後に敗兵を収容するにとどまった。
- The Ouetsu-reppan alliance's government requested Takeaki ENOMOTO, who led the former Shogunate warships and fled, to send reinforcements, but Enomoto did not agree to the request; later, he only accommodated defeated soldiers.
- 武士の概念は時代により微妙に変化しており、一言では言い表すには難しいが、各時代でも共通しているのは武装した私兵集団の構成員だという点である。
- The concept of bushi slightly varies depending on the periods and it is difficult to express it in one word, but the common theme through the periods is that they were members of a private army group of armed fighters.
- 759年(天平宝字3年)には藤原仲麻呂が渤海の要請によるとも言われるが軍船394隻、兵士4万700人を動員する本格的な新羅遠征計画を立てた。
- In 759, supposedly due to the request of Bokkai, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro planned a full-scale expedition to Shiragi, involving 394 military vessels and 40,700 soldiers.
- 味方の苦戦を見て、羽柴秀次は千石堀城がにわか造りゆえに防備は十分でないと推測し、田中吉政・渡瀬繁詮ら直属の将兵三千余を側面から城に突撃させた。
- Seeing the hard battle of his side, Hidetsugu HASHIBA guessed that the Sengokubori-jo Castle's defense was not enough because it had been built quickly and had more than 3,000 of his direct soldiers such as Yoshimasa TANAKA and Shigeaki WATARASE flank the castle.
- 福岡城址に駐屯する大日本帝国陸軍歩兵第24連隊に所属した鏡山猛が、弾薬庫の歩哨のかたわら鴻臚館の瓦の破片を採取したことも中山説の傍証となった。
- Nakayama's opinion was supported by Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA belonging to the 24th Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army which was stationed at the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle, who gathered fragments of tiles used for Korokan while watching the ammunition depot.
- 征韓論派の下野の後政府は内務卿大久保利通の主導のもと1874年台湾蕃地事務長官に大隈重信、同都督に陸軍中将西郷従道を任命して出兵準備をさせた。
- After resignation of supporters of Seikanron, the government led by Toshimichi OKUBO, Secretary of Interior, appointed Shigenobu OKUMA as chief secretary of Taiwan Banchi and Tsugumichi SAIGO, lieutenant general (army), as Totoku governor general of Taiwan in 1874 to prepare for the dispatch of troops.
- 石田三成、小西行長らによって進められていた明との講和は決裂し、慶長2年(1597年)には再び、朝鮮出兵が行なわれた(文禄・慶長の役慶長の役)。
- The peace treaty with Ming, which Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and others promoted, broke down, and in 1597 (the second year of the Keicho era), the second dispatch of troops to Korea was conducted (the Bunroku-Keicho War/ Keicho War).
- 『平家物語』によれば知盛は通常は安徳天皇や平氏本営が置かれる大型の唐船に兵を潜ませて鎌倉方の兵船を引き寄せたところを包囲する作戦を立てていた。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' Tomomori hid soldiers on the large Chinese ship that was normally the Taira flagship, and where Emperor Antoku usually was, as part of a stratagem to lure the Kamakura warships in and surround them.
- 1331年の元弘の乱の際は、後醍醐天皇の綸旨が八条院領荘園に伝えられ、八条院(安楽寿院)領足利庄の足利尊氏の挙兵の契機の一つとなったとされる。
- In the Genko Incident in 1331, Emperor Godaigo's edict was delivered across the shoen of the Hachijoin-ryo, and this is believed to have been one of the reasons Takauji ASHIKAGA in the Ashikaga-no-sho district in the territory of Hachijoin (the Anrakuju-in Temple) raised an army.
- 兵士や盗賊らは出会った男女や子供たちからその所持品を奪い取るために残虐な行為を繰り返したが、その行為を見るのはきわめて嘆かわしいことであった」
- Soldiers and robbers brutally robbed people repeatedly or even children of their belongings and it was horrible to see their deeds.'
- その先駆けとなったのが、明治2年12月1日(1870年1月2日)に長州藩で発生した大楽源太郎に率いられた奇兵隊などによる「脱隊騒動」であった。
- The spearhead of the movement was 'Dattai Sodo (a riot of dropouts from armies)' which originated in the Kiheitai Army led by Gentaro DAIRAKU and others in the domain of Choshu on January 2, 1870.
- 直後に信長は小姓たちを呼び、鎌のような武器(薙刀術)を振り回しながら明智の兵達に対して応戦していたが、明智の鉄砲隊が放った弾が左肩に命中した。
- Immediately after that, Nobunaga called his pages and counterattacked warriors of the Akechi clan brandishing a sickle-like weapon (naginata (Japanese halberd) art), but he was shot his left shoulder by a bullet shot by the musket troops of the Akechi clan.
- 上皇挙兵の報に鎌倉の武士は大いに動揺したが、『吾妻鏡』や『承久記』によれば北条政子が「故右大将(頼朝)の恩は山よりも高く、海よりも深いはずだ。
- News that the retired Emperor was raising an army caused great consternation among the samurai of Kamakura, but according to the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East) and the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), Masako HOJO responded, 'The obligation we bear to the former great general of the Right (Yoritomo) is surely higher than a mountain, and deeper than the sea.
- それでも旧幕府軍の兵力は上回っており洋化部隊も温存されていたのだが、徳川慶喜が将兵を置き去りにしたまま脱出したこともあり士気が低下し自壊した。
- The former Shogunate forces, while they had far superior military strength and had westernized troops, were demoralized and disintegrated because Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA fled, leaving his officers and soldiers behind.
- 杉若無心はおよそ一千人を率いて山本康忠の籠る龍松山(市ノ瀬)城(現上富田町)に向かい、仙石秀久・尾藤知宣・藤堂高虎は千五百の兵で湯河勢を追った。
- While Mushin SUGIWAKA left for Ryushosan (Ichinose)-jo Castle (present Kamitonda-cho) where Yasutada YAMAMOTO stayed, leading about 1,000 soldiers, Hidehisa SENGOKU, Tomonobu BITO and Takatora TODO chased the Yukawa troops, leading 1,500 soldiers.
- 家康は光秀討伐の兵を熱田区(鳴海とも)まで進めていたが、光秀が中国地方から反転した羽柴秀吉により討たれたという報を聞くと間髪入れず浜松へ戻った。
- Ieyasu, who had advanced the punitive army against Mitsuhide to Atsuta Ward (also said to have been Narumi), returned to Hamamatsu as soon as he heard that Mitsuhide was killed by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had just returned from the Chugoku region.
- 教えを受けない者があれば兵を挙げて伐つようにと将軍の印綬を授けられ、翌崇神天皇11年(紀元前87年?)地方の敵を帰順させて凱旋したとされている。
- They were appointed as generals to use armed force against and defeat those who would not accept the Emperor's precepts, and it was reportedly in the following year, the 11th year of Emperor Sujin's reign (87 B.C. ?) that these generals returned in triumph after subduing the local rebels.
- この策によって薩軍は城の東北及び西部を守る兵を数百名節約できたのであるが、鎮台にとっては城の西部を守る兵が節約できたので、さらに好都合であった。
- That tactics allowed the Satsuma army to save the several hundreds of soldiers besieging the northeastern and western areas of the castle, but it turned out to be more advantageous to the garrison because it could saved the soldiers defending the west part of the castle.
- 西鄉小兵衛・浅江直之進・相良吉之助三小隊も敵前渡河を強行したりして高瀬奪回を試みたが官軍の増援に押され、日没もせまったので、大浜方面へ退却した。
- Also the three platoons of Kohei SAIGO, Naonoshin ASAE, Kichinosuke SAGARA crossed the river under enemy fire and took other attempts to recover Takase, but the reinforcements of the government army pushed them back and it was nearing sunset, thus, the platoons retreated toward Ohama.
- - 千貫松島、菜種島、菜種五島、千貫松島、竜神洞、観音浦、西蓬莱島、太郎兵衛島、鴨ヶ磯海岸、黒島、白粉の断崖、水尻洞門、駱駝島、石垣島、岩燕洞門
- Sengan-matsushima Rock, Natanejima Island, Natanegoto Islands, Sengan-matsushima Rock, Ryujin Cave, Kannon-ura Inlet, Nishihoraijima Island, Tarobejima Island, Kamogaiso Rocky Shore, Kurojima Island (黒島), Oshiroi-no-dangai Cliff, Mizushiri Sea Cave, Rakudajima Island, Ishigakijima Island, Iwatsubame Sea Cave
- 昭和初期では第16師団の将校、兵士にも利用され、1958年(昭和33年)3月15日、売春防止法によって遊廓としての役割を閉じ、花街のみとなった。
- In the early Showa period, Chushojima was utilized by the officers and soldiers of the 16th division of the Imperial Army, and in March 15, 1958, it finished its role as a yukaku due to the Anti-Prostitution Law, and only its role as Hanamachi remained.
- 別所氏を滅ぼした三木合戦においては腹心の竹中重治(半兵衛)が陣没し、その他多くの将兵を失い、また上月城の戦いでは尼子勝久ら尼子氏の残党軍を失った。
- Hideyoshi also lost his right-hand man, Shigeharu, or Hanbei, TAKENAKA at the Battle of Miki, which put the Bessho clan to an end, while he lost the remnant troops of the Amago clan including Katsuhisa AMAGO at the Battle of Kozuki-jo Castle.
- 豊臣秀吉による1回目の朝鮮半島出兵(文禄の役)の際、梅北国兼は前線基地である肥前国名護屋城へ向かう船を待つ名目で肥後国葦北郡芦北町に留まっていた。
- At the time of the first invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Bunroku Campaign), Kunikane UMEKITA was in Ashikita-cho, Ashikita County, Higo Province under the pretext of waiting for the boat for the Nagoya-jo Castle in Hizen Province, which was the frontline base.
- また戦後に咸鏡道に建てられた日本軍撃退記念碑の北関大捷碑には加坡の戦闘で斬殺した日本兵から左耳825個を切り取って朝鮮王へ送った記録が残っている。
- On Hokkantaishohi, which is a monument raised in Hangyong Province after the war to commemorate repulsion of the Japanese army, it is recorded that 825 left ears were cut from Japanese soldiers killed by the sword in the battle in Kaba for the King of Korea.
- こうして諸策百出して紛糾したが、最後に桐野が「断の一字あるのみ、...旗鼓堂々総出兵の外に採るべき途なし」と断案し、全軍出兵論が満座の賛成を得た。
- As such, various plans were presented and the discussion degenerated into confusion; at last, KIRINO concluded that 'we should take decisive action, …, the only way for us is to dispatch the whole troops with colors flying' and the whole assembly agreed on the opinion of dispatching the whole troops.
- 括袴丁銀(くくりはかまちょうぎん):南鐐座の湯浅作兵衛が慶長丁銀の鋳造にあたり、家康の上覧に供され選定されたもので、大黒天の袴の裾が括られている。
- Kukurihakama Chogin: These Chogin, with an image of Daikokuten (Great Black God) with the hems of his Hakama pants bound, were made by Sakube YUASA of Nanryoza and presented to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when Ieyasu was planning to produce Keicho Chogin coins and this was the one that was selected.
- 重継の子である江戸重長は1180年に源頼朝が挙兵した時には、当初は伊勢平氏方として頼朝方の三浦氏と戦ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army in 1180, EDO Shigenaga, the son of Shigetsugu, initially fought against the Miura clan that was allied to Yoritomo as an ally of Ise-Heishi (Taira Clan), but later made peace with the Yoritomo and became a gokenin (shogunal retainers) of Kamakura bakufu (headed by Yoritomo).
- 岩倉、議定・中山忠能、外国官知事・伊達宗城らをともない、警護の長州藩、土佐藩、備前藩、大洲藩の4藩の兵隊を含め、その総数は3,300人にも及んだ。
- In the company of Iwakura, the Gitei Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, the governor of foreign affairs, Munenari DATE, and others, along with the army of the four clans of Choshu, Tosa, Bizen, and Ozu, a total of 3,300 people visited Tokyo.
- 翌天正6年(1578年)5月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷に中郷・南郷の兵も加わって宮郷の太田城 (紀伊国)を一か月にわたり包囲攻撃したが、落城には至らなかった。
- In June of the following year, 1578, he besieged and attacked the Ota-jo Castle of miyago with Saigaso, Jikkago, nakago and nango, but he could not capture it.
- '荒木家老の者共さし寄りて村重を諫めて云く、つらつら城中の形勢を見るに、毛利家の援兵も今は頼み少なく、徒らに月日を送り給う故、兵糧甚だ乏しく成り候。
- 'Araki's senior retainers gathered together and tried to convince Murashige that, judging from the situations in the castle, hope for obtaining reinforcement troops from the Mori clan became unbelievable and, since Murashige had wasted time in vain, provisions ran low.
- 朝鮮への援兵を、同時期に行われた寧夏のボバイ、播州(四川省)の楊応龍の二人の辺境地方の地元民族首長反乱の鎮圧とあわせて、「万暦の三征」と呼んでいる。
- Reinforcement troops for Korea were called 'Three Expeditions in the Banreki Period' together with suppressing two other concurrent uprisings by local ethnic chiefs, Bobai in Ningxia and You Ouryu in Banshu (Sichuan Province).
- 日本陸軍はスナイドル銃を主力装備としていたが、その弾薬は薩摩藩が設立した兵器・弾薬工場が前身である鹿児島属廠で製造され、ほぼ独占的に供給されていた。
- The Japanese Army had Snider rifles as the main weapon, and the ammunition was manufactured and almost exclusively supplied by the Kagoshima arsenal, which had been developed from the arms and ammunition plant set up by the Satsuma Domain.
- しかし、人吉・郡山・坊主石山からの三方攻撃の中、寄せ集め兵士の士気の激減と敵軍の圧倒的な物量で、さしもの辺見指揮下の部隊も敗れ、遂に大口は陥落した。
- However, since the spirits of the hastily-recruited soldiers of the troop led by HENMI were lowered seriously under attacks from three sides of Hitoyoshi, Koriyama and Bozuishiyama, and the government army had the overwhelming amount of materials, even the troop led by so brave HENMI was defeated, and Oguchi fell at last.
- この戦争により、陸軍においては白兵突撃至上主義が、海軍においては艦隊決戦至上主義が確立され、後の太平洋戦争まで両者共に大きく影響を及ぼすことになる。
- The Russo-Japanese War cemented the centrality of charge tactics in the army, and decisive encounter between fleets in the navy tactics that would significantly influence both institutions until the Second World War.
- また、徳川家康が鳥居元忠らわずかな守備兵を伏見城に残して会津攻めに向かったのは、石田三成ら反・家康派を挙兵させる狙いがあったからだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the reason why Ieyasu TOKUGAWA left such a small defensive force including Mototada TORII, in the castle and proceeded to the Aizu Domain was because he was aiming to let anti-Ieyasu people such as Mitsunari ISHIDA raise an army.
- 大坂の征討大将軍仁和寺宮の陣に合流を目指したが上手くいかず、更に「親兵組」と称し御親兵として御所警衛にあたることに拘ったが最後まで不調のまま終った。
- The Eastern Company aimed to join forces with the army of Prince Ninnajinomiya, the Seito Taishogun (the supreme commander temporarily appointed to destroy the shogunate), at Osaka, but their attempts to do so did not succeed; moreover, they acquired the nickname the 'Shinpeigumi' (Company of Imperial Soldiers) and tried to attain the role of guarding the palace as imperial guardsmen, but the fighting ended before they ever organized themselves into an effective unit.
- 1352年(文和元)、観応の擾乱における軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領から年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, the shugo were given the right of hanzei to collect half the customs from the manor and the Kokuga's territory within the province, in order to secure military provisions for the Kanno-no-Joran (turmoil of the Kanno).
- 京都では京都御所を後に残して、明治4年(1871年)までに刑部省・大蔵省・兵部省などの京都留守・出張所が次々に廃され、日本の行政機関が消えていった。
- The old imperial palace was left in Kyoto, and the branch offices and Kyoto Rusu, such as the Gyobu Ministry (military government administration), Ministry of Finance, and Hyobusho were all abandoned by 1871, and the administrative organizations of Japan vanished.H78
- 清が水軍の再編について真に危機感を抱いたのは中国の南方の広い地域を巻き込んだ太平天国の乱において、その鎮圧に強力な水上兵力が必要とされたときであった。
- It is when it needed its powerful navy to suppress the Taiping Rebellion involving a vast region in the southern part of China that the Qing dynasty developed a real sense of crisis about reorganizing its navy.
- そして牧野康成 (大胡藩主)率いる手勢が昌幸の挑発に乗ったのをきっかけに戦端が開かれると、昌幸はわずか3500の兵力で徳川軍をかき回して混乱に陥れた。
- Then, as soldiers led by Yasushige MAKINO (the lord of the Ogo domain) were provoked by Masayuki's dare and triggered the battle, Masayuki agitated and threw out Tokugawa's army with an army of only 3500 strong.
- こうして兵力と補給に余裕が出てきたことにより朝鮮南部の支配を既定事実とするため、朝鮮南部へ布陣した諸将を動員して第二次晋州城攻防戦で晋州城を攻略した。
- Thus, as they could gain some leeway both in troop strength and supplies, in order to control southern Korea an established fact, commanders camped in southern Korea were called up to attack Jinju Castle (the second Siege of Jinju).
- 篠原・淵辺群平・池上四郎 (薩摩藩士)・河野主一郎ら私学校幹部は善後策を話し合い、小根占で猟をしていた西郷隆盛のもとに彼の四弟の西郷小兵衛を派遣した。
- The leaders of Shigakko, SHINOHARA, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shiro IKEBE (retainer of the Satsuma Domain), and Shuichiro KONO discussed countermeasures and sent Kohei SAIGO, Takamori's fourth younger brother, to Takamori, who went on a hunting in Konejime.
- そこで妻女山に陣をしいた上杉軍を取り囲んで兵糧攻めにしたところ、窮地を脱しようと上杉軍が全軍で武田軍本陣に突撃をかけたのではないかとする説が生まれた。
- From this, the following view was generated: the Takeda side enclosed the Uesugi's forces that had set up their military base on Saijo-yama Mountain and employed the starving strategy, and for this, the entire Uesugi's forces rushed to attack the main military base of the Takeda forces to escape from the difficult situation.
- 頼朝の挙兵と同時期の治承4年(1180年)9月、信濃国の源義仲(木曾義仲)が挙兵し1181年6月横田河原の戦いで勝利を収め、信濃から越後国を席巻した。
- At the same time as Yoritomo raised his forces, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) of Shinano Province raised forces in September 1180, and won the Battle of Yokotagawara in June 1181 and controlled the area from Shinano to Echigo Province.
- そして、平知盛・平重衡率いる平氏の大軍によって、同年5月に宇治の平等院で源頼政一族は敗死することになるが、この挙兵が後6年間にわたる内乱の契機となる。
- Therefore, the large force of Taira clan troops led by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira destroyed MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's family at Byodo-in Temple in Uji in May of that year, and this became the start of an internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years.
- 一、兵士をも上国の土、橋、会、桑も只今の如き次第にて、勿体なくも朝廷を擁し奉り、正義を抗し、周旋尽力の道を相遮り候時は、終に決戦に及ぶほかこれなくとの事
- Article 5 : We will make our forces come into Kyoto and Osaka, so if the clan of Hitotsubashi, Kuwana and Aizu (the allies of Bakufu) continue to commit the sacrilege of utilizing the Imperial Court, reject the implementation of the right, and block the mediation of the Satsuma Domain, we cannot help but fight a decisive battle against bakufu.
- なお、絵巻物自体は中世のものと考えられているが、蒙古兵と日本騎馬武者の描写の違いなどから、後世の加筆、改竄、または編纂があったとする説も提唱されている。
- Although the pair of picture scrolls itself is thought to have been made in the Medieval period, some people argue that it was later revised, altered or edited, considering some differences between depictions of Mongolian soldiers and Japanese mounted samurai warriors.
- また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。
- Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
- 「日本は済物浦条約に基づき、出兵して変に備えさせて、朝鮮での争いを永久になくし、東洋全局の平和を維持しようと思い、清国に協同して事に従おうと提案した。」
- Japan, with an intention to remove conflicts eternally in Korea and maintain peace in the entire East, dispatched troops under the Jemulpo Treaty and proposed Quing to work together to do so.'
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- それを受けた薩摩藩軍楽隊隊員の依頼を当時薩摩藩歩兵隊長である大山弥助(後の大山巌、日本陸軍元帥)が受け、大山の愛唱歌より歌詞が採用された(前節も参照)。
- Yasuke OYAMA, who was at that time the commander of the infantry of the Satsuma Domain, (later Iwao OYAMA, who was a marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army) received the request from the squad leader of the military band of the Satsuma Domain, who acted in response to the advice, and the words were adopted from Oyama's favorite song (Also, refer to the preceding clause).
- 農兵隊には荘園時代の古例により四沙汰人を置き、第一陣「西軍」・第二陣「東軍」の2軍が目的別に編成され、両軍が慶応4年1月11日山国神社に集結し出陣した。
- This peasant army had four commanding officers, in accordance with the ancient precedent from back in the days where the region was a shoen (private estate), and was split into two companies, the Western and Eastern Companies, which were composed with different goals in mind; both companies assembled and were formed on February 4, 1868 at Yamaguni Shrine.
- 「向島」を冠称する町のうち、大字葭島新田に属していたのは、東定請、西定請、上林町、津田町、大河原、大黒、上五反田、下五反田、柳島、又兵衛の10町である。
- Among the towns prefixing the name 'Mukaijima,' the 10 towns, i.e., Higashi Jouke, Nishi Jouke, Kanbayashi-cho, Tsuda-cho, Ogawara, Daikoku, Kamigotanda, Shimogotanda, Yanagijima and Matabe belonged to Oaza Yoshijimashinden.
- 旧幕府軍は松前、江差などを占領するも、要となる開陽丸を座礁沈没させて失い海軍へ兵力は低下、宮古湾海戦を挑んだものの敗れ、新政府軍の蝦夷地への上陸を許す。
- Even though the former Shogunate forces occupied Matsumae and Esashi, they wrecked the Kayo Maru Warship, the core of their forces, and in effect the navy deteriorated; they fought against the new government's forces at the Battle of Miyakowan Bay, but lost, allowing the government's forces to land at Ezochi.
- 強攻ではなく持久戦を選択した理由として、兵力の損耗を防ぐこともさることながら、犠牲が増えることによって苦戦の印象が広まるのを回避するためだったと思われる。
- It seems that the reasons why he chose a long drawn-out battle instead of hard-line tactics were not only to prevent damage of the military force but also to avoid the image of hard fighting being spread.
- 当時の土佐には半農半兵から一歩進んだ一領具足はあっても常備軍の制度はなかったから、短期間で多勢を揃え進軍してきた様に寡兵の一条方は仰天したと言われている。
- Although there was the system of Ichiryo gusoku in Tosa at that time, which allowed local cultivators to arm themselves, there was a standing army, and as such, when the Chosokabe clan advanced with a large army within a short time, the Ichijo clan with a small army was truly astounded.
- 旧多田荘の荘域にあたる現在の兵庫県川西市・三田市・猪名川町・宝塚市及びその周辺の地域には現在でも多田源氏にまつわる伝承を縁起に残す寺社が複数存在している。
- There are a number of temples and shrines, which handed their legends related to Tada-Genji down to generations, around Kawanishi City, Sanda City, Inagawa-cho and Takarazuka City of Hyogo Prefecture which lie in the former grounds of Tada Manors.
- 一方で、諸大名中最大の石高を持ちながら、関東移封直後で新領地の整備のために九州への出陣止まりで朝鮮への派兵を免れた徳川家康が隠然たる力を持つようになった。
- On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had the largest Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain) among daimyo, but as he had been moved to Kanto just before, he only headed troops to Kyushu, but was exempt from going to Korea to fight in order to consolidate new territory, came to have latent powers.
- 宇治において双方が対峙中にたまたま現れた鹿(鹿は春日大社明神の使として信仰されていた)を兵士が射ようとしたことから合戦となり、大衆側に多数の戦死者が出た。
- When both of the sides faced each other in Uji, a deer, which was believed to be a messenger from the deity of the Kasuga-taisha Shrine, appeared in front of them; one solder tried to shoot it and this incident caused the battle to begin, resulting in a large number of casualties among the side of the monks.
- 鬘を被らず、必ず自毛で「男元禄(立兵庫)」、「長船」、「勝山髷」(東京でいうところの「吹輪」とほぼ同形)等の各種の日本髪(髪型の種類がかなり多い)を結う。
- The tayu do not wear wigs, and instead do their own hair in Japanese styles, which have a wide variety of hairstyles, such as '男元禄 (Tatehyogo),' 'Osafune,' and 'Katsuyama mage' (almost the same as 'Fukiwa' in Tokyo).
- その後、公家・武家・寺院に権力が分散し、税の畿内集中が弱まることもあったが、室町幕府や南朝 (日本)が置かれたり、貿易により兵庫や堺が伸張して富を集めた。
- Thereafter, although the power was dispersed in court nobles, samurai families and temples, and the concentration of taxes in Kinai region was sometimes weakened, wealth was taken in with the establishment of the the Muromachi shogunate government and the South Court (Japan) as well as the expansion of Hyogo and Sakai by trade.
- 経済産業分野では、富国強兵・殖産興業のスローガンの下、富岡製糸場を初めとする官営工場が作られるなど、政府主導の産業育成が始まり、西洋式工業技術が導入された。
- In economic and industrial areas, the government began leading industrial development, and Western industrial technology was adopted, such as the establishment of government-owned factories including Tomioka Silk Mill under the slogans 'Fukoku Kyohei' (enriching the country and strengthing the military) and 'Shokusan Kogyo' (encouraging building of new industries).
- しかし、主力軍は地形を存分に利用した薩軍の激しい銃撃と、抜刀白兵戦に手も足も出ず、田原坂の正面突破を諦めて、西側から攻めて横平山(那智山)を奪うことにした。
- Being confronted with the Satsuma army's violent gunfight and close fighting with swords by taking advantage of the terrain, the main force gave up the frontal breakthrough of Tabaru Slope without making any counterattack and changed the plan to capture Mt. Yokohira (Mt. Nachi) by attacking the west side of the Satsuma army.
- 律令制では、王土王民および一君万民の理念のもと、人民(百姓)に対し一律平等に耕作地を支給し、その代償として、税・労役・兵役が同じく一律平等に課せられていた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, cultivated land was granted equally to the people (peasants) who, in return, had to provide taxes, labor, and military service.
- 政府は、赤字財政健全化のため、生産活動をせずに俸禄を受けている特権階級の士族の廃止を目的に四民平等を謳い、1873年に徴兵制、1876年に秩禄処分を行った。
- To rebuild the deficit-ridden finance into a more sound one, the national government introduced a conscription system in 1873 and Chitsuroku-shobun (an abolition measure of hereditary stipend) in 1876, appealing equality of all people in order to abolish the warrior class, a privileged class the persons in which could receive salary without being engaged in any productive activity.
- 留守政府の元で徴兵令(海陸警備ノ制)・学制(教令率育ノ道)・司法改革(審理刑罰ノ法)・地租改正(理財会計ノ方)といった新しい制度が行われていくことになった。
- Various new systems were implemented by rusu-seifu, including Conscription Ordinance (kairiku keibi no sei), education system (kyoiku sotsuiku no michi), judicial reform (shinri keibatsu no ho) and land tax reform (rizai kaikei no ho).
- 折から京都治安維持に当たっていた会津藩預かりの新撰組が、池田屋事件で長州藩など尊攘派の志士数人を殺害したため、火に油を注ぐこととなり、ついに長州藩兵は上京。
- In the meantime, Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), under the control of the Aizu clan and in charge of protecting Kyoto at the time, killed several supporters of sonjo party, including members of the Choshu clan in the Ikedaya incident; this added fuel to the debate in Choshu domain and the Choshu troops finally moved to Kyoto.
- 栗田鶴寿と武田氏の援軍兵3000は、栗田氏の旭山城(長野県長野市)に篭城、景虎は旭山城を封じ込めるため、そして前進拠点として葛山城(長野県長野市)を築いた。
- Kakuju KURITA and Takeda's troops of 3,000 soldiers to support Kurita entrenched themselves in Asahiyama-jo Castle (located in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), and Kagetora built Katsurayama-jo Castle (located in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture) to contain the forces in Asahiyama-jo Castle and as an advance base site of his troops.
- この事件により、山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職、警視総監・湯浅倉平、警視庁警務部長・正力松太郎らが懲戒免職、難波の出身地である山口県の知事が2ヶ月間の減給となった。
- Due to the Incident, the Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet resigned en masse, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Commissioner Kurahei YUASA and Director of Police Administration of Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Matsutaro SHORIKI were given a dishonorable discharge, and the governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, where Nanba was born, was reprimanded with a pay cut for two months.
- やがて、両者の対立は全国の大名の兵力(享徳の乱の最中の関東を除く)を政治の中心地である京都に結集して遂に大規模な軍事衝突を引き起こしたこれが応仁の乱である。
- Eventually, the conflict between each side led to all the daimyo in the country (except for daimyo from the Kanto during the Kyotoku Rebellion) concentrating their military forces in Kyoto, the governmental capital, until at last, with these large-scale armies in such proximity, armed conflict was inevitable, and the Onin War began.
- ただし万が一を考え、鎮撫使には特に剣術に優れた藩士を選んだ(大山綱良・奈良原繁・道島五郎兵衛・鈴木勇右衛門・鈴木昌之助・山口金之進・江夏仲左衛門・森岡善助。
- Just in case something should go wrong, he selected retainers with excellent swordsman skills in particular for the chinbushi (temporary provincial superintendent): Tsunayoshi OYAMA, Shigeru NARAHARA, Gorobe MICHIJIMA, Yuemon SUZUKI, Masanosuke SUZUKI, Kanenoshin YAMAGUCHI, Chuzaemon KOKA, and Zensuke MORIOKA.
- 家康は畿内の守りとして、譜代の家臣である鳥居元忠、内藤家長、松平家忠、松平近正ら1800名ほどの兵を伏見城に残すに留め、徳川軍主力を率いて会津攻めに向かう。
- Ieyasu left around 1800 soldiers, including hereditary vassals such as Mototada TORII, Ienaga NAITO, Ietada MATSUDAIRA and Chikamasa MATSUDAIRA, in the Fushimi-jo Castle to protect the territories in the vicinity of the capital, and proceeded to the Aizu Domain with the leading soldiers of his army.
- 大阪湾の港も兵庫区や神崎 (尼崎市)、堺市が注目されるが、平安時代や鎌倉時代、室町時代の間も渡辺津がひきつづき淀川河口における港湾の機能を果たし続けていた。
- Although the seaports in Hyogo Ward, Kanzaki in Amagasaki City, and Sakai City attract attention in the Osaka Bay, Watanabe no tsu was continuously functioning as the seaport at the river mouth of the Yodo-gawa River through the Heian period, the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period.
- 高兄弟は摂津から京都への護送中に、待ち受けていた直義派の上杉能憲(師直に殺害された重能の養子)により、摂津の武庫川(兵庫県伊丹市)で一族とともに謀殺される。
- The Ko brothers were killed together with other family members by Yoshinori UESUGI (foster son of Shigeyoshi who was killed by Moronao) of the Tadayoshi group at Mukogawa River (Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture) in Settsu when they were on their way from Settsu to Kyoto under guard.
- その後、羽柴軍は秀政を近江への交通路遮断と光秀捜索に派遣し、14日には光秀の後詰のために急遽出兵した明智秀満隊を堀隊が打出の浜(大津市)で迎え撃ち撃破した。
- After that, Hashiba's forces sent Hidemasa to intercept the traffic to Omi and search for Mitsuhide, and Hori's corps on June 14 met and defeated Hidemitsu AKECHI's corps, having been hurriedly dispatched to back up Mitsuhide, at Uchide no hama (Uchide Beach) (in Otsu City).
- 義朝は後白河天皇に火攻の勅許を求め、これが許されると天皇方は白河北殿の西隣にある藤原家成邸に放火、火が燃え移ったため上皇方の兵は先を争って白河北殿から逃走。
- Yoshitomo submitted the use of fire in the battle for Imperial sanction of Emperor Goshirakawa, and once the sanction was received the Emperor's army set fire to the FUJIWARA no Ienari's residence to the west of Shirakawakita-dono Palace; the fire spread to the palace, causing the retired emperor's soldiers to scramble to escape.
- 同年7月、浜松に帰還した家康は昌幸の造反を知ると八月に真田討伐を起こし、家臣の鳥居元忠、大久保忠世、平岩親吉ら約7000の兵を真田氏の本拠・上田城に派遣する。
- In July of that year, Ieyasu, who returned to Hamamatsu and got to know about the rebellion of Masayuki, started the subjugation of Sanada and sent an army about 7,000 strong including his vassals Mototada TORII, Tadayo OKUBO, and Chikayoshi HIRAIWA to the base of the Sanada clan, Ueda-jo Castle.
- 雷撃隊が大口から撤退することになった時、辺見は祠の老松の傍らに立ち、覚えず涙を揮って「私学校の精兵をして、猶在らしめば、豈此敗を取らんや」と嘆いたと言われる。
- It is said that, when the Raigeki-tai troop retreated from Oguchi, HENMI shed tears in spite of himself and deplored beside an old pine at a small shrine saying that 'If excellent soldiers from Shigakko still participated in this battle, we must not have been defeated like this.'
- 狭い川中島を巡る局地戦で、信玄と謙信が兵力と10年以上の時間を浪費したため、いたずらに信長の台頭を許す結果になったと、古来、多くの論者がこの戦いを評している。
- From old times, many pundits have evaluated this battle in the following way: Shingen and Kenshin consumed lots of forces and the time of more than ten years in local battles over the control of the narrow Kawanakajima area, unnecessarily allowing Nobunaga to gain dominant power.
- 保元の乱では国家による公的な動員だったのに対して今回はクーデターのための隠密裏の召集であり、義朝が組織できたのは私的武力に限られ兵力は僅少だったと推測される。
- Whereas the mobilization during the Hogen Rebellion had been public, sanctioned by the state, this time the order to muster had to be given in the utmost secrecy due to the coup, and so Yoshitomo was only able to assemble what soldiers he had immediately around him; it is conjectured that his army, in the end, numbered very few indeed.
- 幽斎は頑強に抵抗したものの、やはり援軍の見込みのない籠城戦の上、兵力の差がありすぎたため、7月19日から始まった攻城戦は、7月末には落城寸前となったのである。
- Despite the intense resistance of Yusai, it was unlikely that Yusai and his soldiers would have been able to fight equally against ISHIDA's army due to the lack of hope of support and the visible difference in force size, and accordingly, the battle to capture the castle started on July 19, and the castle was nearly captured by the end of July.
- 大阪市を中心とする都市雇用圏は、奈良県、兵庫県、京都府、和歌山県、三重県におよび、約1212万人(2000年)の人口を擁する日本第2位の都市圏を形成している。
- The Urban Employment Area centered on Osaka City expands to include the prefectures of Nara, Hyogo, Kyoto, Wakayama, and Mie and has a population of approximately 12,120,000 (in 2000), forming the second largest metropolitan area in Japan.
- 足利尊氏に鎮守府将軍・左兵衛督の官位を与え、後醍醐天皇の諱「尊治」の一字を賜り、「高氏」→「尊氏」と名を改めさせる(高氏の「高」は北条高時からの偏諱である)。
- Takauji was given the official ranks and titles of Chinjufu shogun and Commander of the Left Inner Palace Guards, and honored by being allowed to use the 'Taka (尊)' character from Emperor Godaigo's own personal name (Takaharu (尊治)), letting him change the meaning of his name Takauji, from 'high lineage/clan' to 'exalted lineage/clan' (the original 'taka' (high (高)) from Takauji's name had been bestowed on him by Takatoki HOJO).
- 武士は、一般に「武芸に通じ、戦闘を職業とする軍人、あるいは兵法家のこと」とされるが、これだけでは平安時代以前の律令制体制下の「武官」との違いがはっきりしない。
- Generally, bushi refers to 'a service member who is a master of military art and battle or a military strategist,' but by this definition, the difference between the 'military officer' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) before the Heian period and the bushi is not clear.
- それまで都城を領していた北郷氏は北郷忠能が幼少であったことと、朝鮮出兵で軍役の不足があったこともあり、祁答院へ移され石高も6万9千石から3万7千石へ減らされた。
- The Hokugo clan originally held Miyakonojo, but since Tadayoshi HOKUGO was underage and there weren't enough soldiers for the invasion of Korea, the clan was transferred to Kedoin and the size of its territory was reduced to 37,000 from 69,000 koku.
- 補給路を断つためか、烽火城を潰すためかは不明だが、『信長公記』によると、「御断わりも申し上げず曲事」と織田信長は激怒し兵を六甲山中や神呪寺城、鷲林寺城に向けた。
- It is not known whether it was for blocking the supply route or destroying castles for signal fire, but, according to 'Shinchoko-ki,' Nobunaga ODA got angry and said 'It is an outrageous thing to do the act without permission' and sent troops to Rokko mountains, Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle.
- またヨーロッパの銃兵隊は伝統的に隊列を組んだまま指揮官の命令で同じ方向に向けて一斉射撃して弾幕を張る戦法が一般的であったため、命中率は特に問題とはされなかった。
- In Europe, musket troops traditionally formed a line and discharged in a volley in the same direction to lay down a barrage at orders of a commander, therefore accuracy rates were of no particular concern.
- 堺市の南鐐座の銀細工師湯浅作兵衛らは諸国の灰吹銀を集め極印を打って売買していたが、銀座 (歴史)伏見・銀座町設立前に徳川家康の上覧に供するための丁銀を試鋳した。
- In Nanryoza, Sakai City, the silver craftsman Sakube YUASA had been collecting refined silver coins and selling them again after engraving hallmarks, but with other craftsmen, he was asked to make samples to show Ieyasu TOKUGAWA before the shogun opened the Ginza in Fushimi town.
- その後、錦小路頼徳は元治元年(1864年)に病没、澤宣嘉は生野の変で挙兵したのち脱出して長州に潜伏、残る五卿は長州征討第一次の後に筑前国太宰府天満宮に移された。
- Later, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI died from a disease in 1864, Nobuyoshi SAWA raised an army during the Ikuno Incident and then escaped to hide in Choshu, and the remaining five nobles were transferred to Dazaifu Tenmangu in Chikuzen Province after the first conquest of Choshu clan.
- 忠盛は他の院近臣受領と同じく院への経済奉仕に励む一方で、荘園の預所・受領・追討使の地位を利用して在地勢力を自らの私兵に編成するなど、武士団の増強も怠らなかった。
- As with other In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), Masamori worked for the In's financial gain but also did not forget to strengthen the bushi group by using his positions as the Azukaridokoro of shoen, Zuryo, and Tsuitoshi to organize local forces into his private troops.
- その一方で、多くの兵力を派遣していたため信長周辺の軍勢は手薄であり、武田家滅亡後は天下統一目前という開放的な雰囲気で、畿内では信長、家康とも小勢で移動していた。
- Under such situations, as a large military force was dispatched, troops around Nobunaga were not many and Nobunaga and Ieyasu moved around with a small military force in Kinai in an open atmosphere under just before unification of the whole country especially after downfall of the Takeda clan.
- 例えば、兵庫県の篠山市や京都府の園部町(現・南丹市)、奈良県の大淀町、三重県の青山町(現・伊賀市)、滋賀県の近江八幡市や高島市、和歌山県の橋本市までも拡大した。
- The commutable area was expanded, for example, as far as Sasayama City in Hyogo Prefecture, Sonobe Town in Kyoto Prefecture (currently Nantan City), Oyodo Town in Nara Prefecture, Aoyama Town in Mie Prefecture (currently Iga City), Omihachiman City and Takashima City in Shiga Prefecture and Hashimoto City in Wakayama Prefecture.
- 元治元年に入ると、孝明天皇を再び長州陣営のものとする為、京都に乗り込もうとする積極策が長州で論じられた(この時の積極的に上洛を説いたのが、来島又兵衛、久坂玄瑞。
- Arriving in 1864, those in Choshu debated whether to adopt a proactive plan to march on Kyoto in a second attempt to win Emperor Komei over to the Choshu camp (at this point, the two arguing for the active advance on Kyoto were Matabe KIJIMA and Genzui KUSAKA.)
- 建武の新政の後の建武 (日本)2年(1335年)、足利尊氏が武家政権の樹立を目指して鎌倉にて挙兵すると、足利直義から三刀屋氏当主三刀屋扶重に軍勢を催促されている。
- In 1335 after the Kenmu Restoration, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised, in Kamakura, his standard of establishment of samurai government, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA urged Sukeshige MITOYA, the head of Mitoya clan, to send an army.
- そのため、配下の柴田や明智などの大名が、毛利や上杉などの信長に臣従していない大名より大きな兵力をもっていても組織としては問題がなく、むしろ合理的であったと言える。
- Therefore, there was no problem with the organization and it was actually rational that his vassals, such as Shibata and Akechi, had larger military forces than that of such daimyo as Mori and Uesugi who did not serve under Nobunaga.
- 戦死を肯(がえ)んぜず、挙兵の意を法廷で主張すべきと考えていた別府九郎・野村忍介・神宮司助左衛門らは熊本鎮台の部隊に、坂田諸潔は第四旅団の部隊にそれぞれ降伏した。
- Those including Kuro BEPPU, Oshisuke NOMURA, and Sukezaemon JINGUJI, who did not accept death in battle and considered that they should insist on the meaning of having taken up arms in court, surrendered to a troop of Kumamoto Garrison, and Morokiyo SAKATA to a troop of the 4th brigade.
- 4月30日、西郷から豊後方面突出の命を受けた奇兵隊指揮長野村忍介は、椎葉山を越え、一部を富高新町(細島西方)の守備及び細島方面の警備に任じ、主力は延岡に進出した。
- On April 30, commanded by SAIGO to charge into the Bungo area, Commander Oshisuke NOMURA led Kiheitai to went over Mt. Shiiba and assigned part of the troop to the roles of defending Tomitaka-shinmachi (in the west of Hososhima) and guarding the Hososhima area, while advancing the main force to Nobeoka.
- それから20年後の治承4年(1180年)、以仁王が頼政の嫡子の「前伊豆守」源仲綱を通じて全国の源氏に発した令旨を奉じた頼朝は、流刑先の伊豆で平氏打倒の兵を挙げる。
- Twenty years later, in 1180, Yoritomo received Prince Mochihito's ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses, etc) given to the Minamoto clan all over the country through MINAMOTO no Nakatsuna, the former Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province) and a legitimate son of Yorimasa, and raised an army in Izu, a place of exile, to defeat the Taira clan.
- 京都で足利高氏の兵が六波羅探題を滅ぼし、新田義貞が鎌倉を攻め、北条高時ら北条氏一族を滅ぼし鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると、後醍醐は赤松氏や楠木氏に迎えられて京都へ帰還する。
- In Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA's samurai destroyed the local magistrate at Rokuhara while Yoshisada NITTA mounted an attack against Kamakura itself; after Takatoki HOJO and the entire Hojo clan had been killed and (thereby) the Kamakura bakufu had been destroyed, Emperor Godaigo was met by Akamatsu and Kusunoki clans, and they all returned to the capital in triumph.
- 徳川方の兵士は「栄華を極めた三成はさぞ華美を尽くしたのだろう」と思い、我先にと城内に乱入したが、城の壁は粗壁であり、また何の装飾もない質素な作りとなっていたという。
- The story goes that the soldiers in the Tokugawa army, thinking 'Since Mitsunari possessed such luxury, surely the castle will be completely full of wondrous splendors,' each scrambled to be the first to break into the castle, but they discovered the castle had plain, unadorned walls, and was in fact a very spartan building without any decorations at all.
- 8月30日、朝鮮と済物浦条約を調印し、日本人被害者への補償5万円、公使館の損害と日本の出兵への補填金50万円と公使館警護のため若干の軍隊の漢城駐留などを取り決めた。
- On August 30, the Jemulpo Treaty was signed with Korea in which Korea promised to pay 50,000 yen for Japanese victims and 50,000 yen for damaged legation and compensation for dispatching Japanese forces and allowed a small-scale Japanese military presence in Hanseong.
- 募兵、新兵教練を終えた薩軍では2月13日、次のように大隊編成がなされた(隊長の正式名称は指揮長。一般に大隊長とも呼ばれた。副長役は各大隊の一番小隊隊長がつとめた)。
- On February 13, with soldiers having been recruited and trained, the Satsuma army has formed into the battalions as below (The battalion commander was formally called Shikicho and generally called Daitaicho. The leader of the 1st platoon in each battalion served as Fukucho, the second in command.)
- 城将の鳥居元忠とその兵達が予想外の奮戦を見せ、また包囲軍の内部にも三成らに強制的に西軍として与させられた者がおり、戦意が上がらなったなどの要因があったためとされる。
- The reasons for this include the facts that Mototada TORII, the commander-in-chief, and his troop fought back unexpectedly against the attacking force and that the besieging army had some soldiers who had been forced to join the western army by Mitsunari and some other people and thus had little will to fight.
- ただし、武装した私兵集団が全て武士であるとは言えず、公的な軍事警察力の担い手としての社会的な公認がなければ武士と認められなかったこともまた、強調しなければならない。
- However, all the private army groups of armed fighters are not said to have been bushi and it must be emphasized that they were not approved as bushi without the social authorization as the bearer of public military police.
- その後、幕府は第二次長州征伐を決行するが、高杉晋作の組織した奇兵隊などの庶民軍の活躍に阻まれ、また、総指揮者である将軍徳川家茂が大坂城で病没するなどもあり、失敗した。
- Thereafter the shogunate government executed the Second Choshu Expeditions, but failed due to successful interruption by the army of non-regular soldiers organized by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, the 'Irregular Militia,' and the death from disease of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the general supervisor, at the Osaka Castle.
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢(ちょうせんしゅっぺいにおけるごとうぜい)では、豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役における、肥前国五島藩(福江藩、現長崎県五島列島)の動きについて述べる。
- Here is the article 'The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea' about the activities of Goto Domain in Hizen Province (Fukue Domain, the present Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture) in the Bunroku and Keicho War led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- そこで村田三介は三将に寡兵が随従する策を、野村忍介は野村自身が寡兵を率いて海路で小浜に出て、そこから陸路で京都に行き、行幸で京都にいる天皇に直接上奏する策を主張した。
- Then, Sansuke MURATA said that a small army should accompany the three leaders, whereas Oshisuke NOMURA said that he would lead a small army to Obama by sea and from there to Kyoto by land to directly report the matters to the Emperor who would be there for an imperial visit.
- 1867年から横浜市の大田陣屋で幕府伝習隊の教練をしていたフランス軍事顧問団から副隊長ジュール・ブリュネ砲兵大尉ら約10人がフランス軍籍を脱走して蝦夷政権に参加した。
- About ten soldiers including Assistant Chief Jules Brunet, Captain of Artillery Unit, deserted French Military Advisory Team which was giving a military drill to Bakufu Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) at Ota Jinya (regional government office) in Yokohama City from 1867, and abandoned the French national army to join the Ezo Government.
- 1917年のロシア革命に端を発し、寺内正毅内閣により7月12日にシベリア出兵宣言が出されると需要拡大を見込んだ商人による米の買占め、売惜しみが発生し米価格が急騰した。
- In 1917 when the Russian Revolution broke out, prompting the Masatake TERAUCHI cabinet to announce on July 12 the dispatch of troops to Siberia, rice merchants anticipated a sharp rise in demand and curbed rice sales, causing rice prices to skyrocket.
- 治承4年(1180年)、皇位継承がほぼ絶望となった以仁王が、摂津源氏である源頼政の勧めに応じて、平氏追討・安徳天皇の廃位・新政権の樹立を計画した令旨を発して挙兵する。
- In 1180, following the recommendation of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), Prince Mochihito, who had virtually no chance of becoming emperor now, raised forces and issued a call to plan an attack on the Taira clan, abolish Emperor Antoku, and establish a new government.
- 直義は北朝の光厳天皇に師直追討の院宣を要請して師直を討とうとするが、8月12日、師直は河内から上洛した高師泰とともに手兵を集め、直義に対して武力による先制攻撃を行う。
- Tadayoshi requested an Imperial order to attack Moronao from Emperor Kogon of the Southern Court to kill Moronao, but on August 12, Moronao gathered troops together with Moroyasu KO who came to the capital from Kawachi and made a preemptive strike against Tadayoshi.
- 士族を中心にした西郷軍に、徴兵を主体とした政府軍が勝利したことで、士族出身の兵士も農民出身の兵士も戦闘力に違いはないことが実証され、徴兵制による国民皆兵体制が定着した。
- The fact that the government army, mostly composed of conscripted soldiers, won the war against Saigo's army, mainly consisted of persons in the warrior class, verified that the fighting ability of soldiers from the warrior class and that of those from farmers were not different; accordingly, a system of general conscription was established.
- もっとも、明治34年(1901年)頃の深川村(現在の深川市)の兵屋では、7, 8月に、室内で、50~60匹のハマダラカ(マラリア原虫を媒介するカ)を 容易に捕獲できた。
- However, in a heioku in Fukagawa-mura (now Fukagawa City) in about 1901, it was easy to catch 50 to 60 anopheles (mosquitoes that mediate malaria parasites) in July and August.
- 平氏の軍制の欠陥は、直属部隊が伊勢・伊賀の重代相伝の家人・「私郎従」と呼ばれる諸国の特定武士だけで、兵の大部分を公権力の発動によって動員する形態を採っていたことにある。
- The defect of the military organization of the Taira clan was that their direct troops consisted only of vassals from Ise and Iga and specific bushi from various provinces that were loyal for successive generations, and the majority of the troops were taken from official government calls to enlist.
- 多紀連山は、平安時代末期から中世にかけて修験道行場として栄えたが、1482年(文明 (日本)14年)に大峰山(大和修験道)の僧兵の来襲により、寺院はことごとく焼失した。
- Taki mountain range prospered as the practice place of the mountaineering asceticism from the end of Heian period to the Medieval period, but in 1482, all the temples there were burned to ashes in the attack by armed priests from Mt. Omine (Yamato Shugendo [the ascetic and shamanistic practice in Mt. Omine]).
- 続いて行われた検地・刀狩も、その目的には兵農分離、すなわち体制の一部として天下人に従う武士と、単なる被支配者である農民とに国人・地侍を分離し、解体することが含まれていた。
- The following land survey and Sword Hunt included the aims of heinobunri, that is, the separation and dissolution of kokujin and jizamurai into the warrior class who followed tenkabito as a part of the framework and the farmers who were merely ruled.
- 12代金兵衛秀綱(天文15年(1546年) - 元和 (日本)4年(1618年)9月13日 (旧暦))の代になって徳川家康に属し、秀綱は慶長年間に鹿沼市で代官をつとめた。
- The 12th generation, Kinbei Hidetsuna (1546 to September 13, 1618 [old calendar]) was retained by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and became the daikan (local governor) of Kanuma City during the Keicho years.
- 西郷軍では篠原が編成の責任者となり、桐野が軍需品の収集調達、村田新八が兵器の調達整理、永山弥一郎が新兵教練、池上が募兵をそれぞれ担当し、12日頃に一応の準備が整えられた。
- In Saigo's army, SHINOHARA became responsible for troop formation, KIRINO became in charge of logistics, Shinpachi MURATA in charge of supply and maintenance of arms, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA in charge of recruit training, and IKEGAMI in charge of recruiting, then, around February 12, the army was mostly prepared.
- 寛文5年(1665年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 樺太と北海道の兵備の必要と、そのための費用を憂え、「今略屯田の制に倣い、民を移して之に充て、且耕し且守るときは、開拓の業封疆の守り両ながら其便を得ん」というものであった。
- His proposal was that Shakhalin and Hokkaido should need military forces and cost for them, therefore, 'on the model of the Duntian system they should move people there for farming and defense to get the advantages of reclamation and defense of the border '.
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- そうしたとき、水路が入り組んだ南方江南の諸国は水路を天険の守りとし、強力な水軍を養成してしばしば北方の騎馬兵力を擁して軍事的に優越した華北諸国の軍を撃退することに成功した。
- During those periods, the countries in the south and along the Yangtze River were often able to fight off the army of Hubei (North China) which had power of cavalry and were superior to the southern army, by developing a powerful suigun navy and using their maze of waterways as a natural defense advantage.
- 西郷軍の白兵戦が強かったのは、地の利が西郷軍にあったことと、幼い頃より刀剣に慣れ親しんでいた士族と、訓練されたとはいえ数年程度の徴集兵では錬度に雲泥の差があったからである。
- The reasons why Saigo's army was stronger in hand-to-hand fights are considered as follows: Saigo's army occupied a vantage ground, and there was a tremendous difference in the sword-handling ability between the warrior class, who had been familiar with handling swords, and the conscripted soldiers, who had had only a few years of sword-handling training.
- 12月27日に発生した難波大助による昭和天皇狙撃事件(虎ノ門事件)により当時の第二次山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職に追い込まれ、枢密院 (日本)議長であった清浦奎吾内閣が発足した。
- With the attempt on the life of Emperor Showa (then Prince Regent) by Daisuke NANBA on December 27 (Toranomon Incident), the second Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet was forced to resign and was replaced by an administration under Keigo KIYOURA, who was chairman of the House of Peers (Japan).
- 例えば、摂関を家業とする摂関家(藤原北家)、弁官事務を家業とする官務家(小槻氏)、外記事務を家業とする局務家(中原氏・清原氏)、武力行使を担当する兵の家(武家)などがある。
- For example, the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) which worked for Sessho and Kanpaku as a family business, the Kanmu (literally official duty) family (the Ozuki clan) which worked for the Oversight Department of the Grand Council of State as a family business, the Kyokumu (literally bureau duty) clan (the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan) which worked for the duties of Geki (upper secretariat) as a family business, and the Army clan (samurai families) which was in charge in exercising force.
- この間、俗論党という佐幕派勢力によるクーデターも起き、藩論は一時佐幕に傾いた事もあるが、高杉晋作率いる奇兵隊によって俗論党政権は掃討され、再度藩論は倒幕に動くこととなった。
- In the meantime there occurred a coup d'etat by Zokuron-to, a pro-Bakufu power, and opinions within the clan temporarily shifted to pro-Bakufu; but Zokuron-to was defeated by Kihei-tai (奇兵隊) led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and the opinion of the clan again shifted toward the Tobaku movement.
- 降って治承4年(1180年)に源頼政が以仁王と語らって挙兵した際には、決起を促す諸国の源氏の一群の中に親治とその子達の名前が見え、なおも国内に一勢力を保っていたことが窺える。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito joined forces and raised an army; the names of Chikaharu and his sons appeared among the group of the Minamoto clan that encouraged insurrection in many districts, and this shows that Yamato-Genji still maintained their power within the province.
- また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
- As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.
- この軍議では、一旦は篠原らの強襲策続行に決したが、遅れて到着した小兵衛や野村忍介の強い反対があり、深夜に開かれた再軍議で熊本城を強襲する一方、一部は小倉を電撃すべしと決した。
- In the council of war, they once agreed in further storming the castle according to the plan of SHINOHARA and others, but Kohei and Oshisuke NOMURA, who arrived later, strongly opposed that; in the council held again in the midnight, they agreed in storming Kumamoto Castle, while dispatching part of the army to blitz Kokura.
- そのため、義政がこれ以上の政治参加に倦んで義尚に突然将軍を譲って引退しても、また両軍の総大将である細川勝元・山名宗全が相次いで病死しても諸大名は兵を撤退させることは無かった。
- This only caused Yoshimasa to lose what little interest he had left in politics, prompting him suddenly to relinquish the position of Shogun to Yoshihisa and retire, but the conflict between the two armies continued, and even after the successive natural deaths by illness of each army's supreme commanders, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA, the various daimyo did not withdraw their forces.
- 明治2年(1869年)に設立された薩摩藩軍楽隊の隊員に対し、イギリス公使館護衛隊歩兵大隊の軍楽隊長ジョン・ウィリアム・フェントンが国歌あるいは儀礼音楽を設けるべきと進言した。
- John William Fenton who was the military bandmaster for the infantry battalion of the convoy attached to the British Legation advised to the military band of the Satsuma Domain established in 1869 to prepare a national anthem or ceremonial music.
- しかし、将校の地位を占めた鹿児島県出身者には戦意が乏しく、8月2日の一瀬川の戦いを観戦したある官軍将校は、屯田部隊で「戦争をしているのは下士兵卒で将校ではない」と評したという。
- However, some officers, natives of Kagoshima Prefecture had little will to fight: A certain army officer who watched the battle at the Ichisegawa river remarked that 'it was not officers, but noncommissioned officers who were fighting'.
- 澤瀉丁銀(おもだかちょうぎん):湯浅作兵衛が慶長丁銀の発行に先立って試鋳したものと推定され、「常是」、「寳」および「大黒像」に加えて家紋の一覧沢瀉(おもだか)の極印が打たれる。
- Omodaka Chogin: These Chogin were thought to be sample made by Sakube YUASA before the circulation of Keicho Chogin and had hallmarks with characters for '常是' (Joze [Sakube's heredity name]) and '寳' (Ho [valuable]) and an 'image of Daikoku' as well as the Kamon (family crest) of Omodaka.
- 大院君は農民軍鎮圧のための派兵をしないよう大鳥公使に要請したが、日本は部隊(歩兵独立第十九大隊)を11月初めに派兵し、11月下旬からの公州攻防戦で勝利して農民軍を南方へ退けた。
- Although Daewongun requested Minister Otori not to send troops to suppress the peasant army, Japan dispatched a military unit (the 19th independent infantry battalion) in early November and the won Gongju battle started late November, ousting the peasant army to the south.
- しかし、日蓮宗の宗徒(松本久吉)が比叡山西塔の僧の説法を論破したのをきっかけとして、1536年(天文5年)7月_(旧暦)、天台宗比叡山の僧兵集団が「法華一揆」撃滅へと乗り出す。
- However, a follower of the Nichiren-sect (Hisayosi MATSUMOTO), refuted the preaching of the Hieizan Western tower's priest, and triggered the priest-soldier army of the Tendai sect Hieizan to start destroying the 'Hokke Ikki' in July, 1536 (old lunar calendar).
- これらの諸勢力を抑えて国政の主導権を確保するため、白河は自らの手足である院近臣や親衛隊ともいえる北面武士を、受領・太政官・兵衛府・衛門府などの公的機関に強引に送り込んでいった。
- To suppress such opposition and maintain initiative in the national government, Shirakawa forcibly sent members of the Hokumen no bushi (northern guards), who were his close aids and royal guard, into official positions such as Zuryo (career provincial officials), Daijokan (council of state), Hyoefu (military guards), and Emonfu (outer palace guards).
- この戦闘によって討手1人(道島五郎兵衛)と新七ら6名(有馬新七・柴山愛次郎・橋口壮介・西田直五郎・弟子丸龍助・橋口伝蔵)が死亡、2名(田中謙助・森山新五左衛門)が重傷を負った。
- In this fight, one member of the anti-rebel group died (Gorobe MICHIJIMA), while six members of the rebel group were killed (Shinshichi ARIMA, Aijiro SHIBAYAMA, Sosuke HASHIGUCHI, Naogoro NISHIDA, Ryusuke DESHIMARU, and Denzo HASHIGUCHI) and two were badly wounded (Kensuke TANAKA and Shingoezaemon MORIYAMA).
- 以仁王の挙兵(もちひとおうのきょへい)は治承4年(1180年)に以仁王(高倉宮・三条宮)と源頼政が打倒平氏のための挙兵を計画し、諸国の源氏や大寺社に蜂起を促す令旨を発した事件。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising was an incident that occurred in 1180 (Jisho 4), when Prince Mochihito (also Prince Takakura and Prince Sanjo), with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, planned to raise an army and overthrow the Taira clan (who were then in power); Mochihito issued a command urging the Minamoto clan warriors in all provinces together with the forces of the great temples and shrines to rise up against the Taira clan.
- 天正13年の7月、毛利氏の四国征伐に伴う出兵で西伯耆の軍勢が手薄になっている隙に南条元続支援の行松氏は1000余騎を率いて福頼元秀の守る汗入郡の河原山城を攻撃、これを落城させた。
- Seeing the lack of Mori's troops in the Conquest of Shikoku in July of 1585, the Yukimatsu clan, who were in support of Mototsugu NANJO, led a thousand-plus horses to attack Kawarayama-jo Castle in Aseri County governed by Motohide FUKUYORI, finally achieving the fall of the castle.
- 12月2日 (旧暦)(12月26日)、秀吉は毛利氏対策として山陰は宮部継潤、山陽は蜂須賀正勝を置いた上で、和睦を反故にして大軍を率いて近江国に出兵、長浜城 (近江国)を攻撃した。
- On December 26, Hideyoshi, who had earlier assigned Keijun MIYABE to the Sanin region and Masakatsu HACHISUKA to the Sanyo region to deal with the Mori clan, broke the truce and led his large army to Omi Province, attacking Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province).
- 第1遊撃隊司令官の命により「浪速」艦長の東郷平八郎大佐は「高陞号」に停船を命じて臨検を行うように発砲し、清国兵が停船命令に従わないため、魚雷で「高陞号」を撃沈する(高陞号事件)。
- Under the order from the commander of the first commando unit, Heihachiro TOGO, the commanding officer of 'Naniwa' requested 'Kowshing' to stop for inspection after warning fire, but when Qing soldiers ignored, he torpedoed the steamship (Kowshing Incident).
- 反頼之派は義満に対して頼之の排斥、討伐を要請し、近江で反頼之派に転じた佐々木高秀が挙兵すると、鎌倉公方の足利氏満が呼応して軍事行動を起こそうとし上杉憲春に諌死される事件も起こる。
- The anti-Yoriyuki faction asked Yoshimitsu for permission to expel and subjugate Yoriyuki, and when Takahide SASAKI, who had switched to the anti-Yoriyuki faction, raised an army at Omi, Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Shogun's representative at Kamakura, prepared to begin military action in response, it also happened that Noriharu UESUGI committed suicide to remonstrate with him about this course of action.
- 隠岐為清の反乱等も重なり手をこまねいていた所へ、伊予国・北部九州へ出兵していた毛利家主力が戻り、毛利輝元・吉川元春・小早川隆景以下、13000の大軍は石見国から出雲国を目指した。
- They faced even more difficulties with the rebellion of Tamekiyo OKI, the main force of the Mori family returned from battles in Iyo Province and northern part of Kyushu, while a large army of 13,000 including Terumoto MORI, Motoharu KIKKAWA and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA left Iwami Province for Izumo Province.
- 最初に新山城を陥落させ、出雲国の旧領をほぼ制圧し、破竹の勢いで月山富田城に向かったが、守兵300であるにも関わらず天野隆重が守る難攻不落の険城をなかなか落とすことができなかった。
- First they took control of most of their former territories in Izumo Province by destroying Shinyama-jo Castle and advanced unresisted to attack Gassantoda-jo Castle, but the castle was so tightly guarded by Takashige AMANO, making it inaccessible and impregnable, that they had problems destroying the castle, despite the castle only being guarded by three hundred warriors.
- 京都府は旧国制度で丹後国、丹波国(一部兵庫県を含む)、山城国の3つに分けられるがその中で京都府南部地域(きょうとふなんぶちいき)とは大まかに、次の5つの定義がなされる場合が多い。
- Kyoto Prefecture can be divided into three provinces, that is, Tango, Tanba (including a part of present Hyogo Prefecture), and Yamashiro, by former province system, however, the southern region of Kyoto Prefecture has roughly five definitions as follows.
- 一方、東山道を進んだ東山道軍の本隊は、3月8日に武州熊谷宿に到着、3月9日に近くの梁田宿(現・足利市)で宿泊していた旧幕府歩兵隊の脱走部隊(衝鋒隊)に奇襲をかけ、これを撃破した。
- The main forces of the Tosando-gun army advancing along the Tosando arrived at Yanada-juku (currently Ashikaga City) on March 31, and made a surprise attack on a unit (the shohotai) consisting of deserters from the former Shogunate Infantry, and defeated it on April 1.
- 一方、城内では水攻めという奇想天外な戦法に動揺し、物資の補給路を断たれて兵糧米が少なくなったことと、小早川隆景、吉川元春ら毛利氏の援軍が来ないことも相まって兵の士気は低下していた。
- At the same time, as the unpredictable inundation tactics stirred the castle, the declining provisions of rice for the army by losing their supply lines, and the fact of not having support troops from the Mori clan including Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA combined to wear down the morale of the troops.
- また、出兵に参加した大名たちによって連れてこられた朝鮮人儒学者との学問や書画文芸での交流、そして陶工が大陸式の磁器の製法、瓦の装飾などを伝えたことで日本の文化に新たな一面を加えた。
- New aspects were added to Japanese culture by intercommunion in scholarship and calligraphy and painting as well as creative writing with Korean Confucians who were brought to Japan by daimyo who took part in dispatch to Korea and transmission by potters of manufacturing process of continental ceramics and the decoration of roof tiles.
- 「砲第五号 砲兵支廠鹿児島属廠設置之スナイトル弾薬器械其廠ヘ備附其廠ニ於テ製作可致此旨相達候事但入費之儀ハ其廠額金之内ヲ以取計 追而不足之節可申出事 十年一月八日 陸軍卿山県有朋」
- 砲第五号 砲兵支廠鹿児島属廠設置之スナイトル弾薬器械其廠ヘ備附其廠ニ於テ製作可致此旨相達候事但入費之儀ハ其廠額金之内ヲ以取計 追而不足之節可申出事 十年一月八日 陸軍卿山県有朋'
- なお開戦時、麦飯派の寺内正毅が陸軍大臣であった(麦飯を主張する軍医部長がいた)にもかかわらず、大本営が「勅令」として指示した戦時兵食は、日清戦争と同じ白米飯(精白米6合)であった。
- In spite of the fact that Masatake TERAUCHI, an advocate of rice boiled with barley, was the Minister of Army (There was a high-ranking army surgeon who recommended rice boiled with barley); however, the rations provisioned by the Imperial headquarters through an 'imperial edict' was cooked rice (Six Go of polished rice) which was the same as in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-'95).
- 1885年4月全権大使伊藤博文と李鴻章により天津条約が結ばれ、四ヶ月以内の日清両軍の朝鮮からの撤退と、以後出兵時の事前通告および事態の沈静化後すみやかに撤収すべきことが定められた。
- Plenipotentiary Hirobumi ITO and Li Hung Chang signed the Treaty of Tianjin, which provided that both Japanese and Qing troops will withdraw from Korea within four months and hereafter give a prior notice in dispatching their troops, and call troops home as soon as things have calmed down.
- 兵士と移民を送りこむロシアに対し、日本が劣勢に立たされていることに強い危機感を抱いた政府は、明治3年(1870年)に樺太開拓使を設置し、黒田清隆を開拓使次官にして樺太専務を命じた。
- However, Japanese government felt a strong sense of crisis over Russia which sent more soldiers and immigrants to Sakhalin and pushed Japan into an inferior position, and established the Sakhalin Development Commission in 1870, and the vice chief of the Commission, Kiyotaka KURODA, was assigned to oversee the administrative matters of Sakhalin.
- 清盛はこれにより京の富裕層から兵粮を徴収すると同時に、伊勢周辺の水軍に動員をかけて、反平氏勢力の追討に意欲を燃やしていたが、同年閏2月に熱病で急死し、平氏政権は大きな打撃を受けた。
- Kiyomori raised taxes from the wealthy class in Kyoto to feed the troops and at the same time, moved the naval forces around Ise, and was energetic about attacking the anti-Taira clan forces, but died suddenly from a febrile disease in February of that year (a leap year), which was a large blow for the Taira clan administration.
- 同志に弟の鈴木三樹三郎、篠原泰之進、藤堂平助、服部武雄、毛内有之助、富山弥兵衛、阿部十郎、内海次郎、加納鷲雄、中西昇、橋本皆助、清原清、新井忠雄、斎藤一(斎藤は新選組の間諜とも)。
- His comrades included his younger brother Mikisaburo SUZUKI, Tainoshin SHINOHARA, Heisuke TODO, Takeo HATTORI, Arinosuke MONAI, Yahei TOYAMA, Juro ABE, Jiro UTSUMI, Washio KANO, Noboru NAKANISHI, Kaisuke HASHIMOTO, Kiyoshi KIYOHARA, Tadao ARAI, Hajime SAITO (SAITO was allegedly a spy for Shinsengumi).
- しかし豊臣秀長率いる豊臣軍によって府内城が攻められるや、圧倒的な兵力・物量の差を悟った島津義弘は3月15日の夜半に風雨にまぎれて海路で府内城を脱出し、弟の家久が守る松尾城に退却した。
- However, soon after the Funai-jo Castle was attacked by the Toyotomi's army, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU realized that the enemy's forces and supplies far exceeded his own, so he escaped Funai-jo Castle by sea in the midst of a midnight storm on April 22 and retreated to Matsuo-jo Castle where his younger brother Iehisa was on guard.
- 1701年刊行の『摂陽群談』では、 摂津国の富松の里(現・兵庫県尼崎市)で生まれ、茨木の里(茨木市)に産着のまま捨てられていたところを酒呑童子に拾われ茨木の名をつけて養われたとある。
- According to the 'Setsuyo gundan,' published in 1701, he was born in the village of Tomimatsu in Settsu Province (the modern-day Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture) and abandoned, while still in his baby clothes, in the village of Ibaraki (today's Ibaraki City), where he was picked up by Shuten Doji, who raised him and gave him the nickname 'Ibaraki.'
- 髙橋昌明は、1975年の『伊勢平氏の成立と展開』において、彼らが公的には諸衛府の官人、私的には高貴な貴族の「侍」、世間的には一種の傭兵隊長であったことを、資料に基づき詳細に明にした。
- 'The Establishment and Development of the Ise Taira Clan' (Taira Clan at Ise Province) published in 1975 by Masaaki TAKAHASHI who wrote in detail that they were low to middle class officials of hoefu (a collective name of soldiers in the Imperial Guard) in public, and were private 'samurai' of high class aristocrats and were a type of captain of mercenaries.
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- 1886年8月には清の北洋艦隊のうち定遠など4隻の軍艦が長崎港に入港した際、上陸した水兵が日本の警官隊と衝突し、双方に死傷者を出す(死者日本側2名、清側8名)騒ぎ(長崎事件)となった。
- In August 1866, when four fleets including the Dingyuan of the Qing North Sea Fleet arrived in port in Nagasaki, sailors that landed entered into conflict with the Japanese police force, resulting in deaths on both sides (two deaths on the Japanese side and six deaths on the Qing side) (Nagasaki incident)
- 律令体制下の軍団での組織形態は、国家の組織の中での公な上官と部下であるに対し、「武士団」は平安時代に「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれるた者達が私的に従える集団、またはその集団の結合体である。
- The organizational form of the army under the Ritsuryo system had an open senior officer and subordinate relationship while 'bushidan' was the group of people called 'tsuwamono' that served privately in the Heian period or was the combination of such groups.
- 以上のことから、秀吉の刀狩令は百姓身分の武装解除を目指したものではなく、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制するという兵農分離を目的としたものであったとする学説が現在では有力である。
- Based on the above-mentioned circumstances, the strongest theory as of late was that Hideyoshi's katanagari edict was aimed at the heinobunri, controlling the use of weapons by revoking the right for peasants to wear a sword and not aimed at disarming those in the peasant class.
- 文保2年(1318年)に践祚して親政を開始した大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は倒幕計画を企て、1331年に三種の神器を持って笠置山へ入り挙兵すると、幕府の奏請により持明院統の光厳天皇が践祚される。
- In 1318, Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji line, who had ascended the throne and started a direct imperial rule, plotted to overthrow the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and when he carried away the Three Sacred Treasures to Kasagi-yama Mountain to raise forces in 1331, the bakufu petitioned for the ascension of Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line.
- 慶応4年正月3日(1868年1月27日)の夕方に、下鳥羽付近で街道を封鎖する薩摩藩兵と大目付の滝川具挙の問答から軍事的衝突が起こり、鳥羽での銃声が聞こえると伏見でも衝突、戦端が開かれた。
- In the afternoon of January 27, 1868, a quarrel between the inspector general, Tomoaki TAKIGAWA and the soldiers of the Satsuma domain blocking the highway near Shimotoba resulted in a battle, and as soon as gunfire in Toba was heard, the battle in Fushimi began.
- 翌12月、園城寺・興福寺などが反平氏の挙兵を行ったため、清盛は断固とした態度で臨み、平知盛率いる軍は園城寺を焼き払い近江源氏を撃破、平重衡率いる軍も南都の諸寺を焼き払って荘園を没収した。
- The following December, Kiyomori took decisive action against anti-Taira forces raised by the Onjyo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple, with TAIRA no Tomomori burning down the Onjyo-ji Temple and destroying the Omi-Genji, and TAIRA no Shigehira's troop burned down various temples in the southern capital and confiscated their shoens.
- 援軍として派遣されていた佐賀藩兵と共同で防衛戦を行うも劣勢で、特に庄内藩には領内深くまで攻め込まれ久保田城の支城までが落とされたが、新政府軍の増援が来着したことで優勢となり反撃を行った。
- The Akita Domain, together with the samurai warriors of the Saga Domain deployed as reinforcements, fought a defensive war, but fell behind; the Shonai Domain in particular advanced deep into the Akita Domain and even captured subsidiary castles of Kubota Castle; the Akita Domain, however, prevailed due to the arrival of reinforcements from the new government's forces, and launched a counterattack.
- 反徳川勢力は五奉行の石田三成を中心に結集し、慶長5年(1600年)6月、家康が会津の会津征伐の兵を起こして大坂を離れると、三成は毛利輝元を総大将として西軍を組織し挙兵した(関ヶ原の戦い)。
- Anti-Tokugawa powers gathered together around one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA, and when Ieyasu commanded an army for conquest of Aizu in July 1600, Mitsunari organized the Western Camp with Terumoto MORI as the supreme commander, and rose up in arms (the Battle of Sekigahara).
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- 文久3年8月18日、宮廷の御門を制圧した会津・薩摩は、長州藩兵および三条ら7人の公卿を長州への撤退させるクーデタを決行し(八月十八日の政変、七卿落ち)、長州藩系の尊攘勢力の一掃に成功した。
- On August 18, 1863 the Aizu and Satsuma clans took control of the gate of the Imperial court, and carried out a coup forcing the Choshu clan and seven nobles, including Sanjo, to retreat to Choshu, successfully crushing the power of those sonjo party related to the Choshu clan (Coup of August 18, the exile of the seven nobles from Kyoto).
- また、この以仁王の挙兵には美福門院から八条院に仕えてきた源頼政一族、八条院蔵人の源行家・源仲家、八条院領荘園の在地領主であった源義清 (矢田判官代)・下河辺行平といった武士が関係していた。
- Also involved were: the family of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa who had served Hachijoin since the time of Bifukumonin; Hachijoin's Kurodo (Chamberlain) of MINAMOTO no Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Nakaie; the local lord of the shoen in the Hachijoin-ryo, MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Yada no Hangandai (assistant officer who served an administration organization called Innocho)); and a samurai called Yukihira SHIMOKOBE.
- 672年大海人皇子(のちの天武天皇)は、当時の大津の都を離れて出家して吉野山に隠棲したが、兄の天智天皇の死の知らせを受けて美濃へ脱出し兵を上げ、天智天皇の子の弘文天皇を倒して政権を握った。
- In 672, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) left then capital Otsu and lived away from the world in Mt. Yoshino to enter the priesthood, but after being informed of the death of his older brother Emperor Tenchi, he fled to Mino where he raised an army, and came into power by destroying the Emperor Kobun, a son of the Emperor Tenchi.
- 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
- As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
- 朝鮮独立運動の活動家・李奉昌(イ・ボンチャン)が1932年1月8日、桜田門外において陸軍始観兵式を終えて帰途についていた昭和天皇の馬車に向かって手榴弾を投げつけ、近衛兵一人を負傷させた事件。
- Lee Bong-chang, an activist for Korean independence, hurled a grenade at the horse-drawn carriage of the Emperor Showa when the Emperor was on his way home after the military review of the Japanese Army taken place outside the Sakuradamon Gate, and in the Incident one imperial guard was injured.
- 幕府は朝廷と一体になって、国家鎮護に当たることとし、西国の警固を再強化するとともに、それまで幕府の支配の及ばなかった朝廷側の支配地、本所一円地からの人員・兵粮の調達が認められるようになった。
- The bakufu collaborated with Imperial Court for the defense of the nation and, in addition to refortifying the Saigoku's defenses, it also received permission to procure personnel and military supplies from the Imperial Court's territories which had previously been outside of the bakufu's control.
- 織田家と友好関係だった北条家が、北条氏直率いる5万6,000の兵で織田領上野に侵攻し、織田四天王の1人で関東管領・滝川一益率いる2万を神流川の戦いで撃破し、滝川一益は本拠地の伊勢まで敗走する。
- The Hojo clan, who had an amicable relationship with the Oda clan, invaded Oda's territory Ueno with army 56,000 strong led by Ujinao HOJO, defeated the army 20,000 strong lead by Kanto Kanrei (A shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, one of the big four of Oda, at the Battle of Kannagawa River, and Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed to his home ground Ise.
- 大江山の位置する丹後地方は古くから大陸との交流が深く、渡来人は高度な金属精錬技術により大江山で金工に従事、多くの富を蓄積していた、これに目を付けた都の勢力は兵を派遣、富を収奪し支配下に置いた。
- The Tango region where the mountain range is located had close contacts with the Asian continent from ancient times, and immigrants were engaged in metal work; with their advanced technique in metal refining, and having accumulated a large fortune, those who recognized this in the capital sent an army to pillage the wealth, and rule the region.
- 山陰海岸国立公園(さんいんかいがんこくりつこうえん)は、京都府丹後の網野海岸から兵庫県の但馬御火浦を経て鳥取県東部の鳥取砂丘までの日本海に面する75kmの海岸線を中心とする日本の国立公園である。
- Sanin Kaigan National Park is a designated national park that stretches 75 km along the coast of Japan facing the Japan Sea and the park runs along the Amino Coast in the Tango region, Kyoto Prefecture, Tajima-mihonoura Inlet in Hyogo Prefecture, and Tottori-sakyu Sand Dunes in eastern Tottori Prefecture.
- 伊那街道沿いの武田勢力は恐れをなし、織田の先鋒隊が信濃に入った同日、岩村への関門・滝沢(長野県下伊那郡阿智村・平谷村周辺)の領主であった下条信氏の家老・下条九兵衛が信氏を追放して織田軍に寝返った。
- The invasion caused panic among Takeda's troops stationed along the Ina-kaido Road, and on the day when the Oda army's vanguard invaded Shinano Province, Kyube SHIMOJO, Chief Retainer of Nobuuji SHIMOJO, who was the lord of Takizawa (areas around the present-day Achi-mura and Hiraya-mura in Shimoina-gun, Nagano Prefecture), a territory that formed a barrier preventing entry into Iwamura, expelled Nobuuji and defected to the Oda army.
- そして、旧幕府において京都と江戸の警備に当たっていた会津藩及び庄内藩は朝敵と見なされ、会津は武装恭順の意志を示したものの、新政府の意志は変わらず、周辺諸藩は新政府に会津出兵を迫られる事態に至った。
- Accordingly, the Aizu and Shonai clans that took the charges of keeping peace of the cities of Kyoto and Edo became the enemies of the imperial court; Aizu were willing to show allegiance but the new government still took Aizu as the enemy, forcing the surrounding clans to dispatch troops against Aizu.
- この平定戦での動員兵力5万のうち戦死者は日本軍164人であるが、マラリア等による病死者は近衛師団長北白川宮能久親王はじめ4642人にのぼり、中国側兵士、住民およそ1万4千人の死者を出して終了した。
- This war to conquer Taiwa ended leaving 164Japanese war deaths and 4,642 deaths, including Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, caused by diseases like malaria, out of 50,000 solders in motion, while about 14,000 Chinese solders and local people died.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると国基の後裔は幕府の御家人となり、『吾妻鏡』建久6年(1195年)3月10日 (旧暦)条にある将軍家東大寺供養に随行する兵の中に「野瀬判官代」とその同族「安房判官代」の名がみえている。
- During the Kamakura period, descendants of Kunimoto became gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate) and on an entry dated April 28, 1195 of 'Azuma Kagami (The Mirror of the East),' the names of 'Nose hogandai' and his cognate, 'Awa hogandai' are listed among soldiers who accompanied the group on a trip to memorial service for Shogun family at Todai-ji temple.
- 台湾出兵時に西郷従道が装備したガトリング砲も九州へ送られるなど、徴兵で構成された政府軍は精強な薩摩士族相手に戦うために、相当な意気込みを見せたが、一番肝心な歩兵銃の弾薬調達でトラブルが発生していた。
- The government army, which consisted of conscripts, was so enthusiastic about fighting against the powerful band of warrior class in Satsuma that it even sent the Gatling gun that had been equipped by Tsugumichi SAIGO for the Taiwan expedition to Kyushu but had a trouble in the essential matter of supplying ammunition for infantry rifle.
- 鎌倉幕府の滅亡後も、旧北条氏の守護国を中心に各地で反乱が起こっており、7月 (旧暦)には信濃国で高時の遺児である北条時行と、その叔父北条泰家が挙兵して鎌倉を占領し直義らが追われる中先代の乱が起こる。
- Even after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu, several provinces, especially those for which the Hojo clan formerly held the governorships, arose in counter-rebellion, and in the seventh (lunar) month, in Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Pref.), Tokiyuki HOJO, the orphan of Takatoki HOJO, and his uncle Yasuie HOJO raised an army and captured Kamakura; Tadayoshi and the others were driven out, and the Nakasendai rebellion (so named because it took place between the old regime, the Hojo, and the new, the Ashikaga) began.
- 膝下の近江国の兵に加えて嫡男織田信忠率いる尾張国・美濃国の軍勢、織田信雄・織田信孝・織田信包配下の伊勢国の軍勢、さらに畿内と越前国・若狭国・丹後国・丹波国・播磨国の兵も合流して13日に京都を出発した。
- He left Kyoto on the 12th with not only the soldiers in Omi Province which he directly ruled but also the troops of Owari and Mino Provinces led by his legitimate son Nobutada ODA, the troops of Ise Province ruled by Nobukatsu ODA, Nobutaka ODA and Nobukane ODA, and the soldiers of the Kinai region, Echizen, Wakasa, Tango, Tanba and Harima Provinces.
- 秀吉は諸勢力の調略や牽制もあり、一時京都に兵を退いていたが、翌月にはこれらへの攻撃を再開、2月中旬には峯城・亀山城と一益の本拠である長島城を攻撃し、亀山城は3月3日 (旧暦)(4月24日)に開城した。
- After a temporary withdrawal of his army to Kyoto due to diplomatic maneuverings and diversions to other powers, Hideyoshi resumed the attack next month, followed by attacks in the middle of March on Nagashima-jo Castle, a base of Kazumasu, along with Mine-jo Castle and Kameyama-jo Castle, leading to the surrender of Kameyama-jo Castle on April 24.
- しかし、これらの事件当時の建物は鳥羽・伏見の戦いの兵火で焼失しており、現在の京都市伏見区南浜町263番地にある建物は当時の敷地の西隣に建てられたものである(明治38年(1905年)に登記されている)。
- However, the building at the time of the incident was burned down during the Battle in Toba-Fushimi; in fact, the current building in 263 Minamihama-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City was built to the west of the Teradaya of the incident (the current building was registered in 1905).
- そのため、当初、海軍兵学校 (日本)へ出仕していた蘭学者である近藤真琴へ歌詞を書かせたが、海軍内で異論があり、海軍海補であった川村純義が郷里で祝言歌として馴染みのあった歌詞を採用したというものである。
- According to this view, therefore, Makoto KONDO, who was a rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) entered the service of the Naval Academy (Japan), was ordered at first to create the words, but there was an objection in the Imperial Japanese Navy, therefore, Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, who was a 海軍海補, adopted words familiar to him as a song for celebration of his home town.
- 酒呑童子の出生地にはほかにも伊吹山麓など有力な説があるが、茨木童子の出生地についても兵庫県尼崎市や大阪府茨木市の説もあり、『摂津名所図会』・『摂陽研説』・『摂陽群談』などの資料ではこれらを採っている。
- Much as there are several competing theories about Shuten Doji's birthplace, including a compelling case that he was born at the foot of Mt. Ibuki, there are several about Ibaraki Doji's birthplace as well, like the view that he was born in Amagasaki City in Hyogo Prefecture or that which holds he was born in Ibaraki City in Osaka Prefecture; these competing theories are described in various documents, including the 'Settsu meisho zue' (Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in Settsu Province), the 'Setsuyo kensetsu,' and the 'Setsuyo gundan.'
- 一方で、北部(福知山市、舞鶴市、宮津市など)は北近畿とも呼ばれ、旧但馬国(現在の兵庫県北部)や旧若狭国(現在の福井県嶺南地方)との交流が深く、京都市との交流は旧但馬国や嶺南(旧若狭国)に比べると浅い。
- On the other hand, the northern area (including Fukuchiyama City, Maizuru City and Miyazu City), which is sometimes called the Kita Kinki region, is closely related to former Tajima Province (the present northern area of Hyogo Prefecture) and former Wakasa Province (the present Reinan area of Fukui Prefecture), but is not so closely related to Kyoto City, compared with the areas of the two former provinces described above.
- 信長からは丹波国を平定させた明智光秀の軍を送るとの返事を得たものの、1日も早く備中高松城を落城させよという厳しい命が下り、秀吉が不安と焦りに駆られていたころ、軍師・黒田官兵衛孝高が水攻めの策を進言した。
- While Nobunaga replied that he would send the troops of Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had subjugated Tanba Province, but gave strict orders to conquer Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle as soon as possible, Hideyoshi, alarmed and frustrated, heard his strategist Kanbei Yoshitaka KURODA offer an idea of using inundation tactics.
- 大久保らは大政奉還により大義名分が失われたとして討幕の密勅を猶予する沙汰書を黙殺し、藩論を率兵上洛(藩兵を率いて上洛する)へとりまとめ、武力討幕を目的とした薩摩・長州・安芸3藩による出兵同盟を締結する。
- Okubo and others ignored an instruction to postpone a secret Imperial command to attack the Shogunate, saying it could no longer be justified since the Taisei Hokan, encouraged the domains to send their troops to Kyoto and arranged an alliance of three domains, Satsuma, Choshu and Aki, for the dispatch of troops for the purpose of overthrowing the Shogunate with military force.
- 1414年(応永21年)、4年前に京都を出奔して吉野に潜行していた南朝最後の天皇後亀山天皇とその皇子小倉宮を支持して伊勢国国司の北畠満雅が挙兵したが、室町幕府の討伐を受け和解、上皇は2年後に京に帰った。
- In 1414 (Oei 21), the provincial governor of Ise province, Mitsumasa KITABATAKE - financial backer of the last Southern Court Emperor, Gokameyama, who had fled from Kyoto four years earlier and traveled incognito to Yoshino, as well as his son Prince Oguranomiya - raised an army in response, but after receiving an order from Gokameyama to subjugate the Muromachi Shogunate, a peace settlement was reached, and the Retired Emperor Gokameyama returned to Kyoto two years later.
- 鳥羽_(洛外)では総指揮官の竹中重固の不在や滝川具挙の逃亡などで混乱し、伏見では奉行所付近で佐久間信久や窪田鎮章ら幕将の率いる幕府歩兵隊、会津藩兵、土方歳三率いる新選組の兵が新政府軍の小銃火力に敗れた。
- In Toba (the suburbs of Kyoto), the absence of the supreme commander Shigekata TAKENAKA and the escape of Tomoaki TAKIGAWA threw the former Shogunate forces into disarray, and near the magistrate's office in Fushimi, the former Shogunate infantry led by the commanding officers, Nobuhisa SAKUMA and Shigeaki KUBOTA, the soldiers of the Aizu domain, and the Shinsengumi led by Toshizo HIJIKATA, were defeated by the firepower of the rifles in the new government's forces.
- 江戸時代の頼山陽の『日本外史』では、亀山城出陣の際に「信長の閲兵を受けるのだ」として桂川渡河後に信長襲撃の意図を全軍に明らかにしたとあるが、実際には、ごく一部の重臣しか知らなかったとの見解が有力である。
- According to 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) written by Sanyo RAI during the Edo period, it was written that 'We will be reviewed by Nobunaga.' when they departed Kameyama-jo Castle with the intention to attack Nobunaga made clear to all the troops only after they crossed the Katsura-gawa River, but it is a widely-accepted view that, in reality, only a limited number of key vassals were informed of the real intention.
- 光秀の敗因は思った兵力が整わなかったため十分な迎撃体制をとることができなかったことや、山崎が京から西国へと出るために要所であり、明智軍はこの要所を防衛する形で戦わざるを得なかったからだとも言われている。
- Mitsuhide's defeat is attributed to his inability to sufficiently equip himself for engaging the enemy on account of an unexpectedly small size of the mobilized troops and the circumstances which obliged his troops in the form of defending Yamazaki which was a key transit point from Kyoto to western provinces.
- 理由は頼茂が将軍に就こうと図ったためとされているが、幕府の問題のために後鳥羽上皇が朝廷の兵力を動かすのは不自然であり、頼茂が後鳥羽上皇による鎌倉調伏の加持祈祷を行っていた動きを知ったためと考えられている。
- The reason given was that Yorishige had been plotting to usurp the position of Shogun himself, but given the poor relations with the shogunate, for the retired Emperor Gotoba to send the court's military forces into action for such a reason would have been unnatural, and so it is thought that Gotoba struck because Yorishige had learned Gotoba had been carrying out incantations and prayers to curse Kamakura.
- 開戦原因のひとつとなった鹿児島属廠のスナイドル弾薬製造設備は、2月13日に大阪砲兵工廠に設置されたが、鹿児島から搬出した際に部品の不備や破損が生じていたため、稼働させるには修理と部品の追加購入が必要となった。
- On February 13, the production equipment of Snider Ammunition from the arsenal in Kagoshima, which was one of the reasons for the war, was set up in the arsenal in Osaka; but some parts of the equipment had been lost and some had been damaged during the transportation from Kagoshima, the government army had to repair and purchase additional parts to operate the equipment.
- 確かに国民皆兵性のような1戸(行政上の単位、平均30人ぐらい)から1名、年間60日の軍事訓練を受けるという段階では歩兵の比率が高そうに思えるが、騎兵部隊も確認され、軍事力の中核はそちらが担っていたようである。
- Certainly, there seemed to be a higher ratio of foot soldiers by looking at mandatory military service where one member of a family (average of around 30 members for the administrative unit) had to go for less that sixty days of military training and service, but it was the confirmed presence of cavalry that held the central military power.
- 補給の混乱を防ぐために、陸軍省は九州へ派遣される兵の装備をいったんスナイドル銃に統一させてから送り出していたが、動員規模が拡がるにつれて早くも3月にはスナイドル弾薬500万発の備蓄を使い果たして弾薬が欠乏した。
- In order to prevent confusion in supplying ammunition, the Army Ministry dispatched troops to Kyushu after having the whole troops armed with Snider rifle; as the scale of the mobilized troops grown, the Army Ministry had already run out of stockpiles of 5 million rounds of Snider Ammunition and become lack of ammunition in March.
- 直接には、「則ち精兵を率ゐて、進みて那羅山に登りて軍いくさす。時に官軍屯聚して、草木を蹢跙す。因りて其の山を號して、那羅山と曰ふ。蹢跙、此を布瀰那羅須ふみならすと云ふ」〈『日本書紀』崇神天皇 10 年〉に拠る。
- The word, however, comes directly from 'quickly led elite soldiers up to Mt. Nara where the soldiers fought a war. Then, the Imperial army soldiers got together to stamp (narasu, 蹢跙す) the plants. Therefore, the mountain was given the name Mt. Nara. Here, '蹢跙' means to stamp.' (88 B.C., 'Nihonshoki')
- ただ五位以上の位をもつものの経済的・政治的特権は法によって保証され、また有位者は一般に課役その他の義務を免除されていた点で、租庸調、雑徭(ぞうよう)などの課税および兵役の義務を負っていた一般平民と区別されていた。
- However, the economic and political privileges granted to those at the fifth or higher ranks were guaranteed by law, and those with rank generally were exempt from taxes and other duties, distinguishing them from the general heimin who were subject to taxation such as soyocho (corvee, taxes in kind or service) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as military service.
- 『平家物語』では、頼政が夜半に不遇の以仁王の邸を訪れ、謀反を持ちかけたことになっているが、当時頼政は77歳という高齢であり、皇位への道を断たれて不満を持っていた以仁王の方から頼政に挙兵を持ちかけたという見方もある。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes Yorimasa visiting the down-on-his-luck prince Mochihito at his mansion in the dead of night and proposing that they overthrow the government, but at this point Yorimasa was 77 years old, which has prompted some to suspect it was the other way around--that it was prince Mochihito, distressed at the disruption of imperial succession, who approached Yorimasa about raising an army.
- 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年(1221年)に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした(承久の乱)。
- It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
- この戦争において日本軍および政府は、旅順要塞司令官のステッセルが降伏した際に帯剣を許すなど、武士道精神に則り敗者を非常に紳士的に扱ったほか、戦争捕虜を非常に人道的に扱い、日本赤十字社もロシア兵戦傷者の救済に尽力した。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese military forces and the Government treated their adversaries in a gentlemanly manner in accordance to the way and mentality of bushido ('way of the samurai.') and mentality of the samurai; for instance, the Russian commander of the Lushun Fortress wore his sword when formalizing the surrender of Lushun, and prisoners of war were treated very humanely, and the Japanese Red Cross Society worked hard to treat injured Russian soldiers.
- 平安時代中期に都の軍事貴族であった源満仲は、二度国司を務めた摂津国川辺郡多田庄を所領として庄内多田盆地(現在の兵庫県川西市多田周辺)に入部し、現在の多田神社(旧多田院)付近に居館を構えて周辺に郎党を住まわせたとされる。
- MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was a military aristocrat of the capital in the middle Heian period owned Tada Manors in Kawabe district, Settsu Province, an acting governor of which he had became twice, moved to the Tada basin in the manors (the present Tada in Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture), and lived in the mansion surrounded by his retainers' houses, in the vicinity of Tada-jinja Shrine (the previous Tada-In).
- さらに、先年の土岐康行の乱で没落していた美濃国の土岐詮直、明徳の乱で滅ぼされた山名氏清の嫡男山名時清、近江国の京極秀満(出雲国守護京極高詮の弟)や延暦寺・興福寺衆徒、楠氏・菊地氏ら後南朝方と連絡をとり挙兵をうながした。
- In addition, Yoshihiro contacted several potential allies, including Akinao TOKI of Mino Province, who had been brought to ruin during Yasuyuki TOKI's rebellion a few years earlier, Tokikiyo YAMANA, eldest son and heir of Ujikiyo YAMANA, who had been destroyed during the Meitoku rebellion, Hidemitsu KYOGOKU (younger brother of Takanori KYOGOKU, the shugo of Izumo Province), the warrior monks of Enryaku-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples, and Gonancho (Second Southern Court) forces like the Kusunoki and Kikuchi clans, urging them to raise troops to oppose the shogunate.
- しかし殺到する兵から槍傷を受けたため、それ以上の防戦を断念、女衆に逃げるよう指示して、奥に篭り、信長の小姓・森成利に火を放たせ、自刃したと言われる(信長の家臣太田牛一の著作『信長公記』による、この女衆に取材したとある)。
- As he got hurt with the spear by rushing enemies, however, he gave up to defend any further and instructed women to run away and, then, he shut himself up in the interior and let his page, Naritoshi MORI, set fire and he himself committed suicide (Writings of Nobunaga's vassal Gyuichi OTA 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA); it is written that this story based on hearing from such women.).
- 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士(武士)が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
- Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.
- 同乗していたポルトガル人(「牟良叔舎」、「喜利志多佗孟太」)が火縄銃を所持しており、鉄砲の実演を行い種子島島主である種子島恵時・種子島時尭親子がそのうち2挺を購入して研究を重ね、刀鍛冶の八板金兵衛に命じて複製を研究させる。
- Two Portuguese onboard (probably Francisco Zeimot and Antonio da Motta) had matchlock guns and gave a demonstration for Masatoki TANEGASHIMA and his son Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, who purchased two of them and ordered Kinbei YAITA, a swordsmith, to investigate and replicate them.
- 古代朝鮮三国時代 (朝鮮半島)の百済復興のための新羅・唐連合軍との白村江における敗戦、元 (王朝)朝およびそれに服属する高麗による元冦と豊臣秀吉の朝鮮出兵を除けば、これらの三国間で日本が関係した戦争は歴史上きわめて少ない。
- Historically, there were just a few wars among three countries that Japan was involved in, except for a defeat in Hakusonko (Battle of Baekgang) in the battle with Silla-Tang allied forces over the revival of Baekje during the three Kingdoms period (of Korean history) of ancient Korea, Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) by Yuan (Dynasty) and Goryeo under its control, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's invasion of Korea.
- 660年(斉明天皇6年)に唐・新羅連合軍の攻撃によって百済が攻め滅ぼされたのち、百済の遺臣は、鬼室福信・黒歯常之らを中心として百済復興の兵をあげ、倭国に滞在していた百済王の太子扶余豊璋を擁立しようと、倭国に救援を要請した。
- In 660, after Kudara was destroyed by the Silla-Tang allied forces, Fukushin KISHITSU and Joshi KOKUSHI led the surviving members of Kudara to take up arms for Kudara's restoration, and sought help from Wakoku to enthrone the King of Kudara, Prince Fuyo Hosho, who was residing there at the time.
- 兵力の差は歴然で、少弐貞経が足利軍のために調達した装備は菊池軍の大宰府攻撃の際に焼失していたため、当初は宮方の菊池軍が優勢であったが、菊池軍に大量の裏切りが出たため戦況は逆転し、菊池軍は総崩れで敗走し、阿蘇惟直は戦死する。
- At first Kikuchi's forces on the Imperial side were superior because the Ashikaga forces were greatly outnumbered and the military equipment obtained by Sadatsune SHONI was destroyed by fire during the attack of Dazaifu; the situation, however, was reversed due to betrayal by many warriors in Kikuchi's forces: leading Kikuchi's forces to collapse and flee, and in the meantime, Korenao ASO died in battle.
- さらに、以仁王の令旨を受けて、東国の源頼朝、源義仲、源信義(甲斐源氏)らが相次いで反平氏の兵を挙げ、さらに多田源氏、美濃源氏、近江源氏、河内の石川源氏、九州の菊池氏・紀伊熊野の湛増・土佐の源希義らも反平氏の行動を始めていた。
- Furthermore, answering the call by Prince Mochihito, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, MINAMOTO no Nobuyoshi (Kai Genji (Minamoto clan)) of the east raised anti-Taira clan forces and also Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Ishikawa-Genji (Minamoto clan) of Kawachi, the Kikuchi clan of Kyushu, Tanzo of Kumano in Kii Province and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi in Tosa started to rebel against the Taira clan.
- 畿内に軍事的空白が生まれたことを好機と見た石田三成は、毛利輝元、宇喜多秀家、大谷吉継ら反家康派の諸大名を糾合して挙兵し、7月17日、家康が大坂城西の丸に残していた留守居役を追放して、家康に対する13か条の弾劾状を叩きつけた。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, who saw the military presence within the territories in the vicinity of the capital as an opportunity, massed various anti-Ieyasu Daimyo, such as Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA and Yoshitsugu OTANI, raised an army, and on July 17, purged the Rusuiyaku (persons representing the master during his absence), who remained in the western citadel of Osaka-jo Castle on orders from Ieyasu, and then thrust 13 articles of impeachment upon Ieyasu.
- いずれの大隊も10箇小隊、各小隊約200名で、計約2,000名からなっていたが、加治木外4郷から募兵し、後に六番・七番大隊と呼ばれた独立大隊(連合大隊)は2大隊合計約1,600名で、他の大隊に比べ人員も少なく装備も劣っていた。
- Each battalion consisted of 10 platoons, each of which consisted of about 200 soldiers, thus, each battalion consisted of about 2000 soldiers in all; exceptionally, the separate battalion (combined battalion), which had soldiers recruited from Kajiki and four other villages, consisted of about 1600 in all, which was less and armed poorer than each of the other battalions and was divided into the 6th and 7th battalions later.
- 山県有朋もかつて西郷のもとで御親兵・陸軍省創設のために働いており、鹿児島私学校徒を激昂させた鹿児島スナイドル弾薬製造設備の搬出では薩摩閥の大山巌に協力するなど、薩摩閥内部の西郷vs大久保の争いに長州閥が便乗する構図となっていた。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA once worked under SAIGO to found Goshinpei and the Army Ministry, but on the other hand, cooperated with Iwao OYAMA of the Satsuma clique in transferring the production equipment of Snider Ammunition from Kagoshima, which made Kagoshima Shigakko students angry; as such, the Choshu clique took advantage of the struggle between SAIGO and OYAMA within the Satsuma clique.
- 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件(シーメンス事件)の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
- The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).
- 九州や中国地方の戦国大名から、やがて天下統一事業を推進していた尾張国の織田信長が1575年(天正3年)に武田氏との長篠の戦いをはじめとする戦で、鉄砲を有効活用したとされ、鉄砲が戦争における主力兵器として活用される軍事革命が起こる。
- The use of guns spread from the Kyushu and Chugoku regions to the eastern part of Japan, and Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province, who was promoting the unification of Japan, strategically used guns in battles including the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, opening the new era of military technology in which firearms became the main weapon in battle.
- 惣無事令に違反した北条氏政・北条氏直親子を、天正18年(1590年)、23万人の大兵力を動員して攻略(小田原攻め)、さらに東北の伊達政宗や最上義光らも秀吉に臣従することを誓い(奥州仕置)、ここに豊臣政権のもとに天下統一は成された。
- In 1590, Hideyoshi, with his tremendous military force of 230,000 soldiers, attacked and captured Ujimasa HOJO and his son, Ujinao, who had broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (Attack of Odawara), and Masamune DATE, Yoshiaki MOGAMI and others in Tohoku (the northeast) region pledged allegiance to Hideyoshi (Oshu Shioki (approach to punish the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu, to prevent them from strengthening their power)); and by this the whole country was unified under the Toyotomi government.
- 当時、全国的な争乱(観応の擾乱)が続いており、兵糧調達のため、激戦地であった近江国(守護:六角氏)・美濃国(守護:土岐頼康)・尾張国(守護:土岐頼康)の本所領(荘園)を対象として、その年の収穫に限り、守護に年貢半分の徴発を認めた。
- At that time, the government allowed provincial constables to requisition half of the taxes from the production of the year to obtain provisions in the midst of a nationwide disturbance (the Kanno Disturbance), aiming at the manors of the Province of Omi (provincial constable: Rokkaku clan), the Province of Mino (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) and the Province of Owari (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) all of which were the bloodiest battlefields in the disturbance.
- ただし、兵食の問題(実は航海食がビタミン欠乏状態)等により、海軍の脚気患者は、1928年1,153人、1937年から1941年まで1,000人を下回ることがなく、12月に太平洋戦争が勃発した1941年は3,079人の脚気患者が出た。
- However, rations for sailors had its problems (In reality, food at sea lacked vitamin content) as even in 1928, there were 1,153 beriberi patients in the Navy, and this did not fall below 1,000 between 1937 to 1941; In fact, when the Pacific War broke out in December, there were 3,079 beriberi patience.
- 範囲は、右上の図の紺色・青色・水色部分に相当し、大阪府全域、兵庫県南部、京都府南部、奈良県北部および南部の一部、滋賀県南部および北部の一部、和歌山県の橋本市・岩出市・かつらぎ町・九度山町、三重県の名張市に及び、人口は約1864万人。
- The extent corresponds to the parts colored in dark blue, blue and light blue in the right figure, and covers the entire area of Osaka prefecture, the southern part of Hyogo Prefecture, the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, the northern part and part of the southern part of Nara Prefecture, the southern part and part of the northern part of Shiga Prefecture, Hashimoto City, Iwade City, Katsuragi Town and Kudoyama Town in Wakayama Prefecture and Nabari City in Mie Prefecture, with a population of about 18.64 million people.
- 西南戦争が最終局面に入った9月19日、西郷軍では一部の将士の相談のもと、山野田・河野主一郎が西郷の救命のためであることを西郷・桐野に隠し、挙兵の意を説くためと称して、軍使となって西郷の縁戚でもある参軍川村純義海軍中将のもとに出向いた。
- On September 19 when the Seinan War entered in the final phase, after having consulted some high-level samurai and officers in Saigo's forces, YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO visited Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of Saigo, as military messengers on the pretext of making an explanation of why they took up arms, concealing the real intention of pleading for SAIGO's life from SAIGO and KIRINO.
- 明治2年(1869年)5月、各藩主に代わる「反逆首謀者」として、仙台藩首席家老但木成行、仙台藩江戸詰め家老坂英力、会津藩家老萱野権兵衛、盛岡藩家老楢山佐渡が、東京で極刑の刎首(ふんしゅ)刑(首を刎ねられてさらし首にされる)に処された。
- In May, 1869, in Tokyo, a principal chief retainer of the Sendai Domain, Nariyuki TADAKI, a chief retainer of the Sendai Domain working in Edo, Eiriki SAKA, a chief retainer of the Aizu Domain, Gombei KAYANO, and a chief retainer of the Morioka Domain were sentenced to the ultimate penalty of the funshu-kei (beheading and displaying of the severed head in public) as a symbol of 'a mastermind of the rebellion' in place of each lord of the domain.
- このとき本多正信や徳川四天王の一人・榊原康政などは寡兵の真田氏を侮ることはせず、上田城を黙殺して西軍との主戦場(関ヶ原)に急ぐべきだと進言するが、土井利勝を始めとする戦場に疎い将が多かったこともあり、秀忠の決断を覆すことは出来なかった。
- At this time, Masanobu HONDA and one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and others proposed that they should not downgrade the outnumbered Sanada clan, but pass Ueda-jo castle in silence and hurry to the major battlefield against the Western Camp (Sekigahara), but because there were many generals who were unfamiliar with battlefields including Toshikatsu DOI, they could not reverse Hidetada's decision.
- 成綱の兄・源有綱は源頼朝の挙兵の際に参陣していることから、成綱もまた鎌倉幕府に従ったと思われる(神奈川県厚木市の「及川村」という地名は成綱または成綱の子・及川光綱の縁かとも思われるが、古くは「及河」とも書き「おいがわ」と濁って読むのが正しい。
- Apparently, Naritsuna also followed the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) because Naritsuna's elder brother, MINAMOTO no Aritsuna, joined MINAMOTO no Yoritomo when Yoritomo rose up in arms (the place name 'OIGAWA village' in Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture, seems to have had a relationship with Naritsuna or Naritsuna's son Mitsutsuna OIKAWA, but formerly it was also written as '及河' and was properly read as 'OIGAWA' in a dull sound.
- 日露戦争において旅順要塞での戦闘に苦しめられた陸軍は、戦後、ロマン・コンドラチェンコによって築かれていた旅順要塞の堡塁を模倣し、永久堡塁 (習志野)と呼ばれた演習用構造物を陸軍習志野錬兵場内に構築、演習などを行い要塞戦の戦術について研究した。
- After the war, the Army which experienced difficulties in the siege of the Lushun Fortress constructed a replica of the Lushun Fortress constructed by Roman Kondratenko for military exercises called the 'permanent fortress,' and researched tactics for fortress warfare.
- 間もなく山陰道鎮撫総督西園寺公望から丹波に王政復古(日本)の募兵があり、前年末頃から御所警備などの勤王奉仕策を練っていた山国では、平安時代以来の皇室との関係と郷中復古(禁裏御料回復)の願いから、直ちにこれに応じて自弁による農兵隊が結成された。
- Soon after, imperial loyalist (anti-bakufu) troops recruited by Kinmochi SAIONJI, the general placed in charge of pacifying the Sanindo highway and the surrounding area, appeared in Tanba Province, and in Yamaguni, whose inhabitants had been training to serve the imperial cause, for example by standing guard at the imperial palace in Kyoto, since the end of the previous year (1867), they were also hoping for a restoration of their own hamlet along with a resumption of the ties with the imperial house they had held since the Heian period, desires which quickly prompted them to form, at their own expense, a fighting force of farmers.
- 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
- When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
- もともと後白河の即位は守仁即位までの中継ぎとして実現したものであり、信西も美福門院の要求を拒むことはできず、保元3年(1158年)8月「仏と仏との評定」(『兵範記』)、すなわち信西と美福門院の協議により後白河天皇は守仁親王に譲位した(二条天皇)。
- Since Goshirakawa's own enthronement had occurred with the understanding that Morihito would succeed him to the throne, Shinzei dared not refuse Bifukumonin's request, and so in August, 1158, in what is known in the 'Heihanki' as 'a Buddha's joint decision with another Buddha,' or in other words a negotiation between the two powerful figures, Shinzei and Bifukumonin, in which it was decided for Goshirakawa to abdicate in favor of Imperial Prince Morihito (who became Emperor Nijo).
- しかし、兵の脱走が相次ぎ、光秀は勝竜寺城を密かに脱出して居城坂本城(大津市)をさして落ち延びる途中、小栗栖(京都市伏見区)の藪(現在は「明智藪」と呼ばれる)で土民の落ち武者狩りに遭い、なんとか逃れたものの力尽き家臣の介錯により自刃したと言われる。
- However, as his soldiers deserted one after another, Mitsuhide secretly left Shoryuji-jo Castle and tried to retreat to Sakamoto-jo Castle (Otsu City) where he had been based, but on his way he came across native villagers hunting fleeing soldiers of the enemy in a yabu (bamboo grove) at Ogurisu (in today's Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City) (the grove is now called 'Akechi Yabu') and, though he managed to survive the ambush, is said to have committed jijin, seconded by one of his vassals.
- 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
- 1333年(元弘3/正慶2)、反幕府勢力の討伐のために京都へ派遣された有力御家人の足利尊氏が、一転して後醍醐側へつき六波羅探題を落とすと、新田義貞が上野国で挙兵し、これに呼応した関東の御家人たちと鎌倉を攻略して、鎌倉幕府と北条氏は滅亡した(元弘の乱)。
- In 1333, when a senior vassal named Takauzi ASHIKAGA who had been dispatched to Kyoto to eliminate the anti-bakufu forces defected to the Godaigo faction and deposed the Rokuhara Tandai, Yoshisada NITTA raised an army in Kozuke Province and with Kanto gokenin, who agreed to this, captured Kamakura and thus overthrew the Kamakura bakufu and the Hojo clan (Genko War).
- 土佐国の源希義をはじめ、河内源氏のかつての本拠地だった河内国石川の源義基・源義兼父子、美濃国の土岐氏、近江国の佐々木氏、山本義経、紀伊国の湛増、伊予国の河野氏、肥後国の菊池氏らのほか、若狭国・越前国・加賀国の在庁官人など、多くの勢力による挙兵があった。
- Various forces raised troops including MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi of Tosa Province, the father and son, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane of Ishikawa in Kawachi Province, which was the former base of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), the Toki clan in Mino Province, the Sasaki clan and Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO in Omi Province, Tanzo in Kii Province, the Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, and local officials in Wakasa, Echizen and Kaga Provinces.
- スナイドル弾薬の調達を担当した陸軍省の西郷従道と原田一道は、大量の弾薬を調達すべく、海軍省から弾薬製造設備を借り受けたり、外国商人から空薬莢500万個の購入を計画したり、あるいは清国から弾薬を借り受けるなど、前線で戦う兵士達の火力を支える弾薬調達に東奔西走した。
- Tsugumichi SAIGO and Ichido HARADA of the Army Ministry, who were responsible for supplying Snider Ammunition, rushed about frantically busy supplying ammunition to support firepower of soldiers fighting in the front line by taking every possible measures like obtaining permission to use the facilities to produce ammunition from the Navy Ministry, planning to purchase 5 million empty cartridge cases from a foreign merchant, and borrowing ammunition from the Qing dynasty in order to supply a great deal of ammunition.
- スナイドル銃が陸海軍に制式採用されてから以降、その弾薬供給が鹿児島属廠に独占されていたため、重要拠点である東京・大阪の鎮台兵には、後装式ながら紙製薬莢を使うツンナール銃(ドライゼ銃)を装備した兵が多かったが、ツンナール銃とスナイドル銃は全く違う弾薬を使用していた。
- After the Snider rifle having been formally adopted by the Army and the Navy, the arsenal in Kagoshima had exclusively supplied ammunition for the rifle; therefore, the most soldiers of the garrisons in the key strongholds of Tokyo and Osaka were armed with Zundnadel gun (Dreyse needle-gun), which is the breechloader to be loaded with a paper cartridge case and uses completely different ammunition from that for Snider rifle.
- だが、延べ数十万の兵士を都に集結させて11年にもわたり戦闘が続いたにも関わらず、主だった将が戦死することもなく、ただ惰性的に争いを続けてきた挙句に守護大名たちが獲得を目指していた幕府権力そのものが権威を失墜させてしまい、結果的に獲得するものは何もなかったのである。
- However, in spite of the 11-year duration of the war involving an aggregate of hundreds of thousands of soldiers mobilized into the capital, it was a war continued by inertia, tolling the life of none of major military leaders; moreover, the authority of the Bakufu power itself, which shugo daimyos had been vying for, was already lost, eventually nothing for them to win.
- 山城国並びに丹波国の南部、大まかに船井郡、南丹市、亀岡市、京都市、向日市、長岡京市、乙訓郡、宇治市、城陽市、久世郡、八幡市、京田辺市、綴喜郡、木津川市、相楽郡(天気予報での京都府南部。ヤマト運輸も以上を京都ターミナル管轄と扱う(北部は兵庫県の神戸ターミナル管轄))。
- 1. Yamashiro Province and the southern part of Tanba Province, which roughly includes Funai County, Nantan City, Kameoka City, Kyoto City, Muko City, Nagaokakyo City, Otokuni County, Uji City, Joyo City, Kuse County, Yawata City, Kyotanabe City, Tsuzuki County, Kizugawa City, and Sora County (this definition is used for weather forcast as the southern region of Kyoto Prefecture, and for Yamato Transport Co., Ltd. as the territory of Kyoto Terminal [the northern region is of Kobe Terminal in Hyogo Prefecture]).
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- 刀狩(かたながり、刀狩り)とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日(天正16年7月8日 (旧暦))に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令(同時に海上賊船禁止令)を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す(ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
- Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 翌慶応3年(1867年)薩摩藩の西郷・大久保利通らは政局の主導権を握るため雄藩連合を模索し、島津久光・松平春嶽・伊達宗徳・山内容堂(前土佐藩主)の上京を促して、兵庫開港および長州処分問題について徳川慶喜と協議させたが、慶喜の政治力が上回り、団結を欠いた四侯会議は無力化した。
- In 1867, Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of Satsuma, who groped for the union of major domains to take the initiative in the political situation, urged Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Munee DATE and Yodo YAMANOUCH (the former lord of the Tosa domain) to come to Kyoto to discuss the port of Hyogo and the treatment of Choshu with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, but the four great members, lacking solidarity, were overwhelmed by Yoshinobu's political smartness, and could not make a respectable showing.
- 「つわもの」の語源は明らかではないが、竹内理三は、大槻文彦が『大言海』の中で「鍔物(つみはもの)の略にて、兵器、特に鍔(つば)あれば云うとぞ」と書かれていることを紹介しながら、9世紀頃までは武器を指した言葉であることは間違いがなく、10世紀頃から「武者」と同義になるとする。
- The origin of the word 'tsuwamono' is uncertain, but Rizo TAKEUCHI referred to it as 'the abbreviation of tsuwamono (guard) or a weapon mentioned especially when there is a tsuba (sword guard)' in 'Daigenkai' (literally, great sea of words, a Japanese dictionary) by Fumihiko OTSUKI, and applied to weapons until the ninth century without a doubt and became a synonym for 'busha' from the tenth century.
- 同じ6月1日の夕、光秀は1万3000の手勢を率いて丹波亀山城を出陣し京に向かった(光秀は亀山城 (丹波国)には事件前にも後にも死ぬまで立ち寄っておらず、坂本城より3000の兵で本能寺に向かい、到着したのは本能寺が焼け落ちた午前7時半より数時間後の9時頃だったとする説もある)。
- On the same day, June 1 in the evening, Mitsuhide departed the Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to Kyoto at the head of an army of 13,000 (There is another view that Mitsuhide did not visit Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province) before or after the event and he moved toward Honno-ji Temple from Sakamoto-jo Castle at the head of 3,000 troops and arrived around nine o'clock, that is several hours after seven thirty A.M. when the Honno-ji Temple burnt down.)
- 朝廷内部では長州勢の駆逐を求める強硬派と宥和派が対立し、禁裏御守衛総督を勤める一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)は退兵を呼びかけるが、京都蛤御門(京都市上京区)付近で長州藩兵が、会津・桑名藩・薩摩各藩の諸隊と衝突、尊皇攘夷を唱える長州勢は壊滅、来島又兵衛、久坂玄瑞、寺島忠三郎らは戦死した。
- Within the Imperial Court, there was a struggle between hard-liners that wanted to destroy Choshu's military force and others who wished to appease them, while Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (later known as Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA), who served as Viceroy and Protector of the Imperial Palace, called on the soldiers to withdraw, but the Choshu soldiers clashed with various groups of samurai warriors from Aizu, Kuwana, and Satsuma clans near Kyoto's Hamaguri Gate (in the Kamigyo ward of modern-day Kyoto); but the forces of Choshu, chanting their Revere the Emperor slogan, were annihilated, and Matabe KIJIMA, Gensui KUSAKA, and Chusaburo TERAJIMA were among those who died in battle.
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- また守護の斯波義種に反抗して元中4年/嘉慶 (日本)元年(1387年)善光寺に村上頼国、小笠原清順、長沼太郎らと挙兵し5月に平柴(長野市安茂里)の守護所を攻めて漆田原(長野市中御所)で戦い、8月には守護代の二宮氏泰が篭城する横山城を攻め落とし、続いて生仁城(千曲市雨宮)も攻めた。
- The Takanashi clan resisted the governor Yoshitane SHIBA, rose in arms at Zenko-ji Temple along with Yorikuni MURAKAMI, Seijun OGASAWARA and Taro NAGANUMA in 1387, attacked the prefectural office in Hirashiba (Amori, Nagano City) in May, fought at Urushidahara (Nakagosho, Nagano City), captured Yokoyama-jo Castle (in which Ujiyasu NINOMIYA, Shugodai [deputy of Shugo, provincial constable] had taken refuge) in September, and attacked Namani-jo Castle (Amamiya, Chikuma City).
- その一方で明治4年(1871年)に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
- Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- 裏づけとする史書の記述として、フロイスの「日本史」が続いて、光秀の京都への反転に際して 「兵士たちはかような(本能寺を攻める)動きがいったい何のためであるか訝り始め おそらく明智は信長の命に基づいて、その義弟である三河の国主(家康)を 殺すつもりであろうと考えた。」という部分がある。
- As descriptions in historical books that support this view, it is well-known that a section of 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois continued as, when Mitsuhide reversed the course to Kyoto, 'Soldiers began to wonder about the purpose of such action (to attack the Honno-ji Temple and thought that Mitsuhide intended to kill the lord of Mikawa Province (Ieyasu), who was a younger brother-in-law of Nobunaga, according to Nobunaga's order, and a section of 'Rojinzatsuwa' by Munetomo EMURA.'
- 毛屋主水曰く「敵は多く我は少なし。我若し一歩を退かば彼必ず追撃し我兵殲きん死は一成り寧ろ進んで死するに若かず且つ我兵一致団結して奮進すれば必ず敵の一部を突破せん。我その機に乗じて退却すれば或は軍を全うするを得ん。是れ武田勝頼が長篠の敗後に攻勢に出て敵の追撃を遅緩ならしめたる故智なり」と。
- Shusui KEYA said, 'The enemy are many and we are few. If we retreat one step backwards, the enemy will definitely give chase and our troops will be cut down, but if we try to advance and face death with all of our troops act together, we will definitely break through our enemy. If we use the chance to retreat, our troops might make it. This was the trick that Katsuyori TAKEDA used after the loss at the Battle of Nagashino, where he attacked in order to discourage the pursuit of his enemies.'
- これにより旧幕府では薩摩打倒の機運が高まり、「薩摩の不法行為を誅する」とした上奏表(討薩表)を携え、京都を兵力で抑えるべく、旧幕府側の幕府歩兵隊、会津藩兵、桑名藩兵などが大阪から進軍し、薩摩藩・長州藩の軍勢と慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)、京都南郊外の鳥羽と伏見で衝突した。
- This incident gathered momentum among the former Shogunate to fight against the Satsuma Domain; with the statement to the Emperor declaring that they would avenge Satsuma's wrongs (to-satsu-hyo), the Shogunate infantry of the former Shogunate and warriors of the Aizu and Kuwana Domains advanced from Osaka to pacify Kyoto and they clashed with the forces of the Satsuma and Choshu Domains in Toba and Fushimi on the outskirts of southern Kyoto on January 27, 1868.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- この時、薩軍の猛将永山弥一郎は「諸君何ぞ斯(かく)の如く怯なる、若し敵をして此地を奪はしめんか、熊本城外の我守兵を如何にせん、大事之に因て去らんのみ、生きて善士と称し、死して忠臣と称せらるゝは唯此時にあり、各死力を尽し刀折れ矢竭(つ)き而して後已(やまん)」(『薩南血涙史』)と激励したが、戦況を逆転することはできなかった。
- In this battle, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA, a brave general of the Satsuma army, encouraged his warriors through the following appeal but could not change the battle situation to their advantage: 'Why are you so cowardly?; If we allowed the enemy to seize this place, how the soldiers stationed outside Kumamoto Castle would become?; Only what is important is to defend this place to the last; It is for that achievement that you are to be praised as a good warrior, if alive, or a loyal retainer, if dead; Fight desperately until all of our weapons are used up' (according to 'Satsunan Ketsurui-shi' (the history of Satsunan full of blood and tears)).
- スナイドル弾薬の製造設備を失った事は、薩摩を象徴する新兵器だったスナイドル銃が無用の長物と化し、既に旧式化していた前装式のエンフィールド銃で戦わなければならなくなった事を意味しており、後装式と前装式の連射速度の違いがもたらす決定的な戦力差を戊辰戦争での実体験として知る西郷は、この報を聞いて「ちょしもたー」(しまった)との言葉を発したという。
- Now that they lost the production equipment of Snider Ammunition, the Snider rifle, which had symbolized the Satsuma Domain as the new weapon, meant nothing to them and they had to be armed with the outdated muzzle-loading Enfield rifles; it is said that SAIGO shouted 'Damn!' to hear the report because he had realized in the Boshin War that a difference in the burst speed between the muzzleloader and the breechloader makes a crucial difference in fighting power.
- この時期、九州では依然として激戦が続いており、更に1,800万発の調達が必要と見積もられていたこともあって、大量の弾薬在庫が残されていたツンナール銃を九州に送る案が検討され、実際に和歌山(旧紀州藩)の臨時召集部隊は藩兵時代から使い慣れたツンナール銃装備のまま九州へ派遣されたほか、大阪鎮台の医歩兵など後方部隊もツンナール銃を装備して派遣されていた。
- As fierce battles were still fought in Kyushu in this period, the Army Ministry estimated further 18 million rounds of ammunition would be needed and examined a plan of sending Zundnadel guns to Kyushu because it had a great deal of stockpiles of ammunition for the gun; in fact, an emergency call-up troop in Wakayama (former Kishu Domain) was dispatched to Kyushu armed with Zundnadel gun, which they had used when they served for the domain, and a rear unit including medical soldiers in Osaka Garrison were also armed with Zundnadel guns and dispatched.
- 6月5日 (旧暦)の池田屋事件で新選組に藩士を殺された変報が長州にもたらされると、慎重派の周布政之助、高杉晋作や宍戸左馬之助らは藩論の沈静化に努めるが、福原越後や益田右衛門介、国司信濃の三家老等の積極派は、討薩賊会奸を掲げて挙兵し、益田、久坂玄瑞らは大山崎町天王山、宝山に、国司、来島又兵衛らは嵯峨天龍寺に、福原越後は伏見長州屋敷に兵を集めて陣営を構える。
- When word of the July 8 Ikedaya Incident, in which the Shinsengumi forces had assassinated domainal samurai warriors, reached Choshu, the prudence faction, which included Masanosuke SUFU, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Samanosuke SHISHIDO, tried to calm the raging debate in the clan, but members of the activist faction, like the elders of the three clans, Echigo (Mototake) FUKUHARA, Uemonnosuke (Kanenobu) MASUDA, and Shinano (Chikasuke) KUNISHI, cunningly created a group designed to destroy Satsuma, against whom there was considerable enmity, and to that end they prepared for battle; Masuda and Gensui KUSAKA began gathering troops at Mt. Tenno and Mt. Takara in the town of Oyamazaki, while Kunishi and Matabe KIJIMA gathered troops at Saga Tenryu-ji temple, and Echigo FUKUHARA at the Choshu estate at Fushimi.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり(ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能)、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
- Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.
- 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年(1154年)の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分(合格)者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである(大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分(天皇)2・院御分(上皇・法皇)1・殿下分(摂政・関白)1・省官分(式部大輔・少輔)3・両博士分(文章博士2名)2・判儒分(試験官)3の入分枠が定められていたという)。
- Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).