克: 996 Terms and Phrases
- 克
- Isoshi
- Osamu
- Katsu
- Katsuei
- Katsushi
- Katsuji
- Katsunori
- Katsumi
- Katsuyuki
- Koku
- Suguri
- Suguru
- Takashi
- Tayuru
- Tsutomu
- Tsuyoshi
- Masaru
- Mitsuru
- overcome
- kindly
- skillfully
- 克之
- Katsushi
- Katsuno
- Katsuyuki
- Yoshiyuki
- 克典
- Katsusuke
- Katsunori
- Yoshinori
- 克忠
- Katsutada
- Masanao
- Yoshitada
- 克彦
- Katsuhiko
- Kouen
- Kokugen
- Yoshihiko
- 克美
- Katsumi
- Katsuyoshi
- Yoshimi
- 克臣
- Katsuomi
- Katsutomi
- Katsumi
- 克人
- Katsuto
- Katsuhito
- Katsundo
- Yoshihito
- 克伸
- Katsunari
- Katsunobu
- Katsuya
- Yoshinobu
- 克成
- Katsushige
- Katsunari
- Yoshinari
- 克尚
- Katsunao
- Katsuhisa
- Yoshitaka
- 克将
- Katsuto
- Katsuhata
- Katsumasa
- 克昌
- Katsuaki
- Katsumasa
- Katsuyoshi
- Yoshimaki
- Yoshimasa
- 克知
- Katsutaka
- Yoshiakira
- Yoshichika
- 寿克
- Toshikatsu
- Hisakatsu
- Hisayoshi
- 信克
- Nobukatsu
- Nobunari
- Nobuyoshi
- 昌克
- Akimasa
- Masakatsu
- Masayoshi
- 尚克
- Naokatsu
- Hisakatsu
- Hisayoshi
- Masayoshi
- Yoshihide
- 克洋
- Katsuhiro
- Masahiro
- Yoshihiro
- 克雄
- Katsuo
- Katsuo (Katsuwo)
- Masao
- Yoshio
- 克弥
- Katsuji
- Katsumi
- Katsuya
- 克亮
- Katsuaki
- Katsusuke
- Masaaki
- 克朗
- Katsuaki
- Katsuo
- Katsurou
- 克郎
- Katsuo
- Katsurou
- Yoshio
- Yoshirou
- 克充
- Katsumichi
- Katsumitsu
- Yoshimitsu
- 匡克
- Tadakatsu
- Tadamasa
- Masakatsu
- 克惟
- Katsutada
- Katsunari
- Katsunobu
- 公克
- Kimikatsu
- Tadakatsu
- Hirokatsu
- Masakatsu
- 光克
- Akiyoshi
- Kanenari
- Kaneyoshi
- Teruyoshi
- Mitsunari
- Mitsuyoshi
- 克一
- Katsuichi
- Katsuhito
- Yoshikazu
- 超克
- overcoming
- conquering
- surmounting
- getting over
- 克明
- detailed
- elaborate
- faithful (copy)
- accurate
- scrupulous
- diligent
- conscientious
- Katsuaki
- Katsumasa
- Kokumei
- Masaaki
- Yoshiaki
- 克く
- nicely
- properly
- well
- skillfully
- frequently
- often
- 克つ
- to win
- to gain victory
- 克鯨
- gray whale (Eschrichtius robutus)
- 克己
- self denial
- self control
- Katsuki
- Katsumi
- Kokki
- Yoshimi
- continence
- temperance
- 克服
- conquest (problem, disease, handicap, etc. e.g. poverty, illness)
- overcoming
- bringing under control
- subjugation
- victory over
- overcome
- surmountable
- 克史
- Katsushi
- Katsuji
- Katsufumi
- 克晃
- Katsuaki
- Katsuteru
- Yoshiteru
- 克寿
- Katsutoshi
- Katsuhisa
- Katsuyoshi
- 克樹
- Katsuki
- Katsuju
- Yoshiki
- 克治
- Katsuji
- Katsuharu
- Kokuji
- Yoshiharu
- 克子
- Kako
- Kachiko
- Katsuko
- Taeko
- Yoshiko
- 克紀
- Katsuki
- Katsutoshi
- Katsunori
- 克栄
- Katsue
- Katsuei
- Katsushige
- Katsuhide
- Katsuyoshi
- Masaei
- 克允
- Katsunari
- Katsunobu
- Katsuya
- 克孝
- Katsutaka
- Katsuyoshi
- Yoshitaka
- 美克
- Yoshikazu
- Yoshikatsu
- Yoshikadzu
- 知克
- Toshinari
- Tomokatsu
- Tomoyoshi
- 智克
- Tomokatsu
- Tomokadzu
- Tomoyoshi
- 明克
- Akikatsu
- Akiyoshi
- Akira
- 坂克彦
- Saka Katsuhiko (h) (1985.9.6-)
- 新克利
- Atarashi Katsutoshi (1940.12-)
- 克亜樹
- Katsu Aki (h) (1961.9.19-)
- 打克つ
- to overcome (a difficulty)
- 克灰袋
- polyester bag for collecting volcanic ash
- 克己心
- spirit of self-denial
- 南克幸
- Minami Katsuyuki (h) (1970.9.30-)
- 檀克義
- Danka Tsuyoshi (1941.12-)
- 谷口克
- Taniguchi Suguru (1940-)
- 谷克二
- Tani Katsuji (h) (1941.3.5-)
- 下克上
- juniors dominating seniors
- retainer supplanting his lord
- Gekokujo
- Gekokujō
- 林克洋
- Hayashi Katsuhiro (h) (1965.10.28-)
- 舟崎克彦
- Funazaki Katsuhiko (h) (1945.2.2-)
- Funazaki Yoshihiko
- 佐藤克身
- Satou Katsumi (1941.1-)
- 山田克郎
- Yamada Katsurou (h) (1910.11.5-1983.4.26)
- 松島克守
- Matsushima Katsumori
- 常盤文克
- Tokiwa Fumikatsu (1933.11-)
- 森田克子
- Morita Katsuko (h) (1945.6.6-)
- 植草克秀
- Uekusa Katsuhide (h) (1966.7.24-)
- 小林克也
- Kobayashi Katsuya (1941.3-)
- 小西克哉
- Konishi Katsuya (h) (1954.4.29-)
- 小西克幸
- Konishi Katsuyuki (h) (1973.4.21-)
- Katsuyuki Konishi
- 佐々木克
- Sasaki Suguri
- Sasaki Suguru (1940-)
- 今井克宗
- Imai Katsumune (h) (1972.4.22-)
- 黒沼克史
- Kuronuma Katsushi (h) (1955.8.2-2005.4.17)
- 金井克子
- Kanai Katsuko (h) (1945.6.17-)
- Kana Katsuko (1945.6-)
- 橋本克彦
- Hashimoto Katsuhiko (h) (1945.11.8-)
- 元広克行
- Motohiro Katsuyuki (1965.7-)
- 菊池克己
- Kikuchi Katsumi (h) (1925.2.15-2004.5.10)
- 宮地克彦
- Miyaji Katsuhiko (h) (1971.8.28-)
- 久保克之
- Kubo Katsuyuki (h) (1938.2.10-)
- 古木克明
- Furuki Katsuaki (h) (1980.11.10-)
- 高須克弥
- Takasu Katsuya (h) (1945.1.22-)
- 高橋克彦
- Takahashi Katsuhiko (1947.8-)
- 高橋克実
- Takahashi Katsumi (h) (1961.4.1-)
- 高橋克典
- Takahashi Katsunori (1964.12-)
- 広澤克実
- Hirosawa Katsumi (h) (1962.4.10-)
- 打ち克つ
- to overcome (a difficulty)
- 永田克彦
- Nagata Katsuhiko (h) (1973.10.31-)
- 克己復礼
- exercising self-restraint and conforming to the rules of etiquette and formality
- 克己精進
- self-control and close application
- self-denial and diligent devotion
- 河合克敏
- Kawai Katsutoshi (h) (1964.5.2-)
- 岩渕美克
- Iwabuchi Yoshikazu
- Iwabuchi Yoshikadzu
- 河添克彦
- Kawasoe Katsuhiko (h) (1936.9.29-)
- Kawazoe Katsuhiko (1936.9-)
- 河井克行
- Kawai Katsuyuki (h) (1963.3.11-)
- 遠藤利克
- Endou Toshikatsu (1950.9-)
- 岡田克也
- Okada Katsuya (h) (1953.7.14-)
- Katsuya Okada
- 横光克彦
- Yokomitsu Katsuhiko (h) (1943.11.4-)
- Katsuhiko Yokomitsu
- 岡本克己
- Okamoto Katsumi (h) (1930.2.3-2002.4.11)
- 岡本克道
- Okamoto Katsunori (h) (1973.6.9-)
- 神沼克伊
- Kaminuma Katsutada (1937.6-)
- 若林克法
- Katsunori Wakabayashi
- 藤井繁克
- Fujii Shigekatsu (h) (1926.1.28-)
- 内藤克俊
- Naitou Katsutoshi (h) (1895.2.25-1969.9.27)
- 内橋克人
- Uchihashi Katsuto (1932.7-)
- 南井克巳
- Minai Katsumi (h) (1953.1.17-)
- 坪能克裕
- Tsubonou Katsuhiro (h) (1947.10.2-)
- 長沢克泰
- Nagasawa Katsuhiro (h) (1961.10.30-)
- 田中克彦
- Tanaka Katsuhiko (h) (1934.6.3-)
- 田口克之
- Taguchi Katsuyuki (1945-)
- 美樹克彦
- Miki Katsuhiko (h) (1948.10.22-)
- 尾辻克彦
- Otsuji Katsuhiko (h) (1937.3.27-)
- 服部克久
- Hattori Katsuhisa (1936.11-)
- Katsuhisa Hattori
- 飯塚克美
- Iidzuka Katsumi (h) (1949.7.8-)
- 平井克彦
- Hirai Katsuhiko (1939.6-)
- 平塚克洋
- Hiratsuka Katsuhiro (h) (1966.1.29-)
- 平井克征
- Hirai Katsuyuki (?-2001.9.11)
- 肥後克広
- Higo Katsuhiro (h) (1963.3.15-)
- 梅原克文
- Umehara Katsufumi (h) (1960.9.5-)
- 石堂克利
- Ishidou Katsutoshi (h) (1980.4.18-)
- 石原克哉
- Ishihara Katsuya (h) (1978.10.2-)
- Katsuya Ishihara
- 浅葉克己
- Asaba Katsumi (h) (1940.3.18-)
- 川又克二
- Kawamata Katsuji (h) (1905.3.1-1986.3.29)
- 西浦克拓
- Nishiura Katsuhiro (h) (1974.11.12-)
- 杉浦克昭
- Sugiura Katsuaki (1945.1-)
- 清宮克幸
- Kiyomiya Katsuyuki (h) (1967.7.17-)
- 浅葉克巳
- Asaba Katsumi (1940-)
- 池田克也
- Ikeda Katsuya (h) (1937.3.9-)
- 中野克彦
- Nakano Katsuhiko (1938.12-)
- 中川克巳
- Nakagawa Katsumi (1949.10-)
- 中村克樹
- Nakamura Katsuki (h) (1962.9.18-)
- 太田克己
- Oota Katsumi (h) (1930.8.25-)
- 村上克司
- Murakami Katsushi (h) (1942.9.23-)
- 大榎克巳
- Ooenoki Katsumi (1965.4-)
- 村井克行
- Murai Katsuyuki (h) (1969.12.17-)
- Katsuyuki Murai
- 大榎克己
- Ooenoki Katsumi (h) (1965.4.3-)
- Katsumi Oenoki
- 大山克巳
- Ooyama Katsumi (h) (1930.9.30-)
- 滝本安克
- Takimoto Yasukatsu (h) (1924.11.2-)
- 大野克夫
- Oono Katsuo (h) (1939.9.12-)
- 大友克洋
- Ootomo Katsuhiro (1954-)
- Katsuhiro Otomo
- 大柴克友
- Ooshiba Katsutomo (1973.5-)
- Katsutomo Oshiba
- 矢部長克
- Yabe Hisakatsu (h) (1878.12.3-1969.6.23)
- 野津克已
- Nodzu Katsumi (h) (1917.1.16-2002.9.13)
- 野村克則
- Nomura Katsunori (h) (1973.7.23-)
- 有働克也
- Udou Katsuya (h) (1969.9.24-)
- 野村克也
- Nomura Katsuya (1935.6-)
- Katsuya Nomura
- 木戸克彦
- Kido Katsuhiko (h) (1961.2.1-)
- 豊口克平
- Toyoguchi Katsuhei (h) (1905.11.16-1991.7.18)
- 本橋克洋
- Motohashi Katsuhiro (h) (1973.10.18-)
- 茂木克己
- Mogi Katsumi (h) (1915.3.1-2005.4.26)
- 老松克博
- Oimatsu Katsuhiro (1959-)
- 鈴木克美
- Suzuki Katsumi (h) (1969.4.21-)
- 克服する
- conquer
- overcome
- prevail
- vanquish
- 若田部克彦
- Wakatabe Katsuhiko (h) (1970.7.1-)
- 高林克日己
- Takabayashi Katsuhiko
- 御子柴克彦
- Mikoshiba Katsuhiko (h) (1945.3.3-)
- 羽生田忠克
- Hanyuuda Tadakatsu (h) (1964.5.1-)
- 永井克多孝
- Nagai Katsutaka (1931-)
- 洛克人大戰
- List of Mega Man video games
- 己れに克つ
- conquer oneself
- control oneself
- 津久井克行
- Tsukui Katsuyuki (h) (1959.10.13-)
- 日比野克彦
- Hibino Katsuhiko (1958.8-)
- Katsuhiko HIBINO
- 川崎克没。
- Katsu KAWASAKI died.
- 薬師寺克一
- Yakushiji Katsuichi
- 薬師寺克行
- Yakushiji Katsuyuki
- 克服できない
- insuperable
- insurmountable
- 野生を克服する
- overcome the wildness of
- 奥林匹克公園駅
- Olympic Green Station
- 己に克ち礼に復る
- act with restraint and conform to the ways of etiquette
- 廣戸昌克 33歳。
- Masakatsu HIROTO, age 33
- 彼は内気を克服した
- He overcame his shyness
- 彼は弱さを克服した
- He overcame his infirmity
- 克服できないほどの
- to an insuperable degree
- 6月、実父直克死去。
- In June, his real father Naokatsu died.
- 彼は内気さを克服した
- He overcame his shyness
- これを下克上という。
- This is called gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite).
- 慎重に、また賢い克己で
- prudently and with wise self-restraint
- 厳しい禁欲と活発な克己
- rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint
- 抵抗を克服してつき通す
- pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance
- 円高克服は大問題です。
- How to overcome the high value of the yen is a big problem.
- 子女に長男宮原晴克あり。
- He had a son Harukatsu MIYAHARA.
- 征服、または克服しやすい
- subject to being conquered or overcome
- 克肖者表信者ヴァシリオス
- Basil the Confessor
- 驚きまたは疑惑を克服する
- overcome as with astonishment or disbelief
- 彼はその苦境を克服した。
- He got over the end.
- 予測でき克服可能な危険状態
- situations of measurable and surmountable danger
- 彼は多くの困難を克服した。
- He has overcome many obstacles.
- 習慣は習慣で克服されます。
- custom is overcome by custom.
- 後継に長男7代目今井克紀あり
- He has his eldest son, Katsunori IMAI, the seventh generation as his successor.
- 私が癌を克服したのは奇跡だ。
- It's a miracle that I've got over cancer.
- 病人はついに病気を克服した。
- The patient finally conquered his illness.
- その問題は難なく克服できる。
- We can get over the problem without difficulty.
- 抑制されるか、または克服される
- subdued or overcome
- 窪田鎮勝（西国郡代、蒲池鎮克）
- Shigekatsu KUBOTA (intendant of Saigoku region [western Japan] under the shogun's order, also named Shigekatsu KAMACHI)
- 人類は多くの困難を克服してきた。
- Man has got over many difficulties.
- 彼は妻の死をまだ克服していない。
- He hasn't got over the death of his wife yet.
- 扱ったり、克服するのが困難な特性
- the trait of being difficult to handle or overcome
- 克明親王の第一王子、醍醐天皇の孫。
- Prince Royal of Imperial Prince Katsuakira, grandchild of Emperor Daigo.
- 下克上を体現した典型的な戦国武将。
- He was a typical busho embodying 'gekokujo' (an inverted social order where the lowly reigned over the elite).
- 克己と寡黙さによって特徴づけられる
- marked by self-restraint and reticence
- 私がガンを克服したのは奇跡である。
- It's a miracle that I've got over cancer.
- 我々は力を合わせて困難を克服した。
- We helped each other to overcome the difficulties.
- その困難を克服しなければならない。
- You must overcome the difficulties.
- 倣高克恭山水図巻（山口県立美術館）
- Landscape Scroll after Kegong GAO (Yamaguchi Prefectural Museum of Art)
- 先駆者達は一連の障害を克服してきた。
- The pioneers have overcome a series of obstacles.
- 「近代の超克」に参加し、戦後公職追放。
- He participated in 'Overcoming the Modern' and was expelled from his public office after the war.
- 克服するまたは抑制されることのできない
- incapable of being overcome or subdued
- 打破されるか、克服されることができない
- not capable of being surmounted or overcome
- 君はその困難を克服しなければならない。
- You have to overcome the difficulties.
- 克服する行為、または、相手を負かす行為
- the act of overcoming or outdoing
- 兄弟間の相克を危惧しながらの死であった。
- He died feeling uneasiness about the sibling rivalry.
- 克服される、挑戦ざれる、または反駁される
- incapable of being overcome, challenged or refuted
- 私たちは困難を克服するため協力し合った。
- We pulled together to get out of hardship.
- 君は暗闇の恐怖を克服しなければならない。
- You must conquer your fear of the dark.
- その少女は山ほどある困難を克服している。
- The girl is getting over mountains of difficulties.
- 本名は一説に井上克三（いのうえかつぞう）。
- Some say his real name was Katsuzo INOUE.
- あなたは困難をすべて克服しなければならない
- You must overcome all difficulties
- 彼女は、ハンディキャップを克服し、成功した
- she struggled to overcome her handicap and won
- 我々は多くの困難を克服しなければならない。
- We must get over many difficulties.
- 我々は幾多の困難を克服しなければならない。
- We have to cope with hosts of difficulties.
- 一話一話、日時と場所が克明に記されている。
- Every article details the date and place.
- 彼女の恐怖は最終的には克服できると知っていた
- knew her fears were ultimately conquerable
- 内気さを克服し、そのグループから距離を置いた
- kept apart from the group out of shyness
- 彼は私がその困難を克服するのを助けてくれた。
- He helped me to get over the difficulties.
- その混乱をどうやって克服したか話して下さい。
- Tell me how you got over such troubles?
- 特に貧困または無名状態を克服する努力に従事する
- engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity
- 君は暗闇に対する恐怖を克服しなければならない。
- You must conquer your fear of the dark.
- 我々は無力感を克服しなければならないであろう。
- We will have to get over the feeling of helplessness.
- ガンの克服には資金不足が重大な障害となっている。
- Lack of money is a serious hindrance in their fight to conquer cancer.
- 目の不自由なその青年はハンディキャップを克服した。
- The blind young man has got over his handicap.
- Ｗｅｂマーケティングの弱点を克服するウィジェット。
- The widget that overcomes Web-Marketing's weaknesses.
- 通常克服される人の誤りまたは弱さを通して克服される
- overcome, usually through no fault or weakness of the person that is overcome
- 自分の弱点を克服することは難しいことではありません。
- It isn't hard to overcome your weaknesses.
- 当時、戦国時代 (日本)の下克上の風潮が残存していた。
- At that time there remained an atmosphere for gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 知的な挑戦または逆境に耐えるか、克服するのに十分に強い
- strong enough to withstand or overcome intellectual challenges or adversity
- 回復するか、取り戻す、または克服することが不可能である
- impossible to recover or recoup or overcome
- 美徳と激務はで貧困を克服した（1832年−1899年）
- virtue and hard work overcome poverty (1832-1899)
- 好奇心を押さえることと、打ち克つことは別のことである。
- It is one thing to mortify curiosity, another to conquer it;
- 1976年に田宮克哉が発表した、ごく新しい将棋である。
- It is a very new kind of Shogi, started in 1976 by Katsuya TAMIYA.
- 一族の相克により吉川氏はその勢力を低下させることとなった。
- With the rivalry amongst the clan, the Kikkawa clan had lost its strength.
- 彼女はどんな障害をも克服できるすばらしい能力を持っている。
- She has the wonderful capability to overcome any obstacle.
- といいかけて、いいよどんだが、弱さに打ち克つように続けた。
- -- he caught himself up at the word with a start, and then conquering the weakness --
- 承久の乱のときも、長男大江親広が官軍側につき、親子相克した。
- During the Jokyu Disturbance, he had a conflict with his eldest son, OE no Chikahiro who was on the emperor's side.
- 側室：お八重の方（皆春院） - 牧野忠克の娘、土屋知光の養女
- Concubine: Lady Oyae (Kaishunin), the biological daughter of Tadakatsu MAKINO and adopted daughter of Tomomitsu TSUCHIYA
- 三好政権は下克上で細川管領体制を崩壊させた新興勢力であった。
- The Miyoshi's government was an emergent power which brought down the Hosokawa's Kanrei (top ranked job in Muromachi era to support shogun and control the government) system by a revolt.
- 私はなんとか他人のあら捜しをする習慣を克服することができた。
- I managed to get over the habit of finding fault with others.
- 克巳は自分の思い通りにするのが許されないと、すぐ腹をたてる。
- If Katsumi is not allowed to have his own way, he easily gets angry.
- 問題を克服した後、真のまたは抽象的な目的に達することに成功する
- succeed in reaching a real or abstract destination after overcoming problems
- 谷口克広は、いずれかの説をとる研究家を以下のように分類している。
- Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI classified the researchers who insist on any of the following theories.
- 他に、第一皇子克明親王の子に管弦の名手として有名な源博雅がいる。
- One of the descendants of the first prince Yoshiakira includes MINAMOTO no Hiromasa who was an expert in kangen (gagaku piece without dance).
- 富山蘭園 奈良農場（野原東）：園芸研究家・富山昌克が経営する農場
- Toyama Orchid Farm, Nara Farm (Nohara Higashi): A farm run by a horticulturist, Masakatsu TOYAMA.
- 他には、世話になった酒屋への書簡一通に「井上克三」との署名がある。
- Additionally, there was his signature, 'Katsuzo INOUE' in a letter sent to a sake shop where he was under care.
- 佐賀藩士櫛山弥左衛門の長男として生まれ、伯父石井忠克の養子となる。
- He was born as the eldest son of Yasaemon KUSHIYAMA, a feudal retainer of the Saga clan and adopted by his uncle, Tadakatsu ISHII.
- 別の点に力を加えることによって一つの点で抵抗を克服できるような装置
- a device for overcoming resistance at one point by applying force at some other point
- その結果として領土を勝ち得、家臣団に与えて下克上の芽を摘み取った。
- This led to acquisition of territories, which were then given to the daimyo's vassals to ease their ambition to come through the ranks.
- 西河 克己（にしかわ かつみ、1918年7月1日 -）は、映画監督。
- Katsumi NISHIKAWA (July 1, 1918 -) was a movie director.
- 俊乗坊重源は幾多の困難を克服して大仏を鋳造し、1185年、開眼供養。
- Chogen SHUNJOBO consecrated the newly made Great Buddha image in 1185 after overcaming numerous obstacles in its construction.
- Shunjobo Chogen overcame numerous difficulties to cast a Great Buddha statue, for which the consecration ceremony was held in 1185.
- アルコール中毒を克服しようとする人々に支援グループを提供する国際組織
- an international organization that provides a support group for persons trying to overcome alcoholism
- 多少は自分の恐れを克服して、わたしは一歩進み出て話しかけてみました。
- Overcoming my fear to some extent, I advanced a step and spoke.
- 紙製の容器の場合、容器外側を段ボール状にして、この点を克服している。
- Paper containers overcome these points by making the outside cardboard-shaped.
- 戦国時代になると新田宗家を継承した岩松氏は重臣横瀬氏に下克上される。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Iwamatsu clan who succeeded to the head family of the Nitta clan was defeated by a gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) by a senior vassal, Yokose clan.
- 下克上は全国に拡散され、日本は戦国時代 (日本)に向かうことになる。
- The trend of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) proliferated nationwide, driving Japan to its Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 環境問題を克服するために、生物学的過程を用いるバイオテクノロジーの部門
- the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems
- 弱点を克服すべく、いろいろな品種とかけあわせて新種の親株となっている。
- In order to overcome the weak points, it has been crossbred with various varieties as a parent for new varieties.
- 禅寺の食のタブーを克服するため調理技術が発達し、出汁の概念が生まれた。
- Cooking techniques to overcome taboos on meals at Zen temples developed, and the concept of soup stock was generated.
- 融和説…桐野作人、谷口克広、橋本政宣、堀新、三鬼清一郎、山本博文、脇田修
- A theory of reconciliation: Sakujin KIRINO, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI, Masanobu HASHIMOTO, Shin HORI, Seichiro MIKI, Hirofumi YAMAMOTO and Osamu WAKITA
- 以上『信長軍の司令官 武将たちの出世競争』谷口克弘：著、中公新書より）。
- The above descriptions are based on Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI, 'Nobunaga-gun no Shireikan: Bushotachi no Shusse Kyoso' (Competition among the Military Commanders of the Nobunaga Army), Chuko Shinsho.)
- 劇場版ポケットモンスター ダイヤモンド&パール アルセウス 超克の時空へ
- Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life
- システム全体を抜本的に変えなければ、この欠点を克服することは困難である。
- It is difficult to overcome this shortcoming without drastically changing the whole system.
- この2路線の相克が、爾後、頼朝政権が退勢を挽回する上で重要となってくる。
- The conflict between these two lines became an important factor thereafter in restoring the declining force of the Yoritomo government.
- その端緒が松本克己の「古代日本語母音組織考 －内的再建の試み－」である。
- The first one was 'A Study on Ancient Japanese Vowel Structure - Attempt for Internal Reconstruction' by Katsumi MATSUMOTO.
- 一族相克の物語は戦国時代 (日本)に多いが、この時代に既に始まっている。
- Stories about conflict within clans are common in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), but it had already started in this period.
- しかし、戦国時代 (日本)には岩松氏は重臣の横瀬氏に下克上されて没落した。
- During the Sengoku period (Japan), however, the Iwamatsu clan declined due to a revolt by its senior vassal Yokose clan.
- 「日活は松竹の3倍の給料が出るよ」と西河克己監督に誘われて日活移籍を決意。
- Suzuki decided to move to Nikkatsu, enticed by the director Katsumi NISHIKAWA who said, 'Nikkatsu pays 3 times the salary that you make at Shochiku.'
- 日活では新藤兼人、田坂具隆、西河克己、滝沢英輔、山村聡らの助監督を務める。
- At Nikkatsu Studios, he worked as an assistant director to Kaneto SHINDO, Tomotaka TASAKA, Katsumi NISHIKAWA, Eisuke TAKIZAWA, So YAMAMURA and so on.
- この観点から近年、下克上をこの慣行による現象とする理解が広まってきている。
- Based on this point of view, gekokujo is now generally understood as the phenomenon caused by this practice of shukun oshikome.
- 2月、「興亜書道連盟」結成（川崎克等、参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
- February: 'Koa Shodo Renmei' was established (by Katsu KAWASAKI: refer 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').
- 福島克彦によると八木城は明智光秀による改修がなされている点を指摘している。
- Katsuhiko FUKUSHIMA pointed out that Yagi-jo Castle was renovated by Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- 浄岸院死後、重豪の寵愛を受け、長男・斉宣、三男（名前不詳）、五女・克を生む。
- After Joganin's death, she became a concubine of Shigehide and bore his first son Narinobu, third son (his name is unknown) and fifth daughter Tae (or Katsu).
- 4月17日に平和克復となり5月22日大連市港より東京に渡り6月9日復員する。
- On April 17, the diplomatic relations were restored, and on May 22, he left the port of Dalian City and on June 9, returned to Tokyo.
- 朝廷の権威が衰え、天下は再び朱全忠・李克用らの藩鎮勢力が合い争う時代となる。
- Authority of the imperial court weakened, and the country entered a period of fighting between the hanchin forces of Quanzhong ZHU and Keyong LI.
- 中央集権化を推進していくうえで、この問題は是非とも克服してゆかねばならない。
- Upon the implementation of centralization, this problem had to be overcome at whatever cost.
- のちに足利公方家の系統の高家旗本宮原義久の正室となり、嫡男・宮原晴克を生んだ。
- Later, she became the legal wife of Yoshihisa MIYAHARA, Koke hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, who were in a privileged family under Tokugawa Shogunate) of the Ashikaga family (Ashikaga Shogunate house) line, and gave birth to the heir Harukatsu MIYAHARA.
- この頃になると、下克上の風習が一般化し始め、応仁の乱により幕府権力も衰退した。
- Around this time, the custom of the revolt of vassals against their lords became accepted, and the Onin War weakened the power of the feudal government.
- ４．疑いもなく、君主は直面する困難や障害を克服すると、偉大なものとなるのです。
- 4. Without doubt princes become great when they overcome the difficulties and obstacles by which they are confronted,
- 最初の印譜は、中国北宋の大観 (宋)年間に楊克一が出版した『集古印格』とされる。
- It is said that the first inpu is 'Shukoinkaku' published by YO Katsuichi in the Taikan era of the Northern Sung Dynasty.
- 畿内大和の豪族が九州王朝の天皇を殺害し皇権を簒奪した、下克上のクーデターである。
- The Taika Reforms were a gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) coup in which the ruling family of Kinai region killed the emperor of Kyushu dynasty and deprived him of the throne.
- 実際のまたは想像上の欠陥、不必要な特徴を、反対を過剰に誇張することで克服する試み
- an attempt to overcome a real or imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite
- だが、相克を続ける主家を見限るかのように、次第に独自の行動をするようになっていく。
- However, as he gave up his master's family with internal trouble, he gradually started taking action independently.
- はじめ、院号を恩光院、法名を琢性、諱を克海と名乗り、福井別院本瑞寺の住職を務めた。
- At first, he used the Ingo of Onkoin (恩光院), the homyo (a name given to a person who enters the Buddhist priesthood) of Takusho (琢性) and the imina of Katsumi (克海), and was put in charge of the chief priest of the Fukui Betsuin (quasi Grand Head Temple) Honzui-ji Temple.
- そして義朝の叔父・後見人として、その後も源氏の相克を防ぎ源氏の勢力の復興に尽力した。
- As Yoshitomo's uncle and guardian, he tried to avoid family infighting, working for the revival of the Minamoto clan.
- 10月22日、大納言坊城俊克邸において口達をもって間瀬和三郎が山陵奉行に任じられた。
- On October 22, Wasaburo MASE was assigned to sanryo bugyo orally in the house of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Toshikatsu BOJO.
- ことばの問題を克服したアニメは、幅広い魅力を持ち、日本の優れた親善大使となりました。
- Having solved the problem of language, animation, with its broad appeal, has in fact become Japan's supreme goodwill ambassador,
- 丹後国の守護を務めたが、若狭国武田氏の介入や守護代延永氏の下克上にあい国内は混乱した。
- He served as Shugo (Military Governor) of Tango Province but, as part of disturbances affecting the whole country, he was attacked by the Takeda clan of Wakasa Province and also suffered from Gekokujo (the revolt of vassals against their lords) of the family of Shugodai (deputy Governor), the Nobunaga clan.
- 妖怪研究家（作家）・多田克己らの著書においては、雲外鏡は、鏡の付喪神と解釈されている。
- Some people, like Katsumi TADA, a ghost researcher and a writer, explain in their books that Ungaikyo is a mirror version of Tsukumo-gami.
- こうした幾多の困難を克服して、重源と彼が組織した人々の働きによって東大寺は再建された。
- It was the overcoming of these many difficulties as well as the work of Chogen and all of those working under him that resulted in the reconstruction of Todai-ji Temple.
- 戦争を大東亜共栄圏の建設という至上の理想、「近代の超克」のために止むを得ないものと肯定。
- They affirmed that the war was imperative in order to establish the supreme ideal of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and to 'overcome the modern age.'
- 応仁の乱の際にいち早く斯波氏が守護職をつとめる越前で下克上が発生するのはそのためである。
- When the Onin War started, the above situation resulted in Gekokujo (revolt of vassals against their lords) which quickly began in Echizen Province where the Shiba clan was serving as Shugoshiki.
- まれに低身分から戦国大名となった者もおり、当時の風潮だった下克上の例とされることが多い。
- In rare cases, certain sengoku daimyo were from a low status and such cases are deemed examples of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) which was the trend at that time.
- 室町時代は一般的に旧勢力の没落と新勢力の興隆の時代として捉えることができる（→下克上）。
- The Muromachi period can also be perceived, in general, as an era in which the ancient bastions of power collapsed and new powers rose to prosperity (via gekokujo, the phenomenon of 'the lower overthrowing the higher').
- その日記『兵範記』は、平安末期の政情や朝廷の儀典を克明に記録した第一級の史料として名高い。
- His diary called 'Heihanki' is famous as the top historical document clearly recording political conditions and rituals of the imperial court in the late Heian period.
- 携行、殺傷力、投擲音のなさなど車剣の欠点を克服しているが、より高度な投擲技術が必要である。
- It overcomes the weaknesses of kurumaken such as regarding portability, the power to kill and wound, and the sound when thrown, but requires a more advanced toteki skill.
- 妖怪研究家・多田克己はこれを、東北地方の妖怪として知られる座敷童子に類するものとしている。
- A researcher of specters, Katsumi TADA, said that it was a specter similar to zashiki warashi (a child ghost which is supposed to bring good fortune to the house or building it appears in) which is famous as a specter in the Tohoku region.
- 1894年に閉鎖されるまで小林万吾、伊藤快彦、和田英作、三宅克己、木下藤次郎などを指導した。
- Until the school was closed in 1894, Naojiro taught students including Mango KOBAYASHI, Yoshihiko ITO, Eisaku WADA, Kokki MIYAKE, and Tojiro KINOSHITA.
- ただし岩崎克己（『前野蘭化』の著者）によると、格や活用についての理解は不十分であるとのこと。
- However, according to Katsumi IWASAKI (the writer of 'Maeno Ranka'), Junan was not good at using cases and conjugations correctly.
- 登場人物たちの心理を克明に観察し、精緻な描写によって定着させてゆく独特な手法が特徴的である。
- The story is characteristic in the sense that it uses a unique technique of establishing the characters by precise observation and exquisite depiction of their mentalities.
- 母親の役割に彼女が克服できない困難はなく、二十五年間彼女は夫のために家事を賢く切り盛りした。
- The part of mother presented to her no insuperable difficulties and for twenty-five years she had kept house shrewdly for her husband.
- （紙屋敦之「亀井琉球守考」及び田中克行「亀井琉球守再考‐亀井茲矩の官途の変遷について‐」より）
- (cited by 'A Study on Kamei, Ryukyu no kami' by Nobuyuki KAMIYA and 'Another Study on Kamei, Ryukyu no kami - Change of Korenori KAMEI's government service -' by Katsuyuki TANAKA)
- 実像と評価は様々であるが、久秀が戦国時代に生きた武将として下克上を体現したことに変わりはない。
- Despite his real character and its various interpretations, the fact remains that he embodied the gekokujo as a busho in the Sengoku period.
- よって、上記ような下克上のイメージとは違い、経久が比較的穏健な形で守護地位を獲得したと思われる。
- Therefore, it is safe to say that Tsunehisa obtained the post of shugo in a relatively moderate manner, not in the Gekokujo (a revolt of vassals against their lord) fashion as imagined from those stories.
- 生きるための悪という人間の利己主義を克明に描き出し、又、作者の解釈を加えた作品として著名である。
- This story is famous for its detailed description of the human egotism displayed by acts of evil in the name of survival.
- 「それでもね、もう少しだけ材料があれば、それが克服できないことではないと証明できるかもしれない」
- 'And yet, with a little more material, we may prove that they are not insurmountable,'
- 門下生は、猪子吉人、森島庫太、林春雄、石坂友太郎、石坂伸吉、岩川克輝、ほか数多くの門人を輩出した。
- Juntaro taught many students such as Yoshito INOKO, Kurata MORISHIMA, Haruo HAYASHI, Tomotaro ISHIZAKA, Shinkichi ISHIZAKA, and Katsuki IWAKAWA.
- また、元南海ホークスの野村克也捕手が在籍していた、京都府立峰山高等学校があることでも知られている。
- It is also a well-known fact that Kyoto Prefectural Mineyama High School, the school at which former Nankai Hawks catcher Katsuya NOMURA was at one time enrolled, is located in this area.
- 国人・被官層の権益を守る能力のない戦国大名は排除されることもあり、こうした事例は下克上と呼ばれた。
- Some daimyo who couldn't protect the interests of the kokujin/hikan classes were removed from power, a situation which was known as gekokujo (people of lower standing overthrowing their social superiors).
- というのも、その危険はしだいに増大するからですが、それでも彼らは才能でそれらを克服していくのです。
- for all their dangers are in the ascent, yet with ability they will overcome them;
- 自発的進歩の道程では初期の困難はとても大きく、それを克服する手段にはあまり選択の余地がないのです。
- The early difficulties in the way of spontaneous progress are so great, that there is seldom any choice of means for overcoming them;
- また、1522年伊達稙宗が奥州探題・大崎氏らを差し置いて陸奥守護職に就くなど下克上の芽は見られる。
- Also, a sprout of gekokujo could be seen in the fact that Tanemune DATE assumed the position of Mutsu shugoshiki (provincial constables of the Mutsu Province) in 1522 over the head of the Osaki clan (in the post of Oshu Tandai (supervisors for the civil government and military affairs in Mutsu Province)) and his son.
- 南宋になっても、その勢いはとどまらず、克勤の門弟子、大慧宗杲は多数の門弟を集め、大慧派を形成した。
- In the Southern Sung period, it kept influence and Daie Soko, who was a disciple of Kokugan, had many disciples and established the Daie school.
- 川島と同じ大正7年戊午生まれの西河克己、小林桂三郎、柳沢類寿と共に『泥馬クラブ』という小冊子を作成。
- He produced a small magazine titled 'Dorouma Club' (Maddy horse club) with Katsumi NISHIKAWA, Keizaburo KOBAYASHI, and Ruiju YANAGISAWA, who were born in the same year as Kawashima, that is, in 1918 or in the Year of Tsuchinoeuma (the year of the dobbin horse, according to zodiac sign).
- 翌年、陶晴賢の下克上により、大内義隆が自害、事実上大内氏が滅亡したため、これが最後の遣明船となった。
- This was the last Envoy Ship Dispatched to Ming China because Yoshitaka OUCHI committed suicide during the revolt of Harukata SUE and the Ouchi clan was virtually destroyed.
- それは、ポールの説明によると、予期していなかった問題であり、克服できるかどうか自信のない問題だった。
- The one thing, Paul explained, which he had not anticipated and which he doubted could be overcome.
- 先の問題点を克服する一つの方法として、ガイド組織をボランティアからNPO法人化することが考えられる。
- One way that the above problems can be overcome is by guide organizations becoming non-profit organizations.
- 北条高時の田楽狂いは『太平記』において克明に描写されて有名だが、そんな時代を担った名人が一忠であった。
- How crazy Takatoki HOJO was about Dengaku is well known, because the situation was depicted in detail in 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the great peace), and Icchu who played a principal part in such an era.
- 一連の事件の経過と克明な様子は、伝狩野芳崖作『桜田事変絵巻』（彦根城博物館蔵）に鮮やかに描かれている。
- The incident and the detailed sequence of events are skillfully depicted by Hogai KANO in a painted scroll, 'The Sakurada Incident Emaki' (owned by the Hikone Castle Museum).
- 谷口克広『信長軍の司令官』中央公論新社中公新書1782、2005年ISBN 4-12-101782-X
- 'Commander of the Nobunaga forces' by Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI, Chuo Koron Shinsha Chuko Shinsho 1782, 2005 ISBN 4-12-101782-X
- その多くの局面あるいは継続的で広範囲である性質であるために単独の取り組みでは克服することができない問題
- trouble that cannot be overcome by a single effort because of its many aspects or its persistent and pervasive quality
- その後、10月11日になって後任として川越藩主松平直克が任命され、参与会議と幕府の意見調整にあたった。
- After that, on November 21, Naokatsu MATSUDAIRA, the lord of the Kawagoe Domain, was appointed as his successor and endeavored to coordinate opinions of the Sanyo-kaigi (councilors' meetings) and the bakufu.
- 彼らの研究では患者たちがセラピーの期間中にこのシンドロームを克服したかどうかが明確に述べられていない。
- It is not clearly stated in their study if the patients overcame this syndrome during the therapy.
- 弟の住友元夫は、やはり旧小浜藩十万四千石の藩主酒井忠克（さかいただたえ）伯爵の七女寿枝子を娶っている。
- Tomonari SUMITOMO's younger brother, Moto SUMITOMO, married Sueko, the seventh daughter of Earl Tadaie SAKAI, who was the feudal lord of the domain of the former Obama (14,000 koku).
- これは妖怪研究家の京極夏彦や多田克己によれば、元の名が差別用語に受け取られる可能性があるためとされる。
- Natsuhiko KYOGOKU and Katsumi TADA, both of whom are ghost researchers, say this is because Katawa-guruma can be regarded as a discriminatory word.
- 定家が治承4年(1180年) から嘉禎元年（1235年）までの56年間にわたり克明に記録した日記である。
- In this diary, Teika conscientiously recorded events over a span of 56 years, from 1180 to 1235.
- むしろ、下克上やより利害を違えた場合、鞍替えすることが当然視されるに及んでより顕著となったといってよい。
- Rather, it was even more apparent when vassals began changing masters in the event of a serious conflict of interest and Gekokujo (a revolt of vassals against their lords) became a matter of course.
- また、未だ克服されなかった肺結核などの病による著名人の死や、自由恋愛の流行による事件も数少なくなかった。
- Also, many famous people died by such diseases as pulmonary tuberculosis, which had been incurable at that time, as well as incidents resulting from the popular trend in free love.
- しかし、下克上を旨とする戦国時代の気風は文化をも覆い、次第に豪壮を旨とする桃山文化の発露への布石となる。
- However, the general atmosphere of the sengoku jidai, which made gekokujo a principle covered culture also and became preparations for the manifestation of Momoyama culture which made 'splendid' a principle.
- 浦上村宗は播磨赤松氏の重臣であったが、赤松政則の死を機に下克上し赤松領国の播磨国・備前国・美作国を奪う。
- Muramune URAGAMI was a senior vassal of the Akamatsu clan in Harima and on the occasion of Masanori AKAMATSU's death, conducted gekokujo and robbed the Harima Province, Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province from Akamatsu's territories.
- やがて、木沢の存在で立場を悪くしていった元長は、同じく木沢の下克上を警戒する畠山義堯（木沢の主筋）と結託。
- Soon, Motonaga was put in a difficult position because of Kizawa, so he made an ally with Yoshitaka HATAKEYAMA (the lord of Kizawa), who was also cautious of Kizawa's revolt against Yoshitaka.
- 18歳から74歳までの56年にわたる克明な日記『明月記』（2000年（平成12年）、国宝に指定）を残した。
- He left the detailed records of his 56-year life between the ages of 18 to 74 in the dairy called 'Meigetsuki' (designated as a National Treasure in 2000).
- その人の能力では処置しかねる状況あるいは状態で、耐え忍ぶため、あるいは克服するために非常な努力を必要とする
- a condition or state of affairs almost beyond one's ability to deal with and requiring great effort to bear or overcome
- 現在の科学は、人間の病気のごく一部を克服しただけですが、それでもその活動範囲を着実にたゆまず進めています。
- The science of our time has attacked but a little department of the field of human disease, but even so, it spreads its operations very steadily and persistently.
- 川崎克（政治家）が満州と中華民国との親善を目的に昭和14年（1939年）4月、「興亜書道連盟」を結成した。
- Katsu KAWASAKI (a politician) established Koa Shodo Renmei in April of 1939 for achieving rapprochement between Manchuria and the Republic of China.
- しかし、天文 (元号)19年（1550年）尚義は重臣の大内定頼に下克上され、城内に監禁され実権を奪われた。
- However, in 1550, due to the revolt of his senior vassal Sadayori OUCHI against him, Naoyoshi was held captive within the castle and lost his authority.
- 啓蒙の目的の一つは民衆の無気力・権力への卑屈さを克服することにあるが、それらは専制政府によってもたらされる。
- One of the aims of enlightenment was to overcome people's spiritless and abjection to power, which were delivered by autocratic government.'
- その下克上の代表として北条早雲、斎藤道三、豊臣秀吉が語られ、早雲は身分の低い素浪人とすることが通説となった。
- With stories told about lowly samurai, such as Soun HOJO, Dosan SAITO and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, climbing up the social ladder, it became common opinion that Soun was a low-born ronin.
- しかし応仁の乱勃発による公家社会の崩壊と下克上により、袖が大きく袖口も開いている袿は時代に合わなくなった。
- However, uchiki, which have large sleeves and widely opened cuffs, became outdated with the collapse of the court noble society and the revolts of vassals against their lords following the outbreak of the Onin War.
- 室町幕府の支配が衰えると、このような天下概念を支える公権力が衰え、自力救済を原則とする下克上の社会に移行した。
- After the ruling power of the Muromachi bakufu declined, the official authority which supported the notion of Tenka also declined, and the society of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) based on the principle of self-help appeared.
- それを作者の自らの解釈を交えながら、乱による荒廃した都、その哀惜や悲嘆、乱の原因から戦闘場面に移る克明な描写。
- It depicts in vivid detail the devastated capital and the grieves and laments of war, from the causes to the scenes of fighting, while mixing in the author's own interpretations.
- 室町殿護持僧として祈祷だけでなく、当時の政治情勢が克明に記録してあり、室町中期の極めて重要な史料となっている。
- The diary is now considered as a quite important historical source on the middle of the Muromachi period because Mansai recorded not only prayers as a gojiso of the Muromachi-dono (a priest who protects the public residence of the Shogun) but also the contemporary political circumstances in detail.
- しかし高橋克彦は、自著『火城』（PHP研究所、ISBN 4-041704-103）でこの伝聞に疑問を呈している。
- However, Katsuhiko TAKAHASHI posed a question over this rumor in his own book 'Kajo' (PHP Institute Office; ISBN 4-041704-103).
- 斎藤妙椿は越前国の朝倉孝景 (7代当主)と共にこの時代に守護代が守護の力を凌いだ事例（下克上）として有名である。
- Myochin SAITO's case in this period as well as the case of Takakage ASAKURA (the 7th head of the Asakura family) in Echizen Province are famous as good examples of Gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) when the power of Shugodai (deputy provincial constable) exceeded that of Shugo (provincial constable).
- 当時の時代背景として、朝廷や鎌倉政権、奥州政権の相克、それに伴う戦乱、飢饉や地震、他の寺院の復興との競合があった。
- The surrounding conditions of those times were confrontation among the Imperial Court, the Kamakura regime and the Oshu regime, and following warfare, as well as famines and earthquakes, and competition with other temples in renovation.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には数多くの謀反が起こって家臣が主君を追って自ら大名になる事件、「下克上」が起こるようになった。
- During the Warring States Period, many muhon incidents called 'gekokujo' (revolt by vassals against their lords to take over daimyo [Japanese territorial lord]) happened.
- 延若の五右衛門は歌舞伎史に残る名演として、鍋井克之の画によりタペストリーに織られ、歌舞伎座のロビーに飾られている。
- In order to record Enjaku's Goemon as one of the excellent performances filling the history of kabuki, a tapestry was woven based on the picture by Katsuyuki NABEI, and it is hung in the lobby of Kabuki-za Theatre.
- 自然が人間と対立し克服すべき対象となるのではなく、自然の中にとけこみ、自然に従いながら作庭しようとする意味である。
- It means that nature is not an object opposed to human and to be overcome, but an object that a human adapts himself to and a human should produce gardens subject to nature.
- オオナムヂはそれを克服し、スサノオはオオナムヂがスセリビメを妻とすることを認め、オオナムヂに大国主という名を贈った。
- Onamuji overcame those trials and Susano accepted Onamuji's right to take Suseri-bime as his wife, whereupon he gave Onamuji the name of Okuninushi.
- 白雲守端の門下に五祖法演が出て、その門弟より、圜悟克勤、仏鑑慧懃、仏眼清遠という、「三仏」と称される禅匠が現われた。
- After Goso Hoen, a disciple of Hakun Shutan, the Zen masters such as Engo Kokugon, Bukkan Egon and Butsugen Seion, who were Hoen's disciples, appeared and were called 'the three Buddha.'
- 『平家物語』には一章を設けて、幼い能宗の最後の日々が克明に描写され、平家滅亡の悲劇性を強調するエピソードとなっている。
- 'The Tale of the Heike' dedicates a whole chapter to the last days of young Yoshimune, emphasizing the tragic aspects of the downfall of the Taira clan.
- 二度に渡る遣明船往来の詳細を『策彦入明記』として克明に記録しており、末期の日明貿易を知る上での貴重な史料となっている。
- He precisely recorded the details of the two visits of the Envoy Ship Dispatched to Ming China as 'Sakugen nyuminki,' which is important historical reference material to study and to know about the last days of the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.
- 以下のことから「大化の改新」は、695年に畿内大和の豪族が九州王朝の天皇を殺害し皇権を簒奪した下克上のクーデターである。
- As described below, the Taika Reforms is gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) coup in which the local ruling families in Kinai region in Yamato killed the emperor of the Kyushu dynasty and seized the power of the emperor in 695.
- 佐々木克によると、奥羽列藩同盟の盟主となった輪王寺宮を天皇に推戴し年号を「大政元年」とする構想があったにすぎないとする。
- According to Suguru SASAKI, there was only a plan to raise Rinnojinomiya who became the leader of Ouetsu-reppan alliance to the Imperial Throne and to change era name to 'Taisei' in the year of his enthronement.
- 南宋代になると、楊岐派に属する圜悟克勤の弟子の大慧宗杲が、浙江省を拠点として大慧派を形成し、臨済宗の中の主流派となった。
- When it came to the Southern Song dynasty, Soukou DAIE, a disciple of Kokugon ENGO who belonged to the Yougi sect, started the Daikan sect in Zhejiang province, which became a major sect in the Rinzai School.
- 慶応3年1月5日（1867年2月9日）、江戸の牛込馬場下で数代前から続く町方名主、夏目小兵衛直克の末子（五男）として出生。
- On February 9, 1867, he was born as the youngest child (fifth son) of Kohei Naokatsu NATSUME, mayor of Ushigome Babashita in Edo, which post had been handed down through the family for generations.
- それまで同県内で多く使用されてきた美山錦は、県の環境にとって耐倒伏性、耐病性に弱かったため、その点を克服すべく開発された。
- Because Miyama nishiki, which was heavily used in Ibaraki Prefecture, was weak in the prefectural environment in terms of its resistance to lodging and disease, it was developed to overcome those problems.
- 印にこめられたその意味は、陰陽道の基本概念となった陰陽五行説、木・火・土・金・水の五つの元素の働きの相克を表したものである。
- The meaning contained in the mark is that it represents the rivalry of the functions of the five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) in Onmyo-gogyo-setsu (The Theory of Five Elements), which formed the basis of Onmyodo.
- 少弐氏は肥前・対馬国の兵を率いて大内氏掃討に何度も筑前に侵入するが、逆に大内氏の側についた龍造寺氏の下克上により滅ぼされた。
- The Shoni clan invaded frequently into Chikuzen leading troops of the Hizen Province and the Tsushima Province in order to sweep the Ouchi clan, but it was ruined by gekokujo by the Ryuzoji clan who joined the side of the Ouchi clan.
- この日記は明治43年（1910年）から昭和28年（1953年）1月までの日々が克明に綴られ、書き損じや誤字脱字もほとんどない。
- This diary, beginning in 1910 and ending in January 1953, records his life in detail, and few mistakes in writings or ellipses and incorrect characters are found.
- 武道では極限状態まで自らの身体・精神を追い込み、そこで自らの弱さに打ち勝ち(克己)自らの前途を開くことを一つの眼目としている。
- One of Budo's main purpose is to overcome one's weakness (self-governing) as well as to pave the way for the future by driving one's body/mind to an extreme situation.
- 下剋上 / 下克上 （げこくじょう）とは、日本史において下位の者が上位の者を政治的、軍事的に打倒して身分秩序を侵す行為をさす。
- Gekokujo ('the low overturning the high,' a term used to describe retainers overthrowing their lords) describes situations in Japanese history that occur when a person of lower rank overthrows a superior either politically or militarily, and then supplants the superior's position in society.
- 大隈重信は政府内にあって、大隈財政（西南戦争後の財政赤字を外債によって克服しようと考えていた）を巡って松方正義らと対立していた。
- Among the government, Shigenobu OKUMA was opposed to Masayoshi MATSUKATA, regarding his financial policy (After the Seinan War, OKUMA aimed to overcome financial deficit by foreign debt).
- 妖怪研究家・多田克己の著書においては付喪神の一種とされ、作家・村上健司の推測によれば、囲碁の好きな者のもとに現れるものとされる。
- According to the book written by a researcher of specters, Katsumi TADA, it is considered as a Tsukumo-gami (gods to a variety of things), and according to the conjecture of an author named Kenji MURAKAMI, it appears in front of igo lovers.
- 根の国での説話は、結婚相手の父から試練を与えられて、結婚相手の助言や手助けによって克服するという課題婚と呼ばれる神話の形式である。
- The story in Nenokuni is a form of mythology called kadaikon (subject marriage), in which a person is subjected to hardship by a marriage partner's father but eventually overcomes it with the advice or help of a marriage partner.
- その後、青山忠正を皮切りに、芳即正・三宅紹宣・宮地正人・高橋秀直・佐々木克などの研究者を中心に薩長同盟についての議論が盛んである。
- Starting with the Tadamasa AOYAMA's theory, Satsuma-Choshu Alliance has been a hotly-debated issue among scholars including Norimasa KANBASHI, Tsugunobu MIYAKE, Masato MIYACHI, Hidenao TAKAHASHI and Suguru SASAKI.
- かつて、斎藤道三は北条早雲らと並ぶ下克上大名の典型であり、僧侶から油商人を経てついに戦国大名にまで成り上がった人物だとされてきた。
- Dosan rose in the world from a monk, through an oil-seller, to a Sengoku daimyo, and along with Soun HOJO, Dosan was considered the epitome of a man's rise to a daimyo by gekokujo (the low oppress the high).
- さらに進めて、天武天皇が天智天皇の弟だったという通説に疑問を呈し、兄弟ではなかったのではないかという異説も存在する（佐々克明ら）。
- Going further, casting doubt over the common belief that Emperor Tenmu was the younger brother of Emperor Tenchi, there is a different view that says they were not brothers. (Katsuaki SASSA etc.)
- 「（日本国憲法第4条すれすれの）ストライクゾーンに精一杯（ボール）を投げ込んでいる」（岩井克巳・文藝春秋 (雑誌)）とも評される。
- His attitude as the Emperor is also commented as follows; 'The Emperor is pitching balls with all his might inside the strike zone (namely, the Emperor is doing his utmost while observing the Article four of Japan's constitution)' (the source; an article written by Katsumi IWAI in Bungei Shunju magazine).
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、若狭の武田氏と抗争を続く一方で、国内においても反乱・下克上が続発し、さらに一色氏の勢力は衰退してしまう。
- During the Sengoku period, while the conflict with the Wakasa-Takeda clan continued, rebellions and gekokujo (upheavals wherein the inferior defeats the superior) frequently occurred in the area, whereby the power of the Isshiki clan became further weakened.
- 慶応3年（1867年）1月5日 (旧暦)、江戸牛込馬場下横町（現・東京都新宿区喜久井町）で、夏目小兵衛直克、千枝の五男として生まれる。
- On January 5, 1867, Soseki was born as the fifth son of Kohei Naokatsu NATSUME by his wife Chie in Ushigome Babashitayokocho in Edo (present Kikuicho, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo.)
- 一日も早く監督に昇進したいと強く希望していた中平は、西河克己からの誘いもあり、昭和29年（1954年）、映画製作を再開した日活に移籍。
- Nakahira strongly desired to become a film director as early as possible so he moved to Nikkatsu Studios which started making films again in 1954, offered by Katsumi NISHIKAWA.
- 夏目漱石の妻・夏目鏡子の著書『漱石の思ひ出』によると、一葉の父・則義が東京府の官吏を務めていた時の上司が漱石の父・小兵衛直克であった。
- According to 'Soseki no Omoide' (literally, Memories of Soseki) by Kyoko NATSUME, Soseki NATSUME's wife, Soseki's father, Kohei Naokatsu, was a superior of Ichiyo's father, Noriyoshi, when the latter worked as an official of Tokyo Prefecture.
- 教会墓地のなかで、墓石の傍から頭をもたげ、鈍い、大きな、不吉な瞳で彼を見つめていた彼女の姿が、幻影のように、彼の意識に克明にとどまった。
- There remained distinct in his consciousness, like a vision, the memory of her face, lifted from the tombstone in the churchyard, and looking at him with slow, large, portentous eyes.
- 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
- The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.
- しかし、これに対し、稲田正次・松尾正人・佐々木克たちは、「天地の公道」は開国の方針や国際法を示すことだけではなかったと明確に説明している。
- However, in contrast, Masatsugu INADA, Masahito MATSUO, Suguru SASAKI explained clearly that 'the just laws of Nature' didn't only refer to a policy of opening of the country to the world and international law.
- つまり、おそらく、初めに調査をした者や技術者には知られていなかった物理的な障害が出てきて、それを克服するためにさまざまな変更が必要になる。
- In other words, physical obstacles, perhaps unknown to the original surveyor and engineer, requiring alterations to be made in order to surmount them.
- 戦国時代 (日本)は下位の者が上位者に取って代わる下克上の時代とされているが、実際にはかなりの守護大名が戦国大名への転身を遂げたのである。
- The Sengoku period is said to have been the era of Gekokujo, in which the inferiors overthrew their superiors, but in fact a considerable number of shugo daimyo managed to become Sengoku daimyo.
- 「本名が井上克三であり、越後長岡藩出身である」ことを、高遠藩家老の岡村菊叟に告げているが、長岡藩の文書が現存していないため確定されていない。
- He told the chief retainer of the Takato Domain, Kikuso OKAMURA that his real name was Katsuzo INOUE and he was born in the Echigo-Nagaoka Domain, but it has not been determined because it was not mentioned in any document of the Nagaoka Domain.
- 「黒衣の宰相」とも呼ばれた以心崇伝の日記で、武家諸法度などの起草過程や豊臣家滅亡のきっかけとなった方広寺の鐘銘事件などが克明に記されている。
- The diary of Ishin Suden, also known as 'The Minister in Black,' gives detailed accounts of the drafting of edicts including the Buke Shohatto (Regulations for Warrior Households) and events such as the Hoko-ji Bell Inscription Incident that led to the fall of the Toyotomi family.
- この危難を克服するには、彼は少数の人にたいして身を守ることだけで十分でしたが、民衆を敵にまわしていたら、それでは収まらなかったことでしょう。
- and for the overcoming of this peril it was only necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would not have been sufficient if the people had been hostile.
- and for the overcoming of this peril it was only necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would not have been sufficient had the people been hostile.
- また、岩松氏の執権で戦国時代 (日本)に主家を下克上した横瀬氏（由良氏）も新田政義・義貞・義宗の子孫と自称し、明治維新後に新田氏に復姓している。
- The Yokose clan (Yura clan), a former regent of the Iwamatsu clan which revolted against the master family in the Sengoku period, also claimed to be the descendant of Masayoshi/Yoshisada/Yoshimune NITTA, and it reverted to its family name of Nitta after the Meiji Restoration.
- これ以降、家督の相続を巡って相克のあった蘆名・田村・岩城・最上・南部などの諸家では、国人一揆と大名の契約関係の一元化により戦国大名化を果たした。
- After that, in various clans such as Ashina, Tamura, Iwaki, Mogami, and Nanbu had struggles with respect to inheritance of the reigns of the family had been transformed into sengoku daimyo through unification of relations between kokujin ikki and daimyo.
- しかし、それらが克服され、彼らの成功を妬む人たちが根絶されると、彼らは尊敬されるようになり、その後は強大で安全で名誉ある幸福な状態が続くでしょう。
- but when these are overcome, and those who envied them their success are exterminated, they will begin to be respected, and they will continue afterwards powerful, secure, honoured, and happy.
- but when these are overcome, and those who envied them their success are exterminated, they will begin to be respected, and they will continue afterwards powerful, secure, honoured, and happy.
- 戦時下には大東亜戦争（太平洋戦争）を「世界史の哲学」の立場から思想的に位置付けようと試みた「世界史的立場と日本」座談会や「近代の超克」座談会に出席。
- During the War, he participated in the symposia entitled 'World-historical position and Japan' and 'Overcoming the Modern' in which they tried to clarify the ideological position of the Greater East Asia War (the War of the Pacific) from the standpoint of 'Philosophy of the world history.'
- 芳賀によると、公家社会、門閥社会の中で生まれ育った実隆は、身分制度を絶対視する思想に染まっており、下克上の現象をとうてい理解しうるものではなかった。
- According to Haga, Sanetaka, who was brought up in a society of court nobles and distinguished families, got affected by the idea of seeing a class system as more important than anything else, and couldn't understand revolts of vassals against their lords at all.
- 漁業と農業は、水が多い時は漁業に都合がよいが田の水が長く引かず米の生産が悪く、逆に水が少なく米の生産が良好なときは漁が悪いという相克の関係にあった。
- Large amounts of water is good for fishing but bad for rice production with water standing in paddy fields for a prolonged period of time; on the other hand, if there is a little water it is good for rice production but no good for fishing; as such, fishing and farming were at odds with each other.
- ただし浦上氏の赤松氏に対する下克上は、他家のそれと比較すると比較的穏和なものであり、但馬国の山名誠豊が播磨へ侵攻してきた際は、赤松氏と共闘してもいる。
- However, gekokujo (the revolt of vassals against their lords) of the Uragami clan against the Akamatsu clan was relatively less strict compared with that by other clans and the Uragami clan fought together with the Akamatsu clan when Nobutoyo YAMANA from Tajima province invaded Harima province.
- 早雲が堀越公方の子足利茶々丸を襲撃して滅ぼし、伊豆国を奪った事件は、旧勢力が滅び、新興勢力が勃興する下克上の嚆矢とされ、戦国時代の幕開けとされている。
- Soun's attack on and overthrow of Chachamaru ASHIKAGA to take control over Izu is said to have triggered other attacks on those in power and the opening of the Warring Period.
- 普段使っている話し言葉に関係なく、書く文章に使われた文語文は、方言による意思疎通の困難を克服するという意味では、非常に便利に使われた全国的様式だった。
- Bungobun (sentences written in a literary style) used for written sentences regardless of spoken language used for daily life was a convenient nation-wide format used to overcome difficulties in communicating with dialects.
- 一色氏は応仁の乱において西軍に与したため、守護職を一時隣国の若狭国武田氏に奪われるなど没落し、さらに戦国時代には守護代延永氏の下克上により衰退していた。
- Because the Isshiki clan fought with the Western army in the Onin War, their position as Shugo was for a period of time lost to the Takeda clan of neighboring Wakasa Province and, moreover, during the Sengoku period, power was forcibly taken by the Shugodai (Deputy Governor) Nobunaga clan, which led to a decline in fortunes.
- 「美濃の蝮」の異名を持ち、下克上によって戦国大名に成り上がったとされる斎藤道三の人物像は、1960年代に始まった『岐阜県史』編纂の過程で大きく転換した。
- Dosan had a nickname of 'Mino no Mamushi' (viper of Mino Province), who became a Sengoku daimyo by destroying his master, but such an image of Dosan changed greatly in the process of compiling 'Gifuken-shi' which started in 1960's.
- 能運の死後肥後国では下克上が進み戦国時代 (日本)に突入したとされるが、菊池氏の遺領は菊池三家老と言われた赤星氏・城氏・隈部氏等が領するところとなった。
- it is said that after Yoshiyuki's death, Kyushu underwent an agitated period of gekokujo (the revolt of vassals against their lords), then entered the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), and the posthumous territories of the Kikuchi clan was divisively owned by the so called 'three chief retainers of Kikuchi,' the Akaboshi clan, the Jo clan, the Kumabe clan, etc.
- ただし仏教は、人間の欲望を煩悩とみなし、智慧をもって煩悩を制御することを理想としており、人間の欲のうち、最も克服しがたい性欲を抑えることを薦めてもいる。
- However, Buddhism considers human desires as bonno (earthly desires) and sees an ideal to control bonno by wisdom, so that it recommends the control of sexual desire, which is the most difficult human desire to overcome.
- トーキーに初めて出演した際に、甲高く細い声がファンの失望を呼んだことが人気低落の理由のひとつと考え、彼は一転トーキーを克服すべく、大声を出す練習を重ねる。
- He believed his shrill, thin voice in his first appearance in a talking picture disappointed fans and led to the decline of his popularity, Tsumasaburo practiced speaking in a loud voice over and over, hoping to overcome the challenge of sound in films.
- しかし私は、安全である実際的原理、念頭におくべき理念、この困難を克服しようとするあらゆる計画を検証する規準というのは、次の言葉で伝わるものと信じています。
- But I believe that the practical principle in which safety resides, the ideal to be kept in view, the standard by which to test all arrangements intended for overcoming the difficulty, may be conveyed in these words:
- また、戦乱のたびに亡失と再発見を繰り返し、亡失のたびに破壊されており、再発見のたびに判読できる字数がチェックされ、戦乱による被害状況も克明に表されている。
- Sekkobun repeatedly was lost and re-discovered every time a war broke out and, more portions were broken when it was lost and the number of its legible characters was checked every time it was re-discovered and, therefore, the state of its damage due to the wars was indicated in detail.
- この他にも立花の史料の扱い方に関する問題が、江戸時代の信用に欠ける『明智軍記』などを検証無く多数引用する、など谷口克広の2007年の著作に提起されている。
- In addition, the writing of Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI in 2007 raised a question about TACHIBANA's way of handling historical materials such as quoting many unreliable materials of the Edo period such as 'Akechi Gunki' (biography of Mitsuhide AKECHI) without verification.
- 保元の乱の際も、自身は源義朝が属した後白河天皇の陣営に身を置きながら、源氏相克の事態を防ぐべく、源為義（義兄）に自重を求めるなど活動したが、果たせなかった。
- During the Hogen War, he sided with the Emperor Goshirakawa whom Yoshitomo served, but took some actions to avoid the Minamoto clan infighting such as asking MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi (brother-in-law) to restrain himself but without success.
- 頒暦については、具注暦と同様に2巻で1年分として83部とする説（虎尾俊哉・広瀬秀雄説）と1巻で1年分として166部とする説（原秀三郎・山下克明説）が存在する。
- As for hanreki, there are two widely-held explanations: one alleging that the calendar was published twice a year and eighty-three copies were distributed, like guchureki (explanation held by Toshiya TORAO and Hideo HIROSE) and the other alleging that the calendar was published once a year and 166 copies were distributed (explanation held by Hidesaburo HARA and Katsuaki YAMASHITA).
- 坊城 俊克（ぼうじょう としかつ、享和2年9月11日 (旧暦)（1802年10月7日） - 慶応元年7月20日 (旧暦)（1865年9月9日））は、幕末の公家。
- Toshikatsu BOJO (October 7, 1802 - September 9, 1865) was a court noble in the end of the Edo period.
- しかし、下克上が頻発した戦国時代では守護や守護代等の幕府役職者以外の出自の大名が、自国領土支配もしくは他国侵攻の正当性を主張するために任官を求める事が増加した。
- However, the Sengoku period saw many cases of people of lower standing overthrowing their social superiors, and during this time increasing numbers of hereditary daimyo without an official bakufu post such as shugo or shugodai (deputy shugo) began to demand official posts in order to assert the legitimacy of their control over a promise or their excursions into other provinces.
- 蒲池氏の末裔でもある西国郡代の窪田鎮勝（蒲池鎮克）の子で二千石の旗本の窪田鎮章が、幕将として幕末の鳥羽伏見の戦いで討ち死にした際、大坂の太融寺で葬儀が行われた。
- Shigeaki KUBOTA, who was a child of the Saigoku gundai (an intendant of Western Province) and Kamachi clan-descendent Shigekatsu KUBOTA (Shigekatsu KAMACHI) and who received a 2,000 koku stipend directly from the shogun, fought and died in battle in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi during the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate and a funeral service was conducted at Taiyu-ji Temple in Osaka.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に悪党の活動が活発化し下克上の風潮が流行すると、伝統的な戦闘形態は個人戦から集団戦へと変化し始め、足軽の活躍の場は土一揆・国一揆にも広まった。
- As the activity of villains increased and the trend of vassals revolting against their lords became more commonplace during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the traditional way in which warfare was conducted began to make the transition from a one-to-one combat to a group battle strategy, and the utilization of ashigaru even spread to the suppression of local and provincial uprisings.
- その後黄海道金郊駅からは一番隊、三番隊とは別れ東北方向の咸鏡道に向かい海汀倉の戦いで韓克誠の朝鮮軍を破り、咸鏡道を平定、朝鮮二王子（臨海君・順和君）を生捕りにした。
- After this, his troops separated at Kinkoeki in Hwanghae Province from the first squad and the third squad, went in a northeastern direction to Hangyong Province, defeating the Korean troops of Kan Katsusei, subjugating Hangyong Province and capturing two Korean princes (Prince Imhaegun and Prince Sunhwagun) alive.
- 『保暦間記』の記述は『鎌倉将軍執権列伝』（安田元久編、1974年）内の「執権北条貞時」（五味克夫）313頁にあり、その他の史料でどう書かれているかも紹介されている。
- The descriptions in 'Horyakukanki' are included in 'Shikken Sadatoki HOJO' (written by Katsuo GOMI), on the 313th page of 'The lives of shikken to shoguns in the Kamakura period' (compiled by Motohisa YASUDA in 1974), where descriptions of the incident in other historical documents are included as well.
- 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
- Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
- しかし馬子の死後に、蘇我氏に対する皇族や諸豪族の反感が高まって蘇我氏の政治基盤が動揺し、それを克服しようとして入鹿による強権政治に繋がった、という見方も少なからずある。
- However, there are also those who view Iruka's hard-line politics as having been motivated by his desire to overcome the weakness of a political base undermined by antipathy among the Imperial family and other influential families towards the Soga clan after the death of SOGA no Umako.
- 忠実との会話を師元が筆録した『中外抄』は、院政期の公家社会の様子を克明に伝える史料の一つとして名高い（同書の書名は中原の「中」と大外記の「外」から各々一字を取ったもの）。
- Moromoto wrote down the conversation he had with Tadasane in 'Chugaisho,' which became famous as a valuable historical manuscript that told of aristocratic society during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor (the title of the manuscript is derived by taking '中' (Naka) from Nakahara and '外' from Daigeki).
- 障害を斜に構えつつも克服し、それどころか利用さえして確信犯的に他人への心の揺さぶりを重ねることでふてぶてしく生きる柏木の姿を、当初は全く理解し難いと思っていた養賢だった。
- At first, Yoken found Kashiwagi to be completely incomprehensible; a man who had overcame his disability despite being cynical about it; and moreover, took advantage of his disability to lead a brazen life by repeatedly putting others under his sway, knowing exactly what he was doing all along.
- また、この争乱は、一族や家族、地域の共同体という横の絆と、主君と家臣という縦の絆の相克があり、命を懸けて戦った武士の全てが源氏や平氏という特定氏族に収斂されるわけでもない。
- Additionally, this war was a conflict between the ties amongst clan, family, and regional community, and the ties between lords and vassals, and all of the warriors who fought for their lives can not simply be classified into specific clans such as Minamoto or Taira.
- 「精神への提示（表象）というテストを課してみると、名高き司教様、あなたの見解は、克服しようのない困難がなければ、多くの者の精神に偉大なことを示しておられることになりましょう。
- ―'Subjected to the test of mental presentation (Vorstellung), your views, most honoured prelate, would present to many minds a great, if not an insuperable difficulty.
- 古典『太平記』においては下克上的風潮には批判的であるが、失脚した細川清氏が南朝の楠木正儀らと京都を占拠した際には、自邸に火をかけずに立花を飾り、宴の支度をさせた事が記されている。
- There are several episodes about Doyo in 'Taiheiki,' for example, in which Doyo is portrayed as being critical of the base overcoming the exhalted; however, there are also episodes recorded that portray his sense of grandeur, such as that in which Doyo is seen to decorate his mansion with flowers, preparing to throw a party instead of burning it down when the ousted Kiyouji HOSOKAWA along with Masanori KUSUNOKI and others from the Southern Court occupied Kyoto.
- 文献ＥＰ０１６７３０５のオージェ抑制装置のスピルオーバー、ドーピングテール及びドーピング傾斜の問題は、文献ＷＯ９７／１３２７８の改良型オージェ抑制装置によって実質的に克服された。
- The spill-over, doping tail and doping gradient problems of the Auger suppressed device of EPO 167305 are substantially overcome by the improved Auger suppressed device of WO97/13278.
- 松本克己の論文の発表は1975年3月であるが、それと時を同じくして同年9月、森重敏は「上代特殊仮名遣とは何か」を発表し、松本とは別の観点から上代特殊仮名遣の8母音説に異議を唱えた。
- The article by Katsumi MATSUMOTO was published in March 1975, and in September of the same year, Satoshi MORISHIGE almost coincidentally published 'What is Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai' and criticized the theory of eight vowels of Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai from a different point of view from Matsumoto's.
- 以上のことから、事件の真の首謀者は他ならぬ称徳天皇自身であったとし、指名者が非皇族の道鏡であったという問題点を克服するために宇佐八幡宮の神託を利用したのが事件の本質であったとしている。
- From the above, HOSOI makes a point that the true ringleader of this incident was none other than Empress Shotoku herself, and the true nature of this incident was that the empress used the oracle from the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to overcome the problem that the person whom she wanted to appoint as her successor was Dokyo who was from a non Imperial family.
- 近衛忠熙、鷹司政通、一条忠香ら摂関家の当主が主なパトロンであり、他久我建通、万里小路正房、坊城俊克、勧修寺顕彰、広幡基豊、千種有功らとも交流があり、特に堀河康親とは親しく交流していた。
- His main patrons were family heads of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) including Tadahiro KONOE, Masamichi TAKATSUKASA and Tadaka ICHIJO, and he also maintained interchanges with Takemichi KOGA, Naofusa MADENOKOJI, Toshikatsu BOJO, Akiteru KAJUJI, Mototoyo HIROHATA, Arikoto CHIGUSA, and, above all, closely with Yasuchika HORIKAWA.
- 慧南の門下から晦堂祖心、東林常聡、真浄克文が輩出し、祖心の弟子の死心悟新、霊源惟清が、克文の下からは兜率従悦、覚範慧洪らが出て活躍し、当初は、より盛んであった楊岐派よりも優勢になった。
- The appearance of Maido Soshin, Torin Josho (東林常聡) and Shinjo Katsubun (真浄克文) who were disciples of Enan, Shijin Goshin and Reigen Isei who were disciples of Shoshin, and Tosotsu Juetsu and Kakuhan Keiko (覚範慧洪) who were disciples of Katsubun, led to its flourishing and the Oryu school became superior to the Yogi school, which had flourished more before.
- それでも、危険に飛び込んでは逃がれ出るアガトクレスの勇気を、苦難に耐えながらそれを克服するその精神の偉大さとあわせて、熟考すれば、彼を傑出した武将より劣ると評価する理由は見当たりません。
- Still, if the courage of Agathocles in entering into and extricating himself from dangers be considered, together with his greatness of mind in enduring overcoming hardships, it cannot be seen why he should be esteemed less than the most notable captain.
- Still, if the courage of Agathocles in entering into and extricating himself from dangers be considered, together with his greatness of mind in enduring and overcoming hardships, it cannot be seen why he should be esteemed less than the most notable captain.
- 更に、平氏政権も頼朝政権も共に「院政の克服」という歴史的課題を背負い、その中から生じた政権であることなどから、歴史学上はこの呼称は適切とは言えず、年号を付して呼ぶ方が妥当であるとされる。
- In addition, both the Taira clan government and the Yoritomo government had a historic problem, 'controlling Insei' (government by cloistered emperors), and were governments that occurred because of this situation, therefore this term is not appropriate historically and it is considered appropriate to add the era/year.
- 艶麗さと古雅な味いを共存させ、寂びた風情には捨てがたいものがあるが、惜しむらくは常磐津と清元のあいだにあって独自性が発揮できなかったために、歴史の流れに打ち克つことができなかったのである。
- Although its elegant simplicity, arising from the combination of eroticism and antique flavor, has a charm all its own, it has failed to show its uniqueness against Tokiwazu and Kiyomoto and therefore cannot resist the tide of history.
- 日本政府においては、1990年度に「スギ花粉症に関する関係省庁担当者連絡会議」が設置され、1994年度より当時の科学技術庁によって数年間に渡る「スギ花粉症克服に向けた総合研究」が実施された。
- The Japanese government held the 'Japanese Cedar Pollinosis Liaison Conference for Concerned Government Agencies' in 1990 and since 1994 the Science and Technology Agency has conducted 'integrated research to overcome cedar pollinosis' over several years.
- 当時としては画期的な手法であり、自然風物などの対象に移入する過程における荊棘を克服し、自らの詩的表現能力や心霊的意思疎通能力を高める意味もあり、文学的にも心霊学的にも興味深いものだと考えられる。
- It was an innovative technique at the time, and is quite interesting in terms of literature as well as the study of psychic phenomena, because the technique required a poet to overcome trials and tribulations in the process of having empathy with the subject, and in doing so improve their capacity for poetic expression and psychic communication.
- このような現状において、肝炎ウイルスの感染者及び肝炎患者の人権を尊重しつつ、これらの者に対する良質かつ適切な医療の提供を確保するなど、肝炎の克服に向けた取組を一層進めていくことが求められている。
- In these circumstances, an even greater commitment to measures to conquer hepatitis by securing high-quality and appropriate medical care for carriers of the hepatitis virus, hepatitis patients, or otherwise, while respecting their human rights, is being sought.
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- この年、「非義勅命は勅命にあらず」という文言で有名な大久保利通の書簡を、長州藩重役に届けるという重大な任務を龍馬が大久保や西郷隆盛に任されている。佐々木克『幕末政治と薩摩藩』（吉川弘文館、2004年）。
- In this year, Ryoma achieved a crucial mission entrusted by Toshimichi OKUBO and Takamori SAIGO to deliver an OKUBO's letter, which is famous for its phrase, 'Unjustifiable Imperial order is not Imperial order,' to the Choshu clan's high-ranking official. 'Politics in the End of Edo Era and Satsuma Clan' by Suguru SASAKI (Yoshikawa kobunkan, 2004).
- さらに昭和39年8月、一橋大学の永原慶二が調査に訪れ、翌40年11月に刊行した著書『日本の歴史10 下克上の時代』（中央公論社）で「柳生の徳政碑文」として取り上げたことにより、広く知られるようになった。
- What is more, in August, 1964, Keiji NAGAHARA came to the spot to research the inscription, and he adopted it as 'Yagyu no Tokusei Hibun' in his book 'Nihon no Rekishi, Vol. 10, Gekokujo no Jidai' (the history of Japan, Vol. 10, the era of retainers supplanting their lords) published by Chuo Koronsha in November of the next year, 1965, and therefore, it has become widely known.
- 同校からは三池崇史・細野辰興・金秀吉・佐々部清・本広克行・李相日などの映画監督、鄭義信などの脚本家・芥川賞作家阿部和重、さらに、タレントのウッチャンナンチャン、俳優の長谷川初範、隆大介などの人材を輩出した。
- School graduates include such directors as Takashi MIIKE, Tatsuoki HOSONO, Sugiru KIM, Kiyoshi SASABE, Katsuyuki MOTOHIRO, and Sang Il LEE, as well as screenwriter Wishing CHONG, Akutagawa Prize-winning author Kazushige ABE, entertainer Utchan Nanchan, and actors Hatsunori HASEGAWA and Daisuke RYU.
- しかし頼朝がこのような意識をもっていようと、この時期の天下概念はいまだ現実の天皇の王朝支配を克服しきれておらず、天下の主宰者としては天皇（あるいは天皇家の家督者としての治天の君）が期待されている事例が多い。
- Although Yoritomo had such consciousness, the notion of Tenka at the time did not overcome the recognition of the emperor as a real ruler of the dynasty yet, and in fact, the emperor (or chiten no kimi [supreme ruler] as the head of the Imperial family) was expected to be the president of Tenka in many cases.
- これらを克服するため、ヨーロッパでは回転する鋼輪（ホイール）に黄鉄鉱片を擦り付けて着火する方式（ホイールロック式）や、燧石（火打ち石：フリント）を鉄片にぶつけて着火する方式（フリントロック式）が発明された。
- To make up for these, in Europe a mechanism where a piece of pyrite was struck on a rotating steel circular (wheel) to ignite the gunpowder (wheel lock mechanism) or where a firestone (flint) was struck on a piece of iron to ignite the powder (flint gun - flintlock system) were invented.
- 房定の死後は、上杉定実を擁する長尾為景によって上杉房能が自害に追い込まれるなど下克上され、上杉定実は為景の死後、伊達氏の支援により復権を図るものの天文の乱により挫折し、後継のないまま死去、1550年に断絶した。
- After Fusatada's death, there was a mutiny when Tamekage NAGAO, who supported Sadazane UESUGI, staged Fusayoshi UESUGI's suicide, then after Tamekage's death, Sadazane UESUGI attempted to regain power with the support of the Date clan, but he was defeated in the Tenbun War and died without an heir, thereby eliminating the family line in 1550.
- 教育者で思想家の新渡戸稲造など、文学・思想に大きな足跡を残したキリスト者達（新渡戸、内村鑑三、植村正久など）による異文化接合の形として顕われたのが、もう一つの「武士道」である（詳細は武田清子の「人間観の相克」を参照）。
- Another Bushido appeared as a combination of different cultures by Christians who left a major mark on literature and a way of thought including an educator and thinker Inazo NITOBE, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA (refer to 'Ningenkan no Sokoku [Rivalry of human view]' written by Kiyoko TAKEDA for details).
- 江戸城大奥では桃の井と称し、和宮の側近として、観行院、庭田嗣子、鴨脚克子らと共に大いに貢献し、慶応元年（1865年）に観行院が死去すると、それまで以上に和宮に尽くし、庭田嗣子と共に和宮を批判する天璋院ら大奥老女と対立した。
- At O-oku (the inner palace of Edo-jo Castle), she called herself Momonoi and served Kazunomiya very well as a close adviser as well as Kangyoin, Tsuguko NIWATA and Katsuko ICHO; following Kangyoin's death in 1865, she cooperated with Tsuguko and even devoted herself to the difficult role to protect Kazunomiya who suffered from the bitter complaints by elder influential women such as Tenshoin.
- これらの現象は従来は下克上の一言で片づけられてきた嫌いがあるが、戦国大名による領国支配の形態の研究が進むにつれ、その支配体制が決して専制的なものでなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていたものであるとの見方が多くなってきている。
- These phenomena tended to be simply seen as gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the past, but as the study progresses on the form of territory ruling by daimyo in the Warring States period, more people think that the ruling system was never be autocratic and took into consultations and intentions of the vassalage.
- 室町時代後期（戦国時代 (日本)）になると、下克上や治安の低下などから、袖が小さく活動的な小袖が表着として武家の夫人の正装に採用されるようになり、織豊時代にはお市の方肖像画に見られるような豪華な打ち掛け型の小袖などが作られるようになった。
- When the time advanced to the late Muromachi period (the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)), because of the revolt of vassals against their lords and poor security, active kosode with smaller sleeves were adopted as formal outer wear of wives of samurais, and at the time of Shokuho (Oda-Toyotomi era), a type of gorgeous uchikake (a full length formal and elegant outer robe) style kosodes were made as was seen in the portrait of Lady Oichi no kata.
- これに対しては、強力で勇敢な君主はその臣民に、あるときは災いは長くは続かないという希望を与え、またあるときは敵は残忍だという恐怖を与えて、彼にはあまりに向う見ずに思える臣民を巧みに避けて、こうした困難をすべて克服すだろうと、答えておきましょう。
- to this I answer that a powerful and courageous prince will overcome all such difficulties by giving at one time hope to his subjects that the evil will not be for long, at another time fear of the cruelty of the enemy, then preserving himself adroitly from those subjects who seem to him to be too bold.
- 江戸時代前期までは後北条氏は名門伊勢氏の出と考えられていた様子だが、江戸時代中期以降、『太閤記』の影響で戦国時代を身分の低い者が実力で身を興す「下克上の時代」ととらえる史観が民衆の願望もあいまって形成され,明治時代になって定着し、戦後まで続いた。
- Apparently, until the beginning of the Edo Period, the Gohojo clan was thought to have originated from the Ise clan but from the mid-Edo Period, influenced by the 'Taikoki,' a biography of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the view of Soun as a lowly samurai in the Warring States Period, who came to power through his achievements in the so called 'Gekokujo Period' caught the public's imagination, becoming well-established in the Meiji Period and prevailing until the end of WWII.
- これに対しては、強力で勇敢な君主はその臣民に、あるときは災いは長くは続かないという希望を与え、またあるときは敵は残忍だという恐怖を与えて、彼にはあまりに向う見ずに思える臣民を巧みに避けて、こうした困難をすべて克服するだろうと、答えておきましょう。
- to this I answer that a powerful and courageous prince will overcome all such difficulties by giving at one time hope to his subjects that the evil will not be for long, at another time fear of the cruelty of the enemy, then preserving himself adroitly from those subjects who seem to him to be too bold.
- 諸学の導入が進むと、日本においては『日月星辰の運行・位置を考え五行思想相生相克の理による吉凶禍福を判じて未来を占い、人事百般の指針を得る』ことが重要であると考えられるようになり、吉凶を判断し行動規範を得るための方策として陰陽五行思想が重視されることとなった。
- As the introduction of these learnings progressed, a perception developed, whereby, to 'predict the future and receive guidance for everything concerning human life by studying the movements and positions of nichigetsuseishin (the sun, the moon, and the stars) and to judge good, bad, auspicious or harmful signs based upon the principles of gogyo and the way of productive and conflicting relationships in the natural world' became important and greater faith in the principles of inyo gogyo as a measure used to establish codes of conduct by judging good and bad fortunes.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- わたしはといえば、わたしが学問において何らかの真理を発見しおおせたとするなら（そしてこの文に含まれている内容で、多少の真理が発見できたことは示せていると信じるが）、それはわたしが原理的な困難5つか6つを克服しおおせたことの帰結にして結果にすぎないと断言できる。
- As for myself, if I have succeeded in discovering any truths in the sciences (and I trust that what is contained in this volume 1 will show that I have found some), I can declare that they are but the consequences and results of five or six principal difficulties which I have surmounted,
- 応仁の乱による戦火で自邸が焼失したため、文明 (日本)2年（1470年）に勧修寺・鞍馬寺等へ避難するが、それらも焼け出され、家蔵の文書・日記類も焼失した（甘露寺家を嫡流とする勧修寺流は実務の家柄であり、必要上から記録を克明につけており「日記の家」とも称された）。
- The fires of the Onin War burned down his house, so he evacuated to Kaju-ji Temple, Kurama-dera Temple, or somewhere else in 1470, but he was burned out of even those places by the fires, and his family collection of documents and diaries was also lost in the fire (incidentally, the Kajuji line, whose direct descendant is the KANROJI family, was a line that many family members assumed practical work, and they put the documents and diaries on record in detail out of necessity, so people called them 'Family of the Diary.')
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- 孝明天皇は和宮に配慮し、江戸城へ生母の観行院、乳母の土御門藤子、女官の庭田嗣子（仁孝天皇の典侍）、鴨脚克子を同行させて精神的な不安を軽減させたほか、典薬寮の医師も数人付随させ（うち一人は降嫁後も江戸に常駐）、万が一関東の地で病を得ても都と同じ治療が受けられるようにした。
- Worrying about Princess Kazunomiya, Emperor Komei made her real mother Kangyoin, her menoto Fujiko TSUCHIMIKADO and the court lady Tsuguko NIWATA (a court lady of the first rank to Emperor Ninko), Katsuko ICHO go with her in order to lessen her mental uneasiness, and several doctors of Bureau of Medicine (one of the doctors also resided in Edo after her down-ranking marriage) so that she could receive the same treatment as in the capital in case she might get sick in Kanto area by any chance.
- 戦後の医療の進歩、医学的知見の積重ね、科学技術の進展により、肝炎の克服に向けた道筋が開かれてきたが、他方で、現在においても、早期発見や医療へのアクセスにはいまだ解決すべき課題が多く、さらには、肝炎ウイルスや肝炎に対する正しい理解が、国民すべてに定着しているとは言えない。
- The path to conquer hepatitis has been opened, thanks to the advancement of medical care, accumulation of medical knowledge and development of science and technology in the post-war period, while there are still many problems to be solved in terms of early detection and accessibility of medical care. Further, it cannot be said that all Japanese citizens have an accurate understanding of the hepatitis virus and hepatitis.
- 鎌倉幕府は元寇に伴う対外的危機を通じて、一円支配が確立した本所領の住人を動員することには成功したが、それでも検断権などを本所領に対しては及ぼすことが出来ず、却って寺社興行法などで御家人の権利よりも寺社領の権限を保護する政策を取って神仏の加護よる対外危機の克服を期待する有様であった。
- The Kamakura bakufu succeeded in calling the residents in the honjoryo, in which the bakufu established a ruling throughout the land, to arms through the external crisis accompanying Genko (Mongol Invasion), but still cannot exercise kendanken (provincial policing authority) and so forth on the honjoryo -- On the contrary, the bakufu prayed for divine protection and expected god and Buddha to support the bakufu to overcome the external crisis, and took a policy to protect not the right of the gokenin (the top of the warrior-class hierarchy) but the right of the jisharyo by issuing the jishakogyoho (Shrine restoration policy).
- その縁で一葉と漱石の長兄・大助（大一）を結婚させる話が持ち上がったが、則義が度々直克に借金を申し込むことがあり、これをよく思わなかった直克が「上司と部下というだけで、これだけ何度も借金を申し込んでくるのに、親戚になったら何を要求されるかわかったものじゃない。」と言って、破談にしたという。
- Because of this connection, Ichiyo's marriage to Soseki's oldest brother Daisuke (Taichi) was proposed; however, as Noriyoshi often asked Naokatsu for loans and Naokatsu did not think much of this, he refused the proposal, saying, 'He has asked me for loans so often, simply because we are a superior and a subordinate, that I cannot know what he will ask if we become relatives.'
- さらに守護大名の戦国大名への移行や守護代・国人などによる下克上の風潮が広まると、武家たちは生き残りに必死で、形式補完的に用いていた陰陽道などはことさら重視せず、相次ぐ戦乱や戦国大名らの専横によって陰陽師の庇護者である朝廷のある京も荒れ果て、将軍も逃避することがしばしば見られるようになった。
- Additionally, as provincial military governors became daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period and the climate of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became widespread among shugodai (deputy military governors) and kokujin (local lords), samurai were desperately trying to survive and Onmyodo, which had been used as accessories for formal functions, were no longer seen as important; meanwhile, with Kyoto, which was home to the patron of the onmyoji, the Imperial Court, left devastated by a series of wars and the tyranny of the Sengoku daimyo, the sight of the shogun fleeing the capital became increasingly common.
- その背景について、幼少の清和天皇が外祖父藤原良房の政治権力によって、異母兄惟喬親王を推す世論に反して擁立されたことに由来する政治基盤の不安定さを克服するために、幼い天皇の君徳の涵養を図るとともに、天皇への忠誠を官人教育を通じて強く認識させる目的によって、藤原良房と大春日雄継が導入を図ったものと考えられている。
- It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and OKASUGA no Otsugu adopted this edition with the purpose of giving government officials an official education to foster allegiance to the Emperor, as well as to foster 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' in the young Emperor Seiwa, thereby tried to overcome the instability of political foundation, which was caused by the enthroning of the infant Emperor Seiwa, with the help of the political power of his maternal grandfather, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, against public opinion that pushed for his paternal older half-brother, Imperial Prince Koretaka.
- 2008年夏、「テレメンタリー パーちゃんと見つけた宝もの～大島渚・小山明子の絆～」(テレビ朝日、7月28日放映)、「田原総一朗ドキュメンタリースペシャル『忘れても、いっしょ・・・』」(テレビ朝日、8月17日放映)にて、聖テレジア病院(神奈川県鎌倉市)で言語障害・右半身麻痺を克服すべくリハビリに励む姿がオンエアされた。
- During the summer of 2008, Oshima's image of devotion in overcoming his speech impediment and paralysis on the right side of his body at St.Terese's Hospital (Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture) was broadcasted on television programs, such as 'Telementary: A treasure found with Ba-chan, a tie between Nagisa Oshima and Akiko KOYAMA' (TV Asahi Corporation, broadcasted on July 28) and 'Documentary Special by Soichiro TAHARA 'Stay together even if you forget me'' (TV Asahi Corporation, broadcasted on August 17).
- また、皮肉にもこれまで将軍の権威をないがしろにしてきた諸大名も将軍の権威が本当に失われてしまった事でそこに由来していた守護としての統治権そのものの権威までが失われてしまい、配下であった守護代や国人衆による下克上、更には加賀一向一揆や山城国一揆に代表される民衆の一揆からもその領国支配を脅かされるようになっていくのである。
- Moreover, somewhat ironically, the very daimyo that had begun by making light of the Shogun's authority found that when that shogunal authority was truly lost, their own authority and sovereignty as shugo (governors) vanished, and many were overthrown by their deputies or by commoners from their provinces in the phenomenon known as gekokujo (the lower overthrowing the higher); worse yet, peasant uprisings and religious leagues, of which the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a religious league of commoners in Kaga) and a similar Ikki in Yamashiro Province are representative examples, began to threaten the lords' control over their lands.
- ただし、フロイスがこの「儀式」について初めて記したのは信長の死後であり、フロイス自身が「儀式」が行われたとされる当時に安土周辺にはいなかったこと、日本国内の一級史料ではこの「儀式」についてまったく言及されていないことなどから、谷口克広はフロイスの記述に信憑性はなく、信長が滅んだことを正当化するために記したものであるとの見解を示している。
- However, as Frois first written about this 'ceremony' only after Nobunaga's death and he was not in the vicinity of Azuchi when such ceremony was held and this 'ceremony' has never been referred to in first-class historical materials in Japan, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI proposed the view that description by Frois is not reliable and it was written just to justify overthrowing Nobunaga.
- また、この説は大政奉還路線と武力倒幕路線の対立を必要以上に強調しすぎたきらいがあり、両者は相容れない路線ではなかったとする学説 家近良樹『幕末政治と倒幕運動』（吉川弘文館、1995年）・高橋秀直「「公議政体派」と薩摩倒幕派-王政復古クーデター再考-」（『京都大学文学部研究紀要』41、2002年）・佐々木克『幕末政治と薩摩藩』（吉川弘文館、2004年）・井上勲「大政奉還運動の形成過程(一)」（『史学雑誌』81-11、1972年）などが参考になる。
- And also there are some argues that this theory emphasizes too much the conflict between Taisei-hokan policy and violent overthrow of the Shogunate policy, which is also another theory and points out that the both policies are not so much contradicting: 'Politics in the end of Edo era and Movement of overthrow of the Shogunate' by Yoshiki IECHIKA (Yoshikawa kobunkan, 1995), 'Supporters for Politics by Congress and Supporters for Overthrow of the Shogunate by Satsuma - Review on Imperial Rule Restoration Coup d'etat -' by Hidenao TAKAHASHI ('Kyoto University, Faculty of Letters, Research Report' 41, 2002), 'Politics in the End of Edo Era and Satsuma Clan' by Suguru SASAKI (Yoshikawa kobunkan, 2004), and 'Formation Process of Taisei-hokan Movement (1)' by Isao INOUE ('Shigaku zasshi' 81-11, 1972).
- また、歴史学界からは相手にされない説であるが、鎌倉時代の『一代要記』、南北朝時代の『本朝皇胤紹運録』に記載の天武の年齢に基づくと、天武は天智より4歳年長であると解釈できることから、一部の研究家により第40代天武天皇の父親は第34代舒明天皇でないとする仮説（佐々克明、小林恵子、大和岩雄ら）が提唱されており、その場合父親が誰であろうと母親が第37代斉明天皇であったことが皇位継承の条件であったことになるとの主張もあるが、これは仮説であり正式なものとはされていない。
- In addition, according to the age of Tenmu stated in 'Ichidaiyoki' (summary chronicle of each reign) in the Kamakura period and 'Honcho Koin Joun roku' (the Emperor's family tree) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Tenmu was four years older than Tenji, for which some scholars including Katsuaki SASA, Keiko KOBAYASHI, and Iwao OWA advocate a tentative theory that the father of the fortieth Emperor Tenmu was not the thirty-fourth Emperor Jomei, and it is also advocated that the prerequisite for succeeding to the throne was that his mother was the thirty-seventh Emperor Saimei no matter who his father was; anyway, this is a tentative non-official theory and not accepted by the historical community.
- 経済産業大臣は、電気の需給の調整を行わなければ電気の供給の不足が 国民経済及び国民生活に悪影響を及ぼし、公共の利益を阻害するおそれがあると認められるときは、その事態を克服するため必要な限度において、政令で定める ところにより、使用電力量の限度、使用最大電力の限度、用途若しくは使用を停止すべき日時を定めて、一般電気事業者、特定電気事業者若しくは特定規模電気 事業者の供給する電気の使用を制限し、又は受電電力の容量の限度を定めて、一般電気事業者、特定電気事業者若しくは特定規模電気事業者からの受電を制限す ることができる。
- When it seems that if no adjustment is made to the supply and demand of electricity, a shortage of electricity supply will adversely affect the national economy, standard of living or public interest, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, to the extent necessary2 for resolving such a situation and pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order, restrict the use of electricity supplied by a General Electricity Utility, Specified Electricity Utility or Specified-Scale Electricity Utility by limiting the power usage or peak load or specifying the purpose of use or the date and time when power usage should be stopped, or restrict the receiving of electricity from a General Electricity Utility, Specified Electricity Utility or Specified-Scale Electricity Utility by limiting the capacity of receiving electricity.
