先: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 蘭学の先駆
- Early pioneers of Rangaku
- 先后の例祭
- Reisai Festival for the previous empress
- 先代旧事本紀
- Sendai Kujihongi (Ancient Japanese History)
- 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History)
- Kujiki
- 西郷先生の徳
- Virtue of SAIGO Sensei (sensei: a honorific)
- 県井戸の先生
- A master of the Agata well
- 先代旧事本紀大成経
- Sendai Kujihongi taiseikyo
- 先帝以前3代の例祭
- Reisai Festival for the spirits of the three imperial ancestors preceding the last emperor
- 先天性ポルフィリン症
- congenital porphyria
- 鉄山地獄 所蔵先不明
- Hell of Iron Mountain; collection unknown
- 平出〔先帝〕(同上)
- The term 'Sendai' (an honorific title given to all former emperors including Daijo Teno, who had passed away) was quoted in this Article as the same Heishutsu word as mentioned above.
- 先帝以前3代の式年祭
- Shikinensai Memorial Ceremony for the spirits of the three imperial ancestors preceding the last emperor
- ※源氏の君の婿入り先。
- This is the family Genji entered into by marrying one of their daughters.
- 先帝の皇子、藤壺の兄。
- The first being an Imperial Prince of the late Emperor, and an older brother of Fujitsubo.
- 豊璋王を護送する先遣隊。
- The advanced group protected King Hosho.
- この年、妻に先立たれた。
- In this year, his wife died.
- 様躰先達具ニ條々申入候。
- I would like to explain the details on the battle.
- 槍先形尖頭器の出現と発達
- The appearance and development of the lanceolate-shaped point
- 先読経文(授業の受け方)
- Sendoku Kyomon (how to take classes)
- 本庄子爵家の祖先である。
- This is the ancestor of the house of Viscount Honjo.
- 槍先に付けたと考えられる。
- They were supposedly attached to spear heads.
- 藤壺桐壺帝の先帝の内親王。
- Fujitsubo, the Imperial Princess of the Retired Emperor of Kiritsubo no Mikado
- 先述の防塁に楯を用いた防御。
- Defense using the defense walls mentioned earlier and shields.
- 各段の所蔵先は以下のとおり。
- The scenes are in the following collections:
- - 元 (王朝)の曾先之の編。
- - Compiled by Xianji ZHEN of the Yuan (dynasty).
- 「先んずれば即ち勝つ」の意味。
- It means, 'First come, first served.'
- 5月2~4日:先帝祭(下関市)
- May 2 to 4: Festival of Late Emperor (Shimonoseki City)
- 藤壺…先帝の四宮(第四皇女)。
- Fujitsubo --- the fourth princess of the previous Emperor.
- 先ツ引揚ラレ、然ルヘシト言ス。
- He said that the troops should be withdrawn.
- 義秋に先んじて将軍宣下された。
- He was appointed as shogun before Yoshiaki.
- 御家再興優先派と江戸急進派の軋轢
- Conflict between people prioritizing the restoration and the Edo radicals
- 「先んずれば即ち負ける」の意味。
- It means 'The first to act is the first to lose.'
- 合巻:恋川春町『金々先生栄華夢』
- Gokan (bound-together volumes of illustrated books): 'Kinkinsensei Eiganoyume' (Master Flashgold's Splendid Dream) by Harumachi KOIKAWA
- 文武3年、母や兄に先立って死去。
- Prince Yuge died in 699 before his mother and older brother.
- 「兼仗」については先述のとおり。
- The details for 'Kenjo' are mentioned above.
- 生活詠的社会詠の先駆けと言える。
- This can be said to be a forerunner of seikatsuei (poems about everyday life) type shakaiei.
- 藩邸の庭先で浅野内匠頭が切腹した。
- Asano Takumi no Kami committed suicide by disembowelment in the courtyard of a hantei (residence maintained by a daimyo).
- 諸氏に伝えられた先祖の記録(墓記)
- The records of ancestors which were transmitted by various clans (epitaph)
- 先帝の皇子であり、藤壺の兄である。
- He was the son of the former Emperor, and also an older brother of Fujitsubo.
- 「故に先ず難波を都とせんと欲す。」
- 'Therefore I am going to make Naniwa as capital first.'
- 一 紫衣ノ寺住持職、先規希有ノ事也。
- 一 紫衣ノ寺住持職、先規希有ノ事也。
- 三左衛門遂に先鋒の兵を収容して還る。
- Sanzaemon rallied the vanguards and returned.
- ヲワケの祖先八代の系譜を記している。
- It describes the eight generations of Owake's ancestor.
- 律令制構築のための先駆的な律令法典。
- The pioneering Ritsuryo law codes for erecting the Ritsuryo System.
- そして、そう言うや真っ先に駆け下った。
- Yoshitsura SAHARA was the first to then quickly run down.
- 平氏の兵たちは我先にと海へ逃げ出した。
- Soldiers of the Taira clan were striving to be first to escape to the ocean.
- 智伯虎を先祖とする鄭氏の本家格である。
- It is the head family of the Jeong clan having Pae ho JI as its ancestor.
- 持弓持筒頭・先手弓筒頭...1.5千石
- Mochiyumi-mochitsutsu-gashira (head of shooting unit and firearms troop) and Sakite yumitsutsu-gashira (head of shooting unit and firearms troops who lead the way): 1,500 koku (of rice)
- 西郷先生之徳、万世に輝きたるものに候。
- The virtues of SAIGO Sensei would shine for ever.
- 恋愛・昇進等で常に源氏に先んじられる。
- He is always forestalled by Genji in romance, promotion, etc.
- 縄文時代に後続し、古墳時代に先行する。
- The Yayoi period follows the Jomon period and precedes the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- このように、多くの近親者に先立たれる。
- In this way, many of her close relatives died before her.
- 先の蝦夷・入鹿暗殺からとする場合もある。
- In some cases, the above-mentioned assassination of Emishi and Iruka is regarded as the beginning.
- 先に引っ掛けるので当然長さは2倍になる。
- Since it is hooked on the tip, the length is naturally doubled.
- 先鋒の兵敵に追躡せられ其勢は甚だ危うし。
- However, he was pursued by the enemy's vanguard and was therefore in a dangerous position.
- そして、そう言うや先陣となって駆け下った。
- Quickly, Yoshitsune rode down the hill at the front of his army.
- 先帝の寵臣三輪逆は門を閉じてこれを拒んだ。
- MIWA no Sakau, a favorite retainer of the former Emperor, refused to let him in closing the gate.
- 仲麻呂軍の先発隊精兵数十人が愛発関で敗れた。
- Nakamaro's advance party of some tens of soldiers were defeated at Arachi no-seki checking station.
- 日本側は、先に清国と日清修好条規を締結する。
- So Japan first concluded the Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship with Qing.
- まず、息子の近衛天皇が父に先んじて崩御する。
- First, his son Emperor Konoe passes away before him.
- 先帝の后腹(皇后所生)の女四宮(第四皇女)。
- Onna Shinomiya (fourth imperial princess) of the previous emperor and the empress.
- プロレタリア派は、当初、文学理論が先行した。
- At the time, the proletarian school was taken by theoretical arguments.
- 以後、藤原氏の子女が皇后になる先例となった。
- This set a precedent that children of the Fujiwara clan became empress.
- ホームステイ先は母・紀子妃の知人宅であった。
- The family she stayed with was one of her mother Imperial Princess Kiko's acquaintances.
- 海は荒れ狂い、先に進むことが不可能になった。
- The sea became very rough and they could not go any farther.
- 事実先の四名の間に大中臣氏が補任されている。
- In fact, a member of the Onakatomi clan was appointed to the post of Jingi haku in between the assignments of the aforementioned four members.
- 尖頭器 (Point)先端を鋭く尖らせた石器。
- Sentoki (points): A kind of stone tools with a sharp point
- 刀の切っ先と正反対の位置にあたる金属製の部品。
- It is the metal part located opposite side of a sword head.
- 同年9月11日に大野は配流先にて憤死している。
- On October 6th of the same year, Ono died in the place of exile.
- 藤原京が先に有って後で藤原姓を賜ったのである。
- Fujiwara-kyo must have been constructed before the name Fujiwara was granted.
- 最初の北の方に先立たれた後、真木柱と再婚した。
- After the death of his first lawful wife, he gets married to Makibashira.
- 先手組(さきてぐみ)は、江戸幕府の軍制の一つ。
- Sakite-gumi was one of military systems in the Edo bakufu.
- 綏靖天皇以下先帝以前4代に至る歴代天皇の式年祭
- Shikinensai Memorial Ceremony for spirits of past emperors from Emperor Suizei to the four emperors preceding the last
- 家紋は鶴の丸(但し先端の羽根は本家同様3本)。
- Its family crest was a 'Wing-Spreading Crane,' the wingtip feathers of which are three like the crest of the main family.
- 飛檐(ひえん):垂木の先につけたそりのある木材。
- Hien: a curved piece of wood to place on the tip of the rafter.
- 先の鎮撫使はすべて大総督府の下に組み入れられた。
- All of those Chinbushi mentioned earlier were positioned under the grand government general.
- 先に編纂された凌雲集に続くもので、勅撰三集の一。
- As one of the three anthologies compiled by Imperial command, this compilation succeeded the earlier compiled Ryounshu.
- 5月2日:時村討手の先登の者十二人首を刎ねらる。
- May 2: The twelve leading persons concerned with killing Tokimura were decapitated.
- 開隊に先立って、要員は空路で柳本に到着している。
- Before the opening, the members had arrived at Yanagimoto by air.
- それに適切な配置先がないものは雑格に含められた。
- Uncategorized laws were gathered in the Zakkaku (Miscellaneous law compilation).
- このとき、先立の中宮洞院佶子は皇后となっている。
- Empress Kitsushi TOIN had been an empress by that time.
- 孝元天皇の皇子大彦命を祖先とする臣籍降下である。
- The Abe clan's status was demoted from being a member of the Imperial Family to that of its subject, and was a descendant of Obiko no Mikoto, the son of the Emperor Kogen.
- 時政は先手を打って比企一族を滅ぼすことを決意する。
- Tokimasa decided to make the first move and to destroy the Hiki family.
- 13日には東山道先鋒総督岩倉具定も板橋駅に入った。
- Then, on March 13th, Tomosada IWAKURA, the Spearhead governor of the Tosando, entered Itabashi Station.
- 藤壺(ふじつぼのちゅうぐう) : 先帝の第四皇女。
- Empress Fujitsubo: The fourth imperial princess of the former emperor.
- 飛香舎女御(源氏女御)…先帝の皇女、藤壺の異母妹。
- Higyosha no nyogo (Genji no nyogo) --- a princess of the preceding Emperor, and also a younger sister of Fujitsubo by a different mother.
- その後、腹を病む曾良を先に帰し二人はここで別れた。
- Basho subsequently sent Sora who was suffering from stomach trouble home first whereby they went separate ways from this point.
- その最初の標的となったのは先述の堅田本福寺である。
- The first target was Katata Honpuku-ji Temple as mentioned before.
- 『古事記』序文に書かれている『帝皇日嗣』・『先紀』
- 'Tennou Hitsugi' and 'Senki' (pre-existing documents) written in the introduction of the 'Kojiki'
- この「外敵」を後世の有力集団の祖先に擬する説もある。
- One theory additionally says that this 'foreign enemy' was possibly a descendant of the powerful group that later appeared in Japan.
- 起源は軽犯罪者の罪を許し手先として使った放免である。
- The origin of Okappiki was Homen, who were former petty criminals whose sins had been forgiven and worked as a minion.
- 吉良上野介の首は潮田又之丞の持つ槍の先に掲げられた。
- Kira Kozuke no Suke's head was placed on the end of Matanojo USHIODA's spear.
- 槍の先頭に付けられて、おもに狩猟のために用いられた。
- It was attached to the point of a pike and mainly used for hunting.
- - 『日本書紀』に先んじると序文に謳われている史書。
- - A work of history which claims in the preface to have preceded 'Nihon Shoki' in date of composition.
- 先行する二つの勅撰集と違い、和歌所が置かれなかった。
- Unlike the previous two imperial collections, wakadokoro (an office for selecting poems) was not set up.
- これにより、三好三人衆と松永久秀の対立が先鋭化する。
- This caused the conflict between the Miyoshi Sanninshu and Hisahide MATSUNAGA become more serious.
- 御先手物頭格表御番三百石、内五十石足高 林信政(40)
- Sakite Monogashira (Spearhead Military Commanders) status, Omote-goban, 300 koku, 50 out of 300 koku tashidaka Nobumasa HAYASHI (40).
- 槍や銛の先端近くに刃として埋め込んで貫通性能を高めた。
- Embedding it as a blade near the point of a spear and a harpoon increased the piercing capacity.
- 競争にはイギリス優勢のもとフランスなどが先んじていた。
- While England had a competitive edge, France was also ahead of the game.
- 大和国は日本における商品経済の最先進地域の一つである。
- Yamato Province was an area with one of the most advanced commodity economies in Japan.
- そこへ鵄(とび)があらわれ、磐余彦の弓の先にとまった。
- Just then, a kite appeared and perched on Iwarehikono Mikoto's end of bow.
- 「先立し人もありけりけふの日をつひの旅路の思ひ出にして」
- Some people have already gone, I will leave for my final journey holding with the memory of today.'
- 各部の先頭はおおよそ年代的に最初の説話で始められている。
- The head of each part is generally the earliest setsuwa in the chronological sense.
- このことは、遷都先として江戸が急浮上することに繋がった。
- Therefore, the new government abruptly nominated Edo as a potential place for relocation of the Capital.
- しかし『先代旧事本紀』については若干の説明が必要である。
- Some explanation is required regarding the 'Sendai Kujihongi.'
- 六条御息所(ろくじょうのみやすどころ) : 先の春宮妃。
- Rokujo no Miyasudokoro: The consort of the former Crown Prince.
- 先輩に当たる赤染衛門には後輩として尊敬の意を見せている。
- She showed her respect to the senior colleague, Akazome Emon.
- 火付盗賊改方の長官は、御先手組の頭が加役として兼務した。
- The chief of hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata (literally, 'investigative division for arson and organized robbery) was served by the leader of the sakite-gumi additionally as a temporary extra work.
- その子孫は現在、先祖の豊臣姓を苗字に名乗っているという。
- It is said that the descendents of the Toyotomi today still use their ancestor's name as their family names.
- 本丸御殿は、先述したように表、中奥、大奥に区分されている。
- Honmaru palace was divided into Omote, Nakaoku, and O-oku as described previously.
- 裏・先世以来未有此刀百濟■世■奇生聖音故為倭王旨造■■■世
- (On the back side) 先世以来未有此刀百濟?世?奇生聖音故為倭王旨造???世
- 先住民族からなる高砂義勇隊は南方戦線で大きな活躍を見せた。
- The Takasago Volunteer Army consisting of aborigines were very brave in the Southern battle line.
- 家康は25日に藤堂高虎・片桐且元を呼び、先鋒を命じている。
- On 25th (the old calendar) Ieyasu called Takatora TODO/Katsumoto KATAGIRI and ordered them to lead the van.
- それぞれ先端が分かれていないもの、三股のもの、五股のもの。
- Each of them has a pointed end, three-pronged end, and five-pronged end respectively.
- 朝雅は牧の方の娘婿であり、重保は時政の先妻の外孫にあたる。
- Tomomasa was a son in law of Maki no kata, and Shigeyasu was a grandchild of Tokimasa's first wife.
- 仏を敬い、先人を尊ぶ作品の一方で破戒や自己嫌悪が見られる。
- The collection contains the poems which showed his respect for Buddha and forerunners, while there are poems about violating the Buddhist precepts and self-hatred.
- 先述したように朝鮮ははじめ華夷秩序に留まることを選択した。
- As described above, Korea chose to remain in structure of Kaichitsujo at first.
- この世紀の終わり頃には畿内の一部に先進的な群集墳が現れる。
- Finally, at the end of the fourth century, advanced tumulus communities appeared in one area of the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- 幕末には澤為量・澤宣嘉父子が勤皇攘夷派の急先鋒として活躍。
- In the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Tamekazu SAWA and his son, Nobuyoshi SAWA actively worked as vanguards of the sonnojoi ha (supporters of the doctrine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians).
- 秀元は黒田隊を以って先鋒と為し全義を経て同日天安市に到った。
- Hidemoto, with the Kuroda group in the van, reached Cheonan City via Jeonui on the same day.
- 先住民は逃げた者を敵とみなし、次々に殺害し54名を斬首した。
- The aborigines considered the escapees to be their enemies and killed 54 people by beheading them one after another.
- 朝鮮側の国書の宛先を「日本国大君」から「日本国王」に直した。
- Hakuseki also changed Korean sovereign's message to be delivered to 'the King of Japan' instead of 'Tycoon of Japan.'
- 鼻の先が紅花で染めたように赤いことから、彼女を末摘花という。
- Because the tip of her nose was red as though it had been stained with a safflower, she is called Suetsumuhana (the lady of the safflower).
- この間の3月23日、東征軍海軍先鋒大原重実が横浜に来航した。
- In the interim, on March 23rd, Shigezane OHARA, who was the Spearhead of the Navy's 'expeditionary force to the east' arrived in Yokohama by ship.
- 先頭で教導していた神成大尉は誰ともなく以下のように命令した。
- Captain Kannari, who led the troop, at large ordered as follows.
- その後鉄道は先進各国で産業発展の担い手として発達して行った。
- From that time on, railways made progress in advanced countries as a bearer of industrial development.
- 縄文時代の槍先形尖頭器は上述の発達期尖頭器の後半部にあたる。
- The lanceolate-shaped point used in the Jomon period corresponds to the latter generation of the point in developing period mentioned above.
- 一説には、光明皇后よりも先に妻になっていたとも言われている。
- According to one theory, she became a wife of Emperor Shomu earlier than Empress Komyo did.
- 神武に先立つ皇統の神代段階は200万年続いたと主張している。
- He insisted that the Imperial line before Emperor Jinmu lasted 2 million years during the ages of gods.
- 〔裏面〕「先代以来未だ此(かく、七支刀)のごとき刀はなかった。
- (On the back side) 'Since the previous generation, a sword like this (seven-pronged sword) have not existed.
- 慶喜は先手を打って大政を奉還することで、討幕の名分を失わせた。
- Yoshinobu outwitted them and voluntarily carried out Taisei Hokan, and thus removed a good cause for attacking the shogunate.
- 春先で冷え込みが酷く、雨も降る厳しい状況の中で戦いは始まった。
- In the bleak weather of raining and great coldness in early spring, the battle started.
- 「先是一品舎人親王奉勅修日本紀 至是功成奏上 紀卅卷系圖一卷」
- 先是一品舎人親王奉勅修日本紀 至是功成奏上 紀卅卷系圖一卷.'
- 旅の風物を無常観とともに描いた詞書は後世の紀行文の先駆をなす。
- Kotobagaki (captions), that described natural objects seen during travelling together with Mujokan (Buddhist concept of the impermanence of worldly things), is the forerunner of travel writing in later ages.
- これを深く嘆く帝を慰めるために、先帝の皇女(藤壺)が入内した。
- To console the Emperor for missing his beloved, the former Emperor's daughter (Fujitsubo) made her bridal entry into court.
- 宇治川の戦いで佐々木高綱に与えられ先陣の栄誉を勝ち取っている。
- Ikezuki was given to Takatsuna SASAKI, who was honored to be in the vanguard in the Battle of Uji-gawa River.
- 若年寄の序列では、後任でも城主は先任である無城の上席であった。
- In the hierarchy of wakadoshiyori (assistants to roju in the Edo bakufu), a joshu daimyo, even if nominated later, was placed higher than a mujo nominated earlier.
- 定例演説会や、学術雑誌発行という啓蒙スタイルも先駆的であった。
- Its style of enlightenment such as periodical speech meetings and an issue of an academic bulletin were also pioneering.
- 先帝崩御から1年間は服喪期間として即位礼・大嘗祭は行われない。
- The enthronement ceremony and Daijosai are not held during the mourning period, for one year after the death of the previous emperor.
- 『古事記』では河俣毘売といい、師木県主の祖先である家系の出身。
- She was from the line of ancestor of Shikino agatanushi and is called Kawamatabime in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters).
- これは後に、明治政府による近代化教育の先駆けとなったのである。
- This was a precursor to the modern educational system introduced by the Meiji Government.
- 『先代旧事本紀』では葦敢竈見別王と記され、竈口君等の祖とある。
- He is described as Ashikamino kamami wakenomiko in 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) and is the ancestor of Kamanokuchinokimi and so on.
- 7日、天誅組先鋒が大日川で津藩兵と交戦して、これを五条へ退ける。
- On October 19, the vanguard of Tenchu-gumi was at war with the soldiers of Tsu Domain in Obikawa and it succeeded in making the soldiers of Tsu Domain retreat to Gojo.
- したがって、保守的であるが単純に藩閥政権の手先とも言えなかった。
- So while the Kizokuin were conservative, they were simply a pawn of the Hanbatsu government.
- 前期は大伴氏・物部氏・蘇我氏の各豪族が先後して実権を握っていた。
- In the first half of the Yamato Period, the Otomo clan, the Mononobe clan and the Soga clan held real power at different times.
- 旧正月(1月1日 (旧暦)):1+12, 2÷60あまり2→先勝
- The lunar New Year (January 1 [the old calendar]): 1+1=2, 2÷6=0, the remainder is 2 => sakigachi.
- 現に、討死した将兵の多くは両翼にいた者達(譜代、先方衆)である。
- In fact, many of the shohei (officers and soldiers) killed in the battle were deployed in the two wings and (some were fudai (hereditary) vassals and others were among the senkatashu (vanguard)).
- これは、序文で『日本書紀』に先行する7世紀の編纂と主張している。
- In the preface of this record, the writer asserts that it was edited in the 7th century, earlier than the Chronicles of Japan.
- 貿易・海外進出に関し先行する日本にとって有利なものとなっている。
- It was advantageous to Japan, which was leading trade and advancing into overseas markets.
- 当面、労働組合が会社を管理し、経営の引き受け先を探すことになる。
- The company was to be run by its labor union for the time being, while a search was conducted for new management.
- 18日、家康は先着していた秀忠と茶臼山陣城にて軍議を行っている。
- On 18th (the old calendar), Ieyasu held war councils with Hidetada, who had arrived before, in the Mt. Chausu-yama camp.
- 為義の3男、頼方は先手をうって出撃し、義朝の軍勢に損害を与える。
- Tameyoshi's third son, Yorikata, prevents the Yoshitomo's army from making a sortie, and inflicts damage upon them.
- また、この先には関所があって、人の通行をゆるさない状態だと聞く。
- Also, he hears that there is a barrier station farther ahead and that travelers are being stopped there.
- 本紀21巻(ただし、巻21の仁孝天皇(先帝)に関しては目次のみ)
- Biographies of the Emperors, 21 volumes (the 21st volume concerning the former Emperor Ninko has a table of contents only)
- 目先の変わった物語であるが、原作の筋をほぼそのまま踏襲している。
- It is a novelty, but it follows the plot of its original almost as it is.
- 亡くなった先の北の方との間には二人の姫君(大君、中の君)がいた。
- He has two daughters (Oigimi (older sister) and Naka no Kimi) by his lost lawful wife.
- 小荷駄は進撃時には軍勢の後方、後退時には軍勢の先方に配置された。
- Konida was positioned in the back of the troop during advance and in the front during retreat.
- この説の先駆者は瀧川政次郎である(「日本歴史解禁」昭和25年)。
- The pioneer of this theory is Masajiro TAKIKAWA ('Opening the Door of Japanese History', 1950).
- そのことにより、安田生命保険は2000年問題を40年先送りした。
- By doing so, Yasuda Mutual Life Insurance Co. postponed the Year 2000 problem for 40 years.
- 「唐国では先ず遣者と観者をやって地形の険平と消息を見させます。」
- In Tang, we first send Kenja and Kanja to check the terrain level or difficult.'
- 広嗣は隼人を先鋒に筏を組んで渡河しようとし、官軍は弩を撃ち防いだ。
- Hirotsugu attempted to cross the river with rafts with Hayato in the van, but the government army defended by using large bows.
- 都市政策としては先述の旧里帰農令に加え、人足寄場の設置などを行う。
- In the field of urban renewal, he issued the above-mentioned 'Kyurikino-rei,' established 'Ninsoku Yoseba' (the facilities to support self-sustenance of a criminal of a minor offence or a person likely to commit a crime), and took other measures as well.
- 律令の注釈を公定することを請願し、『令義解』撰修の先駆けとなった。
- Making a petition that notes on the Ritsuryo codes should be formally established, he was the pioneer in editing 'Ryo no gige' (a commentary on the Ritsuryo codes).
- なお、中期後半以降は受傷人骨や切先が棺内から出土する例は減少する。
- Excavation of human bones with trauma and tips of weapons in the coffin decreased on and after the latter half of middle period.
- やがて宝亀6年(775年)4月27日、幽閉先で母とともに急死する。
- He died suddenly together with his mother in that house on June 3, 775.
- 幕府滅亡後の1335年に北条時行らが起した中先代の乱にも参加する。
- In 1335, after the fall of bakufu, the clan participated in the Nakasendai War launched by Tokiyuki HOJO.
- 北条氏残党の中先代の乱では、連動して蜂起した北条方の与党を討った。
- In the War of Nakasendai started by the remnants of the Hojo clan, Yukimune beat the main party of the Hojo clan arisen in conjunction with the War.
- 1 師範学校 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:20~22歳 進路先:なし
- 1 Normal school term: 2 years, age: 20-22 years old, future course: none
- 宗我『先代旧事本紀』天孫本紀、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』、『日本三代実録』
- It was alternatively recorded as '宗我' in the 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History): Lineage of the Mononobe and Soga clans, 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi), and 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan).
- 特徴的な点は、墓石が全体として筆の穂先のような形をしている点である。
- A unique feature of monuments is that tombstones are commonly shaped like the tip of a brush.
- 衆議院とは同格の関係にあった(ただし衆議院には予算先議権があった)。
- It had equal standing with the House of Representatives (but the national budget had to be presented to the House of Representatives first).
- まず将軍上洛に先立ち、後見職にあった慶喜が先に入京することとなった。
- Prior to the Shogun's visit to Kyoto, Yoshinobu, who was in the position of guardian, was supposed to go to Kyoto first.
- 暗闇の中で戦う時、さやを刀の先にひっかけて相手の位置を探るのである。
- When they fight in the dark, they locate enemies by hooking the scabbard on the tip of the sword.
- その後岩倉具視が帰国し内治優先の立場から使節派遣に反対の上奏をした。
- Later Tomomi IWAKURA, when he returned home, reported the opposition to the dispatch of the envoy, to the throne, and their placing priority on domestic issues.
- 日本軍は先住民の村を焼き払うなどし、日本側の戦死者は12名であった。
- The Japanese army burned down villages of indigenous people with 12 deaths of Japanese soldiers during the war.
- 旧七夕(7月7日 (旧暦)):7+714, 14÷62あまり2→先勝
- Old Tanabata (one of the five seasonal festivals in the Edo period, which was taken place on the seventh of July) (July 7 [the old calendar]): 7+7=14, 14÷6=2, the remainder is 2 => sakigachi.
- 後者は朱子学の「知先行後」を論難し、陽明学の「知行合一」を賞賛した。
- The latter criticized Shushi-gaku's 'Chisen gyogo' (roughly, recognition first, and practice should follow)' and praised Yomeigaku's 'Chigyo goitsu' (roughly, recognition and practice at the same time).
- 江戸時代には諸侯の先祖を飾るため軍記物の偽作が横行し、系図が乱れた。
- In Edo period, forgeries of war tale were common in order to honor ancestors of feudal lords and genealogies were distorted.
- 義朝は先陣にたって反撃しようとするが、乳母子の鎌田正清に諫められる。
- Yoshitomo attempts a counterattack, being in the vanguard of the army, but is dissuaded by Masakiyo KAMATA, who is a son of his caretaker.
- 公実はまた、三条家・西園寺家・徳大寺家の三清華家の共通の祖先である。
- Kinzane was also the common ancestor of three of the nine Seiga court families: the Sanjo family, the Saionji family and the Tokudaiji family.
- 罪せられそうな気配を敏感に察し、光源氏は先手を打って須磨に隠遁する。
- Hikaru Genji senses that he is being punished, so takes the initiative, secluding himself from society to Suma.
- 親王・王・内親王・女王で同順位にある者は、男を先にし、女を後にする。
- Among Imperial Princes, Princes, Imperial Princesses and Princess of equal rank, male members were ranked higher than their female counterparts.
- 神武天皇の東征の先鋒を務め、神武天皇即位の際には宮門の警衛を務めた。
- He took the leadership in the Tosei (Eastern expedition) of Emperor Jinmu and at the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu, he took charge of the security of the Imperial Palace's gates.
- 同じ類の華族は宗族会を作り、先祖の祭祀などで交流を持つようになった。
- Some kazoku established each sozoku association with the members belonging to the same group, and they interacted with each other through family occasions such as religious services for their ancestors.
- 先述の通り生類憐れみの令は複数のお触れに及ぶが、その流れは以下の通り。
- As mentioned above, the law covered a series of ordinances for animal protection in the following order:
- 幕府の追討軍は天狗党の行き先を察知して転進し、それを包囲しつつあった。
- The punitive force of the bakufu had guessed where Tenguto was heading, and was getting ready to surround them.
- 先行様々な説があり何が原因で謀反に及んだのか、真相はよく解っていない。
- Since there were so many different views, the real truth of why Murashige ARAKI raised the rebellion is not clear.
- いわゆる古史古伝のたぐいに目を移せば、『先代旧事本紀』などの例がある。
- Turning our attention to the category of ancient history and legends, we have examples such as 'Sendai kyuji honki' (Record for occurrences in previous age).
- 源氏(みなもと)の名字からもわかるように、先祖は皇族に連なる家の出身。
- As her family name of MINAMOTO (Gen) suggests, her ancestors were related to the Imperial family.
- 広本系と略本系の関係についても、先後関係は諸説あって不明のままである。
- The relationship between kohon (expanded texts) and ryakuhon (abbreviated texts) is still unknown, although there are various views about it.
- 後で書かれた文書が主体となるので、先に書かれた文書が紙背(裏)となる。
- Because the monjo written later was considered the main one, the one written first was regarded as being written on the back side of the paper.
- すると、一種の鬼でありつつ、子孫の幸福・安全を守る先祖となるとされる。
- Then, while the soul is still a kind of demon, it becomes a protective ancestor that watches over the safety and well-being of the descendants.
- 疎開先で戦況についての説明を受けた際、特別攻撃隊に対して疑問を感じた。
- When an officer explained the war situation to the Crown Prince, the Crown Prince had doubts about suicide squad.
- 古代日本の統一国家の樹立には朝鮮と中国が先例になっている可能性がある。
- There is a possibility that ancient Japan was unified according to precedents of Korea and China.
- 以下は学制頒布当初の学区のリストである(先頭が大学本部の置かれた府県)。
- The following is the list of the original school districts at the promulgation of Gakusei (the prefectures where the main office of universities were placed at the head of each list).
- 2冊を預かって、同じ小浜藩医で先輩であった杉田玄白のところへ持ってきた。
- Junan borrowed the two books and took them to his fellow doctor of Obama Domain and also his mentor, Genpaku SUGITA.
- 先に天誅組に恭順を約した高取藩は態度を翻し、兵糧の差し出しを断ってきた。
- The Takatori Domain who had promised their allegiance to Tenchu-gumi earlier changed their attitude and declined to supply food to Tenchu-gumi.
- 反乱を起こした兵士の不満矛先は別技軍を支援してきた日本人にも向けられた。
- The soldiers who started rioting also turned their discontent against the Japanese who had supported the Byeolgigun.
- 十三夜(9月13日 (旧暦)):9+1322, 22÷63あまり4→先負
- The thirteenth night (September 13 [the old calendar]): 9+13=22, 22÷6=3, the remainder is 4 => sakimake.
- 旧端午(5月5日 (旧暦)):5+5=10, 10÷6=1あまり4→先負
- Old Tango (one of the five seasonal festivals in the Edo period, which was taken place on the fifth of May): (May 5 [the old calendar]): 5+5=10, 10÷6=1, the remainder is 4 => sakimake.
- 時に長政は遥かに銃声を先鋒の方向に聞き麾下3000を率いてこれに馳せる。
- At the same time, Nagamasa heard the gun shots from the place in the distance where the spearhead was present and led his 3,000 troops in the direction.
- この令は、律令制の本格施行ではなく先駆的に施行したものと考えられている。
- It is considered that the ryo anticipated enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, and not full-scale enforcement of the Ritsuryo system.
- が、様々な系図に祖先として伝説上の人物を書いたもので正確な内容ではない。
- However, these are not accurate because only the names of legendary people were written as ancestors on various family trees.
- 父は兵部卿宮(後に式部卿宮、桐壺帝の先帝の皇子)、母は按察使大納言の娘。
- Her father is Hyobukyo no Miya (later called Shikibukyo no Miya, and a son of the Emperor Kiritsubo's predecessor), and her mother is a daughter of Azechi (inspector of the provincial government) no Dainagon (Major Counselor).
- 同年12月、訓儒麻呂は兄弟の藤原真先、藤原朝狩とともに参議に任じられる。
- In December of the same year, Kusumaro was appointed to Sangi (councilor) together with his brothers, FUJIWARA no Masaki and FUJIWARA no Asakari.
- 先に娘を弘徽殿女御として入内させていた権中納言(頭中将)はこれを知った。
- Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state, the former To no Chujo), who had already had his daughter received at court as Empress Kokiden, found out about this.
- 尖頭器(せんとうき、point)とは、先端を鋭く尖らせた打製石器のこと。
- Point ('sentoki' in Japanese) is a sharp-pointed chipped stone tool.
- その場合は、骨角器である回転式離頭銛の先端に付けたものと考えられている。
- Sekizoku is thought to be attached to the top part of a rotary-type separation head harpoon (a bone tool) when it was used as a fishing tool.
- 山鹿素行は、神武に先立つ皇統の神代段階は200万年続いたと主張している。
- Soko YAMAGA claimed that the imperial lineage in the mythological age prior to Jinmu had lasted two million years.
- 1873年には、同様に配流先で歿した崇徳天皇を祀る白峯神宮に合祀された。
- In 1873, Emperor Junnin was enshrined in Shiramine Jingu shrine sacred to the memory of Emperor Sutoku who died in the place of exile like Emperor Junnin.
- 「先の大戦で戦場となった沖縄が、島々の姿をも変える甚大な被害を被った。」
- Okinawa Prefecture, a battlefield of the last war, was so damaged that its islets were seriously disfigured.'
- 戦国時代は、大名による横領を防ぐため、先述の播磨国細川庄に下向していた。
- In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the family moved away to the above-mentioned Hosokawa estate in Harima Province to prevent it being taken over by feudal lords.
- 『古事記』の場合、先々の皇位継承がどう考えられていたのかが不明瞭である。
- In the case of 'Kojiki', how the previous succession to the Imperial Throne was considered is not clear.
- 貞盛と秀郷は藤原玄茂率いる将門軍の先鋒を撃破して下総国川口へ追撃して来た。
- Sadamori and Hidesato defeated the spearhead of Masakado's army, FUJIWARA no Harumochi, and chased the army through Kawaguchi, Shimousa Province.
- 関八州では目明かし、関西では手先、または口問いと各地方で呼びかたは異なる。
- Okappiki were called 'Meakashi' in Kanhasshu (the Eight Provinces of the Kanto region) and 'Tesaki' or 'Kuchitoi' in the Kansai region, and in this way, the names were different from area to area..
- 4月15日 (旧暦)、秀吉方は宇喜多勢を先鋒に3万近い大軍で城を包囲した。
- On May 17, the Hideyoshi forces besieged the castle with an army of as many as 30,000 troops, led by the Ukita forces.
- 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
- The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
- 12日に先発の4個中隊が延岡を出発して重岡、13日に竹田に入って占領した。
- The four earlier dispatched companies started from Nobeoka and seized Shigeoka on May 12, and seized Takeda on May 13.
- この間、11日には東山道先鋒総督参謀の板垣退助(土佐藩)が八王子駅に到着。
- Meanwhile, on March 11th, Taisuke ITAGAKI (Tosa Domain), who was staff officer for the Spearhead governor of the Tosando, reached Hachioji Station.
- 3月14日の第二回交渉では、勝から先般の降伏条件に対する回答が提示された。
- At the second negotiation meeting on March 14, Katsu presented his response for the conditions of surrender, which Katsu and Saigo had considered in their meeting the previous day:
- 『落窪物語』は『源氏物語』に先立つ中古の物語で、『枕草子』にも言及がある。
- 'Ochikubo monogatari' is a tale of from Japan's Middle Ages that precedes 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) and is also mentioned in 'Makura no Soshi' (the Pillow Book).
- 買収の可否判断に際しては、国内輸送の基幹となる路線を優先することになった。
- The buyout decision was made based on priority given to the line that could become a part of the main artery line.
- 先手とは先陣・先鋒という意味であり、戦闘時には徳川氏の先鋒足軽隊を勤めた。
- Sakite meant van or spearhead, and served as ashigaru-tai (foot soldier units) of the spearhead of TOKUGAWA clan in battles.
- なお、『先代旧事本紀』国造本紀因幡国造条に「彦坐王児彦多都彦命」と見える。
- Additionally, there was a written article on 'A child of Prince Hikoimasu (Hikoimasu no Miko), Hikotatsuhiko (彦多都彦命)' in the articles of 'Inaba no kunimiyatsuko,' which were written in the document: Sendai Kujihongi (Ancient Japanese History), and in a section of the Kokuzo hongi (the original record of provincial governors).
- これらの紐は6本を並べて先を下に折って、綴じ糸で強く巻き、結んで固定する。
- These six ropes are lined up, folded downward, binding strings are tied round the ropes tightly in a knot to fix the ropes.
- 3 中等学校上等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:17~20歳 進路先:大学1
- 3 Middle school, upper division term: 3 years, age: 17-20 years old, future course: university 1
- 2 外国語学校上等科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:16~18歳 進路先:なし
- 2 Foreign language school, upper division term: 2 years, age: 16-18 years old, future course: none
- 1 小学校下等科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:6~10歳 進路先:中等教育1
- 1 Elementary school, lower division term: 4 years, age: 6-10 years old, future course: middle education 1
- 鎖国と攘夷に揺れた幕末から明治国家建設の先駆けとなったのが、尊王志士である。
- During the late Edo Period, the 'Sono Shishi' pioneered the structure for the Meiji government while the Shogunate was still in a state of tumult over the expulsion of foreigners and anti-foreign sentiments.
- 南方の上位である北方は、先々代執権北条長時の弟で得宗支持の北条時茂であった。
- Kitakata (Northern chief), ranking higher than Minamikata, was Tokishige HOJO, a younger brother of Nagatoki HOJO, who was the previous regent before the last, who supported Tokuso.
- 上平と相馬は、相馬が先に赦免されるまでの二年間、親しく交際していたと伝わる。
- It is said that UEHIRA and SOMA kept a friendly relationship for two years before SOMA pardoned first.
- また、いろいろな埴輪の骨格を先に作っておき、それに粘土を貼り付けるなどした。
- And various frames of the Haniwa had been made previously and clay was applied on it.
- 先に薩軍最左翼の御船が敗れ、20日夜半には最右翼の大津の野村部隊も退却した。
- At first, the Satsuma army was defeated in Mifune, positioned as the left flank, and in the night of April 20, the Nomura troop in Otsu, which constituted the right-most flank of the Satsuma army, retreated as well.
- 先陣の伊藤六、山田是行らが為朝に挑戦するが、為朝の強弓の前に撃ち落とされる。
- The vanguard Roku ITO and Koreyuki YAMADA challenge Tametomo, but they are shot by Tametomo's powerful bow.
- こうして、蘭方医学は近代日本における西洋医学導入の先鞭を果たすこととなった。
- In this way, Ranpoigaku took the initiative in introducing Western medicine science into modern Japan.
- また、現代日本語の直系の祖先と言える和漢混淆文によって多くの作品が書かれた。
- Also, many works were written using a style that mixed Japanese and Chinese words, which can be said to be the direct predecessor of the modern Japanese language.
- また、北部九州以外の地域では(先I~)I~Vの5(6)期に分ける方法もある。
- There is also a way to divide the Yayoi period into five (or six) periods, which are I (pre I) to V, outside the northern Kyushu region.
- 『徳山御還附一件』によれば、下記のように里右衛門が先に手を出したことになる。
- According to 'Tokuyama Gokanpu Ikken,' the situation was as follows and it was Soemon who started a violent action first.
- これで、1人の天皇が2人の皇后を持つことができる先例が開かれることになった。
- This became a precedent that one emperor could have two empresses.
- 天穂日命の子孫で、大相撲の祖として知られる野見宿禰を先祖とする土師氏の子孫。
- The Sugawara clan is said to be descended from Ameno Hohino Mikoto and the Haji clan, one of whose ancestors was Nomi no Sukune, famous as the pioneer of Sumo.
- 顕氏の兄弟はそれぞれが武勇に優れ活躍したが、彼等は顕氏に先立ちこの世を去る。
- Akiuji's brothers were excellent in military prowess and did splendid service, but they died before Akiuji.
- しかし、641年(舒明天皇13年)に田村大王は彼女に先立って崩御してしまう。
- However, Tamura Okimi met his demise in 641, leaving his mother.
- このとき、あるいはそれに先だって大輪田泊もかれの管轄下に入ったものとみられる。
- Then, or before that, Owada no tomari also seems to have been under his control.
- また日本仏教も同時に信仰される場合が多く、祖先崇拝などでは儒教の影響も大きい。
- In many cases, Japanese Buddhism is also practiced at the same time, and Ju-kyo (Confucianism) has a great influence as well.
- 支庁は樺太庁の独立出先機関とされており、管内において本庁の事務を分掌していた。
- A branch office (shicho) was an independent branch office of Karafuto-Cho, the duties of the central government office were divided within its jurisdiction.
- 日本刀では、刀によって先端の丸いものと円柱状の物があり、模様があることもある。
- Regarding Japanese swords, there are two types of tsuka-gashira: round head and cylindrical-shaped head, and some of them have a pattern.
- しかし、この伝説には疑問も多く、松平氏の先祖を粉飾するための伝説とされている。
- However, the truth of this legend is questionable and is perhaps used to enrich the history of the MATSUDAIRA Clan.
- 桶狭間の戦いで今川軍の先鋒として活躍したのも、この竹千代(当時は元康)である。
- Takechiyo (then known as Motoyasu) played an important role in the Battle of Okehazama as the spearhead of the IMAGAWA army.
- 山科に居を移した直後の内蔵助は、吉良家への仇討ちより浅野家お家再興を優先した。
- Soon after Kuranosuke moved to Yamashina, his focus was on the restoration of the Asano clan rather than on the revenge against Kira.
- 旧七五三(11月15日 (旧暦)):11+1526, 26÷64あまり2→先勝
- Old Shichi-go-san (a day of prayer for the healthy growth of young children) (November 15 [the old calendar]): 11+15=26, 26÷6=4, the remainder is 2 => sakigachi.
- 筒川の里、日下部首等の先祖に姿容秀美の筒川嶼子という者、即ち水江浦島子がいた。
- A good-looking man, Tsutsukawa no Shimako, or Mizunoe Urashima no ko, who was an ancestor of KUSAKABE no Obito and others, lived in the region of Tsutsukawa no sato.
- ただ、先述のように信長がこの合戦に大量の鉄砲を持ち込んだことは疑いようがない。
- As has been mentioned, however, there is no doubt that Nobunaga deployed a large number of teppo in the battle.
- これに先んじて、磐代の地で彼が詠んだ2首の辞世歌が『万葉集』に収録されている。
- Two of his death poems (poems composed near the time of one's own death) composed prior to his execution in Iwashiro are in the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- また、現代日本語の直系の祖先と言える和漢混淆文が生まれ、多くの作品が書かれた。
- Also, a style of writing that mixed Japanese and Chinese words, which can be said to be the direct predecessor of the modern Japanese language, was born and many works were written using it.
- 先の『詞花』に反して当代重視主義に戻り、同時代の入集歌数は全体の半数に及んだ。
- In opposition to the preceding anthology titled 'Shika,' the contemporary poets were considered important again, and the number of selected poems by contemporary poets comprised half the total number offered in the work.
- 身寄りのなくなった少女を、源氏は父兵部卿宮に先んじて自らの邸二条院に連れ帰る。
- Ahead of her father, Hyobukyo no Miya, Genji took the girl, who had lost her relatives to depend on, to his residence, Nijoin.
- やがて三月上巳の日、海辺で祓えを執り行った矢先に恐ろしい嵐が須磨一帯を襲った。
- Soon after that, just as a purification ceremony was proceeding on the seashore on the first day of the serpent in March, a terrible storm assailed the whole area of Suma.
- 老中が将軍家子女の縁組に関連して相手先の大名家に縁組候補の若君の生年を照会した
- When a roju (shogun's council of elders) was arranging a marriage for a daughter of the shogun family, he inquired the prospective bridegroom's seinen of the daimyo family from which the young man came from.
- またこの頃大阪南部で、須恵器の生産が始まり、曲刃鎌やU字形鋤先・鍬先が現れた。
- Additionally, around this same time period the Japanese people started to produce objects and tools: Sueki (unglazed ceramic-ware), Kyoku jin gama (a curved blade reaping hook), a U-shape edged spade and hoe, all were to appear in the southern part of Osaka Prefecture.
- (早期は先I期)前期はI期、中期はII~IV期、後期はV期にそれぞれ対応する。
- Each period is equivalent to (Earlier period to pre I period) early period to I period, middle period to II to IV periods and end period to the V period.
- 神武東征において、八咫烏の先導により久米氏を率いて菟田(宇陀)への道を開いた。
- During the Jinmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu), he opened the way to Uda guided by Yatagarasu (Japanese mythological big crow), leading the troops of the Kume clan.
- 吉備津彦命の家来である犬飼健は犬養氏の始祖で犬養毅の祖先であると言われている。
- Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto's retainer, Inukai Takeru, is said to be the progenitor of the Inukai clan and an ancestor of Tsuyoshi INUKAI.
- 8 諸芸/理/医学校本科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:19~23歳 進路先:なし
- 8 Regular course of polytechnic, science and medical school term: 4 years, age: 19-23 years old, future course: none
- 1866年(慶応2年)の長州征討では井伊直憲率いる彦根藩が芸州口の先鋒を務めた。
- In the Choshu Conquest in 1866, the Hikone Domain led by Naonori II played a role of spearhead for Geishu-guchi.
- 冷却後、中身を取り出すと、湯道棒の先に多数の銭が結合した、いわゆる枝銭ができる。
- After cooling, a so-called edasen (money tree), which consisted of many coins at pointed ends of the sprue runner rod, could be taken out of the molds.
- お雇い外国人は、日本の近代化の過程で西欧の先進技術や知識を学ぶために雇用された。
- Oyatoi-gaikokujin were employed to teach native Japanese the latest technologies and knowledge from Europe and the United States in order to fuel the process of Japan's modernization.
- 「中央に天子の宮、その東に祖先の霊を祀り(宗廟)、西に土地の神を祀る(社稷)。」
- The Imperial palace was placed at the center of the city, a shrine (Sobyo) for the worship of ancestral spirits was placed to the east of the palace, and a shrine (Shashoku) for the worship of the gods to protect the land was placed to west of the palace.'
- 南下の矛先は再びバルカンに向かい、ロシアは汎スラヴ主義を全面に唱えることになる。
- Russia refocussed its southward expansion to the Balkans, advocating Pan-Slavism in the process.
- 元々は手を広げたときの親指の先から中指の先までの長さを1尺とする身体尺であった。
- The shaku was originally an anthropomorphic unit that 1 shaku was defined as the length between the tips of thumb and middle finger of open hand.
- また、頃から世界に先駆けて大坂(大阪)の堂島において先物取引がおこなわれていた。
- From around 1620, futures transactions were conducted at Dojima, Osaka ahead of other countries.
- 頼長に先立たれ、孫たちが流罪になった際の嘆きについても同情的な筆致をみせている。
- Moreover, it sympathetically describes his lamentation at the death of Yorinaga and the exile of his grandchildren.
- 武士の中で大胆なものが先頭に立って、なかの様子を見ると、ひとりの美しい女がいた。
- A courageous samurai becomes the first to go into the house to look around, and he finds a beautiful woman.
- 東海道先鋒総督橋本実梁、副総督柳原前光、参謀西郷らが兵を率いて江戸城へ入城した。
- Then, the pacification governor-general of Tokaido, Saneyana HASHIMOTO, and the lieutenant governor Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA, and the staff officer, Saigo, entered the Edo-jo Castle, leading their troops.
- しかし、いずれもパークスが先日上方へ軍艦を派遣した後に面会したと記載されている。
- Nevertheless, one thing was common to each case; all of the historical material writers described Parkes meeting Kinashi after Parkes had dispatched a warship to Kamigata (Kyoto and vicinity) region.
- 先の安閑天皇が亡くなったとき、その子供が居なかったために弟の宣化天皇が即位した。
- When his predecessor, Emperor Ankan died, his brother Emperor Senka ascended the throne because Emperor Ankan had no children.
- また、皇族譜は所出天皇(直接の先祖にあたる天皇)ごとに簿冊を区分して編纂される。
- Also, the Kozokufu is divided into thinner booklets, which are edited depending on each source Emperor (direct ancestral Emperor).
- 男子は右手に持ち、先を少し下に下げるか懐中し、座るときは座前に置く場合もあった。
- Boys held the fan in their right hands with slightly lowering the top or in their bosom, and in some cases they placed the fan in front of them when they sat down.
- 調査報告にあたっても報告は書面で認め、先輩御庭番達の校閲を経てから報告が行われた。
- The investigation reports were made in writing and were reviewed by senior oniwaban before submission.
- 又、「坂東の大学」と謳われた足利学校の歴代校長の墓石も、筆の穂先の形になっている。
- The tombstones of successive principals of Ashikaga school, known as the 'university of the Bando (old Kanto region),' are also shaped like brush tips.
- さやの先が相手に当たって外れたとき、またはさやを相手が切り払った処で直進して刺す。
- When the tip of the sheath is struck on an enemy and removed or when the enemy cuts away the sheath, they move straight forward and stab.
- 室町時代以降も日本の武器製造技術は進歩し、その主要輸出先はオスマントルコであった。
- Japanese manufacturing technology of firearms continued to improve after the Muromachi period, and Ottoman Turks were a major importer of Japanese firearms.
- 謙信はこの時、信玄よりも先に陣を敷き海津城を攻める事も出来たが攻める事は無かった。
- On this occasion, Kenshin could have set up his military base before Shingen and could have attacked Kaizu-jo Castle, but he did not do it.
- 六曜(ろくよう)は、暦注の一つで、先勝・友引・先負・仏滅・大安・赤口の6種をいう。
- Rokuyo refers to one of rekichu (various information recorded in the almanac) and has the six kinds such as sakigachi (The day on which bold actions are supposed to turn out well), tomobiki (The day currently believed to pull a friend by superstition), sakimake (The day on which it is supposed to be better to avoid disputes and hurried actions), butsumetsu (Buddha's death or unlucky day), taian (The most auspicious day in the six-day Buddhist calendar) and shakko (The day of great misfortune).
- 中国における陽明学再評価に最も力があったのは、先に触れた康有為の弟子梁啓超である。
- Liang Qichao, a disciple of the above-mentioned Kang Youwei, was the most influential figure in Yomeigaku's reevaluation in China.
- 先ず一旦城中を忍びて御出ありて、随分御智謀をめぐらされ候へと、衆口一舌に勧めけり。
- They recommended Murashige with one voice that he should, at first, go out of the castle secretly and concoct a resourceful strategy.
- 出先から出先への移動よりも、自宅が絡む場合はより念入りに方違えをする必要があった。
- The practice of Katatagae for the case of travelling to or from one's home should be done more strictly than that of travelling to or from other places.
- しかし、この3つの物語の先後関係については不明な点が多く、影響を述べるのは難しい。
- However, it is difficult to comment on the influences because little is known about the order in which these three tales were completed.
- いずれが先であったとしても14世紀末には既に2種類の『増鏡』が存在したようである。
- Whichever came first, it seems that there already existed two versions of 'Masukagami' by the end of the 14th century.
- それに対し、熊野三山検校の本務は太上天皇の熊野詣に際して先達を務めることであった。
- On the other hand, the main role of Kumano Sanzan Kengyo was acting as a guide when Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor) paid visit to Kumano Sanzan.
- 十巻という小柄な構成の勅撰集は後にも先にもこの『金葉集』と次の『詞花集』しかない。
- 'Kinyo shu' and 'Shika shu' are the only imperial anthologies that consist of just ten volumes.
- 「竹槍で どんと突き出す 二分五厘」で有名な地租改正反対一揆の先駆けともいわれる。
- This is said to have ushered in the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform which is famous with the Haiku meaning 'Poke 2.5% tax cut with bamboo lances.'
- 足立大尉は病気療養をしていた鳥取県の帰省先から勤務地である福岡県に戻る途中だった。
- After receiving medical treatment in his hometown, Tottori Prefecture, he was on his way back to Fukuoka Prefecture where he worked.
- また、和同開珎が銀銭を先に発行していることと、無文銀銭との関係を指摘する説もある。
- There is also an opinion that mintage of Mumon-ginsen coins had something to do with the fact that silver coins of Wado-kaichin were issued before bronze Wado-kaichin coins.
- ---鋏(はさみ)や指先を使い飴を練って三次元的な立体造形の飴を作って売っていた。
- The vendors created three dimensional sculptures out of taffy with his hands and scissors and sold them.
- 日本国憲法は、天皇の祖先たちへの言及も、王朝の古代史的な古さへの言及もしていない。
- In the Constitution of Japan, ancestors of the Imperial family and its long duration are not stated at all.
- 安倍氏、清原氏はいずれも俘囚の流れを汲む、言わば東北地方の先住民系の豪族であった。
- Both Abe and Kiyohara clans were the families who were descended from Fushu; they were, so to speak, descendants of aboriginal peoples of the Tohoku region.
- のちに妹の嫁ぎ先秋田実季を頼り常陸国宍戸藩に赴き、そこで客分として迎え入れられた。
- Later he went to Shishido Domain of Hitachi Province relying on Sanesue AKITA, his younger sister's husband, and was welcomed as a guest.
- 10 工業/法/鉱山学校本科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:19~22歳 進路先:なし
- 10 Regular course of engineering, law and mining school term: 3 years, age: 19-22 years old, future course: none
- 井伊の赤備えは小牧・長久手の戦いで先鋒を務めて奮戦し、井伊の赤鬼と呼ばれ恐れられた。
- Ii's Akazonae played a role of spearhead and showed a great performance in the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute, and was feared, which were called Red ogre of Ii.
- 飛鳥浄御原令に先行する律令法には、天智天皇が668年に制定したとされる近江令がある。
- As a ritsuryo code that preceded Asukakiyomihara-ryo Code, there is Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), which is said to have been enacted by Emperor Tenchi in 668.
- ただし、この事件は、後に北条氏内部で起こる執権職をめぐっての内紛の先駆けにもなった。
- However, this was the beginning of internal conflicts for shikken no shiki (post of regent) which later happened inside the Hojo clan.
- 同日、日本陸軍先遣部隊の第12師団 (日本軍)木越旅団が朝鮮の仁川広域市に上陸した。
- On the same day, the frontline Japanese troops, the Kigoshi Brigade of the 12th Division, landed on the city of Incheon.
- 政嗣は、父・頼政が奥州に下向した時に残した胤で、一族中では奥州土着の先駆けとなった。
- Masatsugu was a descendant whom his father Yorimasa left when he went to Oshu, leaving the capital, and among the families he became a pioneer of localization in Oshu.
- 伍長が「神成大尉」と微かに語ったため、付近を捜索するとすぐ先に神成大尉が倒れていた。
- They searched the vicinity as the Corporal had managed to say 'Captain Kannari' and found him lying down nearby.
- 例えば、養老令の関市令には外蕃に対する無条件の国家による先買権の存在が記されている。
- For instance, there is a definition about the nation's right of preemption in the trading between Japan and gaiban (derogatory expression of foreign countries and foreigners) in Genshi Ryo (regulations of markets and checking stations) of Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code).
- 通俊は歌壇の先輩たちに協力を求め、草稿本は周防内侍・康資王母・源経信らの内覧を経た。
- Michitoshi had asked his seniors in the poetry circles to help him, so the draft was checked in advance by SUO no Naishi, the mother of Prince Yasusuke, and MINAMOTO no Tsunenobu.
- 裁判終結後の農民の言及には、農民側が先に警察署敷地に石を投げ込んだというものもある。
- After the judgment, some peasants said that demonstrators first threw stones to the police office.
- 水田稲作の先進地帯でも、渡来系の人々ではなく、縄文人が水稲耕作を行ったのではないか。
- Jomon man may have started rice-paddy cultivation in area of advanced rice-paddy cultivation, not the immigrants to ancient Japan.
- 北条氏の拠点のひとつであった信濃国で高時の子北条時行らが挙兵し、中先代の乱を起こす。
- In Shinano Province, one of the strongholds of the Hojo clan, Takatoki's son Tokiyuki HOJO and others raised an army and started the Nakasendai War.
- 12 獣医/商業/農業学校本科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:19~21歳 進路先:なし
- 12 Regular course of veterinary, commercial and agricultural school term: 2 years, age: 19-21 years old, future course: none
- 13 商業/農業/工業/通弁学校 修業年限:年限不定 修業年齢:16歳~ 進路先:なし
- 13 Commercial, agricultural, engineering and interpretational school term: unfixed, age: 16 years and above, future course: none
- 7 諸芸/理/医学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育8
- 7 Preparatory course for polytechnic, science and medical school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 8
- 5 諸民学校 修業年限:年限不定 修業年齢:男子15歳~、女子18 歳~ 進路先:なし
- 5 Shomin Gakko term: unfixed, age: boys 15 years and above, girls 18 years and above; future course: none
- 全国に設置した直轄地を表す語でもあり、のちの日本古代の地方官制の先駆けとも考えられる。
- Miyake also means directly controlled lands located across Japan, and is believed to be a predecessor of Japan's local bureaucratic system.
- 山形模様ではないが、袖先には小袖と羽織をまとめるため、さらしを縫い付けている者もいた。
- It is not Yamagata patterns; however, some people had white cloths stitched up on their sleeves to combine short sleeved kimono and haori.
- 日本軍の猛勢に恐れをなした清国軍は我先にと逃走を図り、日本軍は九連城を無血で制圧する。
- The Qing solders scared of the enormous power of the Japanese troops rushed to escape, and as the result, the Japanese troops brought Jiuliancheng under their control without bloodshed.
- またこれをもとに作られたと推測される『先代旧事本紀大成経』が現れたのは17世紀である。
- Further, 'Sendai kyuji honki daiseikyo,' which is presumed to be written based on 'Sendai kyuji honki,' appeared in the 17th century.
- 3月20日、薩軍先遣隊と高島大佐率いる官軍は氷川を挟んで激戦し、薩軍は対岸に進出した。
- On March 20, the advance party of the Satsuma army and the government army led by Colonel TAKASHIMA fiercely fought across the Hikawa River, and the Satsuma army advanced to the opposite bank.
- 中納言は乳母の見舞いに訪れた先で、ふとしたことから方違をしていた中の君と契ってしまう。
- When Chunagon visited his wet nurse he unexpectedly had a relationship with Naka no Kimi, who happened to be there in order to avoid directional misfortune.
- 前者の一部には槍先などの狩猟具もあったが、後者はそのほとんどは加工具として使用された。
- The former type included hunting tools like spear head, and the most of the latter type were used as working tools.
- 『天書』『先代旧事本紀大成経』には、金村が天皇の暴虐を深く憂えて、これを諌めたとある。
- Kanamura was deeply distressed about the Emperor's atrocities and admonished him according to 'Tensho '(a chronological history of Japan) and 'Sendai Kujihongi Taiseikyo'.
- 6 外国語教師ニテ教授スル医学校 修業年限:5年制 修業年齢:14~19歳 進路先:なし
- 6 Medical school taught by foreign teachers term: 5 years, age: 14-19 years old, future course: none
- また、大津を遷都先に選んだ理由については、対外関係上の危機感が強く働いていたと思われる。
- It is also believed that the reason why Otsu was chosen as a new capital was greatly influenced by a sense of crisis on foreign affairs.
- 台命を受けた御庭番は家筋の長老をはじめとする先輩御庭番達に調査内容について相談していた。
- The oniwaban who had received a mission from the bakufu, discussed the investigation content with the patriarch of their family and the senior oniwaban.
- 幕府への遠慮や毛利家内部の支藩統制上の思惑もあり先走って破却が行われたと考えられている。
- It is believed that, coupled with humbleness to the bakufu and calculation on the branch domain's regulation within the clan, the castle was destroyed inadvertently.
- 先の応仁の乱では、幕府の管領を務めた細川勝元に従って、他の国人衆とともに合戦に参加した。
- During the Onin War, members of the clan had served Kanrei (Shogunal deputy) Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and fought battles as was the case for other governors.
- 1869年(明治2年)、4藩同時に率先して版籍奉還を上奏し、全国諸藩の版籍奉還を導いた。
- In 1869, these Four Domains simultaneously took the role of national leadership in submitting a plan of Hanseki-hokan (return of lands and people to the emperor), and led the returning of lands and people of the various domains of the entire nation to the emperor.
- さらに後続を待たず先駆けを試み窮地に陥ったところ白石通泰らが救援に駆けつけ矢戦となった。
- He attacked further in front, without waiting for other units to arrive, and when he fell into danger, Michiyasu SHIRAISHI and others came to rescue him, and then an arrow battle started.
- 大輔の命婦の手引きで源氏の愛人となるが、酷く痩せていて鼻が象の様に長く、鼻先が赤い醜女。
- She becomes a lover of Genji, having been introduced by Taifu no Myobu (wife of a government official), but she is an ugly, thin woman whose nose is as long as an elephant's, and the tip of her nose is red.
- 先に倭国に派遣された張政は檄文をもって壱与を諭しており、壹与もまた魏に使者を送っている。
- Zhang Zheng (Chang Cheng), who had been dispatched to Wa before, encouraged Iyo to follow what he advised; Iyo sent envoys to Wei too.
- 東海道先鋒総督の橋本実梁は、2月1日に在陣中の桑名(三重県桑名市)でこの書状を受け取る。
- On February 1st, Saneyana HASHIMOTO, the Spearhead governor of the Tokaido Road, received these petitions while he was at the front in Kuwana (currently, the location is in Kuwana City, Mie Prefecture).
- 『古事記』『日本書紀』『先代旧事本紀』(旧事紀)が古典三書、『古語拾遺』を加えて古典四書
- 'Kojiki,' 'Nihonshoki' and 'Sendai Kujihongi' (ancient Japanese history) are koten sansho, and koten sansho added with 'Kogo-shui' (history of the Inbe clan) is koten shisho.
- 坂井修一や、新古典派と呼ばれる紀野恵・水原紫苑などが平成のニューウェーブの先駆けとなる。
- Poets such as Megumi KINO and Shion MIZUHARA, who were called the neoclassical school, and Shuichi SAKAI became pioneers of the new wave in the Heisei period.
- 和泉式部に対しては先輩として後輩の才能を評価しつつもその情事の奔放さに苦言を呈している。
- She appreciated the talented younger colleague, Izumi Shikibu, but also gave frank advice about her unrestrained love affairs.
- つまり、継体を含め祖先の異なる複数の豪族があり、祖先が誰かは分からないという意味である。
- That means that there existed several local ruling families with different ancestors, including the one which Keitai came from, instead of one identifiable imperial ancestor.
- 神武天皇が創始した王朝は、「神の代」の祖先たちの系譜を引き継いでいるとも信じられていた。
- It was also believed that the Imperial family tree, which started from Emperor Jimnu, actually succeeded the family tree from Japanese gods.
- 鎌倉時代に源頼朝に仕えた内藤盛家・内藤盛時がこれらの内藤氏の共通の先祖にあたるとされる。
- Moriie NAITO and Moritoki NAITO who served MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the Kamakura period were the common ancestors of those Naito clans mentioned below.
- 9 工業/法/鉱山学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育10
- 9 Preparatory course for engineering, law and mining school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 10
- この時代は、首都たる奈良(794年以降は京都)で失脚した貴族の左遷先となる事例が多かった。
- During this period, there were many cases where nobles that fell from power in the capital Nara (Kyoto since 794) were demoted.
- これは先行する事実をモデルにしないかぎり、名称をつけられず、議論も不可能であるためである。
- This is because unless the prior facts have not been modeled, names can not be given, and discussions can not be held.
- 縄の先に鉄鉤のついた道具で、足がかりの無いがけを登る時、橋のない谷を渡る時などに使用する。
- Kaginawa is a tool which is a grappling iron hook affixed to the tip of a rope and it is used when climbing a cliff without a toehold or crossing a valley without a bridge.
- もう1つは日記や文書を内容ごとに目録を作成して後日に先例を調べる際の参考とするものである。
- The other type recorded the contents of diaries and documents for the purpose of checking precedents at a later date.
- また江戸時代中期の観世元章は、これら先行する作者付を元に『二百十番謡目録』を執筆している。
- During the mid-Edo period, Motoakira KANZE authored 'Nihyakujuban Utai Mokuroku' (Catalog of 210 noh plays) based on these previous sakushazuke.
- 嫁と養子は実家に出た謀反人からは連座しないが、入った先の家に謀反人が出ればそこで連座する。
- If someone was charged with muhon, even family members-in-law would be involved for complicity.
- 」(意訳)等と、大政奉還から約4年半後の世相を考えれば、かなり先進的な内容だったといえる。
- The way of thinking that he had presented was very advanced at the time when the Taisei Hokan, a transfer of power back to the Imperial family, was achieved only four years back.
- 奥入では先行する注釈である「源氏釈」を重要視しており、多くの項目でその見解を引用している。
- In Okuiri, he regards the earlier commentary, the 'Genji Shaku,' as important, and quotes a lot of opinions from it in many sections.
- どちらが先に成立したのかについては第一次本を先とする説と第二次本を先とする説の両方がある。
- As to which version was the earlier one, some theories say that the first version came into existence earlier and others that the second version was actually written first.
- ただ、オリジナルの説話は少なく、『今昔物語集』など先行する様々な説話集と共通する話が多い。
- However, few original setsuwa tales were included, and many of the tales appear in earlier collections like the 'Konjaku monogatari shu.'
- あるとき、彼女の噂を聞いていたことから方違先で興味本位に忍んできた源氏と情を通じてしまう。
- One day, she has a relationship with Genji, who has heard a rumor about her and he sneaks into her residence out of curiosity when he is in katatagae (to stay the night in a place situated at another point on the compass when one's destination from home lies in an ill-starred direction).
- 経過をみると、明らかに三好方が先攻し、それに対して畠山方が対応するという図式となっていた。
- In the course of the battle, Miyoshi obviously topped first and Hatakeyama had to keep pace.
- 武が中国皇帝に上表した文書には、先祖代々から苦労して倭の国土を統一した事績が記されている。
- King Bu presented documents to the emperor of China, depicting achievements in the unification of the Wa Sate, and detailing episodes of struggle, in the long history to unify, generation after generation, in Wa's ancestral past.
- その後移転先の決定について難航を重ねた末に大正6年(1917年)に付近の平野部に移転した。
- After experiencing many difficulties in deciding the new place to settle, the village was relocated to a nearby plain region in 1917.
- こうした例は、従来、武器を人体に刺突した際に先端が折れて体内に残ったものと解釈されてきた。
- Up to now, these examples are thought of as remains of a weapon breaking off when stabbing the human body.
- 杉久保型-縦型石刃の先端部及び基部への刃潰し加工-主に中部地方北部から東北地方にかけて分布
- Sugikubo type: Vertical stone knife which top-end and base is blunted; distributed mainly from the northern part of Chubu region to Tohoku region
- これは、先年に廃藩となった伏見藩に代わって、新たに京都を防備するために立藩されたのである。
- The Yodo Domain was established to protect Kyoto as a replacement for the Fushimi Domain, which had been abolished the year before.
- 成之自身は長命であったが、子である政之(1488年没)と義春(1494年没)に先立たれた。
- Although Shigeyuki lived a long time, his sons, Masayuki (died in 1488) and Yoshiharu (died in 1494), died before him.
- 長興の没後、先例の蓄積である官文庫の古文書を失った大宮家は官務としての仕事が困難となった。
- Because the Omiya family lost the ancient documents in their kanbunko, which was an accumulation of works from the past generations, it became difficult for the Omiya family members to work as government officials after Nagaoki's death.
- 三河松平氏の祖先である親氏の墓所は三河に無く、武蔵国府中本町の称名寺 (府中市)に存在する。
- The tomb of Chikauji, ancestor of Mikawa MATSUDAIRA Clan, is not in Mikawa Province, but in Shomyo-Ji Temple in Fuchu Honmachi, Musashi Province.
- 上述のように、先に匁という単位があって、その1000倍の質量として貫が定められたものである。
- As mentioned above, the weight unit of monme had existed, and kan was devised as its 1000 times weight.
- 中国では、朱熹がみずからの先駆者と位置づけた北宋の程頤と合わせて程朱学・程朱学派と呼ばれる。
- In China, it was called Teishugaku and Teishugakuha together with Yi CHENG in Northern Sung Dynasty who was positioned by Hsi CHU as his pioneer.
- 1871年(明治4年)、再び4藩同時に率先して廃藩置県を上奏し、全国諸藩の廃藩置県を導いた。
- In 1871, again, the Four Domains simultaneously took the role of national leadership in reporting a plan of the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) to the emperor, and led the abolition of the various domains of the entire nation.
- ・薩将辺見十郎太が、先鋒隊を掲げて、可愛岳の官軍を突いたときは、時恰も18日の昧爽であった。
- It was slightly before the dawn on the 18th of the month when Jurota HENMI, a commander of the Satsuma army, led the Senpo-tai troop and attacked the government army at Mt. Eno.
- 同様に、4世紀後半以前の皇室の祖先については、事実を正確に記録していたかどうかは不明である。
- In the same way, it is not certain that it recorded the facts accurately about the ancestors of the Imperial Family before the latter part of the fourth century.
- 直轄領の年貢の納付先である浅草御蔵をはじめとする幕府御蔵の維持・運営経費の捻出を名目とした。
- The revenue from this tax subsidized the expense of maintenance and management of bakufu okura (rice storehouses of the Edo shogunate) such as the Asakusa okura where nengu (land tax) from direct control territories were delivered to.
- 同姓の老子(李耳)を宗室の祖と仰ぐ唐朝は、宮中での道教の席次を仏教の上に置いた(道先仏後)。
- The Tang dynasty, respecting Lao Tzu (Kiji), as the ancestral founder of the family, placed Dokyo above Buddhism as the order of seats in the Imperial court (Do-sen Butsu-go: Dokyo first, Buddhism after it).
- ここにおいてこれら官司の例式や古事先例などを集めて取捨選択を行って改めて官司ごとに排列した。
- The codes and their precedents were gathered and chosen from, then filed by the appropriate official.
- これにより篆書への興味が高まり、清代における考証学での古代文字研究に先鞭を付けることになる。
- As a result, the interest in the seal script increased and it blazed a trail for the research of ancient characters in the area of the old document study during the Qing Dynasty.
- ところが綱教・鶴姫夫妻はともに綱吉より先に死去したため、結局綱豊を継嗣と定めることになった。
- However, both Tsunanori and Tsuruhime died before Tsunayoshi, and Tsunatoyo was assigned as an heir in the end.
- 家格は半家 (公家)(詳細は祖先にあたる阿倍氏土御門家(室町~明治時代)の項目で解説する)。
- The social standing of the Tsuchimikado family was hange (kuge), kuge of lower rank (and the details have been discussed under the Tsuchimikado Family of the Abe Clan (Muromachi Period to Meiji Period), the ancestors of the Tsuchimikado family).
- 11 獣医/商業/農業学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育12
- 11 Preparatory course for veterinary, commercial and agricultural school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 12
- 朝臣は、主に壬申の乱で功績の有った主に臣(おみ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族に優先的に与えられた。
- Asomi was mainly preferentially granted to the clans whose achievement was acknowledged in the Jinshin War and who had the kabane of Omi.
- これによりロシアはバルカン半島での南下政策を断念し、進出の矛先を極東地域に向けることになった。
- Consequently, Russia abandoned its southward expansion in the Balkan peninsula and shifted its direction towards expansion in the Far East.
- 信玄は軍配をもってこれを凌ぐが肩先を負傷し、信玄の供回りが駆けつけたため惜しくも討ちもらした。
- Shingen held out against the attacks with his military fan but an edge of his shoulders were injured, and Masatora failed to kill him because Shingen's attendants came running to the site.
- このため、正確さよりも政治的思惑が最優先されて歴史書としての価値は大きく損なわれる事になった。
- As a result, the first priority of such histories shifted away from accuracy and towards political calculations, and as such their value as historical sources suffered significant damage.
- 先鋒の朝倉景鏡を押し返すなど健闘を見せるが、浅井対馬・玄蕃の2千に側面から攻撃を仕掛けられる。
- Although Yoshinari's forces fought bravely by pushing back Kageakira ASAKURA who led the allied forces, they were attacked on the flank by 2,000 soldiers from the Genba and Tsushima ASAI armies.
- 9月7日未明、黒田長政は部将黒田図書助・栗山利安等をしてその先鋒の兵若干を領し先ず前進させた。
- Nagamasa KURODA sent some advance troops led by those including Zushonosuke KURODA and Toshiyasu KURIYAMA, early in the morning of October 17.
- 明人との交友があることから篆刻を学び自ら刻した可能性もあり、日本篆刻の先駆者のひとりとできる。
- It can be said that he was one of the pioneers of tenkoku in Japan because he had friends from Ming, and it is possible that he learned the tenkoku and engraved his own.
- 黒田三左衛門曰く「先鋒がもし敗れたならば我が本軍もまた恐らくは支え難からん是れ吾が死所なり。」
- Sanzaemon KURODA said, 'If the advance troops lost, our main troops will probably not hold, so this is to be my last stand.'
- 其他、竹内金次郎も先日走り帰りて、語るにも、小銃の弾丸は樫木を用る等、実に困難を極めたりと云。
- Kinjiro TAKEUCHI, who ran back the other day, also talked that their hardships were so extreme, for example, as to have used hard tree chips for bullets for small guns.
- しかし、解説にさえもこれらに関する記述が一言もなく、岩波文庫版を先に見たものは不自然に感じる。
- However, there are no descriptions regarding these even in the commentaries, so readers who see the one from Iwanami paperback library would feel contrived.
- 1及び2の二つとも満たさない場合、「未開国」と見なされ、その行き着く先は列強の植民地であった。
- If the first and second conditions were not fulfilled, a country would be recognized as 'undeveloped nation'and become a colony of powerful countries.
- 移転先に形成された地区はその後同和対策事業の対象地区とされ、現在も同和地区として存在している。
- The area formed after the relocation was subsequently assigned as a target area for antidiscrimination measures, and currently still exists as Dowa chiku (a designated area where Buraku people live).
- さらに下地本人にも制裁を加えようとしたが、勤務先が警察関係だけに実行に移すことができなかった。
- They also wanted to punish Shimoji himself, but could not do it since he was working at the police station.
- また即位十周年の会見で述べているように、戦中育ちとして先の大戦に寄せる気持には強いものがある。
- Moreover, as shown in his statement made at the press conference held for commemorating the 10th anniversary of his enthronement, his heart has never ceased to ache whenever he thinks of World War II as a wartime generation.
- その後、井上内親王はやがて幽閉先で宝亀6年(775年)4月27日、息子の他戸王と共に逝去した。
- Imperial Princess Inoe and his son Imperial Prince Osabe died in the place where they were confined on June 3, 775.
- 天武天皇8年(679年)吉野宮で吉野の盟約に参加し先の壬申の乱の様な戦渦を起こさぬ様誓約した。
- In 679 at Yoshino no miya, he joined the Oath in Yoshino vowing never to cause such calamitous war, the Jinshin War, to happen.
- 5 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校上等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:18~21歳 進路先:大学1
- 5 Middle school, upper division taught by foreign teachers term: 3 years, age: 18-21 years old, future course: university 1
- 3 外国語学校下等科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:14~16歳 進路先:高等教育2.7.9.11
- 3 Foreign language school, lower division term: 2 years, age: 14-16 years old, future course: higher education 2, 7, 9, 11
- 職務は、戦時においては旗本部隊の一番先手として各種足軽組等を付属した上で備の騎馬隊として働いた。
- In wartime, as the vanguard of a hatamoto troop, oban with various ashigaru-gumi (the teams of the lowest-rank samurai) served as cavalry for defense against an attack by the enemy.
- 将門は自ら先頭に立ち奮戦するが、いずくからか飛んできた矢が将門の額に命中し、あっけなく討死した。
- While Masakado was leading his army to continue the fight against the allied forces, an arrow came from nowhere and hit him on the forehead, killing him instantly.
- 村山修一著『日本陰陽道史総説』所載の占事略决では「勝光」を「勝先」としているが「勝光」が正しい。
- Senji ryakketsu (the oldest existing book on yin-yan) in the material 'Nihon Onmyodo-shi Sosetsu' (Japanese yin-yan history review paper) written by Shuichi MURAYAMA contains a name with a wrong letter.
- 清に先立つ明では、銅銭使用を禁じ、紙幣に切り替えていたが、清代になってから銭貨の使用が復活した。
- In the Ming Dynasty prior to the Qing Dynasty, the use of copper coins was prohibited, and copper coins were replaced by paper money, but in the Qing Dynasty, the use of coins was revived.
- なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年(明治17年)に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
- Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
- 先遣隊として先行していた設営隊も進路を発見できず、道に迷っていたところを偶然にも本隊と合流した。
- The construction party which was going ahead as an advance troop could not find the track, joining together the main party by accident while being lost.
- 源氏物語の本文自体は先行する版本である『絵入源氏物語』や『首書源氏物語』の本文を受け継いでいる。
- The text of The Tale of Genji itself follows the text of proceeding printed books such as the 'Eiri Genji monogatari' (Illustrated Tale of Genji) and the 'Shusho Genji monogatari' (Tale of Genji with Headnotes).
- 『唐丞相曲江張先生文集』には「勅日本国王書(にほんこくおうにちょくするのしょ)」と記されている。
- The phrase, 'Edicts for the King of Japan,' is seen in the 'The Collection of Qu Jiang Zhang, Chancellor of Tang dynasty' (唐丞相曲江張先生文集).
- ただし、先頭の船を運んでいた被告農民の中には、停止命令は聞こえなかったと裁判で主張した者もいる。
- Some of the accused demonstrators who were carrying the boat claimed in court that they heard no winding-up orders.
- そして、弓矢と槍の中間的な機能を果たした投げ槍(槍先形尖頭器)は弓矢の普及によって消滅していく。
- With the widespread use of bow and arrow, javelins (lanceolate-shaped point), which functioned as a transit tool between the bow and arrows and the spear, ceased to exist.
- 順徳天皇が『禁秘抄』で「禁中作法先神事」と述べたように、天皇は肇国以来「神事」を最優先してきた。
- As Emperor Juntoku stated in the 'Kinpisho' (a book written by Emperor Juntoku, which records the history and origin of the Imperial Court's ceremonies and sets forth the rules and etiquette for carrying out such ceremonies) that consideration should be given to divine service before other manners at the Imperial Court, successive emperors have given the highest priority to Shinto rituals since the establishment of the country.
- 晩年は後高倉院に先立たれ、また後鳥羽院との再会も叶わぬまま、安貞2年(1228年)72歳で崩御。
- She outlived Gotakakurain in her last years and died in 1228 at the age of 72 without meeting Gotobain again.
- 先代の推古天皇は、在位36年3月7日 (旧暦)(628年)に死去した時、継嗣を定めていなかった。
- The former Empress Suiko did not decide her successor when she died on April 18, 628.
- 准母の選定は、父帝ではない先帝の嫡妻か、天皇の姉ないし叔母にあたる未婚の内親王の中から選ばれた。
- In selection of junbo, it was selected from the lawful wife of the former emperor who was not the father of the emperor and unmarried imperial princesses who were the elder sisters or the aunts of the emperor.
- 1 小学校上等科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:10~14歳 進路先:中等教育2.3.4/高等教育6
- 1 Elementary school, upper division term: 4 years, age 10-14 years old, future course: middle education 2, 3, 4 and higher education 6
- 2 中等学校下等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:14~17歳 進路先:高等教育3.6/修了次第入学
- 2 Middle school, lower division term: 3 years, age: 14-17 years old, future course: higher education 3, 6 right after completion of the course
- 4 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校予科 修業年限:1年制 修業年齢:14~15歳 進路先:高等教育4
- 4 Preparatory course for middle school taught by foreign teachers term: 1 year, age: 14-15 years old, future course: higher education 4
- しかし外国人の雇用が本格化するのは鎖国が解かれ先進海外に範を求めるようになった明治維新以降である。
- However, it was not until after the Meiji Restoration, which saw the end of the long period of national isolation and the beginning of Japan's search for models abroad, that the Japanese government began the full-scale hiring of foreigners.
- これに先立つ大宝律令は、全文が散逸し、逸文も限定的にしか残存しておらず、ほとんど復元されていない。
- The original Ritsuryo Code, Taiho Ritsuryo Code, was scattered and lost entirely, and besides survived fragments of the document are also limited, so most of that has not been restored.
- よって郡長は国・府県の出先機関として町村の戸長を通じて中央の行政命令を下達する機関に過ぎなかった。
- Therefore, the function of Guncho was nothing but a regional office of the national or prefectural government, sending down an administrative order from the central government through the Kocho (an officer responsible for administrative affairs.) of towns and villages.
- 彼らは先進的な部民共同体の中で戸を単位に編成され、6世紀には籍帳に登載されて、正式に氏姓をもった。
- They were organized making each house one unit in an advanced community of people who belonged to the Yamato Regime; in the sixth century, their family name and hereditary titles were written down in their register book; in this way they had an official family name and hereditary title.
- しかし、一方で、村落の代表者として、年貢の減免運動の先頭に立つなど、村民の利害を代表して行動した。
- However, on the other hand, as a representative of a village a Shoya or Nanushi represented his interest for the benefit of the village residents; such as, acting as a leader of a protest movement toward a reduction and/or exemption from a nengu (land tax).
- しかし、現在では東大寺に先駆けて紫香楽宮で大仏建立を行った甲賀寺または近江国国分寺跡と推測される。
- However, now it is assumed that the ruins are Koga-ji Temple or Kokubun-ji Temple of Omi Province which had been built for a Great Buddha in Shigaraki no Miya Palace before Todai-ji Temple was built.
- 22日には摂津の信長にも知らせが届き、近江の情勢を知った信長はこの浅井・朝倉連合軍との対決を優先。
- Nobunaga in Settsu, who had heard the news on the 31st and became aware of the situation in Omi, decided to prioritize the battle against the Asai and Asakura allied forces.
- 後藤基次は一高地を占領し其部兵を馳駆せしめ、以て敵をして我衆寡を測らさしめ、且つ先鋒兵に声援する。
- Mototsugu GOTO, who held a high ground, sent troops to fight the enemy, prevent the enemy from becoming aware that our troops are outnumbered, and also support our vanguards.
- 〔裏面〕先世以来未有此刀 百□王世子奇生聖徳 故為倭王旨造 伝示後世 □に該当する字、辞書にない。
- (On the back side) Since the previous generation, a sword like this (seven-pronged sword) have not existed; An heir of the King of Paekche mysteriously had imperial virtues by nature; Then it was made for the king of Wa for the first time; So it should be showed to the posterity; There is no Chinese character which corresponds to ** in the dictionary.
- 薙刀は長い柄の先に反りのある刀身を装着した武具で、当初は「長刀」(なぎなた、ながなた)と呼ばれた。
- Naginata (Japanese halberd) is a weapon with a blade warpage attached to the top of a long handle, and was originally called 'Naginata' or 'Naganata.'
- そのほかにも、先人の逸話や同時代の歌人に対する論評など多岐にわたる内容を持ち、随筆風な記述である。
- Other than these, it contains various descriptions including anecdotes of forefathers and comments on kajin of the same period, and has essay-like style.
- このような背景の中、先の董其昌の画論では専門の画工によった院体画と対峙して文人画を位置づけている。
- Against such a background, the theory of painting by DONG Qichang mentioned above dealt with literati painting as opposed to Intaiga (a type of Chinese painting associated with the Imperial Court Academy) by professional painters.
- 後に萩藩主・毛利吉元が江戸幕府へ提出した願書によると、下記のように里右衛門が先に手を出したとある。
- In a document submitted later to the Edo bakufu by Yoshimoto MORI, the lord of the Hagi domain, he wrote that the situation was as follows and it was Riuemon who started a violent action first.
- ポサルは信者から強い尊敬の念を持って遇されており、「先生」、「ポサル様」等の敬称で呼称されている。
- Miko is highly respected by devotees and called by a title of honor.
- しかし、あくまでも追号が贈られるのは大喪の礼に先立って行われる追号奉号の儀を執り行ってからである。
- However, it should be noted that a posthumous title is conferred during the Tsuigo hogo no gi (a ceremony for dedicating that title) which precedes the Taiso no rei (funeral service of a Japanese emperor).
- しかし『大和物語』によれば結婚が決まった矢先に雅子内親王は斎宮に卜定され、二人の恋は実らなかった。
- According to 'Yamato Monogatari ' (Tales of Yamato), however, she was appointed as Saigu immediately after their marriage was decided and eventually their love did not bear any fruit.
- 4 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校下等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:15~18歳 進路先:高等教育6
- 4 Middle school, lower division taught by foreign teachers term: 3 years, age: 15-18 years old, future course: higher education 6
- 削器、スクレーパー (Scraper) F.ボルドによると剥片の先端部分を打ち欠いて刃をつけた石器。
- Sakki (chippers), Scrapers: A kind of stone tools equipped with a blade formed by chipping away the top of a flake, according to F. Bordes
- 華僑・華人の間では、中国における祖先の出身地を示すものとして本貫の語が用いられる(本籍・原籍とも)。
- Among the Chinese residents and Chinese descents that are living abroad, the word hongan is used to indicate the hometown of ancestors in China (for both the registered address and the original domicile).
- 政府による「松本試案」の提出に先立ち、2月1日付毎日新聞が「松本委員会試案」なるものをスクープした。
- Prior to the government's official submission of 'the Matsumoto draft,' Mainichi Newspaper had a scoop on 'the Matsumoto committee draft' on February 1.
- ただし、この令は先駆的な律令法であり、律を伴っておらず、また日本の国情に適合しない部分も多くあった。
- However, such Ryo was a pioneering Ritsuryo law, contained no Ritsu, and did not conform to the state of affairs in Japan in many parts.
- 侵攻に先立ち、北近江を治める浅井長政には、妹であるお市の方を娶らせて織田氏との縁戚関係を結んでいた。
- Prior to the invasion, he had his sister Lady Oichi marry to Nagamasa AZAI, who governed Kitaomi, to establish a relationship between the Azai and the Oda clan.
- それは、先の降伏条件でも問罪の対象として名指しされた松平容保の会津藩(および弟の松平定敬)であった。
- One of the scapegoats the new government directed its focus on was the lord of the Aize Domain Katamori MATSUDAIRA (and the younger brother, Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA); he was an accusation target of the new government, because of his connection to the original Edo edict.
- また軍隊からは、先にそちらの強化をおこなうべきだとして、西郷隆盛などを中心に反対の声も上がっていた。
- Moreover, military personnel such as Takamori SAIGO opposed the project, insisting that armaments should be strengthened first.
- このため、事件となった第4回押出しも、農民側が先に警官に暴力をふるった例はないと考える研究者が多い。
- Thus, many researchers think that it was unlikely that peasants first did violence to the police on the fourth demonstration which developed into an incident.
- この協約は、1910年の日本による韓国併合に先立って、清と大韓帝国との国境を画定させる意味を持った。
- Before Japan annexed Korea in 1910, this agreement had a significance demarcating a border between Qing and the Korean Empire.
- また、北部九州では、前期から中期にかけて銅剣・銅戈・石剣・石戈の切っ先が棺内から出土することが多い。
- Moreover, the tip of bronze swords, doka (bronze halberds for ritual), stone swords, and stone halberds are often excavated from a coffin of the early to the middle Yayoi period in northern Kyushu.
- その後、明六社は明六会となり、東京学士会院、帝国学士院を経て、日本学士院へと至る流れの先駆をなした。
- After that, Meirokusha changed to Meirokukai, becoming a forerunner of societies afterwards, such as Tokyo Gakushikaiin (the Tokyo Academy), the Teikoku Gakushiin (the Imperial Academy) and the Nippon Gakushi-in (the Japan Academy).
- 父は先帝仲哀天皇で、母は神功皇后こと息長足姫尊(おきながたらしひめのみこと)とされるが、異説も多い。
- It is said that his father was Ex-Emperor Chuai and his mother was Empress Jingu, namely Okinagatarashihime no mikoto, but there are many different opinions.
- 『先代旧事本紀』の「国造本紀」に載せる国造の半数がその設置時期を成務朝と伝えていることも注目される。
- It is worth noting that the half of Kuni no miyatsuko in the 'Kokuzohongi' (the original record of provincial governors) of the 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) was said to have been established under the reign of the Emperor Seimu.
- 祖先は応永の乱で室町幕府第3代将軍・足利義満に反乱を起こした大内義弘の次男・大内持盛と言われている。
- The earliest ancestor of the clan is said to be Mochimori OUCHI, the second son of Yoshihiro OUCHI, who rebelled against the third Muromachi shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, in the Oei War.
- これに先立って施行された解放令によって穢地の指定を外されていたかつての穢多非人の所有地も同様であった。
- By Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict), which had been put in force before this, the lands of Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)) and Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), whose land appointment was omitted, were also treated likewise.
- また、幕府成立から半世紀近くたったことで、膨大な先例・法慣習が形成され、煩雑化してきた点も挙げられる。
- Also it can be given that a huge number of precedents and usage of the law were formed and became complicated after almost a half century since the establishment of bakufu.
- 頼朝以来の先例(「右大将家の例」)や武家社会の道理を基準とし、御家人の権利義務や所領相続の規定が多い。
- It was based on the precedents ('Udaishoke no rei' [precedents of the family of Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)]) since the era of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, and included many regulations of right, obligation and territory succession of gokenin.
- 先端の鐺(こじり)は地面に突き立てやすくしたり、武器として使用する為に金属製で鋭角に仕上げられていた。
- The kojiri at the tip of the scabbard is made of metal and acute angled so that it can be driven into the ground or used as a weapon.
- 山吉は重傷を負ったものの、一命をとりとめ、吉良家断絶後も吉良義周に従って配流先の信濃国諏訪藩へ供した。
- Although Yamayoshi got injured, he survived and even after the elimination of Kira's family, he attended on Yoshimasa KIRA to Suwa Domain in Shinano Province, where he was exiled.
- ちょうどメキシコも、東アジアとの貿易の為に日本、または清と交流を持ちたいと思っていた矢先のことだった。
- Mexico was also considering having a diplomatic exchange with Japan or Qing to start international trading with East Asia.
- このため、 越後の守護でもあった関東管領上杉氏との戦いでは、先々代高梨政盛から多大な支援を受けていた。
- Therefore, in the battle with the Uesugi clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable) of Echigo as well as Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), the Nagao family was significantly supported by Masamori TAKANASHI, the head of the Takanishi family two generations back.
- ただし先行深入りしすぎた徳川方の深溝松平家松平伊忠だけは、退却する小山田昌行に反撃されて討死している。
- It however lost Koretada MATSUDAIRA of the Fukozu Matsudaira family on the Tokugawa side who led the vanguard too deep into the enemy lines, and who was fought back and struck down by Masayuki OYAMADA in retreat.
- 翌15日、60年ぶりといわれる大雪の中、薩軍の一番大隊が鹿児島から熊本方面へ先発した(西南の役開始)。
- On February 15, in the heavy snowfall first in 60 years, the 1st battalion of the Satsuma army started from Kagoshima toward Kumamoto first (beginning of the Seinan no eki.)
- 同じ13日、薩摩藩へ(翌日には長州藩へ)討幕の密勅が下される寸前に、倒幕派の機先を制した恰好となった。
- The Taisei Hokan took place when the secret Imperial command to attack the shogunate was just about to be given to Satsuma Domain on the same day (it was supposed to reach Choshu Domain the next day), forestalling tobakuha (anti-Bakufu, crushing-the-Bakufu faction).
- 最も大きな影響は、民衆の不平不満の矛先が列強よりもむしろ清朝自体に向けられるようになったことであろう。
- The biggest influence was that the people's dissatisfaction was aimed not toward the allied western powers, but the Qing dynasty itself.
- 5世紀の終わりには、畿内の一部に先進的な群集墳が現れ、大型古墳に家型石棺が取り入れられるようになった。
- It would be at the end of the fifth century that advanced clustered tumuli mounds appeared in one section of the Kinai region, and house shaped stone coffins were introduced inside these large Kofun mounds.
- 推古天皇12年(604年)に成立したというのは『日本書紀』、『先代旧事本紀』の記述を信じるほかはない。
- There is no way but to believe the description in the 'Nihonshoki' and 'Sendai Kujihongi' that it was established in 604.
- 重衡は田口成良を先兵とし、般若寺のある般若坂の守りを固める大衆の守りを突破、南都を焼討ちにし大勝した。
- Using Shigeyoshi TAGUCHI as an advance guard, Shigehira broke through the defenses built up on the Hannya Slope by the monks residing in the zendo to protect Hannya-ji Temple, and won a crushing victory by setting fire to Nanto.
- 翌23日に上方勢の先鋒が雑賀荘に侵入し、24日には根来を発した秀吉も紀ノ川北岸を西進して雑賀に入った。
- On the following day, the 22nd, the vanguard of the Kamigata army invaded Saigaso and on the 23rd, Hideyoshi who came from Negoro entered Saiga by going west along the northern shore of Kino-kawa River.
- 中国では秦・漢の時代から清の時代にまで、在位中の皇帝の生母と先代の皇后を並び尊崇して「皇太后」と呼ぶ。
- In China, from the periods of Qin and Han to the period of Qing, the real mother of the Emperor in reign and the former Empress were respectfully referred to as 'Empress Dowager.'
- これらが先例となり、以後、白川家による神祇伯の世襲化と神祇伯就任による王の呼称が行われるようになった。
- These cases set a precedent for both the hereditary succession of Jingi haku by the Shirakawa family and their being given the name 'O' on their appointment as Jingi haku.
- 君主の第一子や弟が皇太子(王太子)や皇太弟(王太弟)に就任し、先代君主が亡くなった後に継ぐことが多い。
- It is common that the first child or a younger brother of the monarch first becomes a crown prince (dauphin) or kotaitei (an emperor's younger brother considered heir apparent), then succeeds to the throne after the death of the predecessor.
- 大坂石山本願寺は、もとは本願寺8世の蓮如が隠居先として選んだ場所であり、大坂御坊(石山御坊)と呼ばれた。
- Osaka Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple was originally the place where the eighth chief priest Rennyo chose as his retreat, called Osaka Gobo (Ishiyama Gobo).
- 翌6月22日 (旧暦)早朝、鎌倉は大きな騒ぎとなり、軍兵が謀反人を誅するべく由比ヶ浜へ先を争って走った。
- In the early morning of July 17, great turmoil broke out in Kamakura and military soldiers rushed to Yuigahama to put down the rebellion.
- その後、タケミカヅチらが大国主の前で十掬剣を海の上に逆さまに刺し、その切先にあぐらをかいて威嚇している。
- Then Takemikazuchi and others stabbed the Totsuka no Tsurugi sword backward in the sea in front of Okuninushi (chief god of Izumo in southern Honshu Island, Japan, and the central character in the important cycle of myths set in that region), and menaced sitting with his legs crossed on the point of the sword.
- 田沼時代の始まる1767年(明和4年)に狂詩集『寝惚先生文集』が刊行されたのがブームのきっかけとされる。
- It is said that the fad started when a collection of Kyoka entitled 'Neboke sensei bunshu (the Literary Works of Master Groggy)' was published in 1767 at the beginning of Okitsugu TANUMA's political control.
- これは『万葉集』の時代には既に固定化されていたもので、先例にならって使用され続けたものと考えられている。
- They are thought to have already been fixed in the period of 'Manyoshu,' and to continue to be used after the precedent.
- 初期には子孫が先祖の家集を編むことが多く、自撰家集が盛んになるのは院政期から新古今期前後にかけてである。
- In the early days, descendants usually edited their ancestors' kashu until self-selected collection of poems became more mainstream between the Insei period (the period of cloistered Emperors) and roughly around the Shin Kokin period (c. 1205).
- ただこの国際法受容は、はじめは近代国際法の理念に共鳴して率先してそれに参加しようとしたものではなかった。
- However, such acceptance of international laws was not made because they sympathized the idealistic principle of the modern international law and positively to take part in it.
- しかし、理念上は南朝を重視する傾向にあり、両朝の年号を併記する場合は南朝を先とすることが一般的であった。
- Goryeo tended to regard the Southern Court as important and put the era name of Southern Court first when the both era names were written together.
- 近代日本における学術総合雑誌、学会誌の先駆けとなり、文明開化時期の日本に大きな影響を与えた刊行物である。
- It was a pioneering bulletin to offer academic general information and academic journal in the recent period of Japan and a publication which gave a great impact on Japan in the period of civilization and enlightenment.
- 宇多天皇が『新撰万葉集』を編纂に先立って、親王に託してその元となる『是貞親王家歌合』の撰定を行っている。
- Before Emperor Uda compiled 'Shinsen Manyoshu' (anthology of Japanese poems), Imperial Prince Koresada selected poems for 'Koresada Shinno-ke Utaawase' (Poetry contest sponsored by the family of Imperial Prince Koresada) which became the sources of Shinsen Manyoshu, under a commission from Emperor Uda.
- ここに至って纓の先端が垂れずに頭上に上がったままの現在も天皇が被る御立纓(ごりゅうえい)の冠が登場した。
- Court caps called Goryuei (literally, 'standing ei'), whose ei did not hang down but stood on the head, finally appeared during this period, and this type of Court caps are still used by the current Emperor.
- 現在の日本の天皇の即位の礼が先代天皇の数え年で死後3年目に行われるのも、この「諒闇」の観念によっている。
- It came from this concept of ryoan that the Emperor's ceremony of the enthronement is now held three years, counting in the old Japanese way, after the late Emperor's death.
- 幕府には数日後に禁裏付の大久保一翁を通じて伝えられたが、江戸より水戸に先着することを図っての時期であった。
- The mitchoku was conveyed to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) through Ichio OKUBO, an assistant to Kinri (the Imperial Palace) several days later, but it was such a time-sensitive situations when the mitchoku was delivered to Mito earlier than to Edo.
- 中世においてはしばしば律令法より個々の家のローカルなルールな優先され、家々の交渉の積み重ねが政務となった。
- In the medieval period, local rules of individual families often had a priority over ritsuryo law, and accumulation of negotiations between families became government affairs.
- 具体的には手を開いたときの中指の先から親指の先までの長さを咫としており、これは尺の元々の定義と同じである。
- Concretely, ata is the length from the tip of the middle finger to the tip of the thumb when they are opened, and shaku was originally defined to have the same length.
- 現在では、先勝、友引、先負、仏滅、大安、赤口、とあるが、前述の通り古くは赤口以外は全て名称が異なっている。
- At present, there are sakigachi, tomobiki, sakimake, butsumetsu, taian and shakko, but formerly, as mentioned before, all the names except for shakko have been changed.
- 例えば、仕事先から西の方にある自宅へ帰ろうとしたら、西の方角に方違えの対象となる天一神が在していたとする。
- For example, just consider the case that when people came home from their office, their home was located in the west, where Tenichi-jin God, for whom people should practice Katatagae, existed.
- 冷泉天皇が皇太子であった頃に帯刀先生(たちはきせんじょう)、天皇に即位すると左右の将監(しょうげん)なった
- He served as Tachiwaki Senjo (the head of the Imperial Prince's bodyguard) while the Emperor Reizei was still the Crown Prince, and then became Sayu no shogen (Lieutenant of the Right and the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) when the prince ascended to the throne.
- 皇太后(こうたいごう、ピンイン:Huang Tai Hou)は、先代の天皇・皇帝の皇后またはその人の称号。
- Kotaigo, or empress dowager (pronounced 'huang tai hou' in Chinese), is a title held by the widow of a deceased emperor or a term used to refer to such a person.
- なお嫄子を擁立したことで先に中宮となっていた禎子内親王は皇后に押しやられ、頼通との関係が悪化したとされる。
- As Imperial Princess Teishi, who had become Chugu earlier, was forced to become Kogo (the title of empress consort which is conferred when another woman becomes Chugu) when Genshi became Chugu, it was purported that her relationship with Yorimichi became worse.
- 嫡男三好義興や自身の弟たち(十河一存、安宅冬康)にも先立たれ、自身も1564年に41歳で死去してしまった。
- He survived his younger brothers (Kazumasa SOGO, Fuyuyasu ATAGI), and he himself died at the age of 41.
- 順徳天皇皇子・忠成王は、順徳天皇流刑先の佐渡島で流刑先へ供奉した女房「従三位清季卿女」を母として誕生した。
- The Imperial Prince of Emperor Juntoku, Prince Tadanari, was born as a son of 'Lord Jyunsanmi (Junior Third Rank) Kiyosuke,' the court lady who accompanied Emperor Jutoku to Sadoga-shima island where he was deported.
- 2月7日払暁、先駆けせんと欲して義経の部隊から抜け出したのは熊谷直実・熊谷直家父子と平山季重らの5騎である。
- On March 27, at dawn, five cavalrymen sneaked out from among the Yoshitsune troops and attempted to be the first to engage, among whch were Naozane KUMAGAI and Naoie KUMAGAI, father and son, and Sueshige HIRAYAMA.
- 今日では、縄文時代の人骨のデオキシリボ核酸の調査結果で、縄文人はシベリア北部の先住民に近いことが判っている。
- Based on the results of DNA studies on the bones of Jomon man, it is known today that Jomon man resembled the indigenous people of north Siberia.
- 先行する近江令・飛鳥浄御原令に何らかの規定があった可能性はあるが、両者とも現存しないため、詳細は不明である。
- There is a possibility that there were provisions under Omi-Ryo (Omi administrative code) or Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) that preceded the Taiho code but since neither exists in print, details are unknown.
- 朱子学では「知」が先にあって「行」が後になると教える(「知先行後」)が、「知行合一」はこれへの反措定である。
- Shushigaku teaches that 'chi' should be first and 'gyo' should follow ('chisen gyogo'), and 'chigyo goitsu' is the antithesis of that.
- 六曜は先勝→友引→先負→仏滅→大安→赤口の順で繰り返すが、旧暦の毎月1日の六曜は以下のように固定されている。
- Rokuyo repeats in the order of sakigachi => tomobiki => sakimake => butsumetsu => taian => shakko, and the rokuyo of the day 1 of every month in the old lunisolar calendar is fixed as follows.
- 武力によって完全に幕府を倒そうとしていた倒幕勢力は攻撃の名目を一時的に失ったため、先手を取られた形となった。
- He took the initiative from the anti-shogunate group in the plan to overthrown the shogunate government in armed struggles, because they lost their cause to justify their use of force for a while.
- 近世の宿場の整備は徳川家康によって関ヶ原の戦い後に始められ、先ず東海道、続いて中山道と順次進められていった。
- Shukuba during the early-modern times were developed by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA after the Battle of Sekigahara, and it began on the Tokai-do Road, then the Nakasen-do Road, and had continued one after another.
- そこで主家のために、先代に重く用いられたものは潔く死に、円滑な世代交代を実現する役割があったとする説もある。
- Some think that for the master's house the people who were given important positions by a predecessor had a role to die gracefully to realize smooth transition of power to the next generation.
- 9月11日、孝謙上皇は先手を打って少納言山村王を中宮院に派遣して、皇権の発動に必要な玉璽と駅鈴を回収させた。
- On October 14, the Retired Empress Koken quickly moved to send Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) Yamamura-O to the Chuguin Palace to collect the Imperial Seal and ekirei (bell) that were needed to exercise imperial power.
- また女二宮(落葉の宮)も夫柏木と母御息所に先立たれて同じく出家を願ったが、この時は外聞も憚って許さなかった。
- Onna Ninomiya (Ochiba no Miya) also hoped to become a nun due to the death of her husband, Kashiwagi, and her mother, but he did not allow her, worrying about appearances and what people would think.
- 先行する諸註釈を参照にしながら、わかりやすくまとめられた講義の筆録もしくは講義体の形式を借りた註釈書である。
- It is a written record of lectures or commentary written in the form of a lecture, organized to be understood easily while referring to various preceding commentaries.
- 木の柄につけて投げ槍とし、大型獣の狩りに用いられたのが槍先形尖頭器の始まりで、狩猟に大きな進歩をもたらした。
- The lanceolate-shaped point first appeared when the people began attaching a point to a wooden-shaft and using it as a javelin to hunt large-size animals, and it brought about a great development to hunting.
- 本来綱吉は兄・徳川綱重が先に死去していたため、襲職した経緯もあり、綱重の子・徳川家宣が後継に擬せられていた。
- Since Tsunayoshi succeeded shogunate after the death of his older brother, Tsunashige TOKUGAWA, a son of Tsunashige, Ienobu TOKUGAWA, was set down as a candidate for the successor.
- 太皇太后(たいこうたいごう)は先々代の皇帝の正妻(皇后)もしくは、当代の帝王の祖母に対して用いる尊称である。
- Grand empress dowager is an honorific title for the legal wife (Empress) of the late Emperor but one or for the grandmother of the present Emperor.
- イギリスでは王位継承に男子優先長子相続制を採用しており、欠格事由のない限り、王の長男が法定推定相続人となる。
- The primogeniture with priority to male child is used for succession of the crown in England, and the first son of the king becomes an apparent heir unless there are any reasons for disqualification.
- 即位にあたり、祖先および神々とのきずなを強調する上代からの儀式、「大嘗祭」(だいじょうさい)が執り行われた。
- When he succeeded to the throne,the 'Daijo-sai festival' (the festival which held to emphasize the relationship among the emperor, Imperial ancestors and ancient gods) was held.
- また、先に帰国した武田氏安芸武田氏の武田元繁や出雲国の尼子経久らが大内領を侵略し、足元を脅かす存在となった。
- Further, Motoshige TAKEDA of the Aki-Takeda clan, a branch family of the Takeda clan, and Tsunehisa AMAGO in Izumo Province, etc., who had returned home earlier, invaded into the territory of Ouchi family, and they came to threaten the foothold of the family.
- 府中小笠原氏に敗れた松尾小笠原氏は府中小笠原氏の滅亡に先立って武田氏に仕え、武田氏の滅亡後は徳川氏に仕えた。
- The Matsuo-Ogasawara clan which was defeated by the Fuchu-Ogasawara clan served the Takeda clan and after fall of Takeda clan, it served the Tokugawa clan.
- 日記の家(にっきのいえ/にきのいえ・日記之家)とは、先祖代々の手による家の日記(家記)を伝蔵した公家の呼称。
- Nikki no Ie (Houses with Diaries) is a nickname used to describe noble houses whose members kept diaries recording events relating to their families, and who passed these diaries down from generation to generation.
- 2 女児小学、村落小学、貧人小学(仁恵学校)、小学私塾、 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:7~11歳 進路先:なし
- 2 Elementary school for girls, village elementary school, elementary school for the poor (Jinkei Gakko), private elementary school term: 4 years, age: 7-11 years old, future course: none
- そのため、畿内を地盤とするヤマト王権が外交や朝鮮半島への軍事行動の要衝として、出先機関を設置することになった。
- Therefore, Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) which had its regional base in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) established a regional office as a strategic point for foreign affairs and military operation against the Korean peninsula.
- 吉村寅太郎は松本奎堂、藤本鉄石、池内蔵太ら攘夷派浪士と語らい、大和行幸の先鋒となるべく大和国へ赴くことを決議。
- Torataro YOSHIMURA talked with Joi ha group of masterless samurai such as Keido MATSUMOTO, Tesseki FUJIMOTO, Kurata IKE and resolved to go to the Yamato Province to lead the vanguard of Imperial Trip to the Yamato Province.
- 漂着した乗員66名(3名は溺死)は先住民(現在の台湾原住民パイワン族)に救助を求めたが、逆に集落へ拉致された。
- Sixty-six people (the other three drowned) who drifted ashore asked aborigines (an aboriginal tribe of Taiwan now called Paiwan) for help, but they were abducted to their village after all.
- ここから北側地区にいた官軍を見たところ、警備が手薄であったため、西郷軍は辺見を先鋒に一斉に下山攻撃を開始した。
- Saigo's forces found that the guard of the government army on the north side from there was not strong, and therefore, went down the mountain en masse and attacked the government army with HENMI as the spearhead.
- そのため、先達をつとめた園城寺長吏の増誉を新設の熊野三山検校に補任し、在地の支配者である熊野別当の上に置いた。
- Thus, he appointed Zoyo who acted as a sendatsu (a guide) and was Chori (chief priest) of Onjo-ji Temple to the new post, Kumano Sanzan Kengyo, and put it above the Kumano betto, the post for the local land ruler.
- だが、大野の武家故実の研究がその規定に反する疑いが先著である『殿居囊』・『泰平年表』刊行の段階で持たれていた。
- However, it had been suspected that Ono's research about the customs and manners of samurai might have violated the regulation at the stage of publishing 'Tonoibukuro' and 'Taihei-nenpyo' (a chronicle of the Edo period).
- が、2月6日天皇親征の方針が決まると、それまでの東海道・東山道・北陸道鎮撫総督は先鋒総督兼鎮撫使に改称された。
- However, on February 6th, the Emperor implemented a change in policy, he decider to lead the army and to conquer Tokugawa family; these former pacification governor-generals of Tokaido, Tosando, and Hokurikudo had their positions adjusted to Spearhead governor and Chinbushi (temporary government post).
- 『先代旧事本紀』は江戸時代以来、偽書であるとの評価が一般的であり、当然、吾郷清彦も最初からそれを認識していた。
- The'Sendai Kujihongi' has generally been judged as a gisho (psuedo-document) since the Edo period and Kiyohiko AGO was aware of this from the beginning.
- いわば、清朝の地方の大官僚たちが結託して地方の利害を優先させ、義和団の影響が及ばないよう先手をうったといえる。
- In other words, the local high officials of the Qing dynasty conspired to make the interests of the provinces a priority and took a first step to make sure that the influence of the Boxers would not reach their areas.
- 先土器時代の末期から縄文時代の草創期にかけては断面三角形またはカマボコ形を呈する片刃の御子柴型石斧が盛行する。
- From the end of pre-earthenware period to the beginning of the Jomon period, single-edged mikoshiba-style stone axes that assumed the sectional triangular or semi cylindrical shapes became popular.
- 福島城が容易に落ちないと見た政宗は、梁川城へ矛先を転じようとしたが、梁川城の須田大炊は29日伏兵をもって迎撃。
- Masamune, who judged that it was hard to capture the Fukushima-jo Castle, tried to turn his fire on the Yanagawa-jo Castle, but Oii SUDA in the Yanagawa-jo Castle launched a counter-attack with ambush on March 29.
- イタリアの両替商はイングランド・フランドル・シャンパーニュなどヨーロッパ経済の先進地帯や主要都市に進出をした。
- Italian money changers went to more economically advanced areas or major cities in Europe such as England, Flanders and Champagne.
- これに対し西村茂樹は同じ号で、表記をどうするかは開化が進めば論ずればよく、今は教育などを優先すべきと反論した。
- On the other hand, Shigeki NISHIMURA countered that how to express Japanese should be discussed after enlightenment would proceed and that education should be prior to it.
- なお、この文化期の終わり頃の1.5年前かやや遡る頃になると、関東・中部地方を中心に槍先形尖頭器の石槍が現れた。
- At the end of this cultural period (1.5 year ago or before), stone spear points appeared around Kanto and Chubu region.
- この器具は死刑囚のうなじに縄をかけ、その縄の先に20貫(約75Kg)の重石を吊り下げて絞首する仕組みであった。
- This equipment had a structure to choke a condemned by tying a rope around his nape of neck, then setting heavy stones corresponding to 20 kan (unit of volume, approx.3.75 kg) (about 75 kg) at the end of the rope.
- しかも、中には夷俘に分類されていた者までが移配され、その移配先も関東地方など全国各地に広がっていくことになる。
- In addition, even barbarians classified as Ifu were moved, and they were sent further afield across the nation, including Kanto area.
- 『先代旧事本紀』には、饒速日命の子のウマシマジが十種の神宝を使って神武天皇の心身の安鎮を祈ったとの記述がある。
- 'Sendai Kujihongi (Ancient Japanese History)' states that umashimaji, a child of Nigihayahi no Mikoto, used ten kinds of votive objects to pray for mental and physical soundness of Emperor Jinmu.
- 日本の冠の直接の祖先は、養老律令の衣服令(いぶくりょう)に見える朝服の被り物「頭巾(ときん)」であるとされる。
- It is said that the direct origin of Japanese Court caps was a headgear called 'tokin' (hood), which was a part of chofuku (clothes worn by the nobility when attending Court), and this headgear is seen in the Ibuku Ryo (Garment Code) of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code.
- 更に翌年には宇佐八幡宮からの再度の神託があり、先年の神託が偽神託であったとして封戸の返却を申し出たとされている。
- Furthermore, it is said that in the following year Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine reported the second oracle, which revealed that the oracle of the preceding year was false and therefore Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine offered return of fuko (salary) to the government.
- 他藩の志士たちは天狗党の目的が水戸藩内の対立優先に傾いて来た頃から次第に離れ始め、約500名が天狗党と決別した。
- As the goal of Tenguto gradually came to be the conflicts within the Mito Domain, the royalists from other domains began to left and resulted in 500 people in total leaving Tenguto.
- 東へ張り出した尾根の先端に築かれており、谷を挟んだ南側の尾根には望月支城、南東には杉谷砦、北方には杉谷城がある。
- Built on a mountain ridge overhanging eastward, the castle was surrounded by its branch castle at the southern mountain ridge across a valley, Sugitani-toride Fort in the southeast, and Sugitani-jo Castle in the north.
- 原典の所属先は不明だが、昭和3年(1928年)に北田紫水文庫から刊行された復刻版によって内容を知ることができる。
- Although the ownership of the original work is unknown, there is a reprinted edition published by Kitada Shisui Collection in 1928 that shows its contents.
- 大崎に屯集しているとの情報を得た先発の奇兵隊は7月11日、官軍を奇襲したが、二番隊長が戦死するほどの苦戦をした。
- Having received the information that the government army gathered and stationed in Osaki, the earlier dispatched Kihei-tai launched a surprise attack on the government army but fought so tough a fight that the commander of the 2nd company was killed in the fighting.
- さらに遅れて真田信繁、毛利勝永ら12,000の兵が到着し、真田隊が伊達政宗隊の先鋒片倉重長隊の進軍を押し止めた。
- Still later, 12,000 soldiers including Nobushige SANADA, Katsunaga MORI and others arrived, and Sanada troop prevented Shigenaga KATAKURA troop, the spearhead of Masamune DATE troop from advancing.
- 先頭は神成大尉、倉石大尉と自然に決まっていたが、それ以外は所属も階級も関係なく、将兵が後から続く形となっていた。
- Naturally, Captain Kannari and Captain Kuraishi were in the lead, but, other than that, soldiers followed them regardless of their positions or ranks.
- 今は北の方に先立たれ、宇治市の地で出家を望みながらも二人の姫君(大君、中の君)を養育しつつ日一日を過ごしている。
- He had lost his wife, and spent his days bringing up his two daughters (Oigimi, the older sister, and Naka no Kimi, the younger sister), hoping to become a priest in Uji city.
- また先に示した土器編年による区分の他、縄文時代を文化形式の側面から見て幾つかの時期に分類する方法も存在している。
- In addition to periodization based on the sequence of Jomon earthenware, another method of periodization uses different aspects of the Jomon culture to divide the Jomon period into several periods.
- 職事公卿は改めて1通ずつ読み上げ、天皇はその1つ1つに裁可を与えるか否か、あるいは先例を勘申させるかを勅裁した。
- Shikiji-kugyo (high-ranked nobles engaged in submission of reports to the Emperor) would read aloud each sobun (a report to the Emperor) one by one, to which the Emperor gave his decision to approve them or not, or to request for a report from specialists concerning relevant precedents.
- この筆には、五色の縷がつけられ、その大仏殿の外までにもひかれた長い糸に、我先に大仏に結縁しようと民衆は群がった。
- Five-colored strings were tied to this brush, and people rushed to the long strings running out of the Great Buddha Hall in order to have a relationship with the Great Buddha.
- 槍先形尖頭器は、細石器が多用された時期には一時的に減少傾向をみせるが、縄文土器が出現する前後に最盛期をむかえる。
- The use of lanceolate-shaped point decreased temporarily during the period in which the microlith was widely used, but it reached its peaked around the time when the Jomon were began to be developed.
- 輝かしき祖先たちの徳の力により、はるかな昔から代々絶えることなくひと筋に受け継がれてきた皇位にのぼった朕は...
- Thanks to the great virtue of our ancestors, the Imperial throne was succeeded by only one unbroken family, and now I succeeded to the throne….
- Due to great virtue of our ancestors, the Imperial throne was succeeded by only one unbroken family, and now I succeeded to the throne….
- 3月、河内国に入って、4月に龍田へ進軍するが道が険阻で先へ進めず、東に軍を向けて生駒山を経て中州へ入ろうとした。
- In March, they entered Kawachi Province and advanced toward Tatsuta in April, however, since steep roads prevented them from going forward, they tried to enter Nakasu to go toward the east via Mt. Ikoma.
- 以上においては、同等内では、嫡出及びその子孫の系統を先にして、庶出の子(非嫡出子)及びその子孫の系統を後にする。
- Among members of equal standing, legitimate sons and their male-line descendants had a stronger claim to succeed the Imperial Throne over those of illegitimate birth and their male-line descendants.
- 忠能の七男、中山忠光は尊王攘夷の急先鋒で天誅組の首領とされたが、後に長州藩の刺客により暗殺された(天誅組の変)。
- Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA, who was the seventh son of Tadayasu was a vanguard of sonno joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and he was made the head of the Tenchu-gumi (literally, Heavenly Avenging Force) but, later, he was assassinated by a member of the Choshu clan (the Tenchu-gumi incident).
- 1605年、朝鮮側が徳川政権から先に国書を送るように要求してきたのに対し、対馬藩は国書の偽造を行い朝鮮へ提出した。
- In 1605, when Korea demanded that the Tokugawa government should send the sovereign's message first, the Tsushima Domain forged the sovereign's massage and presented it to Korea.
- 天下統一に先立ち、徳川家康は大判より小型のもので墨書を極印に改め一般流通を想定した通貨を発行する構想を持っていた。
- Before his unification of the whole country, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had planned to issue a form of currency for general distribution that would be smaller than the oban and would have an engraving instead of ink writing.
- 布施の戦い(現長野市篠ノ井)で武田軍の先鋒を破り、軍を進めて荒砥城(現千曲市上山田地区)を落とし、青柳城を攻めた。
- His forces defeated the spearhead of Takeda's forces in the Battle of Fuse (present Shinonoi, Nagano City), took Arato-jo Castle (in present Kamiyamada area in Chikuma City), and attacked Aoyagi-jo Castle.
- 発掘調査から有岡城の土塁の下から石垣積みが発見され、墓石などの転用石材があり石垣の先駆ではないかと注目されている。
- By research by excavation, a stone wall was found below the earthwork of Arioka-jo Castle and, as there were diverted stones such as tombstones, it attracted attention as possible forerunner of stonewall.
- 裏・先世(異体字、ロ人)来未有此刀百済■世■奇生聖(異体字、音又は晋の上に点)故為(異体字、尸二大)王旨造■■■世
- (On the back side) 先世(異体字、ロ人)来未有此刀百済?世?奇生聖(異体字、音又は晋の上に点)故為(異体字、尸二大)王旨造???世
- 東征軍が関東へ入ると、東征軍先鋒参謀木梨精一郎(長州藩士)および渡辺清(大村藩士)は、横浜の英国公使館へ向かった。
- Following the arrival of the 'expeditionary force to the east' into Kanto, Seiichirou KINASHI (a feudal retainer of the Choshu clan), a Spearhead staff officer of the 'expeditionary force to the east,' and Kiyoshi WATANABE (a feudal retainer of the Omura clan) proceeded to the British delegation quarters in Yokohama.
- すなはち、阿禮に勅語して帝皇日継(すめらみことのひつぎ)及び先代旧辞(さきつよのふること)を誦み習はしめたまひき。
- The emperor immediately ordered Are to read and learn Kyuji that describes the lineage and incidents of past emperors that the emperor determined and selected himself.
- 三条西家の源氏学に『河海抄』・『花鳥余情』・『弄花抄』などの先学の説、更に自説を加えて各巻ごとに注釈を入れている。
- He added to the Genji scholarship of the Sanjonishi family not only theories on earlier commentaries such as the 'Kakai-sho,' the 'Kacho yojo' (Atmosphere of Flowers and Birds) and the 'Rokasho' (playing with blossoms), but also theories of his own, and annotated each volume.
- また、軍事力強化を優先する余り、仮想敵国の状況が現実の日本を取り囲む状況を反映しないというという点も問題とされた。
- With the firm commitment to enlarge the military force, it became a problem that the situation of the imagined enemies did not reflect the circumstances surrounding Japan.
- 大名は不作時も豊作時も安定した換金が必要となり、1730年に大阪の堂島米会所で世界で初めての先物取引が開始された。
- Whether they had a poor crop or good harvest, it was necessary for feudal lords to have a stabilized monetary conversion, therefore in 1730, the world's first futures transaction of rice was started in the dojima rice exchange in Osaka.
- ナイフ形石器は後期旧石器時代末葉に衰退していくが、代わって槍先形尖頭器は著しく発達し、量的にもめざましく増加する。
- While the knife-like stone tools went fading at the end of upper Paleolithic period, the lanceolate-shaped point remarkably developed with a big production increase.
- 継体天皇は大和に入る以前、現地で複数の妃を持ち沢山の子がいたが、即位後先代天皇の姉(妹)を皇后をとして迎え入れた。
- Despite Emperor Keitai already had several wives and a lot of children before he moved to Yamato, he took the older (younger) sister of late Emperor as his Empress.
- 配流先は巨摩郡市河荘(山梨県市川三郷町、旧市川大門町)のであるとされているが、現在の昭和町西条とも考えられている。
- It is believed that the place where they settled was Ichikawa-sho, Koma-gun (Ichikawamisato-cho, formerly Ichikawadaimon-cho, Yamanashi Prefecture), but it could be the current Saijo, Showa-cho.
- 韓国の本貫では先祖の中の偉大な人物を始祖と呼び、その人物かその子孫が住み着いた土地や封じられた場所などを本貫とする。
- In South Korea, the greatest figure among one's ancestor was referred to as Shiso (founder), and the place where he or his descendants settled down or were appointed were regarded as hongan.
- これにより、先の豊後侵攻で島津軍の侵攻でも陥落しなかった岡城 (豊後国)の志賀親次や鶴崎城の妙林尼などが勢いづいた。
- This encouraged Chikatsugu SHIGA at Oka-jo Castle, which had been impregnable in the invasion of Bungo Province by the Shimazu army, and Myorinni at Tsurusaki-jo Castle.
- 毛利秀元は天安に在り稷山の戦急なるを聞き、乃ちその兵を率いてこれに赴援し先鋒の将宍戸元続・吉見広行等に先ず進ませた。
- Hidemoto MORI was at Cheonn, heard about the precarious situation at Shokusan and immediately rushed to support the battle at Shokusan with his army, ordered vanguards including Mototsugu SHISHIDO and Hiroyuki YOSHIMI to spearhead the attack.
- 彦根藩では、これに先立って直弼の腹心だった長野主膳や宇津木六之丞を斬首・打ち捨てに処したが、減封は免れられなかった。
- Although Naosuke's confidants, Shuzen NAGANO and Rokunojo UTSUGI, had already been decapitated and killed by the Hikone clan, their families still incurred a reduction in land value.
- 陸王心学と合わせて人間や物に先天的に存在するという理に依拠して学説が作られているため宋明理学(宋明理学)と呼ばれた。
- Shusigaku was also called Sominrigaku (Neo-Confucianism in the Sung and Ming dynasties) since its theory was based on 'Li' (reasons), which innately exist in human beings and things, together with Wang LU Shin school (Wang LU Mind school).
- 是より先、戦死者を収拾するに方り、一兵卒其の隻眼を銃射せられ、八日間晶外に外れ、絶えて飲食せず、能く生命を保てりと。
- In collecting the dead body of the war after this, it is said that a low-level soldier, whose eye was shot by a gun, was out of Shogai for eight days, ate nothing and drank nothing, but was still alive.
- 天智天皇の死後、壬申の乱を経て政権を奪取した天武天皇は、軍事を政治の最優先項目に置き、専制的な政治を推進していった。
- Following Emperor Tenji's death, Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the throne in the Jinshin War, placed priority on military affairs and implemented an autocratic style of government.
- これに先立つ和泉千石堀城の戦いでは、城の煙硝蔵が爆発したために一日で攻略できたものの攻城側にも多大な犠牲が出ている。
- In the previous battle of Sengokubori-jo Castle in Izumi Province, he could capture it in one day because of the explosion of the powder house, but his army also suffered a great deal of damage.
- 『新葉和歌集』の撰者である宗良親王は、先立った後村上天皇を偲んで歌われた長慶天皇との贈答歌が特に秀逸であると評する。
- Imperial Prince Munenaga, an anthologist of 'Shinyo Wakashu' commented that an exchanged poem with Emperor Chokei, which was composed to reminisce about late Emperor Gomurakami, was especially excellent.
- 蘇我入鹿を先頭に、蘇我馬子、蘇我倉山田石川麻呂、山背大兄王、大津皇子、山辺皇女など藤原氏を恨んで死んだ者たちの行列。
- A parade by those who died with a grudge against the Fujiwara clan--SOGA no Iruka at the head of the parade, then SOGA no Umako, SOGA no Kurayamada Ishikawa Maro, YAMASHIRO no Oe no O, Prince Otsu, Princess Yamanobe, etc.
- 吉井巌は、聖徳太子の弟で、実在する初の皇族将軍である来目皇子が出征先の九州で病死したことがモデルとなっているとする。
- Iwao YOSHII thinks that the story of Prince Kume, who was the younger brother of Prince Shotoku and the first real Imperial general who died of illness in Kyushu where he had been at the front, is the model for this tale.
- 明治22年(1889年)、北海道の赴任先から帰京した露伴は、「露団々」を起草し、寒月を介して「都の花」に発表された。
- After returning from Hokkaido in 1889, he wrote 'Tsuyu dandan' that was published in 'Miyako no Hana' (an influential fictional journal) an intermediary of Kangetsu.
- 戦場で指揮系統が一元化されていた三好方は先手を取り、指揮系統が一元化できていなかった畠山方は後手に回ったと思われる。
- It is considered that Miyoshi, with an unified chain of command, gained the initiative and Hatakeyama, with a disordered chain of command, had to be one step behind.
- すると先の「盟約」やそれに関連する旧王朝要人の存在などが明るみに出たので、県庁に仔細報告の上、厳しい取調べを始めた。
- They found out about the covenant as well as the important persons of the former dynasty who were involved in it, and thus they reported the Prefectural Government about it and started conducting severe interrogations.
- 立憲改進党を中心とする進歩党_(明治)結成(1896年3月1日)に先立って解党して所属議員の殆どが進歩党に参加した。
- Before the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Reform Party) merged with several smaller nationalist parties to form the Shinpoto (Progressive Party [in the Meiji period]) (on March 1, 1896), the Rikken Kakushinto dissolved and then most of its lawmakers joined the Shimpoto.
- 官政・外記政いずれの場合も、会議開始前に少納言・弁官・外記が先に集合して結政(かたなし、文書の整理分類)を予め行う。
- Whether it was kansei or gekisei, a shonagon (lesser councilor of state), a benkan (a controller of the Oversight Department) and a geki gathered a little before the conference and conducted a katanashi (ritual for reading out bound documents on the government affairs before the actual work of the government affairs started) in advance.
- 紐の先に鉤針を付けるなどして、建造物や山を登る際に使用される、鉤梯(かぎばしご)などのものを登るための道具「登器」。
- '登器,' tools that were used to climb such as Kagibashigo, which was a hook attached to a rope and used when climbing buildings and mountains.
- また、この天皇主権は究極のところ天皇の祖先である「皇祖皇宗」に主権があることを意味する「神勅主権」説とも捉えられた。
- In addition, the imperial sovereignty theory was also regarded as 'oracle sovereignty' theory which means that sovereign power resides with 'the Founders of the Imperial Family,' ancestor of the emperor ultimately.
- また山形模様は『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の衣装に採用されて広く認知されるようになったものだが、先行作でも使用が確認されている。
- Although Yamagata designs became widely recognized after showing up in 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' the use of its design is seen in works prior to that.
- また先に浅野家再興の嘆願を取りなして欲しいと依頼した荒木政羽も、江戸に戻ってから老中や若年寄に取り成しを行ってくれた。
- Masahane ARAKI, who had previously promised to be the mediator for the restoration of the Asano clan, passed the idea on to the members of shogun's Council of Elders as well as Junior Elders after returning to Edo
- つまり、自宅より出先の方が軽くて済むのであれば、本来の自宅以外の場所を「自宅」ということにすれば良いという考えである。
- In other words, the idea was that if the practice of Katatagae for travelling to one place to another except one's home should be more lightly treated than that of involving one's home, it was convenient to assume that a place which, in fact, was not one's home, would be 'one's home'.
- 高時の嫡子邦時は執権守時が扶持する事になり、先例によって5歳で八幡宮参詣が行われ、得宗の後継者としての儀式が行われた。
- It was decided that Shikken Moritoki should help Kunitoki, Takatoki's legitimate son, and in accordance with the precedent, Kunitoki paid a visit to Hachiman-gu Shrine when he was five to be inaugurated head of the Tokuso family.
- 日本では、尖頭器(槍先形尖頭器)は旧石器時代のナイフ形石器の盛行期(約2万年前から約1万5千年前まで)に出現している。
- In Japan the point (lanceolate-shaped point) appeared when the knife-like stone tool was at the peak (from about 20 thousand years to 15 thousand years ago) during the Paleolithic period.
- 伊藤に相前後して参議らから次々に意見書が出され、様々な意見が出される中で1人大隈だけが意見書の提出を先延ばしにしていた。
- Before and after Ito's submission, opinions were proposed by Sangi but only Okuma postponed submission of his opinion.
- 竪穴(縦穴)建物の屋根の軒先は地面付近まで下がることが多かったと推測され、外からは屋根しか見えなかったものと考えられる。
- The eaves of the pit-type dwelling roof are believed to have commonly reached close to the ground, with the roof the only part of the dwelling visible from the outside.
- 上端が尖る形状が多く、舌状、フィクロン形、槍先形あるいはミコク形、卵形、心臓形、アーモンド形などど呼称される場合がある。
- Many of their upper ends were pointed in such shapes as of so called tongue, ficron, spearhead or Micoquien, egg, heart, almond and so on.
- また他の一説には、(中国から見て)単に外来語であることを表す目印として先頭の文字を特別なものとしているというものがある。
- It is also said that special characters were used to express a name's foreign origin to a Chinese perspective.
- 数多くの作品をコンスタントに生み出す原動力となったのは、岡田茂体勢で確立した利益優先主義による作品の多ジャンル化である。
- The driving force for the constant production of films in a variety of genres was the profit-oriented business philosophy during the leadership of company president Shigeru OKADA.
- 午後3時には猛烈な火力を集中して薩軍の先陣を突破して後陣に迫ったが、中島が指揮する薩軍の逆襲で左翼部隊が総崩れとなった。
- At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the government army concentrated their firepower to break through the vanguard of the Satsuma army, closing in on the rear guard, but had its left flank fought back and routed by the Satsuma army led by Nakajima.
- また『歴史書』に著される山幸彦の孫の初代神武天皇がヤマトに向かう際、亀に乗り釣竿を持った男が水先案内人になる場合がある。
- Also, according to 'Rekishi-sho'(a history book), when the first Emperor Jinmu, a grandchild of Yamasachihiko, came to Yamato, a man with a fishing rod was riding on the back of a turtle.
- 1887年~91年の間に出された写実主義小説『浮雲 (二葉亭四迷)』は言文一致体で書かれ、日本の近代小説の先駆となった。
- His realistic novel 'Ukigumo'(the drifting cloud), published from 1887 to 1891, was written in a style unifying written and spoken language, and became the forerunner of modern Japanese novels.
- 自説を主張するだけでなくそれと対立する先行の説についても収載してあり、また基礎的な事柄からほとんどもれなく説明してある。
- He not only argues for his own theories, he also explains earlier theories that conflict with his, and he interprets nearly everything starting from the basics.
- これは1819年のシカゴ・マーカンタイル取引所(現在の穀物先物取引の世界的中心)の設立より100年以上も前のことである。
- This was many years before the establishment of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1819 (present center in the world for grain futures transaction)
- このほかに鋤先などの農具やヤリガンナなどの工具、鏃などの小型武器などもみられるが、大型の青銅器に比べて非常に少量である。
- There are very few, but some smaller bronze ware were also excavated, such as the tip of a spade used as farming equipment, a Japanese-style plane with long handle as a tool, and an arrowhead as smaller weapon.
- しかし、この性交の前に、女性である伊邪那美のほうが、先に男性の伊邪那岐を誘ったために、ちゃんとした子供が生まれなかった。
- However, it was Izanami, a female god, who seduced Izanagi, a male god, before sexual intercourse, so a normal child was not born.
- 父親の継体天皇は傍系出身であり、先々代仁賢天皇の皇女で、先代武烈天皇の姉(妹)である直系の手白香皇女を皇后に迎え入れた。
- Being a collateral descendant, Emperor Keitai, the father of Emperor Kinmei, selected Princess Tashiraka, a direct descendant as his Empress; she was princess of former Emperor Ninken as well as the sister of Emperor Buretsu.
- このため、先行した将門の動きが尚範の親族であった純友に何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性までは否定できないという考えもある。
- Some people believe that the incident caused by Masakado, as previously described, may have had some psychological effect on Sumitomo, as the relative of Hisanori.
- 存在説の立場では、近江令は律令制導入へ至る先駆的かつ重要な法令であり、後の飛鳥浄御原令や大宝律令へ影響を与えたとしている。
- For the believers, Omi-Ryo was a pioneering and important legal code toward the introduction of the Ritsuryo system, which had a great impact on Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state of Asuka) and Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) later on.
- 上述のように、1升という量があってそれを量る枡が作られたのではなく、先に物を量る枡が定められ、その量が「升」と定められた。
- As previously mentioned, the masu was not made to measure the unit of sho, but the 'sho' was defined by the existing masu to measure.
- 政虎は、猛将・柿崎景家を先鋒に、車懸りの陣(車輪のスポークのように部隊を配置し、次々攻撃する陣形)で武田軍に襲いかかった。
- With Kageie KAKIZAKI, a bold military commander, as the spearhead, Masatora's forces attacked Takeda's forces in the battle formation of 'Kuruma-gakarino-jin' (in which soldiers were placed in the formation like spokes of a wheel, and made attacks successively).
- また両国の外交文書は日本語と朝鮮真文(漢文)で書くこととし、日本側の文書には、先10年間は日本語に漢文を併記する事とした。
- Also they decided that the diplomatic documents of both countries should be written in Japanese and the legitimate language of Korea (namely Chinese), and the documents of Japan should be written in both Japanese and Chinese for the next 10 years.
- これは芭蕉の出生前後に松尾家が柘植から赤坂へ引っ越しをしていて、引っ越しと芭蕉誕生とどちらが先だったかが不明だからである。
- This is because the Matsuo family moved from Tsuge to Akasaka and it is unknown whether Basho was born before or after moving.
- 以後、西園寺家から中宮を出す慣例の先駆となるとともに、持明院統(後深草天皇の系譜)が幕府と近い関係を持つきっかけとなった。
- With this, the Saionji family established their precedent of producing Empresses, and in addition, used this as the impetus to forge close ties between the Jimyoin imperial lineage (the genealogy beginning with Emperor Gofukakusa) and the bakufu.
- これによって雑戸の復活が行われたと解釈される場合が多く、それが先の天平16年の勅を一時的なものと解釈する根拠となっている。
- This order is often thought to have brought back zakko, which serves as the basis for interpreting the above-mentioned imperial decree in 744 as temporal.
- にも関わらず、情報を入手した中央の貴族が家来や商人に命じて大宰府よりも先に来航者と接触して交易を行う例がしばしば見られた。
- However, those aristocrats with the information about the foreign merchants often ordered their servants or related merchants to reach out them, and traded with before Dazaifu.
- 先立って書かれた坪内逍遥の『当世書生気質』に色濃く残っていた戯作文学の影響を排し、日本の近代小説の始まりを告げたとされる。
- It is said that he removed the influence of gesaku literature, which had still remained strong in Shoyo TSUBOUCHI's 'Tosei shosei katagi' (The Character of Modern Students) written ahead of time, and told the beginning of modern Japanese novels.
- 写真は突起をともなわない石鏃(無茎石鏃)であるが、矢の先端の反対側に突起(茎)をもつものもあり、これは有茎石鏃と呼ばれる。
- Picture shows a Sekizoku without a projection (Mukei Sekizoku), although there are Sekizoku that have a projection opposite the pointed top of an arrowhead and these are called Yukei Sekizoku (Sekizoku with projection).
- そして国防方針は外交で国家の発展を確保し、その上で有事においては先制主義と短期決戦を軍事ドクトリンとすることが定められた。
- And the policy for national defense stated to ensure national development in diplomacy and to set first-strike principal and short-term operation in a military contingency as the military doctrine.
- 現代でも、庚申堂を中心とした庚申信仰の行われている地域では、軒先に身代わり猿を吊り下げる風習が見られ、一目でそれと分かる。
- In the areas where Koshin belief centered on a Koshin hall is deeply rooted, the custom of hanging a monkey effigy from the edge of the eaves is observed, an obvious manifestation of the belief.
- 『山城国風土記』逸文では、賀茂県主の祖の賀茂建角身命は神武天皇の先導をした後、大和の葛城を通って山城国へ至ったとしている。
- A surviving fragment of 'Yamashirokoku-fudoki' (description of regional climate, culture, etc.) states that KAMO taketsunumi no mikoto, the ancestor of KAMO no agatanushi, passed through Katsuragi in Yamato on his way to Yamashiro Province after guiding the Emperor Jinmu.
- 先駆者としては、肥前国長崎生まれの西川如見がおり、長崎で見聞した海外事情を通商関係の観点から記述した『華夷通商考』を著した。
- Among the pioneers, Joken NISHIKAWA from Nagasaki, Hizen Province wrote 'Kaitsushoko' (Considerations on commerce with foreign countries) which described overseas circumstances he learned in Nagasaki from the viewpoint of trade relations.
- 官営模範工場(かんえいもはんこうじょう)は、明治政府が殖産興業の政策のため、率先して新しい産業を興すべく創設した工場である。
- Government-run model factories were set up by the Meiji Government for the promotion of new industries.
- なお、家を後継したばかりの若い主君では、先代の重臣たちに実務面で太刀打ちができず、主君を中心とした統一的な行動が難しくなる。
- The young lord who just succeeded as the head of a family couldn't compete with the chief retainers who served to the predecessor in practical affairs, which created a difficulty in getting united action, centering on a lord.
- 裁判に先立ち、収監されていた22名は1901年1月20日すぎに東京に移されたが、3月28日までには全員がいったん釈放された。
- Twenty-two prisoners were all moved to Tokyo on January 20, 1901 and once released by March 28 before the court was held.
- 警官隊は解散命令を発した直後に農民らに殴りかかり、先導の船を運んでいた農民らを相次いで逮捕、拘束した(農民らの証言による)。
- (According to some peasants) the police made a raid upon peasants right after they gave a winding-up order and arrested demonstrators who were carrying the headmost boat.
- 替地にあたり、幕府の上使松平勝隆・曽根源左衛門吉次から、領民等に対して「山川諸事先規の通り」と言う申し渡しがなされてはいた。
- On the occasion of the kaechi, the shogunal envoys Katsutaka MATSUDAIRA and Genzaemon Kichiji SONE passed a verbal message to the residents of the transferred territory, saying 'As for any issues concerning the terrain (literally 'mountains and rivers'), they shall be the same as before.'
- また、先に中止させた大隈による通貨改革の布告への反対を撤回したため、改めて4月29日をもって交付されることとなったのである。
- Also, because OKUBO withdrew his opposition to the currency reform declaration by OKUMA which he had canceled before, the reform was rescheduled to be issued on April 29.
- ボートの舳先にはB旗(我は激しく攻撃を受け)とN旗(援助を乞う)、白旗、赤十字旗、ロシアの国旗を掲げて投降することとなった。
- They displayed B flag (I was severely attacked) and N flag (ask for aid) along with the white flag, the Red Cross flag and the Russian flag at the head of the boat to surrender.
- 新政府設立後間もない時の明治の即位の礼では儀式に用いる物は先代孝明天皇の時に使用した物を使っていたが、高御座等が新調された。
- The Takamikura and other objects were newly made for the ceremonies although they used same ceremonial objects as predecessor Emperor Komei at the Sokui no rei of Meiji, which was held shortly after the establishment of new government.
- 広げて持つときは要の少し上を持ち、閉じてからは片手で中心より根元よりの部分を軽く持ち、もう一方の手を下から先の部分に添える。
- To hold an open fan, the user has to hold it by the point slightly above the pivot; to hold an closed fan, the user has to hold it lightly with one hand by the point closer to the bottom from the center and place the other hand from below the fan to the position near the top.
- しかし、桓武天皇以後、三種の神器を先帝から受け継ぐことを践祚、皇位についたことを天下に布告することを即位というようになった。
- Since the enthronement of the Emperor Kanmu, however, a separation between sokui and senso was created, with senso meaning the succession of Sanshu-no-jingi (Three Imperial Regalia) from the ex-emperor and sokui meaning the new emperor declaring to the people that he has acceded to the throne.
- こうしたお家再興よりも吉良家への仇討ちを優先しようとする勢力は、江戸詰めの藩士たちに多かったため、彼らは江戸急進派と呼ばれた。
- Since there were many retainers working in Edo who wanted to prioritize the revenge over restoration of the clan, they were called the Edo radicals.
- 平城京への遷都に先立って撰定・施行された大宝律令が、日本国内の実情に合うように多方面から検討し変更されるなどから上記が分かる。
- This can be seen in the fact that Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) - which had been chosen and implemented before the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo - was reviewed and adapted in various ways so that it would be more suitable for real Japanese society.
- 復興会議の第4日目である11月11日、わだつみ像は立命大に到着し、当日市内では像を先頭に押し立てた「歓迎デモ」が行われていた。
- On November 11, the fourth day of the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi, the Wadatsumi-zo Statue was delivered to Ritsumeikan University, and students, holding the statue at the head of a parade, marched in Kyoto City, showing their welcome.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- 庭先に控えていた将軍警護の走衆と赤松氏の武者とが斬り合いになり、塀によじ登って逃げようとする諸大名たちで屋敷は修羅場と化した。
- Foot soldiers who were guarding the shogun in the garden and warriors of the Akamatus clan started fighting with swords and the residence transformed into a battlefield with territorial lords who climbed a wall trying to escape.
- またテレビ作品においては骨格作りよりも視聴率や映画製作資金の獲得を最優先しており、その状況次第で作品の傾向を変えることが多い。
- The top priorities in regard to the production of TV programs were audience ratings and the procurement of funds for film production rather than the particular framework for a program, therefore, it was often the case that their development was affected by these priorities.
- その後六氏先生事件なども発生したが、総督府は教育政策を推進し、翌年台湾全域に国語伝習所を設置するなどの教育機関の拡充に努めた。
- Though the Zhishanyan Incident happened, in which six teachers were killed by guerrillas, the Sotoku-fu promoted the education policy to improve the educational institution by establishing the Japanese language study school throughout Taiwan the next year.
- 先に触れた問注所の三善康連の父、三善康信(善信)であるが、確かに彼が残した記録が編纂のベースのひとつとして利用されたであろう。
- Yasunobu (Zenshin) MIYOSHI was the father of Yasutsura MIYOSHI of Monchujo mentioned above, and his record would have been used as one of the bases for compiling the book.
- 冒頭部分は自伝性が強い物語風の記述となっており、のちの『和泉式部日記』などに代表される女流日記文学に先駆けた内容となっている。
- The opening lines of the collection is a narrative description with strong autobiographical elements, and it was a pioneer of the female diary literature represented by the 'Izumi Shikibu Diary,' written in later years.
- しかし元永元年(1118年)秋ごろから、先帝の霊がとりついたと称してたびたび託言を行い、藤原璋子の妊娠、出産を予言したりした。
- From the autumn of 1118, however, she often prophesied something on the pretext of being possessed by the spirit of former Emperor, including the prophet concerning FUJIWARA no Shoshi's pregnancy and delivery.
- この乱戦の中で齋野道二が真っ先かけて政宗に切り掛かり、政宗の猩々緋の陣羽織を切り裂いたため、政宗は跡を見ずに逃げ去っていった。
- Masamune fled without looking back because Doji ITSUKI first attacked to slash Masamune and split up Masamune's jinbaori (sleeveless campaign jacket worn over armor) of yellowish crimson in the battle.
- 十八代当主 徳川恒孝(会津松平家から養子。松平一郎と、家正の娘・徳川豊子との間の子。血縁上、先代・家正の孫。元日本郵船副社長)
- Tsunenari TOKUGAWA, the eighteenth family head, who was adopted from the Aizu-Matsudaira family, and was a child of Ichiro Matsudaira and Toyoko TOKUGAWA, daughter of Iemasa; he was a blood-related grandson of Iemasa, the previous family head; and he was a former vice president of Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line).
- 3世紀中期に見られる前方後円墳の登場は統一政権の成立を示唆しており、このときに成立した大王家が天皇家の祖先だと考えられている。
- The appearance of the large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds from the mid third century, indicates the establishment of a unified authority and the family of the Great King at that time are thought to be the ancestors of the Imperial Family.
- 神成大尉は第2、第3小隊計88名をソリ隊の応援に向かわせると同時に、設営隊15名を田代方面に斥候を兼ねた先遣隊として先行させた。
- Captain Kannari made the second and the third platoons, 88 people in total, go to help the sledge troop and a construction party, 15 people, go first as an advance troop and patrol toward Tashiro.
- この間鉄道は「物珍しい先進国の技術」から始まって、旅行の足、産業発展に不可欠な輸送機関、戦争遂行のための道具などの責務を担った。
- Around this time, what began as a 'curious technology from an advanced country' moved on to serve as a means of travel, an indispensable means of transportation for industrial development, and a tool for war and other functions.
- 伊東玄朴の蘭学塾「象先堂」にあった『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』全21巻を佐野常民が勝手に持ち出し30両で質入してしまったと言われている。
- It was said that Tsunetami SANO carried away 'Doeff Halma' complete in 21 volumes in 'Shosendo,' the Institute for Western Studies led by Genboku ITO, and pawned it for 30 ryo.
- こうした国際法への認識を改め、率先して条約体制に参加するよう促す一助となったのが、『万国公法』という一冊の国際法解説書であった。
- What helped to correct such understanding about international law and promote participation in treaty system voluntarily was a commentary of international law named 'Bankoku Koho.'
- これより先、岡山県にある鴨方駅近くの浅口郡六条院村(現在の里庄町)にある、六条院派出所に男が宿を斡旋してほしいと言って来ていた。
- In Rokujoin Village in Asakuchi County (currently Satosho town) near Kamogata station in Okayama Prefecture, which is past Fukuyama station, a man visited the Rokujoin police box to ask a policeman to find an accommodation for him.
- 局部磨製石斧(きょくぶませいせきふ)とは、いまより約3万年前の後期旧石器時代初頭に登場した、刃先に磨きをかけた石斧のことである。
- Kyokubumasei-sekifu is a edge-ground stone axe which appeared in the early upper Paleolithic period about 30 thousand years ago.
- また、嫡出子・庶出の子それぞれの中でも、先に生まれた者及びその子孫の系統を優先して、後に生まれた者及びその子孫の系統を後にする。
- Furthermore, even among the children of legitimate and of illegitimate birth, the first-born son and his male-line descendants took precedence over those sons born afterwards and their male-line descendants.
- だが、人が寝静まった子一つの時(夜中の12時半ごろ)、女が女童を先に立たせ、女のことを思って眠れずにいた男の寝所までやってきた。
- Yet around midnight when everyone was asleep, preceded by a little girl, she went to the chamber in which he was spending a sleepless night, thinking of her.
- 藤原北家の総帥だった藤原忠平は宮廷の儀式作法に関心が深く、先例を尊重して儀式を行ったことは『貞信公記』にも詳細に記載されている。
- FUJIWARA no Tadahira, the patriarch of the Northern House of Fujiwara clan, was also a connoisseur of court ceremony etiquette who performed ceremonies by respectfully following the precedents, as was described in detail by 'Teishinko-ki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadahira).
- また、594年(推古2)に仏教興隆の詔が下されたのを受けて諸臣連達が、天皇と自己の祖先一族のために競って私寺(氏寺)を造り始めた。
- In 594, following the issue of an imperial decree promoting Buddhism, many powerful clans competed to build private temples (known as uji-dera) for the Emperor and their ancestors.
- 同年11月14日滝川一益、明智光秀、蜂屋頼隆、氏家直重、伊賀伊賀守、稲葉良通、羽柴秀吉、細川藤孝軍と荒木村重軍の先鋒隊が激突した。
- On December 22, 1578, troops of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yoritaka HACHIYA, Naoshige UJIIE, Iganokami IGA, Yoshimichi INABA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA and the vanguard of the troops of Murashige ARAKI crashed.
- 極めて独特な体裁をとり、先行する晩唐の詩人李商隠(字は義山)の編んだ『義山雑纂』に多少の類似が指摘されるほか、類書は見当たらない。
- Its writing style is extremely individualistic: there is no similar book except 'Gizan-zassan (Gizan Collection),' compiled by Shangyin LI (courtesy name Yishan), a poet of the late Tang dynasty.
- 評定所の呼称については、先述の寛永12年の法令では「寄合場」と記載され、必ずしも「評定所」の呼称が当初から用いられたわけではない。
- In the act of 1636, the Hyojosho was referred to as 'Yoriaijo;' the name of the Hyojosho was not necessarily used from the beginning.
- ただし、この長すぎる在位や高い年齢については半年を一年と数える半年暦や先代天皇との親子合算方式の在位年数を考慮すべきとの説もある。
- Some people say that his too-long life and reign may have been brought by calculation methods such that a six-month period was counted as one year or the period of his reign included his father's period.
- が、綱吉の死後、宝永6年(1709年)、新井白石が6代将軍家宣の補佐役となると綱吉の葬式も終えぬうちに真っ先にこの法令は廃止された。
- However after Tsunayoshi's death in 1709, when Hakuseki ARAI took the office of Shogun Ienobu's assistant, he abolished this law before even holding a funeral ceremony for Tsunayoshi.
- 直ちに諸社諸寺に調伏の祈祷が命じられ、翌天慶3年(940年)1月9日には先に将門謀反の密告をした源経基が賞されて従五位下に叙された。
- An immediate order was given to temples and shrines to pray for the subjugation of the rebellion and, on January 9, 940, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, who had been the one to secretly inform the Imperial Court of Masakado's rebellion, was bestowed the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
- ただし、欧米による先行のモデルとの差異を論じるべく日本型植民地支配がどのようなものであったかについては継続して議論が戦わされている。
- However, the discussion on what the Japanese-style rule of the colony was like has continued to argue over the difference from prior models made by Europe and America.
- ここから先は、山岡元隣『宝蔵』(寛文11年 (1671))に両親等とともに門左衛門の一句が収められている他はしばらく伝記が途絶える。
- Then for some time there is no record except one poem by Monzaemon, together with poems by his parents and other people, included in 'Takaragura' (The Treasure House) by Genrin YAMAOKA.
- 綱吉並びにその母である桂昌院の散財、生類憐みの令の採用等と相俟って先代家綱の頃からの慢性的な財政赤字は、先述のように悪化していった。
- The above-mentioned worsening of the chronic budget deficit that had been built up since the rule of Ietsuna, the previous shogun, was due to the excessive spending by Tsunayoshi and his mother Keishoin, as well as the enforcement of the Shorui Awareminorei.
- 実際には古来から兄弟間での天皇位の相続は一般的であり、それについて弓削皇子が葛野王に問いかけようとした矢先、葛野王は弓削皇子を一喝。
- Actually, the succession of the imperial throne between brothers was common from ancient time, and when Yuge no miko was going to ask Kado no okimi about this, Kado no okimi scolded loudly Yuge no miko.
- その後、古河家の姉小路基嗣・姉小路済継が小島家を圧倒して宗家の地位を奪うが、息子に先立たれた済継が死亡すると、同家は断絶状態となる。
- Mototsugu ANEGAKOJI and Naritsugu ANEGAKOJI of the Furukawa family subsequently attacked the Kojima family and deprived them of the position of head of the family, but Naritsugu's son died early, and the line ended with Naritsugu's death.
- そのために、系図の粉飾が行われたのだとも言うが、実はそれより先の1567年に三河守を受領するために、すでに系図の粉飾が行われている。
- As such, it can be said there was some window dressing of the family tree for this reason or, subsequently in 1567 there was embellishment to the pedigree to secure an appointment as Governor of Mikawa Province.
- 仲麻呂の行動を予測した真備は、山城国日下部子麻呂と衛門少尉佐伯伊多智の率いる官軍を先回りさせて勢多橋を焼いて、東山道への進路を塞いだ。
- Makibi speculated Nakamaro's action, and sent a government army led by KUSAKABE no Komaro from the Yamashiro Province and Emon shojo (junior lieutenant) SAEKI no Itaji and had them burn the Seta-bashi Bridge, effectively blocking the route to Tosan-do Road.
- この町方・廻り方同心や火付盗賊改方配下の同心は、捜査の補助や情報源として岡っ引、目明しなどと称する私的な手先を使用することが多かった。
- Machikata and Mawarikata-doshins as well as doshin under the investigation division for arson and organized robbery often used their private pawns called okappiki or meakashi as an investigation assistant and information source.
- また、第一次エチオピア戦争で、エチオピア帝国がイタリア王国に勝利した先例があるが、 これは英仏の全面的な軍事的支援によるものであった。
- Although there was a precedent set by the Ethiopian Empire when it defeated the Kingdom of Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, they succeeded in ousting the Italian with the full military support of England and France.
- 中国統一に先立つ581年に隋の楊堅は開皇律令を制定しているが、非常に体系的な内容を有しており、これにより律令制が完成したとされている。
- In 581, prior to the unification of China, Yang Jian of the Sui Dynasty promulgated the highly systematic Kaihuang Ritsuryo, which is considered to have completed the Ritsuryo system.
- これらは提出先が評定所内に設置された御定書御用掛あてに提出されており、また完成した集成は御用部屋と評定所に1部ずつ備え付けられていた。
- These documents were submitted to the Osadamegaki Goyogakari in Hyojosho (conference chamber), and one complete collection was provided in the office and in Hyojosho.
- ところが、平城・嵯峨両天皇の后(当時の后はそれぞれ朝原内親王・高津内親王)よりも先に高志内親王が恒世を儲けたことで事態は複雑となった。
- However, the situation became complicated because Imperial Princess Koshi gave birth to Tsuneyo before the Empresses (Imperial Princess Asahara and Imperial Princess Takatsu, respectively, on this occasion) of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga.
- なお香川県においても岡山県と同様に桃太郎伝説が存在するが、この「讃岐桃太郎」の主役は讃岐国平定にて先陣を切った稚武彦命であるとされる。
- A Momotaro legend exists in Kagawa Prefecture as well as Okayama Prefecture; the protagonist in this Kagawa version of the legend is believed to be Wakatakehiko no Mikoto, who led the vanguard in the conquest of Sanuki Province.
- しかし、官位的には晴明も息子安倍吉平(954-1027)も最終的には従四位であって、先祖である兄雄と比べれば格下であるのは明白である。
- However, in terms of the official court rank, Seimei and his son ABE no Yoshihira (954-1027) were at Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank); it is obvious that their ranks were lower than those of their ancestor Anio.
- 幕末の当主・今川範叙は、高家として官軍との講和、江戸城の開城に尽力するが、明治維新後家禄を失って没落し、嫡子・今川淑人にも先立たれた。
- The family head at the end of Edo Period, Norinobu IMAGAWA, made efforts as koke to make peace with the government army and surrender Edo-jo Castle, but he lost his fief and fell after the Meiji Restoration and his first legitimate son Yoshito IMAGAWA died before him.
- 物部氏(もののべうじ)は河内国の哮峰(現・大阪府交野市か)に天皇家よりも前に天孫降臨したとされるニギハヤヒミコトを祖先と伝えられる氏族。
- It is said that the Mononobe clan's ancestor is Nigihayahimikoto, who is believed to have descended to earth in Koho, Kawachi Province (presumably, present-day Katano City, Osaka Prefecture) before the time of the Imperial family.
- また、下総国匝瑳郡に本拠を持つ物部匝瑳連の祖先伝承に、物部布都久留 の子で物部木蓮子の弟の物部小事が関東地方に進出したというものがある。
- In a tradition handed down from the ancestors of Mononobe no Sosa Muraji based in Sosa County, Shimousa Province, there is also a record that MONONOBE no Ogoto, who was a child of MONONOBE no Futsukuru and a younger brother of MONONOBE no Itabi, entered into the Kanto region.
- 下野国と下総国の国境で連合軍は将門軍の先手に攻めかかるが、意外な抵抗にあい一旦退却しようとしたところに将門の本隊が到着して突撃してきた。
- At the border between Shimotsuke and Shimousa Provinces, the allied forces launched an attack on the first line of the Masakado army, but were met with unexpected force which led them to retreat, at which time they were rushed by the main unit of the army.
- また、1959年開局の日本教育テレビ(現在のテレビ朝日)に資本参加し同局番組の有力な供給源となるなど、来るべきテレビ時代に先手を打った。
- Additionally, Toei took the initiative at the beginning of the coming TV era: it made an investment in Nihon Educational Television (now called TV Asahi Corporation) to start broadcasting in 1959 and became a major source of programs for the TV station.
- 髭黒もさすがにそれは世間体も悪いと引き止めたものの、いざ玉鬘のところへ出発しようとした矢先、突然狂乱した北の方に香炉の灰を浴びせられる。
- Higekuro, who thought that it looked bad, tried to hold her back, but when he was about to leave for Tamakazura's, she suddenly got mad at him, and threw ashes from the incense burner at him.
- また同時期太平天国の乱を鎮圧した曾国藩や李鴻章ら地方の大官も西欧の先進技術を学ぶ重要性を認識し、軍事・産業方面の近代化を推し進めていた。
- In the same period, local high officials including Guofan ZENG and Hung Chang LI, who quashed Taiping Rebellion, also understood importance of studying advanced technology of western countries and were promoting modernization of military system and industries.
- 現在でも死んでから1~3年後に常設の「神主(しんしゅ)」(儒教でも用いる。仏教の位牌にあたるもの。)に名前を記し、新たな先祖として祀る。
- Today, the rite is performed 1 to 3 years after death by writing the name of the deceased on 'shinshu' (it is equivalent to Buddhist tablets which is also used in Confucianism) and it is revered as a new ancestor.
- 称光天皇よりも先に、急死したことから、皇統は後光厳天皇から始まる後小松上皇の系統から、崇光天皇に始まる伏見宮の系統へと移ることとなった。
- Since he suddenly died before Emperor Shoko, the Imperial Lineage was switched from the lineage of the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu, which was started by Emperor Gokogon, to the lineage of Fushiminomiya, which was started by Emperor Suko.
- 倭国軍の戦闘構想は、先ず扶余豊璋を帰国させて百済復興軍の強化を図り、新羅軍を撃破した後、後続部隊の到着を待って唐軍と決戦することにあった。
- Wakoku's military strategy was first to bring home King Hosho to strengthen the Kudara restoration force, then, after crushing the Silla force, to wait for the arrival of the reinforcements to fight against the Tang forces.
- また、註釈・解説としての性質上、先行の抄物の内容をそのまま踏襲することはしばしば見られ、この点において一般の文学作品などとは性質が異なる。
- Also, due to the nature of commentary and explanation, it was common to see shomono which emulated the contents of previous compositions, in this way shomono differs from general literary works.
- しかし、邑楽用水から利根川までの間には警官隊が5重の防衛ラインを張って待っていたため、農民らは船を運んでいる者たちを先導にして先を進んだ。
- There were quintuple defense barriers made by riot police between Oura irrigation canal and the Tone-gawa River, so demonstrators avoided that route and followed the route led by boatmen.
- また、人骨に武器の切っ先が嵌入している事例も、北部九州を中心に数例が確認されているが、これらは武器による受傷人骨であることが明らかである。
- Also there are several cases with tip of weapons impacted human bones in northern Kyushu, and they are clearly human bones showing weapon trauma.
- 吉元から内願した形式をとった後、5月28日 (旧暦)に元次のお預けを免じ、先年の吉元の願い通りに、元次の隠退と百次郎の家督相続を許可した。
- On July 15, taking the form of request from Yoshimoto, Mototsugu was freed from the taken-care-of state, resigned from the lord post, as Yoshimoto requested in the previous year, and it was permitted for Momojiro to inherit the family head position.
- After the restoration took the shape that Yoshimoto asked for on May 28 (old calendar), Mototsugu was released from custody, and just as Yoshimoto asked for before, Mototsugu's withdraw and Hyakujiro's succession to the family headship was permitted.
- 宇喜多秀家が領していた備前国岡山市から先は毛利の勢力範囲であったため、織田軍と毛利軍は備前・備中国国境地帯で攻防を繰り広げることとなった。
- Since the areas beyond Okayama City, Bizen Province, which were governed by Hideie UKITA, were under the influence of Mori, the Oda forces and the Mori forces ended up having fierce battles around the borders between Bizen Province and Bitchu Province.
- 8代執権北条時宗の死後、有力御家人の安達泰盛と、内管領の平頼綱が対立し、頼綱方の先制攻撃を受けた泰盛とその一族・与党が滅ぼされた事件である。
- After the death of the eighth regent Tokimune HOJO, the senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and TAIRA no Yoritsune, Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]) opposed each other and Yasumori, his family, and his party were destroyed in this incident in which Yoritsuna's party made the preemptive attack.
- 現実例から抽出されたモデルに現実に用いられた呼称を適用することからはじまったが、先行モデルを中心に価値判断を排除すべく概念規定されつつある。
- The naming started from applying actually used names to models extracted from actual examples, and the concept of colony is being determined to exclude value judgments mainly from prior models.
- その後療養のために二条院に移り、時折出家したい心境をもらすこともあったが、最後までそれを許されぬまま、光源氏に先立って病没した(「御法」)。
- Later she moves to the Nijoin residence in order to receive medical treatment, and sometimes mentions that she wants to become a nun, but she dies before Hikaru Genji of an illness without being allowed to become a nun ('Minori').
- 海外では先端の尖ったナイフ形石器を尖頭器に含んで扱うことが多いが、日本では両刃の槍先形尖頭器とは区別して片刃の利器をナイフ形石器と呼称する。
- Sharp-ended stone tools resembling a knife are often categorized as point in abroad, however, in Japan they are separated from double-edged spear points and only single-edged tools are referred as stone tools resembling a knife.
- また、婚約の勅許を下した仁孝天皇は、「水戸は先代以来、政教能く行われ、世々勤王の志厚しとかや、宮の為には良縁なるべし」と満足したといわれる。
- When the Emperor Ninko gave permission for the marriage, he was satisfied with it, saying as following: 'Because the Mito Domain have been dedicated to both religions and politics since the period of their predecessors, and have been highly loyal to the emperors for generations, this marriage should be good for the Princess.
- そして堺灯台の建造など港湾改修・紡績所・レンガ工場・堺博覧会など商工業振興のほか浜寺公園と大浜公園 (堺市)の開設など先進的に県政がすすんだ。
- In addition, seen in the construction of the Sakai Light House and so on, apart from the promotion of trade and craft such as the restoration of seaports, the creation of spinning mills, brick factories, and hosting of the Sakai Exposition, Hamadera Park and Ohama Park (Sakai City) were built, helping prefectural legislations move forward.
- 将軍が殺された時に、管領でありながら戦いもせず、真っ先に逃げ出そうとした持之の臆病ぶりは嘲笑され、持之が満祐と結託しているという噂まで流れた。
- People made a mock of Mochiyuki's cowardliness because he tried to run away first without fighting back when the shogun was killed even though he was in the position of kanrei, and it was rumored that Mochiyuki was in conspiracy with Mitsusuke.
- その後、温暖化により海面が上昇した結果、先に述べた対馬・朝鮮半島間の水路の幅が広がって朝鮮海峡となり、対馬暖流が日本海に流れ込むこととなった。
- Later, due to the sea level rise in the above mentioned, the waterway between Tsushima Island and the Korean peninsula widened and became the Korea Strait; as a result, Tsushima Danryu (warm current) came to flow into the Sea of Japan.
- しかし、これも、武器の先端を折りとって副葬品として棺内に埋納するという風習があったのではないかといった反論がだされており、決着はついていない。
- However there is a counter argument that there could be a custom to bury tip of weapons as burial goods inside the coffin and the argument has not yet been settled.
- 関ヶ原の合戦に勝利した徳川家康は幕府設立に先立ち、貨幣制度の整備を重要課題の一つとし、後藤庄三郎光次に全国流通を前提とした小判の鋳造を命じた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had won the Battle of Sekigahara, made the improvement of currency system one of the most important tasks before the foundation of Bakufu, ordering Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO to cast Koban which were supposed to be circulated across the country.
- 商法の施行延期が決定されたことで論争はさらに勢いを増し、1891年、穂積八束が『民法出デテ忠孝亡ブ』という論文を発表し、「我国ハ祖先教ノ国ナリ。
- The decision to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code led to disputes, and in 1891 Yatsuka HOZUMI said the following in his thesis 'Minho Idete Chuko Horobu' (As civil laws are being introduced, loyalty and filial duty are being lost): 'Our country worships ancestors.
- それによって御台所の立場は不動のものとなったが、約100年もの間、御台所不在の期間が続き、その間は先代将軍の正室や将軍子女らが、大奥を主宰した。
- As a result, Midaidokoro's position was consolidated, but during the Midaidokoro's absence for about 100 years, the previous Shogun's lawful wife or Shogun's children organized O-oku.
- 半月後の10月11日(旧暦8月27日 (旧暦))には竹内百太郎ら浪士37人が江戸(芝)薩摩藩邸に駆け込み攘夷の先鋒ならんとする意見書を提出した。
- Two weeks later on October 11, 37 roshi, including Hyakutaro TAKEUCHI, rushed to the residence of Satsuma Domain in Edo (Shiba) and submitted a written opinion stating that they will lead the vanguard of the expulsion of foreigners.
- 映画やテレビドラマ、演劇では、雪の降りしきる夜、赤穂浪士は袖先に山形模様のそろいの羽織を着込み、内蔵助が「一打三流」の山鹿流陣太鼓を打ち鳴らす。
- In movies, TV series, and theatrical performances, Ako Roshi wears a matching haori (Japanese half-coat) with Yamaga design on underneath, and Kuranosuke bangs the Yamaga style jin-daiko (a battle drum used to order troop movements) in heavy snow.
- 渡来人(帰化人)は養蚕、機織り、陶磁器、建築などの先進技術や『論語』に代表される中国文化、文筆・出納などの実務技術をヤマト(倭国)へもたらした。
- These 'toraijin' (naturalized citizens) brought advanced technologies such as sericulture, weaving, ceramics, and architecture, as well as Chinese culture from the 'Analects of Confucius,' practical skills such as writing and accounting to Yamato (Wakoku).
- さきに1871年琉球船が難破し台湾南部へ漂着した際、先住民による琉球島民殺害事件が発生していたが明治政府はそれを解決できないまま数年が経過した。
- Before that, the Meiji government did not resolve the incident of suicide of Ryukyu sailors whose ship had been wrecked and cast up on the coast of southern Taiwan in 1871, and several years had passed.
- まず「良知」とは貴賤にかかわらず万人が心の内にもつ先天的な道徳知(「良知良能は、愚夫愚婦も聖人と同じ」)であり、また人間の生命力の根元でもある。
- First, 'ryochi' is the innate moral knowledge that everybody has in their mind irrespective of rank or social status ('innate knowledge and ability are the same for the foolish person as they are for the sage') and the source of a person's vitality.
- 3月には秀吉の弟・豊臣秀長の軍勢が豊前小倉において先着していた毛利輝元や宇喜多秀家、宮部継潤ら中国の軍勢と合流し、豊臣軍の総勢は10万になった。
- In April, the forces of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, who was Hideyoshi's younger brother, joined the Chugoku forces of Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA, and Keijun MIYABE who had already arrived at Buzen Kokura, making a 100,000-strong Toyotomi army.
- (意味)我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
- (Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.
- この本来の旧事紀(十巻本)とは別に異本(『先代旧事本紀大成経』(72巻本)・『白河本旧事紀』(30巻本)・『大成経鷦鷯伝』(31巻本))もある。
- Other than this original Kujiki (ten-volume set), there are alternative versions ('Sendai Kujihongi Taiseikyo' (72-volume set), 'Shirakawa Hon Kujiki' (30-volume set) and 'Taiseikyo Sasakiden' (31-volume set)).
- 景気の悪化など大きな不安要素はあったものの、5月に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙で、与党政友会が歴史的大勝を果たした矢先の退陣は憶測を呼んだ。
- Although there were certain disturbing elements such as economic downturn in those days, the resignation prompted a flurry of speculation because the cabinet was dissolved shortly after the ruling Seiyu Party won the tenth general election of the House of Representative in May with a historic landslide victory.
- その先祖は江戸時代初期に漁村(大村藩の密貿易の港兼用)代官所の手代(算盤方)として郷士格村役人の家より出仕、後に勘定方藩士として取り立てられた。
- His ancestors from a family of goshi, or village officer, status had served as (accounting) clerks in the local government of a fishing village (also a smuggling port of the domain of Omura) at the beginning of the Edo period, and were later promoted to accounting officer status.
- 率先して貧しい患者を一切無料で診察したので庶民からの絶大な信頼を得ることになり、「ドクター・タカミ」の名は「地元の名士」として知られるようになる。
- Since he was willing to see the poor for free, he earned himself enormous trust from people, and acquired a big name locally as 'Doctor Takami.'
- しかし次第にこの原則は崩れ、財政難などから、藩主の庶子は、養子縁組先がないと、家老はおろか給人級の家臣として分家させられることも珍しくなくなった。
- However, over time this rule came to be broken and for financial or other reasons, it was not rare for an illegitimate child of a lord not adopted by a family to be appointed as a Karo or forced to leave the master's family, generating a branch family with territory.
- しかし『小野寺書状』によると長屋から飛び出してきた吉良家臣二人がおり、先に出てきた男を小野寺十内が槍で倒し、もう一人は間喜兵衛の槍で倒したという。
- However, 'Onodera Shojo' states that two of Kira's retainers rushed out from the long house, yet the first man was killed by Junai ONODERA with a spear and the other was killed by Kihe HAZAMA with a spear.
- 城主・森可成は近江に居た野府城主・織田信治、青地茂綱らと共に交通の要所である坂本 (大津市)を先に占領して街道を封鎖して連合軍の進軍妨害を試みる。
- Yoshinari MORI, the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, attempted to intercept the advance of the allied forces by preemptively conquering Sakamoto (Otsu City), a strategic point of transportation, to help blockade roads along with Nobuharu ODA, the lord of Nobu-jo Castle, and Shigetsuna AOCHI.
- 成綱(=盛綱)の叔父・政嗣も成綱に従って及川を称し、この政嗣の系統が先に奥州において栄えたがのちに滅亡し、以後は成綱の系統がこれに代わって栄えた。
- Naritsuna (Moritsuna)'s uncle, Masatsugu, identified himself as OIKAWA, whereupon Naritsuna and the Masatsugu bloodline flourished in Oshu, but later it went to ruin and consequently the Naritsuna bloodline flourished instead of this.
- 『元史』日本伝 至元十八年正月条によると、クビライは遠征に先立って大都に遠征軍の指揮官である阿剌罕、范文虎、忻都、洪茶丘らを召集し勅を下している。
- Nihon Den of 'Genshi,' in the article of January 1281, says that Kublai, before sending the expedition army, summoned his commanders such as Arakan, Wen-hu FAN, Dou XIN, and Da-gu HONG, to Dadu and gave them an imperial order.
- 『将門記』などの先行する軍記物語はいくばくか存在するものの、『平家物語』などとともに、あらたな文学のジャンル形成に寄与した作であるといえるだろう。
- Although a few preceding war tales, such as 'Shomon Ki (Tale of Masakado),' had already existed, it could be said to have made a contribution to the development of a new literary genre together with 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 通説では前者を増補改訂して後者が作られたと考えられているが、後者の方が先に書かれて後に様々な事情によって一部が削除したものが前者だとする説もある。
- The standard theory is that the latter text was produced by enlarging, expanding, and revising the former, but there is another theory that it was written first, and that the former text was produced from various sections that had been deleted from the latter.
- 構成上、先行する『玉葉和歌集』と異なるのは、春・秋を各三巻に増大した代わり、雑歌を玉葉の五巻から三巻に縮め、また賀歌を掉尾に置き換えたことである。
- The differences in structure of the collection between Fuga Wakashu and the preceding anthology 'Gyokuyo Wakashu' (Jeweled Leaves Collection) is that the compilers reduced five volumes of miscellaneous poems to three, increasing each volume of Spring and Autumn to three books instead, and moreover, a volume of Gaka (Celebration Poetry) was replaced with Chobi.
- 佐藤は、自らが率先して革命歌を高唱し、「無政府主義万歳」と叫んだことを認めると共に、無政府主義も社会主義も究極の目的は一致するかもしれぬと答えた。
- SATO acknowledged that he was the first to sing songs of revolution in a loud voice and to yell 'Hurrah for anarchism,' and replied that the ultimate objectives of anarchism and of socilalism may be the same.
- 近畿諸国及び備中国においては、幕府領、諸藩領、他地方の藩の飛地領、御三卿領、旗本領などがモザイク状に入り組んでおり、商品経済の先進地域でもあった。
- The provinces in the Kinki region and in Bitchu Province, where bakufu's territories, clans' territories, the tobichi territories in other clans, the territories of Gosankyo (three privileged branch families of the Tokugawa family), and Hatamoto's territories mixed quite complicatedly, were the area of advanced commodity economy as well.
- 洋服を率先着用した理由としてもう一つ「上半身と下半身の分かれていない着物は女子の行動を制限して不自由である」という皇后自身の言葉も伝えられている。
- As another reason for taking the lead in wearing western clothes, the empress herself was quoted as saying'Kimono that is not separated into upper and lower parts limits a girl's movements and is inconvenient.'
- この兵を湯沐邑の兵力とみる説と、美濃国全体の兵力とする説とがあるが、いずれの場合でも安八磨郡の湯沐邑が真っ先に軍事行動を起こしたことは確実である。
- One theory is that soldiers were said to be from Tomokuyu and in another theory the soldiers are from the whole Mino Province, but with either theory, it is certain that Tomokuyu of Ahachimanokoori raised the army first.
- これに先立ち、一進会は1905年11月5日に「外交権を日本政府に委任し日本の指導保護を受け、朝鮮の独立、安定を維持せよ」という宣言書を発表している。
- On November 5, 1905 before that, Isshinkai had announced their declaration that they transferred their diplomatic right to Japanese Government to go under the Japanese instruction and protection, for the purpose of maintaining Korea's independence and stability.
- ちなみに幕府から給金を支給されていた女中たちすべてを「大奥女中」と言い、実際には将軍家の姫君の輿入れ先や息子の養子先の大名家にも存在していたという。
- All jochu who received a salary from the government were called 'O-oku jochu' and it is said that O-oku jochu were also in families into which the shogun's daughters married, and to whom the shogun's sons were adopted.
- 付家老は、本藩(本家)と支藩(分家)の両方から、家禄を受けている場合と、出仕先の支藩からのみ家禄を受けて、支藩に次第に取り込まれていく場合とがある。
- Some Tsuke-garo officers earned their stipend from both the main domain (honke=main family) and the branch domain (bunke=branch family), whilst others earned theirs only from the branch family where they were sent, being gradually taken into the branch domain side.
- 先例を破って朝廷に事態を報告、対策を協議して日米和親条約を結び、下田港と函館港を開港し、9月には大船建造の禁を緩和、10月には海外渡航が解禁される。
- In an unprecedented move, the bakufu reported the state of affairs to the Imperial Court, where the matter was discussed until a treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan was concluded which opened ports at Shimoda and Hakodate, loosened a ban on production of large ships as of September and lifted the ban on foreign voyage by October.
- 政府による官庁集中計画が立てられると、専門家育成が必要になり、ヨーロッパの中でも日本がめざすべき先進国と考えられたドイツ政府に指導的人物を打診した。
- With a plan to construct numerous government offices and realizing the need to develop specialists in the field of architecture, the Japanese government sought assistance from the German government, an advanced European nation that the Japanese admired.
- その立場からは、「人権が上位法の憲法典の形で明文で保障された」点に第一の意義があり、また内容としては当時においてはかなり先進的なものであったとする。
- In their views, the most important significance of the current constitution was that 'human rights were clearly stated in the constitution which was the superior law,' and contents of the constitution were thought to be highly advanced at the time.
- 日本では、唐の脅威にさらされた7世紀後期、国力の充実強化を目的として、律令の概念が積極的に受容され、まず先駆的な律令として飛鳥浄御原令が制定された。
- In Japan, the concept of Ritsuryo was actively adopted in order to reinforce and substantiate national power against the threat of the Tang during the late seventh century, and Asuka Kiyomihara Ryo was first established as the pioneer of Ritsuryo.
- 巻頭歌人にして最多入集は選者雅世の父飛鳥井雅縁(29首)であり、雅世(18首)自身、雅経(18首)・飛鳥井雅有(14首)ら選者の先祖の優遇が目立つ。
- The selector Masayo's father, Masayori ASUKAI's poems were selected most (29 poems) and one of his poems was put at the beginning of the book; besides it is obvious that the poems by the selector's ancestors were treated favorably: Masayo's own poems (18 poems), Masatsune's (18 poems), and Masaari ASUKAI's (14 poems) were frequently selected.
- またこれに先立って前年に雑戸とともに解放された馬飼に対して雑徭に替わってそれに相当する日数を馬寮にて交替勤務するようにとした太政官符が出されている。
- This order followed Daijokanpu (the official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) issued in the previous year, which required umakai liberated together with zakko to work the shift at Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) for the number of days equivalent to that of, and in place of, zoyo.
- ところが、超勝寺は先の一件に恨みを抱く本覚寺蓮恵の救援を受けた上、更に北陸各地にいる両寺の門徒を蜂起させたために賀州三ヶ寺は思わぬ苦戦を強いられる。
- However, Chosho-ji Temple was reinforced by Rene of Hongaku-ji Temple, who held grudge since the above matter, and made the followers of the two temple all over Hokuriku rise up in revolt, which made Gashu Sanka-ji Temples suffer beyond their expectations.
- 先土器文化における石斧は「斧形石器」「楕円形石器」と呼ばれているが、扁平な円礫あるいは大きな礫を打ち割った剥片の周辺を打撃して形を整えたものである。
- In pre-earthenware culture stone axes were called 'ax-shaped stone tool' or 'elliptic stone tool,' and these were made by striking the nearby spots of flat pebble or broken pieces that big gravel shattered into.
- 伊達政宗は福島城の目と鼻の先である羽黒山(信夫山)の麓黒沼神社に本陣を置き、首級実検を行った(首級三百余、武頭五人、他馬上百騎討ち取り))(註2)。
- Masamune DATE set up the headquarters in the Kuronuma-jinja Shrine at the foot of Mt. Haguro (Mr. Shinobu) a little way from the Fukushima-jo Castle and inspected severed heads (300 severed heads, 5 dead bodies of military commanders, and other 100 dead bodies of horsemen) (*2).
- 戸籍法や地租改正、身分解放令も直ちには実施されなかったものの、ここでの提言が発案となっているなど、日本におけるシンクタンクの先駆け的な存在であった。
- Though the Family Registration Law, land-tax reform, and abolition of the class system were not carried out immediately, they were all created based on proposals made in the structure, and it was kind of a pioneer among Japanese think tanks.
- 70歳を超えても政務に精励したが、天応元年(781年)2月第一皇女能登内親王に先立たれてから心身ともに俄かに衰え、同年4月、病を理由に皇太子に譲位。
- The emperor persevered in affairs of state even after he became 70 years old, but after Imperial Princess Noto, his first Princess, died in February 781, he deteriorated suddenly both physically and mentally and abdicated the throne to his crown prince for health reasons in May of the same year.
- 皇族の班位は、ほぼ戦前の皇族身位令に準じるものとなっているが、兄弟姉妹間では、女よりも男を優先する場合と、男女関係なく出生順による場合とが見られる。
- Although the Imperial ranking order for members of the Imperial family is in most part pursuant to the Ordinance of Imperial Nobility implemented pre-war, among siblings, there are cases where the male members take precedence over the female members, and those where the order of birth is weighed more heavily regardless of gender.
- 誉津別皇子は父天皇に大変鍾愛されたが、長じてひげが胸先に達しても言葉を発することがなく、特に『日本書紀』では赤子のように泣いてばかりであったという。
- Homutsuwake no mikoto was deeply loved by his father, but although he grew up and even had the beard long enough to reach his breast, he did not speak a word, and moreover, according to the Nihonshoki, he kept only crying like a baby.
- そして南北朝時代 (日本)の松殿忠嗣(基房からみて玄孫)の代に権大納言に昇って家名復活の兆しが出てきたその矢先に、忠嗣は吉野朝廷側へ離反してしまう。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Tadatsugu MATSUDONO (Motofusa's great-great grandson) advanced to the post of Junior Chief Councilor of State, but drifted away to the Yoshino Court just as the family name was about to be restored.
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- これより先の3月、出奔して大和国で挙兵し、敗れて遠く日向国へ逃れていた弟の大覚寺義昭も島津氏に殺害されており、義教の当面の敵はみな消えたことになった。
- Earlier in April, Gisho DAIKAKUJI, younger brother of Yoshinori, who ran away and raised his army in the Yamato Province and was defeated and run away to the Hyuga Provinc, was also killed by the Shimazu clan and, as a result, immediate enemies of Yoshinori were all gone.
- 治房勢は、4月29日 (旧暦)には一揆勢と協力しての紀州攻めを試みるが、先鋒の塙直之、淡輪重政らが単独で浅野長晟勢と戦い(樫井の戦い)討死してしまう。
- Harufusa troop, cooperating with uprising forces, attacked Kishu Province on April 29 (the old calendar), but the spearheading Naoyuki BAN and Shigemasa TANNOWA fought with their own army alone against Nagaakira ASANO troop only to be killed (the Battle of kashii).
- 天竺(インド)、震旦(中国)、本朝(日本)の3つに分かれ、それぞれ先に仏教説話(因果応報譚を含む)、あとに仏教説話以外の説話を並べる構成になっている。
- It is divided into three parts, Tenjiku (India), Shintan (China) and Honcho (Japan) with each part structured so that Buddhist setsuwa come first (including tales of reward and/or punishment for one's past behavior) and other setsuwa follow.
- ところで、先に小代伊重の置文に、京都守護職であった平賀朝雅とその一行が、蓮華王院の宝蔵に秘蔵されていた絵巻を見せてもらったと記されていることに触れた。
- By the way, as mentioned above, in the Okibumi of Koreshige OSHIRO there is a description that Tomomasa HIRAGA, who was Kyoto-shugoshoku, and his group were shown the Emaki which was secretly held in the hozo of Rengeo-in Temple.
- しかし、結局は心を崩さず、妹尼のとりなしにも応ぜず、小君との対面も拒み、薫の文にも「(宛先が)人違いだったらいけない」と言って受け取ろうとしなかった。
- Eventually, however, she didn't open her heart, didn't accept the mediation of imoutoama, refused to meet Ogimi and refused to receive Kaoru's letter by saying 'the addressee is wrong.'
- 明治36年12月10日、議会開会のさい、衆議院議長河野広中は、開院の勅語にたいして奉答文で議院の先例を破って内閣弾劾の文を綴りこみ、議院の賛成を得た。
- On December 10, 1903, at the opening of the Diet, a chairman of the House of Representatives, Hironaka KONO broke with the precedent of the House and added an impeachment against the Cabinet into Hotobun to the imperial rescript, and he gained approval by the House.
- 先例で、単に平穏な文字を並べて誠忠、勅意の副う旨をもって起草されることになれた議員は、文言にその意を深くとどめなかったのか、満場一致でこれを可決した。
- Members of the House who got used to precedent of drafts being made out only with moderate words showing loyalty and intention of meeting the imperial notion, might not have paid enough attention to the wording, they passed it by unanimity.
- これらの地域ではマンモスやバイソンなど洪積世の寒冷気候を好んだ大形獣を対象とする狩猟具が求められ、投げ槍の槍先として用いられた各種尖頭器の出現をみた。
- In these areas people needed the tools for hunting large-size animals such as mammoth and bison that were well adjusted in the cool climate of the diluvial epoch, and various forms of points came to be used as the head of javelins.
- 寛喜3年(1231年)、土御門上皇が配流先の阿波国で崩御すると、麗子は自身の封戸、年官、年爵を辞して隠遁し、寛元元年(1243年)、59歳で崩御した。
- When Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado passed away in Awa Province, where he was exiled in 1231, Reishi abdicated fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier, shrines and temples), nenkan (a right granted as a stipend to members of the Imperial Family - including the emperor, consorts of the emperor, some Court nobles, and so forth to nominate a person for a certain government post conferred to them on the occasion of annually installing them as government officials), nenshaku (a right granted as a stipend to a retired emperor, the mother of the Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, the Empress, etc., to nominate a person for a certain rank conferred to them on the occasion of the annual conferment of a rank) and retired; she passed away at the age of fifty nine years old in 1243.
- 但し、「年紀」を意味する『紀』の文字を含む『帝紀』、『帝王本紀』、『先紀』と『紀』の文字を含まない『日嗣』等は分けて考えるべきであるとする見解もある。
- However, there are opinions that the 'Teiki,' 'Teio Honki,' and 'Senki,' which have the letter 'ki' meaning 'nenki' and the 'Hitsugi' which does not have the letter 'ki' should be thought separately.
- 彼女たちに仕える女官長や女官が実際にその衝突を目撃したのは、大正天皇崩御の数ヶ月前、皇太子(昭和天皇)夫妻が療養先である葉山御用邸に見舞った際である。
- Chief court ladies and court ladies, who served for the Empress Teimei and the Empress Kojun, actually witnessed the conflict between two Empresses when the Crown Prince (later, the Emperor Showa) and his princess wife (later, the Empress Kojun) visited the Emperor Taisho in his place of medical treatment at the Hayama goyotei (Imperial property) a few months before the death of Emperor Taisho.
- 江戸幕府成立時、徳川氏直参の足軽を全て同心としたため、忍者を祖先とする伊賀同心、甲賀同心、鉄砲組の百人組、郷士の八王子千人同心等、様々な同心職ができた。
- Since all the foot soldiers of the Tokugawa clan's immediate retainers became doshin when the Edo bakufu was established, various sorts of doshin were made; for example, Iga doshin and Koka doshin descended from ninja, a one-hundred matchlock infantry unit, Hachioji thousand doshin of country samurai, and so on.
- また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。
- Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
- このことから、狭々城山君の姓は陵戸とは無関係に存在していたと考えられ、実際には仁徳天皇の名代である雀部(ささきべ/ささべ)を祖先とする一族だと思われる。
- Consequently, it is thought that the family name of Sasakiyama gimi would have nothing to do with Misasagi no He but would instead be a family descended from Sasakibe (or Sasabe) owned by Emperor Nintoku.
- 旅行者・従者の身分、姓名、年齢、携行品、行き先、旅行目的、交付申請、申請に対する審査、交付年月、交付官司の官職名、氏名等が、過所に記載される内容となる。
- Descriptions such as social status, name, age and belongings, destination, purpose of traveling of traveler and attendant, application for issuance, examination for application, date of issuance, and post and name of government official in charge of issuance were contained in Kasho.
- 「髪は素晴らしいが、座高が高く、やせ細っていて顔は青白い、中でも鼻が大きく垂れ下がってゾウのよう、その先は赤くなっているのが酷い有様」と酷評されている。
- She was severely criticized as a woman 'whose hair was great, but her sitting height was too tall, and she was thin, and her face was pale with a big nose hanging down like an elephant's, and moreover the tip of the nose was an uglily red.'
- 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.
- 1904年(明治37年)に喜田貞吉が論文「女帝の皇位継承に関する先例を論じて大日本史の大友天皇本紀に及ぶ」を出して壬申年に女帝があった可能性を示唆した。
- In 1904, Sadakichi KIDA published a thesis 'the history of Emperor Otomo with precedents of succession of empresses to the Imperial Throne' to suggest that there was a possibility that an empress was put up in the Jinshin year.
- 713年(和銅6年)には大隅国が設置され当時律令制導入の先進地であった豊前国から5000人を移住させ指導に当たらせるなど支配体制がさらに強化されている。
- Upon the establishment of Osumi Province in 713, 5,000 people were immigrated from Buzen Province, where the ritsuryo system was well adopted, to instruct the people there and further reinforce the ruling system.
- なお4年後の明治11年(1878年)、喰違見附のすぐ先にある紀尾井坂で、大久保利通が石川県士族島田一郎らに襲撃されて、暗殺されている(→紀尾井坂の変)。
- Four years later, in 1878, Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated by a group of shizoku from Ishikawa Prefecture, including Ichiro SHIMADA, at the Kioizaka (Kioizaka Incident), which was just ahead from Kuichigai Mitsuke.
- 地方税規則においては、廃藩置県によりいわば国の出先機関として新たに設置された府県と、江戸時代より自治機能を有していた町村については、異なる定めを置いた。
- Under the local tax regulations, different rules were set on prefectures newly created as a type of regional national offices after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and on towns and villages with autonomy since Edo Period.
- これは傍系である継体天皇は、先代天皇の妹で正当な血筋を持つ直系の手白香皇女を皇后にする事により、一種の入り婿という形で正当性を誇示したと考えられている。
- Emperor Keitai, who was from the collateral line, seems to have tried to prove his legitimacy as Emperor by marrying to Princess Tashiraka, who was the younger sister of late Emperor with legitimate and direct bloodline, taking the form of Irimuko (man who takes his wife's premarital family name).
- 皇后として欧化政策の先頭に立たなければいけない立場を強く自覚しており、1886年(明治19年)以降は、着用の衣服を寝間着を除いてすべて洋服に切り替えた。
- She was strongly aware of her position as an empress to lead the policy of Europeanization, and after 1886, she changed all her clothes she wore, except nightclothes, to western clothing.
- 『先代旧事本紀』「天皇本紀」では丹波道主王の娘・真砥野媛と垂仁天皇の間に生まれ、稲別命と兄弟とされ、また「国造本紀」では羽咋国造・加我国造の祖とされる。
- In the part of 'Tenno Hongi' (Records of emperors) of a text of Japanese histories 'Sendai Kujihongi,' he (Emperor Keitai) was born between Tanbanomichinoshi no kimi's daughter, Matonohime, and Emperor Suinin, and he was said to be the brother of Inawake no mikoto, and in the part of 'Kokuzo Hongi' (Records of kuni no miyatsuko [local lords]), he was said to be the ancestor of Hakuinokuni no miyatsuko (local lord of the Hakui Province) and Kaganokuni no miyatsuko (local lord of Kaga Province).
- 伝統的な街並みや過去の優れた建造物の多くが戦災や経済発展の中で失われ、経済性・合理性優先の安上がりな建築が多くなり、スクラップアンドビルドが繰り返された。
- Many of the traditional cityscapes and beautiful old buildings and structures were lost in the war or during the economic growth, and there was a growing number of cheap structures that emphasized economic rationality and repeated 'scrap and build' constructions.
- 断面が深くV字形に掘削された環濠やその周辺に逆茂木(さかもぎ)と称されるような先を尖らせた杭を埋め込んでいる様子から集落の防御的性格があったことが窺える。
- The defensive aspect can be seen by the way moats were dug down, steeply to a point at the bottom making it shaped like a 'V,' being accompanied with abatis called Sakamogi, which are kind of stakes with sharpened tops directed outwards, along its sidelines.
- 盛親以外には、細川興秋は父・細川忠興から自刃を命じられ、増田長盛は盛次の罪を背負う形で配流先の岩槻区で、また古田重然は国松を匿った疑いでそれぞれ自刃した。
- Besides Morichika, Okiaki HOSOKAWA was ordered by his father to commit jijin (suicide with one's sword) by his father, Tadaoki HOSOKAW, Nagamori MASHITA committed jijin in Iwatsuki Ward where he was banished to compensate for Moritsugu's crime, and Shigenari FURUTA did so for the suspicion of harboring Kunimatsu.
- また、振り手形(現在の小切手に相当)の形式で、発行藩及び取引先両替商の信用の元で不特定多数に流通できるよう藩札用の小型で厚手の和紙で作製したものもあった。
- Moreover, some han bills were used as a form of furi-tegata (equivalent to a modern cheque), which were made from small thick Japanese paper to be circulated among the general public under the credibility of issuers (domains) or money-exchangers.
- しかし後白河はこれを拒否、崇徳は激怒し、後白河は未来永劫までも敵であると宣言し、「悪魔」となることを誓って舌先を噛み切り、その血でもって誓状をしたためる。
- However, Goshirakawa rejects it, at which Sutoku becomes infuriated, declaring that Goshirakawa is to be his enemy forever; he bites the tip of his tongue, swearing to be the 'Devil' and writes a solemn vow with his own blood.
- 経時の死を好機と見た名越光時は、頼経や頼経側近の評定衆の後藤基綱・千葉秀胤・三善康持ら反執権派御家人と連携し、時頼打倒を画策するが、時頼方が機先を制した。
- Taking Tsunetoki's death as a good opportunity, Mitsutoki NAGOE allied with Yoritsune, and anti-regent gokenin, such as Yoritsune's close advisers and hyojoshu (members of Council of State), Mototsuna GOTO, Hidetane CHIBA, and Yasumochi MIYOSHI, and planned the overthrow of Tokiyori, but Tokiyori's side forestalled it.
- 石刃技法の普遍化とともに現れる石器であり、切り出し小刀のように鋭い刃と先端をもつ突刺形のナイフ形石器とカッターナイフにも似た切截形のナイフ形石器とがある。
- Stone tools resembling a knife appeared in accordance with the generalization of stone knife techniques, and there are piercing type with sharp blade and edge like a small cutting knife and cutting type like a box cutter.
- 記紀によると、先代の武烈天皇に後嗣がなかったため、越前(近江国とも)から「応神天皇5世の孫」である継体天皇が迎えられ、群臣の要請に従って即位したとされる。
- According to Kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki), Emperor Keitai, 'the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin' was received from Echizen Province (or Omi Province) and took the throne in conformity with the request of a crowd of his subjects because the late Emperor Buretsu did not have an inheritor.
- その後親王宣下を受けるが、これが昨今の皇位継承問題 (平成)において臣籍に産まれた人物が皇籍についた事が旧皇族復帰を推す勢力に先例として重要視されている。
- Subsequently, he was given the title of Imperial Prince and in the latest issue on deciding the successor of the Imperial Throne in the Heisei period, this has been valued as a precedent by the group supporting the resurrection of the former Imperial Family, as it meant a commoner had entered the Imperial Family.
- 朝鮮は頑としてこれに応じることなく、明治6年になってからは排日の風がますます強まり、4月、5月には、釜山において官憲の先導によるボイコットなども行なわれた。
- The movement of anti-Japanese became more active in 1873 instead of accepting the delegates from Japan, and then Korean officials led a boycott of Japanese goods and people in April and May.
- 険しい山に守られた稀有な歴史があり、古来より先述の南朝をはじめとして源義経など、貴種の流人、時勢の逃走者、表舞台への再起を志す者が多く辿り着く場所であった。
- Totsukawa has its uncommon history protected by the steep mountains; from ancient times Totsukawa was the place for exiles of noble birth including people in the Southern Court such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, for runaway people from the times, and for people who aimed to return to the front stage.
- 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
- Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.
- 当時は朝鮮は、人材登用という思想でなく親族を優先的に高官に抜擢するという旧弊を断ち切れず、閔妃派が興宣大院君派と宮廷での権力闘争を繰り広げていた時であった。
- At that time, in Korea, it was when there was no hiring of personnel outside of families and they could not shed their old system of selecting high officials from families and the Queen Min group was fighting with the Heungseon Daewongun (regent of Joseon) group in the Imperial Court.
- この期間はイギリス等の先進国から、蒸気機関車が牽引する列車による鉄道経営が導入され、それらの技術やノウハウが国産化して確立され、鉄道網が日本全国に広がった。
- During this period, along with the steam powered locomotive that was introduced from England and other advanced countries, the technology and know-how of these countries were used for domestic production, which led to the spread of networked railroads throughout Japan.
- 日本軍は他国軍に先駆けて戦利品確保に動き出し、まず総理衙門と戸部_(官庁)(財務担当官庁)を押さえて約291万4800両の馬蹄銀や32万石の玄米を鹵獲した。
- The Japanese army went before other armies to retrieve the spoils of war and suppressed Zongli Yamen and the Ministry of Revenue (Ministry of Finance government office) and seized about 2,914,800 taels of bateigin (the Japanese term for Chinese boat-shaped silver or gold ingots called sycee in English) and 320,000 koku (a unit of volume of rice, 1 koku equals 180.39 liters) of brown rice.
- しかし、給食制度が一般化し、高度経済成長を経て日本が名実共に先進国の仲間入りをすると農家の経済状態も向上し、今日では欠食児童という言葉は死語になりつつある。
- When a school lunch program was generalized and Japan became one of the advanced countries both in name and reality through the high economic growth, the economic conditions for the farmers were improved and the word of 'Poorly-fed Children' became obsolete today.
- しかしその直後に義満は後継者不指名のまま急死し、四代将軍となった足利義持や幕府重臣により先例無しとして太上法皇位の追号も取りやめられ、朝貢貿易も停止された。
- However, immediately afterward, Yoshimitsu died suddenly without assigning the successor and the posthumous title of Daijo Hoo and tribute trade were halted by Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the fourth shogun and senior vassals of the bakufu, since they were historically unprecedented.
- 但し、原典からの引用ではなく、先行する類書である北斉の『修文殿御覧』(佚書)や、唐代の『芸文類聚』、『文思博要』(佚書)からのいわゆる孫引きであることが多い。
- Meanwhile, most of these quotations were so-called quotations within quotations from earlier encyclopedias such as 'Hsiu-wen-tien yu-lan' (one of the sources in the preparation of 'Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era') (issho (lost book)) from the Northern Qi Dynasty and 'Geimon-ruiju' (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally 'Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories') and 'Wensi Boyao' from the Tang Dynasty.
- 町人の場合、初めの頃こそは親戚や知り合いの先輩女中の口利きを頼ったり、旗本や御家人の家へいったん養女入りしたりという、迂遠な根回しや手続きを経て大奥入りした。
- At first, townspeople needed an intermediary like relatives, acquaintances or senior jochu, or roundabout maneuvering or procedures like adopting their daughters to hatamoto to send them to O-oku.
- 日本の武士は、当初は名乗りをあげての一騎打ちや、少人数での先駆けを試みたため一方的に損害を受けたが、昼頃には集団戦術に対応、また増援の到着により反撃に転じた。
- Japanese samurai, in the beginning, suffered damage unilaterally because they tried to fight one to one declaring their names, or led attacks in a small group, but around noon they organized themselves to fight with a large number of soldiers, and following the arrival of reinforcements, started to counterattack.
- こうして完成した『玉葉集』は、持明院統・京極派優先主義を貫き、大覚寺統・二条派の者に関しては過度なまでに冷遇し、二条為氏(16首)以下、形ばかりの入集である。
- 'Gyokuyo wakashu' was compiled in such a way as to prioritize the Jimyo-in line and the Kyogoku faction throughout, treating the Daikakuji line and the Nijo faction almost too coldly, including only a token amount their poems, with no more than 16 even for Tameuji NIJO.
- 『甲陽軍鑑』や『雲陽軍実記』同様、この頃の歴史軍記自体が我が先祖の栄光や武勇を誇るための手段の一つであり、そのため多くの脚色があり、誤記と思われる箇所も多い。
- Much as was the case with 'Koyo gunkan' and 'Unyogun jikki,' in that period writing historical chronicles was one of the methods by which a person could praise the glory and bravery of his or her own ancestors, and hence they contain many overly dramatized sections as well as portions thought to be factual errors.
- さらに、約3万年以前の尖頭器、最終氷期最寒冷期以後の槍先形尖頭器、縄文時代の石槍など、製作ないし使用された年代の相違を考慮し、それぞれを呼び分ける場合も多い。
- In addition, these stone tools are often called by different names considering the difference of the time when these stone tools were made or used, such as those made more than 30 thousand yeas ago called simply 'point,' those appeared soon after the coldest period of the Last Glacial Maximum called 'lanceolate-shaped point,' those of the Jomon period called 'stone spear.'
- 一方、政宗は和賀忠親の南部一揆への煽動関与の件により、念願だった先祖伝来の地の奪還は叶わず、戦後の論功行賞でも自力で占領した刈田郡2万石のみの加増に終わった。
- On the other hand, Masamune was not granted his wish for regaining the ancestral estate due to his involvement in agitating Tadachika WAGA to launch Nanbu Riot, and ended up in increase of only 20,000-koku yielded in Katta District which he occupied by himself as rewards of the battle.
- 前述のような学説は皇国史観の強い影響下に成ったものとする考えから、その反動として戦後の研究では、日本の出先機関が存在したことを否定しようとする姿勢が強かった。
- After the World War II, the studies strongly attempted to deny the existence of a regional office of Japan in the Korean Peninsula on the rebound because the above-mentioned theory was thought to have been born under the strong influence of Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- これが、外宮が内宮に祭祀の順番(外宮先祭:内宮より外宮の祭祀が先行する古くからの習慣。何故そうするのか謎とされている。)だけでなく、実質優越する根拠となった。
- This explains the order of Saishi (religious service) (Geku Sensai: an old custom that Geku precedes in Saishi over Naiku [the inner shrine of Ise] and is not known exactly why) as well as Geku practically predominating over Naiku.
- 「先の大戦に先立ち、このような時代のあったことを多くの日本人が心にとどめ、そのようなことが二度と起こらないよう日本の今後の道を進めていくことを信じています。」
- Remembering that Japan had once experienced such stressful days ahead of the last World War II, the Japanese should create the future of Japan in which they would never been tormented by those stress, I sincerely hope.'
- 第一に朝鮮の統治政策に関して「将来、朝鮮で日本への抵抗・独立勢力になり得る芽を先に除去すべき時期である」と考えて抵抗勢力や反乱についての対策に腐心していたこと。
- Firstly, in line with their policy on the rule of Korea, they were trying hard to take measures against the resistance forces and rebellions, believing that 'it was time to defuse potential resistance or independence forces beforehand.'
- 鍔は大き目で角張っており、下緒は普通の刀のものより長く、鞘は光を反射して目立たないように艶消しに仕上げられ、先端の鐺(こじり)は金属製で鋭角に仕上げられている。
- The sword-guard is large and angular, and the shitao (string) is longer than that of an ordinary sword; the sheath is matted so that it does not glitter when light reflects off its surface, and the tip of the sheath is made of metal, and forms an acute angle.
- しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
- However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.
- 紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)とは、和紙の使用済みの面を反故(ほご)として、その裏面を利用して別の文書(古文書)が書かれた場合に、先に書かれた面の文書のことをいう。
- Shihai monjo refers to the monjo (ancient document) written on washi (Japanese paper) before another monjo was then written on the other side of that same piece of paper.
- これにより、結果的に先に亡くなった厩戸皇子より長生きした大王からは後継者に明確に指定はされなかったものの、蘇我氏の力を背景に629年(舒明天皇元年)に即位した。
- Therefore, backed by the power of the Soga clan, he acceded to the throne in 629 although he had not been officially assigned by the okimi (great king), who outlived the Imperial Prince Umayado, who consequently died earlier than the okimi.
- 鎌倉幕府成立時には成文法が存在しておらず、表向き律令法・公家法には拠らず、武士の成立以来の武士の実践道徳を「道理」として道理・先例を基づく裁判をしてきたとされる。
- When Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was formed, there was no statutory law yet; however, it did not follow the ritsuryo law or the kugeho (laws issued by the Imperial Court) and the trials were held according to orders and precedents of morals which had been practiced by samurai since the birth of samurai.
- ところが、夜になっても幕府軍が押し寄せる様子はなかったため、領国に帰って抵抗することに決め、邸に火を放つと、将軍の首を槍先に掲げ、隊列を組んで堂々と京を退去した。
- However, there were no sign of the army of bakufu even in the evening, so they deciced to go back to their territory and wait to fight, so they hold up shogun's head on a spear point and left Kyoto proudly, drawing up in line after setting fire to the residence.
- 直木孝次郎は何もかも失った大和とは対照的に新羅は唐をも破って朝鮮統一をしてしまったために大和は新羅から先進的な政治体制や文化を学ぶ一方で相当な危機感を持っていた。
- Kojiro NAOKI has pointed out the following; as opposed to Yamato which lost everything, Silla defeated even the Tang and achieved the integration of Korea, so that Yamato had a sense of crisis while it learned about advanced political systems and culture from the Silla.
- 先行する数多の漢文学、仮名文学双方を踏まえた紫式部による『源氏物語』は、中古の文学の代表作とも言うべき長大な作品で、以降の日本の文学史全体に強い影響を与えている。
- 'The Tale of Genji' by Murasaki Shikibu, which was written under the influence of many of the preceding literary works in both Chinese and kana, can be said to be a masterpiece of classical Japanese literature and has had a great influence on the entire history of Japanese literature.
- この絵巻の買い取り先を探していた服部七兵衛、土橋嘉兵衛らの古美術商は、当時、茶人・美術品コレクターとして高名だった、実業家益田孝(号鈍翁)のところへ相談に行った。
- Antique dealers such as Shichibe HATTORI and Kahee TSUCHIHASHI were looking for someone who could buy the hand scrolls, and visited Takashi MASUDA (pen name Donno), industrialist, renowned master of the tea ceremony and art collector, for consultation.
- 抄物は、講義のために講師の製作する手控え形式のものと、講義の参加者がその内容を筆録した聞書形式のもの、さらに先行抄物を集大成した形式のものに大別することができる。
- Shomono can be classified into three groups: Notes for a lecture created by a speaker, a verbatim record which was written down by an attendant of a lecture, and book compilations of the preceding shomono.
- 一方、京都で勢力を高めつつあった尊王攘夷派の志士ら過激な下級武士・浪士は、久光の率兵上京を朝廷主導による武力での尊王攘夷実現・幕府打倒の先兵であると誤解していた。
- On the other hand, a radical group of the low ranking samurai, roshi (masterless samurai) and others supporting the Sonno joi movement was expanding its influence in Kyoto mistook that Hisamitsu coming to Kyoto with his troops would take the lead for realizing the Sonno joi and overthrow the bakufu by the military power initiated by the imperial court.
- これも上東門院の意向であったが、尊仁親王とその生母禎子内親王は先帝後朱雀天皇の時代から頼通らと対立しており、馨子内親王の入内もその溝を埋めることはかなわなかった。
- This was also the idea of Jotomonin, but Crown Prince Takahito and his birth mother, Imperial Princess Teishi were in conflict since the period of the former emperor, Gosuzaku, and even the entry of Imperial Princess Keishi into the court couldn't fill the gap between them.
- しかし、光明皇后が磐之媛の例を先例として皇后に冊立されてから、このような制約はなくなり、むしろ皇族よりも藤原氏のほうが皇后の出身氏族として尊重されるようになった。
- However, since Empress Komyo became empress by imperial investiture, following Iwanohimenomikoto as a precedented example, these became unrestricted and rather, the Fujiwara clan became more respected than the Imperial Family as the origin of the empress' clan.
- 第22代清寧天皇と第23代顕宗天皇との間の期間、執政者だったと伝えられ、女性天皇の先駆的存在として注目される(時代的には、神功皇后と推古天皇をつなぐ位置にある)。
- During the period between the twenty-second Emperor Seinei and the twenty-third Emperor Kenzo, she is said to have been an administrator and attracts attention as a pioneer of Empress (periodically, she was positioned between Empress Jingu and Empress Suiko).
- 戸主は、家の統率者として家族に対する扶養義務を負う(ただし、配偶者、直系卑属、直系尊属による扶養義務のほうが優先)ほか、主に以下のような権能(戸主権)を有していた。
- A head of a family has duty of support for family members, as leader of a family (however, the duty of support by a spouse, direct descendants, and direct ancestors are prioritized.), and the other capabilities and powers of a head of a family are listed below.
- この中には院政を行わなかった後陽成上皇を先例とする(院政の否定)事、五摂家当主による合議制を事実上の朝廷の最高意思決定機関とする事などを取り決めた(『東武実録』)。
- This memorandum included the rules that the emperor should make a precedent of the retired Emperor Goyozei who did not rule as the cloistered emperor (denial of a cloister government) and that the council system operated by the heads of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku) should be virtually the supreme decision-making body of the imperial court ('Tobujitsuroku').
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- これらは、当時としてはきわめて先進的な内容を含む現実的、合理的な政策であったが、賄賂政治を批判され、天明の大飢饉とも重なって百姓一揆や打ちこわしが激発して失脚した。
- Although these were realistic and rational policies including very advanced contents in those days, the criticism for prevalence of bribery and the frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots as well as the Tenmei Famine brought his downfall.
- 先述の伊藤との関係により、1889年には帝国憲法・皇室典範の公式解説書たる『憲法義解』の版権が著者の伊藤から学会に寄贈され、同年に学会から公刊され基本財産となった。
- Because of the relation with Ito previously noted, the copy right of the 'Kenpo Gikai' (Commentaries on the Constitution), a official commentary on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Imperial House Law was donated by the author Ito to the Kokkagakkai in 1889, and it was published by Kokkagakkai in the same year, becoming a basic fund.
- 結果的にほとんどの藩が蔵屋敷を設置し、江戸よりも幕府による制約が少ない大坂に資金調達先が求められ、大坂の蔵元・掛屋・両替商などが大名貸の有力な担い手となっていった。
- As a result, domains sought for financial sources in Osaka, where most domains held their kurayashiki (warehouse-residence) and there were fewer restrictions from the bakufu than Edo, and therefore, kuramoto, kakeya, and ryogaeshou (merchants in banking business) in Osaka became powerful in the Daimyogashi business.
- しかし、これは日本人論において比較対照になるのが過去において日本よりも優秀とされた欧米、特にイギリス、アメリカ、フランス、ドイツなどの列強先進国であったためである。
- However, it is because the countries compared with Japan in the essays were powerful developed countries such as U.S. and European countries, especially U.K., France, Germany, and so on, which were considered more excellent than Japan in the past.
- もともと、先に死去した十河一存や三好義興もこの久秀の暗殺説すら噂されていたのに、すでに一族の死で失意にあった長慶は久秀の本性を見抜けないほどに衰弱していたのである。
- Although the deaths of Kazumasa SOGO and Yoshioki MIYOSHI were rumored to have been the assassination by Hisahide, Nagayoshi, who was heart broken by the deaths of his family, was too weak to notice the true nature of Hisahide.
- なおヤマト王権は大宝律令の編纂に先じて東国下野国(現在の栃木県)の国造・下毛野君の一族である下野宇都宮氏下毛野氏を召集し、藤原不比等と伴に律令編纂に従事させている。
- Prior to the compilation of Taiho Code, the Yamato kingdom (ancient kingdom of Japan) summoned SHIMOTSUKENU no Komaro who was a member of the local ruling family SHIMOTSUKENU in Shimotsuke Province (present-day Tochigi Prefecture) in Togoku, to be engaged in compilation of the codes with FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- 3月14日 (旧暦)(4月21日)、この日は勅使、院使が江戸城に登城して将軍綱吉が先の勅宣と院宣に対して返事を奏上するという奉答の儀式が執り行われる予定になっていた。
- On April 21, there was supposed to be a ceremony in which Shogun Tsunayoshi giving his response to a messages delivered from the Imperial messengers and Inshi after their arrival to Edo-jo Castle.
- 倭王武は、祖先の功業の成果として、東国の毛人の国々のみならず、対馬海峡を渡って南朝鮮の国々まで、ヤマト王権の威力が行き渡っているかのように誇らしげにうたいあげている。
- Waobu described the achievements of his ancestors in the Johyobun and boasted the power of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) as if it was ruling over not only the east country of Japan where Emishi lived but also the countries of South Korea across Tsushima Straits.
- 倭の五王による南朝への奉献以来約1世紀を経て再開された遣隋使の目的は、東アジアの中心国・先進国である隋の文化の摂取が主であるが、朝鮮半島での影響力維持の意図もあった。
- The dispatch of envoys to China was resumed one century after the tributary envoys to the Southern Dynasty sent by the five kings of Wa (Japan), with the primary purpose of learning about Sui culture, as they were a key and leading country in East Asia, but also with the intention of maintaining Japanese influence over the Korean Peninsula.
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- 古文書の部に分類されている物件には厳密な意味での「文書」(特定の発信元と宛て先があり、何らかの目的を達するために作成するもの)だけではなく、日記などの記録類をも含む。
- The items classified as Ancient Documents are not strictly speaking limited to 'letter documents' (which notably are those documents written to have both a sender and an addressee, and with some kind of specific goal or purpose in mind), but also include diaries and other kinds of documents of record.
- これらの君主が一夫一婦制の婚姻形態を採っていれば、妻の称号は「皇后」となるはずであるが、実際には、世間に通用している通称や研究者による慣用などが優先し、一様ではない。
- If these monarchs adopted the monogamous system, the title for the wife would have been 'empress' but in fact, alias that are normally used by researchers and custom take precedence so it is not uniform.
- 性器を切断して生殖能力を奪ってしまえば家系が絶える事になり、先祖に対する供養を人倫の最重要項目に置く儒教においては、宮刑は一種の追放刑として認識されていたとの説もある。
- A study mentions that the removal of genital parts to eliminate the virility meant the discontinuation of his family name, which was understood as a total expulsion from his family and severe punishment under Confucianism, which values the service for the dead as its most important, moral act.
- 朝廷はこうした振る舞いを国家の先買権を犯すものとして禁令を出したが、禁令を制定する貴族が唐物に対する欲求からこうした違反行為を行った例が多かったために効果は乏しかった。
- Although the Imperial Court issued the prohibition against these kinds of acts that violate the nation's right of preemption, it did not have much effect on it since many of the aristocrats who enacted the prohibition could not curb the desire for karamono, and violated the prohibition by themselves.
- 実際には聞書であっても直接の筆録ではなく講師の手控えを引き写したものであったり、手控えであっても先行する抄物を参照しつつ作り上げられたものであったり、その内容は幅広い。
- Actually, some records were not, in fact, 'verbatim' but rather copies of a speaker's notes, also some notes refer to the preceding shomono, so their contents range widely.
- この儀式は、家族の災いの原因である祖先の霊を呼び寄せ、舞や供物、供銭などでそれをもてなして災いをかけないように頼み、最後に霊を送り届ける一連の過程にそって執り行われる。
- This ceremony carries out the process in the following way; at first, calling the ancestor's spirit that caused the family disaster, then, asking it to stop the torture in exchange of for dance, offerings or money, finally sending it back to its original place.
- 大王家の出自については、弥生時代の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を大王家の祖先とする説、大王家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
- As for the origin of the Great King's family, there were several theories, such as having the lineage of Himiko of Yamataikoku (Yamatai Kingdom) in the Yayoi period as the King's ancestors, the dynasty of the King's ancestor was established in the fourth century, and onwards.
- 先に顕彰記事に関して紹介した「守護・地頭」設置に関わる学会での論争が、『中世法制史料集』編纂より後に起こったものであることを考えれば、佐藤進一らが慎重になったのも頷ける。
- It is agreeable that Shinichi SATO and others were so careful, considering the dispute that arose after the compilation of 'A Collection of Historical Materials on the Medieval Legal System' in the conference concerning the establishment of 'Shugo and Jito,' which was introduced in the article on 'intended praises' above.
- 悲しみに暮れる桐壺帝を見かねた周囲のすすめにより、亡き桐壺更衣に瓜二つである藤壺(先帝の第四皇女)を入内させて寵愛し、第十皇子(後の冷泉帝)を産んだのを機に中宮に据えた。
- Emperor Kiritsubo experienced so much deep grief that those around him could not look on with indifference, and encouraged him to have Fujitsubo (the fourth princess of the previous Emperor), who looked exactly like late Kiritsubo no koi, enter the Imperial court, and he favored her, making her the Empress when she gave birth to the tenth prince (later known as Emperor Reizei).
- …(於焉惜舊辭之誤忤 正先紀之謬錯 以和銅四年九月十八日 詔臣安萬侶 撰録稗田阿禮所誦之勅語舊辭 以獻上者 謹隨詔旨 子細採摭然、上古之時 言意並朴 敷文構句 於字即難)
- A well-known emperor was sorry about Kyuji (a record of stories currently at court) that were incorrect, and attempted to correct pre-existing documents. On September 18, 711, the emperor ordered his subject, Yasumaro to present the Kyuji that was selected and recorded immediately after the emperor settled in Omiya, Kiyohara in Asuka, to the extent that HIEDA no Are could recite, and Yasumaro happily followed the emperor's words, thoroughly picking up Kyuji. However, during the ancient period, the words and meanings were so unsophisticated that it was difficult to describe the content when organizing characters and forming a phrase by using characters from abroad.
- 小代伊重はその絵の中に、義家の対の座に副将軍として、小代氏の祖先にして児玉党の長、有大夫弘行が「赤皮の烏帽子かけをして座って」いるのを一族の者が確かに見たというのである。
- Koreshige OSHIRO wrote that a member of his family surely saw the picture in which Yudaifu (有大夫) Hiroyuki, who was the patriarch of the Oshiro clan and the head of Kodama Party, was 'seated while putting on eboshi (formal head wear for court nobles) of red leather' in front of Yoshiie as vice-shogun.
- それまで西欧列強が中華思想的に見て夷狄と断定されていたのは、礼や徳よりも力や利を追求することに重きをおき、無秩序に争いをしかけるというイメージが先験的にあったためである。
- Until then powerful western countries were recognized as iteki because they seemed to put weight on power and profit rather than the proprieties and virtue and disorderly attack others by prior experiences.
- 天孫降臨の時に先導を行った天忍日命(あめのおしひのみこと)の子孫とされ、佐伯氏とは同族関係であるとされている(一般には佐伯氏を大伴氏の分家とするが、その逆とする説もある)。
- It is said that the clan descended from Ameno Oshihi-no-Mikoto, who served as a guide in Tensonkorin (the descent to Earth of the grandson of the Sun Goddess) and had a kindred relationship with the Saeki clan (the Saeki clan was generally regarded as a branch family of the Otomo clan, though some say the opposite is true).
- お雇い(御雇)外国人(おやといがいこくじん)とは、幕末以降明治初期に、「殖産興業」などを目的として、欧米の先進技術や学問、制度を輸入するために雇用された欧米人のことである。
- The term 'oyatoi-gaikokujin' refers to the practice, common from the late Edo period into the early Meiji period, of hiring Europeans and Americans to foster the importation into Japan of the advanced technologies, scholarship and systems of Europe and the United States under the banner of 'Shokusan-kogyo' (encouragement of production and industry).
- 文章得業生は定員が少なく、しかも給料学生が優先的に選ばれる慣例であったため、長く文章生であった学生は中途で教官の推挙を受けて学業を終える以前に官職に任じられることもあった。
- As the number of monjo tokugosho was very limited and there was a tradition of choosing kyuryo gakusei primarily from them, those students who remained monjosho for a long time were sometimes appointed to government posts with their teacher's recommendation before finishing their study.
- 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
- Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
- 山鹿方面では第三旅団の先鋒1個中隊の増援を得て24日に転進して来た野村忍介の5個小隊と対戦することになったが、高瀬道を進んだ部隊は薩軍と戦闘をすることもなく高瀬を占領した。
- In the Yamaga area, the group of the 14th regiment was reinforced with a company that spearheaded the 3rd brigade, and fought the five platoons led by Oshisuke NOMURA, which was transferred to there on February 24, whereas the other group of the 14th regiment had pushed through the Takase Road and occupied Takase without fighting the Satsuma army.
- 当時としては最先端の技術であった製鉄、またはその結晶である鉄剣を「アマテラスに献上した」というのは、その頃の出雲と大和の関係を推し量る上で興味深いエピソードであると言える。
- Ironmaking was the leading-edge technology in those days, so the fact that the swords made of iron, the crystallization of the latest technology, 'was presented to Amaterasu (the Sun Goddess)' can be said to be an interesting episode to surmise the relationship between Izumo and Yamato at that time.
- 谷森種松は、『懐風藻』が天智天皇のことを「淡海先帝」とことさらに「先」の字を付けて書いたのは、淡海後帝の存在を暗示するもので、大友皇子の即位を知らせようとしたのだと考えた。
- Yoshiomi TANIMORI considered that the fact that 'Kaifuso' referred to Emperor Tenchi as Tankai Ex-Emperor suggests presence of Tankai Post-Emperor and the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
- 宣化天皇が身罷った時に、先代安閑天皇の皇后であった春日山田皇女を中継ぎとして推薦したが、これは辞退されたためまだ若い欽明天皇が539年(宣化天皇4年12月5日)に即位した。
- Although Kasuga no Yamada no Himemiko (the empress of the former Emperor Ankan) was nominated as an interim successor upon the death of Emperor Senka, Emperor Kinmei at his young age succeeded the enthronement in 539 due to refusal by Kasuga no Yamada no Himemiko.
- 先代の安康天皇が、仁徳天皇の子である大草香皇子に、妹の草香幡梭皇女を、同母弟である即位前の雄略天皇の妃に差し出すよう命令した(大草香皇子と草香幡梭皇女は父系の叔父と叔母)。
- The predecessor the Emperor Anko ordered Imperial Prince Okusaka (a son of the Emperor Nintoku) to offer his younger sister, Kusaka no Hatabi no Himemiko to the Emperor Yuryaku (before enthronement; younger maternal half-brother of the Emperor Anko) (Imperial Prince Okusaka and Kusaka no Hatabi no Himemiko are Yuryaku's paternal uncle and aunt, respectively).
- この相論は摂政一条兼遐や京都所司代板倉重宗らによって審議されたが、途中で壬生孝亮による売官問題が発覚、孝亮は解官・追放となったために有耶無耶に終わり、問題は先送りとされた。
- Those including the regent Akiyoshi ICHIJO and the shogun's deputy for Kyoto, Shigemune ITAKURA examined the dispute, but the examination ended leaving the dispute unsettled when an illegal official rank selling of Takasuke MIBU was discovered and Takasuke was dismissed and expelled from the court.
- 人口の増大は、江戸を東日本における大消費地とし、東日本各地の農村と結ばれた大市場、経済的先進地方である上方(近畿地方)と関東地方を結ぶ中継市場として、経済的な重要性も増した。
- Population growth in Edo turned the city into the consumption center of eastern japan, and faciliated its rise to economic prominence as a significant market that linked the farming villages of various regions of eastern Japan, and a hub market that linked the economically advanced Kamigata (Kinki region) and Kanto regions.
- 南条元続はそれに先立つ天正11年(1583年)の末に帰国しており、暫定的な形ではあるものの八橋城を除く東伯耆3郡を同12年(1584年)1月頃には毛利氏より引き渡されていた。
- Back to his home in the end of 1583, Mototsugu NANJO had been placed in charge by the Mori clan, though tentatively, of three countries in the east Hoki Province, except Yabase-jo Castle, by January 1584.
- そうした憶測は先に述べたように、吾妻鏡は金沢文庫に完本であった原本が、小田原の後北条氏の手に渡り、それが徳川家康の手に完本の常態で渡っていたのではという想像から始まっている。
- As mentioned before, such conjecture started from the supposition that the complete original text of Azuma Kagami in the Kanazawa Library was transferred to the Gohojo clan in Odawara, therefore Ieyasu TOKUGAWA should have had the whole text.
- 澤瀉丁銀(おもだかちょうぎん):湯浅作兵衛が慶長丁銀の発行に先立って試鋳したものと推定され、「常是」、「寳」および「大黒像」に加えて家紋の一覧沢瀉(おもだか)の極印が打たれる。
- Omodaka Chogin: These Chogin were thought to be sample made by Sakube YUASA before the circulation of Keicho Chogin and had hallmarks with characters for '常是' (Joze [Sakube's heredity name]) and '寳' (Ho [valuable]) and an 'image of Daikoku' as well as the Kamon (family crest) of Omodaka.
- ところが編纂の翌年の黒船来航などで内外の情勢が混乱して施行が先延ばしされ、続いて阿部や遠山が急死して保守派の井伊直弼が実権を握った事もあって「赦律」は事実上葬り去られてしまう。
- One year after the compilation started, however, the domestic and foreign situation became turbulent due to the arrival of the black ships and it postponed taking the law into effect, then Abe and Toyama died suddenly and the conservative Naosuke II seized the power, and as a result the law on pardon was practically consigned to oblivion.
- 先の5月16日の「倉栖兼雄書状」の続きには、次のように記されている、「...爰に今月七日夜(子の刻)駿州(宗方)御事、御使上洛の間、造意此の如く露顕するの上は、世上自然静謐す。
- The previously mentioned letter by Kaneo KURASU dated May 16 also included the following passage: Concerning the incident on Sunshu (Munekata) in the night of May 7 (0 AM, May 8), the state of society became calm naturally while the messenger was in Kyoto, because it was revealed that the incident was caused by an intrigue.
- ようやく文政6年(1823年)、大関・柏戸利助と玉垣額之助 (4代)への横綱免許交付をきっかけに立て続けに吉田司家に先んじて横綱免許を発給するなどして吉田司家への逆襲を始める。
- Finally, in 1823, using the issuing of yokozuna licenses to Ozeki (a sumo wrestler of the second highest rank) Risuke KASHIWADO and Gakunosuke TAMAGAKI (the fourth) as a trigger, the family began to launch a counterattack against the Yoshida Tsukasa family by issuing yokozuna licenses before the Yoshida Tsukasa family did.
- のちの室町幕府や戦国時代 (日本)の家法にも強い影響を与え、広く武家法の基本となっただけでなく、優れた法先例として公家・武家を問わずに有職故実の研究対象とされた(「式目注釈学」)。
- It greatly affected family laws of Muromachi bakufu and the Sengoku period (Japan); it not only became the base of bukeho (samurai laws) but also was studied as great precedents of yusoku kojitsu (studies in ancient court and military practices and usages) by people, whether as court nobles or samurai families ('Shikimoku chushakugaku').
- また、県札を発行して、経済流通の活性化、全国の小学校開設に先立って郷学校を再興して県学として近代教育のスタートを切るなど、中央の統制を越えて、積極的な地方行政を押し進めようとした。
- Furthermore, by going over the authority of the central government and through the issuance of prefectural ordinances, he actively pushed forward regional legislations to stimulate the distribution economy by issuing prefectural bills, and launched the modern educational system as a prefecture-wide model through the restoration of provincial schools ahead of the opening of elementary schools across the nation.
- 先月23日より伊奈忠政・福島忠勝・毛利秀就・角倉素庵に命じて建設していた淀川の流れを尼崎市に流す長柄橋がこの日竣工し、大和川がある為干上がる事はなかったが川の深さは膝下まで下がる。
- On the same day Nagara Bridge, which Ieyasu orderd Tadamasa INA/, Tadakatsu FUKUSHIMA/Hidenari MORI/Soan SUMIKURA to build in order to switch the flow of Yodo River to Amagasaki City, was completed: although Yodo River did not dry up because of Yamato River, it went down below knee deep.
- しかし、実際には俘囚・夷俘は移配先に馴染めずにたびたび地域との衝突や反乱を起こしたために、弘仁2年(811年)に陸奥国より俘囚を現地に止めて支配を行う旨の奏請が行われて受理された。
- In fact, however, because barbarians did not adapt themselves to the places they were sent, and had conflicts with and rose against the locals quite often, a petition from Mutsu Province to keep and control barbarians in their original place was created in 811, and was accepted.
- やがて家康と石田三成の対立が先鋭化すると、家康は三成を挑発するために慶長5年(1600年)に伏見城の留守部隊に鳥居元忠・内藤家長・松平家忠らのわずかな部隊を残して会津征伐に赴いた。
- When opposition from Mitsunari ISHIDA came to a head, Ieyasu made a punitive expedition to Aizu to challenge Mitsunari, leaving only a skeleton force headed by Mototada TORII, Ienaga NAITO, and Ietada MATSUDAIRA in Fushimi Castle in 1600.
- この事件の背景として、これに先立つ日清戦争での戦費負担を補って大いにあまりある賠償金獲得により「戦争は勝てば儲かる」という発想が民衆(および新聞社以下マスコミ)にあったと考えられる。
- It can be considered that, in the background of this incident, there was a people's (and media's, especially, news companies') anticipation that the war could bring a huge fortune if win, inspired by earlier Sino-Japanese War from which Japan had gained reparations much enough to compensate the war expenditure.
- 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
- In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.
- 王陽明の高弟としては、王畿(龍溪)、王艮(おうこん、心斎)、徐愛、欧陽崇一 (南野)、銭徳洪(緒山)、鄒守益 (東廓)、羅洪先 (念奄)、聶豹 (じょうひょう、双江)らが有名である。
- The best-known of Wang Yangming's top disciples include Wang Ji (also known as Longxi), Wang Gen (also known as Xinzhai), Xu Ai, Youyang Chongyi (also known as Nanye), Qian Dehong (also known as Xushan), Zou Shouyi (also known as Dongkuo), luo Hongxian (also known as Nianyan), Nie Bao (also known as Shuangjiang.)
- 有村らは勝鬨をあげ、刀の切先に直弼の首級を突きたてて引き上げにかかったが、昏倒していた小河原秀之丞が鬨の声を聞いて蘇生し、主君の首を奪い返そうと有村に追いすがって後頭部に切りつけた。
- As ARIMURA and the others celebrated their victory and headed back with the head of Naosuke at the tip of a sword; Hidenojo OGAWARA, who had been lying unconscious on the ground, regained consciousness by a shout of victory and, in an effort to take back his master's head, went after ARIMURA, striking him in the back of the head with a sword.
- このような状況の中で、1911年(宣統3年 干支 辛亥)に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した(辛亥革命)。
- It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ('Xinhai Year' in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).
- 翌日、女が置いていった羽織を店先に干しておくと、通りがかりのお大尽が店に入ってきて「この羽織は、先日亡くなった自分の娘の棺桶に入れてやったものだ。これをどこで手に入れたのか」と聞いた。
- The next day, when he hangs the woman's haori in front of the store, a wealthy person happens to pass and comes into it, asking 'This haori is the one I put into the casket of my daughter who passed away the other day. Where did you get it?'
- 『平家物語』ではこの事件によって南都への攻撃がなされたとするが、先述のように平氏は遷都後に園城寺、近江源氏などの京周辺の反対勢力を相次いで追討しており、南都攻撃も必然的な行動であった。
- 'The Tale of the Heike' explained that this incident led to Nanto attack, but as described before, the Taira clan have hunted down the opposition forces around Kyoto such as Onjo-ji Temple and Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) one after another, after transfer of the capital and Nanto attack was an inevitable action.
- この俘囚集団を護送していたのは、防人の護送を担当していた防人部領使であったことが確認でき、彼らが最終的に防人の配備先である筑紫(九州)に送られて同様の任務についていたものと推定される。
- It was confirmed that the guards for Sakimori (soldiers deployed for border defense) escorted this group of subjected barbarians, which suggests that they were sent to Chikushi (Kyushu) in the end, where Sakimori were stationed, to engage in similar work to the Sakimori.
- 後世の実務の参考となるよう、先例を書き留めておく必要があることから、詳細な日記を残すことも求められ、勧修寺流は「日記の家」と称されるようになり、各家当主による日記も豊富に残されている。
- As they were required to leave detailed diaries which recorded historical precedents for future reference, the Kajuji/Kanjuji ryu were called 'the family of diaries,' and a number of diaries by the heads of the various families are still in existence today.
- 最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉~中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階(プレ・ヤマト王権)だったとする見解もある。
- As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.
- 北条泰時以来、執権・得宗体制を支えてきた北条庶流との利害の対立も先鋭化し、その対立の行き着いた先が『吾妻鏡』編纂年の下限とされる1304年の翌年に起こった嘉元の乱であるという見方もある。
- A conflict with the collateral line of the Hojo family, who had supported the system of regent and the Tokuso administration since the reign of Yasutoki HOJO, heated up, and it caused the Kagen Disturbance to occur in the next year of 1304, which was considered the possible last year of Azuma Kagami's compilation.
- この幕府追加法299の本文が『中世法制史料集』で知られるが、そちらでは宛先に大田民部大夫殿とあり、このとき問注所の執事であった三善康連のことであり、三善氏(大田氏)に伝えられたのだろう。
- The text of this additional law No. 299 can be read in 'A Collection of the Historical Material on the History of Law System in Medieval Ages,' and the addressee is OTA Minbu-daifu, (meaning the under secretary of Monchujo, MIYOSHI no Yasutsura) so it would have been handed to the Miyoshi clan (the Ota clan).
- 藤原公任の撰という『拾遺抄』との命名の相似性を考え、それをベースに編まれたと思われる(両者の先後関係については、古来論争が続いて来たが、近代になって拾遺抄から拾遺集へとの説が固着した)。
- It is thought to have been compiled based on 'Shui sho' selected by FUJIWARA no Kinto, considering the similarity with the name (the issue of which one was the earlier was controversial for a long time, but in modern days the theory that 'Shui sho' was the earlier has been established).
- 尖頭器は、諸外国では広い意味をもち、先端が鋭く尖った石器の総称として用いられるのに対し、日本では刃潰し剥離によって仕上げられた石器については「ナイフ形石器」と呼んで、尖頭器とは区別する。
- The archaeological term 'point' has a broad meaning and in foreign countries, it is generally used to refer to sharp-pointed stone tools; in Japan, however, the term for 'point' (sentoki) is not used to refer to stone tools with one edge blunted by the removal of tiny flakes (these are instead called 'knife-like stone tools').
- 日本では古く奈良時代・平安時代に、当代の生母というだけで皇太后若しくは皇太夫人の尊号を奉られることもあったが、江戸時代初期以来その例はなく、先代の嫡妻をもって太后とするのが慣例になった。
- In Japan, even though in the Nara and Heian periods, there were cases where an honorary title of Kotaigo or Kotaifujin (title for previous retired emperors' wife) were dedicated only because the person was the real mother of the Emperor of the time, there is no such example since the early stage of Edo period and it has become a practice that the lawful wife of the former Emperor is named the Taigo.
- 先の康仁親王については、南朝 (日本)方荘園の遠江国入野(静岡県浜松市)に下向してを興し、そこに落ち着いたという伝承があって、親王の屋敷跡・墓所・真影とされるものが同寺内に伝存している。
- As for the above-mentioned Imperial Prince Yasuhito, there is a tradition that he move from the metropolis to Irino, Totomi Province (Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture), which was a private estate of the Southern Court (Japan), and settled there, and in a temple there there is the site of the prince's residence, his grave, and a true portrait.
- また、同様の目的で米切手の為替化容認(結果的に米の延べ売買となり、米の売出しの先送りとなる)、囲米奨励、諸藩に対する江戸・大坂への廻米・蔵屋敷の米売却の制限・禁止などの措置が取られている。
- For the same purpose the government allowed kome-kitte (rice voucher) to be used as money orders (this resulted in a pre-date transactions of rice), encouraged the stockpiling of rice, and controlled or restricted the domains transporting the rice, and the Kurayashiki (Warehouse-residences) from selling the rice.
- 男子後継者候補がまったくいなかったとすると、飯豊王の執政は問題の一時先送りにしかならず、後世の女性天皇と比べてもまったく類例のないことになる(それゆえ『日本書紀』を正しいとする説もある)。
- If there was no successor of a son, the administration by Iitoyo no himemiko is a mere postponement of the problem and comparing with later Empress she was totally exceptional (thus, some theory think 'Nihonshoki' was correct).
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 更に令外官が設置されるようになると、令外官には所管・被管の上下関係が存在しない場合があるため、原則的に令外官が関わる(差出人・宛先人の片方もしくは双方が令外官)の場合には牒が用いられていた。
- Furthermore, after Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) was established, cho was generally used for official documents in relation to Ryoge no kan (cases in which the sender or the receiver, or both, were Ryoge no kan) because in some cases no hierarchical relationship existed among Ryoge no kan.
- その後、弁官や蔵人を唐物使に任じて寄港地に派遣し、あるいはあらかじめ朝廷から送られた希望商品の明細に基づいて大宰府の官人が直接来航者と交渉・購入する形での国家による先買権の行使を行っていた。
- The nation's right of preemption was asserted by the Imperial Court by either sending people, such as benkan (officials of the dajokan) or kurodo (Chamberlain), assigned to serve as karamono no tsukai (Supervisor of Chinese goods) to the ports of call, or by the government officials (esp. ones of low to medium rank) directly negotiating and purchasing from the merchants based on the detailed list of necessary goods made by the Imperial Court.
- 遠藤氏は美濃国郡上藩を領していたが、遠藤常久が7歳の時に家臣によって毒殺され、さらに先代から続いていた家督騒動が家臣団の内部で再燃したため、幕命により常久に嗣子が無かったために改易に処された。
- The Endo clan ruled over the Gujo Domain of the Mino Province, and Tsunehisa ENDO was poisoned to death by his vassal at seven years old, in addition to the recurrence of trouble concerning reigns of the family among vassals; therefore, the Endo clan had its properties confiscated by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) since Tsunehisa did not have an heir.
- 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
- The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.
- 柱・梁を基本構造とする日本建築と、煉瓦や石で壁を築いてゆく西洋建築は対照的な存在であり、20世紀のモダニズム建築の時代になると、近代建築の理念を先取りした点があるとして注目されるようになった。
- Japanese architecture, which mainly uses posts and beams, differs from Western architecture of bricks and stones, and traditional Japanese architecture gained attention in 20th century architectural modernism since it was ahead of its time in the use of modern architectural concepts.
- 『高麗史』及び『元史』によれば、高麗の(のちの忠烈王の)執拗な要請があり、蒙人の高官は兵力不足を懸念して南宋攻略を先にすべきと主張したが、高麗を経由する東路からの日本侵攻が決定されたとされる。
- According to 'Koraishi' (The History of Goryeo) and 'Genshi' (The History of the Yuan Dynasty), Mongol high officials were worried about soldier shortage and insisted on conquering the Southern Sung Dynasty first, but Goryeo (later King Chungnyeol) persistently requested them to invade Japan from the eastern route via Goryeo, and thus it was so decided.
- 宗祇との交流は文明 (日本)9年(1477年)に初めてその記述が見られ、長享2年(1488年)に宗祇が北陸に下向する際には「旅先で自分が死んだら、聞書などを実隆に譲る」と約束されるまでになる。
- The friendship with Sogi was first written in the diary in 1477, and when he set off to the Hokuriku district in 1488, he promised Sanetaka 'to give verbatim records and other writings if he died at the place where he was traveling.'
- 『徳川実紀』によれば、大番頭2000俵、書院番頭・小姓組番頭1000俵、新番頭・百人組番頭700俵、持弓筒頭・先手頭・歩行頭・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・小十人頭・目付・使番500俵と定められた。
- According to 'Tokugawa jikki' (The True Tokugawa Records), it was specified that 2000 hyo (bale [a traditional unit for rice of 60 kilograms]) be given to Oban gashira (captains of the great guards), 1000 hyo to shoinban gashira (chief of military patrol) and koshogumiban gashira (chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun), 700 hyo to shinban gashira (person in charge of guarding the shogun and inspecting arms) and hyakuninkumiban gashira (chief of a special firearm troop with 100 members), and 500 hyo to mochiyumitsutsu gashira (chief of archery troop and firearm troop), sakite gashira (chief of a troop for maintaining security), hoko gashira (chief of guards), shoinban kumigashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards), koshogumi kumigashira (leader of page corps), kojunin gashira (leader of escort guard), metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), and tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield).
- 彼らは流刑先で数多くの拷問・私刑を加えられ続けたが、それは水責め、雪責め、氷責め、火責め、飢餓拷問、箱詰め、磔、親の前でその子供を拷問するなどその過酷さと陰惨さ・残虐さは旧幕時代以上であった。
- At the place of exile, they were continued to be subjected to torture and lynching over and over, such as torture by water, snow, ice, fire, and starvation, locking in a box, crucifixion, and torture of children before their parents' eyes, which was more terrible, gruesome and brutal than in the old Shogunate period.
- 旧石器時代の研究が進展するにともない、縄文時代の石槍もポイント(尖頭器)と呼ばれるケースが増えており、その場合は後期旧石器時代から縄文時代にかけての槍先形の石器(上記の2.と3.)を呼称する。
- Along with the progress of the study of the Paleolithic period, many of the stone spears of the Jomon period have classified as 'point' (sentoki), and specifically the lanceolate stone tools of the ages between upper Paleolithic period and the Jomon period are called 'point' (the 2nd and 3rd examples mentioned above).
- この間、1878年(明治11年)、郡区町村編制法とともに地方三新法を構成する府県会規則および地方税規則により自治体として性格を得、従来の国の地方出先機関としての性格との二面性を持つようになった。
- In the meantime, due to the three local new laws established in 1878, Gun-ku-cho-son Heniseiho (an act for the reorganization of counties, wards, towns and villages), Fukenkai Kisoku (the rules of prefectural assembly) as well as Chihozei Kisoku (the rules of local tax), Fuken started having two characters, its new character as an autonomous body and its original character as a government regional office in the local area.
- 俳句以前の連歌・俳諧の時代には「もがな」「し」「ぞ」「か」「よ」「せ」「れ」「つ」「ぬ」「へ」「ず」「いかに」「じ」「け」「らん」など、先の3個と合わせ、計18種類の助詞、助動詞が使われていた。
- In the era of the renga and the haikai prior to the haiku, a total of 18 types of particles and auxiliary verbs were used such as 'mogana,' 'shi,' 'zo,' 'ka,' 'yo,' 'se,' 're,' 'tsu,' 'nu,' 'he,' 'zu,' 'ikani,' 'ji,' 'ke,' and 'ran,' including the three mentioned above.
- この筆禍事件で山口と同じく投獄され、先んじて出獄を果たした平民新聞編集者の石川三四郎は、自らの出獄歓迎会を硬派と軟派が別々に催したことに寂しさを覚え、共同で同志の出獄を祝うよう両派に働きかけた。
- In this case of troubles brought on by publication, Sanshiro ISHIKAWA was also imprisoned, was discharged from prison earlier than YAMAGUCHI, and he, feeling sorry that the hard-liners and the soft-liners separately held a gathering for celebrating his discharge from prison, suggested that the both groups should jointly celebrate YAMAGUCHI's discharge from prison.
- さらに、これらの王たちの宮(都)は『記紀』によれば、先に挙げた大古墳のある地域と重なっていることを考え合わせると、崇神に始まる政権はこの地域を中心に成立した推測でき、三輪政権と呼ぶことができる。
- Furthermore according to the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihon Shoki,' the capitals of these kings overlap with a region with previously-mentioned kofun, the regime started with Emperor Sujin is estimated to have been established centering on this region and can be called as the Miwa Regime.
- 応神天皇の皇子で、母は和珥氏祖の日触使主(ひふれのおみ、比布礼能意富美)の女 ・宮主宅媛(みやぬしやかひめ、宮主矢河枝比売)である(ただし『先代旧事本紀』には、物部多遅麻連の女・山無媛とする)。
- Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko was Imperial prince of the Emperor Ojin, and his mother was Miyanushi Yakahimi [(宮主宅媛), also known as Miyanushi Yagahaehime (宮主矢河枝比売)], a daughter of Hifure no Ohomi [(日触使主); his name was also written in this way '比布礼能意富美') in being an ancestor of the Wani Uji Clan.] [However, according to the 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History), the mother of Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko appeared as Yamanashi Hime (山無媛), a daughter of 'Mononobe no Tajima no Muraji' (物部多遅麻連).].
- このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派(独立党)人士らは福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
- Members of the Korean Progressive group (Independent Party) such as Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK and Jae-pil SEO, who thought that modernization might not be attained if Korea stayed as it was, contacted Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Shigenobu OKUMA and some of the key people in the political and business world in Japan that succeeded in modernization earlier and deepened their friendship.
- 笞杖の太さ手元で4分(約12ミリメートル)、先端は3分(約9ミリ)、長さは3尺5寸(約1メートル5センチメートル)と定められ、受刑者の皮膚を破らないように節目などの凹凸は削られたものが使用された。
- The size of the cane was specified to be about 12mm thick at the handle, about 9mm at the tip and a length of about 1,05m, and in order not to break the skin of the punished person, knags of the cane were sahved off.
- 槍先形尖頭器の分類はこれまで、形態による分類(木葉形、半月形、有舌、有肩など)と調整部位による分類(周辺調整、片面調整、両面調整)がおこなわれているが、明瞭な型式分類が設定されるには至っていない。
- The articles of lanceolate-shaped point are classified according to the forms (leaf-shaped, half-moon-shaped, hafted, shouldered) and the parts retouched (retouch on the surrounding part, one face and both faces), however, the categorical classification has not been established yet.
- 江戸時代、当時の摂家最大の実力者とされていた近衛基熙が本来は摂関家全てに即位灌頂の礼式が伝わっている事、先代当主の二条光平の早世で礼式が絶えたことを理由に二条家の独占を継続すべきではないと唱えた。
- During the Edo period, Motohiro KONOE, who was at the time considered to be the most powerful among the sekke families, argued that the Nijo Family should not continue the dominant position in the accession to the throne out of the following two reasons: one being that the code of etiquette for accession should originally come down to all the sekke families, and the other being that the previous family head, Mitsuhira NIJO, had died young, and therefore the code of etiquette had terminated.
- また、鎌倉時代には源実朝が「将門合戦絵」を描かせたり、神田明神が江戸幕府によって「江戸総鎮守」とされたりするなど、武家政権が将門を東国武家政権の先駆けとして強い親近感を抱いていることも特徴的である。
- In addition, during the Kamakura period, military governments strongly promoted Masakado as a pioneer of military government in Togoku, an attitude which can be seen in the commissioning of a painting by MINAMOTO no Sanetomo called 'Masakado Kassen-e' (Masakado's Picture of War), and also at Kanda-Myojin Shrine, which was designated as 'Edo Sochinju' by the Edo bakufu (the feudal government of the Edo period).
- このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派(独立党)人士らは、福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
- Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK, and Jae-pil SEO of the Progressive Party (Independent Party), who had doubts about the modernization of Korea under this situation, reached the political and financial leaders of the early-modernized Japan, including Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Shigenobu OKUMA, and deepened exchanges with them.
- このことを香央が自分の妻につたえると、先方も娘もこころまちにしているのに、この様な不吉なことを公表すれば、どうなるかわからない、ふたりが結婚するのは変えられない、といい、そのまま縁組はすすめられた。
- When KASADA consults his wife about this oracle, she says they can't change their decision because their daughter and the groom's family are counting the days, so if they reveal the bad fortune like this, they won't know what might happen, and the marriage is decided.
- 続いて顕証寺蓮淳が先に実如が退避した堅田本福寺の明宗に不正ありと上申して破門処分となった(ただし蓮淳の場合には、別の意図により起こしたもので実際には本福寺は冤罪であったとされている(詳細は後述))。
- Then, Renjun of Kensho-ji Temple reported to hoshu that Meiso of Katata Honpuku-ji Temple, where Jitsunyo evacuated, was doing wrong and Meiso was excommunicated (Renjun did it for another purpose and Honpuku-ji Temple is said to have suffered a false charge; the details are mentioned later).
- 近代国際法は「先占の原則」(早期発見国が領有権を有する原理)を特徴の一つとして持っていたので、「未開国」は自動的に「無主の地」とされ、そこに植民地を自由に設定できるということになる(小林2002)。
- As modern international law has 'Rule of occupation' (rule under which the county that discovered a land first has sovereignty) as one of its features, 'undeveloped country' was automatically deemed as 'terra nullius,' and, therefore, colonies could be established freely (Kobayashi 2002).
- しかし建武の新政は武士の支持を得られず、建武 (日本)2年(1335年)に北条時行らが中先代の乱を起こし鎌倉を占拠すると、道誉は尊氏に従い討伐へと向かい、相模川で時行軍の背後を奇襲し勝利に寄与する。
- However, the Kenmu Restoration of the imperial government could not draw support from samurai warriors, and in 1335 when Tokiyuki HOJO and others staged the Nakasendai War and occupied Kamakura, Doyo followed Takauji and went out and made a sneak attack from behind the Tokiyuki army in the Sagamigawa River and contributed to the victory.
- さらに、冬嗣の息子である藤原良房が嵯峨上皇の皇女源潔姫を降嫁されるなど、父同様上皇と皇太后に深く信任されたのに対し、緒嗣は長男の藤原家緒に先立たれる等、式家はその後有力な人材を出すことができなかった。
- In addition, Hokke family won deep trust of the Retired Emperor Saga and Empress Dowager, shown by the fact that Fuyutsugu's son, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, got married with MINAMOTO no Kiyohime, Imperial princess of the Retired Emperor Saga, while Shikike family failed to produce influential figures due to incidents such as the death of FUJIWARA no Ieo, the eldest son of Otsugu.
- 第二次木津川口海戦での毛利水軍敗退を受けて本願寺は将来の弾薬や食料の欠乏を恐れ、天正7年(1579年)12月、ついに恒久的な和議を検討するようになり、密かに朝廷に先年の和解話のやり直しの希望を伝えた。
- With the defeat of the Mori navy in the second Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary, Hongan-ji Temple, worried about lack of ammunition and food in the future, finally began to seek for a permanent compromise and, in December 1579, secretly contacted the Imperial Court to ask for the resumption of the previous year's negotiation.
- しかしながら、徳川政権により上田から海津城(松代)に移された真田氏は藩主は勿論、家臣団にとっても武田配下だった「御先祖様」活躍の地であるためもあって幕末まで戦跡は保護されたり語り継がれることとなった。
- However, the Sanada clan was transferred from Ueda to Kaizu-jo Castle (located in Matsushiro) by the Tokugawa administration, and because the area was the place where the ancestors of the lord of the domain and of the retainers had had a lively showing, therefore the battle sites were protected and tales about the sites were handed down for generations until the end of the Edo period.
- そして、5月2日に西郷の命を受けた谷干城・赤松則良が率いる主力軍が、江戸幕府から引き継いだ小さな軍艦2隻で長崎を出航すると政府もこれを追認、5月6日に台湾南部に上陸すると台湾先住民と小競り合いを行う。
- Then, on May 2, when the main unit led by Tateki TANI and Noriyoshi AKAMATSU left Nagasaki by order of Saigo in two small warships which were got from the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the government officially approved it and on May 6, when they went ashore in southern Taiwan, they skirmished with the Taiwanese aborigines.
- 後三年合戦から約20年後の長治年中(1104年 - 1106年)、鎌倉権五郎景政は相模国・鵠沼郷一帯を、先祖伝来の地として、多数の浮浪人を集めて開発を始め、それを伊勢神宮に寄進しようと国衙に申請した。
- During the Choji era (1104-1106) which was about 20 years after Gosannen no Eki, KAMAKURA no Gongoro Kagemasa began to develop the Kugenuma-go district in the Sagami Province as an ancestral estate by many landlopers and applied to kokuga for its donation to the Ise Jingu Shrine.
- 京都へ向かう天皇の行列は2名の陸軍大尉を先頭に賢所の神鏡を奉安した御羽車、昭和天皇の乗る6頭立て馬車・香淳皇后の乗る4頭立て馬車・皇族代表・内大臣(牧野伸顕)・内閣総理大臣(田中義一)の馬車と続いた。
- The parade of the Emperor heading to Kyoto consisted of two army captains at the head, following a palanquin which the divine mirror of Kashikodokoro (Imperial Sanctuary) enshrined, a coach-and-six which Emperor Showa rode, a coach-and-four which Empress Kojun rode, a coach of the Naidaijin (minister of the center) (Nobuaki MAKINO), a representative of royal family, and the Prime Minister (Giichi TANAKA).
- そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
- Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.
- また唐崎祓・石山詣・長谷詣などの旅先でのできごと、上流貴族との交際、さらに母の死による孤独、息子藤原道綱の成長や結婚、兼家の旧妻である源兼忠女の娘を引き取った養女の結婚話とその破談についての記事がある。
- The diary also contains the records concerning her pilgrimage to the Karasaki, Ishiyama and Hase temples, friendships with the upper nobles, the loneliness caused by her mother's death, the growth and marriage of her son FUJIWARA no Michitsuna, and the marriage arrangement and cancellation of her adopted daughter, whom she took from MINAMOTO no Kanetada's daughter, the former wife of Kaneie.
- そもそも、衆議院からする開院式当日下賜の勅語にたいする奉答文は、先例によれば衆議院書記官長によって起草されたものを、さらに起草委員の協議の結果、これを議場に諮り賛同をもとめ、賛同をへて、宮中に捧呈した。
- In the first place, according to precedent, Hotobun by the House of Representatives to the imperial rescript granted on the opening day of the Diet, was to be presented the Imperial Court after its draft written by the chief secretary at the House of Representatives was conferred at the draft committee, asked the floor for its approval, and being passed.
- なお、地租改正に先立って、政府は、に田畑永代売買禁止令を解除して既に形骸化していた土地の売買禁止の合法化を行い、には地所質入書入規則及び動産不動産書入金穀貸借規則を定めて土地を担保とした貸借も合法化した。
- In addition, before land-tax reform, the government legalized buying and selling of land by lifting the prohibition of sale and purchase of farming land which was already lacked in substance in 1872; in 1873 the government also legalized the borrowing and lending of money by using land as collateral by setting the regulations on pawing and listing real estates and regulations on listing movable property and real estate property for borrowing and lending of money and goods.
- 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ(及び樺太アイヌ)、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
- Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
- 蘇我氏自身の出自はともかく、渡来系の氏族と深い関係にあったのは確かなようで、王権の職業奴属民としての役割を担っていた渡来人の品部の集団などが持つ当時の先進技術が蘇我氏の台頭の一助になったと考えられている。
- Regardless of the origins of the Soga clan, its deep ties with migrant clans is without-doubt, immigrants to ancient Japan; and it is thought that the rise of the Soga clan was aided by the relatively advanced technologies introduced to Japan by Shinabe (technicians in offices) who were toraijin (settlers), who became subjects to royal authority as indentured professionals.
- 1864年3月26日(文久3年2月19日 (旧暦))に朝廷が出した横浜港の鎖港と海防軍備に関する勅愉に対しても幕府は無策を続けるつもりだと判断した藤田小四郎は自ら攘夷実行の先駆けとなるため挙兵の意を固めた。
- Koshiro FUJITA and others who thought that bakufu would do nothing regarding the order to close the Yokohama port and order regarding the defense navy issued by the Imperial Court on March 26, 1864, and they decided to raise an army themselves to lead an attack to execute the expulsion of foreigners.
- 「むしろ、西洋列強の野望渦巻く苛烈な国際情勢下で、ひとり先に文明開化した日本が独立をまっとうせんがためには致し方なく中国、朝鮮と袂(たもと)を分かたなければいけない......それが脱亜という選択肢である」
- Under the fierce international circumstance when Western powers had high ambitions, it was necessary for Japan to reluctantly keep away from China and Korea to keep independence as a country... the choice was to leave Asia.'
- 一方、九州説で用いられる「放射説」(放射読み)は、伊都国までは連続読みと同じだが、その先は伊都国から奴国、伊都国から不弥国、伊都国から投馬国、伊都国から邪馬台国というふうに、伊都国を起点にする読み方である。
- On the other hand, although 'the radial journey theory' (reading the journey radially), which is used in the Kyushu theory, takes the same route as the contiguous reading until the state of Ito, after that it takes Ito as the starting point, such as Ito to Na, Ito to Fumi, Ito to Toma, and Ito to Yamatai.
- なお、寮司が他省及びその被管の官司に移を送付する場合には、直接相手先に送付できず、予め所管の省に移を送付する旨の解 (公文書)を送付して許可を得た後に所管の省から相手先の所管の省に送付する規定となっていた。
- It was stipulated, however, that 寮司 could not send 'I' (移) directly to other sho or officials of other sho; instead, 寮司 had to send ge (an official document) in advance to the sho which the receiver belonged to, asking for permission to send 'I' (移), and then the sho which 寮司 belonged to sent 'I' (移) to the sho which the receiver belonged to.
- 河野は先例を破って、奉答文中に「今ヤ国運ノ興隆洵々ニ千載ノ一遇ナルニ当リテ、閣臣ノ施設之ニ伴ハス内政ハ弥縫ヲ事トシ、外交ハ機宜ヲ失シ」その他を綴って内閣を弾劾し、国民の意思を明治天皇の耳にいれようと謀った。
- KONO broke with the precedent and added words such as, 'Now the national prosperity meets a chance in a million, but the Cabinet doesn't follow this and the internal administration takes a stopgap policy so that we lose the chance in diplomacy' into Hotobun and impeached the Cabinet, so that he could let the Meiji emperor know of people's voice.
- また夜中、炎上する筥崎宮より出た白装束の者30人ばかりが矢を射掛けたところ、元兵は恐怖し夜明けも待たず(朝鮮通信使のころでも夜間の玄界灘渡海は避けていた)我先にと抜錨し撤退は壊走となり玄界灘で遭難した、という。
- It further says that at the midnight, about thirty people in white came out from burning Hakozaki-gu Shrine and shot arrows at the Yuan soldiers, who were horrified and hurriedly withdrew in their ships without waiting for dawn, and in this chaotic flight, the ships are said to have wrecked in the Genkai-nada Sea (even Korean envoys in the Edo period avoided crossing the Genkai-nada Sea at the night).
- 十七条憲法(じゅうしちじょうけんぽう)とは、『日本書紀』、『先代旧事本紀』に推古天皇12年(604年)4月3日 (旧暦)に「夏四月 丙寅朔戊辰 皇太子親肇作憲法十七條」と記述されている17条からなる条文である。
- Jushichijo Kenpo was a code consisting of 17 articles, which was described under the article of May 9, 604 of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) as follows: 'In summer on May 9, the Crown Prince himself wrote 17 articles of constitution.'
- ただし、それに先立つ昭和23年に江上波夫が発表した騎馬民族征服王朝説も広い意味で王朝交替説であり、崇神天皇を起点とする皇統に着目している点など水野祐の説が江上波夫の説の影響を受けていることを指摘する学者もいる。
- However, some scholars pointed out that a prior theory of dynasty by the conquering horseback races, which was announced by Namio EGAMI in 1948 and included in the change of dynasties theories in the broad sense, affected the Mizuno's theory since both focused on the imperial line starting from Emperor Sujjn.
- 『古事記』と『日本書紀』を編集した人物は、当代の天皇の正統性を確保しようとするために、これらの天皇とその年代を、当時最先端の科学(讖緯説)に基いて算出したと考えられるが、現在の科学からは疑問視される部分も多い。
- Editors of the'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' tried to date the ages of these emperors using the most advanced technology at the time so as to justify the orthodoxy of their emperor, but many modern scholars doubt their dating.
- また、頼朝以来の先例・武家社会の道理を盾にして律令法・公家法と異なる規定、時にはこれと反する規定を積極的・かつ自立的に制定している点を評価して、御成敗式目を幕府法の独立を宣言したものとする解釈が通説となっている。
- Also, it is a generally accepted view that Goseibai-shikimoku is a declaration of independence of bakufu law as it is recognized that Goseibai-shikimoku, backed by the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, actively and independently established provisions which were different from or sometimes went against the ritsuryo law or the kugeho.
- 以前は唐の都の長安を模倣して作られたというのが一般的な定説であったが、先行する藤原京との密接な関係から現在は関連が疑われており、北魏洛陽などをモデルとした、日本独自の発展系ではないかという見方も有力となっている。
- Although it was a well established theory that the capital was modeled after Changan of Tang Dynasty, its relationship with Fujiwara-kyo, previously thought to be close, became questionable, and therefore another theory became accepted, which stated that Rakuyo in Northern Wei Dynasty was the inspiration, yet the development of the capital was unique to Japan.
- 能筆家であった実隆は、将棋の駒 (将棋)の文字を書いたとする記述も多く、文明 (日本)13年(1481年)に鞍馬寺(実隆が幼少を過ごした疎開先でもあった)の杉本寂慶が所望したため駒書きを行っているのが最初である。
- According to the diary, Sanetaka, who was a good calligrapher, wrote characters on shogi pieces, and he first wrote them at the behest of Jakkei SUGIMOTO of the Kurama-dera Temple (where Sanetaka stayed to evacuate in his childhood) in 1481.
- 北条義時は牧の方の娘婿である朝雅を担ぐ父時政を切り捨てる事によって、無実の重忠を討ったという御家人達の憎しみの矛先をかわし、混乱に乗じて朝雅と秩父一族の稲毛重成・榛谷重朝ら有力者を一掃して武蔵国の掌握に成功した。
- Yoshitoki HOJO managed to avoid the brunt of criticism over the murder of the innocent Shigetada, by deserting his father, Tokimasa, who had supported Tomomasa, Maki no kata's son in law; he also took advantage of a chaotic situation and took control of Musashi province by sweeping Tomomasa, and powerful members of the Chichibu clan including Shigenari INAGE and Shigetomo HANGAYA, from power.
- 北条家内では梶原景時、比企能員など強力な政敵の排除には団結していたが、先妻の子義時・北条政子らと後妻牧の方との間には以前から亀の前事件などの諍いがあり、共通の敵が居なくなった事によって両者の対立が表面化していた。
- Although the Hojo family was well united to eliminate external political enemies such as Kagetoki KAJIWARA and Yoshikazu HIKI, due to the fact that they had no mutual enemies, internal conflicts arose such as the one between the children from his first marriage (Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO) and his second wife, Maki no kata, particularly after the Kamenomae Incident.
- 同じく江戸城下の治安を預かる町奉行が役方(文官)であり、その部下である町与力や町同心とは対照的に、御先手組は番方であり、その部下である組与力・組同心の取り締まり方は極めて荒っぽく、江戸の民衆から恐れられたという。
- While Machi-yoriki and Machi-doshin were the subordinate of machi-bugyo (town magistrate) who were civil officers to maintain the public security of the Edo castle town, Kumi-yoriki and Kumi-doshin were under the control of the sakite-gumi, which was bankata (military officers), and regulated the Edo castle town so roughly that they were said to be feared by the Edo people.
- 『日本書紀』には、吉備氏の祖として御友別(みともわけ)の名が、『古事記』には、近江国の安(やす)国造の祖先として意富多牟和気(おほたむわけ)の名が見えるが、これらの豪族の名の構成は「ホムダワケ」と全く同じである。
- In 'Nihonshoki,' there appears a name, Mitomowake as the ancestor of the Kibi clan and, in 'Kojiki,' there can be seen a name, Otamuwake as the ancestor of the Yasu no Kuni no miyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) in Omi Province, with constitution of the names of these local ruling families are exactly the same with 'Homudawake.'
- 権力ト法トハ家ニ生マレタリ」「家長権ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルハ祖先ノ霊ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルヲ以ッテナリ」と説き、法による権利義務関係を否定し、日本伝統の家父長制度を否定する婚姻を基調とした家族法を批判した。
- The authority and law were born in a family.', and 'the authority of a head of a family is holy and inviolable just as the spirits of our ancestors are holy and inviolable', neglected a right-duty relation by law and criticized the family law based on marriage which denied Japanese traditional patriarchal authority.
- まず除目に先立って外記が原紙を作成し、神祇官・太政官から八省及びその被官、弾正台・京職・鋳銭使・令制国国司及び大宰府(五畿七道順)・衛府・馬寮・兵庫寮・鎮守府までの欠員の官職(四等官及び品官)が一覧として記される。
- Firstly, Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) created the original copy before Jimoku, and made a list of vacant government posts (Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) and Honkan (ranks)) in a range from Jingikan (officer of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony) and Dajokan (Grand Council of State) to Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), Hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of Hassho, Danjodai (Board of Censors), Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau), Jusenshi (administrative officer who oversaw the minting of coins), Kokushi (provincial governor) of Ryoseikoku (province), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) (in order of Goki-Shichido (five provinces and seven circuits), Efu (place of guard), Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses), Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouse) and Chinju-fu (Pacification and Defense Headquarters).
- その後、逃走者が発見された場合には逃亡先の戸籍に編入させられる「当所編附」あるいは元の本貫地への強制送還させられる「本貫還附」の措置が取られた(ただし、陸奥国・出羽国の本貫者については「本貫還附」が決められていた)。
- Later, when those that fled were found, measures either 'tosho henpu' that made them admitted to the family register that they had fled to, or 'hongan kanpu' that had them deported back to their original honganchi, was taken (however, for people with hongan in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, 'hongan kanpu' was taken).
- この法度の制定に先立ち、慶長18年6月16日 (旧暦)(1613年8月2日)には、「公家衆法度」「寺院諸法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」を定めていたが、この法度によって、さらに天皇までを包含する基本方針を確立した。
- Prior to having enacted this law, 'Kugeshu hatto,' 'Jiin shohatto,' and 'Daitokuji myoshinjito shoji nyuin hatto' had already been promulgated but the basic policy that also targeted for the emperor had been completed with 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto.'
- また、当時幕末以来の盟友であった同郷の大木喬任や副島種臣らと路線の違いから疎遠になりつつあった大隈にとって、他に先んじて改革の提言をもたらす改正掛の存在が頼もしい存在であったことを後に証言している(『大隈公昔日譚』)。
- In addition, for Okuma who estranged himself from his old friends since the end of Edo Period such as Takato OKI and Taneomi SOEJIMA because of different way of living their life, the existence of Kaiseigakari, which gave him evolutional proposals about reformation, was very reliable, and he admitted it later ('Okuma memoir').
- 賄賂の横行や罷免された荻原重秀の独断専行を目の当たりにしていた新井は先に荻原が廃止した勘定吟味役を正徳2年(1712年)に再度設置し、杉岡能連、萩原美雅(ともにのち勘定奉行)を任命し、勘定所自体の綱紀の引き締めを図った。
- Since Arai witnessed widespread bribery and arbitrary decision and execution by Shigehide OGIWARA who was dismissed, Arai revived Kanjoginmiyaku in 1712 that was abolished by Ogiwara earlier and assigned Yoshitsura SUGIOKA and Yoshimasa OGIWARA (both of them became kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance] later) and strived for tightening up the official discipline in the finance ministry.
- 群山記に先立って、伴存は天保6年(1835年)から7年(1836年)にかけての植物調査を『金嶽草木志(きんがくそうもくし』という著作にまとめているが、その後も吉野山中への踏査は続けられ、弘化年間まで足掛け20年に及んだ。
- Ahead of Gunzanki, Tomoari wrote about a vegetation survey from 1835 to 1836 in a book called 'Kingaku Somoku shi' but the survey in Mt. Yoshino was continued after that and until the Koka Period, it lasted for 20 years.
- これにより皇后や皇子を支持基盤にもつ蘇我氏が有利になり、また天皇が生前、「仏教を敬うように」といった詔があったこともあり、先代の敏達天皇の皇后(用明天皇の姉。後の推古天皇)の命により蘇我氏及び連合軍は物部守屋に攻め込んだ。
- This helped the Soga clan which was gaining strong support from the Empress and the Prince and, following the decree made by the Emperor while still alive asking to respect Buddhism, the Soga clan and the allied forces attacked Moriya as ordered by the Empress of the former Emperor Bidatsu (the older sister of the Emperor Yomei and later the Empress Suiko).
- さて蓮如には生前に5人の妻を娶り、13人の男子があったが、最後の妻蓮能の子供達は先の「大坂一乱」で排斥され、4番目の妻の子蓮芸は摂津国富田 (高槻市)に教行寺を建てた後に実如に先立って死去、3番目の妻には男子がいなかった。
- Although Rennyo had five wives in his lifetime and left thirteen sons, the children of the last wife Renno were expelled by 'Osaka ichiran' mentioned above, and Rengei, the child of the 4th wife died before Rennyo after he built Kyogo-ji Temple in Tomita, Settsu Province, and the 3rd wife did not have a son.
- 和銅7年(714年)には首皇子の元服が行われて正式に立太子されるも病弱であったことと皇親勢力と外戚である藤原氏との対立もあり、即位は先延ばしにされ文武天皇の妹である元正天皇が「中継ぎの中継ぎ」として皇位を継ぐことになった。
- In 714, genpuku (a ceremony held to celebrate one's coming of age) was held for Prince Obito, and he was invested as crown prince, but due to his poor health and a conflict between pro-imperial forces and the Fujiwara clan, who were maternally related to the Imperial family, his enthronement was postponed and the Empress Gensho, younger sister of the Emperor Monmu, succeeded to the Imperial Throne as 'an interim empress for the interim emperor'.
- この騒ぎの最中の阿久里が実家である広島藩三次藩の前藩主浅野長照(藩主浅野長澄は国許三次にいた)が阿久里を引き取るべく、幕府の許可を得たうえで大橋忠兵衛孝次(同藩先手頭)木村吉左衛門定重(同藩持筒頭)らを上屋敷に派遣してきた。
- During this disturbance, the former lord of Sanji and Hiroshima domains Nagateru ASANO (the lord Nagasumi ASANO was in his hometown Sanji) requested to have Aguri back since it was her hometown and sent Takatsugi Chubei OHASHI (the head of the front line foot soldiers) and Sadashige Kichizaemon KIMURA (the head of the soldiers with guns) to Kamiyashiki after receiving permission from the bakufu.
- つまり、実際には、榎本に好印象を持った出先の英仏軍艦艦長が、本国の意向を無視して勝手に書いた覚書でしかなかったのである(事前に英公使ハリー・パークスが与えた訓令では、上記のような用語の使用を慎重に避けていたのにも関わらず)。
- That means, it was actually nothing but a mamorandam made freely by the captains of the British and French warshipsl, who had a good impression on Enomoto and ignored the intention of their countries (although the use of the terms as above was carefully avoided in the directive made by the British Minister Harry Parkes.)
- なお、校異編は『校異源氏物語』として昭和17年(1942年)に先行して出版されたものとほぼ同じ(若干の誤植を手直しした程度)であり、例えば校異編の凡例は『校異源氏物語』の凡例を「校異源氏物語」の文言もそのままに使用している。
- The book of comparison was almost the same as 'Koi Genji monogatari' published precedently in 1942 (a few misprints were corrected), and explanatory notes and wording in a book of comparison were exactly the same as the ones in 'Koi Genji monogatari.'
- これに対して吉田晶は、日本府の実体を半島の先進的な文物を入手するため設置された会議で、倭から派遣された卿、任那数ヶ国の君主を意味する旱岐層、大伽耶の大首長、安羅、多羅の次旱岐など現地の王や豪族、官人層により構成されたとした。
- In contrast, Akira YOSHIDA claimed that the true status of Mimana Nihon-fu was a committee established to gain access to the advanced culture of the Peninsula and consisted of Kyo (lords) dispatched from Wa, local kings, powerful families and government officials, including Han gie who was the monarch of the countries of Mimana, paramount chiefs of Dae Gaya, sub Han gie of Alla and Tara.
- ところで、これらの太政官布告に先立って、1872年(明治5年)11月9日に出されていた太陽暦を施行する旨の太政官布告では、祭典等の日付は、旧暦の月日を新暦の月日として施行するものと定めていた(明治5年太政官布告第337号)。
- Prior to these proclamations of the Grand Council of State there had been another proclamation on November 9, 1872 to adopt the solar calendar, and it was decided that festival dates from the old lunar calendar would be transferred to the same dates on the solar calendar (Proclamation no. 337 of the Grand Council of State, 1872).
- 当時仏教受容の先頭を切ったのは蘇我稲目であり、百済の聖王が日本の朝廷の伝えてきた金銅釈迦像・経典若干卷のうちの仏像を小墾田(おはりだ)の家に安置し、さらに向原(むくはら)の家を清めて向原寺(こうげんじ)とした(『日本書紀』)。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the introduction of Buddhism into Japan was spearheaded by SOGA no Iname, who enshrined a gilt bronze statue of Shakyamuni that had been presented, together with some sutras, to the Imperial court by King Seong of Baekje, in his house at Oharida and purified his house in Mukuhara, converting it into Kogen-ji Temple.
- 原古才村を蜂須賀氏が、松井から本小山までを堀尾吉晴、生駒親正、木下備中、桑山重晴、戸田正治らが、蛙ヶ鼻より先を但馬国衆が担当することとなり、浅野長政は船や船頭を集めて備中高松城が湖に浮かぶ島になった際の城攻めの準備にあたった。
- The Hachisuka clan was responsible for Harakosai Village, Yoshiharu HORIO, Chikamasa IKOMA, Bitchu KINOSHITA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Masaharu TODA for the areas from Matsui to Honkoyama, and the people of Tajima Province for the areas beyond Kawazugahana, while Nagamasa ASANO assembled boats and sendo (boatmen) to make preparations for attacking the castle when it would be floating on a lake.
- ところが、日本側が一旦帰国した森山からの報告を受けた後に、大阪会議や佐賀の乱への対応で朝鮮問題が後回しにされて「九月協定」への了承を先延ばしにしているうちに、朝鮮では大院君側が巻き返しが図られて再び攘夷論が巻き起こったのである。
- However, after Japanese side received a report from Moriyama who was coming back to home country for the time being, and while responding to the Osaka conference and the Saga War the Korea problem was left behind and postponed the approval for the 'September Agreement', and Daewongun regained his strength, and the principle of excluding foreigners arose again in Korea.
- なお『先代旧事本紀』巻4地祇本紀にも「都味齒八重事代主神 化八尋熊鰐 通三島溝杭女 活玉依姬 生一男一女(中略)妹 踏韛五十鈴姬命 此命 橿原原朝立為皇后 誕生二兒 即 神渟名耳天皇 綏靖 次產 八井耳命是也」と同様記述がある。
- Also 'Sendai Kuji Hongi' (The Fundamental Records of the Ancient Matters of Former Ages) Volume 4 Chigi Hongi includes the description of '都味齒八重事代主神 化八尋熊鰐 通三島溝杭女 活玉依姫 生一男一女(中略)妹 踏{韋備-イ}五十鈴姫命 此命 橿原原朝立為皇后 誕生二兒 即 神渟名耳天皇 綏靖 次産 八井耳命是也,' which is equivalent to the description in Nihon Shoki.
- 皇室の一族(多くの場合故先帝から始まっており、今上帝 (源氏物語)にいたるまでの全ての天皇・全ての皇子・全ての皇女が含まれる最も規模の大きい系譜である。光源氏(通常は「六条院」と呼ばれている)及びその子孫達も全てここに含まれる)
- Genealogy of Emperor's families (most of them begin with the late emperor, and continues until Kinjo no Mikado [The Tale of Genji], which is the largest-scale genealogy including all Emperors, Imperial Princes, and Princesses; Hikaru Genji [usually called 'Rokujoin'] and his descendants are all included here.)
- 本著は先に挙げた先行の作者付を参考にして書かれ、『金春八左衛門書上』、そして『観世太夫書上』・『自家伝抄』の一部を重視し、『能本作者註文』・『歌謡作者考』を参照しつつ、加えて現在知られていない伝書の説も取り入れたと考えられている。
- It is thought that this book was written based on the prior sakushazuke, emphasizes parts of 'Konparu Hachizaemon Kakiage,' 'Kanze Dayu Kakiage' and 'Jika Densho,' and draws inspiration from 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' and 'Kayo Sakusha Ko' in addition to incorporating the views of the texts now unknown.
- これを聞いた薩軍の野村忍介は植木にいた隊を引き連れて鳥巣に向かい、挽回しようと奮戦するが、結局、この日一日では決着はつかず、4月7日に官軍がこの地に一旦見切りをつけ、古閑を先に攻略しようとしたことにより、一時的に休戦状態になった。
- In response to the report, the Satsuma army's Oshisuke NOMURA in Ueki led his troop to Torisu to restore the area but the battle was not decided on the day; on April 7, the battle over the area was suspended once, since the government army temporarily gave up the area to capture Koga first.
- 超勝寺は先の本覚寺蓮恵の一件以来、本覚寺と並んで賀州三ヶ寺から圧迫を受けていたが元々は蓮如以前からの由緒のある末寺であり、北陸全域に門徒を抱えており、「北の超勝寺・南の本覚寺」と呼ばれてきた状況は加賀一向一揆後も変わりがなかった。
- Chosho-ji Temple had been oppressed in the same way as Hongaku-ji Temple by Gashu Sanka-ji Temples since the incident caused by Rene at Hongaku-ji Temple as mentioned before, but it was originally a historic branch temple that had existed before Rennyo and had followers all around Hokuriku, and its fame described as 'Chosho-ji Temple in the north, Hongaku-ji Temple in the south' was invariable even after the uprising of the Ikko sect followers in Kaga.
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- 『古事記』・『新撰姓氏録』・『先代旧事本紀』・『阿蘇氏系図』によれば、神八井耳命の子孫は繁多に分かれ、多氏(太安万侶の一族)・小子部氏・坂合部氏・火君・大分氏・雀部氏・小長谷氏・伊予国造・金刺氏・石城国造・丹羽氏・茨田連等がいた。
- According to the 'Kojiki,' 'Shinsen Shojiroku,' 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History), and 'Aso-shi Keizu' (The Family Tree of Aso clan), descendants of Kamuyaimimi no mikoto are ramified widely, and formed the O clan (Family of O no Yasumaro), Chisakobe clan, Sakaibe clan, Hi no kimi, Oita clan, Sasabe clan, Konagaya clan, Iyonokuni no miyatsuko, Kanasashi clan, Iwakinokuni no miyatsuko, Niwa clan, Mamuta no muraji, and others.
- 著名な平氏出身者としては例えば東国に独立政権を樹立しようとして失敗した下総国・常陸国の平将門、時代が下って貴族政権で台頭した平清盛の先祖も東国出身の土着平氏であり、これを倒した源頼朝を支えた坂東平氏も同じ土着系平氏の末裔であった。
- Famous members of the Taira clan included the following: TAIRA no Masakado of Shimousa Province and Hitachi Province, who tried but failed to establish an independent government in Togoku; TAIRA no Kiyomori, who led the aristocratic government; and the Bando-Heishi, supporters of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who had toppled Kiyomori; ironically, both Kiyomori and the Bando-Heishi could trace their ancestry back to the lineage of the Taira clan that was native to the Togoku.
- 安土桃山時代以前の牧野氏のルーツは、不明な点や矛盾が多く、複数の異なった系譜が伝わり、また徳川氏帰属後は反徳川の急先鋒だった三河牛窪城主・牧野保成との関係を意図的に遠ざけたとも考えられ、これも系譜関係の不明確さの一因となっている。
- The family tree is unclear because as for the roots of the Makino clan before the Azuchi Momoyama period, many unclear points and discrepancies exsist, and there are some different family trees prevailing, and because of those after the Makino clan belonged to the Tokugawa clan, it is considered that the Makino clan intentionally kept away from Lord of Mikawa Ushikubo-jo Castle Yasushige MAKINO who was one of the anti-Tokugawa radicals.
- 更に大坂堂島米会所に所属する米仲買・米方両替である「浜方」と呼ばれる商人から、米切手を担保として融資を受ける浜方先納と呼ばれる融資を得ることもあったが、この方法は通常の大名貸の方法では融資が受けられなくなった藩が採ることが多かった。
- Besides, there was another way to borrow money on rice-check from merchants called 'hamakata' who were rice brokers in the Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange House, but it was an option for domains who could not arrange loans by a usual procedure of daimyogashi.
- また、戦闘の証拠とされる上記のような事例のうち、武器の切っ先が棺内から出土する例、頭部がない人骨、あるいは人骨に残る受傷例などは、前期後半~中期前半の北部九州地域、特に福岡県小郡市を中心とした地域に多く認められることが特徴的である。
- Among the above described evidence of battles, cases with a tip of a weapon in the coffin, human bones without a head and bone trauma are often found from the latter half of the early period to the first half of middle period in the northern Kyushu region, especially in regions around Ogori City, Fukuoka Prefecture.
- 第二次世界大戦以前の日本における伽耶地方の研究については、当時の併合政策を正当化しようとする姿勢から、『日本書紀』に現れる任那日本府を倭国(大和政権)が朝鮮半島南部を支配するために設置した出先機関であるとする前提に立つものであった。
- Before the World War II, the study of Goya region in Japan stood on the premise that Mimana Nihon-fu, which appears in 'Nihonshoki', was the regional office established by Wakoku (Yamato Administration) to govern the southern area of the Korean Peninsula, which would justify Japan's annexation policy.
- 石井家設立が上のように複雑な経緯をたどったのは、初代・行豊は正二位・権中納言・平松時量(1627年〜1704年)を実父とするが、養子先である石井局の勤務を後水尾天皇及び東福門院がねぎらうという形で行豊に新家の創設を認めたためである。
- There was a rather complex background to the establishment of the Iwai family as follows; though the first Yukitoyo was a son of Tokitsune HIRAMATSU of the Shonii Gon Chunagon (Senior Second Rank, Provisional Vice-Councilor of State) (1627 -1704), Emperor Gomizunoo and Tofukumonin allowed Yukitoyo to establish a new family in appreciation of his service in his adoptive family, Iwai no tsubone.
- 「日本国外に住み日本の流行に疎くなったり違和感を覚えてしまう」「出向先から戻って本社の変貌ぶりにまごつく」「世間から離れていたために時事ニュースや新しい技術を知らず、時代に取り残されたと感じる」などの状態を自虐的に表現する際に用いる。
- The expression is used in a masochistic way about 'a person who has lived abroad and become ignorant of Japanese fashion or felt awkward,' 'a person who has just returned from his or her place of assignment and who gets confused by changes at the head office,' or 'a person who has been away from society and who doesn't know about current affairs or new technologies and feels that he or she has been left behind.'
- ただし、蔵奉行の組織の成立は経済的先進地であった上方の方が先んじており、大坂では元和7年(1621年)、京都では寛永2年(1625年、ただし寛政2年(1790年)までは京都町奉行支配下)、江戸では寛永13年(1636年)の事であった。
- However, the kura-bugyo system was established earlier in the economically advanced area of Kamigata - to be specific, in 1621 in Osaka and in 1625 in Kyoto (being under the control of Kyoto machi-bugyo or Kyoto City Magistrate till 1790), while it was not until in 1636 that the system was established in Edo.
- その後清朝はこの支払いを履行したが、ばくだいな拠出はその後の改革(光緒新政)の施策を限定せざるを得ないこととなり、かつ侵略を防ぐためとして投資対象が軍備優先となったために、北洋軍閥の総帥である袁世凱の権勢をさらに増大させることとなった。
- In later years the Qing Dynasty implemented the payment, however, the enormous outlay limited the measures of subsequent reforms (the Hundred Days of Reform) and, in addition, more investiment on arms buildup in order to prevent invasion, led to the increased power of Yuan ShiKai, the commander of the Beiyang army.
- しかし、将軍家の近習であった経緯から織田信長には非協力的であったとされ、天正10年(1582年)の本能寺の変では能勢頼次が明智光秀方に加勢し、豊臣秀吉によって光秀が滅ぼされると頼次は能勢を追われ先祖多田頼貞に縁のある備前に潜伏したという。
- However, they are said to have taken a no cooperative stance toward Nobunaga ODA because they were attendants to the Shogun, so at the Honnoji Incident in 1582 Yoritsugu NOSE supported Mitsuhide AKECHI and after Mitsuhide was destroyed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI Yoritsugu was forced from Nose and hid in Bizen Province, which was associated with his ancestor Yorisada TADA.
- 太陽暦(グレゴリオ暦)が1月1日 から暦として採用されたが、それに先立って、紀元節が旧暦である天保暦の正月(旧正月)とはならないようにするため、神武天皇即位の日をグレゴリオ暦の遡り暦に換算して、紀元節を特定の日付に固定する必要が生まれた。
- Before the Solar calendar (the Gregorian calendar) was adopted as a calendar starting from January 1st, in order to prevent Kigensetsu (the National Foundation Day, the day commemorating the ascension to the throne of the first emperor Jimmu) from falling on New Year's Day of Tenpo reki (Tenpo calendar) in the lunar calendar, they had to fix a specific date for Kigensets by converting the date of enthronement of Emperor Jimmu into 遡り暦 of the Gregorian calendar.
- なお、この一連の事件と純友との関係について純友軍の幹部に前山城掾藤原三辰がいる事や先の藤原子高襲撃事件などから、実は純友の勢力は瀬戸内海のみならず平安京周辺から摂津国にかけてのいわゆる「盗賊」と呼ばれている武装した不満分子にも浸透していた。
- Sumitomo was connected with a series of these incidents because 藤原三辰, the former Yamashiro no jo (an official of Yamashiro Province), was the senior commander of Sumitomo's army, and also because, ever since his attack on FUJIWARA no Sanetaka as mentioned above, his influence had become prevalent amongst not only pirates of the Seto Inland Sea, but also armed discontented elements, or 'robbers', based in the area between Heian-Kyo (the ancient capital in present-day Kyoto) and Settsu Province.
- これは明治の歴史学者星野恒の唱えたもので、明治30年代に石清水八幡宮祠官田中家文書の中に源頼信が応神天皇陵に納めたとされる永承元年(1046年)告文に「先人新発其先経基其先元平親王其先陽成天皇其先清和天皇」と明記してある事を根拠としたもの。
- The historian Hisashi HOSHINO in the Meiji period stated this theory, which was supported by descriptions between 1897 and 1906 in the family document of the Tanaka family, who were Shinto priests of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine, that the Imperial instruction of 1046, which was dedicated to the Mausoleum of Emperor Ojin by MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, explicitly described that: 'the ancestors are Shinbochi, Tsunemoto, Imperial Prince Motohira, Emperor Yozei, and Emperor Seiwa, from newest to oldest.'
- 言い換えれば、当時相当先進的な内容であった大日本帝国憲法をもってしても自由民権運動の真意がかなえられる事は無く、1945年の太平洋戦争敗北後に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が行なった民主化政策でしか自由民権運動の成果は結実しえなかったのである。
- In other words, the then fairly progressive Constitution of the Empire of Japan could not achieve the real aim of the movement and they had to wait to be fully realized in the democratization, which was prompted by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War in 1945.
- このために「終わることなく終わりを告げる」等と評されており、作者が構想通りここで完結するように書き進められてきて予定通り完結させたのか、それとももっと先まで書き進める構想はあったが何らかの事情でここで中断してしまったのか議論になることがある。
- As a result, this chapter is commented as the one which 'tells the end without ending,' and it sometimes generates the arguments whether the author went on writing with the idea of ending at this point and completed as planned or stopped writing halfway through for some reason though she intended to continue writing.
- 大友皇子手執香鑪 先起誓盟曰 六人同心 奉天皇詔 若有違者 必被天罰 云云 於是 左大臣 蘇我赤兄臣等手執香鑪 隨次而起 泣血誓盟曰 臣等五人隨於殿下 奉天皇詔 若有違者 四天王打天神地祇 亦復誅罰 三十三天 証知此事 子孫當絕 家門必亡 云云
- 'Prince Otomo stood with an incense burner in his hand and vowed, saying 'Having the same spirit of faith, these six members promise to obey the imperial edict. If we break the promise, we'll be sure to be punished by heaven.' After that, the five other members stood one by one with koro in their hands and promised to obey the imperial edict, following the prince. They said, 'If we break the promise, Shitenno (the Four Divas) will strike us. The gods of heaven and earth will also punish us. Sanjusanten (the thirty-three inhabitants of heaven), be a witness of the following: our descendants and family clans will be sure to die out,' they thus vowed with tears in their eyes.'
- 台湾では戦後、国共内戦に破れ遷台した中国国民党が、それまで台湾に住む本省人を弾圧(白色テロ、1947年に発生した二・二八事件はその最大規模のものである。)、大陸反攻を国是とし軍事を優先とした政策を実施したため、台湾のインフラ整備は後回しにされた。
- In postwar Taiwan, the Kuomintang Party, which was defeated by communist forces in the Chinese civil war and moved to Taiwan, suppressed the native-born Taiwanese who had been living in Taiwan before the Kuomintang related immigration wave (the White Terror and the 228 incident in 1947 was the largest scale suppression) and developed the military-first policy with the national credo of 'counterattack the mainland,' and as a result, the development of the infrastructure in Taiwan was put on the back-burner.
- これは、鎌倉幕府から新恩あるいは本領安堵の御下文(安堵状)を得ている所領であっても、現実に知行しないまま年数を経たものについては、20年経過した場合には右大将家の例(源頼朝の家中の先例)に従って権利の正当性についての理非を問わずに現状を変更しない。
- This means that a territory, newly given by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or with an official document approving the ownership (Andojo), which has not reigned by the owner in reality for over 20 years, does not allow the actual status changed without discussion about the legitimacy of the rights in accordance with the case of the Udaisho family (the precedent of the family of the MINAMOTO no Yoritomo).
- 本来、皇后の定員は1名であったが、永祚 (日本)2年(990年)、一条天皇が藤原定子を皇后に冊立するにあたり、すでに円融天皇の皇后として藤原遵子が在位していたにかかわらず、先帝の皇后と今上の皇后は併存しうるものとして、2人の皇后の並立が強行された。
- Normally, only one person could be the empress, however, when FUJIWARA no Sadako became empress of Emperor Ichijyo in 990, despite FUJIWARA no Junshu's reign as the empress of Emperor Enyu, he allowed and enforced two empresses to co-exist, the one that was in reign and the new one.
- つまり、江戸城の本城は大手門から和田倉門、馬場先門、桜田門の内側にある本丸、二の丸、西の丸などの内郭に将軍、次期将軍となる将軍の世子、先代の将軍である大御所が住む御殿が造られ、その西にあたる半蔵門内の吹上に将軍の親族である徳川御三家の屋敷が置かれた。
- The palaces of shogun, his heir and ogosho (ex-shogun) were constructed the central castle compound of the Edo Castle within the Honmaru, Ninomaru and Nishinomaru interior castle that were enclosed by the Ote-mon, Wadakura-mon, Babasaki-mon, and Sakurada-mon cates, and the residences of Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) were reserved west of the Castle and behind Hanzo-mon gate Gate.
- …ここに、旧辞の誤りたがへるを惜しみ、先紀の謬り錯(まじ)れるを正さむとして、和銅四年九月十八日をもちて、臣安麻呂に詔りして、阿禮阿禮の誦む所の勅語の旧辞を撰録して献上せしむるといへれば、謹みて詔旨(おほみこと)の随(まにま)に、子細に採りひろひぬ。
- A well-known emperor was sorry about Kyuji (a record of stories current at court) being incorrect, and attempted to correct pre-existing documents. On September 18, 711, the emperor ordered his subject, Yasumaro to present the Kyuji that was selected and recorded immediately after the emperor settled in Omiya, Kiyohara in Asuka, to the extent that HIEDA no Are could recite, and Yasumaro happily followed the emperor's words, thoroughly picking up Kyuji.
- 平氏と興福寺の緊張関係は平氏の福原行幸後に一定程度緩和されていたが、この年の末に近江攻防で園城寺・興福寺の大衆が近江源氏らの蜂起に加勢し、それによって平氏は12月11日に平重衡が園城寺を攻撃して寺を焼き払うと、いよいよ矛先は興福寺へと向くことになる。
- The strained relation between the Taira clan and Kofuku-ji Temple was subsided to a certain degree after the Taira clan's Emperor visit to Fukuhara; however, when Daishu, monks residing in Onjo-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple assisted the uprising of Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) in offense and defense in Omi Province at the end of this year, the Taira clan led by TAIRA no Shigehira attacked and set fire to Onjo-ji Temple on December 11 and finally took aim at Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 律令制においては官司の上下関係は明確であるため、解の提出先である上級官司は自ずから定まっており、差出所である下級官司の名称は記載されていても、宛所である上級官司は記載しないことになっていた(職 (律令制)・寮 (律令制)・司・郡→八省・国司→太政官)。
- Since the hierarchical relationship among government officials was clearly defined in the ritsuryo system, the upper grade officials to whom lower grade officials had to submit ge were fixed accordingly, therefore, it was necessary to write the name of the reporter, lower grade official, while that of a receiver, higher grade official, was not written (Shoku [ritsuryo system]/Ryo [ritsuryo system]/Tsukasa/Gun->Hassho/Kokushi->Dajokan).
- 応神の和風諡号である「ホムダ」は飾りの多い8代以前の天皇と著しく違っている事から実在とみなす説、三王朝交代説における征服王朝の創始者とする説、邪馬台国東遷説にまつわり皇室の先祖として祭られている神(宇佐八幡)とする説、河内王朝の始祖と見なす説などである。
- They include a theory which regards Ojin to be actual because his Japanese-style posthumous name, 'Homuda,' is extremely different from the embellished ones of the Emperors before the eighth, a theory which postulates that he is the founder of the conquering dynasty in the rotation theory of three dynasties, a theory to regard him as the god (Usa Hachiman) enshrined as an ancestor of the Imperial Family in relation to relocation of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom to the east, a theory to regard him as the founder of the Kawachi dynasty, etc.
- 「悪金ノ儀ハ、兼テ御布令ノ通、府藩県ニテ取調十月中ニ可申出筈ノ所、此度引換ノ道被為立、銀台ノ分ハ格別ノ訳ヲ以百両ニ付先金札三十両ニ御引換被成下、追テ総員数銘々持分等巨細御取調ノ上、猶御詮議ノ品モ可有之候条、御趣意ノ程厚ク相心得可申候......(以下略)」
- 「悪金ノ儀ハ、兼テ御布令ノ通、府藩県ニテ取調十月中ニ可申出筈ノ所、此度引換ノ道被為立、銀台ノ分ハ格別ノ訳ヲ以百両ニ付先金札三十両ニ御引換被成下、追テ総員数銘々持分等巨細御取調ノ上、猶御詮議ノ品モ可有之候条、御趣意ノ程厚ク相心得可申候......(以下略)」
- 発給年月日の下側にこの符を相手先に送付した使人の位署がされ、最後の行に「鈴剋 伝符亦准此(鈴剋(れいこく)・伝符(ともに駅伝制に用いられるもので、転じて駅伝を介して諸国の国司に送られてきた場合)もまた此れ(正規の符の手続)に准ぜよ)」と書かれて締め括られる。
- Below the date of issuance, the rank and name of the messenger who carried the document to the receiver were written, and concluded with, 'Refer to the procedures of the formal fu in cases of reikoku and denfu (relay messenger system, or when a document had been sent via relay messenger to officials in various districts).'
- 記紀では天皇として認められていないが、後世の史書である『扶桑略記』に「飯豊天皇廿四代女帝」、『本朝皇胤紹運録』に「飯豊天皇 忍海部女王是也」と記される上、偽書の『先代旧事本紀大成経』には「清貞天皇(せいていてんのう)」の諡号まであり、天皇の扱いとなっている。
- In 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' she was not regarded as Emperor, but in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan) she was described as 'Emperor Iitoyo the fourth Empress,' in Honcho koin jounroku (the Emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) as 'Iitoyo Emperor Oshinumibe princess,' and additionally in the apocryphal book 'Sendai Kujihongi taiseikyo,' there was even shigo (posthumous title) 'Emperor Seitei,' where she was treated as Emperor.
- 朝鮮側がこの条項になんら抵抗を示していないのは、先に述べたように国際法についての無関心からくるのであるが、それ以外に江戸時代の対馬藩との往来の頃には民事案件であろうと刑事のものであろうと、日本人犯罪者は倭館の日本人責任者に引き渡していた慣例があったためである。
- One reason why Korea did not resist this provision was that they were indifferent to international law, as described before, but there was another reason that during the Edo period when they traded with the Tsushima clan, traditionally the criminals were given over to the Japanese in charge in the Japanese consular office, no matter whether it was a civil or criminal case.
- 越訴方では越訴が正当と判断される場合には内談の場にて越訴頭人・越訴奉行人によって越訴状と落居事書(判決原案)との比較審理が行われ、先沙汰(原判決)が問題ありと判断された場合、御教書を発給して改めて奉行人を選定し、越訴頭人の指揮の下で正式な裁判が改めて開かれた。
- If the Ossokata determined that their osso were justifiable, the Ossotonin (head of the Ossokata) and the Ossobugyonin (officials in charge of retrials and accepting appeals) privately discussed and compared the petition for osso with the original judgment, and if they decided that the judgment was not fair, they issued a migyosho (document for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities), elected anew bugyonin, and started a formal trial under the command of the ossotonin.
- また、島地黙雷による女子文芸学舎(現在の千代田女学園の前身、1888年創立)は、仏教を基調とする女子教育の先駆であり、棚橋一郎が創立した東京高等女学校(現在の東京女子学園中学校・高等学校の前身、1903年創立)は、東京府下で最初の、普通科の私立高等女学校である。
- Joshi Bungei Gakusha (established in 1888 and was the predecessor of the Chiyoda Jogakuen) which was created by Mokurai SHIMAJI, was the pioneer in women's education based on Buddhist teachings, and the Tokyo Koto Jogakko (built in 1903 and was the predecessor of Tokyo Joshigakuen Junior High Schools) built by Ichiro TANAHASHI was the first private women's school for comprehensive higher education in the Tokyo prefecture.
- しかし、5年後の祟峻5年11月癸卯朔乙巳(旧暦11月3日 (旧暦))(592年)には崇峻天皇が馬子の指図によって暗殺されてしまい、翌月である12月壬申朔己卯(旧暦12月8日 (旧暦))に、先々代の皇后であった額田部皇女が、馬子に請われて、豊浦宮において即位した。
- However, after five years, on December 12, 592, Emperor Sushun was assassinated by instruction of Umako and next month, on January 15, 593, Princess Nukatabe, the empress-before-last, was begged by Umako to be enthroned at the Imperial Palace of Toyoura.
- 、長崎の出島への折衝のみを前提としてきた幕府のこれまでの方針に反して、江戸湾の目と鼻の先である浦賀に強行上陸したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーとやむなく交渉した幕府は、翌年の来航時には江戸湾への強行突入の構えをみせたペリー艦隊の威力に屈し日米和親条約を締結した。
- In 1853 the shogunate government was forced to change the conventional foreign policy that foreign negotiation should be conducted only in Dejima island in Nagasaki and have talks with Matthew Perry of the United State who landed defiantly at Uraga, in the backyard of Edo, and next year concluded the Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, yielding to the pressure from the Perry squadron in readiness to enter the Edo Bay.
- 系図の古典たる『尊卑分脈』を『諸家系図纂』に結びつけて再編纂しただけでなく、『寛政重修諸家譜』『藩翰譜』『諸家伝』『地下家伝』など先行の系図集や文献・地誌・記録類を広く渉猟し参考にして、宮家、藤原氏・菅原氏・紀氏・平氏・諸源氏などの諸氏・諸家ごとに集大成している。
- 'Sonpibunmyaku', a classic genealogy, was reedited according to 'Shoka keizusan' (the genealogies of the various families), existing family trees, literature, local reports and records, such as 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu), 'Hankanpu' (Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate), 'Record of family trees', 'Jigekaden' (a record of family trees of Jige, lower rank court officials, written by Kagefumi MIKAMI), were studied and referenced, and pedigree charts were compiled by family and clan, such as Miyake (house of an imperial prince), Fujiwara clan, Sugawara clan, Ki clan, Taira clan, and various Minamoto clans.
- 皇祖考古今ニ鑑ミテ維新ノ鴻図ヲ闢キ中外ニ徴シテ立憲ノ遠猷ヲ敷キ文ヲ経トシ武ヲ緯トシ以テ曠世ノ大業ヲ建ツ皇考先朝ノ宏謨ヲ紹継シ中興ノ丕績ヲ恢弘シ以テ皇風ヲ宇内ニ宣フ朕寡薄ヲ以テ忝ク遺緒ヲ嗣キ祖宗ノ擁護ト億兆ノ翼戴トニ頼リ以テ天職ヲ治メ墜スコト無ク愆ツコト無カラムコトヲ庶幾フ
- 皇祖考古今ニ鑑ミテ維新ノ鴻図ヲ闢キ中外ニ徴シテ立憲ノ遠猷ヲ敷キ文ヲ経トシ武ヲ緯トシ以テ曠世ノ大業ヲ建ツ皇考先朝ノ宏謨ヲ紹継シ中興ノ丕績ヲ恢弘シ以テ皇風ヲ宇内ニ宣フ朕寡薄ヲ以テ忝ク遺緒ヲ嗣キ祖宗ノ擁護ト億兆ノ翼戴トニ頼リ以テ天職ヲ治メ墜スコト無ク愆ツコト無カラムコトヲ庶幾フ
- 同時期にはまた、学徒出陣記念のために製作されたにもかかわらず受け入れ先が決まっていなかった「わだつみ像」(当初東京大学での建立が予定されていたが東大当局の拒否により実現しなかった)が、末川博総長などの尽力によりようやく立命大に受け入れられこの地に建立されることが決まっていた。
- Before that, due to the President of Ritsumeikan University Hiroshi SUEKAWA's effort, Ritsumeikan University had decided to accept the 'Wadatsumi-zo Statue' to the campus (the statue was to memorialize the Students' Departure to the Front, and originally it had been planned for Tokyo University, however the authorities of Tokyo University had rejected the offer).
- 日本民族への教化政策であると同時に、版図内の諸民族(朝鮮人、台湾人、南洋群島島民など外地の住民や大東亜戦争時の占領地である東南アジアの先住諸民族、また稀にアイヌや琉球人など内地に住むものもこの範疇にいれる場合がある)に対して行われた強制的な同化政策・教化政策とも言われている。
- It is said to be an edification policy for the Japanese race as well as a mandatory assimilationism and edification policy for peoples within the territories as shown in the figure (residents in foreign parts such as Koreans, Taiwanese, and the South Sea Islands residents as well as aboriginal people in South East Asia who lived in territories during the Greater East Asian War, and in rare cases, the Ainu tribe and Ryukyu [currently known as Okinawa], who lived within Japan).
- 李氏朝鮮との国交問題が暗礁に乗り上げている中、朝鮮の宗主国である清との国交締結を優先にすべきとの考えから1870年7月27日(明治3年6月29日 (旧暦))柳原前光・花房義質を派遣して予備交渉を行い、次いで正規の大使として伊達が送られ、副使となった柳原とともに詰めの交渉を行った。
- While the issue on the diplomatic relations with Joseon Dynasty was stranded on a reef, Japan considered that the diplomatic relations with Qing which was a suzerain power of Korea should be concluded in priority to that, therefore, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA and Yoshimoto HANABUSA were sent for the preliminary negotiations on July 27, 1870, followed by Date, a legitimate commander-in-chief, who led the negotiations to the final conclusions along with above mentioned Yanagiwara who had been appointed as a vice commander prior to it.
- …(於是天皇詔之 朕聞諸家之所 帝紀及本辭 既違正實 多加虚僞 當今之時 不改其失 未經幾年 其旨欲滅 斯乃邦家經緯 王化之鴻基焉 故惟撰録帝紀 討覈舊辭 削僞定實 欲流後葉 時有舍人 姓稗田名阿禮 年是廿八 爲人聰明 度目誦口 拂耳勒心 即勅語阿禮 令誦習帝皇日繼 及先代舊辭)
- The emperor says `As far as I understand, 'Teiki and 'Honji' (accounts of origin) that have been handed down to families are falsified and are not like the original one. The original intentions will be lost within a few years unless corrected now. These are the precious teachings of the imperial court, to establish a sold foundation to guide the people. Therefore, I will advisedly select Teiki, and find kyuji to eliminate the false parts and find the truth to succeed future generations. He was such a bright man and was able to immediately express something he saw in words and never forgot the word he heard. The emperor immediately ordered Are to read and learn Kyuji that describes the lineage and incidents of past emperors that the emperor determined and selected himself.
- だが、植木は「会議は禁止されても代表に会う事までは禁じられていない」として、5月4日に淀川上の船上で大阪入りできた代表と会合を持ち、5月10日に京都祇園で改めて2府15県代表44名と会議を開催して先に禁錮刑を受けた小原鉄臣を代表者として「酒税軽減嘆願書」を起草して政府に提出した。
- Ueki, however, held a meeting with delegates who managed to arrive in Osaka on board on the Yodo-gawa River on May 4, saying 'the council is prohibited, but it is not prohibited to meet the delegates,' held the council with 44 delegates from 17 prefectures in Gion, Kyoto at another time on May 10, and made Tetsuomi KOHARA who had been imprisoned before represent participants to draft and submit 'The Petition for Liquor Tax Reduction' to the government.
- その性格ゆえか、韓国に多い本貫は、新羅王族系、伽耶王族系(中始祖が統一新羅に貢献した功臣)、新羅豪族・貴族系、高麗の功臣及び中国の著名な学者や武将などの渡来系(ただし、中国渡来系の中で王姓・孫姓などは、渡来系を祖先とする本貫が皆無か由来が不明な小さな本貫のみである)が大半を占める。
- Due to this attribute, the common hongan in South Korea consist mostly of the royal families of Silla, the royal families of Gaya (their Chushiso were the meritorious retainers who contributed to Tongilsilla), local ruling families and nobles of Silla, meritorious retainers of Goryeo, and immigrants such as famous Chinese scholars and military commanders (However, Wang families or Son families among Chinese immigrants have no hongan with the ancestry of the immigrants or small hongan with unclear origin.)
- 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある(宇田川武久説)。
- Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.
- ところが、その背景にキリスト教の信奉者である森有礼が文部省御用掛に内定したことを天皇が「教学聖旨」を無視したものと不快感を示して公務への復帰を拒んでいたことが明らかとなり、しかもそれが政府が報告するよりも先に宮中の側近達から天皇に対して報告されていたことに伊藤は衝撃を受けたのである。
- Ito was shocked to know that the reason of Emperor's rejection to return to public service was because the Emperor was upset about the informal appointment of Arinori MORI, a Christian, as Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) which he thought was a neglect of his 'Imperial Thoughts on Education', and that the appointment was reported to the Emperor by the close advisers in the Imperial court before the government.
- 『日本書紀』では稲飯命は神武東征に従うが、熊野に進んで行くときに暴風に遭い、我が先祖は天神、母は海神であるのに、どうして我を陸に苦しめ、また海に苦しめるのか(「嗟乎 吾祖則天神 母則海神 如何厄我於陸 復厄我於海乎」)と行って、剣を抜いて海に入り、鋤持(サヒモチ)の神になったとする。
- On the other hand, according to the 'Nihonshoki,' Inahi no mikoto went across the sea with Emperor Jinmu's troops to subdue the east region, but when he was attacked by a storm on the way to Kumano, he railed, 'My ancestors were Tenjin (heavenly gods) and my mother was Watatsumi no kami (tutelary of the sea), and yet why on earth you want to torment me, not only on the land but also in the sea?' and he entered the sea drawing a sword, and turned into Sahimochi no kami (deity Sahimochi).
- なお、829年(天長5年)に空海が綜芸種智院を設置した際に書かれた「綜芸種智院式」の文中に、自分の学校の先駆として吉備真備の「二教院」とともに石上宅嗣の「芸亭院」を挙げたうえで、芸亭の現状を「始めありて終りなく、人去って跡あれたり」と記しており、この時には既に消滅していたことが窺える。
- In a passage in the 'Shugei Shuchiin-shiki' written when the priest Kukai founded the Shugei Shuchiin school in 829, the 'Nikyo-in' of KIBI no Makibi and Untei-in of ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu are mentioned as the school's predecessors, with the current state of Untei described as 'having a beginning and unending, abandoned by people, in devastation,' suggesting that it no longer existed in his times.
- 慶長丁銀の発行に先立ち堺の南鐐座(なんりょうざ)職人らは、菊一文字印銀(きくいちもんじいんぎん)、夷一文字印銀(えびすいちもんじいんぎん)および括袴丁銀(くくりはかまちょうぎん)を手本として家康の上覧に供したところ、大黒像の極印を打った括袴丁銀が選定され、慶長丁銀の原型となったとされる。
- Prior to issuance of keicho- chogin, workmen in Nanryoza in Sakai presented Kiku-ichi-monji-ingin (Ichimoniji is trims above and below the artwork of a hanging scroll), ebisu-ichi-monji-ingin and kukurihakama-chogin as a sample to Ieyasu, and kukurihakama-chogin where hallmark of Daikokuzo was inscribed was selected, and it was established as original of keicho-chogin.
- また、織田剣神社にある『藤原信昌・兵庫助弘置文』の古文書によると、明徳4年(1393年)の6月17日に剣神社宝前に奉納し、置文を記した鎮守府将軍藤原利仁(あるいは利仁の岳父で、敦賀の豪族藤原有仁(忌部氏?))の系統と思われる藤原信昌、藤原将広父子が越前織田家の先祖に関連がある人物と伝わる。
- According to an archive 'Nobumasa FUJIWARA/Sukehiro HYOGO Documentation' that remains in Odatsurugi-jinja Shrine, Nobumasa FUJIWARA and Masahiro FUJIWARA (father and son) who seemed to be descendents of FUJIWARA no Toshihito, a father-in-law of Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) (or FUJIWARA no Arihito who was a father-in-law of Toshihito and a local ruling family of Tsuruga [Inbe clan?]) who made an offering to Tsurugi-jinja Shrine on August 3, 1393, and wrote a document were associated with an ancestor of the Echizen Oda clan.
- 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
- According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
- これは後述の山科本願寺と顕証寺が焼き討ちにされた際に本福寺が救援を出さなかったことを理由にしたものであるが、これは2度の破門で本福寺が完全に荒廃して救援を出せるだけの門徒もいなかったこと、そして後述のように当の蓮淳が真っ先に逃亡している事から見れば明らかに本末転倒であり、逆恨みでしかなかった。
- This was because Honpuku-ji Temple did not send a rescue when Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple and Kensho-ji Temple suffered a fire attack, but Honpuku-ji Temple did not have enough followers to form a rescue due to the complete destruction caused by the last two excommunications and, seen from the fact that Renjun was the first person who escaped, this accusation was totally wrong and quite a false charge.
- しかし学会設立の要因に際しては、先述のような東京大学内部の事情のみならず、当時大日本帝国憲法草案をほぼ完成していた伊藤博文が渡辺洪基(総長)に対し「大(おおい)ニ国家学ノ研究ヲ振興シ、普(あまね)ク国民ヲシテ立憲ノ本義ト其運用トヲ知ラシムルコトガ極メテ必要デアル」と助言したこと大きく関わっている。
- However, as for the factor of foundation of it, not only internal circumstances at the University of Tokyo previously noted, but also that Hirobumi ITO who almost completed a draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan at that time advised to Koki WATANABE (president), 'The study on the science of the nation should be immensely encouraged, and we extremely need to inform people of underlying principle and implementation of constitution widely.' were deeply related to.
- 阿部秋生は、「桐壺」巻から「初音」巻までについて、まず「若紫」・「紅葉賀」・「花宴」・「葵」・「賢木」・「花散里」・「須磨」の各巻が先に書かれ、その後「帚木」・「空蝉」・「夕顔」・「末摘花」が書かれた後に、「須磨」以後の巻が執筆され、「乙女」巻を書いた前後に「桐壺」巻が執筆されたとする説を発表した。
- Akio ABE announced the supposition that the chapters from 'Kiritsubo' to 'Hatsune' were composed as follows: first the chapters of 'Wakamurasaki,' 'Momijinoga,' 'Hananoen,' 'Aoi,' 'Sakaki,' 'Hanachirusato' and 'Suma' were written, and after 'Hahakigi,' 'Utsusemi,' 'Yugao,' 'Suetsumuhana' were written all the chapters subsequent to 'Suma' were written, and 'Kiritsubo' was written around the time that 'Otome' was completed.
- さらに翌年、岩倉具視以下岩倉使節団一行が、訪問先のアメリカ大統領ユリシーズ・S・グラント、英女王ヴィクトリア (イギリス女王)、デンマーク王クリスチャン9世 (デンマーク王)らに、禁教政策を激しく非難され、明治政府のキリスト教弾圧が不平等条約改正の最大のネックであることを思い知らされることになった。
- Furthermore, in the following year, the Iwakura Mission, led by Tomomi IWAKURA, was strongly criticized at each destination by the U.S. President Ulysses S. GRANT, Queen of England Victoria, and Danish King Christian IX for the anti-Christian policy, which made the Mission members realize that the Meiji Government's crackdown on Christianity was the biggest obstacle to the revision of unequal treaties.
- お蔭参りとは、庶民が奉公先から抜け出し、伊勢参りに出かける人が急増する現象のことで、江戸時代には元和 (日本)3年(1617年)、慶安年間(1648年~1652年)、宝永2年(1705年)、明和8年(1771年)、文政13年・天保元年(1830年)というように約60年周期で自然発生的に繰り返された。
- Okagemairi is the phenomenon that the number of the common people who got away from their service to pay a visit to Ise-jingu Shrine increased drastically, and it occurred spontaneously and repeated various times such as in 1617, 1648 to 1652, 1705, 1771 and 1830 at about 60-years intervals.
- この立場にたった場合、なぜ、このような物語が旧辞に取り入れられたのかははっきりしないが、越前国(あるいは近江国)出身であった継体天皇の先例として播磨国出身の顕宗・仁賢2天皇を設定することにより、万世一系的な王統譜に断層をもたらしかねない地方出身の王位継承資格者の特異性を払拭する意図があったとも言われている。
- From this standpoint, it is not clear why such a story was adopted by Kyuji (a record of old stories which served as a foundation of 'Kojiki,' etc.) but it is said that there was an intention that, by setting two Emperors Kenzo and Ninken, who were from Harima Province, as a historical precedent for Emperor Keitai who was from Echizen Province (or Omi Province), peculiarity of a candidate from a local area as a successor to the Imperial throne may be cast aside, which might bring a gap in the unbroken royal genealogy.
- ところが、後継者とされた順如(父に先立ち死去)・実如はともかく、他の5人の男子のうち4人が北陸に派遣されて共同で加賀とその周辺の事実上の国主としての地位を得たのにも関わらず、6男の蓮淳だけは順如が遺した顕証寺の住持に補されて畿内に留められ、教団内において大きな仕事を与えられてこなかったことに不満を抱いていた。
- Even though Jyunnyo (who died before his father) and Jitsunyo were treated as successor and the four of the other five sons were dispatched to Hokuriku and virtually gained the positions of kokushu (landed daimyo) in Kaga and the surrounded provinces, the sixth son Renjun was appointed to the chief priest of Kensho-ji Temple which Jyunnyo left and forced to remain in Kinai, which made him discontent about not being given an important mission in the religious community.
- 正暦2年(991年)に最初の女院となった東三条院藤原詮子の待遇を定めるについては、まったく前例がない新儀であったことと、一条天皇の生母ではあるが、皇后の経歴がないために権威において一段劣る彼女をあえて后位よりも上位に位置づける必要があったことから、上皇の待遇が参考とされ、これがその後の女院の待遇の先例となった。
- In the decision of the treatment of Higashisanjoin FUJIWARA no Senshi who became the first nyoin in 991, the treatment of Joko was taken into account to decide her treatment because it was an unprecedented procedure and it was necessary to rank her, who was the real mother of Emperor Ichijo but inferior in authority to the Empress due to lack of the career as an empress, above the Empress, and that became the precedent of the treatment of following nyoins.
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- ところが途中の弘長二年(1262年)九月、同院の勅宣により反御子左派の先鋒に立つ九条内大臣基家(1203-1280)・衣笠家良(1192-1264)・六条行家(1223-1275)・真観こと葉室光俊(1203-1276)の四名が新しく撰者として加わり、憤懣やるかたない為家は以後、専ら嫡男藤原為氏に編纂工作を任せたという。
- However, in October and November 1262, the Emperor also ordered Inner Minister Motoie KUJO (1203-1280), Ieyoshi KINUGASA (1192-1264), Yukiie ROKUJO (1223-1275), and Mitsutoshi HAMURO, aka. Shinkan (1203-1276), who were against the Mikohidari, to join as anthologists, so Tameie, resenting the decision, had his oldest son FUJIWARA no Tameuji continue the compiling work instead.
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- 契沖が万葉集は巻1~16で一度完成し、その後巻17~20が増補されたという万葉集二度撰説を唱えて以来、この問題に関しては数多くの議論がなされてきたが、巻15までしか目録が存在しない古写本(「元暦校本」「尼崎本」等)の存在や先行資料の引用の仕方、部立による分類の有無など、万葉集が巻16を境に分かれるという考え方を支持する証拠は多い。
- After Keichu advocated that the Manyoshu was initially completed in 16 volumes, and that volume 17 to 20 were added later to create a second version, there have been various opinions about the matter; there is a great deal of evidence to support the opinion that the Manyoshu was divided at volume 16, including that the table of contents goes up to volume 15 in old manuscripts like 'Genryaku Kohon' (revised version in Genryaku era) and 'Amagasaki-bon' (manuscript of Manyoshu found in Amagasaki), the citation of earlier sources, and the categorization by Budate.
- 『先代旧事本紀』では「三世孫 天日方奇日方命 亦名 阿田都久志尼命 此命娶日向賀牟度美良姬 生一男一女 兒 健飯勝命 妹 渟中底姬命 此命 片鹽浮穴宮天皇 安寧 片鹽浮穴宮 或本坐輕地曲峽宮 立為皇后 誕生四兒 即 大日本根子彥耜友天 懿德 次 常津命 次 磯城津彥命 次 手研彥奇友背命也」とあり渟中底姬命といい、天日方奇日方命の娘。
- In 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History), she is described as a daughter of Amehikatakushihikata no mikoto, called Nunasokohime no mikoto, as the following phrase describes:三世孫 天日方奇日方命 亦名 阿田都久志尼命 此命娶日向賀牟度美良姬 生一男一女 兒 健飯勝命 妹 渟中底姬命 此命 片鹽浮穴宮天皇 安寧 片鹽浮穴宮 或本坐輕地曲峽宮 立為皇后 誕生四兒 即 大日本根子彥耜友天 懿德 次 常津命 次 磯城津彥命 次 手研彥奇友背命也 (意味不明のため訳出不能).
- 政府内で払下げに反対していた大隈の処分と反政府運動の鉾先を収めるため、岩倉具視(ただし岩倉は7月から10月まで休養を取って有馬温泉に行っていたので現在では岩倉の関与を否定し、伊藤が主な計画者とする説が有力。)、参議伊藤博文、井上毅らは協議を行い、明治天皇の行幸に大隈が同行している間に大隈の罷免、払下げ中止、10年後の国会開設などの方針を決めた。
- Regarding the punishment of Okuma, who was against the sale in government, and cooling down the movement against the government, Tomomi IWAKURA (However, because Iwakura was on vacation in Arima-onsen (hot spring) from July to October, today there is doubt about involvement of Iwakura, and Ito is considered as a main plotter), Hirobumi ITO, a Sangi, and Kowashi INOUE discussed about dismissal of Okuma, stop of the sales of government owned facilities and equipment and establishment of the National Diet after 10 years while Okuma was away for a trip with Emperor Meiji.
- これを受けて改革掛にいた旧幕臣の杉浦譲が「戸籍編成例目」を手直しして四民平等を前面に出した戸籍法案を建議するものの、大木は大江卓の献言を受けて穢多非人の解放の基本方針には賛成するが、生活改善事業と並行して漸進的に行うべきであり、今回の戸籍制定には関連づけないとして、明治4年(1871年)4月4日に穢多非人を先送りにしたままの戸籍法が制定された。
- Responding to this, Jo SUGIURA who was a former retainer of shogun and in charge of revision at Minbusho modified 'Koseki hensei rei moku' and made a proposal in which he placed the equality of all people to the front, but OKI, accepting Taku OE's suggestion, reached the conclusion that, although he agreed to the keynote of emancipation of Eta and Hinin, the emancipation had to be progressed gradually along with service of life bettering and was not to be connected with the family register formation this time, hence the Family Registration Law was enacted on April 4, 1871 putting off the issue of Eta and Hinin.
- これは、ロシア側へいかなる弱みともなることをも秘密にしようとした日本政府の政策に加え、新聞以下マスコミ各社が日清戦争を引き合いに出して戦争に対する国民期待を否応なしに煽ったために修正がきかなくなっていたこともあり、国民の多くは戦争をしている国力の実情を知らされず、目先の勝利によってロシアが簡単に屈服させられたように錯覚した反動から来ているものである。
- The discrepancy between popular sentiment and government policy is due to the fact that the Japanese Government adopted a stringent policy of secrecy to keep any information that could reveal national weaknesses from falling into Russian hands; The media including newspapers used the example of the Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War to fan the flames of war without regard to national sentiment, and inadvertantly built up jingoistic mood which could not be easily reversed; and finally, the majority of citizens were not aware of the true nature of Japan's national strength and erroneously believed that Japan easily defeated Russia in battle.
- 1878年(明治11年)には、外務卿寺島宗則が西南戦争後の財政難のため税権回復を中心に交渉し、駐米公使の吉田清成とアメリカのエバーツ国務長官との間で税権回復の新条約(吉田・エバーツ条約)を調印するが、イギリス及びドイツの反対と法権の優先を求める世論の反対で挫折する(アメリカとの条約は他国と同内容の条約を結ぶことが条件になっていたため、発効しなかった)。
- In 1878, Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry) Munenori TERASHIMA negotiated mainly for the recovery of tariff autonomy, backed by the financial difficulty after the Seinan War, and Minister-Counselor to the United States Kiyonari YOSHIDA and EVERTS Secretary of State of the United States signed a new treaty of the recovery of tariff rights (YOSHIDA-EVERTS Treaty), but it was failed because of the objection of England and Germany and the public opinions that required the recovery of jurisdiction to be prioritized (the treaty with the United States did not come into effect because it was conditional on conclusion of similar treaties with the other countries).
- 維新期の皇后として社会事業振興の先頭に立ち、華族女学校(現学習院女子部)や、お茶の水の東京女子師範学校(現お茶の水女子大学)の設立、日本赤十字社の発展などに大きく寄与した(赤十字社の正式紋章「赤十字桐竹鳳凰章」は、紋章制定の相談を受けた際、皇后がたまたま被っていた冠が桐と竹の組み合わせで出来ていた事から、「これがよかろう」という事で決められたという)。
- As an empress after the Restoration, Shoken took the lead in social work promotion and greatly contributed to the establishment of Kazoku Jogakko (present day Gakushuin School Corporation Girl's Division) and Tokyo Joshi Shikan Gakko (present day Ochanomizu University), along with the development of the Japanese Red Cross Society and others (it is said that the official crest for the Red Cross Society, the 'Red Cross Kiritake Phoenix,' was decided on from the crown, made by a combination of paulownia wood and bamboo, which Shoken happened to be wearing on the occasion she was consulted for the decision of the crest.
- そして、「それぞれ異なった本文に対して注釈を加えているそれぞれの古注のそれだけをただ集め並べても比較することは出来ない。古注集成を作るためには先に注釈の対象となっている本文の異同を明らかにする必要がある。」として、当時まだ源氏物語の本格的な校本がなかったこともあり、再度計画を変更し、第1段階の作業として源氏物語の学術研究に耐えうる校本を作ることになった。
- Then, he changed his plan again into one for making a variorum which could be used for academic study as a first step of his work because there was no full-scale variorum of The Tale of Genji in those days and also because he thought that 'it is nonsense to simply compare old annotations which were made for the different texts, so I need to make it clear the differences among the annotated texts first in order to make a collection of old annotations.'
- さて、先の検勘の際に強引な日程を組んだ背景には、外国との関係の都合上贋貨と正貨の等価交換をやむなく認めたものの、実際に全ての贋貨を同じように正貨と等価で引き換えた場合には明治政府の財政が破綻するのは目に見えていたからであり、その額をなるべく抑制したいという明治政府と貿易関係の維持のために政府の崩壊に至る事態は避けたいと考える外国公使との思惑の一致があったからである。
- Now, the main reason behind the scheduling of such a tight agenda for the authenticity testing was that, while the exchange of equivalent amounts of counterfeit for specie was accepted as unavoidable given the government's relationship with foreign countries, it was clear that if all the counterfeit money was exchanged for specie of an equivalent price, the Meiji Government would face financial ruin, so the Meiji Government wanted to keep this amount to a minimum; at the same time, the foreign ministers of Japan's trading partners wanted to avoid a situation in which the government might collapse so as to ensure that they could maintain their trade relationships with the Meiji Government, so the motives of both sides coincided.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- 関東地方・東北地方を中心に江戸商人との取引も行われ、江戸商人による大名貸の例もみられるが、江戸は江戸幕府本体及びその親衛隊として江戸に常住した旗本の年貢米・特産品の売却地でもあり、幕府財政安定を意図した米価維持のための諸藩への廻米制限令が出されることもあり、藩にとっては安定した資金調達先にはなり得なかった(結果的に江戸への米は幕府米・旗本米・商人米が大部分を占め、関東・東北諸藩の年貢米の一部が売却されるのみとなる)。
- There were some examples of Edo merchants who did daimyogashi mainly to domains in the Kanto and the Tohoku regions, but Edo did not become a stable financial source for domains because annual rice tax and special products of the Edo bakufu or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who lived in Edo to guard the bakufu were sold in Edo, and sometimes the bakufu ordered restriction of rice delivery out of Edo for rice-price keeping operation for the bakufu's fiscal stability (as a result most of rice that were dealt in Edo were from the bakufu, hatamoto, and some merchants, and only partial amount of rice from domains in the Kanto region and the Tohoku region were dealt).
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.
- まず元禄14年8月19日 (旧暦)(1701年9月21日)に吉良家の屋敷が江戸城のお膝元呉服橋から当時江戸の外れといわれていた本所(現東京都墨田区両国 (墨田区))の松平信望の上ゲ屋敷に屋敷代えとなり、さらにその直後の8月21日 (旧暦)(8月23日)には、庄田下総守(浅野を庭先で切腹させた大目付)、大友義孝(吉良義央と親しくしていた高家仲間)、東条冬重(吉良義央の実弟)の三名を同時に呼び出して「勤めがよくない」などと咎めて役職を取り上げた。
- Kira was forced to change his residence located in Gofuku-bashi near Edo-jo Castle to the residence of Nobumochi MATSUDAIRA located in Honjo, the edge of Edo (current location of Ryogoku, Sumida Ward, Tokyo) on September 21, 1701, and on August 23, the bakufu then called the governor of Shimousa, Shoda (ometsuke who was in charge of Asano's seppuku in the yard), Yoshitaka OTOMO (a Koke member who was close with Yoshinaka KIRA) and Fuyushige TOJO (who was a biological brother of Yoshinaka KIRA) and took their positions away by saying 'your services were not good enough.'
- 例えば、留守居・大番頭は5000石を基準としてそれ以下に1000俵、書院番頭・小姓番組頭は3000石以下に1000俵、大目付・町奉行・勘定奉行は3000石以下に700俵、百人組頭は3000石以下に500俵、作事奉行・普請奉行・槍奉行・持弓筒頭は2000石以下に300俵、先手頭・新番頭は1500石以下に300俵、留守居番・目付・使番・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・徒頭・小十人頭は1000石以下に300俵、鉄砲方は1000石以下に200俵などの決まりがあった。
- For example, there was the regulation that for rusui and oban gashira, 5000 koku was set as the standard and a person whose chigyo was below this was given 1000 hyo; shoinban gashira and koshobangumi gashira whose chigyo were below 3000 koku were given 1000 hyo; ometsuke, machi bugyo, and kanjo bugyo (commissioners of finance) whose chigyo were below 3000 koku were given 700 hyo; hyakuningumi kashira whose chigyo was below 3000 koku were given 500 hyo; sakuji bugyo, fushin bugyo, yari bugyo, and mochiyumitsutsu gashira whose chigyo were below 2000 koku were given 300 hyo; sakite gashira and shinban gashira whose chigyo were below 1500 koku were given 300 hyo; rusuiban, metsuke, tukaiban, shoinban kumigashira, koshogumi kumigashira, kachi gashira, and kojunin gashira whose chigyo were below 1000 koku were given 300 hyo and teppogata (officer handling firearms) whose chigyo were below 1000 were given 200 hyo.
- 祖先は陵戸(みささぎのへ)で沙沙貴(ささき)の名前も陵戸が変化した物と言う説があるが、日本書紀には「狭々城山君韓袋宿裲」(ささきやまぎみからふくろのすくね)が雄略天皇による押磐皇子謀殺に荷担したために罰せられ、死刑とする代わりに身分を落とし賤民である陵戸とされ全ての官籍を剥奪の上で山部連の下に置かれたが、同族の「置目老嫗」(おきめのおみな)が押磐皇子の遺骨の所在を知らせた功により置目老嫗の兄である「倭袋宿裲」が韓袋宿裲に代わり狭々城山君の姓を賜ったとある。
- There is a theory that the name Sasaki was changed from the ancestor's name, Misasagi no He, but in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) it was written that 'Sasakiyama gimi Karafukuro no Sukune' helped the Emperor Yuryaku to murder Prince Oshiha and was therefore demoted to the humble rank of Ryoko instead of receiving the death penalty and was transferred under Yamabe no muraji after being deprived of any title; however, because 'Okime no Omina' from his family confessed to where the remains of the Prince Oshiha were placed, 'Yamato Fukuro no Sukune', who was the brother of Okime no Omina, was given the name Sasakiyama gimi in place of Karafukuro no Sukune.
- 大久保は、説得に大院君が耳を貸すとは思えず西郷が朝鮮に行った場合必ず殺される(殺されずとも大院君が使節を拒否した場合は開戦の大義名分になってしまう)、そうなった場合結果的に朝鮮と開戦してしまうのではないかという危機感、当時の日本には朝鮮や清、ひいてはロシアとの関係が険悪になる(その帰結として戦争を遂行する)だけの国力が備わっていないという戦略的判断、外遊組との約束を無視し、危険な外交的博打に手を染めようとしている残留組に対する感情的反発、朝鮮半島問題よりも先に片付けるべき外交案件が存在するという日本の国際的立場(清との琉球帰属問題(台湾出兵参照)、ロシアとの樺太、千島列島の領有権問題、イギリスとの小笠原諸島領有権問題、不平等条約改正)などから猛烈に反対、費用の問題なども絡めて征韓の不利を説き延期を訴えた。
- OKUBO didn't think Daewongun lend an ear to persuasion, and thought SAIGO will be killed (even if he won't be killed, if Daewongun rejected the envoy, it can be a legitimate reason for outbreak of war) inevitably when he went to Korea, and he felt a sense of danger that they will start the war with Korea as a result, and his strategic decision that Japan doesn't have national strength at that time to strain the relationship (as a result, wage a war) with Korea, Qing, and eventually Russia, an emotional backlash to the remaining group that ignored agreement and about to dabble in diplomatic gambling, he strongly opposed because of the presence of a diplomatic matters (Ryukyu attribution issue with Qing [see the Taiwan expedition], territorial right problem on Sakhalin and Kurile Islands with Russia, territorial right problem on Ogasawara Islands [Bonin Islands] with England, revision of the unequal treaty) that must be dealt with before Korean Peninsula problem on Japanese international standing, and he correlated it with expenses etc and appealed postponement by telling disadvantage of subjugation of Korea.