元: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 3元材料
- ternary material (e.g. semiconductor)
- 元弘の乱
- Genko no Ran (Genko Incident)
- Genkō War
- 日元関係
- The relationship between Japan and Yuan Dynasty
- 政元殺害
- The assassination of Masamoto
- 元亨釈書
- The Genko shakusho ('Religious Volume of the Genko era,' the earliest comprehensive history of Buddhism in Japan)
- 日元貿易
- Trade between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty
- 保元物語
- Hogen monogatari (the Tale of the Hogen (Rebellion))
- Hogen Monogatari (The Tale of Hogen)
- 澄元と高国
- Sumimoto and Takakuni
- 必須微量元素
- essential trace element
- 元禄赤穂事件
- The Genroku Ako Incident.
- 勝元と宗全の対立
- Confrontation between Katsumoto and Sozen
- 南北朝時代の元号
- Era names of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts
- 節(7):清原元輔
- Theory (7): The author was KIYOHARA no Motosuke.
- 8月、大永に改元。
- In September the name of the era changed to Daiei.
- 元長は敗れて自害。
- Motonaga was defeated and committed suicide.
- 八条院領と元弘の変
- Hachijoin-ryo and the Genko Incident
- 元興寺薬師如来立像
- Standing statue of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha)), Genko-ji Temple
- 元日節会(正月一日)
- Gantan no sechi-e (a seasonal court banquet, held on the first of January)
- 細川政元の3人の養子
- The three adopted sons of Masamoto HOSOKAWA
- 慶応4年(明治元年)
- 1868 (the first year of the Meiji era)
- 細川勝元 - 聡明丸
- Katsumoto HOSOKAWA - Someimaru
- 毛利元就 - 松寿丸
- Motonari MORI - Shojumaru
- 元弘の変(1331年)
- 1331: The Genko War breaks out.
- 嘉元の乱(1305年)
- 1305: The Kagen Rebellion breaks out.
- 元淀城本丸があった場所。
- It is the site where the keep of the Yodo Castle previously existed.
- 元は武家法に由来している。
- It originated from Bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and military government).
- 晴元は将軍義晴と和睦する。
- Harumoto made peace with shogun Yoshiharu.
- 細川尹賢、晴元方に寝返る。
- Tadakata HOSOKAWA defected to Harumoto's side.
- 道鏡失脚によって元に戻った。
- The prior system was restored following the downfall of Dokyo.
- 日元間の通航は途絶していた。
- Sailing between Japan and Yuan had been suspended.
- 勝元は義政の命を守って沈黙。
- Katsumoto obeyed Yoshimasa's order and remained silent.
- 貨幣経済(宋銭・元銭の輸入)
- The money-based economy (which was based on imported Song and Yuan dynasty coins)
- これを元に徴収が行われていた。
- Based on the regulations, tax was collected.
- 弘治 (日本)の後、元亀の前。
- It is after Koji (Japan) and before Genki.
- 1764年(明和元年):伝馬騒動
- 1764: Tenma sodo
- 1592年(文禄元年):梅北一揆
- 1592: Umekita ikki
- 毛利輝元(あるいは小早川隆景)説
- Views that mastermind was Terumoto MORI (or Takakage KOBAYAKAWA)
- 慶安版本=慶安元年(1648年)刊
- Keian printed books: Published in 1648
- 1368年(応安元年):武蔵平一揆
- 1368: Musashi Hei Ikki no Ran (Musashi Hei Riot Rebellion)
- 延喜は醍醐天皇の治世の元号である。
- Engi is the era name of the reign of Emperor Daigo.
- 天暦は村上天皇の治世の元号である。
- Tenryaku was the era name of the Emperor Murakami.
- 後、西の諸藩が倒幕の元に終結する。
- Subsequently, various clans in western Japan gathered together with the powers seeking tobaku.
- 室町幕府滅亡(元亀4年・1573)
- The Fall of Muromachi Bakufu (1573)
- 寛平は宇多天皇の治世の元号である。
- Kanpyo is the name of the era ruled by Emperor Uda.
- 1429年(永享元年):播磨の国一揆
- 1429: Uprising in Harima Province
- 1428年(正長元年):正長の土一揆
- 1428: Peasant uprising of the Shocho era
- 翌嘉暦元年(1326年)9月に帰国。
- The ship returned Japan in October, 1326.
- 義満の元に大内義弘謀反の噂が伝わる。
- Rumors had sprang up around Yoshimitsu that Yoshihiro was plotting to overthrow him.
- この結果、元命は国司を罷免されている。
- As the result, Motonaga was dismissed of Kokushi.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行という。
- Such unified control was called ichien chigyo.
- 延喜は醍醐の、天暦は村上の元号である。
- Engi is the era name of Emperor Daigo, and Tenryaku of Emperor Murakami.
- 康応元年(1389年)惣領時義が死去。
- In 1389, Tokiyoshi, the heir, Tokiyoshi, passed away.
- 1441年(嘉吉元年):嘉吉の徳政一揆
- 1441: Tokusei uprising in the Kakitsu era
- 正慶2年の年号も元弘3年と改められた。
- The name of the era was changed and 'the second year of Seikei' became 'the third year of Genko.'
- 永禄(えいろく)は、日本の元号の一つ。
- Eiroku is one of the eras of Japan.
- 毛利輝元が連れ帰った陶工を発祥とする。
- It originated with the potters who had been brought back to Japan by Terumoto MORI.
- 池田恒興・池田元助・加藤光泰:5000
- Tsuneoki IKEDA, Motosuke IKEDA and Mitsuyasu KATO's: 5,000
- 元治元年7月19日 (旧暦) 禁門の変
- July 19 1864, the Forbidden Gates Incident.
- 元弘の変(げんこうのへん)とも呼ばれる。
- Genko no Ran is also called Genko no Hen.
- 元は全130巻分あったと推定されている。
- It is estimated that it originally consisted of 130 volumes.
- 細川政賢は自害し、澄元は阿波に撤退する。
- Masakata HOSOKAWA committed suicide, and Sumimoto withdrew to Awa.
- 慶応元年9月1日 (旧暦) 松原忠司死亡
- September 1 1865, Chuji MATSUBARA died.
- 戦いの最中、1563年毛利隆元が急死した。
- During the battle, Takamoto MORI died suddenly in 1563.
- 「正長元年九月 日、一天下の土民蜂起す。」
- In October, 1428, people of the world rose in revolt.'
- 慶応元年2月23日 (旧暦) 山南敬助切腹
- February 23 1865, Keisuke YAMANAMI committed hara-kiri.
- 慶応元年1月8日 (旧暦) ぜんざい屋事件
- January 8 1865, Zenzai-ya Incident.
- 中国(宋・元)からの禅文化の影響も色濃い。
- The influence of Zen culture imported from (both Song- and Yuan-period) China was very pronounced.
- 長宗我部元親22歳(1561年、長浜の戦い)
- Motochika CHOSOGABE, aged 22 (1561, Battle of Nagahama)
- 1814年(文化 (元号)11年):北越騒動
- 1814: Hokuetsu uprising
- 師元の姓「中原」と官「外記」を合わせて命名。
- The title was named by combing the last name of Moromoto 'NAKAHARA' and his office 'Geki' (secretary).
- 日本の租庸調制は、中国の制度を元としている。
- So-Yo-Cho in Japan was a system modeled after China's.
- 紀元前2世紀に成立して暦学の基本書とされた。
- It was established in 2B.C. and is regarded as the fundamental document of calendrical calculation.
- 1864年(元治1)に庄内藩御預かりとなる。
- They came under the custody of the Shonai clan in 1864.
- 翌1350年、北朝は元号を「観応」に改める。
- In 1350, the Northern Court changed the era name to 'Kanno.'
- 戦国大名は、領国内に一元的な支配を及ぼした。
- Sengoku daimyo governed their own territory in an integrated fashion.
- 今川氏は今川氏親、今川義元が勢力を伸ばした。
- With respect to the Imagawa clan, Ujichika IMAGAWA and Yoshimoto IMAGAWA increased its power.
- 永万元年(1165年)に二条天皇が死去した。
- Emperor Nijo died in 1165.
- 吉川元春13歳(1540年、吉田郡山城の戦い)
- Motoharu KIKKAWA, aged 13 (1540, Battle of Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle)
- 後醍醐は京都へ帰還し、元弘の元号を復活させた。
- Godaigo returned to Kyoto, and restored the imperial era under the name of Genko.
- 1403年(永楽 (明)元) 幕府(堅中圭密)
- 1403: Bakufu (Kenchu Keimitsu)
- 範囲は神代から長元9年 (1036年) まで。
- The content covers the history from the age of the gods to the year 1036.
- またこの頃、日元間で禅僧の交流が盛んであった。
- Moreover, interaction between Japanese and Yuan Zen monks flourished in those days.
- 元来大学の本科にあたり、特別の名称はなかった。
- It was originally a regular course in the institute and had no particular name.
- 院宮分国制と知行国制とは元来、異なる制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system and the chigo-koku system were different originally.
- やがて、1177年の安元の大火の後、閉鎖された。
- Before long, after the great fire of Angen in 1177, Daigaku-ryo was closed.
- 元禄時代以降、本全体で内容が増加し挿絵も増えた。
- After the Genroku Era (1688 to 1703), the contents became more abundant with more copious illustrations.
- 『保元物語』は保元の乱を題材にした軍記物語文学。
- 'Hogen Monogatari' is a military chronicle based on the Hogen Disturbance.
- 長久の荘園整理令 1040年(長久元)後朱雀天皇
- Chokyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1040 Emperor Gosuzaku
- 延久の荘園整理令 1069年(延久元)後三条天皇
- Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1069 Emperor Gosanjo
- 元々、兵農分離は戦国大名の必要性から始まっている。
- Originally, heinobunri started by the necessity of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 例外的に遅い例としては毛利元就の20歳などがある。
- Motonari MORI had his uijin at the age of 20, which is an exceptionally late example.
- また、元禄赤穂事件の関係者にも口分田姓の者がいた。
- In the past, a person with the name of 口分田 was included in the those related to the Genroku Ako Incident (an Ako province-related incident that occurred in the Genroku era (1688 - 1704)).
- 群は大宝令(701年大宝元年)以前は評と呼ばれた。
- Before Taiho-ryo (Taiho Code) (in 701), gun were called kori/hyo.
- 新制とは元来、新たな禁制という意味の言葉であった。
- Originally, shinsei was a word meaning a new ban.
- 慶応元年3月10日 (旧暦) 西本願寺へ屯所を移す
- March 10 1865, transferred military post to Nishi Hongan-ji Temple.
- 1548年 三好長慶、細川晴元・足利義晴を追放する
- In 1548, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI ousted Harumoto HOSOKAWA and Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- 1543年 細川氏綱、高国跡目と称し細川晴元と戦う
- In 1543, Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA, insisting that he was the successor to Takakuni, fought with Harumoto HOSOKAWA.
- 健児は元々、軍団兵士の一区分だったと考えられている。
- Therefore, it's believed that the term 'kondei' originally referred to a status or a position of a cohort soldier.
- しかし、クビライの死後は元側にも厭戦気運が広がった。
- After the death of Kublai however, anti-war trend spread on the Yuan Dynasty side.
- それが頼朝の元への関東武士団の結束力の源泉であった。
- It was the origin for the unification of the Kanto region bushidan by Yoritomo.
- また、澄元は摂津に追放され、6月、阿波勝瑞城で病死。
- Sumimoto was banished to Settsu and died of illness in July at Shozui-jo Castle in Awa.
- 紀元前8世紀頃から3世紀頃までは弥生時代と呼ばれる。
- The era from around 8 B.C. to around the third century is called the Yayoi period.
- 1547年 三好長慶、細川晴元から離反し氏綱方となる
- In 1547, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI seceded from Harumoto HOSOKAWA and joined Ujitsuna's side.
- この戦いでは辛うじて元 (王朝)の侵攻を阻止出来た。
- After fierce fighting, bakufu forces were able to repel these two Yuan (dynasty) invasions.
- 1606年には、元佶によって、武経七書が開版された。
- In 1606 Genkitsu published the 'Bukei-shichisho' (seven classical strategy books of China).
- また、この戦いは、毛利輝元と吉川元長の初陣でもあった。
- In addition, this was the first battle in which Terumoto MORI and Motonaga KIKKAWA participated.
- このことから貞応元年の誤記ではないかと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the author mistook 貞応6年 for 貞応元年 (the first year of Teio (1222)).
- 細川澄元、三好之長らは京都奪還はならず失敗に終わった。
- The attempt of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI to retake Kyoto failed.
- 平等院鳳凰堂:天喜元年(1053年)に藤原頼通が建立。
- Hoo-do Hall (the Phoenix Pavilion) of Byodo-in Temple: Constructed by FUJIWARA no Yorimichi in 1053.
- 1511年に足利義澄が没すると、澄元方が劣勢となった。
- As Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA died in 1511, Sumimoto's side became inferior in power.
- 715年(霊亀元)里を郷に改め、郷を2・3の里に分ける。
- 715: Ri/sato replaced by go which contain 2 or 3 ri/sato.
- 年が明けると義満は元服するが、政治の実務は頼之が行った。
- Even after Yoshimitsu had gone through his genpuku (coming-of-age ceremony) early the next year, all practical aspects of the administration were covered by Yoriyuki.
- 発掘調査が進められており、現在井戸などが復元されている。
- Excavation and research are under way, and various items including a well have been restored.
- 後に毛利輝元を頼って備後国鞆の浦に落ち延びることとなる。
- Later he escaped into Tomonoura in Bingo Province, asking Terumoto MORI protect him.
- 信長は今川義元を桶狭間に戦死させると三河の松平氏と結ぶ。
- After killing Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in war at Okehazama, Nobunaga made an alliance with the Matsudaira clan in Mikawa.
- この乱によりキリスト教は幕藩体制を揺るがす元凶と考えた。
- This war made the Bakufu believe that Christianity might shake the feudal system that was characteristic of the shogunate.
- 元慶2年(878年)3月、夷俘が蜂起して秋田城を急襲した。
- In March in the second year of the Gangyo era (878), the Ifu rose in revolt and ambushed Akita-jo Castle.
- 永保元年(1081年)から康和2年(1100年)頃に成立。
- It was compiled between ca. 1081 and 1100.
- 元々寺社は寺領・神領などと呼ばれる広大な所領を有していた。
- Shrines/temples used to own vast lands called jiryo (temple estate)/jinryo (shrine estate).
- また、紀元前300年以後の黄砂の記録が残された書物もある。
- Furthermore, a document recording kosa from 300 BC also exists.
- 里は、715年(霊亀元)郷に改め、郷を2、3の里に分ける。
- In 715, villages were replaced by go (townships) which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato.
- こうした商人は預かった財産を元手に金融業を始める者もいた。
- Some of those merchants started moneylending businesses using the fortunes they were asked to keep.
- だが元弘の乱の論功行賞において、後醍醐の側近が優遇された。
- The granting of rewards after the examination of services for the Genko no Ran was unfair, however.
- なお、禅僧中巌円月・不聞契聞らが同船し、元に遊学している。
- Chugan Engetsu, Fumon Kaimon, and other Zen priests went on board to study in Yuan.
- 翌2日、澄元は将軍に拝謁し、京兆家の家督と管領職を継いだ。
- On September 18, Sumimoto had an audience with the shogun and succeeded the head of the family as well as the post of kanrei.
- 安和元年(968年)、懐子が冷泉の第1皇子師貞を出産した。
- In 968, Kaishi gave birth to Reizei's first prince, Morosada.
- この決定に反対した政元や伊勢貞宗らは、義視父子と対立した。
- Masamoto, Sadamune ISE and others who had been against this decision opposed Yoshimi and his son.
- 院政の萌芽は持統天皇・元正天皇・聖武天皇などから見られる。
- The practice of insei could be seen during the reins of Empress Jito, Empress Gensho, and Emperor Shomu, for example.
- 元治元年10月27日 (旧暦) 伊東甲子太郎ら新選組に入隊
- October 27 1864, Kinetaro ITO and others joined Shinsen-gumi.
- この地域国家内における一元的な支配体制を大名領国制という。
- The unified control system in each regional nation is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
- 細川氏も政元死後、晴元と高国と2派に分裂して混迷を深める。
- After Masamoto's death, even the Hosokawa clan was split into two fractions, for Harumoto and Takakuni, increasing chaos.
- 元・明と下るにつれて紙幣の占める割合が高まって行く事になる。
- In the later Ming and Yuan periods, paper money became used increasingly more than copper coins.
- 元々、高野山が大田荘から得る年貢は年1800石とされていた。
- Originally, the nengu Koyasan received from Otanosho was 1,800 koku per year.
- 幕府は持明院統の光厳天皇を即位させ、元号を正慶と改めさせた。
- The bakufu enthroned the Emperor Kogen from the Jimyoin line and changed the imperial era name to Shokei.
- 数多くの神社に神宮寺が建てられ、寺院の元に神社が建てられた。
- Jingu-ji Temples were built in many shrines, and shrines were built in temples.
- 長政と元長が対立するようになるが、細川晴元は長政を寵愛する。
- Although Nagamasa and Motonaga had become opposed to each other, Harumoto HOSOKAWA showed favor for Nagamasa.
- 紀元前後には100前後の「国」が中国と通交していたとされる。
- Apparently, around the beginning of the first century, around a hundred nations had relationships with China.
- 幕末の万延元年(1860年)、山岡鉄舟が『武士道』を著した。
- Tesshu YAMAOKA published 'Bushido' in 1860 during the latter days of Edo bakufu.
- In 1860 at the end of the Edo period, Tesshu YAMAOKA wrote 'Bushido'.
- 高国は大内義興と組んで義尹を支持し、澄元は義澄を支持し対立。
- Takakuni supported Yoshitada in cooperation with Yoshioki OUCHI and Sumimoto supported Yoshizumi and they stood against each other.
- 安政元年(1854年)ペリーが再来航し、日米和親条約を締結。
- In 1854, Perry came again, resulting in the conclusion of 'The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan.'
- 現在の兵庫県伊丹市寺本にある昆陽寺の元になったといわれている。
- This Fuseya is said to have been the foundation of Konyo-ji Temple in present-day Teramoto, Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture.
- 同年10月、高国らが近江に侵攻し、澄元・之長は阿波に逃亡した。
- In November of the same year, Takakuni's forces invaded Omi, and Sumimoto and Yukinaga fled to Awa.
- 享禄元年(1528年)、高国は京奪回を試みるが、晴元に敗れる。
- In 1528, Takakuni tried to recapture the capital but was defeated by Harumoto.
- 第2次の武力倒幕計画も元徳3年(1331年)に事前に発覚した。
- The second armed bakufu overthrow plan was also discovered beforehand in 1331.
- 明治元年3月21日(1868年4月13日)、天皇が京都を出発。
- The emperor left Kyoto on April 13, 1868.
- 慶応4年/明治元年の干支が戊辰だったことからこの名で呼ばれる。
- The civil war was named after the Chinese zodiac sign for the year 1868, 'Boshin'.
- 保元の乱、平治の乱を経て平清盛が台頭し、平氏政権が形成された。
- After weathering two wars, the Hogen and the Heiji wars, TAIRA no Kiyomori rose to the pinnacle of power, and created a governmental adminstration controlled by the Taira clan.
- その時は、太閤様が、備中に毛利輝元殿を討ちに侵攻していました。
- At that time, Taiko (honorary title given to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) had moved to Bicchu Province to attack Terumoto MORI.
- 当道に対する保護は、明治元年(1868年)に廃止されたという。
- However, it is said that the protection for the blind was abolished in 1868.
- 寛永元年(1624年)(スペイン)との国交を断絶、来航を禁止。
- In 1624, the Bakufu broke diplomatic relations with Spain, prohibiting the arrival of Spanish ships.
- 開拓使から分離して設置されたが、1年余りで廃止して元に戻った。
- Although it was established in isolation from the Hokkaido Development Commissioner, it was abolished and combined again in a little more than one year.
- 879年(元慶3)には畿内諸国に官田平安期の畿内官田が置かれた。
- In 879, Kinai kanden (imperial estates) of kanden (imperial estates) of the Heian period was placed in various provinces in Kinai.
- 480日を経過しても元本以上の利子を取ることは認められなかった。
- However, the creditor was not allowed to charge more interest than the capital sum, even if the term of loaning had passed 480 days.
- 元々、稲粟の出挙には、百姓の救済や勧農といった意味合いがあった。
- Originally, the Suiko using rice and millet was aimed at saving peasants and encouraging agriculture.
- そのため、管領細川政元らは、この動きに対して静観の姿勢を取った。
- For that reason, the Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA and others remained a silent observer of the movement in Yamashiro Province.
- 元慶以後には、全ての日程が終了した後に大規模な竟宴が開催された。
- Beginning in the Gangyo era, a large party was held after finishing the complete schedule of the events.
- 治承元年(1177年)の大火によって焼失すると、事実上廃絶した。
- When the Monjoin was burnt down in a conflagration in 1177, the Monjoin was, in fact, defunct.
- また日元関係の悪化によって中国商人の博多定住も困難となっていた。
- In addition, the worsening relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty had made it difficult for Chinese merchants to live in Hakata.
- 中世においては、祠堂銭を元手とした寺院による金融のことも指した。
- In medieval times, the term Shidosen also referred to the financing provided by temples using Shidosen as capital.
- そして翌29日、細川高国らは香西元長の居城嵐山城を攻め落とした。
- The following day, Takakuni HOSOKAWA captured Arashiyama-jo Castle, the residence of Motonaga KOZAI.
- 1532年(天文(元号)元年)、浄土真宗徒の入京の噂が広がった。
- In 1532, a rumor spread that the Jodo Shinshu sect were coming to Kyoto.
- 明治元年10月26日 (旧暦) 旧幕府軍、箱館・五稜郭へ入城する
- October 26 1868, army of the former shogunate entered Goryokaku, in Hakodate.
- 霊元天皇の正妃である女御(後に中宮)鷹司房子には男子がなかった。
- Nyogo (a rank of imperial consort) Fusako TAKATSUKASA (later promoted to Chugu rank), legitimate spouse of Emperor Reigen, had no son.
- これに対して、守備軍は鳥居元忠を総大将とした1800人であった。
- The defensive force, on the other hand, consisted of 1,800 soldiers lead by Mototada TORII, the commander-in-chief.
- 『続日本紀』神亀元年冬十月条(724年)にはこの記述が見られる。
- In its winter entry for the tenth month of 724, the 'Shoku nihongi' includes the following description.
- 享和版本=享和元年(1801年)刊・稲葉通邦校訂(底本=真福寺本)
- The Kyowa printed books: Published in the first year of the Kyowa era (1801), corrected by Michikuni INABA (based on the Shinpuku-ji Temple book)
- 基経が本当に元の言葉を知らなかったのか疑問が持たれるところである。
- In view of the above, it is questionable whether Mototsune really didn't know the meaning of the original term.
- これを国司苛政上訴といい、尾張国司藤原元命の事例などが有名である。
- Such cases are called Kokushi kasei joso (peasants' appeals or armed struggles against kokushi), among which the case of FUJIWARA no Motonaga, the kokushi in Owari Province, is well known.
- また1557年に義長が毛利元就に討たれて大内氏が名実ともに滅んだ。
- Furthermore, the Ouchi clan fell both in name and in reality after Yoshinaga was defeated and killed by Motonari MORI in 1557.
- 幕府単独の最初の武家新制は弘長元年(1261年)の弘長新制である。
- Kocho shinsei (new law issued in the Kocho period) of 1261 was the first Buke shinsei issued solely by the bakufu.
- その結果、そうした資金を祠堂銭の元手として運用する寺院も多かった。
- As a result, many temples invested these funds as capital for Shidosen.
- そして三浦氏惣領の統制権の元に服従していたかと言えばそうでもない。
- In addition, it cannot be said that he was under the absolute control of soryo of the Miura clan.
- 名は、翌1334年に定められた「建武 (日本)」の元号に由来する。
- The term 'Kenmu' derives from the era name established the following year, in 1334 (referring to the Kenmu era of unified Japan, not the later Kenmu era of the Northern Court).
- 毛利元就による中国支配への契機となった厳島の戦いもこの時期である。
- The Battle of Itsukushima that triggered Motonari MORI's governance of the Chugoku region occurred around this time.
- 伏見学校は、足利学校第9世の三要元佶を招請して創建したものである。
- The ninth head of the Ashikaga School, Genkitsu SANYO, was invited to establish the Fushimi School.
- 狩野元信は水墨画と大和絵の技法を融合させ、のちに狩野派と呼ばれる。
- Motonobu KANO blended techniques for both ink and yamato-e (classical Japanese-themed) painting, founding what would become known to later generations as the Kano school of painting.
- 元々は、大人が両手を一杯に広げた長さとして定義された身体尺である。
- Originally, it is one of anthropomorphic units defined as the length of adult's outstretched arms.
- 元々は程明道に見られる発想であるが、陽明はそれを良知と結びつけた。
- This idea originated with Cheng Mingdao, and Wang Yangming combined the idea with ryochi.
- 国衙の権力は守護権力へと一元化され、国衙行政は消滅への道をたどった。
- The power of kokuga and that of shugo were unified and the administration of kokuga ceased to exist.
- 応永元年(1394年)義満は将軍職を足利義持に譲り、太政大臣に昇る。
- In 1394, Yoshimitsu passed the role and responsibilities of Shogun on to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and ascended to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state).
- これが具体化したものが、安元3年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷の陰謀である。
- This took a more concrete shape in 1177 as the Shishigatani Conspiracy.
- 後白河は保元3年(1158年)に二条天皇へ譲位すると院政を開始した。
- Goshirakawa, after abdicating in favor of Emperor Nijo in 1158, established insei.
- 長宗我部元親は信長の四国征伐の影響もあり、兵を白地城に休ませていた。
- Partly because of influence of Conquest of Shikoku by Nobunaga, Motochika CHOSOKABE was giving a rest to his warriors in the Hakuchi-jo Castle.
- 元慶の乱では、ところどころ記録が欠けていると記して略した箇所がある。
- There are several parts regarding the Gangyo War in which it is stated that records are missing and details are omitted.
- 後嵯峨院による院政下の寛元4年(1246年)に院政の改革が行われた。
- Gosagain revised the government by a retired emperor in 1246 during his post-retired government.
- 下の復元平面図を他と比べれば、その会所としての異質さがわかるだろう。
- By comparing the reconstructed ground plan shown below with others, factors setting the kaisho apart could be perhaps understood.
- 現四天王寺の北側に磐船神社(饒速日命の降臨地)が元々あったとされる。
- Iwafune-jinja Shrine (place where Nigihaya no mikoto descended to earth) is said to have been located at the north side of the present Shitenno-ji Temple.
- そのため、特に「国郡部」を見る際に「元和古活字本」とともに参照される。
- Therefore, this book is used together with 'Genna kokatsuji-bon,' especially when referring to the 'province/county category.'
- 『日本後紀』の多くが失われているため、復元する資料としても貴重である。
- It is also a valuable material to restore the 'Nihon Koki' (one of the six history texts), many parts of which are now lost.
- 1184年(元暦元)10月20日 (旧暦)、鎌倉に問注所が設置された。
- The Monchujo was established in Kamakura on November 25, 1184.
- 明徳元年(1390年)義満は時義が生前将軍に対して不遜であったとした。
- In 1390, Yoshimitsu complained that Tokiyoshi was disrespectful to the shogun when he was alive.
- 彼らの薫陶を受けた日本の弟子たちは、師が学んだ元への留学を望んでいた。
- Many of the followers who were educated by them wanted to go to Yuan to study.
- これら僧侶の日記にはしばしば商船にて来日・入元したことが記されている。
- In diaries of these Buddhist priests, their visits and returns home on board merchant ships were frequently described.
- この年は12月に正中 (日本)と改元されたので、これを正中の変と呼ぶ。
- Since in December of that year the name of the year was changed to Seichu, so this is called the 'Seichu Incident.'
- 後醍醐の第1次の武力倒幕計画が発覚したのは、元亨4年9月のことだった。
- It was September, 1324 when Godaigo's first armed bakufu overthrow plan was uncovered.
- 日蓮宗徒の町衆は細川晴元らの軍勢と手を結んで一向宗寺院を焼き討ちした。
- The Nichiren-sect followers of Machi-shu joined up with the military power of Harumoto HOSOKAWA and set fire to the Ikko sect temples.
- さらに内裏の復興にも着手して、保元2年(1157年)10月に再建した。
- Additionally, Shinzei launched an effort to restore the Imperial Palace; restorations were completed in October, 1157.
- なお、この事件の報が日本本土に伝わった際、元寇の再来との憶測が流れた。
- When news of the Korean attack on Tsushima reached mainland Japan, speculation ran rife that this was the second advent of the earlier Mongol invasions.
- 宮中の女官によって書かれた『御湯殿上日記』長享元年・十一・四条の記事。
- According to the Clause November 4, 1487 (old calendar) of 'Oyudono no Ue no Nikki' written by the court lady of the empress.
- 元弘3年(1333年)、六波羅探題は足利尊氏によって攻められ滅亡する。
- In 1333, Rokuhara tandai was attacked by Takauji ASHIKAGA and collapsed.
- 元慶の乱(がんぎょうのらん)は平安時代に起きた俘囚(蝦夷)の反乱である。
- The Gangyo War, which occurred in the Heian period, was a rebellion by the Ifu, or less assimilated Emishi (unassimilated northerners) under the rule of the Imperial Court.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、東国を中心に地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such centralized ruling of lands refers to ichien chigyo (monistic ruling), and establishment of the jitouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) started in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- 中国では、紀元前1150年頃に「塵雨」と呼ばれていたことがわかっている。
- It is known that, in China, present kosa was called 'chenyu' (dust rain) in around 1150 BC.
- のち、勝元と宗全が対立し応仁の乱が勃発すると、貞親は赦免されて復権した。
- When Onin War subsequently broke out due to the conflict between Katsumoto and Sozen, Sadachika was pardoned and reinstated..
- 文永の役・弘安の役の両度に渡る戦い(元寇)で日元関係は決定的に悪化した。
- The two wars, Bunei War and Koan War (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan), made the relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty decisively worsened.
- 「北山抄」の皇太子加元服儀の条の屯食の注には盛屯食と荒屯食との2種ある。
- That there were two kinds of Tonjiki: Moritonjiki and Aratonjiki were noted in a passage of genpuku (attainment of manhood) ceremony of Crown Prince in 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period written by FUJIWARA no Kinto).
- この頃、三好之長の専横に反発する畿内の勢力は細川高国の元に結集していた。
- During this time, the forces in kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) opposing the tyranny of Yukinaga MIYOSHI rallied behind Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 永正16年(1519年)5月、細川尚春は澄元に降るが、之長に殺害される。
- In June of 1519, Hisaharu HOSOKAWA surrendered to Sumimoto but was killed by Yukinaga.
- 承久元年(1219年)1月、3代征夷大将軍源実朝が甥の公暁に暗殺された。
- In the first month of the first year of the Jokyu era (1219), the third Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Minamoto no Sanetomo, was assassinated by his own nephew, Kugyo.
- その際、八角塔の基壇が復元され、周辺一帯が史跡公園として整備保存された。
- On this occasion, the octagonal stylobate of the tower was reconstructed, and a historic park was built around the remains to preserve them.
- 承安(日本)元年(1171年)、清盛は娘の平徳子を高倉天皇に入内させた。
- In 1171, Kiyomori installed his daughter, TAIRA no Tokuko, as imperial consort (de facto Empress) to Emperor Takakura.
- 1531年 播磨の浦上村宗と細川高国が天王寺に戦死、細川晴元が政権を握る
- In 1531, Muramune URAGAMI of Harima and Takakuni HOSOKAWA died in the battle at Tennoji and Harumoto HOSOKAWA took power.
- 以後、政元の養子である細川澄元と細川高国が後継管領を巡って争いを始めた。
- Thereafter, the two candidates seeking to inherit the position of Kanrei, Masamoto's adopted sons Sumimoto and Takakuni HOSOKAWA, began to fight over who would be chosen.
- しかし、元々が人の体を元にしたものであるので人によってその長さは異なる。
- However, the length measured by the hiro varies from person to person, because the hiro is basically derived from the dimension of the human body.
- 「歴三事、古今更無此例、誠是家之余慶也」(『山槐記』元暦元年9月18日条)
- This is an unprecedented event and a great pleasure for the family' ('Sankaiki' - The Diary by Tadachika NAKAYAMA) dated eighteenth day, ninth month of the first year of Genryaku era).
- 元来、江戸幕府においては京都所司代・京都町奉行が治安維持の任についていた。
- Originally, Kyoto shoshidai and Kyoto machibugyo (Kyoto town magistrate) held the post to maintain order in the town under the Edo bakufu.
- 建武の新政期である1334年(建武元)には後醍醐天皇が徳政令を行っている。
- In 1334, during the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Godaigo issued an Tokuseirei.
- 同年(明治元年)12月7日、東北地方と越後の諸藩に対する処分が発表された。
- On December 7 in the same year, punishment for the domains in the Tohoku Region and Echigo was announced.
- 現在では、復元された八角塔(基壇)を中心に周辺一帯が史跡公園となっている。
- Today, the site is in a historic park, and has a reconstructed octagonal tower (a stylobate).
- また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので(安→あ)主に女性が用い始めた。
- Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.
- 次の醍醐天皇の勅を受けて編纂を再開し、延喜元年(901年)8月に完成した。
- Compilation was resumed by the decree of Emperor Daigo, and the text was completed in September 901.
- 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
- Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.
- 天巻 (唐)王昌齢『詩格』、(唐)元兢『詩髄脳』、(隋)劉善経『四声指帰』。
- The volume of Heaven: 'Poetry Rules' by Wang Changling in China (Tang), 'The Essence of Poetry' by Yuan Jing in China (Tang), 'A Guidebook for the Four Tones' by Liu Shanjing in China (Sui).
- 平安時代には、元日、白馬、踏歌、端午、豊明が五節会として、特に重んじられた。
- Gantan, Hakuba, Toka, Tango, and Toyoakari were particularly emphasized during the Heian period as Gosechi-e.
- 永禄13年4月23日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1570年5月27日) 元亀に改元
- In May 27, 1570 the name of the era was changed to Genki.
- 安元2年(1176年)後白河法皇は50歳となり、正月から祝いの行事が続いた。
- The Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa turned 50 in 1176, and various celebratory events continued from the beginning of the year.
- 犯人は平田篤胤派国学の門人である三輪田元綱、師岡正胤とされ、会津藩士も関与。
- The criminals were considered to be Mototsuna MIWADA and Masatane MOROOKA, disciples of the school of Atsutane HIRATA in the study of Japanese classical literature, and retainers of the Aizu Clan were also concerned.
- 大内氏が滅亡した後の第二次では毛利元就がこの戦いを開始し、尼子氏を滅亡させた。
- After the fall of the Ouchi clan, Motonari MORI started the second battle and destroyed the Amago clan.
- 保則は来降を許したが、元慶3年(879年)1月、朝廷は討伐の強行を命じてきた。
- Yasunori accepted the Ifu's surrender, but in January of the third year of the Gangyo era (879) the Imperial Court ordered him to suppress the Ifu.
- 889年(寛平元年)、強盗首物部氏永(もののべのうじなが)等が蜂起し発生した。
- In 889, MONONOBE no Nagauji, the head of a group of bandits, and others started the war.
- 1748年(寛延元年)に正史の洪啓禧が客殿を「対潮楼」と名づけた書をのこした。
- In 1748, Gye-hui HONG, the head officer of the envoy, named the guest hall 'Taichoro' (literally, a tide-viewing hall) and left a calligraphy writing the name.
- そのため、師元の日記から後日になって忠実の言談のみを抄出したとする見方もある。
- This is why Chugaisho is sometimes viewed as the selection of Tadazane's discourse from Moromoto's diary.
- 出挙は元々、農業生産の推進・奨励、すなわち勧農の一つとして位置づけられていた。
- Suiko was originally regarded as a system to promote and encourage agricultural production, namely a kind of encouraging of agriculture.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)1月には六波羅勢を摂津国天王寺などで撃破した。
- In January 1333, he defeated the Rokuhara Tandai army at Tenno-ji Temple in Settsu Province, etc.
- 元は延暦寺の僧侶が土倉を経営して高利貸しなどの業務を行っていたことに由来する。
- It originated as the priests in Enryaku-ji Temple who operated underground warehouses called doso and engaged in businesses like lending money at high rates of interest.
- これらの禅僧の往来の多くは、日元間を交易する商船に便乗することが都合良かった。
- It is convenient for many of these priests to come and go on board merchant ships that carried on trade between Japan and Yuan.
- しかし多くは元の官憲に阻まれ、入明を果たしたのは愚中ら11人のみだったという。
- However, many were hindered by the constituted authorities of Yuan, and it is said that only 11 of them, including Guchu, could enter Mingzhou.
- 安田元久らの学説では「武士」と「兵」の違いは「領地」の支配形態にもとめられた。
- The academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA sought the difference between 'bushi' and 'tsuwamono' as the ruling formation of the 'estate'
- 義尹・義興と結び、摂津の伊丹元扶や丹波国の内藤貞正らの畿内国人を味方につけた。
- Takakuni made alliances with Yoshiki and Yoshioki and gained the support of the local lords in kinai, including Motosuke ITAMI from Settsu Province and Sadamasa NAITO from Tanba Province.
- 寛仁元年(1017年)に三条が死去すると、敦明はついに皇太子の辞退を決意した。
- In 1017, when Sanjo died, Atsuaki decided to refrain from being the Crown Prince.
- 一方、尊氏は1338年(延元3年/暦応元年)に北朝から征夷大将軍に任じられる。
- On the other hand, Takauji was named Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in 1338 by the Northern Court.
- 元力士の山田藤吉は客を龍馬に会わせようとするが後から斬られた(1日後に死亡)。
- Tokichi YAMADA, a former sumo wrestler, was about to show the visitor and his companions when he was attacked from behind (he died the next day).
- 義尚擁立に転じた勝元が、穏便な形をとって義視を御所から事実上追放したのである。
- The truth seems to be that Katsumoto, having changed his posture in favor of Yoshihisa as the next Shogun, virtually expelled Yoshimi from the palace in a sugarcoated way.
- 社会の安定と経済の成長は、都市の発展を支え、17世紀後半の元禄文化に結実した。
- The stabilization of society and economical growth supported the development of urban areas, producing Genroku Culture in the latter half of 17th century.
- 毛利元就は尼子氏を裏切り大内氏についたため、尼子晴久が吉田郡山城へ向けて進軍。
- As Motonari MORI betrayed the Amako clan and joined the side of the Ouchi clan, Haruhisa AMAKO marched on Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle.
- だが、霊元天皇は年が明けて天和2年(1682年)に入ると、積極的に行動に出る。
- After the turn of the year to 1682, however, Emperor Reigen took the offensive.
- この船が再び元へ回航する際に、関東大仏造営料唐船として指定された可能性がある。
- When the ship returned to Yuan, it may have been designated as Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen.
- たいてい来るのは地元の旧知の客ばかりであり、酒屋の主人は客の好みを熟知していた。
- Most of the customers coming to a sakaya were intimate with the shop owner for a long time, and the owner was well-informed about their tastes.
- 同様に、武田信玄(信玄)、筒井順慶(順慶)、毛利輝元、尼子晴久なども著名である。
- The same applies to Shingen TAKEDA (Shingen), Junkei TSUTSUI (Junkei), Terumoto MORI, and Haruhisa AMAGO.
- 藤原仲麻呂の死後いったんは元に戻ったが、796年(延暦14年)に再度半減された。
- The maximum number of days was restored to the original amount after the death of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, but in 796 it was reduced by half.
- 1324年(正中 (元号)元年)の正中の変は六波羅探題によって未然に察知された。
- The Shochu Conspiracy of 1324 was prevented by Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 知足院関白・藤原忠実(1078―1162)の言談を大外記中原師元が筆録したもの。
- NAKAHARA no Moromoto, Daigeki (senior secretary), transcribed the discourse of FUJIWARA no Tadazane (1078-1162), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the emperor) of Chisoku-in Temple.
- 例えば、意味で分類した用語集の『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)頃成立)がある。
- For example, 'Kagaku-shu' (published around 1444) was a glossary in which the words were classified according to their meanings.
- このときの利益を元に天龍寺の建設が進められ、康永2年(1343年)11月に竣工。
- Construction of Tenryu-ji Temple was started with the profits of the trade, and it was completed in November, 1343.
- また、一連の論文で小坂は、陰陽師達が使っていた六壬神課の三伝の復元も行っている。
- In a string of his monograph, Kosaka also restored Sanden of Rikujinshinka used by Onmyoji.
- 奈良時代の和銅年間に始まったとする説もあるが、天平元年(729年)が有力である。
- While some believe that Kinomidokyo dates back to the Wado era (from 708 to 715) of the Nara period, it is generally agreed that it began in 729.
- 6月、さらに高国は大物崩れで元長に敗れて尼崎市に逃走したが、捕らえられ自害した。
- In July, Takakuni was defeated again by Motonaga at Daimotsu Kuzure (The Battle of Daimotsu) and fled to Amagasaki City but was captured and committed suicide.
- 享禄4年(1531年)3月、高国は三好元長の反撃を受けて摂津国中嶋の戦いで大敗。
- During March of 1531, Takakuni suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Nakajima in Settsu Province due to a counterattack made by Motonaga MIYOSHI.
- 大永6年(1526年)7月、丹波守護細川尹賢の讒言により、高国が香西元盛を謀殺。
- In August of 1526, Takakuni murdered Motomori KOZAI due to false charges made by the shugo of Tanba Province, Tadakata HOSOKAWA.
- 元盛の兄・波多野稙通・柳本賢治らは阿波の細川晴元・三好元長と連携して丹波で挙兵。
- Motomori's brother Tanemichi HATANO and Kataharu YANAGIMOTO raised an army in Tanba in a collaborative effort with Harumoto HOSOKAWA and Motonaga MIYOSHI from Awa.
- 細川勝元および細川氏一門:摂津国・和泉国・丹波国・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波国・土佐国
- Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and the greater Hosokawa family: Settsu Province, Izumi Province, Tanba Province, Awaji Province, Sanuki Province, Awa Province and Tosa Province
- 毛利元就は大内義隆に援軍を要請し援軍到着後尼子氏を撃破する(吉田郡山城の戦い)。
- Motonari MORI asked Yoshitaka OUCHI for reinforcements and, after the arrival of reinforcements, he defeated the Amako clan (Yoshida Koriyama-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle)).
- 強国に挟まれていた関係上、国人の一人毛利元就が集団の統率者となり戦国大名化した。
- Because they were wedged between great powers, one of the kokujin, Motonari MORI became the leader and changed to sengoku daimyo.
- いざ凶党追捕の際には、国司は武士交名を元にこれらの者を軍事力として編成していた。
- When it was necessary to hunt down and catch outlaws, provincial governors formed forces by referring to the samurai list.
- クンビーラは元来、ガンジス川に棲むワニを神格化した水神で、日本では蛇型とされる。
- Kunbi-ra originally was a water god transformed into a god from crocodiles in the Ganges River and in Japan is considered to be in snake form.
- 澄元は何度か京と四国を往復するが結果的には権力を奪えず1520年に阿波で没した。
- Although Sumimoto moved between Kyo and Shikoku several times, he could not take back power and died in Awa in 1520.
- 元佶が出版した書籍は、1599年の『孔子家語』、『六韜』、『三略』が最初である。
- Genkitsu first published 'Koshi-kego' (a chronicle of the sayings and doings of Confucius and his disciples), 'Rikuto,' and 'Sanryaku' (ancient Chinese strategy books) in 1599.
- 元寇での戦いで、敵の武器に苦戦しながらも手柄をあげた菊池家の菊池武重の発案という。
- It is said that this idea was generated by Takeshige KIKUCHI of the Kikuchi family who gained fame in the battles of the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, although struggled with the enemy's weapons.
- 沙汰人は元来、荘園領主や荘官の代理人として、命令や判決を現地で執行する者をさした。
- The word satanin originally meant a person who executed the order or judgment on site, on behalf of the lord of the manor or the shokan.
- 今度は細川澄元の子細川晴元と対立し、1531年、天王寺の戦い(大物崩れ)で敗れる。
- Then he opposed to Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's son Harumoto HOSOKAWA and lost the Battle of Tenno-ji, as known as Daimotsu-kuzure (Battle of Daimotsu) in 1531.
- 細川澄元も屋敷を襲われ、一旦近江甲賀郡に逃走するが国人の力を借りて勢力を盛り返す。
- Although Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's residence was also attacked and Sumimoto once escaped to Koga-gun Omi Province, he gained strength back with the help of Kokujin (local samurai).
- 天暦元年(947年)に村上天皇が出した新制6ヶ条と呼ばれる官符が最古の例とされる。
- The kanpu called Six articles of shinsei promulgated in 947 by Emperor Murakami is regarded as the oldest kanpu.
- 嘉元4年(1306年)、称名寺 (横浜市)(現横浜市金沢区)造営料獲得のため派遣。
- In 1306, a Shomyo-ji zoeiryotosen was dispatched to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Shomyo-ji Temple (Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City).
- 元来、朝廷や皇族の所有地であったものが寺院などに寄進されて荘園化されたものが多い。
- Many Ossho were the former territories of the Imperial Court or Imperial Family which became Shoen after being donated to temples etc.
- 元々、国衙機構には多種多様な手工業者が所属し、国衙運営に必要な物資を生産していた。
- Originally,many handicraftsmen were affiliated with the Kokuga organization and produced the supplies required for Kokuga management.
- ただちに細川頼元、京極高詮、赤松義則の先発隊6000余騎が淀から和泉国へ発向する。
- The vanguard of the army, more than 6000 riders led by Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Takanori KYOGOKU, and Yoshinori AKAMATSU, immediately rode out from Yodo towards Izumi Province.
- 東海道の延長線として京街道(大坂街道)の宿場が元和5年(1619年)に設置された。
- As an extension of the Tokaido Road, the stations of the Kyokaido Road (Osaka Kaido Road) were established in 1619.
- 彼らの抵抗は持明院統嫡流が断絶した1428年(正長元年)以後、激化することとなる。
- Gonancho resistance only intensified after 1428, when the Jimyoin lineage running from the eldest son was broken.
- これも元々中国的な建築様式が日本独自の発展をとげて生まれた日本風の建築様式である。
- This is also a Japanese architectural style, which was developed uniquely in Japan separate from Chinese architectural style.
- 前者は管領・細川勝元を後者は有力大名の山名持豊(宗全)を中心に擁して対立を深めた。
- The dispute intensified due to the actions of two opposing Kanrei (regents), the former being Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and the latter being the powerful daimyo Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen).
- だが、晴元が政権獲得の最終段階で功臣・三好元長を殺害した事が後年大きく裏目に出る。
- However, Harumoto's murder of the meritorious retainer Motonaga MIYOSHI, who had climbed to the highest rungs of power within the government, had a profound backlash in later years.
- これらの中国銭は、中国(北宋・元 (王朝)など)との貿易を通じて日本にもたらされた。
- These Chinese coins were brought to Japan through trade with China (Northern Sung Dynasty or Yuan).
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)、鎌倉は新田義貞らの攻撃で陥落し、北条氏は滅亡する。
- Kamakura was occupied by Yoshisada NITTA in 1333 and the Hojo clan fell.
- 1331年(元弘元年)8月、後醍醐の側近である吉田定房が六波羅探題に倒幕計画を密告。
- In August 1331, Godaigo's close adviser Sadafusa YOSHIDA informed Rokuhara Tandai of the plan to overthrow the bakufu.
- 室町幕府では、幕府のお膝元である山城国が有力守護の支配下に入る事を望んでいなかった。
- The Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) did not wish Yamashiro Province, which had been put under the direct jurisdiction of the government, to be taken over by and to be put under the direct control of an influential feudal lord.
- 戦いに敗れた細川澄元は実家の阿波に逃亡し再起を図り、三好之長に擁立され抵抗を続けた。
- Having lost the battle, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA fled to Awa where his parents lived and continued to resist with the support of Yukinaga MIYOSHI, aiming at recovery.
- 元寇以後、こうした負担が過重となり、なおかつ農民への負担の転嫁が激しい抵抗を招いた。
- After the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, these burdens became intolerable, and the shifting of the burdens onto peasants aroused the bitterest opposition among them.
- 元暦2年/寿永4年 (1185年)2月、義経は奇襲によって屋島を攻略(屋島の戦い)。
- In March, 1185, Yoshitsune captured Yashima by means of a surprise attack (in what is known as the battle of Yashima).
- 発端は、1204年(元久元年)の比叡山の僧徒による、専修念仏停止を訴える蜂起である。
- The incident was triggered by a rebellion of the monks of Mt Hiei, who demanded the cessation of Senju-Nenbutsu in 1204.
- 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
- Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.
- 元亀4年(1573年)1月頃から信玄が持病を悪化させたために武田軍の進軍は停滞する。
- However, Shingen's chronic disease worsened around February (January in old lunar calendar) in 1573, and Takeda's army stopped moving.
- 元亀4年(1573年)4月12日、武田信玄が信濃駒場で病死し、信長包囲網は瓦解した。
- On May 23 (Apri 12 in old lunar calendar), 1573, in Komanba in Shinano Province, Shingen TAKEDA died of illness, leading to dissolution of the coalition against Nobunaga.
- 1526年 細川晴元(澄元の子)・足利義維を奉ずる柳本賢治と細川高国の戦いが始まる。
- In 1526, a battle started between Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who was accompanied by Harumoto HOSOKAWA (a son of Sumimoto), Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 専横を振るった細川政元も香西元長・薬師寺長忠らに暗殺された(1507年永正の錯乱)。
- Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who had been extremely domineering, was assassinated by Motonaga KOZAI, Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and so on (Eisho Disturbance in 1507).
- 13世紀には、1274年の文永の役と1281年の弘安の役の二度にわたる元寇があった。
- In the thirteenth century, the Mongols invaded twice, these invasions being called the Bunei engagement of 1274 and the Koan engagement of 1281, so called from the names of the eras in which they occurred.
- 1333年(元弘3年、正慶2年)、楠木勢は千早城で再挙し、幕府の大軍を相手に奮戦する。
- In 1333, forces of Kusunoki raised the army once again in Chihaya-jo Castle, and fought hard against the large bakufu's army.
- 現在、二十巻本の本文として最も流布しているのは、那波道円校注の「元和古活字本」である。
- Today, 'Genna kokatsuji-bon' (literally, books printed using old types in the Genna era [1615 - 1624]) are used most widely as the text of the 20-volume books.
- 天文 (元号)4年(1535年)には、資元は自刃して果てたため、少弐氏は一時滅亡した。
- After Sukemoto was killed himself in 1535, the clan temporarily collapsed.
- 8世紀初年に本格的に始まった日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳を元にして百姓・人民を把握した。
- The Ritsuryo system, which officially started at the beginning of the 8th century, controlled farmers and citizens based on family registers and the yearly tax registers.
- 中世日本の経済で大きなウェイトを占めていた農業生産の元手(資本)となるのは農地である。
- Agricultural lands were the sinews (capital) of the agricultural production which carried considerable weight in the economy of medieval Japan.
- 康暦元年(1379年)、康暦の政変により幕府の実権を握っていた管領細川頼之が失脚する。
- In 1379, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had the actual power in the bakufu, fell from power due to the Koryaku Coup.
- ただし、文治元年(1185年)4月27日 (旧暦)に従二位に昇進する以前は奉書と呼ぶ。
- Documents issued by Yoritomo prior to his promotion to Junii (Junior Second Rank) on June 4, 1185, however, were called hosho.
- 小坂眞二は『占事略决』の原典の復元に着手し、その結果を小坂2005として上梓している。
- Kosaka restored the original of 'Senji ryakketsu' and published the results as 'Abe no Seimei 'Senji ryakketsu' to Onmyodo'.
- 永正17年(1520年)2月、高国が摂津で澄元・之長に敗れ、将軍義稙は澄元側に通じる。
- In February of 1520, when Takakuni was defeated by Sumimoto and Yukinaga in Settsu, shogun Yoshitane took sides with Sumimoto.
- が、1205年(元久2年)南都の興福寺の奏状によって遂に念仏停止の断が下ってしまった。
- However, in 1205, the decision to cease nenbutsu was decided by a soujo (document reported to the Emperor) from Kofuju-ji Temple in Nanto (Nara Prefecture).
- さらに、霊元天皇が院政を行うと、江戸幕府との間に確執を生み、朝幕関係に緊張を走らせた。
- Subsequently, when Emperor Reigen conducted insei, discord arose continually with Edo Bakufu, and the relationship with Edo Bakufu became tense.
- 1551年(天文 (元号)20)、斎藤道三が守護の土岐頼芸を追放して美濃国の主となる。
- In 1551, Dosan SAITO drove his lord the Protector Yorinari TOKI into exile and he himself became lord of Mino Province.
- 『雨月物語』に含まれる小説「白峰」は、保元の乱に敗れた崇徳上皇の亡霊を題材にした怪談。
- Shiramine,' a story in 'Ugetsu Monogatari' (Tales of Moonlight and Rain), is a supernatural tale about the ghost of the retired Emperor Sutoku, who was defeated in the Hogen Disturbance.
- 保元元年(1156年)、治天の君及び摂関の座をめぐる対立が激化し、保元の乱が発生した。
- The conflict over the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and Regent became intense and the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) occurred in 1156.
- 承安 (日本)元年(1171年)、清盛は娘の平徳子(建礼門院)を高倉天皇の中宮とした。
- In 1171, Kiyomori had his daughter, TAIRA no Tokuko (Kenreimonin) appointed as Emperor Takakura's Chugu (Empress Consort).
- 康和の荘園整理令 1099年(承徳3)堀河天皇 新立の荘園の停止(同年、康和と改元)。
- Kowa-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1099 Emperor Horikawa Suspended the establishment of new manors (name of era changed to Kowa this year).
- 元長の子である三好長慶兄弟が晴元に対して挙兵、晴元を追放して将軍足利義輝を傀儡化した。
- Nagayoshi (Chokei) MIYOSHI, Motonaga's son, raised an army along with his brothers to hunt down Harumoto, who was driven into exile, while the Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was converted into a mere puppet.
- この裏切りによって支えきれなくなった元忠は8月1日に討死し、伏見城はようやく落城した。
- Mototada, who was cornered by this betrayal, died in battle on August 1 and Fushimi-jo Castle was finally surrendered.
- 特赦無期刑で獄死したのは、高木顕明、峯尾節堂、岡本一郎、三浦安太郎、佐々木道元の5人。
- Five people, Kenmyo TAKAGI, Setsudo MINEO, Ichiro OKAMOTO, Yasutaro MIURA and Dogen SASAKI, died in prison after being granted a special pardon that reduced their sentence to life in prison.
- 715年(霊亀元)に里は郷(ごう)と改称され、郷は2~3里に分かれ統率者は郷長であった。
- In 715, villages were renamed by go which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato and headed by a gocho (township chief).
- 澄元の実家である阿波細川家と、その有力被官である三好之長も当然義澄方であったと思われる。
- It is thought that the Awa Hosokawa family, who were the parents' family of Sumimoto, and Yukinaga MIYOSHI their influential hikan (low-level bureaucrat) were naturally on the side of Yoshizumi.
- 澄元は義興と和議を結ぶために高国を差し向けようとした。だが、逆に高国は伊賀国に出奔した。
- Sumimoto tried sending Takakuni to make peace negotiations with Yoshioki but Takakuni fled to Iga Province instead.
- 大永4年(1524年)10月、高国の重臣香西元盛・柳本賢治らが阿波勢の残党を和泉で破る。
- In November of 1524, Takakuni's senior vassals Motomori KOZAI and Kataharu YANAGIMOTO defeated the remnants of the Awa forces in Izumi.
- 康応元年(1389年)には土岐康行を挑発して挙兵に追い込み、これを下す(土岐康行の乱)。
- In 1389, Yoshimitsu deliberately provoked Yasuyuki TOKI into raising troops and then crushed him (this incident is referred to as Yasuyuki TOKI's rebellion).
- 弘治4年2月28日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1558年3月18日) 正親町天皇即位のため改元
- The name of the era was changed in March 18, 1558 due to the ascension of Emperor Ogimachi
- 1368年(応安元年/正平23年)6月、幕府は総括的な半済令(応安の半済令)を発布した。
- In June 1368, the feudal government issued a general hanzei law (the hanzei law of Oan).
- この地の選定は中国から伝わった風水に基づく四神相応の考え方を元に行われたという説もある。
- It is also said that selection of the location followed beliefs of the Shijinsoo (an ideal topography for the four Taoist gods) of Feng Shui (Chinese geomancy) as learned from China.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)、大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は全国の武士に討幕の綸旨を発した。
- Then in 1333, Emperor Godaigo, of the Daikakuji lineage, issued an Imperial edict to the warriors all over the country to strike down the shogunate.
- 庶民が慣れ親しんだ講談や落語などでは「元亀天正の頃」といった表現のほうが一般的であった。
- In kodan (art of public storytelling) and rakugo (traditional comic storytelling), which were popular among the general public, the expression 'the periods of Genki, Tensho' was common.
- 元(王朝)の侵攻による南宋の圧迫と滅亡から、禅宗の知識人が日本に渡ってくることがあった。
- After the oppression and eventual collapse of the Southern Song dynasty due to the invasion of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty to the north, Zen Buddhist intellectuals began to cross over to Japan.
- 乱のあと、将軍の権威に変わる形で管領細川政元が絶大的な権力者として台頭するようになった。
- After the war, the Shogun's former authority transferred to the Kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who rose to prominence as a figure of tremendous power.
- しかも元亀2年(1571年)には、布部山の戦いに敗れた幸盛が、吉川元春に捕らえられている。
- Moreover, Yukimori, who had been defeated in the Battle of Fubeyama, was captured by Motoharu KIKKAWA in 1571.
- 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
- Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.
- 1030年(長元3)の平忠常の乱に際して追討使に任じられた源頼信がすぐに忠常を帰服させた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, who was appointed tsuitoshi (the person in charge of searching for and capturing criminals) in the TAIRA no Tadatsune War in 1030, made Tadatsune surrender immediately.
- 日本の雑徭(ぞうよう)は、中国の制度を元としているが、日本の国情に合わせて導入されている。
- The zoyo in Japan was based on the Chinese system, but it was introduced after being modified to meet the conditions of Japan.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)に鎌倉幕府が滅亡に至るまでの一連の戦乱を含めることも多い。
- References to Genko no Ran often include a series of conflicts fought until the fall of the Kamakura Bakufu (shogunate government) in 1333.
- 義稙方の将としては、主将である細川高国と大内義興の他、能登畠山氏の畠山義元が中核であった。
- As core busho on Yoshitane's side, there were Captain Takakuni HOSOKAWA, OUCHI Yoshioki, and Yoshimoto HATAKEYAMA of Noto Province.
- なお、この時期に建仁寺の禅僧雪村友梅が入元しているが、この唐船と関連していた可能性もある。
- At that time, Sesson Yubai, a Zen priest of Kennin-ji Temple entered Yuan, which may have related to this Tosen.
- 南朝 (日本)の後醍醐天皇は延元4年(1339年、北朝 (日本)では暦応2年)に崩御した。
- The Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court (Japan) passed away in 1339.
- 実際に、平城天皇朝においても、大同元年から中務卿兼大宰帥を務めて、皇族の重鎮となっていた。
- During the era of the Emperor Heijo, he served as Nakatsukasa-kyo (Minister of the Ministry of Central Affairs) cum Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) from 806 and was actually the leader of the Imperial Family.
- そのために、利息は2文子(元金100文につき月利2文)という低利のために利用者が多かった。
- As the interest for such occasions was as low as two monshi (monthly interest of two mon per one-hundred mon) there were many who depended on this system.
- その後、元慶元年(877年)の陽成天皇の践祚より回数を減じて、春秋の季御読経に改められた。
- It was performed less frequently later on due to Emperor Yozei taking the throne in 877, and Kinomidokyo came to be performed only during the spring and fall.
- 永正5年(1508年)4月、澄元や11代将軍足利義澄は相次いで近江に逃れ、高国が入京した。
- In May of 1508, Sumimoto and the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA fled to Omi one after the other and Takakuni entered the capital.
- 戦いは夕刻まで続き、政長は夜半に社に火をかけ、自害を装い逃走、勝元邸に匿われたと言われる。
- The battle continued until the evening, and Masanaga set the shrine on fire late at night; he is said to have pretended suicide and escaped to take refuge in Katsumoto's residence.
- 更に、保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」において神人・供御人制が確立したと見られている。
- In addition, it seems that the jinin and Kugonin system was established with the 'Hogen new system' in 1156.
- 家康に死守を命じられていた元忠はこれを拒絶し、西軍は大挙して伏見城を包囲、攻撃を開始した。
- Mototada, who had been told to defend the castle to the death by Ieyasu, refused this order, and the western army surrounded Fushimi-jo Castle and started attacking.
- 「万物一体の仁」とは、人も含めて万物は根元が同じであると考え、自他一体とみなす思想である。
- Banbutsu ittai no jin' is the concept of considering all things, including man, identical in their origin, thus, all things form one body.
- 毛利軍も毛利元就、小早川正平、益田藤兼ら安芸国・周防国・石見国の国人衆を集めて出雲へ赴いた。
- For the Mori army, Motonari MORI, Masahira KOBAYAKAWA, and Fujikane MASUDA departed for Izumo Province recruiting local samurai from Aki, Suo, and Iwami Provinces.
- 「臣下の得失、政道の奥旨、詩歌の興、大旨此御記に在り」(寛元4年(1246年)閏4月9日条)
- This gyoki includes the interests of subjects, the secrets of politics and the pleasure of poetry (Entry dated on leap month April 9, 1246).
- 在庁官人は元々、現地の有力者であり、中央の国司に対する地域の利益代表としての顔も持っていた。
- Zaichokanjin were originally the leaders in the local region and were also the representing the interests of the region against the kokushi sent from the central government.
- 中国の元 (王朝)の制度に取引貨物の価格に1割、粗悪品はその2/3を官に納める制度があった。
- In the Yuan (Dynasty) in China, there was a system in which a tenth of the value of transactional cargo, or two thirds of the value in case of inferior goods, was paid to the authorities.
- 御朱印の起源には諸説あるが、元々は寺社に写経を納めた際の受付印であったとする説が有力である。
- Although there are many theories about the origin of goshuin, the most powerful theory is that it was used as a seal of reception when sutra copies were submitted to temples.
- この1年の間に、細川氏(京兆家)の家督は政元から澄之、澄元、高国とめまぐるしく入れ替わった。
- Within one year, the head of the Hosokawa clan (the Keicho family) changed chaotically from Masamoto to Sumiyuki, then to Sumimoto, and then again to Takakuni.
- 1207年(建永2年・承元元年)、鎌倉幕府が興福寺の強訴に従い、法然は譛岐国に流罪となった。
- In 1207, the Kamakura bakufu bowed to the demands from Kofuku-ji Temple and Honen was exiled to Sanuki Province.
- 律令条文の解釈・研究は、701年(大宝元年)に大宝律令が施行された直後からはじめられている。
- The interpretation and research of ritsuryo text began immediately after the Taiho code was enforced in 701.
- 勝元は今出川邸の自邸に本陣を置き、6月には義政に要請して牙旗を授与され、官軍の体裁を整えた。
- Katsumoto located the headquarters in his own residence at Imadegawa, and in June at his request Yoshimasa conferred him with a gaki (flag with an ivory ornament at the top symbolizing the emperor or the shogun), which gave his troops an appearance of a regular government army.
- 平城宮の朝堂院は長安城大明宮(たいめいきゅう)含元殿(がんげんでん)の影響が濃いといわれる。
- The chodoin in Heijo-kyu Palace is said to have been strongly influenced by the gangenden (council hall) in Taimeikyu Palace in Chang'an city.
- しかし、織田氏を攻めるため尾張に出兵したところ、桶狭間の戦いで義元が戦死し、今川氏は衰えた。
- When it sent troops to Owari to attack the Oda clan, however, Yoshimoto was killed in the Battle of Okehazama and the Imagawa clan declined.
- 加賀でも大和でも豪族同士の争乱が起こり、将軍お膝元の京都でも徳政一揆が頻発する有様であった。
- Quarrels between gozoku (local ruling families) occurred in Kaga and Yamato, and even in Kyoto which was the shogun's home city, tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) occurred frequently.
- 細川家もまた細川澄元、細川高国と2派に分かれて抗争することとなった(澄之は高国に討たれた)。
- The Hosokawa clan was also split into two factions, one for Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and the other for Takakuni HOSOKAWA and they quarreled with each other (Sumiyuki was killed by Takakuni.)
- 長慶は晴元の後任に傀儡の管領を立ててその職権を奪い、相伴衆の一員として幕政の全権を掌握した。
- Chokei raised another puppet up to be Harumoto's successor as Kanrei, meanwhile usurping the Kanrei's authority himself, and managed personally to seize the full power and authority of the shogunal government from his position as one of the Shobanshu (Shogunal advisor).
- 元就は石見銀山の鉱夫を使って、白鹿城の井戸を制圧して、白鹿城の水を絶つために、坑道を掘らせた。
- Motonari employed coalminers of Iwami silver mine to make a tunnel for the purpose of capturing a water well of Shiraga-jo Castle and cutting off the water supply.
- 幕末に、江戸幕府が多紀に校勘させた「医心方」の元本には、半井家に伝わっていたものが使用された。
- The original text of 'Ishinbo' that the Edo bakufu had Taki revise at the end of the period was based on the manuscript that had been handed down in the Nakarai family.
- 元木泰雄は、頼朝の実効支配地は南関東周辺のみであり、宣旨の効力はさほど発揮されなかったとする。
- Yasuo MOTOKI insists that the decree was not so effective because Yoritomo's effectively dominated areas were limited to around the south Kantou area.
- 地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- Jito abolished the traditional stratified land ruling relationships and preferred centralized land ruling.
- 「1 - 2キロほどしか見通しもきかず、呼吸ですら困難なほどであった」と地元新聞は伝えている。
- A local newspaper reported that 'the visibility was only 1 to 2 km and it was difficult even to breathe.'
- 保元元年(1156年)閏9月の「保元新制」はその集大成で、寺社の濫行禁止と荘園の規制を謳った。
- The 'Hogen shinsei' (new law issued in the Hogen period) of October, 1156 was the compilation, which prohibited violent-conduct of temples and shrines and regulated shoen (manor in medieval Japan).
- 永正7年(1510年)、高国らが近江に侵攻したが、澄元方を支持する国人の反抗もあって大敗した。
- In 1510, Takakuni's forces invaded Omi but suffered a crushing defeat due to the resistance they met by local lords who supported the Sumimoto side.
- 1336年から1392年まで56年あまり存続し、叙位や元号の制定など政権としての機能を有した。
- The dynasty lasted around 56 years from 1336 to 1392 and had a government system with the conferment of court rank and era name.
- 幕府の出先機関である京都守護の大江親広(大江広元の子)は上皇に強要され、やむなく京方に加わる。
- The protector of Kyoto, Chikahiro OE (son of Hiromoto OE), who was also the shogunate's local envoy, was coerced by the retired Emperor Gotoba until he had no choice but to join the capital faction.
- こうした災害を理由とした改元(長享・延徳・明応)が相次いでいるのもそれを裏付けていると言える。
- The successive changes of the imperial era name (Chokyo, Entoku, and Meio) attributed to these disasters endorse this observation.
- 元亀3年(1572年)には信長から義昭に異見十七箇条が突きつけられ、両者の対立は決定的になる。
- In 1572, Nobunaga sent an accusatory letter, called Iken 17 kajo (your 17 problems) to Yoshiaki, making their conflict public.
- 奈良時代初期の713年(和銅6)に、元明天皇は、令制国毎に「風土記」という地誌の編纂を命じた。
- In 713, the early Nara period, Emperor Genmyo ordered the compilation of regional gazetteers or topography called 'Fudoki' for each ryosei province.
- 824年(天長元年)以降、国司(外官)だけでなく内官(在京の官吏)も勘解由使の監査対象となった。
- In 824 and later, naikan (officers living in Kyoto) in addition to kokushi (officers living outside Kyoto) were also audited by kageyushi.
- 1332年(元弘2年/正慶元年)11月、楠木正成は河内国金剛山 (金剛山地)の千早城で挙兵した。
- In November 1332, Masashige KUSUNOKI raised an army at Chihaya-jo Castle in Mount Kongo, in Kawachi Province (Highland Kongo).
- が、この合戦の直後に澄元の祖父で後見役であった細川成之が病没しており、之長も動きが取れなかった。
- However, Nariyuki HOSOKAWA, Sumimoto's grandfather and conservator, died of an illness right after this battle, and Yukinaga was no condition to move.
- 元側の史料では、綱司の出身国にかかわらず、博多から来航した船は日本船(倭船)として扱われている。
- Historical material of the Yuan Dynasty shows that vessels coming from Hakata, no matter where the Goji came from, was dealt with as a Japanese (wako) vessel.
- 前将軍義稙の養子・足利義維(義晴の弟)を擁する晴元・元長は堺に進出し、京の支配を行う(堺公方)。
- With Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, the former shogun Yoshitane's adopted son and a younger brother of Yoshiharu on their side, Harumoto and Motonaga advanced to Sakai and governed the capital (Sakaikubo [the municipal government based in Sakai City]).
- 元治元年(1864年)、江戸幕府は京都守護職配下として蒔田廣孝と松平康正を京都見廻役に任命した。
- In 1864, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Hirotaka MAITA and Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA to Kyoto Mimawariyaku under the command of the Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto).
- 1368年(正平23年/応安元年)には後村上天皇が住吉行宮で死去し、同地にて長慶天皇が即位する。
- In 1368, Emperor Gomurakami died at the Sumiyoshi Angu and Emperor Chokei ascended the throne at the Angu.
- 保元3年(1158年)8月に後白河院庁が開設されると、信頼は院の軍馬を管理する厩別当に就任する。
- When Goshirakawa opened his Office of Retired Government (In no Cho) in August, 1158, he appointed Nobuyori the Commander of his Imperial Stables, in charge of all Goshirakawa's own horses.
- また、安土桃山時代の元号の大部分が天正だったので、天正時代(てんしょうじだい)と呼ぶこともある。
- Also, because the name of the era used for most of the Azuchi Momoyama period was Tensho (天正), it is sometimes referred to as the Tensho period.
- 義政から廃嫡され賊軍扱いされた政長は勝元に援軍を求めたが、勝元は後日の反撃を期してこれを断った。
- Deprived of heirship and condemned as a rebel by Yoshimasa, Masanaga sought for support by Katsumoto, but Katsumoto refused the request in expectation of a counter-offensive at a later opportunity.
- 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
- The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- この動きは13世紀後半の元寇によって加速し、幕府の対応策は徳政令発布や得宗専制という形で現れた。
- This move was accelerated due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and the measures taken by the bakufu against this move appeared in the forms of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts) and the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan.
- 安元3年(1177年)4月には、大内裏・大極殿・官庁の全てが全焼する大火が発生した(太郎焼亡)。
- In April 1177, a great fire (called 'the Great Fire of the Angen era' or 'Taro (a common name for a first son) Fire') broke out and completely burned the Daidairi (Heian Imperial Palace), Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) and Kancho (government offices).
- 1185年に、源頼朝は大江広元の献策を容れて弟の源義経の追討を目的に全国に守護・地頭を設置する。
- In 1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, in response to OE no Hiromoto's suggestion, instituted a countrywide system of shugo (governors) and jito (estate stewards) with the goal of hunting down his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 保元の荘園整理令 1156年(保元元)後白河天皇 荘園で使役できる農民の数を制限、「保元新制」。
- Hogen-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1156 Emperor Goshirakawa Restricted the number of farmers that can be used on manors ('Hogen new administration').
- しかし、元寇以降は全国の武士に軍事動員をかける権限などを手にし、事実上全国を支配することとなる。
- But after the Mongol invasions, the bakufu assumed the right to mobilize all the warriors in the country, and with this achieved de facto control over the entire country.
- 義澄方の将としては、主将である細川澄元の他、細川政賢、松田頼亮など、幕府の直臣といえる人物が多い。
- As busho on Yoshizumi's side, there were many great vassals of the bakufu, such as captain Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Masataka HOSOKAWA and Yorisuke MATSUDA.
- 本来は前年の正中 (元号)元年(1324年)に派遣される予定であったが、正中の変により延期された。
- The dispatch originally had been scheduled a year earlier in 1324, but was put off due to Shochu Disturbance.
- 元は石高から貢租としての納付分を差し引いて、残りの農民による自由な処分を免(ゆる)した分を指した。
- Men originally meant the rest of the Kokudaka after deduction of Koso which farmers were allowed to use without restraint.
- 翌弘仁元年(810年)、平城が平城京への遷都を嵯峨に命令すると、嵯峨は一気にクーデタに踏み切った。
- When in the next year, 810, Heizei commanded Saga to relocate the capital to Heijo-kyo, Saga decided to raise a coup d'etat.
- 後醍醐は、京都に帰還するよりも早く命令を発して、元弘の変以後の朝廷の政治的行為をすべて取り消した。
- Godaigo issued orders before his return to Kyoto and erased all political actions by the Imperial Court after the Genko Incident.
- 保元元年(1156年)7月2日 (旧暦)、鳥羽法皇が崩御すると、両派の衝突は不可避の情勢となった。
- The clash between the two sides was inevitable when Cloistered Emperor Toba died, on July 20, 1156.
- その下に地頭として平安時代以来の松浦氏、秋月氏、蒲池氏、菊池氏などの元平家方の武家が盤踞していた。
- Below them, there were samurai who were formerly on the Heike side such as the Matsuura clan, the Akizuki clan, the Kamachi clan, and the Kikuchi clan.
- 戦国時代に活動した画家には雪舟等楊、雪村、土佐派の土佐光信、狩野派の狩野元信、長谷川等伯らがいる。
- Painters who actively worked in the Sengoku Period include Sesshu Toyo, Sesson, Mitsunobu TOSA of Tosa school, Motonobu KANO of Kano school and Tohaku HASEGAWA.
- 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
- The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.
- 元治元年6月5日 (旧暦) 池田屋事件 安藤早太郎、新田革左衛門ら負傷し1ヵ月後死亡、奥沢栄助戦死
- June 5, 1864, in the Ikedaya Incident Sotaro ANDO, Kakuzaemon NITTA and others were injured and died 1month later, and Eisuke OKUSAWA died in action.
- 令制国が確実に成立したと言えるのは、701年(大宝 (日本)元年)に制定された大宝律令からである。
- It can be said that ritsuryo provinces were surely established after the completion of the Taiho Code in 701.
- 「職」(しき)とは、元来土地支配上の職務のことであるが、職権に伴う一定の収益権限も「職」と呼ばれた。
- Shiki' originally meant the duty concerning land ruling, but a certain amount of authority on earnings associated with shiki authority was also called 'shiki.'
- しかし、1352年(正平 (日本)7年/文和元年)に足利方に捕縛され、翌年、鎌倉において処刑される。
- However, he was captured by Ashikaga's force in 1352 and was executed in Kamakura in the next year.
- その大内軍を含んだ高国方が夜襲をしかけると、細川政賢は戦死するなど細川澄元方は総崩れとなった。
- When Takakuni's side, including the Ouchi's forces, attacked at night, Masataka HOSOKAWA was killed in the battle, and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's force completely collapsed.
- 元弘の変で後醍醐天皇は捕らわれて隠岐島に配流され、鎌倉幕府に擁立された持明院統の光厳天皇が即位した。
- But in the aftermath of the Genko Disturbance, Emperor Godaigo was taken captive and exiled to the island of Oki, and the Jimyoin lineage, which had the backing of the Kamakura bakufu, was able to raise their candidate, Kogon, to the throne.
- そして「荘」の管理区域を「荘園」と呼称した(元来は中国での呼称だったが日本にもたらされたのである)。
- And the administrative zone of 'sho' was called 'shoen' (it was originally a Chinese name, but brought to Japan).
- その弟・足利義昭は管領斯波氏の元家臣織田信長の支援を受けて上洛して松永らを降伏させて将軍に就任する。
- Yoshiteru's younger brother Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA--supported by Nobunaga ODA, a former vassal of the Kanrei Shiba clan--entered the capital and forced Matsunaga and his followers to capitulate before being appointed Shogun.
- 段銭・棟別銭とは、元来、朝廷・幕府が臨時経費の調達のため、守護に命じて国内に均一に賦課する租税だった。
- Tan-sen and munabechi-sen were originally accounted among land taxes uniformly imposed on people nationwide, which were collected by shugo under the instruction of the Imperial Court and bakufu aiming at raising extra money.
- 唐の開元通宝など北宋までの良貨(精銭)に比べ5円玉程度と小さく、卵の殻のように極めて薄いものもあった。
- Compared with high-quality coins issued during the era of the Northern Sung Dynasty, such as Kaigen-tsuho during the Tang Dynasty, they were as small as the present five-yen coin, with some of them as thin as an eggshell, and were made unevenly.
- 元慶の乱は朝廷側の蝦夷に対する懐柔政策が功を奏して、蝦夷は降伏したとするが、これに異を唱える人もいる。
- Some people have disputed the idea that appeasement policy of the imperial side toward the Emishi led to their surrender in the Gangyo War.
- こうした中で師弟関係を家族関係に置き換えて家学の伝承を図ろうとする「家元」制度が形成されるようになる。
- In this process, the 'iemoto' system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) came to be established to hand down kagaku by replacing master-pupil relationship by family relationships.
- 貞和元年8月29日 (旧暦)(1345年9月25日)には、後醍醐天皇七回忌にあわせて落慶供養を迎えた。
- The dedication ceremony was held on October 3, 1345 in accordance with the Emperor Godaigo's sixth anniversary of his death.
- 『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)成立)の序文に、『童子教』とともに童蒙学習書の筆頭に挙げられている。
- In the preface of 'Kagakushu' (compiled in 1444), it was listed, along with 'Dojikyo,' as one of the top textbooks for children's education.
- 平安時代の末期、皇族・貴族内部の権力闘争が、保元の乱・平治の乱といった軍事衝突に発展するようになった。
- The power struggle amongst Imperial family members and the aristocracy during the later Heian period led to military conflicts such as Hogen Rebellion and Heiji Rebellion.
- 元暦2年(1185年)、範頼軍は九州へ渡ったが、思わしくない戦況に頼朝は義経へ平氏追討の命令を出した。
- In 1185, Noriyori's forces crossed over to Kyushu, but the situation was not ideal so Yoritomo gave Yoshitsune an order to attack the Taira clan.
- 1467年9月27日(応仁元年8月29日)、突然、義視が東軍を出奔して伊勢国の北畠教具の元に身をおく。
- On September 27, 1467, Yoshimi suddenly ran away from the Eastern camp and took refuge with Noritomo KITABATAKE of Ise Province.
- 貴族が着用する衣服は元々中国から導入されたものだったが、そのうち束帯という日本独特な正装へと変化した。
- The clothes the nobles wore were originally introduced from China, but changed to sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress), Japan's unique formal wear.
- 戦国大名の元で大規模な新田開発や灌漑整備が進められ、築城技術で培われた土木技術が農業面でも応用された。
- Under sengoku daimyo, large-scale development of new fields and maintenance of irrigation were promoted utilizing civil engineering technology developed in castle building technology for agricultural purposes.
- この摂社は「門客人神社」と呼ばれるが、元々は「荒脛巾(あらはばき)神社」と呼ばれていたとのことである。
- This sessha (auxiliary shrine [dedicated to a deity close-related to that of a main shrine]) is called the 'Monkyaku-jinja Shrine' but was originally called 'Arahabaki-jinja Shrine.'
- これに苦悩した信輔は次第に「心の病」に悩まされるようになり、文禄元年(1592年)に左大臣を辞任する。
- Disturbed by this, Nobusuke was increasingly suffering from 'mental illness' and resigned from Sadaijin in 1592.
- 昭和40年代の宅地開発の際にやぐらが破壊され、「元弘三年五月廿八日」の銘のある五輪塔の一部が発見された。
- When housing lots were developed during the decade from 1965, the caves were destroyed and a part of a gorinto (a gravestone composed of five pieces piled up one upon another) was found, in which the date 'July 18, 1333' was inscribed.
- 中世陰陽道研究家の小坂眞二は、現存する六壬勘文や当時の文献等を基に平安時代の六壬神課の復元を行っている。
- Mediaeval Onmyodo researcher Shinji KOSAKA restored Rikujinshinka used in the Heian period based on existent Rikuninkanmon and literature of the time.
- 再起を図っていた足利義澄・細川澄元は永正6年(1509年)に復権を図ったものの敗れている如意ケ嶽の戦い。
- Although Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA aimed at rehabilitation, they were defeated at the Battle of Nyoigatake in 1509.
- 『権記』寛仁元年(1017年)正月7日条には、藤原資業(日野家の祖)について「三司兼帯」と記されている。
- In 'Gonki' (The FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary) dated January 7 of the first year of Kannin era (1017), FUJIWARA no Sukenari (founder of the Hino family) was recorded as 'Sanji kentai.'
- また、永保元年(1081年)秋の熊野詣の記事は特に「為房卿熊野参詣日記」として取り上げられることがある。
- A description about a visit Tamefusa made to the Kumano-jinja Shrine in the fall of 1081 is sometimes featured as 'Tamefusa-kyo Kumano Sankei Nikki' (Kumano Temple Visit Diary of Lord Tamefusa).
- また、『春秋左氏伝』昭公 (魯)元年条に「先王之楽、所以節百時也、故有五節。遅速、本末以相及。」とある。
- In a column on the first year of the Shoko era (Lu) compiled in 'Chunqiu Zuoshi Zuan,' it is described that, 'The former emperor composed music using Gosetsu (五節), using it to educate people.'
- この動きを察知した細川澄元は祖父である細川成之や細川高国に頼んで、大内義興らと和睦しようと画策していた。
- In anticipation, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA asked Shigeyuki HOSOKAWA, his grandfather, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA including Yoshioki OUCHI together planned to reconcile with them.
- なお、宝永・元治(どんどん焼け、禁門の変に伴うもの)と並んで「(近世)京都の三大大火」とも言われている。
- This fire is regarded as one of the 'Three Great Fires of Kyoto' (early modern period) along with those of the Hoei and Genji eras (Dondon-yake and the fire of the Kinmon Incident).
- 天文 (元号)元年(1532年)6月、晴元は本願寺証如や木沢長政と結び、一向一揆に堺の元長を攻めさせる。
- In July of 1532, Harumoto formed an alliance with Shonyo HONGANJI and Nagamasa KIZAWA and had Ikko-ikki (mobs of peasant farmers, monks, Shinto priests and local nobles who rose up against samurai) troops attack Motonaga in Sakai.
- 翌永暦元年(1160年)正月に天皇は近衛天皇の皇后だった藤原多子を入内させ、自らの権威の安定につとめた。
- The following year, in February, 1160, Emperor Nijo welcomed FUJIWARA no Masaruko, the former empress of Emperor Konoe, into his court, and worked at stabilizing his own power and influence.
- 元亀4年(1573年)に足利義昭を京から放逐すると、室町幕府は事実上崩壊し、名実共に織田政権が確立する。
- When he exiled Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA from Kyoto in 1573, Muromachi Bakufu virtually collapsed, and the Oda government was established in name and reality.
- 吉良義藤、飛騨国姉小路家、富樫幸千代、毛利豊元、武田元綱、竹原小早川氏、渋川尹繁・島津季久、一色時家など
- Yoshifuji KIRA, Anegakoji (or Anekoji) family of Hida Province, Kochiyo TOGASHI, Toyomoto MORI, Mototsuna TAKEDA, Takehara-Kobayakawa clan, Tadashige SHIBUKAWA, Suehisa SHIMAZU, Tokiie ISSHIKI and so on
- その後毛利氏は豊臣氏の配下となり四国征伐、九州征伐、小田原の役などで活躍し、毛利輝元が五大老に就任する。
- After that, the Mori clan became a subordinate of the Toyotomi clan and was actively involved in the Conquest of Shikoku, the Conquest of Kyushu and the Siege of Odawara, and Terumoto MORI assumed a position of as a member of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders).
- のち、一条氏の援助によって再興成った長宗我部国親・長宗我部元親が七守護や一条氏を追放して土佐を統一する。
- Later, Kunichika CHOSOKABE and Motochika CHOSOKABE who succeeded in recovering thanks to help by the Ichijo clan unified Tosa by exiling nanashugo and the Ichijo clan.
- 彼は朱子の理気二元論に異を唱え、理と気は一体不可分であるとし、また「知行合一」を称揚して実践を重視した。
- Cheng Chatoo (Hagok) objected to the dualism of ri and ki advocated by Zhu Xi, instead preaching that ri and ki are inseparable and, extolling 'chigyo goitsu', placed a strong emphasis on practice.
- ただし「元和古活字本」は稀覯書で、昭和7年(1932年)に影印復刻されるまではほとんど世に出回らなかった。
- However, 'Genna kokatsuji-bon' was a rare book and was scarcely available in the market until its photo-copy version was published in 1932.
- 鎌倉中期の元寇を契機として、幕府権力が西国へも浸透していき、在庁官人による国衙行政は次第に弱まっていった。
- Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) during the mid Kamakura period triggered the invasion of the power of the Kamakura bakufu towards the western regions and the administration of kokuga by zaichokanjin gradually weakened.
- 南巻 王昌齢『詩格』、皎然『詩議』、(唐)殷璠『河岳英霊集』、元兢『古今詩人秀句』(西晋)、陸機「文賦」。
- The volume of South: 'Poetry Rules' by Wang Changling, 'Discussion on Poetry' by Jiaoran, 'He yue ying ling ji' by Yin Fan in China (Tang), 'Elegant Lines of Poets Past' by Yuan Jing in China (Western Jin), 'About Prose and Rhapodies' by Lu Ji.
- 京都大学附属図書館所蔵の写本の奥書によると、晴明が『占事略决』を撰したのは“天元六年”(983年)である。
- According to the okugaki (postscript) of the transcript possessed by The Kyoto University Library, Seimei compiled 'Senji ryakketsu' in 983.
- 江戸時代前期に当たる寛永年間から中期に当たる元禄年間にかけて、続々と江戸や大阪、京に出店するものが現れた。
- Ise shonin opened stores in Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto one after another during the Kanei and Genroku eras, namely from the early Edo period to the mid Edo period.
- そこで元々大覚寺統の離宮であった嵯峨野の亀山殿を禅院に改め、夢窓を開山として天龍寺を創建することを決めた。
- Then, he decided to change Kameyama-dono Palace, Sagano, which was originally a detached palace of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama), into a Zen temple and found as Tenryu-ji Temple placing Muso as kaisan (a founder of temple as the first chief priest).
- しかし、大同 (日本)元年(806年)には復活し、更に斉衡2年(855年)に再度、陰首・括出が禁止された。
- Onshu and kasshutsu were reinstated in 806, but were banned again in 855.
- 延長 (元号)2年(924年)には藤原彰子が主催しているが、これは明らかに中宮の権力誇示を目的としていた。
- In 924 it was hosted by FUJIWARA no Shoshi, which was clearly intended as a display of power for the Chugu (Palace of the Empress).
- 同年11月、澄元・之長らが摂津国兵庫に上陸、瓦林正頼(別名:河原林政頼)の越水城を落とす(越水城の合戦)。
- During December of the same year, Sumimoto and Yukinaga landed in Hyogo in the Settsu Province and captured Koshimizu-jo Castle, owned by Masayori KAWARABAYASHI (瓦林正頼, also known as 河原林政頼) (The Battle of Koshimizu-jo Castle).
- 逆に追討の宣旨を出されて没落して奥州藤原氏の元へ逃れるが、文治5年(1189年)閏4月に平泉町で殺された。
- After this another Imperial decree was issued, yet this one was issued against him, commanding that Yoshitsune himself be hunted down; facing ruin, he fled to his Fujiwara ally in northern Japan, but in April, 1189, he was assassinated in the town of Hiraizumi.
- 信孝は長秀、信長の甥・津田信澄(父は織田信行)らとともに大坂にて四国の長宗我部元親討伐の準備を進めていた。
- Nobutaka was making preparation for conquest of Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku in cooperation with Nagahide, Nobusumi TSUDA, who was a Nobunaga's nephew (his father was Nobuyuki ODA) in Osaka.
- そして、あるべき姿=元の所有者へ所有権を戻すことこそ、正しい政治=徳政であるという思想が広く浸透していた。
- Accordingly, there was also a widespread idea that returning the right of ownership to the original owner of that property should be realized in the right governance (or tokusei).
- 足利義満の保護を受けた観阿弥・世阿弥元清の親子が鎌倉時代から行われていた猿楽・田楽を能楽として大成させる。
- Kanami and his son Motokiyo ZEAMI, who both enjoyed the patronage of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, were able to take the Sarugaku (a style of comedy) and Dengaku (a musical, rhythmic ritual dancing concerned with rice) that had existed from the Kamakura period and perfect them into Noh theater.
- 元来は、京へ上って労役が課せられるとされていたが(歳役)、その代納物として布・綿・米・塩などを京へ納入した。
- Originally, they were obliged to engage in labor services in the capital (called Saieki), however, they were exempted from labor service if they paid tax by substitutes including cloth, cotton, rice, and salt.
- ただし奥書において『天元六年』には『歳次己卯』が付せられており、この干支によれば979年(天元2年)である。
- However, in okugaki, '歳次己卯' is appended to the year; thus according to the Oriental zodiac, it is in 979.
- 明法道(みょうぼうどう)とは、古代日本の律令制の元で設置された大学寮において、律令法(法学)を講義した学科。
- Myohodo is a department of Daigakuryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the ritsuryo legal codes in ancient Japan, where the ritsuryo legal codes (the study of law) was taught.
- 巻六から巻八までは、「元正受朝賀儀」「正月七日儀」「五月五日節儀」などの毎年の年中行事について記されている。
- Annual events like 'rite of receiving the New Year's Felicitations to the emperor,' 'rite of the seventh Day of New Year' and 'rite of the Tango-no setsu on the fifth day of the fifth month' are stipulated in volumes six to volume eight.
- その代表的な論客である安田元久は、武士団を「一定の時代」における、ひとつの構造的特質をもったものととらえる。
- Motohisa YASUDA, who was the main critic of that argument, considered bushidan as one form of a special structural aspect for 'a fixed period.'
- 現存する伝文によれば、記載時期は仁平元年(1151年)から建久5年(1194年)までの40年間あまりである。
- According to an existent document, it was written over the course of about 40 years, from 1151 to 1194.
- その半分を口入りの神主(領家に相当)・荒木田延明がとり、半分を供祭料の名目で一の禰宜(本家に相当)元親が取る
- Nobuaki ARAKIDA, a mediator Shinto priest (corresponding to ryoke [a lord of the manor]) took half of the donation, and the other half was taken in the form of an offering of money for festivals by the top negi ([one comprehensive term for shrine priests]; corresponding to the honke [head family]) Motochika.
- 元暦2年(1185年)3月24日、関門海峡の壇ノ浦で平氏軍と関東政権軍の間で海戦が行われた(壇ノ浦の戦い)。
- On May 2, 1185, a naval battle between the Taira clan and Kanto government forces was fought (the Battle of Dannoura).
- この政変で政元は幕政を掌握し、奉公衆などの軍事的基盤が崩壊した将軍権力は、幕府公権の二分化により弱体化した。
- Due to this incident, Masamoto took over shogunal administration, and the authority of the shogun whose military foundations, such as shogunal guards, had broken down, became weaker because of the bakufu's governmental authority being divided into two.
- 義政は勝元の追放を認めなかったものの、諸大名が一方に加担しないことを条件に、義就による政長への攻撃を認めた。
- Though not agreeing to expel Katsumoto, Yoshimasa approved Yoshinari's attack on Masanaga on condition that none of the daimyos should side with either camp.
- 長宗我部氏による四国統一を良しとしない信長は、天正10年2月に元親へ土佐・阿波2郡のみの領有と上京を命じた。
- As Nobunaga did not want to have Shikoku unified by the Chosokabe clan, he ordered Motochika in March and April 1582 to govern only two Provinces, Tosa and Awa, and visit Kyoto.
- 奈良末期の宝亀元年(770年)の称徳天皇が崩御し、天智天皇系の光仁天皇が60前後という高齢ながらに即位した。
- In 770, at the end of the Nara period, Emperor Shotoku passed away and Emperor Konin, a descendent of Emperor Tenchi, ascended the throne although he was already around 60 years old.
- 執筆年代は明らかではないが、貞陸が大永元年(1521年)に59歳で没していることから、それ以前の著作となる。
- It is not clear when Sadamichi wrote the book; however, he wrote it in 1521 or earlier as he died at the age of 59 in that year.
- 元寇の勝利によって民族的自覚が強まり、日本は神国であるという「神国思想」が発生し、神本仏従の習合思想が成立。
- After Japan's successful repulsion of the Mongol invasions, racial awareness strengthened among the Japanese, giving rise to the 'Shinkoku shiso,' the belief that Japan was a divine country, as well as the syncretic theory that Japan's kami (gods) were manifestations of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
- 鎌倉文化の特徴としては、武士や庶民の新しい文化が以前の貴族文化と拮抗し、文化の二元性がでてきたところにある。
- One of the most striking features of Kamakura period culture is the rise of a new warrior and commoner culture in opposition to the existing aristocratic culture; the period saw the emergence of dual cultures.
- 鎖国という言葉は江戸時代の蘭学者である志筑忠雄が享和元年(1801年)の『鎖国論』においてはじめて使用した。
- Tadao SHITSUKI, a Rangakusha (one who studied Western sciences through the Dutch language) in the Edo period, first used the term 'Sakoku' in the book 'Sakoku-ron' (literally: 'theory of national isolation') written in 1801.
- 大内氏が滅亡した後の永禄5年(1562年)、元就は息子の吉川元春・小早川隆景以下2万の軍勢で出雲国へ侵攻した。
- After the fall of the Ouchi clan in 1562, Motonari invaded Izumo Province with an army of 20,000 men, including his son Motoharu KIKKAWA and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA.
- 元就は悲しみを顔に出さず「隆元への追善は尼子氏の撃滅のほかになし」と将兵を諭したので、全軍の士気は奮い立った。
- Motonari tried to conceal his grief and talked to his soldiers, saying, 'The only thing for the repose of Takamoto's soul is to destroy the Amago clan,' and the morale of the whole army soared.
- その後、勘解由使は一旦廃止されるが、天長元年(824年)に再設置されると、解由状の制度にも大きな変化が生じた。
- After that, the kageyushi position was once abolished, but when it was introduced again (in 824), the geyujo system was changed considerably.
- 元慶の乱が始まる直前に、秋田城の対北海道蝦夷の饗給の増大は、出羽国の財政を圧迫するまでに問題化していたという。
- Immediately before the Gangyo War, the increase in the cost of Akita-jo Castle to appease the Emishi in Hokkaido had become a problem, to the extent that the finances of Dewa Province were put under pressure.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、一円内の年貢を地頭が荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such a monistical land ruling was called Ichien chigyo (monistical ruling), and the Jitouke that jito undertook to collect nengu in place of shoenryoshu (lord of manor) or kokushi began.
- 将軍足利義澄は近江国の岡山城 (近江国)に、それを担ぐ細川澄元は近江から最終的には阿波国へそれぞれに逃亡した。
- Then Shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA fled to Okayama-jo Castle in Omi Province, and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA who supported Yoshizumi fled to Omi and ultimately to Awa Province.
- 日本からの寺社造営料唐船としては元弘2年(1332年)に派遣された住吉大社造営料唐船以来、10年ぶりとなった。
- It was for the first time in a decade as a trading vessels dispatched to Yuan from Japan in order to raise funds to build a temple or a shrine since Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine zoeiryo tosen (trading vessels dispatched to Tang-Dynasty in order to raise funds to construct Sumiyoshi-taisha shrine), which was dispatched in 1332.
- さらに翌日、長忠らは澄元・三好之長の屋敷に攻め寄せると、澄元らを近江国に敗走させ、澄之を迎えて家督を継がせた。
- On the following day, Nagatada attacked the residences of Sumimoto and Yukinaga MIYOSHI, making them flee to the Omi Province and had Sumiyuki take over as the head of the family.
- 明応2年(1493年)、管領・細川政元は、10代征夷大将軍・足利義稙を廃立し専制権力を樹立した(明応の政変)。
- In 1493, the kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA established a dictatorship after overthrowing Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the tenth seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (this incident known as the Meio Coup).
- 政元は、義材に不満を抱き始めた富子や赤松政則を抱き込み、清晃を還俗させて11代将軍に擁立してクーデターを決行。
- Masamoto gained the cooperation of Tomiko and Masanori AKAMATSU, who had begun to feel dissatisfied with Yoshiki, and then pulled off a coup d'etat by making Seiko return to secular life and helping him become the eleventh shogun.
- 勝元は義政から義就追討令を出させようとするが、義政夫人の日野富子が事情を察知して宗全に情報を漏らして失敗する。
- Katsumoto intended to have Yoshimasa issue an order to hunt down and dispose of Yoshinari, but Yoshimasa's wife Tomiko HINO sensed the circumstances and prevented his scheme by intentionally leaking the information to Sozen.
- 新政を批判したものとして、1334年(建武 (日本)元年)8月には新政を風刺した『二条河原の落書』が書かれる。
- In the eighth month of 1334, as a criticism of the new government, a satire of the government called 'Scribblings by the Nijo Riverbed' was published.
- その後、しばらく伊勢国に滞在した義視は、勝元や義政に説得されて東軍に帰陣するが、再度出奔して比叡山にのぼった。
- After staying for some time in Ise Province, Yoshimi was persuaded by Katsumoto and Yoshimasa into returning to the Eastern camp, but he ran away again and went to Hiei-zan temple.
- ながらく続いた後白河と清盛の良好な関係は、安元2年(1176年)の建春門院の死によって大きな変化が生じ始めた。
- The good relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori that had lasted for a while began to change greatly after Kenshunmonin's death in 1176.
- 京都の朝廷と地方の荘園・公領はそのままで、地方支配に地頭等の形で武士が割り込む二元的な支配構造ができあがった。
- The bakufu didn't interfere with the Imperial Court in Kyoto or with the shoen and public territories in rural areas, instead creating a dual system of government (bakufu and Court) under which it had the power to appoint warriors (as opposed to Court noblemen) to the key positions, including the jito, that controlled the countryside.
- 現在の金閣は国や京都府の支援、地元経済界などからの浄財により、事件の5年後の1955年に再建されたものである。
- The existing Kinkaku-ji Temple was rebuilt in 1955, 5 years following the case, with assistance extended by the nation and Kyoto Prefecture and donations from local businesses
- おおむね、「渡辺綱が茨木童子の腕を切り落とすが、茨木童子は腕を取り戻しに綱の元へやってくる」というものである。
- Most, however, do include a storyline that is something along the lines of 'WATANABE no Tsuna cuts off Ibaraki Doji's arm, and so Ibaraki Doji makes his way to Tsuna's house to take back his arm.'
- 江戸には、明治元年5月に江戸府が設置され、その下に民政裁判所、市政裁判所、社寺裁判所の三つの裁判所が置かれた。
- As far as Edo is concerned, when the Edo-fu administrative unit was established in May 1868, Minsei (literally, civil administration) court, Shisei (literally, municipal administration) court and Shaji (literally, shrines and temples) court were established under Edo-fu.
- 地方官制(ちほうかんせい)は、701年(大宝元)に制定された大宝律令で国・郡・里の三段階の行政組織に編成された。
- The local bureaucratic system was formed into a three-tier administrative organization of kuni (provinces), gun/kori (districts) and ri/sato (villages) under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in the year 701.
- 元は、個人所有の書斎・書庫の意味で用いられていたが、鎌倉時代以後に学問教授の場所としても用いられるようになった。
- Originally, 'gakumonjo' referred to a privately-owned study or library, but after the Kamakura period, people came to use gakumonjo as a place to instruct academics.
- まず7月28日、薬師寺元一(弟・薬師寺長忠に滅ぼされている)の子・薬師寺万徳丸は、長忠の居城茨木城を攻め落した。
- On September 15, Mantokumaru YAKUSHIJI, the son of Motokazu YAKUSHIJI (who had been overthrown by his brother Nagatada YAKUSHIJI), captured Ibaraki-jo Castle, the residence of Nagatada.
- その後戦闘状態に突入したが、夜半から大雨がふり出し細川澄元、三好之長らは雨音にまぎれて阿波国へ落ち延びていった。
- Then, the two sides engaged in battle, but, as it began to rain heavily around midnight, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Yukinaga MIYOSHI and others ran away through the roaring sound of the heavy downpour to Awa Province.
- 永正の錯乱で細川澄元や三好之長は一旦近江国の甲賀に引いたが、すぐさま京に侵攻し細川澄之派をことごとく討ち取った。
- In the Eisho Disturbance, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI withdrew to Koga in Omi Province once, but they immediately invaded Kyoto and defeated the entire army of Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA.
- 元暦2年(1185年)元旦に出現した赤気を巡って密奏を行った安倍季弘兄弟と他の安倍氏一族との間で論争が発生した。
- There was a dispute between the ABE no Suehiro brothers who performed the misso and the other members of the ABE clan over the sekki phenomenon (low-latitude aurora) observed on February 9, 1185.
- 禖子は、後醍醐の冷遇のもとで12歳になるまで元服もできず、正式な命名もされていなかった邦良の第1王子を推薦した。
- Baishi recommended Kuniyoshi's first prince, who was treated coldly by Godaigo, not allowed to have the coming-of -age ceremony until 12 and not yet officially named.
- 後亀山上皇の死去から4年後の1428年(正長元年)、嗣子のなかった称光天皇が崩御したために北朝の嫡流は断絶した。
- In 1428, four years after Retired Emperor Gokameyama died, Emperor Shoko died without an heir, and consequently the principal Northern lineage came to an end.
- そして、保元元年(1156年)に鳥羽が没した直後、崇徳と後白河の間で戦闘が起こり、後白河が勝利した(保元の乱)。
- Subsequently, immediately after Toba died in 1156, war broke out between Sutoku and Goshirakawa, and Goshirakawa won (in the Hogen Rebellion).
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)に後醍醐天皇は隠岐を脱出し、伯耆国で名和長年に迎えられ船上山で倒幕の兵を挙げる。
- In 1333 Emperor Godaigo escaped from Oki island, whereupon he was met in Hoki Province by Nagatoshi NAWA; they went to Mount Senjo and began raising an army to strike down the shogunate.
- 天文 (元号)18年(1549年)に近江国の六角定頼が、居城である観音寺城の城下町石寺に楽市令を布いたのが初見。
- The first rakuichi-rakuza was established in 1549 by Sadayori ROKKAKU of Omi Province in the town of Ishidera surrounding Kannonji-jo Castle in which he resided.
- 以後、院政を展開しようとする霊元上皇とこれを阻もうとする近衛基熙や江戸幕府との長い確執が始まる事になるのである。
- There ensued a prolonged feud between the Retired Emperor Reigen, attempting to exercising virtual ruling authority as retired emperor, on one hand and Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo trying to obstruct the retired Emperor's intention on the other.
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- 元木泰雄は、こうした中で義仲が目覚しい活躍をみせたことは、頼朝政権が崩壊する可能性さえもたらしかねなかったとする。
- Yoshinaka's enormously energetic activities in this situation could have created the potential for the collapse of the Yoritomo government, according to Yasuo MOTOKI.
- 郡の制度は701年(大宝元)施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
- The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).
- 嘉慶 (日本)元年(1387年)幕府創業の功臣であり、美濃国、尾張国、伊勢国三カ国の守護である土岐頼康が死去した。
- In 1387, Yoriyasu TOKI, a meritorious vassal who helped to establish the bakufu, and who was a shugo of the three provinces of Mino, Owari and Ise, passed away.
- 元は中国古典に見られる『勧課農桑』という句が略されたもので、日本では律令において国司の職務とされたのが初見である。
- Originally, kanno was a shortened term for 'kankanoso' written in the Chinese classics and in Japan that was first regarded as the duty of kokushi in the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance).
- 1368年に朱元璋(洪武帝)が建国した明朝は、東アジアで活動していた倭寇(前期倭寇)の禁圧を日本に対して要求した。
- The Ming Dynasty in China, founded by Gensho SHU (Emperor Kobu) in 1368, demanded that Japan should suppress the wako (Japanese pirates, early wako) ravaging East Asia.
- 元寇で恩賞地配分の対象とされたため細分化され、南北朝時代 (日本)には名前だけを残して荘園としての実態は失われた。
- Kanzaki Manor was divided up to provide land plots which were granted as rewards during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and by the Northern and Southern Courts period had lost all status as a manor - existing in name only.
- その性格が大きく変化するのは、保元元年9月18日 (旧暦)(1156年11月2日)に保元新制が出されてからである。
- It was not until the enactment of Hogen shinsei (a new law issued in the Hogen period) in September eighteen in the first year of Hogen era by the lunar calendar (November 2, 1156 by the solar calendar) that the nature of shinsei drastically changed.
- 下請け企業が複数の元請け企業に仕事をもらうのは当たり前であり、当時の武士団の上下関係もまたそのようなものであった。
- It was a norm for subcontractors to receive jobs from multiple contractors, and the bushidan's hierarchical relationship was similar to this.
- 法然は、土佐国まで赴くことなく、讃岐で赦免を受け、摂津国の勝尾寺に滞在した後、1211年(建暦元年)に都に戻った。
- Honen did not reach Tosa Province, but was forgiven at Sanuki, stayed for a while at Katsuo-ji Temple in Settsu Province and returned to the capital in 1211.
- 保元元年(1156年)の保元の乱に勝利した後白河天皇は、同年閏9月に『保元新制』と呼ばれる代替わり新制を発令した。
- Emperor Goshirakawa, who had emerged victorious from the Hogen Rebellion that occurred in 1156, proclaimed the creation of a new government, called the 'Hogen shinsei' (new government of Hogen), in the intercalary ninth month of 1156 as part of the switch to a new era name, Hogen.
- 四天王寺の地の元来の地名は「荒墓邑」(アラバキ?)であり、場所は縄文系説が言われる物部氏の地に立てたと伝えられる。
- The original place name of Shitennoji was presumably 'Arabaki' and it is said to have been the land of the Mononobe clan who were considered as the branch of Jomon culture.
- その功、古を振るにも比類少なければ、酬賞無くてやは有るべき」という理由で仁安元年(1166年)に内大臣へ昇進した。
- This effort is unmatchable and should be rewarded' was the reason why he was promoted to Nai-daijin (Minister of the Interior) in 1166.
- しかし、鎌倉時代後期頃から、主に地頭によって、重層的な関係を解消し、一元的な支配体系が指向されるようになっていった。
- Around the latter half of the Kamakura period, the multi-tiered relationship disappeared mainly due to the appearance of jito, and it was oriented so as to introduce a unified control system.
- 現在では地上から失われた多くの佚書を、この医心方から復元することができることから、文献学上非常に重要な書物とされる。
- The book is regarded as philologically very important in that it can allow us to reconstruct many books that have been lost from the earth.
- 貞観_(日本)元年(895年)12月付の元興寺領近江国愛智荘(えちのしょう)の検田帳に「田刀」とあるのが初見である。
- The term '田刀' first appeared in kenden-cho (note of Cadastral Surveys) of Echinosho, Omi Province owned by Ganko-ji Temple, as of December 895.
- 永正4年(1507年)6月23日に細川澄之派の重臣香西元長や薬師寺長忠らによって細川政元が暗殺される(永正の錯乱)。
- On June 23, 1507, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated by HOSOKAWA Sumiyuki's senior vassals, Motonaga KOZAI, Nagatada YAKUSHIJI, et al (Eisho Disturbance).
- また禅宗に帰依していた幕府の有力者たちも、国家間の緊張関係にもかかわらず、元の高名な禅僧を招来することが多くなった。
- In addition, magnates of the bakufu, who embraced the Zen sect, increasingly invited distinguished Zen priests from Yuan to Japan despite the tense relationship between the countries.
- すると、これまで政元政権を支えてきた「内衆」とよばれる京兆家重臣(主に畿内有力国人層)と、阿波勢との対立が深まった。
- This intensified the confrontation between the forces from Awa and the senior vassals of the Keicho family (mainly powerful local lords in and around the capital) called 'uchishu' who had thus far supported Masamoto.
- 現存する最古の御教書は、永久 (元号)4年(1116年)10月12日 (旧暦)に藤原忠実により発給された文書である。
- The oldest Migyosho still in existence was issued by FUJIWARA no Tadazane on November 25, 1116.
- 禁門の変(きんもんのへん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年7月19日 (旧暦)(1864年8月20日)に起きた事件である。
- The Hamaguri Rebellion (kinmon no hen) occurred on August 20, 1864 (the first year of the Genji era, July 19th in the old calendar) in the final days of the Edo period.
- 9代将軍足利義尚は守護大名や奉公衆を率い、六角討伐のため近江国へ親征するが、1489年(延徳元年)に近江で病死する。
- The ninth shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, at the head of a force of provincial military governors turned daimyo and shogunal guards, led a campaign against the Rokkaku in Omi Province, but died there in 1489 of an illness.
- 以仁王の死後も頼朝は自らの関東支配の大義名分として以仁王の「令旨」を掲げ、寿永改元後も治承年号の文書を発給している。
- Even after prince Mochihito's death, Yoritomo was able to point to his 'princely command' as a just cause to rally the portions of the Kanto region under Yoritomo's own control, and continued to issue documents bearing the Jisho era name even after the era name was changed to Juei (arguing thereby that the current emperor's administration was illegitimate).
- 官職秘抄(かんしょくひしょう)とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年(1200年)頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
- The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.
- 一方、三河の松平元康は織田信長の攻略戦に手勢を率いて支援を行いながら三河・遠江の平定を進めて名を徳川家康と改名した。
- On the other hand, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA in Mikawa, while supporting Nobunaga ODA's battles with his own troops, subjugated Mikawa and Totomi and changed his name to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 後白河も清盛の姿勢に理解を示し、嘉応元年(1169年)から安元3年(1177年)まで毎年のように福原の山荘へ赴いた。
- Goshirakawa showed understanding towards Kiyomori's stance and visited the mountain retreat in Fukuhara every year from 1169 to 1177.
- 最終的に澄元の子・細川晴元が高国を倒し、義晴を新将軍と認めその管領になる事で20年以上にわたる内紛に終止符を打った。
- In the end, Takakuni was crushed by Sumimoto's son Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who forced all to acknowledge Yoshiharu as the new Shogun and took the position of Kanrei for himself, thereby putting an end to the internecine strife that had plagued the Hosokawa clan for over twenty years.
- 伊勢商人は、元々、戦国時代 (日本)中期から日本に流入してきた木綿を全国に出歩いて行って売りさばいていた存在であった。
- Ise shonin were originally merchants who had gone around the whole country selling cotton imported to Japan since the mid Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
- 説文解字には「田賦なり」とあり、元々は田からの徴税である田租(でんそ)をさし、祭祀の費用としての徴収を名目としていた。
- According to Setsumon-kaiji (Shuowen Jiezi) (Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters), So is defined as 'Tax levied on rice crops,' which was originally Denso, and was collected nominally for ritual expenses.
- 日中関係史において、元寇による関係悪化(13世紀)と日明貿易(15世紀)の間の時期をつなぐ、半官半民的な交易船である。
- In the history of the relationship between Japan and China, those vessels were semi-official trading ships that likened to the period when relations worsened due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan (13th century) and the period when Japan and the Ming dynasty in China started trade (15th century).
- 当時の日本で貨幣経済の中心をなした宋・元・明などの銅銭(永楽銭など)、絹、羅、紗などの織物、生糸、薬材、書画、工芸品。
- Copper coins (such as Eiraku-sen) of Sung, Yuan and Ming which were the basis of money economy in Japan, textile such as silk, lightweight fabric and gauze, raw silk thread, medicine, calligraphic works/ paintings and handicrafts.
- 高国は近江坂本に逃走するが、近江の六角定頼・京極高清、丹波の内藤貞正らの支援を得て5月、京に侵攻し、澄元・之長を破る。
- Takakuni fled to Sakamoto in Omi, but in May he invaded the capital, defeating Sumimoto and Yukinaga after gaining support in Omi from Sadayori ROKKAKU and Takakiyo KYOGOKU and Sadamasa NAITO from Tanba.
- 元暦2年(1185年)5月、命令に反して義経は宗盛・清宗父子を護送する名目で鎌倉市へ向かうが、腰越で止められてしまう。
- In June, 1185, Yoshitsune disobeyed Yoritomo's order and headed for Kamakura City under the pretense of escorting Munemori and his son Kiyomune there, but was stopped at Koshigoe.
- 四国では、土佐国の長宗我部元親が明智家臣斎藤利三と姻戚関係を結び、光秀を通じた信長との友好関係の下で統一を進めていた。
- In Shikoku, Motochika CHOSOKABE of Tosa Province made relation by marriage with a vassal of the Akechi family, Toshimitsu SAITO, and had been making effort to unify Shikoku under amicable relation with Nobunaga through Mitsuhide.
- 保元の乱で摂関家が事実上壊滅し、平治の乱で源義朝などの有力武士が淘汰されると、平氏の勢力は他より突出することになった。
- The line of regents was in actuality ended during the Hogen Rebellion, and major bushi such as MINAMOTO no Yoshiaki were selected during the Heiji Rebellion, giving the Taira clan have more power than others.
- 翌7月18日には、西軍総大将である毛利輝元の名で、伏見城の守将・鳥居元忠に対して伏見城を明け渡すように命令が出された。
- On the next day, July 18, an order to surrender Fushimi-jo Castle was issued to the defending general, Mototada TORII, in the name of Terumoto MORI, the commander-in-chief of the western army.
- 明治元年1月27日に大坂に設けたのを初めとして、個別に総督、副総督の任命を発令し、同年4月までに12の裁判所を設けた。
- Starting with the establishment of the Osaka local court on January 27, 1868, the government appointed governors and vice governors for each local court and set up twelve local courts by April same year.
- またその際、藤原伊周は勅命によるもの以外は禁止されている呪術である大元帥法をひそかに行ったとして、大宰権帥に左遷された。
- At that time, FUJIWARA no Korechika was accused of secretly conducting a magic ritual called Daigensuiho that was under a ban without a royal command, and was relegated to the position of Dazai gon no sochi (provisional governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]).
- ただし庚午事変(稲田騒動)で有名な洲本城代の稲田氏の家臣は、北海道移住など過酷な条件の元、例外的に士族に取り立てられた。
- However, vassals of the Inada clan, the keepers of Sumoto-jo Castle, who were known for the Kogo incident (also known as Inada uproar), were exceptionally promoted to the warrior class under strict conditions such as their migration to Hokkaido.
- 1375年(永和 (日本)元年)に足利義満によって派遣された日本国王使に対して信(よしみ)を通わす使者として派遣された。
- In 1375, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA dispatched an envoy from Japan to Korea, and for this, the Korean side sent to Japan an envoy to express a good relationship.
- また別の推定では、1990年代の黄砂に伴う経済損失は年間15億元(Yang および Lu, 2001年)だとされている。
- According to another estimate, the yearly damage due to kosa was 1.5 billion yuan in 1980s (according to Yang and Lu, in 2001).
- 建保元年(1213年)に鎌倉幕府征夷大将軍源実朝の学問所の警備と学友を兼ねた学問所番18名(6名ずつ3番)が設置された。
- In 1213, eighteen guards of gakumonjo (three groups of six) were deployed who would play the roles of not only the guards of the gakumonjo owned by Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') of the Kamakura bakufu MINAMOTO no Sanetomo but also fellow students.
- 文永元年(1264年)、これまで、1次の審理を行っていた引付衆が担当していた越訴などを専門として扱う部署として誕生した。
- It was established in 1264, as a special section that handled direct appeal, and so on, previously handled by Hikitsukeshu (Co-adjustor of the High Court) where the first trials were examined.
- この年8月、京都脱出の直前に後醍醐は元弘と改元しているが、幕府はこの改元も認めず、もとの元徳の元号をそのまま使用させた。
- Godaigo changed the name of the era to 'Genko' in August just before his escape from Kyoto, but the bakufu did not recognize this change and continued to use the previous name, 'Gentoku.'
- 平治元年(1159年)12月、清盛が熊野参詣に赴き京都に軍事的空白が生まれた隙をついて、反信西派はクーデターを起こした。
- In January, 1160, the anti-Shinzei faction took advantage of the sudden vacuum in military forces in the capital created by Kiyomori's departure on a pilgrimage to Kumano to launch a coup d'etat.
- 後白河院政派の躍進に対する巻き返しとして、翌安元3年(1177年)正月の除目では平重盛が近衛府、平宗盛が右大将となった。
- As a counter move against the advancement of the Goshirakawa cloistered government group, TAIRA no Shigemori was appointed Konoefu (head of the inner palace guards) and TAIRA no Munemori was appointed Udaisho (head of the right palace guards) on the position assignment day of January 1177.
- 鹿ケ谷の陰謀(ししがたにのいんぼう)は、平安時代の安元3年(1177年)6月に京都で起こった、平家打倒の陰謀事件である。
- The Shishigatani Conspiracy was a plot to overthrow the Taira clan and occurred in Kyoto in July, 1177, during the Heian period.
- 前庄内藩主酒井忠篤 (庄内藩主)らは西郷の遺訓『南洲翁遺訓』を編纂し、後の西南戦争では西郷軍に元庄内藩士が参加している。
- The former lord of the Shonai Domain, Tadazumi SAKAI, together with other people, compiled SAIGO's teachings of the deceased, 'teachings of the deceased by an old man in Nanshu,' and later, some of the former retainers of the Shonai Domain joined the SAIGO's army in the Seinan War.
- 被官国人らへの軍役について見ると、本領分・給分ごとに課せられた例も散見され、国人支配がまだ一元化していなかったことを表す。
- Concerning the military service assigned to the vassalized kokujin, there were several cases that the service was imposed considering the scale of territory and kyubun (bonus), which suggests that the control over the kokujin had not yet been unified.
- 計12回の通信使が派遣されているが、1811年(文化 (元号)8年)に通信使が対馬までで差し止められたのを最後に断絶した。
- Tsushinshi came twelve times in total, but in 1811, the travel of Tsushinshi was stopped at Tsushima, and thereafter no Tsushinshi came to Japan.
- 元々困っている旅行者を施設を造って助けようという「救恤」の発想自体が仏教の考え方であり、自然と運営主体は寺院が多くなった。
- The very idea of helping travelers in trouble was based on a concept of Buddhist thought called 'kyujutsu' (helping a person in trouble), so temples naturally made up the majority of the operations.
- 永正6年(1509年)、細川澄元・三好之長が京侵攻を企てるが、細川高国・大内義興は協同して撃退(如意ケ嶽の戦い)している。
- In 1509, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI attempted to invade the capital, but Takakuni HOSOKAWA and Yoshioki OUCHI fought them off in a cooperative effort (The Battle of Nyoigatake).
- 新田義貞、北畠顕家らはそれぞれ撃破されて戦死し、1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)には後醍醐が死去して後村上天皇が即位する。
- Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE were both killed in battle, and in 1339, Godaigo died and Emperor Gomurakami ascended the throne.
- 政局を有利に運んだ宗全は、自邸周辺に同盟守護大名の兵を多数集め、内裏と花の御所を囲み、義政に政長や勝元らの追放を願い出た。
- Having steered the political situation in his favor, Sozen mobilized many samurai of allied shugo daimyos, besieged the Imperial Palace and Hana no Gosho, and requested Yoshimasa to expel Masanaga and Katsumoto among others.
- 後醍醐天皇の討幕計画は、1324年(正中 (元号)元年)の正中の変、1331年(元弘元年)の元弘の変と二度までも発覚する。
- As part of Emperor Godaigo's plan to topple the shogunate, he twice instigated anti-shogunal uprisings in the Shochu Disturbance of 1324 (the first year of the Shochu era) and the Genko Disturbance of 1331 (the first year of the Genko era).
- 戦国大名は、ほぼ恒常的に相互間の戦闘を繰り返すとともに、領国内の土地や人を一円支配(一元的な支配)する傾向を強めていった。
- Sengoku daimyo repeated battles among them almost constantly and strengthened the tendency to rule monitically (centralized control) land and people in their own territory.
- この河内攻め最中の1493年4月に管領・細川政元が将軍廃立を行うクーデターである明応の政変に成功し、実権は細川氏に移った。
- During such an attack on Kawachi, in April 1493, kanrei (shogunal deputy), Masamoto HOSOKAWA succeeded in the Coup of Meio, which was a coup d'etat to abolish and elect the shogun, and real power was shifted to the Hosokawa clan.
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- そしてついに永禄元年(1558年)には将軍義輝と近江守護六角義賢の攻撃を受けて和睦し、長慶は幕府御相伴衆に列するに至った。
- Finally in 1558, attacked by the troops of Shogun Yoshiteru and Yoshikata ROKKAKU, Shugo of Omi, Nagayoshi was forced into a rapprochement, and joined the Bakufu Goshobanshu (private guards of the Shogun).
- また西方では、中世中期からミラノのキリストの聖骸布、聖杯(聖杯伝説や騎士道物語を生み出す元になった)などの伝承が生まれた。
- In the west, from the mid-Middle Ages, legends such as the Holy Shroud of Milan and the Holy Grail (which became the basis of the Holy Grail Legend and romances) were born.
- 元や明ではすでに銅銭の信用が低下しており、貿易を独占するような権門や大商人たちはこれを安い元手できわめて容易に入手していた。
- In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the credibility of copper coins had been degraded, and the influential families and the merchants engaging in large-scale trade who monopolized oversea trade could get these coins by selling inexpensive things and quite easily.
- しかし細川澄元達の戦意はなおも衰えず、細川澄元方の細川政賢を主将として丹波と山城国との要衝である船岡山に陣取り防戦を試みた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and his people did not lose the will to fight; they attempted a turf war at Mt. Funaoka, which was a strategic point in Tanba and Yamashiro Province, with Masataka HOSOKAWA, who was in their side, as a captain.
- とくに、元号の改元、天皇の即位、変災の勃発などがあったときに、孝子、順孫、節婦、義僕、力田者(りきでんしゃ)などが賞された。
- Especially at times of a change of era name, enthronement of emperor, or calamity, good examples of koshi (dutiful child), junson (obedient grandchild), seppu (faithful woman), giboku (faithful servant), rikidensha (faithful and earnest farmer) and so forth were awarded.
- この船は元亨3年(1323年)に入元したと思われ、2年後の正中 (日本)2年(1325年)2月、東福寺は無事修復されている。
- This ship is believed to have entered Yuan in 1323 and the Tofuku-ji Temple was reconstructed two years later in March, 1325.
- 寺社造営料唐船は、主に博多と寧波市(後の明州、寧波)を結ぶルートを往還したが、慶元の代わりに福州市港が利用されたこともある。
- Jishazoeiryotosen commonly took the route between Hakata and Neiha City (later Ningbo, Mingzhou) but sometimes used the seaport in Fuzhou instead of Qingyuan.
- 棟梁という言葉は今日では「大工の親方」という意味で用いられることが多いが、元は建物の屋根の主要部分である棟と梁を指していた。
- Although the term 'toryo' (棟梁) generally refers to 'master of craftsmen' at present, it originally referred to to (棟) (ridge) and ryo (梁) (a beam), the essential parts of a building's ceiling.
- 大学別曹は元々一族の学生に対する学問及びその生活の支援に重きを置いていたことから、これを奨励する意図から学問料が支給された。
- As Daigaku-besso focused on supporting the study and living of the students of their families, Gakumonryo was granted in order to encourage these students.
- 源頼朝の元で同じ御家人と呼ばれはしても、下川辺庄司行平、葛西御厨の葛西清重、畠山重忠などは、大規模寄進荘園の在地領主である。
- While being called gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) under MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Shimokobe no SHOJI Yukihira, Kiyoshige KASAI of Kasai no Mikuriya, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were manor heads of donated shoen on a grand scale.
- 鎌倉時代末にあたる寛元4年(1246年)、後嵯峨天皇の退位後に天皇家は皇位継承を巡って大覚寺統と持明院統に分裂してしまった。
- In 1246, towards the end of the Kamakura period, the Imperial family fell into a struggle over the Imperial succession upon the abdication of Emperor Gosaga, splitting into two groups, the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) lineage.
- 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
- After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
- 中国においては、漢の時代より后妃や皇族、富豪らが所有する「荘」もしくは「園」と呼ばれるものが存在し、これが荘園の元となった。
- Since the Han Dynasty in China, there had existed lands called 'sho' or 'en' that the Empress, the imperial families and the rich owned, which were the origin of shoen.
- 典革(正八位上相当) 革の染め作りを監督 狛部・狛戸とともに大蔵省から大同 (日本)元年(806年)内蔵寮に移管、のちに廃止
- Tenkaku (Shohachiinojo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade): Supervised the tannery. This position was transferred from the Finance Ministry to Kuraryo in 806 together with the Komabe and Komahe, but later abolished.
- 当時の私船(民間貿易)は、倭寇に代表される手荒い貿易方法で、元 (王朝)の衰退を惹起させる程のもので看過できないものであった。
- The private ships in those days (partaking in private foreign trade) as typified by the wako (Japanese pirates) carried out trade in such a rough way that it caused a weakening of the Yuan dynasty which could not be overlooked.
- 1332年(元弘2年/正慶元年)3月、日野俊基や北畠具行、先に流罪となっていた日野資朝らを斬罪とし、後醍醐を隠岐島へ配流した。
- In March, 1332, the bakufu beheaded Toshimoto HINO and Tomoyuki KITABATAKE as well as Suketomo HINO, who had been in exile, and exiled Godaigo to Okino-shima island.
- 至本は貿易の成否に関わらず、帰国時に現金5000貫文を納めることを約し、予定の通り翌康永元年(1342年)8月に元へ渡航した。
- Shihon was promised 5000 kanmon (approximately 50,000 yen) on his return regardless of the outcome of trade; he sailed to Yuan in September 1342, the following year, as scheduled.
- 永正3年(1506年)、摂津国守護となった澄元が阿波国勢を率いて入京し、その家宰三好之長が政元に軍事面で重用されるようになる。
- In 1506, Sumimoto, who had become the shugo (provincial constable) of Settsu Province, entered the capital leading forces from the Awa Province; upon their arrival, Masamoto gave important military posts to Sumimoto's kasai (main retainer) Yukinaga MIYOSHI.
- 安永 (元号)年間(1772年-1781年)に久保田藩で成立したが、後継者もなく天明年間(1781年-1789年)には廃れた。
- The genre was established by the Kubota clan between 1772 and 1781, but died out between 1781 and 1789 due to a lack of successors.
- 更に今日では、鎌倉幕府末期の後醍醐天皇が主導した鎌倉幕府倒幕の動き(正中の変・元弘の変)のことも「倒幕運動」と呼ぶこともある。
- Nowadays, the movements led by Emperor Godaigo at the end of the Kamakura period, as intended to overthrow Kamakura Bakufu (the Shochu Incident or the Genko Incident), are also sometimes referred to as the Tobaku movement.
- 御霊合戦ののち、細川勝元は領地の四国9カ国から兵を集結させ、細川派の大名では赤松政則が播磨で山名領へ侵攻して守護職を奪還した。
- After Goryo Gassen, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA mobilized troops from nine provinces in Shikoku and, among the daimyos on the Hosokawa side, Masanori AKAMATSU invaded Yamana's territory in Harima and recaptured the position of shugo.
- 填島城の戦い(まきしまじょうのたたかい)は、元亀4年(1573年)3月から7月にかけて行なわれた織田信長軍と足利義昭軍の戦い。
- The Battle at Makishima-jo Castle refers to the battle which occurred between Nobunaga ODA's army and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's army from April (March in old lunar calendar) to August (July in old lunar calendar) in 1573.
- 保元の乱では勝者の天皇方につき、平治の乱では形勢を観望して河内源氏(頼光の弟の源頼信の系統)の源義朝に与せず、清盛に味方した。
- Allied with the victorious imperial side during the Hogen war, when the Heiji war broke out he stood on the sidelines and observed, and didn't join with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who was of the Kawachi Genji (descended from MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the younger brother of Yorimitsu), supporting Kiyomori instead.
- この間隙を突いて1509年に周防国の大内義興が前征夷大将軍・足利義稙(元の足利義材、後に足利義稙と再度改名)を奉じて上京した。
- Taking advantage of such a situation, Yoshioki OUCHI of the Suo Province came up to the capital accompanied by the former seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Yoshitane ASHIKAGA (former Yoshiki ASHIKAGA, and later changed again to Yoshitane ASHIKAGA) in 1509.
- これに対して足利義材は政元の元を逃れて地方へと落ち延び、近畿諸国は足利義稙派と足利義澄派(細川政元派)とわかれることとなった。
- On the other hand, Yoshiki ASHIKAGA escaped from Masamoto's hand and ran away to a province and provinces in the Kinki area were split into two fractions, one for Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and the other for Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA (fraction for Masamoto HOSOKAWA).
- よって朝廷の支配との二元的支配から承久の乱を通して、次第に幕府を中心とする武士に実権が移っていった時代とみるのが適切であろう。
- So although at first the bakufu ruled in partnership with the court, it is fitting to consider the Kamakura period the transition during which, as a result of the Jokyu War, the warrior class--and the bakufu in particular--gradually superceded the court in power.
- だが、大内義興が本国情勢によって帰国すると、高国は亡命先で没した義澄の遺児足利義晴を新将軍に擁立して義稙と澄元連合軍を破った。
- But when Yoshioki OUCHI was forced to return to his home provinces due to unrest there, Takakuni took Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, the orphan son of Yoshizumi, who had died in exile, and raised him up as the new Shogun, defeating the combined armies of Yoshitane and Sumimoto.
- 東勝寺合戦(とうしょうじがっせん)は、鎌倉時代末期の1333年(元弘3年、正慶2年)に相模国鎌倉(現在の鎌倉市)で行われた戦い。
- The Tosho-ji War was a battle fought in Kamakura (the present Kamakura City), Sagami Province in 1333, at the end of Kamakura period.
- 元弘3年/正慶2年(1333年)鎌倉幕府を打倒して成立した建武政権であったが、現実から乖離した政策の数々に武士は不満を募らせた。
- The Kenmu government was established after toppling the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1333, but samurai aggravated a grievance against many of its unrealistic policies.
- 1596年(慶長元年)の通信使は日本と明の休戦交渉の締めくくりとして行われた明使(冊封使)の日本への派遣に同行したものであった。
- In 1596, Tsushinshi came together with the Ming envoy (Sakuho-shi ambassador) who came to Japan for closing the truce negotiation between Japan and the Ming.
- 中国の森林管理局によれば、黄砂の影響を受けている中国人は約4億人で、直接的な被害だけでも540億元(約840億円)に及ぶと言う。
- According to the Forest Management Office of China, approx. 400 million persons are affected by kosa, and the amount of damage reaches 54 billion yuan (approx. 84 billion yen), even if the damage is limited to those directly inflicted.
- 将軍家々宰の身分でありながら管領家々督に口をはさむ貞親の横暴に激怒した有力者細川勝元と山名宗全は協力して貞親を幕府から追放した。
- Outraged by the arrogance with which Yoshimasa interfered in the Kanrei families' affairs despite his position as a mere steward, the leaders Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA came together to banish Sadachika from the bakufu.
- 割符(さいふ/わっぷ)とは、中世日本において遠隔地間の金銭取引などの決済のために用いられた証紙で、日本における為替の元となった。
- Tally (saifu or wappu) was a certificate stamp used to settle money transactions between distant lands in medieval Japan, and it became the origin of currency exchange.
- 百姓(ひゃくしょう/ひゃくせい/おおみたから)とは、元は百(たくさん)の姓を持つ者たち、すなわち有姓階層全体を指す漢語であった。
- The term 'hyakusho,' which can also be pronounced 'hyakusei' or 'omitakara,' was originally a word of Chinese origin that indicates all people with a hundred (many) surnames, i.e., all the social class with surnames.
- 宮中の公式行事として確立したのは貞観 (日本)元年(859年)であるが、この頃には「四季御読経」として年間を通じて催されていた。
- Kinomidokyo was established as an official function of the Imperial Court in 859, but by this time it had already been held as a 'Shikinomidokyo' (seasonal reading of the Great Perfection of Insight Sutra) throughout the year.
- 対応に苦しんだ幕府は、文保元年(1317年)、次回の皇位継承については両統の協議により決定し、特使の派遣はやめるように指示した。
- The bakufu struggled to handle the issue and in 1317, it indicated that the next succession was to be decided by discussion between the two lines and prohibited the sending of special envoys.
- 後深草の不満を受けて幕府が介入し、建治元年(1275年)に煕仁(11歳)を皇太子に指名、将来、後深草が治天となることを保証した。
- Due to Gofukakusa's dissatisfaction, the bakufu intervened and in 1275, named Hirohito (aged 11) as Crown Prince and guaranteed Gofukakusa would be Chiten in the future.
- この待ち伏せによって、新選組結盟以来の生え抜き隊士で元八番隊組長を務めた藤堂平助のほかに、服部武雄・毛内有之助の3名が討死した。
- Three of them were killed in the ambush; Heisuke TODO, who was an original member of the Shinsengumi and was the former leader of the eighth squad, Takeo HATTORI and Arinosuke MONAI.
- 小説、観光パンフレット類やテレビドラマはもちろん、源平合戦を扱った歴史関係書籍でもこの黒板説を元に壇ノ浦の戦いが記述されている。
- Depictions - including novels, sightseeing pamphlets and so forth, and of course TV dramas - that deal with this battle, and even history-related academic publications on the Gempei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira clans) all show the battle from the standpoint of KUROITA's changing tides theory.
- 薩長中心の明治新政府が成立すると、太平洋戦争の戦前までは皇国史観の元、勤皇志士の敵である新選組は悪役として扱われる事が多かった。
- After the establishment of the New Meiji Government, in which men from the former Satsuma and Choshu Clans played leading roles, and before the Pacific War, Shinsen-gumi, which had been opposed to the Imperial loyalists, was seen as the enemy in many cases, based on the historical view that Japan was a country developing under the rule of the Emperor.
- 元治元年8月頃 近藤勇の態度に遺憾を感じた永倉新八、原田左之助、斎藤一、島田魁、尾関雅次郎らが会津・松平容保に非行五ヶ条を提出。
- Around August of 1864, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Hajime SAITO, Kai SHIMADA, Masajiro OZEKI and others, who were unsatisfied with Isami KONDO's attitude, submitted a five-point report of misconduct to Katamori MATSUDAIRA of Aizu.
- 信長は包囲網に苦しめられ、元亀3年(1572年)10月には武田信玄が西上作戦を開始して東美濃国に侵攻するなど危機的状況に陥った。
- Nobunaga had difficulty because of the coalition and was hit with a serious crisis when Shingen TAKEDA started his westward strategy and invaded Higashi Mino Province.
- 増え続ける荘園に対抗して、国司は大名田堵を在庁官人に任命し、自らの手元に置き、さらには惣司・郷司・保司として、地方行政官とした。
- In competition with the ever-increasing shoen, the Kokushi assigned Daimyo tato (daimyo cultivators) to Zaicho kanjin (resident public officials) and deployed them on hand; moreover, they had Soji, Goji, and Hoji (all of which were local government officials under the ritsuryo system) appointed as local government officials.
- 主に平安時代~江戸時代にかけて、武士や貴族の子が幼児である期間につけられる名前で、だいたい元服して諱をつけるまでその名前でいる。
- Such childhood names were in use primarily from the Heian through to the Edo periods for the children of military or noble families during their childhoods, and most often ceased to be used once the child passed through the coming of age ceremony and received his imina (real name) for adulthood.
- それまで利息は高額なところでは8文子、10文子(元金100文につき月利8〜10文)であったが、4文子以下にするように法令を出した。
- Doso set high interest of eight to ten mon-ko (monthly interest was eight to ten mon on a borrowing of 100 mon) but the bakufu passed a law that the interest should be four mon-ko (four mon of interest per month) or less.
- 保延3年(1137年)から久安4年(1148年)閏6月までの記事が上巻、同年7月から久寿元年(1154年)までの記事が下巻を成す。
- The first volume contains articles from 1137 to August 1148, and the second volume, articles from August 1148 to 1154.
- 同年に生まれた第1皇子広平親王が中納言藤原元方の娘藤原祐姫を母としていたのに対し、憲平は右大臣藤原師輔の娘藤原安子を母としていた。
- Whereas the first son Imperial Prince Hirohira was born in the same year to Chunagon FUJIWARA no Motokata's daughter, FUJIWARA no Sukehime, Norihira's mother was Udaijin (minister of the right) FUJIWARA no Morosuke's daughter, FUJIWARA no Anshi.
- また戦いの後の元暦二年四月十一日の条に戦いでの平氏方の戦死者、捕虜の報告に続いて「内侍所(八咫鏡)と神璽(八尺瓊勾玉)は御座すが。
- Furthermore, after the battle, the entry for the eleventh day of the fourth month of Genryaku 2, which reports on those of the Taira faction that died in battle or were captured, also records that 'The Eight-Span Mirror and the Grand Jewels have arrived.
- 信西自身は、保元の乱で敗死した藤原頼長の所領を没収して後院領に組み込み、自らはその預所になるなど経済基盤の確保にも余念がなかった。
- Shinzei himself confiscated the lands owned by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who perished in the Hogen Rebellion, and nominally added these estates to the land already prescribed for the Emperor's use after he abdicated the throne, yet in reality devoted his undivided attention to making those lands into a buffer to guarantee his own financial footing.
- 1466年(文正元年)7月、突然、義政は側近の伊勢貞親・季瓊真蘂らの進言で斯波武衛家の家督を斯波義廉から取り上げ斯波義敏に与えた。
- In July 1466, at the recommendation of his aides including Sadachika ISE and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshimasa suddenly deprived Yoshikado SHIBA of the Shiba Buei family headship and bestowed it on Yoshitoshi SHIBA.
- 1467年2月22日(応仁元年1月18日)、政長は無防備であった自邸に火を放つと、兵を率いて上御霊社(京都市上京区)に陣を敷いた。
- On February 22, 1467, Masanaga set on fire his own undefended residence, led samurai and took up a position at Kami Goryo Shrine (in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City).
- 1493年(明応3)には細川政元らにより10代将軍足利義稙を廃立する明応の政変で11代将軍足利義澄を擁立し、自身が幕政を主導する。
- In 1493, the tenth Ashikaga Shogun, Yoshitane, was deposed by Masamoto HOSOKAWA and allies and replaced by the eleventh Ashikaga Shogun, Yoshizumi, while Masamoto himself assumed de facto leadership of the shogunate.
- 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
- Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
- 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した(保元の乱)。
- After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
- 会合衆である納屋衆による合議制の元、自治を行い、都市全体に濠を巡らし、牢人を傭兵として雇うなど、戦国大名による支配も拒絶していた。
- Under the council system by nayashu (wealthy merchants who led autonomous organizations in cities), who were egoshu (members of council), it established autonomy and refused control by sengoku daimyo by surrounding the whole city with a moat and employing ronin as mercenary.
- 当時、動産・不動産の所有権は、売買などが行われたとしても、本来は元の所有者が保持しているのがあるべき姿だとする観念が存在していた。
- In that period, there was an idea that the right of ownership of movable or immovable property should belong to the original owner of that property even if the property had been sold.
- 翌年、但馬、隠岐を経て出雲に上陸した後、尼子再興の伝令を発すると、5日後には尼子勝久の元に尼子家旧家臣、3000の軍勢が集まった。
- After they reached Izumo through Tajima and Oki the next year, they dispatched a messenger concerning the intention of the reconstruction of the Amago family, and in five days three thousand troops consisting of former vassals of the Amago family gathered for Katsuhisa AMAGO.
- 長徳の変(ちょうとくのへん)とは長徳元年(995年)4月10日 (旧暦)の藤原道隆の死後、藤原道長が内覧の宣旨を得た後に起きた政変。
- The Chotoku Coup, occurred after FUJIWARA no Michinaga received Nairan no senji (an imperial edict to appoint a person to the position of Nairan, who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State), after the death of FUJIWARA no Michitaka on May 17, 995.
- 883年(元慶7)に上総国で勃発した俘囚の武装蜂起(上総俘囚の乱)に際し、朝廷は発兵勅符ではなく、「追捕官符」を上総国司へ交付した。
- In the armed fushu's uprising that occurred in 883 in Kazusa Province (Kazusa Fushu War), the Imperial Court issued 'Tsuibu kanpu' (warrants of pursuit and capture) to the kokushi of Kazusa Province, instead of hatsuhei-chokufu.
- なお、「令宗」(よしむね)の姓は、惟宗氏全員の改姓ではなく、長保元年(999年)頃、允亮と彼の弟と思われる惟宗允正のみに与えられた。
- By the way, the surname 'Yoshimune' was not another name for all members of the Koremune clan, but was granted around 999 only to Tadasuke and KOREMUNE no Tadamasa, who is thought to be Tadasuke's younger brother.
- 初陣の年齢は個人差があるが多くの場合、元服前後の10代前半が多く、親は子供の将来の安寧を願い必ず勝てる戦いに参加させる傾向があった。
- Although the ages for uijin varied from person to person, in many cases the participants were in their early teens around genpuku (coming of age ceremony) and the parents were inclined to send them to a battle that they would doubtlessly win, wishing for their safety.
- 『中外抄』と異なり、談話の時期は明記されていないが、概して保元の乱に連座して船岡山山麓の知足院に幽閉されていた忠実晩年の言談である。
- Different from 'Chugaisho,' it has no date entry but the discourse might have been given in Tadazane's later years when he was confined in Chisoku-in Temple at the foot of Mt. Funaoka on the charge of being implicated in the Hogen Disturbance.
- 鎌倉幕府による最初の武家新制は嘉禄元年(1225年)に、朝廷の嘉禄新制に合わせて出されたもので同新制の遵守を目的としたものであった。
- The first Buke shinsei (a code of new law issued by the Kamakura bakufu) was issued by the Kamakura bakufu in 1225 to coincide and comply with Karoku shinsei (new law issued in the Karoku period) issued by the Imperial court.
- これに対して官司の摘発によって登録された者を括出(かっしゅつ)、一度浮浪となった者が元の戸籍に復帰することを走還(そうかん)と呼ぶ。
- In contrast, the registration of individuals who were uncovered by a Guji (the chief of those serving at a shrine who controlled festivals and general affairs) was called kasshutsu, and reinstating individuals who had become one-time vagrants as residents of their original family register was called sokan.
- 嘉吉の徳政一揆(かきつのとくせいいっき)は、嘉吉元年(1441年)に徳政令を求めて京都及び近江国など周辺地域で発生した土一揆のこと。
- The Tokusei uprising during the Kakitsu era was a peasant uprising to demand Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) and occurred in Kyoto and its surroundings such as the Omi Province in 1441(the first year of the Kakitsu era).
- 一方、光秀は変後は京の治安維持に当たった後、武田元明・京極高次らを近江に派兵して、数日内に近江は瀬田城(山岡景隆・山岡景佐兄弟在城。
- On the other hand, after keeping public order in post-incident Kyoto, Mitsuhide sent the forces of Motoaki TAKEDA, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU, among others, to Omi and they conquered Omi within a few days except for Seta-jo Castle (held by brothers Kagetaka YAMAOKA and Kagesuke YAMAOKA;
- また乱の収束後、元慶の乱時に国家側と対立した地域には、9世紀末から10世紀にかけて秋田十二林窯、青森五所川原窯などが相次いで出現した。
- Moreover, once the rebellion was over the Akita Junibayashi kama kiln and the Aomori Goshogawara kama kiln were built in succession from the end of the ninth century to the tenth century in the regions where people fought against the central government.
- 長徳元年(999年)には、藤原道長を一上とする太政官が、「美服過差、一切禁断」とする太政官符を出すなど、度々奢侈禁止令が出されている。
- Around 999, the Dajokan (Grand Council of state) with Michinaga FUJIWARA as ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) issued sumptuary laws several times in the form of Daijokanpu (official documents from the Daijokan to local governments), declaring 'Any luxurious clothes or extravagance is prohibited.'
- 元禄の頃には、本文の右側に読み下しに必要なふりがな、左にはそれぞれの文字が持つ、本文以外の読みについてのふりがなを振ったものが現れた。
- The period from 1688 to 1703 saw the appearance of those that contained two kinds of furigana; one was necessary for reading body texts and placed to their right, and the other to the left showed another way of reading them.
- これらの中国銭は、中国(北宋・元 (王朝)など)との貿易を通じて日本にもたらされたが、日本でもこれらの貨幣を私的に鋳造する者が現れた。
- These Chinese coins were brought into Japan through trade with China (during the Baisong, Yuan Dynasty, for example) and such coins also came to be privately minted in Japan.
- 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
- Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).
- 元は租庸調として各国より特産品が実物の形で貢納されて中央で消費されていたが、その不足分を補うために行われた制度であると考えられている。
- Originally, specialty goods from each province were sent as Soyocho tithes to the central government and consumed there but it is considered that this system was established to make up a shortfall.
- 永正8年(1511年)、澄元は細川政賢・細川尚春らと(芦屋河原の合戦)、また河内守護畠山尚順らと(和泉・深井城深井の合戦)合戦に及ぶ。
- In 1511, Sumimoto engaged in battle with the forces of Masakata HOSOKAWA and Hisaharu HOSOKAWA (The Battle of Ashiyakawara), and then again with the forces of Yoshitaka HATAKEYAMA, the shugo of Kawachi Province (The Battle of Izumi and Fukai).
- また、義満は有力守護大名の弱体化を図り、康暦元年(1379年)、細川氏と斯波氏の対立を利用して管領細川頼之を失脚させた(康暦の政変)。
- Moreover, Yoshimitsu was also bent on weakening the most powerful of the shugo daimyo, and in 1379, he skillfully exploited the conflict between the Hoskawa and Siba families to engineer the overthrow of the powerful Kanrei, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA (in what became known as the Koryaku coup).
- 戦局が大きく動いたのは一刻後、淀川沿いに布陣していた池田恒興・池田元助・加藤光泰率いる手勢が、密かに円明寺川を渡河して津田信春を奇襲。
- The tide of the battle changed significantly when the units under the direct command of Tsuneoki IKEDA, Motosuke IKEDA and Mitsuyasu KATO positioned along the Yodo-gawa River crossed the Enmyoji-gawa River unnoticed and made a surprise attack on Nobuharu TSUDA.
- また、『続日本紀』文武天皇元年(697年)12月庚辰条には、越後国(後の出羽国を含む)に住む蝦夷を「蝦狄」(「かてき」)と称している。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued'), written by the Emperor Monmu in December 697, the Ezo who lived in Echigo Province (later Dewa Province) are referred to as 'Kateki' (蝦狄).
- 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
- 院政においても鎌倉幕府の影響を受けて後嵯峨上皇の院政下である寛元4年(1246年)より院評定が開催されたが、ここでも評定始が開かれた。
- In the period of Insei, the Retired Emperor Gosaga began inhyojo (consultation under the cloister government) in 1246 adopting the Kamakura bakufu's practice, and also held hyojohajime.
- 治承元年(1177年)には鹿ヶ谷の陰謀が起き、藤原成親、平康頼、西光、俊寛ら院近臣多数が処罰され、後白河法皇も事件への関与を疑われた。
- In 1177 the Shishigatani Conspiracy was launched, as a result of which several of the group of close retainers to the cloistered emperor, including FUJIWARA no Narichika, TAIRA no Yasuyori, and the monks Saiko and Shunkan were executed, and suspicions about cloistered emperor Goshirakawa's possible involvement in the plot were raised as well.
- 平安後期になると、「家」内部で家業の継承をめぐる紛争が頻発し、12世紀中葉にはその紛争が武力衝突として具現化してしまった(保元の乱)。
- In the late Heian Period, disputes over the succession of family business frequently occurred inside the 'clan,' and in the mid twelfth century, the disputes evolved into tangible forms of armed conflicts (the Hogen war).
- 白鹿城を制圧した毛利元就は、尼子氏の拠点を次々と制圧し、永禄8年(1565年)、月山富田城を包囲し、輸送路を断ち切り、兵糧攻めを行った。
- After the conquest of Shiraga-jo Castle, Motonari MORI gained control of the Amago clan's military bases one by one; in 1565, his forces besieged Gassan Toda-jo Castle and cut off the supply route so as to starve the enemy.
- その後、長く不明になっていたが、江戸幕府の医家多紀元簡が紅葉山文庫より上下2巻全18編の古写本を発見して再び世に伝えられるようになった。
- Although it had been lost for a long time since then, an old manuscript of the two-volume dictionary composed of 18 chapters was dug up from the Momijiyama Library by Genkan TAKI, who served as a doctor in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and it came to be handed down again to posterity.
- 事件後、その動機を追究された眉輪王は「臣元不求天位、唯報父仇而已」(私は皇位を狙ったのではない、ただ父の仇に報いただけだ)と答えている。
- When Prince Mayowa was pressed for his motive after the affair, he replied: 'I wasn't seeking the Imperial Throne, I was only avenging my father.'
- 元々、大学寮には勧学田(学料田)と呼ばれる田地が存在しており、そこからの貢租によって学生を寄宿させ、食事を給付(給食)したとされている。
- Originally, Daigaku-ryo owned rice fields called kangakuden (gakuryoden) and it provided students with accommodation and meal using annual tax gained from such rice fields.
- 元亨元年に後宇多が後醍醐に治天の政務を譲ったのは、後醍醐の強要によるものではないかと推測する研究者(網野善彦、森茂暁)もいるほどである。
- There are even some researchers (Yoshihiko AMINO and Shigeaki MORI) who think that Gouda relinquished his government affair duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 because of strong pressure from Godaigo.
- 『吾妻鏡』の壇ノ浦の戦いの元暦二年三月二十四日の条で「二位ノ尼は宝剣を持って、按察の局は先帝(安徳天皇)を抱き奉って、共に海底に没する。
- The entry in the 'Azuma kagami' for the 24th day of the third month of Genryaku 2, which concerns the battle of Dannoura, states that 'Tokiko held the treasured Sword, and Lady Azechi reverently held Emperor Antoku close, and then they jumped together and sank away to the bottom of the sea.'
- 約束どおり将軍職位譲を行わない義政、義視将軍就任のために積極的に動かない後見人勝元、富子に見守られ僧門に入ることもなく成長して行く義尚。
- Yoshihisa had grown up without entering priesthood, watched over by Yoshimasa who would not hand over the Shogunate as promised, guardian Katsumoto and Tomiko who would make no active move to place Yoshimi in the position of Shogun.
- 保元の乱(ほうげんのらん)は、平安時代の保元元年(1156年)に崇徳天皇と後白河天皇が対立し、上皇側に天皇側が奇襲を仕掛けた事件である。
- The Hogen Disturbance occurred during the first year (1156) of the Hogen era in the Heian period, when Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Goshirakawa had a dispute, and the Emperor's side made a surprise attack on the retired emperor's side.
- これは保元の乱,平治の乱から治承寿永の乱と続く、戦乱の時代により厭世観(末法思想)が強まり、魂の救済が求められるようになったためである。
- And as the Hogen Rebellion led to the Heiji War, which blossomed in turn into the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto (Gen) and Taira (Hei) clans, known as Jisho-Juei no ran in Japanese for the two eras in which it occurred), this age of wars and rebellions only reinforced a pessimistic view of the world (based on the idea of Mappo, the final and worst age in Buddhist theology), and led to many seeking salvation for their souls.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 髪は普通時よりも高く結い上げ、髪を結うにははじめから水を付け、右から櫛をつかい、櫛の「みね」で立て、元結いを櫛で4度たたいて結いおさめる。
- The hair was drawn up into a topknot and arranged higher than usual and, to arrange the hair it was made wet from the outset; a comb was used from the right side and the hair made to stand up using the ridge of the comb; the arrangement of hair was completed when paper cord securing the topknot was tied in four places.
- 明応2年(1493年)の明応の政変により征夷大将軍足利義材を追放し、自身が擁立した足利義澄(義高)のもとで絶大な権力を誇った管領細川政元。
- Having expelled Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiki ASHIKAGA on the Coup of Meio in 1493, Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA flaunted his enormous power under Yoshizumi (Yoshitaka) ASHIKAGA whom he supported.
- また、天平宝字元年(757年)からは陰陽寮で暦道を学ぶ暦生の中から暦学に必要な数学を学ぶために算道を兼修する暦算生が別枠として設置された。
- Furthermore, starting in 757, rekisansho, a combination of calendar study and Sando, was set up as another division so that Reki no sho (students of calendar) who were learning rekido (calendar study) at the Onmyo-ryo (Bureau of Divination) could learn the mathematics required for rekido.
- 逆に道真も文章博士就任後、元慶5年(881年)に東曹の三善清行、同7年(883年)には同じく東曹の紀長谷雄の対策に際して出題を行っている。
- Similarly, when Michizane assumed the post of the Monjo hakase, he set the question for the taisaku examination for Kiyoyuki (also referred to as Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI of the toso in 881, and KI no Haseo of the toso in 883.
- その後、義宗が伊勢神宮に供祭料を負担して寄進状の約束を果たしたことが評価され、長寛元年(1163年)に義宗の寄進を是とする宣旨が出された。
- Later, Yoshimune's donation of money for festivals to the Ise-jingu Shrine to fulfill the promise of the letter of donation was appreciated, and an imperial decree was issued in 1163 to approve Yoshimune's donation.
- 1455年(康正元年)のころ畠山家総領であった義就は、勝元の策謀によって義政から追放され、従兄弟である政長が替わって畠山家総領を継承した。
- Yoshinari, who had been the authorized heir of the Hatakeyama family in or around 1455, was expelled by Yoshimasa as a result of a plot by Katsumoto, and his cousin Masanaga replaced Yoshinari as the authorized heir of the family.
- 1473年(文明5年)になると、3月18日に宗全が、5月11日に勝元が相次いで死去し、12月19日には義政が義尚に将軍職を譲って隠居した。
- In 1473, Sozen and Katsumoto successively died, respectively on March 18 and May 11, and on December 19 Yoshimasa retired, handing over the Shogunate to Yoshihisa.
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 正長の土一揆(しょうちょうのつちいっき or しょうちょうのどいっき)は、1428年(正長元年)8月から9月に起きた、室町時代の一揆の一つ。
- The peasants' uprising of the Shocho era was an uprising that occurred between August and September, 1428 in the Muromachi period.
- また、「三代実録」の編纂には道真自身も関与していたために完成前にその草稿を保有しており、流罪前にその草稿を元にして加筆されたとする説がある。
- And the other theory is that since Michizane himself was involved in the compilation of the 'Sandai Jitsuroku' and had the draft before its completion, he added a few touches to it before his exile.
- 同一談話者の『中外抄』にも載せる久安7年(1151年)から、保元の乱・平治の乱後の応保元年(1161年)まで、全て258段の短い記事がある。
- It contains 258 brief articles from 1151 to 1161, from articles which are included in 'Chugaisho,' Tadazane's discourse collection, to articles after the Hogen and Heiji Disturbances.
- 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
- It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
- 1467年12月19日(応仁元年11月23日)、西軍は比叡山に使いを出して義視を迎えいれると“新将軍”に奉り幕府の体裁を整え東軍に対抗した。
- On December 19, 1467, the Western camp sent an envoy to Hiei-zan to invite Yoshimi as the 'new Shogun,' who gave this camp a resemblance of legitimate Bakufu, and confronted with the Eastern camp.
- 1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて後小松天皇に神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した(明徳の和約)。
- This established peace and in 1392, Emperor Gokameyama traveled to Kyoto to give the Sacred Treasures to Emperor Gokomatsu and a unified Southern and Northern Court was established with the termination of the Southern Court.
- 古代のカースト制氏族社会においては自由な土地の売買や譲渡は許されていなかったが、紀元前5世紀前後には社会の発展とともに緩やかになっていった。
- In the ancient caste system clan society, free purchase and sale or transfer of lands were not allowed, but around the fifth century B.C., they were loosely allowed with the development of society.
- 元寇を機に幕府は非御家人を含む日本全国の武士へ軍事動員をかける権限を得たほか、鎮西探題や長門探題などの出先機関を置き、西国への支配を強めた。
- Using the Mongol invasions as an opportunity, the bakufu seized the authority to issue military mobilizations of all warriors throughout the country, including non-gokenin, and also worked to solidify its control over western Japan by creating offices such as Chinzei tandai (military commissioner of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (military commissioner of western Honshu).
- 宝永年間や文化 (元号)年間に見られるように、酒屋たちが連帯して反対すると、幕府も一度出した法度でもあわててひっこめたりしているくらいである。
- The power was so great that, in the Hoei era (1704 - 1711) and in the Bunka era (1804 - 1818), the bakufu withdrew a law presented for approval, when the sakaya opposed it jointly.
- 気象現象としての黄砂は、砂塵(砂ぼこり)の元になる土壌の状態、砂嵐とともに砂塵を運ぶ気流など、地や大気の条件が整うと発生すると考えられている。
- It is considered that the kosa as a weather phenomenon occurs when the states of the earth and atmosphere, for example, the state of soil, from which dust is generated, and that of the airflow that carries dust together with sandstorms, meets certain conditions.
- 遣明船は1536年(天文 (元号)5)には大内義隆が貿易を再開し、貿易は1551年(天文20)に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢の謀反で滅亡するまで続いた。
- Kenminsen ships once again became dispatched in 1536 when Yoshitaka OUCHI resumed trade which continued until 1551 when Yoshitaka was overthrown in a rebellion by his vassal Harukata SUE.
- 構成する条数によって「新制××ヶ条」と命名されて発給されたが、後世においては発給された元号によって「○○新制」・「○○×年符」などと呼ばれた。
- It was named after the number of articles contained, such as 'XX articles of shinsei,' but in later ages, it was called based on era name in which it was issued, such as 'Shinsei of XX' or 'Code of the year XX.'
- ただし、この時期の荘園は墾田に対する浮浪・班田農民の寄作を基礎としていて、労働奴隷制的でも、領域と住民を一元的に掌握していたわけでもなかった。
- The shoen at the time, however, depended on the contribution of labor from vagrants and handen farmers for the reclaimed fields, and it is neither slave-labor system, nor the system under which the field and residents were controlled in an integrated manner.
- 平城宮の朱雀門は1997年、考古学的研究と奈良県下の寺社に残る門を参考にして、五間三戸の二重門がかつての位置に等寸復元されている(平城宮跡)。
- Suzakumon Gate of the Heijo-Kyu Palace was restored in 1997 with a two-story structure, double roofs and a life-sized goken sanko (a gate where three of the five spaces between its columns are used as entrances); the restorations were based on gates that remain in temples in Nara prefecture (Heijo-Kyu palace ruin) and findings in archeological studies.
- その三浦氏が、1247年(宝治元)の宝治合戦で、安達氏・北条氏に滅亡させられたとき、一族の佐原盛時は北条氏について、後に三浦氏の惣領となった。
- When that Miura clan was defeated by the Adachi and Hojo clans during the Battle of Hoji in 1247, Moritoki SAHARA of the clan stood on the side of Hojo clan and later became the soryo of the Miura clan.
- 明治元年(1868年)閏4月1日、大木喬任(軍務官判事)と江藤新平(東征大総督府監軍)が、佐賀藩論として「東西両都」の建白書を岩倉に提出した。
- On April 1, 1868, Takato OKI (Gunmukan Hanji (officer of Gunmukan Ministry)) and Shinpei ETO (army supervisor for Tosei-daitokufu) submitted a Kyoto and Tokyo petition to Iwakura as an Argument for the Saga clan.
- 平治の乱(へいじのらん)は平安時代の平治元年12月9日 (旧暦)(1159年1月19日)より発生した、院の近臣らの対立により起きた政変である。
- The Heiji Rebellion (Heiji no ran), which began on January 19, 1159 in Heian period, was a coup d'etat that occurred because of antagonism among the close vassals of the retired emperor.
- 1331年の元弘の乱の際は、後醍醐天皇の綸旨が八条院領荘園に伝えられ、八条院(安楽寿院)領足利庄の足利尊氏の挙兵の契機の一つとなったとされる。
- In the Genko Incident in 1331, Emperor Godaigo's edict was delivered across the shoen of the Hachijoin-ryo, and this is believed to have been one of the reasons Takauji ASHIKAGA in the Ashikaga-no-sho district in the territory of Hachijoin (the Anrakuju-in Temple) raised an army.
- 地方制度としての裁判所(さいばんしょ)は、明治元年(1868年)に、京都の新政府が諸藩に属さない直轄地を治めるために設けた地方行政機関である。
- A local court was established in 1868 as a local administrative organ by the new government in Kyoto for it to govern areas which did not belong to any feudal domains.
- こうした変化に対応できた守護もしくは守護を放伐した守護代・国人らは、守護不入権などを否認して強力かつ一元的に領国を支配する戦国大名へと成長した。
- Denying various disadvantageous terms such as the right of shugo-funyu, shugo that had successfully coped with these changes, as well as shugo-dai and kokujin that had ousted shugo, grew into Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of warring states]) controlling their territories strongly and uniformly.
- しかし華族の五等爵をさらに増やすことによる制度の煩雑化と、公家や大名と同様、華族としての待遇を望む元勲の勢力によって、士族の爵位創設は頓挫した。
- However, a title for the warrior class could not be established due to the complexity of adding another title to Gotoshaku (a five-rank peerage system), and through efforts made by genkun (the statesmen who contributed in the Meiji Restoration) who wanted to be treated as the peerage, like Court nobles and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- また逆に、元の禅僧清拙正澄(得宗北条高時が来日を要請)や、すでに渡元していた日本僧古先印元・無隠元晦らが同船し、来日・帰国を果たしたと見られる。
- On the other hand, Zen priests in Yuan, Seisetsu Shocho (at the request of Takatoki HOJO), as well as Japanese priests, Kosen Ingen and Muin Genkai are believed to have been on board traveling to and return from Japan.
- 永正の錯乱(えいしょうのさくらん)は、戦国時代 (日本)の初期にあたる永正4年(1507年)、室町幕府管領・細川政元が殺害された事件を指し示す。
- Eisho Disturbance refers to an incident during the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) where the kanrei (shogunal deputy) for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507.
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、在地経営が私営田経営であった平将門から平忠常の時代は、「兵」の時代であって、「武士」はその次ぎの段階であるとする。
- The former academic theory of Motohisa YASUDA referred to the period of TAIRA no Masakado when local land managing was shieiden management of TAIRA no Tadatsune during the period of 'tsuwamono' and 'bushi' was the next step.
- 承保元年(1074年)に藤原頼通と上東門院が相次いで病没、このため翌年に頼通の後を継いだ藤原師実が時の白河天皇(上東門院の曾孫)にこれを贈った。
- In 1074, FUJIWARA no Yorimichi and Jotomon in died one after another; and during the next year, FUJIWARA no Morozane who inherited Yorimichi, presented the Shirakawa betsugyo to the then Emperor Shirakawa (great grandson of Jotomon in).
- この状況を打開するため細川澄元、三好之長軍は、翌永正6年(1509年)6月に琵琶湖を渡り、小関越から同6月17日に如意ケ嶽に3千名で陣をひいた。
- To break the deadlock, the armies under the command of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI proceeded over Lake Biwa in June in the next year 1509, and on July 14, 1509, from Kozekigoe, the army of three thousand men set up camp on Mt. Nyoigatake.
- 承元の法難(じょうげんのほうなん)とは、法然が率いる専修念仏の衆徒が弾圧され、法然以下、親鸞ら中心的な僧徒が各地に流罪となった事件のことである。
- Jogen no Honan was an incident where monks following Senju-Nenbutsu (intently praying to Buddha) led by Honen were suppressed and Honen, Shinran and other monks with central roles were exiled throughout the country.
- 当然、宗全は義視の後見人である勝元と対立し、将軍家の家督争いは全国の守護大名を勝元派と宗全派に二分化させて、その衝突は避けられないものとなった。
- Naturally, Sozen opposed Katsumoto, Yoshimi's guardian, and the rivalry for Shogunate succession divided the shugo daimyos in the whole country into two camps, those of Katsumoto and of Sozen, making collision between them inevitable.
- 護良親王は征夷大将軍の職を望み、一時は補任するものの、1334年(建武 (日本)元年)に護良親王が失脚して鎌倉に幽閉されると将軍職も剥奪される。
- Imperial Prince Morinaga had desired the position of Seii taishogun, and was in fact temporarily appointed as Shogun, but in 1334 he lost his standing, was imprisoned in Kamakura, and was divested of his position as Shogun.
- 永治元年(1141年)、鳥羽天皇は藤原璋子との子である崇徳天皇を退位させ、藤原得子との子である躰仁親王(崇徳上皇の弟)を即位させた(近衛天皇)。
- In 1141, Emperor Toba made Emperor Sutoku, his son with FUJIWARA no Shoshi, abdicated and had Imperial Prince Narihito, his son with FUJIWARA no Tokushi and a younger brother of retired Emperor Sutoku, ascend the Imperial Throne (Emperor Konoe).
- 次いで757年(天平宝字元年)に養老律令が施行されたのを契機に、時の権力者藤原仲麻呂は新律令の講書を開催し、みずからも解釈の治定にあたっている。
- Triggered by the enforcement of the Yoro code soon after in 757, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who was in power at the time, lectured on the new ritsuryo and personally made interpretation decisions.
- これ以降、家督の相続を巡って相克のあった蘆名・田村・岩城・最上・南部などの諸家では、国人一揆と大名の契約関係の一元化により戦国大名化を果たした。
- After that, in various clans such as Ashina, Tamura, Iwaki, Mogami, and Nanbu had struggles with respect to inheritance of the reigns of the family had been transformed into sengoku daimyo through unification of relations between kokujin ikki and daimyo.
- 玉造は元慶の乱の時に、政府側についた蝦夷の名字であるため、この915年十和田火山の噴火によって埋没した遺跡との関係があるのではないかと指摘された。
- Tamatsukuri is a family name of the Emishi who had sided with the Imperial government during the Gangyo War, and accordingly it is pointed out that the family might have connected with the site buried by the eruption of the volcano in Lake Towada-ko in 915.
- 領主の直務で著名な例は文亀元年(1501年)に前関白九条政基が守護細川氏の押領に対抗するために自己の荘園である和泉国日根荘に下向した例が知られる。
- There was a well-known example of feudal lord's jikimu; in 1501, former Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Masamoto KUJO went to his shoen, Hine no sho, Izumi Province, in order to confront the seizure by Shugo Hosokawa clan.
- その後の1980年代以降では、義江彰夫、関幸彦、元木泰雄その他の方が、それら両論の成果を発展させるべくそれぞれの視点から積極的に論を展開している。
- Since the 1980s, Akio YOSHIE, Yukihiko SEKI, Yasuo MOTOKI, and others have passionately debated those two arguments from their respective points of view to develop each other's theory.
- 応仁の乱(おうにんのらん、1467年(応仁元年) - 1477年(文明 (日本)9年))は、室町時代の8代征夷大将軍足利義政のときに起こった内乱。
- Onin War, fought from 1467 till 1477, was a civil war that broke out during the Muromachi period when the ruling Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') was Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth person to hold this position.
- 特筆すべき点としては、天文 (元号)18年(1549年)のフランシスコ・ザビエル来日以来の南蛮貿易によってもたらされた南蛮文化の影響が挙げられる。
- One should remember the impact of European culture, which had occurred through trade with Spain and Portugal since the arrival in Japan of Francisco Xavier in 1549.
- この頃、管領職にあった勝元派の畠山政長と宗全派の畠山義就との間にあった家督継承権をめぐる闘争が激化し、さらに義政の気紛れが両派の対立に油を注いだ。
- About that time, a fight over family heirship between Masanaga HATAKEYAMA of the Katsumoto camp, who was then the Shogun's deputy, and Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA of the Sozen camp intensified, and Yoshimasa's caprice added fuel to their strife.
- また、フロイス「日本史」における信長神格化の記述をもとに、信長神格化が朝廷と相容れなかったとする指摘もある(この点の最近の指摘者として井沢元彦)。
- Based on the description about deification of Nobunaga in 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois, there is a view which points out that deification of Nobunaga could not be accepted by the Imperial Court. (Motohiko IZAWA is the recent advocator of this view.)
- 「君が代」の元歌は、「わが君は千代に八千代にさざれ石の、いわおとなりてこけのむすまで…」と詠われる福岡県の志賀島の志賀海神社の春の祭礼の歌である。
- The original song of 'Kimigayo' is the song for the spring festival of Shikaumi-jinja Shrine of Shikanoshima Island in Fukuoka Prefecture which read 'Wagakimiha chiyoni yachiyoni sazareishino iwaotonarite kokenomusmade…(My lord lives for thousands and thousands years until pebbles become a rock and bears moss... '.
- 京都における官衙を含めた領主権力が強化され、座の権威を無視して営業税をかけたり、地方の商工業者が地元の領主と結びついて座の権威打破を図ろうとした。
- The power of feudal lords including government offices in Kyoto was increased, which made it possible for them to impose business taxes without the consent of za; further, local merchants and manufacturers tried to destroy the authority of za in cooperation with local lords.
- 「侍」という漢字には、元来 「貴族のそばで仕えて仕事をする」という意味があるが、武士に類する武芸を家芸とする技能官人を意味するのは日本だけである。
- The kanji (Chinese character) '侍' originally meant 'to be on hand to work for and serve an aristocrat,' and only in Japan is the word used to refer to ginou kanjin (culturally and academically accomplished palace officials) with military skills who belonged to the bushi class.
- 元々は平曲を演奏する琵琶法師の称号として呼ばれた「検校(けんぎょう)」、「別当(べっとう)」、「勾当(こうとう)」、「座頭(ざとう)」に由来する。
- The word was originally one of the titles for biwa-playing minstrels who played Heikyoku (a narrative which features the Tale of the Heike playing Biwa music): 'Kengyo' (the highest title of the official ranks within the Todo-za), 'Betto' (superintendent), 'Koto' (the third title of the official ranks within the Todo-za), and 'Zato.'
- 裁判所時代から現地の行政は岡本監輔(けんすけ)が執り、明治元年(1868年)と2年(1869年)から移住した日本人入植者約500人を指導していた。
- Kensuke OKAMOTO performed public administration from the time of the Hakodate District Court and managed about 500 Japanese settlers who immigrated from 1868 and 1869.
- 学館院は承和 (日本)14年(847年)嵯峨天皇の太皇太后橘嘉智子と左大臣橘氏公によって創建され、康保元年(964年)には大学別曹として公認された。
- Gakkanin was established in 847 by TACHIBANA no Kachiko, who was the Grand Empress Dowager of Emperor Saga, and Sadaijin (minister of the left) TACHIBANA no Ujikimi, and it was officially recognized as Daigaku-besso in 964.
- 小西総長は辞職に追い込まれ、7月に後任の松井元興総長(博士 (理学)、のちに立命館大学学長)が就任したことから事件は急速に終息に向かうこととなった。
- Dean Konishi was forced to resign and with the appointment of Motooki MATSUI as dean (D.Sc., later Ritsumeikan University dean), the incident quickly headed towards a conclusion.
- とはいえ、『後二条師通記』康和元年(1099年)5月3日条に、白河天皇より「諸国に兵仗多く満つ、宣旨を下され制止を加ふべし」との指示が記されている。
- However, 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi) entry on May 3, 1099 (May 31, 1099 in solar calendar) stated the order of Emperor Shirakawa, 'have many weapon yielding warriors in various districts and used force when the imperial decree was given.'
- 清盛はその経済力・軍事力を背景に朝廷における武家の地位を確立して、永暦元年(1160年)、参議に任命され、武士で初めて公卿(議政官)の地位に就いた。
- With the weight of the Taira's great economic and military might behind him, Kiyomori firmly established the (high) position of the warrior clans at court; in 1160 he was named Sangi (councillor), marking the first time a warrior had been raised to such a high and lordly (Giseikan) rank at court.
- 清洲会議後の7月19日には、最後に残った光秀方の将である武田元明が長秀に攻められ自刃、京極高次は妹(姉説あり)の京極竜子を秀吉に差し出して降伏した。
- On July 19, after the Kiyosu meeting, Motoaki TAKEDA, the last surviving military leader on Mitsuhide's side, was attacked by Nagahide committed jijin, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU surrendered, presenting his younger (elder according to some historians) sister Tatsuko KYOGOKU to Hideyoshi.
- これは勝元による西軍諸大名(大内氏・土岐氏など)に対する後方撹乱策が主な原因であり、その範囲は奥羽・関東・越後・甲斐を除くほぼ全国に広がっていった。
- The expansion was mainly a consequence of tactics of Katsumoto to Western camp daimyos (including the Ouchi and Toki families) to harass the rear, and the expansion included substantially the whole country except the provinces of Ou, Kanto, Echigo, and Kai.
- 5月、勝元は北陸に落ちていた政長を含む全国の同盟者に呼びかけ、花の御所を制し、戦火から保護するという名目で将軍らを確保、天皇、上皇を室町亭に迎える。
- In May, Katsumoto successfully called on his allies nationwide, including Masanaga who had taken refuge in Hokuriku, to occupy Hana no Gosho, took into custody the Shogun and others on the pretext of protecting them from warfare, and invited the incumbent and retired emperors to Muromachi-dai.
- 1352年(文和元)、観応の擾乱における軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領から年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, the shugo were given the right of hanzei to collect half the customs from the manor and the Kokuga's territory within the province, in order to secure military provisions for the Kanno-no-Joran (turmoil of the Kanno).
- 四代将軍足利義持の三条坊門殿には、義持の御所となる前からあった東御会所(端御会所)と、永享元年(1429年)にできた奥御会所のふたつの会所があった。
- The Sanjobodomondono of the fourth shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA had two kaisho of Higashi gokaisho (Hashi gokaisho), which existed before it became the gosho of Yoshimochi, and Oku gokaisho built in 1429.
- 布部山の戦い(ふべやまのたたかい)とは、1570年(元亀元年)に山中幸盛率いる尼子氏再興軍とそれを阻止しようとする毛利氏との間に起こった戦いである。
- The Battle of Fubeyama (Mt. Fube) was a war between an army of the Amago clan which was directed by Yukimori YAMANAKA to reconstruct the Amago clan and the Mori clan who was attempting to prevent it.
- 麹座と酒屋、そして背後の北野社と延暦寺の対立はエスカレートし、文安元年(1444年)延暦寺は西塔釈迦堂に立てこもり、次いで京都に向けて強訴を行った。
- The conflict between the koji za and the sakaya and between Kitano-sha Shrine and Enryaku-ji Temple escalated resulting in Enryaku-ji Temple barricading themselves in Saito-Shakado, and petitioning Kyoto in 1444.
- また、徳川家康が鳥居元忠らわずかな守備兵を伏見城に残して会津攻めに向かったのは、石田三成ら反・家康派を挙兵させる狙いがあったからだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the reason why Ieyasu TOKUGAWA left such a small defensive force including Mototada TORII, in the castle and proceeded to the Aizu Domain was because he was aiming to let anti-Ieyasu people such as Mitsunari ISHIDA raise an army.
- などから、この元慶の乱は事実上蝦夷側の要求が通り、雄物川以北は蝦夷側の支配する地区となり、朝廷が手を出せなくなってしまったのではないかとする人もいる。
- For these reasons, some even assume that in the Gangyo War the request of the Emishi side was practically granted, and that the Emishi took over the reins of the region to the north of the Omono-gawa River, which even the Imperial Court could no longer touch.
- 将軍の一字を賜った大名には、畠山尚順ら畠山氏、細川晴元ら代々の細川氏当主、守護代の家系から越後国主となった長尾為景の後継長尾晴景・上杉謙信兄弟がいる。
- The notable daimyo (feudal lords) who received a character from the shogunal names were as follows: The Hatakeyama clan including Hisanobu HATAKEYAMA, the heads of the Hosokawa clan including Harumoto HOSOKAWA, Harukage NAGAO who succeeded Tamekage NAGAO, the Governor of Echigo Province raising from the shugodai linage, and Harunaga's younger brother Kenshin UESUGI, and so on.
- 鎌倉時代中期以降、元寇に際し神風が吹いたのは神仏の加護によるものであるとの考えから徳政令の一環として寺社の所領を確保する神領興行令が相次いで出された。
- After the mid-Kamakura period, as a part of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts), shinryokogyorei (a policy to show divine shows based on thoughts of Confucianism in Kamakura period) were issued in succession based on the belief that it was by the grace of gods that kamikaze (divine wind) had blown at the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan.
- 一揆(連合、同盟)は元々、心を一つにするという意味を持っており、参加者が同一の目的のもとで、相互に対等の立場に立って、強く連帯することが一揆であった。
- An uprising (combination or alliance) originally meant the unification of people, whereby the participants strongly associated with a common purpose, doing so on equal footing.
- しかし、実子がいなかったため、三人の養子を迎えたものの、その後、継を巡り細川政元の養子同士(細川澄之、細川澄元、細川高国)3派での権力争いが発生した。
- However, because Masamoto had no biological child, he adopted three sons -Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA- who later disputed each other as successor.
- また、多くの文献でこの如意ケ嶽の戦いで細川澄元は阿波国へ落ち延びていったという記述が見受けられるが、10月2日の岡山城の戦いで落ち延びたという説もある
- Besides the many documents that describe that 'Sumimoto HOSOKAWA fled to Awa Province in the Battle of Nyoigatake,' there was another opinion, that 'he fled in the Battle of Okayama-jo Castle on November 4, 1508.'
- 寺社本所領事(じしゃほんじょりょうのこと)は、応安元年6月17日 (旧暦)(正平 (日本)23年/1368年7月2日)に室町幕府によって出された法令。
- 'Jisha honjoryo no koto' was a law enforced by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on July 10, 1368.
- また、その地位も紀伝道を掌る文章博士(元は明経道に附属して直講1名が回されたもの)の地位が上昇して明経博士を追い越したために本科としての地位を失った。
- Myogyodo lost its position as a regular course due to the position of Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature; a position that was originally affiliated with Myogyodo as a lecturer), who handled Kidendo, was placed higher than Myogyo hakase.
- 康暦の政変(こうりゃくのせいへん)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の天授 (日本)5年/康暦元年(1379年)に室町幕府の管領・細川頼之が失脚した政変である。
- The Koryaku Coup was a coup d'etat that occurred in 1379 (the fifth year of Tenju (Southern)/first year of Koryaku (Northern)) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), in which the Kanrei, or deputy (de facto leader) of the Muromachi Shogunate, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, was overthrown and lost his position.
- 信頼は保元2年(1157年)3月に右近権中将になると、10月に蔵人頭、翌年2月に参議・皇后宮権亮、8月に中納言、11月に検非違使別当と急速に昇進する。
- Nobuyori, after being made Ukon no gon no chujo (Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) in March, 1157, he embarked on a meteoric rise, being promoted to Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) in October, and then in 1158 was named Sangi (councillor) and Kogo no miya gon no suke (Provisional Assistant Master of the Empress's Household) in February, then Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) in August, and finally Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) in November.
- 義材は義視とともに上洛して10代将軍に推挙されるが、足利義政や細川政元などは、堀越公方足利政知の子で天龍寺香厳院主となっていた清晃(足利義澄)を推す。
- Yoshiki returned to Kyoto with Yoshimi and was put forward as the tenth shogun, but some people, including Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, supported Seiko (Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA), the son of Masatomo ASHIKAGA who was the Horikoshi Governor-General, and was the head of the Kyogon-in of Tenryu-ji Temple at that time.
- 義時、北条泰時、北条時房、大江広元、三浦義村、安達景盛らによる軍議が開かれ、箱根・足柄山で徹底抗戦をする慎重論に対し、広元は京への積極的な出撃を主張。
- A war council consisting of Yoshitoki, Yasutoki HOJO, Tokifusa HOJO, Hiromoto OE, Yoshimura MIURA, Kagemori ADACHI, and others was convened, and in response to the cautious view that they hold out to the bitter end at Hakone and at Mt. Ashigara, Hiromoto advocated that they sally forth for a preemptive strike on the capital.
- また座頭相撲など見せ物に就く者たちもいたり、元禄頃から官位昇格費用の取得を容易にするために高利の金貸しが公認されたので、悪辣な金融業者となる者もいた。
- Also, some blind people worked in the show business such as zato sumo or became unscrupulous moneylenders because high interest money lending business was officially approved around the Genroku era to help the blind to get money for the promotion of the official court rank.
- 元木泰雄は、この時点で頼朝は王権擁護者の地位を得たとし、宣旨による頼朝の最大の成果は、東国行政権というよりも王権擁護者の地位だったとの見解を示している。
- Yasuo MOTOKI presents his view that Yoritomo gained a position as a supporter of the royal authority at this time, and the foremost achievement of Yoritomo gained by the decree was the position of a supporter of the royal authority rather than the administrative authority over the Togoku region.
- しかしながら、契丹や金、元などに圧迫された南宋の時代になると質の悪い戦時通貨を大量に発行、インフレが横行し、銭のレートが下がってますます大量に流入した。
- However, entering the era of Southern Sung Dynasty, which was oppressed by Kittan (Khitan/Khitai), Chin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the Southern Sung Dynasty issued lots of low-quality coins under a state of war, causing rampant inflation, causing the downgraded values of the coins, and resulted in forcing more and more coins to be brought into Japan.
- 嘉吉元年(1441年)に小浜藩の新八幡宮に疎開していたが、その後、江戸時代に小浜城主の酒井家のもとを離れ、1932年にボストン美術館に所蔵されるに至る。
- Although it was moved to Shin Hachiman-gu Shrine in Obama Domain for safety in 1441, it was later brought out from the house of the Sakai family, the castellan of Obama-jo Castle, in the Edo period and came to be in the possession of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1932.
- さて政元には実子は無く、関白・九条政基の末子である細川澄之、細川氏阿波細川氏からの細川澄元、さらに細川氏野州家からは細川高国の3人を迎え養子にしていた。
- As Masamoto did not have a biological child, he adopted three sons: Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA, the youngest child of the kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor) Masamoto KUJO, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA from the Awa Hosokawa clan and Takakuni HOSOKAWA from the Yasu family of the Hosokawa clan.
- 治承・寿永の乱(じしょう・じゅえいのらん)は、平安時代末期の治承4年(1180年)から元暦2年(1185年)にかけての6年間にわたる大規模な内乱である。
- The Jisho/Juei Rebellion was a large-scale internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years from 1180 to 1185 during the later Heian Period.
- 「嘉吉の変」とも呼ばれるが、嘉吉元年(1441年)に起こった6代将軍足利義教の謀殺事件(嘉吉の乱)と混同されることから、「禁闕の変」の名称が用いられる。
- It is also referred to as the 'Kakitsu Incident,' but to avoid confusion with the assassination of the 6th shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in 1441 (Kakitsu Rebellion), the term, 'Kinketsu Incident' is used.
- 1361年(正平16年/康安元年)には足利政権において政争から失脚した執事の細川清氏が南朝に属し、楠木正儀らと4度目の京都侵攻を行い、一時的に占領する。
- In 1361, the chamberlain Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, who had lost power within the Ashikaga government, joined the Southern Court and tried the fourth attack on Kyoto together with Masanori KUSUNOKI, and occupied the city for a while.
- 義政は、守護大名を統率する覇気に乏しく、もっぱら茶・作庭・猿楽などに没頭し、幕政は実力者の管領家の勝元・四職家の宗全、正室の日野富子らに左右されていた。
- As Yoshimasa lacked dynamism to lead shugo daimyos and immersed himself solely in tea ceremony, gardening and sarugaku plays, the actual steering of the Bakufu was in the hands of strongmen including Katsumoto of the deputy family, Sozen of one of Shishoku ke (four families appointed to deputy directorship of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshimasa's legitimate wife Tomiko HINO.
- これを、元親が拒否したため、織田信孝(信長の三男・四国征伐後に三好家の養子となり三好家を継ぐことが内定していた)を大将として四国征伐を行うことになった。
- As Motochika refused this order, it is decided to conduct conquest of Shikoku with Nobutaka ODA (the third son of Nobunaga; it had been informally decided that, after conquest of Shikoku, he should be adopted by the Miyoshi clan and succeed the Miyoshi family.) as the chief commander.
- それを受けた薩摩藩軍楽隊隊員の依頼を当時薩摩藩歩兵隊長である大山弥助(後の大山巌、日本陸軍元帥)が受け、大山の愛唱歌より歌詞が採用された(前節も参照)。
- Yasuke OYAMA, who was at that time the commander of the infantry of the Satsuma Domain, (later Iwao OYAMA, who was a marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army) received the request from the squad leader of the military band of the Satsuma Domain, who acted in response to the advice, and the words were adopted from Oyama's favorite song (Also, refer to the preceding clause).
- 7月29日には重盛が死去するが、10月9日の除目で院近臣の藤原季能が越前守となり、仁安 (日本)元年(1166年)以来の重盛の知行国が没収されてしまう。
- Shigemori passed away on September 9 (July 29 in old lunar calendar), but FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, who was the trusted vassal of the cloistered emperor, became Governor of Echizen Province in Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) of November 16 (October 9 in old lunar calendar), and chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) of Shigemori after 1166 was confiscated.
- 戦いは当初地の利に勝る尼子勢が優勢だったが、攻め落とすのが難しいと判断した吉川元春が住民に間道を教えてもらい、別働隊を率いて裏から布部山の頂上に登った。
- While the Amago army was initially dominant due to the advantageous location, Motoharu KIKKAWA found it difficult to defeat the Amago army and obtained information about a by-path from local residents and went up to the top of Fubeyama from the rear side of the mountain, leading a separate battalion of troops.
- 「致良知」の「良知」とは『孟子』の「良知良能」に由来することばで、「格物致知」の「知」を指すが、「致良知」はそれを元に王陽明が独自に提唱した概念である。
- Ryochi' in 'chiryochi' originated from 'Ryochi ryono,' meaning synderesis, used in 'The Mengzi' to indicate 'chi' (knowledge) in 'kakubutsu chichi,' but 'chiryochi' itself is a concept originally advocated by Wang Yangming based on that.
- 『吾妻鏡』康元元年11月22日_(旧暦)条において、北条時頼が出家して執権を北条長時に譲る際に「但し家督(北条時宗)幼稚の程の眼代なり」と念を押している。
- The article of November 22 (lunar calendar), 1256 of 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) states that 'However, they may remain gandai only in the head-of-the-family (Tokimune HOJO)'s childhood' when Tokiyori HOJO became a priest and handed the regency to Nagatoki HOJO.
- ただし仏教の天部の神々も元はヒンドゥー教の神であったように、日本だけでなくインドの地域社会や中国においても、それら土着民族の神々を包摂してきた歴史がある。
- Historically, Buddhism had connoted local deities not only in Japan but also in India and China; the gods of the Buddhistic Tenbu were originally the deities of Hinduism.
- 開元10年(720年)に著された開元始注本と天宝 (唐)2年(743年)に改訂して3年後に頒布した天宝重注本の2種類があるが、現存しているのは後者である。
- There were two kinds of Gyochukokyo, one being 'Kaigenshichubon' (annotated edition by Genso), which was written in 720, and the other being Tenhojuchubon (revised edition of Kaigenshichubon), which was revised in 743 and distributed three years later; however, only the latter remains in existence.
- 嘉応の強訴(かおうのごうそ)は、嘉応元年(1169年)12月23日 (旧暦)、延暦寺の大衆 (仏教)が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の配流を求めて起こした強訴。
- Kao no goso refers a direct petition by Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu (residing monks) demanding the proprietor of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika into exile on January 18, 1170.
- 江戸時代に入ると、江戸幕府(幕府においては慶長7年(1602年)と正徳_(日本)元年(1711年))や諸藩が公定駄賃を定めて悪質な業者の排除に乗り出した。
- As it became the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (in 1602 and 1711 by the feudal government), along with various domains set out to eliminate malicious businesses by setting an official carriage charge.
- この年、日本から入元していた雪村友梅や、元の高僧である明極楚俊・竺仙梵僊ら禅僧が「商船で」日本へ渡来している(その前年に福州に入港した日本船と見られる)。
- Zen priests such as Sesson Yubai, who had entered Yuan, and a high priests in Yuan, Minki Soshun and Jikusen Bonsen are believed to have reached Japan using 'a commercial vessel' this year (believed to have been a Japanese ship that had reached Fuzhou during the previous year).
- これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
- This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.
- 南朝方は名和長年・結城親光・千種忠顕のほか、北畠顕家・新田義貞らが1338年(延元3年/暦応元年)までに次々と戦死し、軍事的に北朝方が圧倒的に優位に立つ。
- By 1338 the Southern Court faction had seen its military leaders, including Nagatoshi NAWA, Chikamitsu YUKI, and Tadaaki CHIGUSA, and in addition Akiie KITABATAKE and Yoshisada NITTA, die in battle one after the other, and were overwhelmingly outmatched militarily by the Northern Court faction.
- 元和 (日本)・寛永年間には、朱印船貿易をする船は従来より外航に用いられたジャンクやガレオン・さらには和船の特徴を引き継いだ、朱印船を主力とするようになる。
- In the Genna and Kanei eras (1615 - 1644), the shuinsen that inherited features of wasen in addition to those of the junks and galleons, which had been used for sailing over oceans, became used mostly for shuinsen-using trade.
- 弟の細川頼元は管領に就任し、頼之自身もその後幕政の中心に復帰していることから、この政変は頼之からの自立を望んだ義満の提唱によって起こされたものと考えられる。
- But given that his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA assumed the position of kanrei, and the fact that Yoriyuki himself was eventually able to stage a political comeback and return to the inner circle of the shogunate, it is thought that this coup may have been instigated by Yoshimitsu, who wished to achieve independence from Yoriyuki.
- 天皇は明治元年(1868年)8月27日、政情の激しい移り変わりにより遅れていた即位の礼を執り行ない、同年9月20日に京都を出発して、東京に行幸した(東幸)。
- The emperor performed the enthronement ceremony on August 27, 1868, which was delayed because of strong political unrest, and left Kyoto for Tokyo on September 20.
- これを契機に北面武士の規模は急激に膨張し、元永元年(1118年)延暦寺の強訴を防ぐため賀茂河原に派遣された部隊だけで「千余人」に達したという(『中右記』)。
- From this point onwards, the number of Hokumen no Bushi grew quickly and it was said that the number of troops sent to defend the Kamo Kawara from the monks of Enryaku-ji Temple in 1118 numbered 'around 1,000 or so' ('Chuyuki' (Diary of a court official)).
- 特に管領 細川政元は征夷大将軍足利義稙を追放し、次期将軍に幼い足利義澄を擁立しこれを傀儡化させ、幕政を牛耳っており、室町幕府は事実上、細川氏の政権となった。
- Especially, Masamoto HOSOKAWA expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), backed up Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who was still too young to become the next shogun, made Yoshizumi a puppet, and controlled the politics of the bakufu, and the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, became the administration of the Hosokawa clan.
- 家康は畿内の守りとして、譜代の家臣である鳥居元忠、内藤家長、松平家忠、松平近正ら1800名ほどの兵を伏見城に残すに留め、徳川軍主力を率いて会津攻めに向かう。
- Ieyasu left around 1800 soldiers, including hereditary vassals such as Mototada TORII, Ienaga NAITO, Ietada MATSUDAIRA and Chikamasa MATSUDAIRA, in the Fushimi-jo Castle to protect the territories in the vicinity of the capital, and proceeded to the Aizu Domain with the leading soldiers of his army.
- 年次不明(元徳元年(1329年)説が有力)の前執権北条貞顕の息子北条貞将(六波羅探題)宛て書状に、翌春に高徳院造営料唐船が渡宋する予定であると書かれている。
- A letter sent to Sadayuki HOJO (Rokuhara Tandai [an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto]), a son of the regent, Sadaaki HOJO at an unknown date (1329 is the widely-accepted theory) says that Kotoku-in zoeiryotosen (a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan dynasty in order to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Kotoku-in Temple) was scheduled to travel to Sung in the following year.
- 蝦夷共和国(えぞきょうわこく)は、明治元年12月(1869年1月)に成立し、蝦夷地(北海道)に短期間存在した佐幕派の政権である蝦夷島政府に対する俗称である。
- The Ezo republic that was built in January 1869 was a familiar name of the Ezo Island Government, a political power belonging to Sabaku-ha which existed for a short time in Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu) (Hokkaido).
- 中でも著名なのが988年(永延2)11月8日付けの「尾張国郡司百姓等解」であり、尾張の郡司・百姓層が国守藤原元命による非法・濫行横法31条を訴えた事例である。
- One of the most famous appeals was 'Owari no kuni (Owari Province) Gunji (a local government official) Hyakusho (farmers) ra no Gebumi (letter)' of November 8, 988, in which the Gunji and farmers in Owari complained their Kokushu, FUJIWARA no Motonaga's illegal behaviors as a breach of thirty-one articles of misconduct and violence.
- その後も建久6年(1195年)・建長元年(1249年)同2年(1250年)・同5年(1253年)・弘安5年(1253年)・元徳2年(1330年)にも出された。
- Afterwards, Kokaho was issued in 1195, 1249, 1250, 1253, 1282, and 1330.
- 一円知行(いちえんちぎょう)とは、日本の中世で使用された用語で、荘園公領制の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、ある者が一元的に土地を支配することを指す。
- Ichien Chigyo was a term used during the Japanese Middle Ages to mean that a particular individual has integrated control over lands in complicated and multi-layered relationships of dominance and rights of the Shoen Koryo (public lands and private estates) system.
- その状態は18歳を迎える永和 (日本)元年(天授 (日本)/1375年)まで継続される(もっとも、名実ともに義満親政が始まるのは康暦の政変以後のことである)。
- These conditions lasted until Yoshimitsu reached the age of 18 years old in 1375 (although it was not until the Koryaku Coup that direct administration of Yoshimitsu was instituted both nominally and virtually).
- その後、千葉常胤と源義朝の間でどういう決着を見たのかは不明であるが、保元の乱では千葉常胤は源義朝の率いる関東の兵の中に、上総介常澄の子広常とともに名が見える。
- It is unknown how Tsunetane CHIBA and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo were settled thereafter, but Tsunetane CHIBA's name appears, together with Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi's son Hirotsune, in the Kanto forces led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in the Hogen War.
- 保元の乱では国家による公的な動員だったのに対して今回はクーデターのための隠密裏の召集であり、義朝が組織できたのは私的武力に限られ兵力は僅少だったと推測される。
- Whereas the mobilization during the Hogen Rebellion had been public, sanctioned by the state, this time the order to muster had to be given in the utmost secrecy due to the coup, and so Yoshitomo was only able to assemble what soldiers he had immediately around him; it is conjectured that his army, in the end, numbered very few indeed.
- 保元元年(1156年)7月6日 (旧暦)、宇治市の警護にあたっていた平基盛(清盛の次男)が、上皇方に参陣しようとしていた大和源氏の源親治(宇野親治)を捕える。
- On July 31, 1156, TAIRA no Motomori, the second son of Kiyomori, on the task of guarding Uji City, apprehended MINAMOTO no Chikaharu (Chikaharu UNO) of the Yamato-Genji, who was to join the retired emperor's side.
- 王土王民思想に基づく律令制は、天皇とその官僚による一元的な支配を志向しており、民衆に対しては編戸制・班田制・租庸調制・軍団 (古代日本)などの支配が行われた。
- The Ritsuryo system based on Odo omin shiso (the principle that all the land and people belong to the emperor) intended unified control of the nation by the Emperor and national government officials, and the people were controlled through henko-sei (a system for organizing the people), handen-sei (a land-allotment system based on Ritsuryo), Soyocho system (a tax system, corvee) and troops (in ancient Japan).
- 将軍の足利義昭が音頭を取り、比叡山、本願寺、武田信玄、上杉謙信、朝倉義景、浅井長政、松永久秀、三好三人衆、毛利輝元ら反信長派が結集して信長包囲網を築き上げた。
- Under the leadership of shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, anti-Nobunaga forces such as Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Hieizan (Enryaku-ji Temple), Hongan-ji Temple, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Nagamasa AZAI, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Miyoshi sanninshu, and Terumoto MORI gathered together and established encircling formation.
- 大内義隆(義興の子)は宿敵の少弐資元(政資の子)に止めを刺すべく筑前国守護代杉興連に命じて大内方の北九州の諸将を率いさせ、資元の居城肥前国勢福寺城を攻撃させた。
- Yoshitaka OUCHI (a son of Yoshioki) ordered Okitsura SUGI, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) of Chikuzen Province, to lead the warlords of Kitakyushu in the Ouchi side to attack Seifukuji-jo Castle in Hizen Province, the castle of Sukemoto SHONI (a son of Sukemoto SHONI) in Hizen Province.
- 天治元年(1124年)6月、千葉氏の祖である平常重(以下千葉常重)は叔父・相馬五郎平常晴の養子とされ、相馬郡 (下総国)を譲られて、10月には相馬郡司となった。
- In July 1124, TAIRA no Tsuneshige (hereinafter 'Tsuneshige CHIBA'), who was a founder of the Chiba clan, was adopted by his uncle Goro SOMA, TAIRA no Tsuneharu and given the Soma county, Shimosa Province, and in November 1124, he became Soma gunji (district managers of the Soma county).
- 鎌倉時代の守護が国内の軍事警察権を持つにとどまっていたのに対し、室町期の守護は、半済で得た権益を元に、軍事警察権のみならず荘園領主や国衙の権能を吸収していった。
- While provincial constables in the Kamakura period simply had military police powers, those in the Muromachi period gradually absorbed the powers of the lords of manors and the kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the military police powers, based on the interests obtained in 'Hanzei.'
- 平氏一門は保元の乱の結果、清盛が播磨守、平頼盛が安芸守、平教盛が淡路守、平経盛が常陸介となり兄弟で四ヶ国の受領を占めるなど、その実力は無視できないものがあった。
- The end result of the Hogen Rebellion was favorable to the Taira clan, with Kiyomori made governor of Harima Province and TAIRA no Yorimori governor of Aki Province, TAIRA no Norimori governor of Awaji Province, and TAIRA no Tsunemori assistant governor of Hitachi Province; the Taira's power and influence, what with a single set of brothers now controlling four provinces, could no longer be ignored.
- 元治元年に入ると、孝明天皇を再び長州陣営のものとする為、京都に乗り込もうとする積極策が長州で論じられた(この時の積極的に上洛を説いたのが、来島又兵衛、久坂玄瑞。
- Arriving in 1864, those in Choshu debated whether to adopt a proactive plan to march on Kyoto in a second attempt to win Emperor Komei over to the Choshu camp (at this point, the two arguing for the active advance on Kyoto were Matabe KIJIMA and Genzui KUSAKA.)
- 元々院政は朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであったがために、『禁中並公家諸法度』ではそれを統制できず、江戸幕府による朝廷の統制に限界があることを露呈した格好となった。
- Because insei was outside the legal framework of the Imperial Court from its establishment, it could not be controlled by 'Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto'; thus it became apparent that there was a limit to how far the Edo bakufu could control the Imperial Court.
- その後、錦小路頼徳は元治元年(1864年)に病没、澤宣嘉は生野の変で挙兵したのち脱出して長州に潜伏、残る五卿は長州征討第一次の後に筑前国太宰府天満宮に移された。
- Later, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI died from a disease in 1864, Nobuyoshi SAWA raised an army during the Ikuno Incident and then escaped to hide in Choshu, and the remaining five nobles were transferred to Dazaifu Tenmangu in Chikuzen Province after the first conquest of Choshu clan.
- 元々、地子は生産物地代の性格を持ち、その土地の生産物が地子として納入されていたが、中世後期ごろから貨幣経済が進展していくと、貨幣による地子の納入が増加していった。
- Originally, jishi had the characteristics of a tax payment in the form of products and the local products were brought in as jishi but jishi payment in money increased as the money economy gradually advanced from the late mid-period.
- また当時、元側でも1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市(明州、のちの寧波)に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していた。
- Moreover, in those days, Yuan officials rigorously restricted entry or departure of the port, regarding any Japanese ship, which entered Neiha city (Mingzhou, later Ningbo), as a pirate ship after the Wako Incident from 1335 to 1336.
- 天龍寺船(てんりゅうじぶね)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都天龍寺造営費捻出のために室町幕府公認の下、元 (王朝)へ派遣された貿易船(寺社造営料唐船)である。
- Tenryuji-bune refers to official trading vessels of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), dispatched to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- しかしもう一人の養子・高国は、一族の摂津国分郡守護細川政賢や淡路国守護細川尚春、河内国守護畠山義堯と語らい、細川氏(京兆家)の後継者を澄元とすることで合意をみた。
- The other adopted son Takakuni, however, conspired with his two relatives, Masakata HOSOKAWA, the bungunshugo (a provincial constable of a specially given province in gun unit) of Settsu Province, Hisaharu HOSOKAWA, the shugo of Awaji Province and Yoshitaka HATAKEYAMA, the shugo of Kawachi Province; amongst the four of them, they agreed to make Sumimoto the successor of the Hosokawa clan (the Keicho family).
- 文治元年(1185年)2月、屋島の戦いに勝利した義経は、1箇月かけて軍備を整えつつ河野通信や船所正利など水軍勢力を味方に引き入れ、瀬戸内海の制海権を握っていった。
- Yoshitsune, fresh off his victory at the battle of Okushima in March, 1185, spent a month resupplying and readying his army, and won over warriors possessing significant naval forces like Tsunenobu KANO and Masatoshi FUNATO as allies, establishing his control over the Seto Inland Sea.
- 会所の、その副次的な性格から、常御所の前面に配置されるわけがなく、やはり、奥向きにあったのだろう、と川上は推測し、整合性があうように東山殿の復元配置を試みている。
- Kawakami predicted that due to the secondary nature of kaisho, it was not placed in front of Tsune no gosho but was probably placed at the back, and attempted the reconstruction of the coordinated location of Higashiyamadono.
- 1711年(正徳元年)に従事官の李邦彦が客殿から対岸に位置する仙酔島や弁天島 (福山市)の眺望を「日東第一形勝(朝鮮より東で一番美しい景勝地という意」)と賞賛した。
- In 1711, Bangyan LI, an officer of the envoy, praised the scenery of Sensui-jima Island and Benten-jima Island located on the opposite shore was the '日東第一形勝' (meaning that the most beautiful scenic area in the east of Korea) when viewed from the guest hall.
- 乙名は元々、村落の祭祀を執り行う宮座(みやざ)の代表者をさしていたが、惣村の結合が宮座での儀式を中心として行われていたことから、惣村の指導者を意味するようになった。
- The Otona originally meant a representative of miyaza (organization of shrine parishioners in a hamlet), which executed religious services in a village; however, as the soson was connected mainly through a ceremony held at miyaza, Otona came to mean the leader of the soson.
- 船岡山合戦(ふなおかやまがっせん)とは、永正8年(1511年)8月23日、将軍足利義稙を擁立する細川高国・大内義興と前将軍足利義澄を擁立する細川澄元との間でおきた。
- The Funaokayama-gassen (Battle at Mt. Funaoka) refers to a battle on September 25, 1511, between Takakuni HOSOKAWA along with OUCHI Yoshioki who supported shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA who support former shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA.
- 院と延暦寺の対立・抗争、延暦寺攻撃に消極的な平氏という構図は、安元3年(1177年)4月13日、延暦寺が加賀守・藤原師高の配流を求めて起こした強訴でも繰り返される。
- The pattern (confrontation and dispute between the cloister government and Enryaku-ji Temple and the Taira clan who did not wish to attack Enryaku-ji-Temple) repeated on May 19, 1177 at a direct petition by the Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu demanding the exile of Kaga no kami FUJIWARA no Morotaka.
- 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層(侍品さむらいほん)を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
- Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
- 城将の鳥居元忠とその兵達が予想外の奮戦を見せ、また包囲軍の内部にも三成らに強制的に西軍として与させられた者がおり、戦意が上がらなったなどの要因があったためとされる。
- The reasons for this include the facts that Mototada TORII, the commander-in-chief, and his troop fought back unexpectedly against the attacking force and that the besieging army had some soldiers who had been forced to join the western army by Mitsunari and some other people and thus had little will to fight.
- 西島安則総長時代の1989年(平成元年)春、京大当局(河合隼雄学生部長)と吉田寮自治会の間で合意が成立し、西寮の取り壊しなどと引き換えに事実上「在寮期限」は撤廃さた。
- In 1989 when Yasunori NISHIJIMA was the president, the authority of Kyoto University (dean of students Hayao KAWAI) and the council of Yoshida dormitory agreed to demolish the west building in exchange for the abolition of the 'time limit.'
- その利害対立は、京の都の近国においては藤原元命に対する「尾張国郡司百姓等解文」で有名な国司苛政上訴として現れるが、多くは武力による衝突までにはならずに調整が図られる。
- Among such conflicts in interest seen in neighboring provinces of Kyoto was the famous 'Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi' (Letter from a local government official of Owari Province to farmers) sent against FUJIWARA no Motonaga for Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi - provincial governor taken by farmers), but many did not develop into military conflict, but were rather settled with negotiations.
- 『後二条師通記』永長元年8月13日_(旧暦)条(嘉保3年/1096年9月2日)によれば、8月に入って夜空に流星が見えて人々が大騒ぎをしているのに、天文密奏が無かった。
- According to the entry of 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi) for September 8, 1096, people were terribly frightened at the sight of a meteor streaking across the night sky in August, yet no tenmon misso was done.
- 元弘の変が失敗に終わったあとも、幕府の追及を逃れた後醍醐の皇子護良親王、楠木正成らのゲリラ的抵抗運動は続き、規模的にも地域的にも次第に純然たる叛乱へと拡大していった。
- After the Genko Incident ended in failure, guerilla like resistance continued under Godaigo's son, Imperial Prince Moriyoshi and Masashige KUSUNOKI, and gradually the size and region increased until it was a true insurrection.
- 花山の幼なじみであった藤原道兼(兼家の三男)の教唆もあって花山はついに出家を決意、夜陰に乗じて内裏を抜け出し、道兼に付き添われて山科の元慶寺(花山寺)に赴き剃髪した。
- With the solicitation of Kazan's childhood friend FUJIWARA no Michikane (Kaneie's third son), Kazan finally decided on becoming a priest, escaping the court in the cover of darkness and went to Gankei-ji Temple (Kazan-ji Temple) in Yamashina, Kyoto together with Michikane to have his head shaved.
- また、これに関連して義材派の山城守護・伊勢貞陸(貞宗の子)が、山城国一揆を主導してきた国人層を懐柔して政元への抵抗を試み、また、政元も対抗策として同様の措置を採った。
- Also, in connection to this, the military governor of Yamashiro, Sadamichi ISE (the son of Sadamune), who was close to Yoshiki, won over the local samurai class who had led an uprising in Yamashiro Province and tried to resist Masamoto, and Masamoto used the same technique as a countermeasure.
- ここに、吉野朝廷と京都の朝廷(北朝)が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)が到来し、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)の南北朝合一まで約60年間にわたって南北朝の抗争が続いた。
- With this, the period of two opposing courts, the Yoshino (Southern) Court and the Court in Kyoto (of the Northern Dynasty), began; the struggles between the Northern and Southern Ccourts were to continue for over 60 years, until the two courts were finally unified in 1392.
- 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同 (日本)年間初頭(大同元年は806年)の設立と推定されている。
- It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because 'Nihon Koki' was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
- この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
- This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
- また当時出没し始めた倭寇による海賊的私貿易を防ぐ意味からも、沿岸部の広州・泉州・慶元(寧波)などに市舶司を置き、日本との平和的な交易を望むようになっていた(日元貿易)。
- In addition, with an aim to prevent piratical private trades by wako (Japanese pirates), the dynasty came to desire peaceful trades with Japan (trade between Japan and Yuan Dynasty) by establishing Shihakushi (the public office that operated on trade on the sea in China from T'ang-Dynasty period to the Ming Dynasty period) in Quanzhou, Qingyuan, and Ningbo.
- しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
- Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.
- 室町幕府管領の細川勝元と、山名持豊(出家して山名宗全)らの有力守護大名が争い、九州など一部の地方を除く全国に拡大、影響し、戦国時代 (日本)に突入するきっかけとなった。
- Strife between Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Kanrei (Shogun's deputy of the Muromachi Bakufu), and influential shugo daimyos (military governors-turned-provincial lords) including Mochitoyo YAMANA (later tonsured and renamed Sozen YAMANA) expanded nationwide except in some regions including Kyushu, and thereby triggering the advent of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States in Japan).
- 戊辰戦争(ぼしんせんそう、慶応4年/明治元年 - 明治2年(1868年 - 1869年))は、王政復古 (日本)で成立した明治新政府が江戸幕府勢力を一掃した日本の内戦。
- The Boshin War from 1868 to 1869 was a civil war in Japan in which the new Meiji government, brought about by the restoration of the Japanese monarchy, eradicated the power of the Edo Shogunate.
- また、芸能者では主要な大夫を家元とする芸能集団としての座が形成され、江戸時代以後に「○○座」という呼称で呼ばれるようになり、転じて劇場や映画館の名称としても用いられた。
- Additionally, entertainers formed some za as entertainer groups whose headmen were major tayu (the headmaster of a school of performing arts), and people began to add the term 'za' to the end of their group names beginning in the Edo period. By further extension, such use of 'za' also began to be applied to theater names and movie theater names afterward.
- それでも秀吉は秀頼が成人するまで武家関白制を守るために慶長元年(1596年)に武家である徳川家康を内大臣に昇進させた以外は一切の関白・大臣の就任を認めようとしなかった。
- Nevertheless, except promoting Ieyasu TOKUGAWA from the samurai class to Naidaijin in 1596, Hideyoshi did not allow anyone to assume the position of Kanpaku or a minister until Hideyori became an adult in order to protect the Buke Kanpaku sei.
- 貞享元年(1684年)佐渡にて小倉実起・公連父子が相次いで病死、さすがの霊元天皇もこれを憐れんで翌年に竹淵季件を赦免して小倉熙季と改名させて小倉家を再興する事を許した。
- In 1684, Saneoki and Kintsura OGURA, father and son, successively died of illness in Sado, a sad enough circumstance to tempt Emperor Reigen to remit Kiken TAKEBUCHI and had him change the name to Hirosue OGURA, who was permitted to restore the Ogura family.
- 当時、「一円」の語は、一元的または完全を意味しており、一円的に支配されている土地を一円地(いちえんち)・一円領(いちえんりょう)・一円荘(いちえんのしょう)などと呼んだ。
- The term 'ichien' at the time meant entirety or completeness, and lands that were under ichien control were called ichienchi (ichien land), ichienryo (ichien territory), or ichien no sho (ichien manor).
- 同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
- On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.
- 正中の変(しょうちゅうのへん)とは、鎌倉時代後期の1324年(正中 (元号)元年)に起きた、後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府討幕計画が事前に発覚して首謀者が処分された事件である。
- The 'Shochu Incident' occurred in 1324 (late Kamakura period), where a plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu by Emperor Godaigo was discovered beforehand and the main perpetrators were executed.
- なお、元暦2年(1185年)滅亡することがなければ、平清盛の政権は鎌倉幕府とはまた違った、西国を中心とした独自の武家政権へ成長したのではないかとの可能性も指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that if it had not all ended in 1185, TAIRA no Kiyomori's government would have been different from the Kamakura bakufu, possibly developing into an original bushi government with the west provinces as its center.
- 居貞は藤原済時(師尹の長男)の娘藤原せい子と道隆の娘藤原原子を妻としていたが、済時と道隆は長徳元年に揃って死去してしまい、居貞は有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることもできなかった。
- Okisada had FUJIWARA no Naritoki (Morotada's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Seishi and Michitaka's daughter, FUJIWARA no Genshi as wives, but Naritoki and Michitaka both died in 995, and Okisada had no influential maternal relative for support.
- また、復元図のもとになった史料、『室町殿行幸御餝記』、『小河御所并東山殿御餝図』の解釈のちがいにより、主室にあったのはつくりつけの押板ではなく置押板である、という説もある。
- Due to a difference in the interpretation of the historical documents in which the reconstructed image was based upon, 'Ogawagosho narabini Higashiyamadono Okazarizu' within 'Muromachidono Gyoko Okazariki,' there was a theory that stated that the master bedroom did not have the built-in oshiita but oshiita that was simply placed there.
- 家臣である管領が将軍を廃したこの事件によって政元は細川京兆家による管領職の世襲化と独占状態を確立し、さらに将軍の廃立権をも手中に収めたのだが、その天下も長くは続かなかった。
- With this coup, in which the Kanrei, a retainer of the Shogun, deposed the Shogun, Masamoto managed to create a hereditary monopoly over the position of Kanrei for his Keicho branch of the Hosokawa clan, and moreover arrogated to himself the right to depose and appoint the Shogun, but such a state of affairs did not continue for long.
- 1612年の、開山である元佶の没後、臨済宗に属する円光寺は、相国寺の境内に移り、その後、寛文年間(1661年 - 1673年)には、愛宕郡修学院村(現在地)に移転している。
- In 1612, after the founding father Genkitsu died, the Enko-ji Temple, belonging to the Rinzai Sect, was moved to within the premises of the Shokoku-ji Temple and afterwards was relocated to the Shugakuin Village, Otagi County during 1661 to 1673.
- 後に室町幕府の14代征夷大将軍・足利義栄が将軍就任の御礼に朝廷に献上した銭貨や同じく織田信長が正親町天皇の儲君誠仁親王の元服の際に献上した銭貨が鐚銭ばかりであると非難された。
- It was criticized that the coins contained mostly akusen, the coins which Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, the 14th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu presented to the Imperial court as a reward for the assumption of the Shogun, and coins which Nobunaga ODA presented at the ceremony of genpuku (celebration of one's coming of age) for Imperial Prince Sanehito, the chokun (crown prince) of Emperor Ogimachi.
- 1869年(明治2年)の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族(元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事)、士族(旗本、藩士、上級郷士)、卒族(足軽・同心などの軽輩)に編成された。
- After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).
- 大内義興の軍には、直臣である問田弘胤や陶興房の他、後に中国地方で敵味方に分かれ抗争する国人領主である尼子経久、吉川国経、毛利興元(毛利元就の兄)、吉見頼興などが参加していた。
- Takamori TOIDA and Okifusa SUE who were great vassals of Yoshioki OUCHI, Tsunehisa AMAGO, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) who later opposed in Chugoku region, Kunitsune KIKKAWA, Okimoto MORI (elder brother of Motonari MORI), Yorioki YOSHIMI and others had joined the forces of OUCHI Yoshioki.
- 「東福寺」と記された木簡の裏に「十貫公用」などの字が見られることから、この船は元応元年(1319年)に焼失した東福寺の造営料を名目として派遣された唐船であることが推測される。
- This ship is presumed to have been a Tosen dispatched to raise funds to construct Tofuku-ji Temple burnt down in 1319, because words 'ten kan (an unit of currency) for public use' are found on the back side of the mokkan with 'Tofuku-ji Temple' on it.
- そのため、義政がこれ以上の政治参加に倦んで義尚に突然将軍を譲って引退しても、また両軍の総大将である細川勝元・山名宗全が相次いで病死しても諸大名は兵を撤退させることは無かった。
- This only caused Yoshimasa to lose what little interest he had left in politics, prompting him suddenly to relinquish the position of Shogun to Yoshihisa and retire, but the conflict between the two armies continued, and even after the successive natural deaths by illness of each army's supreme commanders, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA, the various daimyo did not withdraw their forces.
- 以上のように、守護職の固定化および権能の大幅な拡大を背景として、室町期守護は、領国内の在地領主(国人)、土地、人民(百姓など)に対する一円支配(一元的な支配)を強化していった。
- Thus, taking advantage of the monopolization of the shugo-shiki as well as the drastically expanded authority, the shugo in the Muromachi period strengthened the comprehensive (unified) control over the resident landholders (called 'kokujin' [local lord]), lands, people (including peasants) and so on.
- 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛, 不啻如兄弟, 言語飮食, 利害緩急, 無不共之。」
- The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:
- 荘園領主や地頭などへの年貢は、元々、領主・地頭側が徴収することとされていたが、惣村が成立した後は、惣村が一括して年貢納入を請け負う地下請(じげうけ)が広く行われるようになった。
- Although the nengu (land tax) paid to the lord of the manor or the Jito was conventionally collected by the lord or the Jito, the jigeuke (under which soson undertook the payment of nengu in a lump sum) prevailed after the soson was formed.
- こうしてそれまで各国の体制は、荘園も含めて一元的に受領の支配下にあったものが、荘官の支配する荘園と、受領の支配下にある公領が、大きく二分して土地・民衆支配をする形態に移行した。
- Eventually, the old provincial system, administered by zuryo collectively including shoen, was shifted into a new system, in which the control of land and people was roughly divided into two on the basis of shoen (administered by shokan) and koryo (administered by zuryo).
- 元来は菅原氏当主の書斎であった山陰亭で講義が行われていたが、生徒の増大につれて廊下(寝殿造の中門廊)で講義が行われたことから、菅家廊下(かんけろうか)と呼ばれて後世に知られた。
- Originally, the lecture was given in Sanin-tei, a study of the head of the Sugawara clan, but as the number of students increased, the lecture began to take place in the hallway (chumonro - covered entrance arcade) of Shinden-zukuri style - architecture representative of a nobleman's residence during the Heian period) -- That was why the lecture was called Kanke Roka (the hallway of Sugawara's house) and remembered in later ages.
- どんどん焼け(どんどんやけ)とは幕末の京都市中で元治元年7月18日 (旧暦)(1864年8月19日)から7月21日 (旧暦)(8月21日)まで発生した火災(大火)のことである。
- Dondon-yake is the fire that broke out in the city of Kyoto at the end of the Edo period from August 19 to 21, 1864.
- 『今昔物語集』の「摂津守満仲出家せる語」には500との数もあるが、それは『今昔物語集』が書かれた12世紀初めの段階での当時最大の都の武士団の印象を元にした誇張・文飾だとされる。
- The story of Mitsunaka, the lord of Settsu Province' in 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' stated 500, but it is assumed to be just an exaggeration and flowery words following the impression of bushidan of the biggest capital back in early twelfth century when 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' was written.
- 翌元弘4年(1334年)には後醍醐の皇子恒良親王(12歳)が皇太子に立てられ、持明院統の皇統としての地位は完全に否定され、3世代、50年以上にわたった両統迭立はここに終焉した。
- The next year, 1334, saw Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi (aged 12) as Crown Prince and the position of the Jimyoin line as a Emperor's line was completely negated, and here the Ryoto tetsuritsu that spanned three generations and continued over 50 years came to an end.
- 新政の当初は院政を行わず、摂政・関白や征夷大将軍などを設置せずに政治権力の一元化を目指しており、表面的には復古王政を装いつつ、内実は先例主義を否定する革新的な政治路線であった。
- In the beginning, the new government did not have any separate government by retired emperors, nor did it make the usual appointments of regent, chief advisor, or Seii taishogun, instead aiming to centralize all political power; superficially, the government was dressed in the guise of a restoration to direct Imperial rule, but in fact it was a government set on a truly progressive course, one that rejected the old principle of putting precedent first.
- 鎌倉時代末期、後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府倒幕を計画した正中の変(1324年)・元弘の変(1332年)を幕府側は「天皇御謀叛」(あるいは「当今御謀叛」)と呼び、世間一般もこれに倣った。
- In the end of the Kamakura Period, the Kamakura bakufu called the Shochu Disturbance (1324) and the Genko Incident (1332), the Emperor Godaigo's attempt to overthrow the bakufu, 'the Emperor muhon (or togin [the current Emperor] muhon), so ordinary people followed that.
- 首実検(くびじっけん)とは、前近代、配下の武士が戦場で討ちとった敵方の首級(くび・しるし)の身元を大将が判定し、その配下の武士の論功行賞の重要な判定材料とするために行われた作業。
- In feudal days of old, lower ranked samurai took the heads severed from the bodies of foes killed on the battlefield to their commanders for identification called 'Kubi jikken'; this activity took place because a severed head was crucial piece of identification evidence leading to conferring of honors on lower ranking samurai.
- その後、812年(弘仁3年))・843年(承和10年)・878年(元慶2年)・904年(延喜4年)・936年(承平6年)・965年(康保2年)に計7回行われたことが知られている。
- The functions are known to have been held seven times after that, in 812, 843, 878, 904, 936 and 965.
- 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
- In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- 口宣案(くぜんあん)とは、元来は口宣の案文であり、覚書(メモ)の下書き程度の意味合いでしかなかったが、後には太政官を経由せずに直接実務担当者に勅旨の内容を伝えるために用いられた。
- Kuzen-an' was originally a draft proposal of kuzen, meaning no more than an incomplete version of a memorandum (memo); but later, it came into use as a means of directly conveying the imperial order to working-level officials, bypassing the Daijokan.
- いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
- In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- 鎌倉時代書写の書陵部所蔵の九条家旧蔵本長久元年記5巻・田中穫所蔵本の長暦2年記1巻・尊経閣文庫所蔵の三条西家本永承3年記3巻には、東寺本には収録されていない月日も多く含んでいる。
- The handwritten copies such as the one owned once by the Kujo family and currently by the Imperial Household Archives, Vol. 5 of the Chokyu Gannen Ki (chronicle of the first year of the Chokyu era) in the Kamakura period, the one possessed by Kaku TANAKA, Vol. 1 of the Choreki Ninen Ki (chronicle of the second year of the Choreki era), and the one owned by Sonkeikaku-bunko library, Vol. 3 of the Eisho Sannen Ki (chronicle of the third year of the Eisho era) in the Sanjonishike-bon (Sanjonishi family book) include many entries that are not contained in the Toji-bon.
- これに対応するために与力の嫡子を見習名目で職務に当たらせて給銀だけを与える事で与力の数を事実上水増ししたり、本来は町役人の元締であった町代に事務業務を委任したりするようになった。
- To cope with the realignments, the number of yoriki was effectively padded by assigning children of yoriki to such duties as paid trainees, and the administrative work was outsourced to Machi-dai who used to be the head of town officials.
- 清盛は朝廷の内紛に起因する保元の乱と平治の乱で、武功を挙げ政権を獲得したが、平氏政権は平家一門で朝廷の官位を占め、清盛自身は天皇の外戚となるなど、従来の摂関政治と大差は無かった。
- Kiyomori gained political power as a result of his military exploits in the Hogen Revolt and the Heiji Revolt, both of which arose as a result of internal conflicts in the Imperial Court; however, the Taira government was not very different from a traditional regency, as can be seen by the fact that the Taira clan occupied most of the official ranks of the Imperial Court, and Kiyomori himself became a maternal relative of the Emperor.
- その後、平氏は西国の諸勢力を組織して戦争に当たっていたが、元暦2年(1185年)3月、関門海峡での最終決戦(壇ノ浦の戦い)で源義経軍に敗れて滅亡し、平氏政権は名実ともに消滅した。
- Later, the Taira clan organized the various forces of the west and continued to battle, but at the final pitched battle at the Kanmon Channel in March 1185, (Battle of Dannoura), they lost to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's forces and the Taira clan administration ended in both name and actuality.
- 隠岐為清の反乱等も重なり手をこまねいていた所へ、伊予国・北部九州へ出兵していた毛利家主力が戻り、毛利輝元・吉川元春・小早川隆景以下、13000の大軍は石見国から出雲国を目指した。
- They faced even more difficulties with the rebellion of Tamekiyo OKI, the main force of the Mori family returned from battles in Iyo Province and northern part of Kyushu, while a large army of 13,000 including Terumoto MORI, Motoharu KIKKAWA and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA left Iwami Province for Izumo Province.
- 丹波国は細川頼元、丹後国は一色満範、美作国は赤松義則、和泉国・紀伊国は大内義弘、但馬国は山名時熙、因幡国は山名氏家、伯耆国は山名氏幸、隠岐国・出雲国は京極高詮にそれぞれ与えられた。
- Tamba Province was given to Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Tango Province was given to Mitsunori ISSHIKI, Mimasaka Province was given to Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Izumi and Kii Provinces were given to Yoshihiro OUCHI, Tajima Province was given to Tokihiro YAMANA, Inaba Province was given to Ujiie YAMANA, Hoki Province was given to Ujiyuki YAMANA, and Oki and Izumo Provinces were given to Takanori KYOGOKU.
- 鎌倉幕府の公式日記(もしくはそれに准じるもの)である『吾妻鏡』には壇ノ浦の戦いについては元暦二年三月二十四日の条で「長門国赤間関壇ノ浦の海上で三町を隔て船を向かわせて源平が相戦う。
- In the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East), the official (or semi-official) diary of the Kamakura Shogunate, the battle of Dannoura, listed under the entry of 24th day of the third month of Genryaku 2, is described as follows: 'The ships of the Minamoto and Taira, their forces apart from each other by approximately 300 meters, met in battle on the sea of Dannoura in Akamaseki of Nagato Province.
- 義視出奔の原因は、武衛騒動で追放されていた宿敵伊勢貞親が幕府に復権したことが一因とされるが、このころ義政や後見人の勝元が自らの廃嫡と義尚の将軍職就任に傾いたことが主な原因であろう。
- Yoshimi's escape is partly attributed to the reinstatement of his archenemy Sadachika ISE, who had been expelled as a consequence of Buei sodo, in the Bakufu, but the main reason seems to be that Yoshimasa and guardian Katsumoto had inclined by then to favor the disinheritance of Yoshimi and the appointment of Yoshihisa as Shogun.
- その後、政治を主導する藤原信西と後白河院政派(藤原信頼・藤原成親・源師仲)・二条親政派(藤原経宗・藤原惟方)の対立が激しくなり、3年後の平治元年(1159年)に平治の乱が起こった。
- Later, the conflict between FUJIWARA no Shinzei, who led the government and the Goshirakawa cloister government group (FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, MINAMOTO no Moronaka), and Nijo Shinsei (direct Imperial rule) group (FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata) intensified, and the Heijo no ran (Heiji Rebellion) occurred three years later in 1159.
- 義尚の死後、将軍の座は義視の子・足利義稙が継承していたが、義材と対立した政元は、義材と結ぶ元管領畠山政長を討つと、明応の政変を引き起こして義材を追放して足利義澄を新将軍に擁立した。
- Following Yoshihisa's death, the position of Shogun passed to Yoshimi's son Yoshitane (more commonly known as 'Yoshiki') ASHIKAGA, but when Masamoto, who was embroiled in a conflict with Yoshiki, struck down the former Kanrei Masanaga HATAKEYAMA, who was allied with Yoshiki, the Meio Coup began; Yoshiki was driven into exile and Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA was installed as the new Shogun.
- 伏見城攻めの総大将は宇喜多秀家、副将は小早川秀秋で、その他に毛利秀元、吉川広家、小西行長、島津義弘、長宗我部盛親、長束正家、鍋島勝茂などが攻城側に参加し、総勢4万人の大軍であった。
- The army, which was attacking Fushimi-jo Castle, consisted of 40,000 soldiers led by Hideie UKITA, the commander-in-chief, and Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, the adjutant general, with other members including Hidemoto MORI, Hiroie YOSHIKAWA, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, Morichika CHOSOKABE, Masaie NAGATSUKA and Katsushige NABESHIMA.
- 弘仁元年(810年)の薬子の変をきっかけに蔵人所が設置されると、従来は後宮の内侍司を通して伝えられていた天皇の勅旨の太政官への伝達が、次第に蔵人所の職事によって行われるようになった。
- When the kurodo dokoro was founded after the Kusuko Incident in 810, the shikiji at the kurodo dokoro gradually assumed the role of conveying the imperial edict to the Daijokan -- the order had conventionally been conveyed by naishishi (also referred to as naishi no tsukasa; messengers from the palace attendants) at kokyu (the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace).
- 後南朝は、嘉吉の乱で滅亡した赤松氏の再興を目指す赤松遺臣によって、1457年(長禄元年)に南朝後裔の自天王・忠義王なる兄弟が殺害され、神璽が奪還されることによって、実質的に滅亡した。
- But in 1457, the gonancho forces were essentially ruined when they were betrayed by the surviving retainers of the AKAMATSU clan, who were seeking to restore the clan after their annihilation in the Kakitsu rebellion; the Southern Court descendants, the brothers Jitenno and Chugio, were assassinated, and the Grand Jewels were restolen.
- 記録所は、平安時代に藤原摂関家から権力を取り戻そうとした後三条天皇が1069年(延久元年)に記録荘園券契所を設置したことに由来し、建武政権における中央官庁の最高機関として設置された。
- The Records Office had its origin in the Heian-era Office of Records for Land Deeds to Shoen established by Emperor Gosanjo in 1069 in an attempt to wrest back control over land ownership from the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors; it was set as the highest and most powerful branch of the central bureaucracy in the Kenmu government.
- しかし、延暦17年(798年)の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う(交易雑物)時には、和市の価(今日で言う市場価格)で購入するように命じられている。
- But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
- 本書の成立時期に言及すれば、『日本三代実録』の部分については、同書は901年(延喜元年)完成であり、その直前に道真が大宰府に流されているために同書部分は後世の加筆であると言う説がある。
- Regarding the date of establishment, one theory is that since 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six history texts) was completed in 901 and Michizane was exiled to Dazaifu just before that year, the excerpted part of the book was added at a later date.
- 永正4年(1507年)6月23日、修験道にとりつかれ、度々奇行のあった細川政元は、魔法を修する準備として邸内の湯屋に入ったところ、澄之を擁する内衆の薬師寺長忠・香西元長らに殺害された。
- On August 11, 1507, when Masamoto, who often behaved peculiarly and was obsessed with Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism that incorporated Shinto and Buddhist concepts) went into the bathhouse on his premises in preparation for acquiring magic, he was assassinated by the uchishu members Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and Motonaga KOZAI, who supported Sumiyuki.
- 巻15と、巻19から巻48、すなわち貞観 (日本)10年(868年)と貞観13年(871年)1月から仁和元年(885年)12月には、ところどころ写本の省略箇所があり、全文が伝わらない。
- In volume 15 and volumes 19 to 48, i.e. in 868 and from January 871 to January 886, there are several omissions in the manuscript and the entire text has not been recorded.
- 治承元年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷事件により後白河天皇と平清盛の関係は危機的状況となったが、この時は清盛も首謀者の藤原成親・西光の処刑と参加者の配流にとどめ、法皇自身の責任は問わなかった。
- The relation between Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Kiyomori came into crisis due to the Shikagatani Incident in 1177, but Kiyomori limited the scale of the incident to the execution of FUJIWARA no Narichika and Saiko, who were the heads conspirators, and the exile of participants, and did not put the blame on the emperor at this time.
- さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した(『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明)。
- Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).
- 壇ノ浦の戦い(だんのうらのたたかい)とは、平安時代の後期の元暦2年(寿永4年)3月24日 (旧暦)(1185年4月25日)に長門国赤間関壇ノ浦(現在の山口県下関市)で行われた合戦である。
- The battle of Dannoura was fought in the closing days of the Heian period, on April 25, 1185, under the old lunar calendar), and took place in Nagato Province, at Akamaseki, Dannoura (modern-day Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Pref.).
- 1865年(慶応元年)に実施された幕長戦争の失敗以降、江戸幕府の権威は失墜し、慶応2年になると京都では幕府の立てた(長州藩を朝敵とする内容の)制札が引き抜かれるという事件が頻発しだした。
- After their failure in the Baku-cho War (war between bakufu and Choshu) carried out in 1865, the authority of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed, and in 1867, the noticeboards (that says Choshu clan is Emperor's enemy) placed by the bakufu were frequently pulled out in Kyoto.
- 1368年(応安元)に出された応安の半済令は、従来認められていた年貢の半分割だけでなく、土地自体の半分割をも認める内容であり、この後、守護による荘園・国衙領への侵出が著しくなっていった。
- The hanzei decree of the Oan era issued in 1368 authorized the shugo to take not only half the customs, which had already been granted, but also half the land, and subsequently the shugo penetrated deep into the manor and the Kokuga's territory.
- 細川澄元、三好之長軍は3千名前後しかおらず、この戦力で京都奪還を目指すというのは、戦上手である三好之長が立案するとは考えにくく、戦局の打開、阿波国へ逃げ帰る事が目的であったとも思われている
- With such limited armies of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI around three thousand strong, Yukinaga MIYOSHI who was proficient in directing a war could not have devised a strategy aimed at retaking Kyoto -- They might have aimed at turning the tide of the war and retreating back to Awa Province.
- 遣明船(けんみんせん)は室町時代の応永11年(1404年)から天文 (元号)16年(1547年)まで約1世紀半で17次(のべ84隻)に渡り、日明貿易(勘合貿易)に用いられた船のことである。
- Kenminsen means ships dispatched seventeen times to Ming China in the Muromachi period (the total number of ships was eighty-four) during the period of one and a half centuries from 1404 to 1547 for the purpose of Nichi-Ming trade (trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, China) (Kango trade).
- 元来は務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味しており、『続日本紀』に事例を見出せるが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理とこれに付随する権利・義務を表すようになった。
- It originally meant job and duty as the Chinese character 所務 literally means (where a person works), an example of which was shown in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued); and in the Heian period, as shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) developed, it came to mean the management of private estates and public lands and rights and obligations involved.
- 後醍醐は予定を早めて武装蜂起(元弘の変)に踏み切ったが、幕府は関係者の逮捕に着手するとともに、大軍を動員して鎮圧に乗り出し、後醍醐も逮捕されることを避けて京都を脱出し自ら叛乱軍に加わった。
- Although Godaigo decided to lead a military uprising earlier than planned (Genko Incident), the bakufu started to arrest related people and moved large forces to suppress the revolt, so Godaigo eluded arrest by escaping Kyoto and joined his rebel army.
- しかし室町時代においては、守護大名がその領国の武士と主従関係を結び、被官化し、一元支配するようになったのである(例外、あるいは地域差が存在するので、詳細は「守護領国制」の項目を参考の事)。
- However, during the Muromachi period the Shugo daimyos directly hired samurais in their lands, who became their vassals, and exercised unified control over their lands (since there are exceptions or differences by region, please refer to the item 'System of Ownership by Shugo Daimyos' for details).
- 秀吉もこれに賛同して、晴季と玄以は早速先に引退していた信輔の父・近衛前久(元関白・太政大臣)に対して秀吉を前久の猶子として関白を継がせ、将来的には信輔を後継として関白職を譲る案を提示した。
- Hideyoshi agreed with the recommendation, and then, Harusue and Geni proposed to Nobusuke's retired father, Sakihisa KONOE (former Kanpaku and Dajodaijin), that Hideyoshi be adopted by Sakihisa and be appointed to Kanpaku, and that the position of Kanpaku be given in the future to Nobusuke as Hideyoshi's successor.
- 更に建武の新政において元弘3年(1333年)、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
- Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.
- とはいえ、末期養子の認可のためには、幕府から派遣された役人が直接当主の生存と養子縁組の意思を確かめる判元見届(はんもとみとどけ)という手続きが必要であり、無制限に認められたわけではなかった。
- However, even after the lifting of a ban, for Matsugo yoshi to be given approval, the procedure of 'Hanmoto Mitodoke', in which the family head was confirmed as alive and his will for adoption was certified by a bakufu official, had to be carried out, which made it not always as straightforward as it could have been.
- 元来、職制律(在官応直不直条)においては昼の警備を「宿」、夜の警備を「直」と書いて「とのい」と読ませていたが、後世においては、夜の警備を「宿直」もしくは「殿居」と書いて「とのい」と読ませた。
- Originally under the Shikisei-ritsu (Office Penal Laws) (Zaikan Ochoku Fuchoku no jo (在官応直不直条, the article of guarding activities)) the guarding activity during the day was expressed as '宿' and the night activity as '直' and the combination of '宿直' was read as 'Tonoi,' but later it only came to mean the guarding activity during the night, which was described '宿直' or '殿居' and both were read as 'Tonoi.'
- また、貞観 (日本)2年(860年)には『孝経』の注釈書が大春日雄継の進言にて唐の李隆基御製の注釈書である『御注孝経(開元始注)』を採用する(ただし、孔安国については学習を妨げない)とした。
- In 860, 'Gyochu Kokyo' (Kaigan Shichu), an annotation text written by Ryuki LI was adopted for the annotation of 'Kokyo' by the advice of OKASUGA no Otsugu (however, the study of those of Ankoku KO were not restricted in any way).
- その結果、法皇は義仲への配慮のため北陸道は除いたが、ほぼ上記の内容を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を頼朝へ発して東海道・東山道の荘園・国衙領を元の通り領家に従わせる権限(沙汰権)が頼朝に認められた。
- As a result, the Cloistered Emperor issued 'Juei Ninen ju gatsu no senji,' an Imperial order close to the content above, except that Hokuriku-do Road was excluded in order to honor Yoshinaka and gave Yoritomo the right (Sata ken) to return shoen and Kokugaryo in the Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road back to their owners.
- 現存する記事は、長暦2年(1038年)・長暦3年(1039年)・長久元年(1040年)・長久2年(1042年)・永承3年(1048年)・永承7年(1052年)・天喜2年(1054年)である。
- The remaining entries in the Shunki are dated 1038, 1039, 1040, 1042, 1048, 1052 and 1054.
- 後南朝(ごなんちょう)とは、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)の南北朝合一後、南朝 (日本)の再建を図った南朝の皇統の子孫や遺臣による南朝復興運動とそれによって樹立された政権、皇室の総称である。
- Gonancho (Second Southern Court) is a general term that refers to descendants of the Southern dynasty (Japan) lineage and their former retainers and their attempts to revive the Southern Court after the two Courts were unified in 1392, and to the political administrations and the members of the Imperial household who were involved.
- 嘉吉の乱鎮圧に功労のあった宗全は主謀者赤松氏の再興に反対していたが、1458年、娘婿の勝元が宗全の勢力削減を図って赤松政則を加賀国守護職に取立てたことから両者は激しく対立するようになっていた。
- While Sozen, having contributed to the pacification of Kakitsu Incident, was against the reinstatement of the Akamatsu family who had masterminded the incident, he and his son-in-law Katsumoto came to an outright confrontation as Katsumoto appointed Masanori AKAMATSU shugo of Kaga Province in 1458 with a view to weakening Sozen's influence.
- 前者が天正元年12月8日の『孝親日記』、後者が天正9年4月1日の『兼見卿記』の記述を挙げてることが多く、信長の皇室政策の時期的に相違する部分の一部を捉えて自説の論拠として挙げる傾向が見られる。
- In many cases, the former group refer to a description in 'Takachika Nikki' (Takachika NAKAYAMA's Diary) of January 10, 1574 and the latter a description in 'Kanemikyoki' of May 13, 1581, it is observed that they tend to pick up a part of Nobunaga's policy with respect to the Imperial Court that had changed over time to use as the ground for their own view.
- これら以外だと藤原利仁を始祖とする「利仁流」や、藤原道兼の後裔とする宇都宮氏が多く、他に嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏や大江広元が有名な大江氏などがあり、有力な武士団はこれらの家系のどれかを起源としていた。
- Except for these, many bushi were from the 'Toshihito school' whose originator was FUJIWARA no Toshihito and from the Utsunomiya clan who were the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michikane; additionally there was the Watanabe clan from Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Oe clan where OE no Hiromoto was famous; the famous samurai groups originated from one of these family lines.
- 摂関家は保元の乱によって藤原忠実の知行国・頼長の所領が没収された上に、家人として荘園管理の武力を担っていた源為義が処刑されたことで各地の荘園で紛争が激化するなど、その勢力を大きく後退させていた。
- This branch of regents and advisors had suffered the confiscation of FUJIWARA no Tadazane's chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) as well as Yorinaga's territories due to the Hogen Rebellion, and worse yet the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, a retainer on whose military strength they had increasingly come to rely to manage their shoen properties; as a result, their power had greatly waned, as evidenced by the disputes over ownership of their lands escalating all over the country.
- 執権北条時宗の代に2度に渡る元寇があり、鎌倉幕府はこれを撃退したが、他国との戦役であり新たに領土を得たわけではなかったため、十分な恩賞を与えることができず、これもまた武士たちの不満を強めさせた。
- During the time of the regent Tokimune HOJO, Japan was twice invaded by the Mongols, and although the Kamakura bakufu managed to repel both invasions, it was an international conflict and thus there was no enemy land to confiscate and award to their soldiers, leaving them unable to provide suitable rewards, something that only strengthened malcontent among the warrior class.
- 箱館裁判所 (はこだてさいばんしょ) は、慶応4年(9月8日から改元して明治元年) (1868年) の短時日に、蝦夷地を統治するために箱館(現在の函館市)に設けられた裁判所 (地方制度)である。
- The Hakodate Court was established quickly as a local administrative organ in Hakodate (present-day, Hakodate City) in 1868 to govern Ezo (a northern island of Japan inhabited by Ainu indigenous people).
- これは、估価と和市価格の乖離に加え、国衙の国司や在庁官人が不当に安い価格を估価として地元住民に押し付けた上、必要以上に買い入れてその余剰をもって私服を肥やすという不正が後を絶たなかったからである。
- The reason for this was not only that there were differences between koka and washi prices but also that there was no end to the corrupt practices by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga and Zaichokanjin (the local officers in Heian and Kamakura periods), who imposed unreasonably low prices as koka on local residents, buying more goods than necessary so that they could use the surplus to feather their nests.
- 始期は織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛した永禄11年(1568年)が有力であるが、義昭が京都から放逐された元亀4年(1573年)、安土城の築城が始まった天正4年(1576年)とする考えもある。
- As for the start, a strong view is that the period started in 1568 when Nobunaga ODA obeyed Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and arrived in Kyoto, but others assert that it was in 1573, when Yoshiaki was banished from Kyoto, or 1576, when the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle started.
- 小倉事件(おぐらじけん)とは、延宝9年(天和_(日本)元年・1681年)に霊元天皇が皇位継承を巡って第1皇子である一宮(後の済深法親王)を強引に出家させてその外戚に当たる小倉家一族を粛清した事件。
- The Ogura Incident was a dispute over succession of the imperial throne in which Emperor Reigen forced Ichinomiya (later Cloistered Imperial Prince Saishin), his oldest son, to become a Buddhist priest in 1681, and purged the greater imperial household of the Ogura family, Ichinomiya's maternal relatives.
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期にかけての桓武天皇は、国司の任務遂行の徹底を企図して、延暦元年(782年)、後任が到着して120日経過しても解由状を得られない官司は、厳しい処分を受けることが定められた。
- Emperor Kanmu, who was an emperor from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period, attempted to make kokushi perform his duties completely, and regulated in 782 that, if a government officer could not obtain a geyujo even after 120 days from when his successor arrived, the officer should be punished severely.
- これは、公出挙の貸付先として利払いが滞りがちな小規模広範囲の百姓ではなく、大規模で少数の有力百姓等を指定し、彼らが公出挙により受け取った本稲(元本の稲)を私出挙の財源とすることを認めたものであった。
- Under this system, local administrative organizations designated a small number of influential farmers as debtors, instead of small-scaled and extensive peasants with a tendency of stagnant interest payment, allowing those designated debtors to use the 'Honto' (rice plant as capital), which they had received through Ku-Suiko, for the financial resources of Shi-Suiko.
- また、当初中原氏の養子に入り明法道を学んだ大江広元が鎌倉幕府創設に深く関与し、また『裁判至要抄』の『御成敗式目』への影響が指摘されるなど、明法道と武家法の成立にも少なからず関係があったとされている。
- Also OE no Hiromoto who became an adopted son of Nakahara clan to study Myohodo, was likely to have something to do with the establishment of Myohodo and Bukeho (the low system of samurai society) because he participated deeply in the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and influenced 'Goseibaishikimoku (the law of samurai regime)' of the legal book 'Saiban Shiyosho. '
- なお、長慶天皇が弘和3年(永徳3年/1383年)10月に摂津国のある村に出した朝用分免除の綸旨があるが、翌年元中元年(至徳_(日本)元年/1384年)閏9月の同趣旨の命令が院宣の形式で出されている。
- Emperor Chokei issued a Rinji (the Emperor's command) for an exemption of Choyobun for a village in Settsu Province in November of 1383, and in October of 1384 he issued an order of the same effect in the form of an Inzen (a decree from the Retired Emperor).
- その後、義就が宗全を頼って復権を願い出ていたところ、1467年2月6日(応仁元年正月2日)、宗全に懐柔された義政が、政長や勝元に断ることなく、将軍邸の花の御所(室町第)に義就を招いてこれを赦免した。
- Afterwards, when Yoshinari relied on Sozen in petitioning for his reinstatement, Yoshimasa, placated by Sozen, on February 6, 1467 invited Yoshinari to Hana no Gosho (or Muromachi-dai) of the Shogun's residence and remitted him without consulting Masanaga or Katsumoto.
- これに対し、後鳥羽上皇は近臣藤原忠綱を鎌倉に送り、愛妾伊賀局(元は遊女の亀菊)の所領である摂津国長江荘、倉橋荘の地頭職の撤廃と院に近い御家人仁科盛遠(西面の武士)への処分の撤回を条件として提示した。
- In response to this request, the retired Emperor Gotoba sent his vassal Tadatsuna Fujiwara to Kamakura, who submitted as requirements that the punishment of the gokenin (low-ranking warrior vassal) Morita NISHINA (a member of the Western Guard Corps), who was close to the retired Emperor, be overturned, and the annulment of responsibility over the Nagae estate in Settsu Province, which belonged to the courtesan Igakyoku (formerly the prostitute Kamegiku), and the Kurahashi estate be repealed.
- 建武の新政(けんむのしんせい)は、鎌倉幕府滅亡後の1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)6月に後醍醐天皇が「親政」(天皇がみずから行う政治)を開始した事により成立した政権及びその新政策(「新政」)である。
- The Kenmu Restoration (kenmu no shinsei) refers to the period of direct Imperial rule (where the Emperor personally controls the government) initiated by Emperor Godaigo in the sixth month of 1333, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed; it can also refer to the administrative unit of Imperial rule.
- 亀山院政下の弘安7年5月20日 (旧暦)(1284年7月4日)、同年6月25日 (旧暦)(8月7日)に鎮西神領興行回復令が元寇に対する恩賞として出され、売却、質入済の旧神領の無償回復が打ち出された。
- On July 4, 1284 when Cloistered Emperor Kameyama had the virtual reins of government, Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei (Order to Restore Rituals in Shrine Estates in Kyushu) was issued on August 7 in the same year to reward those who had contributed to the victory against Genko, and recovery of former shrine estates already sold or pledged by then was made possible gratis under this order.
- 貞享3年(1686年)には縫に限り銀250目までの販売を許したが、元禄2年(1689年)には銀250目以上の衣服を一切売ってはならない事、絹地に蝋などを塗って光沢を帯びさせる事を禁じる事が命じられた。
- Although only nui worth up to 250 kan of silver was permitted in 1686, all cloth worth 250 kan of silver or more was banned to sell in 1689 and adding luster to silk by waxing was also prohibited.
- 特に江戸時代には、敵討の中でも曾我兄弟の仇討ち(1193年、『曽我物語』)、鍵屋の辻の決闘(1634年)、元禄赤穂事件(1702年、『忠臣蔵』)は「三大仇討ち」と呼ばれ、多くの作品で人々に親しまれた。
- Particularly in the Edo period, of the cases of Katakiuchi, the Adauchi cases by the Soga brothers were known as the 'Three Major Adauchi Cases' and became known to people in many works ('Story of the Soga Family' in 1193; the duel at Kagiya no Tsuji in 1634; and the Genroku Ako Incident, or 'Chushingura,' in 1702).
- 延久2年(1070年)から永久 (元号)2年(1114年)までの記録があるが、治暦年間(1065年-1068年)頃から記していたとも言われるが、京都大学文学部所蔵の自筆1巻を残し、ほとんどが散逸する。
- Although there are records from the diary from the year 1070 to 1114, it is likely that Tamefusa began writing it between 1065 and 1068; most of it has been scattered and lost except for volume one of his own writing, which is kept at the Faculty of Letters in Kyoto University.
- しかし、元寇が起こると、その撃退に宇佐神宮などの寺社の祈祷が功を奏したと考えられたため、1281年(弘安4年)には、寺社に領地を返還することを命じる神領興行法が発せられ、田染荘は宇佐神宮に返還された。
- However, Tashibu Manor was returned to Usa-jinja Shrine due to a shinryo kogyo ho (shrine estate recovery act) ordering the return of territories to Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines which was made in 1281 because it was thought that the prayers of temples and shrines such as Usa-jinja Shrine contributed to repeling the Mongol invasions of Japan.
- 更にこの時の火災で打撃を受けた東大寺盧舎那仏像そのものも後日首が落下してしまい、修理費用も無くそのまま放置され、大仏と大仏殿の両方の再建が行われたのは、120年以上も後の貞享・元禄年間のことであった。
- Furthermore, the head of Rushanabutsu (the great statue of Buddha) damaged during this fire fell off on a later day, and was left as it was with no budget for repair; it was not until the Jokyo to Genroku years, more than 120 years afterwards, that both the statue itself and its hall were reconstructed.
- 天文 (元号)10年(1541年)、尼子晴久率いる尼子軍が毛利氏の本拠である吉田郡山城を30,000の兵で攻めたものの、毛利軍の3,000の兵と大内軍の援軍によって撃退された(吉田郡山城の戦いを参照)。
- In 1541, the Amago army under the command of Haruhisa AMAGO attacked Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle, the base of the Mori clan, with 30,000 men; however, he was repelled by the 3,000 strong Mori army with reinforcements from the Ouchi clan (See Siege of Koriyama)
- 発生地付近では黄砂の元となる「砂嵐」(砂塵嵐)、大気中を浮遊する黄砂は「大気エアロゾル粒子」であり、風の有無にかかわらず黄砂が空中に大量に浮遊・降下している状態は「風塵」や「煙霧」・「ちり煙霧」である。
- In the area where kosa is being generated, kosa indicates 'a sandstorm' that causes kosa, the kosa floating in the air are 'ambient aerosol particles,' and the state in which lots of kosa is floating and falling is called 'drifting dust,' 'haze' or 'dust haze.'
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、源義家の後三年の役の頃から、「武士の棟梁」たる清和源氏と、在地武士団との主従関係が生まれ始めたとするが、『奥州後三年記』に見える義家の郎党の主力は京武者コネクションである。
- According to the former academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA, the master and servant relationship between the local bushidan and toryo of bushi of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) began from the time of the Gosannen War (the Later Three Years' War) of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, but the power of Yoshiie to be master over his retainers seen in 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu) was connected with samurai in Kyoto.
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- 塵芥集や六角氏式目では姦婦の殺害を定め(ただし、寝所で姦夫を討ち取った場合には姦婦の殺害は必要としない)、長宗我部元親百箇条に至っては本夫が姦婦を殺害しない場合には、姦夫・姦妻・本夫全て死刑と定めている。
- Jinkaishu (bunkokuho enforced by Tanemune DATE) and Rokkakushi shikimoku (bunkokuho of the Rokkaku clan) prescribed murder of the adulteress (however, if the adulterer was murdered in the bedroom, it was not required to murder the adulteress), and in an extreme case of Chosokabe Motochika Hyakkajo (bunkokuho by the Chosokabe clan) prescribed that if the husband didn't murder the adulteress, the adulterer, the adulteress and the husband would all be sentenced to death.
- 三条の意見により還幸の日が延びていたが、先帝(孝明天皇)の三年祭と立后の礼を行なう必要があるという岩倉の意見もあり、明治元年(1868年)12月8日、天皇はひとまず京都に還幸し同年12月22日に到着した。
- The day for the emperor to return home was delayed due to Sanjo's opinion, but Iwakura believed that it was necessary to hold the third anniversary of the late emperor Komei and a ceremony to define the empress, and the emperor left for Kyoto on December 8, arriving on December 22, 1868.
- 頼朝は、海路で安房国へ移動して相模三浦半島の豪族である三浦氏と合流した後、安房の在庁官人をはじめ房総半島の上総広常、千葉常胤、武蔵の足立遠元、畠山重忠らの諸豪族を傘下に加えながら急速に大勢力となっていく。
- Yoritomo took a sea route to Awa Province to join up with the powerful family within the Sagami Miura peninsula, the Miura clan, and gathered various families such as the local officials of Awa Province, Hirotsune KAZUSA and Tsunetane CHIBA of the Boso peninsula, Tomoto ADACHI and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA of Musashi, rapidly becoming a major force.
- 「これらの催しごと(家康の饗応)の準備について、信長はある密室において明智と語っていたが元来、逆上しやすく、自らの命令に対して反対を言われることに堪えられない性格であったので」光秀を折檻し饗応役を解いた。
- With respect to preparation for those events (entertainment for Ieyasu), Nobunaga was talking with Mitsuhide behind closed doors, but because Nobunaga tended to go wild with rage by nature and could not accept that someone oppose to his order, he chastised Mitsuhide and dismissed Mitsuhide from the position of marshal.
- しかし、遣唐使は朝貢の使いであるという性格上、気象条件の悪い6月から7月ごろに日本を出航(元日朝賀に出席するには12月までに唐の都へ入京する必要がある)し、気象条件のよくない季節に帰国せざるを得なかった。
- But because of the fact that the missions to Tang China were commanded by the emperor, they had to leave Japan in June or July, the months during which weather conditions were bad (and had to arrive at the capital of Tang within December in order to be present in the ceremony in which the Emperor received New Years congratulations) and had to return to Japan in a season in which weather conditions were severe.
- その後、麹屋側の巻き返しにより天文_(元号)14年(1545年)には再度北野麹座による麹の独占が許されるものの、室町幕府の権威が完全に失墜した状況下では時は既に遅く、やがて麹造りは酒屋業の一工程となった。
- After that, though the monopoly of the koji malt by Kitano koji za was permitted again in 1545 due to the catch up by Kitano koji za, it was too late, as the Muromachi bakufu had fallen from power, and the production of koji malt had become integrated into the sakaya industry.
- さらに近年では、同年に発生した今川氏家臣北条早雲(北条早雲)の伊豆国侵攻が、義澄と対立関係にあった異母兄である堀越公方・足利茶々丸を倒すために、政元や上杉定正と連携して行われたとする見方が有力になっている。
- Moreover, recently there is an influential theory that the invasion of Izu Province by Soun HOJO, a vassal of the Imagawa clan, that occurred in the same year, in cooperation with Masamoto and Sadamasa UESUGI, was intended to defeat Chachamaru ASHIKAGA, who was the Horikoshi Governor-General and Yoshizumi's brother by a different mother, and opposed Yoshizumi.
- 1895年(明治28年)に創建された平安神宮は平安京朝堂院の施設を縮小復元したものとなっており、朝堂院の正門である応天門や大極殿などがベンガラによる鮮やかな朱色塗りと瓦屋根、礎石列柱をもって復元されている。
- The Heian-jingu Shrine, founded in1895, was a reconstruction of the chodoin in Heian-kyo on a smaller scale, and the main gate of the chodoin such as Oten-mon Gate and daigokuden were restored with the bright red colorant of Bengala, tiled roofs, foundation and pillars.
- 後醍醐天皇は元亨2年(1322年)以後、壷役の直轄化と通常課税化を図り、建武新政の開始を機に五条頼元を造酒正に任命して押小路家の権限を取り上げようとしたが、政権の崩壊とともに失敗に終わり、押小路家が復権した。
- From 1322 and onward, Emperor Godaigo executed direct control over tsubo-yaku and had the tax imposed regularly; taking opportunity of the commencement of Kenmu Restoration, the emperor appointed Yorimoto GOJO as miki no kami and tried to deprive the Oshikoji family of the title, but failed to do so due to the collapse of the administration, and the Oshikoji family restored the right.
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- 1767年(明和4年)には『世話料理鱸包丁』(『今織蝦夷錦』)、1789年(寛政元年)には『漢人韓文手管始』、1792年(寛政4年)には『世話仕立唐縫針』など、いずれもこの一件を土台に作成された文芸作品である。
- The following literary works were generated based on this incident: 'Sewaryori Suzuki Bocho' ('Imaori Ezonishiki' [Ezo Brocade in modern fashion]) in 1767, 'Kanjin Kanmon Tekudano Hajimari' (The Han Chinese and Korean letters, the beginningof their tricks) in 1789, and 'Sewajitate Kara no Nuibari' in 1792.
- 同じく戦国大名として活躍した毛利元就を出した毛利氏では、鎌倉時代以降毛利氏より輩出された安芸坂氏や福原氏などの庶子の一族が庶家衆として、毛利氏当主の兄弟子弟より構成された一門衆に準ずる地位に位置づけられていた。
- In the Mori clan which produced Motonari MORI who played an important role as a daimyo, similarly to the Takeda clan, a shoshi family such as the Akisaka and the Fukuhara clans produced from the Mori clan since the Kamakura period were positioned next to ichimonshu which included the siblings and children of the family head of the Mori clan, as shokeshu.
- 価値の異なる原価をもった同一額面の通貨が同時に流通しようとするとき、人々は原価の高い貨幣(良貨)を集めて死蔵し、あるいはそれを元手に融解して多くの悪貨を生み出し、良貨が市場から消滅してインフレを招くという考え方。
- This indicates the following concept: When two coins have the same face value, but are made at different costs are circulated at the same time, people collect coins with a higher value (high-quality coins) and keep them, not using them, or melt them to mint many lower-quality coins, and therefore, high-quality coins disappear from the market and inflation ensues.
- その編纂年代については、貞観14年12月13日に決定された荷前山陵の改定が反映されていることから、貞観15年(873年)以後、同19年(877年、この年に「元慶」と改元される)のうちに編纂されたと考えられている。
- It is considered that Jogan gishiki was compiled between 873 to 877 (the fifteenth to the nineteenth year of the Jogan era (the name of era was revised to Gangyo era during this year)) because the revision of Nosaki sanryo decided on January 18, 873 was reflected on its content.
- 明治元年(1868年)5月24日、徳川氏が江戸から駿府70万石に移されることが決まると、大木・江藤の東西両都案も決され、政府は同年6月19日、参与・木戸孝允と大木に江戸が帝都として適しているかの調査にあたらせた。
- In May 24, 1868, when it was decided that the Tokugawa clan would transfer 700,000 koku from Edo to Sunpu, the Oki and Eto draft for Kyoto and Tokyo to be the capital was decided upon, and on June 19 the government surveyed Sanyo, Takayoshi KIDO, and Oki about whether Edo was appropriate for the Imperial capital.
- 特に有名なのが、1069年(治暦5年 延久元年)に後三条天皇が全国の荘園を一斉整理する目的で発令した延久の荘園整理令であるが、実はこれを遡る事150年前の醍醐天皇の時代から天皇の代替わりごとに度々発令されている。
- Most renowned is the Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) issued in 1069 by Emperor Gosanjo to consolidate all manors together nationwide, but from the days of Emperor Daigo, 150 years prior to this, it had been issued every time the Emperor changed.
- 鎮西神領興行令は以後、弘安8年(1285年)、永仁6年(1298年)、正和元年(1312年)に相次いで出され、宇佐八幡宮と伊勢神宮を先頭に、全国的に適用され、特に伊勢神宮の神領は東国を中心に次々に広がっていった。
- Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei was thereafter successively issued in 1285, 1298 and 1312, and applied to Shinto shrines in the whole country, including Usahachiman-gu Shrine and Ise-jinja Shrine above all; the estates of Ise-jinja Shrine expanded especially in eastern provinces.
- 義昭・信長と前久・石山本願寺との対立は後の元亀兵乱の一因となるが、兵乱の過程において、信長との関係が悪化した義昭は本願寺と和解し反信長同盟(いわゆる信長包囲網)を形成するも信長に敗れ、室町幕府は滅亡することになる。
- While the opposition between the Yoshiaki-Nobunaga pair and the Sakihisa-Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple alliance proved to make up a cause of subsequent Genki heiran (the Genki Disturbance), Yoshiaki whose relationship with Nobunaga worsened in the process of warfare made peace with Hongan-ji Temple to form an Anti-Nobunaga alliance (so-called Nobunaga encircling net), which eventually was defeated by Nobunaga, and the Muromachi bakufu collapsed.
- 甲陽軍鑑には「その日の(事前にあった別の)戦いに勝ったと思った今川軍が略奪に散る中、織田軍が味方のように入り交じり、義元の首を取った」とあり、又別の史料で徳川家康が「今川軍が略奪し、油断していた」と証言したのも確認。
- Koyo Gunkan states that 'just when the Imagawa army thought they had won the battle (another previous battle) that day and went off for looting, the Oda army was mixed up in them and took Yoshimoto's head,' while another historical source confirms that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was quoted as saying 'the Imagawa army was looting, and caught off guard.'
- その後、院政期に入ると朔旦冬至の年に官務と局務に各3部ずつ、記録所に1部を進上することが慣例化された(大治 (日本)元年藤原宗忠『中右記』・永仁5年賀茂定清『永仁五年朔旦冬至記』・明徳3年中原師豊『大外記師豊記』)。
- Later, when insei period started, people made it rule to present three copies of the calendar to kanmu and kyokumu and one copy to kirokujo in the year of sakutan toji (according to 'Chuyuki' by FUJIWARA no Munetada in 1126, 'Einin gonen sakutan tojiki' by Kamo no Sadakiyo in 1297 and 'Daigeki morotoyoki' by Morotoyo NAKAHARA in 1392).
- 2つの絵巻は傍証にしか過ぎないが、武士団の蔓延はいつから、という問いに対しては、ちょうど12世紀に入ろうとする頃から、「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を第一の節目として、更に源平の争乱においてピークに達したと見られている。
- Two picture scrolls were just circumstantial evidence, but the expansion of bushidan started around the time when entering twelfth century and 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' were the first phrase and reached the peak with the Genpei War if asked about when it started.
- 彼らは、元々は武士では無かったかもしれないが、印東庄司を兼ねる上総介平常澄から動員が掛かれば、鎧を着、弓箭・兵仗を帯びて、何人か十何人かの郎党とともに騎馬武者として駆けつける立場の者も相当含まれていたと思われている。
- They may not have been bushi but many were in a position to rush in while wearing armor, holding bows, and staffed as cavalry busha leading dozens of retainers when mobilized by TAIRA no Tsunezumi, who was Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province) that also served as Into no Shoji (administrator of a manor of Into no sho).
- 道兼の行動はもちろん父兼家と示し合わせてのものであり、花山が元慶寺へ向かう道筋は兼家が派遣した武士たちにより警備されており、道兼が花山とともに出家させられそうになったときは武士たちが実力で救出する手はずになっていた。
- Michikane's activity was obviously planned together with his father Kaneie, and the path to Gankei-ji Temple was guarded by bushi sent by Kaneie, and if Michikane was about to be made a priest with Kazan, the bushi were supposed to rescue him by force.
- また、弘長元年(1261年)、同3年(1263年)に出された公家新制においては「神仏尊重」が謳われ、続く亀山天皇親政下、文永10年(1273年)には弘長新制を受け継ぐ形で具体策を掲げた神事仏事の興行が宣言されている。
- Kuge Shinsei (new laws issued by the Imperial Court) in 1261 and 1263 encouraged 'respect for gods and Buddha' and, under the direct rule by Emperor Kameyama that followed, performance of Shinto and Buddhist rituals was declared in 1273 with mention of specific measures in the form of succeeding Kocho Sinsei (of 1261 and 1263).
- 元寇を画期として、上述する天人相関思想に基づき、地上の戦争に勝利したのは「神の戦争」において勝利したからだとの思想が広まり、神仏の加護に報いるため、祈祷等の諸儀式の興行、社領の拡張と寺社造営とが全国的に叫ばれ始めた。
- With Genko (Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan) marking a new epoch, there spread the idea that the victory in the secular war was due to the victory in the 'divine war' based on the aforementioned tenjin sokan shiso, and a nationwide call arose for the performance of praying and various other rituals, expansion of shrine estates and construction of temples and shrines as expressions of gratitude for the divine protection.
- 保元の乱・平治の乱の記事は欠けているが、治承2年(1178年)の安徳天皇誕生、同4年(1180年)の即位、元暦元年(1184年)の後鳥羽天皇の即位と大嘗会の記事は緻密で、忠親が朝儀や政界の情勢に通じていたことが分かる。
- Although it lacks an article on the Hogen War and Heiji War, the articles on the birth of Emperor Antoku in 1178, his enthronement in 1180, and the enthronement and Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) of Emperor Gotoba in 1184 are precise, which shows that Tadachika was familiar with chogi (ceremony at the Imperial Court) and the political situation.
- だが、貞享4年(1687年)中院通茂が先年の暴言の事実と皇太子への悪意の疑いで追放され(ただし、後年許されて霊元上皇と東山天皇の推挙で幕府から加増を受けている)、直後に朝仁親王(東山天皇)への譲位と院政開始を宣言する。
- However, in 1687, Michishige NAKANOIN was expelled for his abusive remark earlier in the year and was suspected of ill intentions toward the Crown Prince (although he was remitted afterwards and his salaries from the Bakufu were increased at the recommendation of the Retired Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama), and immediately after that the incumbent emperor declared the abdication of his throne in favor or Imperial Prince Asahito (now Emperor Higashiyama) and the start of his assumption of the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor.
- なお、六波羅探題周辺には、征夷大将軍上洛の際の御所が設置されており、元弘の変の際に花園上皇や量仁親王ら持明院統の皇族が六波羅探題北方の内部にあった将軍滞在用の桧皮屋に仮の御所を置いている(『続史愚抄』・『増鏡』など)。
- Around rokuhara tandai, the residence used when seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') came to central Kyoto was constructed, and members of the Imperial Family from the Jimyoin line such as, Retired Emperor Hanazono and Imperial Prince Kazuhito, established their temporary residences in Hinoki-kawaya, a place for the shogun to stay, inside an area north of Rokuhara tandai during the Genko Incident ('Zokushigusho,' 'Masukagami' (a historical story), etc.)
- 所務とは、元来、務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味する言葉だったが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理職務に付随する権利・義務を表すようになり、鎌倉時代頃には転じて所領等の不動産管理を意味した。
- Originally, the word 'shomu' meant jobs and duties, as suggested by the characters which mean 'work that is related to the place'; however, with the development of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) during the Heian period, the word came to express the concept for the rights and obligations pertaining to the managerial work in shoen (manors) and koryo (the imperial teritories), and further during the Kamakura period, the word was extended to mean the property management of domains such as shoryo.
- 奪われた神器のうち、剣は清水寺で発見されるが、神爾は持ち去られたままであり、15年後の1457年(長禄元年)には、嘉吉の乱で没落した赤松氏の遺臣が長禄の変での奮闘により神爾を奪い返し、翌年には神爾は北朝の手に戻っている。
- Among the Three Sacred Treasures that were stolen, the sword was discovered at Kiyomizu-dera Temple, but the shinji were not found until 15 years later in 1457, when remaining followers of the Akamatsu clan, who had become impoverished during the Kakitsu Incident, recovered the shinji after a great battle during the Choroku Incident, and they were returned to the Northern Court the next year.
- 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
- While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was 'horrified.'
- 当初は正丁(21~60歳の男性)年間60日以下、次丁(正丁の障害者と老丁(61歳以上の男性))年間30日以下、中男(17~20歳の男性)年間15日以下を限度としたが、757年(天平宝字元年)に雑徭を半減する格式が出された。
- Initially, the maximum number of days per annum for the zoyo was less than or equal to 60 for the seitei (a male between the ages of 21 and 60), 30 for the jitei (a seitei with disabilities) and the rotei (a male over age 60), and 15 days for the chunan (a male between the ages of 17 and 20), but the Kyakushiki code (a code to amend and supplement the Ritsuryo code) intended to reduce the zoyo by half was introduced in 757.
- ただ、このときの源義朝と、常重から相馬郷の新券(証文)を責め取った下総守藤原親通の利害関係はよく判らないが、元木泰雄は下総守藤原親通が摂関家に従属する位置にあったので、大殿・藤原忠実の権威を利用して押さえたと想定している。
- It is uncertain, however, what interests MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi, who compelled Tsuneshige to acquire a deed of the Soma-go village, had at that occasion, but Yasuo MOTOKI assumes that since the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi was in a position dependent of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the Emperor), he captured the mikuriya using the authority of his head master FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
- 1376年には紀伊での南朝方の活動に対して頼之は弟の細川頼元を総大将とし派遣するが鎮圧に失敗し、成長した3代将軍義満は反頼之派の山名氏を派遣させ、また大和での軍事活動には復帰した斯波義将や土岐頼康ら反頼之派に軍勢を与える。
- In 1376, Yoriyuki made his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA supreme military commander and dispatched him to counter the Southern Court's military maneuvers in the Kii peninsula, but Yorimoto failed to subjugate the area, and the third Shogun Yoshimitsu, who had now reached adulthood, had the leader of the Yamana clan, a member of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, to sent as a replacement; moreover, he granted appointments to others of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, including Yoriyasu TOKI and the rehabilitated Yoshimasa SHIBA, to command military activities in Yamato.
- 「徳政(とくせい)」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行(儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障)、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
- Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.
- 慶応4年3月13日 (旧暦)(1868年4月5日)から明治元年10月18日 (旧暦)(1868年12月1日)までに出された太政官布告、神祇官事務局達、太政官達など一連の通達の総称)に基づき全国的に公的に行われたものを指す。
- This Ordinance meant collectively a series of notifications issued by the Meiji government between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, which included edicts of Daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and notifications of Jingikan (the Department of Worship) and Daijokan.
- 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
- 畿内に軍事的空白が生まれたことを好機と見た石田三成は、毛利輝元、宇喜多秀家、大谷吉継ら反家康派の諸大名を糾合して挙兵し、7月17日、家康が大坂城西の丸に残していた留守居役を追放して、家康に対する13か条の弾劾状を叩きつけた。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, who saw the military presence within the territories in the vicinity of the capital as an opportunity, massed various anti-Ieyasu Daimyo, such as Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA and Yoshitsugu OTANI, raised an army, and on July 17, purged the Rusuiyaku (persons representing the master during his absence), who remained in the western citadel of Osaka-jo Castle on orders from Ieyasu, and then thrust 13 articles of impeachment upon Ieyasu.
- 当初は燈燭料・月料とも呼ばれ、元慶4年(880年)に小野美材が受けた(『古今和歌集目録』)とも、承平 (日本)2年(932年)に橘敏通、その3年後に菅原文時が受けた(『朝野群載』所収藤原為兼申文)のを最古であると言われている。
- It was initially called toshokuryo/tsukiryo and it is said that either ONO no Yoshiki (880) ('Kokin Wakashu Mokuroku' (a list of Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), TACHIBANA no Toshimichi (932) or SUGAWARA no Fumitoki (three year later) (Fujiwara no Tamekane's letter compiled in 'Choya gunsai' - Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) was the first recipient.
- こうした傾向は室町期に顕著となり、赤松氏による将軍足利義教の殺害(嘉吉の乱)、細川政元による将軍足利義材の廃立(明応の政変)、松永久秀による将軍足利義輝の殺害は、いずれも将軍家に対する主君押込めとして理解することが可能である。
- This sort of tendency is a striking feature of the Muromachi period; Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA being assassinated by the Akamatsu clan (in the Kakitsu Revolt), Shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA being driven from power by Masamoto HOSOKAWA and replaced (in the Meio Coup), and Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA's assassination by Hisahide MATSUNAGA can all be understood as examples of shukun oshikome (shutting away/ neutralizing their lords) against the Shogunal family.
- 元に滅ぼされた南宋(1279年に滅亡)から日本へ渡った蘭渓道隆・兀庵普寧や、北条時宗の招きに応じて来日した無学祖元、元からの国使として来日した一山一寧など、13世紀末から14世紀前半にかけて大陸から日本へ渡来した禅僧は多かった。
- Many Zen priests visited Japan from the late 13th century to the early 14th century including Rankei Doryu (Lanxi Daolong) and Gottan Funei, who crossed over to Japan from Southern Sung Dynasty (ruined in 1279), Mugaku Sogen, who visited Japan by invitation of Tokimune HOJO, and Issan Ichinei (Yishan Yining), who visited Japan as a kokushi (envoys dispatched from provincial governors) from the Yuan Dynasty.
- 永久の強訴(えいきゅうのごうそ)とは、天永4年・永久 (元号)元年(1113年)、興福寺の末寺・清水寺の別当に延暦寺で出家した仏師・円勢が任じられたことから閏3月20日に数千人の興福寺大衆が人事の停止を求めて行われた強訴のこと。
- The Eikyu no goso was a collective petition to the Imperial Court by a few thousand monks at the Kofuku-ji Temple on May 14, 1113, requesting Ensei, a sculptor of Buddhist statues who became a priest at Enryaku-ji Temple and was appointed to the position of the betto (the superior of a temple) of the Kiyomizu-dera Temple, a branch temple of the Kofuku-ji Temple, be dismissed from the position.
- 下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)とは、日本の中世日本に使用された用語で、荘園公領制下の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、それぞれの主体が一元的に土地を支配すること(一円知行)を目的にして行われた、土地の分割を指し示す用語である。
- Shitaji chubun is a term which was used in medieval Japan and it means the division of the land implemented, under the situation where the ruling system of or rights to the land were entangled in a multi-layered way under shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), with the aim of achieving the unified land ruling system (Ichien chigyo).
- 説話集にも受領の実相が描かれており、『今昔物語集』の信濃国守藤原陳忠の説話(「受領は倒るるところに土をつかめ」という文句が知られている)や、『宇治拾遺物語』の藤原利仁の説話(芥川龍之介の『芋粥』の元となった)などの例が挙げられる。
- There were many realistic episodes about the zuryo in collections of tales, such as an episode about FUJIWARA no Nobutada, Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province) in 'Konjaku Monogatari-shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past), in which a phrase 'a zuryo must grasp even dirt where he falls' is included, and that of FUJIWARA no Toshihito in 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (Collected Tales from Uji), which later inspired Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA to write 'Imogayu'(Sweet-Potato Gruel).
- 鳥羽・伏見の戦い直後の明治元年(慶応4年)1月17日(1868年2月10日)、参与・大久保利通は、総裁・有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して、天皇が石清水八幡宮に参詣し、続いて大坂行幸を行なって、その後も引き続き大坂に滞在することを提言した。
- Directly after the battle of Toba and Fushimi on February 10, 1868, Sanyo and Toshimichi OKUBO regarding the presidency and Imperial Prince Taruhito, Arisugawa-no-miya, advocated that the emperor make a pilgrimage to Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and then go to Osaka where he would continue to reside.
- その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年(1022年)に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
- As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.
- 長禄の変(ちょうろくのへん)は、室町時代の長禄元年12月2日 (旧暦)(1457年12月27日)に赤松家遺臣らが後南朝の行宮を襲い、南朝の皇胤である尊秀王と忠義王(後南朝の征夷大将軍である)の兄弟を騙し討って、神璽を持ち去った事件。
- Choroku no hen was an incident that occurred on December 27, 1457 during the Muromachi period when former retainers of the Akamatsu family attacked angu (emperor's temporary palace) of Gonancho (Second Southern Court), made a surprise assault on the brothers of Sonshuo and Chugio who were descendants of the Southern Court emperor (the latter was a seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians' of the Southern Court), and took away Shinji (the sacred jewel).
- 江戸時代を通じて朝鮮通信使一行のための迎賓館として使用された備後国鞆の浦(現在の広島県福山市鞆町)の福禅寺境内の現在の本堂と隣接する客殿(対潮楼)は江戸時代の1690年(元禄3年)に建立され、日本の漢学者や書家らとの交流の場となった。
- The guest hall (called Taichoro) adjacent to the present main hall in the premises of Fukuzen-ji Temple in the Tomonouwa of the Bingo Province was built in 1690 in the Edo period and was used as a state guest hall for Chosen Tsushinshi throughout the Edo period, also becoming a place where Japanese scholars of the Chinese classics and Japanese calligraphers interacted with Tsushinshi.
- 裏書が付いている第1-3巻の3巻が、洞院公賢が書いた最初の形態であり、そのことは彼自身が書いた日記『園太暦』の延文元年(1356年)4月9日_(旧暦)条にて、皇代暦の続きを編纂したと記しており、これが第4巻部分であると考えられている。
- The third volume belonging to the first three volumes with uragaki is the original form written by Kinkata TOIN which is indicated in the page of April 9, 1356 (the first year of the Enbun era) (old calendar) of his own diary 'Entairyaku', which says he had edited the continuation of Kodaireki, and this continuation is considered to be the fourth volume.
- 朝倉氏に奪われた越前国吉崎御坊を取り戻すため何十回となく大規模な戦を起こしたり(九頭竜川の戦い)、一揆の拡大によって武家政権の基盤を脅かされることを恐れた織田信長や細川晴元ら権力者との争いを展開するなど戦国大名化して覇権を争ってもいる。
- The Ikko ikki initiated dozens of large-scale assaults (including the Battle of Kuzuryu-gawa River) in an attempt to restore their control over Yoshizaki-gobo Temple in Echizen Province, which had been usurped by the Asakura clan, and later, they fought with such powerful men as Nobunaga ODA and Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who had begun to fear that the sheer size of the Ikko riots (ikki) threatened to shake the very foundations of warrior rule; in the end, the Ikko ikki itself became somewhat analogous to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), and fought for hegemony over Japan.
- 設立の由来については、遣唐使として唐に渡った菅原清公が、唐の昭文館・崇文館を参考にして承和 (日本)元年(834年)頃に設立したとされているが、文章博士が設置された神亀5年(728年)以後に文章生を収容する宿舎があったとする見方もある。
- As the origin of foundation, it was accepted that SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who went as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, founded the Monjoin around 834 modeled after 昭文館 and 崇文館 in Tang -- On the other hand, there was another opinion that there had been a dormitory for monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) after 728 when the Monjo hakase was founded.
- こうした事から以後も估価法は継続され、延喜14年(914年)には全国一律であった地方国衙の估価(絹1疋=稲50束、綿1屯=稲5束)を国例に合わせて変更する事を許し、天暦元年(947年)には畿内と丹波国に実情に合わせた引き下げを命じている。
- As a result, Kokaho continued after that, and in 914 the law permitted changing the koka in local kokuga that had been uniform throughout the country (1 roll of silk = 50 bunches of rice plant, 1 roll of cotton = 5 bunches of rice plant), and in 947 it ordered Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Tanba Province to reduce koka to suit the actual conditions.
- 1551年(天文 (元号)20)に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢による謀反(大寧寺の変)によって滅亡すると、後を継いだ大内義長(大友義鎮の弟)は、1556年(弘治 (日本)2)と翌年に兄・大友義鎮とともに貿易再開を求める使者を派遣した(『明実録』)。
- After Yoshitaka was killed in a rebellion (the revolt of Daineiji) plotted by a retainer Harukata SUE in 1551, Yoshinaga OUCHI (younger brother of Yoshishige OTOMO), who had succeeded Yoshitaka as the lord of the Ouchi clan, issued orders with his brother Yoshishige OTOMO and sent an envoy to the Ming in 1556 and 1557 for seeking the resumption of trade (from 'Ming jitsuroku' [authentic account on the Ming]).
- 後伏見の政務が停止され、光厳が廃位されたのは当然であるが、後醍醐はそもそも元徳3年に自分が廃位された事実自体を認めず、隠岐に流されていた間も自分はずっと天皇に在位していたという立場をとり、従って光厳の即位と在位も“なかったこと”にされた。
- It was natural that government affairs by Gofushimi were terminated and Kogon was deposed, but Godaigo did not even recognize that he was deposed in 1331, and took the stance that he was ruling during the whole time he was exiled in Oki, so therefore there was 'no accession nor rule' of Kogon.
- 池田屋事件(いけだやじけん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年6月5日 (旧暦)(1864年7月8日)に、京都三条通木屋町通(三条小橋)の旅館池田屋で京都守護職配下の治安維持組織である新撰組が、潜伏していた長州藩の尊皇攘夷派を襲撃した事件である。
- The Ikedaya Incident is the name given to an event that took place on July 8,1864 towards the end of the Edo Period in which the Shinsen-gumi, who was a peacekeeping organization under the Kyoto protectorate, attacked the imperial loyalist faction from Choshu who were hiding out at the Ikedaya Inn at Kiyamachi (Sanjou-Kobashi Bridge) on Sanjou-Street in Kyoto.
- その後、その子・今川義元は、天文_(日本)22年(1552年)の分国法「今川仮名目録追加」において現在の今川領国の秩序維持を行っているのは足利将軍家ではなく今川氏そのものであることを理由に、幕府権力による守護使不入地を全面否定したのである。
- Thereafter, his son Yoshimoto IMAGAWA completely denied the shugoshi funyuchi specified by the bakufu authority in his bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika' (expanding on house rules left by Ujichika), published in 1552, on the ground that those who maintain order in the present Imagawa territory are not the Ashikaga shogun family, but the Imagawa clan itself.
- 綱吉は小倉の勅命違反の事実を重視して小倉実起と嫡男の小倉公連、その弟の竹淵季件を佐渡国へと流刑を命じ、藪家や中園家といった小倉家の同族に対しても逼塞を命じた(なお、この処分が決定する直前に天和への改元が以前からの予定通りに実施されている)。
- Taking Ogura's failure to obey the imperial command seriously, Tsunayoshi ordered to banish Saneoki OGURA, his legitimate son Kintsura OGURA and Kintsura's younger brother Kiken TAKEBUCHI to Sado Province, and relatives of Ogura including the Yabu and Nakazono families under house arrest (incidentally, immediately before these punishments, the imperial era name had been changed to Tenwa as scheduled beforehand).
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- 大和国の豪族・小川弘光とともに、吉野の奥で北山・川上に本拠を置いていた後南朝の行宮を長禄元年12月2日_(旧暦)(1457年12月27日)に襲撃、南朝の皇胤である自天王と忠義王(後南朝の征夷大将軍である)の兄弟を討ち倒して、神璽を持ち去った。
- Together with Hiromitsu OGAWA, gozoku (powerful kin group) in Yamato Province, the retainers attacked the angu of the Gonancho, based in Kitayama and Kawakami deep in Yoshino, on December 27, 1457, they defeated the brothers of Jitenno and Chugio who were descendants of the Southern Court emperor (the latter was a seii taishogun of the Gonancho), and took away the Shinji.
- 1334年正月に定められた「建武」の年号は、中国の後漢王朝の25年に劉秀(光武帝)が王莽を滅ぼし漢王朝を復興した際に定めた元号であり、先例に反し、辛酉革命説により「武」の一字が不吉であると断固反対した公家衆の反対を押し切って定めたものであった。
- The 'Kenmu' era name, established in the first month of 1334, was the era name chosen in China in the twenty-fifth year of the later Han dynasty, when Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu) destroyed Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty to power; he went against precedent, and despite the fact that it was the fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year cycle and it was taboo to use the character 'mu' (samurai) in that year, he overcame the resolute opposition of the nobility and selected 'Kenmu' as the era name anyway.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- 寛弘元年(1004年)に花山天皇が花見のため(『御堂関白記』)に、長元5年(1032年)に後一条天皇が翫花のため(『日本紀略』)に、康平3年(1060年)に後冷泉天皇が祖母上東門院の見舞いを兼ねて観桜のため(『日本紀略』)に行幸が行なわれている。
- In 1004, the Emperor Kazan (also referred to as Emperor Hanayama) visited there for cherry blossom viewing ('Mido kanpaku ki' - the diary of FUJIWARA no Michinaga); in 1032, the Emperor Goichijo visited there for flower viewing ('Nihongi ryaku' - Abbreviated History of Japan); and in 1060, the Emperor Goreizei visited a partly for cherry blossom viewing and partly for inquiring after his grandmother Jotomon in's health ('Nihongi ryaku'.)
- もともと後白河の即位は守仁即位までの中継ぎとして実現したものであり、信西も美福門院の要求を拒むことはできず、保元3年(1158年)8月「仏と仏との評定」(『兵範記』)、すなわち信西と美福門院の協議により後白河天皇は守仁親王に譲位した(二条天皇)。
- Since Goshirakawa's own enthronement had occurred with the understanding that Morihito would succeed him to the throne, Shinzei dared not refuse Bifukumonin's request, and so in August, 1158, in what is known in the 'Heihanki' as 'a Buddha's joint decision with another Buddha,' or in other words a negotiation between the two powerful figures, Shinzei and Bifukumonin, in which it was decided for Goshirakawa to abdicate in favor of Imperial Prince Morihito (who became Emperor Nijo).
- 大山らが登場させて後は専ら国歌として知られるようになった『君が代』だが、それまでの賀歌としての位置付けや、天皇が「國ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬」していた(大日本帝国憲法による)という時代背景から、戦前にはごく自然な国家平安の歌として親しまれていた。
- Although 'Kimigayo' became to be known mainly as the national anthem after having been made to appear by Oyama and so on, it was liked before the War as a very natural song for cerebrating peace of the nation because of its position as gaka in the past and historical background that the emperor 'was the head of state and had a ruling power' (the Constitution of the Empire of Japan).
- また、文化面に着目して、縄文文化・弥生文化・古墳文化・飛鳥文化・白鳳文化・天平文化・弘仁・貞観文化・国風文化・院政期文化・鎌倉文化・北山文化・東山文化・桃山文化・元禄文化・化政文化・明治文化・大衆文化〜などとする区分もある(詳細→日本の文化歴史)。
- Furthermore, the following classification, based upon the cultural aspects, is also used: Jomon culture, Yayoi culture, tumulus culture, Asuka culture, Hakuho culture, Tenpyo culture, Konin-Jokan culture, Kokufu culture (Japan's original national culture), Insei period culture, Kamakura culture, Kitayama culture, Higashiyama culture, Momoyama culture, Genroku culture, Kasei culture, Meiji culture, and popular culture (for more information, refer to 'cultural history of Japan.'
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- まず規定の年貢高から当該年度の除分(免除されたもの)・損亡分(災害による損害)・未進分(未納のもの)を除き、続いて下用・所済・立用などと呼ばれる現地での必要経費を差し引き、更に回収された前年の未納分を足したものが、荘園領主の元に送られる清算納入量となる。
- The adjusted amount of nengu to be sent to the shoen ryoshu was calculated by subtracting the deduction (exemption), loss (damages caused by disaster), and arrearages (unpaid amount) for the year from the settled amount of nengu first, further subtracting the local necessary expenses called geyo (unpolished rice), shosei (nengu paid those other than shoen ryoshu), ruiyo (diversion), and adding the unpaid amount of nengu collected the previous year.
- 兼家の跡は長男藤原道隆が継ぎ、娘藤原定子を后位に空席がないにもかかわらず強引に皇后に立てるなど、一時は強力な権力を振るったが、長徳元年(995年)に病死、跡を継いだ道兼も道隆に1ヶ月ほど遅れて病死し、道隆の嫡男藤原伊周と兼家の四男藤原道長が跡目を争った。
- Kaneie's first son FUJIWARA no Michitaka took Kaneie's place and even though for a while he acted with absolute authority such as there being no opening as empress but forcibly making his daughter FUJIWARA no Teishi as Empress, he died in 995, and his heir Michikane died about one month after Michitaka, leaving Michitaka's heir, FUJIWARA no Korechika and Kaneie's fourth son FUJIWARA no Michinaga to fight over the position of family head.
- 後醍醐天皇の元亨2年(1322年)以後、壷銭を通常の課税とする議論は度々行われてきたが、延暦寺などの反対もあり漸く南北朝時代_(日本)に入って以後、造酒正によって徴税が行われるようになったが、延暦寺などの支援を受けて課税忌避を図る酒屋もあり対立が続いた。
- Since 1322 when Emperor Godaigo was in power, arguments to turn tsubo-sen into a form of regular taxation had arisen many times, but opposition by Enryaku-ji Temple delayed collecting taxes from sake dealers by miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) until the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and conflicts continued because some sake breweries refused to pay tax with Enryaku-ji Temple on their side.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- 「交戦団体」とは、分離独立・政府転覆を企図した場合で、「土地をよこせ」といった要求のための実力行使などは次元の低いもので該当しない(榎本自身は、別に日本からの「分離独立」や「新政府転覆」を企てているわけでは無いので、「交戦団体」認定を受ける必要性は無い)。
- A 'warring group' can be used in case of attempting separation and independence from Japan or overthrow of the government, therefore, any use of the force for a demand such as taking away someone's land is not serious and is not applable (Enomoto had no intention to attempt 'separation and independence' from Japan nor 'overthrow of the government', so his group did not need to be certified as a 'warring group'.)
- 寺社造営料唐船(じしゃぞうえいりょうとうせん)は、14世紀前半(鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて)に、主要な寺社の造営(修復・増築を含む)費用を獲得することを名目として、幕府の認可の下、日本から元 (王朝)に対して派遣された貿易船群のことである。
- Jishazoeiryotosen is a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty under authorization of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of major temples and shrines in the first half of the 14th century (from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts -Japan).
- 1464年12月24日(寛正5年11月26日)、義尋は、義政が『今後男子が生まれても僧門に入れ、家督を継承させることはない』と起請文までしたため、再三、将軍職就任を説得したことから、意を決して還俗し名を足利義視と改めると勝元の後見を得て今出川邸に移ることにした。
- On December 24, 1464, Yoshihiro made up his mind to return to secular life as Yoshimasa had even prepared a written oath 'Even if a son is born to me, I will make him become a Buddhist priest and not allow him to succeed the headship of the family' and tried to persuade Yoshihiro once again to inherit the office of Shogun; renaming himself Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, the younger brother decided to move to the Imadegawa residence under the guardianship of Katsumoto.
- 陰陽寮の役人が退いた後に中務省を代表して輔が天皇に奏上を行い、具注暦は天皇に奏進され、頒暦は天皇と太政官の連絡を掌る少納言が受領して大臣の元に届けられ、大臣から弁官を通じて各官司・国府に配布され、不足の場合には上級官司・国府が書写して下級官司・郡司などに送付した。
- When officials of the Onmyoryo leave the court, the suke makes a presentation before the emperor on behalf of the Ministry of Central Affairs, the guchureki is presented to the emperor, the hanreki is distributed to the Shonagon who manages communications between the Emperor and the Daijokan, then it is sent to each minister, then distributed by ministers to each government officials and kokufu via benkan and, if the number of copies are not enough, highly-ranked kanshi or kokufu transcribes it and sends it to low-ranked kanshi or gunji (district official).
- 符とは、元来官庁が自己の管轄下にある下位の官庁に出す命令文書を指し、太政官以外の官庁でもこれを出すことが出来たが、太政官は原則として他の全ての官庁に対して符が出せたこと、格式のような重要な法令も太政官符の書式を用いて出されることがあったことから、極めて重みを有した。
- Pu (符, also referred as fu) originally indicated the documents of orders and instructions that government agencies gave to their lower rank agencies, which meant that any agencies, including Daijokan, were able to issue it, but because Daijokan, in principle, was able to issue it to all the other agencies and the important laws like Kyakushiki (supplementary laws of Ritsuryo code) were sometimes issued in the form of Daijokanpu, it was taken very seriously.
- また元の侵攻は阻止したものの、今までの幕府の戦争と違い全くの外国が相手であったため、この戦いによって実質的に獲得したものは何も無く、そのため出征した武士(御家人)への恩賞の支払いが少なかったこともあって、「いざ鎌倉」といった幕府と御家人との信頼関係を損ねる結果となる。
- And although the bakufu managed to fend off the Mongol invasions, these two battles were unlike any previous conflicts in that the enemy was from a genuinely foreign country, meaning that no land to speak of had been confiscated and thus that there was very little with which to reward the warriors (gokenin) who had fought to repulse the invaders, which led to a souring of the relationship between the bakufu and its gokenin, who had faithfully responded to the bakufu's emergency summons.
- 義廉と縁戚関係にあった宗全は、一色義直や土岐成頼らとともに義廉を支持し、さらに貞親が謀反の噂を流して義視の追放を図ったことから、義視の後見人である勝元は宗全と協力して貞親を近江に追放、このとき、政変に巻き込まれた季瓊真蘂、斯波義敏、赤松政則らも一時失脚して都を追われた。
- Sozen, who was a relative of Yoshikado, supported Yoshikado in alliance with Yoshinao ISSHIKI and Shigeyori TOKI among others and as Sadachika circulated a rumor of planned rebellion in an attempt to expel Yoshimi; in response, Katsumoto who was the guardian of Yoshimi cooperated with Sozen to expel Sadachika to Omi, and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Masanori AKAMATSU among others, involved in the coup, were also expelled from the capital in a temporary deposition.
- ここに至って近衛基熙や江戸幕府は、霊元天皇による四宮擁立の真意が皇子可愛さだけではなく、院政を開始して摂家や幕府の干渉を排して思いのままの政治を行うための長期計画の一環であり、すぐに成人を迎えてしまう年長の一宮に皇位を譲る事が不都合であったからであった事に気付くのである。
- This development made Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo realize that the true motive underlying Emperor Reigen's insistence on succession by Shinomiya had not only been love of his own son but part of his long-cherished scheme to assume the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor and exercising ruling authority without allowing interference by the Sekkanke or the Bakufu, to whom handing over the imperial throne to the older Ichinomiya, who would soon become of age, would have been a disadvantage.
- 同国は元々興福寺に守護の権限があり、興福寺の衆徒であった筒井順昭が戦国大名化して大和を平定していたが、順昭が急死すると後継者である筒井順慶が幼い事を幸いに、永禄2年(1559年)久秀は長慶の命令を受けて大和に侵攻し、筒井氏の所領と興福寺が持つ守護の地位を奪い取ったのである。
- Originally, Kofuku-ji Temple had virtual governorship over Yamato Province, and its monk general Junsho TSUTSUI had become a virtual warring lord and ruled Yamato; however, when Junsho died, taking the advantage of the infancy of his heir Junkei TSUTSUI, Hisahide invaded Yamato in 1559 at the instruction of Nagayoshi, and deprived the Tsutsui clan of its estate and the Kofuku-ji Temple of its governorship.
- このような情勢の中で1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)、足利義満の斡旋で、大覚寺統と持明院統の両統迭立と、全国の国衙領を大覚寺統の所有とすること(実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった)を条件に、南朝の後亀山天皇が北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を渡し、南北朝が合体した(明徳の和約)。
- Amid such circumstance, in 1392 (Genchu 9/Meitoku 3), through Shogun Yoshimitsu's mediation, under the conditions that the alternate succession between the Kameyama (Daitokuji) and Jimyoin lineages be restored, and the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage be officially made owner of all the Kokuga (public) territory in the entire country (although in actuality, there was very little such territory due to the proliferation of shoen), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court handed over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, and the Northern and Southern Courts were unified (in what was called the Peace Treaty of Meitoku).
- 清の徐継畭の『瀛環志略』や李氏朝鮮の安鼎福の『東史綱目』には、倭寇の原因は日本に対する侵略行為(元寇)を行った高麗(朝鮮)への報復である、と記述されており、応永の外寇以前の前期倭寇は局地的な奪還・復讐戦であるとして『倭寇』と呼ばず、これ以降の後期倭寇を『倭寇』と考える説もある。
- In both the 'Ying huan zhi lue' by the Qing-period Chinese writer Jiyu XI and the 'Tongsa kangmok' by the Joseon-era Korean writer Chong Bok AN, the motivation of the Wako is considered to be retribution for Goryeo-era Korea's participation in the two invasions (by the Mongols) of Japan, and as such some have argued that the actions of the early Wako, who appeared before the Oei Invasion, should be considered a local effort to recapture lost wealth and a war of vengeance against Korea and China, so these pirates should not be called Wako (Japanese pirates); according to this theory, only pirates appearing after this point should be considered 'Wako,' or Japanese pirates.
- そのため、慶安元年(1648年)から寛文10年(1670年)にかけて6回もの禁令が出されるなど規制の対象としていたが、享保の改革において商業の統制を図るために組織化された方が望ましいとする方針の下に公認が与えられ、冥加金(上納金)を納める代わりに、販売権の独占などの特権を認められた。
- Thus, the bakufu regulated kabunakama by six interdicts between 1648 and 1670, however, it was officially approved under the policy that such organization was preferable to control the commerce and it was granted special privileges such as exclusive distributorship in exchange for render.
- 例えば1428年(正長元年)派遣の使節に同行した書記官の申叔舟が著した『海東諸国紀』によると、倭寇禁圧要請と併せて倭寇の根拠地の特定、倭寇と守護大名、有力国人、土豪との関係、都市部の発展状況や通貨政策など国力状況の観察、日本での仏教の展開状況をはじめ15項目の調査内容があったという。
- For example, according to 'Kaitoshokokuki' (literally, descriptions of various countries across the sea) written by Sukchu SIN, a secretary of the envoy dispatched in 1428, the survey included 15 items including the following: identifying base-places of wako together with a request of prohibiting wako (Japanese pirates) actions, observing Japan's power, such as relationships among wako, shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), dominant Kokujin (local samurai) and local clans, states of progress in urban areas, and monetary policies, and checking the states of progress of Buddhism in Japan.
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- 氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった(=元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった)のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷(含、渡来人)支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。
- Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
- 大覚寺統では、すでに後二条には正安2年(1300年)に第1皇子邦良親王が生まれて将来の皇位継承が予定されていたにもかかわらず、亀山が乾元 (日本)2年(1303年)に生まれた自分の皇子恒明親王を偏愛するあまり、邦良に代えて恒明を皇位につけることを後宇多と伏見に約束させて、さらなる皇統分裂の種を蒔いた。
- Although the Daikakuji line already had its future heir apparent for the throne because Gonijo's first son, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi was born in 1300, Kameyama was partial to his son Imperial Prince Tsuneaki who was born in 1303, and had made Gouda and Fushimi promise to place Tsuneaki instead of Kuniyoshi on the throne, which led to further seeds of Imperial lineage division.
- 弘和/永徳・元中/至徳 (日本)年間に入ると、南朝は動乱初期からその支えとして活躍してきた懐良親王、北畠顕能、宗良親王の相次ぐ死と、対北朝強硬路線を通していた長慶天皇の譲位により、衰退を極める事となったが、明徳年間の足利義満による相次ぐ有力守護大名勢力削減により、北朝に抵抗する術を殆ど失うようになる。
- But having reached the period of the Kowa/Entoku and Genchu/Shitoku eras, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Akiyoshi KITABATAKE, and Imperial Prince Muneyoshi, who had been fighting for the Southern Court from the early days of their anti-shogunal struggle, and had been the Southern Court's main support, died one after the other, and when Emperor Chokei--who had been such a stalwart opponent of the Northern Court--abdicated, the Southern Court entered a period of extreme decline; during the Meitoku period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was able to greatly reduce the power and influence of the strongest shugo daimyo one after another, until almost all means to resist the Northern Court had been lost.
- 1338年(延元3年/建武 (日本)5年)には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
- Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
- 仮に後白河法皇の奥州後三年記後白河法皇の承安版『後三年絵』と同時期の1171年(承安 (日本)1)前後としても、『信貴山縁起絵巻』から、『愚菅抄』において慈円が「日本国の乱逆と云ふことはをこりて後、むさ(武者)の世になりける也」と書いた「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を挿んで、更にその10年近く後ということになる。
- Even if 'Gosannene' (the picture scroll depicting the Gosannen War - the Later Three Years' War) of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, which was the Joan version of 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu), was written around same period of year 1171, it was close to ten years after 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' written in 'Shigisan engi emaki' to 'Gukansho' by Jien as 'revolutions in Japan that led to the world of musa (samurai).'
- このため、天武天皇は大陸の礼楽思想を取り入れる意図をもって五節舞を考案したとする見方もある(なお、聖武天皇が元正上皇のために孝謙天皇(孝謙天皇)に五節舞を舞わせた際に、天皇が上皇に対して「天武天皇が天下統治のために礼と楽を整備するために五節舞を考え出された」と述べている(『続日本紀』天平15年5月辛丑条))。
- Based on this interpretation, a number of people assert that Emperor Tenmu invented the Gosechi no mai with the aim of introducing Reiraku philosophy (ancient Chinese philosophy emphasizing propriety and music) (Incidentally, when Emperor Shomu got Empress Koken to dance in a Gosechi no mai for the Retired Empress Gensho, the Emperor said to the Retired Empress, 'Emperor Tenmu invented Gosechi no mai with the intention to govern the nation and in order to make rei (propriety) and raku (music) take root among the people' ('Shoku Nihongi' - June 3, 743)).
- 編者・成立年代について、平安時代末期の保安 (元号)2年(1121年)、3年に書写された最古の写本(現宮内庁書陵部所蔵)が、小槻氏に永く秘蔵されていたことから、小槻氏によって編纂され、本書収録の最も新しい年次の文書が寛治7年正月19日の宣旨であるため、寛治7年から保安2年までの間に成立したと従来考えられてきた。
- Its oldest manuscript (now kept in the Imperial Household Archives) copied in 1121 to 1122, towards the end of the Heian period, was kept secretly by the Ozuki clan for a long time, with the latest document included there concerned with an imperial decree issued on 23 February, 1093, and therefore, it has been considered that the document was completed between 1093 and 1121.
- 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡(往来)の形式を採った文例集(消息集)に由来している(同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる)。
- They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called 'Tokarissei,' reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).
- 後嵯峨上皇の下で記録所が再建され、続く亀山上皇院政下の1286年(弘安9年)には、院評定を徳政沙汰(人事・寺社などの行政問題)と雑訴沙汰(所領・金銭などの一般的な訴訟)に分割するなどの改革を行い(「弘安徳政」)、1293年(正応6年・永仁元年)には伏見天皇(のち上皇)が記録所を徳政推進の機関として充実を図った(「永仁徳政」)。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga re-established Kirokusho and in 1286, the Retired Emperor Kameyama cloistered government promoted reforms ('Koan-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Koan era) such as dividing In-hyojo into Tokusei-sata (governmental issues related to personnel and temples/shrines) and Zasso-sata (ordinary court cases related to property, money, etc.) and in 1293, Emperor Fushimi (later the Retired Emperor) enhanced Kirokusho as the organization for promoting tokusei ('Enin-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Enin era).
- 1469年(文明元年)になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年(文明3年)には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
- By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.
- また上記の伝承を元に木原敏江が1978年タイトル「大江山花伝」で漫画化、同作は1986年宝塚歌劇団雪組本公演で柴田侑宏脚色・演出で舞台化(茨木童子役は平みち)されたほか、島田まゆが1996年タイトル「IBARAGI茨木」で舞台を現代に移して、渡辺綱の子孫である高校生と茨木童子(この作品では女性である)のエピソードを創作している。
- Furthermore, in 1978 Toshie KIHARA used the above-mentioned texts as sources for her manga (comic) version of these events, entitled 'Oeyama kaden' (the Legend of Mt. Oe), and in 1986 this manga, in Yukihiro SHIBATA's theatrical version, was adapted for the stage by the winter performance troupe of the Takarazuka Revue Company (with Michi TAIRA in the role of Ibaraki Doji), and in addition to these adaptations, Mayu SHIMADA also created a play in 1996 entitled 'Ibaraki Ibaraki,' which shifted the setting of the story to the present day and focuses on the relationship between WATANABE no Tsuna's grandson, a high school student, and Ibaraki Doji (who is female in this version).
- 前久からすれば、元から秀吉との関係は良好でなかった(かつて信長によって秀吉の旧邸が没収されて前久に与えられ、本能寺の変で明智光秀の軍がその屋敷を占拠して二条御所攻撃の拠点にしたと言う風説のために、前久自身が事件に関与したという濡れ衣を着せられた)事に加えて藤原氏以外に関白の地位が移ることは屈辱的であったが、近衛家の立場からすれば、
- For Sakihisa, who had a poor relationship with Hideyoshi due to the false accusation that Sakihisa had been involved in the Honno-ji Incident in which Mitsuhide AKECHI was rumored to occupy the Hideyoshi's former residence confiscated and given to Sakihisa by Nobunaga and, based in the residence, to attack Nijo Gosho (Nijo Imperial Palace), it was humiliating to let anybody outside the Fujiwara clan assume the position of Kanpaku; from the viewpoint of the Konoe family, however,
- 右大臣九条兼実の諮問を受けた季弘は、治承元年(1177年)にも同じようなことがあり、亡くなった父安倍泰親が彗星といい、自分がであるとしたので、父が天に判断を仰ぎ誤った方に天罰が下ることを祈請したところ、自分が重病になったので彗星だと判明した。従って実際の星の動きは問題ではないと唱えたという(『玉葉』正暦二年1月12日 (旧暦)条)。
- When inquired by the Udaijin (Minister of the Right) Kanezane KUJO, Suehiro stated that when the similar phenomenon was observed in 1177, his deceased father ABE no Yasuchika said that it was a comet, but he objected to that; then his father asked Heaven to give them judgment by punishing the wrong one, and consequently, Suehiro fell seriously ill, thereby they confirmed that it was a comet -- therefore, it could be concluded that actual movement of stars did not matter (the entry of 'Gyokuyo' [the diary of Kanezane KUJO] for February 4, 991).
- だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう(宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる)ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
- However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).
- 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
- In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.
- 『日本三代実録』元慶8年7月8日条によれば、同年6月7日に光孝天皇から政務の要請された(通常、これを関白の開始とするが、「関白」という言葉自体は宇多天皇が出した仁和3年の詔が初出であって、太政大臣あるいは摂政としての継続の意味であった可能性もある)際に一旦これを辞退した際の基経の返答に「如何、責阿衡、以忍労力疾、役冢宰以侵暑冒寒乎。」という語句を含めている。
- According to the description of July 8, 884 in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' when Mototsune was requested on June 7 of the same year by the Emperor Koko to assume state affairs (although this request is generally believed to have been the beginning of his tenure of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), it could have been the request to continue to serve as Dajodaijin (grand minister) or Sessho (regent) since the word 'Kanpaku' was used for the first time in the shochoku issued by Emperor Uda in 887), he once declined and used in his reply the phrase of 'I wonder whether I can fulfill Ako's responsibilities even though I work hard regardless of heat and cold.'
- 続いて慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いで勝利すると、家康は織田政権時代の天正10年(1581年)に関白左大臣を辞任した九条兼孝を豊臣政権側の反対を押し切って20年ぶりに還任させたものの、その後も家康が菊亭晴季に代わって右大臣となれば秀頼が内大臣となってそのまま関白に就任するだろうという風説が度々流された(慶長7年(1602年)、毛利輝元あて繁沢元氏書簡)。
- Against the opposition of the Toyotomi administration, Ieyasu then reinstated Kanetaka KUJO for the first time in twenty years, who had resigned from Kanpaku and Sadaijin in 1581 during the Oda administration, when he won in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600; afterwards, however, it was often rumored that Hideyori would assume the position of Naidaijin and then automatically Kanpaku when Ieyasu took over the position of Udaijin from Harusue KIKUTEI (from Motouji SHIGESAWA's letter to Terumoto MORI in 1602).
- 新制の一環としての寺社興行令は院政期から出されており、職の体系や神人・供御人制を確立したとの評価がある保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」においても、後白河天皇による神事興行令が出されているが、具体的な施策としては、後嵯峨上皇新制において、建長5年(1253年)官司国司による神事執務怠慢を諌め、神人、供御人の増加を防止する方針が打ち出されたことが最初の事例である。
- Jishakogyo-rei (literally 'law on the performance of temples and shrines') had been issued as part of such new policy systems since the rule by cloistered emperors; under Hogen Shinsei (Hogen new law) of 1156 acclaimed as having established the Shinjin (godlike person) Kugonin (people who presented food and other supplies to the Imperial Court, noble families, temples and shrines) Sei (system), Emperor Goshirakawa promulgated his own Shinji Kogyo Rei (literally 'law on the performance of religious rituals') but as a specific policy action, the first instance is found in the policy advocated under the Shinsei of the Retired Emperor Gosaga in 1156 to admonish government officials and provincial governors against neglect of religious rituals and to prevent Shinjin and Kugonin from increasing in number.
- 京都七口は元来、京都と七道を結ぶ街道の入口として設置されたと考えられ、大原口(小原口・八瀬口→北陸道)・鞍馬口(出雲路口)・粟田口(東三条口→東海道)・伏見口(宇治口・木幡口→南海道)・鳥羽口(→西海道)・丹波口(西七条口・七条口→山陰道)・長坂口(→(丹波道))の7つと言われているが、これは関所が廃止された江戸時代以後の説で史実に即しているのか疑問を持たれている。
- It is thought that Kyoto nanakuchi were originally set as entrances to the roads connecting Kyoto and seven circuits, and are said to be the Oohara entrance (the Ohara Entrance, the Yase entrance: the Hokuriku road), the Kurama entrance (the Izumo road entrance), the Awata entrance (the Higashi-sanjo entrance: the Tokai road), the Fushimi entrance (the Uji entrance, the Kohata entrance: the Nankai road), the Toba entrance (the Saikai road), the Tanba entrance (the Nishi-shichijo entrance, the Shichijo entrance: the Sanin road) and the Nagasaka entrance (the Tanba road); however, this theory came about after the Edo Period and when such checkpoints had been abolished, so there are doubts surrounding whether these are historical facts.
- 1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)に後醍醐天皇が死去すると親房が南朝の指導的人物となるが、親房が1354年(正平9年/文和3年)に死去すると南朝はまた衰微し、幕府内での抗争で失脚した細川清氏が楠木正儀らと南朝に帰順して一時は京都を占拠するものの1367年(正平22年/貞治6年)に敗れ、以降は大規模な南朝の攻勢もなくなり、足利義詮時代には大内弘世や山名時氏なども帰服する。
- When Emperor Godaigo passed away in 1339, Chikafusa became the de facto leader of the Southern Court, but when Chikafusa himself died in 1354, the Southern Court again fell into decline; having lost the internal power struggle within the Ashikaga shogunate, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA switched allegiance to Masanori KUSUNOKI and the Southern Court and together managed to briefly occupy Kyoto, but in 1367 they were defeated, and thereafter the Southern Court lost its large-scale military might, and even suffered the loss of Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA, who submitted to the shogunate during the rule of Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- その後、慶長16年3月21日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇の即位に合わせて14名、4月21日_(旧暦)には19名の公家の一斉昇進が行われて豊臣政権時代に昇進が停滞してしまった公家の昇進人事が一括して行われ、次いで豊臣氏が滅亡した元和_(日本)元年(1615年)に制定された「禁中並公家諸法度」に公家官位と武家官位の完全分離が図られたのも、豊臣政権末期の官位を巡る朝廷の混乱を知る家康にとっては当然の事であったのである。
- Subsequently, fourteen court nobles advanced in rank on May 3, 1611, in conjunction with Emperor Gomizunoo's ascension to the Imperial throne while nineteen nobles on Jun 2, 1611, getting the promotion of court nobles, which had been hindered during the Toyotomi administration, to be awarded all together; it was only natural for Ieyasu to establish, in 1615, the same year as the Toyotomi clan was collapsed, the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and Kyoto nobles), which completely separated the official rank of the court nobles and that of the samurai class, for Ieyasu had witnessed the struggle of the Imperial Court regarding to official ranks at the end of the Toyotomi administration.
- 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年(809年)には皇太子神野(嵯峨天皇)に譲位することになった。
- Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.
- その一方で、平安時代中期の著作である『政事要略』が書名を『貞観儀式』とせずに『儀式 貞観』としているのは、当初からこの書名は『儀式』と称されており、『政事要略』は単に脚注として編纂年代である元号の「貞観」を付記したに過ぎないこと、『本朝法家文書目録』は今日では存在が疑問視されている三代儀式の存在を前提に書いており、実際には存在しなかった弘仁儀式を掲げるなど正確性に疑問があるとして、正式な書名は『儀式』であるとする森田悌らの説も存在する。
- On the other hand, Tei MORITA etc. asserted the official book title must be 'Gishiki' arguing that the author of 'Seiji yoryaku,' compiled during the mid-Heian period, used 'Gishiki Jogan' instead of 'Jogan gishiki' in order to add the era name of 'Jogan' in which the book was compiled while acknowledging the title of the book was 'Gishiki' from the very beginning, and that the credibility of 'Honcho hoka monjo mokuroku' is doubtful because it was written on the premise of the existence of Sandai gishiki whose existence is questioned at present and it listed Konin gishiki (ceremony in the manner of the Konin era) which, in reality, did not exist.
- 黒板勝美は大日本帝国海軍水路部の元暦2年3月24日(ユリウス暦で5月2日)の関門海峡の潮流の調査を元に、午前8時30分に西への潮流が東へ反転して、午前11時頃に8ノットに達し、午後3時頃に潮流は再び西へ反転することを明らかにし、合戦が行われた時間帯は『玉葉』の午の刻(12時ごろ)から申の刻(16時ごろ)が正しく合戦は午後に行われたとして、潮流が東向きだった時間帯は平氏が優勢で、反転して西向きになって形勢が逆転して源氏が優勢になったとした。
- Katsumi KUROITA, based on an investigation conducted by Tokyo Imperial University's naval hydrographic department into the tidal currents on May 2, 1185, proved that the westward tidal current in the Kanmon straits started flowing eastward at 8:30 in the morning, reaching a speed of eight knots by around 11 AM, and returned to flowing westward at around 3 in the afternoon; asserting that the times given in the 'Gyokuyo' for when the battle was fought (from noon to 4 PM) were correct and thus that the battle took place in the afternoon, he further stated that as long as the current was flowing east the Taira clan had the advantage, but after it switched back to flowing west, there was a reversal of fortunes and the Minamoto clan gained the upper hand.
- また、元々頒暦が官庁に備え付ける暦であり、貴族や僧侶は自らの日記を執筆するために用いる具注暦をそれぞれが暦博士や暦生に依頼して制作もしくや書写の便宜を受けるのが慣例となっていた(藤原実資は予め(陰陽寮職員である)陰陽師に料紙を支給して暦を注文を行い、完成後に代金として絹1疋を支払っていたことが知られ(『中右記』長和3年10月2日条)、摂関家に至っては暦博士側から具注暦を献上してくることが慣例化していた(『後二条師通記』・『殿暦』・『玉葉』)。
- Hanreki was originally a calendar to be distributed to government offices, nobles and monks made it a practice to ask rekihakase or rekisei to make or transcribe guchureki in order to write their own diary (on this point, it is known that FUJIWARA no Sanesuke ordered calendars to an onmyoji (practionner in the Onmyoryo) by paying for paper and paid one hiki of silk when the calendar was completed (according to the article of 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) dated on October 2nd, 1014) and the line of regents and advisers made it rule that rekihakase presented guchureki to them (according to 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi), 'Denryaku' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadazane) and ''Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO)).
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- これは、2月に太政大臣に就任したばかりである近衛前久が5月に突如辞任していること、本能寺の変後の7月17日_(旧暦)に羽柴秀吉から毛利輝元に宛てられた手紙において、秀吉が信長のことを「大相国」と呼んでいるが、信長に対する太政大臣贈官が宮中で論じられたのは同年10月の事であること、加えてその結果出された贈官の宣命には「重而太政大臣」の語句があり、これを太政大臣の辞令が出されたのが2度目であると解釈して、1度目の辞令を三職推任問題の時に既に太政大臣就任の内諾を信長から得たことにより、非公式な内定が出されていたと解している。
- He thinks that the informal decision of appointing Nobunaga as Daijo daijin had been already made after confirming his informal consent when Haretoyo talked about Sanshoku suinin mondai based on the following facts: Sakihisa KONOE, who assumed Daijo daijin in March (February in old lunar calendar), abruptly resigned in June (May in old lunar calendar); Hideyoshi called Nobunaga 'Daishokoku' (the Grand Minister) in his letter to Terumoto MORI on August 15 (July 17 in old lunar calendar) after the Honnoji Incident, while the formal discussion at court on granting a posthumous title of Daijo daijin to Nobunaga was in October; and the subsequently issued Emperor's order of the posthumous title for Nobunaga contained a word 'choji Dajodaijin' (重而太政大臣) (the Grand Minister again), which Hashimoto believed meant the second appointment of Nobunaga as Daijo daijin.
- 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付(後に新家方を統合して目付方とも)、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
- During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.
- ところが、石塚一石が『本朝書籍目録』の中にある弘仁儀式の篇目に「七月二十五日相撲儀」が含まれているのに対して、相撲節会の開催日が7月25日 (旧暦)に定められたのは、弘仁年間よりも70年も後の仁和年間であり、弘仁年間には7月7日 (旧暦)と定められていた事実(天長元年(弘仁15年/824年)の7月7日に平城上皇が崩御して同日が忌日となったために、従来この日を期日として定められていた宮中行事の期日が変更を余儀なくされた)を指摘し、更に篇目の中に弘仁式逸文に記載された日付と合致しない行事がある事実を指摘して、『弘仁儀式』は散逸したのではなく最初から存在しなかったとする見解を唱えた。
- Nevertheless, Kazushi ISHIZUKA advanced the view that the 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist from the beginning, by pointing out that although the table of contents of the Konin Gishiki in the 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' included 'Sumai no gi (the Rite of Sumo Wrestling) on July 25 (old calendar),' Sumai no Sechie (Festival of Wrestling) was fixed on July 25 (old calendar) in the Ninna era (885 - 889), about seventy years after the Konin era (810 - 824), and that the Sumai no gi was fixed on July 7 (old calendar) during the Konin era (since ex-emperor Heizei died on July 7 in the first year of the Tencho era (the fifteenth year of the Konin era, 824) and the date became the death day of emperor, the ceremonial functions at the imperial court which had been fixed, had to be fixed on another day), and by further pointing out that the table of contents includes the ceremonial functions, the dates of which did not match those described in a surviving fragment of the Konin shiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era).