僚: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 僚
- Akira
- Tsukasa
- Ryou
- Riyou
- colleague
- official
- companion
- 同僚
- coworker
- co-worker
- colleague
- associate
- bedfellow
- comrade
- confrere
- peer
- a fellow worker
- 属僚
- a subordinate (official)
- 吏僚
- public servant
- government official
- 閣僚
- cabinet ministers
- Cabinet Member
- cabinet minister [member]
- Cabinet members
- Government ministers
- 官僚
- bureaucrat
- bureaucracy
- city hall
- The Bureaucrat
- 僚友
- colleague
- workmate
- comrade
- coworker
- 下僚
- subordinates
- petty officials
- 脱官僚
- debureaucratization
- curtailing the power of the bureaucracy
- 官僚化
- bureaucratization
- bureaucratisation
- 官僚臭
- smack of the bureaucrat
- 一般幕僚
- general staff
- General Staff Officer
- 閣僚声明
- ministerial announcement
- 奥野僚右
- Okuno Ryousuke
- Ryosuke Okuno
- 閣僚会議
- cabinet meeting
- meeting of ministers
- 官僚機構
- bureaucratic organization
- bureaucracy
- 官僚政治
- bureaucratic government
- bureaucracy
- government of bureaucracy
- 官僚主導
- initiative taken by bureaucrats in the drafting of government policies and bills (rather than by politicians)
- 官僚主義
- bureaucracy
- red tape
- bureaucratic
- 塚田僚一
- Tsukada Ryouichi (h) (1986.12.10-)
- 小沢僚子
- Ozawa Ryouko (h) (1937.5.4-)
- 高級官僚
- a high-level official
- 開拓官僚
- National Government Official Responsible for Hokkaido Development
- 仕事の同僚
- co-worker
- fellow worker
- 閣僚理事会
- ministerial council
- council of ministers
- Ministerial Council Meeting
- 閣僚レベル
- cabinet-level
- ministerial level
- 航空幕僚長
- Chief of Staff, A.S.D.F.
- 海上幕僚長
- Chief of Staff, M.S.D.F.
- 陸上幕僚長
- Chief of Staff, G.S.D.F.
- 統合幕僚長
- Chief of Staff, Joint Staff
- 日本の官僚
- Japanese government officials
- 閣僚評議会
- Council of Ministers
- 各国の閣僚
- Government ministers by country
- 経済関係閣僚
- cabinet minister with an economic portfolio
- cabinet-level economic official
- 統合幕僚会議
- Joint Staff Council
- 海上幕僚監部
- Maritime Staff Office
- Maritime Staff Office
- 統合幕僚学校
- Joint Staff College
- 陸上幕僚監部
- Ground Staff Office
- 官僚制の確立
- The Establishment of a Bureaucracy
- 航空幕僚副長
- Vice Chief of Staff, A.S.D.F.
- 海上幕僚副長
- Vice Chief of Staff, M.S.D.F.
- 陸上幕僚副長
- Vice Chief of Staff, G.S.D.F.
- 統合幕僚副長
- Vice Chief of Staff, Joint Staff
- 官僚的な悪夢
- a bureaucratic nightmare
- ハーグ閣僚宣言
- Ministerial Declaration of The Hague
- デリー閣僚宣言
- Delhi Ministerial Declaration
- 官僚政治の役人
- an official of a bureaucracy
- 地位の低い官僚
- petty officialdom
- 官僚的な態度で
- in a bureaucratic manner
- 法務官僚として
- Life as a Cabinet Legislation Bureau officer
- 大蔵官僚として
- As a Ministry of Finance Official
- 明治期の官僚。
- He was a bureaucrat during the Meiji period.
- WTO/閣僚宣言
- WTO/Ministerial Declaration
- IPHE閣僚会議
- IPHE Ministerial Meeting
- %s の私の同僚
- My colleagues at %s
- 日本の閣僚経験者
- Government ministers of Japan
- 渡辺武 (官僚)
- Takeshi Watanabe (bureaucrat)
- 官僚制度に関して
- with respect to bureaucracy
- OECD閣僚理事会
- OECD Council at Ministerial level
- 官僚制が確立した。
- A bureaucracy was established.
- 税金を徴収する官僚
- a bureaucrat who levies taxes
- 思いやりのない官僚
- unsympathetic officialdom
- 英国の財務担当閣僚
- the British cabinet minister responsible for finance
- WTO第4回閣僚会議
- 4th WTO Ministerial Meeting
- 多くの同僚を招待する
- Invite more colleagues
- 同僚を集めてください
- assemble your colleagues
- アメリカ合衆国の閣僚
- Members of the Cabinet of the United States
- マンダリン (官僚)
- Mandarin (bureaucrat)
- 連邦軍指揮幕僚大学校
- Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr
- イギリスの閣僚ポスト
- Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom
- 典型的な官僚的なへま
- a typical bureaucratic screwup
- 明治・大正期の官僚。
- He was a government official during the Meiji and Taisho periods.
- 実務官僚の意図的な顕彰
- An intended eulogy of practician type bureaucrats
- ----官僚の給与体系
- Payroll system of court officials
- 同僚からのプレッシャー
- peer pressure
- 氏姓制から令制官僚制へ
- Transition from the system of clans and hereditary titles to ritsuryo system (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance, in Japan: esp. 7th-10th century) and the bureaucracy
- 彼は同僚に浮けがよい。
- He is popular among his colleagues.
- 二人とも私の同僚です。
- Both are my colleagues.
- 首相が閣僚を任命する。
- The prime minister appoints the members of his cabinet.
- 首相と閣僚が辞任した。
- The premier and his cabinet colleagues resigned.
- 彼は同僚と連絡を取った
- he got in touch with his colleagues
- 硬直化している官僚組織
- an ossified bureaucratic system
- 外務官僚、貴族院議員。
- He was a Foreign Ministry official and a member of the House of Peers.
- 幕府事務官僚の日記、筆録
- Diaries and written records of the government officials
- 地球環境保全関係閣僚会議
- Council of Ministers for Global Environment Conservation
- 彼は同僚の論文を批評した
- he commented the paper of his colleague
- アメリカ陸軍指揮幕僚大学
- United States Army Command and General Staff College
- お役所的な官僚のミイラ化
- bureaucratic mummification in red tape
- 彼は同僚の作品に言及した
- he referenced his colleagues' work
- 水俣病に関する関係閣僚会議
- Ministerial Council concerning Minamata Disease
- 閣僚クラスのハイレベル会合
- high-level ministerial meeting
- 彼が同僚よりも、汗をかく。
- He sweats more than any of his colleagues.
- 同僚を騙すのは良くないよ。
- It is not good of you to take advantage of your colleagues.
- 閣僚はみんな出席していた。
- Every member of the cabinet was present.
- 内閣官僚の入れ替えがあった
- there was a reshuffle of cabinet officers
- 外科医は彼の同僚に相談した
- the surgeon consulted his colleagues
- 第3回世界貿易機関閣僚会議
- World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999
- 上級政府役人または上級官僚
- any high government official or bureaucrat
- 内務省の長である英国の閣僚
- the British cabinet minister who is head of the Home Office
- 彼女は、彼女の同僚に加わる
- She affiliates with her colleagues
- 明治政府で警察官僚となる。
- He became a government official of police in Meiji Government.
- 当時の同僚に市川崑がいた。
- Kon ICHIKAWA was one of his colleagues at that time.
- 「有司」とは政府官僚を指す。
- 'Yushi' refers to governmental officials.
- ----諸国官僚の廃置・位階
- Abolishment and establishment of provincial officials and ikai
- アジア太平洋経済協力閣僚会議
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference
- ダイオキシン対策関係閣僚会議
- Ministerial Conference on Dioxin Policy
- 公務がない英国内閣の上級閣僚
- the senior cabinet minister in the British Cabinet who has no official duties
- 彼はあの時閣僚になり損ねた。
- He failed to become a cabinet member at that time.
- 名前の分からない公務員の官僚
- anonymous bureaucrats in the Civil Service
- それは官僚政治に対して複雑だ
- it's bureaucratically complicated
- 重要でな、取るに足らない官僚
- a minor, insignificant bureaucrat
- 閣僚宣言[G8環境大臣会合の]
- Ministerial Statement on the World Summit on Sustainable Development
- オープンエンド閣僚級政府間会合
- Open-ended Intergovernmental Group of Ministers or Their Representatives
- 地盤沈下防止等対策関係閣僚会議
- Ministerial Council concerned with Measures for the Prevention of Ground Subsidence
- 総合エネルギー対策推進閣僚会議
- Council of Ministers for Promotion of Comprehensive Measures for Energy
- グローバル閣僚級環境フォーラム
- Global Ministerial Environment Forum
- 孫・鳩山威一郎(官僚、政治家)
- Grandson: Iichiro HATOYAMA (a bureaucrat, statesman)
- 経済対策の責任者である英国閣僚
- the British cabinet minister responsible for economic strategy
- 彼は同僚から批判を受けやすい。
- He is subject to the criticism of his colleagues.
- 同僚を代表して謝辞を述べます。
- I would like to express our thanks on behalf of my colleagues.
- 私の同僚は報告書を改ざんした。
- My colleague doctored the report.
- 犯罪者(官僚、土豪)の財産没収、
- Confiscation of the property of criminals (bureaucracy, local clans)
- 地球環境保全に関する関係閣僚会議
- Council of Ministers for Global Environment Conservation
- 彼は同僚よりもそれに慣れている。
- He is more familiar with it than his colleagues.
- 彼はパワー氏の年上の同僚だった。
- He was an elder colleague of Mr. Power.
- 彼はいつも同僚から孤立している。
- He is always isolated from his fellow workers.
- 彼は同僚となかなか打ち解けない。
- He is hardly friendly with his fellow workers.
- ターナー氏は同僚に別れを告げた。
- Mr Turner bade farewell to his colleagues.
- この同僚は常に政治活動をしている
- This colleague is always politicking
- 閣僚の指示下に置かれた政府の部門
- a government department under the direction of a minister
- 事務手続きをする事務員または官僚
- a clerk or bureaucrat who does paperwork
- 彼は、彼の同僚と決して交際しない
- He never socializes with his colleagues
- 政府の主要閣僚の多くは岩倉を支持。
- Most of the key Cabinet members supported Iwakura's proposal.
- 四天王寺本・猪熊本・田中本の僚巻。
- The same copy of the Shitenno-ji book (the original copy of Shitenno-ji Temple), Inokuma book (the Inokuma original copy), and Tanaka book.
- 彼は同僚と一緒にその計画を作った。
- He made the plan along with his colleagues.
- 彼の辞職で官僚の席に空きができた。
- His resignation left a vacancy in the cabinet.
- 私は同僚と一緒に海外旅行をしたい。
- I would like to travel abroad in company with my colleague.
- 同僚たちは私を温かく迎えてくれた。
- My colleagues welcomed me very warmly.
- 彼は同僚ともっと対話するべきである
- He should interact more with his colleagues
- 同僚よりも会社に忠誠を尽くす従業員
- an employee whose first loyalty is to the company rather than to fellow workers
- 彼の同僚は彼の面白い考えを分析した
- His colleagues worked out his interesting idea
- 閣僚中、唯一の衆議院議員であった。
- He was the only member of the House of Representatives who was a cabinet member.
- 彼らが幕府初期官僚組織を形成する。
- They formed the initial bureaucratic organization of the bakufu.
- - 佐佐木本・猪熊本・田中本の僚巻。
- The same copy of the Sasaki book, Inokuma book, and Tanaka book.
- ナホトカ号流出油災害対策関係閣僚会議
- Council of Ministers Related to the Nakhodka Oil Spill Response
- 第3回グローバル閣僚級環境フォーラム
- 3rd Global Ministerial Environment forum
- 彼の同僚は海外の支店に転勤になった。
- His colleague was transferred to an overseas branch.
- 彼は同僚と協力してその計画を立てた。
- He planned the project along with his colleagues.
- 彼の行動を彼の同僚に合わせてください
- coordinate his actions with that of his colleagues
- 彼の謙遜さは彼の同僚から際立っていた
- His modesty distinguishes him from his peers
- 彼の男性の同僚の、専門職を持たない妻
- the nonprofessional wives of his male colleagues
- 彼はそのかつての同僚について話をした
- he was telling on all his former colleague
- あなたの同僚を過小評価してはいけない
- don't belittle your colleagues
- 官僚主義が全体の執行を麻痺させている
- The bureaucracy paralyzes the entire operation
- 父の重光は対策に及第している文人官僚。
- His father Shigemitsu was Bunjinkanryo (a highly educated bureaucrat) who passed Taisaku (test for recruitment of government clerks).
- 地球環境保全に関する関係閣僚会議幹事会
- Meeting of Senior Officials for the Council of Ministers for Global Environment Conservation
- 国家官僚が日常生活の細部にまで干渉し、
- State bureaucrats control even the smaller details of everyday life.
- 彼らの同僚は海外の支店に転勤になった。
- Their colleague was transferred to an overseas branch.
- 彼の同僚に関して、気が利いて、意地悪い
- witty and waspish about his colleagues
- この男性は彼の同僚女性に嫌がらせをする
- This man harasses his female co-workers
- このセールスマンは彼の同僚より多く売る
- This salesman outsells his colleagues
- 元警察官僚・初代内閣安全保障室長・作家
- He was a former police bureaucrat, the first head of the Cabinet Security Affairs Office and a writer.
- (少なくとも、女性官僚側室ではない)。
- (It is certain she was not at least a female office concubine).
- この内閣は閣僚の大半が政党所属であった。
- Most of the cabinet members belonged to a political party.
- 政所や問注所、事務官僚の家に残る公文書類
- Official documents remaining in Mandokoro, Monchujo, and residences of the government officials
- - 佐佐木本・四天王寺本・猪熊本の僚巻。
- The same copy of the Sasaki book, Shitenno-ji book, and Inokuma book.
- - 佐佐木本・四天王寺本・田中本の僚巻。
- The same copy of the Sasaki book, Shitenno-ji book, and Tanaka book.
- 自分勝手なその男は同僚達から軽蔑された。
- The selfish man was despised by his colleagues.
- 彼女は苦労して男性の同僚の間の評判を得た
- She carved out a reputation among her male colleagues
- 物理学者は、彼の同僚の理論の反証をあげた
- The physicist disproved his colleagues' theories
- 大きな機関での扱いにくさと官僚主義の負担
- the onset of unwieldiness and bureaucracy in large organizations
- あなたの批評はあなたの同僚を中傷している
- your comments are slurring your co-workers
- この新しい同僚は私の受持ち区域に立ち入る
- This new colleague invades my territory
- 率直な閣僚は大統領によって退席させられた
- The outspoken cabinet member was sidelined by the President
- 公衆は武官官僚とも呼ぶべき存在であった。
- Hokoshu could be called military officials.
- また、位階とは官僚の序列を表す等級である。
- Rank' refers to grades representing the hierarchy of government officials.
- アメリカ人の同僚の母が昨日亡くなりました。
- The mother of one of my American colleagues died yesterday.
- ツァー自身が官僚組織にたいして無力であり、
- The Czar himself is powerless against the bureaucratic body;
- 彼が退職したとき同僚は彼にプレゼントした。
- His colleagues gave him a present when he retired.
- 彼の意見は同僚の間でなんの共鳴も呼ばない。
- His opinion does not arouse any echo in his colleagues.
- 航空機のパイロットに僚機がいないような飛行
- a flight in which the aircraft pilot is unaccompanied
- ここで作者は彼の同僚を引き合いに出している
- Here the author is quoting his colleague
- 政府の官僚組織における空想的な非現実的世界
- the fantastically unreal world of government bureaucracy
- 彼の官僚的なふるまいは、同僚をいらだたせた
- his bureaucratic behavior annoyed his colleagues
- 彼は彼の同僚に向かって対立したように振舞う
- he behaves antagonistically toward his colleagues
- 罷免についても同僚の船越衛は同情している。
- Mamoru FUNAKOSHI, a colleague of Sano, sympathized with his dismissal.
- 熊毛は王の同僚か部下であったと推測される。
- It is assumed that Kumake was a colleague or subordinate of Okimi.
- 管理理事会及びグローバル閣僚級環境フォーラム
- Session of the Governing Council and the Global Ministerial Environment Forum
- 官僚達は大企業との強固な関係を維持している。
- The bureaucrats maintain solid ties with the gigantic corporations.
- その閣僚はついに辞表提出に追い込まれました。
- The cabinet minister wound up submitting his resignation.
- マイヤーとその同僚の研究は特異なものだった。
- The study by Meyer and his colleagues was unusual.
- 同僚には一族の吉良満義(西条吉良氏)がいた。
- His colleagues included Mitsuyoshi KIRA (Saijo-Kira clan) of the same family.
- 幅広い視野をもつ開明派官僚であったといえる。
- It can be said that he was an enlightened government official who had a wide field of vision.
- 官僚としても出世して陰陽頭にまでなっている。
- He was also successful as a bureaucrat and advanced to the post of Onmyo no kami.
- 奉行衆が室町幕府の文官官僚であるとすれば、奉
- If bugyoshu (group of magistrates) were civilian officials during the Muromachi bakufu government,
- そこで前内閣の閣僚が当面留任することになった。
- Thus, the members of the previous Cabinet were stayed on for a while.
- ブラウン氏は同僚の成功をねたましく思っている。
- Mr Brown is jealous of his colleague's success.
- 同僚にあなたの引っ越しの計画を知らせてください
- Please acquaint your colleagues of your plans to move
- 公文書で、在職中の不正行為で官僚を告発するもの
- a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office
- これは、私の同僚の愚かな行動を打ち消すであろう
- This will counteract the foolish actions of my colleagues
- このマネージャーは、独裁的に彼の同僚にふるまう
- this manager acts dictatorially toward his colleagues
- 彼女は、難問を彼女の同僚に委ねるのが好きである
- She likes to relegate difficult questions to her colleagues
- やはり実務派官僚である甘露寺親長の娘を娶った。
- He married the daughter of Chikanaga KANROJI, who was also a governmental official responsible for practical work.
- 会員には旧幕府官僚で、開成所の関係者が多かった。
- Most members were former officials of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and people who had been involved in the Kaiseijo (School for Western Studies).
- 土曜会の後継会派で官僚系勅撰議員が中心となった。
- The group succeeded the Doyokai group and its main members were Chokusen councilors with a bureaucratic background.
- 常陸国の小田治久の小田城に入り親房の幕僚となる。
- Akikuni occupied Hitachi Province's Oda-jo Castle, which belonged to Haruhisa ODA, and became one of Chikafusa's staff officers.
- 開発援助への気候変動適応策の統合に関する閣僚宣言
- Declaration on Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation
- 森林法の施行とガバナンスに関する東アジア閣僚会合
- East Asia Ministerial Conference on Forest Law Enforcement and Governance
- その事に関しては同僚と相談しなければなりません。
- I must confer with my colleagues on the matter.
- 友人や同僚が %s に加わるよう誘ってください。
- Invite friends and colleagues to join you on %s.
- 同僚の一人はあらゆる点で僕より有利な立場にいる。
- A colleague has every advantage over me.
- 官僚制度の過度な成長、そして結果として生じる問題
- an excessive growth of bureaucracy, with attendant problems
- 他人(同僚や仲間など)と共同で何かを共有する状態
- the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)
- 彼女は、より若い女性の同僚を下につける傾向がある
- She tends to put down younger women colleagues
- 明治維新後は新政府に入り大蔵官僚として活躍する。
- After Meiji Restoration, GO entered the new government and was active as the bureaucrat of Ministry of the Treasury.
- 1872年 同僚の宣教師らと福音書の翻訳を開始。
- Along with colleague missionaries, he began translating the Gospel in 1872.
- 明治5年、下級官僚となり、内務省で累進していく。
- In 1872, he became a lower-rank government official and was promoted steadily within the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 後には官僚出身の勅選議員も多く所属することとなる。
- Later on, the group produced many Chokusen councilors with a bureaucratic background.
- 原敬らの画策により結成された官僚系勅撰議員の会派。
- Forming this group was the idea of Takashi HARA and others with Chokusen councilors with a bureaucratic background.
- 有能な行政官僚としての功績は相変わらず大きかった。
- Mitsunari was a talented bureaucrat who rendered distinguish services.
- 旧陸上幕僚監部調査部調査第2課別室のシンボルマーク
- A symbol for the special room of Investigation Section II in Investigation Division in the old Ground Staff Office
- ECEベルゲン会議・持続可能な開発に関する閣僚宣言
- Bergen ECE Ministerial Declaration on Sustainable Development
- 仲間メンバーまたは同僚を選択する、あるいは選出する
- choose or elect as a fellow member or colleague
- 留守居とは同僚ではあるが、直接上下関係はなかった。
- The officers in this post were associates of those in Rusui post, but they were not in the master-servant relationship.
- 法律事務所の同僚に配偶者よりも低いレートで請求する
- associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners
- 私の同僚のうちの2人は、議長を選ぶことに同意しない
- No two of my colleagues would agree on whom to elect chairman
- 彼の気力と活力は同僚をくたくたに疲れさせてしまった
- his drive and energy exhausted his co-workers
- とても取るに足らない同僚は操り人形のように扱われた
- the quite inconsequent fellow was managed like a puppet
- 一部の経済学者は、他の社会学の彼らの同僚を軽蔑する
- some economists are disdainful of their colleagues in other social disciplines
- 彼女は彼女の同僚の間で機嫌を損ねる方法を持っている
- She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues
- 同僚と廊下で出くわす際、彼は彼らに決して気づかない
- He never acknowledges his colleagues when they run into him in the hallway
- 属僚として組頭、手代、門番同心、小揚者などがあった。
- Kura-bugyo's subordinates included kumigashira (head of the group), tedai (clerk), monban-doshin (gatekeeping constable) and koagemono (rice unloading laborer).
- そして、閣僚に辞表を書くよう指示し、再び停会を命じた
- Katsura ordered the Cabinet ministers to write their resignation letters and adjourned the Diet again.
- 11月24日、参事院議官補となり政府官僚として復帰。
- November 24: Became Assistant Gikan (high ranking government official) of the Legislature and returned as a government official.
- アジア・太平洋の環境と開発に関する2000年閣僚宣言
- Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000
- マルクス主義者は官僚がボスになるべきであると考える。
- Marxists think we should be bossed by bureaucrats.
- 実際のところ、これは官僚支配の有力な手段なのである。
- In fact, this is a major means of bureaucratic control.
- 私がはっきりと話して以来、私の同僚は私を村八分にする
- Ever since I spoke up, my colleagues ostracize me
- 若い教師は病気の同僚の代わりをしなければならなかった
- The young teacher had to substitute for the sick colleague
- 彼の官僚的なちょっとした振る舞いが彼女をいらだたせた
- his bureaucratically petty behavior annoyed her
- 彼女は、彼女の同僚より少なく支払われることに憤慨する
- She resents being paid less than her co-workers
- 彼は、常にスタッフ会合で同僚の背中をぽんと叩いている
- he is always backslapping his colleagues at staff meetings
- 平田東助らが中心となって結成した官僚系勅撰議員の会派。
- Tosuke HIRATA and others played a central role in forming the party with Chokusen councilors with a bureaucratic background.
- 忠世は直政に「同僚の者たちは皆、同じものを食べている。
- Tadayo said to Naomasa, 'All your comrades eat the same food.
- ベースとなる原史料として当時の幕府事務官僚の日記、筆録
- Diaries and written records of the government officials as primary historical materials.
- 安宿王(あすかべおう、生没年不詳)は、奈良時代の官僚。
- The Prince Asukabe (year of birth and death unknown) was a bureaucrat who lived in the Nara period.
- 官僚は旧法規の改正に関して、成り行きを見守っています。
- Bureaucrats are testing the waters over revising old regulations.
- 彼は、上司の前で同僚を批判することによって、彼を辱めた
- He humiliated his colleague by criticising him in front of the boss
- 京都的な教養を身につけた実務官僚としての側面もあった。
- He was also a practical bureaucrat with Kyoto education.
- 忠清はこのことを同僚に述べ、賛辞を止めなかったという。
- Tadakiyo talked about this to his colleagues, never stopped praising Tadamasa.
- いわば綱元は、伊達氏における信任厚い行政官僚であった。
- Tsunamoto was sort of an administrative officer with the confidence of the Date clan.
- 軍人、政治家、官僚として活躍し、侯爵の位を授けられた。
- He was a soldier, politician, and bureaucrat and was awarded the rank of marquis.
- 同僚との縁から浄土教学や易学、日蓮宗や法華経などを研鑚。
- He started to study the Jodo Sect, art of divination, Nichiren school of Buddhism, and Hokekyo (Lotus Sutra) with an influence of his colleague.
- 私たちは、ようやく官僚制度をえて、大臣と話すことができた
- We finally got through the bureaucracy and could talk to the Minister
- 官僚主義は…主になわばり争いにかかわり…天下りを温存する
- a bureaucracy...chiefly concerned with turf...and protecting the retirement system
- 非民主的に、彼は彼の同僚抜きで、すべての重要な決定をした
- undemocratically, he made all the important decisions without his colleagues
- 幕末は尊皇攘夷運動に傾倒し、明治維新後に内務官僚となる。
- He devoted himself to the movement of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' in the end of Edo Period and became an official of the Ministry of Home Affairs after the Meiji Restoration.
- 元 (王朝)末から明清になると科挙による官僚登用が定着し、
- From the end of the Yuan to Ming and Qing periods, the appointment system of bureaucrats based on the Imperial Examination System took root.
- いずれも西郷や板垣に従って職を辞した元官僚・軍人であった。
- All of them were the bureaucracy or military men who quitted to follow Saigo and Itagaki.
- また、州刺史以下の諸官僚たちの査定を行い、中央に報告した。
- He assessed the various government officials under him and reported to the central government.
- 靖国神社参拝に関しては閣僚の自主的な判断に任せられている。
- The question of worshipping at the Yasukuni Shrine is left to the independent judgement of Cabinet ministers.
- 官僚主義かアドホクラシーの選択は、一般のジレンマを意味する
- the choice between bureaucracy and adhocracy represents a common dilemma
- あなたのパフォーマンスは、あなたの同僚のそれにさえ届かない
- Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues
- 陸軍および内務系官僚の山縣側近が広範な「山縣閥」を築いた。
- Yamagata-affiliated advisors that served the Army and Home Affairs government officials established a large Yamagata Faction.
- 摂関家に仕える家司であるとともに朝廷に仕える官僚であった。
- He was Keishi (household superintendent) working for Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) as well as a bureaucrat working for the Imperial Court.
- 政治家として実績を重ね、アジア系として初めて閣僚に選ばれる。
- Boasting many achievements as a politician, he was the first Asian American to be elected as a member of the Cabinet.
- 進退窮まった黒田は一週間後の25日、全閣僚の辞表を提出した。
- KURODA who was driven into a corner gave in a resignation of all ministers on 25, a week later from it.
- いわば義時は、官僚タイプの鎌倉武士であったと言えるであろう。
- It could be said, in other words, that Yoshitoki was a bureaucrat-type Kamakura samurai.
- 秀頼の生母・淀殿と「近江派」の吏僚・石田三成らによる陰謀説。
- A conspiracy theory by the real mother of Hideyori, Yodo-dono, and an executive officer of 'Omi group,' Mitsunari ISHIDA.
- また、官僚を学力で登用する科挙と呼ばれる登用試験が発達する。
- An imperial examination system called Kakyo (Keju in Chinese) for appointing officials based on their academic abilities was developed.
- 「私はよく、同僚たちと博物館に近いアルファ・インで飲むんです
- 'There are a few of us who frequent the Alpha Inn, near the Museum
- 裁判官ではないが、上告を聞くように任命された官僚たちの委員会
- a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals
- 過度の強調を支出の規制に置くと考えられている会計士または官僚
- an accountant or bureaucrat who is believed to place undue emphasis on the control of expenditures
- 米国連邦の官僚で、支出を監督し政府に対する請求の支払いをする
- a United States federal official who supervises expenditures and settles claims against the government
- 様々な規制に応じて、ある地域を地区に分割する官僚たちの委員会
- a board of officials who divide an area into zones that are subject to different restrictions
- 和泉国守、陸奥国守などを歴任した地方官僚でいわゆる受領階級。
- He was a local bureaucrat who successively held important positions such as Izumi no kuni no Kami (Governor of Izumi Province) and Mutsu no kuni no Kami (Governor of Mutsu Province), belonging to the so called Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) class.
- 民衆の間には外国人は官僚より三等上という認識が広がっていった。
- Acknowledgement that foreigners were three ranks above the bureaucracy spread among commoners.
- 鎌倉時代末期には摂津氏と呼ばれて幕府中枢の事務官僚を世襲する。
- In the end of the Kamakura period, his family was called the Settsu clan and began to inherit secretary official positions in the center of the government.
- アジア太平洋における環境上健全で持続可能な開発に関する閣僚宣言
- Ministerial Declaration on Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development
- その過程で科挙に合格し官僚を独占し世襲化する両班制が成立した。
- During this process, the yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) was established where bureaucrats who succeeded in Kakyo monopolized the bureaucratic positions by inheritance.
- また釜山広域市においては日朝両国の官僚同士が険悪となっていた。
- Also, relations between bureaucrats of Japan and Korea became tense in Busan Metropolitan City.
- 彼がジャケットとネクタイを着用したとき、同僚達は彼をからかった
- His fellow workers razzed him when he wore a jacket and tie
- 英国の歴史家で、官僚主義の冷笑で知られる(1909-1993)
- British historian noted for ridicule of bureaucracies (1909-1993)
- 行動が不必要な手順と官僚主義の強調により妨げられるあらゆる組織
- any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape
- 彼はその書類を破棄するように同僚をそそのかしたかどで告発された
- He was accused of soliciting his colleagues to destroy the documents
- 家康没後において、女性官僚として春日局と並んで最上位を占めた。
- After Ieyasu's death, Eishoin reached the highest post of a female officer as well as Kasuga no Tsubone.
- 上級の官庁に附属する下部機関ないしその官僚を指す概念であった。
- They indicated the concept of those lower ranked bureaucrats attached to senior level bureaucrats.
- 大学寮を出た後に学者・官僚として活躍して朝臣の姓を与えられた。
- After graduating from the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education, where bureaucrats were educated), Kiyota worked actively as a scholar and a bureaucrat and was awarded the title of Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles).
- 山縣有朋系官僚を中心とした内閣であり、「二流内閣」と揶揄された。
- Since the major members of the cabinet were the bureaucrats who were following Aritomo YAMAGATA, the cabinet was criticized as 'the second-rate cabinet.'
- 12月、東京陸軍病院課僚を命じられて、陸軍軍医の副の任務につく。
- In December, he was appointed as Karyo (a position name) of Tokyo Military Hospital, and assumed office as Fuku (assistant head) of military medicine.
- 松本零士の先祖が三瀬諸淵の同僚で、高子と会いとても印象に残った。
- When Takako met Reiji MATSUMOTO's ancestor who was a colleague of Morobuchi MISE, she left a strong impression on him.
- 官僚時代は、藩閥の後ろ盾がなく苦労するが、銀行制度の確立に貢献。
- When he was a government official, he had a hard time because he had no backer, but he contributed to the establishment of a banking system.
- 300部刷られ、 総督・巡撫をはじめとする各地の官僚に配布された。
- 300 copies were printed and distributed to officials in various regions starting with governors and junbu (grand coordinators).
- この「入札」の結果を参考にして、主要閣僚は以下のように決定された。
- Referring to the results of the 'bid', primary cabinet members were selected as follows.
- 支配を貫徹するために、末端の近くまで官僚が体系的に配置されていた。
- To thoroughly rule the people, bureaucrats were deployed near the smallest administrative units.
- 当時の政府首脳である参議の半数と軍人、官僚約600人が職を辞した。
- Half of the Sangi (councillor) that was the government leaders at that time, and about 600 military men and bureaucracies left their services.
- 以上の統治機構に属する官僚は、それぞれ官職と位階が与えられていた。
- Bureaucrats belonging to the above-mentioned government organizations were appointed to government posts and ranks.
- 官僚制は不変のままで、だれもその地位を奪うことはできないのです。
- the bureaucracy being unchanged, and nobody else being capable of taking their place.20
- 藤原 薩雄(ふじわら の よしお、生没年不詳)は、奈良時代の官僚。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshio (date of birth and death unknown) was a bureaucrat who lived during the Nara period.
- 学問を修め、正式な官僚として朝廷に仕え、活躍ぶりは抜きんでていた。
- After pursuing his studies, he served in the Imperial Court as a formal government official and excelled in performance.
- 1900年 同僚の三竹、杉森とともに三々塾を作り、学生指導に当たる
- 1900: Established a private school called Sansanjuku with colleagues Mitake and Sugimori where he and guided students.
- 源長季(みなもと の ながすえ、生没年不詳)は平安時代後期の官僚。
- MINAMOTO no Nagasue (year of birth and death unknown) was a bureaucrat in the late Heian Period.
- それでも貴族院を代表する勢力として歴代内閣の多くに閣僚を送り込んだ。
- Still, they sent their members into many successive cabinets as a representative force in the House of Peers.
- 1889年に官僚を辞し弘世助三郎に日本生命保険の実務をまかせられた。
- In 1889, after retiring from the bureaucracy, he was commissioned by Sukezaburo HIROSE the management of Nippon Life Insurance Corporation.
- 彼らは官僚という立場ではあったが政治や社会に対する影響力は小さかった。
- Although they were bureaucrats, their influence over politics and society was limited.
- 復刻したのは、范富庶や阮子高、武元二、阮進らベトナム科挙官僚であった。
- 'Bankoku Koho' was reprinted by bureaucrats who passed Keju in Vietnam including 范富庶, 阮子高, 武元二 and 阮進.
- 文部官僚時代の中川は、日本女子大学を設立した成瀬仁蔵とも交流があった。
- While he was an officer of the Ministry of Education, NAKAGAWA also associated with Jinzo NARUSE, who established Japan Women's University.
- ひとつは盗意図的な顕彰の中でも既に見てきた実務官僚に関する部分である。
- One is the part related to the officials who were intendedly praised as mentioned before.
- 新政府は、天皇の官制大権を前提として、近代的な官僚制の構築を目指した。
- The new government aimed at a modern bureaucracy on the condition that the emperor held the prerogative to control official affairs.
- 柔和で、教養があり上品に見栄えの良いMPはコベントリーの同僚を代表した
- this suave, culture-loving and luxuriantly good-looking M.P.represents the car-workers of Coventry
- 織田信長に仕えていたが、当時同僚だった豊臣秀吉と諍いをおこし出奔する。
- Although he had been serving Nobunaga ODA, he ran away after he had a dispute with his co-worker Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 他の国学者、神祇官僚とは一線を画した福羽の合理的精神の一端と言われる。
- It is said that this episode is a good example that reflects Fukuba's practical spirit, which kept him ahead of the pack of other classical Japanese literature scholars and government officials in charge of religious ceremonies.
- 曾孫 岸信介(官僚、政治家・元首相)、佐藤栄作(官僚、政治家・元首相)
- Great-grandchildren: Nobusuke KISHI (bureaucrat, statesman and former prime minister), Eisaku SATO (bureaucrat, statesman and former prime minister)
- 同僚の熊谷直実とともに一ノ谷の平家軍に突入して、勝利のきっかけを作った。
- In cooperation with his colleague, Naozane KUMAGAI, he broke through the army of Taira clan which was deployed at Ichinotani, and seized the momentum for victory.
- 5月、陸軍軍医本部課僚になり、プロシア陸軍衛生制度の調査に駆り出される。
- In May, he was promoted to Karyo of the Military Medicine Headquarters, and was assigned to investigate the Prussian army's hygiene system.
- 清正からは吏僚派のひとりと見なされて、「薬問屋の小倅」と侮られたという。
- Kiyomasa saw him as a member of the civilian party and despised him as 'a son of a medicine warehouse merchant'.
- 米国がホスト国になって世界10数カ国の閣僚級を集めた水素経済国際協力会合
- IPHE International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy
- 「これは友人で同僚のワトソン博士で、時折事件で助けになってくれています。
- 'This is my friend and colleague, Dr. Watson, who is occasionally good enough to help me in my cases.
- 科学者は、彼女自身の研究に関連する問題について学ぶために、同僚と共同する
- the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research
- 彼の時間の認識は、いつも変化するため、彼は予測できない同僚として扱われた
- a certain fluidness in his perception of time made him an unpredictable colleague
- 平 政連(たいら の まさつら、生没年不詳)は、鎌倉時代末期の幕府官僚。
- TAIRA no Masatsura (year of birth and death unknown) was a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) bureaucrat during the late Kamakura period.
- 師通は大江匡房に学問を学び、匡房に代表される伝統的な実務官僚層を掌握する。
- He studied academics under OE no Masafusa, and learned the traditional bureaucratic lessons for practical business.
- その閣僚が座ろうとした時に隣席の西郷従道が椅子を引いたために尻餅をついた。
- When the Cabinet member tried to sit on a chair, Tsugumichi SAIGO, who sat on the adjacent seat, pulled the chair and made him fall on his buttocks.
- 以降は大蔵省官僚として財政畑を歩み、内務卿大久保の下では地租改正にあたる。
- Since then, he had specialized in financial affairs as a bureaucrat of Ministry of Treasury and engaged in the land-tax reform under the Minister of Interior OKUBO.
- これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
- As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.
- その修業年限は体僚・針生は7年、創腫・少小は5年、耳目口歯は4年であった。
- The court required the students of tairyo and acupuncture to study seven years, those of soshu and shosho to study five years, and those of ear, eye, mouth, and tooth to study four years.
- 仲哀天皇10年、2月に穴門・豊浦宮を出発し、群郷百僚を率いて海路をとった。
- In February in AD 201, she left Toyurano-miya Imperial Residence in Anato and took a sea route to Yamato with a troop of lords and officials under her command.
- 私たちが好意的なグループであると分かり、私たちの新しい同僚はリラックスした
- our new colleague relaxed when he saw that we were a friendly group
- ニューイングランドの町の公共業務を運営するために選出された官僚たちの委員会
- a board of officials elected to administer the public business of a New England town
- 新聞社で同僚だった岡本綺堂とは親交があり、福地宅に綺堂を案内したりもした。
- He had a close friendship with Kido OKAMOTO, who was his colleague at the newspaper company, and he also took Kido to FUKUCHI's residence to introduce him.
- 小野 毛人(おの の えみし、生年不詳 - 677年)は、飛鳥時代の官僚。
- ONO no Emishi (year of birth unknown - 677) was a government official who lived during the Asuka period.
- 日羅は百済王から二位達率と極めて高い官位を与えられた倭系百済官僚であった。
- Nichira was a Japanese government official of Baekje, awarded very high court rank of Dachisochi, the second highest rank, by the King of Baekje.
- 1876年、同僚の笠原研寿とともに サンスクリット(梵語)研究のため渡英。
- In 1876, he went to England to study Sanskrit along with his colleague, Kenju KASAHARA.
- 陸奥在地のいわゆる蝦夷系豪族で中央官僚として立身できたのは嶋足だけである。
- Among people from powerful families of so-called Emishi (northerners) who had ruled the local area of Mutsu Province for generations, Shimatari was the only person who succeeded as bureaucrat of the central government.
- 一方雑訴決断所の寄人になっていた旧幕府の法曹官僚も恩賞方からは排除された。
- Meanwhile, a judicial bureaucrat from the overthrown bakufu, a Yoryudo of Zasso-Ketsudansho, was excluded from the Onshogata.
- 少納言、検非違使、右馬頭、土佐国守、備前国守などを歴任した平安後期の官僚。
- A bureaucrat in the late Heian period, who served as Minor Counselor, Kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), Uma no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses), Tosa no kuni no kami (Governor of Tosa Province) and Bizen no kuni no kami (Governor of Bizen Province).
- このような科挙制度による官僚化が進んだこの時代の文人を特に官僚文人ともいう。
- Such Bunjin who became a bureaucrat through the Imperial Examination System in this period was especially called bureaucrat Bunjin.
- 2000年 ノーマン・ミネタがアジア系アメリカ人として初めて閣僚に選ばれる。
- In 2000, Norman MINETA became the first Asian American to be elected as a member of the Cabinet.
- この小説の中で法務省官僚が釈放する根拠の前例としているのが藤作の一件である。
- In the novel the bureaucracy of Ministry of Justice decide on release based on the case of Tosaku.
- ある会議で某閣僚がわかりきったことを延々と述べて議論が行き詰まった際のこと。
- In a conference, one of the Cabinet members kept stating the obvious and the discussion reached a dead end.
- その衝撃の激しさによってか、同僚などの猜疑によってか、丑松は追い詰められた。
- Either from the harshness of the shock, or the suspicions of his colleagues and others, Ushimatsu felt he was driven into a corner.
- 個々の人物(特に国に仕えた官僚)の一生や周辺の異民族の民俗を書き並べたもの。
- It is a biography of individual figures (most of them were bureaucrats who served the countries) or a record of folks of other ethnic groups living in surrounding areas.
- 友人や同僚がこのサービスを利用するようこのフォームを使用して誘ってください。
- Use this form to invite your friends and colleagues to use this service.
- 2.4: うちの管理職は、僕が同僚の仕事にミスを見つけると文句を言うんです。
- 2.4: My manager complains when I identify faults in the work of my coworkers.
- 理事会は、適当な場合には、閣僚級の会合を開催することを決定することができる。
- When appropriate, the Council may decide to hold a session at the ministerial level.
- その他、後北条氏・斎藤氏のように幕府吏僚・浪人に出自する者も少なからずいた。
- Additionally, there were also many sengoku daimyo who were originally bakufu officers or ronin (masterless samurai), such as the Gohojo and Saito clans).
- が、結果としてかれらは官僚としての本来的な職務を疎んじなおざりすることになる。
- However, as a result, they came to disfavor and neglect their basic duties as bureaucrats.
- 元は中国律令に現れ、律令制を支える精緻な官僚システムの基礎制度として機能した。
- It was originally introduced in the Chinese Ritsuryo system and functioned as the basis for the sophisticated bureaucracy of the Ritsuryo system.
- これは陸軍・海軍両大臣を除く全閣僚が憲政党員からなる日本初の政党内閣であった。
- It was the first party cabinet in Japan, all of whose ministers belonged to the Kenseito except for the Ministers of the Army and the Navy.
- 開国の翌年に、海陽の官僚が『万国公法』を復刻しようとした動機は、自明であろう。
- The reason why the officials in Hai Duong planned reprint of 'Bankoku Koho' the year after the implementation of the policy of opening country was obvious.
- また幕府の実務官僚であった大江広元ら京下りの吏僚たちを掌握していたことである。
- In addition, Masako had a complete control over Hiromoto Oe and other governmental officials who had returned from Kyoto and were responsible for practical works.
- 特に佐竹氏征伐の金砂城の戦いでは同僚の熊谷直実とともに抜群の戦功を挙げている。
- During the conquest of Satake clan, he especially rendered remarkable service in the Battle of Kinsa-jo Castle together with his colleague Naozane KUMAGAI.
- あるいは実務官僚で、国衙のいずれかの「所」の目代として下向したのかもしれない。
- Or he might be a governmental official responsible for practical works and left the capital as mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of any 'branch' (所) of kokuga (provincial government offices).
- この事から、三事兼帯が実務官僚にとっての名誉と認識されていたことがうかがえる。
- From the above, we can gather that Sanji kentai was regarded as an honor among officials in charge of practical jobs.
- 中央派遣の国司が現地で採用する実務官僚であり、国司の側近としての性格があった。
- Zaichokanjin was a practical government official who was locally employed by kokushi (government administrator sent from the central government), and was professionally an entourage of kokushi.
- A: メアリー、こちらが日本の友人の中川さんです。こちらは同僚のメアリーです。
- A: Mary, this is Mr. Nakagawa, my friend from Japan.This is Mary, my co-worker.
- 私はここにあなたの同僚であるヘンリー・ジキル博士の依頼で緊急の用件で来ました。
- I come here at the instance of your colleague, Dr. Henry Jekyll, on a piece of business of some moment;
- 彼は同僚がミスをするとああでもないこうでもないとうるさく言う癖があるみたいだ。
- He seems to have a habit of getting on his coworker's back when he makes a mistake.
- - 岩倉規夫:内務省 (日本)官僚、元総理府総務副長官、10歳の時に父を失う。
- Norio IWAKURA: Bureaucrat of the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs, former Deputy Director of General Affairs in General Administrative Agency of the Cabinet, and he lost his father when he was ten years old.
- この頃、同僚の金の使い込みにより、遠島処分にされ、その先で西郷隆盛と出会った。
- Around this period, accused guilty upon his colleague's peculation, he was exiled to a remote island, where he met Takamori SAIGO.
- その後、平氏政権の実務官僚として各弁官(右少弁以外を全て歴任)や内蔵頭を歴任。
- Following this, as a working-level bureaucrat in the Taira clan-based government, he held each post in the Benkan except Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right), and then the post of Kura no kami (Chief of the Bureau of Palace Storehouses).
- たとえば新興の地主層などからも士人が生まれ、多くの者が科挙に及第し官僚となった。
- For example, Shijin appeared from among the newly-risen landlord class and many people passed the imperial examination and became bureaucrats.
- その結果、海軍・陸軍、官僚、国家主義団体などを中心に政党政治への不満が高まった。
- Consequently, there was increasing disaffection with party government among the Navy, the Army, the bureaucracy, nationalist organizations, etc.
- 翌年、ある程度訳出できた時点で、天津に赴いて清朝の有力官僚の一人崇厚に提出した。
- Next, when a certain portion had been translated, he went to Tianjin and submitted translation to Chonghou, who was an influential official of the Qing dynasty.
- 原内閣以後、研究会は政党内閣・非政党内閣を問わずに閣僚を入閣させるようになった。
- After HARA Cabinet, Kenkyukai sent its members into the Cabinet without concerning whether it was a party cabinet or a non-party one.
- 留守中の大名領地に太閤検地が行われ、豊臣政権の統治力と官僚的な集団が強化された。
- Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) was conducted for territories of daimyo who were absent and the governing power and bureaucratic group of the Toyotomi government were strengthened.
- 律令国家は、高度に体系化された官僚組織を維持するため、安定した税収を必要とした。
- In order to maintain a highly systemized bureaucratic organization, ritsuryo kokka codes needed stable revenue from taxes.
- どんな官僚制も、このような人々に嫌なことを行わせたり耐え忍ばせたりはできません。
- No bureaucracy can hope to make such a people as this do or undergo anything that they do not like.
- 平田は清浦奎吾・田健治郎・大浦兼武らと並ぶ官僚系の山縣側近として人脈を形成した。
- Tosuke established personal connections as a Yamagata-affiliated government official advisor who was as powerful as Keigo KIYOURA, Kenjiro DEN, and Kanetake OURA.
- 小野 石根(おの の いわね、? - 宝亀9年(778年))は、奈良時代の官僚。
- ONO no Iwane (date of birth unknown - 778) was a bureaucracy of the Nara period.
- が、同年末の倒閣により次官辞任とともに大蔵官僚としての生活も終えることになった。
- When the Cabinet fell at the end of that year, however, he resigned his position and ended his career as a Ministry of Finance official.
- 唐代になると科挙制度が整備され学問さえ修めれば誰もが官僚になれる機会が与えられた。
- In the Tang period, the Imperial Examination System was established and anyone who learned was given a chance to become a bureaucrat.
- 藩閥の構成員が閣僚の多数を占める内閣 (日本)を、藩閥政府あるいは藩閥内閣という。
- The cabinet, most of which members are the constituent members of Hanbatsu, are called Hanbatsu (han-dominated) government.
- しかし狭義には対外戦争遂行等に関して開かれた元老・閣僚・軍部首脳の合同会議をさす。
- But in a narrow sense, Gozenkaigi indicated joint meetings of elder statesmen, cabinet members and high-rank officers of the military held to discuss the pros and cons of wars against foreign countries and so on.
- 天海は江戸時代初期に徳川家康の幕僚として活躍した僧で、その経歴には不明な点が多い。
- Tenkai was a priest who worked brilliantly on the military staff of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA early in the Edo Period, but his career is full of unknowns.
- この官僚機構は、王土王民理念による人民統治を実現するための必要な権力装置であった。
- This bureaucratic organization was a necessary tool for ruling the people based on the idea of odo omin.
- こうした変化の背景には、地方の新興地主層による大土地所有や官僚進出の進展があった。
- Against the backdrop of these changes, there occurred developments such as the emerging regional landholders gaining large tracts of land and the rise of the bureaucrats.
- 彼は、奇抜なアイデアを出すため、もっと保守的な同僚と何度ももめごとをおこしている。
- His novel ideas are time and again getting him into trouble with his more conservative colleagues.
- 神として崇拝される人(または神に導かれているとされる官僚たち)に統治される政治組織
- a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
- 1882年(明治15年)、同僚の矢田部良吉、井上哲次郎とともに『新体詩抄』を発表。
- In 1882, he published 'Shintaishisho' (A Collection of Poems in the New Style) in cooperation with his coworkers Ryokichi Watabe and Tetsujiro INOUE.
- 平 盛時(たいら の もりとき、生没年不詳)は、鎌倉幕府初期の奉行人(幕府官僚)。
- TAIRA no Moritoki (year of birth and death unknown) was a bugyonin (government official for the bakufu, or feudal government head by a shogun) in the early Kamakura period.
- 本職は朝鮮史を専攻する歴史家だが、学者としてよりは官僚、教育者として知られている。
- His professional studies focused on Korean history, but he was most commonly known as a bureaucrat and an educator.
- 随行したのは平氏一門および親平氏貴族・実務官僚で、時忠も天皇の行幸の列に加わった。
- They were accompanied by the family members of the Taira clan, pro-Taira nobles, and governmental officials responsible for practical matters, and Tokitada also joined the parade of the imperial visit.
- 立憲政友会の閣僚数は前回より1増加した他、他の閣僚も親政友会系の官僚が複数入閣した。
- The number of the Cabinet members from Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) increased by one compared to his previous cabinet, and in addition several pro-Seiyukai bureaucrats got into the Cabinet.
- 1869年、参与職外国事務掛となる(同僚に五代友厚、寺島宗則、伊藤博文、井上馨等)。
- In 1869, he became a Sanyo (councilor) of foreign affairs (his colleagues included Tomoatsu GODAI, Munenori TERASHIMA, Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE).
- しかし、西郷の新政府への不満はその富国政策とその指導にあたる大隈ら大蔵官僚にあった。
- Saigo, however, was dissatisfied with the government's policy of national enrichment and the bureaucrats of Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury), including Okuma, who led this policy.
- その結果、領主としての武士は官僚・役人としての武士としての性格を強めることとなった。
- This resulted in the nature of samurai changing from ryoshu to bureaucrats and officials.
- 官僚の候補生である学生に対する教育と試験及び儒教における重要儀式である釋奠を行った。
- The Daigaku-ryo provided education and examinations to students, namely government official candidates, and took charge of Sekiten (traditional events for worshipping Confucius), an important ceremony in Confucianism.
- 彼女は、奇抜なアイデアを出すため、もっと保守的な同僚と何度ももめごとを起こしている。
- Her novel ideas are time and again getting her into trouble with her more conservative colleagues.
- 1871年 ヘボン塾の女子部が同僚の宣教師、メアリー・キダーにより洋学塾として独立。
- A missionary colleague who was an instructor in the girls section of the Hepburn school established an independent Western studies school in 1871.
- 称徳天皇が崩御し道鏡失脚後、清麻呂は桓武天皇朝で実務官僚として重用されて高官となる。
- After Empress Shotoku's death and Dokyo's downfall, Kiyomaro was given an important position as a governmental official responsible for practical works in the Emperor Kanmu's reign.
- このような不満が官僚社会に蔓延すれば闘争につながり、結果として民を苦しめることになる。
- The spread of such frustration in the bureaucracy would lead to struggles, which, as a result, would bring common people suffering.
- ここでは品階は大きな意味を持たず、官職のみが官僚システムの中で序列機能を果たしていた。
- Hinkai did not have a great deal of meaning here, and only the government post had hierarchy function in the bureaucrats system.
- 有司専制(ゆうしせんせい)とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
- Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.
- 山縣有朋の系統につながる議員を結集し、貴族院における官僚派・反政党主義の牙城となった。
- They gathered councilors with connection to the line of Aritomo YAMAGATA and the group became stronghold of bureaucracy and anti-political party system.
- その後、旗本先手役に任ぜられて、家康子飼いの武将である本多忠勝や榊原康政の同僚となる。
- After that, he was assigned as Hatamoto Sakiteyaku (a Hatamoto vassal of the shogun, who leads the way), thus becoming a comrade of Tadakatsu HONDA and Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA.
- 「保守的な日本官僚はあらゆる形であらゆる機会に伝統的神国精神を保守しようとしている。」
- The conservative Japanese government officials tried to keep the traditional Shinkoku spirit in any form and for any occasion.'
- スターリンの死に続く権力闘争において彼の同僚により処刑された(1899年−1953年)
- was executed by his associates in the power struggle following Stalin's death (1899-1953)
- 彼は彼の同僚を裏切ることにより彼自身を潔白にすることを拒否し、2年間刑務所に入れられた
- sent to jail for two years, he has quixotically refused to clear himself by betraying his colleagues
- したがってフランスの進出著しく、地方官僚とフランス人との接触は頻繁であった地域といえる。
- Therefore France stepped up its presence and local officials often contacted with people from France.
- 同内閣は閣僚のうち外務大臣・陸軍大臣・海軍大臣の3大臣以外の全閣僚を貴族院議員が占めた。
- Members of the House of Peers occupied all the cabinet posts except Ministry of Foreign affairs, Ministry of Army, and Ministry of Navy.
- 石夫の実父(養父の兄)は内務官僚であったが、安濃郡長(島根県)の時に若くして亡くなった。
- Iwao's natural father (elder brother of foster father) was a bureaucrat at the Ministry of Interior but died young when he was the chief of Ano county (Shimane Prefecture).
- (律令制度では五位以上の官僚の服には礼服と朝服とがあり、六位以下には朝服のみがあった。)
- (In the ritsuryo system, or the old system of Japanese government based on the penal and civil codes, government officials of the Fifth Rank and higher could wear raifuku and chofuku (clothes worn by the nobility when attending Court), while officials of the Sixth Rank and lower wore only chofuku.)
- のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
- In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.
- 官僚と実業家の関係をどうにかしたところで、生産の現場に大きな変化が生じるとは思われない。
- No rearrangement of relations among bureaucrats and businessmen seems to make much difference at the point of production.
- 大伴継人(おおとも の つぐひと、? - 延暦4年(785年))は、奈良時代後期の官僚。
- OTOMO no Tsuguhito (year of birth unknown - 785) was a bureaucracy existed during the late Nara Period.
- 一行は少数だったが引き継ぎは至ってスムーズで、清水谷は旧幕府役人の希望者を下僚に用いた。
- His group consisted of a small number of people but could succeed operations very smoothly, and Shimizudani adopted some old officers of bakufu who hoped to remain there as new lower class officers.
- そのため、院司には、蔵人所・弁官・受領などを歴任した実務官僚が充てられることが多かった。
- Therefore, practical government officials who held successively the position of Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office), benkan (officials of the dajokan) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) often became inshi.
- 中臣宮処東人(なかとみの みやこの あずまびと。生年不詳-738年)は、奈良時代の官僚。
- NAKATOMI no Miyako no Azumabito (year of birth unknown - 738) was the bureaucracy in the Nara Period.
- 文芸(文学)に耽溺し、官僚としての職務を俗なる世事として疎んじる傾向が見られるようになる。
- As a result, they tended to indulge themselves in literature and avoid their duties as a bureaucrat because of the secular nature of their profession.
- 金弘集は何如璋らの説得に心を動かされ、その意向を朝鮮へ帰国した後に高宗や官僚たちに伝えた。
- Hong-jip KIM was moved by the conviction by Ruzhang HE and others and told Gojong and government officials about this after he went back to Korea.
- 近年述べられる武士道の多くは、平和な江戸時代に官僚的に幕府制度を維持することが目的である。
- Much of Bushido stated in modern times aims to maintain a bureaucratic system of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the peaceful Edo period.
- ここに雄藩諸侯会議路線は潰え、有司(維新官僚)専制による明治維新への道が開かれるのである。
- This is how the major domains' lords conference line died and the way to the Meiji restoration by Yushi Sensei (autocratic government dominated by domain clique [Restoration bureaucrats]) was opened.
- 現存する最古のものは平安極初期のもの(田中本第10巻ならびにその僚巻に相当する巻1断簡)。
- The oldest existing book was written in the beginning of the Heian period (the tenth volume of the Tanaka book (the TANAKA original copy) and dankan (fragmentary leaves of a book) of the one volume which corresponds to the same copy).
- 伊藤自身が初代総裁となり、伊藤系官僚と憲政党(旧自由党)・帝国党が中心となって創立された。
- Ito himself became the first president of the party which was established on the initiative of the bureaucracy leaning toward Ito, Kensei Party (former Liberal Party), and Empire Party.
- 律令制を運営する官僚制度も大きく変容し、律令に規定のない令外の官が非常に多数生まれていた。
- The bureaucracy that operated the Ritsuryo system changed drastically so that a lot of posts not prescribed in the Ritsuryo system were established.
- 政府監督官僚たちが挙げた解読時間推定はすべて、汎用コンピュータを使った数字に基づいている。
- All of the time estimates presented by Administration officials were based on use of general-purpose computers to do the job.
- また、修習生の育成が進むと、俗人官僚の方技が増え更に自由な人事交流がなされるようになった。
- Further, as training progressed, the number of hogi who were bureaucrats from the secular class increased and personnel exchanges began to take place more freely.
- しかし官僚であり続けながら非政治的であろうとする森の姿勢には無理があったと言わねばならない。
- However, it can be said that Mori's attitude to be nonpolitical in spite of being a bureaucracy embraced a contradiction.
- が、実務官僚ともいうべき地下家には、そのような立派な系図の残っている例はきわめて希であった。
- But among the Jige-ke, who were more like actual administrative officers, few families kept such grand genealogies.
- 幕末・明治初めの技術官僚小野友五郎も和算家であり、咸臨丸の航路の計算には和算を用いたという。
- Tomogoro ONO, a technician and a bureaucrat from the end of Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, was also a wasan mathematician, and it is said that he applied wasan for calculating the shipping route of Kanrin Maru (the first Japanese ship ever to cross the Pacific).
- 立川飛行機の同僚で先輩だったある人物が、池袋で占い師に見てもらったとき、伊藤の名前を出した。
- When an elder ex-colleague of Tachikawa Aircraft had his fortune told in Ikebukuro, he mentioned the name of ITO.
- 「入札」で票を得た者全員が閣僚にはなってはおらず、得票結果がそのまま反映されたわけではない。
- Not all of the candidates who gained the votes could become the cabinet members, and the poll was not entirely reflected on the selection.
- 南宋時代以降には、禅宗寺院や文人官僚の趣味にあわせた、水墨画や白描画の仏教絵画も制作された。
- After the Southern Sung period, Buddhist ink-wash paintings and hakubyoga (white monochrome drawings) reflecting the tastes of temples of Zen sect and bunjin-kanryo (government officials of letters) were also created.
- 武家法と異なる律令法の特色の一つは、この体系的な国家機構および官僚制度の精密な規定にあった。
- Precise definition of such systematic national structure and bureaucracy is one of the characteristics that distinguishes ritsuryo law from samurai law.
- 官僚やその家族の邸宅も大内裏の内部にあり、それらの殿舎は内裏の清涼殿に廊下でつながっていた。
- There were villas for the government officials and their families inside the Daidairi, and those villas were connected with a corridor to the Seiryoden (name of one of the Imperial Palaces during the Heian period) inside the palace.
- 時間が来たところで彼は立ち上がり、きちょうめんに自分の机と同僚の書記たちにいとまごいをした。
- When his hour had struck he stood up and took leave of his desk and of his fellow-clerks punctiliously.
- よって、かつて政府に敵対した米沢出身でありながら長州系の官僚として信頼されていくことになる。
- Therefore, even though he was from Yonezawa Domain that was hostile to the government, he gained credibility as a Choshu government official.
- このように側近官僚と東国御家人の双方ともによく知りぬき、適材適所を使いこなしていたのである。
- Like this, Yoritomo had thorough knowledge of both close bureaucracy and Togoku gokenin, and used the right person in the right place.
- 平時にも大名の護衛となり、事務の取次ぎなど大名の側近として吏僚的な職務を果たすこともあった。
- They also served as bodyguards for feudal lords (daimyo in Japanese) and performed administrative duties as their aides or deputies.
- 政治家・官僚・軍人以外に、三井家、住友家、鴻池家、岩崎家のような実業家にも男爵が与えられた。
- Except politicians, bureaucrats, and members of the armed forces, the title of Baron was also given to businesspeople such as the Mitsui family, Sumitomo family, Konoike family, and Iwasaki family.
- この官僚的合理主義に基づいた神社合祀政策は、必ずしも氏子崇敬者の意に即して行なわれなかった。
- This shrine merger policy based on bureaucratic pragmatism did not necessarily reflect the will of shrine parishioners and worshippers.
- 大化の改新には、遣唐使の持ってきた情報を元に唐の官僚制と儒教を積極的に受容した部分が見られる。
- In the Taika Reforms, there are seen portions where the bureaucratic system of Tang and Confucianism were actively accepted based on information the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China brought back.
- このような官僚(官人)と法律を重視する支配方針は、支配原則が共通する律令制の導入へと帰着した。
- Such governance philosophy that highly valued bureaucrats (or government officials) and laws culminated in the introduction of the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized administration established under the ritsuryo legal codes), since it shared the same governance principle.
- 人事においては、石田三成や大谷吉継らは文治・吏僚派、加藤清正や福島正則らを武断派として用いた。
- About human affairs Hideyoshi used Mitsunari ISHIDA and Yoshitsugu as a faction of civil officials and used Kiyomasa KATO and Masanori FUKUSHIMA as a faction of commander of war.
- 官制も整備され三省六部や御史台が置かれ、官僚の登用に当たっては、幅広く門戸を開く科挙を始めた。
- Governmental organizations such as the Three Departments and Six Ministries and the Censorate were established, and the imperial examination was launched to increase opportunities for government officials.
- 彼が任命した閣僚の2人がティーポット・ドーム・スキャンダルに関与した(1865年−1923年)
- two of his appointees were involved in the Teapot Dome scandal (1865-1823)
- しかし早くから社会政策の必要に着目した先見性は師の田尻や同僚の阪谷には見られないものであった。
- Still he had such great prescience that he focused on a need for social policies before other people noticed it, and his teacher Tajiri and his colleague Sakatani did not have it.
- このように長政は朝鮮では数々の武功を挙げたが、同時に吏僚である石田三成や小西行長らと対立した。
- As described, Nagamasa had many military exploits in Korea, while being in conflict with executive officers such as Mitsunari ISHIDA and Yukinaga KONISHI in Japan.
- 春日局が強く望んで大奥入りさせられた永光院は、三条西家の同僚の和歌の家である六条家の娘である。
- Eikoin, whom Kasuga no Tsubone had fervently wanted to join the O-oku, was a daugher of the Rokujo family, a family of waka poets who were associated with the Sanjonishi family.
- その翌年(康保2年、965年)には刑部省、続いて衛門府兼検非違使として官僚への道を歩み始める。
- And in the next year, he started his bureaucrat career at Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice), and then moved to Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and became Kebiishi (the Police and Judicial Chief) at the same time.
- 昭和前期においては在野の知識層のみならず青年将校や革新官僚が一君万民論の支持勢力として登場した。
- In the early Showa period, the theory once again got supporters, including out-of-power intellectuals, young officers and reformist bureaucrats.
- 天武は、その強力な政治意思を執行していくために、官僚制度とそれを規定する諸法令を整備していった。
- In order to enforce his powerful political views, he established a bureaucratic system and various laws to regulate the system.
- 権力の座に就いた義遐は母と兄の敵討ちを幕府官僚の経歴を持ち、茶々丸の近隣に城を持つ早雲へ命じた。
- Placed in power, Yoshito vowed revenge for his mother and brother's death, and ordered Soun, an official in the Bakufu with a castle near Chachamaru's residence, to carry out the attack.
- この事件の際、井上佐一郎と同行していて難を逃れた同僚の岩崎弥太郎は後の三菱財閥の創始者となった。
- Yataro IWASAKI, a colleague accompanying Saichiro INOUE on this occasion who had escaped this ordeal, later became the founder of the Mitsubishi Zaibatsu.
- また、知識階級でありエリートであるはずの下級官僚に対するヤマト王権の奴隷的な扱いはこの為である。
- The reason why the Yamato kingship used lower-ranking officials, who were in an intellectual class and were elites, in the same manner as they use slaves came from this.
- 失脚の理由は、「同僚鳥居幸次郎の妻に艶書を遣わした」とも「弟の半六の女性問題」ともいわれている。
- It is said that the reason of his downfall was 'because he sent a love letter to the wife of his colleague Kojiro TORII' or 'because of his younger brother Hanroku's problems with women.'
- この官僚制の位階に加わること、それに加われば、そこで昇進することが、野心の唯一の目的となります。
- To be admitted into the ranks of this bureaucracy, and when admitted, to rise therein, would be the sole objects of ambition.
- 中国を統治した王朝で(紀元前206年から西暦220年の大部分)、国境を広げ、官僚制度を作り出した
- imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy
- 緊急事態に素早く対応できるように訓練された人々(警察、行政官、官僚など)の機動性を持ったグループ
- a mobile group of trained people (police or executives or officials) able to move quickly in the case of emergencies
- 地方巧者(じかたこうしゃ)は、江戸時代に地方支配(じかたしはい)に精通した農政官僚のことである。
- Jikata kosha was an Edo Period bureaucrat overseeing domain agriculture who had extensive knowledge of regional affairs.
- 前田 正名(まえだ まさな、嘉永3年(1850年)- 大正10年(1921年))は、明治の官僚。
- Masana MAEDA (1850- 1921) was a bureaucrat in the Meiji era.
- その後、福原長堯や熊谷直盛らと共に吏僚派として、加藤清正、福島正則ら武断派と対立することになる。
- Thereafter, Kazuyoshi became a member of the Riryo (government official) faction, along with Nagataka FUKUHARA, Naomori KUMAGAI and others, and as such fell into conflict with Kiyomasa KATO, Masanori FUKUSHIMA and the others of the Budan (militarist) faction.
- つまり文人は王侯・貴族・官僚・地主・地方豪族などの支配者的な階級・地位の出身者がほとんどであった。
- So, most of Bunjin were from ruling class and status such as royalty, bureaucracy, landlord and local powerful family.
- 有能な経済官僚として重用されたが、刃傷事件後に開城恭順を主張して大石内蔵助と対立し、逐電している。
- Although he was respected as competent financial bureaucrat, after the sword fight incident he insisted on surrender and allegiance of the castle, conflicting with Kuranosuke OISHI, which lead to him being driven to flee.
- だが、坂本政均・岡本健三郎ら若手官僚より、渋沢がその体制を作る中心になるべきであると説得を受けた。
- Young bureaucracy such as Masahito SAKAMOTO and Kenzaburo OKAMOTO convinced Shibusawa that he should play a main role of creating the system.
- しかしそれはあなたです、わたしと同じ者、わたしの同僚、わたしの親しい友です。 (詩篇 55:13)
- But it was you, a man like me, my companion, and my familiar friend. (Psalms 55:13)
- 経済の特定分野に関わり、自分たちの利益を図るために議員や官僚に影響力を及ぼそうとする個人やグループ
- an individual or group who are concerned with some particular part of the economy and who try to influence legislators or bureaucrats to act in their favor
- 開拓官僚として赴任した北海道を調査し、北海道庁設置の必要性を政府に働き掛け初代北海道庁長官となる。
- Michitoshi, who had been transferred to Hokkaido as a government official in charge of development of Hokkaido and had surveyed the place, appealed to the national government to set up a prefectural government of Hokkaido and was appointed as the first director of the Hokkaido Agency.
- 全国的な影響力から江戸の物価統制を中心に考えるのは当然であり官僚としての内山もこれを支持している。
- It was a matter of course to focus on price control in Edo in terms of national influence and Uchiyama as government official also advocated it.
- ヤマト王権は九州王朝の官僚機構を引き継ぐことにより、政権に必要な人材を確保することができたのである。
- Yamato kingship secured the necessary officials for their administration by taking over the bureaucratic organization of the Kyushu dynasty.
- 7世紀末に突如として畿内大和に出現した官僚集団は、九州の大宰府(倭京)から連れて来られたものである。
- A group of the bureaucracy, which suddenly appeared in Kinai, Yamato was brought from Dazai-fu (Wakyo) in Kyushu.
- 政所や問注所に特別な形で保管されていた文章、あるいは事務官僚の家に伝わった公文書類もあると思われる。
- These are considered to be the accounts specially preserved in Mandokoro and Monchujo, or official documents passed down in the officials' houses.
- ツァーのどんな命令にたいしても、官僚は、その実行を単に見送ることで、暗黙の拒否権を持っているのです。
- On every decree of his they have a tacit veto, by merely refraining from carrying it into effect.
- 誠実さと勇敢さによって、忠実で果敢な行動によって、すぐに彼は同僚や上官から一目置かれるようになった。
- By conscience and courage, by deeds of devotion and daring, he soon commended himself to his fellows and his officers;
- この原理は、かつては一般的だった、通常の産業過程にたいする立法府なり政府官僚による干渉を糾弾します。
- This principle condemns the interferences, once so common, of the legislature, or the officers of government, with the ordinary processes of industry.
- このフォームで新しいアカウントを作成できます。 次につぶやきを投稿して、友人や同僚にリンクできます。
- With this form you can create a new account. You can then post notices and link up to friends and colleagues.
- 官僚らは、自分たちの専門家が提供した事実が、心配する理由がないことを示してる、と取り澄まして説明した
- the bureaucrats explained smugly that the facts provided by their own experts show no cause for concern
- 常陸掾である事から、天慶2年(939年)平将門が攻略した常陸国の官人の常陸介藤原維幾の下僚であった。
- He was Secretary of Hitachi Province and a subordinate of FUJIWARA no Korechika, who was a local government official of Hitachi Province where TAIRA no Masakado occupied.
- 長女・由紀は1991年に元大蔵省官僚の雅史と、次女・美佳は2000年に日本放送協会の記者と結婚した。
- Her eldest daughter, Yuki, married Masafumi, a former government official of the Finance Ministry, in 1991, and her second daughter, Mika, married a reporter of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) in 2000.
- 天和 (日本)年間以降に郡代・代官の吏僚化が図られ、勘定奉行から代官に至る支配機構の整備が進められた。
- In the Tenna era and thereafter, regional magistrates and local governors were bureaucratized, and the governing system integrating commissioners of finance to local governors was developed.
- 719年(養老3年)前後、藤原宇合が常陸守であった頃に宇合の下僚となり、以後宇合の庇護を受けたという。
- At some point around 719, he became a subordinate of FUJIWARA no Umakai who was then Hitachi no kami (governor of Hitachi Province) and thereafter Mushimaro was under Umakai's patronage.
- 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
- Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
- 朝廷の実務官僚である四位・五位の官人のみならず中央・地方の武家や神官などの叙位について記録されている。
- It recorded not only government officials of Shii and Goi, and governmental officials responsible for practical works of the Imperial court, but also court ranks of central and local samurai family and Shinto priests.
- 国家の重大事などに際して専門家である官僚や学者に勘申を行わせて、太政官の陣定や院評定などの参考とした。
- In the event of a matter of national concern, the Imperial court ordered professional bureaucrats and scholars to submit Kanjin and used it as reference materials at Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and/or In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the Retired Emperor).
- しかしその後も、現地の官僚や俘囚の長たちは、蝦夷内部の紛争に関与し続け、地方権力から支配を浸透させた。
- However, even after that the local bureaucracy and chiefs of Fushu kept getting involved in disputes within Emishi and spread their dominance through the local administration.
- 能無し官僚がウロウロする世界、 セクハラと差別の世界、部下を搾取し罪をきせるマヌケなボスの世界である。
- a world of bureaucratic blundering, of sexual harassment and discrimination, of bonehead bosses exploiting
- こうした政府官僚は、単に価値の高い機密作業を公開しないための盾になっているつもりだったのかもしれない。
- Perhaps these government executives merely saw themselves as shielding valuable classified efforts from disclosure.
- 私たちはここに友人として、友達のよしみの気持ちで、またある意味では同僚として、真の友愛の精神で、そして
- We are met here as friends, in the spirit of good-fellowship, as colleagues, also to a certain extent, in the true spirit of camaraderie, and as the guests of
- 老中直属であるから、勘定奉行を含め勘定所下僚に不正があった場合、直ちに老中に報告する権限を有していた。
- Since it was directly under the control of Roju, the officers had the authority of informing Rouj immediately of the wrong acts done by officers in the Kanjo-sho office, including Kanjo-bugyo officers.
- 藤原 御楯(ふじわらのみたて、?-天平宝字8年6月9日(764年7月16日))は奈良時代の貴族、官僚。
- FUJIWARA no Mitate (year of birth unknown and died on July 16, 764) was an aristocrat and a bureaucrat in the Nara period.
- 月形 潔(つきがた きよし、1846年(弘化3年) - 1894年(明治27年))は、明治時代の官僚。
- Kiyoshi TSUKIGATA (1846 - 1894) was a government official of the Meiji Period.
- 伊地知 貞馨(いぢち さだか、文政9年(1826年) - 明治20年(1887年))は明治時代の官僚。
- Sadaka IJICHI (1926 - 1887) was a bureaucrat who lived during the Meiji period.
- 永禄5年(1562年)に同僚を斬り出奔するが、三河一向一揆がはじまると帰参を許され、一揆鎮圧に当たる。
- In 1562, he put his colleague to the sword and ran away, but after Mikawa Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Mikawa Province) broke out, he was allowed to return to the service and helped suppressing the uprising.
- 和気清麻呂は奈良時代末期~平安時代初期の高級官僚で、歴代天皇の側近として平安京遷都などに力を発揮した。
- WAKE no Kiyomaro was a high-ranking bureaucrat at the end of the Nara period and the beginning of the Heian period, and his close ties to successive emperors meant that he was involved in the relocation of the capital city to Heian-kyo.
- 人格円満な常識家で、俳優やスタッフの人望も高く、先輩や同僚からは「キハっちゃん」と呼ばれて親しまれた。
- As he was a person of well-rounded personality with common sense, he was popular among the actors and staff, and was endearingly called 'Kihacchan' by the senior associates and colleagues.
- まず、官僚や軍、枢密院などの勢力と結んで倒閣をめざし、それを果たした野党が議会の少数派のままで組閣する。
- First, non-ruling parties tried to topple the Cabinet by cooperating with powers such as the bureaucracy, the military, or the Sumitsu-in (Privy Counsil), and then the party which succeeded in overthrowing the government formed a new cabinet while it still remained a minority in the parliament.
- しかし独立協会の主張は次第に守旧派官僚との対立を招き、最終的に高宗の勅令により独立協会は解散させられた。
- However, the Independence Club's insistence caused a confrontation with the bureaucracy of old-guard crony, and finally they were compelled to dismiss following the decree of Gao Zong.
- 養老律令によれば、典薬寮に典薬頭以下の四等官が設置され、医師・針師・按摩師・呪禁師の技術官僚が置かれた。
- According to 'Yoro ritsuryo code' (code promulgated in the Yoro era), 'shitokan' (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks), including 'Tenyaku no kami' (the head of Tenyakuryo), were established within Tenyakuryo, and there existed four kinds of technocrats, that is, doctor, acupuncturist, masseur, and necromancer.
- 一般の政策決定は総督府内部の官僚により法律が策定された後、台湾総督府による総督府令の形式により発行した。
- General governmental policies were issued by the Sotoku-fu in the form of an edict of the Sotoku-fu after the Sotoku-fu bureaucrats formulated laws and ordinances.
- 今度は中央集権体制の確立を急ぐ木戸孝允の支持を得た大隈や大蔵少輔伊藤博文ら開明派若手官僚の画策であった。
- That was the scheme of the young officials of Kaimeiha faction including OOKUMA and Hirobumi ITO, the Okurashoyu, whom Takayoshi KIDO, who urged the need of establishing a centralized government, supported.
- 他の兄弟は保元の乱、平治の乱をはじめ、その後の源氏の挙兵にも一切参加せずに、都にあって官僚の道を歩んだ。
- The brothers did not join the Hogen War, the Heiji War and raising an army by the Minamoto clan, and they lived in Kyoto and spent their lives as bureaucrats.
- 与力としての内山は、他の経済官僚と同じく物価統制に携わっており町奉行へ提出した報告書なども残されている。
- Uchiyama as yoriki was involved in price control as with other economic officials and there are reports that he submitted to machi-bugyo (town magistrate).
- しかし、7世紀末の武則天は、貴族層をおさえ、有能な科挙官僚を登用するため、律令の定員外の員外官を設けた。
- However, at the end of the seventh century, Busokuten (Wu Zetian) created ingaikan (government officials outside of the Ritsuryo system) who were outside of the fixed number of regular government positions in order to control other nobilities and recruit competent Kakyo (also known as keju; examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats).
- 旗本の子弟はまず両番に任ぜられ、将軍の側近として認められて、幕府官僚として出世してゆくのが通例であった。
- A child of the Tokugawa shogunate's direct vassal (called 'hatamoto' in Japanese) was normally appointed as either a castle guard or a page and served as an aide of the shogun before starting out on his career as a shogunate government official.
- 二条城や朝廷の職務も掌ったことから属僚が多く、常時20-30名、最も多い時期には60名余が在籍していた。
- As it administered the duties of Nijo-jo Castle and the Court, it had many subordinates numbering about 20 to 30 normally and 60 or more at the most.
- 奈良時代後期の政変の時代は、同時に「実務派の官人」たちによって支えられた官僚機構の成熟の時代でもあった。
- The period of political changes in the late Nara period was also the period of mature of bureaucratic organization.
- 例えば、水野忠邦の同僚で老中土井利位は本領は下総国古河藩であったが、河内国、摂津国にも飛び地を持っていた。
- For example Toshitsura DOI, who was Roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) and a colleague of Tadakuni MIZUNO, governed the domain of Koga in the Province of Shimousa but also had outlands in the provinces of Kawachi and Settsu.
- 中国が国際法圏外であることは非常に不利であるという認識が一部の改革派官僚や知識人の間に見られるようになる。
- Some of the reformist government officials and intellectual people understood disadvantages caused by the situation that China was outside of international law system.
- 冠位の数が年々増加していったのは、官僚制への切り替えにより下級官僚に与える冠位が不足したからと推測できる。
- The reason why the number of the cap ranks increased every year is thought to be because the transition to bureaucracy brought deficiency of the cap ranks, which were to be given to the low-level bureaucrats.
- 更に宮中にいた保守的な宮内省官僚も「天皇親政」を要求して政治への介入工作を行うなど、政情は不安定であった。
- In addition, conservative Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) bureaucrats required 'direct rule by the emperor' and intervened in the government, at that time political situation was unstable.
- 中川は文部省官僚として日本女子大学校創立事務幹事嘱託を勤め、同校設立を積極的に後援した西園寺公望を助けた。
- As an official of the Ministry of Education, NAKAGAWA served as the executive secretary of the foundation secretariat of the Japan Women's University on non-regular bases, and supported Kinmochi SAIONJI who actively backed the establishment of the university.
- 白雉4年(653年)に葛城皇子は天皇の意に反し、皇極や間人皇女の他、多くの官僚を率いて飛鳥に戻ってしまう。
- In 653 ignoring the Emperor Kotoku's opposition, Katsuragi no Miko moved back to Asuka taking Kogyoku, Hashihito no Himemiko and many government officials with him.
- なお、現代においても不正を行ったり強引な手法が目立つ首長や官僚、役人等を比喩する場合に使われることがある。
- This term can be used also nowadays as a metaphor for chiefs, bureaucrats, or officers who commit a fraud or often take aggressive measures.
- 在庁官人(ざいちょうかんじん)とは、日本の平安時代から鎌倉時代に、国衙行政の実務に従事した地方官僚の総称。
- Zaichokanjin is a general term for a local government official who undertakes the practical business of kokuga (local area) administration from the Heian period to the Kamakura period in Japan.
- 二千五年六月二十八日にモスクワで開催されたイーター閣僚会議におけるイーター交渉の当事者の代表による共同宣言
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations, on the Occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, Moscow, 28th June 2005
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations, on the Occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, 28th June 2005
- 大伴 古慈斐(おおとも の こしび、持統天皇9年(695年)- 宝亀8年(777年))は、奈良時代の官僚。
- OTOMO no Koshibi (695 - 777) was a bureaucracy of the Nara period.
- 能吏であり経済官僚としての実績が大きいが、新撰組に暗殺されたと伝わる最期の為に評価のポイントがずれている。
- Although he was capable and achieved great results as a economic official, he was not evaluated fairly because he was said to be assassinated by Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of the Tokugawa shogunate).
- 藤原 長岡(ふじわら の ながおか、786年(延暦5年)- 849年(嘉祥2年))は、平安時代前期の官僚。
- FUJIWARA no Nagaoka (786 - 849) was a bureaucrat during the early Heian period.
- 奉行衆(ぶぎょうしゅう)は、右筆方(ゆうひつかた)とも呼ばれ、室町幕府の法曹官僚である奉行人の集団である。
- Bugyoshu, also called Yuhitsukata, were of group of Bugyonin (magistrates) who were lawyers of the bureaucracy within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- これは実務官僚の家に生まれ、失脚を乗り越えて政界の荒波をくぐり抜けてきたことで形成されたものと考えられる。
- It seems that this was formed through his experiences from being born into a family of officials responsible for practical matters and having survived downfalls and difficulties in politics.
- その後、鉄道駅に残された苗木を、同僚や市民が植えたとされ、それらの桜を「アロハ桜」と呼ぶようになったという。
- It is said that, after that, his colleagues and citizens of the city planted the saplings left at a railway station and the cherries have come to be called 'Aloha zakura cherry.'
- 従兄弟で同僚の渡辺渡(わたなべわたる)の妻、袈裟御前に横恋慕し、誤って殺してしまったことから出家したという。
- He is said to have loved Kesa Gozen, the wife of Wataru WATANABE, who was his male cousin and worked together with him, killed her by mistake, and consequently become a priest.
- これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
- In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
- これに対応して行政機構も太政官と大弁官が並立し上層官僚貴族には実質的な権力を伴わない納言の官職が与えられた。
- For this reason, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Daibenkan (Major Controller) conducted the affairs of state and the position of Nagon without any practical power was given to the bureaucrats of high rank.
- 二千六年五月二十四日にブリュッセルで開催されたイーター閣僚会議におけるイーター交渉当事者の代表による共同宣言
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations, on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, Brussels, 24 May 2006
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations,on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, Brussels, 24 May 2006
- 以後は閣僚などの表舞台には立たず、貴族院および宮内省における山縣閥重鎮として、元老に次ぐ影響力を保ち続ける。
- After this event, he stopped playing an overtly powerful role such as a cabinet member, but as the leader of the Yamagata Faction in the House of Peers and the Imperial Household Ministry, he continued to have the second strongest political influence after the Genro.
- 伊賀 兼光(いが かねみつ、生没年不詳)は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての御家人、実務官僚。
- Kanemitsu IGA (year of birth and death unknown) was a gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and a governmental official responsible for practical works in the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 中国の士大夫(科挙出身の高級官僚)に必須とされた琴、棋(囲碁・将棋)、書、画に耽る姿を絵画化したものである。
- Depictions of indulgence in the four accomplishments of playing the zither, playing Chinese chess (igo/shogi), practicing calligraphy and painting that were deemed necessary by the Chinese scholar-bureaucrats (high-ranking bureaucrats who had earned academic degrees by passing Imperial examinations).
- 永延元年(987年)には右少弁→右中弁と弁官の要員に抜擢され、同僚の藤原有国と共に兼家の耳目として活躍する。
- In 987, he was chosen as Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right), and then Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right), both the staff of Benkan (Oversight Department: division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial government offices), thereby working with his colleague FUJIWARA no Arikuni as Kaneie's eyes and ears.
- いわば、清朝の地方の大官僚たちが結託して地方の利害を優先させ、義和団の影響が及ばないよう先手をうったといえる。
- In other words, the local high officials of the Qing dynasty conspired to make the interests of the provinces a priority and took a first step to make sure that the influence of the Boxers would not reach their areas.
- 義和団の乱の責任は端郡王載漪や剛毅ら数人の重臣と地方官僚50人ほどに帰せられ、処刑もしくは流刑を言い渡された。
- The responsibility for the Boxer Rebellion was placed on Zaiyi or Prince Duan, several resolute senior vassals including Gangyi, and 50 local high officials, who were either executed or deported.
- その内容は、「閣僚と元老を全て処分し、講和条約を破棄してロシアとの戦争継続を求める」という過激なものであった。
- The details of their demands were extreme such as 'the punishment of all the cabinet members, the abrogation of the peace treaty and the continuation of the war with Russia'.
- この間、新体制推進派は閣僚を辞職し、平沼は大政翼賛会を公事結社と規定し、大政翼賛会の新体制推進派を辞職させた。
- During this time, the supporters of the new order resigned from the cabinet, and Hiranuma designated the Imperial Rule Assistance Association a public interest association and made the supporters of the new order within the Association resign.
- また、現在に至るまでの日本の官僚機構(霞ヶ関官界)は、内務省を設置した大久保によって築かれたとも言われている。
- In addition, the bureaucratic organization (Kasumigaseki bureaucracy) which exists in Japan up to the present day is also said to have been established by OKUBO.
- 大学寮(だいがくりょう)は、律令制のもとで作られた式部省(現在の人事院に相当する)直轄下の官僚育成機関である。
- The Daigaku-ryo was a set of educational institutions that was founded under the Ritsuryo system to train government officials, which was controlled directly by Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies - equivalent to today's National Personnel Authority).
- 寛永(1624年ー1644年)期以降は、吏僚的代官が増え、任期は不定ではあるが数年で交替することが多くなった。
- With the increase of bureaucratic daikan, although their term was not fixed, they were mostly replaced within a few years after the Kanei era (1624 - 1644).
- 二千六年五月二十四日にブリュッセルで開催されたイーター閣僚会議におけるイーター交渉の当事者の代表による共同宣言
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations, on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, Brussels, 24 May 2006
- 平田は貴族院 (日本)内で勅撰議員を中心とする会派・茶話会の結成に務め、山縣直系の貴族院官僚派の牙城を築いた。
- Hirata attempted to form Sawakai, a party consisting of selected members within the House of Peers, and established the stronghold of the bureaucrat faction of the House of Peers that was under direct control of Yamagata.
- いっぽう彼の才能に対して同僚音楽家たちの妬みを買うことも多く、名古屋を避けて京都で暮らすこともしばしばあった。
- On the other hand, Yoshizawa's fellow musicians were often jealous of his abilities, and he frequently stayed in Kyoto to avoid Nagoya.
- しかし、万事が官僚制を通して行なわれるところでは、官僚制が本当に反対することはなんであれ、実施できないのです。
- But where everything is done through the bureaucracy, nothing to which the bureaucracy is really adverse can be done at all.
- 国民代表として内閣総理大臣、最高裁判所長官、衆議院参議院両院議長の行政司法立法の三権の長、全閣僚などが参列した。
- The Japanese Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the head of three branches of government-legislature, administrative, and judicial branches, the Speakers of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, all the Cabinet ministers attended the ceremony as the representatives of the nation.
- 二千六年五月二十四日にブリュッセルで開催されたイーター閣僚会議におけるイーター交渉当事者の代表による共同宣言実施
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations, on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, Brussels, 24 May 2006 Implementation
- これに対し加藤は「半開」の国家で議院を設立しても「有司専制」(官僚独裁)に陥るだけだとして、最後まで慎重であった。
- Against this, Kato maintained a cautious stance until the end by insisting that the establishment of parliament in a 'hankai' nation would lead to 'Yushi Sensei' (autocratic government dominated by the bureaucracy of domain clique).
- ただし外交官として海外に派遣される官僚が増加してくると、そうした人々の間では『万国公法』への関心が高まっていった。
- However, the number of officials who were dispatched to overseas countries as diplomats increased and interest in 'Bankoku Koho' among such people was increased.
- 中国で唐代後半に山水画の技法として成立し、宋代には、文人官僚の余技としての、四君子(松竹梅菊)の水墨画が行われた。
- It was established as a technique for Sansui-ga (landscapes painting) in China in the latter part of Tang, and in Song, Suiboku-ga of Shikunshi (four plants of high virtue) (pine, bamboo, plum, and chrysanthemum) were painted by bunjin-kanryo (government officials of letters).
- 中座、書生、一分はそれに次ぐ地位にあり、他国舎人・国雑色・国掌・国承仕・御子らは実務官僚であったと考えられている。
- Chuza, shosei, and ichibun were second to jokan and takokushajin, kunizoshiki, kunisho, kunishoji, and miko are regarded as practical bureaucrats.
- 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末~8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
- In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.
- しかし、7世紀後期に形成していった律令制は、官僚制を原則としており、ある氏族が特定の官職を世襲することを否定した。
- The ritsuryo codes formed in the late 7th century, however, were based on the bureaucracy system and were against the idea of certain clans inheriting specific government posts.
- 「怠惰な同僚が、私のたった半分の仕事で私と同じ賃金をもらっているのに、なぜ私は一生懸命働かなければならないのか?」
- 'Why should I work hard when that lazy fellow gets the same pay that I do and does only half as much work?'
- 理事会(「理事会」)は、イーター機構の加盟者の代表で構成する。会合は代表者レベル、又は閣僚級のいずれかで行われる。
- The Council (“the Council”) is composed of Representatives of Members of the ITER Organization. It shall meet either at delegate level or at ministerial level.
- 退官後間もなく、官僚時代に設立を指導していた第一国立銀行(現:みずほ銀行)の頭取に就任し、以後は実業界に身を置く。
- Soon after his retirement, he became the head of the First National Bank (current Mizuho Bank) for which he led the establishment when he was a bureaucrat and then he placed himself in the business world.
- その為、ほとんどが陰陽寮成立当初より存在する俗人官僚の子孫のみに履修生を限定し、閉鎖的に人材育成を行うことになる。
- Therefore, students of the Onmyodo were limited to the descendents of the secular officials who had been in service since the outset of the Onmyoryo's establishment, and the training was conducted in closed environment,
- 天正2年(1574年)5月には山城国守護、翌年3月には大和国守護の兼務を命じられるなど、吏僚としての活躍が目立つ。
- He was appointed as the Yamashiro no kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Yamashiro Province) in May 1574 and as the Yamato no kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Yamato Province) in March 1575; he was successful as a riryo (government official).
- 最初は朝廷に仕える下級貴族のいわゆる官人であったが、鎌倉に下って源頼朝の側近官僚となり、鎌倉幕府の創設に貢献した。
- He was originally a government official from lower-ranking nobles that served the Imperial Court, went down to Kamakura to be an official as a close adviser for MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and contributed to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 京都帝国大学の創設には、終生側近として仕える文部省官僚・中川小十郎が初代事務局長としてその中心的役割を担っている。
- For the establishment of Kyoto Imperial University, Kojuro NAKAGAWA, an official of the Ministry of Education, who served as his lifelong aid, played a central role as the first Secretary General.
- 政党の対立の激化とともに、野党はしばしば海軍・陸軍、枢密院、官僚などの勢力と手を結んで、与党を攻撃することがあった。
- As the confrontation between political parties intensified, non-ruling parties often worked together with those influential powers and attacked the ruling party.
- たとえば『万国公法』などの西学書を常備した図書館兼教育機関の設置、あるいは全国への配布が官僚たちから上奏されている。
- More specifically, government officials requested establishment of libraries with collection of books on western studies including 'Bankoku Koho' or distribution of the books around the country.
- その結果、元勲級の閣僚が1人もいなくなり、薩長出身者が全閣僚の半数を割るなど、いつ倒れてもおかしくない状況になった。
- As a result, the situation was that the cabinet could be fallen at any time with no Cabinet member of genkun (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration) class left, and less than half of the Cabinet members from Satsuma and Choshu.
- 憲政党分裂騒動によって前内閣が倒れると、11月5日に山縣が大命降下を受けて、自派の藩閥官僚を中心とした組閣を行った。
- After the previous Cabinet was fallen due to trouble in the Constitutional Party split, YAMAGATA who received the imperial command on November 5 organized the Cabinet based on government officials of the domain clique from his own group.
- 慶長3年(1598年)8月に秀吉が死去すると、武功派大名の一人として石田三成ら吏僚派と対立し、徳川家康と誼を通じた。
- When Hideyoshi died in 1598, Tadaoki, now a daimyo (feudal lord) of the military faction in his own right, was in conflict with Mitsunari ISHIDA and his comrades in the administrative faction and on good terms with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- また、のちの冠位制度上の錦冠の官僚を出すことのできるのは真人、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の姓を持つ氏に限られていたようである。
- It appears that only the clans who had the titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, and Imiki could produce the officials of nishiki no koburi (the seventh grade of twenty-six grades of cap rank) in the future Kan-i system (Office and Rank System).
- こうした機関の実務官僚として、現地の富豪層・田堵負名層が採用され、在庁官人として地方行政の実務にあたるようになった。
- Local millionaires and tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager) were recruited as governmental officials responsible for practical works at these offices and were in charge of local administrative jobs as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 江戸時代初期は、軍役を担う兵としての要素が強かったが、中期後期になると次第に官僚、役人としての意味合いが強くなった。
- Although they mainly served as soldiers playing military roles during the early Edo period, they gradually became bureaucrats and lost most of their military function during the mid-to-late Edo period.
- われわれは、アメリカ政府官僚が意図的にDES暗号の強さについて誤解するようにしむけているのだと考える。その狙いは:
- We speculate that government officials are deliberately misleading the public about the strength of DES encryption:
- それからダニエルは家に帰り、同僚のハナニヤ、ミシャエルおよびアザリヤにこの事を告げ知らせ、 (ダニエル書 2:17)
- Then Daniel went to his house and made the matter known to Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, his companions, (Daniel 2:17)
- 二千五年六月二十八日にモスクワで開催されたイーター閣僚会議におけるイーター交渉の当事者の代表による共同宣言を考慮し、
- HAVING REGARD to the joint declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER negotiations, on the occasion of the ministerial meeting for ITER on 28 June 2005 in Moscow;
- これが「明治政府による西郷暗殺の陰謀」の証拠とされ、同年2月3日、他の帰郷中の同僚らと共に私学校生徒に捕らえられた。
- This remark was taken as evidence of a 'conspiracy by the Meiji government to assassinate SAIGO' and on February 3 in the same year Naoo and his colleagues, still in their hometown, were caught by the students of Shigakko.
- 時忠は子の時実を実務官僚・吉田経房の娘と結婚させ、有職の公卿・中山忠親に娘を嫁がせるなど、政界に幅広い人脈を築いた。
- Tokitada had established wide personal relationships in the political world by making his son, Tokizane, marry the daughter of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA, an official in charge of practical matters and making his daughter marry Tadachika NAKAYAMA, a noble who was well versed in the ancient practices of the court and military.
- 846年、僧善愷(ぜんがい)の裁判事件でと法理を争い、左大弁正躬王(まさみおう)ら同僚の5人の弁官全員を失脚させる。
- In 846, he challenged Sadaiben (Major Executive Officer of the Left) Masamio on the principle of law at the time of the Case of Priest Zengai and brought down five of his co-worker benkan, including Masamio.
- 長州藩閥の父をもち、藩閥第二世代に当たるが、彼自身は内務官僚として、長州閥よりも内務省の立場を優先する傾向があった。
- Although his father was of the Choshu clan and he was of the second generation of the domain clique, he himself prioritized his position as the governmental official of the Ministry of Home Affairs rather than that of the Choshu clan.
- しかし清浦内閣は、総理大臣と外務陸海軍大臣を除く全ての閣僚が貴族院 (日本)議員から選出されるという超然内閣であった。
- In fact, the ministerial positions in the KIYOURA cabinet, except for Prime Minister and Army, Navy and Foreign Minister, were dominated by members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) and therefore the cabinet was a Chozen Naikaku (transcendental cabinet) that remained aloof from party politics.
- これまでの3度の伊藤内閣と異なり、伊藤系官僚と旧憲政党によって結成された立憲政友会を与党とする事実上の政党内閣である。
- Different from the previous 3 Ito Cabinets, this cabinet was virtually a party cabinet with Rikken Seiyu Party formed by government officials from ITO group and former Constitutional Party as the ruling party.
- 同僚の藤原忠隆は貴族でありながら乗馬の達人で意気投合するところがあったのか、忠隆の子・隆教は忠盛の娘を妻に迎えている。
- As his co-worker FUJIWARA no Tadataka was a fine equestrian despite being a noble, Tadamori seemed to get along with him, and Tadataka's son, Takanori married Tadamori's daughter.
- 平安時代には神職が道教の陰陽五行思想を取り込み陰陽道と陰陽師という思想と役職を得て官僚として大きな勢力を持ち執政した。
- In the Heian period, the Shinto priesthood, who adopted Inyo (also referred as Onmyo) gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Zing Idea) of Taoism and obtained the idea of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of five elements) and the position of Onmyoji (Master of Ying yang), controlled the administration with a strong power as a bureaucrat.
- 裁判所の官僚あるいは団体、あるいは他の法的に関連のある誰かか組織による調査、あるいは上訴裁判所の裁判の判決による再調査
- review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
- 従業員の中には有給休暇を使いたがらないものもあるが、その理由の一つには、同僚や上役からの冷たい反応に対する恐れがある。
- One of the reasons some workers hesitate to use their paid holidays is that they fear unfavorable reactions from their colleagues or superiors.
- 締約者が、二千六年五月二十四日にブリュッセルで開催されたイーター閣僚会議においてこの協定を締結する意思を確認したので、
- WHEREAS the Parties have confirmed their intention to conclude this Agreement on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER in Brussels on 24 May 2006,
- 二階堂 行方(にかいどう ゆきかた、建永元年(1206年) - 文永4年(1267年))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukikata NIKAIDO (1206 - 1267) was a governmental official responsible for practical works in the mid Kamakura period.
- 武田氏滅亡後は織田信長による旧武田家臣の粛清の嵐の中、かつての同僚を匿い、本能寺の変以後の甲州の取り込みを円滑にした。
- While Nobunaga ODA aggressively purged the former vassals of the Takeda clan after the fall of the Takeda clan, he sheltered his former colleagues, which facilitated the capture of Koshu after the Honnoji Incident.
- その後も和田惟政・伊丹親興とともに三好氏との戦いに参加する一方、行政官僚としての手腕を発揮して義昭の側近の一人となる。
- While Koremasa WADA, Chikafusa ITAMI and Fujihide fought against the Miyoshi clan, Fujihide became one of Yoshiaki's close advisors, showing his administrative ability.
- 足利尊氏によって光明天皇が擁立されると、改めて権中納言に任じられて、以後北朝 (日本)の有能な実務官僚として活躍した。
- When Emperor Komyo ascended the throne under Takauji ASHIKAGA, he was reinstated as Gon Chunagon (provisional vice-councilor of state) and later played an active role as a skilled administrative bureaucrat of the Northern Court.
- 一般的には、大日本帝国憲法発布後、帝国議会開設から大正時代初期頃までにおいて、藩閥・官僚から成る政府が採った立場を指す。
- In Japan, in general, transcendentalism is often referred to a political position taken by the government consisting of han (domain) cliques and bureaucrats during the period between the establishment of the Imperial Diet followed by the issuance of Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the beginning of the Taisho period.
- こうしたトラブルでは、常に国際法や条約を楯に有利に事を運ぼうとする列強との交渉に、中国官僚は神経を尖らせる必要があった。
- Because of these troubles, the bureaucracy of China had to be cautious about negotiation with powerful countries which always tried to make profits shielding themselves behind international law and treaties.
- 小野氏は、遣隋使となった小野妹子をはじめ、遣唐使などを務めたものが多く、東北や九州などの地方官僚などを務めたものも多い。
- Including ONO no Imoko who became Kenzuishi (a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China), many people from the Ono clan worked as officials who established relations with China such as Kentoshi (a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China); also many people from the Ono clan worked as local officials in such regions as Tohoku and Kyushu regions.
- 松方は、組閣にあたって前任者たちの全面協力無くしては引き受けられないと述べて全閣僚の留任を唱えて、総理就任の条件とした。
- To organize the Cabinet, MATSUKATA stated that he could not take on it without full cooperation by predecessors and insisted on all the Cabinet members staying in the Cabinet as the condition to assume the prime minister.
- この頃より老中首座である松平武元など意次を中心とした幕府の閣僚は、数々の幕政改革を手がけ、田沼時代と呼ばれる権勢を握る。
- The cabinet members of the shogunate government, including Okitsugu and Takechika MATSUDAIRA, the head of roju, began to reform the government and took the reins of power, with the result that this period was called the Tanuma period.
- 閣僚にあたる内局の部長7名も両派でほぼ半数ずつ、宗議会議員(定数72名)も36選挙区ごとに両派から1名ずつ選ばれている。
- For seven division managers (部長) of the office (内局), as cabinet members half are elected from both groups, and for the members of an assembly (宗議会議員)(72 seats) each member is elected from both groups in 36 areas.
- 豊臣政権では、国政の執行官僚としての奉行は当初から存在していたが、体制を定めた体系的な法令は政権末期まで存在しなかった。
- Although the Toyotomi Government had 'bugho', magistrates as government bureaucrats who were in charge of national politics from its beginning, they didn't have any systematic laws until the end of the government.
- 欽明天皇の時代には秦大津父(おおつち)が伴造となり大蔵掾に任ぜられたといい、本宗家は朝廷の財務官僚として活動したらしい。
- In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, HATA no Otsuchi became Tomo no miyatsuko (the chief of various departments of the Yamato Court) and was appointed Okura no jo (a financial official), and the heads of family seem to have served as financial officials of the Yamato Court.
- 裕福な家系という後ろ盾があるわけでもなく、官僚的な政府の気まぐれで世界のどこに飛ばされるかわかったものではない身だった。
- he had no comfortable family standing behind him, and he was liable at the whim of an impersonal government to be blown anywhere about the world.
- 二千六年五月二十四日にブリュッセルで開催されたイーター閣僚会議におけるイーター交渉当事者の代表による共同宣言特権及び免除
- Joint Declaration by the Representatives of the Parties to the ITER Negotiations, on the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting for ITER, Brussels, 24 May 2006 Privileges and Immunities
- しかし、筒井氏旧臣の恨みはおさまらず、慶長14年(1609年)2月29日、伏見でかつての同僚であった山中氏に暗殺された。
- However, enmity of old retainers of the Tsutsui clan against him remained, and he was assassinated by the Yamanaka clan, who were former colleagues in Fushimi on April 3, 1609.
- この社会情勢の変化の中、唐代を過渡期として宋代以降になると文人は公的な官僚生活と私的な文人生活の二面性を有するようになる。
- Because of this change in social situation, Bunjin came to have two aspects of an official bureaucrat and a private Bunjin after the Sung period through a transitional stage in the Tang period.
- 官僚としてはしっかりと経世済民(世を治め民を救う)の義務を果たし、私生活においては文人として趣味の生活を堪能するのである。
- While he steadily fulfilled duties of governing a nation and providing relief to people as a bureaucrat, he enjoyed a pastime as Bunjin in his private life.
- 2度の内閣を組織し、明治天皇から強い信頼を得ていた桂太郎は、「桂新党」の設立と山県系官僚閥を改革する新政策を模索していた。
- Taro KATSURA, who led the Japanese government twice and won the strong trust of Emperor Meiji, sought to establish a new party 'Katsura Shinto' and reform the clique of bureaucrats connected with Yamagata.
- 文章の代筆が本来の職務であったが、時代が進むにつれて公文書や記録の作成などを行い、事務官僚としての役目を担うようになった。
- Although the original duty of Yuhitsu was to write texts in someone's place, as the centuries roll by, they started handling official documents and records, taking a role of clerks.
- 大隈の下には伊藤博文や井上馨といった若手官僚が集まり、木戸孝允とも結んで近代国家の早期建設を謳って大久保利通らを牽制した。
- Young bureaucrats such as Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE gathered around Okuma, and in cooperation with Takayoshi KIDO, they appealed for the construction of a modern state in an earlier period in order to check the activities of Toshimichi OKUBO and others.
- 同時に儒家官僚の進出も徐々に進み、前漢末になると儒者が多く重臣の地位を占めるようになり、丞相など儒者が独占する状態になる。
- Meanwhile, Confucianist bureaucrats gradually gained ground, and by the end of former Han, many Confucians took over as chief vassals, with Confucians dominating the Chancellors.
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- 内閣制度、市町村制、府県制、郡制の制定など、津々浦々に至る官僚制支配体系の整備と並行して、莫大な皇室財産の設定を行なった。
- The Emperor also set up the huge Imperial property along with all sorts of maintenance of bureaucratic control systems such as establishing the Cabinet system, municipality system, Prefectural system, and the district system.
- その後、近衛 (日本軍) 幕僚参謀・参謀本部 (日本)管東局員を経て2月、歩兵第11連隊長に就任し、翌年、陸軍大佐に進む。
- Afterward, having acted as Imperial Guards (Japanese Army) General Staff/Staff Headquarters (Japan) Kanto Official, he assumed the position of Hohei (foot solideirs) Twelfth Corps Chief in February, and was promoted to Army Colonel.
- 元々平知盛の家人であったが、治承4年(1180年)12月に平家を見限り、同僚であった加々美長清の仲介で源頼朝の麾下に入る。
- Although he was originally Kenin (a retainer) of TAIRA no Tomomori, he gave up on the Taira family in December 1180, and came to serve MINAMOTO no Yoritomo by an intermediation of Nagakiyo KAGAMI (加々美長清) who was his peer.
- また、坂本龍馬や薩摩藩の五代才助と会談して「商社示談箇条書」を作成するなど、木戸孝允の貴重な代理人かつ同僚として奔走した。
- He also worked actively as a deputy and colleague of Koin KIDO, such as formulating ' Shosha jidan kajosho' (agreement on the joint enterprise project) after having a talk with Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Saisuke GODAI of the Satsuma Domain.
- 以降寺社に対する朱印状が多く見られることから、北条氏家中では幕府での経験を生かして官僚的な仕事をしていたものと推定される。
- Since many Shuinjo (shogunate license to trade) issued with his seal mark can be found, it is probable that he, as a retainer of the Hojo clan, was undertaking bureaucratic work, by making use of his experience during the service at bakufu.
- 『土芥寇讎記』における人物評価、特に「謳歌評説」などでは忠昌その他大久保忠朝、阿部正武ら同僚を「善人の良将」と評している。
- According to especially in 'Okahyosetsu' in the profile in 'Dokai Koshuki', Tadamasa as well as his colleagues Tadatomo OKUBO and Masatake ABE were described as 'good military commanders.'
- 二階堂 行光(にかいどう ゆきみつ、長寛2年(1164年) - 承久元年(1219年)9月)は鎌倉時代初期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukimitsu NIKAIDO (1164 - September 1219) was a governmental official responsible for practical works at the beginning of the Kamakura period.
- 延暦24年(805年)12月7日(旧暦)、緒嗣と同僚の参議・菅野真道は桓武天皇より現在の政治の問題点について質問を受けた。
- On January 4, 806, Otsugu and a coworker of Otsugu's, SUGANO no Mamichi who was also a Sangi were asked for their opinions by the Emperor Kanmu about problems of the politics in those days.
- 紫式部の親しい同僚の一人で『紫式部日記』にもたびたび登場、「絵に描いた姫君のよう」などと言われその美しさを賞賛されている。
- She was one of Shikibu MURASAKI's close associates and was praised for her beauty, described as 'looks like a Himegimi (daughter of a person of high rank) in a picture,' occasionally appearing in 'Murasakishikibu nikki' (Diary of Lady Murasaki Shikibu).
- 民撰議院設立建白書は、まず、政治権力が天皇にも人民にもなく、ただ有司専制(ゆうしせんせい。有司=官僚)にあることを批判する。
- The 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' criticized that the political power was not in neither the Emperor nor the people but in Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government, Yushi = the bureaucracy).
- 大化の改新により、氏姓制度による臣・連・伴造・国造を律令国家の官僚に再編し、部民を公民として、一律に国家のもとに帰属させた。
- The Yamato Regime reorganized positions such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, and Kuni no Miyatsuko under the system of clans and hereditary titles into bureaucrats of the nation under the ritsuryo codes and changed Bemin into citizen and made them uniformly belong to the nation by Taika Reforms.
- また地方の首長層であった豪族たちの多くは郡司層に姿を変えてゆき、中央から派遣される官僚である国司の監督下で地方統治を行った。
- Many of Gozoku who were belonging to the local chief class were transformed into the class of Gunji (local magistrates), and reigned over regions under the supervision of Kokushi (provincial governor) who was dispatched from the central government.
- また、黒衣の女性ルチウスなど下宿人たちとも親しくつきあい、ライプツィヒ大学ではフランツ・ホフマンなど良き師と同僚に恵まれた。
- He also got along well with other lodgers such as Lucius 'The woman in black,' and was fortunate to have good colleagues and masters such as Franz Hoffmann at the Universität Leipzig.
- これは藤原氏が単に後宮政策のみならず、不比等以来律令編纂に関わってきた実績をもって官僚組織を掌握していった事の証でもあった。
- This provides evidence to show that the Fujiwara clan had control of the bureaucracy not only through its Kokyu policy but also through its involvement in the establishment of the Ritsuryo system (legal code) since Fuhito.
- 成員は公家のほか足利家家臣の上杉氏や足利尊氏の執事高師直、旧幕府の官僚二階堂氏など公家・武家双方から多くの人材が登用された。
- Many talented men were appointed from both the nobility and the warrior class to serve as members, the most notable of whom, aside from the nobles, were those from the Uesugi clan, a vassal of the Ashikaga family, and Takauji ASHIKAGA's steward Ko no Moronao, as well as some from the Nikaido clan, former bureaucrats in the Kamakura bakufu.
- 更にこれを見た非官僚の荘園所有者も政府や官僚との個人的つながりを通じて本来は許されない租税の納付を回避しようとする者もいた。
- Furthermore, considering this, some non-bureaucrats who owned shoens also tried to escape from tax payments, which was not normally allowed, through their personal connections with the government or bureaucrats.
- 官僚主義の世渡りから真っ先に出された命令というのが、訪問者はまず当局の用意した懺悔服みたいな衣服に着替えるというものだった。
- and one of those experimental orders which pass like waves over bureaucracy had decreed first that all visitors should change their clothes for a sort of official sackcloth,
- この命令が発せられたので、知者らは殺されることになった。またダニエルとその同僚をも殺そうと求めた。 (ダニエル書 2:13)
- So the decree went forth and the wise men were to be slain; and they sought Daniel and his companions to be slain. (Daniel 2:13)
- 戦後、熊本鎮台幕僚参謀副長、名古屋鎮台参謀、監軍部参謀を経て、1885年5月には陸軍中佐に進み、歩兵第1連隊長を任ぜられる。
- After the war, having served as Kumamoto Chindai Army Bakuryo-Sanbo-Fukucho (subchief of general staff), he was promoted to Army Lieutenant Colonel in May, 1885 and took the position of the Hohei First Rentaicho (chief of the First Foot Soldiers regiment).
- 裁判官一人ひとりが、同僚や上長からの干渉を受けることなく独立して判断できるという裁判官の判断の独立も、そこには含まれている。
- It includes independent judgment of judges as well, that is, individual judges are capable of forming a judgment independently without being interfered by their fellow workers and his superior.
- 五奉行(ごぶぎょう)は安土桃山時代の豊臣政権末期に主に政権の実務を担う5人の吏僚(奉行にあたる)的人物を指して呼ばれる言葉。
- Gobugyo indicates a system consisting of five government officials (whose duties can be called magistrate or commissioner), that mainly took charge of practical businesses of the Toyotomi Administration at the last days of the administration during the Azuchi Momoyama period.
- 桂退陣後に成立した第1次山本内閣は、立憲政友会を与党とし、原敬(内相)や高橋是清(蔵相)ら政友会の有力者を閣僚としてむかえた。
- The first Yamamoto Cabinet, established immediately after Katsura's resignation, invited some influential members of the Seiyukai to be the ministers of his administration, such as Takashi HARA (as the minister for home affairs) and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI (as the minister of finance).
- 以上の4制度を漏れなく実施するために、律令国家は、非常に精緻な律令法典と、それに基づいた高度に体系化された官僚制を必要とした。
- In order to thoroughly enforce the four aforementioned systems, the nations with the Ritsuryo system needed highly refined Ritsuryo codes and an advanced systematic bureaucracy based on those codes.
- この場合は、恋人関係から上司と部下など組織の役職を含む関係や同僚ないし仲間同士など、様々な人間関係でこの「相性」が気にされる。
- In such a case, 'aisho' is placed importance in terms of various human relationships such as the relationship between lovers and the relationships concerning the organizational roles including those between the boss and the subordinates and between co-workers, as well as the relationship between friends.
- この精神は、地方政府組織の末端にいたるまで貫徹し、全体の官僚機構は、相互に秩序ある階層制によって連結された官庁から成っていた。
- This spirit was persistent all the way to the tail end of provincial governmental organizations, and the overall bureaucracy consisted of ministries that were interconnected through an orderly ranking system.
- もっとも、国家の最高機関である天皇の権限を尊重するものであり、日清戦争後、政党との妥協を図りつつあった官僚勢力から重用された。
- Of course, since it was to respect authority of the emperor, the highest organ in the state, he was given important posts from the bureaucracy power which was trying to compromise with the political party after Japanese-Sino War.
- ここで私は、閣僚のナーイム・アブ・フムス[35]とその同志達による学習と教育のレベルにおける偉大な成果を指摘したいと思います。
- Here, I would like to point out to the magnificent work done, on the level of learning and education, under Dr. Na'em Abu Humus and his brothers in the Ministry,
- フォン・ノイマンとその同僚によって1946年に提言された内蔵プログラムと連続カウンタのアイデアを取り入れたデジタルコンピュータ
- any digital computer incorporating the ideas of stored programs and serial counters that were proposed in 1946 by von Neumann and his colleagues
- 橘 道貞(たちばな の みちさだ、生年不詳 - 長和5年4月16日 (旧暦)(1016年5月24日))は、平安時代中期の官僚。
- TACHIBANA no Michisada (year of birth unknown - May 24, 1016) was a bureaucrat, who lived during the mid-Heian Period.
- 退職金は、現在の価格にして4億円に相当したとされ、当時の上官で内務省土木局長だった古市公威ら高級官僚らの労いもあったとされる。
- He was awarded a retirement bonus equivalent to 400 million yen at today's rate, as an expression of appreciation from such high government officials as Koi FURUICHI, the chief of the Engineering Bureau at the Department of Interior.
- 右大臣でなくなったことで兼家は頼忠・雅信の下僚の地位を脱却し、准三宮として他の全ての人臣よりも上位の地位を保障されたのである。
- By resigning as U-daijin, he was no longer a subordinate of Yoritada or Masanobu, and as Jun-san-gu, his post was guaranteed to be higher than all the other vassals.
- 豊臣秀吉が短期間で天下を統一できた理由のひとつとして、三成ら有能な行政官僚が常に後方補給などの輜重役を担当したことが挙げられる。
- One of the reasons that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was able to rule the entire country was that he had talented bureaucrats such as Mitsunari and that they always accomplished the transport of military goods.
- 一橋慶喜を推薦する水戸徳川家の徳川斉昭や松平慶永らを蟄居させ、川路聖謨、水野忠徳、岩瀬忠震、永井尚志らの有能な吏僚らを左遷した。
- He had the Mito-Tokugawa family, including Nariaki TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, who supported Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, put under house arrest and relegated talented riryo (government officials), such as Toshiakira KAWAJI, Tadanori MIZUNO, Tadanari IWASE and Naoyuki NAGAI.
- この日には、朱雀門前の広場に親王、大臣(おおおみ)ほか首都(みやこ)にいる官僚が集って大祓詞を読み上げ、国民の罪や穢れを祓った。
- On this day, imperial princes, ministers, and other governmental officials in the capital (miyako) gathered at the square in front of the Suzaku-mon Gate and read Oharae no kotoba (Words of the Great Purification) to purify people's sins and stains.
- 皇族のほか、親任官(大臣 (日本)、高級官僚、軍人など)、外国の公大使などが宮中に招かれ、新年の祝賀として盛大に宴会が行われた。
- In addition to the Imperial family, officials appointed by the emperor (ministers [Japan], senior government official, military men, etc.) as well as foreign ambassadors were invited to the Imperial court to celebrate the banquet for the New Year on a grand scale.
- これとは別に教育組織として技術官僚の中で学識・技術の優秀な人物から選ばれた医博士・針博士・按摩博士・呪禁博士が各1置かれていた。
- Moreover, Tenyakuryo had an educational organization that was headed by an 'I-hakase' (Master of Medicine), a 'Hari-hakase' (Master of Acupuncture), an 'Anma-hakase' (Master of Massage), and a 'Jugon-hakase' (Master of Necromancy), who were selected as excellent in their knowledge and medical techniques from all technocrats.
- しかし、本書の特徴・内容から、平安時代後期の実務官僚であった源経頼(宇多源氏)が、公務遂行の為に編まれたとする新説が提示された。
- However, a new theory was proposed saying that MINAMOTO no Tsuneyori (Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan)), a governmental official responsible for practical works, compiled it for necessities for carrying out his official duties.
- 多くの生産的作業が労働時間外に、自分自身の場所でなされ得るとしても、同僚との社会的な相互関係から得る恩恵は大きいものがあります。
- While much productive work can be done on your own time, in your own place, there's a lot of benefit to social interaction with coworkers.
- 鎌倉時代初期までは、京都の中級下級貴族と、鎌倉幕府において京都下りの吏僚、或いは源氏一門、有力な名門御家人などがこの位にあった。
- This rank was conferred on nobles of the middle and lower ranks in Kyoto, riryo (government official) who went to Kyoto under the regime of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), members of the Minamoto clan, and influential gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) from a family of pedigree, until the early Kamakura period.
- 野心で満たされた大きな法務官の官僚機構…そしてしばしばゴマをする人々が仕事と問題を作る−アーサー・M・シュレシンジャー・ジュニア
- a large Praetorian bureaucracy filled with ambitious...and often sycophantic people makes work and makes trouble- Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr.
- 天仁元年(1108年)に従五位下に叙せられてから、出雲国・三河国・丹後国・丹波国の受領を歴任する一方、実務官僚としても活躍する。
- He successively held posts of Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Izumo, Mikawa, Tango, and Tanba Provinces, and was governmental official responsible for practical works after he was appointed to the court rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in 1108.
- さらに信長から離反した松永久秀の武将・森秀光が立て籠もる大和国片岡城を父やその僚友・明智光秀と共に落とし、信長直々の感状を受けた。
- Moreover, when Hisahide MATSUNAGA turned against Nobunaga and MATSNUGA's commander Hidemitsu MORI holed himself in Kataoka Castle in Yamato Province, Tadaoki together with his father and his father's ally Mitsuhide AKECHI captured MORI, for which he received a direct letter of commendation from Nobunaga.
- ただし、明治天皇からの信頼は絶大であり、松方財政においても、閣僚や元勲の反対の中、天皇から財政委任の詔勅を得、財政をすすめている。
- However, he had gained considerable credibility with the Emperor Meiji, during the period of MATSUKATA finance, he received an imperial rescript entrusting financial affairs to him in the face of opposition from the cabinet members and genkun (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration), and he moved forward with his financial policy.
- この建白書では、官選ではなく民選の議員で構成される立法議事機関を開設し、有司専制(官僚による専制政治)を止めることが必要だとした。
- Their political statement insisted on the establishment of a legislature consisting of members selected by the public, not the government, and abolishment of despotism by bureaucrats.
- 天正10年(1582年)、織田信長に小姓として出仕するが、同僚との喧嘩を信長に見咎められ、まだ幼すぎるとして母親のもとに返された。
- In 1582, Tadamasa started to work under Nobunaga ODA as a page but was dismissed and sent back to his mother by Nobunaga; Nobunaga thought, upon finding Tadamasa in a fight with one of his colleagues, that he was too young to do the job.
- ただしその活躍は武士としてよりも、文官に近い実務官僚としてであり、また歌人としても有名で、『新勅撰和歌集』には10首選ばれている。
- He made creditable achievements as a governmental official responsible for practical works rather than a samurai, and was so famous as a poet that his ten poems were selected in 'Shin chokusen wakashu (New Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry)'.
- 滋野 貞主(しげの の さだぬし、延暦4年(785年) - 仁寿2年2月8日 (旧暦)(852年3月2日))は平安時代前期の官僚。
- SHIGENO no Sadanushi (785–March 6, 852) was a bureaucrat in the early Heian Period.
- 山田 古嗣(やまた の ふるつぐ、延暦17年(798年) - 仁寿3年(853年)12月21日)は、平安時代初期の実務官僚・貴族。
- Born in 798 and gone on January 27, 854, YAMATA no Furutsugu was a practical bureaucrat and a noble in the early Heian period.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- この官僚集団と家康の急成長は、豊臣政権存続を図る官僚集団と次期政権を狙う家康との対立に発展し、関ヶ原の戦い(1600年)に至った。
- Such rapid growth of the bureaucratic group and Ieyasu developed to confrontation between the bureaucratic group that tried to maintain the Toyotomi government and Ieyasu who had been looking to the next government resulting in the Battle of Sekigahara (1600).
- 更に大隈が登用した大蔵官僚の間にも払い下げ中止を求める意見が出された事から、払い下げ中止を目的として大隈が仕掛けたいう説が広まった。
- In addition to that, because some bureaucrats of the Ministry of Finance who had been recruited by OKUMA submitted a request to stop the sale of the properties, it was rumored that OKUMA leaked the information to stop the sale.
- しかし、武士団や、それを基盤にした江戸時代の幕府や各藩の官僚機構は、あくまでも個別の家相互の主従関係のネットワークで構成されていた。
- However, bushidan (samurai group), and a bureaucratic organization based on it in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or each domain in the Edo period was only formed by a network of mutual relationship between lord and vassal in an individual clan.
- 前首相の松方正義が自らの閣僚にも見放されて内閣を放り出すという事態は、8月2日に大命を受けた伊藤にも今後の政権運営に不安を抱かせた。
- The situation that the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA gave up the Cabinet because he lost the support of the members of his own Cabinet also made ITO who received the imperial command on August 2, feel concern about future government management.
- 幾つかの決まり文句があるが一般的に同僚や同年輩以外の年長者や世話になった相手には賀正、迎春などの2文字熟語は避けるのが慣わしである。
- There are several fixed phrases, but it's customary not to use two-letter words such as 賀正 and 迎春 to elders and people who have helped, except for colleagues and friends of nearly the same age.
- 一方、経清(亘理権大夫)以来代々の所領地曰理郷(亘理郡)も清綱(亘理権十郎)の没落とともに頼朝の幕僚・千葉胤盛の支配する所となった。
- Meanwhile, Watari Go (Watari County), which the Oshu Fujiwara clan had controlled for generations since FUJIWARA no Tsunekiyo (Gon no daibu [a provisional master] of the Watari region), was put under the rule of Tanemori CHIBA, a staff officer of Yoritomo, after the fall of Kiyotsuna (Gonjuro WATARI).
- 天武元年(673年)5月に官僚機構の整備として畿内出身者で宮仕えするものはまず大舎人としその後才能を斟酌して官職を与えるようにした。
- In June 673, in order to establish bureaucracy, he decided to appoint officials who were from Kinai Province and were in the service of the court, Otoneri (Royal Attendant), and later gave them government posts depending on their ability.
- 藤原楓麻呂(ふじわら の かえでまろ、養老7年(723年)- 宝亀7年6月13日 (旧暦)(776年8月5日))は、奈良時代の官僚。
- FUJIWARA no Kaedemaro (723 – July 7, 776) was a bureaucracy in the Nara period.
- 明治30年(1897年)から勤めた熊本の第五高等学校 (旧制)では夏目漱石の同僚となってよき相談相手となり詩文などでも親交を深めた。
- At the former Fifth High School in Kumamoto, where Uzan worked from 1897, he became a colleague and good adviser of Soseki NATSUME, and they deepened their friendship through prose and poetry, etc.
- 官位相当制(かんいそうとうせい)とは、日本の律令制において、官人に付与する位階と官職との間に一定の相当関係を設定した官僚序列システム。
- Kani Sotosei was the bureaucrats hierarchy system that set the constant suitability relationship between Ikai (Court rank) and government post given to a government official on the Japanese Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 洋務派官僚の曾国藩は朱子学を重んじて六経のもとに宋学・漢学を兼取することを主張し、さらに明末清初の王夫之を顕彰して実学の必要を説いた。
- So Kokuhan (Zeng Guofan), a government official from the Western Affairs school, valued Neo-Confucianism and advocated adopting both Sung-period neo-Confucianism and Sinology under Rikkei, as well as preaching the need of practical learning, honoring O Fushi of late Ming and early Qing.
- 主要な政治ポストには従来の豪族ではなく諸皇子をあてて、その下で働く官僚たちの登用・考課・選叙など官人統制に関する法令を整備していった。
- Emperor Tenmu appointed princes, instead of the usual powerful clans, to major political posts and established laws for regulating the appointment, evaluation, and selection of officials working under the princes.
- 宇多天皇-源能有によって推進された寛平の治において、季長は菅原道真・藤原忠平とともにその実務を担った貴族官僚であったと考えられている。
- In the Kanpyo no chi (Glorious Kanpyo rule) promoted by Emperor Uda and MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, it is believed that Suenaga worked as an aristocratic bureaucrat who took charge of practical business along with SUGAWARA no Michizane and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- Barton P. Millerとその同僚は、 1990年と1995年に、Unixのユーティリティプログラムの信頼性をテストしました。
- Barton P. Miller and his colleagues tested the reliability of Unix utility programs in 1990 and 1995.
- 太田乗明は同僚の富木常忍(日常)とともに迫害されていた日蓮を自領のある下総国八幡荘(現在の千葉県市川市)に受け入れた事で知られている。
- Jomyo OTA, together with his colleague Jonin (Tsunenobu) TOKI (who was called Nichijo as Buddhist priest), became known after accepting Nichiren, who had been under persecution, to his territory in Yawatanosho of Shimousa Province (present-day Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture).
- しかし、享禄2年(1529年)には新たに同僚となった柳本賢治(波多野稙通の弟、香西元盛の兄)らと折り合いを悪くした為、阿波に逼塞する。
- However, since he got onto bad terms with his new colleague, Kataharu YANAGIMOTO (a younger brother of Tanemichi HATANO and an older brother of Motomori KOZAI), in 1529 he withdrew to Awa Province to live there.
- さらに洋務運動官僚の劉坤一・張之洞らと関係の深い近衛が会長に就任すると孫文らの中国革命を支援する東亜会系の会員は次第に姿を消していった。
- In addition, as Konoe who had close ties to Kunyi LIU and Shido CHO, the Western Affair Movement bureaucracy became the chairman, the members of the Toa-kai which supported the Chinese Revolution that was led by Sun Yat-sen gradually left from the group.
- こうした開国への政策転換に対し「衛正斥邪」思想を持つ保守官僚から激しい反発が起こり、 1882年には儒者たちによる反対運動も起きている。
- Against the change to the policy, conservative government officials, who believed the thoughts of 'Eisei Sekija' (put value on justness and reject evil and wrong way) triggered a backlash, and there was also an opposition movement by Confucian scholars in 1882.
- 本来は単なる宮中行事の席次表であったが、内閣総理大臣臨時代理を設ける際に宮中席次最高位の閣僚が務めるなど、政治的意味も持つようになった。
- Originally, it was just an order of precedence at the court functions but later it started to have political meanings in events that the top Cabinet member serve as the Acting Prime Minister.
- これによって、御前沙汰は最終決裁者である将軍とその直臣官僚とも言える御前沙汰衆を中心とする室町幕府における事実上の最高評議機関となった。
- Here, gozen-sata had become the virtual highest consulting body in the Muromachi bakufu centered around the shogun as the final decision-maker and gozen-sata shu as the officials under the shogun's direct command.
- そしてどうやって私が、面識のない不快な訪問者が、著名な医者にその同僚であるジキル博士の書斎を探ることを説き伏せることができるだろうか?
- and how should I, an unknown and displeasing visitor, prevail on the famous physician to rifle the study of his colleague, Dr. Jekyll?
- 同11月大尉に進み翌年第7番大隊副官、、1874年歩兵第2連隊大隊長となり、少佐進級の後1875年12月、東京鎮台幕僚参謀に任ぜられる。
- In November of the same year, he went on to Captain, then in the following year, Fukukan (adjutant) of the 7th battalion, in 1874, Chief of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, and in December,1875 after promoted to Major, he was appointed as Staff Officer of chindai (garrison in Meiji era) in Tokyo.
- 明治9年(1876年)1月11日、同郷の川路利良警視庁大警視の許可を受けて鹿児島県出身の警視庁同僚ら24名と共に久しぶりの帰郷を果たす。
- On January 11, 1876, with the permission of Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, who was from the same prefecture as Naoo and was a 'daikeishi' (corresponding to current Superintendent-General of the Metropolitan Police) in the Metropolitan Police Department, Naoo and 24 colleagues, who were also from the prefecture and serving for the Metropolitan Police Department returned home after a long absence to Kagoshima Prefecture.
- その一方で有能な人材を登用を行い、新制を発布して官僚機構の再生を尽力するなど、一条朝における政治的安定にある程度までは貢献したと言える。
- Meanwhile, however, he made a certain contribution to political stabilization during the reign of Emperor Ichijo by recruiting capable individuals and working hard to rebuild the bureaucracy system by issuing new regulations
- 『万国公法』を含む近代国際法は、官僚・知識人に知られてはいたものの、中国においてその意義を積極的に認める者はすぐには多数派とならなかった。
- Although modern international law including 'Bankoku Koho' was known to governmental officials and intellectuals, those who did not become the majority in a short period of time in China.
- ただし、先年の四国征伐と同様に九州征伐が比較的短期間で終わったことは、三成という有能な行政官僚が輜重を担当していたからだとも言われている。
- The expedition to Kyushu finished within a short period, as did the previous year's expedition to Shikoku, because Mitsunari, who was a talented leader of bureaucrats, had effectively managed the transport of military goods.
- 陸軍大臣には直接天皇に上奏する帷幄上奏が制度上認められてはいたが、閣僚が首相を通さずに直接天皇に辞表を提出したのは前代未聞のことであった。
- Even though the Minister of Army was allowed, in principle, to state his intentions directly to the Emperor, a power known as iaku-joso (to make comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility for the results), in reality this was the very first time a cabinet member bypassed the Prime Minister and submitted a letter of resignation directly to the Emperor.
- しかし清浦内閣はほぼ全ての閣僚が貴族院 (日本)議員から選出された超然主義であり、国民の間で再び憲政擁護を求める第二次護憲運動が起こった。
- The cabinet consisting of nearly all of the members of the House of Peers was clearly detached from the principles of constitutional rule and sparked the second Movement to Protect Constitutional Government among the people.
- 更に平安時代末期には、官司請負制の導入や官吏(官僚)が門閥で占められるようになって(貴族による蔭位の制の濫用)その機能を果たさなくなった。
- Furthermore, in the late Heian period, Daigaku-ryo became unable to function because the Kanshi Ukeoi system (the system that allows the succession of governmental posts by heredity) was introduced, and government positions were monopolized by people from distinguished families (because the nobility abused the Oni system, through which descendents of higher rank officials were given preference when assuming a post).
- 以後、北条氏の外戚として鎌倉幕府の有力御家人であったが伊賀氏の変以後勢力を弱め、評定衆、引付衆など幕府の実務官僚として活躍した家系である。
- Although the clan had been senior vassals of the Kamakura bakufu as maternal relatives of the Hojo clan, they lost their power due to the Incident of the Iga clan, and then they worked as governmental officials responsible for practical works such as Hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) and Hikitsukeshu (Coadjutor of the High Court).
- また、二人の大切な友人を得ており、一人は鴎外の指導者ザクセン軍医監のウィルヘルム・ロートで、もう一人は外国語が堪能な同僚軍医のキルケである。
- He also established two valued friendships with Wilhelm Roth, Surgeon Major General of Saxony, who was a master of his, and Keirke, an army surgeon and one of his co-workers, who excelled at foreign languages.
- 紅葉が明治32年(1899年)に佐渡に旅した際に新潟で立ち寄ったのが、大蔵官僚で当時新潟の税務署長をしていた横尾の伯父(母庸の姉婿)である。
- When Koyo made a trip to Sado in 1899, he visited Niigata to see his uncle Yokoo (his mother Yo's elder sister's husband) who was a bureaucrat at the Ministry of the Treasury and the superintendent of a tax office in Niigata at that time.
- そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付(京済・直進)の特権を幕府から得た。
- This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.
- ダリヨス王がこう言い送ったので、川向こうの州の知事タテナイおよびセタル・ボズナイとその同僚たちは心してこれを行った。 (エズラ記 6:13)
- Then Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, Shetharbozenai, and their companions, because Darius the king had sent a decree, did accordingly with all diligence. (Ezra 6:13)
- 九鬼 隆一(くき りゅういち、嘉永3年8月7日_(旧暦)(1850年9月12日) - 昭和6年(1931年)8月18日)は日本の官僚、男爵。
- Ryuichi KUKI (September 12, 1850 to August 18, 1931) was a Japanese bureaucrat and a baron.
- 前島 密(まえじま ひそか、天保6年1月7日 (旧暦)(1835年2月4日) - 大正8年(1919年)4月27日)は、日本の官僚、政治家。
- Hisoka MAEJIMA (February 4, 1835-April 27, 1919) was a Japanese government official as well as a statesman.
- なお、400石という禄は同僚であった浅野長政・堀尾吉晴・中村一氏らが同じ時期に100石台であったことから、彼らより一歩先に出るものであった。
- Considering the fact that his colleagues Nagamasa ASANO, Yoshiharu HORIO and Kazuuji NAKAMURA received about 100 koku level at the same time, he was one step ahead with 400 koku.
- 江戸時代は幕府はもとより、大名の領国支配においても、江戸時代中期以降、藩と称されるような官僚制的な性質の強い統治機構を形成するようになった。
- During the Edo period, not only in the bakufu, but also in territories controlled by Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and from the middle of the period, strong governing systems with the characteristics of a bureaucracy called Han (or Domain) were formed.
- 江川英龍(英龍)・遠山景元・鳥居耀蔵(燿蔵)ら実務派の官僚が採用されたが、内容自体は田沼時代を受けた寛政の改革の再来ともいえ、新味は無かった。
- Tadakuni promoted practical bureaucrats, such as Hidetatsu EGAWA, Kagemoto TOYAMA, and Yozo TORII, but the very contents of the reforms could be said just the revival of Kansei Reforms after the Tanuma period, so they lacked novelty.
- 仇教事件の頻発は、一般民衆の中に、西欧及びキリスト教への反感を醸成し、外国人に平身低頭せざるを得ない官僚・郷紳への失望感を拡大させたといえる。
- These frequent Kyukyo Incidents built antipathy toward Western Europe and Christianity and spread the loss of trust toward the bureaucracy and Kyoshin (those who worked under government officials), who were obliged to bow to the foreigners demands.
- が、その一方で、中央官僚は科挙による人材登用が本格化して増加し、周辺異民族も不穏な動きを見せているため、軍事費、人事経費が膨大なものとなった。
- On the other hand, however, more central government officials were employed through Kakyo (Imperial Examination) in earnest, and surrounding different ethnic groups were exhibiting disquieting behavior, and as a result, military expenditure and the cost for personnel affairs swelled.
- 加えて政友会の実力者であった逓信大臣星亨が汚職で辞職に追い込まれると、未だに融和が進んでいなかった伊藤系官僚と旧憲政党系の意見対立が露呈する。
- In addition, after the influential person in the Seiyu Party and Minister of Communication, Toru HOSHI was forced to resign due to corruption, the conflict of opinions between government officials from ITO group and former Constitutional Party group not harmonized each other yet was revealed.
- 明治5年の池上らの満洲の偵察を公文書で「満洲視察」と表現していることから見ると、この当時の官僚用語としての「視察」には「偵察」の意もあった)。
- At this time, 'inspection' also meant 'reconnaissance' in the words of official documents of the bureaucracy, so 'inspection in Manju' really amounted to reconnaissance of Manju by Ikegami in 1872.
- 露伴は学者としても充分な素養があったのだが、官僚的で窮屈な大学に嫌気が差して夏季休暇で東京に戻ったまま、僅か一年足らずで大学を辞してしまった。
- Erudite scholar as he was, he was so bored with the bureaucratic and straitjacketed university that he did not return to Kyoto from Tokyo after his summer holidays, and he resigned from the university only a year later.
- 国際博覧会が開催された時は、外国館参加の各国から王族・元首・閣僚級の賓客が、各国のナショナルデーに会場を訪問するために「迎賓館」が設置される。
- An 'Official Guesthouse' is temporarily established during international exhibitions in order to welcome royal families, heads of state, and cabinet-level officials from participant nations, who visit the site on the national day of each country.
- 1993年(平成5年)4月 - 新総合経済対策決定(経済対策閣僚会議決定)(公共投資、社会資本整備として、勤労体験プラザ(仮称)構想が具体化)
- April 1993: new package of economic stimulus measures decided by the Cabinet; tentative plan for establishing a 'Work Experience Plaza' presented as public investment and social capital improvement
- 台湾総督府をはじめとする他の外地政庁と異なり、朝鮮総督府は大韓帝国政府の機構を殆どそのまま継承したため、最初から多くの朝鮮人官僚を抱えていた。
- Different from government offices in other overseas territories such as Taiwan Sotoku-fu, Chosen Sotoku-fu took over the most structures of the Korean Empire government as it had been, so it had numbers of Korean bureaucrats from the beginning.
- 直接的な史料としては俗に「東武皇帝の閣僚名簿」などと通称されるものがあり、現在3種類が知られる(蜂須賀家資料・菊池容斎資料・郷右近馨氏資料)。
- Direct historical materials include the commonly called 'List of Ministers of the Emperor Tobu' and three types of materials are known (the Hachisuka family materials, the materials of Yosai KIKUCHI, the materials of Kaoru GOKON).
- 同時にまた雑誌で経済問題を論じるなど、経済学の啓蒙普及活動に務め、当時においては単なる官僚でなくエコノミストとして一般に知られる存在であった。
- In addition, he had some other activities such as having discussion on economic matters on magazines in order for a campaign to promote public awareness of economics, and he was generally known as an economist rather than a government official.
- 元治元年6月5日夜、同僚の野老山吾吉郎と三条橋付近で、池田屋事件により厳戒警備中の幕府方に尋問を受けて斬り合いになり、2人を斬殺し自らも負傷。
- In the evening of July 8, 1864 and around Sanjo-bashi bridge, Hachiro and his fellow, Gokichiro TOKOROYAMA were questioned by a group of guards of the Tokugawa shogunate who were carrying out guard duty due to strict security that ensued due to the Ikedaya Incident, and a fight using swords started, Hachiro killed two guards with his sword, and Hachiro himself was also injured.
- 久世 重之(くぜ しげゆき、万治2年(1659年) - 享保5年6月27日 (旧暦)(1720年8月1日))は、江戸時代の大名、徳川幕府閣僚。
- Shigeyuki KUZE (1659 - August 1, 1720) was a Daimyo (feudal lord) in the Edo period, and a cabinet minister of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- この頃になると、家康は他の織田部将のような軍事官僚や代官としての扱いではなかったものの、もはや信長を盟主とした臣下の立場に成り下がってしまった。
- By this time, Ieyasu has fallen down to the position of a vassal under the leadership of Nobunaga although he was not treated as officials who deal with military affairs such as other commanding officers of Oda family or a local governor.
- これと八省百官の制定によって官僚制への移行が行われた(しかし祭祀などの面では、中臣氏がこれを行うと言う様に世襲制が残った役職もあった様である)。
- This and institution of the Hassho hyakkan prompted transition to the bureaucracy (however, it appears that a post was present where the hereditary system remained, such as the religious service of which the Nakatomi clan was in charge).
- 黒田は自分が務めていた農商務大臣を逓信大臣の榎本武揚に兼務させたほかは、全閣僚を留任させて新内閣を発足させた(農商務大臣には後に井上馨を専任)。
- KURODA had all ministers stay in office except his position as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce which was taken over by Takeaki ENOMOTO, Minister of Communication, and started a new cabinet (Later, Kaoru INOUE was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce).
- この壬申検査には文部官僚の町田久成(東京国立博物館の初代館長)、蜷川式胤のほか、油絵画家の高橋由一、写真師の横山松三郎らが記録係として同行した。
- During this Jinshin Inspection, along with officials from the Education Ministry such as Hisanari MACHIDA (the first director of the Tokyo National Museum) and Noritane NINAGAWA, Yuichi TAKAHASHI (a painter) and Matsusaburo YOKOYAMA (a photographer) accompanied the team as recorders.
- 良民は、高級官僚である貴族を初め、下級官人、一般の百姓(公民と呼ばれることもあった)、雑色人(品部・雑戸という工芸技術を持つ半自由民)があった。
- The ryomin included the nobles, who were high-ranking officials; low-ranking officials; general peasants, who were sometimes called 'public people'; and lower level functionaries, including semi-free skilled craftsmen known as 'shinabe' and 'zakko.'
- 仙石 貢(せんごく みつぎ、安政4年6月2日(1857年7月22日)- 昭和6年(1931年)10月30日)は、日本の鉄道官僚、実業家、政治家。
- Mutsugi SENGOKU (July 22, 1857 - October 30, 1931) was a Japanese railway bureaucrat, businessman and statesman.
- 藤原 縄主(ふじわら の ただぬし、天平宝字4年(760年) - 弘仁8年9月16日 (旧暦)(817年10月29日))は、平安時代前期の官僚。
- FUJIWARA no Tadanushi (760 - November 2, 817) was a government official who lived during the early Heian period.
- 翌々年、南郷らは山縣有朋系官僚出身の勅撰議員である平田東助や船越衛と結んで計18名の勅撰議員で茶話会を発足させ、本部を内幸町の幸倶楽部に設置した。
- Two years later, Nango and the others joined with Tosuke HIRATA and Mamoru FUNAKOSHI, who were members of the House of Peers by imperial nomination, originally from government offices and both protegees of Aritomo YAMAGATA, and inaugurated Sawakai with an initial total of 18 members by imperial nomination with a headquarter set up in Saiwai Club in Uchisaiwaicho.
- この人物は7世紀後半の学者官僚で『律令』選定、史書編纂に係わり皇太子学士を勤め、『壊風藻』に神仙思想を基にした漢詩を残す当代一級の知識人であった。
- He was regarded as the greatest intellectual of the day, and was a scholar and government official in the late 7th century, selecting 'Ritsuryo' (a kind of law), being involved in the compilation of history books, working as Kotaishigakushi (an official in charge of the education of the Crown Prince), and who left Chinese poems based on concepts of Taoist immortality in 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry).
- 旗本・御家人の官僚化が進んだ享保年間以降は、民間からの登用が目立ち、しかも彼ら地方巧者は地方書の著者でもあったので、地方巧者という呼称が普及した。
- After the Kyoho era when hatamoto (bakufu retainers) and gokenin (retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) were organized into the bakufu bureaucracy, jikata kosha posts were often granted to ordinary citizens, and due to the fact that these appointees authored guides to domain administration, they were commonly called jikata kosha.
- この際に、大隈や福澤諭吉が藩閥政府に代わる内閣を組織しようとしていたとの疑惑から、福澤の影響が強い慶應義塾出身の官僚が多数官を辞することになった。
- On this occasion, due to the suspicion that Okuma and Yukichi FUKUZAWA were trying to set up a new cabinet to replace the han-dominated government, many government officials who graduated from Keio Gijuku and were greatly influenced by Fukuzawa left their positions.
- 中島 錫胤(なかじま ますたね、1830年1月2日(文政12年12月8日 (旧暦)) - 1905年(明治38年)10月4日)は、明治時代の官僚。
- Masutane NAKAJIMA (December 8, 1830 – October 4, 1905) was a bureaucrat in the Meiji Period.
- 税所 篤(さいしょ あつし、文政10年11月5日 (旧暦)(1827年12月22日)- 明治43年(1910年)6月21日)は、日本の武士、官僚。
- Atsushi SAISHO (December 22, 1827-June 21, 1910) was a Japanese samurai warrior and a bureaucrat.
- 二階堂 行村(にかいどう ゆきむら、久寿2年(1155年) - 嘉禎4年2月16日 (旧暦)(1238年3月3日))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukimura NIKAIDO (1155 - March 3, 1238) was a governmental official responsible for practical works in the mid Kamakura period.
- 太田 時連(おおた ときつら、1269年(文永6年) - 1345年3月13日(興国6年/康永4年2月9日 (旧暦)))は鎌倉幕府後期の実務官僚。
- Tokitsura OTA (1269 - March 21, 1345) was a governmental official responsible for practical works in the latter half of Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 海軍・陸軍や枢密院 (日本)、官僚などの勢力は、政党内閣の政権下でも依然として大きな政治的発言力を有しており、政党内閣による政権運営に介入していた。
- Under the party-cabinet administrations, powers such as the Navy, the Army, the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council), or the bureaucracy still had big influence in politics and intervened in the government.
- これに激怒した原や他の閣僚達の抗議を受けた渡辺が孤立するに至って伊藤は辞任を表明、5月10日から班列であった西園寺公望枢密院議長が臨時首相を務めた。
- WATANABE was isolated by protest of HARA and other Cabinet members who were furious about this, which led ITO to announce his resignation, and from May 10 the Chairman of the Privy Council, Kinmochi SAIONJI who was a minister without official announcement served as the temporary prime minister.
- 遠藤 謹助(えんどうきんすけ、男性、1836年(天保7年)2月15日 - 1893年(明治26年))は、明治時代の長州藩出身の官僚で長州五傑の一人。
- Kinsuke ENDO, Male, (February 15, 1836 - 1893), a bureaucrat, one of 5 great persons from Choshu domain in Meiji Period
- 「それで川向こうの州の知事タテナイおよびセタル・ボズナイとその同僚である川向こうの州の知事たちよ、あなたがたはこれに遠ざかり、 (エズラ記 6:6)
- Now therefore, Tattenai, governor beyond the River, Shetharbozenai, and your companions the Apharsachites, who are beyond the River, you must stay far from there. (Ezra 6:6)
- 持統天皇11年(697年)2月28日、直広壱の位であった国見は東宮大傅に任じられたが、下僚として路跡見が春宮大夫、巨勢粟持が春宮亮に任じられている。
- On March 28, 697, ranked as Jikikoichi (the tenth grade of jikiko rank for vassals of the forty-eight grades of cap rank, which corresponds to Shoshiinoge, Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code), Kunimi was appointed to Togu no daifu (Mikonomiya no Okikashizuki, head teacher of the Crown Prince), and the appointed staff were MICHI no Tomi as Togu no daibu (Master in the Crown Prince's Quarters) and KOSE no Awamochi Togu no suke (Assistant Master in the Crown Prince's Quarters)
- 大蔵官僚として民部省改正掛(当時、民部省と大蔵省は事実上統合されていた)を率いて改革案の企画立案を行ったり、度量衡の制定や国立銀行条例制定に携わる。
- As a bureaucrat of the Okura-sho, he led staff members responsible for revisions of the Ministry of Popular Affairs (at that time Ministry of Popular Affairs and Ministry of Finance were actually integrated) and planed reform proposals and was involved in establishment of the metrological standard and National Bank regulations.
- このため、朝廷や摂家政所において実務官僚を務めた勧修寺流・日野家などの藤原北家や高棟流平氏などの中級貴族の家系から輩出され、後にこれが通例となった。
- Accordingly, persons from middle-ranking court families that served for the Imperial court or sekke (line of regent and adviser) as the officer of practical job, such as the Kanjuji line and Hino family of the Northern House of the FUJIWARA clan and the Takamune school of Taira clan, were successively appointed to To no ben, and became common practice later.
- ちなみに千葉弥一郎(新徴組隊士で、沖田の義兄と同僚)の言葉に「われわれからみたらやっと目録(低い段位)くらいの腕前」と、唯一の否定的見解が見られる。
- The only negative opinion was from Yaichiro CHIBA, a member of the Shinchogumi (the Shinsengumi's Edo counterpart) and a colleague of Okita's brother-in-law, who said, 'from our viewpoint, their skills are suitable for mokuroku (a low level)'
- 長である市正(いちのかみ)は本来は正六位上相当の官であったが、五位の実務官僚や得業生や文章生のうち成功 (任官)に応じた者が任命されることが多かった。
- Ichi no kami (Commissioner of the Market) as the head was originally an official equivalent to Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade), but a person who accepted to have an appointment among governmental official of Goi (Fifth Rank) responsible for practical works, tokugyosho (student like postgraduate, student taking the graduate program) and monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) most of the time.
- 第9則 指定された開港場以外において密貿易を行い、その地の官僚に摘発された時は、日本の管理官に引き渡し、日本側は没収した金品を全て朝鮮側に交付すべし。
- Regulation 9 - If illegal trade at a site outside the appointed ports was exposed by the government officials of the area, the criminal would be given over to the officer of the Japanese administration, and Japan should return all of the confiscated money and goods to Korea.
- 日本側は外務省理事官森山茂と広津弘信、朝鮮側は東莱府の官僚が交渉のテーブルに着いたが、やはり書契に使用される文字について両者の認識に食い違いが生じた。
- Shigeru MORIYAMA and Hironobu HIROTSU, a councilor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from Japan and bureaucrats from Dongrae-Bu (the administrative districts in Korea) sat down at the negotiating table, but the same as before, there were differences between them about the words used in the sovereign's messages.
- それを個人的に、友だちや同僚に教えるだけでも、それが電子的に行われる場合でその相手がアメリカに住んでいない場合には、政府に非合法であるとされてしまう。
- Even communicating it privately to a friend or colleague, who happens to not live in the United States, is considered by the government to be illegal in electronic form.
- 本野 盛亨(もとの もりみち、1836年9月25日(天保7年8月15日 (旧暦)) - 1909年(明治42年)12月10日)は、日本の官僚、実業家。
- Morimichi MOTONO (September 25, 1836 - December 10, 1909) was a government official and businessman in Japan.
- 吉井 友実(よしい ともざね、文政11年2月26日(1828年4月10日) - 明治24年(1891年)4月22日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩藩士、官僚。
- Tomozane YOSHII (April 10, 1828 - April 22, 1891) was a Japanese samurai, a feudal retainer of Satsuma domain, and a government official.
- 山田 信道(やまだ のぶみち、1833年12月13日(天保4年11月3日 (旧暦)) - 1900年(明治33年)3月11日)は、日本の官僚、政治家。
- Nobumichi YAMADA (December 13, 1833 - March 11, 1900) was a government official and a statesman in Japan.
- 奈良原 繁(ならはら しげる、天保5年5月23日 (旧暦)(1834年6月29日) - 大正7年(1918年)8月13日)は、日本の武士、官僚である。
- Shigeru NARAHARA (June 29, 1834 - August 13, 1918) was samurai and a government official in Japan.
- なお、昭和戦後まで実現はしなかったが、軍人の閣僚への登用禁止、民主的地方警察、民主的裁判制度など極めて現代的かつ開明的な建言を、その当時に行っている。
- He also proposed the following extremely modern and enlightened ideas, which, however, did not materialize until the post-War period in the Showa era: non-appointment of military personnel as cabinet members, democratic local police, and democratic trial system.
- 二階堂 行義(にかいどう ゆきよし、建仁3年(1203年) - 文永5年閏1月25日 (旧暦)(1268年3月10日))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukiyoshi NIKAIDO (1203 - March 17, 1268) was a governmental official of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), responsible for practical works, during the mid-Kamakura period.
- 二階堂 行久(にかいどう ゆきひさ、元久2年(1205年) - 文永3年12月17日 (旧暦)(1267年1月13日))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Yukihisa NIKAIDO (1205 - January 20, 1267 [December 17, 1266 in old lunar calendar]) was a governmental official of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), responsible for practical works, during the mid-Kamakura period.
- 今日で言う憲法とは異なり、官僚や貴族に対する道徳的な規範を示したものであり、今日の国家公務員法、地方公務員法、国家公務員倫理法に近い性質のものと言える。
- Unlike today's constitution, it stipulates moral codes for bureaucrats and nobilities, and it can be said that its nature is similar to the National Public Service Act, Local Public Service Act and National Public Service Ethics Act of the present day.
- ちなみに、現在成書の形で存在する『日本紀私記』には、上述した甲本・丁本の他に、僚巻と見られる乙本(神代紀に相当)と丙本(人代紀に相当)の二種類が存する。
- In addition, there are two kinds of 'Nihongi Shiki' (Private Notes on the Chronicles of Japan) which exist in full form now, that is, 'B' version (corresponding to the volumes of the age of the gods) and 'C' version (corresponding to the volumes of the age of emperors) which seem to be the same copies of the 'A' version and 'D' version.
- 1882年(明治15年)3月、「在廷臣僚」として参議・伊藤博文らは、政府の命を受けてヨーロッパに渡り、ドイツ系立憲主義の理論と実際について調査を始めた。
- A councilor, Hirobumi ITO and others went to Europe as 'government officials' on orders from the government in March, 1882, and started investigating theory and practice of German constitutionalism.
- 12世紀に実務官僚の家が勧修寺流・日野家・高棟流平氏に固定化したことに伴い、三事兼帯も自然とこの三家に限定された(例外は信西の子、藤原俊憲・貞憲のみ)。
- After the families of officials in charge of practical business became restricted to Kajuji-ryu (the Kanjuji line), the Hino family and Takamune-ryu Heishi (Taira clan of Takamune group) in the twelfth century, persons who became Sanji kentai holder also came to be limited to those who were the members of these three families (exceptions were FUJIWARA no Toshinori/Sadanori, sons of Shinzei).
- 観応の擾乱によって幕府官僚の分裂・離反が生じた事から、2代将軍足利義詮が崩壊した評定衆・引付衆に代わる合議体として恩賞方にて開いたのが起源とされている。
- When bakufu officials were factionalized and declared secession in the Kanno Disturbance, the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA held a consultation in Onshokata (office to do desk work concerning the Onsho award) with a consultative body replacing the collapsed hyojoshu and hikitsukeshu, which was regarded as the origin of gozen-sata.
- 共にこの秘密について天の神のあわれみを請い、ダニエルとその同僚とが、他のバビロンの知者と共に滅ぼされることのないように求めた。 (ダニエル書 2:18)
- so that they would ask for mercies from the God of heaven concerning this secret; so that Daniel and his companions would not perish with the rest of the wise men of Babylon. (Daniel 2:18)
- 理事会が閣僚級で行われる場合を除き、議長が理事会の話し合いを進める。議長は代表としての資格を有しない。任務を行うにあたり、議長は理事会の権限の下にある。
- Except when the Council meets at the ministerial level, the Chair shall conduct the discussions of the Council. He shall not have the capacity of a Representative. In the exercise of his functions he remains under the authority of the Council.
- 芳川 顕正(よしかわ あきまさ、1842年1月21日(天保12年12月10日 (旧暦)) - 1920年(大正9年)1月10日)は、日本の官僚、政治家。
- Akimasa YOSHIKAWA (January 21, 1842 - January 10, 1920) was a government official and a statesman in Japan.
- 石井邦猷(いしい くにみち、天保8年6月13日 (旧暦)(1837年7月15日) - 明治26年(1893年)2月3日)は、幕末から明治にかけての官僚。
- Kunimichi ISHII (July 15, 1837 - February 3, 1893) was a government official from the end of Edo period to Meiji period.
- 松田 道之(まつだ みちゆき、天保10年5月12日 (旧暦)(1839年6月22日) - 明治15年(1882年)7月6日)は、日本の内務官僚・政治家。
- Michiyuki MATSUDA (June 22, 1839 - July 6, 1882) was a government official of the Ministry of Home Affairs and a statesman in Japan.
- 金子 堅太郎(かねこ けんたろう、1853年3月13日(嘉永6年2月4日 (旧暦)) - 1942年(昭和17年)5月16日)は、明治期の官僚・政治家。
- Kentaro KANEKO (March 13, 1853 - May 16, 1942) was a bureaucrat and a politician in the Meiji period.
- 小村 壽太郎(こむら じゅたろう、1855年10月26日(安政2年9月16日 (旧暦)) - 1911年(明治44年)11月26日)は、明治の外務官僚。
- Juntaro KOMURA (小村 壽太郎) (October 26, 1855 - November 26, 1911) was a diplomatic official.
- ただし時忠の属する堂上平氏は、清盛らの武門平氏からは相対的に独立した位置にいるので、この発言は実務官僚としての堂上平氏の躍進を誇ったものとも考えられる。
- However, as the Dojo Heishi to which Tokitada belonged was in a position independent from the Bumon Heishi (warrior Taira clan) to which Kiyomori belonged, this statement can also be understood as a message boasting of the rapid progress of the Dojo Heishi.
- 自作『源氏物語』に対しての世人の評判や、宮中の同僚であった和泉式部・赤染衛門、ライバル清少納言らの人物評や自らの人生観について述べた消息文などもみられる。
- It contains gossips about 'The Tale of Genji,' private letters in which she described her view of life, and comments about her colleagues at the Imperial Court such as Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon and her rival, Seisho Nagon.
- 尚歯会(しょうしかい)とは、江戸時代後期に蘭学、儒学者など幅広い分野の学者・技術者・官僚などが集まって発足したサロンであり頭脳集団(シンクタンク)の名称。
- The Shoshikai is the name of a salon or a group of intelligent people (a think tank) established by people gathered, such as a wide range of scholars or artisans, including those of Western studies or Confucianism, and government officials during the late Edo period.
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- よい政府を支持する者として、われわれはプログラムを機密にしたいからといって、官僚がそれについて証言するときに自らを欺くようなことは正当化されないと考える。
- As advocates of good government, we do not see that classifying a program is any justification for an official to perjure themselves when testifying about it.
- その結果、ある別のだれかが、国民の合法的権威を授かろうがなかろうが、支配者の地位にのし上り、官僚に命令を下し、こうして万事が以前のとおりに進行するのです。
- whereupon somebody else, with or without legitimate authority from the nation, vaults into the seat, issues his orders to the bureaucracy, and everything goes on much as it did before;
- 和気 清麻呂(わけ の きよまろ、733年(天平5年) - 799年4月4日(延暦18年2月21日 (旧暦)))は奈良時代末期から平安時代初期の高級官僚。
- WAKE no Kiyomaro (733 - April 4, 799) was a high-ranking official, who lived during the early Heian Period.
- 1881年の政変で大隈重信を失脚させて実権をにぎった伊藤博文らは、官僚機構を整備するため、東京にある官立諸学校を文部省のつくった東京大学にすべて併合した。
- In order to improve the bureaucratic organization, Hirobumi ITO, who acquired power after ousting Shigenobu OKUMA at the coup in 1881, merged all of the national schools in Tokyo with the University of Tokyo, which had been created by Ministry of Education.
- 特に後者の離脱が近衛文麿が中心であったことから研究会の権威は大いに失墜した(ちなみに後に3次にわたった近衛内閣では閣僚から研究会所属議員は排除されている)。
- Especially since the latter one was led by Fumimaro KONOE, Kenkyukai suffered a great loss of prestige (in the connection, later, members of Kenkyukai were excluded from the three KONOE Cabinets.
- 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
- The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
- 内海 忠勝(うつみ ただかつ、天保14年8月19日 (旧暦)(1843年9月12日) - 明治38年(1905年)1月20日)は、日本の武士、官僚、政治家。
- Tadakatsu UTSUMI (September 12, 1843 - January 20, 1905) was samurai as well as a government official and a statesman in Japan.
- 政府のメディア規制を前にして官僚兼啓蒙者は啓蒙者たり続けられるのかという問題は、明六社同人間の温度差を浮き彫りにし、雑誌の行く末をめぐって対立することになる。
- The problem whether a bureaucracy who was an illuminator at the same time could continue to be an illuminator despite the governmental regulations against media showed clearly the difference among Dojin of Meirokusha and led to a conflict over the future of bulletin.
- 三善 康連(みよし の やすつら、建久4年(1193年)-康元元年10月3日 (旧暦)(1256年10月22日))は、鎌倉時代前期の鎌倉幕府御家人・法曹官僚。
- MIYOSHI no Yasutsura (1193 - October 22, 1256) was a personal retainer to the shogun in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and judicial official during the first half of the Kamakura period.
- そのため、皇帝が三公九卿以下の官僚組織を擁するのと同様、後宮制度において皇后も三夫人、九嬪、二十七世婦、八十一御妻の3倍ずつ増加するヒエラルキーを擁していた。
- For this reason, similar to the emperor holding bureaucracy of those below Sankokyukei (three ministers and nine councilors), the Kokyuseido (an institution where an emperor has multiple wives in order to maintain the imperial line) also had a hierarchy where the number of empresses tripled; San (three) fujin, Kyu (nine) no hin, Nijyunana (twenty-seven) no seifu, and Hachijyuichi (eighty-one) no gyosai.
- 王土王民思想に基づく律令制は、天皇とその官僚による一元的な支配を志向しており、民衆に対しては編戸制・班田制・租庸調制・軍団 (古代日本)などの支配が行われた。
- The Ritsuryo system based on Odo omin shiso (the principle that all the land and people belong to the emperor) intended unified control of the nation by the Emperor and national government officials, and the people were controlled through henko-sei (a system for organizing the people), handen-sei (a land-allotment system based on Ritsuryo), Soyocho system (a tax system, corvee) and troops (in ancient Japan).
- そこに着いたならば、ニムシの子ヨシャパテの子であるエヒウを尋ね出し、内にはいって彼をその同僚たちのうちから立たせて、奥の間に連れて行き、 (列王紀2 9:2)
- When you come there, find Jehu the son of Jehoshaphat the son of Nimshi, and go in, and make him arise up from among his brothers, and carry him to an inner room. (2 Kings 9:2)
- 伊東 巳代治(いとう みよじ、1857年5月29日(安政4年5月7日 (旧暦)) - 1934年(昭和9年)2月19日)は、明治、大正、昭和期の官僚、政治家。
- Miyoji ITO, who lived from May 29, 1857 to February 19, 1934, was a bureaucrat and statesman during the Meiji, Taisho and Show periods.
- 大江 広元(おおえ の ひろもと、久安4年(1148年) - 嘉禄元年6月10日 (旧暦)(1225年7月16日))は、平安時代末期、鎌倉時代初期の実務官僚。
- OE no Hiromoto (1148 - July 23, 1225) was a governmental official responsible for practical works from the end of the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
- 他の後醍醐皇子の地方下向には、多くの場合武士や南朝を代表する公家が随行していたにも関わらず、懐良親王の下向では頼元をはじめ、地位の低い実務官僚が随行していた。
- While warriors and powerful Court Nobles of the Southern Court often accompanied Prince Godaigo when he went to the provinces, Imperial Prince Kanenaga was accompanied by low-ranking governmental officials responsible for practical works including Yorimoto when he went to the provinces.
- 桂は斎藤実海相を優詔により留任させると、若槻禮次郎、後藤新平ら自前の官僚勢力、イギリス流政治を信奉する加藤高明(駐英大使)を入閣させて自前の内閣を組織している。
- Katsura organized his Cabinet in his own way by making Makoto SAITO, the minister of the Navy in the former Cabinet, stay in office with the help of an Imperial edict, and inviting some bureaucrats of his influence, such as Reijiro WAKATSUKI and Shinpei GOTO, as well as the espouser of British politics, Takaaki KATO (Japanese Ambassador to Britain).
- ところが明治天皇は黒田の辞表のみを受理して、他の閣僚には引き続きその任に当たることを命じるとともに、内大臣の三條實美に内閣総理大臣を兼任させて内閣を存続させた。
- However, Emperor Meiji didn't accept the resignation except KURODA's, and ordered the other ministers to stay in their positions and newly appointed Sanetomi SANJO as Prime Minister keeping him as Minister of the center, in order to maintain the cabinet.
- また、西園寺が日本女子大学の設立発起人を務めた際には、戸川安宅、麻生正蔵らとともに同大学の創立事務幹事長に就任し、文部省官僚として高等教育機関の設立に尽力した。
- In addition, when SAIONJI took charge of the promoter to establish the Japan Women's University, he took the post as chief secretary of the foundation preparatory secretariat of the university with Yasuie TOGAWA and Shozo ASO, and made efforts to establish a higher educational institute as a government official of the Ministry of Education.
- つまり、最終的な試験官が皇帝ということになれば、座主は皇帝であるから、官僚中の派閥とは無関係に、皇帝と個々の科挙官僚との間に師弟の関係ができるという論理である。
- The theory was that if the ultimate examiner was the Emperor, zasu being the Emperor, the Emperor and each Kakyo bureaucrat already had the teacher-student relationship, irrelevant of bureaucratic parties.
- 科挙及第者と担当試験官との間の私的な関係という面では、問題のないものと見えるが、これが機縁となって、科挙官僚中に党派が生まれ、それが党争に発展する温床となった。
- Such relationships did not seem problematic from the viewpoint of a relationship between a successful Kakyo applicant and the examiner in charge, however, they produced bureaucratic alliances, which created a breeding ground for the development of factions.
- さらに、こうした統一的な支配を遺漏なく実施するために、高度に体系的な法令、すなわち律令と格式が編纂され、律令格式に基づいた非常に精緻な官僚機構が構築されていた。
- Furthermore, in an attempt to extend a more unified system of control over the populace, highly systematic codes, namely the Ritsuryo and Kyakushiki codes, were compiled; their promulgation created a very sophisticated bureaucratic organization whose basis lay in legal and ethical codes.
- 王は返書を送って言った、「長官レホム、書記官シムシャイ、その他サマリヤおよび川向こうのほかの所に住んでいる同僚に、あいさつをする。いま、 (エズラ記 4:17)
- Then the king sent an answer to Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions who dwell in Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River: Peace, and so forth. (Ezra 4:17)
- 川向こうの州の知事タテナイおよびセタル・ボズナイとその同僚である川向こうの州の知事たちが、ダリヨス王に送った手紙の写しは次のとおりである。 (エズラ記 5:6)
- The copy of the letter that Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, and Shetharbozenai, and his companions the Apharsachites, who were beyond the River, sent to Darius the king; (Ezra 5:6)
- 10歳頃、広敷座の下僚であった父が徳之島に流罪に処せられ、家禄5石を召し上げられたのちは兄を助けていたが、18歳のときに兄の病没後は小作や開墾畑で家計を支えた。
- After his father, who was a lower-rank official of the inner palace (ooku) guard (hiroshikiza), was exiled to Tokunoshima Island and expropriated his hereditary stipend of five koku (approx. 902 liters) when he was around ten years old, he helped the elder brother, but after the death of the elder brother when he was eighteen years old, he supported the family through tenant farming and land reclamation.
- 徳大寺 実則(とくだいじ さねつね、天保10年12月6日 (旧暦)(1840年1月10日) - 1919年(大正8年)6月4日)は、幕末から明治期の公卿・官僚。
- Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI (January 10, 1840-June 4, 1919) was Kugyo (a court noble) and a bureaucrat from the late Edo period to the Meiji period.
- 井上 毅(いのうえ こわし、天保14年12月18日 (旧暦)(1844年2月6日) - 明治28年(1895年)3月17日)は、日本の武士、官僚、政治家である。
- Kowashi INOUE (February 6, 1844 - March 17, 1895) was a Japanese samurai, a bureaucrat and a statesman.
- 二階堂 基行(元行)(にかいどう もとゆき、建久9年(1198年) - 仁治元年10月25日 (旧暦)(1240年11月10日))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。
- Motoyuki NIKAIDO (二階堂 基行, 1198 - November 17, 1240) was a governmental official responsible for practical works of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the mid Kamakura period.
- 1913年(大正2年)、和田の同僚であった八代国治は、『吾妻鏡の研究』で、源氏三代の将軍記とそれ以降三代の将軍記とは大きな隔たりがあるとし、編纂二段階説を唱える。
- WADA's colleague, Kuniji YASHIRO claimed in 'A Study of Azuma Kagami' in 1913 that there was a big difference between the shogunal record of the three generations of the Minamoto clan and that of the subsequent three generations of shogun, advocating the hypothesis of two-step compilation.
- 天正10年(1582年)に本能寺の変が起こると、藤孝は長年の僚友であり縁戚でもある明智光秀の再三の協力要請を断り、剃髪し幽斎玄旨と号して隠居、忠興に家督を譲った。
- At the incident at Honno-ji Temple in 1582, he declined persistent requests for cooperation from Mitsuhide AKECHI, his longtime colleague and the father of his daughter-in-law, shaved his head, changed his name to Yusai Genshi, handed the headship of the Hosokawa family to his son Tadaoki, and retired.
- 官軍主力隊本営では3月18日、野津鎮雄少将(第1旅団長)・三好重臣少将(第2旅団長)、参謀長野津道貫大佐、高瀬征討本営の大山巌少将などによって幕僚会議が開かれた。
- On March 18, in the headquarters of the main force of the government army, those including Major General Shizuo NOZU (1st Brigadier), Major General Shigeomi MIYOSHI (2nd Brigadier), Chief of Staff, Colonel Michitsura NOZU, and Major General Iwao OYAMA from the Takase punitive headquarters held the General Staff Council.
- 明清期においても、前王朝の官有地や没官地(前王朝関係者の荘園を接収したもの)、戦乱のおりの荒廃地などを宮廷や諸王、勲戚、官僚などに荘田・荘園などとして与えられた。
- Also during the Ming and Ching dynasty, the government-owned land of the previous dynasty, the confiscated fields (the confiscated shoens of the previous dynasty affiliates) and the denuded lands during war-torn eras and so on were given to the imperial court, the shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), the relatives who did a distinguished military service, the bureaucrats and so on as shoden (field within a manor) and shoen and so on.
- その後も実務官僚として後嵯峨・亀山天皇両院政で活躍し、文永6年(1269年)に参議に昇進すると、その年から権中納言、従二位大宰権帥兼務と毎年のように昇進を重ねた。
- Since then, he played an important role as an official for practical work under the Cloister Government for the Emperor Gosaga and Kameyama and he was promoted to the Sangi (Royal Advisor) in 1269 and continued to be promoted almost every year to Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) and Junii (Junior Second Rank) Dazai Gon no Sochi, and so on.
- 白根 専一(しらね せんいち、嘉永2年12月22日 (旧暦)(1850年2月3日) - 明治31年(1898年)6月14日) は日本の明治時代の内務官僚、政治家。
- Senichi SHIRANE (February 3, 1850 - June 14, 1898) was an official of the Ministry of Home Affairs and a politician during the Meiji period in Japan.
- 外国人宣教師たちは、宗教的信念と戦勝国に属しているという傲岸さが入り交じった姿勢で中国社会に臨み、その慣行を無視することが多く、しばしば地域の官僚・郷紳と衝突した。
- The foreign missionaries dealt with Chinese society with an attitude of missionary belief and the arrogance of those belonging to a winning nation, and they often ignored customs, leading to frequent clashes with local bureaucracy and Kyoshin (Chinese gentry).
- この間、名目的に要職に任じられた公家・諸侯らが実務に疎かったことから、各藩から召集された徴士が実務を握り、維新官僚として成長し、次第に行政の主導権を握るようになる。
- In the meantime, instead of court nobles and lords who nominally held important posts but actually were out of touch with practical works, officials who were convened to the government from each domain gripped the practical work, grew as Restoration bureaucrats, and gradually won administrative initiative.
- 安場 保和(やすば やすかず、男性、天保6年4月17日 (旧暦)(1835年5月14日) - 明治32年(1899年)5月23日)は、近代日本草創期の官僚・政治家。
- Yasukazu YASUBA (May 14, 1835 - May 23, 1899) was a bureaucracy and statesman in the early days of modern Japan.
- 平田東助(ひらた とうすけ、嘉永2年3月3日 (旧暦)(1849年3月26日)- 大正14年(1925年)4月14日)は、日本の明治時代・大正時代期の官僚・政治家。
- Tosuke HIRATA (March 26, 1849 - April 14, 1925) was a government official and politician who lived in the Meiji through Taisho periods.
- 明治15年(1882年)2月、愛知県医学校での実績を認められて内務省 (日本)衛生局に入り、医者としてよりも官僚として病院・衛生に関する行政に従事することとなった。
- His achievements at the Aichi Municipal Medical School were well-recognized, and he was appointed to the staff of the Hygienic Bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs in February, 1882.
- 伊集院 兼寛(いじゅういん かねひろ、天保9年1月2日(1838年1月27日) - 明治31年(1898年)4月20日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士、軍人、官僚である。
- Kanehiro IJUIN (January 27, 1838 - April 20, 1898) was a samurai, a feudal retainer of the Satsuma clan, a military officer, and a government official in Japan.
- このとき実資は右大臣に任ぜられるか否かで同僚らの歓心を買わなければいけない時期だったが、それでも付和雷同・阿諛追従することなく、ものごとの道理を滔々と陳述している。
- At that time, Sanesuke, who was about to be appointed the next Udaijin, was faced with the need to curry favor with his colleagues, but he made his statements to reach an impartial decision without siding with or flattering other people.
- 府県知事は選挙投票者による分類とされ、政党内閣または政党の影響の強い内閣の時期も含めて多くは内務省 (日本)の官僚が任命され、また内務大臣の監督に服するものとされた。
- Fuken chiji (Prefectural governor) was categorized as being elected by voters; and during the time of the party cabinet or the cabinet strongly influenced by the political party, mostly government officials from the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs were assigned to be Fuken chiji and were supervised by the prewar Minister of Home Affairs.
- 皮肉にも勘合貿易の復活や義政から実権を奪った守護大名や側近の幕府官僚の財政再建策が功を奏して、義政の治世前半は義満の時代と並んで幕府財政は安定期であったとされている。
- Ironically, the revival of tally trade and the rebuilding plan of financial circumstances by the Shogunate's officials, who were his aides, and Shugo daimyo who robbed the administrative power from Yoshimasa, were successful and therefore the Shogunate's financial situation was very stable during the first half of Yoshimasa's rule, just as it had been during Yoshimitsu's era.
- 加えて貴族院では清浦がかつて所属していた研究会_(貴族院)の議員を閣僚10人中3人も入閣させるという「論功人事」を行ったことに対する他会派からの批判が湧き起こっていた。
- In addition, the fact that KIYOURA gave 3 out of 10 ministerial positions to the members of the House of Peers who belonged to the same faction as KIYOURA used to belong to, namely the Kenkyukai (Study Association) also triggered mounting criticism from among other political groups too.
- 天子の意思命令を確実に具現化するため、各官庁と官僚の責任と任務を明確に区分し、精密に規定された階級に従って、命令を実行に移していく官僚制が、高度な体系の下に構築された。
- In order to realize the intentions and orders of the emperor reliably, a highly refined system was established, with orders carried out by the bureaucracy in accordance with a rigid hierarchy where each government office and official's duties and responsibilities were clearly defined.
- 井上 勝(いのうえ まさる、1843年8月25日(天保14年8月1日 (旧暦)) - 1910年(明治43年)8月2日)は、江戸時代の武士(長州藩士)、明治時代の官僚。
- Masaru INOUE (August 25, 1843, to August 2, 1910) was a samurai in the Edo Period (a feudal retainer of Choshu Domain) and a bureaucrat in the Meiji Period.
- 副島 種臣(そえじま たねおみ、文政11年9月9日 (旧暦)(1828年10月17日) - 明治38年(1905年)1月31日)は、日本の武士・佐賀藩士、官僚、政治家。
- Taneomi SOEJIMA (October 17 1828 - January 31 1905) was a Japanese samurai, feudal retainer of the Saga clan, bureaucrat and statesman.
- 例えば、父の仕事では、売り買いのタイミングは非常に大切であり、彼は同僚にこまごまとしたことを言わないで「潮時というものがある」と言ったり、書いたりすることが時々あった。
- For instance, in my father's business the timing of sales and purchases was very important, and he would sometimes write or say to his colleagues 'There is a tide,' without going into detail.
- 松本 良順(まつもと りょうじゅん、1832年7月13日(天保3年6月16日 (旧暦)) - 1907年(明治40年)3月12日)は、江戸時代後期の幕臣、明治期の官僚。
- Ryojun MATSUMOTO (July 13, 1832 – March 12, 1907) was a Shogun's retainer during the late Edo period, and a government official during the Meiji period.
- 郷 純造(ごう じゅんぞう、文政8年4月26日 (旧暦)(1825年6月12日)- 明治43年(1910年)12月2日)は、日本の武士・幕臣、大蔵省官僚、政治家である。
- Junzo GO (June 12, 1825-December 2, 1910) was a Japanese warrior and shogun's retainer, a bureaucrat of Ministry of the Treasury and statesman.
- 幕府や守護大名が定める奉行職は中堅幹部や吏僚としての性質が強かったが、国人領主における奉行職の場合は主に領主を補佐し、家政を総覧する宿老や家老級の地位を指す場合が多い。
- The post of bugyo established by the bakufu and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) was a kind of middle-ranking executive or official, but when the same post was set up by a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) it was often referred to a position equivalent to chief vassal or chief retainer who was the main assistant of a lord and supervised the domestic economy.
- これに対して政友会をはじめとする政党や一般国民、幸三派のうち入閣を拒否した同成会は勿論のこと、閣僚を出していた茶話会・公正会までが清浦内閣と研究会の糾弾を始めたのである。
- In response, political parties such as Seiyu-kai, ordinary people and Doseikai (one of saiwai-sanpa) which refused to send its member to the cabinet, and even Sawakai and Koseikai which sent their members to the cabinet started to condemn KIYOURA Cabinet and Kenkyukai.
- また、掛長であった渋沢は伊藤や井上とともに大隈邸に出入りして改正掛での議論などを大隈に報告するとともに大隈と親交があった山口尚芳や五代友厚ら他の若手官僚とも議論を重ねた。
- In addition, Shibusawa, a section head, often visited Okuma's with Ito or Inoue, informed Okuma of discussions made in Kaiseigakari, and also talked frequently with young bureaucracy such as Naoyoshi YAMAGUCHI and Tomoatsu GODAI who were associated with Okuma.
- 後藤 新平(ごとう しんぺい、安政4年6月4日 (旧暦)(1857年7月24日) - 昭和4年(1929年)4月13日)は明治・大正・昭和初期の医師・官僚・政治家である。
- Shinpei GOTO (July 24, 1857 - April 13, 1929) is known as a doctor, a high-rank official, and a politician who played active roles in various fields through Meiji, Taisho and early Showa Period.
- 大宝律令では「小事を奏宣す」官と位置づけられ、侍従を兼任して天皇に近侍する秘書官的な役職であったが、侍従の職務の方が繁雑であったため次第に下僚である外記に職掌を奪われた。
- As Shonagon was defined as the official position to 'report minor matters to the emperor and announce the emperor's messages on minor matters' in the Taiho ritsuryo legal code, Shonagon functioned like private secretaries closely attending the emperor while concurrently holding the position of chamberlain, but the duties of chamberlain were so complicated that their duties of Shonagon were gradually absorbed by their subordinates Geki.
- 理事会の会合が閣僚級で行われる場合、議題案は、加盟者との協議の上、議長によって起草される。上記規則9の他の規定は、必要な変更を加えた上で、理事会の閣僚級会合に適用できる。
- When the Council meets at the ministerial level, the draft agenda shall be drawn up by the Chair, after consultation with the Members. The other provisions of Rule 9 above are applicable mutatis mutandis to Council meetings at the ministerial level.
- 中川は、「西園寺公爵がお亡くなりになった時に、私は貴族院議員の辞表を提出したが、同僚の意見もありそれは進達されずに途中で止められてしまった」と語っている(『中川家文書』)。
- NAKAGAWA said, 'When Duke SAIONJI passed away, I submitted my resignation to leave the House of Peers, but it was not processed and finally rejected due to my colleagues' opinions and others' ('Nakagawa Bunsho').
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- 三島 通庸(みしま みちつね、1835年6月26日(天保6年6月1日 (旧暦)) - 1888年(明治21年)10月23日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士、内務省 (日本)官僚。
- Michitsune MISHIMA (June 26, 1835 - October 23, 1888) was a Japanese samurai who was a feudal retainer of Satsuma clan and a bureaucrat in prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 以後は、陸軍・内務省・宮内省・枢密院などにまたがる「山県系官僚閥」を形成して、陸軍では桂太郎や寺内正毅、官僚では清浦奎吾や平田東助らの後ろ盾となって政治に関与するようになる。
- Eventually, he formed the 'The Yamagata Bureaucratic Faction' across the Army, Ministry of Inner Affairs, Imperial Household Ministry and Privy Council in order to facilitate his involvement in politics by becoming a supporter of Taro KATSURA and Masatake TERAUCHI in the Army as well as of government bureaucrats such as Keigo KIYOURA and Tosuke HIRATA.
- 明治政府官僚となってからも、その知識と探求心を遺憾なく発揮し、民衆から「明治最良の官僚」と謳われたほどであったが、藩閥の明治政府内においては肩身の狭い思いもしばしばであった。
- After becoming a bureaucrat in the Meiji government, he fully demonstrated his knowledge and spirit of inquiry and was known as 'the best bureaucrat in the Meiji period' by the people, but in the Meiji government with its clannish behavior, he was often timid.
- 朝廷と幕府に二分化されていた京都の行政権や課税権なども幕府に一元化するとともに、守護大名の軍事力に対抗しうる将軍直属の常備軍である奉公衆や奉行衆と呼ばれる実務官僚を整備する。
- The administration and taxation authorities, which had been divided between the Court and the Shogunate, were integrated and a unit called Hokoshu or Bugyoshu was organized to handle practical matters, and was a standing army comparable to the Shugo Daimyo's army in military strength.
- 当時の官制においては、位階は八位まで(その下に初位というのも存在した)で、当時の貴族とは従五位以上を指し、従八位から正六位までは官人(官僚)であり、厳密には貴族ではなかった。
- In government-regulated organizations at that time, the lowest rank of the ikai (court ranks) was Hachii (the rank of Shoi also existed below Hachii), and the definition of a noble of the time was a person ranked Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) or above whereas persons ranked between Juhachii (Junior Eighth Rank) and Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) were regarded as government officials (bureaucrats), who were not nobles in the strictest sense.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- すなわち長官レホムと書記官シムシャイおよびその他の同僚、すなわち裁判官、知事、役人、ペルシャ人、エレクの人々、バビロン人、スサの人々すなわちエラムびと、 (エズラ記 4:9)
- then Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions, the Dinaites, and the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Shushanchites, the Dehaites, the Elamites, (Ezra 4:9)
- 理事会の会合が閣僚級で行われる場合は、理事会は会合期間中の議長を選出する。議長の任務及び業務実施に関する規則5と規則6の規定は、必要な変更を加えた上で、会合全体に適用できる。
- When the Council meets at the ministerial level, it shall elect a chair for the duration of the meeting. The provisions of Rules 5 and 6 relating to the functions of the Chair and the conduct of business shall be applicable mutatis mutandis throughout the meeting.
- 神社神道の神主などの神職は、古くから政(まつりごと)の執政をし、平安時代には道教の陰陽五行思想を取り込むことによって陰陽師という組織とその政治における官僚としての役職を得た。
- Shrine Shinto priests have been involved in governance since ancient times, and in the Heian period, they incorporated the Taoist concept of Inyo (Onmyo) gogyo shiso (yin and yang and the Five Elements) into their beliefs and practices and in so doing, obtained official positions in the government as Onmyoji (masters of divination and sorcery).
- 1898年、児玉源太郎が第4代台湾総督として就任すると、内務省 (日本)の官僚として活躍していた後藤新平を民政長官に抜擢し、台湾の硬軟双方を折衷した政策で台湾統治を進めていく。
- Gentaro KODAMA, who assumed the fourth Governor-General in 1898, promoted Shinpei GOTO, a bureaucrat of the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs (in Japan) as Chief of Home Affairs, taking the carrot and stick approach toward the governance of Taiwan.
- 父の白壁王の即位後も母の高野新笠が身分の低い帰化氏族和氏出身であったため、立太子は望まれておらず、当初は官僚としての出世を目指しており、侍従・大学頭・中務卿などを歴任していた。
- Due to the mother's humble background of the naturalized clansmen Yamatouji, there was no hope for the Emperor to become a crown prince even after his father, Shirakabe no Okimi's enthronement; but he aimed to succeed as a government bureaucrat and held the position like a palace staff person (jiju), the manager of Daigaku (Daigaku no Kami) and Nakatsukasakyo.
- そのため、名目だけの官職があてがわれたり、散位(品階のみで官職を持たないこと)となる者も少なくなく、実質を持つ官職を得ることでようやく官僚序列の中に参加することができたのである。
- Therefore, some officials received nominal government post, and many officials became Sani (official only with Hinkai and without a government post), so the official was able to join the bureaucrats hierarchy system eventually by having the real government post.
- 佐藤進一は頼朝と義経の対立について、鎌倉政権内部には関東の有力御家人を中心とする「東国独立派」と、頼朝側近と京下り官僚ら「親京都派」が並立していたことが原因であると主張している。
- About the conflict between Yoritomo and Yoshitsune, Shinichi SATO argues that the conflict was caused by the existence of two opposing powers inside the Kamakura Administration; one was the 'eastern nation independentist' formed by powerful lower-ranking vassals (gokenin) in the Kanto region, and the other was the 'Kyoto sympathizers' formed by close vassals of Yoritomo and the officials who were relegated from Kyoto.
- こうした中で6世紀末、幾つかの紛争に勝利した推古天皇、聖徳太子、蘇我馬子らは強固な政治基盤を築きあげ、冠位十二階や十七条憲法の制定など官僚制を柱とする王権の革新を積極的に進めた。
- At the end of the sixth century, Empress Suiko, Prince Shotoku, and SOGA no Umako, after emerging victorious from several conflicts, established firm political foundations and actively reformed the polity by basing it on bureaucratic systems such as Kan'i junikai (twelve cap rank system) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- 1909年に教授、1910年に時の総長の推薦を受けて文学博士となり、二十年を東洋史担当として勤め、同僚の狩野直喜・桑原隲蔵とともに「京都中国学」を創設、京大の学宝とまで呼ばれた。
- Naito became a professor in 1909 and a Doctor of Literature in 1910 at the recommendation of the president of Kyoto University; Konan taught East Asian History for twenty years, established 'Study on Chinese history by Kyoto University,' together with his colleagues, Naoki KANO and Jitsuzo KUWABARA, and was called a treasure of the university.
- その翌年(永祚2年/、改元して正暦元年、990年)の兼家死去の際には長男の藤原道隆を後継に推挙して彼からも厚遇され、正暦3年(992年)には、閣僚の一員である参議にまで昇進する。
- In the next year, on Kaneie's death, Korenaka recommended FUJIWARA no Michitaka, the first son of Kaneie, for the heir, so Korenaka was kindly treated also by Michitaka, and in 992, Korenaka reached Sangi (Royal Adviser), a member of the cabinet.
- 毛利側の資料『陰徳太平記』では、品川が優勢に勝負を進め幸盛を追い込んだ所を僚友・秋上庵介の助力で勝ったと記され、尼子側の記述『雲陽軍実記』では幸盛が見事に討ち取ったと記されている。
- The 'Intoku Taiheiki,' a historical document written by an author biased toward the Mori, maintains that Yukimori defeated Shinagawa with the aid of Iorinosuke AKIAGE, though Shinagawa had battled yukimori into a corner and had the advantage; whereas, the 'Unyogun Jitsuki' written by an author biased toward the Amago, maintains that Yukimori slew Shinagawa in a fair combat and in an admirable manner.
- 19日の会談終了後、澤と大隈・伊藤は直ちに久世治作・上野景範・花房義質ら若手官僚と東京の有力両替商からなるチームを編成して全国の開港場・開市場で外国人の保有二分金の検勘を開始した。
- After the conference ended on the 19th, SAWA, OKUMA, and ITO immediately organized a team with young bureaucracy and influential money exchangers in Tokyo, and started conducting authenticity tests on foreigner's nibukin at open ports and markets.
- 左弁官局・右弁官局とともに議政官(大臣 (日本)・大納言・中納言・参議)の下で実務を担う太政官三局の一つ少納言局(しょうなごんきょく)を構成し、下僚として外記・史生・使部が属した。
- Together with Sabenkankyoku and Ubenkankyoku, Shonagon configured Shonagonkyoku, which was one of three Kyoku (bureaus) of Daijokan engaged in business under Giseikan (Daijin, Dainagon, Chunagon, Sangi), and had Geki, Shisho and Tsukaibe as its subordinates.
- 宍戸 (ししど たまき、文政12年3月15日 (旧暦)(1829年4月18日) - 明治34年(1901年)10月1日)は、江戸時代末期(幕末)から明治時代にかけての政治家・官僚。
- Tamaki SHISHIDO (April 18, 1829 - October 1, 1901) was a statesman and bureaucrat active from the end of the Edo period into the Meiji period.
- 渋沢 栄一(しぶさわ えいいち、天保11年2月13日 (旧暦)(1840年3月16日) - 昭和6年(1931年)11月11日)は、幕末の幕臣、明治~大正初期の大蔵省官僚、実業家。
- Eichi SHIBUSAWA (March 16, 1840-November 11, 1931) was a Shogun's retainer near the end of the Edo period, a bureaucrat of the Ministry of Finance and an entrepreneur from Meiji to the early Taisho period.
- だが、黒木本人がお飾りだけの名誉職としての元帥位を嫌い、最後まで現場の指揮官としての地位を好んだと云う事もある(同僚に書いた手紙の中に、その様な内容が記されている物が残っている)。
- However, Kuroki himself disliked the title of marshal, which he considered as a mere painted honorary position, and he was satisfied with the status of a commander in the field until the end of his career (In a letter directed to one of his colleagues, his words of such meaning can be found.)
- 人見 勝太郎(ひとみ かつたろう、天保14年10月9日 (旧暦)(1843年11月30日) - 大正11年(1922年)12月31日)は、江戸時代末期の幕臣、明治期の官僚・実業家。
- Katsutaro HITOMI (born on November 30, 1843 and died on December 31, 1922) was a vassal of Tokugawa Shogunate in the end of Edo period and a bureaucrat and businessman in the Meiji period.
- 選挙には長女・由紀の夫で元大蔵省官僚の池坊雅史が出馬した(落選)ことから、当時の新進党から比例代表制(名簿1位)からの出馬要請があり、1996年の第41回衆議院議員総選挙で初当選。
- After Masafumi IKENOBO, the husband of her eldest daughter Yuki, who formerly worked as a government official in the Finance Ministry, was defeated in an election, Yasuko IKENOBO was requested by the then New Frontier Party to run as a candidate for a proportional representation election (ranked first on the list of candidates) and she was elected as a representative for the first time in 1996 in the 41st general election of the members of the House of Representatives.
- 一方、その強権的な手腕で断行した安政の大獄では攘夷派のみならず開国を推し進めた開明派官僚まで大量に追放したため、幕臣からモラルや人材が失われ、幕府滅亡の遠因になったという見方もある。
- On the other hand, some views state that he caused a loss of morale and talent from the Shogun's retainers, as his methods through Ansei no Taigoku resulted in the expulsion of many Joi-ha (supporters of foreigner expulsion) as well as Kaimei-ha (supporters of enlightenment) bureaucrats, which led him to become a remote cause of the fall of the bakufu.
- この一連の辞職に同調して、征韓論・遣韓大使派の林有造・桐野利秋・篠原国幹・淵辺群平・別府晋介・河野主一郎・辺見十郎太をはじめとする政治家・軍人・官僚600名余が次々に大量に辞任した。
- Many other sided with those who resigned, and Yuzo HAYASHI of Seikanron and Kenkan Taishi-ha (supporters for sending both an army and ambassadors to Korea), Toshiaki KIRINO, Kunimoto SHINOHARA, Gumpei FUCHIBE, Shuichiro KONO and Jurota HEMMI, and about 600 other politicians, soldiers and governors resigned one after another.
- しかし、幕府によって三条大橋に長州藩を非難(罪状告発)する制札が立てられると、これに反発した正勝ら、過激派の志士は上士・宮川助五郎、同僚・藤崎吉五郎ら7名とともに制札撤去に乗り出す。
- However, when the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) put up notice boards on Sanjo-ohashi Bridge to criticize the Choshu Domain (accusation of guilt), extremist supporters of a noble cause who opposed the accusation, including Masakatsu, decided to remove the notice boards with a total of seven persons including his superior warrior Sukegoro MIYAGAWA and his colleague Kichigoro FUJISAKI.
- 当時、清朝の官僚の中で満州に大きな関心を持っていたのは袁世凱を中心とする北洋軍閥であり、明治40年(1907年)4月の東三省建置に当たっては彼の腹心である人物が多く要職に配置された。
- Around that time, the Peiyang militarists with Yuan Shikai as the central figure had great interest in Manchuria among bureaucrats of Qing Dynasty, and many of Yuan's trusted followers were put in important positions for establishing the Dongsansheng Provinces (the North-East Three Provinces).
- 「右京兆並びに当所執事信濃の守行光及び家司文章博士源仲章朝臣・・・」と、北条義時(右京兆は右京権大夫の唐名で、このときは北条義時のこと)の次席で政所の実務官僚のトップとして登場する。
- He was introduced as having the next position to Yoshitoki HOJO and the top of the governmental official responsible for practical works of Mandokoro; 'ukeicho (the provisional master of right) as well as Yukimitsu, the steward of a governor of Shinano Province, and MINAMOTO no Nakaakira Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) who held the concurrent post of household superintendent and professor of literature...' (ukeicho was a Tang name of Ukyo Gon no daibu [Provisional Master of the Western Capital Offices]).
- 内務省 (日本)や司法省の官僚を務め、議会法に通じていた清浦らの主導により1892年に尚友会(しょうゆうかい)という院外団体を結成して非議員の華族を巻き込んで選挙運動を進めたのである。
- Led by KIYOURA who used to be a bureaucrat of the Internal Ministry and Justice Ministry and therefore was versed to the assembly law, Kenkyukai formed a non-Diet group called 'Shoyukai' in 1892 to organize the election campaign embroiling peers from outside the Diet.
- 笠谷和比古は、朝鮮出兵をめぐる吏僚派と武断派の対立などとともに、秀次事件が豊臣家及び豊臣家臣団の亀裂を決定的にした豊臣政権の政治的矛盾のひとつであり、関ヶ原の戦いの一因と指摘している。
- Kazuhiko KASAYA pointed out that as well as the confliction between civilian parties and military government groups over the dispatch of troops to Korea, the Hidetsugu Incident was one of the political contradictions of the Toyotomi government that determined the cracks within the Toyotomi family and the Toyotomi vassals, and it was one of the causes of the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 律令法は、大化改新によって支配権を握った畿内および近国の貴族層が、従来のように豪族を媒介として全国を支配するのではなく、官僚機構によって人民の末端にいたるまで統治するための法であった。
- The goal of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku (noble) class in Kinai and nearby provinces, who gained power during the Taika Reformation, to govern the people at every level through bureaucracy, instead of ruling the nation through local ruling families like in the past.
- またアルタシャスタの世にビシラム、ミテレダテ、タビエルおよびその他の同僚も、ペルシャ王アルタシャスタに手紙を書いた。その手紙の文はアラム語で書かれて訳されていた。 (エズラ記 4:7)
- In the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in Syrian, and set forth in the Syrian language. (Ezra 4:7)
- 義経の政治面での無能さが指摘されるようになり、その一方景時は頼朝の武家政権の確立のために進んで憎まれ役を買った、善人とは言えないまでも優れて官僚的な人物であると評価されるようになった。
- While Yoshitsune's uselessness in politics came to be pointed out, Kagetoki came to be recognized as someone who had volunteered a thankless role to establish Yoritomo's samurai government, and who was efficient and bureaucratic although he couldn't be described as a good person.
- その後も越後の守護代長尾為景の元まで家中を代表して使者として出向いたり、上杉方(後述)の長尾憲長が和睦を求めてきた折も使者として動いたりと、北条氏を代表する官僚としての行動が見られる。
- Even afterwards, his movements as an representative official of the Hojo clan were recorded as follows: he paid a visit to Shugodai (the acting Military Governor) of Echigo Province Tamekage NAGAO, representing the clan; he acted as an envoy, when Norinaga NAGAO of the Uesugi side (described later) came to seek a reconciliation.
- 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭(太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」)が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化していった。
- Since 1871 when the Imperial instruction to make western style uniforms for the army and government officials was issued (Grand Council Proclamations No. 399), police officers, railway workers, and teachers adapted western clothes as their working clothes.
- 1253年(建長5年)、4番引付頭人(とうにん)、このとき頭人となったのは、北条政村、北条朝直、北条時章と得宗家周辺の北条一門だけであり、実務官僚としての二階堂行方の地位の高さが窺える。
- He became a number 4 hikitsuke tonin (chairman of the court of justice) in 1253, but Masamura HOJO, Tomonao HOJO, Tokiaki HOJO and only the Hojo family close to the Tokuso family became tonin at this time, which indicates the high position of Yukikata NIKAIDO as a governmental official responsible for practical works.
- 川路 利良(かわじ としよし、1834年6月17日(天保5年5月11日 (旧暦)) - 1879年(明治12年)10月13日)は、江戸時代後期の幕末から明治時代初期の警察官僚・陸軍軍人。
- Toshiyoshi KAWAJI (June 17, 1834-October 13, 1879) was a police bureaucrat and army soldier from the late Edo period to early Meiji period.
- 中川 小十郎(なかがわ こじゅうろう、慶応2年1月4日 (旧暦)(1866年2月18日) - 1944年10月7日)は、元貴族院議員、文部省官僚で、京都法政学校(現在の立命館大学)創立者。
- Kojuro NAKAGAWA (February 18, 1866 - October 7, 1944) is a former member of the House of Peers, official of the Ministry of Education, and the founder of Kyoto Hosei School (present Ritsumeikan University).
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
- From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
- 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
- As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
- 彼が実務官僚としての才覚は抜群のものがあり、それは弘安4年(1281年)の弘安の役直前という国家存亡の機に際して「敵国降伏」を祈念する勅使として伊勢神宮に派遣されている事でも明らかである。
- His resources as an official for practical work was outstanding and this is clear from the fact that he was dispatched to the Ise-jingu Shrine as an Imperial envoy to pray for 'surrender of the enemy country' in 1281 during a life-or-death situation that encompassed the nation just before Koan no Eki (the ware against the Mongolian invaders).
- この時期の内閣改造では、陸軍の非主流派や不拡大派の石原莞爾らが、以前閣僚にと考えていた人たちが主に入閣し、これにより軍部を抑える考えがあったものとされるが、板垣は結局「傀儡」となり失敗した。
- Since during this cabinet reshuffle, most of those who became cabinet members were ones that the Army fringe and the nonaggression faction, including Kanji ISHIWARA, had in mind, it can be considered that there was an intention to suppress the military, but in the end, Itagaki was unsuccessful and regarded as a 'puppet.'
- ヤマト王権は694年に行政が常駐する都(藤原京)を建設し、701年に大宝律令を制定して官僚組織を整備しているが、これに必要とされた多くの人材は、滅亡した九州王朝の官僚を再雇用したものである。
- When the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was established and a bureaucratic organization was organized in 701 after the construction of the capital (Fujiara-kyo), where administration resided by Yamato kingship in 694, many officials from the officials of the Kyushu dynasty were re-employed for required positions.
- 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭(太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」)が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化することになる。
- After the imperial instruction to change the uniforms for the army and bureaucrats into western style uniforms (edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Number 399 'the western clothes shall be used as formal wear') was issued in 1871, the clothes of police officers, railway employees, and teachers were also westernized sequentially.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- その時、川向こうの州の知事タテナイおよびセタル・ボズナイとその同僚は彼らの所に来てこう言った、「だれがあなたがたにこの宮を建て、この城壁を築きあげることを命じたのか」。 (エズラ記 5:3)
- At the same time came to them Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, and Shetharbozenai, and their companions, and said thus to them, 'Who gave you a decree to build this house, and to finish this wall?' (Ezra 5:3)
- 晩年は、戦乱の収束により本多正純などの若く文治に優れた者(吏僚派)が家康・徳川秀忠の側近として台頭してきたため、忠勝のような武功派は次第に江戸幕府の中枢から遠ざけられ、不遇であったと言われる。
- Due to the end of the wars and those from the younger generation who were good at civil administration (civilian party), such as Masazumi HONDA, gaining power as close advisors to Ieyasu and Hidetada TOKUGAWA, military exploit party members such as Tadakatsu were distanced from the center of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and it is said that he was unhappy in his later years.
- 1つは周藤吉之・堀敏一らの説で均田制の崩壊で小農民による土地所有原則が崩壊して大土地所有が発生して地主と佃戸が形成され、宋代に入ると地主層が官僚となり佃戸を駆使して荘園を経営するようになった。
- One theory by Yoshiyuki SUDO, Toshikazu HORI and so on is that with the demise of the Equal-field system, the land ownership principle by peasant folks collapsed, the large landholding began, the owner and the denko were born and in the Sung dynasty the class of owners became the bureaucrats who came to manage shoens using the denkos.
- 大祭司ヨシュアよ、あなたも、あなたの前にすわっている同僚たちも聞きなさい。彼らはよいしるしとなるべき人々だからである。見よ、わたしはわたしのしもべなる枝を生じさせよう。 (ゼカリヤ書 3:8)
- Hear now, Joshua the high priest, you and your fellows who sit before you; for they are men who are a sign: for, behold, I will bring forth my servant, the Branch. (Zechariah 3:8)
- 山口 尚芳(やまぐち ますか/なおよし、天保10年5月11日 (旧暦)(1839年6月21日) - 明治27年(1894年)6月12日)は、明治時代の官僚、政治家、もと佐賀藩士(武雄領出身)。
- Naoyoshi/Masuka YAMAGUCHI (June 21, 1839 - June 12, 1894) was a government official, a statesman, and a former feudal retainer of Saga Domain (from Takeo-ryo).
- 閣僚ながら民党とも親交のある農商務大臣陸奥宗光の説得、買収によって立憲自由党の一部(土佐派)が予算案に賛同したために、最初の予算案は通過したものの、政費節減政策の実施を受け入れざるを得なかった。
- Although the first budget had passed because some of Constitutional Liberal Party members (the Tosa School) approved the budget due to persuasion and corruption by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Munemitsu MUTSU who was a Cabinet member but also close to Minto, he had to accept implementation of Government cost-cutting policy.
- だが、閣内少数派であったとは言え、政友会党員が閣僚の殆どを占めながら終始混乱で終わった第4次伊藤内閣と比較すれば、官界や貴族院にも支持勢力を形成出来た事など、政友会にとっては大きな成果も伴った。
- The Seiyu party in that cabinet achieved great results, compared with the fourth Ito's cabinet, most of which were the members of the Seiyu party and did nothing except giving chaos; in other words, the party in the first Saionji's cabinet established support in the bureaucracy and the House of Peers.
- 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配(人別支配)を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
- The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.
- 6月に入ると、他の閣僚からも辞表提出者が相次ぎ、7月に白根・安場らの更迭が決定されると、同月27日には処分に消極的であった軍部大臣が揃って辞表を提出、これを見た松方は自らも辞表を提出したのである。
- In June, other Cabinet members submitted the letter of resignation one after another, and in July, replacement of SHIRANE, YASUBA and others was determined, and then on 27th of the same month, Military ministers who were negative to such punishment submitted the letters of resignation all together, which made MATSUKATA submit the letter of resignation.
- 為義の家人時代、京都粟田口で同僚の斎藤実盛と共に平家の家人橘公長と喧嘩をした際、景重らが主君為義に諫められたという話が『吾妻鏡』にみえている(同書治承4年(1180年)12月19日 (旧暦)条)。
- 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirrors of the East) has an article that while he was serving Tameyoshi as a retainer, Kageshige and his colleague Sanemori SAITO had a quarrel with TACHIBANA no Kiminaga, a vassal of the Taira Clan, at Awataguchi, Kyoto, and that they were both scolded by their master Tameyoshi (article dated Dec. 19 of the Jisho period [lunar calendar], which is Jan. 13, 1181 according to the Gregorian calender).
- 閣僚交代が頻繁であった当時、特に日清戦争只中の戦時内内閣時の農相在任期間は3年余に及び、歴代農相の中で最長を記録していることからも藩閥にあってバランサーとして重用された榎本の稀代の才が窺い知れる。
- He served as the Minister of Agriculture for more than three years in the wartime Cabinet during the Sino-Japanese War, when the replacement of the Cabinet members was frequently made; it was the longest term in the history of the Ministry of Agriculture, so it may be a proof of ENOMOTO's extraordinary abilities, with which he was given important posts to maintain the balance among factions made of former bakufu clans.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- 唐や宋の荘園には不輸不入の権限は存在しなかったものの、皇帝からの恩賜地は租税を減免され、官僚所有の荘園には免役特権が存在したため、農民が重い税負担から逃れるために荘園を官僚に寄進する例も見られた。
- The shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty did not have the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but the lands from the Emperor were exempt from taxation and the shoens owned by bureaucrats had the right of tax exemptions and so some farmers donated their shoens to the bureaucrats so as to escape from heavy tax burden.
- 自分のスタッフとマシンとオフィスを確保したら、同じリソースを求めて競合している同僚のマネージャたちや、限られたプールの最有効利用を目指して配置を考えている上司たちから、それを守らなくてはならない。
- once you have your people and machines and office space, you have to defend them from peer managers competing for the same resources, and from higher-ups trying to allocate the most efficient use of a limited pool.
- 戦時の武家社会ではほとんど顧りみられることのなかった陰陽道も、太平の江戸幕政下では、将軍家の儀礼に取り入れられるようになったり、幕府官僚によって有職故実の研究対象の一分野とされるようになっている。
- Onmyodo, ignored by the samurai class during wartime, was adopted in rituals observed by the Shogunate and became one of the fields of study for yusoku kojitsu (a study on government posts, ceremonies, and costumes in accordance with precedent since ancient times) by shogunate bureaucrats under the Edo bakufu government in time of peace.
- 西太后が「宣戦布告」の上諭を出して列強への態度を明確化した頃、両江総督劉坤一や湖広総督張之洞、両広総督李鴻章ら地方の有力官僚らは、この上諭を偽詔とした上で従わない旨宣言し、そして義和団の鎮圧に動いた。
- When Empress Dowager Cixi made a 'proclamation of war' to make her stance toward the allied western powers clear, some influential bureaucracy in the local provinces such as Liu Kunyi, who was the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, who was the Viceroy of Huguang, and Li Hongzhang, who was the Viceroy of Liangguang, stated that the above order was a forgery and refused to participate in suppressing the Boxers.
- 森 鷗外(もり おうがい、文久2年1月19日 (旧暦)(1862年2月17日)- 大正11年(1922年)7月9日)は、明治・大正期の小説家、評論家、翻訳家、劇作家、帝国陸軍軍医、官僚(高等官一等)。
- Ogai MORI (February 17, 1862 - July 9, 1922) was a novelist, critic, translator, playwright, surgeon of the Imperial Army and Bureaucrat (Senior Official First Class).
- その功により、のちに黒母衣衆のひとりとなったが、信長上洛後は大河内城攻め、甲州攻めなどでは名があるが、あまりぱっとせず、吏僚的な活躍が多いため、一隊の長に昇ることなく信長の側近として旗本部隊に属した。
- As the reward for that, he was later promoted to a member of kurohoroshu (a group of selected warriors of Nobunaga ODA), but after Nobunaga's visit to Kyoto, he did not have any remarkable achievements, so that although he made his name in the attack on Okochi-jo Castile and the Invasion of Koshu, he was not promoted to a chief of troops but he belonged to the troops of the direct vassal to Nobunaga as a close vassal because he worked mainly as a clerical staff.
- 一般に実務官僚たる地下は堂上よりも出入りが頻繁で、特に医療に関する専門知識や特殊技能が求められた典薬寮では、在野の医師が新たに官位を与えられて新家として地下家になる例が他の官職より多かったようである。
- Generally, with more frequent comings and goings than the Dojo, it seems that it was often ex-doctors from the Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine where medical expertise and special skills were required) who joined jige families as Shinke.
- 本来の律令制は政務を上から順番に統属関係にのっとった形で処理するため、官僚機構において底辺にちかい部署はただ事務処理を行なうのみであり、その意思決定は上位機構をへて最終的には天皇が裁断するものであった。
- In the original ritsuryo system, governmental affairs were processed in order, from the upper rank, following the line of governance, so departments near the bottom of the bureaucratic organization merely did paperwork, and their decision-making was ultimately done by the emperor through upper organizations.
- 小治田安萬侶の墓(おはりだのやすまろのはか)は、奈良県都祁村甲岡(現在は奈良市都祁甲岡町)で発見された奈良時代の官僚である小治田朝臣安萬侶の火葬墓で、国の史跡になっている(1969年11月29日指定)。
- Found in Koka, Tsuge-mura Village, Nara Prefecture (present Tsugekoka-cho, Nara City), the grave of OHARIDA no Yasumaro was for cremated remains of OHARIDA no Ason Yasumaro who was a government officer in the Nara period, and was designated as a national historical sit (on November 29, 1969).
- しかしながら、もしこの制度が機能していれば、軍役を失った旗本の存在は幕府の「士官候補生」・「官僚予備軍」にしか過ぎなくなり、仮に江戸幕府が存続していたとしても旗本の意味合いは大きく変質していたであろう。
- However, if this system functioned, the meaning of hatamoto would have changed drastically even if the Edo bakufu remained, because, losing the military roles, hatamoto would have become only an existence that could have been 'candidates for military officers' or 'candidates for governmental officers.'
- 大久保の没後、大隈や伊藤が政権の中枢に立つようになると漸く再評価されて大蔵大輔(後に初代大蔵次官と改称)を務めたが、実務官僚の地位に留まった背景には大久保政権下の不遇時代が尾を引いたからと言われている。
- After the death of OKUBO, when OKUMA and ITO held the reins of government, GO was finally reevaluated and held the position of Okura no taifu (senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury; afterwards, it was renamed Vice-Minister of Finance); however, the reason why he stayed in governmental official responsible for practical works was said to be because his misfortunate times under the Okubo administration had a lingering effect.
- また、一説では家康の近臣で、旧武田家臣の成瀬正一 (戦国武将)を通じて自分が信玄にも認められた優秀な官僚であり、金山に関する才能に恵まれていることを売り込んで、家康に仕えるようになったともいわれている。
- In addition, there was a story that Nagayasu appealed to Ieyasu that he was one of the excellent officials accepted even by Shingen and that he had knowledge about gold mines through Masakazu NARUSE (a warrior in the Warring States period), who was a former vassal of Takeda family and the close servant of Ieyasu, and consequently began to serve under Ieyasu.
- 長保3年(1001年)、かつての同僚で、大宰大弐を勤めていた藤原有国の後を受けて、中納言兼務の大宰権帥として大宰府に赴任する(ただし黒板伸夫の研究によれば、実際に任じられたのは大宰帥であったとされる)。
- In 1001, he succeeded the job of his former colleague FUJIWARA no Arikuni, the then Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), and Korenaka was transferred to Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) as Dazai no gon no sochi while holding Chunagon, though in reality Nobuo KUROITA said Korenaka was appointed to Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices).
- これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
- As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the 'Yamato Kingdom', where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the 'Yamato administration', where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.
- この律令の制定によって、天皇を中心とし、日本の官制(太政官・神祇官の二官、中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・大蔵省・刑部省・宮内省・兵部省の八省)の官僚機構を骨格に据えた本格的な中央集権統治体制が成立した。
- The establishment of these Ritsuryo codes brought about the formation of fully centralized governing system, which centered on the emperor and set a bureaucratic organization of Japanese government-regulated organization or facility, etc. (Nikan of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and Jingikan [department of worship], and Hassho [eight ministries and agencies] of Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs], Shikubusho [Ministry of Ceremonial], Jibusho [the Ministry of Civil Administration], Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs], Okurasho [Ministry of the Treasure], Gyobusho [Ministry of Justice], Kunaisho [Ministry of the Sovereign's Household] and Hyobusho [Ministry of Military]), as the bone structure.
- 将軍義輝の排除はもともと三好・松永の発案ですらなく、古くは阿波国守護細川持隆が最初に策した事であり、この事も示すように当初より実権と将軍専制に固執した義輝の存在は多くの幕府吏僚にとって煙たい存在であった。
- Ousting of Shogun Yoshiteru, not even proposed by Miyoshi and Matsunaga initially, but was first masterminded by Mochitaka HOSOKAWA, governor of Awa Province, in a rather early year and, as this fact reveals, Yoshiteru who had insisted on real power and despotism by the Shogun, had been shunned by Bakufu bureaucrats since the beginning.
- 行政指導が広範囲に用いられることは、日本特有のやり方だと考えられている。これにより、官僚は民間に対して、ああしろ、こうしろ、ああするな、こうするな、という強い権限を法律の裏づけなしに行使することができる。
- The widespread application of administrative guidance is considered to be a uniquely Japanese practice in which bureaucrats exert authority, without any legal backing, telling the private sector what to do and what not to do.
- その後律令制度の導入により朝廷の任命する官僚による地方統治と中央豪族の宮廷貴族化が計られるとともに、豪族のある者は政権の中枢を担う貴族となり、またある者は中央の官衙機構を担う中・下級の実務系の官人となった。
- Thereafter, due to the introduction of the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), governing regions by bureaucrats who were appointed by the imperial court and to transform Gozoku who lived in the capital into court nobles were planed, and at the same time, some of Gozoku became nobles in charge of the nucleus of the government, and some became middle and low-ranking officials for practical works in charge of governmental bureaucratic structure of the central government.
- 今日の近代官僚機構、会社組織であれば、ある職員は「課長の部下」であると同時に「課長を部下として使う部長の部下」でもあるので、部長が課長を介さず、職員に職務を依頼したり、逆に報告を行うことはあまり珍しくない。
- Taking a present-day modern bureaucratic organization or corporate organization for instance, since some staff member is a 'subordinate to a section chief' and also a 'subordinate to a department director using such section chief as subordinate,' it is not very rare that the department director requests such staff member to perform duties not through the section chief, or that such staff member gives a report to the department director directly.
- 挙兵当時から右筆として居たのは藤原邦通だが、1184年頃から藤原俊兼、二階堂行政、大江広元、三善康信らの京史、つまり朝廷に仕えていた中・下級実務官僚が鎌倉に下り、後に政所となる公文所や問注所の担い手となる。
- FUJIWARA no Kunimichi was a senior officer of writing when the army was raised, but after around 1184, the middle and lower class officials serving the Imperial court such as FUJIWARA no Toshikane, Yukimasa NIKAIDO, OE no Hiromoto, and Yasunobu MIYOSHI went down to Kamakura to be in charge of Monchujo and Kumonjo, the Office of Administration which later became Mandokoro.
- 天皇は日本の歴史において重要な権威を有していたが、実際に君主として統治権を行使していた期間は、天皇が存在していた期間と比べ極端に短く、ほとんどが天皇以外の貴族や武家、官僚などによって統治権は行使されている。
- The Emperor held important authority in Japanese history, but the length of the period which the Emperor held the actual sovereignty as the ruler is extremely short compared to the length of the period the Emperor had existed, and most of the sovereignty was held by nobilities other than the Emperor, samurai families, bureaucracy, etc.
- アルタシャスタ王の手紙の写しがレホムおよび書記官シムシャイとその同僚の前に読み上げられたので、彼らは急いでエルサレムのユダヤ人のもとにおもむき、腕力と権力とをもって彼らをやめさせた。 (エズラ記 4:23)
- Then when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went in haste to Jerusalem to the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power. (Ezra 4:23)
- 皮肉にも観応の擾乱によって尊氏と直義が対立して直義とこれを支持する幕府官僚の多くが離反した時、室町幕府の機構の多くが機能停止に陥ったが、恩賞方のみは尊氏派の官僚がそのまま残留したためにこれを免れたのである。
- When a confrontation between Takauji and Tadayoshi in the Kanno Disturbance forced Tadayoshi and many bureaucrats supporting Tadayoshi to break away, many organizations in the Muromachi bakufu stopped functioning, but ironically, only the Onshogata was able to maintain its function because bureaucrats supporting Takauji had occupied the posts in the Onshogata.
- 平信範は、桓武平氏高棟流の流れをくみ、俗に「日記の家」と呼ばれた学者の家系であり、また実務官僚でもあったため、その日記は平安時代後期の京都朝廷や公家たちの活動や、朝廷の儀典について知るための基本史料となっている。
- TAIRA no Nobunori came from the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) Takamune line, which was a long line of scholars of the so-called 'the family of diary' and also the family of practical officials, therefore his diary is now an essential historical material to know the activities and ceremonies of the Imperial court in Kyoto and court nobles in the late Heian period.
- 主に旧薩摩藩・長州藩および一部の公家による専制政治として実行されたため「藩閥政府」と揶揄されることもあるが、中級官僚以上でも旧親藩・旧幕臣などから採用された者も少なくなく、一概に一部雄藩のみが主導したともいえない。
- Since the Meiji Restoration was implemented arbitrarily by the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan, and some court nobles, it was sometimes derisively called 'a clan dominated government,' but it cannot be said that a couple of powerful clans led this restoration because a considerable number of Tokugawas and former retainers of the Shogun were hired as the middle or upper levels of the bureaucracy.
- また征韓論に賛成する軍人、下野した参議近衛都督の引継ぎを行わないまま帰国した法令違反で西郷を咎めるどころか、逆に西郷に対してのみ政府への復帰を働きかけている事に憤慨して、板垣・後藤に近い官僚・軍人が大量に辞職した。
- Besides, military men who agreed to the Seikanron, they didn't blame SAIGO who returned home without training the replacement of the downfall councilor, Konoe-totoku (Commander-in-Chief of the Inner Palace Guard) that was violation of law, instead, on the contrary, they encouraged only SAIGO to make a comeback to the government, and the large numbers of bureaucracies and military men who were close to ITAGAKI and GOTO were resentful at it and resigned.
- その後は、四兄弟のうち宇合の息子藤原広嗣が740年に乱を起こし討伐された(藤原広嗣の乱)こともあり、孝謙天皇朝に武智麻呂の子藤原豊成次いで藤原仲麻呂が台頭するまで、藤原氏の高位官僚の不在時代がしばらく続くことになる。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the son of Umakai was subdued in the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740; thereafter a period of absence of high rank officials from Fujiwara clan continued for a certain time until FUJIWARA no Toyonari and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, the sons of Muchimaro, gained power in the Emperor Koken's era.
- 大導師作法は聖武天皇、歴代天皇、東大寺に縁のあった人々、戦争や天災に倒れた万国の人々の霊の菩提を弔うとともに、現職の総理大臣以下の閣僚、最高裁長官などの名を読み上げ、その働きが天下太平、万民豊楽をもたらすよう祈願する。
- In Daidoshi saho, they read the name of the incumbent Prime Minister, the Cabinet officials, the chief justice of the Supreme Court and so on and pray for their good works to bring the peaceful world and the affluent life for the national, as well as mourning the bodhi (enlightenment) of the spirits of the Emperor Shomu, successive Emperors, those who were linked with Todai-ji Temple and those who were killed in wars or natural disasters around Japan.
- 組織化がそれ自体で完成すればするほど、共同体のあらゆる階層からもっとも有能な人たちは、その組織自体に引き入れ、その組織自体のために教育することはますます成功し、官僚制の構成員を含めた、全員の束縛も完璧なものとなります。
- and the more perfect that organization is in itself, the more successful in drawing to itself and educating for itself the persons of greatest capacity from all ranks of the community, the more complete is the bondage of all, the members of the bureaucracy included.
- 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
- During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.
- 近衛は革新官僚を「国体の衣を着けたる共産主義者」として敵視し、12月の平沼騏一郎の入閣で、経済新体制確立要綱を骨抜きにさせて決着を図り、平沼らは更に経済新体制確立要綱の原案作成者たちを共産主義者として逮捕させ、岸信介も辞職した。
- Konoe was hostile to the reform bureaucrats, seeing them as 'communists in nationalist clothing,' so when Kiichiro HIRANUMA joined the cabinet in December, he planned to settle the matter by watering down the new economic policy plan; in addition, Hiranuma had the authors of the plan arrested as communists, and Nobusuke KISHI resigned.
- しかし、事件から9日後に提出された公式報告書(9月)では、測量等のために朝鮮側の官僚と面会しようとして武装端艇でその陣営近くまで遡航し、さらに朝鮮側に断ることなく奥(ソウル方面)へと進もうとして砲台から砲撃されたと記されていた。
- However, the official report (September) which was submitted nine days after the incident describes that Japan approached Korea's camp by warship to meet the Korea's bureaucrats for the purpose of measuring and so on, and when they advanced more (toward Seoul) without permission from Korea, they were attacked from Korea's gun battery.
- 一流と呼べる実績を残した勝家ではあるが、同僚時代の羽柴秀吉や配下である佐久間盛政に軍事命令を無視され独断行動をされたり、従属大名的な存在であった前田利家の秀吉方への寝返りを容認するなど、人の使い方において少し脇が甘い部分もあった。
- Although Katsuie left many great achievements, he was a little too mild how he managed others; his colleague Hideyoshi HASHIBA and his subordinate Morimasa SAKUMA ignored his military orders and acted arbitrarily; he tolerated the betrayal of Toshiie MAEDA, who was a subordinate daimyo, when he switched to the Hideyoshi side.
- 以上のような事情から発足当初の学会は、学外の政治家・官僚との結びつきが強く、会員には学者・大学教官のみならず、伊藤のほか大隈重信・井上馨・井上毅・渋沢栄一など「国家学専門ノ名士ニシテ本会ノ目的ヲ協賛スル」学外著名人も含まれていた。
- Because of this situation, Kokkagakkai at the beginning had close ties with politicians and bureaucrats outside the University, and its members were not only scholars and instructors of the University but also celebrities outside the University who were 'important people specializing in the science of the nation and supported the idea of the group' including Ito, Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Kowashi INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and so on.
- やがて貴族や官僚が蹴鞠に熱中して仕事をおろそかにしたり、娼妓が男たちの好きな蹴鞠をおぼえて客たちを店に誘う口実にしたりすることが目立ったため、明初期には蹴鞠の禁止令が出され、さらに清における禁止令で中国からはほぼ完全に姿を消した。
- Soon, aristocrats and bureaucrats became so enthusiastic about kemari that duties were neglected, and prostitutes who learnt men's favorite kemari and used this as an excuse to invite customers to their shops became so conspicuous that during the early Ming Dynasty, the Chinese government issued a prohibition ordinance against kemari; this prohibition continued into the Qing Dynasty, and kemari almost disappeared completely from China.
- その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年(1022年)に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
- As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.
- このため、中世・近世においては陰陽師という呼称は、もはや陰陽寮の官僚ではなく、もっぱら民間で私的依頼を受けて加持祈祷や占いなどを行う非官人の民間陰陽師を指すようになり、各地の民衆信仰や民俗儀礼と融合してそれぞれ独自の変遷を遂げた。
- In the Middle and early modern ages, the term onmyoji consequently no longer meant bureaucrats in Onmyoryo, but came to mean non-government civilian worker onmyoji performing kaji kito (removing bad spirits by offering prayers) or divinations personally requested by common people in the private sectors and their onmyodo went through unique transitions being blended in with popular faith and ethnic rituals in various regions.
- 松井友閑や武井夕庵、明智光秀、塙直政らの信長の行政官僚側近らと共に、京都の治安維持や朝廷・貴族・各寺社との交渉、御所の修復、使者の接待、信長の京都馬揃えの準備など、およそ“織田政権下における、京都に関する行政の全て”を任されている。
- He was assigned along with Nobunaga's administrative officers and close associates, Yukan MATSUI, Sekian TAKEI, Mitsuhide AKECHI, and Naomasa BAN, 'all the official affairs concerning Kyoto under the Oda administration,' including maintenance of the security of Kyoto; negotiation with the Imperial Court, lords, temples, and shrines; repairment of the gosho (palace); entertainment of envoys; and preparation of Oda's Kyoto Umazoroe (military parade).
- 同時に官有物の払い下げによって官営工場の民間移管を表明したが、大隈は殖産興業政策そのものは放棄せず、殖産興業を大久保の遺志と考える薩摩藩出身の高官や大隈の下で大蔵省に起用された肥前藩出身の若手官僚(石丸安世・石橋重朝ら)も同調した。
- At the same time, he announced to transfer the control of government-owned factories to private sector as part of disposition of government property, but he did not abandon the encouragement of new industry policy itself which was aligned with high officers from Satsuma Domain, who believed the encouragement of new industry was the wish of Okubo, and the young bureaucrats (including Yasuyo ISHIMARU and Shigetomo ISHIBASHI) from Hizen Domain, who entered the Ministry of the Treasury under the leadership of Okuma.
- 特に政党内閣期にはその弊害が強く、政権交代が起きるたびに予め来るべき選挙に備えて反対党の前政権が任命した知事や警察幹部を更迭して、自党を支持する内務省 (日本)官僚を任命する人事が横行し、こうした人事は「党弊」と呼ばれて非難を浴びた。
- Especially there were strong adverse effects at the time of party cabinets, at every regime change, for upcoming election, the party in power replaced prefectural governors and top officials of police who had been appointed by the previous ruling party (the opponent) and appointed bureaucracy who supported own party, and this kind of appointments of personnel was called 'adverse effect of a party' and criticized.
- 「機務六条」が定められて以後、天皇は閣僚と直接謁見して政策について下問したりするようになり、また以前は「外国人」に対する恐怖から渋りがちだった外交団との謁見にも応じるなど、天皇自らが立憲君主としての振る舞いを積極的に行うようになった。
- After 'Kimu rokujo' came into practice, the Emperor proactively engaged himself in behaving as a constitutional monarch, for example, he started to meet directly with bureaucrats to ask about policies and also to accept the audiences with diplomatic corps which he would have been reluctant for fear of 'foreigners'.
- 熟練し効率的な職員集団、なによりも、改良を考案し率先して採用できるような集団を永久に手にしたいなら、また我が官僚制を衒学者支配に堕落させたくないなら、人類の統治に必要な能力を作り養う業務をすべてこの統治集団に独占させてはならないのです。
- If we would possess permanently a skilful and efficient body of functionaries―above all, a body able to originate and willing to adopt improvements;if we would not have our bureaucracy degenerate into a pedantocracy, this body must not engross all the occupations which form and cultivate the faculties required for the government of mankind.22
- そして、その後はあまり仲は良くなかったとされる弟の藤原忠平及びその系統に政治の実権が移り、時平の系統はいつしか、僧籍に入るか、中・下級官僚に甘んじるなどして歴史に埋もれる事となり、それが道真の比較的早い名誉回復に繋がったとの見方がある。
- In addition, because his rather poor relations with his younger brother FUJIWARA no Tadahira and the transition of real political power to that family line, Tokihira's family members quietly passed into history by either entering the priesthood or contenting themselves with middling to minor bureaucratic posts, a fact which is often viewed as being connected to Michizane's comparatively quick restoration of his professional reputation.
- 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
- As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.
- 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する(西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある)とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
- The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.
- そのため宮騒動においても、藤原定員のように連座することも、後藤基綱のように警戒されることもなく、政権中枢であり続け、子の中原師連も宗尊親王の御所奉行、評定衆として活躍し、その家系は鎌倉時代末期には摂津氏と呼ばれて幕府中枢の事務官僚を世襲した。
- Because of that, he kept being the central figure in the government through the Palace Disturbance, without got involved in the incident like FUJIWARA no Sadakazu nor being suspected like Mototsuna GOTO; also his son NAKAHARA no Morotsura was active as the Intendant of the Shogunal Palace for Prince Munetaka and a member of the Council of State, established the family line as the family inheriting secretary official positions in the center of the government and as to be called the Settsu clan at the end of the Kamakura period.
- 泰時は続いて三浦義村ら有力御家人代表と、中原師員ら幕府事務官僚などからなる合計11人の評定衆を選んで政所に出仕させ、これに執権2人を加えた13人の「評定」会議を新設して幕府の最高機関とし、政策や人事の決定、訴訟の採決、法令の立法などを行った。
- Next, Yasutoki selected 11 Hyoteishu in total, who were literally the council members, including the representatives of influential gokenin such as Yoshimura MIURA, and the bakufu bureaucracy such as Morokazu NAKAHARA and let them serve in the government office; subsequently, Yasutoki founded the council conference consisting of 13 members, including the 11 members and two regents as the top governmental institution, and this institution handled the determination of policies and personnel affairs, settlement of lawsuits, legislation of laws, etc.
- 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
- Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.
- その反対者が力説した議論の一つは、国家の終身官僚という職業は最も有能な人たちを惹きつけるだけの俸給や地位の期待を提供できず、そういう人たちはもっと魅力的な職業を専門職とか会社や他の公共団体の仕事にいつでも見つけだすことができるというものでした。
- One of the arguments most insisted on by its opponents, is that the occupation of a permanent official servant of the State does not hold out sufficient prospects of emolument and importance to attract the highest talents, which will always be able to find a more inviting career in the professions, or in the service of companies and other public bodies.
- だが直後から辞意を表明する閣僚が続出し、更に大津事件が発生して責任を負って外務大臣 (日本)や内務大臣 (日本)などが辞意を表明するなどして、最終的には成立1ヶ月に漸く海軍大臣・農商務大臣・逓信大臣の3大臣以外は全て閣僚を差し替える人事が決定された。
- Immediately after that, however, the Cabinet members announced their resignation one after another, and moreover, such as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) and Minister of Home Affairs (Japan) announced resignation to take responsibility for Otsu Incident happened, and eventually, personnel was determined 1 month after establishment that all the Cabinet members except for 3 ministers (Minister of the Navy, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and Minister of Communication) would be replaced.
- 添田は現役の大蔵官僚としての生活の傍ら、東京帝国大学、東京専門学校(現・早稲田大学)、専修学校(現・専修大学)、学習院などで経済学を講じており(恩師・上司であった田尻稲次郎が設立した専修学校では、同僚・同期の阪谷芳郎とともに出講し商業史などを担当)。
- In addition to working as a regular Ministry of Finance official, Soeda gave a course in economics at Tokyo Imperial University, Tokyo Senmon Gakko (present-day Waseda University), Senshu School (present-day Senshu University), and Gakushuin (at Senchu School, which was established by his former teacher and boss Inajiro TAJIRI, he worked with his colleague, Yoshio SAKATANI, who entered the Ministry in the same year, and they were in charge of classes in history of commerce).
- 部下や同僚が入浴し身体を清潔にする様に何度となく勧めたが「軍人たるもの戦場においてはいつ何時でも敵に対処出来る様にしなければならない(入浴している間に異変があった時対処出来ない)」「風呂に入る為にこれ程遠い戦場まで来たのではない」と言って断っていた。
- When his subordinates asked him to take a bath, his excuse was 'military soldiers had to be prepared every minute for the enemy in the battlefield,' 'soldiers could not be ready to fight if something happened during bathing,' and 'we did not come all way here to the battlefield to take a bath.'
- だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
- However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.
- 以前、上西門院に仕えて同僚だった女房に「この御めでたさをはいかがおぼしめす(このめでたさをどう思われますか)」と尋ねられると、滋子は「さきの世の事なれば何とも覚えず(前世の善根によるものなので別に何とも思っていない)」と答えたという(『古今著聞集』巻八)。
- When Shigeko was asked by the lady in waiting who previously used to serve with her at Josaimonin, 'How do you feel about this happy event?', she answered ' I don't take special notice since this is due to a good deed I did in my past life.' ('Kokon Chomon ju' (A Collection of Tales heard, Past and Present) Volume 8)
- 大河ドラマ『草燃える』(1979年、梶原景時役:江原真二郎、源義経役:国広富之)、『義経 (NHK大河ドラマ)』(2005年、梶原景時役:中尾彬、源義経役:滝沢秀明)では、景時は義経と対立するものの、頼朝への忠誠心の篤い優れて官僚的な武士として扱われている。
- In 'Kusa Moeru' (Burning Grass) (NHK Historical Drama) (1979, Kagetoki KAJIWARA by Shinji EBARA and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune by Tomiyuki KUNIHIRO) and 'Yoshitsune' (NHK Historical Drama) (2005, Kagetoki KAJIWARA by Akira NAKAO and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune by Hideaki TAKIZAWA), Kagetoki was portrayed as a loyal, efficient and bureaucratic samurai although Kagetoki had conflicts with Yoshitsune.
- 1199年(正治元年)4月12日条には頼朝の跡を継いだ源頼家が直に諸訴論に関与することを停止し、13人の重臣が合議して決定することになったとあるが、その中に民部大夫行政の名も入っており、大江広元、三善康信と並んで初期鎌倉政権を支えた実務官僚であったことが解る。
- According to Article April 12 of 1199 which MINAMOTO no Yoriie who succeeded Yoritomo decided to stop the direct involvement in lawsuits, and 13 senior vassals became in charge of settling a matter through discussion, Minbu no Taifu Yukinari was listed among the vassals along with OE no Hiromoto and MIYOSHI no Yasunobu, indicating that Yukimasa was one of the governmental bureaucrats responsible for practical work to support the early stage of the Kamakura Government.
- 昼食は、健康を考えて調理された栄養バランスの優れた手作りの弁当、もしくはコンビニエンスストアや弁当屋で販売している弁当や、ファーストフード店で購入した食品(ジャンクフードとみるむきもある)を友人や会社の同僚・取引先と会食するなど、家族以外の人々と摂ることが多い。
- Lunch is generally a well-balanced home-made bento (lunch box) prepared in consideration of health, a bento sold in a convenience store or a bento shop, of food purchased at a fast-food store (some regard it as junk food) taken with friends, co-workers, or business partners rather than family members.
- 1900年(明治33年)伊藤の立憲政友会結成に際してその準備過程には参加しながら入党せず、政党外部に身を置きつつ気脈を通じてしばしば政界の表面に登場し、「憲法の番人」を自任して官僚勢力のために種々の画策を講じ、枢密院の重鎮として昭和初期まで政界に影響力を保った。
- Although he took part in preparations for the 1900 formation of ITO's Rikken Seiyukai, he did not join the party; while he stayed outside the party, he often appeared in the political scene by way of his political connections, and proclaimed himself to be 'guardian of the Constitution' as he got involved in various maneuvers for the bureaucratic power; and he remained a powerful figure in the Privy Council and continued to be influential in the political world until the early Showa era.
- だが地租増徴に反対する進歩党 (日本)と自由党 (日本)(日本 1890-1898)からの協力は得られなかったために、文部大臣・農商務大臣・逓信大臣を自派(「伊藤系官僚」)が、内務大臣 (日本)・司法大臣・陸軍大臣を山縣有朋系が占める超然内閣を作らざるを得なかった。
- However, without cooperation by the Progressive Party (Japan) and the Liberal Party (Japan) (Japan 1890-1898) opposing to the plan to increase land taxes, he had to organize the Chonen (doctrine of superiority) cabinet consisting of the Minister of Education, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and Minister of Communication from his own group ('government officials from ITO group'), and the Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), Minister of Justice and Minister of Army from Aritomo YAMAGATA group.
- しかし文部官僚時代、創設の中心に関わった京都帝国大学が制度上旧制高等学校卒業生しか受け入れることができず、西園寺公望が提唱した「能力と意欲のある人に国として(教育の)機会を与えるべき」という教育理念からもかけ離れている実態に限界を感じ、自ら私学を興すことを思い立つ。
- However, when he noticed the restricted reality that Kyoto Imperial University, in the establishment of which he himself was involved as an official of the Ministry of Education, was unable to accept other than those who graduated from the old-education-system high schools as its system and that it was far from the educational ideal advocated by Kinmochi SAIONJI, that is, 'the nation should offer the opportunities to those who have ability and will,' he decided to establish a private school by himself.
- 最大会派の研究会と協調しながら、立憲政友会の第4次伊藤内閣や西園寺内閣などを攻撃していったが、大正期に入ると、研究会の膨張に対して危機感を抱くようになり、更に1918年に政友会の原内閣が成立して後に研究会が同内閣に閣僚を送り込むと、反研究会路線を強めていく事になる。
- Cooperating with the largest parliamentary group, Kenkyu-kai group, they attacked the 4th Ito Cabinet of Rikken seiyu-kai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) and the Saionji Cabinet, but in the Taisho Period a sense of danger against expanding Kenkyu-kai arose, and furthermore, when the Hara Cabinet of the Seiyu Party (the abbreviated name for Rikken seiyu-kai) was established in 1918 and Kenkyu-kai group sent its members to the Cabinet, they sharpened their anti Kenkyu-kai group stance.
- だが、中国では、仏教の出家が「家」の秩序を破壊するなど、儒教論理に合わないとされ迫害されたのに対し、日本では「鎮護国家」の発想の下、「僧尼令」や僧綱・度牒制度が導入されて官僚組織の一員とまで化したのは興味深いことだと言える(僧正・僧都などは律令制で定められた僧官)。
- However, it is interesting that, while in China the priesthood was persecuted for opposing Confucian ethics by destroying the order of the 'family', in Japan it was incorporated into the bureaucracy through the 'soni-ryo' and the Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs) and official certification system under the concept of 'nation protection' (priests with ranks such as 'Sojo' or 'Sozu' were government officials, or 'sokan', literally 'priest officials', under the Ritsuryo system).
- のちに再び宮内少丞、宮内大丞、宮内大書記官、皇后宮大夫、有栖川宮閑院宮家政取締、皇太后宮亮、宮内少輔、華族局長、久宮御養育主任、主殿頭、諸陵頭、主馬頭、閑院宮別当、大膳大夫、東伏見宮御用掛、大膳頭、議定官、枢密顧問官、皇太后宮大夫など、宮内官僚として要職を歴任した。
- After he came back home, he worked again as a government official to the Imperial Household Ministry and assumed the following important posts: Kunai shojo (Junior Secretary of the Imperial Household Ministry), Kunai taijo (Senior Secretary of Imperial Household Ministry), Kunai-daishokikan (great secretary of the Imperial Household Ministry), Kogogu no daibu (Master of the Empress's Household), Kasei torishimariyaku (Senior Managing Director of the Household to Arisugawa no Miya of the Kaninnomiya family), Kotaigogu no suke (Assistant Master of the Empress Dowager's Household), Kunai no sho (Junior Assistant Minister of the Imperial Household Ministry), Director of the Peerage, Togu goyoiku shunin (chief nurturing staff for Imperial children), Tonomo no kami (Director of the Imperial Palace Keeper's Bureau), Shoryo no kami (Chief inspector of imperial tombs), Shume no kami (Manager of the Bureau of Imperial Mews), Kanin no miya betto (superintendent of Kanin no miya), Daizen no daibu (Master of the Palace Table), Goyo gakari (a general affaires official of the Imperial Household) of Higashi Fushimi no Miya, Daizen no to (Manager of the Palace Table), Gijo kan (Senior official of the Decoration Bureau), Privy Councilor, Kotaigu no daibu (Master of the Empress Dowager's Household).
- 永観2年(984年)に当時侍従であった時叙が同僚の藤原斉信、蔵人の藤原宣孝とともに賀茂臨時祭への出席をさぼって花山天皇の激怒を買い、年長の宣孝は処分されたものの、時叙と斉信は「年歯太若」であることを理由に両親の前で誡められたことが藤原実資の『小右記』に記されている。
- Tokinobu was the jiju (a chamberlain) at that time, but did not attend Kamo no rinjisai (Kamo shrine, special festival) along with his coworker FUJIWARA no Tadanobu and FUJIWARA no Nobutaka, who was the Kurodo (Chamberlain), and received the disapproval of Emperor Kazan, and Nobutaka being the oldest among the three was dismissed from his post, while Tokinobu and Tadanobu were lectured in front of his parents in consideration of their youth according to 'Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke).
- ところが検非違使などの令外の官はこのような律令官制の統属関係を横断的にこえてひとつの政務を処理することができ、従来の律令国家の規定を越えて決済を速やかに行なうことができたため、律令制の複雑な官僚機構にともなう煩瑣な手続きをせずに特定の政務を完結的に行なうことができた。
- However, ryoge no kan such as kebiishi were able to process one government affair in a cross-sectoral manner beyond the line of governance of organizations under the ritsuryo codes and therefore able to promptly make settlements beyond rules of traditional Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, so they were able to perform certain governmental affairs on their own without following minute procedures due to complicated bureaucratic organization under the ritsuryo codes.
- 当初はこれら諸学の政治・文化に対する影響は僅少であったものの、602年(推古天皇10年)に日本における陰陽道のパイオニアとも言うべき存在となった観勒が百済から来日し、聖徳太子をはじめとして選ばれた34名の官僚に諸学を講じると我国の国政に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- While the effect of these principles on politics and culture was insignificant at first, after Kanroku, the pioneer of Onmyodo in Japan, arrived from Baekje in 602 and lectured to 34 selected bureaucrats, including Shotoku Taishi (Prince Shotoku), they began to have a major impact on national politics.
- 同僚のなかで、とっても高い理性を持っていて、自分の考えを、はっきりわかりやすい形で、上手に表現していた人たちは、自分たちの主張の正しさで他人を説得するのが上手だったけれど、かれらはlower Brittanyのことばでしか話せず、レトリックの規則にはまったく無知だった。
- Those in whom the faculty of reason is predominant, and who most skillfully dispose their thoughts with a view to render them clear and intelligible, are always the best able to persuade others of the truth of what they lay down, though they should speak only in the language of Lower Brittany, and be wholly ignorant of the rules of rhetoric;
- これは廃藩置県などの推進の過程で大久保が中央集権の必要性を認めて木戸らの方針に同意する方向へと変わると同時に、殖産興業の分離で合併後の新省が持つ権限の分割に成功したこと、更には将来の政府を担う開明派若手官僚との全面衝突を避けたいとの思惑があったからであると言われている。
- It is considered that the compromise was made because OKUBO recognized the importance of a centralized government in the process of promoting Haihanchiken, the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures, and agreed on the policy of KIDO and others; separation of the part that specialized in the promotion of industry divided the power concentrated in the new merged ministry; and the OKUBO's faction wanted to avoid an all-out conflict with the young officials of the Kaimeiha faction who were to lead the future government.
- 新党構想などの準備を着々と整え、満を持しての再登板に望むことになった近衛は、閣僚名簿奉呈直前の7月19日、荻窪の私邸・荻外荘でいわゆる「荻窪会談」を行い、入閣することになっていた松岡洋右(外相)、吉田善吾(海相)、東条英機(陸相)と「東亜新秩序」の建設邁進で合意している。
- Having worked steadily on the preparations for the framework of the new political party, Konoe, who was about to face a long-awaited comeback, held the 'Ogikubo Meeting' at Tekigaiso, his private residence in Ogikubo, on July 19, just before presenting the list of cabinet ministers, and he agreed with new cabinet members Yosuke MATSUOKA (Foreign Minister), Zengo YOSHIDA (Minister of the Navy) and Hideki TOJO (Minister of the Army) to work toward the founding of a 'new order in East Asia.'
- 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された(ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである)。
- Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.
- この体制の下では、部外の公衆は、実践上の経験を欠いているため、官僚制の業務運営の様式を批判したりチェックしたりする資格がないというだけでなく、専制制度の気まぐれか民主制度の自然な働きで、改革志向の支配者が頂点に立ったとしても、官僚制の利害に反する改革は達成できないのです。
- Under this regime, not only is the outside public ill-qualified, for want of practical experience, to criticize or check the mode of operation of the bureaucracy, but even if the accidents of despotic or the natural working of popular institutions occasionally raise to the summit a ruler or rulers of reforming inclinations, no reform can be effected which is contrary to the interest of the bureaucracy.
- 近衛の後を承けたのは前枢密院議長の平沼騏一郎だったが、平沼内閣には近衛内閣から法相(兼逓相)、文相、内相、外相、商工相(兼拓務相)、海相、陸相の七閣僚が留任したうえ、枢密院に転じた近衛自身も班列としてこれに名を連ねたため、あたかも首をすげ替えただけの様相を呈すことになった。
- Konoe was succeeded by former Chairman of the Privy Council, Kiichiro HIRANUMA, but with the Minister of Law (and Minister of Communications and Transportation), the Internal Minister, the Foreign Minister, the Minister of Commerce (and Minister of the Colonies), the Minister of the Navy and the Minister of the Army remaining in office, and Konoe himself joining the Privy Council and becoming a minister without portfolio), Hiranuma's cabinet appeared the same as Konoe's with just a different head.
- 特に国民協会が帝国党に衣替えした際に、一部が分裂してこれに従わずに自由党の後継政党である憲政党や藩閥官僚(伊藤博文系)とともに立憲政友会を結成したことによって、政友会とその反対党という構図へと変化を見せ、「吏党」・「民党」という言葉は完全に意味を成さないものになっていった。
- When the Kokumin Kyokai turned over to Teikokuto (Imperialist party), some members broke off from the group and and formed the Seiyukai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) together with the Kenseito (Constitutional Party), which was the incoming party of the Jiyuto, and the Hanbatsu Kanryo (domain government officials, a political party of Hirobumi ITO), and soon the political layout was mostly the Seiyukai against their opponents, that the terms 'Rito' and 'Minto' eventually lost their original meaning..
- また、それが政所などの役所に保管されていたものもあれば、その文を書いた事務官僚の下書きが、あるいは得宗家の寄合での決定が政所執事や問注所の執事などに伝えられたその文書が、その政所や問注所の執事の家に伝えられて、『吾妻鏡』の編纂時に収録、あるいは原史料として利用されたと思われる。
- Some were preserved in the office like Mandokoro and used as source materials for 'Azuma Kagami,' while some drafts, made by government officials or documents to inform under secretary of Mandokoro and Monchujo of the decisions made at the meeting held by Tokuso family, were handed down in the families of under secretary of Mandokoro and Monchujo, and then used for 'Azuma Kagami.'
- そして私は我々を絶えず援助してくれる兄弟国や友好国、特にEU、日本、中国、そして世界中の兄弟と友人の、その様々なレベルの継続援助に、すなわち我々の治安将校や幹部官僚の養成や助言の提供に、或いは経験を学び得るために派遣された我々の代表団の受け入れに対して、感謝の意を申し上げます。
- I thank the fraternal and friendly states which support us continuously, especially the EU, Japan and China as well as the other brothers and friends the world over for their ongoing support, whether on the level of training our security and civilian cadres, or for giving advice, or for receiving our delegations which go to these countries to learn and gain experience.
- 第二次世界大戦のさなか、1942年から翌年にかけて『中央公論』誌上で、「世界史的立場と日本」座談会(「世界史的立場と日本」昭和17年1月号、「東亜共栄圏の倫理性と歴史性」昭和17年4月号、「総力戦の哲学」昭和18年1月号)を京都大学の同僚、高坂正顕、西谷啓治、鈴木成高と行った。
- From 1942 to 1943 during World War II, articles summarizing symposiums that Iwao KOYAMA held with Masaaki KOSAKA, Keiji NISHITANI, and Shigetaka SUZUKI (colleagues of his from Kyoto Imperial University) on topics such as ' The world's historical position and Japan' appeared in the magazine 'Chuo Koron' ('The world's historical position and Japan' appeared in the January issue in 1942, 'The morality and history of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere' appeared in the April issue in 1942, and 'The philosophy of all-out battle' appeared in the January issue in 1943).
- 2005年放送の「その時歴史が動いた:戦国をひらいた男~北条早雲 56才からの挑戦~」(日本放送協会、ゲスト:小和田哲男静岡大学教授)では、早雲を幕府の高級官僚としているが、年齢については享年88説を採り「大器晩成」として描いている(諸説を検討の結果一般的な説を採用したとのこと)。
- In the documentary, 'Movement of History: The Man that started the Warring States Period - Soun HOJO, Challenge from the age of 56' (NHK, Guest: Tetsuo OWADA, Professor of Shizuoka University), broadcast in 2005, Soun is described as 'a late bloomer' who became a high ranking officer in the Bakufu government and who died at the age of 88 (a generally accepted theory that was adopted after reviewing various theories).
- この大教宣布の不振、それに続く祭神論争によりその教学の未成熟さを実感した神道はその教学の深化に迫られ、1882年(明治15年)8月23日に、有栖川宮幟仁親王の令旨を奉じた山田顕義ら内務省 (日本)官僚と、松野勇雄ら数名の国文学者が「専ら国典を講究するため」として研究機関を設立した。
- Standing in need of reinforcing the Shinto teaching, which became clear through the stagnant Taikyo-senpu and the subsequent pantheon dispute, some bureaucrats of the Ministry of Home Affairs including Akiyoshi YAMADA and several scholars of Japanese literature such as Isao MATSUNO established a research institute 'purely for the purpose of an in-depth study of the national literature' in obedience to an order of His Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Takahito.
- 日露戦争の開催を決定した御前会議においては明治天皇と第1次桂内閣の5閣僚(総理・外務・大蔵・陸軍・海軍各大臣)と5元老(伊藤博文・井上馨・大山巌・松方正義・山縣有朋)の計11名で構成され、統帥部の出席は認められずにその決定に従って作戦計画を作成することになっていた(政略主導の両略一致)。
- The conference in the presence of the Emperor where the Russo-Japanese War was decided to go was consisted of 11 members who were the Emperor Meiji, 5 Cabinet members of the First KATSURA Cabinet (Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Finance, Army Minister, Navy Minister), 5 Genro (elder statesman) (Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Iwao OYAMA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Aritomo YAMAGATA), supreme command staff was not admitted to attend it, and the plan of strategy was going to be made according to the decision at the conference (congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics).
- 桂園時代は、桂に代表される官僚・軍部と西園寺に代表される有力政党である立憲政友会が「情意投合」と呼ばれる連携体制を組んで交互に内閣総理大臣に就任した(この間にも松方正義や山本権兵衛、平田東助などを首相に擁する動きはあったものの、両者以上の政権基盤を持たずにいずれも断念に追い込まれている)。
- In the Kei-En era, bureaucrats and military typified by Katsura and a leading political party Rikken seiyukai typified by Saionji built a collaborative system called 'emotional agreement' and they alternately served as the prime minister (In the meantime, there was a move to field Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Tosuke HIRATA as prime minister, but none of them had stronger foundations of administration than those of the two, so they were forced to give up).
- 例によって多門の自称なので疑わしく見えてくるが、庄田は翌年高家大友義孝(吉良義央の同僚で友人)や東条冬重(吉良義央実弟)など吉良派の旗本たちと一緒に呼び出され、「勤めがよくない」として解任されてしまっていることから、どうやら庄田が吉良寄りと思われるような態度をとったことは間違いないようだ。
- It seems also doubtful since it was written by Okado himself, but there seems little doubt that Shoda acted in favor of Kira because he was summoned along with hatamoto of Kira party such as koke Yoshitaka OTOMO (a comrade and friend of Yoshinaka KIRA) and Fuyushige TOJO (a real younger brother of Yoshinaka KIRA) and was removed as 'not working properly' the following year.
- 外国との貿易を黒字化させて国内の金保有量を高め、さらには北方においてロシア帝国との貿易も行おうとしていたほか、平賀源内などと親交を持ち、蘭学を手厚く保護し、士農工商の別にとらわれない実力主義に基づく人材登用も試みたが、これらの急激な改革が身分制度や朱子学を重視する保守的な幕府閣僚の反発を買い、
- He tried to expand Japan's trade surplus, increase gold holdings, and open trade with the Russian Empire; he also made friends with Gennai HIRAGA and others, protected Western learning, and took on men of talent based on a merit system regardless of the hereditary four-class order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), but these sudden reformations provoked a backlash among conservatives in the shogunate cabinet.
- 組織だった協力や大規模で包括的な見通しを必要とする社会的業務のあらゆる分野が政府の手中にあり、政府官庁がいたるところもっとも有能な人で満たされるなら、純粋に思弁的なものを除き、国中の広汎な文化と実際的知性は、巨大な官僚制度に集中して、共同体の残りの人たちは、なにを探すにもそこを頼るしかなくなります。
- If every part of the business of society which required organized concert, or large and comprehensive views, were in the hands of the government, and if government offices were universally filled by the ablest men, all the enlarged culture and practised intelligence in the country, except the purely speculative, would be concentrated in a numerous bureaucracy, to whom alone the rest of the community would look for all things:
- 多くに場合、個々人は特定のことがらを、平均すると、政府官僚ほどうまくやれないかもしれないが、それにもかかわらず、自分の精神的教育の手段として、つまり、その行動能力を強化し、判断を訓練し、彼らに委ねることでその課題の一般的知識を習得させるやり方として、政府が行なうより、個人が行なうほうが望ましいのです。
- In many cases, though individuals may not do the particular thing so well, on the average, as the officers of government, it is nevertheless desirable that it should be done by them, rather than by the government, as a means to their own mental education―a mode of strengthening their active faculties, exercising their judgment, and giving them a familiar knowledge of the subjects with which they are thus left to deal.
- しかし、これらの政党は対外政策では一定の一致をみていたものの、国内政策では国粋主義的な大日本協会や国民協会から自由民権運動の中でも急進派である東洋自由党まで幅広い勢力を含んでいたために、政府あるいは衆議院第2党の自由党 (明治)あるいは後に同党と伊藤博文系官僚勢力が合同した立憲政友会に対する批判でしか一致をみなかった。
- Although these political parties agreed certain points in external policy, in the internal policy these parties, which included nationalistic Dainihon Association, National Association, and the East Liberal Party which was a leftist among the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, agreed each other only in the point of criticism against the government, the Liberal Party which was the second party of House of Representatives (in Meiji Period), or the Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) which was established from the alliance of the Liberal Party and the governmental bureaucratic in the side of Hirobumi ITO.
- だが、次第に研究会との勢力争いによって摩擦が生じるようになり、鰻香内閣騒動や研究会と立憲政友会との連携などを経て茶話会と研究会は次第に対立し、政友会の原内閣に研究会が閣僚を送ると、茶話会も超然主義を放棄して反対党である憲政会と連携する一方、研究会以外の他の貴族院の各会派と連携して研究会を包囲する動きを見せた(幸四派)。
- But the struggle for power with the Kenkyukai gradually began to produce friction, and after the turmoil of the Manko cabinet, the cooperation between the Kenkyukai and the Rikken Seiyukai (the Friends of Constitutional Government Party, or 'Seiyukai' for short) and other challenges, the struggle for influence between the Tea Party and the Kenkyukai gradually developed into open hostility, and when some of the members of Hara's Seiyukai cabinet were chosen from the Kenkyukai, not only did the Tea Party abandon the doctrine of transcendence and join forces with the opposition Kenseikai (Constitutional Government Party), they also formed links with the various other factions among non-Kenkyukai House of Peers members in an effort to isolate and surround the Kenkyukai.
- 西園寺家の鳥羽の荘園は鳥羽荘と称されて、『管見記』によれば応仁の乱最中の文明 (日本)年間にも西園寺家の支配が確認でき、室町幕府官僚の大舘尚氏による『大舘常興日記』には大永5年(1527年)に行われていた西園寺家の鳥羽荘と久我家の久我荘の境相論についての覚書が残されているなど、戦国時代 (日本)まで同家の所領であった。
- The manor in Toba, called Toba no sho, was owned by the Saionji family as their shoryo (territory) until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) as described in 'Kankenki' (The house diary of the Saionji family) which shows the manor was ruled by the Saionji family during the Onin War in Bunmei era (1469 to 1486), and in 'Odachi Joko Nikki' (The Diary of Joko ODACHI) written by Hisauji ODACHI, who was a bureaucrat of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which contains a memorandum regarding the dispute over the boundaries between the Saionji family's Toba no sho and the Koga family's Koga no sho (manor), and so on.
- 定免法や上米の制による幕府財政収入の安定化、新田開発の推進、足高の制の制定等の官僚制度改革、そしてその一環ともいえる大岡忠相の登用、また訴訟のスピードアップのため公事方御定書を制定しての司法制度改革、江戸町火消しを設置しての火事対策、悪化した幕府財政の立て直しなどの改革を図り、江戸三大改革のひとつである享保の改革を行った。
- Yoshimune executed the Kyoho Reforms, one of the three major reforms during the Edo period, by the stabilization of the bakufu's financial revenue by means of a fixed tax rate and agemai (tribute rice) system, the development of new fields, the reform of bureaucratic systems including the tashidaka system (a wage system established by the Edo bakufu), the appointment of Tadasuke OOKA as a part of the reforms, improvement in the administration of justice by establishing the Kujikata Osadamegaki to accelerate judicial hearings, the establishment of measures against fires by installing Edo firefighters, and reforms to the bakufu's worsening finances.
- また、『続日本後紀』承和 (日本)13年11月14日 (旧暦)(壬子/846年12月6日)条に引載されたいわゆる「善愷事件」(弁官伴善男が、弁官局で長年行われてきた慣例上の行政処理を僧尼令違反であるとして同僚弁官5名全員を告発した事件)における大判事讃岐永直・明法博士御輔長道・左大史川枯勝成による3通の勘文が知られている。
- Three kanmon written by daihanji (judge) SANUKI no Naganao, Myobo hakase 御輔長道 and Sadaishi (senior recorder of the left) 川枯勝成 in the so-called 'Zengai Jiken'(described in the article of December 6, 846 of 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued)), in which benkan Yoshio TOMONO accused all of his five fellow benkan of violating Soni ryo (Regulations for Monks and Nuns) in their customary public administration which had been implemented for many years, are well known.
- それでも、犬養毅(立憲国民党非改革派→革新倶楽部)などの様にあくまでも民衆の代表であるという意識から「民党」という言葉に拘る政治家も存在したが、やがて自由党系と伊藤博文系官僚による立憲政友会と立憲改進党系と桂太郎派による立憲同志会(後の憲政会→立憲民政党)の2大政党に収斂されていくにつれて、民党という言葉は過去のものとなっていった。
- Although there were some politicians such as Tsuyoshi INUKAI (a member of the non-reform group in the Constitutional National Party who later found the Club of Innovation) and others who associated the word 'Minto' with representatives of people, but the word 'Minto' faded away as the movement to reorganize political parties concentrated on two major parties called the Constitutional Party of Political Friends consisting of the Liberal Party and government officials under Hirobumi ITO the Constitutional Association of Friends (it became the Constitutional Association afterwards and changed into the Constitutional Democratic Party) with the Constitutional Progressive Party and the group of Taro KATSURA,
- 一方、同僚たちの妬みによって、辛い思いをした名古屋を去る時に作った端歌もの曲「捨扇」では、流麗な中に頻繁な転調や非常に凝った節付けの歌など、小品ながら侮りがたい作りで、作曲術の力量のほどが偲ばれるとともに、失意や悲しみがひしひしと感じられ、雅びな「千鳥の曲」や明るく華やかな「花の縁」などとはまた違った、吉沢の心の一面を垣間見ることができる。
- On the other hand, the hauta 'Suteogi' (Discarded Fan), created when leaving Nagoya and its bad memories, is a piece which should not be underestimated regardless of its small size, with frequent flowing key changes and a melody with an extremely elaborate fushizuke (where the melody is fitted to the text), which as well as recalling his compositional skills, also acutely show disappointment and sadness and, thereby, an aspect of Yoshizawa's mind different from that of the elegant 'Chidori no Kyoku' and the bright, gorgeous 'Hana no Enishi.'
- 第2次山縣内閣期に山縣系官僚出身で平田との結びつきが強かった大浦兼武・小松原英太郎・安広伴一郎が勅撰議員に任命されて茶話会に加入すると、勢力が拡大する方向に向かい、多額納税議員や男爵議員からも加入者を得て、平田が内大臣に立った明治末期から大正初期にかけて最大で67名の議員を擁して桂園時代においては桂太郎を支え、研究会と勢力を競うまでに成長した。
- When, during Yamagata's second term as cabinet head, Kanetake OURA, Eitaro KOMATSUBARA, and Banichiro YASUHIRO, bureaucrats who were all protegees of Yamagata, were appointed to the House of Peers by imperial selection and thereafter joined the Tea Party, the influence of the Tea Party began to grow, and they managed to acquire members from among the large-scale taxpayers and the barons, and during Hirata's tenure as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, from the late Meiji period into the early Taisho period, the group possessed 67 members at its largest; the Tea Party supported Taro KATSURA during the Keien period (1905-1912), and its power and influence grew to rival the Kenkyukai's.
- 律令においては、陰陽寮の修習生に登用された者以外の一切の部外者(神官・僧侶はもちろん一般官僚から民間人に至るまでの全て)が、天文・陰陽・暦・時間計測を学び災異瑞祥を説くことを厳しく禁止しており、天文観測や時刻測定にかかわる装置ないし陰陽諸道に関する文献について、陰陽寮の外部への持ち出しを一切禁じ、私人がこれらを単に所有することさえ禁じられていた。
- The ritsuyo system strictly prohibited all outsiders (everybody, not only oracles and monks but also general civil servants and private citizens) except for the persons appointed as trainees at Onmyoryo to learn astronomy, onmyo, reki, or measuring hours, or to discuss the occurrence of disasters, unusual phenomenon or auspicious events, it also prohibited any equipment relating to astronomical observation and measuring time, or documents about the various arts of onmyo, to be removed from Onmyoryo, and it even forbade private individuals from owning any of the foregoing equipment or documents.
- これは、出家に属する学僧を俗世間の政権である朝廷に出仕させて自由に使役することは僧籍者に対する待遇上不可能であり、かつ僧籍にある者に対して還俗(僧籍を脱して俗人に戻ること)を能動的に強要するには勅令をもってしか考えられず、このような勅令を乱発することもはばかられることから、俗人官僚に陰陽諸学を習得させ、朝廷において自由な出仕・使役が可能な人材を育成しようとの目的によるものである。
- This was precipitated in an effort to develop human resources with no restrictions attached to their employment and working conditions in the Imperial Court by training bureaucrats from the secular class because; considering the nature of the priesthood, it was impossible to have scholar monks work in the Imperial Court that governed a secular society, and since it seemed unlikely to force priests to leave the priesthood (to return to the lay personhood) other than to issue an imperial ordinance an ordinance like this one could not be issued lightly.
- 10月28日、千葉常胤・三浦義澄・千葉胤正・三浦義村・畠山重忠・小山朝政・結城朝光・足立遠元・和田義盛・和田常盛・比企能員・所左衛門尉朝光・民部丞行光・葛西清重・八田知重・波多野忠綱・大井実久・若狭忠季・渋谷高重・山内首藤経俊・宇都宮頼綱・榛谷重朝・安達盛長・佐々木盛綱・稲毛重成・安達景盛・岡崎義実・土屋義清・東重胤・土肥惟光・河野通信・曽我祐綱・二宮四郎・長江明義・諸の次郎季綱・天野遠景・工藤行光・中原仲業以下御家人66名による景時糾弾の連判状を一夜のうちに作成し、将軍側近官僚大江広元に提出した。
- On November 25, 1199, a letter of covenant which accuses Kagetoki was prepared overnight and submitted to Hiromoto OE, an aide official to the shogun, by sixty-six gokenin, including Tsunetane Chiba, Yoshizumi MIURA, Tanemasa CHIBA, Yoshimura MIURA, Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, Tomomasa OYAMA, Tomomitsu YUKI, Tomoto ADACHI, Yoshimori WADA, Tsunemori WADA, Yoshikazu HIKI, TOKORO Saemon no jo Tomomitsu, MINBU no jo Yukimitsu, Kiyoshige KASAI, Tomoshige HATTA, Tadatsuna HADANO, Sanehisa OI, Tadasue WAKASA, Takashige SHIBUYA, Tsuneyoshi YAMAUCHISUDO, Yoritsuna UTSUNOMIYA, Shigetomo HANGAYA, Morinaga ADACHI, Moritsuna SASAKI, Shigenari INAGE, Kagemori ADACHI, Yoshizane OKAZAKI, Yoshikiyo TSUCHIYA, Shigetane TO, Koremitsu DOI, Michinobu KONO, Suketsuna SOGA, Shiro NINOMIYA, Akiyoshi NAGAE, MORO no Jiro Suetsuna, Tokage AMANO, Yukimitsu KUDO, and NAKAHARA no Nakanari.
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