使: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 開拓使
- The Development Commission
- Hokkaido Development Commissioner
- 巡察使
- Circuit inspector (junsatsushi)
- 開拓使庁
- The Hokkaido Development Commissioner Agency
- 勘解由使
- Kageyushi (a supervisor of business transfer)
- あごで使う
- to set somebody to work in an arrogant fashion
- to push somebody around
- to indicate by pointing one's chin
- to chatter
- to jaw
- to jabber
- order someone around
- 樺太開拓使
- Sakhalin Development Commissioner
- 開拓使貫属
- Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 派遣使節団
- dispatching delegate
- 渤海使一覧
- List of Bokkaishi Members
- 札幌開拓使庁
- Sapporo agency of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 公使常駐問題
- The problem of the permanent residence of ministers
- 使節団の構成
- Members of the mission
- 南禅寺勅使門
- Chokushi-mon gate (gate for the imperial envoys) of Nanzen-ji Temple
- 大徳寺勅使門
- Chokushimon of Daitoku-ji Temple
- 開拓使樺太支庁
- Sakhalin branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使浦河支庁
- Urakawa branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使根室支庁
- Nemuro branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使函館支庁
- Hakodate branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使宗谷支庁
- Soya branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使札幌本庁
- Sapporo head office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 遣使の派遣状況
- Dispatches of Tributary Envoys
- 伊藤博文:副使
- Hirobumi ITO: vice-envoy
- 山口尚芳:副使
- Naoyoshi YAMAGUCHI:vice-envoy
- 遣唐使の上表文
- Johyobun of Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China)
- 遣隋使の上表文
- The Johyobun of Kenzuishi (a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China)
- 根室開拓使出張所
- Nemuro detached office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 根室出張開拓使庁
- Nemuro detached agency of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 函館出張開拓使庁
- Hakodate detached agency of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 宗谷開拓使出張所
- Soya detached office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使東京出張所
- Tokyo detached office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 野村靖:大使随行
- Yasushi NOMURA:attache
- 大久保利通:副使
- Toshimichi OKUBO:vice-envoy
- 天正遣欧少年使節
- Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu
- Tenshō embassy
- 開拓使出張所の時代
- Detached offices of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使の長官と次官
- The chiefs and vice chiefs of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 朝鮮通信使待遇改訂
- Revision on treatment of Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary)
- 五辻安仲:大使随行
- Yasunaka ITSUTSUJI:attache
- 中山信彬:大使随行
- Nobuyoshi NAKAYAMA:attache
- 内海忠勝:大使随行
- Tadakatsu UTSUMI:attache
- 久米邦武:大使随行
- Kunitake KUME:attache
- - ハーグ密使事件
- Hague Secret Emissary Affair
- 蒙古国書・元使殺害
- Letter from the Mongol Empire and the Killing of the Yuan Envoys
- 朱印船に使われた船
- Ships used as Shuinsen.
- 使部 左右各二十名
- Shibu (low rank bureaucrats): 20 each for Samaryo and Umaryo
- 外交使節の天皇謁見
- The Emperor giving an audience to diplomatic envoys
- 開拓使出張所(函館)
- The detached office of the Hokkaido Development Commission (Hakodate)
- 諸使(令外官)の一覧
- List of officials (posts outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts)
- 隋使裴世清帰国する。
- Hai Seisei, an envoy from Sui, returned to his country.
- 武士及び使用人の人口
- Population of samurai and servants
- 開拓使の庁とその主任官
- Offices and chief magistrates of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 岩倉具視:特命全権大使
- Tomomi IWAKURA:Tokumei-zenken-taishi (extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador).
- 幕府、使者61名を処刑。
- The Bakufu executed 61 members of the envoy.
- 木戸孝允(桂小五郎):副使
- Takayoshi KIDO (Kogoro KATSURA):vice-envoy
- 日本で使われる用語である。
- Shushigaku was the term used in Japan.
- 北京市から明の使節がきた。
- Ming's envoys came from Beijing.
- - 倭の遣使が重ねて入貢。
- Several envoys from Wa paid tribute.
- 使節団が持ち帰った西洋の文物
- Western products brought back by the mission
- 使部 東西各十名(後各六名)
- Shibu (low rank bureaucrats), 10 individuals for east and west each (later six for each).
- 東アジアで広く使用されている。
- It is widely used in East Asia.
- 資材は大津城築城に使用された。
- The components of the castle were used for building Otsu-jo Castle.
- 2m以上の石も使用されている。
- A stone more than two meters long was also used in its construction.
- 東アジアでひろく使用されている。
- This system of measurement is widely used in East Asia.
- 各分野の政策と開拓使時代の北海道
- Policies in each area and Hokkaido under the Development Commission
- 百済使、犬上御田鍬に従って来る。
- An envoy from Baekje came to Japan with INUGAMI no Mitasuki.
- 1950年頃まで使用されていた。
- This was used until around 1950.
- 節度使そのものをさすことも多い。
- It often refers to setsudoshi itself.
- そして使用される書体が変化する。
- Its calligraphic style also underwent changes.
- - 『隋書』によれば倭国より遣使。
- According to the Book of Sui, an envoy visits Sui Dynasty (China) from Japan
- 札幌開拓使庁の開設にともない廃止。
- The office was closed when the Sapporo head office was set up.
- 打製石斧の使用も特徴の一つである。
- The use of chipped stone axes was one of the characteristics of the region.
- 曲尺とは別に、用途別の尺も使われた。
- Other than the kane-jaku, various type of shaku was invented for particular usages.
- 現在使われているものは4代目になる。
- The current version is the fourth incarnation of the scene.
- 赤舌神が使役する六鬼の鬼神(六大鬼)
- The six Kijin employed by Shakuzetsu-jin God (the six great Kijin)
- まず中国に使節を送り、臣従する諸国。
- Countries which sent envoys to China and served.
- 明治3年(1870年)2月樺太開拓使庁
- The Sakhalin Development Commission office was established in February 1870.
- 高麗軍を使って東路より日本を攻略する。
- Conquering Japan via the eastern route, by employing the Goryeo army.
- この後、バスを使った押出しが行われた。
- After that, they began to use buses to do Oshidashi (the victims and the followers went to Tokyo, demonstrated and made petition to the authorities).
- 遣使の『日本書紀』と『隋書』の主な違い
- The major differences of the envoy descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki' and 'Suishu' are as follows.
- 600年(推古8年)第1回遣隋使派遣。
- 600: The first kenzuishi dispatch
- 白黒・カラー共通で末期まで使用された。
- This was used for both monochrome and color productions, until Daiei's final years.
- 使節46名、随員18名、留学生43名。
- It consisted of 46 envoys,18 accompanying personnels, 43 overseas students.
- 伊東マンショ(正使) 大友義鎮の名代。
- Mancio ITO (senior commander), acting for Yoshishige OTOMO.
- 千々石ミゲル(正使) 大村純忠の名代。
- Miguel CHIJIWA (senior commander), acting for Sumitada OMURA.
- 焙烙火矢、焙烙玉が使用されたとする戦い
- Battles in which Horakuhiya and Horakudama were used
- また、一部は旧国名を存続使用していた。
- In addition, some areas continued to use their old provincial names.
- 司法権を行使する裁判所とは性格が異なる。
- Therefore, the local courts were different in nature from ordinary courts which exercised judicial power.
- 元使殺害の評価については賛否両論がある。
- There are both arguments for and against the killing of the Yuan envoys.
- 使いを遣わして闕(けつ)に詣(いた)る。
- He sent an envoy who reached at our gate.
- He sent an envoy to the Imperial palace.
- 同年朝鮮側も東京に公使館を設置している。
- Korea also established a consular office in Tokyo in the same year.
- そこで使者に選ばれたのが鄭舜功であった。
- It was Cheng Shun-kung who was selected as the envoy.
- 原マルティノ(副使) 後年、司祭に叙階。
- Martinho HARA (vice commander), ordained to the priesthood in later years.
- 荘園への使者下向は出席者全員が賛成した。
- They unanimously approved having the envoy to shoen leave the capital.
- 第一章 論通使之権(公使の権利を論ずる)
- Chapter 1. 論通使之権 (Rights of minister are discussed.)
- 慶長遣欧使節関係資料(宮城・仙台市博物館)
- Materials related to the Keicho-era mission to Europe (Sendai City Museum in Miyagi)
- 「ま」と読む場合は部屋の意味にも使われる。
- It also means room when it is pronounced 'ma.'
- 開拓使は、省と同格の中央官庁の1つである。
- The Hokkaido Development Commission was one of the central government organs and ranked with a ministry.
- 中浦ジュリアン(副使) 後年、司祭に叙階。
- Juliao NAKAURA (vice commander), ordained to the priesthood in later years.
- 同日、成親は検非違使別当の辞任を申し出る。
- On the same day, Narichika insisted on his resignation as kebiishi no betto.
- また、日本を表す時に使われる言葉でもある。
- This word is also used to represent Japan.
- 使者は正月の朝賀に参列し、皇帝を祝賀した。
- Envoys attended Choga (a New Year's greeting to the emperor by retainers) and celebrated the emperor.
- 使者を追い返し朝鮮への再度出兵を決定した。
- He sent the envoy back and was determined to send troops again to Korea.
- 少納言・大外記・少外記・史生・使部からなる。
- It was composed of Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), Daigeki (Senior Secretary), Shogeki (Junior Secretary), Shisho (the office in charge of miscellaneous duties concerning documents), and Shibe (the lowest rank office).
- 囚獄司 - 検非違使の台頭により有名無実化。
- Office of Prison: became devoid of substance with the rise of Kebiishi (a police and judicial chief).
- 三節度使を兼任した安禄山の総兵力は約十八万。
- The total military force of Lushan AN, who was appointed to the setsudoshi of 3 regions combined, amounted to about 180,000 men.
- 最終的に節度使を名誉職にすることに成功した。
- In the end, he succeeded in making setsudoshi into an honorary post.
- 平安京の鴻臚館はおもに渤海使を迎賓していた。
- Korokan in Heian-kyo was mainly used to welcome the envoy from the Balhae Kingdom.
- これが外国使節を宿泊させる客館の初見である。
- This was historically the first guest house in Japan at which envoys from foreign countries could stay.
- つまり外国人を実力行使で排斥しようという思想。
- In other words, the theory supported the expulsion of foreigners from Japan by force.
- この数値は、田中正造の国会質問でも使用された。
- This number was used when Shozo TANAKA was summoned to the hearing at the Diet.
- 明治三十八年十一月十七日 特命全權公使 林權助
- HAYASHI GONSUKE, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, the 17th day of the 11th month of the 38th year of Meiji.
- 使者の僧侶は耳と鼻を削ぎとられて送り返された。
- The priest used as an emissary was sent back after his ears and nose were chipped off.
- ジョルジェ・ロヨラ修道士 使節の教育係、日本人
- Monk Jorge De Loyola, tutor of the mission, Japanese
- 同様にルソンや高山国(台湾)にも使者を出した。
- He sent envoys to Luzon and Takasagun (Taiwan) as well.
- 徳川家茂以降、勅使が上座、将軍が下座となった。
- After Iemochi TOKUGAWA, an Imperial envoy stood on the high position, and the shogun stood on the higher position.
- しかし渤海側からの遣使は渤海滅亡まで継続した。
- Envoys from Bokkai, however, continued to be sent until the downfall of the empire.
- 清も1895年1月に講和使節を日本に派遣した。
- In January 1985, Qing also sent an envoy to Japan to conclude a peace treaty.
- 以後江戸時代は、この施薬院氏が院使を世襲した。
- After the Edo period, the Seyakuin clan succeeded to the administrator for generations.
- 金弘集はこのとき朝鮮側副使として参与している。
- Hong-jip KIM participated in the meeting as vice-envoy of Korean side.
- 開拓使の徽章は赤い五稜の北辰星(北極星)である。
- The badge of the Hokkaido Development Commission had a shape of a red polar star.
- 不動産取引自体に直接「坪」という単位は使えない。
- However, the unit 'tsubo' is prohibited from using directly in real estate transaction.
- 使節は薩長中心、書記官などは旧幕臣から選ばれた。
- Envoys were chosen among people from Saccho (Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain) and secretaries were among former retainer of shogun.
- 遣隋使の派遣を年表風に整理すると次のようになる。
- The following is a chronological table of kenzuishi dispatches.
- 第1回遣隋使は、600年(推古8)に派遣された。
- The first Kenzuishi was sent to Sui Dynasty China in 600.
- この外交方針は次の遣唐使の派遣にも引き継がれた。
- These diplomatic policies remained in place when the next envoy system, called kentoshi, began.
- なお日本という名称は遣唐使のときから使用された。
- Use of the name 'Nihon' (Japan) began in the kentoshi period (Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China).
- これは初重の内部空間を広く使うためと考えられる。
- This was to secure the internal space of the first-level pagoda.
- 倭国は対外的な呼称として使用されていたのである。
- The term 'Wakoku' came to be used externally.
- 明治3年(1870年)10月に開拓使の管轄に復帰。
- The control of the detached office was restored to the Hokkaido Development Commission in October 1870.
- 古い時代のものでは、使主と記述されている例もある。
- Ancient written documents include descriptions of Omi written in 使主 instead of 臣.
- そもそもの発端は西郷隆盛の朝鮮使節派遣問題である。
- It all started with Takamori SAIGO's issue that was an envoy dispatching to Korea.
- 家庭内においても標準語を使用することが奨励された。
- Standard language was recommended to be used also at home.
- 北宋の太祖趙匡胤もまた後周の宋州節度使職にあった。
- Taizu Zhao Kuangyin of Northern Song also was a setsudoshi of Song prefecture during the Later Zhou Dynasty.
- その後賤ヶ岳の戦いの軍事上の基地として使用された。
- After that, the castle was used as the military base for the Battle of Shizugatake.
- 城主が使用されていた可能性が高いと考えられている。
- It is highly possible that hon maru, the main part of the castle, was actually lived in.
- これにより、遣唐使のルートも幾度か変更されている。
- Because of this, the envoys' route had to be changed several times.
- 日本も、当時の乏しい国力を戦争で使い果たしていた。
- Japan had also exhausted what little national resources it had.
- 家康は再度山口直友を使者として遣わし調停を行った。
- Ieyasu sent Naotomo YAMAGUCHI again as a messenger and mediated a peace between the two sides.
- 一般的には第1回の遣渤海使はこのときの遣使を指す。
- In principle, this was the very first Kenbokkaishi.
- また戦後沖縄で使用されたB円も軍票の一種といえる。
- Type B Military Yen' used in Okinawa after the WWII, could be a kind of military currency.
- 開拓使が廃止されることになると、陸軍省に移管された。
- It was transferred to the Ministry of Army when the Hokkaido Development Commissioner was abolished.
- 天智天皇は669年に河内鯨らを遣唐使として派遣した。
- In 669, Emperor Tenchi dispatched KAWACHI no Kujira and others as a team of envoy to the Tang Dynasty.
- 肥前佐賀藩が使用し、戊辰戦争では多大な戦果を挙げた。
- The Hizen-Saga clan used the guns and achieved great results in the Boshin War.
- 開拓使の廃止後は札幌県、函館県、根室県が設立された。
- After the abolition of the Hokkaido Development Commission, Sapporo Prefecture, Hakodate Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture were created.
- 使者言う、俀王は天を以て兄と為し、日を以て弟と為す。
- The envoy said that the king of Wa regarded the heavens as his elder brother and the sun as his younger brother.
- なお近代以前の日朝関係については朝鮮通信使に詳しい。
- Refer to 'the Messenger of Korea' for details of the Japan-Korea relation before the modern era.
- 明治時代以降、日本国内ではほとんど使用されていない。
- After the Meiji period, ryo as the weight unit has rarely been used in Japan.
- 10月には伊勢神宮に勅使を派遣して新都造営を告げた。
- In October, she dispatched an imperial envoy to Ise-jingu Shrine to report on the construction of the new capital.
- 11世紀頃から院使は、丹波氏が世襲するようになった。
- After the eleventh century, the administrator was hereditarily succeeded by the Tanba clan.
- 対外的には遣新羅使の派遣や、東北遠征などが行われた。
- As the external policies, they dispatched a Kenshiragi-shi (Japanese envoy to Shilla) and conducted expeditions to Tohoku region.
- この徽章は開拓使に関係するあらゆるところに掲示された。
- This badge was displayed in all places associated with the Hokkaido Development Commission.
- 土地の面積に使われる反と、布の大きさを表す反とがある。
- There are two kinds of tan, one is to measure areas of lands and the other is to represent size of textile.
- 庸は、年10日京都へ出て使役される歳役の代納物である。
- Yo was the substitute for labor in Kyoto for ten days a year.
- そのため、使者による間諜行為がおこなわれたようである。
- It seems to have led the envoys to spy.
- 節度使は宰相へと登るためのエリートコースとされていた。
- Setsudoshi was an elite career track to become a chancellor.
- 宮内省被管の官奴司に官奴婢とともに配されて使役された。
- They were enslaved along with kunuhi by the kannushi attached to the Imperial Household Department.
- 使節の少年たちはセミナリヨで学ぶ生徒の中から選ばれた。
- The mission boys were selected among students learning at seminario (seminary).
- 王城大臣使も日本国王使の例に倣い、同様の扱いであった。
- The Ojo-daijin envoy was also treated the same as the King of Japan envoy.
- 牙符制の対象とされたのは日本国王使と王城大臣使である。
- Gafusei was intended for the King of Japan envoy and Ojo-daijin (the ministers of the capital) envoy.
- 4月10日、秀吉は高野山に使者を派遣して降伏を勧めた。
- On May 9, Hideyoshi dispatched a messenger to Koyasan and suggested surrender.
- これが、開拓使十年計画という予算計画を産むことになった。
- This brought a budget plan called Ten-Year plan for Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- 朝廷は急いで伊勢に勅使を派遣し、神々に異国降伏を祈った。
- The Imperial Court hurriedly sent an envoy to Ise-jingu Shrine and held a prayer service for the surrender of foreign enemies.
- まず南宋を攻略し服属せしめた漢人を使って日本を攻略する。
- Conquering the Southern Sung Dynasty first, and then Japan, employing the subjected people of Han.
- 610年(推古18年) - ? 第4回遣隋使を派遣する。
- 610 - unknown: The fourth kenzuishi was dispatched.
- この頃まだ俀國は、外交儀礼に疎く、国書も持たず遣使した。
- At that time, Wakoku was not familiar with diplomatic etiquette, and the envoy went to Sui without the sovereign's message.
- 「真人」が使われており、八色の姓の筆頭にあげられている。
- Among the eight titles 'Mahito' was used and it was ranked first under the Yakusa no Kabane.
- 第二款 日朝両国が相互にその首都に公使を駐在させること。
- Provision 2 - ministers of Japan and Korea should reside in the capitals of each other's country.
- 更に新たに通判の職を置いて節度使の行政権をこれに移した。
- Furthermore, he installed the position of tsuhan (an official supporting a chishu, governor), transferred the administrative responsibilities of setsudoshi to it.
- 遣唐使を度々送り、唐をはじめとする大陸の文物を導入した。
- Kentoshi (Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China) were frequently dispatched and introduced the culture from the mainland (such as Tang China) to Japan.
- 文禄5年(1596年)9月、秀吉は来朝した明使節と謁見。
- In October 1596, Hideyoshi had an audience with the envoy of Ming who visited Japan.
- また、鉄片や鉄釘を砲弾の代わりに装填した大砲も使用した。
- In addition, they used canons loaded with metal pieces and nails instead of canon balls.
- 現在は時代劇の撮影に使われるなど名所の一つとなっている。
- The place now has become a famous tourist attraction and is often used as a backdrop for historical films.
- 少納言局(大外記・少外記・史生・文殿・上召使・少納言侍)
- Shonagonkyoku (Lesser Counselors' Office, including Daigeki [Senior Secretaries], Shogeki [Junior Secretaries], Shisho [low-ranking scribes in government offices], Fudono [the document bureau], 上召使 and 少納言侍)
- 開拓使設置前の北海道行政は箱館府(箱館県)が行なっていた。
- Before the Hokkaido Development Commission was established, Hakodate-fu (Hakodate Prefecture) undertook all the administrative matters of Hokkaido.
- 第一回遣隋使は『日本書紀』に記載がなく『隋書』にあるのみ。
- 'Nihonshoki' does not have a description about the first kenzuishi, although 'Suishu' does.
- 「式」とは「用いる」の意味であり、使役することをあらわす。
- Shiki' means 'to use' and to employ.
- 付録から当時の日常生活の様相を推測するのにも使われている。
- The appendixes also help us to speculate on the way of life in those days.
- 匁は貫とともに真珠の質量の単位として国際的に使われている。
- Monme, along with kan, is still used as an international weight unit for a pearl.
- この場合はmommeと綴られ、momという記号が使われる。
- For a pearl, monme is written as momme and symbolized as mom.
- 開化派は日本公使の支援を利用して事大派政権打倒を計画した。
- The Enlightenment Party planed to use the support of the Japanese minister to overthrow the government led by Serving the Great Party.
- その過程で台湾語・客家語・原住民語の使用は抑圧・禁止された。
- In the process, the use of Taiwanese, Hakka and aboriginal languages was discouraged or prohibited.
- ・其の日(三月十八日)正面軍の密使、福田丈平、植木より至る。
- On that day (March 18), Takehei FUKUDA, a secret messenger from the front troop, came from Ueki.
- 大村純忠と有馬晴信とともに天正遣欧少年使節をローマに送った。
- The Tensho Boy Mission to Europe (known as the Tensho Keno Shonen Shisetsu in Japanese) was sent to Rome together with Sumitada OMURA and Harunobu ARIMA.
- これに対し、王陽明は朱子学以前のテキストをそのまま使用する。
- In contrast, Wang Yangming used the original text as it was before the establishment of Shushigaku.
- 以後、将軍の代替わりのたびごとに通信使が来日することになる。
- After that Chosen Tsushinshi came everytime the Shogun changed.
- ただし、武術の世界では依然として「長刀」の使用例が多かった。
- However, '長刀 ' was commonly used in martial arts.
- なお、足軽などが戦場で使用したのは陣鎌であり別のものである。
- Meanwhile, jingama which ashigaru (a common foot soldier) used in a battlefield was quite different from kusarigama.
- 日本側代表は特命全権公使林権助、韓国側代表は外部大臣朴斉純。
- The Japanese representative was Gonsuke HAYASHI, the Envoy Extraordinary; and the Korean representative Che-Soon PARK, the Foreign Minister.
- 黒田ら全権大使たちの個人的判断で挿入されたと考えられている。
- It was thought that this provision was inserted at the personal decision of the ambassador plenipotentiary, Kuroda, and his team.
- 1930年代から日本中世史での学術用語として使用され始めた。
- It was used as an academic term for studies on medieval Japanese History from the 1930's.
- 基本的には弓射戦であり、騎馬での組み討ち、落馬後に刀を使う。
- They were basically battles with cavalry, and cavalry duels were carried out before using swords after falling from horseback.
- 小型薄小な金貨で使い勝手が悪いためか、鋳造量は伸びなかった。
- The small and thin coin was inconvenient and not casted in large quantity.
- 「鴻臚」という言葉は外交使節の来訪を告げる声を意味していた。
- Accordingly, the word '鴻臚' (pronounced 'Koro') meant a call for announcing a visit from a diplomatic mission.
- 商船の到着が大宰府に通達され、大宰府から朝廷へ急使が向かう。
- After the arrival of a merchant vessel was announced to the Dazaifu, officers in the Dazaifu ordered a courier to head for the Imperial Court.
- しかしながら大臣は依然として旧冠を使用していたと言われている。
- However, it is said that the O-omi continued to used the old caps.
- 開拓使から分離して設置されたが、1年余りで廃止して元に戻った。
- Although it was established in isolation from the Hokkaido Development Commissioner, it was abolished and combined again in a little more than one year.
- 七曜や旬 (単位)のような使い方がされていたと考えられている。
- It is considered to have been used like shichiyo or shun (one of three equal parts in a month) (unit).
- 着物の仕立てに使われた鯨尺(くじらじゃく)・呉服尺などである。
- For example, kujira-jaku (literally, whale shaku) and gofuku-jaku (literally, kimono [Japanese traditional cloth] shaku) and others were used among tailors of kimono.
- 臣(おみ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つ。
- Omi (臣) indicates one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty).
- 742年に平盧節度使に、更に范陽・河東をも兼任するようになる。
- In 742, Lushan AN became the setsudoshi of Pinglu, and furthermore, Fanyang and Hedong were additionally placed under his control.
- 南方の水軍全体を統括する忠清全羅慶尚三道水軍統制使にのぼった。
- With the success, Yi was promoted to the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces of Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Gyeorgsang that administered the whole navy in the south.
- 1590年7月21日(天正18年旧暦6月20日) 使節団帰国。
- July 21, 1590 - The mission returned to Japan.
- フジテレビジョンのドラマ「鹿男あをによし」の撮影にも使われた。
- This gate was shown in the drama 'Shikaotoko Aoniyoshi' (The Fantastic Deer-Man) by Fuji Television Network.
- 日清両国が出兵し、日本から軍を率いた花房義質公使が派遣された。
- Both Japanese and Qing sent their forces; the Japanese force was led by Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the minister to Korea, was also sent.
- 後には検非違使を補助して都の治安維持の業務にあたる事もあった。
- They were sometimes in charge of business of maintaining security of capital by assisting kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) later.
- また、市の治安を扱う事から検非違使の尉が兼務することもあった。
- Also, Kebiishi no jo (Number three officials with judicial and police powers) was often appointed to the post since the post dealt with security in the cities.
- ただ翻訳後もしばらくは「万国公法」の方が優勢で使用され続けた。
- However, for a while after the translation of the book, the word 'bankoku koho' was often used because it was well known.
- その約50年後の2世紀初頭には、倭国王帥升が後漢へ遣使している。
- About 50 years later in the early second century, Suisho, the King of Wakoku, sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty.
- 律令制崩壊後は時代や地域によって様々な里が使われるようになった。
- Various kinds of ri were used by periods and regions after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System.
- また、同じ時代でも目的などによって複数の尺が使い分けられてきた。
- Moreover, even in the same period, several types of shaku with different unit length were simultaneously used for different purposes.
- (通貨として実際的に使用されたのは明治中期頃までと推定される)。
- (It is estimated that such coins were actually used as currency until around the mid-Meiji period.)
- 畳の大きさも、使用される「間」の大きさに応じて異なることになる。
- The size of tatami mats vary according to the size of 'ken' in which they are laid.
- 明治3年(1870年)閏10月9日に「開拓使東京出張所」と改称。
- Renamed the 'Tokyo detached office of the Hokkaido Development Commission' on Leap October 9, 1870.
- 1482年、牙符を携行した最初の日本国王使が通交することで発効。
- In 1482, the Gafu came into effect when the first King of Japan envoy carrying Gafu had diplomatic relations with the Yi-Dynasty.
- 牙符制は日本国王使・王城大臣使に査証の手段を与えるものであった。
- It was Gafusei that granted endorsement to the King of Japan and Ojo envoys.
- ヴァリニャーノは自身の手紙の中で、使節の目的をこう説明している。
- Valignano explained the purpose of the mission in his own letter as follows:
- 広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
- In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.
- つまり騎馬武者が弓箭でなく打物をメインの武器としても使い始めた。
- In other words, the Calvary started to shift from having swords as main weapons, instead of Kyusen.
- 海外使節はまず鴻臚館に入館して大宰府や都へ上ることとなっていた。
- Those envoys were obliged to enter Korokan before visiting the Dazaifu or the ancient Japanese capital.
- その後、縄文後期の前半に東日本で再び土偶が使用されるようになる。
- Afterwards, earthen figures came to be used again in eastern Japan in the first half of the end of the Jomon period.
- 仏領インドシナで使う目的の軍票であったが、殆ど使用されなかった。
- Although the military currency was issued in order to be used in French Indochina, very few notes were used.
- 天武は遣唐使は一切行わず、代わりに新羅から新羅使が倭国へ来朝した。
- Emperor Tenmu did not send any envoys to the Tang Dynasty, but instead envoys from Silla paid visits to the Imperial Court.
- 日本は新羅との関係が悪化する中で、遣渤海使などで交流を深めていく。
- In the midst of deteriorating relations between Japan and Silla, Japan deepened their ties with Bokkai by sending a team of envoys.
- 現在北海道に残る開拓使時代の建物には赤い五稜星があしらわれている。
- Buildings in Hokkaido established while the Hokkaido Development Commission governed it still bear the mark of a red polar star.
- ただし、当時のヨーロッパでは医療目的以外の阿片使用も違法ではない。
- At the time, the use of opium outside of medical purposes was legal in Europe.
- 玄宗は蜀に逃亡、皇太子の亨が朔方節度使を頼り、粛宗 (唐)となる。
- Xuanzong fled to Shu, Crown Prince Heng sought help from the setsudoshi of Shuofang, and the reign of Suzong (Tang) began.
- 信忠は地元の僧侶を使者とし、盛信に黄金と書状を送り、開城を促した。
- Nobutada sent Morinobu gold and a letter through local priest designated as an emissary, and recommended the surrender of the castle.
- しかし、実際には朝廷の検非違使と権限が重複したため、度々衝突した。
- However, in reality, they often clashed with the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) of the Imperial Court because their authorities overlapped.
- よく使われる「五箇条の御誓文」などの呼称は、後の時代の通称である。
- The names like 'Gokajo no goseimon' which were often called were common names in later period.
- 日本の鉄道が戦争に使われたのは、1878年の西南戦争が最初である。
- Japanese railway was used for war during the Seinan War in 1878 the first time.
- 公使交換が西欧の条約体制下では常識であることを説明するためである。
- This was to explain that exchanging ministries was a common practice under treaty system of Western countries.
- はじめ、屯田兵は開拓使の屯田事務局(後に屯田事務係)の下に置かれた。
- At first tondenhei were placed under the tonden jimu-kyoku (bureau) (later tonden jimu-gakari [bureau]) of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- なお医療宣教師が阿片を使用したことも喫緊の課題として幕府を動かした。
- The Bakufu had to address the crucial problem of medical missionaries using opium.
- 紙と真鍮で作られたボクサー・パトロンという現代薬莢の原型を使用する。
- It used a 'Boxer Patron', a prototype of the modern day cartridge made of paper and brass.
- ただし、中国、韓国では民間レベルでは尺貫法の単位が使われ続けている。
- However, private sectors in China and South Korea still use the units of Shakkanho.
- これが、明治時代最大級の疑獄事件である開拓使官有物払下げ事件である。
- This was so-called 'disposal of government-owned property by the Development Commission', which was one of the major bribery scandals in the Meiji Period.
- 正使以下の一行の人数は約500人、供を含めると大体1000人となる。
- The delegation was organized with a senior envoy and 500 members and, when the attendants are included, there were over 1,000 people in the group.
- 清国の実力者李鴻章、イギリスの駐日大使パークスは当初激しく反発した。
- At first, Li Hung Chang, who was an influential person in Qing and Parkes, British Ambassador to Japan, protested vehemently.
- 「使人鴻臚寺の掌客裴世清等至りて、久しき億(おも)ひ、方に解けぬ。」
- 使人鴻臚寺の掌客裴世清等至りて、久しき億(おも)ひ、方に解けぬ。'
- この橋は、将軍の登城の際に使用されるもので、“御なり橋”と呼ばれた。
- This bridge was used when the Shogun came to the castle and was called 'Onaribashi.'
- 行長はすぐに名護屋城に使いを走らせたが家臣一同の不安はとけなかった。
- Yukinaga immediately sent a messenger to the Nagoya-jo Castle, but all the vassals were still anxious.
- 検田権は領家にあり領家に任じられた弁済使が官物・雑役の収納を行った。
- Kendenken was held by landholding families and a Benzaishi appointed by the family collected the Kanmotsu and Zoeki.
- ついで、8月平通盛・平経正が追討使として北陸に出陣する(『吉記』)。
- Following this, TAIRA no Michimori and TAIRA no Tsunemasa departed for Hokuriku as envoys for the search and kill expedition in September or October (August by the old lunar calendar) ('Kikki' (a diary by Tsunefusa YOSHIDA)).
- 4月21日、成親は早くも権中納言・右兵衛督・検非違使別当に返り咲く。
- On May 15, Narichika had already returned to Gon Chunagon, Uhyoe no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards) and Kebiishi no betto.
- その事業は、岩倉使節団の外遊中に明治政府を率いた留守政府に託された。
- The above jobs were left to rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) which led the Meiji government while Iwakura Mission was on a trip abroad.
- その後岩倉具視が帰国し内治優先の立場から使節派遣に反対の上奏をした。
- Later Tomomi IWAKURA, when he returned home, reported the opposition to the dispatch of the envoy, to the throne, and their placing priority on domestic issues.
- 大中少弁(弁官)・大少史(史 (律令制))・史生・官掌・使部からなる。
- It consisted of Dachusho ben (Benkan [Oversight Department]), Daisho shi (clerk [ritsuryo system]), Shisho, Kajo (office under Controllers of Grand Council of State) and Shibu.
- こういった間諜行為が考慮されてか、文永の役以降は使者を斬るようになる。
- After Bunei no Eki, Japan killed envoys, probably being afraid of such spying.
- この時派遣された使者に対し、高祖は所司を通じて俀國の風俗を尋ねさせた。
- The emperor asked the envoy dispatched that year about the customs of Wakoku through his servant.
- 唐に対して反抗的で納めるべき税を全く収めず自らの収入として使っていた。
- Taxes that should have been paid were never paid, and it used them as its own income instead.
- しかしそのため、これらの使節には図書という査証の手段が存在しなかった。
- For that reason, no such endorsement as toso was applied to the envoys.
- 834年には、元は陸奥国印を使っていたのが新たに鎮守府印を賜っている。
- The official seal of Mutsu Province had been used in the Chinju-fu but in 834 an official seal of the Chinju-fu was created and supplied.
- 貫は日本で作られた単位であり、尺貫法を用いる他の国では使われていない。
- The weight unit of kan was devised in Japan, so it is not seen in other countries where the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures are used.
- 建仁寺勅使門(矢の根門)〔京都市東山区大和大路通四条下る四丁目小松町〕
- Chokushimon (Yanonemon) of Kennin-ji Temple [Komatsu-cho, Yamato Ojidori Shijo-sagaru 4-chome, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City]
- 大膳職・大炊寮・掃部寮・内賢・主鈴・左馬寮・右馬寮・兵庫寮・賛者・使部
- Daizenshiki (Office of the Palace Table), Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household), Kamonryo (Bureau of Housekeeping), 内賢, Shurei (officials belonging to the Ministry of Central Affairs and changed with impressing stamps and seals), Samaryo (Bureau of Horses, Left Division), Umaryo (Bureau of Horses, Right Division), Hyogoryo or Tsuwamono no kura no tsukasa (Bureau of Military Storehouses), Sanja (assistants to shonagon [minor counselors] and Shibu (low ranking bureaucrats engaged in miscellaneous works)
- 清国や朝鮮で使用するために、朝鮮語(ハングル)による表記がされていた。
- It was written in Hangeul so that it could be used in Qing and Korea.
- この唐使を送るため、倭国側は守大石らの送唐客使(実質遣唐使)を派遣した。
- In order to send Ryutokuko back to Tang, Wakoku dispatched MORI no Oishi and others as the Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty.
- まず府兵制が機能しなくなり、募兵を中心とする募兵制・節度使が導入された。
- First, the fubing system stopped functioning, and the mubing mercenary system and Jiedushi military governors were adopted.
- 「飛鳥時代」という時代区分は元々美術史や建築史で使われ始めた言葉である。
- The phrase 'the Asuka Period' originally began to be used in relation to the history of art and architecture.
- 岩倉具視を正使とし、政府のトップや留学生を含む総勢107名で構成された。
- It consisted of a total 107 people including the highest ranks of government and students with Tomomi IWAKURA as seishi (senior envoy).
- 使者は俀王を「姓阿毎 字多利思北孤」号を「阿輩雞彌」と云うと述べている。
- The envoy said that the last name of the king of Wa was Ame, his azana was Tarashihiko, and his go was Okimi.
- 『隋書』「東夷傳俀國傳」は高祖楊堅の問いに遣使が答えた様子を載せている。
- The section called 'the Record of Eastern Barbarians, the Record of Wakoku (Japan)' in 'Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) includes a scene between Emperor Wen, who was the founder of the dynasty, and an envoy.
- 使節団一行には軍艦や兵士の護衛がつき、威圧効果を朝鮮側に与えようとした。
- Japan tried to coerce Korea by sending a guard of battleships and soldiers to accompany the envoy.
- 採訪処置使は領内の一つの州に治所を置き治所の州刺史を兼任する役職である。
- Saihoshochishi was a government officer who placed an administrative office in a province within the territory, and additionally, he served as governor of the province.
- 節度使や観察使などを頂点とし、地方を強力に統治し、半独立の様相を呈した。
- With setsudoshi (jiedushi, military governor) and kansatsushi (guanchashi, governor) at the top, the organization had a powerful reign over the provinces with semi-autonomous characteristics.
- その一方で渤海使も交易に比重を置くようになり、来日の頻度も増えていった。
- On the other hand, envoys from Balhae began to put stress on trade and the frequency of their visits to Japan increased.
- それに対し、771年の渤海使は上表文が無礼であることを日本に非難された。
- In reaction to this, Japan criticized the envoy sent in 771 for giving an impolite johyobun (memorial to the emperor).
- 白村江の戦いののち朝鮮半島を統一した新羅との間にも多くの使節が往来した。
- Many envoys came and went between Silla, the kingdom that had unified the Korean Peninsula after the Battle of Hakusukinoe (Battle of Baekgang).
- - 帯方郡から魏の使者が倭国を訪れ、詔書、印綬を奉じて倭王に拝受させた。
- A Daifang Commandery envoy of Wei visited Wakoku, offering the King of Wa an Imperial Rescript and an official seal.
- 斉明天皇6年(660年)5月8日には高句麗使の賀取文が難波館に到着した。
- 賀取文, an envoy of Koguryo Kingdom, arrived at Naniwa-no-murotsumi on June 24, 660.
- また、町と在日本トルコ大使館の共催による慰霊祭も5年ごとに行われている。
- And, every five year residents of the town and the Embassy of Turkey in Japan jointly hold a memorial ceremony.
- 明治6年(1873年)2月25日に留萌に移転して「開拓使留萌支庁」と改称。
- The office was moved to Rumoi region and renamed as 'Rumoi branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission' on February 25, 1873.
- 一般には、耕地・林野の面積には歩が、家屋・敷地の面積には坪が使われていた。
- In general, bu unit was used for measuring the area of arable land, forest and field, while tsubo was used for the area of building sites and houses.
- ただし東アジアで広く使われていた太陰太陽暦では1年の日数は年により異なる。
- However, the number of days in a year was not fixed in the lunar-solar calendar that was widely used in eastern Asia.
- 使節団のほとんどは断髪・洋装であったが、岩倉は髷と和服という姿で渡洋した。
- Most members of the delegation had danpatsu (brobbed hair) and dressed in Western style, however, Iwakura wore the topknot and dressed in wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes) when he crossed the sea.
- 645年、三韓(新羅、百済、高句麗)から進貢(三国の調)の使者が来日した。
- In 645, messengers from Three Kingdoms of Korea (Silla, Baekje and Goguryeo) came to Japan to deliver some gifts (called Sangoku no Shirabe).
- 三事兼帯(さんじけんたい)とは、五位蔵人・弁官・検非違使佐を兼帯すること。
- The term Sanji kentai means concurrently assuming the positions of Goi no kurodo (Kurodo with the fifth rank), Benkan (officials of the Dajokan - Grand Council of State)) and Kebiishi no suke (assistant official of the Police and Judicial Chief).
- 彼らは使者となった明雲・僧綱らを追い返すと神輿を放置して分散してしまった。
- They sent back Myoun and Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs), who were envoys, and dispersed leaving the mikoshi behind.
- 議題は平氏追討の勧賞・京中の狼藉・関東北陸荘園への使者派遣についてだった。
- The agendas were praise and encouragement of searching and killing the Taira clan, violence in the capital and dispatching an envoy to shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in Kanto and Hokuriku regions.
- しかし年月が経過すると、土地使用に供するために古墳を破壊するようになった。
- However, kofun were destroyed for land use after the Kofun period.
- 「目録」という言葉は一覧・リスト・カタログなどの意味で使われる場合が多い。
- The term mokuroku often refers to a table, a list or a catalogue.
- また島津軍が大量の鉄砲を防御に使用し、効果を挙げたことも大きな要因である。
- In addition, using a great amount of guns as defense to increase the strength of Shimazu army became a great factor contributing to victory.
- また海外へ派遣される国使や留学僧らのための公的な宿泊所としても用いられた。
- This facility was also used as public lodgings for Japanese envoy dispatched to foreign countries and for foreign priests.
- 徳川家康は家臣の山口直友を使者として遣わし、和睦を促したが成立しなかった。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA sent his vassal, Naotomo YAMAGUCHI, as a messenger and asked the parties to reconcile but failed.
- 使われなくなっていく石器群、新しく出現する石器群がめまぐるしく入れ替わった
- The obsolete stone tools were replaced with the new stone tools in rapid succession.
- 蒸気機関車10両は全て軸配置1Bのタンク機関車で5社の製品を混合使用した。
- All ten steam locomotives were tank locomotives with 1B axle arrangement comprised of the mixed products use from the five companies.
- しかし各国公使館の護衛兵と義勇兵は合わせても481名に過ぎなかったという。
- However, the total of defending soldiers from each nation's legation and military volunteers was just 481.
- その大使らは、唐の高宗の泰山封禅儀式の際に唐に対しての臣従を誓ったとされる。
- It is said that the team of envoy made a pledge to become vassals of the Tang Dynasty in Gao Zong (Tang territory) during the Taizan Hozen ceremony (a ceremony thanking for the peace and harmony to the heavens by the king).
- 最初に蝦夷「共和国(リパブリック)」という表現を使ったのは、外国人であった。
- The person who used the term Ezo 'Republic' for the first time was a foreigner.
- 朝鮮通信使 - 琉球使節 - オランダ風説書・唐風説書 - 漂流民の取り調べ
- Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary); envoys dispatched from The Ryukyu Kingdom to the Edo Bakufu for paying tribute; world information delivered by ships from the Netherlands and world information delivered by ships from the Tang Dynasty - interrogating castaways
- なお、オランダ東インド会社は出島使用料年額銀55貫に応じ唯一交易を許された。
- The Dutch East India Company of the Netherlands was the only company permitted to carry out trade in exchange for paying an annual rental fee to use Dejima for 55-kan (obsolete unit of currency/weight; 1 kan = approx. 3.75 kg, 8.3 lb) of silver.
- 質量の単位としての石は現在の中国でも使用されている(zh石 (质量单位))。
- Koku is still used in China as a unit of mass.
- (大織冠伝には三韓の使者の来日は入鹿をおびき寄せる偽りであったとされている)
- (According to Daishokukanden [a book written by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in the eighth century] the visit of envoys from Three Kingdoms of Korea to Japan was a setup to lure Iruka.)
- したがって両国が公使を相互に常駐させる必要性を認めることはなかったのである。
- For this reason Korea did not admit the necessity of mutual permanent residence of ministers of both countries.
- 3月21日に織田信長は諏訪に到着し、北条氏政の使者から戦勝祝いを受け取った。
- On March 21, 1582, Nobunaga ODA arrived at Suwa, and received a congratulatory gift of victory from Ujimasa HOJO through his emissary.
- 朝廷側が要求を拒否して使者を追い返したことから延暦寺大衆の動きが激しくなる。
- After the Imperial-Court refused the appeal and sent back the envoy, the movement of daishu of Enryaku-ji Temple intensified.
- 牙符制(がふせい)とは、外交使節の審査・認証を行なう制度(査証制度)の一つ。
- Gafusei was one of the systems of examining and certificating an envoy (endorsement).
- 翌嘉応2年(1170年)正月5日には時忠の後任として検非違使別当に就任した。
- On January 30, 1170, he took the post of Kebiishi no betto from TAIRA no Tokitada.
- 義仲の出陣と入れ替わるように、関東に派遣されていた使者・中原康定が帰京する。
- Immediately after Yoshinaka departed, NAKAHARA no Yasusada, the envoy who had been dispatched to Kanto region returned to Kyoto.
- 7月25日に朝鮮政府から大鳥圭介公使に対して、牙山の清国軍撃退が要請される。
- On July 25, the Korean government requested Minister Keisuke OTORI to expel the Qing troops in Asan by force
- 事実、忠真は肥後国の加藤清正に対し仇を討つための助力を願う密使を送っている。
- In fact, Tadamasa had sent a secret messenger to Kiyomasa KATO in Higo Province to ask for his help in vengeance.
- 家により多様な家紋が使われているが、しいていえば片喰(かたばみ)紋系が多い。
- Various crests were used depending on the family, but ultimately there were many Katabami (cuckooflower) crests.
- 柴五郎は当時砲兵中佐の階級にあり、北京公使館付武官として清朝に赴任していた。
- Goro SHIBA held the rank of lieutenant colonel of artillery, and was transferred to the post of military officer of the Beijing legation in the Qing Dynasty.
- 後にレイは解雇されるが、インドから運ばれた資材は予定通りそのまま使用された。
- Although the Ray was discharged after that, the materials transported from India were used as planned.
- 機関車としてジョージ・スチーブンソンが設計したロコモーション号が使用された。
- The 'Locomotion' designed by George Stevenson was used for the locomotive.
- 北京駐在公使の要請を受けて五月末より、列強の連合軍は軍事介入を計画していた。
- The allied forces of the western powers were planning to intervene with military force from the end of May after receiving the request of envoys stationed in Beijing.
- 蒸気機関車10両は全て車軸配置1Bのタンク機関車で5社の製品を混合使用した。
- All ten steam locomotives were tank locomotives of 1B axle arrangement produced by five different manufacturers.
- 『万国公法』の影響が見られるのは、駐日清国公使と金弘集の会談においてである。
- Influence of 'Bankoku Koho' can be seen at the meeting between the minister from the Qing dynasty to Japan and Hong-jip KIM.
- 有名な作品であるため、他の作品・商品に本書をもじった名前が使われることがある。
- Gakumon no Susume is so well-known that there are many works and products that have titles in a parody of this publication.
- 上述の不動産関連での「坪」の他、職業によって特別の「坪」が使われることがある。
- There are some other kinds of 'tsubo' unit in particular fields of profession other than in the previously-mentioned real estate business.
- 吉備地方の首長の埋葬儀礼に使われた特殊器台・特殊壺が発達した筒形の埴輪をいう。
- The cylindrical Haniwa are developed from ceremonial vessel stand and ceremonial jar used in the burial rituals of a chief of Kibi region.
- 留守政府では朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論が争われ、使節の帰国後に明治6年の政変に至る。
- While they were away, Japanese government without them called Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) had a debate over Japan's dispatching of troops to Korea, Seikanron, which led to political changes in 1873 after the delegation returned.
- 他方、軍事面でも710年の河西節度使の設置を初めとして十の節度使が設置された。
- On the military aspect in the meanwhile, 10 setsudoshi were installed, starting with the placement of setsudoshi in Hexi in 710.
- これを手始めに夏綏銀節度留後の楊恵琳、浙江西道の鎮海軍節度使の李錡を討伐する。
- With this as a start, he suppressed the setsudoshi of Xiasui, Huilin YANG, and Ki RI, the setsudoshi of Zhenhai Army in Zhejiang West.
- その後坂本城は近江国における反織田信長に対する重要な軍事施設として使用された。
- Later Sakamoto-jo Castle was used as an important military facility as a defense against the anti-Nobunaga ODA forces.
- 官戸は官奴婢よりは上位の身分であり戸をなし一戸全員が駆使されることはなかった。
- Kanko were more highly ranked than kunuhi and not all members of a kanko household were employed as slaves.
- 両軍とも講和の機運が高まり、明から使者が来たのにともなって、和平交渉に入った。
- The time for both armies to make peace had come, and they engaged in peace negotiations with the arrival of an envoy from Ming.
- 蔵人佐(五位蔵人で検非違使佐を兼ねる)が弁官に就任して、実現されることが多い。
- Most of such cases occurred when a person of Kurandonosuke (assistant official of kurodo) (who assumed the positions of Goi no kurodo and Kebiishi no suke concurrently) assumed the office of Benkan.
- 御用係や警備係、雑用係などの同朋衆など下級の使用人は前例通りをよしとすること。
- Low ranking servants such as dohoshu (attendants) including goyo gakari (clerks), keibi gakari (security officers), and zatsuyo gakari (housemen) shall follow precedents.
- これは首都への公使駐在と釜山の他二港の開港と日本人の居留通商などを認めさせた。
- With this treaty, Japan forced Korea to allow the Japanese envoy to reside in the capital, open Busan and other two ports, and authorize Japanese residents to trade.
- すると、朝鮮としても日本側の状況を探りたい事情もあり使者を派遣した(賊探使)。
- The Joseon Dynasty sent their delegates partly because they wanted to find out what was going on in Japan (searching delegates).
- あるいは清朝内の徹底抗戦派と和平派の綱引きの間に公使館は置かれていたといえる。
- It could be said that envoys were placed in the middle of a tug-of-war between the resistance and peace parties of the Qing dynasty.
- 現在まで使用されているものの代表例には以下のような熟語がある(松井1985)。
- Followings are examples of the words which used today (Matsui 1985).
- 特にインフレが激しかった地域では、タバコの巻紙に軍票が使われたといわれている。
- It is said that some currencies were used to wrap tabacco leaves in areas where inflation was especially severe.
- 7世紀なって日本は遣隋使を送るようになるが、これは冊封体制のもとではなかった。
- In the 7th century, Japan started to send Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, but this envoy was not under tributary system.
- 他方で唐へ使節を送って和議を願い出るなど、武力と交渉の両面をもって唐と対峙した。
- In the meantime, the Silla forces sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty seeking a settlement, and dealt with the Tang Dynasty by a two-pronged strategy of force and negotiation.
- 「自宅」と宣言するために一夜を明かすのに貴族が使ったのは、一般に寺院が多かった。
- The places which nobles at that time usually used to declare as 'their home' were temples.
- 装薬が充填され信管が取り付けられている尖頭砲弾を使用し、当時最強の火力を有した。
- It had the most powerful firing ability of its day, using steeple skull ammunition and a detonation cord loaded with powder charge.
- 札幌本庁を統括していた松本十郎_(開拓使大判官)は、強制移住に反対して辞任した。
- Juro MATSUMOTO, a senior magistrate of the Hokkaido Development Commission, who headed the main office in Sapporo, objected to the forced migration and later resigned to take responsibility.
- 文永の役以前の使者の行動はかなり自由で、道中では色々な情報を集めることができた。
- Before Bunei no Eki, envoys were rather free and could gather various information during their trips.
- また使者に対する殺害に関して、彼らがスパイ行為を行っていたためと言う見解がある。
- Concerning the killing of the envoys, some consider that the reason was because they were acting as spies.
- これは、元がたびたび使っている戦法であり今回もそれに準じたものということである。
- It is a tactic that the Yuan Dynasty often employed and this case seems to be in accordance with it.
- この虚を突いて783年に乱が起こり、元幽州節度使の朱沘を擁立して長安を占拠した。
- Taking advantage of this void, soldiers rose in rebellion in 783 and occupied Chang'an, supporting a former setsudoshi named Zhu Ci as their leader.
- 淮西の李希烈を殺した功績で淮西節度使となっていた陳仙奇が呉少誠によって倒された。
- Xianqi CHEN, who had became setsudoshi of Waisei because of his accomplishment in killing Xilie LI in Waisei, was defeated by Shaocheng WU.
- 焙烙火矢(ほうろくひや)は、戦国時代 (日本)の日本で考案、使用されていた兵器。
- Horokuhiya was a weapon invented and used in Japan during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
- 装塡ばかりでなく銃腔清掃にも使用する(但し、清掃専用のものは「洗い矢」と云う)。
- It was used not only for loading but also for cleaning the bore (Those that were strictly for cleaning were called washing arrows).
- この傾向は菅原道真により寛平6年(894年)に遣唐使が廃止されたのちに強まった。
- The trend became more conspicuous after SUGAWARA no Michizane abolished the system of the Kento-shi (a Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty China) in 894.
- 特に北京にいた外国公使たちと中国人クリスチャンにとっては切迫した事態を招来した。
- The foreign envoys and Chinese Christians living in Beijing in particular were faced with a very tense state of affairs.
- 開拓使の発足当時、中央政府の財政基盤は弱く、北海道の全域を統治する余力はなかった。
- When the Hokkaido Development Commission was first inaugurated, the financial base of the central government was weak and could not afford to govern the entire Hokkaido.
- 第1回遣唐使には、630年(舒明2)犬上御田鋤(いぬかみのみたすき)が遣わされた。
- The first Kento-shi was sent to Tang China in 630 with INUGAMI no Mitasuki as its chief.
- 一方朝鮮側は1876年5月、答礼使節として両班を成員とする修信使を日本に派遣した。
- In May 1876, Korea dispatched to Japan the training delegates whose members were yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) as a return salute envoy.
- 758年(乾元_(唐)元年)に採訪処置使は観察処置使(略して観察使)と名が変わる。
- In 758, the name saihoshochishi was changed to kansatsu shochishi (kansatsushi for short).
- 節度使は安西・北庭・平盧の万里の長城外節度使とそれ以外の長城内節度使に分けられる。
- Setsudoshi were divided into those stationed in regions outside the Great Wall of China, such as Anxi, Beiting and Pinglu, and all others who were stationed in areas on the inside of the Great Wall.
- 2月20日には依田信蕃が守備する田中城を包囲すると、城内に使者を送り開城を促した。
- On February 20, 1582, after placing Tanaka-jo Castle, defended by Nobushige YODA, under siege, Ieyasu sent an emissary to the inside of the castle, and recommended the surrender of castle.
- また、新制が出されると、鎌倉幕府や有力寺社にも使者が派遣されて直接通達が行われた。
- Upon issuance of each shinsei, it was directly notified by an envoy who was accredited to the Kamakura bakufu and dominant temples and shrines.
- 平安時代の荘園における特定の形態のもとで荘園領主(本家)の使役を受けた人々を指す。
- It indicates the people who worked for the shoen landlord (honke [the head family]) under a special agreement within the shoen during the Heian period.
- なお、4日夜から日本公使は警護兵百数十を連れて朝鮮王宮に国王保護の名目で参内した。
- Also Japanese minister with a hundred and several tens of escorting soldiers entered the Korean palace at night on 4th on the pretext of protecting the king.
- 陸奥では中央に貢納する租庸調・庸の貢納が免除され、城柵の運営財源として使用された。
- Mutsu was exempt from paying Soyochoyo (Yo of Soyocho tax system; Labor or alternative goods) to the central government, and those were used as financial resources for the management of josaku.
- 『元史日本伝』によるとこの使節を送るのは高麗人で元の官吏である趙彝の進言からとある。
- According to 'Genshi Nihon Den' (Japan in the History of the Yuan Dynasty), these envoys were going to be sent because of a proposal made by Cho-i who was from Goryeo and a government official of the Yuan Dynasty.
- なお、「鯨尺」という名前は、仕立てに使う物さしをしなやかな鯨ひげで作ったことによる。
- The name 'kujira-jaku' was derived from the fact that the ruler used for tailoring cloth was made of flexible baleen.
- 丑の刻参りもこのように、妖怪を呼び出し、祟るために使役する点においては同じといえる。
- Ushi no koku mairi and Onmyodo were much the same in that they would summon specter and have them place a curse.
- 政府内部やイギリス公使ハリー・パークスやアメリカなどからは出兵への反対意見もあった。
- There was opposition to the expedition from within the government as well as from British envoy Harry Parkes and the U.S.
- 遣隋使(けんずいし)とは、推古天皇朝の俀國(倭国)が隋に派遣した朝貢使のことをいう。
- The term 'Kenzuishi' refers to Japanese tributary envoys dispatched to the Sui rulers in China during the reign of Empress Suiko.
- 偽の王城大臣使を派遣していたのは、対馬の宗氏と博多商人の連合体であったとされている。
- It was considered that a coalition of the So clan in Tsushima and merchants in Hakata dispatched the pseudo envoys.
- 中国製品以外にも武具に使用される鮫皮や鹿皮、砂糖など東南アジア産品の輸入も行われた。
- They imported not only Chinese products but shark and deer skins used in weapons and products of Southeast Asia such as sugar.
- 時代劇の撮影などでも使われる天秤櫓は、長浜城 (近江国)から移築したといわれている。
- It is said that Tenbin-yagura (Balancing-scale Tower) often used for shooting of jidaigeki (historical play) was relocated from Nagahama-jo Castle (in Omi Province) and rebuilt in Hikone-jo Castle.
- 7日、13日には大衆の再入洛の噂が流れ、後白河は検非違使に命じて西坂本を警固させる。
- On the February 1 and 7, there was a rumor that daishu may go into Kyoto again, and Goshirakawa ordered kebiishi to guard Nishisakamoto.
- 日本の古墳の中でも特に彼を引きつけたのは、巨石を使って構築された横穴式石室であった。
- The most attractive points of Kofun in Japan for Gowland were horizontal stone chambers which are built with massive rocks.
- 明治5年(1872年)4月1日、岩倉使節団がワシントン滞在中、御誓文の話題になった。
- On April 1, 1872, when Iwakura Mission was staying in Washington, Charter Oath came to an issue.
- ただし、「天領」「藩」の用語は江戸時代においては公式文書で使用されることはなかった。
- However, the terms 'tenryo' and 'domain' were not used in official documents of the Edo period.
- 同じくベトナム戦争に派遣された韓国軍も同様の軍票(アメリカ・ドル建)を使用していた。
- The military force of South Korea used the similar military currency (in US dollar) when dispatched to Vietnam.
- クビライはその後も何度か日本に使者を出したが全て無視され、最終的に武力侵攻を決定する。
- Kublai continued sending envoys to Japan several times after that, but Japan ignored all of them, and in the end, he decided on a military invasion.
- 607年の遣隋使では、倭王ではなく「日出處天子」と称したことが『隋書』に残されている。
- According to the description in the 'Zuisho' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), the Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty in 607 used the expression 'the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun rises' instead of the King of Wa.
- この頃、各地で尊攘過激派による実力行使の動きが見られたが、いずれも失敗に終わっている。
- Various radical sonjo party across the country tried to use force at the time, but all attempts fell through.
- ただし、坪だけはメートル法の単位できりの良い値にならないため、現在でも使用されている。
- However, it is difficult to convert the tsubo into the units of the metric system by integral multiples, so that the tsubo alone is still used.
- 律令制崩壊後は、全国一律の尺は維持されなくなり、各地で様々な尺が使われるようになった。
- The official shaku unit was not maintained after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system, and various kind of shaku units were used throughout Japan.
- 開拓使による最初の移民政策は、政府募集の移民を送り込んで定住させるというものであった。
- The first immigration policy the Development Commission took was to send immigrants recruited by the government to Hokkaido and made them settled.
- 水軍用は船上で使うため、邪魔にならない様に柄が短く、立て掛ける為、石突が一変している。
- The one used by the Marines has a short shaft due to limited space on the ship and an unique shaped ferrule for storage purpose.
- このため、8月27日に森山特使に引上げを命じて当面様子見を行うことが決定したのである。
- For this reason, they required to pull the special envoy Moriyama out of Korea on August 27, and decided to see how it works for a time.
- これは、当時の元が日本に使者を送った理由や情勢を考えると、至極妥当だとする考えである。
- It seems to be very reasonable, taking into consideration the reason for Yuan's sending envoys to Japan then and its circumstances.
- この平信兼追討の最中の8月6日、義経は後白河天皇より左衛門少尉、検非違使に任じられた。
- Yoshitsune was appointed as Saemon no shojo (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa on September 19, while he was in the midst of putting down TAIRA no Nobukane.
- 8世紀末になると遣新羅使の正式派遣は途絶えたが、新羅商人の活動はむしろ活発化している。
- Around the end of eighth century, Japanese envoys to Silla were discontinued, but merchants of Silla intensified their activities.
- したがって、高額貨幣と小額貨幣の中間に相当する計数貨幣が無く、甚だ使い勝手が悪かった。
- The lack of a coin with a value somewhere between that of high-value coins and low-value coins was tremendously inconvenient.
- また、対ソ戦を想定しルーブル表示の軍票も試作されたが、実際に使われること無く消滅した。
- Military currency based on ruble was made experimentally on the assumption that they would fought with the Soviet Union, but it disappeared without being used at all.
- 開拓使の廃止後、太政官大書記官の金子堅太郎は伊藤博文の指示で北海道の実情調査を実施した。
- After the abolition of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner, Kentaro KANEKO, a Dajokan great secretary, performed research of actual conditions in Hokkaido under orders of Hirobumi ITO.
- 政府内の提案としては、明治3年(1870年)11月に開拓使が行なったものがはじめである。
- The first proposal of the government was made by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner in November, 1870.
- また倭国から新羅への遣新羅使も頻繁に派遣されており、その数は天武治世だけで14回に上る。
- Furthermore, envoys from Wakoku to Silla were sent frequently, totaling 14 times during the reign of Tenmu.
- 日本語家庭とは家庭においても日本語が使われるというもので、国語運動の最終目標でもあった。
- A Japanese speaking home, in which family members spoke Japanese even at home, was the ultimate goal of the kokugo movement.
- 王政復古 (日本)し開国した日本は、李氏朝鮮に対してその旨を伝える使節を幾度か派遣した。
- After the Restoration (Japan), Japan opened the country to the world, and sent an envoy to Yi Dynasty Korea several times to convey the information about it.
- 香港で使用される石は英語でenstone (Chinese mass)と直訳されている。
- The koku used in Hong Kong is literally translated into English as enstone (Chinese mass).
- また、紀尾井坂の変に至るまでの、実力行使と武力による争乱の時代が幕を開けることとなった。
- In addition, a time of conflict and use of military force resulting in the Kioizaka Incident started.
- パークスや駐日アメリカ公使ビンガムなどはこの一条の挿入に対し非常な肯定的評価をしている。
- Parks and Bingham, the American minister to Japan, gave extremely positive estimates to the insertion of this provision.
- 周辺諸氏と友好を保ち伊達氏に対抗したり、織田信長に使者を送るなど積極的な政策を打ち出す。
- Moritaka hammered out positive policies including trying to cope with the Date clan by maintaining friendly relations with adjacent clans and sending an envoy to Nobunaga ODA.
- また、奉幣使が春日大社及び京都における分社である大原野神社・吉田神社の両社に派遣された。
- And 'Hoheishi' (an imperial messenger to a Shinto shrine) was dispatched to Kasuga-taisha Shrine and to its Kyoto branches (Oharano-jinja Shrine and Yoshida-jinja Shrine).
- 水道は江戸っ子の自慢の物の一つで、「水道の水を産湯に使い」などと言う言葉がよく使われる。
- The water works were a source of pride for the peoploe of Edo, and they are noted as saying that '[they] used tap water to give [their] newborns [their] first bath.'
- 公使館が焼失し(公使自ら火を放つ)、日本人10数人が殺害される事態となった(壬午事変)。
- The legation was burnt down (because of fire set by the minister himself) and dozens of Japanese were killed (Jingo Incident).
- 持統天皇2年(688年)には筑紫館で新羅国使全霜林を饗したと『日本書紀』に記されている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used to entertain 全霜林, an envoy of the Silla Kingdom in 688.
- 後に、擬似的な血縁関係で編成された家臣団での格式を指す名称としても使用されることもある。
- Later, it was also used for the rank name in reference to a social status among vassals who were related by similar blood.
- そして延喜9年(909年)には唐物使に代わって大宰府の役人に交易の実務を当たらせている。
- The Dazaifu entrusted the business relating to trade to the officers of the Dazaifu instead of karamono no tsukai in 909.
- これらの人や物資の輸送には、官営の東海道線と私鉄の山陽鉄道や日本鉄道の輸送力が使われた。
- For transporting those people and goods, the transportation capacity of the government-owned Tokaido Line and private owned railways like Sanyo Railway Company and Nippon Railway was used.
- その中で4両あったシャープ・スチュアート社製の機関車が最も使いやすかったと言われている。
- Four of them were made by Sharp Stewart Co., Ltd. and were said to be easiest for operation.
- ただし、江戸時代中期から後期にかけての史料においては「蘭癖」という語の使用例は多くない。
- However, there are not many examples of the usage of the term, 'ranpeki,' in the historical records of the mid- to late Edo period.
- 1937年に発行されたが、デザインが陳腐していたため、額面300万円しか使われなかった。
- That currency was issued in 1937 but the total sum equivalent to only three million yen was used due to its commonplace design.
- 特に、日本統治時代最大規模の武力蜂起である霧社事件の際は、鎮圧への毒ガス使用が検討された。
- Especially at the time of Wushe Incident, the largest scale armed uprising under the Japanese rule, the use of poison gas was considered to put it down.
- よって勅使らは中原らを出獄させ、弾薬製作所・砲台を破壊し、火薬・弾薬を没収して引き揚げた。
- Therefore, the messenger and others made NAKAHARA and others discharged from prison, destroyed factories to manufacture ammunition and batteries, confiscated gunpowder and ammunition, and then left Kagoshima.
- 開拓使は翌明治15年(1882年)に廃止され、北海道は函館県、札幌県、根室県に分けられた。
- The Hokkaido Development Commission was abolished in 1882 and Hokkaido was divided into Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.
- 箱館裁判所は、諸藩領を廃止するものではなかったが、実質的に諸藩の上位に立つ権威を行使した。
- Although the Hakodate Court was not meant for disabling these feudal domains, it exercised a power over them in practical terms.
- また、蝦夷地の税収は開拓のために用いるので、他の用途に使ってはならないという指示を出した。
- Also, the new government ordered the Court not to use the tax yields in Ezo for purposes other than land reclamation.
- 台北市に設置された台湾総督府本庁舎は、現在も中華民国の中華民国総統府として使用されている。
- The headquarters of Taiwan Sotoku-fu founded in Taipei City is still used as the supreme ruler office of Republic of China.
- その後幾度か関税についての取り決めを改める使節を日本に派遣したが、いずれも成功しなかった。
- Korea dispatched envoys to Japan several times in order to revise the agreement on taxation, but it did not succeed.
- しかし玄宗に重用された中国の宰相李林甫により長城内節度使にも蕃将が任命されるようになった。
- However, Chancellor of China Linfu LIN, who was highly trusted by Xuanzong, made it possible even for non-Han generals to be assigned as setsudoshi stationed in the areas inside of the Great Wall.
- しかし趙匡胤は前轍を踏まないために、宴の席で酒を飲みながら部下の節度使たちに引退を勧めた。
- However, in order not to repeat the mistakes of his predecessors, Zhao Kuangyin, as he drank wine at a banquet, persuaded the setsudoshi, who were his subordinates, to retire.
- 石垣は出丸部分と乾御矢倉部分を残しほとんどが、当時近江鉄道の線路敷設に使用された様である。
- Most of the stonewalls, except the parts of the Demaru and the Inui yagura, seemed to have been used for railroad construction by the Ohmi Railway Corporation at the time.
- 島主歳遣船(宗氏本宗家が毎年遣わす使送船)を嘉吉条約における50隻から半分の25隻に削減。
- Reducing the number of toshu saikensen (ships of head family of the So clan to dispatch an annual envoy to Korea) from fifty, which number was determined in the Kakitsu Treaty, to twenty-five.
- こちらは雑賀衆の他に村上水軍、乃美水軍(浦水軍)、児玉水軍などの瀬戸内水軍も使用していた。
- In addition to the Saikashu, Setouchi navies, such as Murakami navy, Nomi navy (Ura navy) and Kodama navy also made use of Horokudama.
- そして、高経に対し「急ぎ(守護国へ)下向すべし。さもなくば治罰する」と命じる使者を送った。
- Then, he dispatched an envoy to Takatsune and ordered him to 'Immediately go (to a province whose shugo is yourself). Otherwise, I will punish you.'
- この時期の将軍は按察使または陸奥守を兼任するのが通例で、中には3官を兼任する場合もあった。
- In those days, the shogun generally doubled as Azechi (inspector of the provincial government) or as Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province), and some even held three positions at once.
- この「音訳」も日本にまで伝播し使用されたが、次第に「大統領」という訳語に駆逐されていった。
- This 'transliterated' word was disseminated to Japan and used, but gradually replaced with the translation '大統領.'
- このような宗教的使命感こそが翻訳動機の核であったといえる(張嘉寧1991、佐藤1996)。
- It can be said that such religious sense of responsibility was the core of motivation for the translating work (張嘉寧 1991, Sato 1996).
- 天保暦(太陰太陽暦)は明治5年(1872年)12月2日 (旧暦)まで使用、以後は旧暦となる。
- Tenpo Calendar (Lunisolar Calendar) was utilized in public until December 2, 1872, and after the establishment of Solar Calendar, this Tempo Calendar became the unofficial, old (lunar) calendar.
- 坪は日本で生まれた単位であるが、かつて日本の統治下にあった大韓民国や台湾でも使用されている。
- While tsubo is the Japanese origin unit, it has been also used in South Korea and Taiwan because the unit was introduced and established under the ruling of the former Empire of Japan.
- また、京や畿内に惣管・平城京以西の道ごとには鎮撫使、のちに節度使を設置し治安維持を強化した。
- They deployed a Sokan (a military authority) in Kyoto and Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), a Chinbushi (a temporary government post), later a Setsudoshi (a military governor), in every route in areas west of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) to improve the maintenance of security.
- しかしその一方、朝鮮語の使用を管理・弾圧もしており、日本語教育など同化政策も進められていた。
- On the other hand, however, the use of the Korean language was controlled and oppressed, and the integration policy including Japanese education was also promoted.
- 朝鮮側は朝鮮銅貨である常平銭を日本人が使用することを禁じようとしたが、日本側に押し切られた。
- Korea tried to prohibit use of the Korean copper coin called Sangpyeong Tongbo by Japanese people, but it failed because of opposition from Japan.
- 「美術館」「美術家」「美術史」などの語も当然明治時代以降に使用されるようになったものである。
- Naturally, it was only in the Meiji period that the Japanese words related to 'bijutsu,' such as 'bijutsu-kan' (an art museum), 'bijutsu-ka' (an artist), and 'bijutsu-shi' (art history), began to be used.
- 蔵人頭・五位蔵人が弁官を兼帯したり、五位・六位蔵人が検非違使を兼帯することはしばしばあった。
- Cases were often seen where a person of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain)/Goi no kurodo concurrently assumed the position of Benkan or a person of Goi no kurodo/Rokui no kurodo (kurodo with the Sixth Rank) assumed the position of Kebiishi no suke.
- 一方今の南西諸島からは、すでに7世紀の前半から使者が大和王権に「朝貢」するようになっていた。
- On the other hand, the present Southwest Islands had already been dispatching envoys to the Yamato sovereignty to pay tribute since the first half of the seventh century.
- とくに大貴族や大寺院は、広大な土地を囲い込み、一般の農民や浮浪人を使役して私有地をひろげた。
- In particular, powerful nobles and temples fenced off vast lands and increased privately owned land by using ordinary farmers and furonin (people escaped from their registered domiciles).
- ただし後者は、専らこの時代に特定の藩の藩領だった地域の郷土史における歴史区分として使われる。
- However, the latter was only used as historical classification in the local history of territories of specific domains in this period.
- 小泉純一郎は首相在任当時、御誓文を元にした決まり文句「万機公論に決すべし」をよく使っていた。
- When Junichiro KOIZUMI was the Prime Minister, he often used the phrase 'all matters decided by open discussion' from Charter Oath.
- 但し、近年では時代が重なる古墳時代の方が一般的となり、余り使われなくなった時代区分でもある。
- In recent years, however, this term has become used less often, and the term 'Kofun Period', which coincides with the Yamato Period, is now commonly used (kofun is the Japanese word for ancient burial mounds).
- 例えば中国では160匁(中国では「銭」)に相当する斤が質量の基本の単位として使用されていた。
- In China, for example, kin (reads as 'jin' in pinyin) was used as a basic weight unit which was equalized with 160 monme (or 160 'sen' [reads as 'qian,' in pinyin] in China).
- 糸島半島にあった伊都国には「郡使の往来、常に駐まる所なり」と記された外交施設が存在していた。
- There was a diplomatic facility in Ito Province of Itoshima Peninsula, which was recorded in a poem envoy from county always stop at this facility.'
- しかし定着せず、幕末の動乱で一掃されるまで火縄銃が使われ続けた要因になったと考えられている。
- As a result they failed to take root in Japan and the matchlock guns were used until they were cleared out in the upheavals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 欽明天皇22年(561年)には難波大郡(なにわのおおごおり)にて百済と新羅の使者を接待する。
- The government welcomed the envoy of the Baekje and Silla Kingdoms at Naniwa-no-Ogori in 561.
- この遺跡が他の早期の遺跡と大いに違い点は、狩猟で使用する石鏃2168点も出土したことである。
- The big difference between the Wakamiya remains and other remains from the earlier period is that 2,168 pieces of Sekizoku (flint arrowheads) for hunting were excavated at the Wakamiya remain.
- 法令上、「国宝」の語が初めて使用されたのは1897年(明治30年)の古社寺保存法制定時である。
- In the legal world, the first time the term 'national treasure' was ever employed was in the 1897 Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law.
- また、遣隋使で活躍した小野妹子が大徳に昇進した例外を除いては冠位の昇進の記録がわずかであった。
- Moreover, with a few exceptions, including ONO no Imoko, who played an active role as an envoy to Sui Dynasty China, there were few records of promotion up the ranks.
- 独立した予算を立て、久春古丹にあった公議所を樺太開拓使庁と改称した他は、実質的変化はなかった。
- The independent budget was made, and the Kogisho (the lower house) located in Kushunkotan was changed to the Sakhalin Development Commissioner, but there were no substantial changes.
- 縁座(親族の連座)は、実行時にのみ発生し、率いた人数と武力行使の程度によって3段階に分かれた。
- Only in the case of completed disobedience, enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) was stipulated, and there were three levels of enza according to the number of people led and the extent of exercise of force.
- 国語運動は日本語使用を徹底化する運動で、各地に日本語講習所が設けられ、日本語家庭が奨励された。
- The kokugo (literally national language) movement was a thorough movement to make the Taiwanese use Japanese, whereby Japanese language schools were established throughout Taiwan and a Japanese speaking home was encouraged.
- 公定尺は税の取立てや商取引のために制定されるものであり、職人の使う尺に干渉することはなかった。
- The official shaku unit was defined for the collection of tax or business transactions, and that did not concern with the shaku unit used among artisans.
- しかし、民間の尺や公定尺とは別に、大工が使用していた尺は長い間たってもほとんど変化しなかった。
- However, aside from the private and the official shaku, the shaku used particularly by carpenters did not change much for a long time.
- 家宣が将軍に就いた時にも、それを祝って正徳元年(1711年)に第8回目の通信使が来日している。
- When Ienobu became Shogun, the eighth Tsushinshi came to Japan for celebration in 1711.
- 陰陽道の大家で、陰陽師として知られる安倍晴明が使役したという式神に十二神将(十二天将)がある。
- The famed Onmyoji, ABE no Seimei, expert of Onmyodo, used Shikigami called Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities) (also called Juni Tensho.)
- 733年(開元二十二年)、その道をそれまでの十から十五へと増やし、道ごとに採訪処置使を置いた。
- In 733, he increased the number of these paths from 10 to 15, and he also placed a saihoshochishi responsible for each path.
- 彼の離日に同行した天正遣欧使節によりヨーロッパに送られて教皇庁に保管されているとの記録がある。
- Furthermore, the folding screen was later sent to Europe by Tensho Ken-o Shisetsu (mission to Europe of 1582), who traveled with Alessandro VALIGNANO when he left Japan, and is now preserved at the Roman Curia, the record says.
- 遣明船は遣唐使船と異なり、専用船を新造したわけではなく、国内の民間の廻船(商船)の借り入れた。
- Unlike the case of Kentoshisen (envoy ships dispatched to Tang, China), ships of Kenminsen were not the ones that were newly built for exclusive use but the rented private ships (merchant ships).
- 実戦での最初の使用は、薩摩国の島津氏家臣の伊集院忠朗による大隅国の加治木城攻めであるとされる。
- It is said that the first use of guns in battle was seen in the attack on Kajiki-jo Castle in Osumi Province by Tadaaki IJUIN, a vassal of the Shimazu clan from Satsuma Province.
- ロシア側にとって、この通告がいかに突然であったかを知るには、ローゼン公使の対応を見てもわかる。
- How the notification caught Russia off-guard is visible in the response of Minister Rosen.
- 天平8年(736年)に新羅へ派遣される遣新羅使が筑紫館で詠んだ歌が『万葉集』に収録されている。
- 'Manyoshu' includes a poem composed at Tsukushi-no-murotsumi by a Japanese envoy dispatched to the Shilla Kingdom in 736.
- 更に平安時代中期以後には、遣唐使廃止の影響で中国からの新規の学問風潮の流入が実質上停止された。
- In addition, new trends of studies substantially stopped coming in from China after the mid Heian period following the discontinuance of Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty.
- 894年に遣唐使が廃止され907年に唐が完全に滅んだ後も民間レベルでの交易が続くようになった。
- After the envoy to Tang was abolished in 894 and Tang was ruined in 907, commerce with ordinary Chinese citizens continued.
- 中国においても、唐代以後は小尺は使われなくなり、大尺は清末まで次第に伸びて36cmほどになった。
- In China, the xiao-chi was not used after Tang Dynasty period, while the da-chi was used and gradually elongated to 36 centimeters by the end of Qing Dynasty.
- ただし、近代の事件を指して謀反の語を使うことはまれであり、基本的に前近代の事件を指す言葉である。
- It is unusual to use this term to refer to incidents in the modern times (basically the term can be used for incidents in the premodern times).
- 調印時の日本側代表は林董特命全権公使、イギリス側代表はペティ=フィッツモーリス外務大臣であった。
- Japanese representative at the time of signing was Tadasu HAYASHI, the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, and British representative was Foreign Secretary Petty-Fitzmaurice.
- 即位早々の806年、西川節度使(四川西部)の劉闢が勢力拡大を目指して東川(四川東部)を攻撃した。
- In 806, soon after he was enthroned, setsudoshi of Xichuan (western Sichuan) Pi LIU attacked Dongchuan (eastern Sichuan) with the intention to expand his forces.
- 政敵の現れることを恐れた李林甫は宰相になることは出来ない蕃将を節度使に就けるようにしたのである。
- Fearing the appearance of political enemy, Linfu LIN enabled non-Han generals, who were not allowed to become chancellors, to become setsudoshi.
- 結果として、1504年以降朝鮮に通交した日本国王使・王城大臣使の大半は偽使であると見られている。
- It could be concluded that most of the Kings of Japan envoys and the Ojo-daijin envoys dispatched to Korea after 1540 were pseudo envoys.
- 特に鎌倉幕府時代に東使を務めた二階堂氏・佐々木氏らが使者に立てられる場合を「武家申詞」と称した。
- Especially, in cases where a member of the Nikaido or Sasaki clans who acted as Toshi (messenger from the Kamakura bakufu to the Imperial court in Kyoto) was dispatched this was called 'buke moshi kotoba' (report informing the Court of the bakufu's intention).
- なお、扇面古写経もまた異色の書跡資料といえるが、そこでは和様の使い手数名の筆跡が確認されている。
- Senmen Koshakyo (ancient sutra manuscripts on a fan) can be regarded as a unique handwriting reference, and a few handwritings of craftsman using Japanese patterns have been confirmed.
- 実際には、30数年ぶりに帰国した遣唐使の粟田真人が朝政にくわわってこれらの問題が明るみになった。
- In reality, however, it seems that when AWATA no Mahito, who was an envoy to Tang China, returned to Japan after over 30 years and joined the Imperial Court government, such problems became clear.
- 各私鉄から引き継がれた雑多な車両は、国有化後もしばらくの間、私鉄時代の形式番号のまま使用された。
- The various kinds of train cars that were succeeded from the private railways were used in the same model number as they had been used in private railways.
- - 倭王は大夫の伊聲耆、掖邪狗ら八人を復遣使として魏に派遣、掖邪狗らは率善中郎将の印綬を受けた。
- The King of Wa sent eight people, including the high stewards Iseri and Yasuku, as envoys to Wei, during which Yasuku was given an official seal by the Lieutenant Colonel of the Imperial Guard.
- ①書状中に「可御心安候」という文言があることから直江は「尊意」とは明らかに区別して使用している。
- (1) Naoe's use of 'your thought' is obviously distinguished because there was the phrase 'your will shall be at peace' in the letter.
- 上﨟塚砦にいた中西新八郎大将と宮脇平四郎副将に荒木村重の逃亡の事実を巧みに使い寝返りに成功した。
- The fact of Murashige ARAKI's escape was used tactfully to convince Shinpachiro NAKANISHI, the general, and Heishiro MIYAWAKI, the adjutant general, who were in Fort Jorozuka and he succeeded in convincing them to change sides.
- 第二に宝永の武家諸法度を発布し、衣服の制度を制定し、徳川家の家紋である葵の紋所の使用を制限した。
- Secondly, by issuing the second edition of Buke Shohatto in the Hoei era, he established the dress code and limited the use of the family crest of Hollyhock, which belonged to the Tokugawa family.
- 7月17日、辺見は奇兵隊を率いてきた別府九郎と本営の伝令使としてやってきた河野主一郎らと合流した。
- On July 17, Henmi joined Kuro BEPPU, who came leading Kiheitai, and Shuichiro KONO, who came from the headquarters as a messenger.
- 1958年制定の計量法で尺貫法は公式の単位としては廃止され、以降商取引などの使用が禁止されている。
- By the new weights and measures system established in 1958, the traditional system of weights and measures was eliminated as official units and prohibited to use in business purposes after that.
- 薙刀術(なぎなたじゅつ)は日本固有の長柄武器である平安時代から伝わる薙刀を使用する日本武術である。
- The naginata jutsu is a Japanese martial art using a long-handled sword called naginata which originated in Heian period.
- これを根拠に西郷は交渉よりも武力行使を前提にしていたとされ、教科書などではこれが定説となっている。
- It is said Saigo was premised on the use of force rather than negotiation on the grounds of this, and it became an established theory for textbooks and the like.
- しかし国書の中に「皇」や「奉勅」といったことばが使用されていたために、朝鮮側は受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean side refused to receive the sovereign's message because it used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order.'
- 検田権は国衙の側にあり、官物徴収のため国検田使の入部も多く、給主の権利は国衙に対して不安定だった。
- Kendenken (right to survey land) belonged to Kokuga and Kokukendenshi (inspector) would often enter the fields to collect Kanmotsu and the rights of the Kyunushi to the Kokuga were often unstable.
- なお、大牟礼山/大村山は「おおむれさん」と読み、大内軍の陣があったことから戦闘名としても使われる。
- 大牟礼山 and 大村山 (Mt. Omure) read 'Omure san', which was also used as the battle name because the OUCHI army pitched camp there.
- 新羅は日本の侵攻に備えて築城(723年、毛伐郡城)し、日本でも一時軍備強化のため節度使が置かれた。
- Silla built a castle (毛伐郡城) in 723 to prepare for a Japanese invasion and, Japan temporarily installed a setsudoshi (military governor) to strengthen armaments.
- 630年の犬上御田鍬にはじまる日本からの遣唐使は、奈良時代にはほぼ20年に1度の頻度で派遣された。
- Kentoshi (Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China,) starting with INUGAMI no Mitasuki in 630, were dispatched roughly once every twenty years in the Nara period.
- 江戸幕府に対する朝鮮通信使が派遣されて正式の和平が果たされたのは慶長12年(1607年)であった。
- It was in 1607 that Chosen Tsushinshi to Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was dispatched and formal peace was made.
- 断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
- It began with the approach to restore diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty in Korea from Japan to Korea for sounding out the dispatch of Tsushinshi (Emissary).
- 連合軍の攻撃に対し、義弘は大量の火縄銃を使用したり、地雷を埋めるなどして対抗し、よくこれを防いだ。
- Yoshihiro used a massive amount of firelocks and buried land mines to retaliate against the attacks of allied forces and defended most attacks.
- 荒木村重の謀反に驚いた織田信長は、糾明の使者として明智光秀、松井友閑、万見重元を有岡城に派遣した。
- Nobunaga ODA, who was astonished by Murashige ARAKI's rebellion, dispatched Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yukan MATSUI and Shigemoto MANMI to Arioka-jo Castle as emissaries for examination.
- 1989年から1992年にかけて、平和台球場は福岡ソフトバンクホークスが暫定本拠地として使用した。
- Fukuoka Softbank Hawks, a Japanese professional baseball team, used Heiwadai Baseball Stadium from 1989 to 1992 as a temporary home field.
- 日本も1922年に賠償金の一部を中国に対する東方文化事業に使用することを決定し、中国側に通告した。
- Japan decided to use a part of the reparation in the Eastern Cultural Project in 1922 and reported to the Chinese side.
- 仏滅や友引という、仏事と関わり合いそうな言葉が多く使われているが、仏教では、釈迦は占いを禁じている。
- Many words which seem to be associated with butsuji (Buddhist memorial service) are used, such as butsumetsu or tomobiki, but, in Buddhism, Shaka (Buddha) have banned fortune-telling.
- 西洋のヤード・ポンド法などと同様、当初は身体の一部の長さや、穀物の質量などが単位として使われていた。
- Like in the yard-pound system in the West, the dimensions of the human body parts, the mass of grain, and so on, had been used as units.
- 3月17日、太政官から片倉氏家来、角田県に在留していた者600名に対し北海道移住開拓使貫属を命じた。
- On March 17, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) appointed 600 retainers of the Katakura clan, who resided in Kakuda City, as Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- 607年(推古15年) - 608年(推古16年)第2回遣隋使、小野妹子(おののいもこ)らを遣わす。
- 607-608: ONO no Imoko was sent as the second kenzuishi.
- これは現代日本語でのカタカナの使用や英語での固有名詞の表記、ドイツ語での名詞の表記に似た方法である。
- This is similar to the use of katakana characters in modern Japanese, which are used, for example, to write proper nouns from English or nouns from German.
- この時またも公使館が全焼し日本人に30数名の犠牲者を出し、日本国内では朝鮮、中国への反感が高まった。
- The legation was completely burned down and more than thirty Japanese people died, provoking antipathy to Korea and China.
- 6月2日閣議は衆議院解散と公使館、居留民保護の名目で朝鮮への混成一個旅団8000名の派兵を決定した。
- On June 2, the cabinet dissolved the house of Representatives and decided to send a mixed brigade consisting of 8,000 soldiers to Korea on the pretext of protecting Japanese residents in Korea.
- そして彼らが訳語を自らの著作の中で積極的に使用することで『万国公法』の新漢語定着に寄与したのである。
- They used translated terms in their works, this encouraged adoption of the new words of Chinese origin used in 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 当時日朝修好条規締結で解決できなかった両国公使の相互派遣・駐在について、日朝間の見解が衝突していた。
- At that time, there was a remaining problem which could not be solved by the conclusion of Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity regarding dispatch and stay of ministers of both countries and Japanese and Korean side had completely different opinions.
- 665年に唐の朝散大夫沂州司馬上柱国の劉徳高が戦後処理の使節として来日し、3ヶ月後に劉徳高は帰国した。
- In 665, Ryutokuko, who was a Junior Fifth Ranking (Lower Grade) official of Gishu and the head of state of Shiba, came to Wakoku as an envoy to process post-war matters and left after three months.
- 冠位十二階の制度は、第一回遣隋使を推古8年(600年)に派遣した時の教訓から編み出されたものであった。
- The twelve cap rank system was established following lessons learned from the first Imperial envoy sent to the Sui Dynasty in 600.
- 1868年11月、英仏軍艦艦長に随行し、榎本と会見したイギリス公使館外交官外交官の種類アダムズである。
- It was Adams, a diplomat of the British Legation, who accompanied the Captain of Anglo-French warship and met ENOMOTO in Nonvember 1868.
- 1271年9月、元使の趙良弼らが元への服属を命じる国書を携えてきた際には、幕府はこれを朝廷に進上した。
- In September 1271, when envoys from the Yuan Dynasty, including Chao Liang-pi, brought a letter ordering Japan to become its subject, bakufu submitted it to the Imperial Court.
- この分銅は江戸時代を通じて後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、それ以外のものの製作および使用は禁止された。
- The Shirobei GOTO family was exclusively permitted to produce the balance weights throughout the Edo period while other balance weights were prohibited to be produced or used.
- その証拠として経書の解釈においても積極的に仏教などの語彙を使用して説明しようとした点がよく指摘される。
- As evidence, it has been pointed out that Wang Longxi attempted to explain interpretations of the Classics by positively using Buddhist terms.
- 608年(推古16年) - 609年(推古17年)第3回遣隋使、小野妹子・吉士雄成など隋に遣わされる。
- 608 - 609: ONO no Imoko and KISHI no Onari were sent as the third kenzuishi.
- 元々大隈重信の発案による小規模な使節団を派遣する予定であったが、政治的思惑などから大規模なものとなる。
- Originally,a small delegation was to be dispatched,based on the idea of Shigenobu OKUMA, however, it was changed to be a big one due to political agendas.
- 日本から通交する使節はいずれかの牙符を携行し、朝鮮側の保管する片割れと突き合わせることで査証を行った。
- The envoy dispatched from Japan brought any of the halves, that were to be matched with the other half kept by Yi-Dynasty as an endorsement.
- そして、江戸時代にはいろは引き辞書の代名詞として使われるようになり、明治期には教養書の意味へ変容した。
- The word was used as a synonym for dictionaries arranged in iroha order during the Edo period, and then changed to mean educational books during the Meiji period.
- 李氏朝鮮に対しこの要求を直接伝えず、日本統一を祝賀する朝鮮通信使の派遣を要求して穏便に済まそうとした。
- It did not convey these requirements directly to the Yi Dynasty in Korea and tried to settle the situation peacefully by requiring dispatch of Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) to celebrate the unification of Japan.
- 武家屋敷に使用人として住む町人の人口は、幕府の管理下になかったため、江戸の人口統計から除外されている。
- The population of servants living in samurai residences was excluded from the Edo census because it was not an administrative responsibility of the Bakufu.
- 高野山には全面対決の意思はなく、朝廷に嘆願したり信長にも謝罪の使者を送ったりと和平工作を継続していた。
- Koyasan did not intend to oppose Nobunaga at all and continued pacification, such as a petition to the Imperial Court and sending a messenger to apologize to Nobunaga.
- 高野山の僧侶たちは評定の結果条件を全面的に受け入れることに決し、16日に客僧の木食応其を使者に立てた。
- The priests of Koyasan decided to accept all conditions as a result of a conference, and sent Mokujiki Ogo, a guest priest, as a messenger on the 15th.
- 同時に'International Law'の現在の訳語「国際法」以前に使用されていた旧訳語でもある。
- At the same time, it was a term used as a translation of 'international law' before the current translation 'kokusaiho.'
- 平安末期に八幡様の使いと信じられるほどの名馬が現在の柏市で生まれ、「生食」とよばれ、信仰を集めていた。
- At the end of Heian period, a kind of horse was produced in the present Kashiwa City which was so fine that it was believed to be a messenger of Hachiman (God of War), and it was called 'Ikezuki' and worshipped.
- 607年、小野妹子らを隋に遣隋使として遣わして、隋の皇帝に「日出る処の天子、書を日没する処の天子に致す。
- In 607, Prince Shotoku sent Imoko ONO as an envoy to Sui (China) and sent a diplomatic message to the Sui emperor with the wording 'The Emperor in the Land of the Rising Sun sends a letter to the Emperor in the Land of Setting Sun.'
- これは民間で使われる単位が長くなっていったため、時の政権もそれを追認する形で公定尺を改訂したものである。
- The private shaku unit became gradually longer which the government of the time had to confirm, and the official shaku unit was redefine.
- 開拓使は潤沢な予算を用いて様々な開拓事業を推進したが、広大な範囲でなおも全てを完遂するには不足であった。
- Although the Development Commission was allocated with a huge budget to promote various land reclamation projects, the money was still short to complete all the works in an enormous area like Hokkaido.
- 明治4年(1871年)10月に東久世長官が辞職すると、黒田が次官のまま、東京にあって開拓使の長となった。
- In October 1871, when the chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission, HIGASHIKUZE, resigned, KURODA took over the work as vice chief in Tokyo.
- 1275年(日本の建治元年・元の至元十二年)、クビライは再び礼部侍郎杜世忠を正使とする使者を日本に送る。
- In 1275, Kublai sent envoys again to Japan, with assistant minister of rites Shizhong DU as chief envoy.
- 臣(おみ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つで、姓の中では連と並んで高位に位置していた。
- Omi was one of kabane used in the Yamato sovereignty and denoted the highest ranked title along with Muraji.
- 「北路」にて来訪した渤海使は能登客院(石川県羽咋郡志賀町)や松原客院(福井県敦賀市)を経由して都に上る。
- An envoy from the Balhae Kingdom, who came to Japan taking the northern route, would visit the ancient capital Kyoto after lodging at the Noto no kyakuin (Noto guest house in the present Shiga-cho, Hakui-gun County, Ishikawa Prefecture) and the Matsubara no kyakuin (Matsubara guest house in the present Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture).
- 同月上旬、秀吉は木食応其を使者として根来寺に派遣し、応其は拡大した寺領の一部返還を条件に和睦を斡旋した。
- Early in the same month, Hideyoshi dispatched Mokujiki Ogo to the Negoro-ji Temple as a messenger, and Ogo mediated a peace agreement on the condition of returning a part of the expanded jiryo.
- たとえば 朴泳孝らは来日した折り、在日各国公使館を巡り、清朝が介在しない形での条約締結を呼び掛けている。
- For example, when Yonhyu PAKU visited Japan he visited legations of some countries and called for conclusion of treaties without the Qing dynasty.
- それを目的に中国を訪れた冊封あるいは朝貢使節の存在は、中国皇帝の徳が遠くの「夷狄」に及んだ証左とされた。
- Existence of envoys for sakuho or choko was recognized as the proof of emperor's virtue influencing 'iteki.'
- その中で4両あったシャープ・スチュアート社製の国鉄160形蒸気機関車が最も使いやすかったといわれている。
- Among them, four type-160 steam locomotives of Japanese National Railways made by Sharp, Stewart & Co. Ltd. were said to be the easiest to use.
- 中国戦線で使用した日本円以外にもペソやギルダーなどのさまざまな通貨単位の軍用手票が各占領地で発行された。
- Not only the military currency in Japanese yen used during the China-Japan battles, but also other kinds of military currency in various currency units such as peso and guilder were issued in the Japan-occupied areas.
- 百済の影響下にあった耽羅も戦後、唐に使節を送っており倭国・百済側として何らかの関与をしたものと推定される。
- Tanra, a territory that was under the influence of Kudara, also sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty, and it is speculated that Wakoku and Kudara was involved in this matter at some level.
- 明治4年(1871年)2月、角田市知事、大参事は、旧白石藩士の窮状を理解し、開拓使に協議のうえ政府に具申。
- In February 1871, the prefectural governor and chief councilor of Kakuda City acknowledged the distress that former Shiraishi feudal retainers suffered, and reported the situation to the central government after consultation with the Development Commission.
- 代わって赴いた岩村通俊判官の下で札幌の建設が続けられ、明治4年(1871年)5月に開拓使庁が札幌に移った。
- SHIMA's replacement, Michitoshi IWAMURA, took over the construction work of Sapporo City and the head office, and the Development Commission's office was moved in to Sapporo in May 1871.
- 松本の辞職で初期の開拓使の高官はほぼいなくなり、かわって黒田を頂点にした薩摩国藩閥政治が開拓使を支配した。
- With the resignation of MATSUMOTO, there remained almost no senior officials from the early era of the Hokkaido Development Commission, and a government dominated by the Satsuma Domain, with KURODA positioned as its head, took control of the Commission.
- 平城京は大きな川から離れている為、大量輸送できる大きな船が使えず、食料など効率的に運ぶことが困難であった。
- Since Heijo-kyo was built far from a big river it was not possible to use a ship, so it was difficult to transport food efficiently.
- 鎖鎌は主に農民の武器で、戦場に駆り出された農民が武器として鎌を使ったことから発展したとされるが詳細は不明。
- It is believed that kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon by farmers who were forced to fight in a battlefield, and eventually developed into a martial art form, but the details remain unknown.
- たとえば駐日イギリス公使ハリー・パークスは日朝修好条規が日英通商条約と類似しているとの感想を漏らしている。
- For example, English Minister to Japan, Harry PARKES talked of his impression that the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was similar to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce.
- 日本側原案では、公使は常駐であったが、朝鮮側の要求で「随時」とし、必要がある場合に限り派遣することとした。
- In the original plan Japan required that ministers should be permanently stationed, but it was amended to 'at any time' so they could be dispatched only when they were necessary.
- このように曲輪の名称に、「二の丸」や「三の丸」のような数字ではなく、人の名称が使用されたと伝承されている。
- It is said that those Kuruwa were named after people's names, and they were not numbered like 'Ninomaru' or 'Sannomaru.'
- 白河別業(しらかわべつぎょう)は、9世紀から11世紀頃まで代々の藤原氏摂関家当主により使用されていた別業。
- Shirakawa betsugyo was a villa used by the head of the Regents' House of the Fujiwara clan for generations from the ninth century to about the eleventh century.
- 本所法(ほんじょほう)とは、本所が自己が持つ荘園を支配するために荘務権の一環として制定・行使した法のこと。
- Honjo low was enacted and enforced by honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) for the purpose of ruling over their privately owned Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) as part of their Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
- 明治政府は12月に黒田清隆を特命全権大使に任命し軍艦3隻などの艦隊をともなって朝鮮に派遣した(砲艦外交)。
- The Meiji Government appointed Kiyotaka KURODA as a plenipotentiary in December and dispatched him to Korea with a fleet including three warships (gunboat diplomacy).
- 天長2年(825年)には、別当、院使、判官、主典、医師の各1名を置く職制が定められ、延喜式でも継続された。
- In 825, an office-rank system was instituted, consisting of a groom, an administrator, a secretary, a clerk and a doctor, and this system was described in the Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers).
- 承和5年(838年)には第19回遣唐使の副使であった小野篁が唐人沈道古と大宰鴻臚館にて詩を唱和したとある。
- ONO no Takamura, who was the vice-envoy in the 19th diplomatic mission to the Tang Dynasty, and a Chinese person 沈道古 reportedly recited poems together in 838 at Dazai Korokan.
- 『三国志』(三国志)の卷四 魏書四 三少帝紀第四には、正始四年に「冬十二月倭國女王俾彌呼遣使奉獻」とある。
- According to the fourth volume of Sanshoteiki, the Wei-shu four of the fourth volume of Sanguo Zhi (the History of the Three Kingdoms), 'In December [of 243], Himiko, a queen of Wa, sent an envoy.'
- 天皇の行政大権の行使に国務大臣の輔弼を必要とする体制(大臣責任制または大臣助言制)を定めたこと(第4章)。
- The constitution provided ministers with the right to advise to the emperor when he exerted his prerogative, and ministers required to be responsible for their advice (Ministerial Responsibility System or Ministerial Advice System) (Chapter 4).
- 戊辰戦争のさなか、西郷隆盛らはパークスなど外国公使に徳川家を戦後にどう処遇するか、何度も意見を尋ねている。
- During the Boshin War, Takamori SAIGO and others continuously consulted with Harry PARKES and other foreign ministers about treatment of the Tokugawa family after the war.
- 第三に朝鮮通信使の待遇を簡素化し、李氏朝鮮から日本宛の国書を「日本国大君殿下」から「国王」へと修正させた。
- Thirdly, he simplified the reception of Chosen Tsushinshi (Joseon missions dispatched to Japan), and changed the honorific title used to address the Japanese sovereign in messages sent by the Joseon Dynasty from 'Tycoon of Japan' to 'King', which was a higher title.
- 鎖国という言葉は江戸時代の蘭学者である志筑忠雄が享和元年(1801年)の『鎖国論』においてはじめて使用した。
- Tadao SHITSUKI, a Rangakusha (one who studied Western sciences through the Dutch language) in the Edo period, first used the term 'Sakoku' in the book 'Sakoku-ron' (literally: 'theory of national isolation') written in 1801.
- 政府の西南戦争の軍事費は4100万円にのぼり、当時の税収4800万円のほとんどを使い果たすほど莫大になった。
- The military expenditures of the government reached a vast amount of \41 million, almost all of the yearly tax revenue of \48 million.
- 同時に鹿子木の中島健彦、鳥巣の野村忍介に急使を送って川尻の敗戦を報せ、適宜兵を木山に引き揚げるように伝えた。
- At the same time, KIRINO dispatched an express messengers to Takehiko NAKAJIMA at Kanokogi and to Oshisuke NOMURA at Tosu to inform them of the defeat at Kawajiri and to command them to move their soldiers to Kiyama properly.
- 曲尺とは元々は大工が使用する指矩(さしがね)のことであるが、それに目盛られている尺のことも指すようになった。
- While kane-jaku is originally the carpenter's square scale used by carpenters, it became to refer the shaku unit marked with the scale.
- 現在は、尺貫法を使用していた国はすべて国際単位系に移行しており、尺貫法を公式の単位としている国は存在しない。
- All countries that once used the Shakkanho have changed their unit systems to the International Unit System, with the result that not a single country officially uses units of Shakkanho at present.
- 天武10年に皇子表記が使用されていることは、それ以前に天皇表記が用いられていることの証左だと考えられている。
- The fact that the notation of oji is used in 681 is thought of as proof that the notation of tenno was used from before this time.
- これらの意見はほとんど変更されることなく、太政大臣三条実美を通じて訓示に付属する内諭として使節に伝えられた。
- This opinion was conveyed to the envoy without change by the Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO as an unofficial message attached to the instruction.
- そこで、浙江都督であった楊宜は日本に使者を派遣して倭寇の取締を要請するとともに、日本の実情を探ろうと考えた。
- The governor of Zhejiang 楊宜 dispatched an envoy to Japan, and asked Japan to arrest wako, while trying to gather intelligence of Japan's actual circumstances.
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、貿易へ新規参入もしくは拡大を図る者にとって、偽使は一つの有力な選択肢であった。
- Since the Medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, for those who sought to open up or expand their trade, the pseudo envoy was an effective option.
- その一方で、実際に取締りにあたる役人(検非違使・弾正台など)の間でも必ずしも徹底されていたわけではなかった。
- On the other hand, officials in charge of actual enforcement (including kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) and danjodai (Board of Censors)) were not necessarily familiarized with this shinsei.
- 日本や琉球王国においても原始的な火器は使用されていて、火器は倭寇勢力等により日本へも持ち込まれていたらしい。
- Primitive firearms were already in use in Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu around this time, and it is thought that wako was one of the major players who brought these firearms into Japan.
- このように衝突には至らなかったが、新羅の大国意識の高揚により、新羅使も779年を最後に途絶えることとなった。
- In this way, although no conflict occurred, envoys from Silla were discontinued after the final embassy in 779, due to Silla's rising sense of national greatness and prestige.
- 明治に入り、銭 (曖昧さ回避)は円 (通貨) の1/100の日本の補助貨幣の単位として使用することとなった。
- In the Meiji period, sen was ranked the secondary currency unit of a hundredth value of 1 yen in Japan.
- その他八幡製鉄所の建設と鉄道・電信事業の拡充および台湾の植民地経営など、国力充実と対外拡張のために使用した。
- Japan also spent the indemnity to increase its national strengths and external expansions, such as the construction of Yahata Iron Factory, expansion of the railways, and communication industries, and colonial management of Taiwan.
- 征夷大将軍徳川家康と朝鮮側の使節との会見が実現したのは日本軍撤兵から6年後の慶長9年(1604年)であった。
- It was in 1604, six years after the withdrawal of the Japanese army, that an interview of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA took place, who was seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), with an envoy from Korea.
- 173年 - 倭の女王卑弥呼が、使者を送って、新羅に交際を求める(二十年 夏五月 倭女王卑彌乎 遣使来聘)。
- In 173, Himiko, Queen of Wa, sent an envoy to acquire the friendship of Silla.
- 天正元年(1573年)には天台座主補任問題にも関わり、正親町天皇より毛氈鞍覆弓袋などの使用許可を受けている。
- In 1573, he was involved in appointing the head priest of the Tendai sect and was granted the rights of using the things including the felt saddle-blanke) and the bag for keeping a bow by the Emperor Ogimachi.
- 信長も9月21日に宇智郡の領有権を認める朱印状を高野山に与えるなど、直ちに武力行使に踏み切る意思はなかった。
- Nobunaga also did not intend to use military force immediately as he gave shuinjo which admitted the territorial right over Uchi County to Koyasan on November 8.
- また、新井宏は寺院等の実測分析から高麗尺ではなく0.268mの尺が使用されていたという古韓尺説をとなえている。
- Furthermore, Hiroshi ARAI says the kokan-jaku (ancient Korean shaku) theory from the analysis of actual measurements of temples and others that 0.268-meter shaku was used, not the koma-jaku.
- つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
- In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.
- 第2回目遣隋使として、阿毎多利思北孤が、隋の皇帝煬帝(ようだい)に奉った有名な国書(上表文)は次の通りである。
- The following is a part of the famous official letter (Johyobun) from AME no Tarishihoko to Emperor Yodai of Sui Dynasty, which was brought by the second Kenzuishi.
- この他にも諏訪刑部・諏訪采女・段嶺某・長篠某といった者たちを農民を使って殺させ、その首が織田方へと献上された。
- Nobutada ODA also employed farmers to kill many other people, including ministers of justice, court ladies and persons named Damine or Nagashino, whose severed heads were presented to his army.
- これらの大内氏・大友氏・毛利氏の所有する牙符は宗氏に貸し出され、偽日本国王使・偽王城大臣使の通交に使用された。
- Those Gafu owned by the Ouchi clan, the Otomo clan, and the Mori clan were lent out to the So clan, who used them in dispatching the pseudo King of Japan envoy and the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoy.
- そして、義興が後見する室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義稙の使者として派遣された弸中の助力を得て通交再開の交渉を行った。
- With the help of Hochu, who was dispatched as an envoy of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the guardianship of Yoshioki, the So clan negotiated the resumption of the relationship with the Korean Dynasties.
- 後白河は公卿を法住寺殿に召集して対策を協議させるとともに、検非違使・武士に動員令を下して御所の警備を強化する。
- Goshirakawa summoned kugyo (top court officials) to Hojuji-dono Palace to discuss measures and gave mobilization orders to kebiishi (police and judicial chief) to increase security.
- 後には検非違使及び国衙による警察権行使の排除とそれに伴う荘園領主による警察権行使の権限も含まれるようになった。
- Later, it included the right to decline the wielding of policing rights by the kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) and Kokuga, and the right to police by the shoen holder.
- 歩兵・集団戦術で戦う蒙古兵の姿や、軍船、使用した「てつはう」などの兵器が描かれた唯一の画像史料として知られる。
- It is known as the only visual material to show Mongolian soldiers fighting in infantry formations, battle ships, or guns and other arms used in the battles.
- したがって敗戦後の連合軍の報復を考慮したとき、公使館に立てこもる人々を虐殺することに躊躇を覚えていたのである。
- As a result, they were reluctant to massacre people held within the legation area when considering the retribution of allied forces after losing the war.
- 桂の主張を聞いたタフト特使は、韓国政府が日本の保護国となることが東アジアの安定性に直接貢献することに同意した。
- After listening to Katsura, the special envoy Taft agreed that the establishment of a Japanese protectorate over Korea would directly contribute to the stability in east Asia.
- 外国公使などが赴任した場合、君主に挨拶することが国際上慣例となっていたが、当初天皇や公家たちは及び腰であった。
- At that time, when foreign administration officials such as a minister came to a country, it was a custom that the minister greet monarch of that country, but in Japan the Emperor and Court nobles hesitated this at first.
- また外国における公使は、容易に逮捕されないなど外交特権をもつことを相互承認し、公使の身分保障を約束されていた。
- It was acknowledged with each other that ministers in foreign countries have diplomatic privileges such as one for not easily arrested and guarantee of status for ministers were promised.
- 大使の要請を受けて派遣されたトルコ航空機によって215名の日本人全員が救出され、無事にトルコ経由で帰国できた。
- Thus all 215 Japanese people were picked up by the Turkish Airlines airplane dispatched in response to the Ambassador's request and managed to return to Japan via Turkey safely.
- 政府は報告に危機感を抱き、明治3年(1870年)2月13日に樺太の所管を開拓使から分離して樺太開拓使を設置した。
- Hearing the report and sensing of danger, the government removed the administration of Sakhalin from the Hokkaido Development Commissioner and established the Sakhalin Development Commissioner on February 13, 1870.
- これを見た高麗に反乱を起していた三別抄から、共同で元に対抗する軍事的援助を求める使者が来訪したがこれも黙殺した。
- In response to it, Sambyeolcho, which had risen in a rebellion against Goryeo, sent envoys to Japan to ask for military support and cooperation to fight against the Yuan Dynasty, but it was also ignored.
- またタオルなどの織物の場合、織機に使われる筬の鯨尺1寸(約3.787cm)あたりの本数によって密度が決められる。
- In case of the manufacturing textile such as towel, the density of the produced towel is defined by the number of the reeds per 1 sun of the kujira-jaku (about 3.787 centimeters).
- 室町時代の楷書中心の書体から、楷書と行書・草書を二列併記する「真草二行(真草二体)」が広く使われるようになった。
- Instead of Kaisho, which had been the main calligraphic style of the setsuyoshu in the Muromachi period, a writing style called 'Shinsonigyo' (also referred as Shinsonitai), in which Kaisho and Gyosho (a cursive style of writing Chinese characters) or Sosho (a very cursive style of writing Chinese characters, more abbreviated and flowing than Gyosho) were written in two rows side by side, came to be widely used.
- 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
- The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
- 仏教の発展は、遣唐使にしたがって留学した道慈(三論宗)や玄ボウ(法相宗)ら学問僧たちの努力によるところが大きい。
- Development of Buddhism was owed largely to the efforts of gakumonso (literally, studying monks) such as Doji (of the Sanron sect) and Genbo (of the Hosso sect) who accompanied the envoys to Tang to study.
- この前の記述は、247年(正始8年)に邪馬台国からの使いが狗奴国との紛争を報告したことに発する一連の記述である。
- The description before this depicts a conflict with Kunakoku that was reported by an envoy from the Yamatai Kingdom in 247.
- 1882年7月、旧式軍の兵士と市民が漢城で蜂起して新編成の「別技軍」の日本人教官らを殺害し日本公使館を包囲した。
- In July 1882, the old-fashioned solders and civilians rose up in revolt in Hanseong and killed the Japanese military trainers of the newly formed 'Byeolgigun (a modernized special military force)' and seized the Japanese legation.
- この施設は筑紫館(つくしのむろつみ)と呼ばれ、唐・新羅・渤海 (国)の使節を迎える迎賓館兼宿泊所として機能した。
- This facility was called Tsukushi-no-murotsumi and functioned as the State Guest House and lodgings when the government invited the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, the Silla kingdom, and the Balhae Kingdom.
- 同じく9月には南原城から南下した後に西進した日本水軍の先鋒を三道水軍統制使に返り咲いた李舜臣が鳴梁海戦で破った。
- During October also, Yi Sun-sin, who returned to the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, defeated the advancing Japanese navy, which at first moved to the south from the Namwon Castle and then moved west, in the Naval Battle at Meiryo.
- 一方、それまで土偶の使用が見られなかった九州においては、縄文後期になって九州北部および中部で土偶が登場している。
- On the other hand, earthen figures appeared in the northern Kyushu and Chubu regions during the end of the Jomon period; the use of the earthen figures had not seen in Kyushu until then.
- 北部の熊田には小倉処平・佐藤三二が指揮する5個中隊を配備して熊本鎮台兵に備え、予備隊として使用するつもりであった。
- In Kumata in the northern part, five companies led by Shohei OGURA and Sanji SATO were deployed as a reserve troop to fight against the soldiers of Kumamoto Garrison.
- 明治維新後、初めて藩という呼称が公式に使用されたが、廃藩置県で藩が消失するまでのわずか2年程度の行政区名称である。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the name 'han' was officially used, but only for about two years as a public administration name, until han were cleared under Haihan-chiken.
- そしてこの注釈書は元朝以来、徐々に科挙に登用され、明朝初期に及び、科挙の使用注釈書は全て朱子学系統のものとなった。
- The commentaries gradually came to be used in the national civil service examination during the Yuan Dynasty, and by the early Ming Dynasty, all the commentaries used in the examination were those of Shushigaku.
- 平氏政権・鎌倉幕府はその下で権限を行使をする存在とされ、また朝廷・院が独自に警察力・軍事力を行使することもあった。
- The Taira clan government and the Kamakura bakufu were considered as the law-enforcement agency under the control by the Emperor or the retired emperor, who sometimes exercised the police and military forces directly.
- 連(むらじ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。
- Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.
- 前者の条約交渉には、日本からは全権大使黒田清隆と副使井上馨が、朝鮮からは簡判中枢府事申櫶と副総管尹滋承が出席した。
- In the first stage of negotiations Ambassador plenipotentiary Kiyotaka KURODA and the Vice-envoy Kaoru INOUE from Japan and General of the Royal Brigade Heon SHIN and Minister of Rites Ja-seung YUN from Korea attended.
- 義政は日朝貿易権の統制を重要視しており、牙符を極秘裡に私蔵し在京有力守護に対しても王城大臣使の派遣を許さなかった。
- Yoshimasa regarded controlling over the right of Japan-Korea trade as important such that he secretly owned Gafu and did not allow even the influential shugo (military governor) living in the capital to dispatch the Ojo-daijin envoy.
- 久光は勅使大原重徳とともに江戸へ赴き、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)の将軍後継職就任や、幕府に対して幕政改革などを要求する。
- Hisamitsu toured to Edo with the Imperial Envoy, Shigetoku OOHARA, and demanded that the Shogunate accept Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (Keiki TOKUGAWA) as the successor Shogun and reform the Shogunate.
- 713年、靺鞨族や旧高句麗人(狛族)を中心に中国東北部に建国された渤海 (国)とは緊密な使節の往来がおこなわれた。
- Japan carried out rigorous diplomatic missions to Balhae, which had been established in 713 mainly by the Makkatsu tribe and people from former Goguryeo(狛族) in the north-eastern area of China.
- 渤海は、唐・新羅の対抗上727年(神亀4年)に日本に渤海使を派遣して国交を求め、日本に対し臣従するかたちをとった。
- In 727, Balhae sent an envoy to Japan asking for diplomatic relations in order to cope with Tang and Silla, and became a vassal to Japan.
- 「鉄砲」とは日本においてはじめは火縄銃をさす言葉として使われ、後に小銃から大砲まで火器一般を意味する名称となった。
- In Japan, while the term 'teppo' was first used only for matchlock guns, the term later referred to general firearms including rifles and cannons.
- しかし、将軍代替りの際に行われた朝鮮通信使やオランダ商館長らによって世界的な情勢は大体把握していたといわれている。
- However, it is said that the shogunate government roughly kept up with foreign affairs through the Korean Emissary that were dispatched in every shogunate succession, and the curator of Dutch trading house.
- 「日本」の枠組みがほぼ完成した8世紀、文武天皇によって遣唐使が再開され、粟田真人を派遣して唐との国交を回復している。
- When the framework of 'Japan' neared completion in the 8th century, Emperor Monmu restarted sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and tried to restore their relations by dispatching AWATA no Mahito as the envoy.
- また、サッポロビールのマークは現在は金色の星となっているが、もともとは開拓使麦酒醸造所の伝統を引き継ぐ赤い星だった。
- Also, the former trademark of Sapporo Breweries Ltd. was a red polar star, although the current mark is a gold star, as the company was grown from a brewery started by the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitakushi Bakushu Jozojo).
- 樺太にはこれ以後高官が派遣されることも任命されることもなく、樺太開拓使は明治4年(1871年)8月7日に廃止された。
- No high officers were dispatched to Sakhalin nor appointed since then, and Sakhalin Development Commissioner was abolished on August 7, 1871.
- 樺太開拓使が置かれた明治3年(1870年)2月13日から明治4年(1871年)8月7日までは、北海道開拓使と称した。
- It was called the Hokkaido Development Commission from February 13, 1870 to August 7, 1871 during which period the Sakhalin Development Commission was also activated.
- また、李氏朝鮮も徹底した文治主義をとり、非常に形式主義的な性格の強い朝鮮使節の応接は勅旨以上に気を使うものであった。
- Since the Joseon Dynasty was the government by law and reason rather than by military force, the envoy observed formalism so strictly that the Japanese government had to treat them more carefully than the Imperial order.
- ここでは中国史に合わせて遣隋使として紹介しているが、『日本書紀』では「隋」ではなく「大唐國」に遣使を派遣したとある。
- In this article, the first envoy is described as the first kenzuishi in accordance with Chinese history, but 'Nishonshoki' says the envoy was dispatched to 'Great Tang' instead of Sui.
- 日本人が日朝双方の貨幣を使用することができるようにする条項も、三条から譲歩してはいけないと訓示されていたものである。
- Sanjo also instructed that the provision stating that Japanese people could use currencies of Japan and Korea was not to be compromised.
- しかし、国内においては「大王(おおきみ)」「治天下大王(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)」号が使用されていたとされる。
- However, within Japan, the titles 'okimi' and 'amenoshitashiroshimesu okimi' are said to have been used.
- その度量衡法も昭和26年(1951年)に廃止され、その後の計量法ではメートル法に統一され公式には使用されなくなった。
- The Weights and Measures Act was abolished in 1951, and later, the Measurement Act standardized Japanese measurement units into the metric system, when ryo was ended in its official use.
- しかし、荘園の寄進を受けて本家や領家となった大貴族(権門勢家)・大寺社などの荘園領主はみずからの政治権力を行使した。
- However, having been donated shoen, major aristocrats (the great and powerful) and major temples became honke (the owner of the highest-grade patches of land under the stratified land ruling) or ryoke (lords of the manors), and they exercised their political power as the lords of shoen.
- 明治政府は交渉決裂の場合の清との開戦も決し、9月「和戦を決する権」を与えられた大久保が全権大使として北京で交渉した。
- The Meiji Government, with the determination of starting a war with Quing after a breakdown in negotiations, gave Okubo full authority to 'decide on war or peace,' and in September, Okubo had talks in Beijing as a plenipotentiary.
- これは使節の交換と領事駐在および限定的な領事裁判権、開港と通商および協定関税率を相互に認めるという平等条約であった。
- This was an equal treaty that mutually authorized the exchange of envoys, the presence of the consular with restricted jurisdiction, opening of a port and commerce, and tariff rates based on an agreement.
- 日本側・外国公使側とも「万国公法」ということばを用いて会話・書簡のやりとりしており、国際法に非常に注意を払っていた。
- Both Japan side and foreign ministers frequently used the word 'bankoku koho' in conversations and letters, which means they were very much concerned about international law.
- そういう場合は「万国公法」という表記を用い、『万国公法』も含めた近代国際法体系の与えた影響という意味で使用している。
- Therefore, in such case, it is described as 'bankoku koho' to mean the influence given by the modern international law system including 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 明治4年(1871年)8月20日に分領支配は廃止され、開拓使が館県(旧松前藩領)を除く全域を直轄統治することになった。
- The land allocation system was terminated on August 20, 1871 and the Hokkaido Development Commission was established to directly govern the island except Date Prefecture (the former Matsumae domain).
- 1988年に前橋営林署が足尾地区の治山事業に使用した金額は、2億9400万円であり、栃木県は5億8500万円を投じた。
- In 1988, for the afforestation projects in the Ashio area, the Maebashi Forest Management Office allocated 294 million yen and Tochigi Prefecture spent 585 million yen.
- 最初の統一王朝新羅の時代には、清海鎮大使張保皐が中国・日本まで股にかけた東アジアの大海上勢力を築きあげたことが名高い。
- During the period of the first unified kingdom Shilla, Cheonghaejin Ambassador Jang Bogo was famous for building large forces on the sea in East Asia, straddling as far as China, Japan.
- 遣明船として遠洋航海用に艤装品を充実させ、外交使節や有力商人などの居室用の屋形を増設するなど大規模改修を行って用いた。
- These rented ships were used for Kenminsen after conducting major renovation such as the installation of hull fittings suitable for ocean navigation and the expansion of cabins for diplomatic envoys or influential merchants.
- 将軍宣下(しょうぐんせんげ)とは、天皇が武家政権の長であり、日本国の統治大権を行使する征夷大将軍位を与える儀式のこと。
- The appointment to Shogun refers to a ceremony where the Emperor granted the title of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as the head of a military government and to govern Japan.
- 近世以降、所従の語は余り使われなくなり隷属民の呼称としては武家、農家にかかわらず下人の称が多く用いられるようになった。
- After the early-modern times, the designation Shoju became gradually obsolete, while the word Genin became used frequently as a designation of slaves whether their masters were military families or farmers.
- これに対して蝦夷は709年および720年に反乱を起こし、720年の時には陸奥按察使上毛野広人が殺害される事態となった。
- In response, Ezo started a revolt in 709 and 720 and, in 720, KAMITSUKENO no Hirohito, who was the Mutsu no azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), was killed.
- ただ、大名は支配土地を自由自在に支配できたわけではなく、幕府からは大目付が発する監察使にその行政を監視規制されていた。
- However, daimyo was not allowed to administer the fief at their own will, and put under the surveillance of inspectors who were sent by the chief inspector in Edo (ometsuke).
- 小谷城で使われていた資材や、あらかじめ、竹生島に密かに隠されていた材木などを見つけ出し、それらを使用し築城を開始した。
- He began building the castle by utilizing the material used at Kotani-jo Castle as well as wood and other material, which he found hidden at Chikubu-shima Island.
- その一方、多くの朝鮮人捕虜が戦役で失われた国内の労働力を補うために使役され、また奴隷として海外に売られたこともあった。
- On the other hand, many Korean captives were roped into working as replacements of lost domestic labor for the war and some were sold overseas as slaves.
- この日本側の措置に東莱府使は激怒して、10月には日本公館への食糧等の供給を停止、日本人商人による貿易活動の停止を行った。
- Toraifu side was so angered by these acts that they stopped supply of food etc. to Nihon Kokan and also prohibited the trading activities by Japanese traders.
- 協約締結後の1907年に、協約の無効を主張する高宗 (朝鮮王)の親書をたずさえた密使の派遣が露見する(ハーグ密使事件)。
- In 1907, after the conclusion of the treaty, the dispatch of the secret agent who carried a personal letter of Gao Zong (King of Korea) that insisted on invalidity of the treaty was exposed (the Hague Secret Emissary Affair).
- 同じく開港場にて日本の貨幣使用が認められている点も西欧の対日条約と同じであるが、それらでは銅貨の輸出は認められていない。
- The use of Japanese currency at the cities with open ports was permitted in the treaties between Japan and the countries in Western Europe, where the export of copper coins was not allowed, however.
- その後、中国をはじめて統一した(紀元前221年)秦の始皇帝は、価値を落とした王号に代わって新しい称号「皇帝」を使用した。
- Later, the first Qin Emperor who unified China for the first time (221 BC) used the new title 'emperor' instead of the title of king which lost its value.
- 宿禰の語は、野見宿禰、葦田宿禰や武内宿禰のように、大和朝廷初期(1世紀~4世紀ごろ)では名前として使われていた様である。
- It seemed that Sukune was used as a name such as NOMI no Sukune, ASHIDA no Sukune, TAKEUCHI no Sukune in the early Yamato Dynasty (the first century - the fourth century).
- これら偽使派遣勢力は、図書に関しては印影を盗み木印を製作するなど高度な偽造技術を持っていたが、牙符の偽造は困難であった。
- As for toso, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys had advanced counterfeiting techniques such as stealing the seal and producing a wooden seal; however, they could not counterfeit Gafu.
- 不入の権(ふにゅうのけん)とは、荘園などが国衙からの使者(検田使・収納使・四度使など)の立入を拒否することが出来る権利。
- Funyu no ken is the right of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to decline the entry of messengers (Kendenshi, Shunoshi, Shidoshi, etc.) from the Kokuga (provincial government offices)
- ただし、国際的に匁 (momme) が真珠の質量の単位として使われており、それとともに貫 (kan) も使用されている。
- However, as the weight unit of a pearl, monme, along with kan, is still used as an international weight unit.
- 田中勝介等の使節団はドン・ロドリゴの帰郷に同船しヌエバ・エスパーニャを訪問、セバスティアン・ビスカイノに同行し帰国した。
- The mission including Shosuke TANAKA took the ship for the return of Don Rodorigo, paid a visit to Nueva Espana and returned to Japan with Sebastian VIZCAINO.
- 2006年に日本銅センターが行った実験によって銅イオンの殺虫効果が確認されたが、なるべく新しい硬貨を使う方がいいという。
- An experiment carried out by the Japan Copper Center in 2006 proved the pesticidal effect of copper ion, and according to the experiment, new coins are more effective.
- 当初は尼崎城に陸揚げされ有岡城に届けられていたが、次第に織田信長軍の砦が築かれると、尼崎ルートの補給路は使えなくなった。
- At the beginning, provisions were landed to Amagasaki-jo Castle and sent to Arioka-jo Castle, but as forts of troops of Nobunaga ODA were constructed one by one, the supply route via Amagasaki became inoperable.
- また日中両国は同じ漢字を使用するが、この本ではマーティンの訳語をそのまま移入せず、独自の訳語を採用した箇所がかなりある。
- Although there were some kanji (Chinese characters) used both in Japan and China, the book did not just adopt translated words of Martin version but newly translated words for the book in many parts.
- 「令制国」という語は、20世紀末に用いられ始めた歴史学の用語であり、早いものでは1980年代半ば頃から使用例が現れている。
- The term ' Ryosei province' is the historical academic term that started to be used at the end of 20th century and early examples for use of the term ' Ryosei province ' appeared in the middle of 1980s.
- 例えば「身長4寸」と言われれば、それが5尺4寸の意味であるということは、尺貫法が広く使われていた時代にはほぼ常識であった。
- For example, when someone said '4 sun for height,' it meant 5 shaku and 4 sun, and this was almost common sense when the East Asian traditional system of weights and measures was widely used.
- 鯨尺は大宝律令以前から使われていた高麗尺(こまじゃく)に由来するとする説があるが、室町時代に作られたものだという説もある。
- Some say that the kujira-jaku could have been derived from koma-jaku (Goryeo shaku) used before the Taiho Ritsuryo code, and other say that the kujira-jaku was invented in the Muromachi period.
- つまり、この時代には唯一の検断権の行使機関であった鎌倉幕府に対する反抗は即ち社会秩序全体を危うくする行為と見なされていた。
- A rebel against the Kamakura bakufu, which was the only agency to exercise the right to criminal cases, was considered as a dysfunctional behavior in this period.
- 開拓使の初代長官には、旧幕時代から北方の重要性を説いていた佐賀藩主鍋島直正が就任したが、彼は実務にとりかかる前に辞任した。
- The first chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission was Naomasa NABESHIMA who claimed the importance of Ezo even before the bakufu era ended, but he resigned before embarking on the practical reclamation work.
- 614年(推古22年) - 615年(推古23年)第5回遣隋使、犬上御田鍬(いぬかみのみたすき)・矢田部造らを隋に遣わす。
- 614 - 615: INUKAMI no Mitasuki and YATABE no Miyatsuko were sent as the fifth kenzuishi.
- 更に当時における日本大使館以て征韓を政府に決行させようとしていたとも言われる(これは西郷が板垣に宛てた書簡からうかがえる。
- In addition, it is said that they tried to get the government to implement subjugation of the Korea with Japanese Embassy at that time (this can be seen in a letter written by Saigo for Itagaki).
- そして検注の実施年月日と「注進如件」の書止を記し、荘園領主から派遣された検注使と在地の荘官、場合によっては地頭が連署した。
- It was carried out on the same date the kenchu was carried out and the established words 'chushin kudan no gotoshi' (the case is thus reported as above) as well as the signatures of the kenchushi (land surveyor) were dispatched by the manor owner, the local shokan (an officer entrusted with local management by the manor owner), and in some cases, jito (estate steward).
- 当初は太政官の上卿から弾正や検非違使に勅許の内容を伝えることとなっていたが、後に外記が宣旨を作成して伝える方法に変わった。
- Initially, the high-ranking courtiers of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) were to transmit the content of the decree to the Danjo (censors) and Kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but later it changed to the Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) preparing the senji and transmitting the content.
- だが、足利義満の時代に室町幕府が京都市中の支配権を完全に掌握すると、検非違使は事実上廃止されて地奉行に権限が一本化された。
- But once the Muromachi bakufu took total control of the city of Kyoto in Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's day, the post of kebiishi was virtually abolished and the authority was granted to jibugyo exclusively.
- 大使をはじめとする遣唐使には、留学生や学問僧なども加わり、多いときには約500人におよぶ人びとが4隻の船に乗って渡海した。
- The envoys consisted of approximately 500 people (including the chief, scholars and monks sent to Tang to study) and they made the voyage to Tang with four vessels.
- この露梁海戦で島津水軍は苦戦したが、明・朝鮮も明水軍の副将、や朝鮮水軍の三道水軍統制使の李舜臣を含む複数の幹部が戦死した。
- Shimazu clan's navy had a hard time in the Naval Battle of Noryang, but on the side of Ming and Korea, multiple top officials including the adjutant general of the navy of Ming and Yi Sun-sin, who was the Naval Commander of Three Provinces of the navy of Korea died in this war.
- 陰陽道においては赤舌神(太歳神の王都の西門の番神)が六鬼の鬼神を使役し、それを六日周期で一鬼ずつ遣わして守護せらるという。
- In Onmyodo, it is said that Shakuzetsu-jin God (Guardian god at the west gate of Oto [imperial capital] of Taisai-jin God [spirit of Jupiter]) employs six Kijin (demon-gods) to send one by one every six days to protect.
- しかし1868年、松平慶永らが「万国公法」を根拠に謁見を許可するよう上奏し、フランス・オランダ両公使の参内謁見がかなった。
- In 1868 however, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA and others proposed permission of audience on ground of 'Bankoku Koho' and ministers from France and the Netherlands were invited to the Imperial Court and had an audience with the Emperor.
- これはマーティンたちが、中国人にとって国際法を受容しやすくするために、儒教的用語を駆使して「普遍性」を演出したためである。
- This is because that Martin and so on tried to add stress on 'universality' by fully utilizing Confucian terms in order to make international law easily understandable to Chinese.
- そのため、日本軍は戦争の進展に応じて様々な軍票や傀儡政権下の中国聯合準備銀行や中央儲備銀行が発行した銀行券も使用していた。
- So, Japanese military, according to the development of the war, used various kinds of military currency, as well as the bank notes issued by Federal Reserve Bank Of China and Central Reserve Bank Of China under the then puppet government.
- ほか、使用人、家来等は他人であっても養育している者は附籍として、その養育する者の戸籍に登載されていた(明治15年登載禁止。)
- Those who were employees and retainers, even if they were not related, were also registered in the family register of those who raised them as additional registrants (it was forbidden in 1882).
- 新約聖書はイエス・キリストの直接の弟子である使徒に由来するとされる正典と、それ以外の外典との仕分けが4世紀には行われている。
- Concerning the New Testament, classification between canonical books, which are said to stem from the Twelve Apostles, immediate pupils of Christ, and other secular books were conducted at least till the 4th century.
- 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
- The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.
- 美術史では、遣唐使が廃止された894年あたりを境にして、以前を平安時代前期、以後を平安時代後期(藤原時代)と呼ぶことが多い。
- Commonly, from the perspective of art history, the term until around A.D. 894 (the year that the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang-dynasty China was ended) is called the Heian period's former half, and the term after the year is called the Heian period's latter half (or the Fujiwara period).
- 行書・草書は日常的に使われ、楷書は敬意を示すなど改まった時に使用されており、利用者のニーズに対応した変化だったと考えられる。
- Considering the fact that Gyosho and Sosho were used daily and Kaisho was used in formal occasions where one had to express respect, the above change was made in response to the users' demands.
- そして1904年2月6日、日本の外務大臣小村寿太郎は当時のロシアのロマン・ローゼン公使を外務省に呼び、国交断絶を言い渡した。
- Subsequently, on February 6th, 1904, Jutaro KOMURA, the Japanese Foreign Minister called Roman Rosen, the Russian Minister to Japan to the Foreign Ministry and notified him of the severance of diplomatic relations.
- 一方織田信長は石山本願寺と荒木村重の両軍を敵に回すは得策でないと考えたのか、村井貞勝を使者とし石山本願寺に和議を申し入れた。
- On the other hand, Nobunaga ODA might have thought that to make enemies of both of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Murashige ARAKI and sent Sadakatsu MURAI as an emissary to Ishiyama-Hongan-ji Temple for making overtures of peace.
- 明智光秀らの使者の言を一旦聞き入れ自ら安土城に赴き母親を人質に釈明すべく有明城を出立した荒木村重は、途中茨木城に立ち寄った。
- Murashige ARAKI, who accepted once the words of the emissaries including Mitsuhide AKECHI and departed Arioka-jo Castle to visit Azuchi-jo Castle and make explanation by himself offering his mother as a hostage, dropped at Ibaraki-jo Castle.
- 本格的な客貨両用鉄道は1830年にイギリスで開通したリバプール・アンド・マンチェスター鉄道で蒸気機関車ロケット号を使用した。
- Full service passenger and cargo railroad service by Liverpool and Manchester Railway came on line in 1830 in England pulled by a locomotive 'Rocket'.
- 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- むしろ朝鮮通信使のように、慶弔といった事柄に対し随時使節を送れば良いと主張し、そして首都に常駐することに非常な懸念を表明した。
- Korea insisted that ministers should be dispatched at any time such as occasions of congratulation or condolence as the messenger of Korea did, so they were very concerned about the permanent residence of a minister in the capital.
- 駐日イギリス公使パークスも、日本の朝鮮への要求が日本に対する欧米側の要求よりも上まわっていることについて、非常に注目していた。
- Parkes, the English minister to Japan, paid great attention to the point that the Japanese demand to Korea was heavier than that from Europe and the United States to Japan.
- 九州探題や守護・国人のような大勢力に対しては外交と公貿易を兼ねた通交が許可され、それら通交使節を派遣する船は使送船と呼ばれた。
- Such powers as Kyushu tandai (the Military Governor of Kyushu), shugo (provincial governor appointed by the shogun), and kokujin (native chieftains, certain local powers) were authorized to have traffic for both diplomatic and commercial purposes, and the ships which brought those envoys were called Shisosen (envoy sending ship).
- 事変後政治的に後退していた日本は竹添進一郎公使を10月30日漢城に帰任させ、済物浦条約の未払い分40万円の返上を申し出させた。
- Japan in political regression after the incident made Shinichiro TAKEZOE return to his post as minister to Korea in Hanseong on October 30 and he proposed to give up an unpaid 400,000 yen required in the Jemulpo Treaty.
- 6月10日海軍陸戦隊400と大鳥圭介公使が漢城に入り、後続部隊を合わせて4000名の混成旅団が首都周辺に駐留することとなった。
- On June 10, 400 squadrons of Japanese Navy, Land Forces, and the minister to Korea Keisuke OTORI entered Hanseong with a plan that a total of 4,000 solders of mixed brigades with the following troops would be stationed in the capital and the surrounding area.
- しかし、高宗 (朝鮮王)はこの第二次日韓協約の裏をかく形で再びハーグ密使事件を引き起こし、結果として退位させられることとなる。
- However, Gao Zong (Korean King) caused the Hague Secret Emissary Affair by outsmarting the Eulsa Treaty, which resulted in him being replaced.
- 現代 (時代区分)の歴史学においては、「鎖国」ではなく、東アジア史を視野に入れてこの「海禁政策」という用語を使う傾向がみられる。
- Modern historical science tends to use the term 'Kaikin Policy' instead of 'Sakoku' in light of East Asian history.
- 今日の日本においても影響力が強く、結婚式は大安がよい、葬式は友引を避けるなど、主に冠婚葬祭などの儀式と結びついて使用されている。
- Now in Japan, rokuyo has a strong influence mainly on ceremonial occasions, for example, it is better to have a wedding on taian and to avoid a funeral on tomobiki.
- 例えば住宅の建設費で、坪当たりの単価を示す場合には「坪あたり○万円」を使わず「3.3平方メートルあたり○万円」の形で表記される。
- In showing the price of 1 tsubo when a house is constructed, for example, it is written as 'some thousand yen per 3.3 square meters' instead of 'some thousand yen per 1 tsubo.'
- しかし宴饗の儀における日本大使の大礼服着用と、同大使が宴饗大庁門を通過することについて、東莱政府が承認しないなどのため紛糾した。
- However the Torai government did not permit Japanese taishi (commander-in-chief) to put on the taireifuku (court dress, full-dress uniform) and pass the main gate when he participated in the dinner party.
- 敵対関係であった後梁・後唐を除いて五代の変遷は全て旧王朝の節度使職にあった者が旧王朝の皇帝を滅ぼして自ら皇帝となったものである。
- Except for the Later Liang and Later Tang Dynasties, which were hostile to each other, the transition in all of the Five Dynasties occurred by those who were setsudoshi under the former dynasty overthrowing the emperor of the former dynasty and enthroning themselves as emperors.
- 駿馬を使えるのは官吏だけに限られていたので、庶民は全員が何日、時には何十日もかけて徒歩や農耕用のウマで都に向かっていたのである。
- The use of swift horses was limited to government officials, meaning that it wold take days, or even weeks for common people to travel to the capital by foot or by land horses.
- 丁銀は額面の記載されていない秤量貨幣で、本来は使用のごとに量目を量る必要があるが、それでは扱いづらいため、包銀の形で用いられた。
- Because Chogin did not have a face value and was Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight) and their Ryome needed to be weighed every time they were used, they were inconvenient, so they were used in the form of Hogin.
- 例えば、小さな丁銀に豆板銀を加えて重量を43匁(約161.25グラム)にあわせ、紙に包んで封印し、まとめて使用する事も行われた。
- For example, Mameitagin were sometimes added to small Chogin to give a combined weight of 43 monme (approx. 161.25 g) and then wrapped in paper for use together.
- また一面では、本来太田城を守る存在であった水を使って城を攻めることで、水をも支配する自らの権力を誇示しようとしたとも考えられる。
- In another aspect, it can be also thought that he tried to show his power which could also control water by attacking Ota-jo Castle with water which had fundamentally guarded the castle.
- ドイツ人のH・ルムショッテルの指導の下、ドイツより輸入した車輌を使って1891年までに門司駅~熊本駅間、鳥栖駅~佐賀駅間が完成。
- Under supervision of German engineer H. Rumushotteru and through the use of imported railway vehicles from Germany, the lines between Moji Station and Kumamoto Station, and Tosu Station and Saga Station were completed by 1891.
- 中国において『万国公法』の影響は緩慢であったため、その中で使用されている新語彙が中国で普及し、それが日本に伝播したわけではない。
- As the influence of 'Bankoku Koho' worked very slowly in China, it did not occur so that new vocabulary used in it became popular in China and then they were disseminated to Japan.
- そして再び高麗に命令し、使節として高麗国王元宗 (高麗王)の側近であった起居舎人・潘阜が派遣され、1268年正月に大宰府へと到着。
- He then ordered Goryeo again, and Hanpu, who was a secretary close to King Wonjong of Goryeo, was sent as envoy and reached Dazai-fu (local government office in the Kyushu region) in January 1268.
- 開拓使(かいたくし)は、北方開拓のために明治2年(1869年)7月8日から明治15年(1882年)2月8日まで置かれた官庁である。
- The Development Commission was a local government established between July 8, 1869 and February 8, 1882 to reclaim lands of Ezo (present-day, Hokkaido, a northern island of Japan).
- 長官の赴任に同行した佐賀藩士島義勇首席判官は、銭函(現小樽市銭函)に開拓使仮役所を開設し、札幌市で市街の設計と庁舎の建設を始めた。
- A leading magistrate and former feudal retainer of the Saga clan, Yoshitake SHIMA, who accompanied the chief of the Development Commission, established a temporary office in Zenibako (present-day, Zenibako, Otaru City) and started the designing of the urban district of Sapporo City and the construction of a head office in Sapporo.
- 他の尺貫法の単位とともに、現在は商取引等に使用することが計量法で禁止されているが、釣り用語や古典祭事においては今でも使われている。
- Hiro and other units defined by old Japanese system of weights and measures have been still used as a technical term for fishing or in classical rites and festivals, while the Measurement Act prohibits people from using those units for commercial transactions and other purposes at present.
- 岩倉使節団派遣中に留守政府は重大な改革を行わないという盟約に反し、国内が急激な改革で混乱していたことは大久保らの態度を硬化させた。
- Contrary to the compact that promised the Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) wouldn't conduct major reform while dispatching Iwakura Mission, the internal confusion caused by the drastic reform hardened OKUBO and other opponent's attitudes.
- これは草梁倭館は、朝鮮政府が対馬藩の為に建て使用を認めた施設だったこと、対馬藩は日本と朝鮮の間の交渉窓口の立場にあったからである。
- This is because Choryang-dong Wakan was built by the Korean government as the facility for the Tsushima clan, the Tsushima clan was in a position of the window to negotiate between Japan and Korea, therefore Japan did the above acts.
- しかし金弘集 (1842年)に率いられた二度目の修信使は、駐日清朝公使何如璋及び黄遵憲と面会し、黄の『朝鮮策略』を持ち帰っている。
- However, the second group of the training delegates led by Hong-jip KIM (born in 1842) met with the Qing dynasty minister to Japan Ruzhang HE and Zunxian HUANG, and brought back 'A stratagem for Korea' written by Huang.
- 歴代水口藩は、同城を幕府からお借りしている城として大切に管理し、特に居城であるにもかかわらず、本丸部の御殿を使用しなかったらしい。
- Although, it was in essence their own castle, successive Minakuchi Domain custodians treated it as if they were just borrowing it from the bakufu and took great care of it, and didn't seem to use the Goten in the Honmaru (the keep of the castle).
- この時期、偽の王城大臣使が朝鮮に通交しており、義政の申し入れは偽使抑制を願う朝鮮王朝の思惑と一致し、牙符制が導入されることになる。
- Since the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoy had interaction with Korea during this period, the Yoshimasa's proposal matched the intention of the Yi Dynasty that wanted to subdue the pseudo envoys, Gafusei was to be introduced.
- 大欽茂が唐との融和を図る時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、専ら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
- When Kinmo DAI reconciled with the Tang Dynasty, envoys no longer implied military activities and were carried out for the sole purpose of cultural exchange and economic activities.
- 人材を効率よく使おうという秀吉らしいやり方と言えるのだが、それは秀吉没後に加藤清正ら武断派と、石田三成ら文治派の抗争へと発展した。
- Although it can be said that it was typical of Hideyoshi's way of using people effectively, it resulted in the conflict between Budan-ha including Kiyomasa KATO and Bunchi-ha including Mitsunari ISHIDA after Hideyoshi's death.
- ただし実務上は帝国議会が可決した法律案に天皇、行政部が拒否権を行使したことは一度もなく基本的には帝国議会が唯一の立法機関であった。
- But, in fact, the emperor and the administrative department had never used their veto to reject law bills adopted by the Imperial Diet, so practically the Imperial Diet was the only one legislative organ.
- 近年の研究には、公使館の人々を人質として生かし、列強との外交交渉を有利に運ぶ材料として清朝が考えていたという主張をするものもある。
- Some modern studies state that the Qing dynasty was planning to keep people of the legation alive as hostages and use them to make profitable diplomatic deals.
- 表高は江戸時代初期に確定したまま使われていたことが多いので、多くの藩では、新田開発などにより実際には表高より大きな内高を持っていた。
- Omotedaka was, most of the time, being used without change from the early Edo period when it had been fixed, so many domains actually held larger uchidaka than omotedaka due to development of new rice fields.
- 明治時代に入り、メートル条約加入後の明治24年(1891年)に制定した度量衡法では、1里=36町とし、それ以外の里の使用を禁止した。
- In the Meiji period, 1 ri was fixed to be equal to 36 cho and other kinds of ri were banned by The Weights and Measures Act which was established in 1891 after joining the treaty of the meter.
- 1993年、ロシア皇帝のものと推定される骨の鑑定に使うため、このときにニコライの手当てをした布から彼のデオキシリボ核酸が採取された。
- In 1993, the Russian government was attempting to verify whether alleged bone fragments really belonged to Tsar Nicholas II, and they ordered the Japanese government to take deoxyribonucleic acid from clothes which used for Nicholas's medical treatment as a sample.
- 日本もこれを「蕃国」高句麗の再来としてその朝貢を歓迎し、また新羅との対抗関係から、渤海との通交をきわめて重視し、遣渤海使を派遣した。
- Japan welcomed this tribute as the second coming of the 'barbarian country' Goguryeo and, highly valuing friendly relations with Balhae in relation to their struggle with Silla, they dispatched envoys.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- 「心を一にして」は日本国民の団結を表現する当時の決まり文句であり、江戸期の水戸学者の著作から後の教育勅語に至るまで広く使われている。
- 心を一にして (Shall be united) ' was cliche expressing the unity of Japanese people at the time and was used widely from literary works of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) academics in the Edo period to the Imperial Rescript on Education.
- これは琉球の帰属問題で日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
- This put Japan in an advantageous position on the issue of the possession of Ryukyu and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji government ordered Ryukyu to abolish its sakuho and tribute relationship with Qing and use the era name of Meiji.
- 『日本書紀』には継体天皇6年(512年)12月に百済武寧王の使者が租庸調を貢献するとともに任那四県の割譲を求めて館に留まったとある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', an envoy of Muryeong-wang in the Baekje Kingdom stayed at the facility to seek the cession of four prefectures belonging to Mimana in December 512 and January 513, also introducing the Soyocho (a tax system, corvee).
- この省令が言うところの軍票とはGHQと在日米軍が日本国内で使用した軍票の扱いに関してであり、大日本帝国が発行した軍票のことではない。
- The military script in the order mentioned above means the military currency used by GHQ and US military in Japan, and not the military currency issued by the Empire of Japan.
- しかし現在では、近代的な用語としてクーデターや反乱などの言葉が使われ、明治以降の武力反抗事件に謀反という言葉は用いられなくなっている。
- Today people use more modern terms such as 'coup d'etat' or 'hanran' instead of 'muhon' for armed rebellions after Meiji.
- 確かに吉宗は武家諸法度は元通り漢文体の天和令に復し、また朝鮮通信使の接待法、すなわち徳川将軍の表記を元通り「日本国大君」に戻している。
- Certainly, Yoshimune brought back Buke shohatto to Chinese classic form based on Tenwa order (天和令) as well as the way to serve Chosen Tsushinshi, in brief, he brought back the title of Tokugawa Shogun to 'Tycoon of Japan.'
- そして、それは千島樺太交換条約の締結によって、政府内に残留した征韓派は今度こそ朝鮮遣使を実現するようにという意見を上げ始めたのである。
- And due to the conclusion of the Chishima-Karafuto Kokan Joyaku (the Treaty of Saint Petersburg), Seikan-ha who remained in the government started raising their voice to make an envoy's dispatch to Korea come true this time.
- フランス公使レオン・ロッシュは2月19日、在阪各国公使と話し合い、下手人斬刑・陳謝・賠償などの5箇条からなる抗議書を日本側に提示した。
- On March 12, A minister to France, Leon Roches, had a meeting with Osaka-based other foreign ministers and provided a protest note to the Japanese government, which consisted of five articles requesting the beheading of the murderers, government apology, compensations, and so forth.
- 結局、密使の派遣が問題となり、高宗は李完用らに責任を問われ皇帝の地位を純宗に譲ることとなり、第三次日韓協約の調印へと進むこととなった。
- After all, the dispatch of the secret agent became a problem and Gao Zong, blamed by Wan-yong LEE and others, had to give Sunjong his position as the emperor, which led to signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (Third Japan-Korea Treaty).
- 以上の内容を考慮して織田家が使用した鉄砲数が通説よりも少ない1000丁だったとみても、当時のことを考えれば十分に特筆すべき数ではある。
- Supposing, on the basis of this, that they used only 1,000 teppo as opposed to the standard figure, this is still a remarkable figure for the period.
- 1862年(文久2年)に率兵上京した島津久光は、勅使大原重徳を擁して幕政の刷新を要求し、幕府は松平慶永の主導で井伊政権の清算を図った。
- In 1862, Hisamitsu SHIMIZU gathered an army and headed for Edo, where he sent the Imperial envoy, Shigetomi OHARA to demand the reform of the Shogunate government, but with Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA leading the Shogunate, the Ii government was cleared off.
- しかし、この御殿が将軍の宿舎として使われたのは、この家光上洛の1回限りで、その後同城は、幕府の任命した城番が管理する「番城」となった。
- However, Iemitsu's trip to Kyoto was the first and last time the Goten was used as a shogun's inn, and later it became a 'banjiro' under the supervision of a Joban (one who takes care of castles) who was appointed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 1592年に始まる日本軍の侵攻(壬辰倭乱、日本でいう文禄・慶長の役)では全羅左水使李舜臣が自ら考案したと言われる亀甲船の艦隊を率いた。
- During the invasion by the Japanese navy (Jinshin waran, or Bunroku and Keicho War in Korea on Japan's side) that started in 1592, the left naval commander in Jeolla Province Yi Sun-sin organized and led the fleet consisting of Turtle ships that were reportedly invented by Yi himself.
- 初め煎茶は遣唐使によりもたらされた貴重なものが用いられたが、9世紀後半には宮中の内裏茶園で栽培され、蔵人所の造茶使が製造を行っている。
- After it was first introduced to Japan, a valuable kind of sencha was used that had been brought over by the Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China), but by the late ninth century, the zochashi (a person who manages a tea garden) at the Kurodo-dokoro (chamberlain's office) made tea from plants that had been grown in the tea garden of the Imperial Court.
- 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省 (日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
- IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of 'Seikanron' when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
- 特に、独立命令による法規の制定(9条)、条約の締結(13条)の権限を議会の制約を受けずに行使できるのは他の立憲君主国に類例がなかった。
- The emperor could exercise the right to issue ordinances by his own order (Article 9), the right to conclude treaties (Article 13) without any interferenceof the government, and these rights were especially unique to Japan.
- 第二回修信使の見聞、日本政府との交渉、そして『朝鮮策略』の持参によって、朝鮮の対外政策は欧米に対する開国政策へと舵をきり始めるのである。
- Through the experiences of the second training delegates, negotiations with the Japanese government, and bringing back 'A stratagem for Korea,' the diplomatic policy of Korea changed to the policy of opening of the country to Europe and the United States.
- 「美術館」という名称は1877年(明治10年)に東京・上野で開催された第1回内国勧業博覧会の陳列館の名称として使用されたのが初出である。
- Bijutsu-kan' was used as the word to mean an art exhibition building for the first time in 1877, when the First National Industrial Exhibition was held in Ueno, Tokyo.
- 縄文人が製作した土偶は、縄文時代の全期間を通して日本列島各地で満遍なく使われていたのではなく、時期と地域の両面で限定されたものであった。
- The earthen figures created by the Jomon people were not used universally in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago through all the time of the Jomon period; their use was limited in terms of both the periods and the regions.
- これは鉄道発祥国イギリスの技術力を評価したことと、日本の鉄道について建設的な提言を行っていた駐日公使ハリー・パークスの存在も大きかった。
- England was selected after being recognized for its technology as the country of origin of the railroads, and because the British Minister to Japan, Harry Burks gave a positive advice on Japanese railway.
- 一方日本では遣唐使の廃止以降、鴻臚館での貿易は続けられていたものの、一般の宋の商人は博多や敦賀に来航し、民間レベルでの貿易を行っていた。
- On the other hand, in Japan, after abolishing their envoy to the Tang Dynasty, they continued trade in Korokan and also the commerce with ordinary Chinese merchants continued on the private-sector level at Hakata and Tsuruga.
- 大業3年(607年)第2回遣隋使の上表文(国書)には、「日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云」とあり、対外的には「天子」の称号が使われている。
- In the Johyobun (sovereign's message) for the second Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China in 607, it says 'hi izuru tokoro no tenshi sho wo hi bossuru tokoro no tenshi ni itasu tsutsuganashiya unnun' (from the sovereign of the land of the rising sun to the sovereign of the land of the setting sun) and externally, the title of 'tenshi' (emperor) is used.
- 魏晋南北朝時代を封建制と捉える立場からは後漢の豪族たちによって使われていた小作農たちを奴隷とみなし、後漢の滅亡によりそれが変化したと見る。
- From the standpoint that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was a time of the Hoken system, tenant peasants used by local ruling families were slaves, and the situation changed with the downfall of the Later Han Dynasty.
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- なお、天皇の権限といっても、運用上は天皇が単独で権限を行使する事はなく、内閣(内閣総理大臣)が天皇の了解を得て決断を下す状態が常であった。
- In principle, only the emperor had authority, but in fact, the emperor basically did not exercise powers by himself, but a cabinet (prime minister) made decisions with the emperor's consent.
- さらに、毛利輝元率いる4万の援軍が接近しつつあり、秀吉は甲斐国武田氏を滅亡させたばかりの主君・信長に対して援軍を送るよう使者を向かわせた。
- Additionally, with the 40,000 support troops led by Terumoto MORI approaching, Hideyoshi dispatched a messenger to his lord Nobunaga, who had just defeated the Takeda clan in Kai Province, to send over support troops.
- 漁業面では切目石錘(石を加工して作った網用の錘)の使用が特徴であるが、これは関東の土器片による錘の技術が伝播して出現したと考えられている。
- In terms of fishery, the use of stone sinkers with slits (the sinkers for nets shaped out of stone) was the characteristic of the region; it is assumed that the technique of using earthenware sinker pieces in the Kanto region was handed down and lead to the use of the stone sinkers with slits.
- これは鉄道発祥国イギリスの技術力を評価したことと、日本の鉄道について建設的な提言を行っていた、駐日公使ハリー・パークスの存在も大きかった。
- The choice was made not only because technical capabilities of Britain, the birthplace of railways, was highly evaluated but also because Harry Parkes, the Biritish minister in Japan, had presented constructive proposals on a railway in Japan.
- この分野の国宝指定は歴史が浅く、最初の指定物件は「慶長遣欧使節関係資料」(仙台市博物館蔵、2000年(平成12年)12月国宝指定)であった。
- The timeline for items in this category being named national treasures is still quite short; the first such designation was the collection (owned by the Sendai City Museum) of 'materials related to the Keicho-era mission to Europe' (it was so designated during the December 2000 designations of national treasures).
- 翌23日、軍使山野田一輔が持ち帰った参軍川村純義からの降伏の勧めを無視し、参軍山県からの西郷宛の自決を勧める書状にも西郷は返事をしなかった。
- On the next day, September 23, SAIGO ignored the recommendation to surrender by Sangun Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, which was brought back by the military messenger Ippo YAMANODA, and did not answer the letter for him from Sangun Yamagata to recommend him to commit suicide.
- 「文明開化」という言葉は福澤諭吉が『文明論之概略』明治8年(1875年)の中で、civilizationの訳語として使ったのが始まりである。
- The term '文明開化' (civilization and enlightenment) was used by Yukichi FUKUZAWA for the first time in his essay published in 1875, 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) as the translation of the word, civilization.
- 同8年(1580年)閏3月に荒木村重の残党五名が山内に逃げ込み、これを察知した信長は7月に前田利家・不破光治を使者として高野山へ差し向けた。
- In April 1580, the five remnants of Murashige ARAKI escaped into Sannai (precincts of the temple) and Nobunaga who knew it sent Toshiie MAEDA and Mitsuharu FUWA to Koyasan as messengers in August.
- そして朝廷から唐物使(からものつかい)という役人が派遣され、経巻や仏像仏具、薬品や香料など宮中や貴族から依頼された商品を優先的に買い上げた。
- In return, the Imperial Court dispatched an officer called 'karamono no tsukai' (Supervisor of Chinese goods), giving him the privilege to preferentially purchase Chinese goods including scrolls of Buddhist scriptures, statues of Buddha, Buddhist altar fittings, medicines and spices on behalf of the Imperial Court and nobles.
- 上で触れているように公使館区域には中国人クリスチャンも多く逃げ込んできており、彼らが籠城の上で多くの重要な役割を果たしたことは否定できない。
- Many Chinese Christians escaped into the legation area as mentioned before, and it cannot be denied that they played many important roles during the siege.
- 最終的に、元駐清公使フォン・ブラントの意見書(4月8日)を皇帝ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)が受け入れて、ロシアと共に干渉することになった。
- In the end, Germany began the coordinated intervention with Russia after obtaining the approval from German Emperor, Wilhelm II.
- 現在台湾の鉄道輸送に対する依存度は低下したが、しかし鉄道網の日本統治時代の鉄道路線をそのまま踏襲し、重要な輸送手段の一つとして使用されている。
- Though dependence upon rail transportation is lower in Taiwan today, the railway lines built during the period of Japanese rule remained as they were and are used as one of the important means of transportation.
- 六曜は元々は、1箇月 (暦)(≒30日)を5等分して6日を一定の周期とし(30÷5 6)、それぞれの日を星毎に区別する為の単位として使われた。
- Rokuyo was originally used as a unit for distinguishing each day by stars, where one month (calendar) (≒30 days) was divided into five equal parts and six days were regarded as a cycle (30÷5= 6).
- 白石は通信使の応接に約100万両という巨額の費用がかかり、そのため、幕府財政が傾く恐れがある、こう判断し、60万両で抑えることに成功している。
- Hakuseki estimated that the cost for serving the envoy would be around 1,000,000 ryo and these expenses may affect governmental finances, so he successfully restrained the cost to 6000,000 ryo.
- これを受け三条は「貿易の催進を要する為、彼我共に輸出入税を徴するなし。是通商章程中の要旨なり」(句読及び強調、加筆者)と使節団に訓示している。
- In response to this, Sanjo instructed the envoy 'In order to promote trade, export and import duties will not be imposed on both sides. This is the point of the provision of trade (punctuation and emphasis were improved by a writer).'
- そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
- The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.
- 義仲は、頼朝追討の宣旨ないし御教書の発給(『玉葉』閏10月21日条)、志太義広の平氏追討使への起用を要求するが、後白河が認めるはずもなかった。
- Yoshinaka demanded the issuance of an imperial decree or Migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people) to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yorimoto ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 14), but in no way would Goshirakawa acknowledge the demand.
- 徳川幕府は朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間に1609年己酉約条を結ばせ交易を再開、また朝鮮通信使と日本国王使の往来によりおおむね対等な関係を構築した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate started trading again with the Korean dynasty by concluding the Giyu treaty with the So clan of Tsushima Island in 1609 and established a relationship of almost equality through mutual visits of Korean messengers and Japanese envoys.
- その後は、花隈城に一旦陸揚げした物資を神呪寺城、鷲林寺城や宝塚市の洞窟に一旦保管し、その後夜間に昆陽野を横切り有岡城に運ぶルートを使っていた。
- After that, goods which were landed to Hanakuma-jo Castle were stored in Kannoji-jo Castle, Jurinji-jo Castle and caves in Takarazuka and the route to carry to Arioka-jo Castle in the night by crossing Koyano.
- これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権(立法権・行政権・司法権)を行使することを意味する。
- This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).
- 日本では国際単位系の単位を使用しているが、日本の住環境に適した尺度として、日本家屋の設計基準としては、尺を基準として使われることが一般的である。
- Japan now uses the units of the International Unit System, but it generally uses the shaku as a basic scale for designing Japanese-style houses, regarding the shaku as a scale appropriate to Japanese living environment.
- そして、その多くは京の貴族の縁者である私営田経営者と、郡司層と国衙の利害対立、あるいは私営田経営者同士の対立は往々にして実力行使として爆発する。
- In addition, many of those conflicts that occurred between shieiden managers related to aristocrats of Kyoto and the classes of gunji (district managers), kokuga (provincial government offices), or amongst managers of shieiden themselves that occasionally exploded and used of military force.
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- 国際法の用語には、「性」・「義」といった儒教的なことばが法と接続して使用され、中国人が国際法をより自然法に近づけて理解しやすい構造となっている。
- In terms of international law, words with Confucian words such as '性' and '義' were used in combination with '法' and, therefore, the structure became such that made Chinese easily understand international law bringing it closer to natural law.
- 唐の都の長安は西アジアやインドからの使節や商人が集まる国際都市となり、長安を中心にさまざまな商品や知識が日本を始め東アジア各地に広まっていった。
- Chagan, the capital of Tang became an international city with envoys and merchants from West Asia and India, and various kinds of commodities and knowledge were spread to Japan and East Asia from Chagan.
- 樺太は江戸幕府がロシア政府と結んだ日露和親条約で日露混住の地とされ、王政復古 (日本)の後は箱館裁判所と箱館府の支配を経て、開拓使の管轄となった。
- Sakhalin, where the Japanese and the Russians lived under the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan signed between Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Russian government, was initially controlled by Hakodate District Court and Hakodate-fu after the Restoration of (Japanese) Imperial Rule, and later, by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- 樺太開拓使(からふとかいたくし)は、明治3年(1870年)2月13日から明治4年(1871年)8月7日まで、樺太開拓のために設けられた官庁である。
- Sakhalin Development Commissioner is an authority arranged for the Sakhalin reclamation from February 13, 1870 to August 7, 1871.
- 開拓使貫属は、開拓使に所属するが士族の身分を失わずに開拓に従事する者であり、身分が保障されるうえ移住に関しても資金調達の心配が無くなる身分である。
- Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission referred to a person who belonged to the Commission to be engaged in reclamation work but did not have to give up his or her social status as a warrior class and even given necessary funds for relocation.
- 彼の建議に従い、明治4年(1871年)8月19日に10年間1000万円をもって総額とするという大規模予算計画、いわゆる開拓使十年計画が決定された。
- Based on this claim, the government passed a large-scale budgetary program, a so-called 'ten-year program for the Development Commission', on August 19, 1871, which earmarked as much as 10 million yen for ten years.
- また、武家台頭による下級貴族の没落もあり、朝臣は、序列付けの為の姓(かばね)としての意味を失ってしまい、公式文書で使う形式的なものになっていった。
- Also, with the fall of lower-ranked nobles due to the rise of the warrior class to power, Asomi lost its meaning in the sense of kabane used to rank status, and it became a formality which was used for official documents.
- フランス公使は20名の切腹を要求し、事件に関わった29名の者が現在の大阪府大阪市西区 (大阪市)にある土佐稲荷神社で籤を引いて切腹する者を決めた。
- For the request from the French foreign minister asking seppuku of twenty Japanese retainers, people involved in the case drew a lot in Inari-jinja Shrine of Tosa, (present-day, Nishi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) to decide who would commit seppuku.
- しかし、1482年に牙符を所持した日本国王使が朝鮮に訪れることで牙符制が発効し、それを期に王城大臣使の通交は途絶え、偽使勢力は封じ込められている。
- Gafusei came into effect when the King of Japan carrying Gafu visited Korea in 1482; thereafter, the Ojo-daijin envoy stopped and the pseudo envoy powers had been contained.
- 足利義満は、応永8年(1401年)に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
- Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.
- 遣渤海使一行(『延喜式』大蔵省式による) 大使、判官、録事、訳語、主神、医師、陰陽師、史生、船師、射手、卜部、雑使、船工、柂師、傔人、挟杪、水手。
- Members of the Kenbokkai (according to the 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) by Okura-sho shiki); ambassador, hangan (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period), rokuji (clerk), osa (translator), shushin (ritual official of dazaifu under the ritsuryo system, governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima), doctor, ommyoji (master of yin yang), shisho (a person handling miscellaneous duties regarding documents), funashi, ite (archer), urabe (fortune teller serving Jingikan, the Department of Worship under the ritsuryo system), tsukahibito, boat-builder, navigator, kenjin (follower), kajitori, and kako (sailor).
- つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
- In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
- 東山銀閣寺の近くに建つ京都大学人文科学研究所東方部は、キリスト教会のような塔を持った美しい西洋風の建物で、塔の窓にはステンドガラスが使われている。
- Eastern Section, Institute for Research in Humanities Kyoto University is located inside a beautiful western style building like a Christian church near Ginkaku-ji Temple in Higashiyama, and the tower has stained glass windows.
- 日本の歴史では通常岡倉案のものを採用しているが、現在でも美術史や建築史などでは関野案のものを使用し、大化の改新以降を白鳳時代として区別する事がある。
- Okakura's proposal is usually adopted in relation to Japanese history, but in the art and architectural worlds, they follow the viewpoint of Sekino and distinguish the period after the Taika Reform from the Asuka Period, using the name of the Hakuho Period.
- 十年計画の満期が近くなった明治14年(1881年)に、黒田は開拓使の事業を継承させるため、部下の官吏に官有の施設・設備を安値で払い下げることにした。
- In 1881, when the ten-year project was drawing to an end, KURODA decided to sell the facilities and equipment owned by the government to junior officials in order to continue the operation of the Development Commission.
- そのほかに各種の品官(ほんかん)(以上は官位相当官)や史生(ししょう)・伴部(ともべ)・使部(しぶ)などの雑任(ぞうにん、下級職員)が所属していた。
- Other thant these officials of four ranks, there were also various officall called Honkan as well as Zonin (lower-ranked staffs) such as Shisho (staff in charge of miscellaneous clerical duties), Tomobe (foreman of respective duties) and Shibe (odd-job man).
- 遊牧民族であるモンゴル人は船上の戦法を心得ておらず、モンゴル軍が有効に活用し、連戦連勝を重ねてきた得意の騎馬隊を上陸戦のため使うことができなかった。
- Since the Mongols were a nomadic people, they were not familiar with conducting battle in ships, and also could not use their cavalry, which they had been using well to achieve successive victories.
- しかし、それが、郡司、郷司という、役職において保証されたものである限り、国司側はその任を解く権限を持っており、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- However, since such possession was guaranteed in association with the positions such as gunji and goji, kokushi had a right to dismiss, which was in fact executed in the Soma-go village.
- どれも現在に至るまで中国のみならず、日本でも使用されていることばであって、その意味では現在に生きる我々もまた『万国公法』の恩恵を受けているといえる。
- They have been used until today not only in China but also in Japan and, by that fact, we can say that we who are living in the present world have been enjoying the benefits of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 日本もシベリアに出兵したが、シベリアや北満州で使用するために1919年8月に金兌換を保証した10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
- Japan also sent its troops to Syberia and issued the military currency (notes) such as 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen, and 10 sen to be used in Syberia and northern Manchuria, which were guaranteed convertible to gold, in August, 1919.
- まだ戦争の帰趨が覚束なかった2月末、政府は鹿児島の人心を収攬し、薩軍の本拠地を衝くために旧藩の国父であった島津久光に議官柳原前光を勅使として派遣した。
- Towards the end of February when it was still uncertain which side would win the war, the national government sent Gikan (councilor of Chamber of Elders or Senate) Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA as an Imperial messenger to Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who was called the father of his country in the former fief, to win the general public in Kagoshima over to the government side in attacking the base of the Satsuma army.
- 明治5年(1872年)10月、松前藩館県であった渡島国に属する福島郡・津軽郡 (渡島国)・檜山郡・爾志郡の4郡が青森県近代以降の年表から開拓使に移管。
- In October 1872, the control of four counties, Fukushima County, Tsugaru County, Hiyama County and Nishi County, all of which belonged to Oshima Province, were transferred from Date Prefecture of Matsumae Domain to the Development Commission as shown in a chronological table in and after the modern history of Aomori Prefecture.
- 日本側は外務省理事官森山茂と広津弘信、朝鮮側は東莱府の官僚が交渉のテーブルに着いたが、やはり書契に使用される文字について両者の認識に食い違いが生じた。
- Shigeru MORIYAMA and Hironobu HIROTSU, a councilor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from Japan and bureaucrats from Dongrae-Bu (the administrative districts in Korea) sat down at the negotiating table, but the same as before, there were differences between them about the words used in the sovereign's messages.
- 城内は『梟の城梟の城 owl’s castle』、『武士の一分』、『大奥 (映画)』など数多くの映画や、テレビドラマのロケ地として頻繁に使われている。
- The area inside the castle is often used as a location site for many movies such as 'Fukuro no shiro (Owls' Castle),' 'Bushi no ichibu (Love and Honor)' and O-oku, and for many TV dramas.
- 近衛府、兵衛府は形骸化し、実際には衛門府と、左衛門尉が兼任する検非違使、馬寮、そして滝口、武者所、院政期においては北面下臈(いわゆる北面武士)である。
- Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) and Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) fell to ruins and they were Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), Saemon no jo (third-ranking officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) that had additional duties of kebiishi, meryo, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro (place where Samurai of guard of the Imperial Palace is staffed), and hokumen gero (北面下臈)(or so called Northern bushi) during insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
- 780年(宝亀11年)には伊治呰麻呂が陸奥按察使紀広純を殺害し多賀城を焼き払うという事態に至り、これ以降蝦夷征討といわれる果てしない戦いへと突入する。
- In 780, KOREHARI no Azamaro killed KI no Hirozumi, the Mutsu no Azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), and burnt down Taga-jo Castle, spurring endless war thereafter known as Ezo Seito ('The Ezo Conquest').
- その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
- The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.
- 清朝軍によって襲撃・夜襲を仕掛けられることはあったものの、時折休戦が差し挟まれ、その間公使団と清朝とは話し合いをもったため休息することが可能であった。
- While there were surprise and night attacks by the Qing dynasty army, there were periods of cease-fire in between and people were able to rest while the group of envoys and Qing dynasty held meetings.
- ただ国際法と一口にいっても近代と現代のそれでは、民族自決権の有無など大きく内容は異なるため、この記事における国際法とは近代のそれを指して使用している。
- Today, the term 'kokusaiho' has different meanings compare to the time of its introduction, for example, in the matter of existence or non-existence of the right of national self-determination, and the term 'kokusaiho (or international law)' in this article is used to denote one in the modern age.
- 何故ならそれまで自文化に無かった新概念の紹介のために新語をひねり出す必要にまず駆られ、次にそうした新語ばかり使用すると意味不明な訳文となるためである。
- The reason why is that, in order to introduce new concept that has not existed in the own culture, the translator is obliged to create new word and, then, if too many such new words are used, the translation becomes incomprehensible.
- これにならい、諸大名からも続々と見舞いの使者が訪れたが、その中には当の水戸藩の者もおり、彦根藩士たちの憎悪に満ちた視線のなかで重役の応接を受けたと言う。
- Following this, various territorial lords sent envoys to express their sympathy, among them were executives of the Mito clan who were treated with contempt by soldiers of the Hikone clan.
- 貞観5年(631年)に倭国は使者を派遣して、入貢し方物を献じたが、太宗は、倭国は遠い国であるから、毎年朝貢する必要はない、と担当の役所に命じた、という。
- In 631, Wakoku deployed an envoy to pay tributes to the King of Tang, but Taiso (Tang tai zong, the second Emperor of Tang) said to the office in charge that as Wakoku is located far from there, it does not need to pay tributes every year'.
- 日朝間の交渉で挙がった修正項目は、両国の国名をどう記載するか、相手国に赴く使臣の交渉相手とその資格・往復回数、開港場所とその数、最恵国待遇などであった。
- The amendments proposed at the negotiation between Japan and Korea were: the description of the names of both countries; a negotiation partner to the envoy who was going to visit the other country, and his qualifications and number of visits; the place of the opening port and its number; status as a most-favored nation treatment, and others.
- こうした大規模な土木工事が可能になったということは、技術の発達とともに、多くの労働力を使えるだけの権力をもち、広範囲に支配を広げた王権の成立を意味する。
- The fact that such large-scale public works were possible implies the development of work skills and the establishment of the royal authority which not only had the power to mobilize a large workforce but also the control over a wide-ranging area.
- 給田の経営は、はじめ自らの下人・所従らを駆使して行なわれていたが、時代が下るにつれ、荘園内の名主・百姓らへ請作に出して行なわれていったと考えられている。
- The management of shoen was first done using their own servants and followers, but as the ages went on, leasing out to the village headman and farmers within the shoen became the practice.
- このため秀吉は和平に際し、明の皇女を天皇に嫁がせる事や、朝鮮南部の割譲など、到底明側には受け入れられない講和条件を提示し、明の降伏使節の来朝を要求した。
- Therefore, while negotiating peace, Hideyoshi proposed conditions of peace unacceptable to Ming, such that a princess of Ming marry the emperor of Japan and the cession of the southern part of Korea and required the dispatch of an envoy to surrender from Ming.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に、丹波氏の後裔である施薬院全宗が、豊臣秀吉に側近として仕え、正親町天皇より勅命で施薬院使に任ぜられ、形骸化していた施薬院を復興する。
- During the Warring States period, Zenso YAKUIN, a descendant of the Tanba clan, served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a close adviser and was appointed as the Yakuinshi by Emperor Ogimachi as an imperial order so as to reconstruct the Seyakuin that had lost its substances.
- さようの日のうち、使役する鬼神の一鬼(第三番目の羅刹神)が横暴であるため、転じて六日ごとに訪れるその日は結婚や祝い事などの行事はしない方が良いとされる。
- Due to the high-handed behavior of one of the Kijin employed (the third Rasetsu-shin God), it is said that it had better not to hold such event as weddings and celebrations on the day of the Kijin which comes every six days.
- また、この時徳川側の講和の使者だった井伊直政が、この一連の戦いで得た武田遺臣などをつけられ、以後「井伊軍団」を組織し「赤備え」として勇名を馳せる事となる。
- Furthermore, Naomasa II, who was an envoy of Tokugawa for the pacification, gained surviving retainers of Takeda in a series of such battles, and he organized 'Ii army,' which won a name for itself as 'Akazonae' (red arms).
- もっとも朝鮮側にしてみれば使者は表向きが「祝賀使」であり実態は「賊探使」に過ぎず、秀吉に対して「朝貢」したつもりも「服属」したつもりも無かった訳であった。
- Although the Joseon Dynasty officially sent 'celebratory delegates,' their real intention was to learn about Japan's current situation, and they did not intend to pay 'tributes' or yield allegiance to Hideyoshi.
- この時の様子を『陰徳太平記』では、'忍び有岡の城を出立づ。共に乾助三郎に重代相伝の葉茶壺を負はせ、阿古とて、常に膝下に召使ひし女を召具しけり'としている。
- 'Intoku Taiheki' (old chronicle) described the situation at that time as 'He departed Arioka-jo Castle secretly. He made his attendant, Sukesaburo INUI carry a chatsubo (jar for tea leaves) of inherited for generations on his back and he was accompanies by a girl, who was called Ako and served always around him.'
- 外務卿の副島種臣は駐日アメリカ公使デロング(Charles E.DeLong)を仲介しリゼンドルと会談、内務卿だった大久保利通もリゼンドルの意見に注目した。
- Foreign Minister Taneomi SOEJIMA met with LeGendre through U.S. envoy to Japan, Charles E. DeLong, while Interior Minister Toshimichi OKUBO showed interest in LeGendre's opinion.
- さらに、辞任後岩倉使節団の一員として洋行中の大久保利通に対して山縣を擁護出来なかったことを詫びる手紙を送っている(1872年8月12日付大久保宛西郷書簡)。
- Moreover, SAIGO sent a letter to Toshimichi OKUBO who was traveling abroad as a member of Iwakura Mission to apologize that he could not protect YAMAGATA after his resignation (according to the letter from SAIGO to OKUBO written on August 12, 1872).
- 釜山の倭館は朝鮮側が日本、特に対馬藩の使節や商人を饗応するために設けた施設であったが、明治政府は対馬藩から外交権を取り上げ、朝鮮との交渉に乗り出そうとした。
- The Japanese consular office in Busan was established by Korea to entertain Japanese envoys and merchants especially from the Tsushima domain, but the Meiji government tried to deprive the Tsushima domain of the diplomatic rights and start direct negotiations with Korea.
- 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
- He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
- 特に2001年(平成13年)は800万枚程度しか製造されなかったため、同年製造の分は未使用であれば古銭商などで(額面に比べれば)比較的高値で取引されている。
- Especially in 2001, only about 8 million coins were minted, so coins manufactured in that year are traded at relatively high prices (compared to their face value) in old coin shops etc.
- 当時紫禁城東南にある東交民巷というエリアに設けられていた公使館区域には、およそ外国人925名、中国人クリスチャンが3000名ほどの老若男女が逃げ込んでいた。
- There were about 925 foreigners and three thousand Chinese Christians of various age and gender who escaped to the legation area southeast of the Forbidden City called Beijing Legation Quarter at that time.
- たとえば「公法」ということばは『韓非子』有度篇にも確認されるが、'International Law'という国際法の意味で使用したのは『万国公法』に始まる。
- For instance, the word 'Koho' can be seen in the Chapter 'Yudo' (having regulation) of 'Han Fei Tzu' (a book of Chinese thought), but the word as 'International Law' was used first time in 'Bankoku Koho.'
- しかしながら、今度の使節は対馬に着いたのみで太宰府へは至らず、同島で住民らと諍いを起こし対馬島人の塔二郎と弥二郎という二名を捕らえて、これらとともに帰還した。
- However, these envoys did not reach as far as Dazai-fu, only Tsushima Island, where they had a dispute with local people and captured two men on the island called Tojiro and Yajiro, and brought them home.
- 遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
- After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so 'kana' (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of 'waka' (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).
- これは治天の君が人事権を行使する場合でも同じであり、天皇の命令という体裁を取り、更に太政官に伝えられてそこから実務担当者に命令が届くという複雑な手続を要した。
- That was the same in the case where Chiten no kimi exercised his right of personnel management such that it was required to follow complicated procedures of putting on the appearance of an imperial order, conveyed to the Daijokan and further to the working-level officials.
- 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
- In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'
- 日本の計量法では、尺貫法の単位はほぼ全廃されているが、匁だけは真珠の質量の計量に限定して使用して良い単位となっている(ただし表記は平仮名の「もんめ」である)。
- The Japanese Measurement Act has abolished almost all units used under the traditional system of weights and measures, but it allows monme (written in 'もんめ' in hiragana [the cursive form of kana, the Japanese syllabary]) to be used merely for weighing a pearl.
- また、6世紀前半には仏教が朝鮮半島より伝来し(日本の仏教の項を参照)、さらに遣隋使・遣唐使の派遣もあって、農業・鍛鉄・建築など多方面にわたって技術が発展した。
- In addition, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from the Korean Peninsula in the first half of the 6th century (cf. the article on Japanese Buddhism) and through dispatches of missions to Sui and Tang Dynasty China technological developments were made in many areas including agriculture, iron working, and architecture.
- 日本では歴史的な記録としてこの漢字を見ることは少なく、使用頻度的にはカタカナ表記の「カルカ」、ひらがなの「かるか」、漢字で「㮶」(木偏に朔)の順で用いられる。
- The Chinese characters used for the word are seen very rarely in Japanese historical documents, and the word is most often written in katakana characters, then hiragana characters, then Chinese characters.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では釜山に集結中の日本軍を朝鮮水軍で攻撃するように命令したが、度重なる命令無視のために三道水軍統制使の李舜臣は罷免され、後任には元均が登用された。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea ordered the Korean navy to attack the Japanese army that had assembled in Busan, Yi Sun-sin, who was the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, was removed from his post because of repeatedly ignoring orders and Won Gyun was appointed the successor.
- 青銅で造られた十円硬貨は、ソース (調味料)、酢、醤油、レモン汁、洗剤等に浸すと、表面の金属酸化物や汚れが溶出したり脱落して一見未使用硬貨のような光沢を放つ。
- Ten-yen coins are made of bronze, and as such, when immersed in Worcestershire sauce, vinegar, soy sauce, lemon juice, or even detergent, the metal oxide and dirt on the surface is eluted or dissolved, and the coins look shiny as though they had never been used.
- モンゴルは露蒙協定締結以後も、ロシアや中国と外交交渉を重ねていくことになるが、国際法の知識はモンゴルの外交使節にとって早急に身につけねばならないものであった。
- After the conclusion of the Russo-Mongolian Agreement, Mongolian diplomatic agents had to urgently gain knowledge of international law for further diplomatic negotiations with Russia and China.
- 同年には再び知門下省事・申思佺、侍郎・陳子厚および潘阜ら高麗使臣が正使・黒的、副使・殷弘をともなって派遣され、第2回目の使節が日本へ上陸したが、これを黙殺した。
- In the same year, vasslas from Goryeo were sent again, including chancellor Shin Shisen, assistant chancellor Chin Shiko and Hanpu, accompanying chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko, but Japan ignored these second envoys who reached there.
- 江戸時代後期に開国し、明治新政府が成立した日本では1868年(慶応4年)12月19日に新政権樹立の通告と国交と通商を求める国書を持つ使者を李氏朝鮮政府に送った。
- In the second half of the Edo period, Japan opened its secluded economy to the world, and the New Meiji Government sent to the government of the Joseon Dynasty an envoy holding a letter with the sovereign's message which informed them of the founding of a new administration of Japan and requested to establish relations and start to trade on December 19, 1868.
- 興利倭船の担い手は平常は漁を行なっているような庶民であり、使送船のように胡椒・丹木・銅のような高価な物資を取り扱うことは出来ず、塩や魚をもって米穀に替えていた。
- Also the operators of Koriwasen were citizens who usually lived on fishing; therefore, since the operators could not trade in such expensive commodities as pepper, tanboku, and copper, they exchanged salt and fish with rice.
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- その理由は、『記紀』の成立過程に関する史料批判が進み、ヤマト王権内部における文字使用状況から推測すると、継体天皇以前の伝承に信用を置くことはできないためである。
- The reason for this is that, upon examining historical materials on the process of creating the Kiki, it was found that the methods for keeping records (particularly the use of letters under Yamato sovereignty) used before Emperor Keitai are not reliable.
- それらは武力行使による犠牲者を生み出した他、内外の世論の関心を惹起し、1897年の帝国議会では台湾を1億元でフランスに売却すべきという「台湾売却論」まで登場した。
- Such policy with use of force created victims as well as caused public interest in and outside of Japan, so the 1897 session of the Imperial Diet debated whether Japan should sell Taiwan to France for 100 million yuan.
- しかし高麗の宋君斐・金賛が案内する蒙古の使節ら(正使・黒的、副使・殷弘)は巨済島まで来て、航海の困難を理由に引き返し、クビライに対して日本への通使の不要を説いた。
- However, the Mongol envoys (chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko), guided by So Kunhi and Kinsan from Goryeo, returned due to the difficulty of the voyage after reaching Geoje Island, and explained to Kublai that it was unnecessary to send envoys to Japan.
- 明治政府のお雇い外国人ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードは、事件を処理するために派遣される使節への訓令について、以下を決して朝鮮に譲歩すべきではないと具申した。
- Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a foreign specialist in the Meiji government, gave an instruction to the envoy who would be dispatched to dispose the incident that they should not concede Korea the following points.
- 特に日本に面する南方に位置し、道内に複雑な多島海域を有する全羅道と慶尚道の2道にはそれぞれ左右2員の水使が置かれ、道内の水軍万戸もそれぞれ15ときわめて多かった。
- Especially in the two provinces of Jella and Gyeorgsang that have a complicated Archipelago Area, facing Japan and located in the south of the peninsular, two naval commanders were placed both in the right and left, and the number of suigun banko in each province was fifteen, which was rather large.
- だが、承和 (日本)5年(839年)を最後に遣唐使が中絶(寛平6年(894年)廃止)されると、漢音を日本国内で用いる必要性がほとんど失われ、音道は急激に衰退する。
- But after the Japanese envoy to the Chinese Tang Dynasty ceased in 839, there were hardly any need for the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in Japan, and as such, Ondo's popularity declined rapidly.
- また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
- Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
- この出来事に大坂城の淀殿は驚き、高次夫人に使者を遣わして(淀殿の妹である初(常高院)は高次の正室として城中にあった)、停戦・降伏を求めるが大津側は断固として拒否。
- Yodo-dono (Lady Yodo; Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's concubine and the mother of Hideyori, the heir to the Toyotomi clan) was surprised to hear of this treachery and dispatched an envoy to Takatsugu's wife (Yodo-dono's younger sister Hatsu/Joko-in was at Otsu-jo Castle as she was Takatsugu's lawful wife) to call for a truce and surrender, but the Otsu side never accepted it.
- 慶長元年9月1日、大坂城において明使を引見した秀吉は明の国書のなかの、「茲特封爾為日本国王賜之誥命(ここに特に爾を封じて日本国王に誥命賜う)」の部分を見て激怒した。
- On October 22, 1596, Hideyoshi had an interview with an envoy from Ming in Osaka-jo Castle, and he became furious when seeing the line of a diplomatic message dispatched by the sovereign in Ming, which said that 'We hereby especially recognize you and bestow upon you the title of King of Japan.'
- 更に検非違使が徴税に関する業務を行うことがあったことから、検非違使の不入を求める動きも現れ、結果的には検非違使本来の業務である警察権の排除にも発展するようになった。
- In addition, because kebiishi sometimes worked to collect taxes, a movement to keep kebiishi from entering shoen also arose and this led to the elimination of their policing rights, which was the actual task of kebiishi.
- しかし、明治4年(1871年)旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
- However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
- 事実、『隋書』にあり『日本書紀』に記述がない第一回目の遣隋使(名前の記述なし)の記事には、倭国の倭王が天と日を兄と弟としていた(「俀王以天爲兄 以日爲弟」)とある。
- In fact, according to the record of the first Japanese envoy to the Sui Dynasty in China, which was not written in the Nihonshoki, but in the Suishu, the King of Wa took the Heavens and the Sun as brothers.
- 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年(1700年)に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
- In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
- ちょうどこの時(6月3日 (旧暦)夜)、秀吉方は明智光秀から毛利方に送られた使者を捕らえ、信長が明智光秀の謀反によって京都市の本能寺で落命したという密書を手にする。
- At just about the same time, on the evening of July 2, Hideyoshi captured the messenger sent by Mitsuhide AKECHI to Mori, got a secret letter saying that Nobunaga had lost his life by the rebellion of Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto City.
- 火縄を用いないため運用が楽になったが、フリントロック式では命中精度は火縄銃並以下、パーカッション式は、命中精度、射程距離共に火縄銃と変わらないが、雨中でも使用できた。
- This type of gun was easier to use because it didn't use a match cord to light the powder, but by using the flintlock system, the accuracy of gunfire was lower than match cord guns; using the percussion lock system, the accuracy of fire and the shooting distance were almost equal to match cord guns, but guns could be used even in the rain.
- 倭の五王による南朝への奉献以来約1世紀を経て再開された遣隋使の目的は、東アジアの中心国・先進国である隋の文化の摂取が主であるが、朝鮮半島での影響力維持の意図もあった。
- The dispatch of envoys to China was resumed one century after the tributary envoys to the Southern Dynasty sent by the five kings of Wa (Japan), with the primary purpose of learning about Sui culture, as they were a key and leading country in East Asia, but also with the intention of maintaining Japanese influence over the Korean Peninsula.
- また、秀吉のもとに徳川家康・上杉景勝・毛利輝元・大友義統など各地の戦国大名が相次いで使者を派遣し、戦勝を慶賀し親交を求めたことも秀吉の畿内における権力掌握を象徴した。
- In addition, warlords across the country, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI and Yoshimune OTOMO, dispatched envoys to Hideyoshi one after another to celebrate his victory and to establish friendly relations with him, all of which also symbolized Hideyoshi's assumption of power in the Kinai Region.
- 秋田城についてはこれらの機能に加えて渤海 (国)等の外国使節の饗応や北方諸民族との交易の場が設定されていたのではないかとする見解が、発掘結果等を踏まえて出されている。
- Given the excavated materials, it is viewed that Akita-jo Castle served as a site to entertain foreign envoys from countries such as Bokkai, or Bohai, and to trade with the northern peoples, in addition to the functions described above.
- 東アジアにおける伝統的な華夷秩序、朝鮮では事大主義というが、に留まることを望む朝鮮側と条約に基づく国際関係を求める日本側では公使派遣をめぐっても対立していたのである。
- Kaichitsujo, which is traditional in East Asia is called in Korea Jidai shugi (serving-the-Great-ism) and Korean side wished to maintain the situation, but on the other hand Japan side wished for international relationship based on treaties and the two countries was opposed to each other regarding dispatch of ministries.
- 以上に見るように、近代国際法はその適用を「文明国」とそれ以外によって使い分ける二つの顔を持っており、これを「近代国際法の二重原理」と呼ぶ研究者もいる(高村1998)。
- As described above, modern international law had two faces to apply it differently to 'civilized nation' and 'non-civilized nation,' and certain researcher call this as 'double standard of modern international law.' (Takamura 1998)
- 公式の場において使われることはないが、現代の中華人民共和国や大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国などでは、日本や日本人に対して侮蔑的な意味を込めて「倭」を用いることがある。
- Wa' is no longer used officially but is sometimes used as a contemptuous meaning in the Chinese Republic, Korean Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
- 一般的なカレンダーなどにはこれまで広く用いられてきたが、行政をはじめとする公共機関が作成するカレンダーでは使用せず、掲載を取り止めるよう行政指導を行っている機関もある。
- It has been widely used in ordinary calendars, but has not been used in calendars made by public institutions like government and some public institutions provide administrative guidance to order not to list it.
- 役所で取り扱う文書には元号を使うこと、印鑑を押すこと、定められた形式に従って作成された文書以外は受理しないこと等々の、文書と手続きの形式を重視した文書主義が導入された。
- A document-based principle, attaching importance to the format of documents and procedures was introduced, which gave regulations such as using only the era name in the documents handled by government offices, affixing seals, accepting only the documents created in accordance with the predetermined format, and so on.
- 安史軍の根拠地であった河北には安史軍から投降してきた魏博(天雄軍)の田承嗣・幽州(廬龍軍)の李懐仙・恒冀(成徳軍)の李宝臣などの武将をそのまま節度使として任命していた。
- In Hebei, which was the base for the An Shi army, generals who defected from the An Shi army, such as Chengsi TIAN of Weibo (Tenyu army), Kaisen RI of You Prefecture (Lulong army) and Baochen LI of Koki (Chengde army), were directly assigned as setsudoshi.
- 1889年(明治22年)に開校した東京美術学校(現・東京芸術大学美術学部)では「美学及び美術史」が開講され、この頃から「美術史」の語は現代と同様の意味で使用されている。
- Tokyo Fine Arts School (today's fine arts faculty of Tokyo University of the Arts), which started in 1889, opened the course of aesthetics and art history, and around then the word of art history began to be used with a similar meaning to today's.
- 御厩別当は放牧地の総括管理者であるだけでなく、行幸に際しては、「車後(くるまじり)」「後騎」といって、院の牛車の後ろを検非違使とともに騎馬で警護に当たる地位でもあった。
- Mimaya-betto was not only general manager of the pasture, but also held the rank as a guard called 'Kurumajiri' and rode '後騎' on horseback along with kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) that followed behind the ox carriage of a retired emperor during his gyoko (imperial visit).
- 折りしも山縣有朋の御親兵設置構想が浮上すると大久保は岩倉具視とともに勅使として鹿児島に入って西郷説得に成功し、御親兵設置の企画推進のための出仕同意を取り付けたのである。
- When Aritomo YAMAGATA's plan of establishing goshimpei (army to convoy the Emperor) surfaced, Okubo went to Kagoshima as the Imperial envoy along with Tomomi IWAKURA and successfully persuaded Saigo to serve the government in order to establish goshimpei.
- 横浜港に入港したエルトゥールル号の司令官オスマン・パシャを特使とする一行は、6月13日に皇帝親書を明治天皇に奉呈し、オスマン帝国最初の親善訪日使節団として歓迎を受けた。
- After arriving at Yokohama Port, the party led by a special envoy Osman Pasha, who was also a commander of Ertuğrul, presented a letter from the Sultan to the Emperor Meiji on June 13 and was welcomed as the first goodwill mission to Japan from the Ottoman Empire.
- ロシア公使シェービッチは以前から日本に対して恫喝的な態度をたびたび取っており、この事件に関しても事件の対処にあたった青木周蔵、内務大臣・西郷従道らに死刑を強硬に要求した。
- The Russian envoy Schaevitz had always adopted harsh attitudes since before the incident, and in this case, he also strongly required Shuzo AOKI and the Minister of Home Affairs, Tsugumichi SAIGO to execute the death penalty.
- 日英同盟はイギリスのロンドンのランズダウン侯邸(現 The Lansdowne Club)において、林董駐英公使とイギリスのペティ=フィッツモーリス外相により調印された。
- The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed at the mansion of Lord Lansdowne (today's The Lansdowne Club) in London, Britain, by Tadasu HAYASHI: the Japanese Minister to Britain, and Petty-Fitzmaurice: British foreign secretary.
- 二刀流の使い手として藩外にも知られていた河西忠左衛門だけは冷静に合羽を脱ぎ捨てて柄袋を外し、襷をかけて刀を抜き、駕籠脇を守って稲田重蔵を倒すなど襲撃者たちをてこずらせた。
- Only the famous two-sword style fighter, Chuzaemon KASAI, was able to calmly remove his outer coat and sheath cover and release his sword using a cord; he fought hard to protect the palanquin, killing Jyuzo INADA in the process.
- そのうちに一人の日本人がフランスで豪遊しているという情報が、フランス駐在中弁務使鮫島尚信やイギリス駐在大弁務使寺島宗則の耳に入り、日本の外務省・副島外務卿に連絡が入った。
- In the meantime, a France-based middle commissioner Naonobu SAMEJIMA and an England-based major commissioner Munenori TERASHIMA heard a news that one Japanese was engaging in extravagances and this news was reported to the Foreign Minister SOEJIMA in Japan.
- 牙符制は日明貿易における勘合符制と同様、一つの符を二つに裂いた割符を以って使節の査証を行なう制度であり、勘合符の代わりに牙符あるいは象牙符とも呼ばれる通信符が使用された。
- Like kangofusei (tally system) in the Japan-Ming trade, Gafusei was a system where a tally was split into two halves and used for certifying an envoy where the communication tally called gafu (seal tally) or zogefu (ivory tally) was used in place of the kangofu.
- 寛文5年(1665年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 7月16日条約改正交渉の結果、領事裁判権を廃止する日英通商航海条約調印を経て、20日大鳥公使は朝鮮政府に清軍の撤退と朝清間の条約廃棄を3日間の期限で回答するよう通告した。
- After the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on July 16 as the result of negotiation over treaty revisions to do away with consular jurisdiction right, Minister Oshima gave notice to the Korean government requesting the withdrawal of Qing troops and the denunciation of Sino-Korean treaties with a response demanded within three days.
- しかし『万国公法』を読むことによって、あるいは駐在公使として直接海外に赴く人が増えたことで、西欧諸国間にも徳に基づくルールが存在するのだという認識が徐々に広まっていった。
- However, by reading 'Bankoku Koho' and increase in the number of people going abroad as minister, realization that there was a rule based on virtue in Western countries gradually gained ground.
- 当初頑なだったプロシア側も、奕訢が新任のプロシア公使との接見を拒絶するなど、清朝が強硬姿勢を示すと折れ、1500ポンドの賠償金を支払い、拿捕したベルギー船を解放している。
- Prussia took a severe attitude at first, but changed it after the Qing dynasty took a tough stance and Grand Prince Yixin rejected a meeting with new minister of Prussia, then Prussia paid 1,500 pounds of reparation and released the Belgian vessels.
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- 検非違使別当・平時忠の「要求を聞き入れるなら速やかに受諾し、聞き入れないのなら武士を派遣して大衆を追い払うべきだ」という進言により、夜に入って法住寺殿で公卿議定が開かれた。
- After the proposal of Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) TAIRA no Tokitada, 'if the claim is accepted, accept it promptly, otherwise send samurai to expel the daishu,' Kugyo-gijo (meeting to form decisions by nobles) was held in the Hojuji-dono Palace at night.
- 天平7年(735年)に遣唐使として渡って帰国した吉備真備が唐より中国正史をまとまった形で持ち帰った(吉備大臣三史櫃)のを機に文章博士が歴史をも合わせて講義することになった。
- It was when KIBI no Makibi, who was a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, brought back well organized Chinese historiography from Tang (Kibidaijin Sanshi hitsu (the authenticated Chinese history of Minister Kibi)) in 735 that monjo hakase began lecturing on history, too.
- 一方、安政条約に明記されながらいまだに朝廷の許可が無いため開港されていなかった兵庫(神戸港)問題を巡って、英国公使ハリー・パークスが主導する英仏蘭米連合艦隊が兵庫沖に迫った。
- Meanwhile, a combined fleet led by Harry PARKES, a British diplomat, arrived offshore of Hyogo (current Kobe Port), which was designated as a port by the Ansei treaty, but was not opened because the imperial court refused to give permission.
- 平氏残党に対する都の不安は大きく、後白河院は治安維持のために翌年正月の義経の屋島出撃を引き留めており、義経の検非違使・左衛門尉任官は、このような情勢の不安による人事であった。
- The remnants of the Taira clan made the capital so fearful that Goshirakawain prevented Yoshitsune's sortie to Yashima in January of the following year to maintain security, and this perturbed situation was what caused the appointment of Yoshitsune to Kebiishi and Saemon no jo (Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).
- 「尊意安かるべく候」は「御心安かるべく候」、「申し宣ぶべく候」は「申し入るべく候」とあるべきとし、ほかにも体言止めの横柄な言い回しや敬念を欠いた略称の使用に疑問を投げかけた。
- He said that 'your thought shall be at peace' should be 'your will shall be at peace' and 'it shall be said' should be 'it shall be proposed', and also questioned the arrogant form of expression using nouns at the end of sentences, and the use of abbreviated names without due respect.
- 柴同様籠城していた西徳二郎公使が「清国政府としてはそれまでの決心がない」というように、清朝側も公使団の扱いに困惑し、非情な決断をしかねたという背景が二ヶ月の籠城戦にはあった。
- The envoy Tokujiro NISHI, who was under siege with SHIBA, stated, 'The Qing government lacked its former decisiveness,' and the Qing dynasty was also confused about the treatment of the group of envoys, and could not made a harsh decision within the two months of besiegement.
- この協定は、東京で日本の桂首相とウィリアム・タフト特使が1905年7月27日の朝から外務次官珍田捨巳の通訳の下で行なった会合の記録から、長い機密の会話の部分で構成されている。
- This agreement consists of meeting records containing portions of a long, confidential conversation between the Japanese Prime Minister Katsura and the US special envoy Taft with the help of a translator, Sutemi CHINDA, the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, held in Tokyo on the morning of July 27, 1905.
- なおこの「国際法」という訳語は中国にも伝播したが、それは日清戦争後に訪れた日本留学ブームによって、大量の留学生が来日し、日本の著作を漢語訳した際、そのまま使用したためである。
- In addition, the word 'Kokusaiho' became well known in China because a large number of overseas students came from China after the Sino-Japanese War during a boom of studying in Japan and translated Japanese books into Chinese and used the term without change.
- 式神・識神(しきがみ、しきじん)、式の神ともいい、文献によっては式鬼(しき)、式鬼神とも)とは、陰陽師が使役する鬼神のことで、人心から起こる悪行や善行を見定める役を務めるもの。
- Shikigami or Shikijin were fierce gods employed by the Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) to judge the evil doings and well doings of the populace, and they were also called Shiki no Kami, and in some literature, Shiki or Shiki Kijin.
- 1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
- In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.
- 大院君は農民軍鎮圧のための派兵をしないよう大鳥公使に要請したが、日本は部隊(歩兵独立第十九大隊)を11月初めに派兵し、11月下旬からの公州攻防戦で勝利して農民軍を南方へ退けた。
- Although Daewongun requested Minister Otori not to send troops to suppress the peasant army, Japan dispatched a military unit (the 19th independent infantry battalion) in early November and the won Gongju battle started late November, ousting the peasant army to the south.
- また、10世紀に入ると次第に刑部省の地位が低下するようになり、強窃二盗(強盗・窃盗)と私鋳銭に関する裁判権は検非違使に、その他の犯罪に関する裁判権は太政官に移されることになった。
- In the 10th century, the position of Gyobusho declined and the jurisdictions of robbery and counterfeit coinage were transferred to Kebiishi and the other crimes were transferred to Daijokan.
- また、紛争鎮圧のために政府から押領使や追捕使として派遣された中級・下級の貴族のなかにも武士として現地に留まる者があらわれ、やがて軍事的ネットワークが各地に形成されていくのである。
- In addition, some middle-level and lower-level aristocrats that the government had dispatched as Oryoshi or Tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture) to suppress disputes remained in the locality, and before long military networks were formed around the country.
- 一説には、中華思想により、他国の地名、人名には『蔑字』を使っているため、このような表記になっている原田常治『記紀以前の資料による 古代日本正史』 同志社・婦人生活社 1976年。
- According to another account, 'characters of contempt' were used for the names of foreign places and people as a result of Sinocentrism (Tsuneji HARADA, 'Official History of Ancient Japan Based on the Materials before Kiki' Doshisha, Fujin Seikatsusha, 1976.)
- これは東海道筋は海運が盛んで、運賃の高い鉄道は余り使用されないであろうとする見方、それに東海道筋は海に近く、外国の攻撃を受けやすいという陸軍の強い反対があったためであるとされる。
- This is because of the fact that Tokaido Road's prospering maritime shipping trade and its expensive prices meant that it was little used, and that there were strong objections from the Army based on the fact that Tokaido Road's proximity to the coast left it vulnerable to foreign attack.
- 当時ドイツが中国に持っていた山東半島の租借地を占領する軍事作戦を展開したが、この時に占領地で使用するために1914年9月に10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
- When the Japanese military force executed a military operation in order to occupy the former German-leased territory in Shandong Peninsula of China, the military currency for 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen and 10 sen were issued to be used in the occupied territory in September, 1914.
- 榎本軍が箱館を占領した後、1868年11月4日、英軍艦サトライト、仏軍艦ヴェニウスは、英公使ハリー・パークスより訓令を与えられ、英国公使館書記官アダムズを同行させて箱館に入港した。
- On November 4, 1868 after the Enomoto's army occupied Hakodate, the British warship Satellite and the French warship Venius entered the Hakodate port together with Adams, Secretary of British Legation, on board, following the directive of Harry Parkes, British Minister.
- なお、藩というと幕藩体制というように江戸幕府下の制度と思われがちだが、厳密には、江戸幕府下の体制で公式に「藩」という呼称はなかった(一部の学者などが書などで使用するのみであった)。
- When referring to han, the 'shogunate system' is associated and it tends to be considered a system under the Edo bakufu, but strictly speaking, there was no official naming, 'han,' under the Edo bakufu system (only some scholars used it in their literary works).
- 勅使に屈した幕府をさらに追い込むべく三条実美・姉小路公知ら尊王攘夷派の過激公卿が、長州藩などの勢力を背景に将軍に上洛を命ずる一方、攘夷の勅命を請願するなど、朝政を壟断しつつあった。
- During this period, radical court nobles who advocated Sonno Joi ha such as Sanemi SANJO and Kintomo ANENOKOJI acted as if they were leaders of the country, using the influence of the Choshu clan to further press a government which had already yielded to the imperial messenger, and ordered the shogun to go to Kyoto, while they petitioned the emperor to grant an imperial order to expel foreigners.
- 兵士と移民を送りこむロシアに対し、日本が劣勢に立たされていることに強い危機感を抱いた政府は、明治3年(1870年)に樺太開拓使を設置し、黒田清隆を開拓使次官にして樺太専務を命じた。
- However, Japanese government felt a strong sense of crisis over Russia which sent more soldiers and immigrants to Sakhalin and pushed Japan into an inferior position, and established the Sakhalin Development Commission in 1870, and the vice chief of the Commission, Kiyotaka KURODA, was assigned to oversee the administrative matters of Sakhalin.
- また、人の善悪を監視するということは、人の心(霊魂)の和御魂と荒御魂の状態の変化でもあり、このことも式神という、2つの状態のどちらかの神霊を、使役したことと係わっていると思われる。
- Observing the good and evil within people, one sees the movement of people's hearts (souls) between Nigimitama and Aramitama, which is why Shikigami who possessed the two different spirits were employed.
- 北条時宗は鎌倉の龍ノ口刑場(江ノ島付近)で杜世忠以下5名を斬首に処した(これは、使者が日本の国情を詳細に記録・偵察した、間諜(スパイ)としての性質を強く帯びていたためと言われる)。
- Tokimune HOJO executed Shizhong DU and other four men at Tatsunokuchi Execution Site (near Eno-shima Island) (it is said to have been because the envoys were mostly spies in nature, recording and investigating the conditions of Japan in detail).
- 大田牛一の『信長公記』では、決戦に使用された鉄砲数に関しては「千挺計」(約1000丁)、鳶ヶ巣山攻撃の別働隊が「五百挺」と書いてあり(計約1500丁)、3000丁とは書かれてない。
- 'Shinchoko-ki' by Gyuichi OTA does not mention 3,000 teppo but it does mention that '千挺計' (about 1,000 teppo) were used in the main battle and '五百挺' (500 teppo) were used by the detachment force in the Battle on Mt. Tobigasu (making a total of about 1,500).
- しかし義政の死後、明応の政変により将軍家が二つに割れて争う中、牙符は有力守護を味方に付ける道具として切り売りされて流出し、1501年には大内氏の手による偽日本国王使が通交している。
- After Yoshimasa died, the family in line to inherit the shogunate divided into two in the Meio no seihen (Meio disturbance), Gafu flew out as they were sold by the piece for winning the influential shugo to their own side, and in 1501, the pseudo envoys schemed by the Ouchi clan, were dispatched.
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- 1885年4月全権大使伊藤博文と李鴻章により天津条約が結ばれ、四ヶ月以内の日清両軍の朝鮮からの撤退と、以後出兵時の事前通告および事態の沈静化後すみやかに撤収すべきことが定められた。
- Plenipotentiary Hirobumi ITO and Li Hung Chang signed the Treaty of Tianjin, which provided that both Japanese and Qing troops will withdraw from Korea within four months and hereafter give a prior notice in dispatching their troops, and call troops home as soon as things have calmed down.
- クビライは予め「風濤の険阻を以って辞となすなかれ」と日本側への国書の手交を厳命していたが、その「風濤の険阻」を理由に使者の両名は渡海もせず引き返してきたことに憤慨してこれを却下した。
- Kublai had ordered them strictly to deliver the imperial letter to Japan and 'not to give up for a reason attributable to bad weather,' and thus, when both envoys returned without crossing the sea due to the reason of 'bad weather,' he got upset and did not accept it.
- この事件を知った清国アモイ駐在のアメリカ合衆国総領事リゼンドル(リ・ゼンドル。Charles E.LeGendre)は、駐日公使を通じて「野蛮人を懲罰するべきだ」と外務省に提唱した。
- U.S. Consul General to Xiamen in Qing Dynasty, Charles E. LeGendre, who learned about the case, suggested to the Foreign Ministry through a resident envoy to Japan that Japan punish the barbarians.
- 使節団によってヨーロッパの人々に日本の存在が知られる様になり、彼らの持ち帰ったヨハネス・グーテンベルク印刷機によって日本語書物の活版印刷が初めて行われた(これをキリシタン版という)。
- The mission made the existence of Japan known among the European people and Japanese documents were printed for the first time with a printing press that Johannes Gutenberg brought back (this is called Jesuit printing).
- 698年には覓国使が南島に派遣され、翌年多褹(種子島)、夜久(屋久島)、菴美(奄美大島)、度感(トカラ列島または徳之島)が朝貢に訪れ、702年には行政組織としての多禰国が設置された。
- In 698, Bekkokushi (researchers sent to Kyushu and the Northern islands of Japan during the Nara period) were dispatched to Minami-jima Island and the next year Tane (Tanegashima Island), Yaku (Yakushima Island), Amami (Amami Oshima) and Tokara (the Tokara Islands or Tokunoshima Island) came to pay tribute and, in 702, Tane Province was established as an administrative organization.
- が、この朝鮮使を宗氏は「朝貢使」と称して秀吉に謁見させると、秀吉からしてみると、要求に応じ「朝貢使」を派遣し「服属」してきた朝鮮に、以前からの要求通り征明の先導(征明嚮導)を命じた。
- However, as the So clan introduced these Korean delegates as 'tributary delegates' to Hideyoshi, he believed that the Joseon Dynasty had sent 'tributary delegates' to yield allegiance to him as he had demanded, and ordered them again to be the guide for conquest of the Ming (Seimin kyodo).
- 井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う(シラス)ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使(ウシハク)とは異なるとする(井上「古言」)。
- The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
- この場合の由来とは、必ずしもマーティンたちが新造したことに限定するものではなく、中国古典等に使用されていた熟語を法律用語に転用し、表記は同じでも意味が変容されているものも含んでいる。
- These new words were not limited only to those words that Martin and others created, but also includes phrases from Chinese classics that were transformed into legal terms; these were written the same way but had different meanings.
- この西郷の使節派遣に賛同したのが板垣退助、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、副島種臣、桐野利秋らであり、反対したのが大久保利通、岩倉具視、木戸孝允、伊藤博文、大隈重信、大木喬任、黒田清隆らである。
- Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Taneomi SOEJIMA, and Toshiaki KIRINO agreed to Saigo's envoy dispatch, and people who have opposed were Toshimichi OKUBO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Takayoshi KIDO, Hirobumi ITO, Shigenobu OKUMA, Takato OKI, and Kiyotaka KURODA.
- これを受けて検非違使庁は特に問題視された5・7・9の3ヶ条について一部修正を加えた上で新たな法文として公任から一条天皇に提出し、これを元に再度公布を行った(『権記』同年5月14日条)。
- In response to this reprimand, Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) partially revised clauses 5, 7, and 9, which were the most controversial, and presented the revised shinsei as a new law to Emperor Ichijo via Kinto, and issued Chohogannenrei again based on this revision (an article dated May 14, 1000 of 'Gonki').
- 以上のことから、秀吉の刀狩令は百姓身分の武装解除を目指したものではなく、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制するという兵農分離を目的としたものであったとする学説が現在では有力である。
- Based on the above-mentioned circumstances, the strongest theory as of late was that Hideyoshi's katanagari edict was aimed at the heinobunri, controlling the use of weapons by revoking the right for peasants to wear a sword and not aimed at disarming those in the peasant class.
- 翌年、鄭舜功の部下が大友氏の使者とともに京都に赴いて室町幕府に倭寇禁圧の要請をする事を許されたが、鄭舜功自身は豊後にて軟禁状態に置かれていたものの、日本の国情の調査を行うことは許された。
- During the next year, a subject of Cheng Shun-kung went to Kyoto with an envoy of the Otomo clan, and was allowed to request the Muromachi bakufu to suppress wako -- On the other hand, Cheng Shun-kung was still confined in Bungo Province, but allowed to gather intelligence of Japan's actual circumstances.
- 早合(はやごう)は火縄銃等のマズルローダー(銃口から弾を込める方式の銃)の装填を簡便にするために用いられた「弾薬包」であり、戦国時代後期もしくは安土桃山時代から使用されていたと云われる。
- A hayago is a pouch for gun powder and bullet which was used to simplify the loading process for muzzle loaders (guns where bullets were loaded from the muzzle) such as matchlock and other guns, presumably from the latter part of the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) or from the Azuchi Momoyama period.
- なお、日清戦争から日華事変甲号軍票までは明治時代に発行された明治通宝とよばれる政府紙幣のデザインを踏襲した縦型のものを使っていたが、その後は銀行券スタイルのものが発行されるようになった。
- The military currency used during Sino-Japanese War through Ko-go currency used during the China Incident, vertical style ones followed a design of the government-issued bank note called Meiji Tsuho was adopted, but bank-note styled military currencies were issued afterwards.
- 日本と清国との間で帰属がはっきりしなかった琉球だったが、この事件の処理を通じて日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
- The attribution issue of Ryukyu between Japan and Qing, which had remained unsolved, worked out in the favor of Japan in the peace process and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji Government ordered Ryukyu to sever relations with Qing based on sakuho (Chinese vassal system) and choko (tributary system) as well as to adopt Meiji as an era name.
- 第三回遣隋使は608年(推古天皇16年)に、唐の皇帝あての国書を持たせ、また、小野妹子を大使に、難波吉士雄成を小使に、鞍作福利を通事(つうじ)に任命し、裴世清一行と留学生8人を渡航させた。
- In the third Kenzuishi (608), ONO no Imoko, chief of the envoy, NANIWANOKISHI Onari, deputy chief, and KURATSUKURI no fukuri, translator, were sent to Tang China with a party of HAI Seisei (an envoy of Sui Dynasty to Japan) and other eight students with another Johyobun (official letter) to the Tang's Emperor.
- 秋田蘭画(あきたらんが)とは、江戸時代における絵画のジャンルのひとつで、久保田藩(秋田藩)主や藩士を担い手とした、西洋画の手法を取り入れた構図と純日本的な画材を使用した和洋折衷絵画である。
- Akita Ranga is a genre of Japanese painting in a semi-Western style from the Edo period that was adopted by the lord and statesmen of the Kubota clan (the Akita clan); paintings in this style were composed using techniques of Western paintings with traditional Japanese drawing materials.
- 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族(公家政権)と武家(武家政権)を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
- Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)、参謀に西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
- An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
- そのため「平」の字を使ったが、中国風に雅字(良い文字の意)二字で地名を表記するために、「城市」の意を込めた「城」の字との2文字で「平城」とし、都の名称として採用したのではないかとされている。
- Because of this the character '平' was chosen, and in order to use the Chinese style, which uses two character for place names, '城' from the word '城市' (fortified town) was added, and they were together used for the name of the capital '平城.'
- 『日本書紀』神功皇后52年(252年?)九月丙子の条に、百済の肖古王が日本の使者、千熊長彦に会い、七支刀一口、七子鏡一面、及び種々の重宝を献じて、友好を願ったという意味のことが書かれている。
- According to the article dated Hinoene of September in ca. 252 of 'Nihonshoki,' Chogo, the king of Paekche, met Nagahiko CHIKUMA, an envoy from Japan, and gave him one seven-pronged sword, one nanatsuko no kagami (a mirror with seven small decoration mirrors), and various other treasures, hoping to form a friendship.
- 荘園内での開発が進展するにともない、不輸の範囲や対象をめぐる開発領主と国司の対立がはげしくなると、荘園領主の権威を利用して国司の使者の立ち入りを認めない不入の権 (日本)を得る荘園が増えた。
- With the progress of developments in shoen, conflict between kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) and kokushi intensified over the scope and the target of Fuyu (tax exemption), and more and more shoen acquired Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering their property) so they could take advantage of refusing the entry by kokushi's envoy.
- 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」(明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない)と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
- After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
- 火薬・弾丸・雷管さえあれば使用できる前装式銃と異なり、後装式のスナイドル銃の弾薬(実包)は真鍮を主材料として水圧プレスで成型される基部を持った薬莢が不可欠で、これが無ければ銃として機能しない。
- Unlike the muzzleloader, which only needs gunpowder, bullet, and percussion cap, the breech-loading Snider rifle does not work without the ammunition (ball cartridge) in a cartridge case, the base of which was mainly made of brass molded by hydraulic press.
- 『八幡大菩薩愚童訓』には「夜々ニ筑紫之地ヲ見廻、船戦之場懸足逃道ニ至マテ、差図ヲ書」とあり、『元史』趙良弼伝にも「使日本趙良弼、至太宰府而還、具以日本君臣爵号、州郡名数、風俗土宜来上」とある。
- 'Hachiman Daibosatsu Gudokun' (another title of Hachiman Gudokun) reads, 'they looked around Chikushi Province in the night and wrote instructions about the place for naval battle, position and the way to escape' and in addition, the records on Liang-pi CHAO in 'Genshi' also says, 'envoy to Japan Liang-pi CHAO reached Dazai-fu and returned with detailed information about Japanese titles granted to vassals, the number and names of provinces, customs and products.'
- 日朝で激しいやりとりがあったが、弁理公使花房義質が日朝間を頻繁に往来して、ついには1880年12月漢城に公使館を設置し長期滞在して既成事実化するようになると、朝鮮側も黙認せざるを得なくなった。
- During the severe discussion between the two sides, minister resident Yoshimoto HANABUSA traveled often between Japan and Korea, and finally Japan established a consular office in Hanseong in December 1880, Hanabusa stayed there for a long term to create a fait accompli, and Korea had no choice but to concede.
- 「開皇二十年 俀王姓阿毎 字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌 遣使詣闕 上令所司訪其風俗 使者言俀王以天爲兄 以日爲弟 天未明時出聽政 跏趺坐 日出便停理務 云委我弟 高祖曰 此太無義理 於是訓令改之」
- There came a king of Wa whose last name was Ame, azana (nickname) was Tarashihiko, and go (pseudonym) was Okimi in 600. He sent an envoy to the Imperial palace. The emperor asked the envoy about the culture of Wa through his servant. The envoy said that the king of Wa regarded the heaven as his elder brother and the sun as his younger brother. He got up before daybreak and attended to government affairs, sitting with his legs crossed on the floor. Once the sun came high, he stopped his work and told his younger brother to take over him. The emperor said that it totally lacked justice. The emperor tried to dissuade the king from doing this.'
- また、近隣間の些細なトラブルでさえ暴力によって解決される傾向にあった、そのため、秀吉は刀狩と並行して武器の使用による紛争の解決を全国的に禁止(喧嘩停止令)し、この施策は江戸幕府にも継承された。
- People would often resort to force to solve even trivial matters, and Hideyoshi addressed this by prohibiting any conflict resolution using weapons (kenka choji rei (edict prohibiting quarrel and fighting)) throughout the nation in parallel with katanagari edict, which was inherited by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 今となってはこれが幸いしてか、マズルローダー競技(前装銃競技)のマッチロック(火縄銃)種目では、欧米人の選手の多くが日本製の火縄銃を使用し、当然これを使い慣れた日本人選手もメダルを獲得し易い。
- However this is now in favor of Japanese competitors in the event of matchlock of muzzle loader since most European competitors use Japanese matchlock which is familiar to Japanese ones, it is easier for the Japanese to obtain medals.
- 交渉中特に問題となったのは、公使がソウルに官舎を構えるか否か(公使派出問題)、日本の役人が朝鮮内地を移動できるか否か、開港地における一般日本人の移動範囲、米や雑穀の輸出入といったテーマであった。
- They had long arguments about those topics in particular, such as whether the ministers would establish the official residence (a problem of dispatch of ministers), whether Japanese government officials could move inland in Korea, the range of traveling for general Japanese in the places where ports were opened, and import and export of rice and grain.
- 班田収授法が機能していた時代には不輸の田地に対しても班田使が調査を行って班田の対象外であることを確認することが行われており、後世においても不輸の田地でも不入の権を有していない田地も存在していた。
- However, while Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) was functioning, the handenshi (land reallocator) would survey rice fields that had fuyu no ken and confirm that they were excluded as targets of handen and in later years, there were rice fields that had fuyu no ken, but did not have funyu no ken.
- 豆板銀については持ち運び可能な銀秤(ぎんばかり)により随時秤量しての支払いが可能であり、また現金を銭緡(ぜにさし)で持ち歩くよりも携帯に便利で、適宜両替商で銭貨に替えて使用するなど、重宝された。
- Mameitagin were used widely, as they enabled each payment by weighing them with a portable Ginbakari (scale for silver) and were exchanged into silver coins at money changers as needed because they were easier to carry than cash in Zenisashi (a string to bundle coins).
- そののち推古16年(608年)4月に隋煬帝の使者裴世清が来訪するにあたって、まず筑紫に滞在させ、その間に「高麗館(こまのむろつみ)の上に新館を造る」(『日本書紀』)ことで歓迎の準備を整えている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' when 裴世清, an envoy of Emperor Yodai in the Sui dynasty, came to Japan in May and June in 608, and the government constructed a new building on the top of the Koma-no-murotsumi (Koma Lodge) for his visit, while having 裴世清 stay at Tsukushi.
- 早合を装填する場合は、先ず蓋または栓をとり、立てた銃の銃口へ蓋をとった一端から火薬とそれに続く弾を一気に注ぎ込み、更に搠杖(かるか、または、さくじょう)を使って薬室に衝き込むという方法がとられた。
- When loading, the lid or the stopper of a hayago is removed, gun powder and the bullet are loaded from the muzzle of a gun held vertically, then they are further pushed into the gun chamber using a rod.
- 戦後のオスマン帝国の解体とトルコ共和国の成立という目まぐるしい情勢の変化を経て、1924年発効のローザンヌ条約締結、1925年の大使館開設により、ようやく日本とトルコは正式の国交を結ぶことになる。
- Through drastic changes of circumstances such as the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey after the war, Japan and Turkey finally entered into diplomatic relations following the conclusion of the Treaty of Lausann in 1924 and the establishment of the Embassy in 1925.
- その後日清戦争や日露戦争、第一次世界大戦(青島攻略戦)などの対外戦争で日本政府が占領地で発行しており、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)では中国および東南アジアの占領地各地で現地通貨建てのものが使用された。
- Afterwards, during such wars against foreign countries as Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War and the First World War (the war for captureing Tsingtao), Japanese government issued its military currency in the occupied areas and during the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War), Japanese military currency was issued in the occupying areas, including China and Southeast Asia, based on the local currency.
- この時の使節団訪朝前に、日本では寺島宗則外務卿が、「朝鮮輸出税は今より無論に是を徴せす。彼国より輸入し来る物品と雖少数、且多くは実用品にて国害となるへき物品無之候」と三条太政大臣に意見具申している。
- Before the envoy visited Korea from Japan, Munenori TERASHIMA, the chief of the Foreign Ministry, gave his opinion to the Grand Minister Sanjo, 'Export duties to Korea will not be imposed from now on. As the imported products from Korea would be not so many and most of them were utilities, those would not be harmful to our country.'
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、こうした命令には治天の君による院宣やより簡略化された綸旨が用いられることが多くなったために、寺社に対する仏事や神事の日程や朝廷の使者の派遣の通告などに限定されるようになっていった。
- From the early Kamakura period, kansenji was gradually limited to announcements of the dates of Buddhists or Shintoist rites to temples or shrines and dispatch of Emperor's messengers, because such orders were more and more sent as inzen issued by a retired emperor or as rinji, a more simplified edict.
- 戦役以後、総じて朝鮮人の間では日本に対する敵意が生まれ、平和な貿易関係を望む対馬の宗氏も朝鮮王朝に強く警戒され、日本使節の上京は禁じられ、貿易に訪れた日本人も釜山に設けられた倭館に行動を制限された。
- After the war in general, among Korean people, hostility against Japan was generated and the So clan which wished a peaceful trade relationship took strong precautions, the visit of a Japanese diplomat to the capital was prohibited and Japanese people visited for the purpose of trading were also restricted in their activities and were forced to stay in Wakan (consular office) established in Busan.
- 五箇条の一つ「旧来の陋習を破り天地の公道に基くべし」、及びその原案「旧来の陋習を破り宇内の通義に従ふへし」に使われていることば「天地ノ公道」・「宇内の通義」は「万国公法」(国際法)の意味だとされる。
- There is one of the five articles 'Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature' and its draft version 'Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon accepted orders of the whole world,' and those words '天地ノ公道' (law of Nature) and '宇内の通儀' (orders of the whole world) are considered to be the same meaning as 'bankoku koho' (international law).
- この本の訳者瓜生三寅は、マーティン版『万国公法』に批判的で、原著から直接翻訳し、タイトルも'International Law'の訳語として「万国公法」を使用せず「交道」ということばを採用している。
- The translator, Mitora URYU was critical about Martin version 'Bankoku Koho,' therefore he translated directly from the original and used the word not 'bankoku koho' but 'kodo' as translation of 'international law'for the title of the book.
- 天領という用語は、明治初期に旧幕府直轄領が天皇の御料(直轄領)になったときに天領と呼ばれるようになったため、さかのぼって幕府時代のものも天領と呼ぶようになったもので、江戸時代に使われていた用語ではない。
- The term 'tenryo' was not used in the Edo period; its use began when territories that were under the control of the former Edo Shogunate became the Imperial property at the beginning of the Meiji era, and retrospectively, territories that were under the Shogunate's control during the Edo period also came to be referred to as 'tenryo.'
- 偽使派遣勢力は牙符制の発効を恐れ、1474年の牙符発給を受けた日本国王使を対馬で一時拘束する、あるいは1480年に偽王城大臣使を朝鮮に派遣し、牙符が散逸したとする撹乱情報を伝えるなど、妨害を試みている。
- For fear of having Gafusei come into effect, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys attempted to disturb the effectuation by catching the King of Japan envoy who had received Gafu in 1474 at Tsushima, or dispatching the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoys to Korea in 1480 to spread a false rumor that the Gafu were scattered.
- そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
- Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.
- 日本の火縄銃では、銃身の下部の銃床木部に、槊杖を収めるためのトンネル状の穴が設けられてそこに収まっていたが、そのままそれを装塡に使用するには耐久力に乏しいので、稽古等では太目の丈夫なものを別に携行した。
- Japanese matchlock guns had a tunnel-like hole in the wooden floor part of the barrel in order to install the ramrod, but since it was not sturdy enough to use for loading, another larger, more resilient one was carried with the gun during training.
- 1世紀中葉になると北部九州(博多湾沿岸)にあったとされる倭奴国が後漢へ朝貢している(『後漢書』)が、これは北部九州における倭人の政治集団の統合が進み、その代表として倭奴国が後漢へ遣使したと考えられている。
- In the middle of the first century, 倭奴国, which is thought to have been located in northern Kyushu (the coast of Hakata Bay), paid tribute to the Later Han Dynasty ('Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), which is thought to indicate that Wajin political groups in Northern Kyushu were consolidated and 倭奴国 sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty as the representative.
- 当時の朝廷は、隋との交渉の中で、律令制とその基本理念を知る機会はあった(622年に帰国した遣隋使の恵日らが推古天皇に唐の律令制について報告している)が、それを実行に移す能力は未だ朝廷に備わっていなかった。
- The Imperial Court of the time had the opportunity to learn about the Ritsuryo system and its basic concepts through talks with the Sui Dynasty (envoys to the Sui Dynasty, including Einichi, returned Japan in 622 and reported to Empress Suiko on the Tang Dynasty's Ritsuryo system) but they were not capable enough to put this knowledge into practice.
- 交渉は18日より徳川方の京極忠高の陣において、家康側近の本多正純、阿茶局と、豊臣方の使者として派遣された淀殿の妹である常高院との間で行われ、19日には講和条件が合意、20日に誓書が交換され和平が成立した。
- The negotiations took place in Tadataka KYOGOKU's camp on Tokugawa side between Masazumi HONDA and Acha-no-tsubone from Tokugawa side and Joko-in, who was Yodo-dono's sister and had been dispatched as a messenger of the Toyotomi side; on 19th peace terms were agreed and pacification was made with an exchange of written vows (the old calendar).
- 韓国では1961年の計量法施行によって、公式にはメートル法に移行しているが、不動産の売買には坪を用いる実態があったため、2007年7月施行の改定計量法によって、使用すると罰金が課せられるようになっている。
- In South Korea, the measurement law enacted in 1961 had officially declared to switch into the metric system; however, the usage of tsubo unit was still common in practice for real estate business, thus the government revised the measurement law in July, 2007, imposing a penalty for the usage of tsubo unit in business purpose.
- まず開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という「職の体系(しき)」において国司・国衙から保証されたものであるが、しかしそうである限り国司側はその任を解く権限を持っおり、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- First, the territorial possession of kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by governor and kokuga as a 'job structure' called as gunji (district managers) and goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system), but the governor side had the power to dismiss them from the position as in the case of Soma County.
- 高槻城の城主であった高山右近に、キリシタン大名であることを利用し宣教師のグネッキ・ソルディ・オルガンティノを使者として「即時帰順しなけば、宣教師も領内の信者も残らず磔に処す。教会も焼き払う」として脅した。
- Taking advantage of the fact that Ukon TAKAYAMA, who was the castellan of the Takatsuki-jo Castle and was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), Nobunaga ODA sent Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino, who was a missionary, as an emissary and threatened Ukon TAKAYAMA that unless he would surrender immediately, all missionaries and believers in the territory would be crucified and churches would be burnt.
- 欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係(外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣)を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。
- The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.
- 例外的に、真珠の取引単位は直径はセンチメートル、ネックレス等の長さはインチとされ、質量はグラム表記したことで混乱を招いた歴史があることから、世界的に「匁(もんめ、momme)」が国際単位として使われている。
- Exceptionally, a unit 'monme' (or momme) is globally used as an international unit for dealing with pearl because of the confusions resulted from inconsistent unit systems: The diameter of a pearl was written in centimeter, the length of necklaces and others was in inch, the mass was in gram.
- しかしこの銘文自体が、「天皇」、「東宮聖王」などの語や「大御身労賜時」といった日本的な表現が使用されており、推古朝では早過ぎることや、書風に初唐の趣があることから初唐代のものとする説などがあり、疑問が多い。
- However, from the fact that on the inscription itself, words such as 'tenno' (emperor) and 'togu' (crown prince), and Japanese expressions such as 'oomimi itazuki tamaishitoki' (the emperor is sick) are used, which are too early to be used for the reign of Empress Suiko, and also from the fact that the writing style had a tenor of the early Tang period; accordingly there are theories that these expressions are from the early Tang period, leaving many questions.
- 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使(室町幕府使節)および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交(外交を兼ねた貿易)は禁じられた。
- In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
- この点についてのNHKへの問い合わせに対して、NHK側は、「1985年の救出に直接関わったトルコ大使やトルコ航空機長など当事者の方々に確認したところ、エルトゥールル号事件のことは全くご存知ありませんでした。
- In response to inquiries to NHK about this issue, they said, 'We asked the people who had been directly involved in the rescue operation in 1985, such as the Turkish ambassador and the Turkish Airlines captain; however nobody knew about the Ertuğrul incident.
- また1920年の行政区域設定の際には、打狗を高雄市、錫口を松山区 (台北市)、枋橋を板橋市、阿公店を岡山鎮、媽宮を馬公市としたような日本的地名等への改称が行われ、改称された地名は現在でも数多く使用されている。
- In establishing the administrative regions in 1920, the original names were changed to Japanese names in some places, such as 打狗 to 高雄市、錫口 to 松山区 (台北市)、枋橋 to 板橋市、阿公店 to 岡山鎮、媽宮 to 馬公市, and these names are still used even today.
- 日朝関係は豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役によって破壊され、関係の復旧に意欲を示した徳川家康は対馬国の宗氏を通じて国交回復の交渉を行い、結果寛永13年(1636年)に朝鮮通信使という名の使節の最初の者が送られてきた。
- The relationship between Korea and Japan was destroyed by the Bunroku-Keicho War in the Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI era, but Ieyasu TOKUGAWA began the process of repairing the relationship through the So clan in Tsushima Province and the first Korean delegacy named Chosen Tsushinshi was sent to Japan in 1636.
- 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す(領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない)。
- Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
- それは、安元3年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷の陰謀で成親が逮捕された時、大衆が清盛に「敵を討っていただいたことは喜ばしい」とわざわざ使者を送って礼を述べていることからも明らかといえる(『玉葉』安元3年6月3日条)。
- That was obvious as the daishu bothered to send an envoy to show gratitude, 'It is gratifying that the enemy was caught' when Narichika was arrested at the Shishigatani plot in 1177 ('Gyokuyo' article of June 3, 1177).
- 補給の混乱を防ぐために、陸軍省は九州へ派遣される兵の装備をいったんスナイドル銃に統一させてから送り出していたが、動員規模が拡がるにつれて早くも3月にはスナイドル弾薬500万発の備蓄を使い果たして弾薬が欠乏した。
- In order to prevent confusion in supplying ammunition, the Army Ministry dispatched troops to Kyushu after having the whole troops armed with Snider rifle; as the scale of the mobilized troops grown, the Army Ministry had already run out of stockpiles of 5 million rounds of Snider Ammunition and become lack of ammunition in March.
- 9月6日 (旧暦)、家康は豊臣方の徳川家に対しての不信が問題の要因であるとし、崇伝と本多正純を使者として、大蔵卿局と且元とを同席させた上で、双方の親和を示す方策を講じ江戸に赴いて申し開きするよう要求したという。
- On September 6 (the old calendar) Ieyasu concluded that the distrust of the Toyotomi Family to the Tokugawa Family was a factor of such a problem, then sent Suden and Masazumi HONDA as envoys to the Toyotomi family, and at the meeting in company with Okurakyo-no-tsubone and Katsumoto, demanded that Toyotomi should discuss a measure for conciliation for the both families and come to Edo to account for the measure.
- また夜中、炎上する筥崎宮より出た白装束の者30人ばかりが矢を射掛けたところ、元兵は恐怖し夜明けも待たず(朝鮮通信使のころでも夜間の玄界灘渡海は避けていた)我先にと抜錨し撤退は壊走となり玄界灘で遭難した、という。
- It further says that at the midnight, about thirty people in white came out from burning Hakozaki-gu Shrine and shot arrows at the Yuan soldiers, who were horrified and hurriedly withdrew in their ships without waiting for dawn, and in this chaotic flight, the ships are said to have wrecked in the Genkai-nada Sea (even Korean envoys in the Edo period avoided crossing the Genkai-nada Sea at the night).
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では日本へ派遣した使節が帰国し、その報告が西人派(正使の黄允吉は戦争が近いことを警告)と東人派(副使の金誠一は日本の侵略はあったとしても先の話と否定)で別れ、政権派閥の東人派が戦争の警告を無視した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea, delegates dispatched to Japan returned and the Seijinha group (黄允吉, who was seishi (senior envoy), warned that war would occur in the near future) and the Tojinha group (金誠一, who was the vice envoy, denied saying that invasion by Japan would not be in the near future) made different reports and the Tojinha group, the fraction in power, ignored the warning about the potential of war.
- この方式の火縄銃は16世紀に南欧で生み出されたものの、ばねによって火縄を火皿にたたきつける激発機構は、すぐに火打石を火打ち金にたたきつけて火花を飛ばすフリントロック式銃を生み出し、ごく短い間しか使われなかった。
- This type of matchlock was invented in Southern Europe in the 16th century, but the firing mechanism which makes a match strike the flashpan by means of a spring action to the flintlock which produces a spark by striking steel with a flint, and was used only for a short period.
- ただ「万国公法」ということばは、1876年12月の時点で使用されており、韓国の研究者の間では花房によってもたらされる以前に、すでに伝来していたと推測する論者もいる(李1982、金容九1999、金鳳珍2001)。
- However, the word 'bankoku koho' was already used in December, 1876 and according to some researchers in Korea, the word seemed to have arrived before Hanabusa brought it (李 1982, 金容丸 1999, 金鳳珍 2001).
- 当時、各国公使と軍艦は和泉国・摂津国の間にあったから、明治政府は憂慮し、イギリス公使ハリー・パークスに調停を求めたが失敗、22日、明治政府はやむなく賠償金15万ドルの支払いと暴行者の処刑などすべての主張を飲んだ。
- At that time, as foreign ministers and warships resided or anchored in between Izumi Province and Settsu Province, the deeply concerned Meiji government asked the England minister, Harry Smith Parkes, to mediate the matter, but the attempt failed and on March 15, the Meiji government reluctantly accepted all the conditions including compensation of 150 thousand dollars and the beheading of the Japanese offenders.
- 嘉靖36年(日本の永禄元年/1558年)、大友氏の使僧とともに寧波に送り返されたものの、既に楊宜は趙文華・胡宗憲らによって失脚させられており、却って捕えられて四川省に配流されて7年間にわたって牢に押し込められた。
- When Cheng Shun-kung returned to Ningpo, China together with an envoy monk of the Otomo clan, 楊宜 had already lost his position by 趙文華 and 胡宗憲 -- On the contrary, Cheng Shun-kung was arrested and exiled to Sichuan and imprisoned there for seven years.
- 口宣(くぜん)とは、平安時代中期から用いられるようになった非公式な公文書書式で、天皇の勅旨を口頭で受けた蔵人所職事(職事蔵人・蔵人頭もしくは五位蔵人)がその内容を文書化して太政官上卿に伝える目的のために使われた。
- Kuzen was an informal form of official document that came into use from the mid Heian period -- which was used by shikiji (administrative assistant) at kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics) (shikiji kurodo, kurodo no to - Head Chamberlain) or goi no kurodo (Chamberlain of the Fifth Rank) in transcribing the verbally received emperor's edict for conveying it to shokei (high-ranking court noble) at Daijokan (Grand Council of State).
- 憲法及び法典(民法、商法、刑法など)を定めている国の者が、それらの定められていないあるいは整備の進んでいない国において、それらを定めていないことによって被るであろう不当な権力の行使を避けるために結ばれることが多い。
- The unequal treaty is often concluded in order to avoid potential unjust enforcement of authority over a person from a country where a constitution and legal codes (the Civil Code, the Commercial Code and the Criminal Code) are provided, in a country where such legal codes are not provided or maintained well, because of the absence of the provision of such legal codes.
- 443年を採ると5世紀の半ばには「大王」表記が用いられていたことになるが、紀年銘の異体字をはじめ釈読の定まらない文字が多く、銘文の内容について解釈が多様化しており、「大王」表記の厳密な使用開始年代ははっきりしない。
- If you take the theory of the year 443, the notation of 'okimi' would have been used by the middle of the fifth century, but since there are many letters in which the reading is not determined including the variant characters on inscriptions about counting years, there are various interpretations regarding the contents of the inscriptions, which makes it difficult to determine the precise date in which the 'okimi' notation started being used.
- 朝鮮総督は天皇に直隷して、委任の範囲内に置ける朝鮮防備のための軍事(後に陸海軍司令官への軍事請求権に改正)を行使したり、内閣総理大臣を経由して立法権、行政権、司法権や王公族及び朝鮮貴族に関する多岐な権限を持っていた。
- The Chosen Sotoku-fu belonged directly to the Emperor, and it could use military force (later revised to the military claim right to the Commander of Army and Navy) to protect Korea in the range of delegation, and had legislative, executive and judicial power through the prime minister, and a wide variety of authority on royal families and Korean noble families.
- しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words '皇' and '勅'--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on 'a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats.'
- しかし条約締結後に実施された日本への数度の視察団派遣、特に二回目に派遣された金弘集は、東京において何如璋・張斯桂・黄遵憲ら駐日清国公使たちと面会し、開国と西欧各国との条約締結、貿易を勧められ、大いにその影響を受けた。
- Hong-jip KIM was sent to Japan as a member of the second inspectorate, which sent to Japan several times after conclusion of the treaty, met ministries of the Qing dynasty in Tokyo, such as Ruzhang HE, Sigui ZHANG and Zunxian (Tsun-hsien) HUGANG, then the ministries recommended to conclude treaties and trade between Western countries and he was deeply affected by that.
- しかし一方では権限を越えて条約改正交渉を行おうとしたことによる留守政府との摩擦、外遊期間の大幅な延期、木戸と大久保の不仲などの政治的な問題を引き起こし「条約は結び損い金は捨て 世間へ大使何と岩倉」と狂歌の題材にされた。
- On the other hand, they caused political problems such as a conflict with Rusu-seifu due to their attempt to negotiate for treaty revision which was beyond their authority, long delay of their return from overseas and a quarrel between Kido and Okubo, which became the subject of the kyoka (comic [satirical] tanka) that went like this, 'Failed in signing a treaty, threw out money, how can you explain to the world.'
- こうした土偶の使用の地域性について藤尾は、ブナ、ナラ、クリ、トチノキなどの落葉性堅果類を主食とした地域(つまりこれら落葉樹林に覆われていた地域)と、西日本を中心とした照葉樹林帯との生業形態の差異と関連づけて説明している。
- Fujio explains that the regionality of the earthen figure use might be related to the difference in the main food supplies available in the regions, the difference between the regions where the main food supplies were the nuts, beech, oak, chestnut and buckeye etc., from the deciduous trees (that is, these regions covered with deciduous forests) and the regions covered with laurel forests in much of the western Japan.
- 黒澤明は、日米合作「トラ!トラ!トラ!」の撮影に際して初めて東映京都撮影所を使用し、そのスタッフとの軋轢が降板の一因となったと言われるが、初日にセットのカーテンの折り皺に激怒し即撮影中止となったエピソードが伝えられている。
- When Akira KUROSAWA made the Japan-US joint production 'Tora! Tora! Tora!' he used the Toei Kyoto Movie Studio for the first time, but on the first day of filming he got angry at the fact that one of the curtains on the set had a crease in it and immediately ceased production; the conflict between Kurosawa and the staff of the studio is said to be one of the reasons he abandoned the movie halfway through.
- 「文人」に対する「武人」、「文官」に対する「武官」と同じような使い訳で、「文士」に対する「武士」といういわれ方は奈良・平安時代初期にも僅かに見られたが、職能としてはともかくとして、それは後の「武士」につながるものではない。
- The 'literati' in contrast to 'warrior,' 'civil officer' in contrast to 'military officer' were referred a little during Nara and early Heian periods but not as a work duty nor connected to later 'bushi.'
- つまり、実際には、榎本に好印象を持った出先の英仏軍艦艦長が、本国の意向を無視して勝手に書いた覚書でしかなかったのである(事前に英公使ハリー・パークスが与えた訓令では、上記のような用語の使用を慎重に避けていたのにも関わらず)。
- That means, it was actually nothing but a mamorandam made freely by the captains of the British and French warshipsl, who had a good impression on Enomoto and ignored the intention of their countries (although the use of the terms as above was carefully avoided in the directive made by the British Minister Harry Parkes.)
- 薬莢基部は単純な構造であるため、個人レベルの小規模な量であれば家内生産で製造できなくもないが、小規模とはいえ軍が戦闘で使用する量を確保するには専用の大量生産設備が不可欠であり、同様の設備は当時の日本国内には存在していなかった。
- Since the base of the cartridge has a simple structure, domestic production may supply enough for a small amount of individual use, but equipment for mass-producing the cartridge case was required to supply for an army, if small, to use in battle; and there was no equipment in Japan equivalent to that in Kagoshima in those days.
- 翌5日に大野治長の使者が来て豊臣家の移封は辞したいと申し出ると、常高院を通じて「其の儀に於いては是非なき仕合せ」(そういうことならどうしようもない)と答え、4月6日 (旧暦)および7日に諸大名に鳥羽・伏見に集結するよう命じた。
- On 5th, the next day when Harunaga ONO' messenger came and reported that they would like to decline the changing of the territory; Ieyasu, answering through Joko-in that if so, nothing could be done about it, ordered daimyo to gather in Toba/Fushimi on April 6 and 7th (the old calendar).
- その他、『隋書』「卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國」に記述される開皇20年(600年)第1回遣隋使の上奏文に「俀王姓阿毎字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌」とあり、俀王多利思比孤の号 「阿輩雞彌」が「おおきみ」を表すと考えられている。
- In addition, in the johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) of the first Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China in 600 described in 'Volume 80 chapter 46 Dongyi Wakoku' in 'Suishu' (the Book of Sui Dynasty), it says 'in the year 600, the king of Wa, the surname Ame, the popular name Tarishihoko, calling himself Okimi' and it is thought that the title of the king of Wa, Tarishihiko, represents 'okimi.'
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- 更に12世紀に入ると、官司の運営とそれに伴う収益、そうした業務の財源として確保されてきた官司領(官衙領)が世襲氏族によって官職そのものを含めた「職の体系」として私的に所有されるようになり、「知行」として行使されるようになった。
- Furthermore, in the twelfth century, the management and accompanying profit of Kanji and Kanjiryo that was maintained as the funds for the job (Kangaryo) began to be privately owned by the hereditary clans as part of the job system including the position itself and used as 'Chigyo (enfeoffment).'
- 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
- No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.
- 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力(荘官及び荘民)に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
- Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
- 元に滅ぼされた南宋(1279年に滅亡)から日本へ渡った蘭渓道隆・兀庵普寧や、北条時宗の招きに応じて来日した無学祖元、元からの国使として来日した一山一寧など、13世紀末から14世紀前半にかけて大陸から日本へ渡来した禅僧は多かった。
- Many Zen priests visited Japan from the late 13th century to the early 14th century including Rankei Doryu (Lanxi Daolong) and Gottan Funei, who crossed over to Japan from Southern Sung Dynasty (ruined in 1279), Mugaku Sogen, who visited Japan by invitation of Tokimune HOJO, and Issan Ichinei (Yishan Yining), who visited Japan as a kokushi (envoys dispatched from provincial governors) from the Yuan Dynasty.
- 例えば、『記紀』の記述によると、広開土王碑が伝える朝鮮半島奥深くに侵入しての高句麗との戦闘は一切伝えられていないし、倭の五王の遣使も伝わらない(倭王武の上表文によると5世紀の最も重大な外交問題は対高句麗問題であるにも関わらず)。
- For example, the Kiki does not say anything about the battle against Koguryo in the depths of the Korean Peninsula (mentioned in the Gwanggaeto Stele), or about envoys of the Five Kings of Wa (despite the most important diplomatic issue in the fifth century being a relationship with Koguryo as Waobu's johyobun).
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- 前近代における冊封体制下において、「皇上」や「奉勅」ということばは中国の王朝にのみ許されたことばであって、日本がそれを使用するということは、冊封体制の頂点に立ち朝鮮よりも日本の国際地位を上とすることを画策したと朝鮮は捉えたのである。
- Because Japan used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order,' which were only allowed to be used by the Chinese dynasty under the tributary system of the premodern era, Korea understood that Japan was attempting to stand at the top of the tributary system and get a higher position in the world than Korea.
- 西南戦争が最終局面に入った9月19日、西郷軍では一部の将士の相談のもと、山野田・河野主一郎が西郷の救命のためであることを西郷・桐野に隠し、挙兵の意を説くためと称して、軍使となって西郷の縁戚でもある参軍川村純義海軍中将のもとに出向いた。
- On September 19 when the Seinan War entered in the final phase, after having consulted some high-level samurai and officers in Saigo's forces, YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO visited Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of Saigo, as military messengers on the pretext of making an explanation of why they took up arms, concealing the real intention of pleading for SAIGO's life from SAIGO and KIRINO.
- その一方で、摂関政治や検非違使、名田制など現行の律令制度から乖離した政治システムが形成されながら、新規の法体系を形成するだけの政治力を喪失しつつあったこの時代において、明法家がそれを律令的に合法に導く法的解釈を行う事も期待されていた。
- While government systems were created away from the existing ritsuryo system such as regency, Kebiishi and Myoden land control system, Myoho experts were expected to interpret those as legal systems in ritsuryo because the government was losing its power to create a new law system at that time.
- 設立の由来については、遣唐使として唐に渡った菅原清公が、唐の昭文館・崇文館を参考にして承和 (日本)元年(834年)頃に設立したとされているが、文章博士が設置された神亀5年(728年)以後に文章生を収容する宿舎があったとする見方もある。
- As the origin of foundation, it was accepted that SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who went as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, founded the Monjoin around 834 modeled after 昭文館 and 崇文館 in Tang -- On the other hand, there was another opinion that there had been a dormitory for monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) after 728 when the Monjo hakase was founded.
- 絵巻の内容は、大江匡房の『江談抄』に記される物語と一致しており、遣唐使の吉備真備が在唐中に幽閉され、鬼(幽霊)となった安倍仲麻呂に導かれて、皇帝による『文選 (書物)』や囲碁による無理難題を解いて、遂に帰国を達成する、というものである。
- The contents of the picture scroll match the story marked down in 'Godansho,' written by OE no Masafusa, and the story is about KIBI no Makibi, a Japanese envoy sent to Tang Dynasty China, who succeeds in returning to Japan after being imprisoned during his visit to Tang by solving arduous tasks: 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems) Igo (board game of capturing territory) and more set by the Emperor of Tang, with the guidance of his companion ABE no Nakamaro who passed away and became a ghost.
- 桂・タフト協定(かつら・たふときょうてい、) とは、日本の内閣総理大臣兼臨時外務大臣 (日本)であった桂太郎と、フィリピン訪問の途中来日したアメリカ特使であり、後の第27代アメリカ大統領ウィリアム・タフト陸軍長官との間で交わされた協定。
- The Taft–Katsura Agreement was an agreement made between the Prime Minister of Japan Taro KATSURA, who was also the temporary Minister of Foreign Affairs, and William Howard TAFT, the United States Secretary of War and later the 27th President of the United States, who was also a special envoy visiting Japan on the way back from the Philippines.
- 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
- As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.
- もっとも、律令制が衰微したこの時代においても最低限の社会秩序の維持は模索されたことから、治安・司法分野においては法律の専門家である明法家に対する需要は存在し続け、以後も明法道から刑部省や弾正台、検非違使などの官人が送り込まれることとなった。
- Though the system under the ritsuryo legal codes declined, minimum social order was sought, which required Myoho experts as the specialists of law in the field of order and justice and government officials who had studied Myohodo were sent to the ministries such as Gyobusho, Danjodai, Kebiishi.
- 上記、イラン・イラク戦争時のトルコ政府・トルコ航空による日本人救助活動について、実際は伊藤忠商事イスタンブール支店関係者、在テヘラン日本大使館からのトルコ政府への救援要請に対し、トルコ側が「快諾」し、トルコ航空機の派遣を決定したとも言われる。
- Another explanation that has been proposed for the above-mentioned rescue operation by the Turkish government and Turkish Airlines to save Japanese people during the Iran-Iraq War is that a request was made by the Istanbul branch office of ITOCHU Corporation and the Japanese Embassy in Teheran, to which the Turkish government gave 'their willing consent' to dispatch a Turkish Airlines airplane.
- 具体的には「関税自主権を行使させない」ことや「治外法権などを認めさせる」ことで、ある国の企業や人が、憲法及び法典のない国に商品を輸入したりする際に莫大な税金を要求されたり、軽犯罪によって死刑を被ったりすることを避けることを目的としたものである。
- Specifically, its objective is to 'prevent the enforcement of tariff autonomy' or 'have extraterritoriality approved' and thereby avoid a situation where a corporation or person from one country is requested to pay an enormous amount of tax when importing commodities to a country which has no constitution or legal codes, or is sentenced to death for a petty crime.
- ところが、台湾出兵の発生と大院君の失脚によって征韓を視野に入れた朝鮮遣使論は下火となり、代わりに純粋な外交による国交回復のための特使として外務省の担当官であった森山茂(後に外務少丞)が倭館に派遣され、朝鮮政府代表との交渉が行われることとなった。
- However, the debate to dispatch an envoy to Korea with a view of subjugation of the Korea died down due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Daewongun, instead, an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Shigeru MORIYAMA (Later became Gaimu shojo who's post at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) was dispatched to Wakan (consular office) as a special envoy for restoring relations by pure diplomacy, and started to negotiate with the representatives of Korean government.
- ここで交渉は再開されるはずであったが、1872年(明治5年)5月外務省官吏・相良正樹は、交渉が進展しない事にしびれを切らし、それまで外出を禁じられていた草梁倭館(対馬藩の朝鮮駐在事務所)を出て、東莱府へ出向き、府使との会見を求めた(倭館欄出)。
- On this occasion, the negotiation was going to be reopened, but 相良正樹, the government official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, lost his patience because the negotiation was not proceeded at all, so he went to Toraifu, although he was prohibited to go out of Choryang-dong Wakan (the residence office of the Tsushima clan), and he demanded to meet with an ambassador of Toraifu in May of 1872 (go out of Wakan).
- マーティンが『万国公法』の漢語訳を始めたのは、在清アメリカ公使ジョン.E.ウォード(John.E.Wade、中国名:華若翰)やアンソン・バーリンゲーム(Anson Burlingame、中国名:)、ロバート・ハートの強い薦めがあったためである。
- The reason why Martin commenced Chinese translation of 'Bankoku Koho' was through insistence of John E. Wade (Chinese name: 華若翰), who was U.S. minister in Qing and Anson Burlingame (Chinese name: 蒲安臣) and Robert Hart.
- 新井としては、「征夷大将軍」は日本国内でこそ威権があるが海外では何を意味するのかが不明であり、大君の称も朝鮮では王子の嫡子に対する称号として用いられていたため、この際、足利時代にも一度国書で使用された「国王」に変更すべきであるというものであった。
- Although Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) had authority in Japan, the role of Seitaishogun was unclear in abroad and also, the title of Tycoon was used for heir of prince in Korea, so Arai proposed to change the address to 'King' that was used in sovereign's message in the Ashikaga period.
- その後、イギリス公使トーマス・ウェードの斡旋で和議が行われ、全権弁理大臣として大久保利通が北京に赴いて清国政府と交渉した結果、清が日本軍の出兵を義挙と認め賠償金50万両(テール)を日本に支払うことと引き換えに、征討軍の撤兵が行われることとなった。
- Afterwards, peace talks were held through the mediation of British envoy Thomas Wade and Toshimichi OKUBO went to Beijing as a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to negotiate with the Qing Government, as a result of which Japan committed to the withdrawal of the expeditionary force in exchange for Qing interpreting the dispatch of Japanese troops as an act of righteousness as well as paying 500 thousand liang (tael, which was a monetary unit formerly used in China) in compensation to Japan.
- 墳丘の築造にあたっては、盛り土部分を堅固にするため砂質土や粘性土を交互につき固める版築工法で築成されるものも多いこと、こうした工法は飛鳥時代や奈良時代に大規模な建物の基礎を固める工法として広く使用されていることが、修繕時の調査などで判明している。
- For construction of most tumulus, sandy soil and cohesive soil were alternately tamped down using method called the hanchiku method (a method of making the core of a podium), which was used to make the banking part harder, and according to surveys which were conducted during the repair of buildings of the Asuka and Nara periods, the method was generally used to develop a solid base of large buildings in ancient times.
- 当時使われない文法や不自然な敬語の使い方など内容に疑問があるため後世の改ざん・偽作とする見方もあるが、増田長盛・長束正家等が家康に送った書状や『鹿苑日録』の記録から、承兌が受け取った兼続の返書が存在し、それにより家康が激怒したことは確かのようである。
- Though, in later years, it is acknowledged that they were falsified and forged due to the questionable content such as grammar that was not used in those days and unnatural use of honorific expressions, it is possible that Kanetsugu's reply received by Jotai really existed and Ieyasu was outraged by that based on the letter sent from Nagamori MASHITA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, and others to Ieyasu and the record of 'Rokuon-nichiroku Diary'.
- ペーパーカートリッジは、火薬と弾を紙でソーセージ状に包んだ物であるが、使用するときは早合と同じように、カートリッジの弾の入ってない側を歯で噛み破って、中身の火薬を銃口から入れ、そののち弾と残りの紙を搠杖(英語ではランマーまたはラムロッド)で押し込んだ。
- Paper cartridges consisted of gun powder and a bullet wrapped like a sausage, and like hayago, the side without the bullet was bitten off, the gun powder was inserted from the muzzle, then the bullet and the rest of the paper were pushed in after it with a rammer or a ramrod.
- その理由は、明治政府の雇った鉄道建設担当の英国人技師レイが詐欺まがいの人物で、それまで南アフリカ共和国の鉄道で使われていて、不要になってインドに当時置かれていた中古品(線路・車両)を使って鉄道を安上がりに建設して、私腹を肥やそうとしたからともいわれる。
- The reason for this is said to be that a British railroad construction engineer called Ray who had been employed by the Meiji government engaged in fraudulent practices, scheming to line his own pockets by reducing costs through the use of used and unnecessary equipment (tracks and carriages); this equipment were being stored in India at that time, but had been used in the Republic of South Africa prior to that.
- 1900年6月、甘粛省から呼ばれて北京を警護していた董福祥(とうふくしょう)配下の兵士に日本公使館書記が殺害され、数日後今度はドイツ公使ケットラー(Klemens von Ketteler)が義和団に殺害されると、清朝は一層の窮地に立たされたのである。
- However, the Qing dynasty was cornered when a secretary of the Japanese Embassy was assassinated by the soldiers of Tofukusho that guarded Beijing after being dispatched from Gansu Province in June 1900, and Klemens von Ketteler of the envoy of German Empire, was killed several days later by Boxers.
- 「交戦団体」とは、分離独立・政府転覆を企図した場合で、「土地をよこせ」といった要求のための実力行使などは次元の低いもので該当しない(榎本自身は、別に日本からの「分離独立」や「新政府転覆」を企てているわけでは無いので、「交戦団体」認定を受ける必要性は無い)。
- A 'warring group' can be used in case of attempting separation and independence from Japan or overthrow of the government, therefore, any use of the force for a demand such as taking away someone's land is not serious and is not applable (Enomoto had no intention to attempt 'separation and independence' from Japan nor 'overthrow of the government', so his group did not need to be certified as a 'warring group'.)
- 1609年(慶長14年)には前スペイン領フィリピンの総督ドン・ロドリゴがヌエバ・エスパーニャ(現在のメキシコ日本との関係)への帰任に際し海難で上総国岩和田村(現御宿町)に漂着し、1611年(慶長16年)にはセバスティアン・ビスカイノが答礼使として来日した。
- In 1609, Don Rodorigo, the Viceroy of the Philippines, a previous Spanish territory, had an accident at sea on his way back to his post in Nueva Espana and drifted down to Iwada Village, Kazusa Province (presently, Onjuku-machi), and in 1611, Sebastian VIZCAINO paid a visit to Japan as toreishi (errand to return a call or visit).
- だが、検注帳作成に必要な紙代をはじめとして勘料と呼ばれる検注にかかった事務経費や検注使を在地に迎えた際に行われる三日厨などの経費は全て在地の負担とされたために検注を忌避する動きも強かったため、実際に検注を行い検注帳作成に至らなかった場合もあったと言われている。
- However, it is said that there were some cases where although the kenchu was carried out, the kenchucho was not carried out due to the fact that the administration costs called kenryo including the cost of paper used to make kenchucho, as well as the cost of the mikkakuriya (three-day banquet) which was held when they received kenchushi in their land, was all defrayed by the local administration.
- また1580年から1640年までスペイン王がポルトガル王を兼ねたため(ポルトガルの歴史参照)、ポルトガル・イエズス会と密接な関係にある天正遣欧使節の一行も、ポルトガルから陸路スペインに入って各地を訪問、1584年11月にはマドリードでフェリペ2世に謁見している。
- Since the King of Spain also served as the King of Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (see the History of Portugal), the Tensho era mission to Europe, which was closely related to the Society of Jesus, entered Spain by land from Portugal and visited various places, and was presented to Felipe the Second in Madrid in November 1584.
- スナイドル銃が陸海軍に制式採用されてから以降、その弾薬供給が鹿児島属廠に独占されていたため、重要拠点である東京・大阪の鎮台兵には、後装式ながら紙製薬莢を使うツンナール銃(ドライゼ銃)を装備した兵が多かったが、ツンナール銃とスナイドル銃は全く違う弾薬を使用していた。
- After the Snider rifle having been formally adopted by the Army and the Navy, the arsenal in Kagoshima had exclusively supplied ammunition for the rifle; therefore, the most soldiers of the garrisons in the key strongholds of Tokyo and Osaka were armed with Zundnadel gun (Dreyse needle-gun), which is the breechloader to be loaded with a paper cartridge case and uses completely different ammunition from that for Snider rifle.
- 神主や巫女は神降ろしによって、神を呼び出し憑依させることを、神楽や祈祷というが、これは和御魂の神霊であり、式神は鬼神となっていることから、和御魂の神霊だけではなく、荒御魂の神霊いわゆる「荒ぶる神」や「妖怪変化」の類である位の低い神を呼び出し、使役したと考えられる。
- When the Kannushi (high priest) and Miko (high priestess) summon the god and allow themselves to be possessed by the god through Kagura (Ancient Shinto music and dancing) and Kito (prayers,) they invoke the divine spirit of Nigimitama (spirits of peace), but since Shikigami is said to have been a fierce god, it is believed that Onmyoji employed not only the divine spirit of Nigimitama but also the divine spirit of Aramitama (violent soul,) that is a 'violent god' and 'the gods of lower status who morphed into specters and monsters.'
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- 『権記』には長保元年令公布の翌長保2年5月8日条の出来事として検非違使別当である藤原公任が藤原行成(『権記』筆者)に対して、前日に新制による取締が緩んでいることに対して一条天皇から菅原孝標(蔵人)を通じて検非違使の職務怠慢であると注意を受けたことについて語っている。
- According to 'Gonki,' on May 8, 1000, the day after the issuance of Chohogannenrei, Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) FUJIWARA no Kinto told FUJIWARA no Yukinari (the author of 'Gonki') that on the previous day Kinto had been reprimanded by Emperor Ichiijo via SUGAWARA no Takasue (Kurodo (Chamberlain)) for insufficient enforcement of the shinsei, which was regarded as negligence of the kebiishi.
- (「皇帝問倭皇 使人長吏大禮 蘇因高等至具懷 朕欽承寶命 臨養區宇 思弘德化 覃被含靈 愛育之情 無隔遐邇 知皇介居海表 撫寧民庶 境內安樂 風俗融合 深氣至誠 遠脩朝貢 丹款之美 朕有嘉焉 稍暄 比如常也 故遣鴻臚寺掌客裴世清等 旨宣往意 并送物如別」『日本書紀』)
- 公使館の保護は無論であるが、中国における日本の権益拡大や、清朝を叩くことで朝鮮半島における日本のアドバンテージを確立すること、日本についで大軍を送っていたロシアへの牽制、列強側に立って派兵することで「極東の憲兵」としての存在感誇示(=不平等条約改正)などが主要目的であった。
- It was of course for the protection of the legation, but other main objectives included expansion of Japanese interests in China, establishing Japanese advantage at the Korean Peninsula by defeating the Qing dynasty, and restrainment of Russia which was sending a great army just like Japan, and Japan also dispatched troops alongside the allied western powers to show its presence as the 'military policeman of the Far East' (in order to correct the unequal treaty).
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- 同じ日、京大の学生たちは会場使用を拒否した大学への抗議行動を終えたのち、わだつみ像歓迎のデモ、および立命大で開催中の復興会議に参加するため、約100名がデモ隊列を組んで近衛通を経由して鴨川 (淀川水系)にかかる荒神橋を渡ろうとした(当時鴨川の対岸には立命大キャンパスが存在した)。
- On the same day, some students of Kyoto University had been protesting against the authorities who hadn't permitted the use of the campus till the end; after the protest finished, a group of about 100 students started marching to join the parade of Ritsumeikan University students and to participate in the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi (that day it was held at Ritsumeikan University); through Konoe-dori Street they were about to go across Kojin-bashi Bridge above the Kamo-gawa River (Yodogawa River system) toward the campus of Ritsumeikan University which was located right across the bridge.
- またこの訳は、この書が世に広く知られるようになるとともに、'International Law'の訳語としても定着していき、Elements of International Law 以外の国際法解説書を翻訳する際においても「万国公法」ということばがタイトルに使われるようになった。
- This translated term, bankoku koho had come to stay as a translation of 'international law,' as the book 'Bankoku Koho' became widely known, and even when translating commentaries on international law other than 'Elements of International Law,' this term 'bankoku koho' was used for the title.
- 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある(宇田川武久説)。
- Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.
- これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
- Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.
- なぜなら、朝鮮との国交問題そのものは未解決であること、伊地知正治のように征韓派でも政府に残留した者も存在すること、そして天皇の勅裁には朝鮮遣使を「中止」するとは書かれず、単に「延期」するとなっており、その理由も当時もっとも紛糾していたロシアとの問題のみを理由として掲げていたからである。
- Because, the issue of diplomatic relations itself with Korea was unsolved, and there's a remains existence who was a Seikan-ha (supporters for subjugation of the Korea) like Masaharu IJICHI, and, in the imperial decision made by the emperor, it wasn't mentioned to 'cancel' dispatching an envoy to Korea, but simply said to 'postpone' it, and the reason they stated was only the problem with Russia that has been the most tangled at that time.
- そのほか天寿国繍帳(てんじゅこくしゅうちょう)の「斯帰斯麻宮治天下天皇」(欽明)があり、そして『懐風藻』序文で持統天皇以後についてのみ天皇表記が用いられていることを根拠に、皇后の表記とともに飛鳥浄御原令(あすかきよみがはらりょう)において規定され、使用されるようになったという説である。
- Another theory holds that, based on the fact that there is the 'Shikishimamiya amenoshitashiroshimesu tenno' (Emperor Kinmei) in the Tenjukoku-shucho (the oldest needlework painting in Japan, a national treasure), and in the preface of 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry) the notation of tenno is used for the emperors after Emperor Jito only, the notation of tenno along with the kogo (empress) was regulated with the Asuka Kiyomihara Code and started to be used since then.
- 通説通り辛亥年が471年とするとヲワケが仕えた獲加多支鹵大王とは『古事記』『日本書紀』に出てくる大長谷若建(おおはつせわかたける)命・大泊瀬幼武(おおはつせわかたける)・雄略天皇であり、あるいは『宋書』倭国伝にみえる倭王武であると判断され、大王という称号が5世紀から使われたことの確実な証拠となる。
- If the popular theory that the year of Shingai was 471 is true, Wakatakeru no Okimi (the Great King Wakatakeru) whom Owake served would have been Ohatsuse Wakatakeru no Mikoto, Ohatsuse Wakatakeru, Emperor Yuryaku, or Waobu whose name was mentioned in 'Sojo' (Sung Shu) Wakokuden, therefore it is a reliable evidence for the title of Okimi to be used since the fifth century.
- なお、敗軍の将である京極高次に対して、家康はあの立花宗茂をよく押さえてくれたということから、関ヶ原後に高次の弟・京極高知を使者として高野山に派遣し、大名としての復帰を許しただけではなく、若狭国一国小浜城9万2000石 (単位)の所領を与えるなど、宗茂を大津城に引き付けたことを大いに賞賛したという。
- On the other hand, Takatsugu KYOGOKU received great praise from Ieyasu for attracting Muneshige TACHIBANA to Otsu-jo Castle and containing him there, so much so that after the Battle of Sekigahara he sent Takatomo KYOGOKU, Takatsugu's younger brother, to Koyasan and not only allowed him to return as a daimyo but also gave him the territories of Obama-jo Castle, comprised of 92,000 koku (unit), in Wakasa Province.
- このEU指令下では、京都議定書策定以前から技術のみに依存するのではなく化石燃料を使わない方法で化石燃料由来排出量を減らしてきた北欧諸国などは京都議定書の目標値が緩く設定されており(p.84)、例えばスウェーデンは +4%が認められているなど、具体的な成果を挙げている国については相応の評価がされている。
- Under the EU directive, Scandinavian countries, which have reduced the amount of emissions generated from fossil fuel by not only depending on technology but also lessening use of fossil fuel since the time before the formulation of Kyoto Protocol, are evaluated for their emissions reduction achievements and allowed to have lower reduction targets (p.84) in the Kyoto Protocol, for example, Sweden's target is +4%.
- 大宰府の少弐資能(武藤資能)は蒙古国書(日本側では牒状と記録)と高麗王書状を受け取り、鎌倉幕府へ送達する(しかし、日本側からの返牒の気配がなかったためか、太宰府来着から七ヶ月後に潘阜は高麗へ帰還しており、高麗は同年10月には潘阜の遣使が不首尾に終わった旨を元朝宮廷側に潘阜ら自らが赴くなどして報告している)。
- Sukeyoshi SHONI (Sukeyoshi MUTO) of Dazai-fu received the letter from the Mongol Empire (letter and records according to Japanese materials) and the one from the king of Goryeo, and sent them to Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (however, Hanpu returned to Goryeo seven months after his arrival at Dazai-fu, possibly because Japan showed no intention to reply, and in October of the same year, Goryeo reported to the Yuan imperial court, by envoy Hanpu himself visiting there, that he had gained no fruit).
- 『高麗史』によると1272年に、高麗の王世子の諶(しん、後の忠烈王)が、元 (王朝)のクビライ皇帝に「惟んみるに、日本は未だに聖化を蒙らず。故に詔使を発し、軍容を継耀かし、戦艦兵糧まさに、須いる所あらん、もし此事を以って臣に委ねなば、勉めて心力を尽くして 小しく王師を助くるに庶幾(ちか)からん」と具申したとある。
- According to 'Koraishi,' in 1272, Crown Prince Sim of Goryeo (later King Chungnyeol) gave his opinion to Emperor Kublai of the Yuan Dynasty, 'I think that Japan has not yet leant the virtues of the Emperor. Therefore, an imperial order should be issued to use the army, warships and provisions for this purpose. If you commission your vassals to do it, we will do our best to support the imperial army.'
- さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚 (軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた(強調、加筆者)。
- Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- なお、この事件に関するシンポジウムが2007年10月28日、東京都三鷹市の中近東文化センターで、同時期に開催されたエルトゥールル号回顧展に併せて、当該トルコ航空機の元機長、元客室乗務員、野村元駐イラン日本国特命全権大使、森永元伊藤忠商事イスタンブール支店長、毛利悟元東京銀行テヘラン駐在員ら当時の関係者出席の上、行われている。
- On October 28, 2007, at the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Mitaka City, Tokyo, along with a retrospective exhibition of the Ertuğrul, a symposium on this incident was held with attendants of persons concerned in the incident, including the former pilot and flight attendants of the Turkish Airlines airplane that actually flew, Nomura, a former Japanese ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Iran, Morinaga, a former Istanbul branch office manager of the ITOCHU Corporation, Satoru MORI, a former representative of the Bank of Tokyo in Tehran.
- 陰陽師もしくはそれを下地にした物語の式神は、和紙札の状態(式札と呼ばれる)で、使用時には鳥や獣等へ術師の意志で自在に姿を変えるというように描かれることが事が多いが、『不動利益縁起』に描かれる式神は、室町時代から江戸時代にまでの、擬人化された鶏や牛の器物(道具)の妖怪と同じものであり、これは荒ぶる神としての式神をあらわしている。
- In most literature and tales about, or involving an Onmyoji, the Shikigami that the Onmyoji employed usually appears in the form of a piece of washi (Japanese paper) that morphs into a bird or beast according to the will of Onmyoji, but the 'Fudo-riyaku-engi' describes the Shikigami as an anthropomorphic vessel (tool) shaped as a bird or cow, much like the specters and demons throughout the Muromachi period to the Edo period and it depicts the Shikigami as a violent god.
- 大久保ら岩倉使節団の外遊組帰国以前の8月17日、一度は閣議で西郷を朝鮮へ全権大使として派遣することが決まったが、翌日この案を上奏された明治天皇は「外遊組帰国まで国家に関わる重要案件は決定しない」という取り決めを基に岩倉具視が帰国するまで待ち、岩倉と熟議した上で再度上奏するようにと、西郷派遣案を却下している(岩倉の帰国は9月17日)。
- Prior to the homecoming of the official travel group of Iwakura Mission including OKUBO, on the August 17, dispatch of SAIGO to the Korea as an ambassador plenipotentiary was once approved in a Cabinet meeting, but when the Emperor Meiji received a report of the proposal on the next day he rejected the SAIGO's dispatch plan based on the agreement that 'won't decide important matters related to the country until the official travel group's homecoming', and asked them to wait for homecoming of Tomomi IWAKURA, and report it again after deep deliberation with IWAKURA (IWAKURA comes home on September 17).
- 1613年(慶長18年)に、セバスティアン・ビスカイノの協力でサン・フアン・バウティスタ号を建造した仙台藩が、ルイス・ソテロや支倉常長等の慶長遣欧使節団をヌエバ・エスパーニャ経由でスペインに派遣し、常長等は1615年1月にマドリードでフェリペ3世 (スペイン王)に、同年11月にはバチカンでローマ教皇パウルス5世 (ローマ教皇) に謁見する。
- In 1613, with the help of Sebastian VIZCAINO, the Sendai clan built a ship named San Juan Bautista and dispatched the Keicho era mission to Europe including Luis SOTELO and Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Spain via Nueva Espana, and Tsunenaga and others were presented to Felipe the Third (King of Spain) in Madrid in January of 1615 and in November of the same year, they were presented to the Pope Paulus the Fifth at the Vatican in Rome.
- これはマーティンが友人宛の手紙で「私の仕事は、この無神論的政府(加筆者注:清朝のこと)をして、神と神の永遠の正義を認めさせることにある。そしておそらく彼らにキリスト教精神のいくらかを与えうるだろう」と書いているように、『万国公法』翻訳における、自然法という形而上学的な規範として国際法を捉える向きはマーティンの宗教的使命感からくる偏向であった。
- This was a bias resulting from Martin's religious sense of mission in which international law was grasped as metaphysical norm like natural law in translating 'Bankoku Koho' as Martin himself wrote in his letter to his friend, 'My job is to make this atheistic government (Qing dynasty [note by the writer]) to recognize God and God's eternal justice. I would be able to give them spirit of Christianity to some extent.'
- この時期、九州では依然として激戦が続いており、更に1,800万発の調達が必要と見積もられていたこともあって、大量の弾薬在庫が残されていたツンナール銃を九州に送る案が検討され、実際に和歌山(旧紀州藩)の臨時召集部隊は藩兵時代から使い慣れたツンナール銃装備のまま九州へ派遣されたほか、大阪鎮台の医歩兵など後方部隊もツンナール銃を装備して派遣されていた。
- As fierce battles were still fought in Kyushu in this period, the Army Ministry estimated further 18 million rounds of ammunition would be needed and examined a plan of sending Zundnadel guns to Kyushu because it had a great deal of stockpiles of ammunition for the gun; in fact, an emergency call-up troop in Wakayama (former Kishu Domain) was dispatched to Kyushu armed with Zundnadel gun, which they had used when they served for the domain, and a rear unit including medical soldiers in Osaka Garrison were also armed with Zundnadel guns and dispatched.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国・大韓民国では文禄の役を壬辰倭乱(じんしんわらん、、イムジンウェラン、戦役総称として使う場合もあり)、慶長の役を丁酉倭乱(ていゆうわらん、、チョンユウェラン)または丁酉再乱(ていゆうさいらん、、チョンユヂェラン)と呼んでいる(北朝鮮では壬辰祖国戦争(じんしんそこくせんそう、、イムジンチョグクチョンジェン)と呼ばれる場合もある)。
- In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, the Bunroku War is called Imjin Waeran (It is also used as the generic name of the Wars), and the Keicho War is called Chonyu Ueran or Chonyu Jeran (In the North Korea, in certain cases it is also called Imjin chogukuchonjen).
- 1260年にモンゴル帝国の第5代皇帝(ハーン、ハーン)に即位した後のいわゆる「元 (王朝)」(大元ウルス、大元朝、元朝)の皇帝クビライは、1268年(日本の文永5年・大元朝の至元 (元世祖)5年)に第2代皇帝オゴデイ以来の懸案であった南宋攻略を開始する一方、既に服属していた朝鮮半島の高麗を通じて、1266年に日本に初めて通交を求める使者を送ろうとしていた。
- Kublai, who in 1260 became the fifth emperor (Khan) of the Mongol Empire that was later called 'Yuan' (the Great Yuan Ulus, Great Yuan Dynasty or Yuan Dynasty), in 1266 planned to send the first envoys to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through Goryeo in the Korean peninsula, which had already become its subject, while starting to conquer the Southern Sung Dynasty in 1268, which had been its long-standing aim since the reign of the second emperor Ogodei.
- 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
- Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
- また、旧薩摩藩士の心情として、鹿児島属廠の火薬・弾丸・武器・製造機械類は藩士が醵出した金で造ったり購入したりしたもので、一朝事があって必要な場合、藩士やその子孫が使用するものであると考えられていた事もあり、私学校徒は中央政府が泥棒のように薩摩の財産を搬出した事に怒るとともに、当然予想される衝突に備えて武器・弾薬を入手するために、夜、草牟田火薬庫を襲って弾丸・武器類を奪取した。
- Since all the gunpowder, bullets, arms, and making machinery in the Kagoshima arsenal had been constructed or purchased with the money contributed by the then retainers of the Satsuma Domain, the former retainers took it for granted that these things were to be used by the retainers and their descendants in an emergency; therefore, because the Shigakko students got angry with the central government for carrying the domain's property out from there like a thief and for the purpose of being prepared with arms and ammunition for a possible conflict with the central government, they made a night attack on the powder house at Somuta and seized bullets and arms.
- 日本は日露戦争中である1904年の第一次日韓協約締結により韓国の財政・外交に対し関与する立場となっていたが、日露戦争の講和条約であるポーツマス条約(1905年9月5日)により韓国に対する優越権をロシアから承認され、また高宗 (朝鮮王)が他の国に第一次日韓協約への不満を表す密使を送っていたことが問題となったこともあり、日本からの信頼を無くしていた大韓帝国に対し、より信頼できる行動をとることを求めるため、この協約を結ぶこととなった。
- Although Japan was in the position to take part in Korean finance and diplomacy due to the conclusion of the First Japan-Korea Treaty in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, she decided to conclude this treaty in order to required the Korean Empire, who had lost trust from Japan, to take more reliable actions, because Japan had been approved of the priority rights over Korea by Russia due to the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905), the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War, and also because it became a problem that Gao Zong (King of Korea) had sent a secret agent to other countries to show his discontent with the First Japan-Korea Treaty.
- 会場となった3大学は京都大学・同志社大学・立命館大学(当時の校地は鴨川 (淀川水系)西岸の広小路通 (京都市)に所在していた)各大学であったが、このうち京都大学では会場に予定されていた法経一番教室の使用を大学当局(服部峻治郎学長)が認めようとせず、警官隊導入により抗議する学生を排除するなどしていたため当局と学生自治会である同学会(1951年の京大天皇事件の結果解散をよぎなくされ、この年の初夏、学生による全学投票を経て再建されたばかりであった)との間には険悪な雰囲気が漂っていた。
- The chosen universities as places for the meetings were Kyoto University, Doshisha University and Ritsumeikan University (the then campus was located at Hirokoji-dori Street, the west shore of the Kamo-gawa River of Yodogawa River system in Kyoto City), however, Kyoto University authorities (President Shunjiro HATTORI) didn't permit the use of classroom number one of the faculty of law and economics, and called the police to remove protesting students, as a result, an explosive atmosphere remained between the authorities and the students, especially the students' association 'Dogakukai' of Kyoto University (although the Dogakukai had been forced to dissolve after the Kyodai Tenno Incident of 1951, in the early summer of 1953 it had just been reorganized by a vote in which all the students had been involved).
- 大久保は、説得に大院君が耳を貸すとは思えず西郷が朝鮮に行った場合必ず殺される(殺されずとも大院君が使節を拒否した場合は開戦の大義名分になってしまう)、そうなった場合結果的に朝鮮と開戦してしまうのではないかという危機感、当時の日本には朝鮮や清、ひいてはロシアとの関係が険悪になる(その帰結として戦争を遂行する)だけの国力が備わっていないという戦略的判断、外遊組との約束を無視し、危険な外交的博打に手を染めようとしている残留組に対する感情的反発、朝鮮半島問題よりも先に片付けるべき外交案件が存在するという日本の国際的立場(清との琉球帰属問題(台湾出兵参照)、ロシアとの樺太、千島列島の領有権問題、イギリスとの小笠原諸島領有権問題、不平等条約改正)などから猛烈に反対、費用の問題なども絡めて征韓の不利を説き延期を訴えた。
- OKUBO didn't think Daewongun lend an ear to persuasion, and thought SAIGO will be killed (even if he won't be killed, if Daewongun rejected the envoy, it can be a legitimate reason for outbreak of war) inevitably when he went to Korea, and he felt a sense of danger that they will start the war with Korea as a result, and his strategic decision that Japan doesn't have national strength at that time to strain the relationship (as a result, wage a war) with Korea, Qing, and eventually Russia, an emotional backlash to the remaining group that ignored agreement and about to dabble in diplomatic gambling, he strongly opposed because of the presence of a diplomatic matters (Ryukyu attribution issue with Qing [see the Taiwan expedition], territorial right problem on Sakhalin and Kurile Islands with Russia, territorial right problem on Ogasawara Islands [Bonin Islands] with England, revision of the unequal treaty) that must be dealt with before Korean Peninsula problem on Japanese international standing, and he correlated it with expenses etc and appealed postponement by telling disadvantage of subjugation of Korea.
- その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ(寺田屋事件~西南戦争)、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
- As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.