体制: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 体制
- order
- system
- structure
- set-up
- organization
- organisation
- dispensation
- establishment
- regime
- 反体制
- anti-establishment
- Dissident
- 旧体制
- old regime
- ancien regime
- 現体制
- the present regime
- the existing regime
- 体制知覚
- somatic sensation
- somatosensory
- 反体制派
- people who are against the Establishment
- anti-Establishment groups
- dissident
- rebel
- 幕藩体制
- the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate
- The shogunate system
- Bakuhan-taisei (the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate)
- 実施体制
- implementation scheme
- 水防体制
- flood defense system
- flood fighting system
- 反体制側
- anti-establishment
- anti-government
- 監視体制
- surveillance system
- monitoring system
- 管理体制
- management system
- administrative structure
- regime
- 外交体制
- diplomatic structure
- 責任体制
- responsibility-taking system
- taking responsibility
- 戦時体制
- wartime regime
- war footing
- Military economics
- 政治体制
- political system
- government
- The Political System
- 支配体制
- system of government
- 社内体制
- corporate structure
- company structure
- 即応体制
- system of contingency action
- 反体制の
- Bolshy
- dissident
- underground
- 顕密体制
- Kenmitsu taisei (a hypothesis about Japanese medieval Buddhism)
- 推進体制
- promotion system
- driving force
- 増産体制
- system to increase production
- 胡温体制
- Hu–Wen Administration
- 多極体制
- Polarity in international relations
- 習李体制
- Xi–Li Administration
- 55年体制
- 1955 System
- Japanese political alignment with the LDP in government and the JSP in opposition, which lasted until 1993
- 体制移行国
- country in transition
- 水供給体制
- water supply system
- 体制主義者
- supporter of the status quo
- 体制確立後
- After Establishment
- 受入れ体制
- preparedness to receive
- 体制整備命令
- Order to Develop System
- 洪水警戒体制
- organization for flood warning
- 事務処理体制
- administrative system
- 一党独裁体制
- one-party regime
- single-party regime
- 組織運営体制
- organizational management system
- 情報支援体制
- information support system
- 国際経済体制
- international economic system
- 監視測定体制
- monitoring and measurement system
- 公害防止体制
- pollution prevention system
- 前線防衛体制
- forward-based system
- 新体制の模索
- In Search of the New Order
- 毛利両川体制
- The Mori-Ryosen System
- 開放貿易体制
- open trading system
- 権威主義体制
- Authoritarian types of rule
- 八月四日体制
- 4th of August Regime
- トロイカ体制
- Troika (triumvirate)
- 所要の国内体制
- required domestic framework
- 徳川幕藩体制下
- Under the feudal system characteristic of the Tokugawa shogunate
- 中国の反体制派
- Chinese dissidents
- 比較経済体制学会
- Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies
- JACES
- 準備体制(水防)
- preparatory system
- 監視測定体制整備
- strengthening of monitoring and measurement system
- 動物適正飼養体制
- proper system for breeding and raising animal
- 部分軌道爆撃体制
- Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
- 現在の宗門の体制
- Current System of the Sect
- 経済体制に関して
- with respect to the economic system
- クラゲ (体制)
- Medusa (biology)
- 合法的な政治体制
- constitutional government
- スルタン主義体制
- Hydraulic empire
- Sultanism
- 安全衛生管理体制
- Organization for Safety and Health Management
- System for Safety and Health Management
- 幕藩体制と明律研究
- Feudal system characteristics of the shogunate and research on the Ming code
- 王朝国家体制とも。
- It is also called a Dynasty state regime.
- 業務管理体制の整備
- Development of Operation control structureOperation control structure
- 警戒避難体制の整備
- establishment of warning and evacuation system
- ブレトンウッズ体制
- Bretton Woods System
- 信託業務の実施体制
- the system for carrying out trust business;
- 傷病鳥獣の救護体制
- relief system for injured wildlife
- 補体制御タンパク質
- complement control protein
- 三催体制の成立と解体
- Establishment and the end of the three major office system
- 政体書体制での御誓文
- Charter Oath in the system of the Constitution of 1868
- 黄砂モニタリング体制
- system of DSS monitoring
- 里山の管理・所有体制
- Management and ownership system of Satoyama
- ブレトン・ウッズ体制
- Bretton Woods System
- 第三期(戦時体制下)
- The third period (under the war regime)
- 法の解釈と施行の体制
- a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws
- 試験研究の体制の整備等
- Establishment of Test and Research and Other Systems
- 宗教体制で共に暮らす人
- a member of a religious order living in common
- 政治的体制に反対する人
- a dissenter from political orthodoxy
- ――体制の一員として。
- --as part of a system
- ヴェストファーレン体制
- Westphalian sovereignty
- 警戒体制(水防,事務所)
- 'alarm system (flood protection, office)'
- 早期警戒体制(砂漠化)
- early warning system (desertification)
- 救急医療システム(体制)
- emergency medical service system(EMSS)
- ほぼ現在の体制が整った。
- Something similar to the current system was built.
- 夜行便のみの体制に戻る。
- Okesa-go again took on only a night bus service.
- 発明者の権利を守る法体制
- a legal system for protecting the rights of inventors
- 税金を査定し集める法体制
- a legal system for assessing and collecting taxes
- 旧体制における地位のある人
- a man of rank in the ancient regime
- 夜は防御体制を強化した軍隊
- The troops dug in for the night
- 政府は、反体制派を監視する
- The government keeps tabs on the dissidents
- 統合的モニタリング・評価体制
- integrated monitoring and assessment system
- 早期警戒体制に関する小委員会
- Subcommittee on Early Warning Systems
- 資本の国有化に基づく経済体制
- an economic system based on state ownership of capital
- 政策評価の実施体制に関する事項
- Matters related to the organizational framework of implementing Policy Evaluation within the organ
- 「あさしお」6往復体制とする。
- Accordingly, the services of 'Asashio' increased to six round trips.
- Na+/H+交換輸送体制御因子
- Na+-H+ exchanger regulatory factor
- NHERF
- 受容体制御型Smadタンパク質
- receptor-regulated Smad protein
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備
- Implementation of Comprehensive Legal Support and the Establishment of Systems
- 顧客の利益の保護のための体制整備
- Establishment of a System for Protection of Customers' Interests
- Establishment of a System for the Protection of the Customer's Interests
- 指導員などが夜勤体制をとります。
- Instructors work on a night shift system.
- 律令制施行直後の体制改革に参画。
- He engaged in the reform of system just after the enforcement of the ritsuryo system.
- また「毛利両川体制」が確立した。
- He also established 'the Mori-Ryosen system.'
- ソビエト連邦の物理学者と反体制者
- Soviet physicist and dissident
- 空輸体制がベルリンの命綱となった
- the airlift provided a lifeline for Berlin
- ナトリウム水素交換輸送体制御因子
- sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor
- 組織等の業務執行体制を記載した書面
- a document stating the business operation system, such as organizations, etc.;
- したがって、3社運行体制となった。
- Accordingly, three bus companies were operating their buses on the route between Uji Shako and Kintetsu Okubo.
- 慣習でない、または体制に順応しない
- not conventional or conformist
- 結果は、事実上、一党独裁体制あった
- the result was, de facto, a one-party system
- ワクシニアウイルス補体制御タンパク質
- VCP
- vaccinia virus complement control protein
- 平氏政権は盤石の体制を築いていった。
- The Taira clan government laid the foundations to its governance.
- 暴徒が支配のもととなっている政治体制
- a political system in which a mob is the source of control
- この体制を国司請負制ということがある。
- This system is sometimes called Kokushi ukeoi sei (literally, a system entrusted to kokushi).
- 大規模油流出事故への即応体制検討報告書
- Report on Emergency Response Systems for Large-Scale Oil Spill Incidents
- それが徐々に現在の生産体制を整備した。
- It gradually improved the current production system.
- それが災害急性期の医療体制を構築する。
- It establishes a medical care system at the acute stage of disasters.
- 個人経営と国営企業を合併させる経済体制
- an economic system that combines private and state enterprises
- そして武士を最上位に置く体制を確立した。
- And it led to establishing the system of the samurai class being put on top of the hierarchy.
- 緊急の事態への対処等に関する体制の整備等
- Establishment of a System to Cope with Emergency and Other Situations
- 正社員は通常、このような勤務体制をとる。
- Permanent employees usually take this work shift.
- 宗教の信念と教えの独特な体制、または学校
- a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings
- ある体制の組織の損害(または深刻な混乱)
- a loss (or serious disruption) of organization in some system
- 幕府-守護体制は15世紀中葉まで存続した。
- The bakufu-Shugo system remained until around the middle of 15th century.
- 特定保守製品の点検その他の保守の体制の整備
- Development of System to Inspect or Otherwise Maintain Specified Maintenance Products
- 下絵師、彫師、刷師の分業体制が整っていく。
- The division of labor was beginning to be established among Shitaeshi (Ukiyoe artists), Horishi (carvers) and Surishi (printers).
- 当社はさらに石油開発体制の強化を図ります。
- We will further strengthen the system for oil development.
- 左翼及び反体制派の人たちが話し合いをした。
- The left-wingers and dissidents had a discussion.
- 6月24日に「新体制声明」を発表している。
- On June 24, he issued the 'Proclamation of the New Order.'
- その人の勝ち目を増やすために、体制を整える
- arrange the order of so as to increase one's winning chances
- この、天皇が日本を統治する体制を国体という。
- This emperor's sovereignty system was called the national polity.
- 参預会議体制はわずか数ヶ月しか持たなかった。
- The councilors' meeting system survived for only a few months.
- これにより成立した支配体制を王朝国家という。
- The control system established in this way was called a dynastic nation.
- それが鎌倉幕府体制を動揺させる一因となった。
- This became one of the factors that destabilized the Kamakura shogunate system.
- 当社が24時間のサポート体制を整えています。
- Our company establishes the system to provide 24-hour support.
- しかい、演習林の体制に大きな変化はなかった。
- However, little change occurred about the system for the forest for field practice.
- これは幕藩体制を確立するために大いに役立った。
- This measure worked very well in establishing the shogunate system.
- 11世紀中葉に、王朝国家体制の変革が行われた。
- In the middle era of the 11th century, the dynastic national system was reformed.
- 産業廃棄物の不法投棄等の監視体制の強化について
- Strengthening of the Monitoring Systems on Illegal Dumping of Industrial Wastes
- これによって朱子学の体制教学化が大いに進んだ。
- This largely advanced the systematized teaching and learning of Neo-Confucianism.
- それが24時間の自動監視体制を確立しています。
- It establishes an around-the-clock automated surveillance system.
- - 昼行便運行開始、昼行・夜行各1往復体制に。
- A daytime service started to provide two round-trips a day, one each during the day and night.
- 父・氏康存命中は氏康・氏政の両頭体制が続いた。
- However, diarchy by Ujiyasu and Ujimasa continued until Ujiyasu died.
- 中国は、彼女の反体制派を非常に効率的に抑圧する
- China keeps down her dissidents very efficiently
- 現在の副知事、幕藩体制における家老に相当する。
- It is equivalent to current vice-prefectural governor and Karo (chief retainer) in the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- この時期は、律令国家体制の形成と深化が図られた。
- During this period, a Ritsuryo-based national system was formed and advanced.
- 守護大名による領国支配の体制を守護領国制という。
- The provincial system governed by the shugo daimyo is called the 'shugo-ryogoku system.'
- 天武天皇は、中央集権的な国家体制の整備に努めた。
- Emperor Tenmu strived to develop a centralized national system of government.
- この体制下で荘園と公領の軍事衝突は収束を迎えた。
- Under this system, armed conflicts between shoen and koryo were concluded.
- (出演者及びスタッフがロケ地で合宿体制を組む。)
- (The cast and staff members stayed on location in a camp.)
- それを筆頭とした奉行らによる集団指導体制の構築。
- He then established a collective leadership system utilizing bugyo (magistrates) led by the Mori-Ryosen system.
- 貧困と貞節と服従の誓いに束縛された宗教体制の一員
- a member of a religious order who is bound by vows of poverty and chastity and obedience
- 新しい国際的な経済体制における米国の主導権の強化
- the consolidation of the United States' hegemony over a new international economic system
- 比較的組織化されていない体制を持つ近所のギャング
- a neighborhood gang with a relatively unstructured system
- 養殖漁場の改善を図るために必要な施設及び体制の整備
- Establishment of the facilities and organizational system necessary to improve the aquaculture area
- 特定製造事業者等による点検その他の保守の体制の整備
- Development of System for Inspection and Other Maintenance by Specified Manufacturer, etc.
- 自衛隊員倫理規程の遵守のための体制整備に関する事項
- Matters concerning arrangement of system for observance of the Self-Defense Forces Personnel Ethics Code
- 天皇家と藤原氏の共同執政・輔政体制説 - 田村円澄
- The Emperor's family and the Fujiwara clan joint administration and assisted government regime theory - by Encho TAMURA
- これにより物部氏と蘇我氏の二極体制ができあがった。
- This resulted in the creation of the bipolar political system consisted of Mononobe clan and Soga clan.
- 宣教使を廃し、教導職の制度を定めて宣教体制を確立。
- Senkyoshi abolished and kyodoshoku (evangelist) system formulated to establish a senkyo (missionary) framework.
- 明応の政変により中央政権としての幕府体制が瓦解した。
- However, the bakufu system as the central government fell down because of the Coup of Meio.
- このようにして鎖国体制が成立し、南蛮貿易は終了した。
- The national isolation policy was established in this way, consequently ending nanbanboeki.
- 江戸幕府の幕藩体制の秩序を守るために利用されていた。
- This ranking system was used by the Edo bakufu to maintain its bakuhan taisei (feudal system characteristic of the shogunate).
- 租を納めねばならず、律令支配体制から脱却していない。
- Land taxes applied to the reclaimed fields, indicating that they were still under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 心身に有害な影響を受けた児童の保護のための体制の整備
- Improvement of Systems for the Protection of Children Who Have Suffered Physical and Mental Damage
- また、高度な木工技術と生産体制を今日まで伝えている。
- Also significant was the time and cost to develop the advanced woodworks technology and production system leading to today.
- 現在の体制における1号店に当たる店は、西小路五条店。
- The first store in the current system is the Nishikoji-Gojo store.
- 1949年 商学部、工学部を開設、6学部体制となる。
- 1949: Established the Faculty of Commerce and the Faculty of Engineering and became a six faculties system.
- また、守護大名による国内の支配体制を守護領国制という。
- Additionally, the provincial system governed by the shugo daimyo is called the shugo-ryogoku system.
- Also, the system of provincial rule by a Shugo Daimyo is called the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor).
- 坂本は土地制度史の面から王朝国家体制の理論を確立した。
- Sakamoto established the theory of Dynastic polity from the aspect of the history of land system.
- 11世紀中葉に王朝国家体制が変質(後期王朝国家)した。
- In the mid-11th century the dynastic nation system transformed itself (to the late dynastic nation).
- これらは王朝国家体制の成立を示す指標と考えられている。
- These are considered to be the indexes of the establishment of Dynastic polity.
- 信託受益権売買等業務を営む場合には、当該業務の実施体制
- where the person carries out Business for the Sale and Purchase, etc. of Beneficial Interest in Trust, the system for carrying out said business; and
- その結果、大久保利通の独裁体制が確立することとなった。
- As a result, the dictatorship of Toshimichi OKUBO became established.
- 1年ほどで摂政を嫡子の藤原頼通に譲り後継体制を固める。
- In about a year he passed down his position as Regent to his heir FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, and he solidified the system of succession.
- 時頼の得宗専制体制に尽力した義景は格別の地位を保った。
- Yoshikage who made efforts to establish the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan maintained a special position.
- 反体制または禁止された文学の秘密の印刷と配給のシステム
- a system of clandestine printing and distribution of dissident or banned literature
- 生涯学習振興のための施策の推進体制等の整備に関する法律
- Act for Improvement of Systems, etc. to Implement Measures for Promotion of Lifelong Learning
- 明治維新による幕藩体制の崩壊により、この呼称はすたれた。
- This kind of naming became obsolete with the Meiji Restoration and collapse of the shogunate system.
- これは寺社勢力を国家体制に従属させようとするものだった。
- The law aimed to subordinate the power of temples and shrines into the national polity.
- これは当時の社会体制の変化を表しているものと考えられる。
- This is thought to reflect a change in the social system of the time.
- これにより、「だいせん」夜行列車を含む4往復体制を取る。
- With this integration, the operating system of 'Daisen' became four round-trip services, including the overnight train.
- 効果的な全体主義体制への反抗は秘密主義でなくてはならない
- any effective opposition to a totalitarian regime must be secretive and cellular
- この地域国家内における一元的な支配体制を大名領国制という。
- The unified control system in each regional nation is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
- 以下、古代以来の天皇と政治体制との関わりを中心に解説する。
- Below is an explanation about the Emperors and the political system since ancient Japan.
- 当院は慢性期の個別リハビリテーション体制を強化しています。
- Our hospital is enhancing the rehabilitation system for chronic individuals.
- なお、当然ケンペルはいわゆる鎖国体制を肯定する立場である。
- As a side note, Engelbert KAEMPFER undoubtedly supported Japan's seclusionism.
- 密かに蘇我氏体制打倒の意志を固め、擁立すべき皇子を探した。
- He secretly strengthened his intention to bring down the Soga clan's powers and searched for an imperial prince to enthrone for this purpose.
- これにより壬生浪士組は近藤派と芹沢派の二派閥体制となった。
- As a result, Mibu Roshigumi consisted of two factions, the Kondo and Serizawa factions.
- また元就の統治は、単なる組織や体制の改革だけではなかった。
- His government was not just about organizational or structural reform.
- 少なくとも、体制を破壊しようとする革命家ではなかったから。
- which he, at least, was not the revolutionist sent on earth to destroy.
- こうした戦国大名による強固な領国支配体制を大名領国制という。
- Such strong control by sengoku daimyo over their own territory is called a daimyo-ryogoku system (the system in which daimyos control feudal domains).
- 知行や領主とはこのように重層的な体制を構成していたのである。
- Chigyo and ryoshu constituted a multi-tiered system like this.
- それは幕藩体制において寺社奉行の許可が必要だったためである。
- This is because permission from the government's commissioner of temples and shrines was required in order to hold the sumo matches.
- 信玄の初期は国人による集団指導体制の議長的な役割が強かった。
- In the early period governed by Shingen, the role of the chairman in the collective leadership system was strong.
- 大名(毛利氏当主)による独裁とは程遠い体制だったことである。
- It was far from the despotic style of rule of the daimyo (lord of the Mori clan).
- こうした戦国大名による地域国家内の支配体制を大名領国制という。
- Such a governing system by sengoku daimyo within a regional state is called the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos control feudal domains).
- This territory control system employed by daimyo in the sengoku period is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
- 9世紀~10世紀の日本では、統治体制に大きな変化が生じていた。
- The government system in Japan underwent a great change from the ninth century to the tenth century.
- 地方政治は藩によって行われ、幕府と合わせて幕藩体制と呼ばれる。
- Local politics were conducted in each domain, which are, together with the bakufu, called the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- このため戦線を縮小し防御体制を取って翌年に備えることとなった。
- So, the Japanese force decided to prepare for the next year by drawing down its battle line and digging in.
- 後醍醐は即位すると、天皇を中心とする政治体制の再構築を企てた。
- After ascending to the imperial throne, he attempted to restructure a political system centering on the Emperor.
- 地方の支配体制を明確にするために地方の行政組織づくりが進んだ。
- In order to enforce the domination of rural areas, in which he started establishing administration organizations.
- 「命令一途」の効率的な体制を構築するよう懇請されたわけである。
- He was requested to build an efficient system where 'everyone follows the orders.'
- しかし、信長は翌年六角方の抗戦体制が緩んだ機に再侵攻して来た。
- However, Nobunaga reinvaded in the following year, when the Rokkaku's resistance came loose.
- また彼は政教分離を進め、中央集権体制を確立すべく行動していく。
- He also encouraged separation of government and religion and took measures to establish a centralized administrative system.
- 足利義政政権の政務体制を伺い知ることができる貴重な史料である。
- It is very valuable historical material that enables us to figure out the system for administering affairs of state during the government of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.
- 六郎による新たな畿内支配体制を確立させるべく、大いに尽力した。
- In order to build up a firm footing for the new ruling system of the Kinai region run by Rokuro, he lent a great deal of efforts.
- そういったことなどを背景として、幕藩体制は次第に動揺していった。
- With these situations as a background, the bakufu-domain system gradually became shaky.
- それでも王朝国家体制論がこの時代の研究の中心に位置し続けている。
- Nevertheless, the theory of Dynastic polity still remains as the key issue of study of the period.
- つまり外交だけでなく貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した体制である。
- In other words, Japan's national isolation indicated a regime in which the Bakufu restricted and controlled not only authority of diplomacy, but also controlled trade.
- 鎖国体制の中でも、制限された形で中国・朝鮮との交流は続いていた。
- Even under the circumstance of national isolation, exchanges with China and Korea continued in restricted form.
- 24時間相談に応じられる体制を整える方針を、厚生労働省が固めた。
- The Ministry of Health has established a policy to organize a system for providing 24-hour consultation.
- 後白河は独自の軍事体制を構築するために、義経を活用したのである。
- Goshirakawa made use of Yoshitsune to construct his own independent military regime.
- 鎖国体制は徳川秀忠の時代に始まり家光の時代、寛永年間に完成した。
- Seclusionism dated back to the era of the Hidetada TOKUGAWA shogunate, accomplished during the era of the Iemitsu TOKUGAWA shogunate, namely in the Kanei era.
- 100人の兵士を駅に配備し、スー族に対する守備体制を整えていた。
- A hundred of his soldiers had placed themselves in a position to defend the station, should the Sioux attack it.
- それは、その後江戸時代の幕藩体制の基礎となる石高制のもととなった。
- This originated the system of Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, determined according to the annual rated yield of the domain) which formed the foundation of the shogunate system in the subsequent Edo period.
- 義輝を擁立して、足利義輝-細川氏綱-三好長慶という体制に移行した。
- And he supported Yoshiteru, and moved into the system to govern by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA - Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA - Nagayoshi MIYOSHI in order.
- この新しい体制下で、国衙軍制を担う戦士として、武士身分が成立した。
- Under this new system, samurai were established as warriors who would manage the kokuga forces system.
- これは、旧体制に属さない新勢力が歴史の表舞台に現れた瞬間であった。
- It was the moment when new powers having no place in the old regime had emerged on the front stage of history.
- 広義の幕藩体制は明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県をもって終焉する。
- The shogunate system in a broad sense ended at the time of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871.
- 口分田を班給する代わりに租税を賦課するという支配体制をとっていた。
- The government had a ruling system that imposed tax on people who received hankyu (allotment) of Kubunden.
- 王朝国家体制期には後の中世社会の基礎となる要素が多数生まれている。
- Lots of elements which later became the base of medieval society are included in the Dynastic polity.
- 財務計算に関する書類その他の情報の適正性を確保するための体制の評価
- System for Ensuring Appropriateness of Statements on Finance and Accounting and Other Information
- 損失の危険の管理に関し、適切な体制及び規則の整備を行つていること。
- appropriate system and regulations are developed with regard to management of risks of loss;
- 輸送の安全を確保するための事業の実施及びその管理の体制に関する事項
- The matters concerning the system for execution of business and its management in order to secure the safety of transportation.
- Matters concerning implementation of operations and its management system for ensuring transportation safety
- Matters concerning implementation of operations and its management system for ensuring transportation safety.
- Matters related to the execution of the business activities to ensure the safety of transportation and the management system;
- 信託法第三条第三号に掲げる方法によってする信託に係る事務の実施体制
- the system for carrying out affairs pertaining to trusts created by any of the methods listed in Article 3(iii) of the Trust Act;
- しかし5月、体制を立て直した高国の反撃に遭い、京都等持院で戦った。
- In May, however, he was counterattacked by Takakuni who rearranged his troops and fought at Toji-in Temple in Kyoto.
- 権威主義的な美術体制に対して、絵で闘うことを宣言し武闘派を旗揚げ。
- He declared to fight against the authoritarian community of artists with his paintings and launched the Butoha faction.
- 「丹波」、大阪駅~福知山駅間運行の1往復を増発し3往復体制とする。
- One round-trip service running in the section between Osaka Station and Fukuchiyama Station was added to the operation of the Semi Express 'Tanba,' thus creating a three-round-trip service system.
- それは元就が理想とした国人領主による集団指導体制の延長線上である。
- This also extended to the collective leadership by which his kokujin lords lived within his ideal.
- ヨーロッパに対抗する独立国家を創出するため、中央集権体制が創られた。
- To create an independent state to oppose the European countries, a centralized administrative framework was formed.
- このようにある氏族が特定の官庁運営を請け負う体制を官司請負制という。
- Such a system where a certain clan took charge in the administration of a specific bureau was called the government office contract system.
- 日本に伝わった朱子学の普遍的秩序志向は体制を形作る治世者に好まれた。
- The imported Shushigaku's aims of universal order were attractive to Japan's rulers.
- かねてから研鑚していた大般涅槃経を根本経典として教団の新体制を発足。
- He established the new system of the religious organization on the basis of the Nirvana Sutra he had studied long as Konpon kyoten (primal scripture).
- 清盛の死により、平氏の新体制作りは計画倒れに終わってしまうのである。
- Due to Kiyomori's death, the plan of the Taira clan to establish a new political system was never executed.
- 第二次世界大戦中に農産体制増強のために設立された高等農林学校の一つ。
- It was one of the agriculture and forestry high schools established during World War II to enhance the agricultural system.
- 白石は歴史の発展を「大勢」と考え、この体制の転換を「変」と表現した。
- Hakuseki thought that the development of history was in 'general trends' and expressed the turning points in the system as 'changes.'
- これは旧幕府と上級公家を廃して薩長派を中心とした新体制の内容であった。
- This was the core of the new regime based on the Sat-Cho group, but exclusive of the former Shogunate and upper-class court nobles.
- 貸金業を的確に遂行するための必要な体制が整備されていると認められない者
- A person who is not found to have developed the infrastructure necessary for carrying out the Money Lending Business properly; or
- 彼は、門信徒に戦争協力を促す消息(声明)を発して戦時体制を後押しした。
- He backed up the war footing by issuing shosoku (statements) to the followers of the school to encourage their cooperation to the war efforts.
- これは謙信が後継体制を築く前に急死したことが影響しているともいわれる。
- Some say that Kenshin's sudden death before the establishment of arrangements for the succession affected relations between them.
- デビット・ロー卿によって作られたもったいぶった反体制の漫画キャラクター
- a pompous reactionary cartoon character created by Sir David Low
- ジョージ・オーウェルは、政治的な反体制者が失脚者とみなされると予測した
- George Orwell predicted that political dissidents would be treated as unpersons
- それに伴い、前者の時代区分を律令時代、前者の国家体制を律令国家と称した。
- Accordingly, the periodization of the former was named the Ritsuryo period and its state regime was named Ritsuryo polity.
- 624年に設置され、律令体制の下では仏教界において重要な役割を果たした。
- It was established in 624, and it served an important role in the Buddhism world under the Ritsuryo system.
- 施設の特性を与えられた、または、構造化され通常定着した体制に組み込まれた
- given the character of an institution or incorporated into a structured and usually well-established system
- このため、10世紀前期に始まった王朝国家体制はより中世的な形態へ移行した。
- The dynasty state, which started in the early 10th century, changed into a more-medieval form.
- これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
- As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.
- そこで、重要地や旧幕府直轄地に置かれた府・県とともに「府藩県体制」となる。
- Then, the 'Prefectures and Domains' system was established, and important regions and the regions formerly under direct control of the Shogunate were made into prefectures and domains.
- 1943年の戦時体制下で、東京府と東京市は廃止されて、東京都が設置された。
- Under the wartime governance in 1943, Tokyo-fu and Tokyo-shi were both abolished, and Tokyo-to (Tokyo Metropolis) was established in their place.
- 差止請求関係業務を適正に遂行するための体制が整備されていることを証する書類
- Any document certifying that such consumer organization has a proper organizational structure to conduct services involved in demand of an injunction
- 養殖漁場の改善及び特定疾病のまん延の防止を図るための体制の整備に関する事項
- Matters concerning the organization of a system for improving aquaculture areas and for preventing the spread of specified diseases
- 以降、両撮のデュアル・プロダクション体制で、現代劇および時代劇を量産した。
- Since then, the company has produced a lot of modern films as well as historical ones under a dual-production system in which both studios were used.
- 明治維新後は体制や文化の変化に伴って茶陶の需要が激減し、廃業した者も多い。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the demand for tea pottery rapidly dropped as Japanese society and culture changed, leading to many potters giving up their professions.
- 父義時の偉業を継いで北条執権体制を軌道に乗せた泰時は、名執権と称えられる。
- Yasutoki succeeded to the great performance of his father Yoshitoki; he set the Hojo regent system on its way, and therefore Yasutoki was praised as a great regent.
- 政情不安を危惧した後白河は憲仁を即位させ(高倉天皇)、体制の安定を図った。
- Concerned about unstable political conditions, Goshirakawa made Norihito (Emperor Takakura) ascend the throne in the hope of stabilizing the regime.
- 吉川元春と小早川隆景による毛利両川体制を確固たるものとしていったのである。
- He thus solidified the Mori-Ryosen system that combined the leadership of Motoharu KIKKAWA and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA.
- こうした内向的な時期を経てヤマト王権による支配体制が徐々に強化されていった。
- Through such a domestically-oriented period, control by the Yamato sovereignty had been gradually strengthened.
- 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
- In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.
- 幕藩体制の確立に基づく近世大名への再編成の過程で消滅していったとされている。
- It is believed that Utsuro disappeared during the process of a reorganization in Bakuhan taisei (the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate) with the appearance of Kinsei daimyo (daimyo of the early modern era).
- 入学者の選抜は、公正かつ妥当な方法により、適当な体制を整えて行うものとする。
- The selection of entrants shall be made by a fair and adequate method under a properly developed system.
- 大型店など店舗によっては、短時間体制ながらも元日も営業することも多くなった。
- More and more types of stores such as large-scale stores have also come to operate on ganjitsu though on a fewer-hours basis.
- 印刷技術や稿料制度など出版の体制が整っていたこともあり多くの読者を獲得した。
- As there was a good publishing system such as an advanced printing technology and the system of payments for manuscripts, Yomihon gained many readers.
- 従来の貴族の子弟が官吏となる体制から試験によって官吏が選ばれるようになった。
- Instead of the traditional system in which young nobles became government officials, government officials were selected by examination.
- 一遍には開宗の意図はなかったし、八宗体制下でそれが認められるはずもなかった。
- Ippen did not have the intent to found a sect, and it would not be allowed to do so in the framework of eight sects.
- しかい、戦時体制の前では如何ともしがたく、このまま終戦を迎えることとなった。
- However, nothing to stop it could be done under the war-time system until the war ended.
- このダイヤ体制はその後、1985年(昭和60年)3月13日まで13年続いた。
- The frame of this timetable continued for thirteen years until March 13, 1985.
- 日本におけるドイツ通の第一人者としてドイツの政治体制、文化の導入をはかった。
- He promoted introducing the German political system and culture as the most well-versed expert on Germany in Japan.
- 政治的権利の勅許で、1215年にジョン王により反体制の英国人男爵に与えられた
- the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
- その結果、自社両党による55年体制が崩壊し、非自民・非共産連立政権が成立した。
- As a result, the 1955-system by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan collapsed and a coalition government, not including Liberal Democratic Party and Communist Party, was realized.
- こうした体制下の公領を、受領の指揮下にある国衙の領地とみなして、国衙領と呼ぶ。
- Koryo under such a system were regarded as kokuga (provincial government offices) areas controlled by zuryo, and were called kokugaryo.
- 13世紀中頃以降は元冦という大事件があったものの、政治体制は一応安定していた。
- Its regime remained stable enough despite the Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) incidents in and after the middle of the 13th century.
- 更に二人の二頭体制によって皇太子を経ず形式的に天皇に即位すべく準備が行われた。
- Moreover, ritual enthronement was prepared by diarchy with two people, without going through the crown prince.
- 北条宗家を当時、得宗(徳宗)と呼んだことから、上記の政治体制を得宗専制という。
- Because Muneie HOJO was called Tokuso at the time, the above political system is referred to as the Tokuso autocracy.
- 特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制(近代天皇制)を指すこともある。
- It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.
- 同年9月、牧野没後50日を迎え、「マキノ・プロダクション」の新体制を発表した。
- New regime of 'Makino Production' was publicized in September of the same year, 50 days after the death of Makino.
- しかし、領内での実権は依然として義久が握っていた(これを「双殿体制」と言う)。
- However, Yoshihisa retained control within his territory (called 'Siden-taisei,' or a system of diarchy).
- 同年2月に至り、立憲体制へ漸次的に移行することで一致し、二人の復帰が決まった。
- In February of the same year, the two parties agreed to gradually transform Japan into a constitutional monarchy and decided on the two persons returning to the government.
- 中世については、中世通じての社会経済体制であった荘園公領制が時代の指標とされる。
- Concerning the medieval period, it is said that the shoen koryo sei, which existed as the social and economical system throughout the medieval period, provides an index for specifying the period.
- 一気に陣営がやせ細ってしまった義貞は、兵庫まで兵を退いて体制の立て直しを図った。
- Yoshisada, whose forces had dwindled rapidly, pulled his troops back to Hyogo and attempted to regroup.
- 同時期、戦時体制下に軍により進められた市町村合併の見直しを認める法改正があった。
- At the time, the wartime system regarding municipality consolidation, which was propelled by the military, was being revised.
- 天皇制絶対主義とは、講座派による日本近代における近代天皇制の体制を定義した言葉。
- Tennosei absolutism is the word which defined the modern Tennosei in modern day Japan by Kozaha (a group of Marxians).
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- 上記に見た王朝国家体制のあり方に、11世紀中期頃から変質が見られるようになった。
- The status of Dynastic polity explained above started to change from the mid-11th century.
- だが、当時の日本は戦国時代 (日本)にあり、倭寇を取締る体制になっていなかった。
- In those days, since Japan was in the midst of the Sengoku period (warring states period), they did not establish a system of arresting wako.
- 点検を行う事業所の配置その他の特定保守製品の点検を実施する体制の整備に関する事項
- matters with respect to the development of the system to conduct an inspection of the specified maintenance products, including the arrangement of places of business that conduct an inspection;
- 信託契約代理業務を的確に遂行するための必要な体制が整備されていると認められない者
- a person who is found not to have established the system necessary for the right execution of Agency for Trust Agreements; or
- 日本のコンビニエンスストアに納入する弁当の製造工場は24時間体制で操業している。
- Suppliers that deliver bentos to convenience stores operate 24 hours a day.
- だが、これによって浄土宗は徳川将軍家、ひいては幕藩体制の保護を受けることとなる。
- By these rules Jodo Shu was protected by Tokugawa Shogunate, in other words, Shogunate and domain system.
- その後645年の乙巳の変、646年の大化の改新により蘇我体制に終止符が打たれた。
- Later, the Soga regime ended when the Isshi Incident was over in 645 and the Taika Reform was initiated in 646.
- 鎌倉時代末期、二度の元寇や政治体制の崩壊などの動乱により、作刀はさらに活気づく。
- In the late Kamakura period, the creation of swords bloomed further due to disorders such as two Genko (Mongol Invasions) and collapse of the political system.
- しかし、日本が戦時体制に入る中、1942年(昭和17年)頃に模写事業は中断した。
- However, the reproduction was interrupted in 1942 when Japan had entered into a wartime regime.
- 先代・信虎期には国内統一が達成され、信玄も体制を継承して隣国・信濃国に侵攻する。
- After the country was unified under Nobutora of the previous generation, Shingen took over the structure established by Nobutora, and invaded the neighboring county and Shinano Province.
- これに伴い、「丹波」は福知山駅・豊岡駅・城崎駅・天橋立駅発着の4往復体制となる。
- And with this change, the operating system of the Express 'Tanba' turned out to be the four round-trip services arriving at and departing from Fukuchiyama Station, Toyooka Station, Kinosaki Station or Amanohashidate Station.
- 足利学校の成立や、初期の体制については記録が残っておらず、しばしば論争になった。
- There have been controversy over how the Ashikaga School was founded and how the system had its beginning, because no records were left.
- 律令体制が弛緩し、官による財政支持がなくなると、国分寺・国分尼寺の多くは廃れた。
- With the relaxing of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the loss of financial support provided by the government, many provincial temples were closed.
- スペイン政府を倒して、それをマルクス主義のレーニン主義者体制と入れ替えようとする
- seeks to overthrow the Spanish government and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime
- そして職の体系を基盤として11世紀後期~12世紀に成立した体制を荘園公領制という。
- The system established from the late stage of the 11th century to the 12th century based on the Shiki system is called Shoen Koryo Sei.
- そのため、政府は土地(公田)を収取の基礎単位とする支配体制を構築するようになった。
- Therefore the government established a governance system with a tax collection basic unit according to land (or koden, a field administered directly by a ruler).
- 幕藩体制下では、何ヶ国かの転封を経て上野国沼田藩3万5千石として明治維新を迎えた。
- Under the shogunate and domain system, the territory of the Toki clan was relocated to some other provinces, and finally, it ended up 35,000 koku (approximately 6.3 million liters of crop yield) in Numata domain, Kouzuke Province until the Meiji Restoration was established.
- その体制化として三男・足利義嗣の天皇即位を目指したがその前に義満の死亡で挫折する。
- To systematize Yoshimitsu's ambition, he aimed to ascend Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, his third boy, to the Emperor; however, Yoshimitsu died before consummating his scheme which ended in failure.
- 合議体制、官民一体での国家形成、旧習の打破、世界列国と伍する実力の涵養などである。
- In this oath, the government stipulated the use of a collegiate body system, the creation of a state in cooperation with bureaucracy and the private sector, the breaking of old habits, and the fostering of power to equal with foreign powerful countries.
- 江戸時代の幕藩体制において朝廷は政治的に規制され、朝廷内部の運営に制限されていた。
- Under the Shogunate system during the Edo Period, the political power of the Imperial Court was restricted and it was confined to the management of the Court.
- 坂本によって名体制の成立と王朝国家の成立とが初めて有機的に理解されるようになった。
- Thanks to Sakamoto, the establishment of the myo-system and that of Dynastic polity were coordinately understood for the first time.
- 以後、中世を通じての社会経済体制である荘園公領制は急速に崩壊していくこととなった。
- Later, shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estate), the socioeconomic system throughout the medieval period, rapidly disintegrated.
- 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
- The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.
- 幕藩体制のなかで各藩は指南役を設けたり、特定の流儀を御流儀として指定するなどした。
- Under the bakuhantaisei (feudal system characteristic of the shogunate), each han (clan) appointed shinanyaku (instructor), or designated a particular ryugi (style) as goryugi (authorized style).
- 僧侶として戒律を遵守する私度僧に対しては処罰ではなく得度をさせて体制に取り込んだ。
- Lay priests who observed the religious precepts were encouraged to enter the priesthood so that they could be integrated into the established order.
- さらに家治に付けた小姓などにも自ら養育を施し、後継者体制を万全なものにしたという。
- Furthermore, Yoshimune is said to have trained by himself the page boys assigned for Ieharu and tried to secure a perfect structure for successor.
- 完成された仕事は専ら略奪的体制のもとでの強制のためであると言うべきではないだろう。
- It will not do to say that the work accomplished is entirely due to compulsion under a predatory regime,
- 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
- As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.
- その後も体制維持および財政再建の努力は断続的に行われた(寛政の改革、天保の改革等)。
- After that, the efforts to maintain the social system and to reconstruct finance were also made intermittently (Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms).
- 内部管理に関する業務を行う組織の概要及び法令を遵守するための管理の体制を記載した書面
- a document giving the description of the organization that performs the operations pertaining to internal controls and stating the management system for compliance with laws and regulations.
- また、領内で起きた土一揆などにも苦しめられなど、その体制は必ずしも磐石ではなかった。
- Moreover, his rule was unstable due to peasant uprisings which took place in his territory.
- しかもこれに対する批判は禁止されており、天皇を神格化する国家体制形成を大きく支えた。
- Furthermore, criticism against this was prohibited and Yasukuni-jinja Shrine strongly supported the formation of the national polity that deified the Emperor.
- 1972年(昭和47年)3月15日、「丹後」1往復増発し、「丹後」8往復体制となる。
- March 15, 1972: Another round-trip service was added to 'Tango,' resulting in eight round-trip services for 'Tango.'
- ハシディズムの一形態で、共産主義体制下でリトアニア人とロシア人のユダヤ教徒が実践した
- a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule
- ペルー政府を倒し、それをマルクス主義の体制と入れ替えるために、1983年に形成された
- was formed in 1983 to overthrow the Peruvian government and replace it with a Marxist regime
- 大量の通話を処理する体制が整っている施設(特に、注文を取ったり顧客に対応するために)
- a center equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers)
- 自民党と社会党の保革55年体制のもと、高度経済成長を経て経済大国の仲間入りを果たした。
- Under the conservative-versus-progressive party system established in 1955 by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan, Japan has become one of major economic powers via a high economic growth period.
- しかし、キリシタン禁教の強化と鎖国体制の完成によってこれらの関係は途絶し、幕末に至る。
- However, such relations were cut off due to the tightening of the ban on Christianity and the completion of the national isolation system, and the situation continued till the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 全権の林復斎らとの交渉により、日米和親条約が締結され、いわゆる「鎖国」体制は終焉した。
- After the negotiation with senior officials of the Shogunate, including the plenipotentiary official Fukusai HAYASHI, a treaty (the convention of Kanagawa, or the America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship) was concluded, ending Japan's closed-door policy, the so-called 'Sakoku' system.
- そうした地方行政の実情を国家体制の基本方針に採用したのが、10世紀初頭だったのである。
- It was early 10th century when the government adopted the actual situation of local administration as the basic policy of the nation.
- 組織等の業務執行体制を記載した書面及び様式第五号により作成した登録外務員等に関する調書
- a document stating the management system of organizations, etc., and the records pertaining to Registered Sales Representatives, etc., prepared according to Form No. 5;
- しかし当時の幕府は既に北条氏による専制体制を整えていたため将軍には何ら権限は無かった。
- However, by this time the Shoguns had already become puppets of the Hojo clan and the Shogun had no power at all.
- 翌寛仁元年(1017年)3月、道長は摂政と氏長者を嫡男の頼通に譲り、後継体制を固めた。
- In March, 1017, Michinaga passed on his positions as Regent and the chief of the family to his heir, Yorimichi, and he fixed the system of successors.
- 太平の世に著書『三河物語』が当時の体制に不満を持っていた武功派の武士たちに支持された。
- His book, 'Mikawa Monogatari' (Tales of Mikawa), was published in the peaceful time and it was supported by samurai who belong to Buko faction (samurai who are devoted militants) who had dissatisfaction with the regime during the era.
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- 江戸時代になっても、太閤検地による村落支配体制はほぼそのまま継承され、村請制がとられた。
- The control system of villages based on the Taiko kenchi and the murauke system was continued throughout the Edo period.
- こうして、予想を越える秀吉軍の進攻に体制を十分確立できぬまま光秀は決戦に望む羽目となる。
- Thus, Mitsuhide had to enter into a showdown, still unable to fully establish a defense setup against the unexpectedly fast advance of Hideyoshi's troops.
- 戦後になると、王朝国家体制論のもとで国司苛政上訴に対して根本的に異なる評価が与えられた。
- After the war fundamentally different evolutions were given to Kokushi kasei joso based on the dynastic polity theory.
- 国家公務員倫理規程の遵守のための体制整備に関し、各省各庁の長等に指導及び助言を行うこと。
- Providing guidance and advice to the heads of each ministry and agency, etc. concerning arrangement of system for observance of the National Public Service Ethics Code.
- 個人情報取扱事業者は、前項の目的を達成するために必要な体制の整備に努めなければならない。
- A business operator handling personal information shall endeavor to establish a system necessary for achieving the purpose set forth in the preceding paragraph.
- 天皇制(皇室制度)(てんのうせい/こうしつせいど)は、天皇を君主又は象徴とする国家体制。
- The Tennosei (Imperial Family system) is a state system with the emperor acting as the monarch or titular head.
- 明治4年7月14日(1871年8月29日)には廃藩置県を断行し、中央集権体制を確立した。
- On August 29, 1871, the government absolved the han system (feudal domains) and the establishment of prefectures to establish the system of one consolidated political power into the center of the government.
- 現在の市議会においては日本共産党を除く各政党でオール与党体制を構築しているといわれている。
- In the current city assembly, it is said that all parties except the Japanese Communist Party constitute the all-ruling-party system.
- 日本書紀の記述によると、翌年(646年)正月には改新の詔を宣して、政治体制の改革を始めた。
- According to the Chronicles of Japan, in January the following year Emperor Kotoku made an imperial proclamation to enact reform and began restructuring the political system.
- このような中で、清盛は京都を中心に新体制を築こうと、畿内近国の惣官職を置いて宗盛を任じた。
- Under these circumstances, Kiyomori attempted to establish a new political system with its administrative center in Kyoto, created the sokan-shoku (controller) post to control Kinai and Kingoku (provinces surrounding the Kinai provinces), and appointed Munemori to be a shokan.
- このことから、一国平均役の賦課に即応できる体制が、諸国において構築されていたと見られている。
- This suggests that provinces had a system to immediately respond to the imposition of ikkoku heikinyaku taxes or tasks.
- 少なくとも亮政の頃には国人層による連合制的な面が強く、代を経るごとに支配体制が強化している。
- During the Sukemasa's reign at least, the political situation was influenced by the Kokujin (local samurais) union-tinged regime; the controlling system of the Azai clan was gradually strengthened along with the generations.
- これ以後は幕藩体制が確立して改易、転封は減少して大名は固定化されるようになり、幕末に至った。
- The shogunate system was established afterwards and accordingly, the application of kaieki and transfers decreased, and the allocation of Daimyo was fixed until the end of the bakufu.
- 明治4年(1871年)には、廃藩置県が断行され、名実共に幕藩体制は終焉した(明治維新参照)。
- In 1871, traditional feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were introduced by the Meiji government, ending the feudal system both in name and reality (Article of the Meiji Restoration).
- 国家の支配体制がこのように電撃的、かつ画期的に改変されたのは明治維新における奇跡とも言える。
- It can be considered a miracle that the ruling system of Japan was changed quickly and dramatically by the Meiji Restoration.
- それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
- Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.
- 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした(海禁政策)。
- It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
- 明治維新の後幕藩体制が崩壊、幕府、薩摩藩という庇護者を失った犬追物は技術保持が困難となった。
- After the Meiji Restoration and the demise of the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, Inuoumono lost its patrons such as the bakufu and the Satsuma clan and become difficult to maintain its techniques.
- 戦時体制に入るまでは和服の場合に限り従来の日本髪(と、白塗りの厚化粧)も依然として結われた。
- Before the wartime regime was established, the traditional Japanese coiffures were still worn (along with thick makeup like Shironuri [white makeup]) only when women wore Japanese clothes.
- 2007年10月、経営上のトラブルなどがあり、本社が機能停止し、実質的に経営体制が崩壊した。
- In October 2007, the main store lost control of management due to management trouble, and the management system virtually collapsed.
- 国家神道体制が確立する過程で神社は宗教ではないということで公法上の営造物法人として扱われた。
- In the process of establishing the State Shinto system, shrines were treated under public law as artificial corporations rather than religions.
- 1943年(昭和18年)12月3日 戦時体制により不要不急線指定が下され、廃線対象路線となる
- December 3, 1943: The railway is designated as 'non-essential' by the wartime regime and is expected to be discontinued.
- 29日に頼朝が軍を率いて義経追討に向かうと、義経は西国で体制を立て直すため九州行きを図った。
- On the 29th, when Yoritomo launched the operation to expel Yoshitsune, leading his army by himself, Yoshitsune intended to go to Kyushu in order to recover his forces staying in Saigoku (western Japan).
- その後5年に渡る攻防が続き、長享2年(1488年)に山名勢を駆逐して領国支配体制を確立した。
- The offensive and defensive battle continued for 5 years, and then the forces of the Yamana clan was expelled to build the territory-ruling order in 1488.
- 寛永19年(1642年)からは寛永の大飢饉は起こるが、幕府の支配体制が揺らぐことはなかった。
- In 1642, the great famine of the Kanei era occurred, but the ruling system of the bakufu was not shaken.
- 地上設置の太陽電池 (PV) モジュール−信頼性保証体制(設計,製造及び性能保証)の要求事項
- Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules Requirement for reliability assurance system (design, production and product warranty)
- 守護領国制は、それまでの武家の支配体制に比べると、一円的な支配を進めたという点で画期的だった。
- The shugo-ryogoku system was epoch-making in that it promoted comprehensive control, compared with the conventional ruling system under samurai families.
- 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
- As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.
- 並行して室町幕府は地方政権化しそれにより15世紀中期からの国内統治は幕府・守護体制とよばれる。
- In parallel with this, the Muromachi bakufu adopted the local government system, and the administration of the nation after the mid 15th century was called the Bakufu-Shugo System.
- このことから、豊臣政権になじまなかった九州の諸勢力を政権体制下に組みふせる効果があったとされる
- It is said that this had an effect on feudal lords in Kyushu, who had been hitherto skeptical of the Toyotomi administration, to successfully subjugate them under the political system.
- 雑役免は、国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)が官物・雑役を分け合う体制で、半不輸(はんふゆ)とも言った。
- Zoekimen was a system where the Kokuga and Kyunushi (temple/shrine, aristocrat) divided Kanmotsu and Zoeki and is also called Hanfuyu.
- 倫理監督官は、自衛隊員の職務に係る倫理の保持に関し、必要な指導及び助言並びに体制の整備を行う。
- The ethics supervisory officer shall provide necessary guidance and advice and arrange a system for the maintenance of ethics pertaining to the duties of the self-defense forces personnel.
- 集積区域における企業立地及び事業高度化を促進するために必要な総合的な支援体制の整備に関する事項
- matters concerning the development of a comprehensive support system necessary for promoting the establishment of new business facilities and business innovation in a cluster zone;
- 幕末の尊王攘夷運動の過程で強化され、明治維新後には政治体制によって正統な歴史観として確立した。
- It was strongly influenced by a campaign to restore the emperor and expel the barbarians during the last days of the Tokugawa government, it was established as an orthodox historical view by the new political system after the Meiji Restoration.
- また、同年9月16日(一説に18日)、芹沢一派が暗殺されると、近藤勇主導の新体制が構築された。
- When the members of the Serizawa factions were assassinated on October 28 (or 30) of the same year, a new organization system was established under the leadership of Isami KONDO.
- 全体主義体制は、人間の精神を奪うために自治機関を押しつぶす−アーサー・M.シュレジンガー・Jr
- a totalitarian regime crushes all autonomous institutions in its drive to seize the human soul- Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr.
- 日本は間違いなく新しい韓国の体制の日本への新しい見方を暖かく迎え全面的にそれに報いるであろう。
- Japanese would certainly welcome warmly and reciprocate fully, measures indicating new ROK regime willing take "new look" at Japan.
- そして Linux と同じく、インターネットが可能にしたゆるい協力体制もしばしばとられていた。
- And loosely-coupled collaborations enabled by the Internet, a la Linux, were frequent.
- 社会構造が急速かつ大幅に変質していき、従前の社会体制の荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が崩壊した。
- Social structure changed quickly and in large scale and the Shiki system that had supported shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the traditional social regime.
- それから、国衙機能を取り込んでいき、守護大名へと成長して、守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を築いた。
- Then Shugo took over the functions of Kokuga, grew into Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and established the control system called the Shugo-ryogoku system (Shugo-controlling province system).
- 農場主が小作人の子弟を郎党として戦時の体制を構成していたため、兵と農は不離あるいは同義語に近い。
- As the farmers took the system in wartime, having younger people of their tenant farmers armed, hei (samurai) and no (farmers) were inseparable or close to a synonym.
- 荘官に任ぜられた義重は新田氏を称し、新田荘と八幡荘を中心に息子たちを配して、支配体制を確立する。
- Yoshishige who was appointed to a shokan (an officer governing shoen [manor]) called himself the Nitta clan, and established a ruling system by deploying his sons centered in Nitta no sho estate and Yawata no sho estate.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、鎌倉幕府は北条氏得宗家による執政体制にあり、内管領の長崎氏が勢力を持っていた。
- In the latter days of the Kamakura period, the government of the Kamakura bakufu was controlled in all but name by the tokuso (head) of the Hojo family; the naikanrei (inner administrator) Nagasaki clan held power at that time.
- 9世紀後半から見られた里倉負名(りそうふみょう)体制は出挙を富豪の輩に請け負わせる手法であった。
- The riso-fumyo system (a percentage/unit of the yearly land tax yield taken in by the manager of an estate), which appeared after the latter half of the ninth century, awarded the wealthy class a contract for suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the seventh through twelfth centuries).
- 1907年には山縣の主導によって平時25師団体制を確保するとした「帝国国防方針」案が纏められる。
- In 1907, under the leadership of Yamagata, the 'Imperial Defense Policy' proposal was prepared to secure a 25 division formation during times of peace.
- 律令国家体制は、中央集権的な政治機構に立脚し、個別人身支配を人民支配・租税収取の原則としていた。
- Based on the centralized political structure, Ritsuryo system's basic philosophy for ruling people/collecting tax was the people-based governance.
- こうした所領には御家人が守護・地頭として宛がわれてその軍事力を背景に強力な支配体制が構築された。
- To those shoryo, gokenin (personal retainers of the shogun) were appointed as shugo (protectors, or military governors) or jito (stewards), and a strong system of government was constructed based on their military forces.
- 譲受会社の組織等の業務執行体制を記載した書面及び様式第五号により作成した登録外務員等に関する調書
- a document stating the management system of organizations, etc., of the Transferee Company and records pertaining to Registered Sales Representatives, etc., prepared according to Form No. 5;
- 承継会社の組織等の業務執行体制を記載した書面及び様式第五号により作成した登録外務員等に関する調書
- a document stating the management system of organizations, etc., of the Succeeding Company and records pertaining to Registered Sales Representatives, etc., prepared according to Form No. 5;
- 設立会社の組織等の業務執行体制を記載した書面及び様式第五号により作成した登録外務員等に関する調書
- a document stating the management system of organizations, etc., of the Formed Company and records pertaining to Registered Sales Representatives, etc. prepared according to Form No. 5;
- 尊氏は九州へ落ち延びるが、翌年に九州で体制を立て直し、光厳上皇の院宣を得たのちに再び京都へ迫る。
- Takauji fled to Kyushu, but after reconstructing his army, he again approached to Kyoto in the following year, with a decree previously obtained from the abducted Emperor Kogon.
- 今後も順次3台が納入されることになっており、最終的に4台体制(うち寝台車1台)となる予定である。
- Three other cars will gradually be delivered from now and it will in fact be four cars (including 1 sleeping car) in the end.
- 泰時はこの難局にあたり、頼朝から政子にいたる専制体制に代わり、集団指導制、合議政治を打ち出した。
- Facing this difficult time, Yasutoki launched a system of group instruction and council politics instead of the autocratic system that had been employed in the days of Yoritomo to Masako.
- この体制下では農業、漁業、手工業などの諸産業を田堵が隷属する人民を使役し、名田単位で経営を行った。
- In this system, the tato managed several industries such as agriculture, fishery, and handicraft manufacturing on a myoden basis, employing subordinate labors.
- このような事情と、幕府の支配体制が一応の完成を見たことから、慶安4年、幕府は末期養子の禁を解いた。
- For the circumstance described above, and together with the fact that the control system of the shogunate was considered complete and secure for the time being, in 1651, the shogunate lifted the ban on Matsugo yoshi.
- 王朝国家体制の下では、受領は規定の租税を京進さえすれば、残余の租税を自らの収入とすることができた。
- Under the dynastic nation-state, as long as Zuryo paid the specified tax to Kyoto, they could take the rest of the tax as their own income.
- なお、寛平・延喜の政策を、律令回帰ではなく土地中心体制への転換準備期と位置づける有力説も存在する。
- There is also another widely accepted theory alleging that the policies in Kanpyo and Engi era were not attempts to return to the Ritsuryo system but preparation for the shift towards the system based on land.
- 義安は今川氏への対抗上、同じく今川氏と抗争中にあった尾張国の織田氏に加担し、防衛体制を整えていく。
- Because of its opposition to the Imagawa clan, Yoshiyasu supported the Oda clan in Owari Province who was also resisting the Imagawa clan, then started to maintain the defense system.
- ただし、白河は当初からそのような院政体制を意図していたわけではなく、結果的にそうなったともいえる。
- In the beginning, Shirakawa did not intend to institute the insei system, but it was established nevertheless.
- ここに至り、清盛は院政派の反発を抑えるため皇居の警護体制を整えるなど、二条支持の姿勢を明確にした。
- At this point, Kiyomori organized the system for guarding the Imperial grounds to suppress rebellion by the cloistered government group, therefore clarifying his position as supporting Nijo.
- 長保元年(999年)に一条天皇・藤原道長体制下で長保元年令11条が出され、後の新制の定形となった。
- In 999, Eleven articles of the first year of the Choho era was issued under the system of Emperor Ichijo and FUJIWARA no Michinaga and it became the fixed form of shinsei afterward.
- また、経済の発展により下絵師、彫師、刷師と複雑な工程の分業体制を整えることができた点も重要である。
- Also, the economic development took an important role, as the division of labor was established for the complicated processes among Shitaeshi, Horishi and Surishi.
- 世界を先導する総合的地域研究拠点の形成(フィールド・ステーションを活用した教育 ・研究体制の推進)
- Aiming for COE of Integrated Area Studies (Promotion of Educational and Research System Utilizing the Field Stations)
- その後は東軍に属して関ヶ原の戦いでも前衛の部隊として参戦、徳川幕藩体制に組み込まれ、幕末を迎えた。
- Subsequently, those members of the Amago Remnant Corps fought in the Battle of Sekigahara as the advance guard of the Eastern forces, and were incorporated under the domain system deployed by the Tokugawa shogunate; their descendants maintained this status through to the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- だが、その一方でこうした改革は李朝宗親・功臣を所有者とする新たな荘園体制の再編へとつながっていった。
- However, on the other hand, such reforms led to the reorganization of the new manor system, where the owners were the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty and meritorious retainers.
- 守護領国制(しゅごりょうごくせい)とは、室町時代の守護大名による一円的な領国支配体制を指す歴史概念。
- The shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo [a provincial military governor] dominates a territory) is a historical concept indicating a comprehensive control system of a territory by the shugo-daimyo (shugo that became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords) in the Muromachi period.
- しかし王朝時代には律令国家体制期も含むために王朝国家の指す時代的概念が異なることに注意を必要とする。
- However, the term 'Dynastic period' is used to describe a period of Japanese history that also includes the Ritsuryo regime, so it is necessary to keep in mind that the concept of 'dynasty' was different for each national regime.
- それまで日本は幕藩体制の中でバラバラの状況であり、一つの国家と国民という結びつきが出来ていなかった。
- Until then, Japan had been divided into many domains due to the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, and had not been regarded as a unitary nation of united people.
- 変後の混乱で、新領主への再就職の禁止や検地など新しい統治体制に不満を抱いていた甲斐国人の一揆が頻発。
- In the postwar chaos, there were frequent uprisings of people in Kai Province, who were frustrated at new systems of governance such as the land survey and the ban on re-employment by a new lord.
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- かつて、古代的な貴族統治体制を打破したのは武装農民層に由来する武士であるとする説が有力とされていた。
- In the past, it was said to be most plausible that samurai originated in the armed farmers who defeated the ancient aristocratic control system.
- 合併後の会社の組織等の業務執行体制を記載した書面及び様式第五号により作成した登録外務員等に関する調書
- a document stating the management system of organizations, etc., of a Stock Company Resulting from a Merger and the records pertaining to Registered Sales Representatives, etc., prepared according to Form No. 5;
- しかし、3バックを採用するなどのテコ入れをはかった美濃部体制でも悪い流れを変えることはできなかった。
- But while under the management of MINOBE the team tried to shore itself up by several approaches like adopting a back three formation, it was not able to change the bad situation.
- 寺社の強訴は平安時代から室町時代ごろまで盛んだったが、その後寺社権門体制論の衰退と共に廃れていった。
- Goso at temples and shrines was popular from the Heian period through the Muromachi period, but died out as their authority lost influence over the governing structure.
- 後継の守護に富樫泰高を擁立しながらも実質的には蓮綱と蓮悟が事実上の国主となる「両御山」体制を敷いた。
- While Yasutaka TOGASHI succeeded Masachika as provincial constable, Renko and Rengo effectively became lords of the province and established the 'Two Temples' system.
- しかし、1919年に初等科、中等科、高等科と改称され、学校教育法が施行されるまでその体制がつづいた。
- However, in 1919, the schools were renamed to primary, junior high and high schools, and this system continued until the implementation of School Education Law.
- 両機関車の多くは国内民間メーカーで生産され、これをもって蒸気機関車国産化の体制はほぼ整ったと言える。
- Many of these two types of locomotives were produced in domestic private factories and we can say that a domestic production system for steam locomotives was almost established at this point.
- 明治27年8月30日を以って清国との国交は断絶され戦時体制に入り、西久保も翌9月24日から出征する。
- On August 30, 1894, Japan and Qing severed diplomatic relations and the army was put on a war footing, and Nishikubo was sent to the front as well on September 24.
- 中央政権としての幕府権力を支えていた幕府-守護体制に大きな動揺が見られ始めたのは1490年前後である。
- Major scale commotions in the bakufu-shugo system that supported the power of the bakufu as the central government is observed as commencing in the period around 1490.
- 12世紀末から13世紀にかけて荘園の増加が著しくなり、荘園公領制と呼ばれる中世的な支配体制が確立した。
- The number of shoen (private estates) had increased considerably from around the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century, and a medieval control system called shoen koryo sei (a system of public lands and private estates) was established.
- 歴史学者の間では天皇が国家統治機構の前面に登場する近代以前の国家体制に適用することに対して批判もある。
- Some historians are against applying the word Tennosei to the state system before recent times because the Emperor was not in the front line of the national governing system.
- このように、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領(公領)を個々の収取単位とする体制を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
- The system that shoen and kokugaryo (koryo) reorganized into gun (local district), go (sub local district), ho (Imperial demesne) worked as units for taxation were called shoen koryo sei (the system of public land and private estates).
- 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
- Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
- 王朝国家体制論は主として中央政府がいかに租税収取を確保していったか、という観点で議論されることが多い。
- The arguments concerning the Dynastic polity theory are often made from the viewpoint of the central government's tax collection.
- 大晦日の昼ごろには元日に配達する年賀状を準備し片づけを行い、年賀状臨時体制は終了し翌日の元日に備える。
- Around noon on New Year's Eve, the nengajo to be delivered on New Year's Day are prepared and the office is cleaned; thus the temporary system for the nengajo comes to an end in preparation for New Year's Day.
- そして近世には民政上の拠点を指す意味が強くなり、幕藩体制における政庁兼居所・蔵を意味する言葉となった。
- In early-modern times a jinya indicated more a base of civil administration and became a word meaning a government office and residence or warehouse under the shogunate system.
- 最初の危機は明治維新前後で、旧体制の瓦解とともに木材の盗伐・乱伐が横行し、里山の森林が急激に失われた。
- The first crisis took place in the pre- and post-Meiji Restoration periods, when the forest of Satoyama had been rapidly lost due to widespread timber piracy and destructive logging, which broke out with the collapse of the old system.
- 時忠は国母である徳子に建春門院と同様の役割を期待し、承安年間の政治体制の再現を目指していたと思われる。
- We consider that Tokitada expected Tokuko, who was the empress dowager, to play a role similar to that of Kenshunmonin, and aimed at revival of the political system during 1171 and 1174.
- ソ連の作家で政治的反体制者で、ソ連の強制労働収容所の残虐行為を暴露する小説を書いた(1918年生まれ)
- Soviet writer and political dissident whose novels exposed the brutality of Soviet labor camps (born in 1918)
- 隆景は兄の吉川元春とともに毛利家を支えて「両川」と呼ばれ(毛利両川体制)、主に山陽地方の経略を担当した。
- Takakage supported the Mori family with his brother Motoharu KIKKAWA and he was called 'Ryosen' (Mori-Ryosen system) and was in charge of the conquest of mainly the Sanyo region.
- 漁業では上方漁法が全国に広まり、瀬戸内海の沿岸では入浜式塩田が拓かれて塩の量産体制が整い各地に流通した。
- In the field of fishery, the advanced fishing method which had developed along the shore of the Inland Sea and Kumano spread across Japan, and the cultivation of salt fields in which brine is brought through tidal action along the coast of the Inland Sea improved the mass production of salt, which developed the nationalwide distribution system of salt.
- 幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
- In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.
- 当時はちょうど荘園公領制の発展過程の時期にあたり、荘園・国衙領(公領)の運営体制が確立しようとしていた。
- This was the time when the Shoen koryo (public lands) system was developed and the management system for shoen, kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) was being established.
- 使用済自動車に搭載されているエアコンディショナーに冷媒としてフロン類が含まれているかどうかを確認する体制
- System used to confirm whether Fluorocarbons are contained as a refrigerant in the air conditioners installed in the End-of-Life Vehicles.
- このような幼帝の即位は、天皇が次第に実権を失っていたことを示すもので、こうした政治体制を摂関政治という。
- The enthronement of such a young Emperor shows that the Emperor gradually lost his actual power, and this form of government is called Sekkanseiji.
- 岩波書店『日本中世の国家と宗教』(1975年)で「中世における顕密体制の展開」というタイトルで発表した。
- The theory was proposed under the title 'Development of Kenmitsu System in Medieval Japan' in the book 'Medieval Nation and Religion in Japan' (1975) published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
- しかし、律令体制下において、通常の官司の経済活動とは異なるイレギュラーな運用をしていた点は注目に値する。
- However, it's noteworthy that Otari managed them in an irregular way that was different from ordinary government official's economic activities under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 更に雅信が一上として太政官を運営する体制は一条天皇が即位し、藤原兼家が摂政に就任した後も更に継続された。
- The system in which Masanobu managed the dajokan as the ichi no kami was continued even after the Emperor Ichijo ascended the throne and FUJIWARA no Kaneie took office of the sessho.
- また重任局での合議制を骨抜きにし、広瀬独裁体制を追認するよう家法改革を断行したことに対する不満もあった。
- In addition, the dissatisfaction was raised to bold implementation of the reform of family code to water down the council system in the executive suite and to confirm HIROSE's dictatorship.
- 低圧開閉装置及び制御装置−第4−3部:接触器及びモータスタータ:非モータ負荷用交流半導体制御器及び接触器
- Lamp control gear Part 2-12: Particular requirements for d.c. or a.c. supplied electronic ballasts for discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps)
- 摂関政治の最大の課題は、負名体制と受領行政との矛盾、そして権門の荘園整理にどう取り組むかという点にあった。
- The largest problems for the regency were how to deal with the contradiction between the Fumyo's tax managing system and the Zuryo administration, and how to restrict shoen owned by the influential.
- 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
- There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.
- 日本の近代化のためにも、国民の政治への関与を一定程度認めることは必要であり、近代的な国家体制が模索された。
- For the modernization of Japan, they understood that they needed to allow political involvement of the general public; so they began to search for a modern framework for the nation.
- 天皇の行政大権の行使に国務大臣の輔弼を必要とする体制(大臣責任制または大臣助言制)を定めたこと(第4章)。
- The constitution provided ministers with the right to advise to the emperor when he exerted his prerogative, and ministers required to be responsible for their advice (Ministerial Responsibility System or Ministerial Advice System) (Chapter 4).
- 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
- Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.
- しかし、早くも8世紀後期頃から百姓の偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が見られ始め、個別人身支配体制にほころびが生じていた。
- However, as early as from late 8th century, the regime of people-based governance started to fray at the edges as the case of peasants' false registration, vagrancy and escape increased.
- 市町村及び都道府県における企業立地及び事業高度化に関する手続の迅速な処理を図るための体制の整備に関する事項
- matters concerning the development of a system for the swift processing of procedures for the establishment of new business facilities and business innovation by municipalities and prefectures;
- 当該研修を受ける者を受け入れる本邦の公私の機関が、当該研修の実施機関として必要な設備及び体制を有すること。
- A public or private organization in Japan accepting trainees shall have the facilities and system necessary to be a training organization.
- 徳川家光(家光体制)時、老中(松平信綱・阿部忠秋・堀田正盛)、側衆(中根正盛)は、武断政治を強行に進めた。
- When Iemitsu TOKUGAWA ruled, roju (member of shogun's council of elders) (Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Tadaaki ABE and Masamori HOTTA) and sobashu (aide of the shogun) (Masamori NAKANE) forced the government by the military.
- 701年には大宝律令によってそれがさらに体系化され、朝廷による朝廷のための酒の醸造体制が整えられていった。
- In 701, it was further systematized by the Taiho Code, which led to the establishment of a brewing system for the Imperial Court, by the Imperial Court.
- 明治維新で幕藩体制が崩壊すると、貧窮した武家階級からこれらの着物が質屋等を介して市中に出回るようになった。
- After the feudal system, characteristic of the shogunate, collapsed through the Meiji Restoration, the impoverished bushi class sold their Kimono at pawn shops, and they became available around town.
- 没後50日を経て、弱冠21歳の長男・マキノ正博を中心とした「マキノ・プロダクション」の新体制が発表された。
- Fifty days after Shozo's death, a restructuring of 'Makino Productions,' centered on Shozo's mere 21-year-old eldest son, Masahiro MAKINO, was announced.
- 醍醐寺において、毎年2月に行われる五大力尊仁王会、4月に行われる花見行列の際には、特別輸送体制が組まれる。
- A special transportation system incorporating the route is organized for the Godairikison Ninno-e festival in February and the cherry-blossom viewing parades in April at Daigo-ji Temple.
- 道長は同年末に太政大臣に上るが、翌年には辞して、前太政大臣として若い頼通を後見することで後継体制を固めた。
- At the end of the same year, Michinaga was elevated to the role of Daijo-daijin but resigned the following year and in his role as former Daijo-daijin, advised the young Yorimichi, reinforced the arrangements for the succession.
- これは日本の天皇・公家・武家の三重の政治体制に由来する盛衰交替を叙述するために白石が編み出した方法である。
- This is a method invented by Hakuseki to describe the ups and downs and replacements originating in the triple ruling system in Japan by the emperor, the court aristocracy and the warriors.
- また仙台城下では味噌倉を建てていたが、大規模な味噌生産体制が行われたのは、これが最初といわれているという。
- Masamune built storehouses of Miso (fermented soybean paste) in the castle town of the Sendai-jo Castle, and this example is considered to be the first establishment of a large-scale Miso manufacturing system in Japan.
- 江戸時代においては、幕藩体制が確立していたこともあり、代官所の規模はその支配地域と比べて比較的小さかった。
- As the feudal system under the shogunate (bakuhan taisei system) had been completely established in the Edo period, the size of daikansho was rather small considering the size of the area which the daikan administrated.
- 10世紀初頭、王朝国家体制への移行に伴い、律令機構や権能を特定者へ請け負わせる官司請負制が行なわれ始めた。
- In the early tenth century when the nation-governing system changed to an ocho kokka (royal-court state) system, the Kanshiukeoisei system, in which Ritsuryo-based functions and rights were entrusted to specific persons, began.
- 王朝国家体制の下では、国家から土地経営や人民支配の権限を委譲された有力百姓(田堵・名主)層の成長が見られた。
- Under this system, influential farmers, (Tato: farm managers who lease public fields from provincial lords and produce agricultural products; and Myoshu: owners of rice fields) to whom the management of land and control of people was transmitted from the government, became powerful.
- もしくは、それらが何らかの主張のもと既成の支配体制に対して武力行使を含む抵抗運動を展開している状態を指した。
- Ikki also referred to a state in which the uncertified military forces would carry out a resistance movement, including the use of armed forces, against the existing regime based on a claim.
- これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
- In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
- しかし、明治天皇はまだ年少であるため(実際天皇親政は建前であった)、それを補佐する体制がすぐに必要となった。
- However, because Emperor Meiji was a youth at that time (in fact, direct Imperial rule was still just a theory), a system to assist the Emperor was needed immediately.
- このため国家による租税徴収体制は、律令制的な人的支配の枠組みから中世的な土地支配の枠組みへと移行していった。
- Therefore, the land tax collection system by the ancient government moved from the framework based on the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system into the one on medieval land ruling.
- そして、室町期守護は 守護大名という立場へと成長していき、国内に守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を布いていった。
- Thus, in the Muromachi period, the Shugo grew into the status of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and a ruling system called Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) was instituted.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- 顧炎武は「封建の意を郡県に寓す」という郡県制のなかに封建制を組み込ませ、地方分権型の政治体制を主張している。
- Ko Enbu incorporates the Hoken system into the Gun Ken system as the saying goes 'Using the gist of Hoken as a pretext of Gun ken,' advocating the centralized political form.
- 様式第九号により作成した内部管理に関する業務を行う組織の概要及び法令を遵守するための管理の体制を記載した書面
- a document prepared according to Form No. 9 giving the description of the organization which performs the operations pertaining to internal controls and stating the management system for compliance with laws and regulations;
- 高倉没後の政治体制は幼児の安徳が政務を執ることができない以上、もはや後白河の院政再開しか残されていなかった。
- With respect to the political system after Takakura's death, as infant Antoku could not assume affairs of state, there was no alternative to cloister government by Goshirakawa.
- 天正6年(1578年)、謙信が死去すると織田信長と手を結び、本拠を飛騨松倉城に移して飛騨の支配体制を固める。
- In 1578, when Kenshin died, Yoritsuna joined with Nobunaga ODA and moved his headquarters to Matsukura-jo Castle in Hida.
- 現代の世界では、民衆的政治制度を伴うか否かにかかわらず、民主的社会体制へ向う強い傾向が明白に存在しています。
- There is confessedly a strong tendency in the modern world towards a democratic constitution of society, accompanied or not by popular political institutions.
- その後宝暦期には徳川家重の下命により、直属の部下13名をつけられ、独立した検査監査機構としての体制が整った。
- Later, in the Horeki era (1751 - 1764), 13 subordinates were placed under each of these officers according to an order from Ieshige TOKUGAWA, establishing the system as an independent inspection and audit organization.
- 明治に至り廃藩置県等の体制の変革により、同心・足軽等一部は羅卒・兵卒・下士官・末端役人として引き続き出仕した。
- The arrival of the Meiji period and system reforms such as Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) meant that some doshin and ashigaru continued to serve as police officers, soldiers, noncommissioned officers and low-level officials.
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- 当時、国衙は在地領主・田堵農民層との闘争でその支配体制が危機に瀕していたため、武力による補強が求められていた。
- At that time, military reinforcements were necessary because the organizational system of Kokuga was threatened by conflict between local landowners and the Tato farmer class.
- 一つは信長・秀吉の天下統一事業に代表される、強大な権力者を頂点とする中央集権体制、いわば「タテの支配」である。
- One was the centralized administrative framework in which an enormously powerful person was at the top such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's project to unify the country, what was called 'a vertical control.'
- この時朝鮮では幼い国王高宗にかわりその実父興宣大院君が実権を握り、外戚安東金氏の専横と古い体制を打破していた。
- In Korea at this time, not King Gojong, still young, but his father Heungseon Daewongun held onto power trying to do away with tyranny and the old system established by his material relatives, the Kim clan of the Andong district.
- そのため、両者を統合再編して体制の簡素化を図ることとなり、1908年(明治41年)12月5日鉄道院が発足した。
- Because of this, in order to streamline both agencies by integration and reorganization, Tetsudoin was established on December 5, 1908.
- この傾向は大名領国制への以降とともに日本全国規模で確立され、幕藩体制を経て明治の版籍奉還・秩禄処分まで続いた。
- This trend spread throughout Japan as the daimyo ryogokusei system (daimyo control over provinces) was introduced, and observed through bakuhan taisei (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains) until hanseki hokan (surrender of the domain registers to the emperor) and chitsuroku shobun (abolish hereditary stipend) were carried out.
- しかし、律令体制下の軍団と武士団は、ともに戦闘目的の為に組織された集団であっても、それぞれ異なった実態である。
- Although the army and bushidan under the Ritsuryo system were groups both founded for battle, they were different.
- 幕藩体制が揺ぎ始めると、江戸幕府も反幕勢力もその権威を利用しようと画策し、結果的に天皇の権威が高められていく。
- When the shogunate system started to waver, both the Edo Bakufu and the anti-bakufu forces planned to use the authority of the Emperor, and as a result, the authority of the Emperor was heightened.
- これにより一時的に独裁権力を獲得した義仲は、後白河院政の体制下で干されていた状態だった松殿家の基房と接近した。
- Yoshinaka, who temporarily gained the dictatorship due to this coup approached Motofusa of the Matsudono family who had been on the outside under Goshirakawa-insei (the government by the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa).
- また、天皇が位階を授与することで、全ての権威と権力を天皇に集中し、天皇を頂点とした国家体制の確立を目的とした。
- The system that the Emperor used to impose a court rank also concentrated the authority and power in the hands of the Emperor, which led to the establishment of the political system that placed the Emperor at the top.
- 嫡子の加茂光栄に暦道を、弟子の安倍晴明に天文道をあまなく伝授し、後の賀茂氏・安倍氏の2家世襲体制の礎を作った。
- He taught everything there was to know about the art of calendar making to his heir KAMO no Mitsuyoshi and the art of astronomy to his student ABE no Seimei, building the foundation of a succession system for the two-family heredity of the Kamo Family and the ABE Family down the road.
- また、JR東海では「アメリカ同時多発テロ事件」以降、系列の警備会社と連携し、沿線を24時間体制で巡察している。
- After Multiple Simultaneous Terrorism acts in the U.S. occurred, JR Tokai has patrolled the areas along the Shinkansen line, 24 hours a day, in cooperation with a security company affiliated to it.
- 南朝側との戦い、阿波の小笠原氏や伊予の河野氏、国人勢力らとの戦いの中で次第に四国における領国支配体制を固める。
- During the war with the Southern Court, Yoriyuki battled against some of the powerful Kokujin (including the Ogasawara clan of Awa and Kawano clan of Iyo) and gradually tightened his control over his territory in Shikoku.
- 印刷技術や稿料制度など出版の体制が整っていたこともあり多くの読者を獲得したが、発行部数などは草双紙に及ばない。
- As the publishing systems such as printing technology and pay for the writing were improved, many people came to read Yomihon, but the circulation of it was not as much as that of Kusazoshi.
- この時には氏親は未だに遠江守護ではなかったものの、独自の立場で検地を行って守護斯波氏による支配体制を否認した。
- Although Ujichika had not yet become shugo of Totomi Province, he carried out his own independent land surveys, undermining the Shiba clan's authority as shugo.
- そこで、鎌倉期の守護と区別するために、室町期の守護を守護大名とし、守護大名による領国支配体制を守護領国制と呼ぶ。
- To distinguish the provincial constables in the Kamakura period from those in the Muromachi period, provincial constables in the Muromachi period are called 'Shugo daimyo,' the provincial constable feudal lord, and the system in which Shugo daimyo governed their own territories is called Shugo-ryogoku system.
- 坂本賞三らはこの時期を王朝国家体制の変質期であるとして、同時期以前を前期王朝国家、以降を後期王朝国家と区分する。
- Shozo SAKAMOTO etc. defined this period as the changing period of the Dynastic polity and based on it, they separate the Dynastic polity period into the early Dynastic polity period and the late Dynastic polity period.
- 遺言により、管領細川頼之が新将軍足利義満を支える体制となった(このできごとをもって『太平記』の物語は終焉する)。
- According to his will, kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA took on a role to support new shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (the story of 'Taiheiki' ended with this event).
- これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
- The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
- 『四書大全』『五経大全』の頒布により科挙で依拠すべき経羲解釈に『十三経注疏』は廃され、朱子学が体制教学となった。
- With the distribution of 'The Complete Four Books' and 'The Complete Book of Five Classics,' 'Annotation and Interpretation Learning of Thirteen Classics' was abolished as the dependent Keisho interpretation, and Neo-Confucianism became the system for teaching and learning.
- 明治に入ってからも『栽培経済論』を表して文明開化を痛烈に批判して農本主義・鎖国体制の堅持・国産品推奨を主張した。
- Entering the Meiji period, he expressed 'Saibai Keizairon' (literally, 'the theory of cultivating the economies') and severely criticized cultural enlightenment, asserting agricultural fundamentalism, national seclusion and the use of domestically produced goods.
- 信玄の死後、武田氏が9年で滅びたのは、次代の武田勝頼における体制作りが行なわれていなかったためとも言われている。
- The reason why the Takeda clan was ruined only within nine years after the death of Shingen is said to be that the inner system for Katsuyori TAKEDA of the next generation was not established.
- 萩の舎は当時、公家や旧老中・旧藩主などの旧体制、明治政府の特権階級の政治家・軍人の夫人や令嬢らが通う歌塾だった。
- At that time, Haginoya was a waka school attended by the wives and daughters of the former regime's privileged classes - such as court nobles, former roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate), and former domain lords - and of the Meiji government statesmen and military personnel.
- さらにそれに呼応するように生田万の乱をはじめとする反乱が相次いで、次第に幕藩体制に崩壊の兆しが見えるようになる。
- Additional revolts, including Ikuta Yorozu no Ran (the Rebellion of Yorozu IKUTA), occurred one after the other, and the demise of the shogunate system appeared on the horizon.
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領(公領)の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- この受領・国衙支配のもと、収取体系においては負名体制が形成し、軍事面においては国衙軍制を通じて武士階層が登場した。
- Under the control of Zuryo and Kokuga, the Fumyo system (a system for tax collecting) was formed for the Revenue system, and the samurai class appeared via the kokuga forces system.
- その後、戦国時代 (日本)まで百年近くに亘って一揆勢が共和国的な体制を維持していた最大にして唯一の成功例と言える。
- Thereafter, the powers maintained their republican regime over 100 years until the (Japanese) Sengoku period and this is the biggest and only excellent example of ikki.
- また10世紀ごろから、国内の公田を名田へ再編成し、田堵に名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる負名体制へと移行していた。
- In the 10th century onwards, the koden (the field administered directly by a ruler) in the province was reorganized as the myoden, and the fumyo system, in which the tato undertook the management of the myoden and tax, became more and more common.
- 当時、京都守護職であった会津藩主・松平容保は薩摩藩と連携して、長州の尊攘急進派を弾圧する体制を整えていたのである。
- At that time, the daimyo of Aizu, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, who was charged with the defense of Kyoto, had started cooperating with the Satsuma clan, and set up a system to oppress the radical loyalist faction in Choshu.
- 法務大臣は、前項の規定による検討を行うに当たっては、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備の重要性を踏まえるものとする。
- When making the examination under the provision set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Minister of Justice shall take into account the importance of the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems.
- 監査法人は、業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するため、内閣府令で定めるところにより、業務管理体制を整備しなければならない。
- An audit corporation shall develop the operation control structure pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance in order to perform its services fairly and accurately.
- 以前は体制(幕府)側という立ち位置から悪役に用いられる作品が多かったが、現在は必ずしもそうではなくなってきている。
- In the past, many works portrayed Hanzo HATTORI as a villain for his anti-government stance, but it is not necessarily the case now.
- しかも、将軍就任に向けて無駄に歳月を浪費した事態は、新体制を固めきれない三好政権には好ましくない結果をもたらした。
- Furthermore, having wasted time for assumption to Shogun brought undesirable result for the Miyoshi government which couldn't fix new system.
- その怒りの矛先は幕府だけでなく依然として中華思想からなる冊封体制を維持していた清や李氏朝鮮の支配層にも向けられた。
- The bakufu was not the only target of his anger; he also directed his anger at the ruling classes of the Qing dynasty and the Yi dynasty of Korea, both of which clung to the sakuho system based on Sinocentrism.
- 古代末に発生した武士はその武力で古代を終焉させ、中世社会で主導的役割を果たし、近世で完成された社会体制を築き上げた。
- The bushi who emerged during the late ancient times finished the ancient times by force, played a leading role in medieval society and established the social system in the early-modern times.
- 一方、政務決裁には事実上のトップである執権、その補佐である連署、合議機関である評定衆を置く集団指導体制を成立させる。
- At the same time, a collective leadership system for making policy decisions was established that was made up of the regent (who was effectively the leader), rensho (who acted as assistants to the regent), and the Hyojoshu (which acted as a consultative body).
- 江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を乱されたくない・邪魔されたくないといった心情は、攘夷運動になっていった。
- The feeling that they did not want to have the peaceful world of Edo (society under a system of national isolation) was disturbing and disruptive, and ultimately it led to the movement for the expulsion of foreigners.
- 朱子学は支配イデオロギーとなったが、それ故に体制擁護としての作用が肥大化し、かつての道徳主義の側面が失われていった。
- As Shushigaku became the dominant ideology, its function of protecting the regime became increasingly emphasized, and as a result, the element of moralism was getting lost.
- 王朝国家体制への移行により、富豪層による調庸・封物の京進は廃され、国司(受領)による租税進納が行われるようになった。
- With the dynastic nation system starting, the system of rich and powerful persons' paying choyo and fubutsu to Kyoto was abolished, and kokushi (zuryo) came to convey tax to the central government.
- 「新体制が活発な革新意識に燃えるものであるなら、それと反対に古い文化財に対しては極度に保守的であつて欲しいと思ふ。」
- If the new establishment is fired with progressive consciousness, I wish it to be extremely conservative, on the contrary, with regard to the old cultural assets.'
- だが、順慶の死後には豊臣秀吉が弟の豊臣秀長に大和一国を与えて、既存の支配体制を否定、衆徒・国民を強制的に解散させた。
- However, after Junkei's death Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI gave Yamato Province to his brother Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, thus defying the conventional ruling system, and broke up the shuto and Kokumin by compulsion.
- また古代の天皇を中心とする政治体制下では怨霊に対する御霊信仰が新造され、荒ぶる神々も祀られ、鎮められるようになった。
- In addition, under the ancient political system with the emperor at its center, goryo-shinko (the belief that spirits intimidate society) was established to deal with vengeful spirits, and thus malevolent gods were enshrined and appeased.
- ある日、宇治で薫と匂宮両者の使者が鉢合わせしたことからこの秘密は薫に知られ、宇治の邸は薫によって警戒体制が敷かれる。
- One day, Kaoru found out about this secret when the messengers of Kaoru and Nioumiya came across each other in Uji and since then, the Uji residence was put on security alert by Kaoru.
- 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
- Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.
- それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
- On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.
- また張之洞は康有為の学説に反対して『勧学篇』を著し、西学を導入しつつ体制教学としての儒教の形を守ることを主張している。
- Additionally, Cho Shido opposed the theory of Ko Yui (Kang Youwei) and wrote 'Kangakuhen,' preaching to maintain the form of Ju-kyo as the system teaching and learning while adopting Western culture.
- 続く慶応3年(1867年)の大政奉還により伝統的な弓術文化は幕藩体制・武士社会の崩壊と共に大きく衰退を余儀なくされた。
- Then, with the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) in 1867, traditional Kyujutsu culture was forced into a decline when the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate and samurai society collapsed.
- 江戸幕府の体制が安定して以後の狩野派は、幕府の御用絵師として、内裏、城郭などの障壁画の大量注文をこなす必要に迫られた。
- Once the structure of the Edo shogunate had become stable, the members of the Kanoha group were driven to get extensive orders done for screen paintings of the Imperial Palace and castles as the shogunate's official painters.
- また、武田信玄のように隠居せずに死去するまで実権を握り続け、次代の後継者作りや体制作りを忘れたがために滅びた例もある。
- Further, there is the example of Shingen TAKEDA who retained real power until his death and failed to mentor the next generation's successor to maintain the system, and was finally ruined.
- それが、王朝国家体制のもと、次第に密教僧や歌学者、各神社の神人に移り、仏教思想を基盤とした神話の再解釈が行われ出した。
- Under the system of the dynasty state, however, the interpreters of Nihonshoki gradually shifted to Esoteric Buddhist monks, pundits of waka poem studies, and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of each shrine, and initiatives to reinterpret mythologies based on Buddhist philosophy started.
- 個々のハッカーたちの利己性を、協力体制を維持しないと実現不可能なむずかしい目標に、できるだけしっかり結びつける方法だ。
- ?to connect the selfishness of individual hackers as firmly as possible to difficult ends that can only be achieved by sustained cooperation.
- 公海上での日本の漁船の拿捕と人質外交の上に李承晩体制下では、常に日本の領土とされてきている竹島を力ずくで占拠している。
- In addition to seizing Japanese boats on high seas and practicing hostage diplomacy, Rhee regime also seized by force and is holding illegally Takeshima Island which has always been considered as Japanese territory.
- 負名(ふみょう)とは、日本の平安時代ごろから始まる王朝国家体制のもとでの租税収取形態または租税収取を請け負った者をいう。
- Fumyo means a form of collecting tax or a contractor for collecting tax under the system of the dynasty state which began sometime around the Heian period of Japan.
- 8世紀になると中国の政治体制に倣った律令制が整備され、天皇を中心とした中央集権制が確立し、親政が行われた(古代天皇制)。
- With the onset of the eighth century, the Ritsuryo system taken from China was implemented and the centralized authoritarian rule centering on Emperor was established; accordingly, Emperor directly administered the government (the Emperor System in the ancient sovereignty).
- 明治維新後の政治体制を、絶対王政とみなし「絶対主義天皇制」と規定したのは、主に唯物史観を取り入れた左派の歴史学者である。
- It was the left-wing historians with the materialist concept who called the political system after the Meiji Restoration as 'Absolute Tennosei' regarding it as absolute monarchism.
- 制札警護を命じられた新選組は、三条大橋を中心とした3拠点に隊士を配置し、いつでも包囲体制をとれるように準備を整えていた。
- Ordered to guard the noticeboard, Shinsengumi were ready to surrender criminals at any time by arranging members at three points centered around Sanjo-ohashi bridge.
- 徳川幕府は徹底的な政局安定策をとり、武家諸法度の制定や禁中並公家諸法度など諸大名や朝廷に対し、徹底した法治体制を敷いた。
- The Tokugawa shogunate took a thorough political stabilization policy, and established a complete law-abiding system controlling feudal lords (daimyo) and the imperial court by enacting Laws Governing Military Households (Buke Shohatto) and Laws Governing the Imperial Households and Court Nobles (Kinchu narabini Kuge Shohatto).
- その中にあって日本の律令国家体制では、天皇は中国の皇帝と並ぶものであり、唐と同様、日本を中華とする帝国構造を有していた。
- Japan, included in this group of small empires, had a system of ritsuryo kokka, where the emperor was in a position comparable to the emperor of China and Japan had an imperial structure in which Japan was regarded as the center of the world, similarly to Tang.
- 豊臣政権では、国政の執行官僚としての奉行は当初から存在していたが、体制を定めた体系的な法令は政権末期まで存在しなかった。
- Although the Toyotomi Government had 'bugho', magistrates as government bureaucrats who were in charge of national politics from its beginning, they didn't have any systematic laws until the end of the government.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- 鎮護国家において仏教が保護されて官寺が建立されてその監督体制が整備されて国家と皇室の安泰が祈願されていたのは事実である。
- It is true that Buddhism was protected and that the kanji had been erected and systematically maintained by Chingokokka to pray for peace and security of the country and Imperial Family.
- 蔭位(おんい)とは、日本の律令制体制のなかで、高位者の子孫を父祖である高位者の位階に応じて一定以上の位階に叙位する制度。
- Oni was a system of conferring a rank above a certain court rank to the descendants of high officials, according to the court ranks those high officials, the descendants' forefathers, had under the system of the Ritsuryo codes in Japan.
- 大映画会社による映画館の独占支配体制が緩み、小さな独立系プロの製作する映画にも上映の機会を得ることができるようになった。
- The system under which cinemas were monopolized by large film companies was relaxed, and it became possible for films created by small independent professional film makers to be shown.
- 江戸時代に入ると、幕藩制の元で村切が行われて本百姓体制が確立され、宮座(座方)と村政(村方)は切り離されるようになった。
- In the Edo period, Murakiri (defining boundaries of a village) was conducted under the shogunate system, and the Honbyakusho (a freeholding farmer) system was established; Miyaza (zakata) and the village administration (murakata) were operated separately.
- 1942年局制を採用、総務、防衛など九局二部一室五十二課一場とし、12月には政府の行政簡素化の方針沿って戦時体制に移行。
- In 1942, the bureau system was adopted, and, beginning with General Affairs and Defense, nine bureaus, two departments, one room, fifty-two sections, and one place were established, and in December, they were changed into a wartime regime according to the plan of the Government for simplification of the public administration.
- しかし、南朝方に従った近衛経忠(南朝の関白左大臣)が藤氏長者の立場で独自に東国の藤原氏系武士団の統率体制を組もうとした。
- However, Tsunetada KONOE (Sadaijin (minister of the left of Dajokan) as a chief adviser to the Emperor in the Southern Court), who was supporting the Southern Court independently, attempted to lead a network of Warriors of Fujiwara clan group in the Togoku (the eastern part of Japan) using the status of the leader of the Fujiwara clan.
- しかし、この新体制は 「宿老の専横抑制と義村自身の発言力の強化」 を狙う意図が見え透いていたため、村宗は義村に反発した。
- However, it was not difficult to suspect the true purpose of this new political system which was to 'enforce the suppression of a tyranny by chief vassals and the influence of Yoshimura'; therefore, Muramune opposed to Yoshimura.
- また、守護大名は、荘園内のさまざまな権利に基礎をおいており、荘園体制がくずれることは自らの経済基盤を失うことでもあった。
- Since the shugo daimyo position was founded on various rights in manors, collapse of the manor system meant the loss of their economic base.
- 尊王攘夷論は、天皇を中心とした政治体制を築き、対外的に独立を保とうという政治思想となり、幕末の政治状況を大きく揺るがせた。
- The Sonno-joi became a political thought to establish a system with the Emperor at its center and to keep independence from foreign powers and destabilized the political situation at the end of the Edo period on a grand scale.
- 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を勢力下においたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに南下政策を取りつつあった。
- Although the Korean Empire broke away from the tributary system, Russia which held Manchuria under its sphere of influence, took advantage of its interests in Korea to proceed with its southward expansion.
- また、豊臣政権末期の五大老制は有力大名による集団指導体制であり、外様大名である徳川家康の政権簒奪を防ぐことができなかった。
- The Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) system at the end of the Toyotomi government was a collective leadership system by powerful daimyo, however they were unable to prevent Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a tozama daimyo, from usurping power.
- 13世紀に入ると、摂関の地位は、父子継承によって決定された御堂流のうちの5家、すなわち五摂家当主による巡任が体制化された。
- During the thirteenth century, the Sekkan position was passed in turn among the heads of the five families determined by paternal succession among the Mido branch, in other words, the Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families), became systemized.
- そのほかの戦国大名では、後北条氏の歴代当主のほとんどが存命中から隠居して、家督を次代に譲って、次代の体制作りに務めている。
- Among the other Warring lords, almost all family heads of the Gohojo clan retired while living and handed over the reigns of the family to the next generation, trying to stabilize the future generation.
- それに対し黒田は、文献に現れる顕密(当時は一切の仏教を表現する用語)という言葉を用語化して顕密体制論という学説を提唱した。
- As an alternative, however, KURODA proposed the 'kenmitsu taisei' theory built on the term 'kenmitsu' (then, it referred to Buddhism as a whole) found in historical documents.
- ただし、蓮誓は越中門徒にも関与していたため実際には光教寺以外の2寺による「両御山」体制が取られて蓮誓はその補佐役となった。
- However, because Rensei was linked to Ecchu monto (followers of Ecchu Province), the province was practically governed by the 'Goryozan' system by the two temples other than Kokyo-ji Temple, and Rensei assumed the position of an assistant.
- 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
- Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
- 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
- The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 天下人が全てを掌握し管理する近世中央集権体制にとって、権力の介入をはねのける寺社勢力の存在は許せるものではなかったのである。
- This is because the existence of temple and shrine power which rejected the intervention of authority could not be allowed by the centralized administrative framework of recent times in which tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) grasped and controlled all things.
- そこで、明治元年閏4月21日、日本の官制が公布され(政体書体制)、さらに翌年、律令制の二官八省を模した二官六省制が発足する。
- Therefore, on June 11, 1868, the 'Japanese government organization' law was issued (the Constitution of 1868), and the next year a system of two departments and six ministries, which was modeled on the Ritsuryo system of two departments and eight ministries, was set up.
- これに対して、王朝時代は後者の時代区分として認識され、同様に後者の国家体制を指して王朝国家という語が使用されるようになった。
- On the other hand, the periodization of the latter was named the Dynastic period and the term Dynastic polity, which refers to the state regime of the latter, became used.
- 譲受会社における様式第九号により作成した内部管理に関する業務を行う組織の概要及び法令を遵守するための管理の体制を記載した書面
- a document prepared according to Form No. 9 for the Transferee Company giving the description of the organization which performs operations pertaining to internal controls and stating the management system for compliance with laws and regulations;
- 承継会社における様式第九号により作成した内部管理に関する業務を行う組織の概要及び法令を遵守するための管理の体制を記載した書面
- a document prepared according to Form No. 9 for the Succeeding Company giving the description of the organization which performs operations pertaining to internal controls and stating the management system for compliance with laws and regulations;
- 設立会社における様式第九号により作成した内部管理に関する業務を行う組織の概要及び法令を遵守するための管理の体制を記載した書面
- a document prepared according to Form No. 9 by the Formed Company giving the description of the organization which performs operations pertaining to internal controls and stating the management system for compliance with laws and regulations.
- 上方落語協会が桂三枝体制に入ると具体化し、2006年(平成18年)9月15日に「天満天神繁昌亭」が大阪天満宮境内北側に開席。
- When Sanshi KATSURA became Chairman of the Kamigata Rakugo Association, it was finally materialized as the 'Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei Theater' opened in the northern part of the Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine's precincts on September 15, 2006.
- また、基成が朝廷に太いパイプを持っていたことから単なる融和策だけでなく、自分の支配体制に組み込み、一体化を図ったとみられる。
- In addition, it seems that he not only aimed at conciliation but also tried to incorporate Motonari into his ruling system and integrate the powers because Motonari had strong relations with the Imperial Court.
- 六条天皇を平氏と摂関家が支える体制が成立し、重盛は永万2年(1166年)4月に左兵衛督、7月には権中納言・右衛門督となった。
- Then, a system was established wherein the Taira clan and the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) supported Emperor Rokujo, and Shigemori was appointed to Sahyoe no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards) in April, 1166, and was appointed to be Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) and Uemon no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) at the same time in July.
- 旧約聖書に基づいた信念と慣習、そして新約聖書で表現されたキリストの教えと、救世主としてのキリストの役割を強調した一神教の体制
- a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
- 国(特にイギリスで)の統治体の一部として集団と考えられ、異なった政治的な権利を以前は持っていた人の主要な社会階級あるいは体制
- a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights
- 19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力(ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近)により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。
- Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- そもそも丹波は、中央集権体制を進める明治政府の大久保利通らにより、但馬・丹後を含め似通った地域性を無視して2府県に分けられた。
- In the first place, Tanba, Tajima and Tango were divided up into two prefectures by people like Toshimichi OKUBO in the Meiji government who wanted to strengthen centralized control, ignoring their regional similarities.
- 秀忠は江戸城に居住し、駿府城に住む大御所家康との間の二元政治体制になるが、本多正信らの補佐により家康の意を汲んだ政治を執った。
- Hidetada who lived in the Edo Castle and Ogosho (the retired and still de facto Shogun) Ieyasu in the Sunpu-jo Castle formed a duarchy, however, Hidetada took the reins of the Bakufu according to Ieyasu's intention with advice of Masanobu HONDA and others.
- 明治2年7月22日 (旧暦)(1869年8月29日)に参議に就任し、版籍奉還、廃藩置県などの明治政府の中央集権体制確立を行う。
- On August 29th, 1869, he assumed the office of State Councilor and executed the establishment of the centralization of administrative power by the Meiji Government, including the return of lands and people to the Emperor, the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- 更に幕藩体制においては幕府の方針に違反しない限りは藩に対しては一定の自主性が認められていたため、巡見使の監察にも限度があった。
- In addition, junkenshi inspection had its limitations because domains that had not violated shogunate policy were allowed a measure of autonomy.
- この軍制改革は、地方に権限を移譲するという意味で、まさに当時その緒についていた王朝国家体制への転換改革と軌を一にするものだった。
- In terms of transfer of rights to local governments, this military reform was the same as the reform, which was starting around that time, to shift the country to a dynasty-based nation.
- 陽明学や古学、尊王論などの反朱子学的な(反幕藩体制につながりかねない)動きを抑圧するために強硬策を採った事も考えられるのである。
- It may have led the shogunate to take stern measures to suppress the activities of anti-Confucianism (which could trigger an anti-shogunate system) such as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Wang Yangming), Kogaku (classical study) and Sonno-ron (theory for the advocate of Imperial Rule).
- そしてもう一方に、加賀一向一揆や紀伊雑賀などの惣国一揆を代表とする大名の支配を排した地域自治体制、いわば「ヨコの連帯」があった。
- Another was the local government framework which eliminated the daimyo's rule such as the Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt and sokoku ikki including Kii Saiga, what was called 'a sideways solidarity.'
- ところで、王朝国家体制が成立して以来、11世紀中期にかけて、中心的な税目である官物の収納については受領が大きな権限を有していた。
- By the way, in the period from the time when the dynastic nation system was established to the middle 11th century, zuryo had a significant right to collect kanmotsu, a main tax.
- 合併後の会社における様式第九号により作成した内部管理に関する業務を行う組織の概要及び法令を遵守するための管理の体制を記載した書面
- a document prepared according to Form No. 9 for a Stock Company Resulting from a Merger giving the description of the organization which performs the operations pertaining to internal controls and stating the management system for compliance with laws and regulations;
- これにより、貴衆両院の図書館を合併した国会図書館の設立が定められたが、この体制では国会議員の調査研究には不十分であるとみられた。
- This resulted in the establishment of the National Library, which combined the libraries of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers; however, the structure appeared to be insufficient as a means to assist Diet members in their research and study.
- 1940年(昭和15年) - 戦時体制下の下、紀元二千六百年記念行事と相まって京津線開業30周年の祝意を表す最小限の企画が実施。
- 1940: Under the wartime structure, the minimum event commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of the Keishin Line was held along with the event commemorating the nation's 2,600th anniversary.
- これらの事情から察するに、明智光秀の持つ求心力よりは、むしろ織田信長に象徴される体制の持つ引力のほうが強かったとの見方が出来る。
- Taking these situations into consideration, it could be concluded that the attractive force of the organization symbolised by Nobunaga ODA was stronger than the centripetal force of Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- これは、権力が分散した状態では直ちに旗幟を明確にしにくい(立ち回りが遅い)という集団指導体制の弱点をさらけ出した結果でもあった。
- This was one of the consequences of the weakness of a collective leadership that had difficulty in taking decisive action (or was too slow to respond) due to its decentralized power structure.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- この当時(12世紀末~13世紀初頭)は、京都の中央政府(院政)の力も衰えておらず、中央(都、首都)と鎌倉の二元的支配体制であった。
- In those days (the end of 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century) the central government (Insei (rule by the retired Emperor)) had not yet lost its power, creating a dual system of governments: the central government (Kyoto, the capital) and Kamakura government.
- 商品取引受託業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する商品取引員における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of Commodity Transactions Brokerage Business (including regulations in order to define a system for the responsibilities pertaining to said Business);
- やがて1990年代半ばから、演出・作画・仕上げ・背景・撮影などを自前で行う体制を整え、テレビアニメのグロス請けを行うようになった。
- The company established a framework for in-house staging, drawing, finishing, backgrounds and filming after mid-1990s and started to perform the gross subcontracting work of TV animations.
- 1929年(昭和4年)7月25日、牧野省三が死去、没後50日を経た同年9月に牧野の長男・マキノ正博を中心とする新体制が発表された。
- In September of 1929, fifty days after Shozo Makino's death on July 25, a new administration was announced with Makino's oldest son Masahiro Makino at the head.
- これにより征夷大将軍不在となった幕府の体制を不安定と見た後鳥羽は、幕府の武力排除を試みたが、幕府軍に敗北してしまった(承久の乱)。
- Toba attempted to overthrow the bakufu with armed force since he thought the bakufu was in an insecure condition without having the Seii Taishogun, but his forces lost the battle against the bakufu. (The Jokyu War)
- 戦時中、翼賛体制への迎合から寺院で神札を祭ったのと同じく、決して日和見主義やあさましさに由来するものではないとする見方も存在する。
- There is a theory that the abovementioned change happened in the same way as there was talisman held at the temples to accommodate themselves into Yokusan Taisei (Support system of Taisei Yokusan-kai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association)), and it did not come from opportunism and shameless.
- こうした政教一致ともいうべき国家体制のなかで重視されたのが、国を護る経典である「金光明最勝王経」(10巻、唐僧の義浄訳)であった。
- In these national policy of seikyoitchi (unity of religion and politics), the 'Konkomyo Saisho-o kyo' (translated into 10 volumes by Gijo, also known as I Ching or Yi Jing, a Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk), a set of Buddhist scriptures to guard the nation, was valued.
- 清盛の病状が政情不安をもたらすことを危惧した後白河は、当初の予定を早めて六条天皇から憲仁親王に譲位させることで体制の安定を図った。
- Goshirakawa, worried that Kiyomori's medical condition would cause political instability, made Emperor Rokujo abdicate the throne to Imperial Prince Norihito ahead of schedule in order to maintain political stability.
- これは韓国の新しい体制から人質外交をやめさせるだけではなく本当の意味での実りのある日本との外交関係の基盤作りが何よりも重要である。
- This would not only rid new ROK regime of liability of practicing hostage diplomacy but also more than anything else would lay foundation in Japan for really fruitful negotiations.
- 尼子勢は布部山の2つしかない登り口(水谷口・中山口)に山中幸盛を大将とする総勢6800の兵を布陣し、万全の体制で毛利軍を待ち構えた。
- The Amago army sent a total of 68,000 soldiers who were directed by Yukimori YAMANAKA to only two gateways (Mizutani (水谷) gateway and Nakayama (中山) gateway) to Fubeyama and waited for the Mori troops, taking all possible measures.
- 既売却地・質流れ地の無償返付,所領や債権債務についての訴訟(雑訴)の円滑処理などを行うことを通じて、旧体制へ復帰を図る目的があった。
- The aim was to return to the old system by voluntary restoration of sold or foreclosed property and smooth processing of court cases (zasso) regarding property and debts.
- そうした立場からは、古代から中世への過渡期に位置づけられるべき王朝国家体制期は、11世紀中期に終わったのだとする見解も出されている。
- From the above standpoint, some assert that the period of Dynastic polity, which should be regarded as the transitional period from the ancient times to the medieval age, ended in mid-11th century.
- 動物の愛護及び管理に関する施策を実施するために必要な体制の整備(国、関係地方公共団体、民間団体等との連携の確保を含む。)に関する事項
- Matters concerning the establishment of a necessary framework for implementing measures for the welfare and management of animals (including securing the cooperation of such entities as the national government, relevant local governments and private bodies)
- 明治時代以後、財閥の確立とともに本家を中心とした一族及び幹部による経営体制を維持するために家憲・家訓が制定されたことが知られている。
- In the Meiji period and later, along with the formation of several zaibatsu (company syndicates), kaken and kakun were known to be established in order to maintain the management mainly by the head family, including family members and executive officers.
- 尊皇思想に基づき、天皇は親政を行い人民を直接統治するとしたが、政治体制は大日本帝国憲法(明治憲法)が制定されるまで、様々に変化した。
- In accordance with the pro-Emperor principles, the Government rule of a state by the direct administration of the Emperor took effect but the political system underwent numerous changes before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) was enacted.
- 2007年(平成19年)12月24日 - 「独立行政法人整理合理化計画」の策定(閣議決定)(「私のしごと館」組織体制の抜本的見直し)
- December 24, 2007: 'Plans for Streamlining Independent Administrative Institutions' formulated (Cabinet decision); organization of Vocational Museum to be overhauled
- 一方、寺院の側からすれば、檀信徒に対して教導を実施する責務を負わされることとなり、仏教教団が幕府の統治体制の一翼を担うこととなった。
- Meanwhile, the system obliged the temple to give religious instructions to its believers, and had the Buddhist organizations play a role in the regime of the Edo shogunate.
- 鎌倉時代初期の日本刀は平安時代末期とあまりかわらない姿をしているが、鎌倉幕府による武家政治の体制が確立し、刀剣界が活発になっていく。
- Although Japanese swords in the early Kamakura era looked like the ones in the late Heian period, the military government system was established by the Kamakura Shogunate, and the world of swords blossomed.
- 更には、人材の環流は組織の活性化に必須であり、一連の行為はあくまで幕府の体制固めとして行われた政治的行為として解釈することもできる。
- Furthermore, circulating competent persons is essential to activate an organization, and it can be interpreted that the series of actions was genuinely political to establish the bakufu system firmly.
- 戦国大名が登場すると、守護大名の存在を前提とした守護領国制も変質し、守護領国制は事実上解体されて、大名領国制と呼ばれる体制へ移行した。
- With the appearance of the Sengoku daimyo, the shugo-ryogoku system, for which the existence of shugo-daimyo was prerequisite, was changed and dissolved in fact, replaced with the system called 'daimyo-ryogoku sei' (daimyo-ryogoku system).
- 織田勢力を二分する激しい戦いとなり、秀吉はこの戦いに勝利することによって織田信長の作り上げた権力と体制の継承者となることを決定づけた。
- It was a fierce battle that split the power of the Oda in two, after which the victor Hideyoshi consolidated his legitimacy to succeed to the authority and system that had been built up by Nobunaga ODA.
- 清水秀彦監督体制で迎えた2ndステージこそ勝ち越したが、横浜フリューゲルスの消滅でようやくJ1参入決定戦をまぬがれるという有様だった。
- The team entered the 2nd stage with the system of manager Hidehiko SHIMIZU and earned more wins than losses with great difficulties, but the result was that it was barely able to avoid the J1qualification tournament thanks to the dissolution of Yokohama Flugels.
- 不改常典をめぐる諸学説は、直接的には詔の一節の解釈にすぎないが、これを足がかりに当時の政治体制とその変化について異なる理解が開かれる。
- Although the theories surrounding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten are mere direct interpretation of a paragraph of imperial edicts, they can lead us to different views on the political system during that period and its transition.
- 幕藩体制が確立すると、江戸幕府は陰陽師の活動を統制するため、土御門家と賀茂氏の分家幸徳井家を再興させて諸国陰陽師を支配させようとした。
- When the Baku-han system (the feudal system characteristic of the Shogunate) was put in place, the Edo bakufu (the Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tried to control Ommyo-ji across the country by rebuilding the Tsuchimikado family and the Koutokui family, branch families of the Kamo clan.
- 5月5日には、支那事変のためとして、国家総動員法や電力国家管理法を成立させ、経済の戦時体制を導入し、日本の国家社会主義化が開始された。
- On May 5, with the enactment of the National Mobilization Act and the Government Control of Power Act and the introduction of wartime economics, Japan entered a period of national socialization.
- 芹沢粛清事件後も逃亡の形跡がないことから、その真相を知らなかったか、野口自身は近藤勇による新体制に異存がなかったものと捉えられている。
- Because Noguchi didn't leave any trace of escape after the purge of the Serizawa faction, it is considered that he didn't know the fact or he had no objection to the new organization under Isami KONDO.
- この乱の過程で、伊達晴宗は国人一揆との契約関係を再確認することで、他の奥羽諸大名に先駆けて戦国大名としての体制を確立することに成功した。
- In the process of this turbulence, Harumune DATE succeeded to firmly establish the system as a sengoku daimyo by reconfirming the contract relationship with kokujin ikki (rising of kokujin) in the run up to other daimyo in the Ou Region.
- 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制(鎖国)は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
- With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
- 武士の、つまり全国各地の騒乱のほぼ全ての原因が土地支配に関するものであり、頼朝の新統治理論はこの後永く幕藩体制の根幹を成すものになった。
- Questions over land ownership contributed to virtually all fighting and conflict among warriors--and thus, almost all disturbances throughout the country--and Yoritomo's new theory of governance (as expressed by the Hyojosho) was to serve as the foundation of the bakufu-dominal system for many years thereafter.
- なお、一部の例外を除いて、各藩は藩士への知行体制を18世紀初旬までに地方知行制(現地領主制)から俸禄制(サラリー制)へと変遷させている。
- In addition, with some exceptions, by early in the 18th century, each domain had changed the fief system for retainers to provide a land into the salary system.
- 豊臣秀吉が慶長3年(1598年)に死去するとこれらの体制で政権を維持することとなったが、必ずしも法令が機能したとは言えない結果となった。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI passed away in 1598, those systems were to support the Toyotomi government; however, the laws did not always function.
- 初期本百姓が村内で持つ影響力に依拠しなければ年貢諸役を集めることが難しかったが、村請制に依拠できる体制が完成したと評価することもできる。
- Collection of nengu and miscellaneous taxes was difficult without relying on the influential power that early hon-byakusho had in the villages, but it can be evaluated that a system that could rely on the murauke system was completed.
- 従来、律令体制と連動してきた尾張国の猿投窯が、11世紀以後、購買層を支配者層から庶民層へとうつし、実用的な無釉の山茶碗の生産を開始した。
- The Sanage kilns of Owari Province had been linking to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and after the 11th century, there was a change in buyers, from the ruling class to the common people class, and unglazed Yamajawan (bowl) began to be manufactured.
- 国及び地方公共団体並びに民間事業者は、特定事業の円滑な実施が促進されるよう、協力体制を整備すること等により相互に協力しなければならない。
- In order to promote smooth implementation of Qualified Projects, the national government and local governments and private business operators shall mutually cooperate with one another, through such means as setting up systems for cooperation.
- 問題の牛肉は工場でのチェック体制がきちんとはたらいたことにより、消費者には販売されていないため「吉野家の牛丼は安全だ」と同社は強調した。
- Because Yoshinoya had not sold the beef in question to consumers thanks to its successful inspection scheme at the plants, it emphasized, 'Yoshinoya's gyudon is safe.'
- 新体制運動を展開し、全政党を自主的に解散させ、8月15日の民政党の解散をもって、日本に政党が存在しなくなり、議会制民主主義は死を迎えた。
- As the new order movement developed, all political parties were made to disband, and with the August 15th dissolution of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Minseito), the last political party in Japan disappeared and parliamentary democracy came to an end.
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- その後、政体書体制がなし崩しになり、さらには明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県により中央集権が確立するに至り、御誓文の存在意義が薄れかけた。
- The system based on the Constitution of 1868 was undermined and moreover in 1871 centralization was established by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and the importance of Charter Oath began to fade.
- 1901年の北京議定書締結後もロシアの満洲占拠が続いたために、張之洞や袁世凱は東三省の行政体制を内地と同一とするなどの統治強化を主張した。
- The Russians continued their occupation of Manchuria even after the Boxer Protocol was concluded in 1901, prompting Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai to assert Qing sovereignty over Dongsan Province by claiming that it should treated as an internal affair.
- これは同年5月の長篠の戦いにおける敗戦の影響から領国体制の再建を意図したものであるとされ、領国内の諸公事や納物徴用において用いられている。
- This is said to have been created with the intention of rebuilding the territory system in the aftermath of the defeat in the Battle of Nagashino in June or July (May in old lunar calendar) 1575, and it was used for various official service and requisition of votive offerings.
- さらに他の債権者を含む関係者から、社長などの推薦指名を委嘱された直輝は、大阪電気軌道の幹部に大槻龍治を中心として新たな新体制を成立させる。
- Naoteru reorganized the new management team with Ryuji OTSUKI as its principal after he was requested by the creditors and the people of concern for the recommendation of new president and among other matters.
- その中で「政・官・学・財」が一体となってバックアップし企業が京都に根付くような体制(府の融資条件の緩和や工業団地設立など)をつくっていく。
- Under the plan, he developed a mechanism to facilitate private companies' settlement in Kyoto with 'government, bureaucracy, academia, and business' backing each other up (which included easing of the terms and conditions for financing programs the prefecture provided and setting up of industrial parks.)
- 岩倉はこれに同意して9月13日 (旧暦)に平田案に基づく国学中心の皇学所と大学寮代を改組した漢学中心の漢学所の2校体制に移行したのである。
- IWAKURA agreed and on October 28, he made a transition to two educational institutions system: the Kokugaku-centered 'Kogakusho' based on HIRATA opinion and the Kangaku-centered 'Kangakusho' (Kangaku is the study of Chinese classical literature), which was reorganization of Daigakuryo-dai.
- 意外にも雪質が良くスキーヤーに好評であったという)まで設けられて比叡山同様の山上リゾート地となっていたが、戦時体制下でこれらは撤去された。
- The quality of the snow was surprisingly good and it is said to have been popular among skiers) on Mt. Atago, making it something of a mountain resort like Mt. Hiei, but these were removed by the wartime regime.
- さらに、当日は輸送量が激増するため、ヤサカバスが洛西地域の路線で使用している黄色の大型車両を、醍醐地域まで回送して一部投入する体制をとる。
- Furthermore, due to the expected heavy volume of transportation on the day, Yasaka Bus will use one of its large yellow coach buses, which is used on the Rakusai area route, and the empty coach will be sent to the Daigo area.
- 17日には正式に武家伝奏などへ天皇の病名を発表、以後、天脈拝診の資格を持つ15人の医師を下記の3班に分け、24時間体制での治療が始まった。
- On December 17 (in old lunar calendar), the official announcement regarding the name of the Emperor's disease was made to bukedenso (Imperial official in charge of communication between the shogunate and the court) and others, and after that, 15 qualified doctors for Emperor's examination were divided into three groups and around-the-clock medical treatment started.
- 保元物語・平治物語・平家物語と続く「四部之合戦書」の最後の戦記物で鎌倉幕府が王朝を崩壊に追い込むさまと、封建体制確立の過程をえがいている。
- Following Hogen Monogatari (The Tale of the Hogen Disturbance), Heiji Monogatari (The Tale of Heiji), and Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike), it is the last book of 'Shibu no Gassensho' (The Four War Tales) depicting how the Kamakura bakufu drove the dynasty into collapse and the process of establishing a feudal system.
- 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
- During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.
- 鎌倉時代、筑前国・肥前国・豊前国は少弐(武藤)氏、筑後国・肥後国・豊後国は大友氏、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国が島津氏と九州の統括体制がなされた。
- In the Kamakura Period, the control system for Kyushu consisted of the Shoni (Muto) clan for the Chikuzen Province, the Hizen Province, and the Buzen Province, the Otomo clan for the Chikugo Province, the Higo Province, and the Bungo Province and the Shimazu clan for the Satsuma Province, the Osumi Province, and the Hyuga Province.
- 9世紀後期~10世紀にかけて、政府は従前から実施してきた人別支配を改め、収取の対象となる土地そのものに対する支配・収取体制を確立していった。
- From the late 9th to 10th century, the government gradually replaced the traditional system of direct rule over individual farmers with a system of rule and taxation of land, which became the source of taxation.
- こうした状況を受け、政府は、従前の個別人身支配に代わって租税収取を確保するための新たな支配体制を構築するため、大きな方針転換を迫られていた。
- Under such circumstances, the government was pressed to build up a new regime, in lieu of the then existing people-based governance, which enabled it to secure tax revenue.
- また、黒田の提唱した権門体制論の国家像を前提としながら、政治社会史全体の構図の中に仏教を取り入れることにより、仏教史に新たな視点を追加した。
- Also, this theory provided a new perspective on Buddhism history studies because it discussed Buddhism in a broader framework of political and social history on the assumption of the presence of a state system build on kenmon taisei (the system by which governance was shared among 'influential houses' or ruling elites), which was proposed by KURODA.
- 丹波IC~京丹波わちICは、現在のところ国土交通省にて事業が進行中で2014年度に開通予定となっているが、開通後の管理体制はまだ不明である。
- A project for the construction of the section between the Tanba and Kyotanba-wachi interchanges is being promoted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for opening in 2014, but to date the operator has not been indicated.
- 11世紀後半から12世紀にかけて、荘園が急速に増加するとともに、それに対応して国衙領が再編成され、荘園公領制という中世的収取体制が成立した。
- In the era from the latter half of the eleventh century to the twelfth century, the number of shoen increased rapidly, and Kokugaryo (territories governed by a provincial government office) were reorganized correspondingly, establishing the medieval tax collection system called Shoen Koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- 1945年(昭和20)年の太平洋戦争の終戦にともない、大江山鉱山は閉山され、岩滝製錬所もルッペの生産を停止し、施設維持のみを行う体制に移った。
- Due to the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Oeyama Mine was closed, and Iwataki Smeltery stopped producing luppe and decided to do nothing but maintain its facilities.
- 武家の政治体制をどうするかが発見できず旧来の政治を行い、その中での平氏一門の贅沢な暮らしや異様な出世、繁栄の誇示などするだけになったのである。
- Kiyomori did not know how to manage the political system of samurai families and thus carried out old-fashioned politics, showing off the luxurious life style, excessive career success and prosperity of the Taira clan.
- このため紙と違って、保存体制さえしっかりしておけば半恒常的に完全な形で残すことが可能であるという石や木の性質を経験的に知っていたと考えられる。
- Chinese people thus are thought to have known by experience that stone and wood, unlike paper, could remain intact almost permanently as long as a sufficient preservative system is provided.
- しかしながらその時代には律令体制が崩壊しており、銭貨鋳造を行う役所も技術も廃れていた事から、中国から銅銭を輸入してそれを国内で流通させていた。
- However, because the Ritsuryo system had already collapsed at the time and the technology to mint coins as well as the office in charge fell into disuse, Japan had to import copper coins from China to distribute domestically.
- 大化の改新以降、中国(唐)の法令体系である律令を導入することにより、天皇を中心とした政府・国家体制を構築しようとする動きが活発となっていった。
- After the Reformation of Taika, the movement to construct the government and system of the country with the Emperor in the center was activated by introducing Ritsuryo, which is the system of rules and regulations in China (Tang).
- 下関条約の結果、清の朝鮮に対する宗主権は否定され、ここに東アジアの国際秩序であった冊封体制は終焉を迎えた(李氏朝鮮は大韓帝国として独立した)。
- As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China's sovereignty over Korea was renounced whereby the traditional tributary system which was the international order in East Asia came to an end (and the Yi Dynasty Korea attained independence as the Korean Empire).
- 岩倉、大久保らは、天皇を近代国家の主体的君主として育成するため、宮廷改革を行なって旧習を廃し、天皇親政体制への切り替えと君徳の培養に尽くした。
- Iwakura and Okubo put effort into abolishing the old system of the Imperial Palace and to establish a new system for the Emperor to rule the government directly, and to educate the Emperor to become the sovereign of the modern nation.
- 現体制の「大栄」は基本的に独立採算であり、厳密な意味においてのチェーン店ではない(札辻店が本店を名乗るが、これも厳密な意味においてではない)。
- Existing 'Daiei' stores today are on a stand-alone basis and are no longer a franchise (although the Fudanotsuji store identifies itself as the main store, this is not strictly the case).
- しかし、この薩長土肥一人ずつの共和制的な参議内閣体制は、それを打ち立てた木戸自身が海外視察の全権副使として留守にしたため、長くは続かなかった。
- Yet this system of Cabinet Councillors did not last long, as Kido, its progenitor, was absent most of the time, visiting foreign countries as vice ambassador plenipotentiary.
- 叔父時房を京都から呼び戻し、泰時と並ぶ執権の地位に迎え「両執権」と呼ばれる複数執権体制をとり、次位のものはのちに「連署」と呼ばれるようになる。
- Yasutoki called his uncle Tokifusa back from Kyoto and put him at the position of regent similar to himself, and thereby established a system with a plurality of regents, called double-regent system, with those next to the regents later called Rensho.
- というのは、君主は新しくても、国家の体制は古く、それはまるで世襲の君主であるかのように、彼を受入れればよいだけのものに作られているからです。
- for although the prince is new, the constitution of the state is old, and it is framed so as to receive him as if he were its hereditary lord.
- 告発された違反行為は、体制や支配者の行為や人格を批判したことではなく、暴君殺しの合法性という反道徳的教説と思われるものを流布したことなのです。
- The offence charged was not that of criticising institutions, or the acts or persons of rulers, but of circulating what was deemed an immoral doctrine, the lawfulness of Tyrannicide.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- 昭和10年代、日中戦争から第二次世界大戦へ突入していく中で近衛文麿政権により戦時体制が作られ、様々な業種が国家の統制管理に置かれる状況となった。
- During the second half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s, as the Sino-Japanese war was developing into World War II, the wartime regime was established by Fumimaro KONOE's government, and various industrial sectors were put under the control of the government.
- 定信は寛政の改革によって幕藩体制の再建を進めていく中で、その思想的根幹である朱子学を保護して「寛政異学の禁」や「処士横断の禁」を打ち出していた。
- While Sadanobu was hastening a reformation of the shogunate system through the Kansei Reform, he also set out the 'Kansei Igaku no kin' (the ban of Kansei's illegitimate learning) and 'Shoshiodan no kin' (the ban of non-officer crossing) to protect the Shushi-gaku which was the root of the ideology.
- 鎌倉中期から徐々に発展してきた貨幣経済や商業・流通経済を政策に取り込んだ体制の維持の成功は、豊臣秀吉や蒲生氏郷など多くの模倣者や追随者を生んだ。
- He succeeded in maintaining this system by adopting a monetary economy and commodity markets which gradually developed after the mid-Kamakura period; this success also gave rise to many imitators and followers such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ujisato GAMO.
- 11世紀中期に見られた体制変化・社会変化は、当時徐々に一円化を進め、著しい増加を見せていた荘園に対抗するための国衙側(公領側)の対応策であった。
- The changes in the governing structure and society that occurred in the mid-11th century were countermeasures taken by kokuga side (public land side) in order to counter shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which were rapidly increasing at the time and proceeding with ichienka (realization of complete ownership).
- 更に公武の利害関係を包括的に調整できる室町幕府の体制により、下地中分などによる荘園の再編成がすすみ、寺社本所による一円領や武家一円領が定着した。
- In addition, by Muromachi bakufu's structure to harmonize the interests of court noble and samurai, the reorganization of shoen was advanced by Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) etc., and ichienryo (ichien territory) and bukeichienryo (ichien territory of samurai families) took hold.
- Furthermore, owing to the Muromachi bakufu system in which interests of court nobles and samurai could be comprehensively adjusted, shoen restructuring was implemented through, for example shitaji chubun, and as a result, management of ichienryo (ichien territories) or bukeichienryo (ichien territories of samurai families) by jisha honjo was established.
- 1930年代後半から1940年代前半にかけては、戦時体制により繊維・衣服の統制が極端に進み、さらに百貨店自体の売り上げが低迷した時期でもあった。
- From the latter half of 1930's until the first half of 1940's, fabrics and clothes were strictly controlled under wartime regime, and the sales of department stores were sluggish.
- 承久の乱以降、新たに任命された地頭の行動や収入を巡って各地で盛んに紛争が起きており、また集団指導体制を行うにあたり抽象的指導理念が必要となった。
- After the Jokyu War, conflicts continually occurred in various places over the acts and incomes of the newly appointed stewards in charge of lords' manors, and an abstract instruction philosophy was necessary to establish the group instruction system.
- そのため、後に不比等が成長し頭角を現すと、藤原氏が太政官を中臣氏が神祇官を領掌する体制とするために、鎌足嫡男の不比等以外は元の中臣姓に戻された。
- Therefore, when Fuhito grew old enough to assume the leadership, the official name of clan members other than Fuhito, the rightful successor to Kamatari, was changed to the original Nakatomi in order to create a system that enabled Dajokan (the grand council of state) to be governed by the Fujiwara clan and Jingikan (the Department of Worship) by the Nakatomi clan.
- しかし、一般の人々が広く電子ブックを使いはじめ、 出版社が電子ブックに対して用意していた支配体制を発見するとき、 彼らは抵抗を始めるでしょう。
- But when the public at large begins to use e-books, and discovers the regime that the publishers have prepared for them, they will begin to resist.
- そういう国では、コミュニティとして発足したときから、賢い法律制定者の判断に強いたがっていたような国に比べて体制としての完成度は低いにちがいない。
- would by this process come to be possessed of less perfect institutions than those which, from the commencement of their associationas communities, have followed the appointments of some wise legislator.
- 得宗邸で行われる北条一門や御内人の私的会合である寄合が評定衆による幕府の公式の合議体(評定)に代わって実質上の幕政最高機関となり、専制体制を築く。
- A body made up of the Hojo clan and their miuchibito that held private meetings at the Tokuso residence effectively replaced the bakufu's official advisory body, the Hyojoshu (Council of State), as the highest organ of the shogunate administration and established the autocracy system.
- 明治時代には、天皇に統帥権(大日本帝国憲法11条)を含むすべての権力を集中させる体制が整備され、富国強兵の国策の下、天皇の軍事的権威も高められた。
- In the Meiji Period, the system which the Emperor had the right of all authorities including the supreme command (Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan) was improved and under the national policy of increasing wealth and military power, military authority of the Emperor was also increased.
- 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
- Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.
- 明治政府の地方行政としては、徳川家を駿府藩に移封し、京都府・長崎県・函館市を政府直轄の「府」とした以外は、原則として以前の藩体制が維持されていた。
- At the local administration level the Meiji government basically maintained the domain system, except they changed the Tokugawa family's domain from Edo to Sunpu, and they put Kyoto, Nagasaki, and Hakodate under direct control of the government by making them 'Fu' (Prefecture).
- しかし、各大名は知藩事(藩知事)として引き続き藩(旧大名領)の統治に当たり、これは幕藩体制の廃止の一歩となったものの現状は江戸時代と同様であった。
- However, daimyo continued to rule domains (former territory of daimyo) as chihanji (hanchiji), and this system was the same as that of the Edo period though it was a step forward towards abolishing the eudal system.
- 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層(田堵)へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
- To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
- 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷(尊攘)運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
- The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.
- 内容はそれまでの戒律を基に、仏教教団としては異例の自給自足体制を確立させた禅宗教団に適合するような、主に集団生活を適正に維持するための規則である。
- Based on the preceding religious precepts, it was established principally as the rules by which to maintain group life, which were suitable for the Zen sect organization that had established the self-sufficiency system, which was exceptional for a Buddhist organization.
- つまり、律令体制下の仏教で国家の庇護を受けて仏教の研究を行い、宗教上の実践行為は鎮護国家という理念の下で呪術的な祈祷を行う程度であったといわれる。
- In other words, they were the Buddhism under the Ritsuryo system; the priests of these sects were just scholars studying Buddhism under the protection of the nation, and as for actual religious activity, they just performed some magical prayers for the idea of Chingo-Kokka (guarding the nation by Buddhism).
- 詮房は、将軍家宣・儒学者新井白石とのトロイカ体制で、門閥の譜代大名や将軍に対して強い影響力を有する大奥などの勢力をさばき、「正徳の治」を断行した。
- Akifusa joined forces with Hakuseki ARAI, a Confucian scholar, and Shogun Ienobu in a triumvirate, working to carry out policies (in what became known as the 'Shotoku Suppression') to reduce the power of the Fudai daimyo (hereditary close vassals of the Shogun) of the best lineages as well as curtail the tremendous influence the Shogun's group of consorts (known as the 'Ooku') wielded over the Shogun.
- この間、所属する真宗大谷派において学事体制の整備に尽瘁しつつ、仏教学・東洋学の学界において近代的な仏教研究の必要性を説き、その教育・普及に勉めた。
- Around that time, while making efforts to establish an academic work system in Shinshu sect Otani school without thought of himself, he explained importance of modern Buddhist studies in the societies of Buddhist and Oriental studies and strove for its education and permeation.
- 時宗は政村や北条実時・安達泰盛・平頼綱らに補佐され、モンゴルの国書に対する返牒など対外問題を協議し、異国警固体制の強化や、降伏の祈祷など行わせる。
- Tokimune, advised by Masamura, Sanetoki HOJO, Yasumori ADACHI and Yoritsuna TAIRA, discussed foreign diplomacy issues such as how to reply to the official letter from the Mongolian Empire, while they strengthened their defense system against a foreign invasion, and held a prayer service for victory.
- ところが、斥候の浅野薫が乱戦を怖れたため、大石鍬次郎隊への連絡が遅れて当初予定していた包囲体制が完成せず、土佐藩士たちは退路を確保することができた。
- However, because Kaoru ASANO, on patrol, was afraid of the battle royal and his report to the group of Kuwajiro OISHI was too late, the plan to surrender the Tosa retainers failed and consequently they secured their escape route.
- 604年(推古12年)には、冠位十二階を制定し、聖徳太子が憲法十七条をつくり、仏教の興隆に力を注ぐなど、天皇中心の理想の国家体制づくりの礎を築いた。
- In 604, Prince Shotoku established a system of twelve courtly ranks, promulgated the Seventeen-Article Constitution, strived to develop Buddhism and laid the foundation for an ideal national system with the emperor as the nation's center.
- 信託受益権売買等業務(金融商品取引法第六十五条の五第一項に規定する信託受益権の売買等を行う業務をいう。以下同じ。)を営む場合には、当該業務の実施体制
- where the person carries out Business for the Sale and Purchase, etc. of Beneficial Interest in Trust (which means business related to conducting the sale and purchase of beneficial interest in trust as prescribed in Article 65-5(1) of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act; the same shall apply hereinafter), the system for carrying out said business; and
- 譲受会社における商品取引受託業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する当該譲受会社における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of Commodity Transactions Brokerage Business of the Transferee Company (including regulations in order to define a system for the responsibility of said Transferee Company pertaining to said Business);
- 承継会社における商品取引受託業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する当該承継会社における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of Commodity Transactions Brokerage Business of the Succeeding Company (including regulations in order to define a system for the responsibilities of said Succeeding Company pertaining to said Business);
- 設立会社における商品取引受託業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する当該設立会社における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of Commodity Transactions Brokerage Business of the Formed Company (including the regulations in order to define a system for the responsibilities of said Formed Company pertaining to said Business);
- 陣屋(じんや)とは、江戸時代の幕藩体制における大名領(藩)の藩庁が置かれた屋敷、または徳川幕府天領の代官の住居および役所が置かれた建物のことである。
- A jinya is a residence where a government office was located of the domain (han) of a daimyo (territorial lord) under the shogunate system in the Edo period, or a building acting as the residence and office of the daikan (local governor) of a tenryo (bakufu-owned piece of land).
- 日本列島に住む民族の間に自然発生的に生まれ育った伝統的な民俗信仰・自然信仰を基盤とし、豪族層による中央や地方の政治体制と関連しながら徐々に成立した。
- Shinto is based on traditional ethnic and natural beliefs that naturally generated and grew among ethnic groups living in Japan and has been gradually growing in conjunction with central and local systems of politics carried out by groups of local ruling families.
- 降伏文書の調印、武装解除・軍部解体、民主化など、敗戦処理全般を主たる任務としてこなしたが、一方で旧来の政治体制の大規模な変革までは考えていなかった。
- While the cabinet carried out as its main duty the general postwar settlements, including the formal signing of the Instrument of Surrender, disarmament, breaking up of the military authorities and democratization, it did not consider a large-scale reform of the old political system.
- 個人的利益のために財貨を強奪し蓄積するという行いは、原始的な未開人の温和で共産主義的な体制のもとでは、新しい制度を創設するまでには一般化しなかった。
- The practice of seizing and accumulating goods on individual account could not have come into vogue to the extent of founding a new institution under the peaceable communistic regime of primitive savagery;
- 一方、江戸後期には幕藩体制の矛盾と対外緊張の高まりの中、庶民の間でも歴史への関心が広がり、『日本外史』『皇朝史略』など通俗的な歴史書が多く出版された。
- On the other hand, during the latter half of the Edo period, as the bakufu-domain system became unmatched with needs at that time and pressure from foreign nations had heightened, interests for history had increased among general public as well, and many popular histories, such as 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) and 'Kochoshiryaku' (brief history book about emperors from Jinmu to Gokomatsu), were published.
- 時代が経過すると名による支配体制が崩れて、多くの一般百姓(地下人じげにん)が経済的に自立していったため、これらの地下人も惣村の構成員に加わっていった。
- With the change of the times, since the governing system by myo collapsed and many general peasants (jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility)) attained economic self-sufficiency, such jigenin came to be recognized as members of soson.
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- また、朝廷統制の必要上、朝廷権力を摂関家に独占させるような体制作りをしたために、そこから排除された公家達から「反幕府感情」が生み出される危惧もあった。
- To control the Imperial Court, the bakufu created a system which allowed a series of regents and advisers to dominate the Imperial court, but there was a risk that this would produce 'anti-bakufu sentiment' among the court nobles who were excluded from the system.
- 荘園制の普及にもかかわらず律令体制下の公領(国衙領)がなお根強く残されていたことから、鎌倉幕府の成立前後までは上皇がかなりの権力を振るう余地はあった。
- Since Koryo (Imperial demesne, or Kokugaryo) under the Ritsuryo system persistently continued even after the spread of the manorial system, there was room for Joko to use considerable power until the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 皇位継承法説定説化の状況を覆したのは田村円澄で、1969年に論文「不改常典考」で皇位継承法説を全面的に批判し、藤原氏による輔政体制とする説を発表した。
- It was Encho TAMURA who inverted the trends in which the Imperial Succession theory was going to be an accepted theory, and in his article 'A study of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' presented in 1969, he criticized the Imperial Succession theory across the board, and presented the theory that it was to establish the assisted government system by the Fujiwara clan.
- 龍馬は刺客からの「不意」をつかれた「突然」の攻撃から、二の太刀目で身をひねって刀に手を伸ばし、三の太刀目には鞘で受け止めるまで防御の体制を取っている。
- Ryoma was caught unprepared, receiving a sudden sward attack from an assassin then at the subsequent second attack he twisted his body and reached his hand to his sword, and received the third sword attack on the sheath of his swore, all these actions being done in defensive posture.
- 江戸時代の幕藩体制のもとではどこの大名家にも確たる家風と家訓が存在したと言われ、更に一部の商人や農民の間でも家風の確立と家訓・家憲の作成が行われていた。
- In the Edo period, every daimyo (feudal lord) family under the shogunate system was said to have a firm kafu and kakun, and even among some merchants and peasantry families, kafu was established and kakun and kaken were prepared.
- 康有為の孔教運動は年号を廃して孔子紀年を用いることを主張するなど従来の体制を脅かすものであったため、清朝から危険視され『孔子改制考』は発禁処分を受けた。
- The Ko-kyo movement by Ko Yui (Kang Youwei) which preached that the name of eras should be abolished and a Confucian calendar should be used, was a threat to the traditional system, and was considered dangerous by the Qing Dynasty, resulting in the ban of 'The Rediscovered Versions of the Confucian Classics.'
- これは謙信が後継体制を整えないうちに急死してしまったことや、越後の長尾諸家を中心とした、何代にも渡る権力争いなどの複雑な事情が背後に絡んでいるとされる。
- There appears to have been a series of complicated circumstances underlying this dispute; such as Kenshin's sudden death before the completion of arrangements for the succession, as well as struggles for power which continued for generations mainly among the Nagao families in Echigo.
- 慶長3年(1598年)、秀吉は病に倒れると、後継者である豊臣秀頼の体制を磐石にするため、7月に五大老・五奉行の制度を定め、五大老の一人に家康を任命した。
- After having been laid up with illness, Hideyoshi specified the system of Go-tairo and Go-bugyo (five elders and five government officers) to make the government system more solid for Hideyori TOYOTOMI, the heir of Hideyoshi, in July (in the old calendar), and appointed Ieyasu to one of the Go-tairo.
- しかし、隆景の死後はこの体制が機能しなくなり、家中を抑えて本家を守る重鎮を欠いた毛利氏は、関ヶ原の戦い前後における分裂と不戦敗、防長二国への減封を招く。
- However, the system deteriorated after Takakage died, and the Mori clan without a leader who would control the clans to support the head family split into factions around the time of the Battle of Sekigahara, lost the battle by default, and the territory was diminished to two provinces of Suo and Nagato.
- 我々は共産主義者達が新しい韓国の体制にどんな反応を示すかわからないが、我々ができるだけ早く韓国と日本政府を適切な状態に整えようとすることは不可欠である。
- We do not know what response Communists may make to new ROK regime and it is vital we try to put ROK-GOJ house in order as soon as possible.
- 合併後の会社における商品取引受託業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する当該商品取引員における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of the Commodity Transactions Brokerage Business of a Stock Company Resulting from a Merger (including regulations in order to define a system for the responsibilities of said Futures Commission Merchant pertaining to said Business);
- 大王家の「倭」姓は、中国の冊封体制から離脱した5世紀末ないし、氏姓制度の形成が進んだ5世紀末から6世紀前半までの間に放棄されたとする説が有力となっている。
- A theory stating that the family name 'Wa' of Daio-ke was abandoned at the end of the 5th century when leaving the Sakuho system in China, or was abandoned in between the end of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century when the Shise system was established, is powerful.
- 一時期はかなりの隆盛を誇り、多数の店舗を展開したが、その後、FC展開を止め、チェーン体制は崩壊した(この間の経緯に関しては諸説有るが、ここでは省略する)。
- Daiei was once prosperous with many stores, but later stopped franchising and the chain system collapsed (while there are many opionions on why this happened, those explanations will not be included here).
- 一時期より衰退したとはいえ、幕藩体制下では、幕府の伝馬朱印状を後ろ盾とした官製の遊行が行われ、時宗寺院のない地域も含む全国津々浦々に、遊行上人が回国した。
- Although it declined to some extent compared to the situation in a certain period, under the feudal system characteristic of the Shogunate, the official Yugyo supported by Tenma Shuinjo(Shogunate license) of bakufu was implemented and Yugyo-shonin traveled around provinces all over the country including the areas where there was no temple of the Ji sect.
- 天平3年(731年)に京・畿内を対象に兵馬の権を与えられた新田部(にいたべ)親王の例に倣ったものであり、畿内近国に兵士役と兵糧米を課して臨戦体制を築いた。
- This appointment was to follow the example of Imperial Prince Niitabe, who in 731 had been given Heiba no ken (the right of supreme military power) over Kyoto and Kinai, and Kiyomori prepared for war by imposing forced military service and provisions in the Kinai and Kingoku provinces.
- 5.は明治の初期に祭政一致の国家体制を企図した神祇事務局の亀井茲監らが「天皇」と「天」とが同体しているという神儒合一的な観念によって全能の存在としたもの。
- As for the number 5, with the unification of the state and religion in the early days of the Meiji period, Koremi KAMEI and others at the Jingi Jimukyoku (Shinto Worship Bureau) promulgated a theory unifying Shinto and Confucianism maintaining that 'the Emperor' was consubstantial with 'heaven', and therefore omnipotent.
- 有名無実な関東管領職にこだわり続けた面から、形式に拘る形式主義者、実質よりも権威を重んじる権威主義者、室町幕府体制の復興を願う復古主義者と評する声がある。
- From the viewpoint of continuing the job of a titular Kanto Kanrei, some people say that Kenshin was a formalist, particular about forms, an authoritarian respecting authority rather than substance, and a reversionary hoping for revival of the Muromachi bakufu system.
- やがて、長慶の死去に伴い、三好氏では三好三人衆による指導体制に移行されたが、幕政からの三好氏排除を目論む13代将軍・足利義輝への対応に苦慮するようになる。
- Before long, due to the death of Nagayoshi, the Miyoshi clan shifted their system to the leaderships by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate), but they started to suffer through the correspondence to the 13th Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA who proposed exclusion of the Miyoshi clan from bakufu.
- 我々には韓国に新しく民主主義体制の見込みがある今、できるだけ早く、我々が韓国と日本の紛争に恒久的解決をもたらそうとする機会をつかむよう、私は強く進言する。
- Now that we have prospect of new and democratic regime in Korea I strongly recommend that as soon as possible we seize opportunity to try to bring about durable solution to ROK(Republic Of Korea)-Japan dispute.
- この体制を担う貴族や官人の家組織の中では、子弟や外部から能力を見込んだ弟子に対し、幼少期から家業たる専門業務の英才教育をほどこして家業を担う人材を育成した。
- Aristocrats and government officials who undertook such authority and duty developed human resources: they pampered their children as well as gifted disciples.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 憲法学会の学説では、日本国憲法下の現行体制を立憲君主制とは捉えず、また天皇は元首ではないとするのが通説であるが、実質的に元首であるという見解を示す説もある。
- The common theory of the constitution study group is that the current system under the Constitution of Japan is not considered as the constitutional monarchy and therefore the Emperor is not the head of state; but there are some theories that believe the Emperor is practically the head of state.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立時期については諸説あり、その理由としては、鎌倉幕府がその武家政権としての体制を整えるまでにはいくつかの段階を経ていることがあげられる(後述)。
- There are several theories regarding the period when the Kamakura Bakufu was established and the reason for this is that the Kamakura Bakufu underwent several stages before establishing the system of a samurai government (as mentioned below).
- 国は、第二条に定める基本理念(以下「基本理念」という。)にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に関する施策を総合的に策定し、及び実施する責務を有する。
- The national government shall have the responsibility of establishing and implementing comprehensive measures for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, observing the basic principles under Article 2 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Basic Principles').
- 国は、循環型社会の形成に関する科学技術の振興を図るため、研究体制の整備、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及、研究者の養成その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- The State shall take necessary measures, including improvement of research systems, promotion of research and development activities, dissemination of its results, and training of researchers, to promote the development of science and technology towards the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society.
- ここに、配偶者からの暴力に係る通報、相談、保護、自立支援等の体制を整備することにより、配偶者からの暴力の防止及び被害者の保護を図るため、この法律を制定する。
- This Act has been framed in order to prevent spousal violence and protect victims through the establishment of a system to deal with spousal violence, providing for notification, counseling, protection and support for self-reliance, etc.
- その後、蓮如と後を継いだ実如は蓮綱・蓮誓・蓮悟ら蓮如の子供達を加賀における真宗の代表として民衆を統率させて本願寺を擁護する体制を作る事に尽力するようになる。
- Subsequently, Rennyo and his successor Jitsunyo had Rennyo's children Renko, Rensei and Rengo represent the Shinshu sect in Kaga and lead its people, in an effort to establish a system to protect Hongan-ji Temple.
- 武士は、一般に「武芸に通じ、戦闘を職業とする軍人、あるいは兵法家のこと」とされるが、これだけでは平安時代以前の律令制体制下の「武官」との違いがはっきりしない。
- Generally, bushi refers to 'a service member who is a master of military art and battle or a military strategist,' but by this definition, the difference between the 'military officer' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) before the Heian period and the bushi is not clear.
- 浅井亮政のとき、近江の北3郡を統べる守護大名であった京極氏の御家騒動を経て、北近江では、有力豪族の浅見氏を盟主とした国人衆をによる京極家の家政体制が布かれた。
- In the generation of Sukemasa AZAI, the Kyogoku family's government system came to be practically managed by kokujin-shu (a group of local samurais) lead by the Asami clan, an influential local ruling family, throughing the Kyogoku clan's family troubles, who was a shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor which came to acquire an authority as a Japanese feudal lord) ruling over the three counties of the northern territory of Omi Province.
- しかし、幕府の有力者たちは、若年の頼家に政務を任せることに不安を抱き、有力御家人が頼家に代わって裁判と政務を執行する十三人の合議制と呼ばれる政治体制を築いた。
- However, the powerful individuals within the bakufu were anxious about entrusting government practices to Yoriie at such a young age and therefore senior vassals established a governing system called the 13-person parliamentary system which was in charge of court and government affairs instead of Yoriie.
- 沢柳事件の経緯と結末により「大学自治の本山」とみなされた京大は、1930年代以降、戦時体制のもとで大学への統制を進めようとする勢力からは敵視されるようになる。
- Kyoto Imperial University, which was regarded as 'the center of university autonomy' thanks to the development and conclusion of the Sawayanagi incident, came to be regarded as an enemy by people who intended to place universities under the government's control under the wartime regime in 1930's.
- 大学は、教育研究の実施に当たり、教員の適切な役割分担の下で、組織的な連携体制を確保し、教育研究に係る責任の所在が明確になるように教員組織を編制するものとする。
- A university shall, when carrying out education and research, secure an organized coordination system under the appropriate division of roles among its teachers, and formulate a teacher organization so as to clarify where the responsibility for education and research lies.
- 日本国憲法体制下の皇室典範は「法律」として制定され、他の法律と同様に、制定および改正は国会が行い、皇室の制度そのものに国民が国会を通じて関与することとなった。
- The Imperial House Act under the system of Constitution of Japan was enacted as a 'law' and is, like other laws, enacted and amended by the Parliament, thus the public being involved in the institution of the Imperial family itself through the Parliament.
- また、陸続きの隣国が存在せず、また天皇を君主とした国家体制が続いてきたこともあり、隣国との通謀や亡命の可能性が低く、天皇を抜きとした政権転覆も考えにくかった。
- Japan was an island country and with its stable state system with the emperor, betrayal or defection to neighboring countries, as well as overthrowing the government without an emperor, was unlikely.
- 新体制が発足して、後白河と宗盛の間には早くも不協和音が生じていたが、この問題に関して頼盛は宗盛の諮問を受けており、政権にとって重要な立場にあったことが分かる。
- Soon after the new regime was launched, discord erupted between Goshirakawa and Munemori; however, because Munemori sought the counsel of Yorimori in regard to this matter, it can be presumed that Yorimori was playing an important role in the new government.
- 大久保の死後は岩倉具視に重用され、安定政権を作れる政府党が出来る環境にない現在の日本で議院内閣制を導入することの不可を説いて、ドイツ式の国家体制樹立を説いた。
- After Okubo's death, he was appointed to a responsible position by Tomomi IWAKURA, and he emphasized that it was impossible to introduce a parliamentary cabinet system to Japan at the time, where had not been ready for having parties to build a stable administration, and also told about the importance of the establishment of a German-style state system instead.
- しかし、実際には少しでも評判の悪い代官はすぐに罷免される政治体制になっており、私利私欲に走るような悪代官が長期にわたって存在し続けることは困難な社会であった。
- However, actually, the political system removed a daikan who was even slightly ill reputed without delay, so a bad daikan pursuing his personal greed could not exist for a long time in that society.
- 阿部は将軍を中心とした譜代大名・旗本らによる独裁体制の慣例を破り、水戸藩主徳川斉昭を海防参与に推戴し、諸大名・幕府有司への諮問、ペリー来航の朝廷通達を行った。
- Abe abandoned the custom of the dictatorship by Fudai daimyo (daimyo who had belonged to the Tokugawa group from before the Sekigawara war) and Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) centered on Shogun, recommended Nariaki TOKUGAWA, the lord of the Mito domain, to assume the coastal defense officer and made an inquiry about the matter to daimyo and Bakufu-yushi (officers of the bakufu), and informed the Imperial court of the arrival of Perry's fleet.
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- 幕末に長州藩が幕府軍に武力抵抗して打ち勝ち(長州征伐)、幕府の弱体化が顕になって大名への絶対的統制は崩れ、鳥羽伏見の戦い以後の戊辰戦争により幕藩体制は終焉した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Choshu clan defeated the bakufu army through armed resistance (the Choshu Conquest), the bakufu dramatically lost its power and absolute control over the Daimyo, and the shogunate system was destroyed as a result of the Boshin War that occurred after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
- 政治史の分野においては、幕末の把握に関して、単なる過渡期とするか、あるいはそれ以前以後とは異なった独自の国家状態もしくは国家体制とするかの2つの見方に分かれる。
- In the field of political history, there are two different views on the bakumatsu period, one of which sees it as a normal transitional period, and another which views the period as a unique state of governance, separate from the previous system.
- 10世紀初頭頃から、公田は名田と呼ばれる租税収取の基礎単位へ編成され、現地の富豪層(田堵・負名層)が名田経営と租税納入を請け負うという名体制が形成されていった。
- In the early 10th century, Koden was reorganized into the base for taxing called Myoden (rice field lots managed by a nominal holder) and the system called Myo-system, under which local wealthy peasants (Tato (cultivators)/Fumyoso (tiller of the public rice field)) were responsible for the management of Myoden as well as land tax payment, was established.
- 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
- In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.
- 特定製造事業者等は、前条第一項に規定する判断の基準となるべき事項を勘案して、特定保守製品の点検その他の保守を適切に行うために必要な体制を整備しなければならない。
- A specified manufacturer, etc. shall develop a system necessary to conduct properly an inspection and other maintenance of the specified maintenance products by considering the matters which shall serve as standards of judgment as described in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
- 世論が沸き起こること自体、幕藩体制が堅牢なころには起こり得ないことであったが、この「世論」の精神的支柱として、京都の天皇帝(みかど)の存在がクローズアップされる。
- Public opinion itself had never been a concern when the shogunate system was stable, but with this 'public opinion' as an emotional prop, the existence of the Emperor in Kyoto came to the fore.
- 両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田(口分田)を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
- These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- 終了時期についても、廃藩置県の断行(1872年)、西南戦争の終結(1877年)、内閣制度の発足(1885年)、立憲体制の確立(1889年)までとするなど諸説ある。
- There are also various theories about when the restoration ended, and it may have continued until Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1872, until the end of the Seinan War in 1877, until the inauguration of the cabinet system in 1885, or until the establishment of constitutionalism in 1889.
- 当該研修を事業として行う本邦の公私の機関(以下「事業主体」という。)が、当該研修事業を実施する合理的理由があり、かつ、継続的な事業として行う実施体制を有すること。
- A public or private organization in Japan that provides training as a business (hereinafter referred to as a "business operator") shall have reasonable grounds to implement the training business and an implementation system to carry out the business continuously.
- 初期の室町幕府は将軍尊氏と実弟直義の2頭体制であったが、侍所頭人は足利家執事の高師直の兄にあたる高師泰であることから、侍所は将軍直轄機関であったと考えられている。
- In the early Muromachi period, the bakufu was controlled by both of Shogun Takauji and Tadayoshi, his younger brother, but since the head of Samuraidokoro was KO no Moroyasu, the elder brother of KO no Moronao who was the steward of the Ashikaga family, it is considered that Samuraidokoro was an organization controlled directly by the shogun.
- このように院政の再開は認めても、清盛が生前に残した惣官体制により軍事的な権限は依然として平氏が掌握していたため、後白河と宗盛の間には当初から不協和音が生じていた。
- There was conflict between Goshirakawa and Munemori from the beginning because, although the reopening of the cloister government was acknowledged, the Taira clan still held military power through the Sokan system (system of officer to keep peace in Kinai) left by Kiyomori before his death.
- 直木孝次郎は何もかも失った大和とは対照的に新羅は唐をも破って朝鮮統一をしてしまったために大和は新羅から先進的な政治体制や文化を学ぶ一方で相当な危機感を持っていた。
- Kojiro NAOKI has pointed out the following; as opposed to Yamato which lost everything, Silla defeated even the Tang and achieved the integration of Korea, so that Yamato had a sense of crisis while it learned about advanced political systems and culture from the Silla.
- 野蛮な人質外交の実行は共産主義シナに対する我々の由々しき非難の一つで、そして、韓国によって継続されるならば、それは新しい韓国の民主主義体制の大きな責任となり得る。
- The uncivilized practice of hostage diplomacy is one of our serious charges against Communist China and if continued by ROK it will be a great liability to a new democratic ROK regime
- しかし近年、道真主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする意見が出されている。
- Recently, however, there is an opinion that it was a preliminary period to convert it into the system of the dynasty state lead by Michizane, and that details were not known because Tokihira destroyed the political records by Michizane.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- 明治元年閏4月に明治新政府の政治体制を定めた政体書は、劈頭で「大いに斯国是を定め制度規律を建てるは御誓文を以て目的とす」と掲げ、続いて御誓文の五箇条全文を引用した。
- In April 1868, the Constitution of the New Meiji Government regime declared 'to define Charter Oath as the objectives, establish new national policy, systems and regulations' and consequently quoted whole texts of Five Articles.
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- 第二種特定商品市場類似施設を開設する業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する第二種特定施設開設者における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of business to establish a Facility Similar to a Type 2 Specified Commodity Market (including regulations in order to define a system for responsibility of said Establisher of a Type 2 Specified Facility pertaining to said business);
- 第一種特定商品市場類似施設を開設する業務を公正かつ的確に遂行するための規則(当該業務に関する第一種特定施設開設者における責任体制を明確化する規定を含むものとする。)
- regulations for the fair and appropriate performance of business to establish a Facility Similar to a Type 1 Specified Commodity Market (including regulations in order to define a system for the responsibility of said Establisher of Type 1 Specified Facility pertaining to said business);
- やがて、寛保2年(1742年)に江戸で勧進興行のすべてにわたって解禁され、春は江戸、夏は京、秋は大坂、冬は江戸で「四季勧進相撲」を実施するという体制が確立していく。
- After the ban on kanjin sumo matches was completely lifted in Tokyo in 1742, the system of Shiki Kanjin zumo (seasonal kanjin zumo) was established in which spring matches were held in Tokyo, summer matches in Kyoto, autumn matches in Osaka and winter matches in Tokyo.
- しかし、その殆どは東京の量産体制の唐紙に押されて、大正時代に廃業し、現在も京唐紙の伝統を守り継いでいるのは唐紙屋長右衛門、すなわち「唐長」の千田長次郎氏のみである。
- However, most of them gave up their business being overpowered by the mass production system for karakami in Tokyo, and as a result, it is only Choemon KARAKAMIYA, that is, Chojiro SENDA of 'Karacho' who has continuously maintained the tradition of Kyo karakami even now.
- 実際、1904年には大学部に「経済科」が設置され、法政学校の域を越える体制となっており、翌年には「立命館」という新しい学校名称の命名に向けた具体的な動きも見られる。
- In fact, in 1904 the Economics Department was founded as a college department that transcended the definition of Hosei School; accordingly, the next year it was 'Ritsumeikan,' thus signaling the search for concrete changes befitting the new name.
- 明治維新で成立した中央集権体制で、名古屋市が地方支配の拠点にされて以降、名古屋を中心とする放射状交通網が整備され、「内陸同士」「沿岸同士」の連帯が壊されてしまった。
- Since Nagoya City was designated as the center of regional administration based on the centralized administrative framework as established during the Meiji Restoration, a spokewheel transportation network was developed with that city being its hub thereby breaking down the sense of camaraderie among fellow municipalities in the interior or on the coast.
- そこで、「納銭所会所」と呼ばれる一種の座を結成させて同業者間の協力組織を確立させるとともに幕府による保護・監督体制を強化して土倉や酒屋の自由な営業・廃業を規制した。
- Therefore, the bakufu allowed the Nosenkata to form a za (guild) called 'Nosendokoro kaisho' (meeting place for the Nosenkata) aiming to establish a cooperative system among the Nosenkata, and restricted the free trade and free closure of the doso and sakaya by strengthening the bakufu-led protection and supervising systems.
- 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日 (旧暦)(1872年4月21日)のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
- The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
- 北条氏の得宗専制体制は強化されるが、元寇以後には、元寇の戦功に応じた恩賞を受けられず没落する御家人が増加し、執権の地位は有名無実化し、諸国では悪党の活動が活発化する。
- Although the Tokuso autocracy system of the Hojo clan had been strengthened, after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, there was an increase of in the number of gokenin who became bankrupt having received no reward in return for their service in repelling the Mongol invasion attempts; consequently, the position of regent became symbolic and gangsters increased their activities in various provinces.
- 従前の高官に代わって平氏一族や親平氏的貴族が登用され、また知行国の大幅な入れ替えもあって中央・地方の両面において平氏一門を中心とする軍事的な支配体制が強化していった。
- Members of the Taira clan and pro-Taira aristocrats took the places of previous high officials and there was an extensive replacement of province governors, leading to the strengthening of military control organization on the central and local level by the members of the Taira clan.
- 645年(皇極4年)の乙巳の変で、天智天皇・中臣鎌子(藤原鎌足)らが宮中(板蓋宮)で蘇我入鹿を暗殺し、蘇我蝦夷を自殺に追いやり、半世紀も続いた蘇我氏の体制を滅ぼした。
- In 645, Prince Naka no Oe (later, Emperor Tenji) and Kamako NAKATOMI (later, Kamatari FUJIWARA) assassinated Iruka SOGA at the Imperial Court, drove Emishi SOGA to suicide and annihilated the Soga clan, in what is known as the The Isshi Incident, or Incident of 645.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- 弁護士及び弁護士法人は、総合法律支援の意義及び自らの職責にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な協力をするよう努めるものとする。
- Attorneys at law and legal professional corporations shall make efforts to provide necessary cooperation for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and their own duties.
- この説によれば、藤原鎌足を重用した天智天皇は、皇位を天皇家が掌握し、天皇家と姻戚関係を持つ藤原氏がこれを輔佐するという共同執政=輔政体制を代々永続させるように伝えた。
- According to this theory, Emperor Tenchi who gave an important position to Kamatari FUJIWARA, ordered him to perpetuate a joint administration system, that is, an assisted government system that permitted the Emperor's family to grip the Imperial Throne and the Fujiwara clan to assist it.
- ただし、山門(天台宗)勢力やそれと結んだ権門体制勢力の弾圧もあり、これらの宗派が力を持ち始めるのは戦国時代 (日本)以降である(鎌倉幕府の庇護を受けた臨済宗を除く)。
- However, partly because of the suppression by Sanmon (the Tendai sect) and by the powerful families who cooperated with Sanmon, it was after the Sengoku period (period of warring states, Japan) that those sects began to have a power (except the Rinzai sect which was protected by Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]).
- 日韓包括交渉の満足な集結をさせる気がないならば、新しい体制は少なくとも竹島から速やかに手を引き問題を双方満足な形で解決する一部としての意欲の表明をしなければならない。
- If it is unwilling to do so pending satisfactory conclusion of over-all ROK-Japan negotiations, new regime should at least signify a willingness to withdraw from Takeshima as part of mutually satisfactory settlement of other outstanding issues between two countries.
- 王朝国家体制への転換の中で、受領は一定額の租税の国庫納付を果たしさえすれば、朝廷の制限を受けることなく、それ以上の収入を私的に獲得・蓄積することができるようになった。
- With the switch to this new system, known as the Ocho Kokka system, as long as the zuryo delivered a set amount of tax to the treasury, they were free from control by the imperial court and were able to privately secure/accumulate any revenues that exceeded the set amount.
- しかし、1990年代に黄砂現象の実態が詳しく分かるようになったことで、黄砂の実態把握には、数十年という長期間の監視体制を整える必要があることが次第に明らかになってきた。
- However, since the reality of kosa phenomena became known in details in 1990s, it became gradually clear that, to grasp the reality of kosa phenomena, it is necessary to deploy a monitoring system for a long period of several tens of years.
- 伊藤博文は、ヨーロッパでは議会制度も含む政治体制を支える国民統合の基礎に宗教(キリスト教)があることを知り、宗教に替わりうる「機軸」(精神的支柱)として皇室に期待した。
- Hirobumi ITO realized that, in Europe, there was a religion (Christianity) at the base of the unified nation supporting the political system including the parliamentary system, so he expected the Imperial Family to become the 'axis' (mental support) to replace religion.
- その結果、ドイツの憲法体制が最も日本に適すると信ずるに至った(ただし、伊藤はドイツの方式を過度に評価する井上毅を嗜めるなど、そのままの移入を考慮していたわけではない)。
- After the study, Ito believed that the German constitution was the most suitable to model after for Japan's constitution (But Ito reproved Kowashi INOUE who overvalued German system, and thought that they could not introduce German constitution as it was.)
- 使用済自動車に搭載されているエアコンディショナーに冷媒としてフロン類が含まれているかどうかを確認する体制が第四十五条第一項の主務省令で定める基準に適合しなくなったとき。
- When the system which confirms whether Fluorocarbons are contained as a refrigerant in air conditioners installed in End-of-Life Vehicles is no longer in compliance with the standards specified by the ordinance of the competent minister set forth in Article 45, Paragraph 1.
- これにより北上川流域水運を通じ石巻から江戸へ東廻り航路で米を移出する体制が整う(江戸時代の多くの期間において、江戸で流通する米の半分は仙台藩石巻港からの廻米であった)。
- The Port of Ishinomaki enabled to provide the system of transporting the rice produce in the eastern bound shipping route, from the canals of Kitakami-gawa River basin to Edo via Ishinomaki (Most of the time throughout Edo period, half of the total rice produce distributed in Edo was the transported rice from the Port of Ishinomaki of Sendai Domain).
- このため義時は皇族将軍を諦め、摂関家から将軍を迎えることとし、同年6月に九条道家の子・三寅(後の九条頼経)を鎌倉殿として迎え、執権が中心となって政務を執る執権体制となる。
- Consequently, Yoshitoki gave up the idea of having an Imperial family member as Shogun, choosing instead to seek a Shogun from among the line of regents and advisors; in the sixth month of the same year, he hailed Mitora KUJO (afterwards known as Yoritsune KUJO), son of Michiie KUJO, as the new Shogun and Lord of Kamakura, creating a rule by regency system that concentrated most power in the regent's hands.
- 続いて行われた検地・刀狩も、その目的には兵農分離、すなわち体制の一部として天下人に従う武士と、単なる被支配者である農民とに国人・地侍を分離し、解体することが含まれていた。
- The following land survey and Sword Hunt included the aims of heinobunri, that is, the separation and dissolution of kokujin and jizamurai into the warrior class who followed tenkabito as a part of the framework and the farmers who were merely ruled.
- その口火を切った安良城盛昭は、太閤検地実施前後の時期の分析から荘園制社会を家父長的奴隷制社会(=古代)とし、太閤検地を画期として成立する幕藩体制を日本の封建制と規定した。
- Moriaki ARAKI, who sparked the controversy, considered the manorial system-based society to be a patriarchal slavery society (=the ancient times), and defined the shogunate system established with Taiko-kenchi as the Hoken system in Japan.
- 名護屋から大坂・京への交通には秀吉の朱印状が、京から名護屋への交通には豊臣秀次の朱印状が、そして大坂から名護屋への交通には北政所の印のある書状を必要とする体制が築かれた。
- The system required Hideyoshi's shuinjo (shogunate license to trade) for the transportation from Nagoya to Osaka and Kyoto; Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI's shuinjo for transportation from Kyoto to Nagoya; a document with Kita no mandokoro's stamp for transportation from Osaka to Nagoya.
- 明の攻撃を受けた諸将は今後の防衛体制を整えるために蔚山倭城(最西方)、順天倭城(最東方)、梁山倭城(内陸部)の三城を放棄して戦線を縮小する案を秀吉に打診したが却下された。
- In response to the attack by the Ming Dynasty, the warlords approached Hideyoshi with a proposal to abandon three castles (the westernmost Ulsan Japanese Castle, the easternmost Suncheon Waeseong and the inland Ryosanwa-jo Castle) narrowing down the battle line--but it was rejected.
- 対外的には長崎貿易の利益独占目的から、貿易統制ならびにキリシタン弾圧を強化し、寛永14年(1637年)の島原の乱を経て寛永18年(1641年)までに鎖国体制を完成させた。
- In foreign affairs, he strengthened the trade control and crackdown on Christians with the aim of monopolizing trade profits in Nagasaki, and through the Shimabara Rebellion in 1637, he established the national isolation policy until 1641.
- 秀吉が内大臣になる前年の12月にこれまで関白左大臣であった一条内基が二条昭実に関白を譲り当面は左大臣一条内基・関白右大臣二条昭実・内大臣近衛信輔の体制で当面行く筈であった。
- In December of the year before Hideyoshi became Naidaijin, then Kanpaku and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), Uchimoto ICHIJO, had yielded the position of Kanpaku to Akizane NIJO; the administration was supposed to be run for the time being by Sadaijin Uchimoto ICHIJO, Kanpaku and Udaijin Akizane NIJO, and Naidaijin Nobusuke KONOE.
- これ以後、天脈拝診(実際に天皇の体に触れて診察すること)の資格を持つ13人に、西尾と久野の2人を加えた15人の典医たちを下記の3班に分けて、24時間体制での治療が始まった。
- After that 天脈拝診 (conducting medical examination by touching Emperor's body) was conducted by qualified thirteen doctors and Nishio and Hisano, total of fifteen doctors who work in the Imperial Palace, then they were separated into three groups to start twenty four hours treatment.
- しかし、国内外の新聞では、戦時体制を敷いた近衛の責任問題の追及が激しくなり、白洲次郎たちは近衛がマッカーサーに憲法改定を託されたことを宣伝して回り、近衛を助けようと試みた。
- However, newspapers both inside and outside of Japan intensified investigations into Konoe's responsibility for the war, and people such as Jiro SHIRASU attempted to save Konoe by announcing that he had been put in charge of revising the constitution by MacArthur.
- すなわち公的負担が荘園という権門勢家の家政機関からの出費によっても担われたため、この支配形態を荘園公領制というべき体制であったとする網野善彦の説が現在一般的認識となっている。
- That is, the public burden was eased by the expenditure of the shoen which was the domestic governing institution of the great and powerful, and now the theory by Yoshihiko AMINO is a common view that this governing form should be called shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- 幕府という名目が失われた大政奉還(1867年)、旧幕府軍による抵抗が終了した箱館戦争の終戦(1869年)、幕藩体制が完全に終結した廃藩置県(1871年)なども画期となりうる。
- Other major events, including the return of political power to the Emperor by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the end of Hakodate War in 1869, and Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, could also be counted as ground-breaking events.
- 江戸時代に入って幕藩体制が確立されると、朱子学が教育の中心的地位に立ち、幕府や藩における教育は経学・史学・文学などの漢学を中心として、これに習字や算術が付随するものとなった。
- After the Shogunate system with clans was well established during the Edo period, the Zhu Xi school of Neo-Confucianism took a central role in education, and education focused mainly on Chinese classics such as Scriptures of Confucianism, History, and Literature, with Calligraphy and Mathematics taking on a supplemental role.
- 明治天皇が即位、新政府は天皇を中心とした新しい国家体制を築くことを目指し、新たに江戸を東京と改め、天皇が東京に行幸してここを日本の新しい政治の中心にすえた(東京奠都を参照)。
- With Emperor Meiji's accession to the throne, as part of their effort to build a national government centered around the emperor, the new government renamed Edo to Tokyo where the emperor visited to proclaim that city to be the new political center of Japan (See Tokyo Tento (transfer of the national capital to Tokyo)).
- この特性を活かして、非常時には警察無線とも連絡を取り合う体制を築いている地域もある(犯人が犯行後タクシーを使用して逃走した疑いがある場合は暗号による一斉手配が無線で流れる)。
- There are some areas where taxis can communicate with police radio by taking advantages of these characteristics (if a criminal may be running away in a taxi after the fact, a message about the fugitive criminal is sent in code to all taxis over the radio).
- 企業等がその事業を実施するために必要な体制又はその運営方法の整備に関する調査、企画又は立案の業務(労働条件その他の労働に関する事項の設定又は変更を目的として行う業務を除く。)
- work to examine and plan the development of a system necessary for corporations, etc. to conduct their businesses or the operational methods thereof (excluding work performed for the purpose of establishing or altering working conditions or other labor-related matters);
- こうしてそれまで各国の体制は、荘園も含めて一元的に受領の支配下にあったものが、荘官の支配する荘園と、受領の支配下にある公領が、大きく二分して土地・民衆支配をする形態に移行した。
- Eventually, the old provincial system, administered by zuryo collectively including shoen, was shifted into a new system, in which the control of land and people was roughly divided into two on the basis of shoen (administered by shokan) and koryo (administered by zuryo).
- 義詮の死後は、足利幕府は幼い将軍足利義満を補佐した管領細川頼之の指導により、南朝方の中心的武将であった楠木正儀(正成の子)を帰順させるなど対南朝工作を行い、幕府体制を確立する。
- After Yoshiakira died, governance over the shogunate fell to the Kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, acting as advisor to the young Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA; under Yoriyuki's direction, the shogunal system was firmly established, and the Northern Court launched various maneuvers against the Southern Court, including forcing Masanori KUSUNOKI (son of Masashige), the Southern Court's chief military commander, to switch allegiance to the Northern Court.
- これに対して朝田善之助らは、1966年1月15日、部落解放同盟中央本部の指示によって独自に府連大会を開き、朝田を委員長とする別個の府連体制(以下「朝田府連」と呼ぶ)を構築した。
- On the other hand, on Janurary 15, 1966, ordered by the Buraku Liberation League Headquarter, Zennosuke ASADA and others held their own Kyoto Federation meeting to establish another Kyoto Federation system (hereinafter referred to as 'Asada Furen,' Asada faction's Federation) with Asada as the chairman.
- 1965年12月19日、三木らは中央本部からの中止勧告を無視する形で日本共産党の支持のもとに第13回府連大会の開催を強行し、三木を委員長とする府連体制(三木府連)を築き上げた。
- On December 19, 1965, supported by the Japanese Communist Party, Miki and others forced the 13th Kyoto Federation meeting, ignoring the recommendation for cancellation by the Headquarter, to establish the Kyoto Federation system (Miki Furen, Miki faction's Federation) with Miki as a chairman.
- 当時、中央集権体制を進めるために廃藩置県の必要があることは政府内の共通認識となっていたが、その実施に向けた方策について急進的な木戸孝允と漸進的な大久保利通との対立が続いていた。
- Although there was a shared understanding within the government at that time that Haihan-chiken had to be carried out in order to move towards a centralized administrative system, Takayoshi KIDO (who insisted on radical reform) and Toshimichi OKUBO (who insisted on moderate reform) continued to hold differing views concerning practical procedures.
- 通常の時期は1つの配達区を1人の担当者が受け持っているが12月にはこの担当者が通常の郵便物の配達順への整理業務を局内で行い、アルバイトが外勤の配達をこなす体制をとることがある。
- Although one person takes care of one delivery area in normal seasons, in December sometimes the person manages the delivery routes of normal mail in the post office and part-time workers deliver mail outside the office.
- しかしまた徳一にとっても、天台法華宗や密教の擡頭は、彼自身の属する法相宗にとっても、また従前の仏教体制秩序にとっても、異端なのであって、これを徹底的に論破しておく必要があった。
- However, the rise of the Tendai Hokke sect and Mikkyo was heretical for Tokuitsu himself and the Hosso sect of Buddhism which he belonged to and the traditional Buddhism system, thus it had to be exhaustively confuted.
- 翌永仁2年(1294年)3月、兼時は「異国用心」のため、筑前国と肥前国で九州の御家人達と、とぶひ(狼煙)の訓練を行い、軍勢の注進、兵船の調達などを行って異国警固体制を強化した。
- In April, 1294, the following year, for 'a precaution against foreign countries,' Kanetoki conducted signal fire training with gokenin of Kyushu in the Provinces of Chikuzen and Hizen, and made a report of the force and increased procurement, strengthening the security guard against foreign countries.
- 足利幕府の政務は将軍尊氏と足利家執事の高師直、将軍弟の直義の二頭体制で行われていたが、両者の関係の悪化により1350年からの観応年間には観応の擾乱と呼ばれる内部抗争に発展する。
- The Ashikaga shogunate was split into two competing factions, one led by the Shogun Takauji and his steward Moronao KO, and the other by Takauji's brother Tadayoshi; the relationship between the two factions gradually worsened, eventually escalating into an internal feud known as the Kano Incident in the Kano period, in 1350.
- また韓国気象庁は、大韓民国環境部所管の観測網から得られるPM10濃度の1時間当たり平均値の予報を基に、規定の濃度が2時間以上続くと予想された場合に、3段階の警報体制をとっている。
- Based on the average prediction per hour of the PM10 density obtained from the observation network of the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, South Korea's weather agency issues a three-stage warning when it is predicted that a specified density will continue for two or more hours.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- 吉田孝は、倭国が5世紀末に中国の冊封体制から離脱し、7世紀初頭の推古朝でも倭国王に冊封されなかったことが、大王天皇が姓を持たず「姓」制度を超越し続けたことにつながったとしている。
- Takashi YOSHIDA states that the reason Daio and Tenno stood aloof from 'sei' (family name) system by not having it was because Wakoku (country of Wa) left the Chinese Sakuho system at the end of the 5th century, and was not taken into the system as Wakoku-o even during the Reign of Empress Suiko at the beginning of the 7th century.
- この一連の経緯がその後の定例となり、皇后には皇后宮職、皇太后には皇太后宮職、太皇太后には太皇太后宮職、皇太夫人には中宮職がそれぞれ個別に設置されて奉仕に当たる体制ができあがった。
- These events became precedents, and Kogogushiki, Kotaigo gushiki, Taikotaigogushiki (Imperial Household Agency assigned to the household of Grand Empress Dowager), and Chugushiki were established to serve Empress, Empress Dowager, Grand Empress Dowager, and Kotaifujin respectively.
- 現在も、いくつかの店舗が「大栄」を名乗り、営業を続けているが、旧体制の「大栄」とは直接の関係はない(詳細は略するが、「大栄」の創始者が、これらの関わりから手を引いたためである)。
- Some stores are still open under the name of 'Daiei,' but they have nothing to do with the old 'Daiei' (Although details here are omitted, this is because the founder of 'Daiei' withdrew from the business).
- 清盛は二条天皇の乳父、室の時子は乳母となり天皇の後見役をつとめて検非違使別当・中納言になる一方、後白河院庁の別当にもなり、天皇・上皇の双方に仕えることで磐石の体制を築いていった。
- While Kiyomori became a male nanny and his wife, Tokiko, became a female nanny of Emperor Nijo, and while Kiyomori therefore became a guardian of the Emperor and was then appointed Kebiishi-betto (A chief police and judicial official) and Chu-nagon (Middle Counselor), he was also appointed to betto (a chief official of the retired emperor's office) of Goshirakawa-incho (the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa's Office), and this created a situation where Kiyomori worked for both the Emperor and the retired Emperor, allowing him to establish a strong political system.
- また同時に、倒幕後の政治ビジョンを描かざるを得ないことから封建制・幕藩体制をどう変えていかなければならないかという意識改革・藩政改革を他の諸藩よりも早めに進めざるを得なくなった。
- At the same time, the alliances accelerated a rise in the awareness of the part that the domains needed to play to change the feudal and shogunate systems, and the need to draw up a government vision for after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 義貞は播磨国の白旗城に篭城する足利方の赤松則村(円心)を攻めている間に時間を空費し、この間に尊氏は多々良浜の戦いで九州を制覇して体制を立て直すと、京都奪還をめざして東進をはじめた。
- Yoshisada wasted time during his assault on Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) of the Ashikaga faction who was held up within Shirahata-jo Castle of Harima Province, and during this time Takauji conquered Kyushu in the Battle of Tatarahama and regrouped before heading east with the aim of recapturing Kyoto.
- これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
- These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
- 中世末の複雑な支配権の並存する体制に不満を持つ村々に国人・土豪が真宗に改宗することで加わり、「一向一揆」と呼ばれる一郡や一国の一向宗徒が一つに団結した一揆が各地で起こるようになる。
- Kokujin (village heads) and Dogo (powerful families) converted to Shinshu and joined the village people who were discontent with the system with complicated and multiple lordship in the end of the middle ages, and uprising called 'Ikko-Ikki' were staged throughout the nation by united Ikko Shu followers from the whole county or province.
- 太閤検地と刀狩は税制を確立させ、兵農分離と身分の格差を徹底させて江戸時代の幕藩体制の基礎を築いたと評価される(但し、近年では刀狩については不徹底に終わったという見方も有力である)。
- It is evaluated that 'Taiko Kenchi' and 'Katanagari' promoted to establish tax system and build a basis of Shogunate system of Edo Period by clearing the difference between warrior and farmer.
- 徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
- Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.
- 荘園制の発達と公地公民制の解体の過程で荘園領主は自己の政治力を背景として国役や臨時雑役などを免除させることで寄作者を自己の荘園内に移住させて荘園内に取り込もうとした(名体制の成立)。
- During the process of the development of the shoen system and the demise of Kochi-komin sei (the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens), the shoen owners, by utilizing their political influence, endeavored to secure the cultivators as residents of their own shoen by entitling them to the exemptions of the public duties or the temporary odd-job duties; such a process is known as the establishment of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land).
- 昭和14年(1939年)に定められた宗教団体法(法律77号)は、戦時体制強化のための宗教統制のための法規であったが、その一方で寺院に初めて法人格を認めたという意味では画期的であった。
- While the Religious Organization Law (Law No.77) enacted in 1939 was a law which aimed at controlling religions in order to strengthen the war regime, it was also a milestone in that the law recognized the corporate status of temples for the first time.
- 翌年に守護富樫政親が倒された長享の一揆には直接の関与の明証は無いものの、その後の加賀の支配が蓮悟と蓮綱主導の「両御山」体制に移されている事から、何らかのつながりがあったとされている。
- Although there was no evidence of direct involvement, they were believed to have some sort of connection with the Revolt of the Chokyo era, which Shugo (provincial constable) Masachika TOGASHI was defeated the following year, since the control of Kaga Province was thereafter moved to 'Two Temples' system led by Rengo and Renko.
- 徳川氏を外戚に持つ明正天皇の即位でこの体制は確立されるが、明正の治世中は後水尾天皇による院政が敷かれたため、明正が朝廷に於ける実権を持つことは無く、後水尾上皇に朝廷内の実権が集中した。
- The system was established when Emperor Meisho, whose cognates were the Tokugawa clan, succeeded to the throne, but as insei by Emperor Gomizunoo was conducted during the reign of Meisho, Meisho never had actual power in the Imperial Court; instead, the actual power of the court was concentrated in Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 律令体制下の軍団での組織形態は、国家の組織の中での公な上官と部下であるに対し、「武士団」は平安時代に「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれるた者達が私的に従える集団、またはその集団の結合体である。
- The organizational form of the army under the Ritsuryo system had an open senior officer and subordinate relationship while 'bushidan' was the group of people called 'tsuwamono' that served privately in the Heian period or was the combination of such groups.
- ビール業界では朝日麦酒から「飲んで、つぶして、ポイ」のアルミ缶が登場し、四社寡占(この年でキリン60.1%、サッポロ21.3%、アサヒ14.1%、サントリー4.5%)の体制が定着した。
- In the beer industry, Asahi Breweries, Ltd. introduced an aluminum can with the catchphrase 'drink, crush, and throw away' and the oligopolistic system of the four companies was established (in this year, Kirin Brewery Company, Limited, had 60.1 percent, Sapporo 21.3 percent, Asahi 14.1 percent, and Suntory Holdings Limited 4.5 percent).
- そこで急遽この年の8月24日 (旧暦)に諸兄を次期大臣の資格を有する大納言に、4日後に鈴鹿王を知太政官事(太政大臣と同格で皇族であることのみが任用条件)に任命して応急的な体制を整えた。
- Therefore a temporary system was hurriedly established by appointing Moroe as a Dainagon (chief councilor of state) which entitled to be the next minister on September 26 of this year and four days later, Suzuka no Okimi as a Chidaijokanji (deputy to the dajo-daijin [grand minister of state], a post at the same rank of dajo-daijin; the only quality required was being a member of the Imperial family).
- だが、将軍徳川綱吉もまた個人的に基熙を嫌っていたために霊元院政に代わる近衛基熙体制も容認しがたく、幕府と関白が連携して院政(仙洞御所において行われる政治)を抑えるまでには至らなかった。
- However, Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA personally was not fond of Motohiro and did not want to support the cloister government of the Retired Emperor Reigen or the government of Motohiro KONOE; thus there was no conspiracy for the government of Edo and kanpaku to work together in pressuring the cloister government (the government ruled from Sento-Imperial Palace).
- 日本弁護士連合会は、弁護士の使命及び職務の重要性にかんがみ、裁判の迅速化に関し、国民による弁護士の利用を容易にするための弁護士の態勢の整備その他の弁護士の体制の整備に努めるものとする。
- Considering the importance of the mission and the duties of attorneys, with regard to the expediting of trials, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall endeavor to improve the preparedness of attorneys and other systems of attorneys to facilitate the use of attorneys by the people.
- その遂行のために蓮淳の娘婿で加賀の末寺の一つ超勝寺(元は越前にあり前述の本泉寺とともに追放されていた)の住持であった実顕が代官に任じられて「両御山」体制を否認する命令を加賀各地に出す。
- In order to carry out the policy, Jikken, who was Renjun's adopted son-in-law and the chief priest of Chosho-ji Temple, one of branch temples in Kaga Province (originally it has been in Echizen Province, but it was banished as with Honsen-ji Temple mentioned previously) was appointed as deputy and issued an order to deny 'Two Temples' system throughout Kaga Province.
- また宣教に関しては国学、儒学を中心とした宣教は不可能と判断され、仏教勢力の地盤及び教化能力を汲み入れる為に神仏儒の合同布教体制となり、国民教化を行なう専門機関として教部省が設置された。
- It was judged that religious promotion centered on the study of Japanese classical literature and Confucism was impossible, and a system of promoting Shinto, Buddhism and Confucism together was introduced to use the base and promotion power of the Buddhist group, with Kyobusho established as an organization specialized in religious education of the Japanese.
- 11世紀になるとこの流れに、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税(一国平均役)の動きが加わり、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領を個々の収取単位とする体制(荘園公領制)が成立した。
- Entering the eleventh century, in addition to this trend, the trend of levying tax evenly on shoen (manors) and Kokugaryo (the territory governed by a provincial government office) (called Ikkoku heikinyaku) was also generated, and the system in which tax was collected from shoen and Kokugaryo, which had been reorganized into Gun, Sato (an area within Gun) and Ho (an area within Sato), (called shoen koryo sei) was established.
- 具体的に中央政府機構の変革についてはまだ明確となっていないが、例えば摂関政治の成立、官司請負制の登場などが、王朝国家体制に対応した中央政治の変化を表しているのではないかとする議論がある。
- Although the concrete content of reform in the central government organization is not yet clear, some people assert that the establishment of sekkan-seiji (regency) and kanji ukeoisei (government office contract system) demonstrate the change in the central government corresponding to the Dynastic polity.
- 隣接法律専門職者及び隣接法律専門職者団体は、総合法律支援の意義及び自らの職責にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な協力をするよう努めるものとする。
- Related legal experts and specialists and the associations of related legal experts and specialists shall make efforts to provide necessary cooperation for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and their own duties.
- 主務大臣は、第三条第一項の国外適合性評価事業の認定のための審査に当たっては、主務省令で定めるところにより、申請に係る国外適合性評価事業の実施に係る体制について実地の調査を行うものとする。
- In the examination for the designation of the overseas conformity assessment business set forth in Article 3 paragraph (1), the competent minister shall conduct an evaluation of the management system of overseas conformity assessment business in respect of the application as specified by the applicable ministerial ordinance.
- これは戦時体制下で過度に利用されたが、皇国史観それ自体は極度に否定されるものではなく、長い日本の歴史の歩みの中で国民に継承されてきた伝統、文化的な価値観として肯定的に評価するものである。
- Although it was overly exploited by the wartime regime, the Kokoku Shikan (an emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) itself should not be seen as something to be vehemently denied, but as something that should be positively valued as representing cultural values that have been passed down from one generation of the Japanese people to the next over the course of Japan's long history.
- 京では、紙漉きそのものが、律令体制の緩みによる原料の調達難から衰退したのとは対照的に、紙の加工技術で高度な技術を開発して、和紙の加工技術センターとして重要な地位を占めるようになっていく。
- In contrast to the decline of paper making because of the difficulty of procuring raw materials caused by the weakening of the administration, Kyoto occupied an important position as the center for paper processing techniques by developing advanced technical skills for processing paper.
- 幕藩体制の崩壊に伴い、中央集権国家の確立を急ぐ必要があった新政府は、律令制を範とした名称を復活させた(例:太政官、大蔵省など。ただし、当然のことながら実態は律令制のそれとはかなり異なる)。
- The new government, which needed to establish a centralized government quickly after the feudal system of the Shogunate collapsed, restored job titles and names of government offices following the Ritsuryo system (such as Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and the Ministry of Finance. Naturally, the actual work of the given titles was substantially different from that under the Ritsuryo system).
- 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.
- 以後は京都に留まり朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督に任じられ、守護職・松平容保(会津藩主)、所司代・松平定敬(桑名藩主)と共に勤皇の志士や公家の取り締まりにあたる(一会桑(一橋・会津・桑名)体制)。
- Thereafter, he remained in Kyoto and he was appointed to Kinri Goshuei Sotoku (Head of the Imperial Palace/Emperor's Protector); together with the Protector (Shugoshoku) Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Aizu-han Clan) and Kyoto Shoshidai Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (Chief of Kuwana-han Clan) regulated the nobles and those loyal to the Emperor (Ichi-Kai-So (Hitotsubashi-Aizu-Kuwana) structure).
- 永正14年(1517年)、この頃よりようやく政務に参加するようになった義村は、2人の宿老(浦上村宗、小寺則職)と義村の3人の側近(櫛橋則高・志水清実・衣笠朝親)から構成される新体制を布く。
- Yoshimura finally became mature enough to join the politics around 1517 and established the new political system managed by two chief vassals (Muramune URAGAMI and Norimoto KODERA) and three of Yoshimura's close advisers (Noritaka KUSHIBASHI, 志水清実・衣笠朝親).
- 我々が竹島を日本に返還するように強く圧力をかけている間、万が一、新しい体制がそうする気が無ければ、最低限、我々はこの件を国際司法裁判所に付託し仲裁を求める事に合意するよう主張すべきである。
- While we should press strongly for return of Takeshima to Japan, if by any chance new regime were unwilling to do so we should, as very minimum, insist that they agree to submit matter to International Court of Justice for arbitration.
- これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
- On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.
- 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
- Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.
- 平安時代あたりから公家や寺社を本所として販売の独占権や関税の免除などの特権を得る座と呼ばれる閉鎖的な商業独占体制は、成長する戦国大名によって自営営業を許す楽市楽座によって廃止の方向へ向かう。
- From about the Heian period onwards, there was an insular, monopolistic system of commerce centered around the za (guilds), under which each za had exclusive rights to sell their products tax-free to specific noblemen and/or temples and shrines, but with the free market, open guild system introduced thanks to the rise of the sengoku daimyo, who started to allow independent (i.e., non-guild) businesses to be created, progress was made towards ending the oppressive guild system.
- 義満はこの後には将軍直轄の軍事力である奉公衆を整備し、1391年の明徳の乱においては山名氏を、1397年の応永の乱においては大内氏を追討して有力守護を弱体化させ、幕府の支配体制を固めていく。
- After the coup, Yoshimitsu established the Hokoshu, a Shogunal army directly loyal to him, and succeeded in using it to weaken the two most powerful shugo families, the Yamana clan in 1391 during the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in 1397 by means of the Oei Rebellion, thereby solidifying the shogunate's control over the country.
- 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」(明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない)と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
- After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
- 貞治6年には仁木義長も幕府に帰参し、斯波義将も許されて上洛(越中守護に復帰)、さらに讃岐国に下っていた細川頼之(清氏の従兄弟)も上洛し、将軍義詮の下に有力守護らが従う足利幕府体制が確立する。
- In 1367, Yoshinaga NIKI submitted himself to bakufu, Yoshimasa SHIBA was permitted to return to Kyoto (reappointed to shugo of Ecchu Province), Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA (a cousin of Kiyouji) who was then in Sanuki Province came to Kyoto and finally Ashikaga bakufu system under which influential shugo submitted themselves to shogun Yoshiakira was established.
- 国人領主制(こくじんりょうしゅせい)とは、中世後期の日本(南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
- Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
- 内部統制報告書には、第一項に規定する内閣府令で定める体制に関する事項を記載した書類その他の書類で公益又は投資者保護のため必要かつ適当なものとして内閣府令で定めるものを添付しなければならない。
- When an Internal Control Report is submitted, a document stating the matters pertaining to the system specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance referred to in paragraph (1) and other documents specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary and appropriate for the public interest or protection of investors shall be attached to the Internal Control Report.
- 彼女は草壁の早世にめげず、強いリーダーシップで律令国家体制確立への舵を執り、孫・軽皇子への譲位(直前に天武天皇第一皇子高市皇子が薨去したが、菟野・藤原不比等による暗殺説もある。)を果たした。
- Although her son, Prince Kusakabe died young, she showed strong leadership and was brave enough to take control of politics to establish the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, she finally passed the throne to her grandchild, Prince Karu (there was a theory Uno no and FUJIWARA no Fuhito planned an assassination when Prince Takechi, Emperor Tenmu's first Prince died just before Prince Karu's enthronement).
- 1887年の東京遊学中に列強のアジア侵略と清朝の旧態の政治体制に危機感を抱き、中国に渡って革命を起こして人民主権の国家を打ちたて、日本などの周辺諸国を巻き込んで世界革命を起こそうと計画した。
- While studying in Tokyo in 1887, he became to have a sense of danger in the invasion of Asian countries by western powerful countries as well as the old-fashioned political system of the Qing Dynasty, and had a plan in which he would go to China in hope of establishing a democracy and would launch a global revolution along with Asian countries.
- 幕藩体制の完成者として高く評価される家光だが、それは土井利勝、酒井忠勝、松平信綱、阿部忠秋、堀田正盛、中根正盛といった幕閣の重臣によるものであり、家光自身の能力では無かったという意見もある。
- Although Iemitsu is highly esteemed as the person to complete the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, others hold the opinion that its completion was due to the efforts of chief vassals of the shogunate, such as Toshikatsu DOI, Tadakatsu SAKAI, Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Tadaaki ABE, Masamori HOTTA and Masamori NAKANE, and not the efforts of Iemitsu.
- 士農工商の下には、古くからあった穢多、非人と呼ばれる被差別階級があり、かれらは人の嫌がる仕事(刑死執行人・掃除など)を与えられ、その上、幕藩体制維持のために諸大名より差別政策の犠牲者となった。
- Under the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), there were discriminated classes called eta and hinin for a long time, and they were given duties which other people were unwilling to do (such as executioners, cleaning), and moreover, they became victims of discrimination policies enacted by feudal lords in order to maintain the shogunate system.
- やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
- When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).
- 回転寿司店で寿司を回転させるコンベアは、ほぼ100%が石川県で製造されており、金沢市の石野製作所(販売は北日本カコー)が約60%、白山市横江町の日本クレセントが約40%を占める二強体制である。
- Almost 100% of the conveyer belts that move sushi plates in Kaitenzushi restaurants are manufactured in Ishikawa Prefecture with the two strongest – about sixty percent by Ishino Seisakusho (distributed by Kitanihon-Kakoh) in Kanazawa City and about forty percent by Japan Crescent in Yokoe-cho, Hakusan City.
- 従来の通説では、このことによって儒教が国教となったとしていたが、現在の研究では儒家思想が国家の学問思想として浸透して儒家一尊体制が確立されたのは前漢末から後漢初にかけてとするのが一般的である。
- Conventionally, it was believed that this was what made Ju-kyo the state religion, but in current studies it is commonly believed that it was between the end of former Han and early later Han that the thought of Ju-ka spread as the national learning of thought and the system admiring Confucianist alone was established.
- 徳川家康は豊臣政権時代から自領である関東地方を中心に統教権に基づき個別寺院あるいは宗派ごとに対する法規を定めた規制を行ってきたが、これは分国法の延長から幕藩体制の法制への過渡的なものであった。
- Since the time of the Toyotomi government, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had enforced regulations grounded in tokyo-ken upon each temple or sect in his domain centering on the Kanto region but this policy was only a transitional process from an extension of bunkokuho to the legislation for the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
- As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.
- 更に、北条高時の時代になると、御家人の不満や悪党の活動に加えて高時本人が暗愚であった事もあり、幕政は内管領で頼綱の一族である長崎高綱(円喜)・長崎高資父子に牛耳られ、得宗専制体制は崩壊に向かう。
- Furthermore, the Tokuso autocracy system collapsed during the days of Takatoki HOJO due to the foolishness of Takatoki himself, the dissatisfaction and gangster activities of the gokenin, and the fact that the shogunate administration was controlled by Takatsuna NAGASAKI (Enki) and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI, who were Uchi-Kanrei and related to Yoritsuna.
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 上横手は、本宣旨によって、東国政権 鎌倉幕府が朝廷へ軍事的奉仕するという体制が構築され、同じく朝廷に軍事的奉仕する義仲に優越するため、頼朝は源氏嫡宗の地位の公認を得ようとしていたのだとしている。
- According to UWAYOKOTE, this decree established a structure in which the Togoku government and the Kamakura bakufu provided the Imperial Court with military service, and in order to become predominate over Yoshinaka, who also provided the Imperial Court with military service, Yoritomo was anxious for the official approval for the position of the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan.
- 前項に規定する業務管理体制は、次に掲げる事項(第四十四条第一項第十二号、第四十六条の九の二第一項及び第四十九条の四第二項第二号において「業務の運営の状況」という。)を含むものでなければならない。
- The operation control structure prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall include the following matters (referred to as the 'status of operation of services' in Article 44(1)(xii), Article 46-9-2(1) and Article 49-4(2)(ii)):
- ただし、中国に渡り玄奘から法相宗の教理を学び日本に伝えた道昭は、このような国家体制の仏教活動に飽きたらず、各地へ赴き井戸を掘ったり橋を架けるなどをして、民衆に仏教を教下する活動を行ったとされる。
- However, it is said that Dosho, who went to China, learned the dogma of the Hosso sect from Genjo and introduced it to Japan, was not satisfied with such activities under the national control as a Buddhist, so he was engaged in an independent mission among the common people though digging wells and building bridges in various regions.
- この見解によれば、安政の大獄による有力諸侯や攘夷派の処罰も、直弼が条約締結の裏で進めていた攘夷(鎖国への復帰)も、「幕府の権威回復による旧体制への回帰」という路線上にある方針であるとされている。
- According to this view, the punishment of Joi-ha and the powerful lords involved in Ansei no Taigoku, as well as the expulsion of foreigners (a return of national isolation) that Naosuke promoted behind the treaty, were acts taken according to 'a revival of the former system through the restoration of bakufu authority.'
- このような諸大名・諸藩の藩士をもおおいに幕政に参画させた政治手法は、結果として諸大名や朝廷が中央政治に進出する足がかりをつくることとなったといわれ、幕藩体制の崩壊の呼び水になったといわれている。
- It is said that the political method in which many daimyo and many retainers of domains were allowed to participate in the governmental operations of the bakufu gave a foothold for daimyo and the Imperial court to get involved in the center of the politics, which led to the collapse of the shogun-based feudal system.
- 軍事(武芸)や経理(算)、法務(明法)といった朝廷の行政機構を、律令制機構内で養成された官人から様々な家芸を継承する実務官人の「家」にアウトソーシングしていったのが平安時代の王朝国家体制であった。
- The system of the dynasty state during the Heian period outsourced the Imperial Court's administrative organizations such as military affair (military art), accounting (calculation) and legal work (Myobo [law]) to the 'ie' (family) of the official for practical works who had succeeded various iegei (family's specialty) from a government official who was trained in the Ritsuryo-system organization.
- 当時の朝廷には政権を運営する能力も体制もなく、一旦形式的に政権を返上しても、公家衆や諸藩を圧倒する勢力を有する徳川家が天皇の下の新政府に参画すれば実質的に政権を握り続けられると考えてのことである。
- As the Imperial Court at that time had no ability and system to come into power, Yoshinobu thought that the Tokugawa family could practically have control over political administration if the family, which had a power to overwhelm Kugeshu (court nobles) and domains, participated in the new government under the Emperor even if the family formally returned the power.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- この時代には、ドイツのナチス政権やイタリアのベニート・ムッソリーニ政権といったファシズム体制が成立し、日独伊三国同盟が結ばれたことから、この時期の日本の皇室制度は天皇制ファシズムとも呼ばれている。
- Around this period, like the Nazis in Germany and the Benito MUSSOLINI government in Italy, Fascist systems were established, and because the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy was formed, the system of Imperial Household at this time was called Tennosei Fascism.
- 岩下はこの責任を取り頭取を辞することになり、次の頭取を決めることになったが、岩下を北浜銀行から完全排除すべきという考えの重役が新頭取に杉村正太郎を立て重役会を刷新し、新体制で経営をスタートさせた。
- The bank was reorganized with the appointment of Shotaro SUGIMURA as the new head of the bank who had the opinion of the executives in insisting the complete exclusion of Iwashita and his clan from Kitahama Bank upon his resignation for taking his responsibility for the event.
- 折から幕法に反して京都に藩邸を置く諸大名を制御できず、京都の治安維持さえ独力でおぼつかない幕府と、幕藩体制の根幹である「武士」の武力に対する信頼とその権威は、この敗北によって急速になくなっていった。
- When the shogunate government could neither stop feudal lords setting up their residenes in Kyoto against the shogunate order, nor maintain the public order in Kyoto by its own efforts, the reliance on the shogunate government and its authority as well as the trust in the military power of samurai, which was the backbone of the shogunate and domain system, fell rapidly after this defeat.
- 倫理監督官は、その属する行政機関等の職員に対しその職務に係る倫理の保持に関し必要な指導及び助言を行うとともに、審査会の指示に従い、当該行政機関等の職員の職務に係る倫理の保持のための体制の整備を行う。
- The ethics supervisory officer shall provide necessary guidance and advice to officials who belong to the administrative organs, etc. to maintain ethics pertaining to their duties, and shall arrange a system for the maintenance of ethics pertaining to the duties of officials of the administrative organs, etc. in accordance with the instructions of the Board.
- 経済産業大臣は、第三項の審査の結果(前項の規定により通知を受けた審査の結果を含む。)に基づき、当該事業用電気工作物を設置する者の使用前自主検査の実施に係る体制について、総合的な評定をするものとする。
- The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, based on the results of the examination conducted under paragraph 3 (including the examination results for which notification was given pursuant to the preceding paragraph), comprehensively evaluate the system for conducting a Pre-use Self-Inspection submitted by the person who installs the Electric Facilities for Business Use.
- このように近世の里山とは決して村落共同体と自然が調和したユートピア的空間などではなく、国家や村落共同体が厳重な管理体制を敷かなければオーバーユースによるカタストロフに直結するような場だったのである。
- In reality, Satoyama in recent times was far from the utopian space where communities enjoyed a harmonious coexistence with nature, but a space that would have been met with catastrophe by overuse, unless the state or community had not have prevented it by establishing a rigid control system.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- ただし、坂本や中岡にとっては、恨みの対象は徳川家ではなく、上士・郷士という差別を生み出した幕藩体制そのものにあり、彼らは怨恨を越えて後藤象二郎、板垣退助といった上士と手を組み、幕府に大政奉還を促した。
- However, for Sakamoto and Nakaoka the target of their hard feelings was not the Tokugawa family but the bakuhan system, which had given birth to the discrimination between the Joshi and Goshi; they conquered such feelings and cooperated with Joshi such as Shojiro GOTO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, etc., and urged Bakufu to restore imperial rule.
- 前項に規定する判断の基準となるべき事項は、当該特定保守製品に係る技術水準、点検その他の保守の体制の整備の状況その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとし、これらの事情の変動に応じて必要な改定をするものとする。
- Matters that shall be standards of judgment prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be specified by considering the technical level, the situation of development of system of inspection and other maintenance and circumstances pertaining to said specified maintenance products, and necessary revision shall be made in accordance with the change in such circumstances.
- その後は晴元の養女如春尼(左大臣三条公頼の末娘。長姉は晴元に、次姉は武田信玄に嫁ぐ)を長男顕如の妻に迎えて晴元と和睦し、室町幕府とも親密な関係を築いて中央との関係修復に努め、本願寺の体制強化を進めた。
- After that, he made peace with Harumoto by making his first son Kennyo marry Nyoenni, an adopted daughter of Harumoto (the youngest daughter of Sadaijin (minister of the left) Kinyori SANJO. Her eldest sister married Harumoto and her second eldest sister married Shingen TAKEDA), and built rapport with the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to mend the relationship with the central government and promote strengthening of the system of Hongan-ji Temple.
- 光秀の敗因は思った兵力が整わなかったため十分な迎撃体制をとることができなかったことや、山崎が京から西国へと出るために要所であり、明智軍はこの要所を防衛する形で戦わざるを得なかったからだとも言われている。
- Mitsuhide's defeat is attributed to his inability to sufficiently equip himself for engaging the enemy on account of an unexpectedly small size of the mobilized troops and the circumstances which obliged his troops in the form of defending Yamazaki which was a key transit point from Kyoto to western provinces.
- 一会桑政権(いちかいそうせいけん)は、幕末の政治動向の中心地京都において、禁裏御守衛総督兼摂海防禦指揮・一橋慶喜、京都守護職・松平容保(会津藩)、京都所司代・松平定敬(桑名藩)三者により構成された体制。
- The Ichikaiso Government was a politically prominent group in Kyoto, the center of politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate; it was formed of Kinri-goshuei-sotoku (Governor-general of the inner palace's guard) Sekkai-bogyo-shiki (Commander of the coastal defense of Osaka-wan Bay) Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto) Katamori MATSUDAIRA from the Aizu clan, and Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA from the Kuwana clan.
- 近世に入って日清戦争に勝利した大日本帝国の清への要求により、朝鮮は清国の冊封体制から離脱し大韓帝国となると華夷秩序の関係が崩れ、新たに大日本帝国の従属下に入った事によって初めて日本の天皇を皇帝と称した。
- In modern times, demanded by the Empire of Japan winning the Japanese-Sino War, the Chinese Suzerainty over Korea collapsed after Korea left from the Sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system), and called the Tenno of Japan the Emperor for the first time after being newly subordinated to the Empire of Japan.
- 以後、朝廷の行動全般が京都所司代を通じて幕府の管理下に置かれた上に、その運営も摂政・関白が朝議を主宰し、その決定を武家伝奏を通じて幕府の承諾を得る事によって初めて施行できる体制へと変化を余儀なくされた。
- Subsequently, all the actions of the Imperial Palace were under the control of the government through Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy); meanwhile, the regent and chancellor organized the Court Council, and the running of the palace was determined after receiving approval from the government.
- その後、織豊政権政権のもとで大和一国の大名として復活した筒井順慶は、対外的には大和国主として国内的には父祖代々継承してきた官符衆徒の代表として法印僧都の地位に就くという二面性を持った支配体制を確立する。
- Subsequently, Junkei TSUTSUI came back to the daimyo of Yamato Province under the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, 'shoku' and 'ho' being the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi), he established a ruling system that had two aspects of the lord of Yamato Province externally and the hoin-sozu (highest rank among Buddhist priests) as the representative of the kanpu-shuto, which was succeeded for generations in the province.
- 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている(日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている)。
- Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).
- この後双方とも周囲の勢力を自らの協力体制に持ち込もうと盛んに調略を行うが、北陸の柴田氏の後方にある上杉景勝や信孝の地盤である美濃国の有力部将・稲葉一鉄が羽柴秀吉になびくなど、やや秀吉に有利な状況にあった。
- While both sides then actively devised various stratagems in order to win over the surrounding powers, the situation became slightly advantageous to Hideyoshi HASHIBA, due to his gaining allies in Kagekatsu UESUGI, the man behind the Shibata clan in Hokuriku (the northern region), and Ittetsu INABA, a powerful commanding officer in Mino Province, the stronghold of Nobutaka.
- そして、大永7年(1527年)の桂川原の戦いで敗退した高国が、掌中の玉・義晴将軍を伴って近江国坂本へ逃亡したため、立場を逆転させた義維・晴元体制は、和泉国で新政権樹立の足掛かりを築くまでになる(堺公方)。
- The team of Yoshitsuna and Harumoto (Sakai Kubo) got a toehold to establish a new government after their situation changed to their advantage since Takakuni was defeated at the battle of Katsuragawa in 1527, and escaped to Sakamoto, Omi Province with their valued person, Shogun Yoshiharu.
- 発展する経済活動と土地資本体制の行政官である武士を過剰に抱える各政府(各藩)との構造的な軋轢を内包しつつも、「泰平の世」を謳歌していた江戸時代も19世紀を迎えると、急速に制度疲労による硬直化が目立ち始める。
- The Edo period enjoyed a 'peaceful world,' although there was structural conflict between developing economic activities in a city and the land capital system in the domain economy which held an excessive number of samurai, executive officers of the land capital structure, but early in the 19th century the structual fatigue became apparent rapidly as organizational inflexibility.
- 国は、生物の多様性に関する科学技術の振興を図るため、野生生物の種の特性の把握、生態系の機構の解明等の研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及、試験研究の体制の整備、研究者の養成その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- The government shall, for the purpose of promoting science and technology relating to biodiversity, gain an understanding of the characteristics of wildlife species, promote research and development, including clarification of a structure of ecosystem and disseminate the results thereof, develop a system for test and research, train researchers and take other necessary measures.
- さらに、宗教法人法(昭和26年4月3日施行 1951)により、旧宗団組織を改め、在家仏教を基盤とする新たな教団の体制を整え、 密宗「真如苑」(昭和28年5月16日付 文部大臣認証 1953)の発足となった。
- Furthermore, after the Religious Cooperation Law was issued (the law became effective on April 3, 1951), the former religious organization was reformed and the system of the new religious group based on lay people in Buddhism was organized, Misshu, or 'Shinnyoen Buddhism,' was established. (approved by the Minister of Education on May 16, 1953).
- 王朝国家体制では四位、五位どまりの受領に任命されるクラスの実務官人である下級貴族を諸大夫(しょだいぶ)と、上級貴族や諸大夫に仕える六位どまりの技能官人や家人を侍(さむらい)と呼び、彼らが行政実務を担っていた。
- In the system of the dynasty state, lower-ranking nobles who were officials for practical works appointed to the zuryo and who were promoted up to shii (Fourth Rank) or goi (Fifth Rank) were called shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) and the technical officers and kenin (retainers) who were promoted up to rokui (Sixth Rank) and served upper-ranking nobles or shodaibu were called samurai (warrior) and they were in charge of administrative affairs.
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- 第一項各号に掲げる行為を行おうとする商品取引員は、当該行為に基づいて行う商品市場における取引等が委託者の保護に欠け、又は取引の公正を害することのないよう、十分な社内管理体制をあらかじめ整備しなければならない。
- A Futures Commission Merchant who intends to engage in acts set forth in the respective items of paragraph (1) shall establish a sufficient internal administrative system in advance so that transactions, etc., carried out on a Commodity Market based on said actions are not lacking in protection for the customer and are not likely to harm the fairness of transactions.
- その権威が頂点に達したのは太平洋戦争時であり、昭和13年(1938年)の国家総動員法が発令された頃より、軍部により現人神(あらひとがみ)と神格化され、天皇を中心とした戦時国家体制が作られた(皇国史観を参照)。
- It was at the time of the Pacific War that authority reached its peak, and after the period when the National General Mobilization Act was issued in 1938, the Emperor was deified as Arahitogami, and the system of the nation under war with the Emperor in the center was established by the military (refer to Kokoku Shikan, or Emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- このため一時、所属する真宗大谷派の僧籍を離れる(還俗)ことがあったが、同派出身の南条文雄・ 井上円了・ 清沢満之らをはじめ幅広い分野の人々と交流、終始一貫、近代的な仏教研究と教育体制の充実・整備に力を注いだ。
- This resulted in him leaving the priesthood of Shinshu sect Otani school he belonged to (exclaustration) for a while; he interacted with people from various fields including Bunyu NANJO from the same faction, Enryo INOUE, Manshi KIYOZAWA, and consistently strived to improve and maintain the research of modern Buddhism and educational system.
- 堀説では、信長は天下統一まで任官できないとして右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官しており統一前に任官する理由が立たないことを指摘し、信長には任官の意思はなく、律令体制に留まらず中華皇帝を指向していたと推察できるともしている。
- Hori pointed out that Nobunaga had resigned as Minister of the Right and Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards because he would not take any official post until his unification of the whole country, and Hori also said Nobunaga probably did not want any official post, and instead he had the aim of becoming an emperor outside the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田(口分田・乗田など)の直接支配から、その公田を名(みょう)という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- 差止請求関係業務の実施に係る組織、差止請求関係業務の実施の方法、差止請求関係業務に関して知り得た情報の管理及び秘密の保持の方法その他の差止請求関係業務を適正に遂行するための体制及び業務規程が適切に整備されていること。
- The person shall have prepared proper structures for demand of an injunction, methods to conduct services involved in demand of an injunction, system to manage and to hold confidential the information obtained in the course of conducting said services, and other organizational structures and operating rules to properly conduct said services.
- もし我々が今、迅速に動くならば、韓国の新体制は我々の有益性を鑑み、一般的に見れば我々の見解を受け入れるであろうから、我々には初期の時点にて、日韓問題に影響を及ぼす事ができる立場、二度と無いであろう好機があるであろう。
- If we now move swiftly with new ROK regime which should generally be receptive to our views because of our helpfulness, we may have initial opportunity, which may never reoccur, to influence its position on Japan-ROK problem.
- ただし、苗木供給体制の整備が進行中(少花粉スギの苗木供給を平成29年までに約1,100万本へ増強する計画)であること、森林所有者がスギ材価の低迷で伐採・植え替えに応じにくい環境にあることから、実行性はなお不透明である。
- However, its effectiveness is unclear as maintenance of the seedling supply system is ongoing (the plan is to increase the supply of low-pollen Japanese cedar seedlings to approximately 11 million by the year 2017) and forest owners find it difficult to consider felling or transplantation due to the low price of cedar wood.
- 第一項の規定による旧機構の解散の時(以下この条において「解散時」という。)までに、政府から旧機構に対して旧研究開発体制整備法第四条第三号及び旧基盤法第十一条各号に掲げる業務に必要な資金に充てるべきものとして出資された額
- The amount contributed to the former Organization by the government up to the time of dissolution of the former Organization under paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as the 'time of dissolution' in this Article) as the amount to be appropriated as funds necessary for the functions listed in Article 4, item (iii) of the Old Act on R&D System Development and the items of Article 11 of the Old Basic Technology Act; and
- この原因として韓国の「小中華思想」の他、朝鮮が清国の冊封体制から自立した後、大韓帝国と改称して憚りなく皇帝を称するようになったのに日本により再び「皇帝」から「王」に格下げされたことに対する報復であると指摘する説もある。
- There is a theory stating that the reason for this naming is not only because of 'little Sino-centrism,' but also because of retaliation for being demoted from 'Kotei' to 'O' (King) once again by Japan even after they came to call themselves the Korean Empire and held the title of Emperor without hesitation after the independence from the Sakuho system of Qing.
- 戦時体制の強化に伴い、日本精神史(文学部)、東亜経済政策原論(経済学部)、航空学・燃料化学(工学部)などの国策に沿った講座が設けられ、太平洋戦争の開戦後、学生を軍隊風に編成する目的で「京都帝国大学報国隊」が結成される。
- As the war regime got strengthened, some programs complying with the national policy were set up, such as History of Japanese Spirit (in the Faculty of Letters), Principles of East Asian Economics Policies (in the Faculty of Economics), and Aeronautics & Fuel Chemistry (in the Faculty of Engineering), and after the Pacific War began, 'Loyal Patriots' Corps of Kyoto Imperial University' was formed for organizing students in the military style.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
- The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- 海外視察組(岩倉・木戸・大久保・伊藤たち)と留守政府組(三条・西郷・江藤新平・大隈・板垣たち)との間には、「海外視察が終わるまで、郵送文書での合意なくして明治政府の主要な体制・人事を変更しない」という約束が交わされていた。
- It was decided between those who went abroad for inspection (Iwakura, Kido, Okubo, and Ito) and those who remained in Japan (Sanjo, Saigo, Shinpei ETO, Okuma, and Itagaki et al) that no major political and personnel change should be made without written consent of those abroad until they return to Japan.
- しかし、一党独裁は日本の国体に相容れないとする「幕府批判論」もあって、会は政治運動の中核体という曖昧な地位に留まり、独裁政党の結成には至らず、10月12日に大政翼賛会の発足式で「綱領も宣言も不要」と新体制運動を投げ出した。
- At the same time however, due to the 'criticism of the Bakufu (feudal government),' which said that one-party rule was incompatible with Japanese politics, and the Association's position at the core political activities remaining unclear, totalitarianism failed to become established and on October 12, at the inauguration ceremony of Taisei-Yokusankai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association), he abandoned the new order movement saying 'neither the program or proclamation is necessary.'
- 鳥羽伏見の戦いにおける「敵前逃亡」などで惰弱なイメージがあったが、大政奉還後に新たな近代的政治体制を築こうとしたことなどが近年クローズアップされ、加えて徳川慶喜 (NHK大河ドラマ)の放送などもあり、再評価する動きもある。
- Even though he has an image of being a spineless coward, because he 'ran away in the face of his enemy' during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, there has recently been a focus on his attempt at constructing a new, modern political system after Taisei Hokan, and there is a movement to re-evaluate his contributions including airing of 'TOKUGAWA Yoshinobu' (an NHK Taiga Drama).
- これは朝廷の権威が失墜して、禁中並公家諸法度などによって朝廷にすら支配権を及ぼして「公儀」の体制と「封建王」的な地位を獲得した徳川将軍家でさえ、その支配の正統性は天皇による将軍宣下に依存しなければならなかったことを意味する。
- It means that even the Tokugawa shogun family, who eclipsed Imperial Court's authority, exerted control over Imperial Court by the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) etc., and gained the structure of 'kogi' (shogunate) and the position of 'feudal king,' had to rely on the appointment by the Emperor in order to legitimate their dominion.
- その反省から、1990年代以降は自前の酒米用農地(田んぼ)を持ち、春から秋にかけては米作りを、秋から春にかけては酒造りをおこなう蔵や、酒米作りを専門とする農家と栽培契約をむすび一体化した生産体制に切り替える蔵が急増している。
- Consequent upon the foregoing, since 1990s, the number of breweries that have their own agricultural land (paddy fields) in which to produce sakamai and carry out rice growing from spring to autumn and sake brewing from autumn to spring, and other breweries that conclude contracts for growing to unify their production systems, has rapidly increased.
- 杜氏の発生の前提として、まず日本酒の産業革命ともいうべき、鴻池善右衛門による大量仕込み樽の技法が慶長5年(1600年)に開発されたこと、さらに、幕藩体制が敷かれ、各地方において農民と領主の関係が固定したことの二つが挙げられる。
- There were two facts which triggered toji; firstly Zen-emon KONOIKE developed a technique of large-sized preparation barrels in 1600, which can be said to be the industrial revolution of Japanese sake, and secondly the shogunate and domain system was established and it settled a relation between peasants and their lord in each region.
- これに対する批判として、真言律宗は薬師寺・西大寺_(奈良市)や諸国の国分寺などの南都仏教寺院及びその系列をそのまま継承しており、奈良時代の行基などと同様の南都仏教における既成体制内での動きに過ぎない、とする意見も出されている。
- Some people criticize that as the Shingon-ritsu sect directly succeeded to the temples of Nanto Bukkyo and to its branch temples such as Yakushi-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) and provincial monasteries of various provinces, and it was merely a movement of Nanto Bukkyo under the conventional system as were the movement in the Nara period including the activities by Gyoki.
- 一部から新平は「赤い男爵」といわれたが、新平はあくまで日本とロシアの国民としての友好を唱え共産主義というイデオロギーは単なるロシア主義として恐れるに足らず、むしろソビエト体制の軟化のために日露関係の正常化が望ましいとしていた。
- He was sometimes called the 'Red Baron,' and advocated friendship between Japan and Russia through the viewpoint of common people, considering that communist ideology was only a nationalistic ideology of Russia and not worth worrying about, and that the normalization of diplomatic relations was desirable in order to soften the Soviet Union.
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- しかし、あくまで国家の中心は朝廷であり、公家、寺家、そして武家の権門が相互補完しながら国家を形成していたとする黒田俊雄らの権門体制論、そうではなく西国の朝廷に対して東国に事実上の国家を樹立したとする佐藤進一らの東国国家論がある。
- However, there are the other theories, such as the argument on the governing structure of the powerful family by Toshio KURODA and his allies, which states that the center of the nation state was the Imperial Court and influential families such as kuge, families that own and reside in temples and samurai families complemented each other and formed the nation state, and the theory of the east state founded by Shinichi SATO and his allies, which says that, instead of the above, the nation state was established in fact in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) against Imperial Court in Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)).
- 最後に、我々は新しい体制に対して、外交使節団、ビジネスマンとジャーナリストによる訪問、商業的な取引のような事において、相互主義の条件に関して日本との関係を調節する準備をしなければならない事を、特に明らかに知らせなければならない。
- Finally, we should inform new regime very clearly that it must be prepared to adjust its relations with Japan on terms of reciprocity, in such mattersas diplomatic missions, visits by businessmen and journalists, commercial trade.
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備は、次条から第七条までの規定に定めるところにより、民事、刑事を問わず、あまねく全国において、法による紛争の解決に必要な情報やサービスの提供が受けられる社会を実現することを目指して行われるものとする。
- The implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems shall aim at creating a society in which the provision of information and support necessary to settle disputes based on laws concerning criminal as well as civil cases can be received nationwide pursuant to the provisions of Articles 3 to 7.
- 国人は、平安時代中期に成立した後期王朝国家体制の下で荘園と国衙領の管理者となった荘官・郡司・郷司・保司の階層や、そこに出自することの多かった鎌倉時代以降の地頭の系譜を引く在国の領主の一般的呼称で、同時代的に使われた資料用語である。
- Kokujin is a general term used for the shokan (an officer governing shoen), gunji (district chief), goji (hamlet chief), and hoshi (chief of imperial fief) ranks who became managers of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) under the late dynasty state system established in the middle of the Heian period, and the feudal lords in the province who belong to the family tree of the jito since the Kamakura period who often originated from there, and is a term used for documentation at that time.
- 集落内の親族関係が密接で本家分家体制が強固なところでは、一族がそろって本家に集まり祭祀をする「一門屋敷神」であるが、親族同士の関係が弱まり、希薄になると、本家に一族がそろって祭祀を行なうことはなくなり、「本家屋敷神」の状態となる。
- In places in which relationships by blood and marriage are close and the main and branch family system is firmly rooted in the community, the entire family gathers in the main house to worship the 'clan yashiki-gami', but as family relationships weaken and members grow apart, the practice of gathering in the main house to worship becomes replaced by worshipping a 'main family yashik-gami'.
- 根本的な事実である律令国家体制下の編纂という時代の性質、編纂の主体が置かれていた天皇の臣下という立場の性質、政治的な地位の保全への期待という思想性、それらを無視して百済三書に基づく日本書紀の記述を読むことは全くもって不可能である。
- It is totally impossible to understand the descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje without regard to the backgrounds such as the period under the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, the position as a follower of the emperor who led the compilation, and the expectation to maintain their political status.
- ただし開国に関しては阿部正弘のころからの既定路線であり、それまで綿密に進められた水戸や薩摩といった雄藩や朝廷への根回しや海外事情の調査、開明派の人材登用による開国体制の構築が直弼の強引な手法により瓦解し、大混乱を招いたともいえる。
- However, the opening of Japan to the West had already begun in the time of Masahiro ABE, and Naosuke's forceful methods can be viewed as a detriment to a more careful plan that involved the appointment of Kaimei-ha, research of overseas situations, and prior consultation with powerful domains such as Mito, Satsuma, and even the Imperial Court.
- 徳川将軍家を絶対君主制とする、全国の諸大名をはじめ寺社勢力、朝廷そして天皇家までも実質支配下に置き、さらには外交面でも閉鎖的な徹底した中央集権的封建支配体制を築き上げたことは日本の近代化を遅れさせる一因となったという非難の声もある。
- There is the accusation as well that his establishment of a completely centralized feudal control system, in which, with the Tokugawa shogun family placed as the absolute monarch, even the emperor family in addition to the Imperial court as well as daimyo, temples and shrines throughout the nation were placed under its control virtually and closed diplomatic policies were taken, was a factor that delayed modernization of Japan.
- 村がひとつの工業団地的性格を持ち、銃身等主要部分を作る鍛冶のほかに、銃床を作る「台師」、「からくり」と呼ばれる機関部や各種の金属部品それに銃身や地板(機関部基板)等に施す装飾の象嵌等にそれぞれの専門職人が居り、分業体制がとられていた。
- The entire village operated in a manner similar to an industrial estate, with craftsmen all specializing in a particular facet of firearm production such as those who manufactured important components such as the barrels, others known as 'taishi' who crafted the stocks, and those called 'karakuri' who made the mechanical parts and various metal components as well as the decoration and inlaying that was applied to the barrel and base plate.
- 支援センターは、前条に規定する業務が、これを必要とする者にとって利用しやすいものとなるよう配慮するとともに、第三十条第一項第二号及び第三号の各業務については、その統一的な運営体制の整備及び全国的に均質な遂行の実現に努めなければならない。
- The JLSC shall give consideration to make the business provided for in the preceding Article more convenient for persons requiring it, and shall endeavor to establish a system of integrated operation and uniform implementation throughout the country with respect to the business under items (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 30.
- 内閣総理大臣は、監査法人が次の各号のいずれかに該当するときは、その監査法人に対し、戒告し、第三十四条の十三第一項に規定する業務管理体制の改善を命じ、二年以内の期間を定めて業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じ、又は解散を命ずることができる。
- The Prime Minister may, when an audit corporation falls under any of the following items, issue an admonition, order an improvement of the operation control structure prescribed in Article 34-13(1), order the suspension of all or part of the services by specifying a period not exceeding two years, or order the dissolution of such audit corporation:
- 国は、国内市場における知的財産権の侵害及び知的財産権を侵害する物品の輸入について、事業者又は事業者団体その他関係団体との緊密な連携協力体制の下、知的財産権を侵害する事犯の取締り、権利を侵害する物品の没収その他必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- National government shall take necessary measures against infringements of intellectual property rights in the domestic market and against importation of the products that infringe intellectual property rights into the domestic market, such as controlling such infringements of intellectual property rights and confiscating the infringing products, in a close cooperation and coordination with business operators, business associations and other associations concerned.
- 協会は、その定款において、協会員に法令及び協会の定款その他の規則を遵守するための社内規則及び管理体制を整備させることにより、法令又は協会の定款その他の規則に違反する行為を防止して、委託者の信頼を確保することに努める旨を定めなければならない。
- An Association shall stipulate in its articles of incorporation that it will endeavor to prevent any acts in violation of laws and regulations or the articles of incorporation or other rules of the Association and to secure customer confidence by having Association Members establish internal rules and an administrative system for observing laws and regulations and the articles of incorporation and other rules of the Association.
- 食品の安全性の確保に関する施策の策定に当たっては、科学的知見の充実に努めることが食品の安全性の確保上重要であることにかんがみ、試験研究の体制の整備、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及、研究者の養成その他の必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
- In formulating policies to ensure Food safety, necessary measures, such as establishment of test and research systems, promotion of research and development, dissemination of results thereof and training of researchers, shall be taken in consideration that efforts to improve scientific knowledge are important for ensuring Food safety.
- 二・二六事件や五・十五事件以降の軍部の台頭と政党政治の終焉以降の1930年代後半ころには、日中戦争の激化と世界的な国際関係の緊張を受け国家総動員法となり、これらの文化は「軟弱で贅沢」「反“新体制”的」として排斥され、昭和モダンは終わりを迎える。
- In the latter half of 1930s, after the ascendancy of the military and the end of the party politics following the Incident of February 26 and the Incident of May 15, the Sino-Japanese War intensified and the international tensions ran high, which led to the promulgation of the National Mobilization Law, and, against such a background, the culture described so far was criticized as being 'weak and wasteful' and 'against the 'new order',' and Showa-modern was terminated.
- 幕府と朝廷の両立体制は近代国家としての日本を創成していくには不都合であったが故の倒幕運動であり、天皇を中心とする強力な君主国家を築いていきたい明治新政府の意向とも一致したため、万世一系の天皇を祭政の両面でこれの頂点とする思想が形成されていった。
- The movement to overthrow the Shogunate arose because the system of coexistence between the bakufu and the Imperial Court was not appropriate for creating Japan as a modern nation, and it agreed with the new Meiji government's intentions to build a powerful monarchy centered around the Emperor, therefore giving rise to the idea of the Emperor, coming from an unbroken imperial line, being the head of both Shinto and the state.
- 国は、海洋に関する施策を適正に策定し、及び実施するため、海洋の状況の把握、海洋環境の変化の予測その他の海洋に関する施策の策定及び実施に必要な調査(以下「海洋調査」という。)の実施並びに海洋調査に必要な監視、観測、測定等の体制の整備に努めるものとする。
- The State, in order to formulate and implement the measures with regard to the oceans properly, shall make efforts to execute the necessary survey including the grasp of the ocean situation, the prediction of the change of marine environment and other survey to formulate and implement the measures with regard to the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Survey'), as well as to establish systems for monitoring, observing, measuring and other activities necessary to the Ocean Survey.
- そのため、「エクスプレス予約」の山陽新幹線への拡大、300km/hの高速性能と700系車両を上回る居住性の両立を目指した次世代車両であるN700系車両の共同開発など、それまで対立の多かったJR東海とJR西日本両社は連携を強化する体制に転換しつつある。
- Therefore, JR Tokai and JR West, having frequently confronted each other, have started cooperating more strongly: For example, the coverage of the 'Express reservation' has been expanded to the Sanyo Shinkansen line, and the N700 series train-cars, the next generation train-cars aiming at a high performance of 300-km/h operations and at passenger comfort exceeding that of the 700 series train-cars, have been developed jointly.
- この時こそ清盛の平氏政権が最も強固な体制を築いた絶頂期であったが、しかし、平氏政権は後白河との良好な関係の上に形成されてきたのであり、前年のクーデターによって後白河との関係は解消されてしまっており、平氏政権の絶頂は極めて脆弱な基盤に載っていたといえる。
- This period was the peak, when the Taira clan administration built its strongest organization, but this was based on good relations with Goshirakawa, and since the relationship with Goshirakawa had soured with the coup d'etat the previous year, the peak of the Taira clan administration was on an extremely weak foundation.
- 政府は、医療保険制度、年金制度等の改革に伴い、社会保険の事務処理の体制、これに従事する職員の在り方等について、被保険者等の利便性の確保、事務処理の効率化等の視点に立って、検討し、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
- The government shall, along with various reforms such as the medical insurance system reform and the pension system reform, study an ideal administrative system for social insurance and a desirable personnel system therefor from the viewpoint of ensuring convenience for the insured and increasing efficiency in administration, and take measures as required based on the study results where it finds it necessary.
- In line with reforms to the medical insurance system, the pension system, and other systems, the government shall examine the framework of administrative processing for social security, the requirements for officials engaged therein, and other matters, from the viewpoint of securing the convenience of the insured, etc. and improving the efficiency of administrative processing.
- With a view to protecting the interests of insured persons and others, increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, and so on, the government shall review administrative processing systems for social security, the working situation of employees therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, pension system, and when finding it necessary, shall take necessary measures based on the results thereof.
- The government shall, with a view to protecting the interests of insured persons and others, increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, and so on, review systems of administrative processing for social security, requirements of employees employed therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, pension system, and when deeming it necessary, shall take requisite measures based on the results thereof.
- The Government shall examine the social insurance paperwork processing system and the current state of affairs with regard to the employees engaged in the system, from the viewpoint of assuring convenience for the insured and enhancing the efficiency of paperwork processing in preparation for reforms to the medical security system and the public pension system, etc., and shall take necessary measures based on the results, when the Government finds it necessary.
- With a view to securing the convenience of insured persons and others and increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, etc., the government shall review the administrative processing systems for social insurance, the working situation of officials engaged therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, the pension system, and others, and shall take the necessary measures based on the result of such review when the government finds it necessary.
- In line with reforms to the medical insurance system, the pension system, and other systems, the national government shall review the framework of administrative processing for social security, the requirements for officials engaged therein and other matters, from the viewpoint of securing the convenience of the insured, etc. and improving the efficiency of administrative processing, and shall take required measures based on the results thereof, when deeming it necessary.
- The government shall, along with various reforms such as medical insurance system and pension system reforms, embark on studies to identify the ideal administrative system and a desirable personnel system for social insurance, from the viewpoint of ensuring convenience for the insured and increasing administrative efficiency, and shall take any measures required based on the study results as it deems necessary.
- With a view to securing the convenience of insured persons and others, and increasing the efficiency of administrative processing, etc., the government shall review the administrative processing systems for social insurance, the working situation of officials engaged therein, and other matters, in line with reforms of the medical insurance system, pension system and others, and take necessary measures based on the result of such review when the government finds it necessary.
- しかし会議がまとまらないと見るや、故意に久邇宮朝彦親王らとの酒席で泥酔し、居合わせた伊達宗城、松平春嶽、島津久光を罵倒、さらに中川宮に対し「島津からいくらもらってるんだ!」などと暴言を吐いて体制を崩壊させるなど、手段を選ばないとも言える交渉を行なった。
- However, when no agreement was reached, he used a bold method of negotiation; he intentionally got drunk at a banquet with Prince Kuni Asahiko and reviled at Munenari DATE, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, and furthermore, violently said to Nakagawa no Miya, 'how much is SHIMAZU paying you!' so as to breakdown their organization.
- この頃の斉彬の考え方は、将軍正室を通じて一橋家の徳川慶喜を第14代将軍にし、賢侯の協力と公武親和によって幕府を中心とした中央集権体制を作り、開国して富国強兵をはかって露英仏など諸外国に対処しようとするもので、日中韓同盟をも視野にいれた壮大な計画であった。
- At that time, Saiakira thought to make Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA the fourteenth Shogun through the legal wife of the Shogun, and to make the system in which power was centralized with the active Daimyo Feudal Lord, and to make the country prosperous and build a strong army, so that the country could be opened up and deal with foreign countries like Russia, Great Britain and France, and it was a magnificent plan that included a contingency for alliance with Japan, China and Korea.
- 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
- 機構は、政令で定める日までの間、第十五条に規定する業務のほか、旧研究開発体制整備法第四条第三号の規定に基づく出資により旧機構が取得した株式で附則第二条第一項の規定により承継したものの処分及びこれに附帯する業務(以下「研究基盤出資経過業務」という。)を行う。
- In addition to the functions prescribed in Article 15, NEDO shall perform functions related to disposition of the shares that the former Organization had acquired through capital contributions based on the provisions of Article 4, item (iii) of the Old Act on R&D System Development and that NEDO has succeeded to pursuant to the provisions of Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions, and other functions incidental thereto (hereinafter referred to as the 'transitional functions related to capital contributions to the research infrastructure') until the date specified by Cabinet Order.
- 南北に長い京都府では従来、京都市を除く12の地域に地方振興局を設置し、地域にあった振興策を策定していたが、社会情勢の大きな変化により、2004年(平成16年)5月に地域の中核都市(宇治・亀岡・舞鶴市・京丹後)に地方振興局を集約、4の広域振興局体制に再編した。
- In Kyoto Prefecture that covers a wide area in the north-south direction, a regional development bureau placed at each of the twelve regions of the prefecture, except Kyoto City, compiled its own development plan, but corresponding to changes in social situations, they were reorganized in May of 2004 into four wide-area development bureaus, each placed in the four core cities of Uji, Kameoka, Maizuru and Kyotango.
- 申請人が本邦の大学に入学して、当該大学の夜間において授業を行う大学院の研究科(当該大学が当該研究科において教育を受ける外国人の出席状況及び法第十九条第一項の規定の遵守状況を十分に管理する体制を整備している場合に限る。)において専ら夜間通学して教育を受けること。
- The applicant must enter a university in Japan and study exclusively in a night school course offered by a graduate school which holds classes at said university at night (limited to cases where said university has an adequate system to manage the attendance of foreign nationals who study at the graduate school and their compliance with the provisions of Article 19, paragraph (1) of the Immigration Control Act).
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- 国は、発明、植物の新品種、意匠、商標その他の国の登録により権利が発生する知的財産について、早期に権利を確定することにより事業者が事業活動の円滑な実施を図ることができるよう、所要の手続の迅速かつ的確な実施を可能とする審査体制の整備その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
- National government shall take necessary measures, such as improving the examination systems to enable the necessary procedures to be promptly and properly carried out so that business operators will be able to smoothly carry out their business activities by promptly obtaining definite rights with respect to intellectual property for which a right is established on the basis of such national registrations, as inventions, new varieties of plants, designs, and trademarks.
- 内閣総理大臣は、登録有限責任監査法人が次の各号のいずれかに該当する場合には、その登録有限責任監査法人に対し、戒告し、第三十四条の十三第一項に規定する業務管理体制の改善を命じ、二年以内の期間を定めて業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じ、又は登録を取り消すことができる。
- The Prime Minister may, when a registered limited liability audit corporation falls under any of the following items, issue an admonition, order the improvement of the operation control structure prescribed in Article 34-13(1) or order the suspension of all or part of the services by specifying a period not exceeding two years to said registered limited liability audit corporation or rescind its registration:
- 朝鮮半島においては、高麗のモンゴル帝国干渉期から李氏朝鮮まで他国の冊封体制下にあったため太子の称号が使えず、国王の継承者は「王世子」と呼ばれていたが、日清戦争の結果、下関条約が結ばれた事により清国の冊封から外れ、国号を大韓と改めた際に「皇太子」を使うようになった。
- Since the Korean peninsula was under the tributary system from the Goryeo period which was subjected to the interference by the Mongolian Empire to Joseon Dynasty, the successor to the king was called '王世子 (crown prince)', but since the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded as a result of Sino-Japanese War, Korea was released from the tributary system of the Qing,, the name of the country was changed to Korea and 'Crown Prince' came into use.
- 薩長や岩倉らが実権を掌握するためには、武力蜂起により親徳川派中心の摂政・関白その他従来の役職を廃止して天皇親政の新体制を樹立し、慶喜には辞官・納地(旧幕府領の返上)を求めて新政権の中心となることを阻止することが必要となり、王政復古 (日本)へ向かっていくことになった。
- In order for Saccho and Iwakura group to obtain real power, it was necessary for them, through military uprising, to abolish regent, chancellor and other conventional posts mainly taken up by pro-Tokugawa people, to establish a new system to realize direct rule by the emperor, and to inhibit Yoshinobu from being the core of the new government by asking him to surrender the post and domains (former terriroty of the bakufu) to the Imperial Court, and this situation led to the movement of the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 前条の規定の施行前に同条の規定による改正前の電気事業法第五十二条第 三項の規定による審査の申請がされた溶接事業者検査の実施に係る体制についての審査(前条の規定による改正後の電気事業法第五十二条第三項の規定により機 構が行うものに限る。)については、なお従前の例による。
- With regard to the examination of a system for conducting an Operator's Inspection on Welding for which an application for examination has been filed, prior to the enforcement of the preceding Article, pursuant to Article 52, paragraph 3 of the Electricity Business Act prior to the revision by the preceding Article (limited, however, to such examination to be conducted by the JNES pursuant to Article 52, paragraph 3 of the Electricity Business Act revised by the preceding Article), the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々(主に非農業民)から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
- Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
- 国は、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する施策を適正に策定し、及び実施するため、生物の多様性の状況の把握及び監視等の生物の多様性に関する調査の実施並びに調査に必要な体制の整備、標本等の資料の収集及び体系的な保存並びに情報の提供その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- The government shall, for the purpose of properly formulating and implementing policies for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, implement surveys on biodiversity, including understanding and monitoring, etc. of the status of biodiversity, and establish necessary systems for the surveys, collect materials, including samples and systematically preserve them, and provide information and take other necessary measures.
- 協会は、その定款において、協会員に、法令及び協会の定款等を遵守するための当該協会員又はその役員若しくは使用人が遵守すべき規則及び管理体制を整備させることにより、法令又は協会の定款等に違反する行為を防止して、資金需要者等の信頼を確保することに努める旨を定めなければならない。
- An Association shall stipulate in its articles of incorporation that by having each Association member establish rules to be observed by the Association member and the officers and employees thereof as well as an administrative infrastructure for the purpose of ensuring compliance with laws and regulations and the Association's Articles of Incorporation, etc., the Association will endeavor to prevent any violation of laws and regulations or of its Articles of Incorporation, etc., and to secure the confidence of Persons Seeking Funds, etc.
- この体制の下では、部外の公衆は、実践上の経験を欠いているため、官僚制の業務運営の様式を批判したりチェックしたりする資格がないというだけでなく、専制制度の気まぐれか民主制度の自然な働きで、改革志向の支配者が頂点に立ったとしても、官僚制の利害に反する改革は達成できないのです。
- Under this regime, not only is the outside public ill-qualified, for want of practical experience, to criticize or check the mode of operation of the bureaucracy, but even if the accidents of despotic or the natural working of popular institutions occasionally raise to the summit a ruler or rulers of reforming inclinations, no reform can be effected which is contrary to the interest of the bureaucracy.
- 一方、小売業では、1970年代頃までは松の内(関東)の頃(1月5~7日)まで休業していた店が多かったが、24時間営業のコンビニエンスストアの登場などの生活様式の変化により、開店日は早くなり、1990年代以降は元日のみ休業し、翌1月2日から短時間体制での営業を始める店が多い。
- On the other hand, until the 1970s (in the Kanto region) many retail stores used to be closed until around the end of matsu no uchi (January 5th to 7th), while the day in the new year on which retail stores started their operation became earlier due to the change of the people's lifestyles such as the appearance of convenience stores which operate 24 hours a day and, therefore, in and after the 1990s, many stores started their operation on the next day, January 2nd on a fewer-hours basis.
- 食品の安全性の確保に関する施策の策定に当たっては、食品を摂取するこ とにより人の健康に係る重大な被害が生ずることを防止するため、当該被害が生じ、又は生じるおそれがある緊急の事態への対処及び当該事態の発生の防止に関 する体制の整備その他の必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
- In formulating policies to ensure Food safety, necessary measures, such as establishment of a system to cope with or prevent emergency situations that cause or are likely to cause serious damage to human health by Food ingestion, shall be taken to prevent such damage.
- そのため、本店、城陽寺田店は、厳密にはチェーン店には含まれない(よって、厳密に言えば、本店は旧本店になるのだが、「第一旭」では、1号店であるとの意味も含めて、そのまま本店の呼称を使っている。現在チェーン店の体制として、いわゆる本店機能を有しているのは、南インター店である)。
- Accordingly, the main store and Joyo-terada store are not included in the chain stores (Therefore, strictly speaking, the main store should be the old main store, but 'Daiichi-Asahi' uses the name of the main store as it is to mean the first store. In the current system of chain stores, it is the South-Interchange store that functions as the main store).
- 日記の家では歴代の当主が単に日記を執筆したり所持するだけでなく、家記から写本や抄本、部類記の作成や内容の研究を通じてそこに書かれた有職故実の内容を吸収するとともに、家記の喪失を防いで朝廷の官吏あるいは摂関家の家司・家礼として奉仕できる体制を整えることで家名の安定を図っていった。
- In such 'houses with diaries,' beyond simply having the family head of each successive generation record and then maintain ownership of a diary, family members would also make manuscript copies, abridged versions, and indices (by topic or category) of the house diary, and gain a thorough understanding and knowledge of court practices through research into what was recorded therein; moreover, such families also tried to guard against the possibility of losing their house diaries by setting up a governmental system in which they themselves could serve the Imperial Court as officials or the Sekkanke (the line of regents and advisors) as keishi (clerks and household superintendents) and karei (house retainers), thereby aiming to keep their family name stable and secure.
- 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
- After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
- それ自身の利益において、新しい体制は通常の国際行為規範に準拠した行いから始めなければならず、最も有効な始動は、 (日本や他の自由主義の世界世論に照らし) 韓国大使館がここ(日本)で運営するのと同じ条件で、日本外交使節団を受け入れ韓国で機能することを承諾させる事から始める事である。
- In its own interests, new regime should start with conformity with normal international standards of conduct, and could most usefully begin (in terms of Japanese and other free world opinion) by permitting Japanese diplomatic mission to enter and function in ROK on same terms ROK Embassy operates here.
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、資力の乏しい者にも民事裁判等手続(裁判所における民事事件、家事事件又は行政事件に関する手続をいう。以下同じ。)の利用をより容易にする民事法律扶助事業が公共性の高いものであることにかんがみ、その適切な整備及び発展が図られなければならない。
- When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, the maintenance and development of civil legal aid must be appropriate, in consideration of the strong public interest nature of civil legal aid, in order to make it easier for persons of limited means to avail themselves of civil court proceedings, etc. (court proceedings in civil cases, family affairs cases or administration cases; the same shall apply hereinafter).
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- やがて平安時代中期以降に、摂関政治や荘園制が蔓延して律令体制がさらに緩むと、堂々と律令の禁を破って、正式な陰陽寮所属の官人ではない「ヤミ陰陽師」が私的に貴族らと結びつき、彼らの吉凶を占ったり災害を祓うための祭祓を密かに執り行い、場合によっては敵対者の呪殺まで請け負うような風習が横行した。
- Before long, as the ritsuryo system became more relaxed after the mid-Heian period, with the Sekkan seiji (politics run by the sessho and kanpaku) and the shoen (manor) system becoming widespread, a custom developed in which 'illegal onmyoji,' who were not bureaucrats that belonged officially to the Onmyoryo, openly violated the ritsuryo by privately getting close to noblemen, starting what became a common practice of them secretly performing divinations to judge good and bad luck or ceremonies to prevent disasters; in some cases, people would even contract them to cast a spell to kill an adversary.
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- また、秀吉は当初は征夷大将軍への就任に意欲を示したとも言われているが実現せず、代わって偶発的事情から得た関白の地位を武家である豊臣氏による世襲制度(公家である藤原氏の五摂家を排除)に変更して、幕府制度に代わる武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい)とも言うべき体制を導入しようとしたと考えられている。
- It is said that after Hideyoshi's failure to accomplish his desire to become 'Seii Taishogun', he introduced a new system, 'the Kanpaku system by the samurai family' instead of the 'Bakufu' system; the status of 'Kanpaku' was given to him through accidental events, and he tried to change the status to the Toyotomi-clan hereditary system (by excluding five Fujiwara Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku)).
- 主務大臣は、特定製造事業者等による特定保守製品の経年劣化に よる危害の発生を防止するための点検(以下この節において単に「点検」という。)その他の保守を適切に行うために必要な体制の整備を促進するため、主務省 令で、次の事項に関し、特定製造事業者等の判断の基準となるべき事項を定めるものとする。
- The competent minister shall establish, in the Ordinance of the competent ministry, the matters to be standards of judgment for a specified manufacturer, etc. with respect to the following matters in order to promote the development by a specified manufacturer, etc. of the system necessary to properly conduct an inspection to prevent the occurrence of danger due to age-related deterioration of the specified maintenance products (hereinafter simply referred to as 'inspection' in this Section) or any other maintenance:
- 専制的、あるいはいわゆる家父長的統治という体制に属するような事物が、私たちの習慣に入り込んでおり、その一方で、私たちの諸制度の一般的自由が、抑制を道徳教育として本当に効力があるものにするために必要なだけの統制を行使することを妨げているのは、この国の諸制度が矛盾の塊だというだけのことなのです。
- It is only because the institutions of this country are a mass of inconsistencies, that things find admittance into our practice which belong to the system of despotic, or what is called paternal, government, while the general freedom of our institutions precludes the exercise of the amount of control necessary to render the restraint of any real efficacy as a moral education.10
- ところが、本願寺の法主が証如の代に入ると証如とその後見である蓮淳(蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父)は法主による一門統制を強める政策を採り、その遂行のために蓮淳の娘婿で朝倉氏によって越前から追放されていた末寺の一つ超勝寺の住持であった実顕が代官に任じられて「両御山」体制を否認する命令を加賀各地に出す。
- However, when Shonyo became the lord of Hongan-ji Temple and his guardian Renjun (the sixth son of Rennyo and maternal grandfather of Shonyo) took a policy of keeping the family under control by the lord, they pursued their policy by appointing Saneaki, Renjun's adopted son-in-law and a chief priest in Chosho-ji Temple, one of Hogan-ji Temple's branch temples, who had been expelled from Echizen by the Asakura clan, as local governor to issue an order to reject the 'Two Temples' system throughout Kaga.
- そうした時代に、『吾妻鏡』が編纂され、北条貞時政権の担い手(寄合衆)達、特に文筆の家の者が中心になって、自分達の寄って立つ鎌倉幕府、北条得宗家体制の成立、その中で源氏三代、そして北条泰時、北条時頼の時代を回顧され、そしてそれぞれの「家」の成立・形成を示しながら鎌倉幕府の歴史が振り返られていく。
- 'Azuma Kagami' was compiled in such times, looking back on the history of the Kamakura bakufu, on which the pillar (Yoriaishu) of the Sadatoki HOJO administration, especially the writers' family members depended, and also looking back on the establishment of the Hojo Tokuso family administration, especially the reign of Minamoto clan which lasted over three generations, those of Yasutoki and Tokiyori HOJO, and on the appearance and formation of the 'Family' system.
- 保育の実施への需要が増大している市町村(厚生労働省令で定める要件に該当するものに限る。以下この条において「特定市町村」という。)は、保育の実施の事業及び主務省令で定める子育て支援事業その他児童の保育に関する事業であつて特定市町村が必要と認めるものの供給体制の確保に関する計画を定めるものとする。
- A municipality facing an increasing demand for the Daycare Practice (limited to the municipalities falling under the requirements specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; referred to as a "Specified Municipality" hereinafter in this Article) shall formulate a plan to ensure the system for supplying the services for the Daycare Practice and the Child Care Support Services specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry and other services concerning daycare of children that are found necessary by the Specified Municipality.
- 江戸幕府においては元和_(日本)2年(1616年)の元和軍役令を制定して、大名・旗本に軍役・奉仕の義務付けを行ったが、この体制の維持のために旗本は職務による例外を除いては江戸常駐(定府)を命じ、大名には寛永12年(1635年)には、江戸常駐の代替として参勤交代制の導入(武家諸法度改正)を行った。
- The Edo shogunate introduced the Genna Military Service Order in 1616 to make military service compulsory to the daimyos and the hatamotos, in order to maintain this system, the hatamotos were required to be stationed permanently in Edo (Jofu), except under special assignments, and in 1635, the daimyos were governed under the Sankinkotai system (amendment of the Buke shohatto, or the code of warrior households), in which the lords were required to reside in Edo in alternate years, instead of stationing permanently in Edo.
- 国は、経済社会における知的財産の活用の進展に伴い、知的財産権の保護に関し司法の果たすべき役割がより重要となることにかんがみ、知的財産権に関する事件について、訴訟手続の一層の充実及び迅速化、裁判所の専門的な処理体制の整備並びに裁判外における紛争処理制度の拡充を図るために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
- In light of the fact that the judicial authorities will play more important role in protecting intellectual property rights along with advancement in the exploitation of intellectual property in the economy and society, national government shall take necessary measures to ensure more effective and prompt court proceedings, improve technical resolution systems at court and reinforce alternative dispute resolution systems, with regard to legal case on intellectual property rights.
- 北陸門徒に対し一揆の禁止をはじめとする3か条の戒めを発布したり、本願寺の一族を一門衆(嫡男)と一家衆(次男以下)に分ける一門一家制を設けたり、蓮如の文書の中から80通を選んで5帖に編集し御文とよんで宗門信条の基本とするなどの教団改革を行い、戦国期の本願寺体制の基礎を築いたが、33歳の若さで没した。
- He distributed the Three Clauses of Warning to ban the uprising of followers in Hokuriku (northern Japan), created the Ichimon-Ikke System that divided the Hongan-ji families into Ichimonshu (clansman) (for legitimate son) and ikkeshu (the same linage people as the Hongan-ji Temple) (for second son and younger), re-established the religious group by collecting 80 letters from the documents of Rennyo and edited it into five books called Ofumi to create the basics of Shumonshinjo (the religious group codes), and built the basic platform of Hongan-ji Temple during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States); however, he died at just 33 years of age.
- 韓国で新しい体制が整い次第、我々の影響力を行使して、これらのことを説得することを進言する。(それが暫定的な性格であろうが)(1) 李承晩の残酷で野蛮な弾圧行為を受け苦しんだ全ての日本人全員の人質を解放し (まだ刑が確定していない人質も含む) (2) 日本の漁船を公海上で拿捕する習慣をやめさせる事。
- I therefore recommend strongly that as soon as new regime is in control in Korea (whether or not it be of interim character) we use all our influence to persuade it (1) to release and return to Japan all repeat all Japanese fishermen hostages (including those who have not completed their sentences) who have suffered so cruelly from Rhee's uncivilized and oppressive acts and (2) to cease practice of seizing Japanese fishing vessels on high seas.
- また和歌山・奈良・三重の3県の教育委員会が市町村教育委員会および文化庁と調整のうえで定めた包括的な保存管理計画にもとづき、個別遺産の管理にあたる県ないし市町村教育委員会が個別の保存管理の策定・実施にあたる体制がとられており、保存管理にあたって必要な資金や技術についても政府や県による支援が行われている。
- And based on the comprehensive plan of the preservation and the management that the Education Boards of three prefectures including Wakayama, Nara and Mie determined after the adjustments by the local education boards and the Agency for Cultural Affairs, the prefectures or the local education boards arranges plans of the preservation for each site and executes them, besides, the government and prefectures appropriate funds and materials for the preservation and the management.
- 裁判の迅速化は、第一審の訴訟手続については二年以内のできるだけ短い期間内にこれを終局させ、その他の裁判所における手続についてもそれぞれの手続に応じてできるだけ短い期間内にこれを終局させることを目標として、充実した手続を実施すること並びにこれを支える制度及び体制の整備を図ることにより行われるものとする。
- The objective of expediting trials shall be to conclude the proceedings of the first instance in as short a time as possible within a period of two (2) years and, with regard to other proceedings of the court, to conclude each proceeding in as short a time as possible by implementing reinforced proceedings and improving the support system and structure.
- かつて江戸時代初期のように四季醸造という生産体制が、人々の年中サイクルの中に組み込まれ息づいていたころには、ちょうど今でいう「季節もの」や「天然もの」の野菜や魚のように、寒造りされた酒はその他の酒と区別され「寒酒」として味わわれたようであるが、そうした習慣は、現在は一般的には消滅してしまっているといえる。
- The shikijozo production system was incorporated in the annual cycle of people of the early Edo Period similar to the 'seasonal' or 'natural' vegetables or fish of nowadays, and the sake that was made with kanzukuri process was treated apart from other sake, but the custom has disappeared now.
- ただ、前述のように、カレンダー上では月曜日から金曜日にあたる日は平日であるため、この時期にも官公庁や金融機関を始め、サービス業、24時間体制の工場や病院など業種によっては通常通りの業務を行っており、観光業は書き入れ時、小売業もスーパーマーケットなどは、来客用の食品を中心とした商品の販売に力が入る時期である。
- However, as mentioned above, when this period falls on Monday to Friday on the calendar, they are regular weekdays, so some industries such as the service industry, twenty-four-hour factories or hospitals as well as public offices and banks do business as usual, the tourist industry is in its busiest period, and retailers such as supermarkets, focus on sales of food to visitors.
- 現在では主要な理由は九州におけるキリスト教の拡大が当時の浄土真宗的な政治・軍事面への変貌を危惧した事と、6月18日 (旧暦)の覚書ではキリシタンも「八宗九宗」(第九条)と規定して体制下の宗教と見なしていたが、19日の追放令ではこれを覆すかのように「邪法を授け」るものとしてキリスト教を厳しく規定しなおしている。
- Nowadays the main reasons could be that the expansion of Christianity in Kyushu was feared to transfigure political and military aspects like Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) of that time, and Christians were also regulated as 'eight schools and nine schools' (Article Nine) and Christianity was regarded as a religion under the regime in the Memorandum on June 18, but was strictly regulated again as though it would 'spread evil belief' like reversing this in the Expelling edict on June 19.
- この法律は、労働基準法(昭和二十二年法律第四十九号)と相まつて、労働災害の防止のための危害防止基準の確立、責任体制の明確化及び自主的活動の促進の措置を講ずる等その防止に関する総合的計画的な対策を推進することにより職場における労働者の安全と健康を確保するとともに、快適な職場環境の形成を促進することを目的とする。
- The purpose of this Act is to secure, in conjunction with the Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947), the safety and health of workers in workplaces, as well as to facilitate the establishment of comfortable working environment, by promoting comprehensive and systematic countermeasures concerning the prevention of industrial accidents, such as taking measures for the establishment of standards for hazard prevention, clarifying the safety and health management responsibility and the promotion of voluntary activities with a view to preventing industrial accidents
- これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
- In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.
- (彼女にとって)長男田村皇子の有力生年から、彼女自身には伝わる事績は多いとはいえないが、崇仏や王位継承などを巡って対立した蘇我・物部両氏の二頭体制から、厩戸皇子が活躍したとされている推古朝、彼亡き後深まった蘇我氏の専横、大化の改新、対外戦争等と数多くの事件を見ながら当時としてはかなりの長寿を全うしたと思われる。
- She does not have numerous exploits to her credit but judging from the most convincing theory about the year of the birth of her son, the Prince Tamura, she seems to have lived a long life in those days going through various incidents, such as the diarchy system of the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan, which conflicted each other on the Buddha worship and the succession to the throne, the reign of the Empress Suiko, during which the Prince Umayado seemingly wielded great power, the despotism of the Soga clan which enforced after the demise of the Prince, the Taika Reforms, and the wars against other countries.
- 私度僧は違法であり取締りの対象ではあったが、実情においては2本立ての方針が存在し、課役忌避を目的とした私度僧に対しては厳しい取締りが行われた一方で、僧侶としての実態のあるものについてはある程度までは容認されており、その中の優秀者は処罰の対象ではなく、むしろ得度させて体制の中に積極的に取り込む方針があったと考えられている。
- Shidoso was illegal and was an object to be regulated, but actually, it is believed that there were two different policies; on the one hand, strict regulations were made against those that became shidoso for the purpose of exemption from labor, but on the other hand, to some extent, those that held actual activities as monks were approved, and those that had excellent results were not objects to be punished, but rather were objects to be approved as tokudo and actively taken into the system.
- 認可協会は、その定款において、協会員に、法令及び認可協会の定款その他の規則を遵守するための当該協会員及び当該協会員を所属金融商品取引業者等とする金融商品仲介業者の社内規則及び管理体制を整備させることにより、法令又は認可協会の定款その他の規則に違反する行為を防止して、投資者の信頼を確保することに努める旨を定めなければならない。
- An Authorized Association shall stipulate in its articles of incorporation that it shall endeavor to prevent acts in violation of laws and regulations or its articles of incorporation or other rules and to ensure confidence of investors, by having Member Firms establish the internal rules and control systems of said Member Firms and Financial Instruments Intermediary Service Providers whose Entrusting Financial Instruments Business Operator, etc. is said Member Firm for the purpose of observance of the laws and regulations and the Authorized Association's articles of incorporation and other regulations.
- 国は、大学等における研究成果が新たな事業分野の開拓及び産業の技術の向上等に有用であることにかんがみ、大学等において当該研究成果の適切な管理及び事業者への円滑な移転が行われるよう、大学等における知的財産に関する専門的知識を有する人材を活用した体制の整備、知的財産権に係る設定の登録その他の手続の改善、市場等に関する調査研究及び情報提供その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
- In light of the fact that Research and Development results achieved by universities, etc. are useful for the development of new business fields and the improvement of industrial technology, national government shall take necessary measures to encourage universities, etc. to properly manage their Research and Development results and smoothly transfer the results to business operators, such as improving systems in universities, etc. to utilize human resources that have expert knowledge on intellectual property, improving such proceedings pertaining to registration for establishment on intellectual property, carrying out research and study on market, etc., and providing market information.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)になると、信濃小笠原氏は北朝 (日本)に属し、桔梗ヶ原の戦いで南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を破り吉野へ駆逐した戦功で、室町時代には一族が幕府の奉公衆や信濃の守護となり活躍したが、小笠原長秀が大塔合戦での敗北で守護職を罷免されるなど村上氏や諏訪氏などの有力国人の統制がうまくいかず、上杉氏や斯波氏に守護職を奪われ、強力な統治体制を整えることが出来なかった。
- n the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Shinano Ogasawara clan belonging to the Northern Court (Japan) defeated Imperial Prince Muneyoshi of the Southern Court (Japan) at the Battle of Kikyogahara and drove out in Yoshino, by which the clan played active role as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) and Shinano shugo in the Muromachi period, however, because of out-of-control powerful local lords (kokujin) such as the Murakami clan and the Suwa clan, Nagahide OGASAWARA was defeated at the Battle of Oto and therefore the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) was superseded by the Uesugi clan and the Shiba clan, and it couldn't lay out a strong controlling system.
- 第二章の二第一節の規定による特定保守製品の点検その他の保守に関する情報の提供等 に関する事項、同章第二節の規定による特定保守製品の点検その他の保守の体制の整備に関する事項並びに同章第三節の規定による経年劣化に関する情報の収集 及び提供に関する事項については、政令で定めるところにより、当該製品の製造若しくは輸入の事業又は当該特定保守製品取引事業者が行う事業を所管する大臣
- with respect to matters related to providing of information on an inspection of specified maintenance products and other maintenance as described in Section 1 of Chapter II-2, matters related to the development of a system to inspect or otherwise maintain the specified maintenance products as described in Section 2 of Chapter II-2 and the matters related to the collection and provision of information on age-related deterioration as described in Section 3 of Chapter II-2: the minister having jurisdiction over the business of manufacture or import of such products or the business conducted by the business operator transacting specified maintenance products, pursuant to the provisions of the Cabinet Order; and
- 主務大臣は、この法律を施行するため必要があると認めるときは、第十九条第一項又は第二項の認証を受けた製造業者等(以下「認証製造業者等」という。)に対し、これらの規定により認証を受けた鉱工業品に係る業務に関し報告をさせ、又はその職員に認証製造業者等の工場、事業場その他必要な場所に立ち入り、当該鉱工業品若しくはその原材料若しくはその製造品質管理体制を検査させることができる。
- Whenever the competent minister deems it necessary to enforce this Act, he/she may order the Manufacturer, etc. that obtained the certification as specified in Paragraph 1 or Paragraph 2 of Article 19 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Certified Manufacturer, etc.') to submit reports on the operations pertaining to the mineral or industrial products certified pursuant to such provisions, or may have the officials thereof enter said plant, workplace or other necessary location of the Certified Manufacturer, etc., and inspect said mineral or industrial product, its raw materials or its manufacturing quality management system.
- 主務大臣は、この法律を施行するため必要があると認めるときは、前条第一項の認証を受けた加工業者(以下「認証加工業者」という。)に対し、同項の規定により認証を受けた加工技術に係る業務に関し報告をさせ、又はその職員に認証加工業者の工場、事業場その他必要な場所に立ち入り、当該加工技術による加工をした鉱工業品若しくはその原材料若しくはその加工品質管理体制を検査させることができる。
- Whenever the competent minister deems it necessary to enforce this Act, he/she may order the processor which obtained the certification of Paragraph 1 of the preceding article (hereinafter referred to as the 'Certified Processor') to submit reports on the operations pertaining to the processing technology certified pursuant to the provisions of the same Paragraph, or may have the officials thereof enter said plant, workplace or other necessary location of the Certified Processor and inspect the mineral or industrial product processed with such processing technology, its raw materials or its processing quality management system.
- 内閣総理大臣は、登録有限責任監査法人が第三十四条の十の五若しくはこの章の規定又はこれらの規定に基づく命令に違反したときは、当該登録有限責任監査法人に対し、必要な指示をすること(次項第三号に該当した場合において、同項の規定により業務管理体制の改善を命ずること及び第三項の規定により社員が監査法人の業務又は意思決定の全部又は一部に関与することを禁止することを除く。)ができる。
- When a registered limited liability audit corporation has violated Article 34-10-5 or the provisions of this Chapter or an order based on these provisions, the Prime Minister may give the necessary instruction (excluding ordering the improvement of the operation control structure pursuant to the provisions of the following paragraph or prohibiting a partner from participating in all or part of the services or decision-making of an audit corporation pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3), in the case of falling under item (iii) of the following paragraph) to said registered limited liability audit corporation.
- 14世紀から18世紀まで存在したヨーロッパ史有数の巨大国家であるポーランド・リトアニア連合(俗に「ポーランド」と呼ばれる)では、「黄金の自由」と呼ばれた貴族民主主義の政治システムの体制下で、国王(すなわち中央政府)と大貴族(マグナート)たち、国王と貴族(シュラフタ)たち、ポーランド国会(セイム)と一部の少数派貴族たちの間で利害の対立が深刻化した際にしばしば大規模な強訴が発生した。
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnate, which existed from the 14th century to the 18th century and was one of the greatest nations in the history of Europe, often experienced large-scale goso when conflicts of interests intensified between the King (the central government) and the major nobles (magnate), the King and the nobles (szlachta), and the parliament (Sejm) and some of the minor nobles.
- 国は、海洋環境の保全並びに海洋資源の将来にわたる持続的な開発及び利用を可能とすることに配慮しつつ海洋資源の積極的な開発及び利用を推進するため、水産資源の保存及び管理、水産動植物の生育環境の保全及び改善、漁場の生産力の増進、海底又はその下に存在する石油、可燃性天然ガス、マンガン鉱、コバルト鉱等の鉱物資源の開発及び利用の推進並びにそのための体制の整備その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- The State shall take necessary measures on conservation and management of living aquatic resources, conservation and improvement of the growing environment for aquatic plants and animals, increase of the fishing ground productivity, promotion of the development and use of petroleum, inflammable natural gas, other mineral resource including manganese ores, cobalt ores existing on and under the sea floor, establishment of the system for the above mentioned missions and execution of others, in order to promote the positive development and use of the oceans, considering conservation of the marine environment and to allow for the sustainable development and use of the ocean resources in the future.
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、被害者等(犯罪により害を被った者又はその者が死亡した場合若しくはその心身に重大な故障がある場合におけるその配偶者、直系の親族若しくは兄弟姉妹をいう。以下同じ。)が刑事手続に適切に関与するとともに、被害者等が受けた損害又は苦痛の回復又は軽減を図るための制度その他の被害者等の援助に関する制度を十分に利用することのできる態勢の充実が図られなければならない。
- When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, the conditions and systems shall be improved for victims and family members (persons who have suffered injury because of crimes, or their spouses, lineal relatives or siblings in the case of those persons who died or suffered serious physical or mental harm; the same shall apply hereinafter) to enable appropriate participation in criminal procedures and the full utilization of systems to recover damages or to alleviate the pain of the victim and family members and other systems for assistance.
- 前項の認証は、鉱工業品の加工業者の申請に係る加工技術による加工をした鉱工業品のうち試験用のものについて製品試験を行うことにより日本工業規格に適合するかどうかを審査するとともに、その加工業者の申請に係る加工技術の加工品質管理体制(加工設備、検査設備、検査方法、品質管理方法その他品質保持に必要な技術的生産条件をいう。以下同じ。)が主務省令で定める基準に適合するかどうかを審査することにより行うものとする。
- The certification of the preceding paragraph shall be granted by evaluating whether or not the processing technology complies with the relevant Japanese Industrial Standards by testing a sample/samples of the mineral or industrial product processed with the processing technology pertaining to the application by the processor of the mineral or industrial product and also by evaluating whether or not the processing quality management system (i.e. the technical conditions for processing required for maintaining quality of the process including processing facilities, inspection facilities, inspection methods, quality management methods, etc.; the same shall apply hereinafter) complies with the criteria specified in the applicable ordinance of competent minister.
- 使用前自主 検査を行う事業用電気工作物を設置する者は、使用前自主検査の実施に係る体制について、経済産業省令で定める時期(第七項の通知を受けている場合にあつて は、当該通知に係る使用前自主検査の過去の評定の結果に応じ、経済産業省令で定める時期)に、経済産業省令で定める事業用電気工作物を設置する者にあつて は経済産業大臣の登録を受けた者が、その他の者にあつては経済産業大臣が行う審査を受けなければならない。
- A person who installs Electric Facilities for Business Use subject to a Pre-use Self-Inspection shall, within the period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (in the case where notification has been given under paragraph 7, the period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry depending on the past evaluation of the Pre-use Self-Inspection to which the notification pertained), submit the system for conducting a Pre-use Self-Inspection to undergo examination by a person registered by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the case where the person installs Electric Facilities for Business Use specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, or examination by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the case of other persons.
- また、天皇が道長を関白とせずに内覧に留めたのは、天皇自身が長ずるにつれ、曽祖父の醍醐天皇・祖父の村上天皇のように、摂政関白を置かずに親政する事を志したのと、道長自身も、当時閣議に出られない決まりがある摂政関白よりも、内覧を兼ねたまま一上(閣員の首座)として実権を掌握しようとした事が一致した為で、これにより、後に大江匡房が『続本朝往生伝』で藤原実資や藤原行成等の有能な人材を輩出したと称えたほど、有為な政治体制が確立した。
- The Emperor decided that Michinaga would be nairan (chief secretary) instead of kampaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, once he became older, since he wanted to run the government directly instead of having a regent and kampaku, like his great-grandfather Emperor Daigo and his grandfather, Emperor MurakamiI; on the other hand, Michinaga agreed to be nairan and also the head of various sections to control the government, since the regent and kampaku weren't entitled to attend the meetings of the Cabinet; thus a strong political framework was set up and OE no Masahusa acknowledged through 'Zoku Honcho Ojoden,' with which talented people like FUJIWARA no Sanesuke and FUJIWARA no Yukinari were produced.
- 主務大臣は、消費生活用製品の製造又は輸入の事業を行う者が第三十五 条第一項の規定に違反して報告を怠り、又は虚偽の報告をした場合において、その製造又は輸入に係る消費生活用製品の安全性を確保するため必要があると認め るときは、当該消費生活用製品の製造又は輸入の事業を行う者に対し、その製造又は輸入に係る消費生活用製品について生じた重大製品事故に関する情報を収集 し、かつ、これを適切に管理し、及び提供するために必要な体制の整備を命ずることができる。
- In cases where a person engaging in the manufacture or import of consumer products fails to make a report or has made a false report in violation of the provisions of Article 35, paragraph (1), if the competent minister finds it necessary for securing the safety of the consumer products manufactured or imported by the person, the competent minister may order the person engaging in the manufacture or import of consumer products to develop a system necessary for collecting information on serious product accidents that occur in relation to the consumer products manufactured or imported by the person and for the proper management or provision of said information.
- 製品、容器等の製造、販売等を行う事業者は、基本原則にのっとり、その事業活動を行うに際しては、当該製品、容器等の耐久性の向上及び修理の実施体制の充実その他の当該製品、容器等が廃棄物等となることを抑制するために必要な措置を講ずるとともに、当該製品、容器等の設計の工夫及び材質又は成分の表示その他の当該製品、容器等が循環資源となったものについて適正に循環的な利用が行われることを促進し、及びその適正な処分が困難とならないようにするために必要な措置を講ずる責務を有する。
- Business operators engaged in the manufacturing, sale, etc. of products, containers, etc. are, pursuant to the Basic Principles, in the course of business activities, responsible for taking necessary measures to prevent or reduce the incidence of such products, containers, etc. from becoming wastes, etc., including by increasing the durability of the products, containers, etc. concerned, and by strengthening systems for conducting repairs to these goods. At the same time, these business operators are responsible for taking necessary measures to facilitate the proper cyclical use of, and to minimize the difficulties involved in the proper disposal of, such products, containers, etc. that are circulative resources, by improving the design of these products, containers, etc., indicating their materials or components, and other means.
- 内閣総理大臣は、前項に定めるもののほか、適格消費者団体が第十三条第五項第三号から第六号までのいずれかに該当するに至ったと認めるとき、適格消費者団体又はその役員、職員若しくは専門委員が差止請求関係業務の遂行に関しこの法律の規定に違反したと認めるとき、その他適格消費者団体の業務の適正な運営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、当該適格消費者団体に対し、人的体制の改善、違反の停止、業務規程の変更その他の業務の運営の改善に必要な措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
- If the Prime Minister finds that a qualified consumer organization falls under any of the items (iii) - (vi) of para. (3) of Article 13, that a qualified consumer organization, its officers, employees or Expert Advisors violated the provisions of this Act in performing services involved in demand of an injunction, or that it is necessary in order to ensure the proper operation of services by a qualified consumer organization, the Prime Minister may order the qualified consumer organization to improve its personnel system, cease violation, modify operating rules or take other measures necessary for the improvement of its operations.
- 銀行は、当該銀行、当該銀行を所属銀行とする銀行代理業者又は当該銀行の親金融機関等若しくは子金融機関等が行う取引に伴い、当該銀行、当該銀行を所属銀行とする銀行代理業者又は当該銀行の子金融機関等が行う業務(銀行業、銀行代理業その他の内閣府令で定める業務に限る。)に係る顧客の利益が不当に害されることのないよう、内閣府令で定めるところにより、当該業務に関する情報を適正に管理し、かつ、当該業務の実施状況を適切に監視するための体制の整備その他必要な措置を講じなければならない。
- When a Bank, Bank Agent for which said Bank serves as a Principal Bank, Parent Financial Institution, etc. or Subsidiary Financial Institution, etc. of said Bank conducts any transaction, the Bank shall, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Office Ordinance, properly manage the information on the business conducted by said Bank, Bank Agent for which said Bank serves as a Principal Bank or a Subsidiary Financial Institution, etc. of said Bank (limited to Banking, Bank Agency Services and any other business specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance) and establish a system for properly supervising the status of implementation of said business or taking any other measures necessary so that the interests of the customer of said business will not be unjustly impaired.
- 内閣総理大 臣は、前項に定めるもののほか、適格消費者団体が第十三条第五項第三号から第六号までのいずれかに該当するに至ったと認めるとき、適格消費者団体又はその 役員、職員若しくは専門委員が差止請求関係業務の遂行に関しこの法律の規定に違反したと認めるとき、その他適格消費者団体の業務の適正な運営を確保するた め必要があると認めるときは、当該適格消費者団体に対し、人的体制の改善、違反の停止、業務規程の変更その他の業務の運営の改善に必要な措置をとるべきこ とを命ずることができる。
- If the Prime Minister finds that a qualified consumer organization falls under any of the items (iii) - (vi) of para. (3) of Article 13, that a qualified consumer organization, its officers, employees or Expert Advisors violated the provisions of this Act in performing services involved in demand of an injunction, or that it is necessary in order to ensure the proper operation of services by a qualified consumer organization, the Prime Minister may order the qualified consumer organization to improve its personnel system, cease violation, modify operating rules or take other measures necessary for the improvement of its operations.
- 主務大臣は、前条第二項の規定による検査の結果、第二十条第一項の認証を受けて同項の表示(これと紛らわしい表示を含む。)の付してある鉱工業品(その包装、容器又は送り状に当該表示の付してある場合における当該鉱工業品を含む。以下この項において同じ。)の加工技術がその表示に係る日本工業規格に適合せず、又は当該認証に係る加工技術の加工品質管理体制が適正でないと認めるときは、認証加工業者に対し、当該表示の除去若しくは抹消又は当該表示の付してある鉱工業品の販売の停止を命ずることができる。
- In the case where the competent minister determines, as a result of the inspections conducted pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 2 of the preceding Article, that the processing technology of the mineral or industrial product on which is affixed the label as specified in Paragraph 1 of Article 20 (including a label that may be confusingly similar) is affixed (including mineral or industrial products in the case where such label is affixed on its package, container or invoice; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph) based on the certification granted pursuant to Paragraph 1 of Article 20, does not comply with the Japanese Industrial Standards pertaining to such label or determines that the manufacturing quality management system for the mineral or industrial product pertaining to such certification is not appropriate, the competent minister may order the certified processor to remove or delete said label, or to discontinue the sale of the mineral or industrial product on which is affixed such label.
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、法による紛争の迅速かつ適切な解決に資するよう、裁判その他の法による紛争の解決のための制度を有効に利用するための情報及び資料のほか、弁護士、弁護士法人及び隣接法律専門職者の業務並びに弁護士会、日本弁護士連合会及び隣接法律専門職者団体(隣接法律専門職者が法律により設立を義務付けられている法人及びその法人が法律により設立を義務付けられている法人をいう。以下同じ。)の活動に関する情報及び資料が提供される態勢の充実強化が図られなければならない。
- When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, conditions and systems shall be improved and strengthened to facilitate the provision of not only information and data necessary to effectively utilize judicial decisions and other systems for settlement of disputes based on laws, but also information and data concerning the business of attorneys at law, legal professional corporations, and related legal experts and specialists, and the activities of local bar associations, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, and the associations of related legal experts and specialists (associations which related legal experts and specialists are obligated to establish based on laws or associations which the said associations are obligated to establish based on laws; the same shall apply hereinafter) to enable the prompt and proper settlement of disputes based on laws.
- 主務大臣は、前条第一項の規定による検査の結果、第十九条第一項若しくは第二項の認証を受けて同条第一項の表示(これと紛らわしい表示を含む。)の付してある鉱工業品(その包装、容器又は送り状に当該表示の付してある場合における当該鉱工業品を含む。以下この項において同じ。)がその表示に係る日本工業規格に適合せず、又は当該認証に係る鉱工業品の製造品質管理体制が適正でないと認めるときは、認証製造業者等に対し、当該表示の除去若しくは抹消又は当該表示の付してある鉱工業品の販売の停止を命ずることができる。
- In the case where the competent minister determines, as a result of the inspections conducted pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 1 of the preceding Article, that a mineral or industrial product on which is affixed the label as specified in Paragraph 1 of Article 19 (including a label that may be confusingly similar) is affixed (including mineral or industrial products in the case where such label is affixed on its package, container or invoice; the same shall apply hereinafter in this paragraph) based on the certification granted pursuant to Paragraph 1 or Paragraph 2 of Article 19, does not comply with the Japanese Industrial Standards pertaining to such label or determines that the manufacturing quality management system for the mineral or industrial product pertaining to such certification is not appropriate, the competent minister may order the Certified Manufacturer, etc. to remove or delete said label, or to discontinue the sale of the mineral or industrial product on which is affixed such label.
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、国、地方公共団体、弁護士会、日本弁護士連合会及び隣接法律専門職者団体、弁護士、弁護士法人及び隣接法律専門職者、裁判外紛争解決手続(裁判外紛争解決手続の利用の促進に関する法律(平成十六年法律第百五十一号)第一条に規定する裁判外紛争解決手続をいう。第三十条第一項第六号及び第三十二条第三項において同じ。)を行う者、被害者等の援助を行う団体その他の者並びに高齢者又は障害者の援助を行う団体その他の関係する者の間における連携の確保及び強化が図られなければならない。
- When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, coordination and alliances shall be secured and strengthened among the national government, local governments, local bar associations, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, the associations of related legal experts and specialists, attorneys at law, legal professional corporations and related legal experts and specialists, persons involved in alternative dispute resolution procedures (the alternative dispute resolution procedures provided for in Article 1 of the Act on Promotion of the Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures (Act No. 151 of 2004); the same shall apply hereinafter in Article 30, paragraph (1), item (vi) and Article 32, paragraph (3)), organizations and other persons providing assistance for victims and family members, organizations providing assistance for the aged or disabled persons and other related persons.
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- エネルギーの安定的な供給については、世界のエネルギーに関する国際情勢が不安定な要素を有していること等にかんがみ、石油等の一次エネルギーの輸入における特定の地域への過度な依存を低減するとともに、我が国にとって重要なエネルギー資源の開発、エネルギー輸送体制の整備、エネルギーの備蓄及びエネルギーの利用の効率化を推進すること並びにエネルギーに関し適切な危機管理を行うこと等により、エネルギーの供給源の多様化、エネルギー自給率の向上及びエネルギーの分野における安全保障を図ることを基本として施策が講じられなければならない。
- With regard to the matter of securing a stable supply of energy, given that the international situation regarding world energy involves unstable factors and for other reasons, measures shall be taken with the basic aim of diversifying energy supply sources, increasing energy self-sufficiency and achieving stability in the energy sector by undertaking such measures as reducing excessive dependence on specific geographic regions for the import of primary energy sources such as oil, promoting the development of energy resources that are important to Japan, providing for energy transportation systems, promoting the stockpiling of energy and energy use efficiency, and implementing appropriate crisis management concerning energy.
- 国は、海洋に関する科学技術(以下「海洋科学技術」という。)に関する研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及を図るため、海洋科学技術に関し、研究体制の整備、研究開発の推進、研究者及び技術者の育成、国、独立行政法人(独立行政法人通則法(平成十一年法律第百三号)第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。)、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人(地方独立行政法人法(平成十五年法律第百十八号)第二条第一項に規定する地方独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。)の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
- The State, in order to promote the research and development and to disseminate the result with regard to the science and technology of the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Science and Technology'), shall take necessary measures including establishing the research systems, promoting research and development, nurturing researchers and technicians, strengthening coordination among such research institutions as the State, Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.103 of 1999), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), the prefecture, and Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Local Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.118 of 2003), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), universities and private bodies, and executing others.
- 内閣総理大臣は、監査法人がこの法律(第三十四条の十の五及び次章を除く。以下この項及び次項第三号において同じ。)若しくはこの法律に基づく命令に違反したとき、又は監査法人の行う第二条第一項の業務の運営が著しく不当と認められる場合において、同項の業務の適正な運営を確保するために必要であると認めるときは、当該監査法人に対し、必要な指示をすること(同号に該当した場合において、次項の規定により業務管理体制の改善を命ずること及び第三項の規定により社員が監査法人の業務又は意思決定の全部又は一部に関与することを禁止することを除く。)ができる。
- When an audit corporation has violated this Act (excluding Article 34-10-5 and the following Chapter; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph and item (iii) of the following paragraph) or an order based on this Act, or where operation of the services set forth in Article 2(1) provided by an audit corporation are found to be grossly inappropriate and if it is found necessary for securing the fair operation of the services set forth in the same paragraph, the Prime Minister may give the necessary instruction (excluding ordering an improvement of the operation control structure pursuant to the provisions of the following paragraph or prohibiting a partner from participating in all or part of the services or decision-making of an audit corporation pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3), in the case of falling under item (iii) of the following paragraph).
- 溶接事業者 検査を行う電気工作物を設置する者は、溶接事業者検査の実施に係る体制について、経済産業省令で定める時期(第五項において準用する第五十条の二第七項の 通知を受けている場合にあつては、当該通知に係る溶接事業者検査の過去の評定の結果に応じ、経済産業省令で定める時期)に、原子力を原動力とする発電用の 特定ボイラー等若しくは輸入特定ボイラー等であつて経済産業省令で定めるもの又は特定格納容器等若しくは輸入特定格納容器等であつて経済産業省令で定める ものを設置する者にあつては機構が、その他の者にあつては経済産業大臣の登録を受けた者が行う審査を受けなければならない。
- A person who installs Electric Facilities subject to an Operator's Inspection on Welding shall, within the period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (in the case where notification has been given under Article 50-2, paragraph 7 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph 5, the period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry depending on the past evaluation of the Operator's Inspection on Welding to which the notification pertained), submit the system for conducting an Operator's Inspection on Welding to undergo examination by the JNES in the case where the person installs Specific Boilers, etc. or Imported Specific Boilers, etc. for electricity generation by means of nuclear power which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry or Specific Vessels, etc. or Imported Specific Vessels, etc. which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, or examination by a person registered by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the case of other persons.
- 銀行持株会社は、その子会社である銀行、当該銀行持株会社の子会社である銀行を所属銀行とする銀行代理業者又は当該銀行持株会社の親金融機関等若しくは子金融機関等が行う取引に伴い、当該銀行持株会社の子会社である銀行、当該銀行持株会社の子会社である銀行を所属銀行とする銀行代理業者又は当該銀行持株会社の子金融機関等が行う業務(銀行業、銀行代理業その他の内閣府令で定める業務に限る。)に係る顧客の利益が不当に害されることのないよう、内閣府令で定めるところにより、当該業務に関する情報を適正に管理し、かつ、当該業務の実施状況を適切に監視するための体制の整備その他必要な措置を講じなければならない。
- When a Bank which is the Subsidiary Company of a Bank Holding Company, the Bank Agent for which said Bank which is the Subsidiary Company of said Bank Holding Company serves as a Principal Bank, or the Parent Financial Institution, etc. or Subsidiary Financial Institution, etc. of said Bank Holding Company conducts any transaction, the Bank Holding Company shall, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Office Ordinance, properly manage the information on business conducted by said Bank which is the Subsidiary Company of said Bank Holding Company, said Bank Agent for which said Bank which is the Subsidiary Company of said Bank Holding Company serves as a Principal Bank, or a Subsidiary Financial Institution, etc. of said Bank (limited to Banking, Bank Agency Services and any other business specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance) and establish a system for properly supervising the status of implementation of said business or taking any other measures necessary so that the interests of the customer of said business will not be unjustly impaired.
- 定期事業 者検査を行う特定電気工作物を設置する者は、定期事業者検査の実施に係る体制について、経済産業省令で定める時期(第六項において準用する第五十条の二第 七項の通知を受けている場合にあつては、当該通知に係る定期事業者検査の過去の評定の結果に応じ、経済産業省令で定める時期)に、原子力を原動力とする発 電用の特定電気工作物であつて経済産業省令で定めるものを設置する者にあつては機構が、原子力を原動力とする発電用の特定電気工作物以外の特定電気工作物 であつて経済産業省令で定めるものを設置する者にあつては経済産業大臣の登録を受けた者が、その他の者にあつては経済産業大臣が行う審査を受けなければな らない。
- A person who installs Specific Electric Facilities subject to a Periodic Operator's Inspection shall, within the period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (in the case where notification has been given under Article 50-2, paragraph 7 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph 6, the period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry depending on the past evaluation of the Periodic Operator's Inspection to which the notification pertained), submit the system for conducting a Periodic Operator's Inspection to undergo examination by the JNES in the case where that person installs Specific Electric Facilities for electricity generation by means of nuclear power, which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, examination by a person registered by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the case where the person installs Specific Electric Facilities other than Specific Electric Facilities for electricity generation by means of nuclear power, which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, or examination by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the case of other persons.
- この法律は、内外の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、法による紛争の解決が一層重要になることにかんがみ、裁判その他の法による紛争の解決のための制度の利用をより容易にするとともに弁護士及び弁護士法人並びに司法書士その他の隣接法律専門職者(弁護士及び弁護士法人以外の者であって、法律により他人の法律事務を取り扱うことを業とすることができる者をいう。以下同じ。)のサービスをより身近に受けられるようにするための総合的な支援(以下「総合法律支援」という。)の実施及び体制の整備に関し、その基本理念、国等の責務その他の基本となる事項を定めるとともに、その中核となる日本司法支援センターの組織及び運営について定め、もってより自由かつ公正な社会の形成に資することを目的とする。
- Owing to the changes in the social and economic situation at home and abroad, the settlement of disputes based on laws has become increasingly more important. Bearing such in mind, the purpose of this Act shall be to contribute to the formation of a freer and fairer society by providing not only the basic principles, the responsibilities of the national and local government and other basic matters, but also the organization and operation of the Japan Legal Support Center which is the core body of comprehensive support (hereinafter referred to as 'comprehensive legal support'), with respect to the implementation and the establishment of systems of comprehensive legal support to further facilitate the use of judicial decisions and other systems for the settlement of disputes based on laws, and to make it easier to receive support from attorneys at law and legal professional corporations, as well as judicial scriveners and other related legal experts and specialists (parties or persons who are not attorneys at law or legal professional corporations but who are authorized to engage in the practice of handling other persons' legal affairs based on laws; the same shall apply hereinafter).
- 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、迅速かつ確実に国選弁護人(刑事訴訟法(昭和二十三年法律第百三十一号)の規定に基づいて裁判所若しくは裁判長又は裁判官が被告人又は被疑者に付する弁護人をいう。以下同じ。)及び国選付添人(少年法(昭和二十三年法律第百六十八号)の規定に基づいて裁判所が少年に付する弁護士である付添人をいう。以下同じ。)の選任並びに国選被害者参加弁護士(犯罪被害者等の権利利益の保護を図るための刑事手続に付随する措置に関する法律(平成十二年法律第七十五号。以下「犯罪被害者等保護法」という。)の規定に基づいて裁判所が選定する犯罪被害者等保護法第五条第一項に規定する被害者参加弁護士をいう。以下同じ。)の選定が行われる態勢の確保が図られなければならない。
- When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, the necessary conditions and systems shall be secured for the prompt and proper appointment of court-appointed defense counsel (defense counsel whom courts, presiding judges or judges appoint for defendants or suspects based on the provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Act No. 131 of 1948); the same shall apply hereinafter), official attendants who are attorneys for juveniles (attendants who are attorneys whom courts appoint for juveniles based on the provision of the Juvenile Law (Act No. 168 of 1948); the same shall apply hereinafter), and court-appointed attorneys at law for victims (the attorneys at law for victims provided by paragraph (1) of Article 5 of Law about the protection of victims rights and profit concerning criminal procedures and other subsidiary ones (Act No. 75 of 2000; hereinafer referred to as 'Protection Act on Crime Victims.') whom courts appoint based on the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 5 of the Act on the Protection of Crime Victims; the same shall apply hereinafter).
- 第二十四条第一項の規定による有価証券報告書を提出しなければならない会社(第二十三条の三第四項の規定により当該有価証券報告書を提出した会社を含む。次項において同じ。)のうち、第二十四条第一項第一号に掲げる有価証券の発行者である会社その他の政令で定めるものは、事業年度ごとに、当該会社の属する企業集団及び当該会社に係る財務計算に関する書類その他の情報の適正性を確保するために必要なものとして内閣府令で定める体制について、内閣府令で定めるところにより評価した報告書(以下「内部統制報告書」という。)を有価証券報告書(同条第八項の規定により同項に規定する有価証券報告書等に代えて外国会社報告書を提出する場合にあつては、当該外国会社報告書)と併せて内閣総理大臣に提出しなければならない。
- A company which is required to submit Annual Securities Reports under Article 24(1) (including companies which have submitted Annual Securities Reports under Article 23-3(4); the same shall apply in the following paragraph) shall, if the Securities issued by the company are those listed in Article 24(1)(i) or the company is otherwise required by a Cabinet Order, submit a report in which evaluation pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance is made with regard to its system specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as necessary for ensuring appropriateness of statements on finance and accounting and other information concerning the Corporate Group to which the company belongs and concerning the company (hereinafter referred to as an 'Internal Control Report') to the Prime Minister together with an Annual Securities Report (or a Foreign Company Report in cases where Foreign Company Reports are submitted instead of Annual Securities Reports, etc. as defined in Article 24(8) under Article 24(8)) for each business year.