体: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 55年体制
- 1955 System
- Japanese political alignment with the LDP in government and the JSP in opposition, which lasted until 1993
- 士族の解体
- Disorganization of the warrior class
- 天体の変色
- Celestial color changes
- 沿岸自治体
- Municipalities along the shore
- 国体との関係
- Relationship with the national structure
- 体験型施設等
- Interactive facilities, etc.
- 流域の自治体
- Municipalities along the river
- Municipalities in the river basin
- Basin municipalities
- Municipalities in basin areas
- Autonomous bodies through which the river flows
- 隣接する自治体
- Neighboring municipalities
- Adjacent municipalities
- Adjacent Cities
- Neighboring autonomous body
- 郡内自治体変遷
- History of municipalities in Naka-gun
- 継体天皇の長子。
- He was the eldest child of Emperor Keitai.
- 自治体名京田辺市
- Name of Municipality: Kyoutanabe City
- 無善無悪是心之体
- The mind is free from good and evil.
- 幕藩体制と明律研究
- Feudal system characteristics of the shogunate and research on the Ming code
- 継体天皇の第二子。
- He was the second son of Emperor Keitai.
- 平安京全体図(仮)
- Schematic diagram of Heian-kyo (temporary)
- 隣接している自治体
- Neighboring municipalities
- Adjacent municipalities
- 織物体験も出来る。
- Here, the chance to experience textile weaving is also offered.
- 隣接していた自治体
- Formerly adjacent municipalities
- ラセミ体エピネフリン
- racemic epinephrine
- 三催体制の成立と解体
- Establishment and the end of the three major office system
- (自治体名は主な流域)
- (The names of municipalities in the main basin are shown.)
- 編年体、漢文、全50巻。
- It is organized in chronological order, written in Kanbun (classical Chinese) style and contained within 50 volumes.
- 漢文、編年体、全34巻。
- It is organized in chronological order, written in Kanbun (classical Chinese) style and contained within 34 volumes.
- これ自体が火山ではない。
- Therefore, it is not a volcano itself.
- 体のいい宴会の要求である。
- It was simply a polite way of requesting a party.
- 自治体・通信会社の通信施設
- Communication facilities of the local government and communications companies
- 具体的な開始年には諸説ある。
- Various theories exist regarding the actual year in which they started.
- 成立期の武士の母体となった。
- These aristocrats were the foundation of the samurais that emerged in history during the formation of the medieval period.
- 二十六代継体、丁未(527年)
- 26th Emperor Keitai, Hinoto-Hitsuji (527)
- 継体天皇に譲位されて即位する。
- He ascended the throne after being handed it over from Emperor Keitai.
- 称名寺 (奈良市)(千体地蔵)
- Shomyo-ji Temple (Nara City) (One Thousand Jizo)
- 文殊菩薩及び脇侍像5体(重文)
- Statue of Monju Bosatsu (Manjusri) and five attendants statues (important cultural property)
- -善無く悪無きは是れ心の体なり
- The mind is free from good and evil.
- 具体的な内容は次のとおりである。
- The following are the details of Suiko.
- 野原体験漁業管理施設「しおのめ」
- Nohara Fishery Facility 'Shionome'
- ただ、その支配体系は不明である。
- However, their governance structures are unknown today.
- その後、太閤検地により解体された。
- Afterwards, it was effectively dismantled by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi).
- 百観音堂と百体観音(菟原中龍源寺)
- Hyaku Kannon-do Hall and Hyakutai Kannon (one hundred statues of Buddhist deity of mercy) (Ubaranaka Ryugen-ji Temple)
- 平氏政権は盤石の体制を築いていった。
- The Taira clan government laid the foundations to its governance.
- 以下は通勤率上位5つの自治体である。
- The five municipalities with the highest commuting rates are shown below.
- この体制を国司請負制ということがある。
- This system is sometimes called Kokushi ukeoi sei (literally, a system entrusted to kokushi).
- 文字通り、名は体を表していると言える。
- It can be said that this is an exact example of the proverb of 'Names and natures often agree.'
- 同じく信長による一向一揆平定で解体する。
- Once again, it was Nobunaga that quelled the Ikko Ikki (popular religious uprisings) and dismantled the Jinaicho.
- そして武士を最上位に置く体制を確立した。
- And it led to establishing the system of the samurai class being put on top of the hierarchy.
- また成務天皇自体の実在性が疑われている。
- Moreover, the actual existence of Emperor Seimu is in doubt.
- 記紀は継体を応神天皇の5世孫としている。
- According to Kiki ('A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan'), the Emperor Keitai was a fifth generation descendent grandchild of the Emperor Ojin.
- 大津祭(本祭:毎年10月体育の日の前日)
- Otsu-matsuri Festival (main festival: the day before the Health Sports Day every October)
- 幕府-守護体制は15世紀中葉まで存続した。
- The bakufu-Shugo system remained until around the middle of 15th century.
- また、苗字と帯刀の特権は一体ではなかった。
- The privilege of possessing a family name and that of wearing a sword were not inseparable.
- 調の本体であり、繊維製品をもって納入した。
- Seicho were the essentials of Cho, in which taxes were paid by textile products.
- 国府の具体像に関する知識は皆無に近かった。
- Almost no one had knowledge concerning a concrete image of Kokufu.
- かつては「びわ町」という自治体も存在した。
- There once was a municipality described as 'Biwa-cho' (Biwa in hiragana and cho in kanji).
- 士族身分の解体により大量の失業者が発生した。
- The disorganization of the warrior class generated a large number of unemployed people.
- 現代では、「黄砂」自体も歌や句に用いられる。
- Today, the term of 'kosa' itself is used in waka poems or haiku poems.
- その遺体は数日後に淀川から発見されたという。
- Then, in an anecdotal story, their dead bodies were pulled from the Yodo River a few days later.
- しかし具体的な和睦の条件は折り合わなかった。
- However, the specific conditions for reconciliation were not met.
- 1998年(平成10年)に解体修理を行った。
- In 1998 the residence was torn down and repaired.
- 町域は全体的に、巨椋池を干拓した平地である。
- The town area is all flatland formed after the reclamation of Ogura-ike Pond.
- 体積の単位升も尺を基準として定められている。
- Sho, the unit used for the volume of an object, is also based on the shaku unit.
- 参預会議体制はわずか数ヶ月しか持たなかった。
- The councilors' meeting system survived for only a few months.
- 以上の歴史叙述はすべて漢文体によるものだった。
- All of the histories mentioned above were written in Chinese.
- 単立(たんりつ)は、単立宗教団体のことである。
- The term 'Tanritsu' refers to Tanritsu Shukyo Dantai (an independent religious organization).
- あるいは、この現象を起こす砂自体のことである。
- Or the sand itself that causes this phenomenon.
- これは幕藩体制を確立するために大いに役立った。
- This measure worked very well in establishing the shogunate system.
- 具体例(有栖川宮)利子女王→貞愛親王妃利子女王
- An example of this is Arisugawa no miya Princess Toshiko who became the Princess Toshiko Joo, the wife of the Imperial Prince Sadanaru, after her marriage.
- それにより、大王として擁立された(継体天皇)。
- Then, Odo no Okimi ascended to the throne (the Emperor Keitai).
- 麻績郎女は継体天皇の妃として荳角皇女を産んだ。
- Ominoiratsume married the Emperor Keitai as a princess and bore a princess, Imperial Princess Sasage Sasage no Hime Miko.
- 港湾自体は大きく分けて東港と西港に分けられる。
- The harbor itself is largely divided into East Port and West Port.
- この時期は、律令国家体制の形成と深化が図られた。
- During this period, a Ritsuryo-based national system was formed and advanced.
- 守護大名による領国支配の体制を守護領国制という。
- The provincial system governed by the shugo daimyo is called the 'shugo-ryogoku system.'
- 南朝の勅使が入京して具体的な和睦案が協議された。
- The imperial messenger from the Southern Court came to Kyoto and specific conditions for the peace treaty were discussed.
- 守護は一国全体の領域的な支配を確立したのである。
- Shugos established the territorial governance of the whole of one province.
- 冠自体は小型化し、薄額の頭に載せるタイプとなる。
- The size of Court caps became smaller, and usubitai (a cap whose front and side parts were thin) which was directly put on a head became popular.
- 丘全体が国営飛鳥歴史公園甘樫丘地区となっている。
- The entire hill is designated as the Amakashi-no-oka Area of the Askuka Historical National Government Park.
- 1997年(平成9年) 老朽化した飼育池を解体。
- 1997: Dilapidated farming ponds were removed.
- なお、合・勺は、体積の単位を流用したものである。
- Both go and shaku are originally the units for measuring volume, which are also used for measuring acreage.
- 不動産取引自体に直接「坪」という単位は使えない。
- However, the unit 'tsubo' is prohibited from using directly in real estate transaction.
- 天武天皇は、中央集権的な国家体制の整備に努めた。
- Emperor Tenmu strived to develop a centralized national system of government.
- 毛内有之助の遺体は五体バラバラで無惨だったらしい。
- It is said that Arinosuke MONAI was cut into pieces, leaving the corpse in a horrifying state.
- 常盤井宮家に次いで、世襲親王家の体裁を備えていた。
- The Kideranomiya family followed the Tokiwainomiya family to establish the system of the hereditary household of the prince.
- これにより物部氏と蘇我氏の二極体制ができあがった。
- This resulted in the creation of the bipolar political system consisted of Mononobe clan and Soga clan.
- 鎌倉最古の寺と伝え、本尊は3体の十一面観音である。
- Reportedly the oldest temple in Kamakura, the three principal images are Juichimen Kannon-zo (the statue of Eleven-faced Kannon).
- 日本で唯一全域が古都保存法対象地域の自治体である。
- The entire village is the only municipality supported by 'Koto Hozon ho' (The Ancient Capitals Preservation Law).
- 舞鶴市の出生率:1.82(京都府全体では1.28)
- Birth ratio of Maizuru City: 1.82 (Entire Kyoto Prefecture is 1.28)
- 北陵総合センター ロッジ・運動場・体育館などがある
- Hokuryo Community Center: Lodges, athletic field and gym are located here.
- 1946年:第1回国民体育大会が京都で開催される。
- 1946: The first National Sports Festival was held in Kyoto.
- このようにして鎖国体制が成立し、南蛮貿易は終了した。
- The national isolation policy was established in this way, consequently ending nanbanboeki.
- 明応の政変により中央政権としての幕府体制が瓦解した。
- However, the bakufu system as the central government fell down because of the Coup of Meio.
- これは、継体朝が終わり欽明朝が始まった時期に当たる。
- This was the period at the end of Emperor Keitai's reign and the beginning of Emperor Kinmei's reign.
- - 空が混濁し、黄色い塵が物体表面に少し積もる状態。
- The sky looks dirty and yellow dust accumulates on the surface of materials slightly.
- 江戸幕府の幕藩体制の秩序を守るために利用されていた。
- This ranking system was used by the Edo bakufu to maintain its bakuhan taisei (feudal system characteristic of the shogunate).
- (久世中久世町一丁目〜五丁目は全体を1町と数える)。
- (1-chome to 5-chome, Kuze Nakakuze-cho was counted as one town.)
- 村(むら、そん)とは、集落や基礎自治体の一種である。
- A village (mura or son) refers to a sort of community, a municipality.
- 解体は木屋町の医者南部精一の弟子に頼んでいたという。
- They asked a pupil of Seiichi NANBU, physician of Kiya-machi, to butcher the pigs.
- 琵琶湖に接する自治体は以下の通り(北から時計回り)。
- The following are the municipalities on the shore of Lake Biwa (clockwise from the north):
- 銭文(貨幣に表された文字)の書体も顕かな違いがある。
- There were also significant differences in the calligraphic style called zenimon (the letters displayed on a coin).
- むしろ認識と実践(あるいは体験)とは不可分と考える。
- Instead, it is considered that recognition and practice (or experience) are inseparable.
- 建物自体は、北山殿が西園寺家のものだった時からあった。
- The building itself existed since Kitayamadono was owned by the Saionji family.
- また、守護大名による国内の支配体制を守護領国制という。
- Additionally, the provincial system governed by the shugo daimyo is called the shugo-ryogoku system.
- Also, the system of provincial rule by a Shugo Daimyo is called the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor).
- 以上の行政機構は同時に司法の体系であるのを特色とした。
- These administrative structures were distinctive in that they were both simultaneously judicial systems.
- 具体的な政策として検地、刀狩、海賊禁止令が施行された。
- As specific policy measures, kenchi (land survey), katanagari (sword hunt) and kaizoku kinshirei (ban on piracy) were conducted.
- 宮城県加美郡加美町の「飯豊神社」は巨石を御神体とする。
- In 'Iitoyo Shrine' in Kami-cho, Kami-gun, Miyagi Prefecture, the big stone is regarded as goshintai (divine object).
- その孫が男大迹王(袁本杼王)すなわち継体天皇とされる。
- Later, his grandson was Prince Odo (Odo no Kimi); also known as Odo no Mikoto, in other words, the Emperor Keitai.
- 選定基準:伝統的建造物群が全体として意匠的に優秀なもの
- Selection criterion: A group of traditional buildings presenting excellent design as a whole
- 元来は寺社めぐりや紅葉などの景観が観光の主体であった。
- The original main purpose of sightseeing was to visit temples and shrines, and to enjoy scenery such as autumn leaves, etc.
- 公武合体策と尊王攘夷派の擡頭(1860年~1863年)
- Uniting the imperial court and the shogunate and the rise of Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctorine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) (1860 – 1863)
- それ自体を利用するほか、丁銀の補助貨幣的な役割をもつ。
- They could be used on their own or in the role of auxiliary coins of Chogin (coins in the form of long oval silver slugs).
- 具体的には奥州藤原氏政権の盛衰との関係が指摘されている。
- In concrete terms, the relationship with the ups and downs of the government of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan has been pointed out.
- 秀吉もまた中世的支配体系・支配勢力の排除・抑制に努めた。
- Hideyoshi as well endeavored to remove or suppress the medieval control system and controlling powers.
- 堺幕府の解体後は、義維を阿波に迎え、平島公方としている。
- After the disorganization of the Sakai bakufu, he invited Yoshitsuna to Awa as Hirashima Kubo.
- 都市部の自治的共同体の単位である町(ちょう)に相当する。
- The village corresponded to a town (cho), which was a unit of autonomous community in urban areas.
- 後述の自然村は、複数の集落の統合体であることが多かった。
- A 'spontaneous village' to be mentioned often indicated a unity of several rural communities.
- また、村全体の世界遺産登録に向けた計画が具体化している。
- In addition, the plan to register the village on the World Heritage list is taking shape.
- 4体のうち2体は東京と奈良の国立博物館に寄託されている。
- Two out of four have been deposited to Tokyo National Museum and Nara National Museum.
- 1988年の京都国民体育大会では馬術の競技会場となった。
- Equestrian events were held here in the Kyoto National Sports Festival in 1988.
- 4. 万物一体の仁と良知の結合 ― 良知の有り様(2)。
- 4. Combination of 'banbutsu ittai no jin' and 'ryochi' - State of Ryochi (2)
- 設立にあたっては自治体の京都市がバックアップをおこなった。
- The Kyoto City government supported the establishment of the foundation.
- この地域国家内における一元的な支配体制を大名領国制という。
- The unified control system in each regional nation is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
- 以下、古代以来の天皇と政治体制との関わりを中心に解説する。
- Below is an explanation about the Emperors and the political system since ancient Japan.
- なお武烈天皇と継体天皇の続柄上の関係は、「続柄」にあたる。
- Emperor Buretsu is related to Emperor Keitai.
- 『国体の本義』でも、神勅や万世一系が冒頭で強調されている。
- The 'Kokutai no Hongi' also emphasized the orthodoxy of oracles and the unbroken Imperial line in its opening sentence.
- 水運が主体であった時代には湖上交通の要衝として栄えていた。
- Katata was prosperous as an important point for traffic on Lake Biwa when water transportation was the main means of transportation.
- ちなみに保安林は4,322haで全体の16.0%にあたる。
- Protected forests total 4,322 ha, only 16.0% of the total.
- なお第一次産業への従事者は約3,400人で全体の7.3%。
- Primary industry workers total about 3,400, roughly 7.3% of the total.
- 両市が一体となって大軍港都を建設することを海軍が強く要請。
- As a result the Japanese Navy required both cities to become a single large naval port city.
- あん馬 - 体操競技の種目及びそれに使用するスポーツ器具。
- Anba is a part of gymnastics - and an apparatus used in the sport.
- 立地自治体は市町村合併に対して積極的な動きを見せていない。
- Due to this reason, municipalities with nuclear power plants do not actively promote municipal mergers.
- 518年 継体天皇が乙訓宮(現在の長岡京市今里?)へ遷都。
- 518: The Emperor Keitai moved the capital to Otokunimiya (presumably present Imazato, Nagaokakyo City).
- 」とのみ簡潔に書かれており、合戦の具体的な経過は分からない。
- This is all the concisely written entry has to say, so nothing is known of the progress of the battle in any greater detail.
- 村岡が名であり、五郎が字であり、村岡五郎全体で名字といった。
- Muraoka was his myo, Goro was his azana, and the whole string of MURAOKA no Goro was his surname.
- 知行や領主とはこのように重層的な体制を構成していたのである。
- Chigyo and ryoshu constituted a multi-tiered system like this.
- こうした戦国大名による強固な領国支配体制を大名領国制という。
- Such strong control by sengoku daimyo over their own territory is called a daimyo-ryogoku system (the system in which daimyos control feudal domains).
- こうした土一揆の頻発は、幕府権力の弱体化をもたらしていった。
- The frequent occurrence of tsuchi-ikki undermined the power of the bakufu.
- また、中世後期の一揆の盟約による政治的共同体が武装していた。
- In the later middle ages, the political community formed by a league of ikki would be armed.
- 実は出納の地位上昇と壬生孝亮の追放は表裏一体の関係にあった。
- The rise of the suino status and the expelling of Takasuke MIBU were, in fact, closely tied to each other.
- 国体(政治構造)の不変さの証拠とされることもしばしばだった。
- This is often thought to be the reason why Japan's national structure (political structure) has never changed.
- パッキンなどの液体の漏れを防ぐ「シール」を生産する大手企業。
- Major company producing a 'seal' which prevents leakage of liquids during processes such as packing.
- 現在の自動車産業は、その日産車体の子会社であるやゼロがある。
- AUTO WORKS KYOTO Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Nissan Shatai, and Zero (ゼロ), currently operate in the auto industry of Uji City.
- 合併時に三方上中郡を新設し、同郡に属する唯一の自治体である。
- Wakasa-cho is the only one municipality of Mikatakaminaka-gun, which was established at the time of the merger.
- 511年 継体天皇が筒城宮(現在の京田辺市多々羅?)へ遷都。
- 511: The Emperor Keitai moved the capital to Tsutsukinomiya (presumably present Tatara, Kyotanabe City).
- 体積・容積の単位(度量衡の「量」)は、升を基本の単位とする。
- The basic unit of volume and capacity ('measures' of the weights and measures system) is sho (today, approximately 1.8 liters).
- 地方政治は藩によって行われ、幕府と合わせて幕藩体制と呼ばれる。
- Local politics were conducted in each domain, which are, together with the bakufu, called the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- 年号は統一され神器も南朝方に返されて北朝はいったん解体される。
- With the era names unified and the Sacred Treasures returned to the Southern Court the Northern Court was terminated.
- 9世紀~10世紀の日本では、統治体制に大きな変化が生じていた。
- The government system in Japan underwent a great change from the ninth century to the tenth century.
- 法制化に伴い、法律上は法改正による国歌の変更自体が可能である。
- This legislation made it possible to change the national anthem by changes to the law.
- こうした戦国大名による地域国家内の支配体制を大名領国制という。
- Such a governing system by sengoku daimyo within a regional state is called the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos control feudal domains).
- This territory control system employed by daimyo in the sengoku period is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
- ただ、住民に負担を強いたり、生活自体を変えたりする対策が多い。
- However, many of these measures include those that would force burden to be placed on the residents concerned or that would change their lives themselves.
- 後に上緒は形骸化し纓は徐々に長くなり、巾子と本体は一体化する。
- Subsequently, ageo became merely a decoration and ei gradually became longer, and eventually, koji was integrated into the main part.
- しかし一方で華族としての体面を保つためには出費が必要であった。
- However, they had to spend money for the sake of appearances as kazoku..
- 8代武田義統の時代には家督争いも加わりさらに弱体化が進行する。
- In addition, succession disputes arose in the era of the eighth head Yoshizumi TAKEDA and the clan's power further eroded.
- 継体天皇と手白香皇女(たしらかのひめみこ)との間の息子である。
- Emperor Kinmei is the son of Empror Keitai and Pincess Tashiraka.
- 実質的に都市的な共同体でも、「村」とされている箇所も多かった。
- Many communities in urban sites were regarded as 'villages'.
- 徳川吉宗が紀州熊野神社の古尺を写して天体観測に用いたとされる。
- Yoshimune TOKUGAWA copied an ancient shaku unit handed down in Kumano jinja-Shrine of Kishu Domain to use for astronomical observation.
- このように、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- The decomposition of Shoen Koryo Sei (system of court-owned lands and private manors) was thus steadily driven forward.
- その影響で、鎌倉幕府の正史である『吾妻鏡』も日記体をとっている。
- Affected by such a situation, 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the east), an official history of the Kamakura bakufu, was written in a diary style as well.
- そういったことなどを背景として、幕藩体制は次第に動揺していった。
- With these situations as a background, the bakufu-domain system gradually became shaky.
- 史の支配の及ぶ土地と人間の総体を指して「コオリ」と呼んだらしい。
- It appears to be the case that land and people under the control of a shi (clerk) was collectively called a 'kori.'
- 京大当局は70年代後半になってこれらの運動基盤の解体に着手した。
- In the late 70's, the authority of Kyoto University stated to destroy such bases of movements.
- その後手白香皇女が皇后に立ち、継体天皇の統治が始まることになる。
- Afterwards, Tashiraka no himemiko became his empress, and the reign by Emperor Keitai began.
- また、応神天皇の曾孫、忍坂大中姫命の甥、継体天皇の祖父に当たる。
- Additionally, Prince Oi was a great-grandchild to the Emperor Ojin; he was a nephew of Oshisakano Onakatsunohimeno Mikoto; and the grandfather of the Emperor Keiti.
- また、水野祐・白崎昭一郎は継体の没年については平子説に同意する。
- Also, Yu MIZUNO and Shoichiro SHIRASAKI agreed on Hirako's theory about the year that Emperor Keitai passed away.
- 行政区画(基礎自治体)の単位として村という語を用いることもある。
- The word 村--village is used as a unit of an administrative district (a municipality), too.
- 宗教的にも歴史が深く古代信仰の形体を知る上でも重要な地区である。
- Since the city has a long histroy from the religious viewpoint, it is a very important area to study 'forms of ancient religions.'
- その目的は公武合体に基づく攘夷断行の実現に助力することであった。
- Their purpose was to assist in carrying out Joi based on a union of the Imperial court and Edo shogunate.
- しかし、安東氏の十三湊進出自体を遅く見る見解もあり分かれている。
- However, there is an opinion that the Ando clan's advance to Tosaminato itself might have taken place later.
- 人体の骨格の尺骨は、この尺とほぼ同じの長さであることに由来する。
- The term 'Shakkotsu' (the Ulna bone), a bone of a forearm in human body, is derived from its length as it is often around this shaku.
- この新しい体制下で、国衙軍制を担う戦士として、武士身分が成立した。
- Under this new system, samurai were established as warriors who would manage the kokuga forces system.
- これは、旧体制に属さない新勢力が歴史の表舞台に現れた瞬間であった。
- It was the moment when new powers having no place in the old regime had emerged on the front stage of history.
- 口分田を班給する代わりに租税を賦課するという支配体制をとっていた。
- The government had a ruling system that imposed tax on people who received hankyu (allotment) of Kubunden.
- それは、その後江戸時代の幕藩体制の基礎となる石高制のもととなった。
- This originated the system of Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, determined according to the annual rated yield of the domain) which formed the foundation of the shogunate system in the subsequent Edo period.
- 古いインドの村落共同体はこうした土地所有者によって構成されていた。
- The old village community in India consisted of such land owners.
- 手白香皇女(たしらかのひめみこ)は古墳時代の皇族で継体天皇の皇后。
- Tashiraka no Himemiko was a member of the Imperial family who lived during the Kofun period (tumulus period), and was the empress of Emperor Keitai.
- ただし、これらを具体的に裏付けるような史料はまだ見つかっていない。
- However, historical documents that specifically support that fact, have yet to be found.
- 二十一流に含まれるが具体的に源姓を賜与された子孫の名は伝わらない。
- They belonged to one of the Niju-ichi ryu (the twenty-one lineages of the Minamoto clan) who was given the surname of Minamoto but their own names were not passed on.
- 明治25年(1892年) 京都美術協会総裁、日本体育会名誉賛成員。
- In 1892, Imperial Prince Fushimi Sadanaru was received appointment as the President of Kyoto Art Association; becoming an honorary member of the Japanese Physical Education Association.
- 大正12年(1923年) 銚子別邸・瑞鶴荘にて突如違例、次いで重体
- In 1923, Prince Sadanaru became ill suddenly, his condition would worsen, becoming critical.
- 義輝を擁立して、足利義輝-細川氏綱-三好長慶という体制に移行した。
- And he supported Yoshiteru, and moved into the system to govern by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA - Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA - Nagayoshi MIYOSHI in order.
- これに伴ってこの峠自体も交通量が少なく、静かな雰囲気を保っている。
- Therefore, the traffic of the pass itself is also light, and the pass keeps a quiet atmosphere.
- 古くは興福寺の荘園で、中世の環濠集落を母体として発展した町である。
- Being a private estate of the Kofuku-ji Temple in olden times, the town developed from a medieval village surrounded by a moat.
- 排水処理施設、研修施設、渓流魚観察池および渓流釣り体験池等を新設。
- Wastewater treatment facility, training facility, freshwater fish observation pond, stream fishing experience pond, etc., were built.
- 釈迦如来、阿弥陀如来、阿閦如来、宝生如来の4体で木心乾漆造である。
- They are Shakanyorai, Amidanyorai (Amitabha Tathagata), Ashukunyorai and Hoshonyorai (Ratnasambhava, one of the Five Wisdom Buddhas) and they are made with mokushin kanshitsu-zukuri (wood-core dry lacquer).
- 小京都と呼ばれる地域が集まる団体として「全国京都会議」が存在する。
- The National Kyoto Conference' is a group of regions which are called the Little Kyoto.
- 広義の幕藩体制は明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県をもって終焉する。
- The shogunate system in a broad sense ended at the time of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871.
- このようにある氏族が特定の官庁運営を請け負う体制を官司請負制という。
- Such a system where a certain clan took charge in the administration of a specific bureau was called the government office contract system.
- 現存する建物自体は江戸時代のものではない(寺田屋事件の項目を参照)。
- The existing building itself was not created in the Edo period (see the section on the Teradaya Incident).
- 大化改新以後の中央集権的国家の制定した公法を中心とする法体系である。
- It's centered around public law established by the centralized nation after the Taika Reformation.
- これが具体化したものが、安元3年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷の陰謀である。
- This took a more concrete shape in 1177 as the Shishigatani Conspiracy.
- 昔から東勝寺での戦死者の遺体をこのやぐら群に葬ったとの伝承があった。
- The folklore of the region maintains the war dead of Tosho-ji Temple were removed and buried here.
- - 空が黄褐色になって日光も弱まり,黄色い塵が物体表面に積もる状態。
- The sky looks yellowish brown, the strength of the sunlight is lessened, and yellow dust accumulates on the surface of materials slightly.
- しかし、1年ほどで、髪が抜け落ち、体も痩せて、祭祀が出来なくなった。
- However, after one year pasted, the Princess Numaki iribime lost much of her hair and weight; then, she eventually became too weak to perform the Saishi (religious service) ceremony.
- ヨーロッパに対抗する独立国家を創出するため、中央集権体制が創られた。
- To create an independent state to oppose the European countries, a centralized administrative framework was formed.
- 林屋辰三郎も大筋では喜田説に同意するが、継体は暗殺されたと主張した。
- While Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA (scholar of Japanese history) mostly agreed with Kida's theory, Hayashiya also advocated that Emperor Keitai was assassinated.
- 人口3万8千人ながら、市立の体育館が14館もあり非常に充実している。
- It has a population of only 38,000 people, however, whose lives are enriched by as many as 14 city gymnasiums.
- なお、小さな世界・共同体を称して村ともいう(例:国会村、テント村)。
- A village also describes a specified small world or community (for example, a parliament village, or a tent village).
- 読み方を「そん」「むら」のどちらになるのかは各自治体で規定している。
- Each municipality defines whether to read its village(s) 'son' or 'mura'.
- だが、廃業に伴いこれら客車も解体されてしまった(SLホテルも参照)。
- But these sleeping cars were dismantled due to the closing down (also refer to the section on Steam Locomotive Hotel).
- 蜷川虎三のいわゆる「革新自治体」も、京都市ではなく、京都府であった。
- Torazo NINAGAWA's so-called 'progressive autonomous body' is also for Kyoto Prefecture, not for Kyoto City.
- 江戸時代初期から「巡礼講」が各地で組まれ団体の巡礼が盛んに行われた。
- In the early Edo period, the 'junrei-ko' (pilgrim groups) were organized in many parts of the country, and group pilgrimage became popular.
- これは旧幕府と上級公家を廃して薩長派を中心とした新体制の内容であった。
- This was the core of the new regime based on the Sat-Cho group, but exclusive of the former Shogunate and upper-class court nobles.
- しかし久光にはこの当時は倒幕の意志はなく、公武合体がその路線であった。
- At that time, however, Hisamitsu had no intention of overthrowing the Shogunate, and in fact supported the union of the Imperial court and the Shogunate (Kobu-gattai).
- 単立宗教団体のうち、宗教法人として認証されたものを単立宗教法人という。
- Any Tanritsu Shukyo Dantai that are certified as religious corporations are called Tanritsu Shukyo Hojin (single religious corporations).
- 940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱は、このような不満の実体化であった。
- The Johei and Tengyo War that occurred around 940 was the embodiment of their discontent.
- しかし、安芸武田氏自体は銀山城を中心とした分郡守護として存続している。
- However, the Aki-Takeda clan continued to exist at Kanayama-jo Castle as bungun-shugo (shugo of partial district).
- なお、継体以降の天皇系譜については、記紀の記録もある程度は信用できる。
- Meanwhile, Kiki's imperial genealogy after Keitai is credible to some extent.
- ここに傍系の継体天皇と、直系の手白香皇女両名の血を引く天皇が誕生した。
- It was the moment Emperor Kinmei succeeded the enthronment to Imperial family, as being the son of Emperor Keitai (a collateral descendant) and Princess Tashiraka (direct descendant).
- この少し前(具体的年代には諸説あり)に秋篠寺が秋篠の南側に建立された。
- A little while before that (there are different views about the exact period), Akishino-dera Temple was established in the south of Akishino.
- ※平成の大合併で消滅した自治体に関しては旧自治体名もあわせて表記する。
- *With respect to the local governments that became defunct as a result of the great Heisei merger, the names of former local governments are also listed.
- 大神神社には本殿がなく、拝殿から神体である三輪山を直接拝むことになる。
- Since Omiwa-jinja Shrine is not equipped with Honden (main shrine), Mt. Miwa, a god, can be directly worshipped at Haiden (a hall of worship).
- 中島飛行機(財閥解体後、主要5社が合同し、富士産業・現富士重工業を設立)
- Nakajima airplane (after the dissolution of Zaibatsu, major five companies jointly established Fuji Sangyo (now Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.))
- 両勢力の接点にあった安芸国では国全体の国人が一致団結して惣を築いていた。
- In the Aki Province, which was located on the contact point of the both powers, kokujin in the whole country had a united effort to establish so (a type of community).
- 甲斐国・信濃国では守護権力が弱体化し有力国人が割拠する状態となっていた。
- In Kai and Shinano Provinces, the power of shugo had been weakened and influential kokujin made their own territory their base.
- この時点では巾子と本体は別のものであり、纓は本体を固定する紐に過ぎない。
- A koji and the main part of a Court cap were separated at that time, and ei strings were used only to fix the main part.
- これを高市皇子との間に恋愛関係(肉体関係)があった根拠とする見方が多い。
- Many view that she had a love affair (physical relationship) with Prince Takechi on the basis of the above interpretation.
- 両丹(りょうたん)は、丹後国と丹波国を一体的に指すときに用いられる用語。
- Ryotan is a term to refer to the area combining Tango Province and Tanba Province.
- なお雄琴における特殊浴場の数自体は減少しており、風俗街は衰微傾向にある。
- The number of the special bathhouses (brothels) is in decline and the red-light area is going down.
- 製造業全体では2700億円の経済規模があり、北近畿では最大の規模である。
- The total economic scale of the entire manufacturing sector is \270 billion, the most in the Kita-kinki region.
- また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので(安→あ)主に女性が用い始めた。
- Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.
- このため、10世紀前期に始まった王朝国家体制はより中世的な形態へ移行した。
- The dynasty state, which started in the early 10th century, changed into a more-medieval form.
- 半済令に伴う影響としては、荘園が解体への第一歩を踏み始めた点が挙げられる。
- The most noticeable influence of the practice of the hanzei law was that it triggered the first step to demise of manors.
- 一つの権利主体として、支配者に対し権利の要求を行うことがしばしば見られた。
- They often demanded their rights from rulers as one group.
- 中国銭は実物自体が粗悪銭のために磨耗や錆びが生じ現存品からの鑑定が難しい。
- It is difficult to appraise Chinese coins based upon existing ones, because, due to their low quality, they had been worn out or rusted.
- よって、このような制度を当時の日本が導入する事自体に無理があったと言える。
- Therefore, it must have been difficult for Japan at that time to introduce such a system.
- その中で、様々な主体が担っていた所領支配は、武士の手中へと収まっていった。
- In such a trend, territorial control, having been carried out by persons in various social statuses, became conducted by samurai alone.
- 奉公の具体的な内容は、従者が主人に対して負担した軍役・経済負担などである。
- Hoko specifically indicated the military role that a servant should play for his master and the economical burden that the servant should bear for his master.
- しかしながら、その細かさから到達する量自体はそれほど多くないとされている。
- However, it is said that they are so minute that their total amount would not be large.
- やがて同属集団である国人一揆から地域集団である国一揆へと主体が移り変わる。
- Eventually, the main part of ikki was gradually transferred from kokujin ikki, which was a group of people of the same kind, to kuni ikki, which was a group of people in the same area.
- これに加えて、義満は勢力が強すぎて統制が困難な有力守護大名の弱体化を図る。
- In addition to this, Yoshimitsu tried to weaken the powerful shugo daimyo that were hard to bring under control because they had become too powerful.
- 「天皇制の下に日本民族の主体性を把握」(治安確立同志会・1952年設立)。
- Find the main constituent of the Japanese race under the Tennosei' (Chian Kakuritsu Doshikai [Group of Comrades to Establish National Security] established in 1952).
- このように、京兆家との一体性が強い典厩家との間にも緊密な関係を保っていた。
- The Yashu family also maintained such close relationship with the Tenkyu family, which had a solid relationship with the Keicho family.
- ただし、この記録が事実とすると、継体が大和にいたのは最後の5年のみである。
- But if this record is true, Keitai lived in Yamato only the last 5 years before his death.
- このトンネル自体も(鉄道の)長等山トンネルと同様に全区間が大津市内にある。
- The whole length of this tunnel, like that of Nagarayama (railroad) tunnel, is in Otsu City.
- ※10%通勤圏に入っていない自治体は、各統計年の欄で灰色かつ「-」で示す。
- Municipalities not included in 'the areas where at least 10% of the suburban population commutes to the central city' are shown in gray with a mark ' - ' in the total column of each year.
- Gray colored column with a mark '-' indicates that the autonomous body is not included in the 10 percent commuting area.
- * The blanks in gray and with the hyphen (-) in them among the columns of statistical years in the chart show local governments that are not included among the suburbs with more than 10% of the population to the central city.
- そうした意味で言えば、高野・熊野を結ぶ街道それ自体に信仰上の意義は乏しい。
- From such a kind of point of view, the road connecting Koya and Kumano is not considered to have had a special significance of beliefs.
- 国と地方公共団体は学研都市の整備、建設の資金の確保に努めなければならない。
- The national and local public bodies concerned must endeavor to raise funds necessary for constructing Science City.
- 毎年8月14日の夕方,久多川に川原の小石と砂で地蔵を六体つくり霊を迎える。
- In the evening of August 14 every year, six jizoes are built with pebbles and sands of the river-side field of Kuta-gawa River to invite spirits.
- これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
- As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.
- 1943年の戦時体制下で、東京府と東京市は廃止されて、東京都が設置された。
- Under the wartime governance in 1943, Tokyo-fu and Tokyo-shi were both abolished, and Tokyo-to (Tokyo Metropolis) was established in their place.
- 「通」字の之繞および「永」字などの点が草書体となった「草点」のものが多い。
- For many of Shiba-sen, the soten method (a dot part of letter was displayed in sosho-tai (cursive style writing)) was used like displaying dot part of '通' and the top part of '永' in sosho-tai (cursive style writing).
- こうした内向的な時期を経てヤマト王権による支配体制が徐々に強化されていった。
- Through such a domestically-oriented period, control by the Yamato sovereignty had been gradually strengthened.
- 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
- In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.
- 地球温暖化による降水量減少が原因で、先進国を中心とした世界全体に責任がある。
- It has been caused by a decrease in rainfall due to global warming, and the responsibility resides in advanced nations.
- 区域はこれら両川に挟まれた地区を主体として、桂川西岸の久世地区を含んでいる。
- The ward mainly covers the area between the two rivers as well as the Kuze area along the western bank of the Katsura-gawa River.
- 「一番丸」就航以降は様々な運営主体による汽船が就航し、大津百艘船も増加した。
- After 'Ichibanmaru' went into service, steamships of various operators went into service and the number of water routes was also increased.
- その結果、自社両党による55年体制が崩壊し、非自民・非共産連立政権が成立した。
- As a result, the 1955-system by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan collapsed and a coalition government, not including Liberal Democratic Party and Communist Party, was realized.
- 主に花鳥画で行われ、中国の徐熙、徐崇嗣などの系統を受ける徐氏体の手法とされる。
- It is mainly used in kachoga (painting of flowers and birds), and the technique is said to be the technique of Joshitai belonging to the lineage of Joki and Josushi.
- 最終的には、太閤検地に伴う荘園の解体により領家という地位も消滅したことになる。
- Eventually, shoen were demised by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), leading to extinction of the position of ryoke as well.
- こうした体制下の公領を、受領の指揮下にある国衙の領地とみなして、国衙領と呼ぶ。
- Koryo under such a system were regarded as kokuga (provincial government offices) areas controlled by zuryo, and were called kokugaryo.
- こうして形成された荘園支配体系の中で実効的な支配権を得たものが本所と呼ばれた。
- In the shoen governing system formed in this way, the lords who had effective dominion over the shoen were called honjo.
- 前者の校舎一体型は旧制中学などに多く、後者の独立建築型は小学校に多く見られた。
- The former premises incorporated into the schoolhouse was frequently observed in junior high schools under the old system of education, while the latter premises constructed separately was frequently observed in elementary schools.
- 若衆は、惣村の警察・自衛・消防・普請・耕作など共同体の労働の中心を担っていた。
- Wakashu played a central part in the work of the community, such as police, self-defense, firefighting, construction and cultivation.
- 更に二人の二頭体制によって皇太子を経ず形式的に天皇に即位すべく準備が行われた。
- Moreover, ritual enthronement was prepared by diarchy with two people, without going through the crown prince.
- 特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制(近代天皇制)を指すこともある。
- It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.
- 遺体に招魂の術を施したところ、太子は蘇生し、妹の八田皇女を献ずる旨の遺言をし。
- When Prince Osazaki performed Shokon (invocation of the dead) ceremony for the Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko, he suddenly resuscitated, long enough to declare his will, that he would present Princess Yata no Hime (八田皇女) as princess of Prince Osazaki.
- 武光誠は、継体以前の大王は複数の有力豪族から出たとしている(以下の文献参照)。
- Makoto TAKEMITSU claims that great kings before Keitai were chosen from several powerful local ruling families (Refer to the following literature).
- 近年では、継体以前には大王の地位は特定の血縁に固定されなかったとする説も強い。
- Recently, another prevailing opinion says that the position of great king had not been occupied by a specific blood relationship before Keitai.
- 各宗教団体の機関紙などでは「大行天皇の追悼法要営まれる」などと掲載されている。
- In fact, a sentence like 'A Buddhist memorial service for the Taiko-Tenno is held' appears in journals published by several religious organizations.
- これは娘の手白香皇女も、傍系出身の継体天皇の皇后となった事で繰り返されている。
- This tactics was used again when his daughter Tashiraka no himemiko married Emperor Keitai who was in a collateral line.
- 13世紀中頃以降は元冦という大事件があったものの、政治体制は一応安定していた。
- Its regime remained stable enough despite the Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) incidents in and after the middle of the 13th century.
- 山頂は京都市に所在するが、約1.5km西に市境があり、山体は亀岡市にまたがる。
- The top of the mountain is in Kyoto City and the city boundary exists about 1.5 km west of it, thus the mountain extends to Kameoka City.
- 具体的な区域については、『爾雅』では「河西」、『尚書』では「黒水西河」とする。
- Specifically, the 'Erya' defined the area as 'Hexi' and the 'Shosho' (Classic of History) as 'Heishui Hexi (or, Heishui Xihe).'
- 2006年10月27日に「地域ブランド」(地域団体商標)として認定されている。
- Ogoto Onsen was certified as a 'local brand' (regional organization trademark) on October 27, 2006.
- 障害者福祉 - 身体障害者福祉センター1ヶ所、聴覚言語障害者支援センター1ヶ所
- Welfare for the handicapped - Welfare facility for the physically-handicapped 1, Support center for hearing and language disabilities 1
- 現在は第一期工事(13ha)の最中であり、埠頭自体では岸壁部分が完成している。
- At present, the first phase of construction (thirteen hectares) is in progress, and as to the wharf itself, the quay part is completed.
- 心全体を理とするならば、その内にある欲望のみを否定することは原理的にできない。
- If the entire mind is considered to be 'ri', it is fundamentally impossible to deny only the desire in the mind.
- 中世については、中世通じての社会経済体制であった荘園公領制が時代の指標とされる。
- Concerning the medieval period, it is said that the shoen koryo sei, which existed as the social and economical system throughout the medieval period, provides an index for specifying the period.
- 室町幕府の征夷大将軍は有力守護大名の連合に擁立されており、その権力は弱体だった。
- The Shoguns of the Muromachi bakufu had been courting an alliance with the most powerful of the shugo daimyo, because the shogunate's power and authority was still weak.
- 一気に陣営がやせ細ってしまった義貞は、兵庫まで兵を退いて体制の立て直しを図った。
- Yoshisada, whose forces had dwindled rapidly, pulled his troops back to Hyogo and attempted to regroup.
- - 黄砂自体の名称ではないが、黄砂のもととなる砂嵐のことを「トゥイリン」と呼ぶ。
- Tweilin' (in pronunciation) is used for indicating the sandstorms that cause kosa, although not expressing kosa itself.
- 植林や農業指導については、非政府組織などの民間団体が関わったプロジェクトもある。
- Concerning planting trees and providing guidance for farming, there also exist projects participated in by private bodies, such as non-government organizations.
- 具体例:照宮成子内親王→(東久邇宮)盛厚王妃成子内親王→(皇籍離脱)→東久邇成子
- Specific example of the above (as written in Japanese order): Terunomiya Sigeko Imperial Princess=>(Higashikuni no miya) Morihiro Prince queen consort Shigeko Imperial Princess=>secession from the Imperial Family=>Shigeko HIGASHIKUNI
- 天皇制絶対主義とは、講座派による日本近代における近代天皇制の体制を定義した言葉。
- Tennosei absolutism is the word which defined the modern Tennosei in modern day Japan by Kozaha (a group of Marxians).
- この碑文には、大秀の研究による応神天皇から継体天皇までの系図が彫り込まれている。
- Inscribed on this monument is the genealogy from Emperor Ojin to Emperor Keitai, based on Ohide's study.
- 『古事記』、『日本書紀』によると継体天皇は応神天皇5世の孫であり、父は彦主人王。
- According to 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki', Emperor Keitai was the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin and his father was Hikoushio.
- また西京極球場に代わる大規模球場(名称未定)の構想もありうるが具体化していない。
- The idea of a large-scale ballpark (name is not determined yet) to replace Nishikyogoku ballpark is possible but it has not yet taken form.
- 特に1970年代前半から団体旅行客が増加、それに伴い、大規模な風俗街も作られた。
- Especially, at the beginning of 1970s, with the number of the large parties of tourists visiting Ogoto onsen increased, the red-light area was also built on a broad scale.
- 同時期、戦時体制下に軍により進められた市町村合併の見直しを認める法改正があった。
- At the time, the wartime system regarding municipality consolidation, which was propelled by the military, was being revised.
- 夷川通に残る、町名を示す古い住所表示看板に「上京区」(区は旧字体)の表記がある。
- The name of the town on the boards in the Ebisugawa-dori Street uses the old address 'Kamigyo Ward' ('Ward' being written in the old form of a Chinese character).
- 元々は手を広げたときの親指の先から中指の先までの長さを1尺とする身体尺であった。
- The shaku was originally an anthropomorphic unit that 1 shaku was defined as the length between the tips of thumb and middle finger of open hand.
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- その体制化として三男・足利義嗣の天皇即位を目指したがその前に義満の死亡で挫折する。
- To systematize Yoshimitsu's ambition, he aimed to ascend Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, his third boy, to the Emperor; however, Yoshimitsu died before consummating his scheme which ended in failure.
- そして職の体系を基盤として11世紀後期~12世紀に成立した体制を荘園公領制という。
- The system established from the late stage of the 11th century to the 12th century based on the Shiki system is called Shoen Koryo Sei.
- そのため、政府は土地(公田)を収取の基礎単位とする支配体制を構築するようになった。
- Therefore the government established a governance system with a tax collection basic unit according to land (or koden, a field administered directly by a ruler).
- 奉安殿の多くは戦後解体・もしくは地中に埋められ、御真影も全て奉還された訳ではない。
- After the war, many of the Hoan-den were dismantled or buried in the ground, but not all goshin-ei portraits were returned to the emperor.
- 単立宗教団体とは、いかなる包括宗教団体の傘下にも属さない単位宗教団体のことである。
- Tanritsu Shukyo Dantai refers to Tani Shukyo Dantai (a unitary religious organization) that doesn't belong to any Hokatsu Shukyo Dantai (comprehensive religious organizations that take in religious schools, sects, and religious communities).
- また、海上においては海賊勢力を解体して大名の水軍武士と漁民に分離するものであった。
- Also, they were to dismantle the pirates' power and separate suigun (navy) samurai from fisher men.
- 室町幕府の将軍は守護大名の連合の上に成り立っており、その権力は弱体なものであった。
- The Muromachi bakufu's shogun was positioned atop an alliance of shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords), and his authority was weak.
- その為、越前から応神天皇5世孫である遠い傍系皇族の男大迹王(継体天皇)が招かれた。
- For this reason, Odoo (Emperor Keitai) that had remote collateral lineage, who was the grandson of the fifth generation of Emperor Ojin, was received from Echizen Province.
- 幕藩体制下では、何ヶ国かの転封を経て上野国沼田藩3万5千石として明治維新を迎えた。
- Under the shogunate and domain system, the territory of the Toki clan was relocated to some other provinces, and finally, it ended up 35,000 koku (approximately 6.3 million liters of crop yield) in Numata domain, Kouzuke Province until the Meiji Restoration was established.
- 娘の一人が「継体天皇」に嫁ぎ、もう一人の娘が「敏達天皇」の皇后・広姫であるという。
- One of the daughters of Prince Okinaga no Mate married 'the Emperor Keitai,' and the other daughter married 'the Emperor Bidatsu' is assumed to be Hirohime.
- この高気圧が太平洋高気圧であり、この母体となる暖かく湿った気団を小笠原気団という。
- This high-pressure system is called Pacific anticyclone and warm and wet air mass which is the mother of this anticyclone is called Ogasawara air mass.
- 国有林率は民間林の26,261haに比べ、754haで全体で2.8%になっている。
- The National forest is 754 ha, 2.8% against 26,261 ha of private forests.
- また軍事機密保持なども理由に、武士階級全体の人口がそもそも統計として残っていない。
- Furthermore, the population of the samurai was never recorded since it was strategically sensitive information.
- 斉は短期間で倒れたが、唐は弱体化して首都・長安周辺のみを治める地方政権へと凋落した。
- Although the Qi Dynasty fell in a short time, the Tang Dynasty was weakened and reduced to a local government which ran only Chang'an, the capital.
- その後も体制維持および財政再建の努力は断続的に行われた(寛政の改革、天保の改革等)。
- After that, the efforts to maintain the social system and to reconstruct finance were also made intermittently (Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms).
- 太閤検地の実施を通して荘園公領制・職の体系を消滅させ、これにより中世は終焉を迎えた。
- Through Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), he abolished shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) and related posts, ending the medieval period.
- そして、実体としての摂関政治は、後三条・白河期に終焉を迎えていたと見るべきであろう。
- And therefore the real regency should be regarded as having already come to its end in the reigns of Emperor Gosanjo and Shirakawa.
- この戦いの結果により九州のほぼ全域が足利方につくこととなり、尊氏は体勢を整え直した。
- As a result of this battle, almost all the areas in Kyushu allied with the Ashikaga side, and Takauji succeeded in renewing his forces.
- また、正親町天皇や誠仁親王に関しても具体的な証拠があるわけではなく仮説の域を出ない。
- With respect to the Emperor Ogimachi and the Imperial Prince Sanehito, no reliable evidence exists and these views are no better than supposition.
- 14世紀末の応安の半済令では、土地自体を半分割して接収する権利が、守護に与えられた。
- Hanzei-rei (literally, Hanzei law) issued in the Oan era in the end of 14th century provided shugo with the authority to confiscate half of the land.
- 鐚銭の理解には、単に贋金や加工銭などのほかに、中国などの通貨の実体を知る必要がある。
- To have more accurate knowledge about bitasen coins, it is necessary to know the facts about currencies in China and other nations concerned, in addition to having knowledge about false coins and modified coins.
- 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
- As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.
- かくして継体天皇と手白香皇女の皇子である欽明天皇の血筋が、長く現在まで続く事になる。
- This is how the bloodline of Emperor Kinmei, the Prince of Emperor Keitai and Princess Tashiraka, continues to this day.
- 62歳で即位と言うのは継体天皇(第26代)以降では現在の今上天皇を含め最高齢である。
- His enthronement at the age of 65 is the oldest since Emperor Keitai (the 26th) including the present Emperor.
- 万世一系が天皇制の根拠とされていたので、いわゆる国体の問題でも深い影響を与えていた。
- The unbroken Imperial line was thought to be an essential factor to justify the emperor system, so it had a large influence on the issue of national structure.
- 百済の弱体化もあり、その勢力を維持できず新羅に勢力圏を明け渡した時期とも考えられる。
- Due to these reasons as well as weakening of Paekche, it seems to be this period when Yamato Dynasty could not maintain its momentum and gave its influence areas to Silla.
- ※本庁の庁舎・駐車場は平成10年までは園部町立園部小学校校舎・体育館・運動場だった。
- * The building and parking space of main building was used as the schoolhouse, gym and playground of Sonobe Elementary School in Sonobe town until 1998.
- 各権利主体は自らの権利の所在を自ら券契や安堵状などにより証明しなければならなかった。
- Each entitled party had to prove the existence of their ownership by himself using kenkei (deed of title to one's property such as a land) or an andojo (a letter of certification of one's land).
- 当初の寸は親指の幅を指す身体尺であったと考えられている(これはインチも同様である)。
- Sun is thought to have originated from an anthropomorphic unit for showing the breadth of a thumb (just the same as inch).
- 堆積岩、水成岩である砂岩や礫岩などは、砂の粒子が大きな岩体に固結する仕組みとも言える。
- We can say sandstone, conglomerates, etc. which are sedimentary rocks and aqueous rock are examples of the mechanism in which grains of sand are consolidated into a large rock.
- 自民党と社会党の保革55年体制のもと、高度経済成長を経て経済大国の仲間入りを果たした。
- Under the conservative-versus-progressive party system established in 1955 by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan, Japan has become one of major economic powers via a high economic growth period.
- 秀吉は、信長の畿内政権を母体として東北から九州に至る地域を平定し、統一事業を完了した。
- Based on the Kinai government established by Nobunaga, Hideyoshi conquered the areas from Tohoku to Kyushu, completing the job of unifying the control of Japan.
- 伊東らの遺体はしばらく放置してあしてあったが、光縁寺に埋葬したあと戒光寺に改葬された。
- Their bodies were left for some time, and later buried at Koenji Temple and reburied at Kaikoji Temple.
- 公家法の時代には、法のあらゆる分野で、慣習法の体系が重要な法的意義をもつようになった。
- In the age of court noble law, the system of common law developed an important legal significance in various areas of law.
- この問題を巡って野党立憲国民党や大日本国体擁護団体などが当時の第2次桂内閣を糾弾した。
- Regarding this problem, the opposition party, Rikken Kokumin-to Party (Constitutional National Party) and the Dainipponkokutai advocacy group both accused the Katsura Cabinet of the second term at that time.
- ただし、全ての座が解体した訳ではなく、座役を伴わない商業共同体として残ったものもある。
- This was not to say, however, that all za were dismantled, and in fact some of them remained as commercial communities which did not have to do za-yaku.
- 7世紀後半に律令制が整備され、田地は口分田などの班田収授法の体系に組み込まれていった。
- In the latter half of the seventh century when the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code) was established, farmland became integrated into the system of Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of farmland), such as kubunden (farmland given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- その生活体系から、後の時代の、巫女、歌舞伎、市子、イタコ等との関連性が指摘されている。
- Due to their livelihood, their relationship to subsequent groups such as miko (shrine maidens), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) performers, ichigo (female fortune-tellers) and Itako (The Japanese shaman) has been identified.
- しかし大学の夏期休暇などもあり学内の抗議運動は終息、自由擁護連盟も弾圧により解体した。
- However, with the summer break at university, the protest movement within the university ended and the Jiyu Yogo Renmei was dissolved because of pressure.
- 物部目大連は天皇を諌めて、身ごもりやすい人は褌が体に触れただけで身ごもりますと述べた。
- Mononobe no Me Omuraji advised the Emperor Yuryaku that there were some women who would become pregnant more easily; then those women could become pregnant through just contact with a fundoshi (a traditional under wear for male).
- 三条家(さんじょうけ、正字体:三條)は、藤原氏藤原北家閑院流の嫡流にあたる日本の氏族。
- The Sanjo family (as written三條 in orthographic style) was a clan that directly descended from the Kan-in Line ofthe Northern House of the Fujiwara clan in Japan.
- 庶兄の宣化天皇、安閑天皇もまた継体天皇と同じく手白香皇女の姉妹を皇后に迎え入れている。
- Older brothers of Emperor Kinmei by a concubine, Emperor Senka and Emperor Ankan, also chose the sisters of Princess Tashiraka as their Empress.
- 次代の継体天皇以降は実在が確実視されていることから、実在が疑われる最新の天皇でもある。
- The existence of all the emperors after Emperor Keitai, the next Emperor to Emperor Buretsu, is considered to be certain; therefore, Emperor Buretsu is the latest Emperor whose existence is doubted.
- 明治29年(1896年)には平安神宮が創建されるなど、京都市中心部との一体化が進んだ。
- In 1896, Heian-jingu Shrine was founded in Okazaki, which facilitated the integration of the area with the central part of Kyoto City.
- 日本国憲法第92条に基づく地方自治法では、村(そん、むら)は地方公共団体の一つである。
- The Local Autonomy Act, based on the Constitution of Japan Article 92, defines a village (son, mura) as one of local public authorities.
- 工業用においての金属シールのシェアは首位で、シール業界全体で見ても4番目の規模を持つ。
- Holding the highest share of metal seals in the industry, it is ranked fourth overall in the seal industry.
- 全権の林復斎らとの交渉により、日米和親条約が締結され、いわゆる「鎖国」体制は終焉した。
- After the negotiation with senior officials of the Shogunate, including the plenipotentiary official Fukusai HAYASHI, a treaty (the convention of Kanagawa, or the America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship) was concluded, ending Japan's closed-door policy, the so-called 'Sakoku' system.
- だが、大隈が建議した「全国一致之政体」の確立までにはまだ多くの法制整備が必要であった。
- However, many laws were required to be enacted in order to bring about the 'nationally-unified government system' proposed by Okuma.
- 2006年現在では国立大学法人や財界団体もふくめ、55団体が加盟する組織体となっている。
- As of 2006, 55 organizations including national university corporations and business associations are members.
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- こうして、予想を越える秀吉軍の進攻に体制を十分確立できぬまま光秀は決戦に望む羽目となる。
- Thus, Mitsuhide had to enter into a showdown, still unable to fully establish a defense setup against the unexpectedly fast advance of Hideyoshi's troops.
- 明国内においても銀と紙幣を機軸とする通貨体系に移行して銅銭鋳造の必然性が失われていった。
- In Ming, as the currency system based upon using both silver and paper money was established, the necessity of minting copper coins became lost.
- 戦後になると、王朝国家体制論のもとで国司苛政上訴に対して根本的に異なる評価が与えられた。
- After the war fundamentally different evolutions were given to Kokushi kasei joso based on the dynastic polity theory.
- 次に軍忠の具体的事実、例えば合戦への従軍・敵に与えた損害・自軍の損害といったことを書く。
- Next came further details about the war or battle in which the vassal served, what damage was afflicted on the enemy, and what damage its own forces suffered.
- 江戸時代になっても、太閤検地による村落支配体制はほぼそのまま継承され、村請制がとられた。
- The control system of villages based on the Taiko kenchi and the murauke system was continued throughout the Edo period.
- 天皇制(皇室制度)(てんのうせい/こうしつせいど)は、天皇を君主又は象徴とする国家体制。
- The Tennosei (Imperial Family system) is a state system with the emperor acting as the monarch or titular head.
- こうした政治的主体性の欠如した統治機構を、政治学者の丸山眞男は「無責任の体系」と呼んだ。
- A scholar of Political Science, Masao MARUYAMA called this type of governing structure without the main political constituent as 'Musekinin-no-taikei' (a system of irresponsibility).
- 継体天皇の嫡子で、母は手白香皇女(たしらかのひめみこ。仁賢天皇の皇女、雄略天皇の孫娘)。
- Emperor Kinmei is the legitimate child between Emperor Keitai and Princess Tashiraka no Himemiko (an princess of Emperor Ninken, a granddaughter of Emperor Yuryaku).
- つまり、継体を含め祖先の異なる複数の豪族があり、祖先が誰かは分からないという意味である。
- That means that there existed several local ruling families with different ancestors, including the one which Keitai came from, instead of one identifiable imperial ancestor.
- 近代化以前の「村」は自然村(しぜんそん)ともいわれ、生活の場となる共同体の単位であった。
- A premodern 'village', also called a spontaneous village, was a unit of community where a group of people share a living space.
- 但し、現地の店の看板や案内表示等にもJIS83字体の「ネ」+「氏」の表記は多数見られる。
- The kanji character formed by combining 'ネ' and '氏' in JIS83 character set is still widely used for shop signs and guide signs in Gion.
- 表面の書体が後の新南鐐二朱銀に類似するものがそれであるとされるが中間的なものも存在する。
- Some Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin with a surface engraving similar to that of the later introduced Shin Nanryo Nishu Gin were sometimes mistaken for the latter, but some other Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin seem to have been categorized as being in between.
- 明徳3年(1392年)、南朝の後亀山天皇との和睦が成立し、神器は返還され南北朝合体が実現。
- In 1392, peace was established with Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court and with the return of the Sacred Treasures, the Northern and Southern Courts were integrated.
- 織田信長が新都市に楽市・楽座をおこない、最終的に豊臣秀吉によって中世の座は解体させられた。
- Nobunaga ODA launched rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in new cities, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ultimately dismantled the za system of the medieval period.
- のち撫養の三好氏に実質的に取って代わられるが、細川氏自体は江戸時代まで撫養として存続した。
- Later, the Miyoshi clan in Muya virtually replaced, but the Hosokawa clan itself continued to exist until the Edo Period as Awayakata (yakata was a title given to privileged sengoku daimyo.)
- 大部分は一時強勢を誇っても内部分裂等で弱体化し、個別に撃破されるケースがほとんどであった。
- Even if ikki once boasted great power, most ikki were weakened by internal factionalization or the like, which caused most ikki to be defeated on an individual basis.
- しかし、水戸家自体が関八州にあり、また治める常陸国は延喜式における大国かつ親王任国である。
- However, the Mito family was based within kanhasshu (eight provinces which composed the Kanto region in the Edo period) and governed Hitachi Province, which had been recognized as a taikoku (the best ranked provinces) and Shinno-Ningoku (provinces whose official governors were the Imperial princes) in Engishiki (a set of ancient Japanese governmental regulations).
- 越前国守護である斯波氏の守護代を務めたが、のちに朝倉氏自体が守護に任命されるようになった。
- At first, the clan served the Shiba clan, Shugo (military governor) of Echizen Province, as its Shugodai (provisional governor), but later the Asakura clan itself came to be appointed to Shugo.
- 公家社会は幕末まで温存されたが、明治維新期に解体され、公家のほとんどは華族身分へ移行した。
- Although the kuge society was retained until the end of the Edo period, it was abolished in the course of the Meiji Restoration and most of the kuge shifted to the social status of peerage.
- が、記紀などによって「継体」の生年は西暦450年、一方「敏達」の生年は西暦538年である。
- However, according to the 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan,' 'Keitai' was born in 450 and on the other hand, 'Bidatsu' was born in 538.
- なお、トンネル自体は東海道本線(琵琶湖線)の逢坂山トンネルと同様に全区間が大津市内にある。
- The tunnel, and also the Osakayama Tunnel (Biwako Line), belong to Otsu City.
- 全体としての人口は、陸奥国や武蔵国のような多いところで2、3千人に達したと推定されている。
- The population is presumed to have reached 2,000 to 3,000 in a dense area such as Mutsu Province and Musashi Province.
- 市全体の林野率は79.0%で27,015ha、人工林率は34.0%で8,597haである。
- Forest land rate for all of Maizuru City is 79.0%, 27,015 ha, and the artificial forest rate is 34%, 8,597 ha.
- 現在の市議会においては日本共産党を除く各政党でオール与党体制を構築しているといわれている。
- In the current city assembly, it is said that all parties except the Japanese Communist Party constitute the all-ruling-party system.
- 京都府北部と兵庫県北部の自治体は、観光事業の促進のために北近畿広域観光連盟を結成している。
- Municipalities in northern Kyoto Prefecture and Northern Hyogo Prefecture have formed the Kitakinki Wide Area Tourist Federation to promote sightseeing businesses in the regions..
- 北近畿の開発事業を促進する北近畿開発促進協議会には、この福井県嶺南の自治体も参加している。
- Municipalities in Reinan of Fukui Prefecture are also involved in the Kitakinki Development and Promotion Committee, which plays a role in promoting development projects within Kitakinki.
- 日本書紀の記述によると、翌年(646年)正月には改新の詔を宣して、政治体制の改革を始めた。
- According to the Chronicles of Japan, in January the following year Emperor Kotoku made an imperial proclamation to enact reform and began restructuring the political system.
- 三菱東京UFJ銀行貨幣資料館、貨幣博物館および造幣博物館には小判が体系的に展示されている。
- Koban are on display in Currency Museum Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ and Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan and Mint Museum systematically.
- 「万物一体の仁」とは、人も含めて万物は根元が同じであると考え、自他一体とみなす思想である。
- Banbutsu ittai no jin' is the concept of considering all things, including man, identical in their origin, thus, all things form one body.
- 今日でも「世間」・「世間体」のことを公儀と呼ぶ用法が残っているのもその名残であるとも言える。
- Even now, the use of Kogi to mean 'Seken (the world)' or 'Sekentei (decency)' is a vestige of such usage.
- 方丈記では、京都市中の死者を4万2300人とし、市中に遺体があふれていたことが記されている。
- In the Hojoki, it is written that 42,300 people died in Kyoto City, and that the city was filled with corpses.
- 勝元は今出川邸の自邸に本陣を置き、6月には義政に要請して牙旗を授与され、官軍の体裁を整えた。
- Katsumoto located the headquarters in his own residence at Imadegawa, and in June at his request Yoshimasa conferred him with a gaki (flag with an ivory ornament at the top symbolizing the emperor or the shogun), which gave his troops an appearance of a regular government army.
- 武家法と異なる律令法の特色の一つは、この体系的な国家機構および官僚制度の精密な規定にあった。
- Precise definition of such systematic national structure and bureaucracy is one of the characteristics that distinguishes ritsuryo law from samurai law.
- このことから、一国平均役の賦課に即応できる体制が、諸国において構築されていたと見られている。
- This suggests that provinces had a system to immediately respond to the imposition of ikkoku heikinyaku taxes or tasks.
- 少なくとも亮政の頃には国人層による連合制的な面が強く、代を経るごとに支配体制が強化している。
- During the Sukemasa's reign at least, the political situation was influenced by the Kokujin (local samurais) union-tinged regime; the controlling system of the Azai clan was gradually strengthened along with the generations.
- かくして継体天皇と手白香皇女との間に生まれた欽明天皇が、長く現在まで続く天皇家の祖となった。
- Thus, Emperor Kinmei, who was born to Emperor Keitai and Princess Tashiraka, became the ancestor of the Imperial Family which continues for long up till now.
- 記紀の記述を尊重して、継体天皇を大王家の「遠い傍系に連なる有力王族」とする旧来の説があった。
- The traditional theory respected the descriptions in Kiki and believed that the Emperor Keitai came from 'a powerful royal family in a distant collateral line' of the great king's family.
- 亀岡市農業公園—堆肥化施設「亀岡市土づくりセンター」と隣接し、周囲の農業地と一体化している。
- The Kameoka City Agricultural Park: It is located next to the composting facility 'Kameoka City Soil Preparation Center,' and is integrated with the surrounding farm land.
- 市内の一部の小学校などでは総合的な学習の時間の一環として、藍染め体験をさせる学校も存在する。
- There are some elementary schools in the city which offer opportunities to experience indigo dyeing and part of the overall educational curriculum.
- 1993年(平成5年)、この集落全体が、文化庁の「重要伝統的建造物群保存地区」に選定された。
- In 1993, this entire village was designated as a Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings by the Agency for Cultural Affairs.
- 鮮新世前後に活動していた火山が侵食した結果、現在の青葉山の山体が形成されたと推定されている。
- It is considered that the present mountain shape of Mt. Aoba was formed by the erosion of a volcano that was active around the Pliocene.
- 明治4年(1871年)には、廃藩置県が断行され、名実共に幕藩体制は終焉した(明治維新参照)。
- In 1871, traditional feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were introduced by the Meiji government, ending the feudal system both in name and reality (Article of the Meiji Restoration).
- また美濃部達吉は天皇機関説を提唱し、国家が統治権の主体であるべきと主張し政党内閣を支持した。
- In addition, Tatsukichi MINOBE proposed the 'Emperor-as-organ' theory, arguing that the nation should be the body holding sovereignty, and supported cabinet formation by political parties.
- そんな会所に唐物は飾られていたわけだが、飾付けに使われた唐物自体はどう見られていたのだろうか。
- The karamono were decorated in such kaisho, but what about karamono themselves that were used as decoration?
- 並行して室町幕府は地方政権化しそれにより15世紀中期からの国内統治は幕府・守護体制とよばれる。
- In parallel with this, the Muromachi bakufu adopted the local government system, and the administration of the nation after the mid 15th century was called the Bakufu-Shugo System.
- 御家人の心は次第に幕府から離れていくようになり、御家人達武士全体の不満がくすぶる結果となった。
- Consequently, the hearts of the gokenin gradually began to drift further and further away from the bakufu; these actions by the Tokuso provoked a smoldering dissatisfaction among the gokenin and among all warriors.
- 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
- As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろから室町前期にかけて、名(みょう)システムによる支配体型が崩壊していった。
- However, the ruling structure based on the myo (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) system deteriorated from the late Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period.
- 守護領国制は、それまでの武家の支配体制に比べると、一円的な支配を進めたという点で画期的だった。
- The shugo-ryogoku system was epoch-making in that it promoted comprehensive control, compared with the conventional ruling system under samurai families.
- また、10世紀後期には国衙職員と郡司が雑色人(ぞうしきにん)と一体的に呼ばれるようになっいる。
- In addition, officials in kokuga (provincial government offices) and Gunji began to be collectively called Zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) in the latter half the 10th century.
- 御恩の具体的な内容は、主人が従者の所領支配を保障すること、又は新たな土地給与を行うことである。
- Specifically, goon indicated that a master guaranteed control of an area by his servant or that a master awarded an area newly to his servant.
- 平和で安定したこの時代、知行高は、厳格な体系を持つ武士内部の身分指標の役割を持つようになった。
- During the Edo period when the society was peaceful and stabilized, chigyo-daka played the role of an index indicating the social status of a samurai within the samurai class where a strict system existed.
- 精密機械工業や半導体の工場では、黄砂の微小粒子の侵入により不良品ができるなどの被害も発生する。
- In factories for precision machinery or for semiconductors, the intrusion of minute particles included in kosa may cause damage that generates defective products.
- ただし、この抗争は大内氏などを主体とする地方勢力が足利氏を利用して中央介入を試みた側面が強い。
- However, it seems that these struggles were caused by the local power mainly consisting of the Ouchi clan that used the Ashikaga clan to interfere with political affairs in the central government.
- ただしそのための具体的行動は伴わず、また皇位簒奪の当事者であるはずの本願寺門主の発言でも無い。
- However, there was no specific action plan to make this happen and it was not a statement by the chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple who is supposed to be the central player of usurpation of the imperial throne.
- 各旅館とも団体客向けから女性客や家族客などを対象とした改装が相次ぎ、その成果が見え始めている。
- The inns were successively renovated to attract tourists who are females and families but large parties of tourists, and it is coming to fruition.
- さらに1905年(明治38年)には岸谷貯水池が完成し、与保呂川自体が軍事水道として活用された。
- In addition, the Kishidani reservoir was completed in 1905, and the Yohoro-gawa River itself was utilized as a water system by the military.
- 大きな財政負担を与えることで弱体化させ江戸幕府に対して武力反抗できないようにする政策を執った。
- The Edo bakufu aimed to weaken the domains by placing them under large financial burdens and not letting them revolt against the bakufu.
- なお、この重層的支配構造は「職の体系」とも呼ばれ、それぞれの立場の職務と権限を「~職」と呼んだ。
- This multilayered governance structure was also called the 'Shiki system' and each job title and authority was referred as 'XXX shiki.'
- 細かく分ければきりが無く、大名家などによっても分け方や名称が違うため、あくまで大体の目安である。
- If classified minutely it will be an endless task and depending on daimyo family (feudal lord family) the way to classify or the name vary and thus it will be just a rough guide.
- 秀吉は文禄・慶長の役を実行したが、その最中に死去し、後継者問題も抱えていた豊臣政権は弱体化した。
- Hideyoshi died while the Bunroku-Keicho War he started continued, and the Toyotomi government became weakened because there was a problem of who should succeed his position.
- それから、国衙機能を取り込んでいき、守護大名へと成長して、守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を築いた。
- Then Shugo took over the functions of Kokuga, grew into Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and established the control system called the Shugo-ryogoku system (Shugo-controlling province system).
- 鎌倉時代後期には、鎌倉幕府は北条氏得宗家による執政体制にあり、内管領の長崎氏が勢力を持っていた。
- In the latter days of the Kamakura period, the government of the Kamakura bakufu was controlled in all but name by the tokuso (head) of the Hojo family; the naikanrei (inner administrator) Nagasaki clan held power at that time.
- 9世紀後半から見られた里倉負名(りそうふみょう)体制は出挙を富豪の輩に請け負わせる手法であった。
- The riso-fumyo system (a percentage/unit of the yearly land tax yield taken in by the manager of an estate), which appeared after the latter half of the ninth century, awarded the wealthy class a contract for suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the seventh through twelfth centuries).
- 農場主が小作人の子弟を郎党として戦時の体制を構成していたため、兵と農は不離あるいは同義語に近い。
- As the farmers took the system in wartime, having younger people of their tenant farmers armed, hei (samurai) and no (farmers) were inseparable or close to a synonym.
- 社会構造が急速かつ大幅に変質していき、従前の社会体制の荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が崩壊した。
- Social structure changed quickly and in large scale and the Shiki system that had supported shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the traditional social regime.
- 守護大名の権限強化と惣村・郷村の自立とによって、荘園は次第に解体への道を進んでいくこととなった。
- The shoens gradually collapsed with the aggrandizement of shugo-daimyo and the independence of sosons and gosons.
- 歌物語の性格上登場人物は実名・官名・女房名で登場し具体的にある固定の人物を指していることが多い。
- From its property as an uta-monogatari, the characters in the story were often written by using their real name, official position or title or nyobo-na (name as a court lady), referring to certain existing people specifically.
- だが、室町幕府の派遣した守護京極氏に敗れ、一族自体も小島家(宗家)と古河家・向小島家に分裂した。
- However, the family was defeated by the Kyogoku clan sent to look after Hida Province by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and split into the Kojima family (the head of the family) and the Furukawa/Mukaikojima family.
- 荘官に任ぜられた義重は新田氏を称し、新田荘と八幡荘を中心に息子たちを配して、支配体制を確立する。
- Yoshishige who was appointed to a shokan (an officer governing shoen [manor]) called himself the Nitta clan, and established a ruling system by deploying his sons centered in Nitta no sho estate and Yawata no sho estate.
- 具体例:(久邇宮)良子女王→皇太子昭和天皇妃良子女王→皇后 良子→皇太后 良子→香淳皇后(追号)
- Example: Princess (Kuni no miya) Yoshiko -> Emperor Showa's Crown Princess Yoshiko -> Empress Yoshiko -> Empress Dowager Yoshiko -> Empress Kojun (posthumous title)
- 町組は近隣の町の連合体、自治組織であり、その起源は判然としないが、室町時代には存在が確認される。
- Chogumi was an union of neighboring towns and a self-governing organization, and although its origin is unclear, its existence can be confirmed already in the Muromachi period.
- 遺産本体部分やその緩衝地帯、さらには(世界遺産には含まれないが)その周辺地域での損壊が絶えない。
- There are constant damages on the body of heritage, a buffer area, and even the area in the vicinity of the heritage (not included in the world heritage).
- 熊野古道自体は、大正から昭和にかけて国道が整備されるまで、周囲の生活道路として使用されつづけた。
- Kumanokodo Road itself had been used as a community road for the neighborhood people until national routes were developed from the Taisho Period through the Showa Period.
- 舞鶴市は由良川と与保呂川をもち、市の耕作に用いられる土地は全体の4.7%の1,620haである。
- Both Yura-gawa and Yohoro-gawa river flow through Maizuru City, with 1,620 ha of accompanying land area used for agriculture which comprises 4.7% of the total area.
- しかしながら、主体となるのはやはり丹波弁であり、丹波氷上の特徴でなる「丹波弁ちゃった弁」である。
- However, the main dialect is a Tanba-ben dialect, and is 'Tanba-ben Chatta-ben dialect' which is a unique dialect in Tanba Hikami.
- 身体尺は人によって長さが異なるので、後の時代に一定の長さを1尺とする公定尺を定めるようになった。
- Because the anthropomorphic unit was varied in its length depending on the user, an official shaku unit was defined by a particular length for 1 shaku later years.
- 王朝国家体制の下では、受領は規定の租税を京進さえすれば、残余の租税を自らの収入とすることができた。
- Under the dynastic nation-state, as long as Zuryo paid the specified tax to Kyoto, they could take the rest of the tax as their own income.
- 幼くして体格も力も大人を凌いだ童子を床屋も持て余したが、床屋の仕事を教えて落ち着かせることにした。
- Even while still a young child Doji's physical stature and strength surpassed that of a grown man's, leading the barber at a loss as to how to raise him, but he decided to train him in hair-cutting, thereby hoping to calm his disposition.
- 京都市内の私立大学間で単位互換制度を広く実施するため発足した「京都・大学センター」が母体となった。
- The 'University Center Kyoto' was established in Kyoto City to realize a credit transfer system among private universities and was the parent organization.
- 王家の分裂が公家社会全体の分裂へと発展してゆくことになった一方、貴族たちの治天への従属は深まった。
- While the division of the Imperial family led to the division of Imperial Court society in general, the subordination of the aristocrats to the Chiten side also progressed.
- ただし、白河は当初からそのような院政体制を意図していたわけではなく、結果的にそうなったともいえる。
- In the beginning, Shirakawa did not intend to institute the insei system, but it was established nevertheless.
- ここに至り、清盛は院政派の反発を抑えるため皇居の警護体制を整えるなど、二条支持の姿勢を明確にした。
- At this point, Kiyomori organized the system for guarding the Imperial grounds to suppress rebellion by the cloistered government group, therefore clarifying his position as supporting Nijo.
- この体制下では農業、漁業、手工業などの諸産業を田堵が隷属する人民を使役し、名田単位で経営を行った。
- In this system, the tato managed several industries such as agriculture, fishery, and handicraft manufacturing on a myoden basis, employing subordinate labors.
- なお、寛平・延喜の政策を、律令回帰ではなく土地中心体制への転換準備期と位置づける有力説も存在する。
- There is also another widely accepted theory alleging that the policies in Kanpyo and Engi era were not attempts to return to the Ritsuryo system but preparation for the shift towards the system based on land.
- さらに同所で戦った武将の名前を挙げて、自身の軍忠の証明とする(具体的に名前を出さない場合もあり)。
- It also listed the busho (Japanese military commanders) with whom the vassal fought on the battlefield, in order to prove his superior military valor (the name of busho were sometimes not listed).
- この体系が知行であり、日本史における領主階層のあり方を理解する上で、知行の概念の理解は欠かせない。
- Chigyo indicates this system, and understanding the concept of chigyo is indispensable for understanding the position of the territorial lord class in Japanese history.
- このような事情と、幕府の支配体制が一応の完成を見たことから、慶安4年、幕府は末期養子の禁を解いた。
- For the circumstance described above, and together with the fact that the control system of the shogunate was considered complete and secure for the time being, in 1651, the shogunate lifted the ban on Matsugo yoshi.
- 細川勝元は3度にわたり計23年間も管領職を歴任し、山名宗全(持豊)と手を結び畠山氏を弱体化させた。
- Katsumoto HOSOKAWA successively took the post of kanrei for 3 times, total of 23 years, and weakened the Hatakeyama clan linking up with Sozen (Mochitoyo) YAMANA.
- ここに至って明治新政府も陰陽寮が反「近代科学」勢力の中心になる事を恐れて陰陽寮の解体に乗り出した。
- Then, finally the new Meiji government launched dissolution of Onmyoryo for the fear of it becoming the core of the anti-modern science power.
- その具体的な計算方法は明らかにされていないが、当時の説明では「干支に相より簡法相立て」としている。
- Though the concrete calculation method was not disclosed, the explanation at that time was it was done 'by a simple method according to the Oriental zodiac cycle.'
- しかしながらいずれも決め手となるようなものはなく、倭の五王の正体については今のところ不確定である。
- But none of the theories is decisive and the identities of the five kings remain uncertain.
- この説によれば、いわゆる万世一系は否定され、出自不明の第26代・継体天皇から新たな大王家が始まる。
- This theory denies so-called unbroken imperial line and says that a new great king's family was founded by the twenty-sixth Japanese Emperor Keitai whose origin is unknown.
- その後、1956年の京都新聞において、「三十六峰」を具体的に特定した記事が連載されることとなった。
- Subsequently, an article identifying 'the 36 mountains' was serialized in Kyoto Shinbun Newspaper in 1956.
- 全体に絵具の剥落・退色が目立つが、現存遺品の少ない平安時代前期、9世紀の仏教絵画の大作として貴重。
- In whole, peeling off and fading of pigment is noticeable, but they are very precious as big pieces of Buddhist painting in the early Heian period, ninth century, for which the number of existing relics is small.
- 京都府全体の高齢化率(19%)に比べ、舞鶴市は若年層の域外流出が多く、高齢化率は比較的高めである。
- The percentage of the population of Maizuru City aged 65 or older is relatively high compared with that of Kyoto Prefecture as a whole (19%) because of the large number of young people from Maizuru City that leave the region.
- 義安は今川氏への対抗上、同じく今川氏と抗争中にあった尾張国の織田氏に加担し、防衛体制を整えていく。
- Because of its opposition to the Imagawa clan, Yoshiyasu supported the Oda clan in Owari Province who was also resisting the Imagawa clan, then started to maintain the defense system.
- 恐らく、九州探題も務めたことのある一色氏自体は在京し、地元豪族を守護代として支配をしたのであろう。
- The Isshiki clan, which had served as Kyushu Tandai (regional officers to oversee the administration of Kyushu), would probably have stayed in Kyoto and appointed powerful local families as Shugodai to rule the province.
- 2006年1月1日に周辺4町が合併して南丹市となり、地方公共団体としての日吉町は歴史の幕を閉じた。
- On January 1, 2006 four neighboring towns were merged to form Nantan City, thereby ending the history of Hiyoshi-cho as a local government.
- 注意:嶋原の太夫は高水準の芸が売り物であり体を売らなかったので芸妓であって遊女ではない、とされる。
- Note that the tayu in Shimabara are considered to be geisha, not yujo (courtesans) since they sold their high-quality traditional performing arts, but did not sell their bodies.
- 若狭・丹後地方は守護の武田氏と旧守護の一色氏が抗争をつづけたものの共に内紛により弱体化していった。
- In the Wakasa and Tanba regions, conflicts between the Takeda clan and Isshiki clan who was a former shugo continued but both clans weakened due to their internal disputes.
- 2006年1月1日に周辺4町が合併して南丹市となり、地方公共団体としての園部町は歴史の幕を閉じた。
- Nantan City was formed through the merger between Sonobe-cho and the surrounding four towns on January 1, 2006, bringing a close to the history of Sonobe-cho as a municipality.
- 2006年1月1日に周辺4町が合併して南丹市となり、地方公共団体としての美山町は歴史の幕を閉じた。
- On January 1, 2006, four neighboring towns were merged to form Nantan City, ending the history of Miyama-cho as a municipal government.
- 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
- Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.
- またその儀式自体である宮中の年中行事を指し、任官した者を列記した帳簿そのものを指す(除書ともいう)。
- It also refers to an annual event in the Imperial Court, a ceremony for appointing officials itself, as well as a book listing the names of appointed officials (also referred as Josho).
- 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
- The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.
- 守護領国制(しゅごりょうごくせい)とは、室町時代の守護大名による一円的な領国支配体制を指す歴史概念。
- The shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo [a provincial military governor] dominates a territory) is a historical concept indicating a comprehensive control system of a territory by the shugo-daimyo (shugo that became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords) in the Muromachi period.
- しかし王朝時代には律令国家体制期も含むために王朝国家の指す時代的概念が異なることに注意を必要とする。
- However, the term 'Dynastic period' is used to describe a period of Japanese history that also includes the Ritsuryo regime, so it is necessary to keep in mind that the concept of 'dynasty' was different for each national regime.
- だが、その一方でこうした改革は李朝宗親・功臣を所有者とする新たな荘園体制の再編へとつながっていった。
- However, on the other hand, such reforms led to the reorganization of the new manor system, where the owners were the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty and meritorious retainers.
- その一方で農村部では各地に存在した荘園は戦国大名や国人領主による押領の対象となり、荘園制は解体する。
- On the other hand, in agricultural community areas, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) existed in various districts became objects of seizure by sengoku daimyo and kokujin ryoshu and the shoen system was broken down.
- この時代、自検断権に基づいて、ほとんど全ての階層の共同体が軍事警察力と司法権の行使を認められていた。
- One should note, however, that in this period communities at nearly all levels of the hierarchy were allowed to execute military and police powers and judicial power based on their right of jikendan (ruling and judging).
- 所在地:東京都千代田区千代田1番1(皇居内・坂下門の北側)なお、皇居全体が「千代田区千代田」である。
- Address: 1-1 Chiyoda, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo Metropolis (in the Imperial Palace, north of Sakashita Mon) and the address of the entire Imperial Palace is Chiyoda, Chiyoda Ward.
- 継体天皇は他に沢山の子がいたのにも関わらず、嫡子は手白香皇女との間の皇子であるこの欽明天皇であった。
- Although Emperor Keitai had many children, his legitimate child was only Emperor Kinmei, who was the prince born between Emperor Keitai and Princess Tashiraka.
- 1988年(昭和63年)の「第43回国民体育大会」の京都府開催が開催されるため急ピッチで工事が進む。
- Construction moved ahead quickly in order to complete the park before the '43th National Sports Event' held in Kyoto Prefecture in 1988.
- 嵐山はその終着点であり、現在では同じコースを遊覧船で下る「保津峡保津川下り」が亀岡市から体験できる。
- Arashiyama was the terminal point, and people can now enjoy going down the same course on a pleasure boat from Kameoka City through the Hozu-kyo Gorge Hozu gawa River rafting.
- 西洋のヤード・ポンド法などと同様、当初は身体の一部の長さや、穀物の質量などが単位として使われていた。
- Like in the yard-pound system in the West, the dimensions of the human body parts, the mass of grain, and so on, had been used as units.
- この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
- Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.
- この風潮は守護大名から荘園領主、惣村指導者、土倉などの有力商人、果ては一般民衆まで社会全体に定着した。
- This trend was established in the whole society among Shugo daimyo, lords of the manor, leaders of the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing associations), prominent merchants such as the doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), and even commoners.
- 12世紀末から13世紀にかけて荘園の増加が著しくなり、荘園公領制と呼ばれる中世的な支配体制が確立した。
- The number of shoen (private estates) had increased considerably from around the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century, and a medieval control system called shoen koryo sei (a system of public lands and private estates) was established.
- また、幕府にとっても、尊氏が征夷大将軍を解任されたため、幕府自体が法的根拠を失ってしまう状況になった。
- Additionally, Takauji was dismissed as Seii Taishogun, the bakufu itself also lost its legal foundation.
- そのため、本来の法令である律令から独立した法体系が形成されていき、これを本所法(ほんじょほう)という。
- As a result, a legal system independent from the Ritsuryo codes, the primary law, was developed to form a new legal system called honjo law.
- また、摂関政治の前提である摂政・関白自体が延喜・天暦期には臨時の職に過ぎなかったことも明らかにされた。
- It was also revealed that, the assumption of a regency government, Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), was only a temporary post in the Engi and Tenryaku eras.
- この時期に問屋業者が増え、店自体の売上が均一化し、多くのぬけ荷品が闇市場に並ぶといった所があげられる。
- Wholesale merchants increased in number during this period and their profits equalized, resulting areas in which a great quantity of smuggled goods entered the black market.
- 中央政権としての幕府権力を支えていた幕府-守護体制に大きな動揺が見られ始めたのは1490年前後である。
- Major scale commotions in the bakufu-shugo system that supported the power of the bakufu as the central government is observed as commencing in the period around 1490.
- 歴史学者の間では天皇が国家統治機構の前面に登場する近代以前の国家体制に適用することに対して批判もある。
- Some historians are against applying the word Tennosei to the state system before recent times because the Emperor was not in the front line of the national governing system.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末期には戦国大名となり将軍家足利氏の弱体化に伴って関東に台頭した後北条氏と対峙した。
- In the late Sengoku period (of Japan), the Utsunomiya clan became daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and confronted the Gohojo clan emerging in the Kanto region as the shogun family, the Ashikaga clan was weakened.
- ともかく下記にもある通り、継体天皇の皇后は仁賢天皇の皇女である手白香皇女であり、欽明天皇を産んでいる。
- However that may be, the empress of Emperor Keitai was Princess Tashiraka, the Princess of Emperor Ninken and the mother of Emperor Kinmei.
- 国体明徴声明に対しては軍部に不信感を持ち「安心が出來ぬと云ふ事になる」と言っていた(『本庄繁日記』)。
- For the government announcement, he distrusted the military and said 'peace of mind through faith or ascetic practice wouldn't be obtained' ('HONJO Shigeru Nikki' (Shigeru HONJO's Diary).
- この高気圧をオホーツク海高気圧といい、この高気圧の母体となる冷たく湿った気団をオホーツク海気団という。
- This high-pressure system is called Okhotsk anticyclone and cold and wet air mass which is the mother of this anticyclone is called Okhotsk air mass.
- 京都府北部では最も財務内容は良好な自治体ではあるが、人口減少や舞鶴市民病院等、将来に不安な要素な多い。
- Although Maizuru City's finances are favorable compared among the rest of the northern Kyoto autonomous bodies, the city has concerns including depopulation, Maizuru Municipal Hospital management, etc.
- 1943年(昭和18年) 海軍の要請により(旧)舞鶴市と東舞鶴市が合体合併し、現在の舞鶴市が誕生した。
- 1943: Through decree of the Navy, (Old) Maizuru City and Higashi Maizuru City consolidate to form today's Maizuru City.
- 「匁」という文字は銭と同音の「泉」の草書体、あるいは「文メ」を続けて書いたものに由来するとされている。
- The Chinese character '匁' (monme) is said to have originated from the cursive style writing as '泉,' a homonymy of 銭, or from the Chinese character '文' (mon) attached 'メ' (me), a character of katakana (the square form of kana [Japanese syllabaries]).
- やはり裏面に「文」字が刻まれているが草書体となっているため、草字二分金(そうじにぶきん)とも呼ばれる。
- A letter 'bun' was also engraved on the back side, however the style was sosho-tai (cursive style writing), therefore it is also called soji nibukin.
- それは、具体的にはもっぱら鎌倉幕府へ特使を派遣して現在の天皇を譲位させるように請願するかたちで行われた。
- This was specifically accomplished by sending special envoys to the Kamakura Shogunate to appeal for the abdication of the current Emperor.
- 中世日本の荘園公領制では、一つの土地に対して、複数の主体がそれぞれ各自の権利を有することが一般的だった。
- Under the shoen koryo sei (social structure of the manorial public territory system) in medieval Japan, it was common for two or more parties to have joint ownership to a piece of land.
- 主人・従者の両者は、御恩と奉公という互恵関係を結ぶことで、一定の共同体(武士団)を作っていったのである。
- A master and his servants formed a certain union (samurai group) by establishing mutually beneficial relationships called goon and hoko.
- 従って、近現代の日本では一揆自体があたかも反乱、暴動を意味する語であるかのように誤解されるようになった。
- That is why, in modern Japan, ikki was eventually mistaken for a word meaning a revolt or a riot.
- 江戸時代264年にわたって、日本の実質上の君主・支配者として武家社会を含む日本社会全体の頂点に君臨した。
- Over a period of 264 years during the Edo period, it topped the whole of the Japanese society, which included the samurai world, practically as the monarch and ruler of Japan.
- 隆景は兄の吉川元春とともに毛利家を支えて「両川」と呼ばれ(毛利両川体制)、主に山陽地方の経略を担当した。
- Takakage supported the Mori family with his brother Motoharu KIKKAWA and he was called 'Ryosen' (Mori-Ryosen system) and was in charge of the conquest of mainly the Sanyo region.
- また、1985年(昭和60年)には3月は月全体を通して関東以西の太平洋側地方では冷たい雨の連続であった。
- In March 1985, in regions on Pacific coast from the west up to the Kanto region, cold rainy days continued throughout the month.
- 琵琶湖を取り巻く各自治体は、大きく湖南・湖東・湖北・湖西に分けられる(湖南から甲賀を分けることもある)。
- The municipalities surrounding Lake Biwa are roughly classified as Konan (south of the lake), Koto (east of the lake), Kohoku (north of the lake) and Kosai (west of the lake)(and sometimes Koka too, as seen separately from Konan).
- 幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
- In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.
- 摂関政治の最大の課題は、負名体制と受領行政との矛盾、そして権門の荘園整理にどう取り組むかという点にあった。
- The largest problems for the regency were how to deal with the contradiction between the Fumyo's tax managing system and the Zuryo administration, and how to restrict shoen owned by the influential.
- 各主体が保有する権利は「職」(しき)とよばれ、職が重層的な体系をなしていたことから、これを職の体系という。
- Land ownership was known as 'Shiki' (literally means profession) and since Shiki was comprised of a multilayered system, this system was called the Shiki system.
- しかし、継体天皇の登場によりヤマト王権による列島支配が強まり、一方、朝鮮半島への進出傾向は大きく後退した。
- However, after Emperor Keitai was introduced, control over the islands of Japan by Yamato sovereignty became stronger, but on the other hand, the trend of advancing to the Korean peninsular became considerably weak.
- 続いて同年10月17日には、天皇が皇国一体・東西同視のもと内外の政を自ら裁決することを宣言する詔を発した。
- Then on October 17, the emperor declared that he, himself, would decide the total government for the imperial country about to be unified, and east and west to be identified.
- 狭義の室町時代については、時代的に一体化している南北朝時代と併せて南北朝・室町時代と総称されることもある。
- Concerning this narrower definition of the Muromachi period, some prefer to combine the two period names, Nanbokucho and Muromachi, to create a general term, the 'Nanbokucho-Muromachi period.'
- なお、律令それ自体については律令の項を、律令に基づく制度各般については律令制の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- For information on ritsuryo itself and systems based on ritsuryo, refer to the pages on ritsuryo and the ritsuryo system respectively.
- 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
- There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.
- 軍事貴族ないし武士の母体となったのは、こうした兵の家の者たちであったというのが、現在最も有力な学説である。
- These tsuwamono-no-ie members becoming the origin of the military aristocrats or samurais has been the most compelling theory.
- 日本の近代化のためにも、国民の政治への関与を一定程度認めることは必要であり、近代的な国家体制が模索された。
- For the modernization of Japan, they understood that they needed to allow political involvement of the general public; so they began to search for a modern framework for the nation.
- その後も新田氏の所領が増えることはなく、世良田氏や岩松氏の創立などの分割相続と所領の沽却により弱体化する。
- The Nitta clan's territory had not been increased thereafter, and the clan was weakened owing to a divided succession along with the establishment of the Serada clan and Iwamatsu clan, etc., and the disposal of the territory.
- 「新町一丁目〜十四丁目」などの「丁目」を数えず、全体で1町とカウントした場合は40町減じて142町となる。
- If '1-chome to 14-chome Shin-machi' is counted as one town rather than counted on the basis of 'chome,' then the number is 142 with 40 towns being reduced.
- 王朝国家体制の下では、国家から土地経営や人民支配の権限を委譲された有力百姓(田堵・名主)層の成長が見られた。
- Under this system, influential farmers, (Tato: farm managers who lease public fields from provincial lords and produce agricultural products; and Myoshu: owners of rice fields) to whom the management of land and control of people was transmitted from the government, became powerful.
- この政変で政元は幕政を掌握し、奉公衆などの軍事的基盤が崩壊した将軍権力は、幕府公権の二分化により弱体化した。
- Due to this incident, Masamoto took over shogunal administration, and the authority of the shogun whose military foundations, such as shogunal guards, had broken down, became weaker because of the bakufu's governmental authority being divided into two.
- 荘園公領制の弱体化と惣村の発達に伴い、沙汰人は惣村とのつながりを強めていき、惣村の指導者となることもあった。
- Along with the weakening of shoen koryo sei and the development of the soson, the satanin strengthened the relationship with the soson and sometimes became a leader of the soson.
- 単位宗教団体とは、神社・寺院・教会・布教所など、宗教法人法第2条第1号の範疇に含まれる宗教団体のことである。
- Tani Shukyo Dantai refer to religious organizations that are contained in the category of article 2, number 1 of the religious corporation act, such as shrines, temples, churches, and places for missionary work.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- ただし国人・地侍等の既得権授益層の解体を意味するため、最終的に徹底しされるのは、豊臣秀吉の天下統一後である。
- However, as the measures meant to dissolve the classes such as kokujin (local lord) and jizamurai who had had vested interests, it was after the unification of the whole country by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI that heinobunri was thoroughly accomplished.
- 細川氏が内部の権力闘争により弱体化すると、足利氏を補佐するという名目で、近江国の六角氏による介入が強まった。
- When the Hosokawa clan was weakened because of an internal struggle of power, the Rokkaku clan in Omi Province increased its interference under the pretext of assistance to the Ashikaga clan.
- もしくは、それらが何らかの主張のもと既成の支配体制に対して武力行使を含む抵抗運動を展開している状態を指した。
- Ikki also referred to a state in which the uncertified military forces would carry out a resistance movement, including the use of armed forces, against the existing regime based on a claim.
- そして、室町期守護は 守護大名という立場へと成長していき、国内に守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を布いていった。
- Thus, in the Muromachi period, the Shugo grew into the status of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and a ruling system called Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) was instituted.
- 具体的には、宇陀松山藩主織田高長の五男津田頼房の系統や高畠藩主織田信浮の十男津田長郷の系統などをあげられる。
- They include, specifically, the lineage of Yorifusa TSUDA, the fifth son of Takanaga ODA, the lord of the Uda-Matsuyama Domain, and Nagasato TSUDA, the tenth son of Nobuchika ODA, the lord of the Takahata Domain.
- 景行天皇の妃の一人である高田媛の父が阿部木事であるとされ、また継体天皇の妃に阿倍波延比売がいたいわれている。
- The father of Takatahime, one of the wives of Emperor Keiko, was said to be ABE no Kogoto; also one of the wives of Emperor Keitai was said to be ABE no Haehime.
- もしこの説が正しければ、継体天皇が畿内勢力の抵抗にあい、長期に渡って奈良盆地へ入れなかったとする説が崩れる。
- If this hypothesis is correct, it will undermine the theory which believes that the resistance from the forces in Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) retarded Emperor Keitai' entry into Nara Basin for years.
- また、『日本書紀』での継体の没年(継体天皇廿五年春二月丁未)にあたる531年に欽明天皇が即位したと主張した。
- Also, Hirako insisted that Emperor Kinmei succeeded the enthronement in 531 which was the year Emperor Keitai passed away as stated in 'Chronicles of Japan'.
- 王龍溪が上で師王陽明の良知説を革新したと述べたが、もう少し具体的にいうと、以下の二つの意味を良知に追加した。
- As mentioned above, Wang Longxi reformed his master Wang Yangming's theory of ryochi, specifically, he added the two meanings shown below.
- 当時、国衙は在地領主・田堵農民層との闘争でその支配体制が危機に瀕していたため、武力による補強が求められていた。
- At that time, military reinforcements were necessary because the organizational system of Kokuga was threatened by conflict between local landowners and the Tato farmer class.
- しかし、その後の壬申の乱などの影響で整備が遅れ、大宝律令(学令)の制定により具体的な制度が確立したといわれる。
- It is said, however, that the development of Daigaku-ryo was delayed due to the influence of the ensuing Jinshin War, and that the concrete Daigaku-ryo system was finalized thanks to the introduction of the Taiho Ritsuryo Code (Gakuryo [the rule of education]).
- 対策文は、中国の故事を引用した内容空疎なものであり、次第に形式化していったが、試験自体は室町時代まで行われた。
- Taisakumon drew Chinese historical events and was poor in content, and was gradually becoming formalized, but the test itself continued until the Muromachi period.
- 室町時代中期以後は弱体化した室町幕府や、経済的に貧しくなった朝廷に対しても、酒屋は大きな政治的発言力を持った。
- After the middle era of the Muromachi period when the power of the Muromachi bakufu became weak and the finance of the Imperial Court deteriorated, sakaya came to have a big political influence on the bakufu and the Imperial Court.
- 後者には異論も出されているが、この見解に従えば、中世期の支配・収取のあり方をより具体的に理解することができる。
- Opinions denying the latter were proposed, but according to the latter opinion, the state of the national control and tax-collecting systems during the medieval period could be understood more concretely.
- 明治に至り廃藩置県等の体制の変革により、同心・足軽等一部は羅卒・兵卒・下士官・末端役人として引き続き出仕した。
- The arrival of the Meiji period and system reforms such as Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) meant that some doshin and ashigaru continued to serve as police officers, soldiers, noncommissioned officers and low-level officials.
- 四大財閥に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による財閥解体指令を受けた11財閥を加えたものを、特に十五大財閥と呼ぶ。
- The four major zaibatsu, together with the 11 zaibatsu that were ordered dismantled by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) are referred to as the 15 major zaibatsu.
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- 継体天皇以降は、大和国の勢力と越前国や近江国など北方の豪族の勢力が一体化し、ヤマト王権の力が国内で強くなった。
- After the reign of Emperor Keitai, the force in Yamato Province and the forces of local ruling families in Echizen province, Omi Province, and other northern areas were unified, which strengthened the power of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) in Japan.
- 近年の研究では、継体天皇即位の正当性を示すために系譜作成の段階で挿入された人物としてその実在性を疑われている。
- In recent research and historical study, doubt was cast on the existence of Prince Ohodo; this was effected in the belief of some scholars that Prince Ohodo was an implant; being a fictitious person inserted during the process of creating the genealogy tables, in an attempt to show the legitimacy in the enthronement of the Emperor Keitai.
- 地域にある樫船神社の「樫」と、母体となった村の一つ・田能村の「田」を組み合わせて「樫田」の村名が名付けられた。
- The village name 'Kashida' (written as '樫田') was named as the combination of 'kashi' (樫), the letter from the name of Kashifune-jinja shrine (樫船神社) in the area, and 'da' (田), the letter from the name of Tano Village (田能村) which was one of the villages to merge into Kashida Village.
- 跡地は京都市により運動公園として整備されたほか、解体予定だった模擬天守は地元の要望もあり残されることとなった。
- The site was rearranged as an athletic park by Kyoto City, and the replica castle, which was planned to be demolished at first, was decided to remain by the local's request.
- 山腹には現世信仰で知られる宝山寺を中心として、滝の修行場や祠など大小さまざまな宗教団体の施設が設けられている。
- Facilities including sites for practicing cold water ablutions by a fall (stand under a waterfall), or hokora (a small shrine) of large and small religious organizations centering on Hozan-ji Temple, which is known for belief in material benefits, are located on the mountainside.
- 2000年現在で387世帯が漁業に携わっており、個人漁業経営体332世帯で、 漁業従事者世帯は55世帯である。
- As of 2000, 387 households were engaged in the fishing industry, Among these, 332 were individual fishery management institutions and 55 were employed by fishery institutions.
- 写真などでは木造の橋と思われがちだが、実際は本体は鉄筋コンクリート製(欄干のみ木製)で、車の通行も可能である。
- The bridge looks like a wooden bridge in photographs, but, its main body has a structure of reinforced concrete (only parapets are made of wood), and it is a practicable bridge also for cars.
- いっぽう、長州藩の長井雅楽が主導する「航海遠略策」が朝廷・幕府の賛同を得て、公武一和の具体策として急浮上する。
- Meanwhile, a policy that recommended improving Japan's navigational skills to communicate with foreign nations, advocated by Uta NAGAI of Choshu clan, was approved by both the imperial court and the bakufu, and emerged as a tool to unite the court and the shogunate.
- そのため、両者を統合再編して体制の簡素化を図ることとなり、1908年(明治41年)12月5日鉄道院が発足した。
- Because of this, in order to streamline both agencies by integration and reorganization, Tetsudoin was established on December 5, 1908.
- 更に秀吉が諸大名ら武家にも気前良く官位を与えたためにただでさえ不足気味であった官位が全体的に不足する事となった。
- Official ranks, which had already been in short supply, came to further run short because Hideyoshi generously awarded these ranks even to the samurai families such daimyo in various areas.
- 10世紀前期に従来の租税収取体系が変質したことに伴い、権門層(有力貴族・寺社)は各地に私領(私営田)を形成した。
- With the change in the tax collecting system in the 10th century, influential classes (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines) took over private land (shieiden: lands directly governed by such powers) in many places.
- この守護請によって、守護は土地自体を支配する権利、すなわち下地進止権(したじしんしけん)を獲得していくのである。
- With this shugo-uke, the shugo obtained the right to govern the land itself, i.e., the shitaji-shinshi-ken (the right to appropriate the land).
- そこで、鎌倉期の守護と区別するために、室町期の守護を守護大名とし、守護大名による領国支配体制を守護領国制と呼ぶ。
- To distinguish the provincial constables in the Kamakura period from those in the Muromachi period, provincial constables in the Muromachi period are called 'Shugo daimyo,' the provincial constable feudal lord, and the system in which Shugo daimyo governed their own territories is called Shugo-ryogoku system.
- 龍馬は意識がもうろうとする中、中岡の正体がばれないように中岡のことを「石川、太刀はないか」と変名で呼んだという。
- While Ryoma was losing consciousness, he called out 'Ishikawa, where's the sword' so as not to reveal Nakaoka's real name.
- 財閥解体以降も、銀行・証券・商社などさまざまな会社に分割されつつも、バブル経済のころまでは絶大な経済力を持った。
- Although zaibatsu were dissolved and divided into banks, securities companies, trading companies, etc, they retained overwhelming economic power until around the bubble economy era.
- しかし、こうした武力行使が一揆なのではなく、これを行使する「盟約に基づく政治的共同体」そのものが一揆なのである。
- A 'political community based on a league' that uses the armed forces constitutes ikki.
- 室町時代の細川氏は、京兆家を中心とした同族連合体とも言うべき集団を形成することで、一族間の内訌の危険を減らした。
- In the Muromachi period, the Hosokawa clan reduced the risk of the internal discord within the family by forming a group so-called a clan alliance, centering on the Keicho family.
- 戦後は同令は廃止された為、皇室典範によって即位の礼を行う定めがあるにもかかわらず内容についての具体的規定はない。
- Since the law was abolished after the war, there are no specific regulations about the contents although the Imperial House Act regulates to hold the Sokui no rei.
- 1975年(昭和50年)、「よみがえる近江八幡の会」が設立され、堀の保存修景運動は、市民全体の運動へと展開した。
- In 1975, the 'Yomigaeru Omihachiman no kai (Association for Restoring Omihachiman)' was formed, and the canal preservation and restoration movement grow in scale to involve the citizens at large.
- 長州藩は会津藩と薩摩藩による宮中クーデターである八月十八日の政変で失脚し、朝廷では公武合体派が主流となっていた。
- The Choshu clan was overthrown by the Aizu and Satsuma clans in a coup on August 18th, and the Shogunate-Imperial faction became the mainstream in the imperial court.
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領(公領)の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- この受領・国衙支配のもと、収取体系においては負名体制が形成し、軍事面においては国衙軍制を通じて武士階層が登場した。
- Under the control of Zuryo and Kokuga, the Fumyo system (a system for tax collecting) was formed for the Revenue system, and the samurai class appeared via the kokuga forces system.
- 当時、京都守護職であった会津藩主・松平容保は薩摩藩と連携して、長州の尊攘急進派を弾圧する体制を整えていたのである。
- At that time, the daimyo of Aizu, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, who was charged with the defense of Kyoto, had started cooperating with the Satsuma clan, and set up a system to oppress the radical loyalist faction in Choshu.
- 班田収授法(はんでんしゅうじゅのほう)とは、古代日本において施行された農地(田)の支給・収容に関する法体系である。
- 'Handen Shuju-no-ho' (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) was a legal system related to provision and expropriation of agricultural land (rice land), enforced in ancient Japan.
- その後、戦国時代 (日本)まで百年近くに亘って一揆勢が共和国的な体制を維持していた最大にして唯一の成功例と言える。
- Thereafter, the powers maintained their republican regime over 100 years until the (Japanese) Sengoku period and this is the biggest and only excellent example of ikki.
- また10世紀ごろから、国内の公田を名田へ再編成し、田堵に名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる負名体制へと移行していた。
- In the 10th century onwards, the koden (the field administered directly by a ruler) in the province was reorganized as the myoden, and the fumyo system, in which the tato undertook the management of the myoden and tax, became more and more common.
- 倭迹迹日百襲媛命大物主神の妻となるが、大物主の本体が蛇であることを知って驚き、倒れこみ、箸が陰部に刺さって死んだ。
- Yamatototohimomosohime no mikoto became the wife of Omono nushi no kami, but she fell down in surprise when she found out that the true form of Omono nushi to be a snake, and died because a chopstick had stuck into her private parts.
- 冠本体上部の前面から側面に当たる部分(磯)が高いタイプを厚額(あつびたい)、低いタイプを薄額(うすびたい)と言う。
- Court caps which have tall iso (the part from the front to the side of a cap's main part) are called atsubitai, and Court caps which have short iso are called usubitai.
- 同年、長慶も病死して三好氏が弱体化すると久秀は畿内における覇権を握ろうと1565年、時の将軍・足利義輝を殺害する。
- During the same year Chokei also died of an illness, which led to the weakening of the Miyoshi clan, and in 1565 Hisahide murdered Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, the Shogun of the period, in an attempt to gain the hegemony in Kinai.
- 継体天皇は他に沢山の子がいたのにも関わらず、嫡子は手白香皇女との間の皇子である天国排開広庭尊(欽明天皇)であった。
- Although Emperor Keitai had many other children, Prince Amenokunioshiharakihironiwa no Mikoto (Emperor Kinmei), the child between he and Princess Tashiraka, was chosen as his legitimate child.
- 継体天皇は大和に入る以前、現地で複数の妃を持ち沢山の子がいたが、即位後先代天皇の姉(妹)を皇后をとして迎え入れた。
- Despite Emperor Keitai already had several wives and a lot of children before he moved to Yamato, he took the older (younger) sister of late Emperor as his Empress.
- これによって「惣組」(上京・下京)-「町組」(「組町」とも)-各町という近世京都の地縁共同体が形成される事になる。
- As a result of this, an early modern period Kyoto consisting a territorially-connected community of 'Sogumi' (Kamikyo and Shimokyo), 'Machigumi' (also known as kunimachi) and each 'machi' (town) came to be formed.
- 山体は主に堆積岩からなるが、比叡山と大文字山の間の京都府道・滋賀県道30号下鴨大津線付近では花崗岩が貫入している。
- Although the body of the mountains mainly consist of sedimentary rocks, granite intrusions can be found in areas around Kyoto and Shiga Prefectural Road 30 Shimogamo-Otsu Line between Mt. Hiei and Mt. Daimonji.
- かつては市内には日産自動車の子会社である日産車体の京都工場があったものの、1999年に経営不振のために閉鎖された。
- The Kyoto factory of Nissan Shatai Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., used to be located in the city, but the factory was shut down in 1999 due to financial difficulties.
- 棚田日本の棚田百選一覧に選ばれた「毛原の棚田」では、毎年「棚田農業体験ツアー」や「棚田オーナー制度」を設けていた。
- As for the 'tanada (terraced paddy field) in Kehara,' which was selected as one of the Top 100 Terraced Paddy Fields in Japan, Oe-cho had set up the 'tanada farming tour' and the 'ownership system for the tanada.'
- 園部町(そのべちょう)は、2005年12月31日まで京都府の中央部に存在した地方公共団体で、園部城の城下町である。
- Sonobe-cho is a municipality which existed in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture until December 31, 2005, and is a castle town of Sonobe-jo Castle.
- 古代末に発生した武士はその武力で古代を終焉させ、中世社会で主導的役割を果たし、近世で完成された社会体制を築き上げた。
- The bushi who emerged during the late ancient times finished the ancient times by force, played a leading role in medieval society and established the social system in the early-modern times.
- 新選組は油小路通七条通の辻に伊東の遺骸を放置し、その周りに伏せ、遺体を引き取りにきた同志をまとめて粛清しようとした。
- Shinsengumi abandoned Ito's corpse on the streets of Aburanokoji, hiding themselves so that they could kill all the other members of Ito's group who would be coming to collect Ito's body.
- 江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を乱されたくない・邪魔されたくないといった心情は、攘夷運動になっていった。
- The feeling that they did not want to have the peaceful world of Edo (society under a system of national isolation) was disturbing and disruptive, and ultimately it led to the movement for the expulsion of foreigners.
- 更に明の海禁政策や銀と貨幣による通貨体系の確立(銅銭の除外)は銅銭鋳造の必要性を減らし、当然日本への流入も減少した。
- Furthermore, Kaikin Policy (the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries) and the establishment of a currency system based on silver and coins (excluding copper coins) by the Ming Dynasty reduced the necessity of minting copper coins, naturally decreasing the amount of copper coins that were brought into Japan as well.
- しかし、鎌倉時代後期頃から、主に地頭によって、重層的な関係を解消し、一元的な支配体系が指向されるようになっていった。
- Around the latter half of the Kamakura period, the multi-tiered relationship disappeared mainly due to the appearance of jito, and it was oriented so as to introduce a unified control system.
- また彼らは古代以来の首長層に替わって、出挙を通じて公民を隷属下に収めていき、地方の人民支配の主体ともなりつつあった。
- Also, they took the place of the ruling-class since ancient times, forced the public into a servile position through suikyo (land lease at interest) and became dominant local governors of the people.
- 一方、政務決裁には事実上のトップである執権、その補佐である連署、合議機関である評定衆を置く集団指導体制を成立させる。
- At the same time, a collective leadership system for making policy decisions was established that was made up of the regent (who was effectively the leader), rensho (who acted as assistants to the regent), and the Hyojoshu (which acted as a consultative body).
- 2009年現在は286町となっている(大枝北沓掛町一丁目〜七丁目のように「丁目」を有するものは全体を1町と数える)。
- As of 2009, there are two-hundred and eighty-six towns (towns which have the name 'chome' such as Oeda Kitakutsukake-cho from 1-chome to 7-chome, are counted as a town).
- また平成の大合併と呼ばれる市町村合併ブームに乗って、周辺自治体であった三和町・大江町・夜久野町と市町村合併を行った。
- Taking advantage of the boom in municipal mergers, known as the big merger of Heisei, the surrounding municipalities of Miwa-cho, Oe-cho and Yakuno-cho were merged together.
- 古事記では比叡山は日枝山(ひえのやま)と表記され、大山咋神が近江国の日枝山に鎮座し、鳴鏑を神体とすると記されている。
- The Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) calls Mt. Hiei 'Hienoyama', and records that Oyamakui no kami is enshrined on Hienoyama in Omi Province, and Narikabura is the object of worship.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には、守護の細川氏が弱体化した丹波地方にはかつての細川氏の被官であった国人領主がそれぞれ割拠した。
- During the Sengoku period (Japan), local samurai lords, once high ranking officials of Hosokawa clan who was a shugo (military governor) in the area, controlled their own territories within Tanba Province after Hosokawa clan had weakened.
- 朱子学は支配イデオロギーとなったが、それ故に体制擁護としての作用が肥大化し、かつての道徳主義の側面が失われていった。
- As Shushigaku became the dominant ideology, its function of protecting the regime became increasingly emphasized, and as a result, the element of moralism was getting lost.
- また、一宮の生母である中納言典侍が皇子誕生以来体調を崩して実家に戻ったままになっていることも天皇の不満を抱かせていた。
- The Emperor was also dissatisfied with the absence of Chunagon Naishi, Ichinomiya's real mother, who had returned to her native home after the birth of the prince and remained there.
- 日本の律令下では上皇は天皇と同等の権限を持つとされていたため、こうしたやや変則的な政体ですら制度の枠内で可能であった。
- Under the system of centralized administration established with the ritsuryo legal codes, the Joko was considered as having authority equivalent to that of the Emperor, so even such an irregular form of government was possible within the framework of the system.
- 応安の半済令により、守護は実質的に荘園・公領の半分を簒奪することとなり、荘園の解体が緩やかに進行していくこととなった。
- Based on the practice of the hanzei law of Oan, provincial constables disfranchised half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government virtually, thereby resulting in the gradual demise of manors.
- 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
- Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろに律令制の解体が進展していくと、百姓の中に他から田地を借りて耕作し、富を蓄積する富豪層が出現した。
- When the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on ritsuryo code) began to dissolve around the ninth-tenth century, some farmers amassed wealth by cultivating rice fields which they rented from others.
- 1493年(明応2年)には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
- In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
- 肺に入ると炎症を起こす二酸化ケイ素や、カビの菌糸体を構成するグルカンβグルカンなどが含まれているという研究結果もある。
- Research also found that silicon dioxide, which causes inflammation when taken into lungs, and β glucan, one configuration of the mycelium mold, were included in kosa.
- 一揆(いっき)とは、日本において何らかの理由により心を共にした共同体が心と行動を一つにして目的を達成しようとすること。
- The term 'ikki' refers to an attempt made by a community in Japan to achieve an objective when members of the community that share the same sentiment work closely together for a certain reason.
- つまり、問屋は自己の名義で取引を行い取引の相手方に対する権利義務の主体となるが、その取引による損益は委託者に帰属する。
- In other words, although, Toiya make deals under their own name and become the ones that assume rights and obligations to the parties that Toiya are making deals with, the profits and losses from the deals are restored to the consignor.
- 明治後期から敗戦までは天皇制などと表現することは不敬な表現であり、国体(=くにがら、くにぶり/漢書成帝紀)とよばれた。
- From the end of the Meiji period until the end of the World War II to describe the system as Tennosei (Emperor System) was to commit blasphemy; the system was called kokutai made up of two kanji (fundamental character of the nation) in the Chinese way of reading and kunigara or kuniburi in the Japanese way of reading; the term was derived from the Records of Emperor Cheng of Han in Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty).
- とくに応神天皇から継体天皇にかけての名は概して素朴であり、ワカタケルのように明らかに生前の実名と証明されたものもある。
- Especially, the posthumous names from Emperor Ojin through Emperor Keitai are generally simple and there are ones such as Wakatakeru, which were clearly proven to be the real names when alive.
- 松島では、松島海岸地区に三ツ星3、二ツ星4、一ツ星8の計25、塩竈市地区に二ツ星3の計6、全体で合計31の星が付いた。
- Matsushima obtained 31 stars in total, three triple-star, four double-star and eight single-star, 25 in total for Matsushima Kaigan (Matsushima seashore) region and for Shiogama region three double-star, six in total.
- しかし、流通による磨耗からすぐに銀色の地金が姿を現し、さらに火災に遭うと固体拡散のためか銀貨同然の光沢となったという。
- However, it is said that a silver colored bare metal appeared immediately due to abrasion by circulation, and furthermore, Isshukin became as glossy as silver coins maybe because of solid diffusion when it suffered from a fire.
- 建築物を建築等(増改築を含む)する際には、こうした具体的な基準に適合しているかどうか、市長の認定を受けなければならない。
- When constructing (also extending and reconstructing) a building, one is required to have a plan examined to see whether it conforms to these regulations and approved by the mayor.
- 忯子は妊娠中であったが、出産準備のため実家に戻ろうとしたのを花山が無理に引き止めたため体調を崩して死に至ったものである。
- It is said that Shishi was pregnant and wanted to go back to her parent's home to have the baby, but Kazan forcefully kept her in court, which led to her getting ill and eventually dying.
- 制札警護を命じられた新選組は、三条大橋を中心とした3拠点に隊士を配置し、いつでも包囲体制をとれるように準備を整えていた。
- Ordered to guard the noticeboard, Shinsengumi were ready to surrender criminals at any time by arranging members at three points centered around Sanjo-ohashi bridge.
- そして、まず国衙領において、公田から名田への再編成が行われると、田堵が名田経営を請け負う主体に位置づけられるようになる。
- Then, when koden (rice fields administered directly by a ruler) located in kokugaryo was reorganized into myoden (rice fields owned by a nominal holder), Tato became the persons who undertook the management of myoden.
- 負名(ふみょう)とは、日本の平安時代ごろから始まる王朝国家体制のもとでの租税収取形態または租税収取を請け負った者をいう。
- Fumyo means a form of collecting tax or a contractor for collecting tax under the system of the dynasty state which began sometime around the Heian period of Japan.
- 8世紀になると中国の政治体制に倣った律令制が整備され、天皇を中心とした中央集権制が確立し、親政が行われた(古代天皇制)。
- With the onset of the eighth century, the Ritsuryo system taken from China was implemented and the centralized authoritarian rule centering on Emperor was established; accordingly, Emperor directly administered the government (the Emperor System in the ancient sovereignty).
- 明治維新後の政治体制を、絶対王政とみなし「絶対主義天皇制」と規定したのは、主に唯物史観を取り入れた左派の歴史学者である。
- It was the left-wing historians with the materialist concept who called the political system after the Meiji Restoration as 'Absolute Tennosei' regarding it as absolute monarchism.
- 現在の歴史学界では、継体が応神の5世孫かどうかは不明とするが、中央豪族の支持を得て即位したのは事実とする説が有力である。
- Widely-accepted theory in the present Japanese historical community is that Keitai was enthroned with the approval of central ruling families, while the question of his origin as the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin remains unsolved.
- 父親の継体天皇は傍系出身であり、先々代仁賢天皇の皇女で、先代武烈天皇の姉(妹)である直系の手白香皇女を皇后に迎え入れた。
- Being a collateral descendant, Emperor Keitai, the father of Emperor Kinmei, selected Princess Tashiraka, a direct descendant as his Empress; she was princess of former Emperor Ninken as well as the sister of Emperor Buretsu.
- 享年には諸説あり、48(欽明天皇元年(540年)出生説)とも69(継体天皇13年(519年)出生説)とも伝えられている。
- There are several theories about his age at death, and he reportedly died at the age of either 48 (based on a theory that he was born in 540) or 69 (based on a theory that he was born in 519).
- 立地自治体の腰の重さに業を煮やしたように、お互いに立地していない両町が郡、地域(二州と若狭)を超えた合併へと動き出した。
- The two towns without local plants were frustrated by the reluctance from other municipalities possessing nuclear power plants, and launched a movement to initiate a merger that would transcend regions (Nishu and Wakasa) and counties.
- 福知山市は周辺自治体では人口の減少が進む中少なくとも平成の合併まではほぼ横ばいに近い程度の人口増加を続けてきた市である。
- Fukuchiyama City's population experienced an increase which was close to being relatively unchanged until the municipal merger in Heisei, while the population decreased in surrounding municipalities.
- 特権的な貴族層が、全国の人民を直接支配するためには、中央から地方の末端にいたるまでの体系的な行政・司法の機構を必要とした。
- For the privileged kizoku class to directly rule the people nationwide, a systematic administrative/judicial structure covering the center and the remote provinces was necessary.
- この事件によって朝廷の久光に対する信望は大いに高まり、久光は公武合体政策の実現(文久の改革)のため江戸へと向かっていった。
- As a result of this incident, Hisamitsu gained more trust from the Imperial Court, and he left for Edo to realize the policy of Kobu-gattai (Reformation in the Bunkyu period, or 文久の改革).
- ただし、当時の「荘」や「園」の主体は娯楽のための別荘であり、これに附属の庭園、更には周囲の田園や山林を含めたものであった。
- However, 'sho' or 'en' in those days were mainly villas for entertainment and they included attached gardens and furthermore the surrounding rural areas, mountains, and forests.
- 尊王攘夷論は、天皇を中心とした政治体制を築き、対外的に独立を保とうという政治思想となり、幕末の政治状況を大きく揺るがせた。
- The Sonno-joi became a political thought to establish a system with the Emperor at its center and to keep independence from foreign powers and destabilized the political situation at the end of the Edo period on a grand scale.
- まず、平子鐸嶺は父の継体天皇の没年を『古事記』の527年(丁未年4月9日)とし、その後2年ずつ安閑・宣化が在位したとした。
- First, Takurei HIRAKO concluded that Emperor Keitai (Emperor Kinmei's father) died in 527 as written in Kojiki ('the Record of Ancient Matters'), and Emperor Ankan and Senka reigned as the Emperor for two years respectively.
- こうした交通網の発達は、明治以降鉄道建設や道路整備により、京阪神を一体の地域としての性格を強めることに大きな影響を与えた。
- The development of such traffic networks had a major effect on strengthening the character of Keihanshin as an integrated area by the construction of railroads and the maintenance of its roads in and after the Meiji era.
- その他にも野迫川村全体で1707年(宝永4年)から慶応3年(1867年)までの160年間の間に32回の氏子駈の記録がある。
- In addition, according to it, there were 32 times of ujikogari (the collection of the shares) made in only Nosegawa Village for 160 years from 1707 to 1867.
- が、当市の場合は合併する自治体の中に「丹後町」があったため、他町への配慮からか重複がないにもかかわらず「京」を冠している。
- When this city was established due to the merger, it included 'Tango-cho' and it seems that the people in charge wanted to be considerate to other towns; that was why the city named itself 'Kyotango City' although there was no overlapping.
- また、豊臣政権末期の五大老制は有力大名による集団指導体制であり、外様大名である徳川家康の政権簒奪を防ぐことができなかった。
- The Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) system at the end of the Toyotomi government was a collective leadership system by powerful daimyo, however they were unable to prevent Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a tozama daimyo, from usurping power.
- 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
- Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
- 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
- The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろ、律令制の解体にともなって、律令上の租税体系である租庸調制も次第に崩壊し、官物・雑役へと変質していった。
- Around the 9th or 10th century, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the Soyocho tax system collapsed and as a result, the taxes due changed into kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks).
- しかし、桑名藩のように藩主家自体が江戸幕府の命で国替えしている藩では「藩士」の呼称がかならずしも妥当とは言い難い場合もある。
- However, the term is not appropriate for domains, such as the Kuwana Domain, of which the lord family itself came under provincial rule as a result of orders from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 朝廷黒幕説には、中心となる黒幕として、正親町天皇・誠仁親王、あるいは近衛前久等の公家衆を主体とみるかについて意見が分かれる。
- Among views which advocates that the mastermind was the imperial court, there are different views with respect to the key person of the plot, for example, the Emperor Ogimachi, Imperial Prince Sanehito or a noble such as Sakihisa KONOE.
- 平安時代末期の院政期には、漆を厚く塗って形が崩れない冠となり、纓が本体から分離して纓壺に纓を差し込んで固定するようになった。
- During the regime of cloistered government in the end of the Heian period, Court caps were thickly lacquered so they would not lose their shapes, and ei was separated from the main part and it was put in etsubo (a pocket for ei attached to the back of the main part) to be fixed.
- 尾張守護代となった織田氏は、戦国の混乱期において弱体化した守護斯波氏に代わり徐々に頭角を現し、戦国大名として名乗りを上げた。
- The Oda clan that became Owari no Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Owari Province) came to the front gradually, replaced the Shugo (Military Governor), the Shiba clan, which weakened at the war time of disorder, and became a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period.
- 太古より神宿る山とされ、三輪山そのものが神体であるとの考えから、常人は足を踏み入れることの出来ない、禁足地の山とされていた。
- As it has been believed since the ancient time that Mt. Miwa holds a god and Mt. Miwa itself is a god, Mt. Miwa was regarded as a mountain which common people are prohibited to enter.
- 近くの木津温泉、あるいは、久美浜と一体的に宣伝活動を繰り広げ「網野浜詰」としての知名度は「冬のかに」で非常に高いものである。
- With extensive promotion activities together with Kitsu-onsen Hot Spring and Kumihama, 'Amino Hamazume' has been widely known for its 'winter crabs.'
- 19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力(ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近)により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。
- Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
- しかしながら美川圭のように、院政の当初の目的を皇位決定権の掌握と見て、王権の拡大を意図したこと自体を重要視する意見も出ている。
- There are also such opinions as that of Kei MIKAWA, who considered that the initial purpose of insei was to control the right to decide who would succeed the throne; this view places importance on the fact that the expansion of sovereignty was intended.
- この精神は、地方政府組織の末端にいたるまで貫徹し、全体の官僚機構は、相互に秩序ある階層制によって連結された官庁から成っていた。
- This spirit was persistent all the way to the tail end of provincial governmental organizations, and the overall bureaucracy consisted of ministries that were interconnected through an orderly ranking system.
- また、農業用水の配分調整や水路・道路の普請(修築)、大川での渡し船の運営など、日常生活に必要な事柄も主体的に取り組んでいった。
- The soson also worked voluntarily on matters that were necessary for daily life, such as adjustments in the distribution of agricultural water, the construction or repair of channels and roads, the operation of the ferry at Okawa, etc.
- 包括宗教団体とは、宗教法人法第2条第2号の範疇に含まれる宗教団体で、宗派・教派・教団など単位宗教法人を包括する宗教団体である。
- Hokatsu Shukyo Dantai refer to religious organizations, that are contained in the category of article 2, number 2 of the religious corporation act, that take in Tani Shukyo Hojin such as religious schools, sects, and religious communities.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- 遥任(ようにん、旧字体で遙任と表記することもある)とは、日本の奈良時代・平安時代などに、国司が任国へ赴任しなかったことを指す。
- 遥任 (yonin) (the expression of 遙任 was also used sometimes) indicates that the person who was appointed to a kokushi (governor) of a province did not live in the province.
- しかし倭寇沈静化を図り、通交権をもって西日本諸勢力から倭寇禁圧の協力を取りつけ、また倭寇自体を平和的通交者へと懐柔していった。
- However, they attempted to bring the wako pirates under their control and also secured the cooperation from the forces in the western part of Japan in exchange for amicable relations; additionally, they even converted the wako pirates themselves into peace coordinators.
- また足羽神社の近くにある足羽山公園には継体天皇を模した巨大な石像が坂井市を見下ろすように建っており、観光スポットとなっている。
- In the Asuwayama park near Asuwa-jinja Shrine, there stands the giant stone statue of Emperor Keitai, overlooking the Sakai City and attracting tourists.
- 垂仁天皇の7世孫とされる振媛命(ふりひめのみこと。父は乎波智君)を妃とし、男大迹王(おおどのおおきみ、後の継体天皇)を儲けた。
- Hikoushio married Furihime no Mikoto (her father was Ohachigimi), a descendent and a grand child of the Emperor Suinin (seventh generation descended from him) and as his princess, she bore him a son, 'Odo no Okimi' (Later, he became the Emperor Keitai.).
- 京都市への他自治体の合併は、昭和34年(1959年)の久世村(現・南区)、大原野村(現・西京区)の合併以来46年ぶりであった。
- The merger of other municipalities into Kyoto City was the first time in the forty-six years after the merger of the villages of Kuse (the present Minami Ward) and Oharano (the present Nishikyo Ward) in 1959.
- 13.7メートル×9.5メートルの石垣をめぐらせた平坦地に、南向きに建てられた宝形造りの観音堂があり、石仏3体が祀られている。
- This Kannon-do of hogyo-zukuri style faces south on a flat area (13.7 meters by 9.5 meters) with a stone wall around it, and three stone statues are placed in it.
- また、高野参詣道をめぐって村上・山陰が指摘するとおり近世の巡礼では参詣道をたどること自体に信仰上の意味がしばしば失われている。
- As 'Murakami Sanin' pointed out in an article concerning the pilgrimage road to Mt. Koya, during the early-modern period, most pilgrims did not appreciate the religious significance of just walking pilgrimage roads.
- この飛行場付近には、兵士の避難所や待機所を兼ねた掩体壕(えんたいごう)と呼ばれる鉄筋コンクリート製の半地下式防空壕が作られた。
- Around this airport, a reinforced concrete semisubterranean bomb shelter called Entaigo was built which was concurrently used as an evacuation center and waiting room for soldiers.
- そもそも丹波は、中央集権体制を進める明治政府の大久保利通らにより、但馬・丹後を含め似通った地域性を無視して2府県に分けられた。
- In the first place, Tanba, Tajima and Tango were divided up into two prefectures by people like Toshimichi OKUBO in the Meiji government who wanted to strengthen centralized control, ignoring their regional similarities.
- ただし、その罪の適用は格式によって拡大されてきたと考えられ、明法家の間でもその具体的な適用範囲などについては意見の相違があった。
- The application of the Charge of Ichoku is thought to have been expanded according to ranks, and there was a difference in opinions of lawyers about the actual scope of application.
- 生まれた頃から歯が生え揃っていた、巨体であったなど周囲から恐れられ、鬼と化した後は酒呑童子と出会い舎弟となり、共に京を目指した。
- Legend has it that his most fearsome characteristics included having all his teeth at birth and being of enormous size, which struck fear into the hearts of all his neighbors; after transforming into an oni, he encountered Shuten Doji and became his underling, and then together they plotted to terrorize the capital (Kyoto).
- 中世の武家社会において、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなく、主君と家臣団は相互に依存・協力しあう運命共同体であった。
- In the samurai society of the medieval period, the existence and position of a lord was not necessarily guaranteed or absolute to his retainers; instead, lords and their group of retainers had a shared fate, and their relationship was one of mutual cooperation.
- 陽明学や古学、尊王論などの反朱子学的な(反幕藩体制につながりかねない)動きを抑圧するために強硬策を採った事も考えられるのである。
- It may have led the shogunate to take stern measures to suppress the activities of anti-Confucianism (which could trigger an anti-shogunate system) such as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Wang Yangming), Kogaku (classical study) and Sonno-ron (theory for the advocate of Imperial Rule).
- この軍制改革は、地方に権限を移譲するという意味で、まさに当時その緒についていた王朝国家体制への転換改革と軌を一にするものだった。
- In terms of transfer of rights to local governments, this military reform was the same as the reform, which was starting around that time, to shift the country to a dynasty-based nation.
- 崇神天皇・応神天皇・継体天皇など、古代の天皇の何人かは、前代の天皇とは血縁は無く皇位簒奪を行ったのではないかという説が存在する。
- There is a theory that says some Emperors in ancient times, such as Emperor Sujin, Emperor Ojin, and Emperor Keitai, usurped the imperial throne regardless of blood relations with the past Emperors.
- なお、継体天皇の死後、安閑天皇・宣化天皇の朝廷と欽明天皇の朝廷が並立していた、あるいは内乱があったという説がある(詳細は後述)。
- IIn addition, there is a theory in that after Emperor passed away the Imperial Court of the Emperor Ankan/Emperor Senka and the court of Emperor coexisted side by side or there was a domestic conflict (the details will be addressed later).
- 現在では滋賀県の住民が琵琶湖線や湖西線などを利用して京都市へ多く通勤・通学しており、一体的な都市圏(京都都市圏)を形成している。
- A lot of residents in Shiga Prefecture commute to Kyoto City using Biwako Line or Kosei Line and so on, which results in forming a unified urban area (Kyoto urban area).
- 島自体は、安山岩を主に火山性の岩石で、周囲のほとんどが切り立った崖になっており、タブノキなどの常緑広葉樹の原生林で覆われている。
- The island itself, which consists of volcanic rocks (mainly Anzangan rock (andesite)), is mostly surrounded by a vertical cliff and is covered by a virgin forest of evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii.
- この戦争の結果、薩長、薩長協力藩(佐賀藩、土佐藩等)出身者が明治政府の主体となり、日本は近代的な中央集権国家への道を歩んでいった。
- As a result of the war, members from the Sat-Cho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) and their supporting domains (the Saga and Tosa Domains) played an active role in the Meiji government, and Japan was to head for the modern system of centralized government.
- 御真影自体は大正~昭和期にかけて下賜されたため、奉安殿の成立もその時期と推測される(小学校の奉安殿建築は昭和10年前後に活発化)。
- As goshin-ei portraits were themselves granted as Imperial gifts from the Taisho period to the Showa period, it is estimated that Hoan-den came into existence in those periods (construction of Hoan-den in the elementary schools became active in around 1935).
- 会合衆である納屋衆による合議制の元、自治を行い、都市全体に濠を巡らし、牢人を傭兵として雇うなど、戦国大名による支配も拒絶していた。
- Under the council system by nayashu (wealthy merchants who led autonomous organizations in cities), who were egoshu (members of council), it established autonomy and refused control by sengoku daimyo by surrounding the whole city with a moat and employing ronin as mercenary.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- しかし冠着という元服式のときのみ「放巾子(はなちこじ)」と言われる本体と巾子を別に作り、装着後に紐で結んで固定するものが使われた。
- But only at coming-of-age ceremony called Kamurigi, 'hanachi-koji,' a headgear which consisted of separate body and koji and be fixed with strings in wearing, were used.
- 上表(じょうひょう)とは、東宮以下の皇親・百官より庶民に至るまでが天皇に対して文書(表)を奉ること、またその文書(表)自体を指す。
- Johyo (memorial to the emperor) was an act of handing Monjo (written material) (or Hyo [letters]) or the Monjo itself to the Emperor from any Koshin (Emperor's family) including Togu (crown prince), all the officials or general public.
- のちに朝倉氏自体が越前守護に任じられることとなったため、鞍谷公方足利氏は朝倉氏の客将と化し、朝倉氏が名実ともに同国の大名となった。
- Later, as the Asakura clan itself was appointed to Echizen shugo (military governor of Echizen Province), the Kuratani kubo Ashikaga clan became a guest commander of the Asakura clan, and the Asakura clan became the daimyo (territorial lord) of the province in name and in reality.
- またそうした辛いときに両親である天皇皇后と別々に暮らさざるを得なかった体験が、後に子供たちを手元で育てることを決意させたともいう。
- Such painful experience that he had been obliged to live separately from his parents led him to make a resolution to keep his children at hand, it is believed.
- この当時(12世紀末~13世紀初頭)は、京都の中央政府(院政)の力も衰えておらず、中央(都、首都)と鎌倉の二元的支配体制であった。
- In those days (the end of 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century) the central government (Insei (rule by the retired Emperor)) had not yet lost its power, creating a dual system of governments: the central government (Kyoto, the capital) and Kamakura government.
- 近年においても1956年の市町村合併によって明日香村が生まれるまでは、この地域に飛鳥村があり地方自治体の名称として飛鳥は存在した。
- In recent years, Asuka existed as a name of a local government unit, Asuka Village (飛鳥村) in this region, until Asuka Village (明日香村) was established after the municipal merger in 1956.
- また、さいたま市緑区 (さいたま市)宮本の氷川女体神社も元は氷川神社から分かれたものであり、江戸時代以降一宮とされるようになった。
- Additionally, the Hikawa-nyotai-jinja Shrine at Miyamoto, in the Midori ward of Saitama City, was originally separated from Hikawa-jinja Shrine, and subsequent to the Edo period it has been treated as Ichinomiya.
- なお一時期、青森県の公共団体が、偽書『東日流外三郡誌』の記載に基づき、安東氏の活躍を村おこしに繋げようとする試みをしたことがある。
- In addition, a public organization in Aomori Prefecture once tried to make use of the remarkable history of the Ando clan for a project to promote the economic development of the area, based on an apocrypha 'Tsugaru Sangun-shi' (The history of the three countries in Tsugaru region).
- さらに名前自体が下級花街のイメージが付きまとわれ業者側は「北新地」と呼ばせていたが、地元の人は相変わらず「ごばんちょう」と呼んだ。
- In addition, the town name itself gave off the impression of a low-level geisha quarter, so people related to the geisha business began to call it 'Kitashinchi,' while local people still referred it as 'Goban-cho.'
- 当初は職住一体の街を計画していたが、実際には大阪市や京都市の都心に働きに行く人が多く、両市へのベッドタウンの傾向が強くなっている。
- Initially, it was planned that people working in the city would also be able to live there, but in reality, commuters to Osaka City or Kyoto City are on the rise, resulting in a bedroom community for both cities.
- 尼子勢は布部山の2つしかない登り口(水谷口・中山口)に山中幸盛を大将とする総勢6800の兵を布陣し、万全の体制で毛利軍を待ち構えた。
- The Amago army sent a total of 68,000 soldiers who were directed by Yukimori YAMANAKA to only two gateways (Mizutani (水谷) gateway and Nakayama (中山) gateway) to Fubeyama and waited for the Mori troops, taking all possible measures.
- 秀吉は忠実な天皇の侍大将として信長より前の室町幕府武家政権としての成果と文書体系をも覆し天皇にひれ伏した。(「武家と天皇」今谷 明)
- Hideyoshi reversed the achievement and document architecture of the military government in the Muromachi bakufu, which was even before the era of Nobunaga, and groveled at the Emperor's feet as a loyal samurai general of the Emperor ('Buke to Tenno'(the Emperor and the Samurai) by Akira IMATANI).
- 既売却地・質流れ地の無償返付,所領や債権債務についての訴訟(雑訴)の円滑処理などを行うことを通じて、旧体制へ復帰を図る目的があった。
- The aim was to return to the old system by voluntary restoration of sold or foreclosed property and smooth processing of court cases (zasso) regarding property and debts.
- 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
- The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- 江戸時代になると幕府に公認された既存の秩序以外の形で、こうした一揆の盟約による政治的共同体を結成すること自体が禁じられるようになる。
- During the Edo period, people were forbidden to form a political community by concluding an ikki in any form other than that which accorded with the existing order that was officially recognized by the shogunate government.
- サイパン島訪問時、韓国人の団体が不敬な内容の横断幕を張り出したが、地元のチャモロ人からの抗議を受け取り外したというエピソードがある。
- There is a strange story in connection with this visit to Saipan that a group of South Korean stretched a banner with disrespectful comments only to remove after being protested by the Chamorro, indigenous people.
- なお、『水鏡』・『愚管抄』・『神皇正統記』・『本朝皇胤紹運録』など、中世の史書 ・系譜類に継体の祖父として記されている、「私斐王」。
- Additionally, this grandfather of the Emperor Keita was written as 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' in historical books and genealogy tables during the Medieval Period; such as: 'Mizu Kagami' (Japanese historical book); 'Gukansho' ('Jottings of a Fool'; a Japanese historical book written by Jien, a Buddhist priest of the Tendi sect.); the 'Jinno Shotoki' ('Chronicles of the Authentic Lineages of the Divine Emperors'; a Japanese historical book written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE); and the 'Honcho koin jounroku' (family tree charts of emperors and imperial families in Japan).
- 上記の紅葉パラダイス、旅亭 紅葉のかつての運営主体の丸玉観光株式会社(京都市)はホテル改装と遊園地の不振などによる負債を抱えていた。
- Marutama Kanko in Kyoto City, the former operating company of the above-mentioned Koyo Paradise and Ryotei Koyo, was in debt due to the renovation of the hotel, the business depression of the amusement park, etc.
- また、果無山脈それ自体が近隣の河川(熊野川、日置川、富田川、日高川)の分水嶺となっており、工事による河川への悪影響が懸念されている。
- In addition, the Hatenashi mountain range is a dividing mountain of neighboring rivers (the Kumano-gawa River, the Hiki-gawa River, the Tonda-gawa River, and the Hidaka-gawa River), and adverse effect caused by constructions on the rivers is concerned.
- 武士(ぶし、もののふ)は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
- Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
- また、義満は有力守護大名の弱体化を図り、康暦元年(1379年)、細川氏と斯波氏の対立を利用して管領細川頼之を失脚させた(康暦の政変)。
- Moreover, Yoshimitsu was also bent on weakening the most powerful of the shugo daimyo, and in 1379, he skillfully exploited the conflict between the Hoskawa and Siba families to engineer the overthrow of the powerful Kanrei, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA (in what became known as the Koryaku coup).
- そうした私鋳銭ばかりでなく南宋の戦時貨や明銭自体も不良銭が混じるなど品質劣悪なものが普通だったため、これらを総称して「悪銭」といった。
- Not only Shichusen, but wartime coins of the Chinese Southern Sung Dynasty and Minsen (bronze coins produced during Ming Dynasty) mingled with poor quality coins and were usually of poor quality, therefore they were collectively called akusen.
- 戦国大名が登場すると、守護大名の存在を前提とした守護領国制も変質し、守護領国制は事実上解体されて、大名領国制と呼ばれる体制へ移行した。
- With the appearance of the Sengoku daimyo, the shugo-ryogoku system, for which the existence of shugo-daimyo was prerequisite, was changed and dissolved in fact, replaced with the system called 'daimyo-ryogoku sei' (daimyo-ryogoku system).
- また、さらに強い風によって、中国語で沙塵暴(簡体字で「沙暴」、読みは「シャチェンバオ」)と呼ばれるような激しい砂塵嵐になる場合がある。
- Furthermore, when the wind strength is greater, a violent sandstorm called shachenbao in Chinese (沙塵暴 or 沙暴 in simplified Chinese characters) may be developed.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には戦国大名による一円知行が成立、荘園の形骸化はますます進み、最終的に豊臣秀吉の全国的な検地によって荘園は解体した。
- During the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), the Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorships) by the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period was realized and shoens lost substance increasingly and disappeared finally with the nationwide land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 室町時代になると、検断権(統治・裁判権)が幕府→守護→国人・惣村へと分散化していき、例えば惣村自体が検断権を行使する自検断も行われた。
- In the Muromachi period, the right to judge criminal cases (the right to govern and judge) was decentralized from the bakufu to shugo (provincial constables), and to kokujin (local samurai) down to soson (a community consisting of peasans' self-governing association); in some cases, the soson, by exercising such a right, judged the criminal cases which took place in their community (jikendan).
- また、日本は君民一体の国柄で、他国のように臣下や他民族が皇位を簒奪することがなく、臣民は常に天皇を尊崇してきたとする歴史観を形成した。
- During this period, the following historical view was formed; and in Japan, the Imperial family and common people were united with each other, and unlike other countries, the Japanese Imperial throne had never been wrested by subjects or been invaded by other countries, and Japanese people always paid respect to emperors.
- 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制(鎖国)は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
- With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
- 武士の、つまり全国各地の騒乱のほぼ全ての原因が土地支配に関するものであり、頼朝の新統治理論はこの後永く幕藩体制の根幹を成すものになった。
- Questions over land ownership contributed to virtually all fighting and conflict among warriors--and thus, almost all disturbances throughout the country--and Yoritomo's new theory of governance (as expressed by the Hyojosho) was to serve as the foundation of the bakufu-dominal system for many years thereafter.
- 特に、共同体秩序を崩壊させるような行為(窃盗、放火、殺人など)に対する罰則は、ほとんどの場合で死刑とされており、大変厳しいものであった。
- The penal regulations were very severe; in particular the crimes that disturbed the order of community (such as theft, arson and homicide) resulted in the death penalty in almost all cases.
- 文書の様式は、まず文書先頭に自分の名前を書き、以下に軍忠の具体的事実を書くことを宣言する(「誰々申軍忠事」という文言になることが多い)。
- Such documents were written according to the following format; the vassal's name came first and then details regarding the facts of the vassal's superior military valor were stated (often with the words: 'I report our superior military valor.')
- この乱の過程で、伊達晴宗は国人一揆との契約関係を再確認することで、他の奥羽諸大名に先駆けて戦国大名としての体制を確立することに成功した。
- In the process of this turbulence, Harumune DATE succeeded to firmly establish the system as a sengoku daimyo by reconfirming the contract relationship with kokujin ikki (rising of kokujin) in the run up to other daimyo in the Ou Region.
- 近年の研究によれば、この6代から若野毛二俣王と大郎子を除いた「応神 ― 乎非 ― 斯 ― 継体」が本来の系譜とされている(川口勝康氏)。
- However, according to recent historical research and studies, the original genealogy might be written like this: 'the Emperor Ojin – Oi no Okimi - Ushi no Okimi – the Emperor Keitai' which extended into two generations, was eliminated from the six generations of the genealogy as described in the Joguki: Wakanuke futamata no Miko and Oiratsuko (Katsuyasu KAWAGUCHI).
- 旧字体の簡素化が推奨される時代であった1957年の市制施行の際も、初代市長である山本米三は表記を「五條市」として国及び県に申請している。
- Even at the time of the enforcement of the municipal organization in 1957, when they had been advocating a simplification of old form of Chinese characters, the first mayor, Yonezo YAMAMOTO applied for a description of '五條 City' to the nation and the prefecture.
- 村(むら、そん)とは、集落や基礎自治体の一種で、第一次産業(農林漁業)に従事する者が多く、家屋の数と密集度が少ない地域を指す名称である。
- Many residents of 村 engage in primary industry (agriculture, forestry and fishery).
- 「和歌初学抄」、「五代集歌枕」など多くの歌学書では、「くらぶ山」は山城国の山であるとはしているものの、その具体的な場所を特定していない。
- In many books concerning poetry, such as 'Waka Shogakusho' (basics of Japanese 'waka' poetry) and 'Godaishu Utamakura,' it is said that 'Kurabu-yama' (Mt. Kurabu) is located in Yamashiro Province, but its exact location is not identified.
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- これについて笠松宏至は、「窪」は草書体の「問注」を重ねた文字であるとして、訴訟受付機関であったとしている(警護所であったとする説もある)。
- According to Hiroshi KASAMATSU, the Kubodokoro was a place where people filed lawsuits, because the kanji character for 'kubo' can be seen as the overlapped kanji characters for 'monchu' written in the cursive script style (there is also a theory that the Kubodokoro was a station for security guards).
- 前述のように、実際には外戚の豊臣氏族(高台院側の血筋である木下家)が健在であったので、豊臣氏自体は江戸時代を通じて大名として存続している。
- As mentioned above, the Toyotomi clan of the maternal relative lineage (the Kinoshita family line of the Kodaiin side) was not destroyed and the Toyotomi clan itself, therefore, continued through the Edo period as a daimyo.
- そして、具体的な法令としては鎌倉時代の御成敗式目(貞永式目)を適用し、必要に応じて「建武以来追加」と呼ばれる追加法を発布して補充している。
- As a detailed law, Goseibai-shikimoku (Joe-shikimoku) of the Kamakura period was applied, and when necessary an additional law called 'Kenmu-irai-tsuika' was issued to supplement the above.
- また、熊野詣それ自体の盛衰もあって、正確なルートが不明になっている区間があること、歴史的な変遷から生じた派生ルートの扱いなどの問題もある。
- In addition, with rise and decline in popularity of pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan, adequate routes are left unclear in some districts, and how to treat the routes derived from historical changes is not fixed.
- 「丈」は元々は成人男性の身長を基準とした身体尺であったと考えられる(「丈夫」は元々は身長1丈の男の意で、そこから一人前の男の意となった)。
- It would appear that 'jo' was originally the measurement unit of body length based on the length of adult male ('jobu' (丈夫) originally meant a man whose height was 1 jo [1.8 meters those days], whence it came to mean fully grown man).
- 陽明は自らを含む万物はいわば一つの肉体であって、他者の苦しみは自らの苦しみであり、それを癒そうとするのは自然で、良知のなせるものだとした。
- Wang Yangming considered that all things, including himself, formed one body so that the pains felt by others were his own pains and it was just natural to heal them; and that's all from 'ryochi'.
- 長寛2年(1164年)に厳島神社に奉納されたが、各巻の奥書を参照すると、全体の完成には仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)までかかったとされる。
- Reading the postscript to each volume of the scriptures donated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in 1164, one knows that it was not until 1167 that all of the scriptures were completed.
- 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
- During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.
- 1467年12月19日(応仁元年11月23日)、西軍は比叡山に使いを出して義視を迎えいれると“新将軍”に奉り幕府の体裁を整え東軍に対抗した。
- On December 19, 1467, the Western camp sent an envoy to Hiei-zan to invite Yoshimi as the 'new Shogun,' who gave this camp a resemblance of legitimate Bakufu, and confronted with the Eastern camp.
- 東勝寺旧跡での発掘調査では三つ鱗の入った瓦などが見つかるものの遺骨の発見はなく、新田勢や時宗の僧らによって遺体が処理されたと考えられている。
- When the Tosho-ji Temple site was excavated, Mitsu uroko (tiles inscribed with three scales in a circle, the crest of the Hojo clan), and other cultural artifacts were discovered; no cremated ashes of the war dead were ever found, and it is assumed their remains were taken to another place, possibly by Buddhist priests of the Ji sect, Nitta forces or others.
- 9世紀後期~10世紀にかけて、政府は従前から実施してきた人別支配を改め、収取の対象となる土地そのものに対する支配・収取体制を確立していった。
- From the late 9th to 10th century, the government gradually replaced the traditional system of direct rule over individual farmers with a system of rule and taxation of land, which became the source of taxation.
- 鎌倉時代、筑前国・肥前国・豊前国は少弐(武藤)氏、筑後国・肥後国・豊後国は大友氏、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国が島津氏と九州の統括体制がなされた。
- In the Kamakura Period, the control system for Kyushu consisted of the Shoni (Muto) clan for the Chikuzen Province, the Hizen Province, and the Buzen Province, the Otomo clan for the Chikugo Province, the Higo Province, and the Bungo Province and the Shimazu clan for the Satsuma Province, the Osumi Province, and the Hyuga Province.
- 一方内親王の場合は、叙位自体が珍しくなり、9世紀に生前に一品に叙されたのは、藤原良房を祖父に持つ清和天皇の同母姉妹の儀子内親王のみであった。
- On the other hand, the conferment to imperial princesses became rare, and only the Princess Gishi, sister-uterine of the Emperor Seiwa who was a grandchild of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, was conferred Ippon during her lifetime in the ninth century.
- なお、この訪問については同事件の犯人の所属するもの以外にも各種政治団体が「訪沖阻止」などを叫んで全国で集会、千人単位のデモ行進などを行った。
- In addition to the radical groups to which the criminals caused 'The incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower' belonged, various political organizations held meetings nationwide, as well as demonstration parades with 1,000 participants, raising the rallying cry of 'Let's oppose the Imperial couple's visit to Okinawa Prefecture' and so on.
- さらに、第26代継体天皇が、新しい系統を開いた可能性があるという説がある(ただしその根拠である『日本書紀』は、一系の連綿性を明記している)。
- There is another theory that the 26th Emperor Keitai founded a different family line (this theory is based on the 'Nihonshoki' but this book emphasized the unbroken Imperial line).
- なお、北朝と南朝が合体するまでを南北朝時代_(日本)、応仁の乱(1467年)あるいは明応の政変(1493年)以降を戦国時代 (日本)と呼ぶ。
- Furthermore, the period until the unification of Hokucho and Nancho is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the period after the Onin War (1467) or the Meio Incident (1493) is called the Age of Civil War (Japan).
- この四天王像は西大寺四王堂に今も安置されるが、増長天像が足元に踏みつける邪鬼だけが創建当時のもので、その他の像、本体も後世の作、補作である。
- Those statues of Shitenno are enshrined in Shitendo (hall for shitenno) of Saidai-ji Temple even today, but only Jaki (imp) which is downtrodden by statue of Zochoten (guardian of the southern quarter) is the original since establishment and all other statues are manufactured or supplemented in the later period.
- 明治3年12月19日 (旧暦)(1871年2月8日)、大蔵大輔・大隈重信が「全国一致之政体」の施行を求める建議を太政官に提案して認められた。
- On February 8, 1871, Shigenobu OKUMA, okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of treasury), submitted a proposal on 'the adoption of nationally-unified governance system' to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and obtained approval.
- しかし幕末には禁裏御料は郷内の半分ほどで、村々の所領関係が異なることは、山国の諸村が一体となり山国神社の宮座を堅持していく上で問題も多かった。
- But by the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), the remaining territory controlled by the imperial house was about half of the interior of the region, and territorial relations among the villages had changed; the various villages in Yamaguni had joined together as organized parishioners of the same local shrine, the Yamaguni-jinja Shrine, and the new balance of power led to many conflicts over land control.
- 武家の政治体制をどうするかが発見できず旧来の政治を行い、その中での平氏一門の贅沢な暮らしや異様な出世、繁栄の誇示などするだけになったのである。
- Kiyomori did not know how to manage the political system of samurai families and thus carried out old-fashioned politics, showing off the luxurious life style, excessive career success and prosperity of the Taira clan.
- 7世紀頃には、蝦夷は現在の宮城県中部から山形県以北の東北地方と、北海道 (地方公共団体)の大部分に広く住み、その一部は日本の領域の中にあった。
- By the seventh century, the Emishi had lived broadly in the Tohoku region (from mid-Miyagi Prefecture through Yamagata Prefecture and to the north) and most of Hokkaido (local public entity), a part of which was included in the Japanese territory.
- また、幕府も荘園制度の解体や守護の権力強化は望ましいとは考えておらず、朝廷や寺社との対立をしてまで、有力守護大名に対して度々掣肘を加えている。
- Moreover, the shogunate did not think it was appropriate to dismantle the manorial system or strengthen the power of the shugo, and this often disturbed powerful shugo daimyo despite the opposition of the Imperial Court, temples and shrines.
- 敗戦後に研究はさらに深化したが、全体としてみれば個別化し細分化して、個々の条文の意味やそれによって定められた制度などは詳細に解明されつつある。
- After the defeat in the war, research deepened further, but in general, through individualization and fragmentation, the meaning of each text and the systems established based on them are becoming clarified in detail.
- 地方の民衆生活のなかでは、「村」は基本的な共同体の単位であったが、それが、法的には全然認められていない事実のなかにも、律令法の特徴がみられる。
- In the provincial lives of people, the 'village' was a basic unit of the community, but the fact that it was not recognized by law at all is characteristic of ritsuryo law.
- 信頼と提携関係にあった摂関家の藤原忠通・基実父子も参入したことで、清盛は一気に官軍としての体裁を整えるに至り、信頼・義朝の追討宣旨が下された。
- Even FUJIWARA no Tadamichi and his son Motozane, both of the elite Fujiwara branch that produced regents and advisors and with whom Nobuyori had been close, joined the counter-rebellion at Rokuhara, meaning that Kiyomori had achieved, in a stroke, total legitimacy for his army, and soon his forces received an imperial order to hunt down and destroy Nobuyori and Yoshitomo.
- 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
- The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.
- その過程においては国衙と在庁官人層の出自母体たる田堵負名層の権益などを巡る経済的、軍事的緊張と、それによる武力紛争の多発が大きく関わっていた。
- In the process of development, economic and military tensions, concerning the interests of kokuga and tato and fumyo classes from where most zaichokanjin originated, were involved and frequently armed conflicts broke out.
- 1945年(昭和20)年の太平洋戦争の終戦にともない、大江山鉱山は閉山され、岩滝製錬所もルッペの生産を停止し、施設維持のみを行う体制に移った。
- Due to the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Oeyama Mine was closed, and Iwataki Smeltery stopped producing luppe and decided to do nothing but maintain its facilities.
- のみならず、自動車道や林道の建設により、歴史的な景観は失われ、各種の遺跡のみならず道それ自体も忘れ去られる危機にさらされるようになっていった。
- Besides, historical sceneries were lost by the constructions of motor roads and forestry roads, and the things about Kohechi was approaching a serious crisis as people forgot not only various relics along the road but also the road itself.
- 舞鶴市の沖合い約10km、日本海上にある島で、1924年(大正13年)にオオミズナギドリ繁殖地として、島全体が国の天然記念物に指定されている。
- Kanmuri-jima Island on the Japan Sea is located approx. 10 km off the coast of Maizuru City. The entire island was designated a national natural monument in 1924 due to its being a breeding place for Calonectris leucomelas,
- 逆に尊攘派の代表と見られた姉小路公知が暗殺される事件(朔平門外の変)も起き、犯行に関与したとみられた薩摩藩など公武合体派の勢力が一時低下した。
- In the meantime, Kintomo ANEGAKOJI, who was regarded as a leader of sonjo party, was assassinated (the Sakuheimon incident); some groups that had worked for kobu-gattai, including the Satsuma clan, were suspected to be responsible for the incident and for a while their authority fell.
- 薩摩藩・土佐藩などは、当初は公武合体・徳川家を議長とする諸侯会議を目標としていたが、ある段階から幕府を見切り、それまでの敵の長州藩と手を結んだ。
- As for the Satsuma clan/Tosa clan, while they initially targeted a meeting by various daimyos headed by the Tokugawa clan, at a certain point they turned their back on Bakufu and joined hands with their former enemy, the Choshu clan.
- 定信は寛政の改革によって幕藩体制の再建を進めていく中で、その思想的根幹である朱子学を保護して「寛政異学の禁」や「処士横断の禁」を打ち出していた。
- While Sadanobu was hastening a reformation of the shogunate system through the Kansei Reform, he also set out the 'Kansei Igaku no kin' (the ban of Kansei's illegitimate learning) and 'Shoshiodan no kin' (the ban of non-officer crossing) to protect the Shushi-gaku which was the root of the ideology.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- ただし、天皇制という語の由来からこれを忌避して皇室という表現もよく用いられ、中にはあえて国体と戦前によく使われた表現を用いる人も根強く存在する。
- However, because of the origin of the word Tennosei, many people avoid the word and the expression Koshitsu (Imperial family) is quite often used; also there exist people who are still adamantly using the word kokutai (fundamental character of the nation).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)が合体した明徳の頃から半世紀の間に、文献に現れた勘解由小路義重、勘解由小路右兵衛督などは、それそれ斯波氏からの一族であった。
- Yoshishige KADENOKOJI and Kadenokoji Uhyoe-no-kami (the chief of an organization called Uhyoefu), who appear in documents in the half a century from the time of Meitoku when the Northern and Southern Courts were combined, were the families from the Shiba clan.
- これに対して源氏は、源姓を名のった一族は多く、源家は複数になるため、通常は、源家総体という意味での源氏と呼び、源家という言い方はあまり用いない。
- In contrast, many families of the Minamoto clan used the Minamoto surname and were collectively referred to as Genji (the Minamoto clan); and the term Genke, referring to a single Minamoto family, is rarely used.
- 昭和10年代、日中戦争から第二次世界大戦へ突入していく中で近衛文麿政権により戦時体制が作られ、様々な業種が国家の統制管理に置かれる状況となった。
- During the second half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s, as the Sino-Japanese war was developing into World War II, the wartime regime was established by Fumimaro KONOE's government, and various industrial sectors were put under the control of the government.
- 工業の力が商業に大きく勝っている関係で、工業系事業所の経済団体として久御山町工業会が長く運営されてきたが、2003年に工業会が商工会と統合した。
- Because its industrial power is much stronger than its commercial power, the Kumiyama-cho Industry Association operated as an economic organization of industrial establishments for a long time, but, was integrated with the commercial association in 2003.
- 大正デモクラシー運動(あるいは単に大正デモクラシー)は、大正時代に興った日本全体を巻き込む民主主義的あるいは自由主義的な風潮・思潮の総称である。
- The Taisho Democracy movement (or Taisho Democracy for short) is a name given collectively to the social climate and thought oriented toward democracy and freedom that emerged during the Taisho period and swept the entire country.
- 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層(田堵)へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
- To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
- しかしながら娘の手白香皇女は、継体天皇の皇后となり、欽明天皇を産んでいる事から、春日大娘皇女は父・雄略天皇の血筋を唯一現在まで伝える存在となった。
- However, since Princess Tashiraka no Hime, a daughter of Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume, became the Empress of the Keitai and gave birth to the Emperor Kinmei, Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume became the only existence to pass down the the Emperor Yuryaku's lineage, his father.
- 明治時代には、天皇に統帥権(大日本帝国憲法11条)を含むすべての権力を集中させる体制が整備され、富国強兵の国策の下、天皇の軍事的権威も高められた。
- In the Meiji Period, the system which the Emperor had the right of all authorities including the supreme command (Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan) was improved and under the national policy of increasing wealth and military power, military authority of the Emperor was also increased.
- 手白香皇女が継体天皇の皇后となった理由として、母である春日大娘皇女と同じく傍系天皇の正当性を立てるための政略的な要因が大きかったと考えられている。
- It is regarded that the reason for Princess Tashiraka becoming an empress to Emperor Keitai was largely due to political reasons that were to bring legitimacy to an Emperor of collateral lineage such was as her mother, Kasuga no Oiratsume no Himemiko.
- この兵を湯沐邑の兵力とみる説と、美濃国全体の兵力とする説とがあるが、いずれの場合でも安八磨郡の湯沐邑が真っ先に軍事行動を起こしたことは確実である。
- One theory is that soldiers were said to be from Tomokuyu and in another theory the soldiers are from the whole Mino Province, but with either theory, it is certain that Tomokuyu of Ahachimanokoori raised the army first.
- 終に、明治44年(1911年)に大阪相撲の主催団体大阪相撲協会が吉田司家と和解したことにより、江戸時代以来の横綱免許を巡る混乱に終止符が打たれた。
- Finally, in 1911, because the Osaka Sumo Association, the organizer of Osaka zumo, reconciled with the Yoshida Tsukasa family, an end was put to the disorder over yokozuna licensing that had continued since the Edo period.
- それは藤原北家嫡流でありながら、摂関は2人でその後は大体が参議、出世しても大納言がやっとで、戦国時代 (日本)に早くも断絶してしまったからである。
- Despite being direct descendants of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the family only provided two Regents - subsequent generation getting no further than Councilor or, at best, Dainagon (chief councilor of state) - and was quickly discontinued in the Warring States period (Japan).
- 高広の子京極高国は、寛文6年(1666年)、江戸幕府に悪政・一族不和等の不行跡を咎められ、改易となった(宮津藩主京極家自体は高家旗本として存続)。
- Takakuni KYOGOKU, the child of Takahiro, was condemned by the Edo bakufu in 1666 for misconduct such as misrule and discord within the families, and was deprived of the privilege (the House of Kyogoku as lord of the Miyazu han existed as Koke-Hatamoto).
- 得宗邸で行われる北条一門や御内人の私的会合である寄合が評定衆による幕府の公式の合議体(評定)に代わって実質上の幕政最高機関となり、専制体制を築く。
- A body made up of the Hojo clan and their miuchibito that held private meetings at the Tokuso residence effectively replaced the bakufu's official advisory body, the Hyojoshu (Council of State), as the highest organ of the shogunate administration and established the autocracy system.
- 男大迹王(おおとのみこ、のちの継体天皇)はこの地を治めると、まず足羽山に社殿を建て大宮地之霊(おおみやどころのみたま)を祀りこの地の守護神とした。
- After he conquered this region, Oto no Miko (later Emperor Keitai) built a (main building of) Shinto Shrine in Mt. Asuwa to worship Omiyadokoro no mitama (spirit of Omiyadokoro) as the guardian god of the region.
- その直後、継体は百済救援の軍を送ったが、新羅と結んだ磐井により、九州北部で磐井の乱が勃発し、その平定に苦心している(磐井の乱については諸説ある)。
- Immediately after that, Keitai sent troops to back Baekje, but Iwai (local ruling family in Kyushu) colluded with Silla and began Iwai War in northern Kyushu which caused Keitai great pain to quell.
- 自動車評論家として知られる徳大寺有恒は、皇太子時代の天皇が運転する日産・スカイラインと対向車として遭遇し、大いに驚いた体験を自著に書き残している。
- Aritsune TOKUDAIJI, who is known as an automotive commentator, described in his book an astonishing experience that he encountered the Crown Prince Akihito driving the Nissan Skyline, coming from the opposite direction.
- 当時の運輸省が調査した平成8年度の一世帯あたりの京都府全体の自家用車保有率が75.3%だったのに対して当時の福知山市の保有率は94.2%であった。
- According to a survey on the ownership ratio of private cars per household carried out in fiscal year 1996 by the then Ministry of Transport, the ratio in all of Kyoto Prefecture was 75.3%, but, Fukuchiyama City was 94.2% at the time.
- 他の三種は「貝」が横広でほぼ字体も同一で郭はほぼ正方形であり、郭の幅により分類されているが中間的なものも存在し、制作上の移行期のものと考えられる。
- The other three types of coins have wider '貝' with similar styles of writing and the holes in the center are square shaped; therefore, they are categorized by the width of kaku (frame surrounding the hole of a coin), but some of them cannot be clearly categorized and are considered to have been made during the stage of transition from one type to another.
- しかし、各大名は知藩事(藩知事)として引き続き藩(旧大名領)の統治に当たり、これは幕藩体制の廃止の一歩となったものの現状は江戸時代と同様であった。
- However, daimyo continued to rule domains (former territory of daimyo) as chihanji (hanchiji), and this system was the same as that of the Edo period though it was a step forward towards abolishing the eudal system.
- 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
- Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.
- 黄鍾管の体積が一龠部(やく)であり、これに入る黍1200粒を12銖(しゅ。朱はこれの略字)とし、これを二つ合わせた質量すなわち24銖を1両とした。
- In short, the volume of an kosho pipe (= 1 yaku) is the same as the volume of 1200 proso millet grains, and the weight of the 1200 grains was set equal to 12 shu (銖; 朱 in abbreviation), and twice the 12 shu, or 24 shu, was set equal to 1 ryo.
- 退位して太上天皇となった平城は、生まれ故郷である平城京に移り住み、体調がやや回復すると再度政務に意欲を示し、独自に天皇としての権限を行使しはじめた。
- After abdicating and becoming the Retired Empreor, Heizei returned to his birthplace, Heijo-kyo, and when his health recovered slightly, he returned to ruling and started to use the rights of an emperor on his own accord.
- ところが、斥候の浅野薫が乱戦を怖れたため、大石鍬次郎隊への連絡が遅れて当初予定していた包囲体制が完成せず、土佐藩士たちは退路を確保することができた。
- However, because Kaoru ASANO, on patrol, was afraid of the battle royal and his report to the group of Kuwajiro OISHI was too late, the plan to surrender the Tosa retainers failed and consequently they secured their escape route.
- また、妃が設置されなくなると、「妃」という言葉自体は一般男性皇族の配偶者に対する称号として用いられることが行われ、現在の皇室典範にも継承されている。
- After the position of Hi disappeared, a word 'Hi' was used as a title for the spouse of male imperial family and it is included in the modern Imperial House Act.
- また、皇嗣に精神若しくは身体の不治の重患があり、又は重大な事故があるときは、皇室会議の議により、皇位継承の順序を変えることができると定められている。
- In addition, it is stipulated that if an imperial heir has a fatal mental or physical illness, or met a fatal accident, the Imperial Household Council can alter the succession order to the throne.
- 具体的には、(2) 紀伊山地の文化的景観を形成する記念碑と遺跡は神道と仏教のたぐいまれな融合であり、東アジアにおける宗教文化の交流と発展を例証する。
- Specifically, (2) monuments and sites, which form cultural scenery in Kii Mountain Range, are unusual syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, while it illustrates the interaction and development of religious culture in the east Asia.
- 四条河原町から四条烏丸までの四条通、四条河原町から河原町三条までの河原町通や、四条通から御池通までの寺町通・新京極通は一体化した繁華街となっている。
- Shijo-dori Street from Shijo Kawaramachi to Shijo Karasuma, Kawaramachi-dori Street from Shijo Kawaramachi to Kawaramachi Sanjo, Teramachi-dori and Shinkyogoku-dori Streets from Shijo-dori Street to Oike-dori Street combine together to form a busy downtown street.
- 604年(推古12年)には、冠位十二階を制定し、聖徳太子が憲法十七条をつくり、仏教の興隆に力を注ぐなど、天皇中心の理想の国家体制づくりの礎を築いた。
- In 604, Prince Shotoku established a system of twelve courtly ranks, promulgated the Seventeen-Article Constitution, strived to develop Buddhism and laid the foundation for an ideal national system with the emperor as the nation's center.
- 一方、江戸後期には幕藩体制の矛盾と対外緊張の高まりの中、庶民の間でも歴史への関心が広がり、『日本外史』『皇朝史略』など通俗的な歴史書が多く出版された。
- On the other hand, during the latter half of the Edo period, as the bakufu-domain system became unmatched with needs at that time and pressure from foreign nations had heightened, interests for history had increased among general public as well, and many popular histories, such as 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) and 'Kochoshiryaku' (brief history book about emperors from Jinmu to Gokomatsu), were published.
- だがこの間、摂関家では頼通とその後を継いで関白となった藤原教通(頼通の同腹弟)が確執を起こして、天皇に対して具体的な対抗手段を取れる状況ではなかった。
- In the regent's house, however, Yorimichi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi (Yorimichi's brother by the same mother), who took over the post of chancellor after him, were in conflict during this period and they were not in any condition to take any concrete measures against the emperor.
- 江戸時代を通じて戦争がなかったことと、大半の藩主家が領主の交代を経験しており、(石高は別として)土地自体への執着が薄かったことが理由として挙げられる。
- Reasons for this were that there were no wars during the Edo period and that most clan families experienced the transfer of landownership, and other than Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), there was little attachment to the land itself.
- 時代が経過すると名による支配体制が崩れて、多くの一般百姓(地下人じげにん)が経済的に自立していったため、これらの地下人も惣村の構成員に加わっていった。
- With the change of the times, since the governing system by myo collapsed and many general peasants (jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility)) attained economic self-sufficiency, such jigenin came to be recognized as members of soson.
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- また、朝廷統制の必要上、朝廷権力を摂関家に独占させるような体制作りをしたために、そこから排除された公家達から「反幕府感情」が生み出される危惧もあった。
- To control the Imperial Court, the bakufu created a system which allowed a series of regents and advisers to dominate the Imperial court, but there was a risk that this would produce 'anti-bakufu sentiment' among the court nobles who were excluded from the system.
- 国体の本義とは、昭和13年(1938年)、「日本とはどのような国か」を明らかにしようとするために、当時の文部省が学者たちを結集して編纂した書物である。
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- しかし、吉良氏自体は京都にあって将軍家の近臣として仕える他は三河や武蔵にあって守護職を世襲することもなく実質的には小領主としての勢力しか持たなかった。
- However, besides the Kira clan remained in Kyoto and served as a trusted vassal of the shogun family, the clan did not inherit the shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) in Mikawa Province, or Musashi Province, their substantial power was limited to that of a small feudal lord.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日の町村制施行以降、昭和・平成の大合併の時期を含めて、一度も合併を経験していない、全国でも数少ない自治体のひとつである。
- Muko City is one of the rare municipalities in Japan that never merged with any other municipality since the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law) on April 1, 1889, including the Great Mergers of the Showa and Heisei periods.
- 井伊死後、老中の久世広周(関宿藩主)・安藤信正(磐城平藩主)らが幕政を主導し、失墜した幕府の権力を復活させるため、朝廷との提携(公武合体)を模索する。
- After the death of Ii, Hirokane KUZE (the lord of the Sekiyado clan) and Nobumasa ANDO (the lord of the Iwakitaira clan), both senior councilors, led the government, trying to unite the Imperial Court and the Shogunate (kobu-gattai [integration of the imperial court and the shogunate]), in order to restore the power of the bakufu government.
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- なお、この事件が発生する前の4月16日 (旧暦)(5月14日)に、久光は近衛忠房らに公武合体を説いた意見書を提出し、朝廷から浪士鎮撫の勅命を受けていた。
- Incidentally, Hisamitsu submitted a written statement concerning Kobu-gattai to Tadafusa KONOE on May 14, prior to the Teradaya incident, and received an Imperial order to pacify masterless samurai.
- これは傍系である継体天皇は、先代天皇の妹で正当な血筋を持つ直系の手白香皇女を皇后にする事により、一種の入り婿という形で正当性を誇示したと考えられている。
- Emperor Keitai, who was from the collateral line, seems to have tried to prove his legitimacy as Emperor by marrying to Princess Tashiraka, who was the younger sister of late Emperor with legitimate and direct bloodline, taking the form of Irimuko (man who takes his wife's premarital family name).
- このような異表記が見られるということは、かつては「上宮記」以外にも継体の出自系譜を伝える史料が存在した可能性(例えば『日本書紀』の系図)を示唆している。
- Since there were different writing expressions used for one person in historical books, we can also consider that there were possible historical materials which existed to support the origins of the family tree chart for the Emperor Keitai, other than the 'Joguki' (For example, family tree charts of 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- 体協専務理事、オリンピック東京大会組織委員長、国際オリンピック委員会(IOC)委員を歴任し、国際スポーツ界においても「プリンス・タケダ」として知られた。
- He served in a variety of posts, including the executive managing director of Japan Sports Association, Chairman of the Tokyo Olympic Organizing Committee, member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)and was known as 'Prince Takeda' in the international sports community.
- 中辺路・大辺路を中心に2002年頃から数度にわたり、地元自治体の公共事業(古道の整備を目的とする)、古道とその周辺での植生の刈り払いが何度か行われたが、
- Public projects (aiming to maintain Kodo) by local government bodies and cutting of vegetation in Kodo and the surrounding area have been conducted several times since around 2002 mainly in Nakahechi and Ohechi (Kumano-kodo Road).
- 麓の大江町(合併前は自治体の町)では、鬼を核としたまちづくりが行われ、成田亨デザインの鬼像や、鬼瓦の回廊、鬼の博物館など鬼にまつわるものが多数存在する。
- In Oe-cho (municipal town before merger) at the foot of Oe-yama mountain range, a town was created based on the Oni and there are many things related to the Oni such as a statue of the Oni designed by Toru NARITA, a corridor with Oni-faced pillars and a Japan Ogre Exchange Museum, etc.
- その際、隋唐以前の訓詁的研究を行いつつも、より率直に聖人と解釈者との一体性を強調し、解釈者の心と聖人の心とが普遍であるという前提を構築することになった。
- To that end, while continuing to read the classics according to the study of kunko handed down from before the Sui and Tang periods, they more straightforwardly emphasized the oneness of the sages and the reader to build the assumption that the minds of the reader and the sage are uniform.
- が、これは大坂城主の豊臣宗家のみを指して「豊臣家」と呼ぶことが一般的であるためであり、豊臣氏全体が滅亡したという誤解を生じさせかねない不正確な表現である。
- However, this is because in general 'Toyotomi family' only refers to the head family of Toyotomi, the lord of Osaka-jo Castle, and, this is an inaccurate explanation that might lead to a misunderstanding that the whole Toyotomi clan was destroyed there.
- 記紀によると、先代の武烈天皇に後嗣がなかったため、越前(近江国とも)から「応神天皇5世の孫」である継体天皇が迎えられ、群臣の要請に従って即位したとされる。
- According to Kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki), Emperor Keitai, 'the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin' was received from Echizen Province (or Omi Province) and took the throne in conformity with the request of a crowd of his subjects because the late Emperor Buretsu did not have an inheritor.
- その後洛西ニュータウン等の宅地開発に伴い、以下の町名が新設され、「大原野」を冠称する町名は計10となっている(「丁目」を有するものは全体を1町と数える)。
- Then, in accordance with the housing land development such as Rakusai New Town, the following towns were newly created and there are ten towns in total which are prefixed by the name 'Oharano' (the towns which have the name 'chome' are counted as one town).
- また、その後の小学校の統廃合、移転等に伴い、小学校の通学区自体も当時とは変わっているが、学区の名称は「元学区」として、現在も地区の呼称として使われている。
- Also, due to the streamlining and transfer of elementary schools, the attendance units of elementary schools themselves have changed from those times, but the names of the school districts are used in the present-day as 'former school districts' for the names of an area.
- この体制を担う貴族や官人の家組織の中では、子弟や外部から能力を見込んだ弟子に対し、幼少期から家業たる専門業務の英才教育をほどこして家業を担う人材を育成した。
- Aristocrats and government officials who undertook such authority and duty developed human resources: they pampered their children as well as gifted disciples.
- しかしながら、解体を免れた奉安殿は現在でも全国各地に少数ながら残っており、倉庫として使われていたり、荘厳な外観を生かして神社や納骨堂に転用されていたりする。
- Hoan-den that escaped being dismantled still remain even now although the number is small, used as a warehouse or converted to a Shinto shrine or an ossuary, taking advantage of its solemn external appearance.
- 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 憲法学会の学説では、日本国憲法下の現行体制を立憲君主制とは捉えず、また天皇は元首ではないとするのが通説であるが、実質的に元首であるという見解を示す説もある。
- The common theory of the constitution study group is that the current system under the Constitution of Japan is not considered as the constitutional monarchy and therefore the Emperor is not the head of state; but there are some theories that believe the Emperor is practically the head of state.
- 昭和62年(1987年)にも沖縄海邦国体を前に病臥した昭和天皇の名代として沖縄を訪れ、10月24日、南部戦跡の平和祈念堂で以下のように天皇の言葉を代読した。
- Visiting Okinawa Prefecture to attend the National Sports Festival of Japan as the proxy of the Emperor Showa who was sick in bed at that time, he read a message on behalf of the Emperor on October 24, 1987 at Okinawa Prefecture Peace Memorial Hall built at the southern battle site of Okinawa Prefecture as follows.
- 武士は、一般に「武芸に通じ、戦闘を職業とする軍人、あるいは兵法家のこと」とされるが、これだけでは平安時代以前の律令制体制下の「武官」との違いがはっきりしない。
- Generally, bushi refers to 'a service member who is a master of military art and battle or a military strategist,' but by this definition, the difference between the 'military officer' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) before the Heian period and the bushi is not clear.
- この時代は、守護大名や守護代、国人などを出自とする戦国大名が登場し、それら戦国大名勢力は中世的な支配体系を徐々に崩し、分国法を定めるなど各地で自立化を強めた。
- During this period, Sengoku daimyo (the daimyo, that is Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who came from the Shugo daimyo, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), or from Kokujin (local samurai) appeared, and the power of the Sengoku daimyo destroyed the medieval control system, raising their levels of independency, for example, by establishing bunkokuho (a law that individual sengoku-daimyo enforced within their own domains).
- また企業や団体での類似の現象も院政と比喩されることがあるが、この場合は忠実な腹心や縁者を後継者として確定させることにより権力の更なる強化を図る意味合いが強い。
- Also, similar situations in companies or groups are sometimes described as insei, but in such cases the further strengthening of power is sought by deciding on a loyal right-hand man or a relative as one's successor.
- さらに戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名による一円支配の強化とともに名田の解体が急激に進み、最終的には安土桃山時代の太閤検地によって、名田は完全に消滅した。
- In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states in Japan), the collapse of the myoden system rapidly proceeded accompanying the enhancement of the unified government by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period), and eventually, it completely disappeared due to the taiko-kenchi (cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- 7世紀後半に律令制が整備され、田地が口分田などの班田収授法の体系に組み込まれていっても、神田(および仏教寺院の運営にあてる寺田)のみは、班田の対象外とされた。
- Even when the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes) was established in the late seventh century and rice fields were integrated into Kubunden (rice fields allotted to people by the central government) under the Handen Shuju no ho Law (the law of rice field allotment system), Shinden and Jiden (rice fields owned by temples) were exempted from the law.
- しかし、濃度が高くなった場合は、屋外の風景全体が黄味や赤味を帯びた色に見えるようになって、視界が極端に悪くなるとともに、さまざまな被害が報告されるようになる。
- However, when the density becomes high, outdoor landscape becomes yellowish or reddish, visibility becomes affected seriously, and various kinds of damages are reported.
- 逆に、既成財閥に較べて金融部門が弱いため、第二次世界大戦中には経済統制と既成財閥系の銀行団によって侵食されて、財閥解体前に実態を失ったコンツェルンも多かった。
- Conversely, many other Konzerns lost their status during World War II, before the dissolution of Zaibatsu, because they had eroded due to their weaker financial sector compared to that of the existing zaibatsu, by economic control and a syndicate of banks that had already been zaibatsu.
- ただ、人体への影響、動植物や農作物への影響、工場などへの影響が発生したり、発生の可能性が指摘されたりしていることが、近隣諸国のメディアによって報道されている。
- However, media in the neighboring nations have reported that kosa has affected human bodies, animals, plants, farm products and factories in the county or that it has been pointed out that such situations may occur.
- 京都全体を戦乱に巻き込んだ応仁の乱の影響で、日本の宮廷文化は混乱するが、このとき位階以上の貴族の冠に用いる有文羅(うもんら/模様を織り出した羅)の技法が散逸。
- As the Onin War dragged the whole Kyoto into the war, Japanese Court culture became disordered, and they lost the technique of umonra (ra woven in a pattern), which was used for Court caps for the nobilities whose ranks were the Fifth Rank or higher.
- つまりあまりにも遠い傍系である継体天皇は、先代天皇の妹で正当な血筋を持つ手白香皇女を皇后にする事により、一種の入り婿という形で正当性を誇示したという事である。
- In other words, Emperor Keitai who had quiet a remote collateral lineage, displayed his legitimacy in a kind of irimuko (man who takes his wife's premarital family name) by making Princess Tashiraka as his empress, who was the younger sister of the former emperor with the right genealogy.
- 浅井亮政のとき、近江の北3郡を統べる守護大名であった京極氏の御家騒動を経て、北近江では、有力豪族の浅見氏を盟主とした国人衆をによる京極家の家政体制が布かれた。
- In the generation of Sukemasa AZAI, the Kyogoku family's government system came to be practically managed by kokujin-shu (a group of local samurais) lead by the Asami clan, an influential local ruling family, throughing the Kyogoku clan's family troubles, who was a shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor which came to acquire an authority as a Japanese feudal lord) ruling over the three counties of the northern territory of Omi Province.
- 日本国憲法体制下の皇室典範は「法律」として制定され、他の法律と同様に、制定および改正は国会が行い、皇室の制度そのものに国民が国会を通じて関与することとなった。
- The Imperial House Act under the system of Constitution of Japan was enacted as a 'law' and is, like other laws, enacted and amended by the Parliament, thus the public being involved in the institution of the Imperial family itself through the Parliament.
- 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
- The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
- 元々院政は朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであったがために、『禁中並公家諸法度』ではそれを統制できず、江戸幕府による朝廷の統制に限界があることを露呈した格好となった。
- Because insei was outside the legal framework of the Imperial Court from its establishment, it could not be controlled by 'Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto'; thus it became apparent that there was a limit to how far the Edo bakufu could control the Imperial Court.
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- 日本では第二次世界大戦前に三井財閥・三菱財閥・住友財閥・安田財閥などの財閥があったが、敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により分散させられた(財閥解体)。
- In Japan, there were several zaibatsu prior to World War II, including Mitsui Zaibatsu, Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, Sumitomo Zaibatsu and Yasuda Zaibatsu, but after the war they were dismantled by the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) (i.e., the dissolution of Zaibatsu).
- 年貢については、石高を村落全体で集計した村高(むらだか)に応じた額が、村の年貢量とされ、年貢納入は村落が一括納入の義務を負う村請(むらうけ)の形態が採用された。
- The murauke system (a village's collective responsibility for tax payment) was established in order to collect the nengu from the village as a collective unit, in which an amount of nengu was determined from the total kokudaka of the entire village.
- ただし、中国では、「黄沙」などの名称は主に研究者の間で用いられており、一般には日本語の「黄砂」に当たるような黄砂現象全体を表現する言葉がほとんど浸透していない。
- However, in China, the term of '黄沙' is mostly used among the researchers concerned, and the term indicating the kosa phenomena as a whole, for example, the one corresponding to 'kosa' in Japan, is hardly used.
- (事件とは、)朝鮮人か恒居倭か正体不明な海賊を恒居倭だと決め付け、見せしめに倭館の前に首を晒す、あるいは無実の日本人が海賊と間違われて斬られる、(などである。)
- The incidents which triggered this outburst of anger were, for example, the incident that the hensho insisted that some pirates who might or might not be kokyowa were definitely kokyowa and displayed their heads in front of the wakan as a warning, and the incident that ordinary Japanese people were killed on a false charge of pirates.
- 上賀茂地域では、自治連合会が中心になり、各種団体の協力のもと、ボランティアの隊員によるスクールガード隊を組織し、登下校時を中心に子どもたちの安全を見守っている。
- In Kamigamo region, a school guard team is volunteered to be organized, supported by various groups centered in a residents' joint association, to watch the children, especially commuting to and from school and home safely.
- 一般的な携帯電話は各社とも全域にわたり圏外であるため、移動体通信を行いたい場合はインマルサットやワイドスターの衛星電話を使うか、アマチュア無線を使う必要がある。
- Since no mobile phones by any cell phone company are supported in this area, satellite telephones utilizing INMARSAT, WIDESTAR or amateur radio are the only means of mobile communication.
- 政治史の分野においては、幕末の把握に関して、単なる過渡期とするか、あるいはそれ以前以後とは異なった独自の国家状態もしくは国家体制とするかの2つの見方に分かれる。
- In the field of political history, there are two different views on the bakumatsu period, one of which sees it as a normal transitional period, and another which views the period as a unique state of governance, separate from the previous system.
- 第3条 皇嗣に、精神若しくは身体の不治の重患があり、又は重大な事故があるときは、皇室会議の議により、前条に定める順序に従つて、皇位継承の順序を変えることができる。
- Article 3: In case the Imperial Heir is affected with an incurable and serious disease, mentally or physically, or there is a serious hindrance, the order of succession may be changed by decision of the Imperial Household Council and in accordance with the order stipulated in the preceding Article..
- その根拠に継体天皇は大和に入る以前、現地で複数の妃を持ち沢山の子がいたが、手白香皇女との皇子である天国排開広庭尊(後の欽明天皇)が正当な継承者として内定していた。
- For that fact, before Emperor Keitai came to Yamato, he had many consorts and had many children where he lived, and Amekunioshiharakihironiha no mikoto (the later Emperor Kinmei) who was a prince born to Princess Tashiraka was decided unofficially as the legitimate successor.
- しかしこの記述では、継体が507年に即位してから大和に都をおくまで約20年もかかっており、天皇家(実態はヤマト王権)と周辺の部族国家間での混乱があったと思われる。
- In this description, it took Keitai nearly 20 years to place the capital in Yamato after he assumed the throne, which suggests there was disarray between the imperial family (in fact Yamato sovereignty) and the neighboring tribal states.
- また「上宮記」逸文の文章系譜によれば、中斯知命(なかしちのみこと)を妃として乎非王(おいのおおきみ)を儲け、その孫が男大迹王(袁本杼王)すなわち継体天皇とされる。
- Furthermore, according to the Itsubun (unidentified or lost wirings) written genealogy from the 'Joguki,' Prince Ohodo married Nakashichi no Mikoto taking her as his princess, and they had a son (prince), Oi no Okimi.
- また、それら文化財自体の地震などへの耐震性についても、現在の基準で判断すると問題のある建物も相当数あるが、解体修理は世紀単位で一度しかできず、莫大な費用を要する。
- When judging the earthquake resistance of those cultural properties in accordance with current standards, there are many buildings that fail but dismantling and repair can only be conducted once every century and requires enormous amounts of money.
- しかし近年、道真主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする意見が出されている。
- Recently, however, there is an opinion that it was a preliminary period to convert it into the system of the dynasty state lead by Michizane, and that details were not known because Tokihira destroyed the political records by Michizane.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- それまでの天誅は、開国派や公武合体派であった個人を狙ってのものが大半であったが、この事件では足利将軍の木像を梟首することで暗に倒幕の意味を持つものとして重視された。
- Heaven's punishment used to be given to those individuals that were a part of groups which were for opening Japan to the world, integrating the imperial court and the shogunate, but this incident was counted because destroying the heads of wooden images of the Ashikaga Shoguns implied that they wished to overthrow the Shogunate.
- また、黄砂自体はアレルギー物質ではないものの、汚染物質が付着したときに何らかの相乗効果を及ぼし、汚染物質が人体に及ぼす悪影響を増幅させている可能性も指摘されている。
- Although kosa itself is not allergen, the following possibility is pointed out: When pollutants stick to kosa, some synergistic effects are generated and the bad effects that the pollutants would affect human bodies are amplified.
- 「上宮記」には、「凡牟都和希王(応神) ― 若野毛二俣王 ― 大郎子(意富富杼王) ― 乎非王(私斐王) ― 斯王 ― 乎富等大公王(継体)」の文章系譜が記される。
- In 'Joguki,' there was a written genealogy, 'Homutawake no Miko (Ojin) –Wakanuke futamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi (Oi no Okimi [私斐王]) - Okimi - Odo no Okimi (Keitai).'
- その後洛西ニュータウン、桂坂ニュータウンの開発に伴い、以下の町名が新設され、「大枝」を冠称する町名は計10となっている(「丁目」を有するものは全体を1町と数える)。
- Then, in accordance with the development of Rakusai New Town and Katsurazaka New Town, the following towns were newly created and there are ten towns in total which have the name of 'Oeda' (towns which have the name 'chome' are counted as a town).
- こうした呼称の違いは、各地域と高野・熊野との結びつきや巡礼等の目的地の違いに依存すると考えられ、「小辺路」は参詣道全体を鳥瞰するような場合に用いられる名なのである。
- It is considered that this difference of names depends on the connection between each region and Koya or Kumano and on the destination of each pilgrim, and the name 'Kohechi' was used only when the whole pilgrimage road had to be explained.
- 京都府(は右岸のみに位置する自治体)- 相楽郡南山城村、笠置町、和束町、木津川市、相楽郡精華町、京田辺市、綴喜郡井手町、城陽市、八幡市、久世郡久御山町、京都市伏見区
- Kyoto Prefecture: Minami Yamashiro-mura, Kasagi-cho, Wazuka-cho[1] in Soraku-gun, Kizugawa City, Seika-cho in Soraku-gun, Kyotanabe City, Ide-cho in Tsuzuki-gun [1], Joyo City [1], Yawata City, Kumiyama-cho in Kuse-gun [1], and Fushimi Ward in Kyoto City [1] (1. these municipalities are located only on the right side of the river.)
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- 従前の高官に代わって平氏一族や親平氏的貴族が登用され、また知行国の大幅な入れ替えもあって中央・地方の両面において平氏一門を中心とする軍事的な支配体制が強化していった。
- Members of the Taira clan and pro-Taira aristocrats took the places of previous high officials and there was an extensive replacement of province governors, leading to the strengthening of military control organization on the central and local level by the members of the Taira clan.
- 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日 (旧暦)(1872年4月21日)のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
- The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
- 財閥解体には繋がらなかった場合も多く、存続企業としては松坂屋、旧東海銀行(→UFJ銀行→現三菱東京UFJ銀行)(ともに伊藤財閥)、キッコーマン(茂木財閥)などがある。
- There were many cases in which zaibatsu didn't get dismantled but instead remained as surviving companies, such as Matsuzakaya Co., Ltd., the old Tokai Bank, Ltd. (UFJ Bank Limited -> now Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.) (both of which used to be Ito Zaibatsu) and Kikkoman Corporation (Mogi Zaibatsu).
- 北条氏の得宗専制体制は強化されるが、元寇以後には、元寇の戦功に応じた恩賞を受けられず没落する御家人が増加し、執権の地位は有名無実化し、諸国では悪党の活動が活発化する。
- Although the Tokuso autocracy system of the Hojo clan had been strengthened, after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, there was an increase of in the number of gokenin who became bankrupt having received no reward in return for their service in repelling the Mongol invasion attempts; consequently, the position of regent became symbolic and gangsters increased their activities in various provinces.
- 昭和維新を標榜した一連の変革運動でも、君民一体の思想から、天皇による直接支配こそ社会の閉塞をうちやぶるものであり、「君側の奸」がそれを妨げているという主張がなされた。
- In a series of transformative movements which shaped the Showa Restoration, activists insisted from the viewpoint that the Emperor was the symbol of the unity of people, Emperor's direct reign of Japan could open a closed society, but 'Wily vassals surrounding the Emperor' caused criticism against it.
- 言葉の成立当初は、具体的に36の峰を擁するという意味ではなく、なだらかに連なる東山の山々を洛中から見て、おおよそ三十六ほどは連なっていようかと例えられたものであろう。
- When the name was first invented, it apparently did not point to the specific 36 mountains, but just expressed an impression that there were a chain of gently sloping mountains in the east viewed from the Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto), which could be seen as roughly 36 of them.
- 645年(皇極4年)の乙巳の変で、天智天皇・中臣鎌子(藤原鎌足)らが宮中(板蓋宮)で蘇我入鹿を暗殺し、蘇我蝦夷を自殺に追いやり、半世紀も続いた蘇我氏の体制を滅ぼした。
- In 645, Prince Naka no Oe (later, Emperor Tenji) and Kamako NAKATOMI (later, Kamatari FUJIWARA) assassinated Iruka SOGA at the Imperial Court, drove Emishi SOGA to suicide and annihilated the Soga clan, in what is known as the The Isshi Incident, or Incident of 645.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- 類聚国史(るいじゅうこくし)は編年体である六国史の記載を中国の類書にならい分類再編集したもので、菅原道真の編纂により、892年(寛平4年)に完成・成立した歴史書である。
- Ruiju Kokushi, completed and established in 892, is a history book edited by SUGAWARA no Michizane, which classified and recompiled the entries of six classical Japanese history texts compiled in chronological order, following the example of Leishu ('classified books') in China.
- しかし、1990年代に黄砂現象の実態が詳しく分かるようになったことで、黄砂の実態把握には、数十年という長期間の監視体制を整える必要があることが次第に明らかになってきた。
- However, since the reality of kosa phenomena became known in details in 1990s, it became gradually clear that, to grasp the reality of kosa phenomena, it is necessary to deploy a monitoring system for a long period of several tens of years.
- 伊藤博文は、ヨーロッパでは議会制度も含む政治体制を支える国民統合の基礎に宗教(キリスト教)があることを知り、宗教に替わりうる「機軸」(精神的支柱)として皇室に期待した。
- Hirobumi ITO realized that, in Europe, there was a religion (Christianity) at the base of the unified nation supporting the political system including the parliamentary system, so he expected the Imperial Family to become the 'axis' (mental support) to replace religion.
- ただし、応神から継体に至る中間4代の系譜について『記紀』では省略されており、辛うじて鎌倉時代の『釈日本紀』に引用された『上宮記』逸文という史料によって知ることが出来る。
- The four generations from Ojin to Keitai is omitted in the genealogy of 'Kiki', and the only historical material on them is the barely surviving fragment of 'Joguki', quoted in 'Shaku Nihongi' which was established in Kamakura period.
- 1847年、飛騨高山の国学者・田中大秀の起案を受けて門弟・橘曙覧、池田武万侶、山口春村、足羽神社神主・馬来田善包らにより継体天皇御世系碑が足羽神社境内に建立されている。
- In 1847, a monument of Emperor Keitai genealogy was erected in the precinct of Asuwa-jinja Shrine, which was proposed by Ohide TANAKA, a scholar of Japanese classical literature and materialized by his disciples, TACHIBANA no Akemi, 武万侶 IKEDA, 春村 YAMAGUCHI and 馬来田善包, the Asuwa-jinja Shrine priest.
- なお、隅田八幡宮(和歌山県橋本市)蔵の隅田八幡宮人物画像鏡(443年説と503年説)に見える「孚弟王(男弟王?)」は継体天皇を指すとする説がある(詳細は異説にて後述)。
- One theory says that '孚弟王 (Oto no kimi ?)' inscribed on Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror in Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine (Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture) (there are two theories about its year of creatoin: 443 and 503) indicates Emperor Keitai (details of this theory will be mentioned later in 'Heresy').
- 福井県嶺南地方では、関西電力の原子力発電所立地の影響で、発電所立地自治体(敦賀市・美浜町 (福井県)・大飯町-現おおい町・高浜町)と非立地自治体の間で財政に格差がある。
- In Reinan area of Fukui prefecture, where nuclear power plants of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. are located, a financial difference exists between the municipalities with nuclear power plants (Tsuruga City, Mihama-cho (Fukui Prefecture), Oi-cho-current Oi-cho, Takahama-cho) and municipalities which are not located nearby such plants.
- 当時の岡田内閣は、同年8月3日には「統治権が天皇に存せずして天皇は之を行使する為の機関なりと為すがごときは、これ全く万邦無比なる我が国体の本義を愆るものなり。」とした。
- Okada Cabinet at the time declared in August 3 that 'saying the sovereignty didn't reside with the emperor and the emperor was an organ to exercise it was an incomparable action to damage the primordial doctrine of the fundamental character of the nation.'
- このため義時は皇族将軍を諦め、摂関家から将軍を迎えることとし、同年6月に九条道家の子・三寅(後の九条頼経)を鎌倉殿として迎え、執権が中心となって政務を執る執権体制となる。
- Consequently, Yoshitoki gave up the idea of having an Imperial family member as Shogun, choosing instead to seek a Shogun from among the line of regents and advisors; in the sixth month of the same year, he hailed Mitora KUJO (afterwards known as Yoritsune KUJO), son of Michiie KUJO, as the new Shogun and Lord of Kamakura, creating a rule by regency system that concentrated most power in the regent's hands.
- また皇位は基本的に万世一系であるとされており、皇位簒奪の具体例として挙げられているものは、未遂、あるいは本当に皇位簒奪かどうかは学者の間でも議論が分かれているものとなる。
- Also, basically, the Imperial Throne is said to be an unbroken imperial line and there is a controversy among scholars over whether specific examples of usurpation of the imperial throne were attempts or in fact, usurpation of the imperial throne.
- 全体計画の完成には至らず、主に練習場の用途であったが、もう少し戦争が長引いていれば福知山市も空襲の対象になっていたのではないかともいわれるほど、当時の軍事拠点でもあった。
- The whole plan was never completed, and the airport was mainly used for practice, but, it is said that since Fukuchiyama was a military hub at the time, Fukuchiyama City may have been the target of an air attack if the war had persisted a bit longer.
- 福知山を含む丹波国一体は秀吉の支配下に置かれ、秀吉の家臣の小野木重勝(小野木重次、小野木重勝ともいう)や杉原家次らが、秀吉の命により福智山城城主となり統治するようになる。
- The whole area of Tanba Province including Fukuchiyama came under Hideyoshi's rule, and Hideyoshi's vassals such as Shigekatsu ONOGI (also called Shigetsugu ONOGI or Shigekatsu ONOGI), Ietsugu SUGIHARA, etc. were ordered to take office as steward of Fukuchiyama-jo Castle by Hideyoshi, subsequently ruling the area.
- 秀吉が内大臣になる前年の12月にこれまで関白左大臣であった一条内基が二条昭実に関白を譲り当面は左大臣一条内基・関白右大臣二条昭実・内大臣近衛信輔の体制で当面行く筈であった。
- In December of the year before Hideyoshi became Naidaijin, then Kanpaku and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), Uchimoto ICHIJO, had yielded the position of Kanpaku to Akizane NIJO; the administration was supposed to be run for the time being by Sadaijin Uchimoto ICHIJO, Kanpaku and Udaijin Akizane NIJO, and Naidaijin Nobusuke KONOE.
- 巡礼は、体力的、経済的に可能な者に、一生に一度は行なうよう義務付けられている行為であるが、巡礼を果たしたムスリム(イスラム教徒)は、「ハーッジー」と呼ばれ、特に尊敬される。
- The pilgrimage is a duty to be fulfilled at least once during a lifetime for all followers who are physically and financially able, and a Muslim who has completed the pilgrimage is greatly respected and called 'al-haji.'
- また、その後の戊辰戦争時、劣勢となった近藤勇は越谷で大久保大和と称して新政府軍に出頭したが、新政府軍に加わっていた加納道之助に正体を看破されて捕縛され、ついに斬首となった。
- Later, during the Boshin Civil War, Isami KONDO, finding himself in an inferior position, turned himsel in the new government troops under the alias of Yamato OKUBO at Koshigaya; however, his identity was revealed by Michinosuke KANO who had joined the troops, and he was captured and beheaded.
- 室町幕府は、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱や有力守護大名による反乱が収束した将軍足利義満・足利義持の代に、将軍(室町殿)を推戴する有力守護の連合体として宿老政治が確立していた。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, a system of Shukuro government (literally, 'government by experienced senior officers') as a coalition of influential shugos (military governors) upholding the Shogun (reverentially addressed to as Muromachi-dono) had been established by generations of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, by whose times the turmoil of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (period in which two - north and south) rivaling splits of the Imperial Family were fighting each other and revolts by influential shugo daimyos had been pacified.
- また、江戸幕府が幕末に編纂した史書として「後鑑」があり、1333年から1597年に至るまでの史実を編年体で記し、各項目に出典となった各種資料を直截採録する形式となっている。
- There is also a historical work, the 'Nochi kagami' (Later Mirror), that was compiled by the Edo bakufu during the Bakumatsu period (the mid-eighteenth century), which describes the events from 1333 through 1597 in chronological order; the book very straightforwardly reveals each of the historical sources consulted for each event described.
- また、この争乱は、一族や家族、地域の共同体という横の絆と、主君と家臣という縦の絆の相克があり、命を懸けて戦った武士の全てが源氏や平氏という特定氏族に収斂されるわけでもない。
- Additionally, this war was a conflict between the ties amongst clan, family, and regional community, and the ties between lords and vassals, and all of the warriors who fought for their lives can not simply be classified into specific clans such as Minamoto or Taira.
- 天長節の儀礼が整ったのは明治5年で、同年の天長節の勅語で「茲ニ朕カ誕辰ニ方リ群臣ヲ会同シ酺宴ヲ張リ舞楽ヲ奏セシム汝群臣朕カ偕ニ楽シムノ意ヲ体シ其ノ能ク歓ヲ尽セヨ」と宣した。
- Finally in 1872, tencho setsu ceremony was formally arranged and at the Ordinance of tencho setsu of that year, it was declared that '茲ニ朕カ誕辰ニ方リ群臣ヲ会同シ酺宴ヲ張リ舞楽ヲ奏セシム汝群臣朕カ偕ニ楽シムノ意ヲ体シ其ノ能ク歓ヲ尽セヨ.'
- また、安閑・宣化朝は実は父継体天皇死後直ぐに即位した弟の欽明天皇と並立していたとの説もあるが、いずれにせよ、宣化天皇の血統も石姫皇女を通して現在まで受け継がれることとなる。
- There is also a theory that Ankan and Senka era existed together with the era of Emperor Kinmei, who was the younger brother of them, ascended the throne shortly after the death of their father Emperor Keitai, but in any case, the bloodline of Emperor Senka was taken over until now though Ishihime no Miko.
- 長州藩は江戸期全体を通して表向きは幕府に恭順の姿勢をとる普通の藩として存在していたが、毎年正月には幕府への怨恨を確かめる儀式を執り行っていたと伝えられる(確たる証拠はない)。
- Throughout the Edo period, the Choshu clan superficially existed as a normal clan that assumed an attitude of obedience toward Bakufu; however, it is said that with each new year it conducted a ceremony to confirm its hard feelings against Bakufu (although no decisive evidence exists).
- すなわち公的負担が荘園という権門勢家の家政機関からの出費によっても担われたため、この支配形態を荘園公領制というべき体制であったとする網野善彦の説が現在一般的認識となっている。
- That is, the public burden was eased by the expenditure of the shoen which was the domestic governing institution of the great and powerful, and now the theory by Yoshihiko AMINO is a common view that this governing form should be called shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- 後の律令制の下での食封の規模をあてはめれば、湯沐邑は安八磨郡の一部ではなく、郡全体にあたるのではないかと考えられ、その郡の範囲は後の池田郡を含み、さらに広かった可能性もある。
- Taking into account a scale of Jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) under the later Ritsuryo system, Tomokuyu at that time seems to have not been a part of Ahachimanokoori but a whole district, and range of the district included later Ikeda District, possibly wider.
- 幕府という名目が失われた大政奉還(1867年)、旧幕府軍による抵抗が終了した箱館戦争の終戦(1869年)、幕藩体制が完全に終結した廃藩置県(1871年)なども画期となりうる。
- Other major events, including the return of political power to the Emperor by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the end of Hakodate War in 1869, and Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, could also be counted as ground-breaking events.
- ただ美しいと感じてその色を見るときには、すでにして好んでいるのであるから、「知」と「行」、つまり認識と体験とは一体不可分であって、両者が離れてあるわけではないと王陽明は説く。
- Wang Yangming explained that when people are looking at a color while feeling it is beautiful, they are already fond of it, therefore 'chi' and 'gyo', i.e., recognition and experience, are not separate from each other and cannot be separated.
- 義詮の死後は、足利幕府は幼い将軍足利義満を補佐した管領細川頼之の指導により、南朝方の中心的武将であった楠木正儀(正成の子)を帰順させるなど対南朝工作を行い、幕府体制を確立する。
- After Yoshiakira died, governance over the shogunate fell to the Kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, acting as advisor to the young Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA; under Yoriyuki's direction, the shogunal system was firmly established, and the Northern Court launched various maneuvers against the Southern Court, including forcing Masanori KUSUNOKI (son of Masashige), the Southern Court's chief military commander, to switch allegiance to the Northern Court.
- こうしてそれまで各国の体制は、荘園も含めて一元的に受領の支配下にあったものが、荘官の支配する荘園と、受領の支配下にある公領が、大きく二分して土地・民衆支配をする形態に移行した。
- Eventually, the old provincial system, administered by zuryo collectively including shoen, was shifted into a new system, in which the control of land and people was roughly divided into two on the basis of shoen (administered by shokan) and koryo (administered by zuryo).
- 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
- Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.
- 果ては幕府自体が財政難を救うためにあえて一揆を黙認して「分一徳政令」(紛争となった債権額の一割を幕府に納付した紛争当事者が自由に処理できるとした徳政令)を出すに至ったのである。
- Eventually, the bakufu even issued the 'Buichi Tokusei-rei' (Ten Per Cent Debt-relief Edict), in which a party involved in a conflict was allowed to dispose their credit at will if they paid ten percent of the credit amount in dispute to the bakufu, and they acquiesced ikki in order to solve their own financial difficulty.
- 日本民族(にほんみんぞく)という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団(エスニック・グループ)を統合した政治的共同体(ネーション)を表す概念である。
- The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
- 一方、『古事記』には暴君としての記録は無く、妻子がいなかったことと天皇の死後に袁本杼命(おおどのみこと、後の継体天皇)が皇位継承者として招かれたことの2つしか記述されていない。
- On the other hand in 'Kojiki' there is no record of him as tyrant and the only two things recorded are that he had no wife and children and ODO no Mikoto (the later Emperor Keitai) was asked to succeed the Imperial Throne after he had passed away.
- 当時、中央集権体制を進めるために廃藩置県の必要があることは政府内の共通認識となっていたが、その実施に向けた方策について急進的な木戸孝允と漸進的な大久保利通との対立が続いていた。
- Although there was a shared understanding within the government at that time that Haihan-chiken had to be carried out in order to move towards a centralized administrative system, Takayoshi KIDO (who insisted on radical reform) and Toshimichi OKUBO (who insisted on moderate reform) continued to hold differing views concerning practical procedures.
- しかし、平安後期になると、人間をあるがままに日本風に描くという国風文化の影響のもと、表現形式がより柔軟かつ豊富な和文体による歴史物語・軍記物語・説話集が多数記されるようになった。
- However, in the latter half of the Heian period, the Kokufu Bunka, in which human beings were depicted in Japanese styles, prevailed, and many historical stories, war chronicles and collections of anecdotes were written in the Japanese-writing style that enabled the descriptions to be made more flexibly and richly.
- 律令法を総体としてとらえ、法としての構造と特質を明らかにする試みや、律令法に基づいて形成された国家の歴史的特質の解明などは、ようやくその究明に緒がつけられたというのが実情である。
- As it stands, investigation has finally begun in an attempt to grasp the ritsuryo law holistically and to clarify its legal structure and characteristics, and on the clarification of the historical characteristics of a nation formed based on ritsuryo law.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- そして11月には皇居に似せて造られた清盛の私邸が天皇に提供され、17日から20日に新嘗祭の五節のみが行なわれると(新嘗祭自体は京都で行なわれた)、23日には京都への還幸となった。
- Then in November, Kiyomori gave the palace, which he had built in the image of the Imperial Palace, to the Emperor, and from the 17th through 20th held the Gosechi (annual court ceremony of girls music) part of the Niiname-sai festival in Fukuhara (a new Niiname-sai festival was held in Kyoto), and the Emperor returned to Kyoto on the 23rd.
- また韓国気象庁は、大韓民国環境部所管の観測網から得られるPM10濃度の1時間当たり平均値の予報を基に、規定の濃度が2時間以上続くと予想された場合に、3段階の警報体制をとっている。
- Based on the average prediction per hour of the PM10 density obtained from the observation network of the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, South Korea's weather agency issues a three-stage warning when it is predicted that a specified density will continue for two or more hours.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- この一連の経緯がその後の定例となり、皇后には皇后宮職、皇太后には皇太后宮職、太皇太后には太皇太后宮職、皇太夫人には中宮職がそれぞれ個別に設置されて奉仕に当たる体制ができあがった。
- These events became precedents, and Kogogushiki, Kotaigo gushiki, Taikotaigogushiki (Imperial Household Agency assigned to the household of Grand Empress Dowager), and Chugushiki were established to serve Empress, Empress Dowager, Grand Empress Dowager, and Kotaifujin respectively.
- 義貞は播磨国の白旗城に篭城する足利方の赤松則村(円心)を攻めている間に時間を空費し、この間に尊氏は多々良浜の戦いで九州を制覇して体制を立て直すと、京都奪還をめざして東進をはじめた。
- Yoshisada wasted time during his assault on Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) of the Ashikaga faction who was held up within Shirahata-jo Castle of Harima Province, and during this time Takauji conquered Kyushu in the Battle of Tatarahama and regrouped before heading east with the aim of recapturing Kyoto.
- 具体的には、適切な植林、効率の良い薪などの燃料の確保、家畜の管理、土壌浸食の防止、灌漑、水資源の有効利用、エネルギーの再利用、適切な土地利用や農法への転換、砂の移動防止などがある。
- More specifically, these measures include planting trees more properly, securing fuel, such as more energy-efficient firewood, managing livestock, preventing soil erosion, irrigation, using resources more effectively, re-using energy, using land more properly or changing the farming method to more proper ones, and preventing sand from moving.
- 1936年の大阪営林局「東山国有林風致計画」においては、「東山三十六峰」の山名が具体的に記述されているが、これが、三十六の山名を羅列した史料としては、ほぼ最古のものであるとされる。
- The specific mountain names of 'Higashiyama Sanju-Roppo' were stated in 'Higashiyama National Forest Landscape Management Planning' compiled by Osaka District Forestry Office in 1936, which is regarded as an almost oldest material listing the specific 36 mountain names.
- その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護(守護大名)によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代 (日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
- The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
- この時期は対馬の有力者が明などに渡航し不在であることを知り、また同時に朝鮮国内の在留商人らを一斉に抑留するなど、防備の弱体に乗じ一般民衆を標的にした周到な計画であったことが知られる。
- At this point in time, it was known by Korean military planners that the most powerful inhabitants of Tsushima were away on voyages to Ming China and elsewhere, and moreover as the invasion was launched they ordered the simultaneous internment of all Japanese merchants living and operating within Korea, revealing how carefully they had planned this assault to take advantage of the weakness of Tsushima's defensive preparations and target the general population (not only the Wako).
- それに対し、日本では堺市や寺内町のような堀と土塁で囲まれた都市や町は早くから存在していたものの、初期の城下町では領主の居城のみが堀と城壁に囲まれ、街自体は城壁には囲まれていなかった。
- However, in Japan, although there have been cities and towns such as Sakai City and Terauchi-cho which are surrounded by a moat and dirt mounds since early times, only the lord's residence castle was surrounded by a moat and castle wall and the town area itself was not surrounded by a castle wall in the initial jokamachi.
- 『日本書紀』では仁賢天皇との間に高橋大娘皇女、朝嬬皇女、手白香皇女(継体天皇の皇后・欽明天皇の母)、樟氷皇女、橘皇女(橘仲皇女、宣化天皇の皇后)、武烈天皇、真稚皇女を生んだとされる。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' as wife of the Emperor Ninken, Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume gave birth to the following children: Princess Takahashi no Oitsura no Hime, Princess Asazuma no Hime, Princess Tashiraka no Hime (Tashiraka no Hime Miko; the Empress of the Emperor Keitai and the mother of the Emperor Kinmei), Princess Kusuhi no Hime, Princess Tachibana no Nakatsu Hime (also known as 'Tachibana no Nakatsu Hime Miko'; the Empress of the Emperor Senka), the Emperor Buretsu, and Princess Mawaka no Hime.
- 岩倉は政治的には伊藤博文と協力関係にあったが、伊藤や木戸孝允が構想した将来の上院形成のための華族増員(具体的には維新の功労者を華族を加える)と華族の政治参加には強い拒否反応を示した。
- Although Iwakura politically cooperated with Hirobumi ITO, he strongly rejected Ito and Takayoshi KIDO's ideas on kazoku, such as increasing the members of the kazoku class (specifically, by giving the title to persons who had contributed to the Meiji Restoration) to form an upper chamber in the future and allowing more kazoku's participation in politics.
- そのために徳川家康をはじめ臣従した諸大名や石田三成・加藤清正ら譜代の家臣達に次々と官職を授けて本来は公家主体のものであった官位体系に組み込もうとした(武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい))。
- To achieve this, Hideyoshi continuously appointed vassal daimyo including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and hereditary retainers such as Mitsunari ISHIDA and Kiyomasa KATO to government posts, so that he could break into the system of official ranks originally awarded to court nobles (Buke Kanpaku sei).
- 地中海沿岸からヨーロッパ各地に諸聖人の遺骨(聖遺物または不朽体)またはキリストの磔刑、ノアの箱舟の跡などの遺物を祭ったとされる教会、聖堂などが多数あり、そのような地への巡礼が行われた。
- Pilgrims traveled to numerous churches and cathedrals throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe that venerate the remains of saints (sacred relics or immortal body) or relics of the crucifixion of Christ or remains of Noah's Ark.
- 徳川氏を外戚に持つ明正天皇の即位でこの体制は確立されるが、明正の治世中は後水尾天皇による院政が敷かれたため、明正が朝廷に於ける実権を持つことは無く、後水尾上皇に朝廷内の実権が集中した。
- The system was established when Emperor Meisho, whose cognates were the Tokugawa clan, succeeded to the throne, but as insei by Emperor Gomizunoo was conducted during the reign of Meisho, Meisho never had actual power in the Imperial Court; instead, the actual power of the court was concentrated in Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 平安最末期に関東武士全体を代表する鎌倉殿という地位が登場すると、御恩と奉公に基づく主従関係は、次第に排他的(鎌倉殿以外の主人を持たない)かつ永続的なものとなり、一層強固になっていった。
- Towards the end of the Heian period when the position heading all samurai in the Kanto region, called Kamakura-dono, was introduced, the master-servant relationship based on goon and hoko gradually became exclusive (not allowed to have any master other than the kamakura-dono) and permanent, making the relationship stronger.
- 天皇に「精神若しくは身体の疾患又は事故があるとき」であっても、それが一時的なものであり、摂政を置くまでに至らない場合には、国事行為臨時代行が置かれる(国事行為の臨時代行に関する法律)。
- If the emperor has 'mental or physical diseases or hindrance', but they are temporary and Sessho (regent) is not required, a temporary agent for emperor's constitutional functions is assigned (law concerning agency for emperor's constitutional functions).
- 桂坂ニュータウン開発に伴い、昭和61年、御陵北大枝山町、御陵大枝山町一丁目〜六丁目、御陵峰ケ堂町一丁目〜三丁目が成立し、19町となっている(「丁目」を有するものは全体を1町と数える)。
- In accordance with the development of Katsurazaka New Town, Goryo Kitaoedayamacho, Goryo Oedayamacho from 1-chome to 6-chome, and Goryo Minegadocho from 1-chome to 3-chome were established in 1986, therefore, that there are now nineteen towns at present (the towns which have the name 'chome' are counted as one town).
- 1368年(応安元)に出された応安の半済令は、従来認められていた年貢の半分割だけでなく、土地自体の半分割をも認める内容であり、この後、守護による荘園・国衙領への侵出が著しくなっていった。
- The hanzei decree of the Oan era issued in 1368 authorized the shugo to take not only half the customs, which had already been granted, but also half the land, and subsequently the shugo penetrated deep into the manor and the Kokuga's territory.
- 1761年(宝暦11年)に制定された「刑法草書」は「徒刑」(懲役刑)制度や保護観察制度、除墨制度を導入した進歩的な法体系であるが、その編纂は明律を参考にしたところが大きいと言われている。
- The 'Keiho sosho,' established in 1761, was a progressive legal system introducing the 'penal servitude' (imprisonment) system, probation system, and tattoo removal system, and is known to have largely consulted the Ming code compilation.
- 日本の歴史上の領主はヨーロッパの農奴制における領主のように無制限に所領の土地と人民を私有財産として所有したのではなく、徴税権・支配権にかかわる一定の権利義務の体系を所持した存在であった。
- Territorial lords in Japanese history were not like those under the serf system in Europe who owned the land and people in his or her territory as his or her private property without any restrictions, but possessed a system of certain rights and responsibilities concerning tax-collecting and territory-control.
- 11世紀になるとこの流れに、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税(一国平均役)の動きが加わり、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領を個々の収取単位とする体制(荘園公領制)が成立した。
- Entering the eleventh century, in addition to this trend, the trend of levying tax evenly on shoen (manors) and Kokugaryo (the territory governed by a provincial government office) (called Ikkoku heikinyaku) was also generated, and the system in which tax was collected from shoen and Kokugaryo, which had been reorganized into Gun, Sato (an area within Gun) and Ho (an area within Sato), (called shoen koryo sei) was established.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)には一族のほとんどが南朝_(日本)方に付くが、それが却って一族の分裂・弱体化を回避する事になり、南北朝合一後に京都に復帰した後も公家社会に留まる事を可能にしたという。
- Most of the family took the Southern Court side in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but this in fact helped the family avoid to being broken up or weakened, which enabled it to remain part of the nobility on its return to Kyoto after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 江戸幕府は戦国時代_(日本)の戦乱で衰退した朝廷に対しては、禁中並公家諸法度などで統制する一方、朝廷自体の衰亡は征夷大将軍があくまでも朝廷に任命されている以上、望ましい状況ではなかった。
- Although the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) controlled the Imperial Court, which had been weakened in the domestic wars, by means of the Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto, a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles, a weak Imperial Court was not in the interests of the bakufu because it was the Imperial court which appointed the seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians).
- 丹波の範囲は、現在の兵庫県側は篠山市及び丹波市で人口・面積ともに全体の2割弱、京都府側は亀岡市、南丹市、船井郡京丹波町、綾部市、福知山市であるので、兵庫県部分より京都府部分のほうが広大。
- Hyogo Tanba, with Sasayama and Tanba cities, makes up in population and area about 20% of the Tanba region, but Kyoto Tanba, with cities such as Kameoka, Nantan, Ayabe, Fukuchiyama and Kyotanba town in Funai District, is much bigger.
- 真文二分判(しんぶんにぶばん)は文政元年(1818年)4月から鋳造が始まり同年6月10日より発行された二分判で、裏には楷書体の「文」字が刻まれ、真字二分金(しんじにぶきん)とも呼ばれる。
- Shinbun nibuban started to be casted from April in 1818 and issued from June 10 of the same year, which was nibuban with a kaisho-tai (square (block) style of writing) letter 'bun' on the back side and also called shinji nibukin.
- 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった(これを職の体系という)。
- A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).
- その後は三河国に進出し、弱体化した松平氏を従属させるなど西進政策が次々と実を結ぶ一方、三河に食指を伸ばす尾張国の織田氏と「安城合戦」「小豆坂の戦い」などを戦い、三河から織田氏を締め出した。
- Yoshimoto invaded Mikawa Province later to subordinate the weakening Matsudaira clan and carried out a westing policy successfully, he fought against the Oda clan in Owari Province who was eager to gain Mikawa in the 'Anjo War,' the 'Battle of Azuki-zaka' and so on, and excluded the Oda clan from Mikawa.
- この「花洛名勝圖會」には、「どの山々を指して三十六の峰と言っているのかは明らかではない」といった記述があり、「三十六峰」が具体的にどの山々を指しているのかまでは特定されていなかったようだ。
- This 'Karaku meisho zue' states that 'the exact names of those 36 mountains are unclear,' indicating that the 'Sanju-Roppo' did not actually point to the specific mountains.
- 和宮は有栖川宮熾仁親王との婚約がすでにあり、外国人のいる関東へ行かせたくないと難色を示した孝明天皇も、公武合体には基本的に賛成であり、岩倉具視らの進言もあって最終的に家茂への降嫁を認めた。
- It was not easy for the marriage to proceed because Kazunomiya was engaged to Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, and her brother Emperor Komei did not want to send her to the Kanto region, a place where foreigners lived, but eventually the emperor, who was not opposed to the idea of kobu-gattai, approved the marriage to Iemochi, as recommended by Tomomi IWAKURA.
- 義満はこの後には将軍直轄の軍事力である奉公衆を整備し、1391年の明徳の乱においては山名氏を、1397年の応永の乱においては大内氏を追討して有力守護を弱体化させ、幕府の支配体制を固めていく。
- After the coup, Yoshimitsu established the Hokoshu, a Shogunal army directly loyal to him, and succeeded in using it to weaken the two most powerful shugo families, the Yamana clan in 1391 during the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in 1397 by means of the Oei Rebellion, thereby solidifying the shogunate's control over the country.
- 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
- Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.
- 平安時代あたりから公家や寺社を本所として販売の独占権や関税の免除などの特権を得る座と呼ばれる閉鎖的な商業独占体制は、成長する戦国大名によって自営営業を許す楽市楽座によって廃止の方向へ向かう。
- From about the Heian period onwards, there was an insular, monopolistic system of commerce centered around the za (guilds), under which each za had exclusive rights to sell their products tax-free to specific noblemen and/or temples and shrines, but with the free market, open guild system introduced thanks to the rise of the sengoku daimyo, who started to allow independent (i.e., non-guild) businesses to be created, progress was made towards ending the oppressive guild system.
- 公判自体は滝川自身の監禁に対する証言の曖昧さもあって、1959年大阪高等裁判所での控訴判決により確定し、被告2名のうち1名の暴行罪のみを認定した(両名の不退去罪および傷害罪は無罪となった)。
- Because there were unclear points in Takigawa's testimony of his capture during the hearing, the sentence was decided after an appeal to the Osaka Higher Court in 1959, with one of the two defendants being accused of assault (both were acquitted of forcible detainment and inflicting bodily injury).
- これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
- On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.
- 8代目にあたる久世通煕は幕末に公武合体派として活躍し、万延元年(1860年)8月から慶応3年4月(1867年)まで(途中文久2年(1862年)9月から翌年12月を除く)にかけて議奏を務めた。
- Michihiro KUZE, the eighth head of the family, played an active role in the Kobu Gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) at the end of the Edo period and was the adressor of opinions to the Emperor between August 1860 and April 1867 (except the period from September 1862 to December 1863).
- 「古事記」に見える王名「袁本杼(ヲホド)」と鏡の銘文に記された「男弟(ヲオト)」とは6世紀初頭における発音は異なっていたので、鏡にある「男弟(ヲオト)」は継体天皇ではないと解釈する説がある。
- Also, there is a theory which claims that the 'Wooto' on the mirror cannot be identified as Emperor Keitai because the pronunciation of 'Wohodo', the King's name in 'Kojiki', differed from 'Wooto' in the inscription on the mirror in the early sixth century.
- しかし戦後に、歴史とりわけ天皇に関する自由な研究が認められることになったことから、継体は従来の大王家とは血縁のない「新王朝の始祖(初代大王)」とする説(水野祐「三王朝交代説」)が提唱された。
- But after the World War II, it was allowed to conduct the study of history, especially study of emperor more freely, which gave rise to a theory claiming that Keitai was the 'founder of a new dynasty (the first king)' ('Changes of Dynasties Theory' by Yu MIZUNO).
- それぞれ凡牟都和希(ほむたわけ)王は応神天皇、若野毛二俣(わかぬけふたまた)王は稚野毛二派皇子、大郎子は意富富杼王、 斯(うし)王は彦主人王、乎富等(おおど)大公王は継体天皇に比定され得る。
- Each of these names can be identified as follows: 'Homutawake no Miko' was the Emperor Ojin; 'Wakanuke futamata no Miko' was 'Wakanoke futamata no Miko'; Oiratsuko was 'Ohodo no Okimi'; 'Ushi no Okimi' was 'Hikoushio' (also pronounced 'Hikousi no Okimi') and 'Odo no Okimi' was the Emperor Keitai.
- 1927年(昭和2年)6月14日に、植物群落が「深泥池水生植物群」として国の天然記念物に指定され、その後1988年(昭和63年)に「深泥池生物群集」として生物群集全体に対象が広げられている。
- On June 14, 1927, the plant community in this pond was designated as a protected species referred to as the 'Midoroga-ike aquiherbosa' and, subsequently, in 1988, the scope of this designation was expanded to include all of living matter in the pond, referred to as the 'Midoroga-ike biological community.'
- こうした成果をうけて幕府は残虐刑を減らして「過料」「敲(たたき)」「入墨」などの新しい刑罰を導入したが、「享保の改革」自体が保守的な要素をもっていたため、幕府法の全面的な改訂には至らなかった。
- Such achievements led the bakufu to reduce cruel punishments and to introduce new punishments such as 'correctional fines,' 'beating,' and 'tattooing,' but due to the conservative factors of 'Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform)' itself, it did not lead to an overall revision of the bakufu law.
- 県(アガタ)と県(コホリ)との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
- The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.
- また現地の港湾からの流通に対する独占的権利を確立して港湾支配を確立したものの、逆に特権によって他者の流通を妨げる存在に成長したために楽市楽座政策によって座とともに解体に追い込まれたものもある。
- There were also some Toimaru which monopolized the rights over the transport business in ports, and there were even some which, under the policy of the 'rakuichi-rakuza' (Free Market, Free Guilds), were forced to dissolve their business and guild that had become far too powerful for the smooth and fair operations of transportation business in the ports.
- 名詞をまず漢語で類聚し、意味により分類して項目立て、万葉仮名で日本語に対応する名詞の読み(和名・倭名)をつけた上で、漢籍(字書・韻書・博物書)を出典として多数引用しながら説明を加える体裁をとる。
- It was made in the following style: First, nouns were collected in Chinese, were grouped based on their meanings, an item name was given to each group of nouns, a Japanese pronunciation (called 'wamyo,' literally a Japanese name) of each of these nouns was given using Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]), and to each noun, explanations were given by citing its Chinese document sources (dictionaries, Chinese dictionaries arranged by the final sound of each word, and encyclopedia).
- 更に、北条高時の時代になると、御家人の不満や悪党の活動に加えて高時本人が暗愚であった事もあり、幕政は内管領で頼綱の一族である長崎高綱(円喜)・長崎高資父子に牛耳られ、得宗専制体制は崩壊に向かう。
- Furthermore, the Tokuso autocracy system collapsed during the days of Takatoki HOJO due to the foolishness of Takatoki himself, the dissatisfaction and gangster activities of the gokenin, and the fact that the shogunate administration was controlled by Takatsuna NAGASAKI (Enki) and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI, who were Uchi-Kanrei and related to Yoritsuna.
- 「癸未」を503年、「男弟王」を(おおと)男大迹王と解釈すると、継体天皇は癸未武烈天皇5年8月10日 (旧暦)(503年9月18日)の時点では、大和の意柴沙加宮忍坂宮にいたとする仮説が成り立つ。
- Interpreting 'Yin Water Sheep' as 503 and 'Otonokimi' as Odonookimi leads to the hypothesis that Emperor Keitai lived in Oshisaka no Miya Palace = (Oshisaka no Miya Palace) on August 10, Yin Water Sheep Buretsu era 5 (the old calendar) (September 18, 503).
- 皇祖皇宗国ヲ建テ民ニ臨ムヤ国ヲ以テ家ト為シ民ヲ視ルコト子ノ如シ列聖相承ケテ仁恕ノ化下ニ洽ク兆民相率ヰテ敬忠ノ俗上ニ奉シ上下感孚シ君民体ヲ一ニス是レ我カ国体ノ精華ニシテ当ニ天地ト並ヒ存スヘキ所ナリ
- 皇祖皇宗国ヲ建テ民ニ臨ムヤ国ヲ以テ家ト為シ民ヲ視ルコト子ノ如シ列聖相承ケテ仁恕ノ化下ニ洽ク兆民相率ヰテ敬忠ノ俗上ニ奉シ上下感孚シ君民体ヲ一ニス是レ我カ国体ノ精華ニシテ当ニ天地ト並ヒ存スヘキ所ナリ
- 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
- As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 軍事(武芸)や経理(算)、法務(明法)といった朝廷の行政機構を、律令制機構内で養成された官人から様々な家芸を継承する実務官人の「家」にアウトソーシングしていったのが平安時代の王朝国家体制であった。
- The system of the dynasty state during the Heian period outsourced the Imperial Court's administrative organizations such as military affair (military art), accounting (calculation) and legal work (Myobo [law]) to the 'ie' (family) of the official for practical works who had succeeded various iegei (family's specialty) from a government official who was trained in the Ritsuryo-system organization.
- 惣村の結合を維持するため、寄合などで惣掟(そうおきて)という独自の規約を定め、惣掟に違反した場合は惣村自らが追放刑・財産没収・身体刑・死刑などを執行する自検断(じけんだん)が行われることもあった。
- To maintain the unity of the soson, the independent rules called so okite (rules) were specified in yoriai, and if a member violated the rules, a jikendan (voluntary ruling and judgment) was sometimes implemented by the soson for the purpose of carrying out banishment, forfeiture of property, a bodily penalty or the death penalty.
- これによると、男子の直系は「凡牟都和希王(ほむたわけのおおきみ・応神天皇) ─ 若野毛二俣王 ─ 大郎子(一名意富富杼王) ─ 乎非王 ─斯王(彦主人王) ─ 乎富等大公王(継体天皇)」とされる。
- This material identifies the direct male descendants of Emperor as follows; 'Homutawake no Okimi (Emperor Ojin) - Wakanukefutamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (a man whose name is Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi - Okimi (Hikoushio) - Odo no Okimi (Emperor Keitai)'.
- しかし、4は京都府の山城広域振興局の管内地域であり、その中の向日市、長岡京市、乙訓郡は地勢上も、経済上も京都市と一体にされることが多く、5の山城地区を狭義の京都府南部地域として扱われることが多い。
- However, because the region in Definition 4 is under the control of Yamashiro Wide-area Promotion Bureau of Kyoto Prefecture and Muko City, Nagaokakyo City, and Otokuni County among that region often regarded as a part of Kyoto City geographically and economically, therefore, the region in Definition 5 in Yamashiro area is often regarded as southern region of Kyoto Prefecture in a narrow sense.
- ただし、当時の伊東の書簡は対話を重んじるものばかりで、伊東自身も人を斬った記録が油小路事件以外には無く、さらには近藤勇を暗殺しようとしたものがないため、近藤暗殺計画自体が存在しなかったとの説もある。
- However, documents left behind by Ito only placed importance on a conversation, and there is no record of him killing anyone, other than during the Aburanokoji Incident, nor are there any records of him trying to assassinate Isami KONDO, which led to the theory that plans for the assassination never existed.
- 当時、土佐藩は藩主山内容堂のもと公武合体を支持しており、会津藩との関係も良好であったが、内部には土佐勤王党など倒幕を目論む勢力もあり、その中で起きた傷害事件はまさに両藩の関係に水を差すものであった。
- In those days, under the rule of the lord Yodo YAMAUCHI, the Tosa clan supported kobu-gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) and kept a good relationship with the Aizu clan, but also had power as Tosa kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa) which aimed to overthrow the bakufu; therefore, under those circumstances, the incident cast a shadow over the relationship between the two clans.
- 健康面での被害への対策として、黄砂が大量に降っている場合は、砂の微粒子を体内に取り込まないように、眼鏡やマスクを着用する、うがいや手洗い・洗顔を行う、外出を控えるといった処置をとることが挙げられる。
- When lots of kosa is falling, it is considered to take the following measures against damage to health: Wearing eye glasses and a mask to prevent fine sand particles from entering the body, gargling and washing your hands and face, and avoiding going outdoors.
- 今日、一般的に大峰山(大峯山)といえば山上ヶ岳を指すが、大峯奥駈道でいう「大峯」とは、吉野から山上ヶ岳を経てさらに奥の山々、そして最終的には熊野三山に至る大峰山脈を縦走する修行の道全体を指している。
- Today, generally speaking of Mt. Omine, it refers to Mt. Sanjogatake, however 'Omine' in Omine Okugake-michi refers to the area from Yoshino through Mt. Sanjogatake to the far deeper mountains, and all the paths for asceticism that course longitudinally through the Omine mountains which eventually lead to Kumano Sanzan.
- しかし、実際に人口調査の体裁が整えられてたのは、徳川吉宗によって子午改(6年毎)の全国人口調査が開始された享保六年(1721年)以降であり、大岡忠相から有馬氏倫へ提出した書類の形式で伝えられている。
- However, the census system was only formally put into place after hexannual national census surveys were implemented by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in 1721 (year) and formalized in the document presented by Tadasuke OOKA to Ujinori ARIMA.
- 岩沢の解釈では、「太政大臣、関白、将軍の三職いずれかに推任するのがよい」と言った主体を天皇の意向を受けた晴豊としており、以後もこの解釈を受け、信長はこの天皇の意向を突っぱねたとする説が通説化していた。
- Iwasawa's interpretation of the line 'he should be endorsed for Daijo daijin, Kanpaku, or Shogun' was that it was Haretoyo who said it in line with the Emperor's wish, and later this interpretation prevailed to form a common belief that Nobunaga refused the Emperor's wish.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- ただし、坂本や中岡にとっては、恨みの対象は徳川家ではなく、上士・郷士という差別を生み出した幕藩体制そのものにあり、彼らは怨恨を越えて後藤象二郎、板垣退助といった上士と手を組み、幕府に大政奉還を促した。
- However, for Sakamoto and Nakaoka the target of their hard feelings was not the Tokugawa family but the bakuhan system, which had given birth to the discrimination between the Joshi and Goshi; they conquered such feelings and cooperated with Joshi such as Shojiro GOTO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, etc., and urged Bakufu to restore imperial rule.
- また、皇位継承順位の変更は、「皇嗣精神若ハ身体ノ不治ノ重患アリ又ハ重大ノ事故アルトキ」(旧典範9条)、「精神若しくは身体の不治の重患があり、又は重大な事故があるとき」(現典範3条)のみに許されている。
- The change of the order of succession to the Imperial Throne is permitted only if 'The Crown Prince has any mental or physical incurable diseases or serious hindrance' (Article 9 of Former Imperial House Act) or 'has any mental or physical incurable diseases or serious hindrance' (Article 3 of Imperial House Law).
- さらに、出雲大神宮や継体天皇元年に初めて神殿が建立された元愛宕神社 (京都市)や立命館大学創立者の中川小十郎の子息である有名な彫刻家流政之氏のくぐりほていがある養仙寺もあるなど歴史的に古い地域である。
- Moreover, the area is a historical site with the Izumo-Daijingu Shrine, the Moto-Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) whose first shrine was established in 507, and the Yosen-ji Temple, which possesses the sculpture 'Kuguri Hotei' created by the famous sculptor Masayuki NAGARE, a son of Kojuro NAKAGAWA who founded Ritsumeikan University.
- 光秀の敗因は思った兵力が整わなかったため十分な迎撃体制をとることができなかったことや、山崎が京から西国へと出るために要所であり、明智軍はこの要所を防衛する形で戦わざるを得なかったからだとも言われている。
- Mitsuhide's defeat is attributed to his inability to sufficiently equip himself for engaging the enemy on account of an unexpectedly small size of the mobilized troops and the circumstances which obliged his troops in the form of defending Yamazaki which was a key transit point from Kyoto to western provinces.
- 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
- This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.
- その子・六角義治(義弼)の代においては1563年に重臣中の重臣であった後藤賢豊父子を殺害して、六角家の内紛となる観音寺騒動が起こし、六角式目への署名を余儀なくされるなど、六角氏の弱体化は明らかとなった。
- In the generation of Yoshikata's son, Yoshiharu (Yoshisuke ROKKAKU), in 1563 the killing of his chief vassal Katatoyo GOTO and his son caused the Kannonji family feud--the infighting of the Rokkaku Family--which forced the signature of the Rokkaku Clan Act, at which the weakening of the Rokkaku clan became significant.
- 印文は篆書体・角印で「天皇御璽」(2行縦書で右側が「天皇」、左側が「御璽」)であり、法律・政令・条約の公布文や批准書、大使の信任状、内閣総理大臣・最高裁判所長官などの任命の官記や交代の辞令書に捺される。
- The inmon (words or symbols engraved on the seal) on Gyoji says 'Tenno Gyoji' (Emperor's Gyoji) (written in two vertical lines with 'emperor' on the right and 'Gyoji' on the left) in tensho-tai (seal-engraving style of writing Chinese characters) in square; the seal is placed on instruments of promulgation and ratification of laws, cabinet orders and treaties, credentials of ambassadors and appointment letters and notifications of replacement of the Prime Minister and the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court.
- 平安京の頃から、後の京都の基礎となった左京地域を唐の都・洛陽に擬えて「洛陽」と呼び、市内を洛中(らくちゅう)、外側を辺土、後に洛外(らくがい)と呼んだが(京都と洛陽を参照)、具体的な定義は曖昧であった。
- From around the time of Heian-kyo, the Sakyo area, which became the basis for the subsequent city of Kyoto, was called 'Rakuyo' after the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital Luoyang (Rakuyo in Japanese), and the area within the city was called Rakuchu, while the outside area was called Hendo (remote region) and later called Rakugai (refer to Kyoto and Rakuyo), but definitions were ambiguous.
- 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている(日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている)。
- Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
- But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- 中世熊野詣において京の院や貴族たちが熊野に赴いた際のように、九十九王子を順拝し参詣の道を歩く行為それ自体に信仰上の意義が見出す立場からは、これらの高野・熊野を結ぶ道は単に最短経路という以上のものでしかない。
- Like the imperial family and nobles of Kyoto in the Muromachi period visited Kumano, people in the Edo period visited Kujuku Oji (a series of shrines which were established from the 12th century to the 13th century by the Kumano Shugen priests) and walked the pilgrimage roads, however, for the people who appreciated the religious significance of such visiting and walking, the roads connecting Koya and Kumano were just the shortest routes for their purpose.
- 王朝国家体制では四位、五位どまりの受領に任命されるクラスの実務官人である下級貴族を諸大夫(しょだいぶ)と、上級貴族や諸大夫に仕える六位どまりの技能官人や家人を侍(さむらい)と呼び、彼らが行政実務を担っていた。
- In the system of the dynasty state, lower-ranking nobles who were officials for practical works appointed to the zuryo and who were promoted up to shii (Fourth Rank) or goi (Fifth Rank) were called shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) and the technical officers and kenin (retainers) who were promoted up to rokui (Sixth Rank) and served upper-ranking nobles or shodaibu were called samurai (warrior) and they were in charge of administrative affairs.
- また同じく釜山で、2007年に人体への摂取量を調べた調査では、通常時は約0.01pg-TEQ/kg/日なのが、黄砂の日は0.028 - 0.038pg-TEQ/kg/日と、2倍以上になるという結果が出ている。
- In an investigation in 2007 also in Busan in which the amount of these components taken into human bodies was measured, it was found that 0.028 to 0.038 pg-TEQ/kg/day was taken in the day when kosa fell, more than double 0.01pg-TEQ/kg/day that was taken in an ordinary day.
- また文久の改革では島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らの主導で出された勅命を受け松平慶永(越前松平家)、徳川慶喜(一橋徳川家)が、将軍の命令(台命・たいめい)を受け松平容保(会津松平家)が幕政に参加している。
- And during the Bunkyu Reform, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the Echizen Matsudaira family) and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) participated in the shogunate government by an Imperial order released under the leadership of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU and the court nobles in the Imperial Court who supported the idea of uniting the court and the shogunate, as did Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the Aizu-Matsudaira family) by an order from Shogun (taimei).
- ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
- However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
- 現在ではこの登山道が雲母坂として知られているが、具体的場所については同じくこの行者道の一部であった京都市左京区一乗寺 (京都市)の曼殊院道(京都府道104号高野修学院山端線部分)や、曼殊院参道とする説などもある。
- At present, this path is known as Kirara-zaka Slope, but there are other theories which say that Kirara-zaka Slope indicates Manshuin-michi Road (the portion of the Takano Shugakuin-Yamabana Line of Kyoto Prefectural Route 104), which was also a road used by the ascetics, in Ichijo-ji, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City or the road approaching Manju-in Temple.
- 更に応仁の乱以後になると、地方にあった公家や奉行衆の所領が戦国大名や国人達の押領を受けて収入が途絶え、礼銭収入無しでは日常生活も送れないほどの経済的苦境にも陥っていたため、禁令を出すこと自体が困難となってしまった。
- Since the Onin War, furthermore, Court nobles and the bugyoshu, whose shoryo in rural area were usurped by Daimyo in the Sengoku period and the kokujin (local samurai), lost their income and were too poor to sustain their lives without the income of the reisen, making it difficult to even issue a ban on the reisen.
- 堀説では、信長は天下統一まで任官できないとして右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官しており統一前に任官する理由が立たないことを指摘し、信長には任官の意思はなく、律令体制に留まらず中華皇帝を指向していたと推察できるともしている。
- Hori pointed out that Nobunaga had resigned as Minister of the Right and Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards because he would not take any official post until his unification of the whole country, and Hori also said Nobunaga probably did not want any official post, and instead he had the aim of becoming an emperor outside the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- また、弘長元年(1261年)、同3年(1263年)に出された公家新制においては「神仏尊重」が謳われ、続く亀山天皇親政下、文永10年(1273年)には弘長新制を受け継ぐ形で具体策を掲げた神事仏事の興行が宣言されている。
- Kuge Shinsei (new laws issued by the Imperial Court) in 1261 and 1263 encouraged 'respect for gods and Buddha' and, under the direct rule by Emperor Kameyama that followed, performance of Shinto and Buddhist rituals was declared in 1273 with mention of specific measures in the form of succeeding Kocho Sinsei (of 1261 and 1263).
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田(口分田・乗田など)の直接支配から、その公田を名(みょう)という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- ところで、古今和歌集巻七の賀歌22首のうち18首は、特定の個人の具体的な祝い(ほとんどが算賀だが出生慶賀もある)に際して詠まれたものだが、最初の4首は読み人知らずで、作歌年代も古いと見られ、歌が作られた事情もわからない。
- In Volume seven of the Kokin-Wakashu, eighteen wakas out of twenty-two gaka were made on the occasion of concrete celebrations of specific individuals (most of them for longevity, but some were for celebrating birth.), the author is not known for the first four wakas and they seem to have been made in an older time and under a situation which is not known.
- 「明徳記」は1391年の明徳の乱の経過が書かれている、「応永記」には1399年の応永の乱や南北朝合体の記述が、「永享記」には永享の乱を中心とした関東の情勢が、「応仁記」には足利義政の治世から応仁の乱の様子が記されている。
- The 'Meitokuki' (Chronicle of the Meitoku Era) records the events and aftermath of the Meitoku Rebellion, while the 'Oeiki' (Chronicle of the Oei Era) describes the Oei Rebellion and the unification of the Northern and Southern courts; the 'Eikyoki' focuses on the situation in the Kanto, especially vis-a-vis the Eikyo Rebellion, whereas the 'Oninki' records the circumstances of the period from Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's reign up until the Onin War.
- そのため、双方の中国史上における荘園の位置づけも大きく異なっている上、周藤や宮崎の晩年には冷戦構造の崩壊とともに「世界史の基本原則」という概念のそのものに対する批判が出現したことで、議論自体が中途で停滞することとなった。
- For this reason, the positioning of the shoens in Chinese history from both of the two sides are very different and in later life of Sudo and Miyazaki, with the demise of the Cold War structure, the concept 'the basic principle of world history' itself came to be criticized and thus the dispute itself stood still in the way.
- 斜体で示した数字は (1) 他の年月に酷似した数字が登場しており、共に誤記が疑われるケース (2) 元の史料の人口に対して寺社方人口や新吉原などの計外人口を独自に加算したと推測されるケースのいずれかであり、信頼性が低い。
- The figures in italics are of questionable accuracy because (1) the recurrence of similar figures over several months points to the likelihood of entry errors; and (2) there are several cases in which the populations of Shaji-kata and Shin-yoshiwara that were not included in the original estimates were retroactively added to the figures in later times.
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
- Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.
- 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
- The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.
- これにさきだって詔して「朕崩ずるの後、大和国添上郡蔵宝山雍良岑に竈を造り火葬し、他処に改むるなかれ」、「乃ち丘体鑿る事なく、山に就いて竈を作り棘を芟り場を開き即ち喪処とせよ、又其地は皆常葉の樹を植ゑ即ち刻字之碑を立てよ」。
- She ordered before her death as follows: 'After my death, construct a furnace in Sahoyama yoranomine, Sounokami-no-kori County, Yamato Province, and cremate my body there; don't do this in any other places,' and 'Do not dig the hill; construct the furnace in the hill, cut thorns, open a ground and arrange it as a place for mourning; and plant ever green trees there and build a stone monument bearing an inscription.'
- 具体的には、単に兵動員を許可する「発兵勅符」に代わって群盗を積極的に鎮圧しようとする「追捕官符」を発出するとともに、国単位で押領使・追捕使を任命して、国内の武勇者を国衙・押領使・追捕使の指揮下に入ることを義務づけたのである。
- More specifically, the Imperial Court not only issued 'a charter to catch thieves' to aggressively suppress robbers instead of 'a charter to send troops' to simply permit troop mobilization, but also appointed oryoshi (suppressors) and tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture) for each province and required brave local individuals to be under control of kokuga, oryoshi, or tsuibushi.
- ところが1980年代に入り、継体の出自を伝える『上宮記』の成立が推古天皇朝に遡る可能性が指摘(黛弘道「継体天皇の系譜について」『律令国家成立史の研究』吉川弘文館、1982年)されて、傍系王族説が再び支持を集めるようになった。
- But in the 1980s, the possibility that the creation of 'Joguki' which records the origin of Keitai would go back to the reign of Empress Suiko (Hiromichi MAYUZUMI 'A Denealogical Study of Emperor Keitai' 'Ritsuryo kokka seiritsushi no kenkyu'[Study of the establishment of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes] Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. 1982), was brought to light and the collateral line royal family theory regained momentum.
- もっとも、それら「科学的反証」とは別に、そもそもこのような古典楽曲に科学的根拠を求める必要性があるのかという意見や、国歌とはいえ「詩」という文学的、比喩的表現の中に厳密な「科学性」を求めること自体がナンセンスであるともいえる。
- Some question whether scientific grounds are necessary for classic music even if such scientific facts exist, and they believe that requiring a strict 'scientific nature' for a verse—which is, after all, just a literary and figurative expression—can be described as nonsense, even if it is for a national anthem.
- 幕府は朝廷権威に接近して権力の再構築を図る公武合体政策を行うが、公家の岩倉具視や、薩摩藩の西郷隆盛(吉之助)、大久保利通、小松帯刀、長州藩の桂小五郎(木戸孝允)、広沢真臣などの尊皇攘夷派らは、王政復古、武力討幕路線を構想する。
- Bakufu approached the authority of the Imperial Court and conducted Kobu-gattai (公武合体)policies targeting the re-establishment of their power, but the Sonno joi (尊王攘夷)faction, including the court nobles Tomomi IWAKURA, Takamori SAIGO (Kichinosuke), Toshimichi OKUBO, Tatewaki KOMATSU of the Satsuma clan, Kogoro KATSURA (Takayoshi KIDO) and Saneomi HIROSAWA of the Choshu clan, plotted the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule and tobaku by military power.
- さらに11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、対等な権利主体となった荘園と公領(国衙領)の間に武力紛争が多発し、荘園の現地管理者である荘官、公領の現地管理者である惣司、郡司、郷司、保司には武芸の家の者たる武士が任命されるようになった。
- Furthermore, after the shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established in the 11th century, many armed conflicts arose between the owners of shoen (private estates) and the administrators of koryo (public land, also known as kokugaryo, meaning territory governed by a provincial government office), both of whom now had equal rights; accordingly, Soji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), and Hoji (officers who managed koryo), all of whom were regional administrators of koryo, and Shokan (officers who managed shoen) were all appointed from samurai families.
- こうした保全地域に該当した場合には、その地域ごとに、屋根の形状が「切妻、寄棟、入母屋であること。」、屋根の葺き方が「日本瓦又は銅板で」あること、屋根の勾配の比率が一定以上一定以下であること、かなり具体的な規制に服することになる。
- When designated as one of these preservation zones, the area is subject to quite specific regulations: the shapes of roofs must 'be the kirizuma (gable-style), the yosemune (hip-style), or the irimoya (combination of the kirizuma and the yosemune)'; the roofs must be covered 'with either Japanese roof tiles or copper sheets;' and the ratio of the angle of roofs must fall between a specified range.
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- その後も東軍は畠山政長・赤松政則、西軍は畠山義就・大内政弘を中心に惰性的な小競り合いを続けていたものの、1477年12月16日(文明9年11月11日)に大内政弘が周防国に撤収したことによって西軍は事実上解体し京都での戦闘は収束した。
- Minor inertial fights continued between the Eastern camp mainly comprising the forces of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA and Masanori AKAMATSU and the Western camp primarily made up of the troops of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masahiro OUCHI, but the warfare in Kyoto came to an end when Masahiro OUCHI retreated to Suo Province on December 16, 1477, resulting in virtual disbandment of the Western camp.
- また『源氏物語』に、主人公光源氏が「太上天皇になずらふ御位」に就いた旨の記述がなされていることから、しばしばあたかもそのような具体的な地位や称号が存在したかのように誤解されるが、准太上天皇は、地位や称号ではなくあくまでも待遇である。
- People often misunderstand as if such a concrete status and a title had existed because it is written in 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) that Hikaru Genji, the main character of the story, took 'the position which was equal to Daijo tenno', however, Jun Daijo tenno is neither a position nor a title but treatment.
- 1997年に行なわれた都市計画案の公告・縦覧では計画に賛成する意見書が反対を上回ったものの、これに対しても計画に反対する市民団体から「意見書の内容を充分に検討することなく数のみを比較している」と、計画決定の拙速さが批判の対象となった。
- From public notice and access to the city planning of 1997, it turned out that the number of public comments for the footbridge plan surpassed that of public comments against it; nonetheless, citizen groups opposing the plan criticized the decision as hasty, saying that the city had compared only the numbers of the comments without thoroughly examining the contents of them.
- 朱子学は政治学、存在論(理・気説)、注釈学(『四書集注』等)、倫理学(「性即理」説)、方法論(「居敬窮理」説)などを全て包括する総合的な哲学大系であって、朱子の偉大さはその体系内にはあっては極めて整合性の取れた論理を展開した点にある。
- Shushigaku is a comprehensive system of philosophy covering political science, ontology (the theories of ri and ki), exegetics ('The Four Books', etc), ethics (theory of 'Sei soku ri'), methodology (theory of 'Kyokei Kyuri'), amongst others, and Zhu Xi was great enough to develop an extremely consistent logic in that system.
- 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
- In particular, completion of 'sado (tea ceremony)' by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of 'wabi, sabi' based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid 'golden tea arbor,' which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.
- 後伏見の政務が停止され、光厳が廃位されたのは当然であるが、後醍醐はそもそも元徳3年に自分が廃位された事実自体を認めず、隠岐に流されていた間も自分はずっと天皇に在位していたという立場をとり、従って光厳の即位と在位も“なかったこと”にされた。
- It was natural that government affairs by Gofushimi were terminated and Kogon was deposed, but Godaigo did not even recognize that he was deposed in 1331, and took the stance that he was ruling during the whole time he was exiled in Oki, so therefore there was 'no accession nor rule' of Kogon.
- 琵琶湖の市町境界については、今までどの市町にも組み入れられていなかったが、沿岸の各自治体で行う共同会議において2007年5月8日に境界の設定に合意し、各自治体の議会の同意を得た上で総務省に届け出を行い、9月28日付で官報に確定が公示された。
- The municipal borders of Lake Biwa had never been established, but at a joint conference held by the municipalities on the shore of the lake, their delegates reached an agreement to establish the borders of Lake Biwa on May 8, 2007; a document was submitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications after the approval of each municipality's assembly, and finally the establishment of borders was officially announced in the official gazette on September 28.
- これには「玉穂宮天皇大御世系」とあり、その下に「品陀和気命(御諡 応人天皇) ─ 若沼毛二俣王 ─ 大郎子(亦名 意本杼王) ─ 宇斐王 ─ 汙斯王(書記云 彦主人王)─ 袁本杼命(書記云 更名 彦太尊 御諡 継体天皇)」と彫り込まれている。
- Under the title 'Genealogy of Emperor Tamaho no miya', the inscription says 'Homudawake no Mikoto (posthumous name Emperor Ojin) - Wakanukefutamata no Miko - Ooiratsuko (a man whose name is 意本杼王) - Oi no Okimi - Ushi no Okimi (according to Nihonshoki, Hikoushio) - Oodo no Okimi (according to Nihonshoki, other name Hikofu no Mikoto, posthumous name Emperor Keitai)'.
- これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
- This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.
- 正妻の築山殿、嫡男の松平信康の誅殺命令にあるように、織田と徳川は後世に美化されたような「同盟」という 対等の関係でなく、徳川は織田にとって、使い捨ての駒に過ぎず、 東方平定のためには、早々に完全に弱体化させるか滅ぼされるべき存在に過ぎなかった。
- As seen in the case of the order to kill Tsukiyama-dono, who was Ieyasu's legitimate wife, and Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, who was Ieyasu's first son, Oda and Tokugawa were not in a relationship of equality like 'allied countries' as often been idealized later, and, for Oda, Tokugawa was a mere throwaway player and, in order to pacify the eastern countries, it should be completely weakened or overthrown as soon as possible.
- 安閑天皇(あんかんてんのう、雄略天皇10年(466年) - 安閑天皇4年12月17日 (旧暦)(536年1月25日))は、第27代の天皇(在位:継体天皇25年2月7日 (旧暦)(531年3月10日) - 安閑天皇4年(535年)12月17日)。
- Emperor Ankan (466-January 25, 536) was the 27th Emperor (whose reign lasted from March 10, 531 to December 17, 535).
- しかし、倭寇の取り締まりを積極的に行っていた宗貞茂が1417年9月、病に倒れ翌1418年4月に病没し、宗貞盛が跡目を継ぐと、若年の当主のため対馬の周辺海域の警察力が弱体化し、活動を抑制されていた倭寇は再び活発化し、日本や朝鮮で多大な被害が出ていた。
- However, Sadashige SO, who had tried hard to restrict Wako activity, fell gravely ill in September 1417 before eventually dying of this illness in April 1418, and when Sadamori SO succeeded Sadashige as ruler of Tsushima, the So clan's ability to police the seas around Tsushima was hampered and weakened by Sadamori's youth and inexperience; this meant that the Wako, who had been held in check by Sadashige, erupted into fresh activity near Tsushima, inflicting heavy damage on Japan and Korea.
- また、記紀の史料批判により、継体天皇以前の編年は到底正しいとは言えず、このころの王家内部では文字による記録が常時取られていたとは考えがたいことから、記紀に伝えられた干支や系譜を元に倭の五王を推定するという試み自体をあまり意味がないとする意見も根強い。
- In agreement with the criticism on 'Kiki''s credibility as historical material and from the fact that the chronology before Emperor Keitai is far from truth, and that it is hard to believe that the Imperial family kept written records on a steady basis, some people strongly deny the meaning of the attempt to presume the five kings of Wa from the Oriental zodiac and the genealogy in 'Kiki'.
- その恐ろしさや先人の築いた堤防のありがたさを後世に伝えるため、御霊神社 (福知山市)境内には全国唯一の堤防そのものを御神体とする堤防神社が建立されており、1931年(昭和6年)以降の毎年8月15日には、神輿が市内を巡回する「堤防祭り」が行われている。
- The Teibo-jinja Shrine in Japan was built on the premise of Goryo-jinja Shrine (Fukuchiyama City), with the embankment itself a divine symbol, in order to honor those predecessors who setup the embankment, as well as a sign to remind others of the dangers caused by the floods, and on August 15 of every year since 1931, the 'Teibo Matsuri' (embankment festival) is held, in which a portable shrine tours the city.
- この時こそ清盛の平氏政権が最も強固な体制を築いた絶頂期であったが、しかし、平氏政権は後白河との良好な関係の上に形成されてきたのであり、前年のクーデターによって後白河との関係は解消されてしまっており、平氏政権の絶頂は極めて脆弱な基盤に載っていたといえる。
- This period was the peak, when the Taira clan administration built its strongest organization, but this was based on good relations with Goshirakawa, and since the relationship with Goshirakawa had soured with the coup d'etat the previous year, the peak of the Taira clan administration was on an extremely weak foundation.
- 欽明天皇(きんめいてんのう、継体天皇3年(509年) - 欽明天皇32年4月15日 (旧暦)(571年5月24日))は、第29代の天皇(在位:宣化天皇4年12月5日 (旧暦)(539年12月30日) - 欽明天皇32年(571年)4月15日 (旧暦))。
- Emperor Kinmei (509 - May 24, 571) was the 29th emperor of Japan (the reign: December 30, 539 - April 15, 571 [old calendar]).
- 三室戸敬光は昭和初期に貴族院 (日本)議員(会派は研究会)に互選され、特に1935年(昭和10年)に起こったいわゆる天皇機関説問題に際して、男爵菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)議員とともに美濃部達吉を追求し辞職に追い込み、さらには国体明徴声明を岡田内閣に出させている。
- During the early Showa period, Yukimitsu MIMURODO was elected a member of the House of Peers (belonging to the group 'Kenkyukai') through mutual election; and in a dispute over the 'Emperor as an organ of government Theory' started in 1935, Yukimitsu, together with another member of the House, Baron Takeo KIKUCHI (a Japanese Imperial Army soldier), questioned Tatsukichi MINOBE, the advocate of the theory, and forced him to resign from the House of Peers, and also, made the Okada Cabinet to issue the Kokutai Meicho proclamation.
- 南北に長い京都府では従来、京都市を除く12の地域に地方振興局を設置し、地域にあった振興策を策定していたが、社会情勢の大きな変化により、2004年(平成16年)5月に地域の中核都市(宇治・亀岡・舞鶴市・京丹後)に地方振興局を集約、4の広域振興局体制に再編した。
- In Kyoto Prefecture that covers a wide area in the north-south direction, a regional development bureau placed at each of the twelve regions of the prefecture, except Kyoto City, compiled its own development plan, but corresponding to changes in social situations, they were reorganized in May of 2004 into four wide-area development bureaus, each placed in the four core cities of Uji, Kameoka, Maizuru and Kyotango.
- この動きにより、地頭請、下地中分等を通じた武家の側からのみならず、領家側からの一円知行化が活発となり、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- This development stimulated the proliferation of Shinryo ichien chigyo not only from the samurai side through jito-uke (system under which the jito controls a manor and pays a fixed fee to its owner) and shitaji-chubun (halving of revenue source land) but also from ryoke (lords of manors), resulting in the beginning of breakdown of the traditional system of occupational positions based on status differences, which involved the emergence of jito having a ryoke position and vice versa, and eventually in a major change of ryoke positions and jito positions in manors and public estates.
- もし書紀・水野説以外のいずれかが正しければ、欽明天皇は現在の皇室から少なくとも遡れる継体天皇以降の歴代天皇では昭和天皇・明治天皇に次いで長く在位した(推古天皇または天武天皇が事実上の初代天皇で、それ以前はヤマト大王だったのではないかという説は置いて)事になる。
- Apart from the 'Chronicles of Japan' and the theory of Mizuno, if any of these theories is correct, Emperor Kinmei would become the third emperor who reigned for the longest time following Emperor Showa and Emperor Meiji between Emperor Keitai and the present Imperial family; some people argue that Emperor Suiko or Emperor Tenmu was the actual first emperor and before these emperors there existed the great King of Yamato; but we will put aside this theory for now.
- ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
- However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- 後醍醐の践祚とともに後宇多の院政が再開されたが、後宇多は大覚寺門跡を創設して自ら門主となるなど密教への傾倒をさらに深め、また年齢とともに体調を崩してしだいに政務に倦み、元亨元年(1321年)には治天の政務を後醍醐に譲り、元亨4年(1324年)には58歳で死去した。
- With Godaigo's accession, Gouda's cloistered government was reinstated, but Gouda himself became further devout in esoteric Buddhism and became the chief priest himself by establishing Daikakuji Temple Monseki and he started to let the reins go with government affairs as his health declined along the years, relinquishing the duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 and he died at the age of 58 in 1324.
- 朝鮮半島においては、高麗のモンゴル帝国干渉期から李氏朝鮮まで他国の冊封体制下にあったため太子の称号が使えず、国王の継承者は「王世子」と呼ばれていたが、日清戦争の結果、下関条約が結ばれた事により清国の冊封から外れ、国号を大韓と改めた際に「皇太子」を使うようになった。
- Since the Korean peninsula was under the tributary system from the Goryeo period which was subjected to the interference by the Mongolian Empire to Joseon Dynasty, the successor to the king was called '王世子 (crown prince)', but since the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded as a result of Sino-Japanese War, Korea was released from the tributary system of the Qing,, the name of the country was changed to Korea and 'Crown Prince' came into use.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- このような情勢の中で1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)、足利義満の斡旋で、大覚寺統と持明院統の両統迭立と、全国の国衙領を大覚寺統の所有とすること(実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった)を条件に、南朝の後亀山天皇が北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を渡し、南北朝が合体した(明徳の和約)。
- Amid such circumstance, in 1392 (Genchu 9/Meitoku 3), through Shogun Yoshimitsu's mediation, under the conditions that the alternate succession between the Kameyama (Daitokuji) and Jimyoin lineages be restored, and the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage be officially made owner of all the Kokuga (public) territory in the entire country (although in actuality, there was very little such territory due to the proliferation of shoen), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court handed over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, and the Northern and Southern Courts were unified (in what was called the Peace Treaty of Meitoku).
- 首謀者である健岑と逸勢の地位が、このような謀反を計画するにはあまりにも低く(また、家系的にも傍流出身で「藤原氏による他氏排斥」の対象にもなり得ない)、また計画に関与したとしたとして処罰された人々も叛乱に荷担する動機が見当たらないことから、事件自体をでっちあげとみなす説もある。
- Since the positions of the chief plotters, Kowamine and Hayanari, were so low (and also from branch lines of lineages that would not even be a target for 'elimination of other clans by the Fujiwara clan') for planning such an insurrection and the people who were punished for being associated with the plan had no motives, there is a theory that proposes that the whole incident was made up.
- 14世紀には、「渡党」(北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身)、「日の本」(北海道 (地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷)、「唐子」(北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷)に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献(『諏訪大明神絵詞』)が残っている。
- In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).
- 1863年(文久3年)に起こったクーデターである八月十八日の政変において、薩摩藩・会津藩などの公武合体派に敗れて失脚した尊皇攘夷派の公卿の三条実美(清華家)・三条西季知(大臣家)および四条隆謌・東久世通禧・壬生基修・錦小路頼徳・澤宣嘉ら7人が京都から追放され、長州藩へと逃れた。
- During the political turmoil of August 18, which was a coup occurring in 1863, whereby seven nobles, namely Sanetomi SANJO (Seiga family), Suetomo SANJONISHI (Daijin family), Takauta SHIJO, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, Motoosa MIBU, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI, and Nobuyoshi SAWA, who supported the doctrine of restoring the emperor to power and expelling the barbarians, fell from power when defeated by supporters of the noble-samurai coalition from the Satsuma clan, Aizu clan, etc., and were banished from Kyoto and fled to Choshu Domain.
- 日記の家では歴代の当主が単に日記を執筆したり所持するだけでなく、家記から写本や抄本、部類記の作成や内容の研究を通じてそこに書かれた有職故実の内容を吸収するとともに、家記の喪失を防いで朝廷の官吏あるいは摂関家の家司・家礼として奉仕できる体制を整えることで家名の安定を図っていった。
- In such 'houses with diaries,' beyond simply having the family head of each successive generation record and then maintain ownership of a diary, family members would also make manuscript copies, abridged versions, and indices (by topic or category) of the house diary, and gain a thorough understanding and knowledge of court practices through research into what was recorded therein; moreover, such families also tried to guard against the possibility of losing their house diaries by setting up a governmental system in which they themselves could serve the Imperial Court as officials or the Sekkanke (the line of regents and advisors) as keishi (clerks and household superintendents) and karei (house retainers), thereby aiming to keep their family name stable and secure.
- そのため、歴史的経緯を尊重するなら“伏見時代”の方が適切な呼称となるが、そもそも、安土城は完成からわずか3年余りしか存在しておらず、伏見城(木幡山)も完成から2年後に秀吉が死去するなど、それぞれ在城は短期間であり、これらを時代の呼称に用いること自体が適切ではないという主張もある。
- Therefore, if we are to respect the historical background, the 'Fushimi Period' will be a more appropriate name, but in the first place Azuchi-jo Castle existed only for slightly more than three years after its completion, and in the case of Fushimi-jo Castle (Mt. Kohata), Hideyoshi died just two years after its completion; consequently, the time both rulers stayed within the respective castles was short, and thus some assert that the use of the name of the castles to symbolize the period is not appropriate.
- 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
- The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.
- 「思想取締りの秘密警察は現在なお活動を続けており、反皇室的宣伝を行う共産主義者は容赦なく逮捕する。……さらに共産党員であるものは拘禁を続ける……政府形体の変革、とくに天皇制廃止を主張するものは、すべて共産主義者と考え、治安維持法によって逮捕する」 内務大臣山崎巌、1945年10月。
- The secret police to control public opinions are steel active and we will arrest the communists who advocate the anti-imperial family movement mercilessly; also we will keep the communists locked up; anyone who insists on the transformation of the current political system or abolition of the Tennosei are to be considered as communists and will be arrested under the Public Peace Preservation Act.' October 1945, the Minister of Home Affairs Iwao YAMAZAKI
- ただし現在でも、一部のコンピュータシステム等の問題(旧字体を使用できない、システム変更に費用がかかる)から「五条」としか表記出来ないもの(例:銀行・郵便の貯金部門)や、固有名詞であるもの(例:「五条」を冠した会社名、駅名である「五条駅」)など、僅かながらも「五条」の表記が残っている。
- However, even now, there are still a few descriptions of '五条' in the cases where only '五条' can be described (examples: banks and the savings department of post offices); this is because of problems related to how computers handle old Chinese characters, and the costs for modifying the system; for proper nouns like a company name that includes '五条,' or station names like '五条 Station' this is still an issue.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の世界遺産登録への動きが本格化する2000年(平成12年)前後には、1999年(平成11年)の南紀熊野体験博の開催と呼応するかたちで再調査が行われ、登録に先立つ2001年から2002年にかけての時期には、整備と復元・復旧を目的とする事業が特に積極的に行われた。
- Around 2000, as the campaign for registering 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains' as a World Heritage site was broaden; in 1999 re-investigation into the road was conducted with the opening of Japan Expo Nanki Kumano, and in 2001 and 2002, immediately before the registration, the projects for maintenance, restoration and reconstruction were energetically carried.
- 逆に、後世の女帝のあり方から類推すると、男子皇族間の皇位継承争いの予兆があってそれを緩和ないし未然に防ぐ意図があったかとも思われる(少なくともこの時、後の継体天皇が属した応神天皇に連なる息長氏系と、倭彦王が属した仲哀天皇に連なる家系の二つはあり、他にも男系子孫がいた可能性もなくはない)。
- On the contrary, estimating from the later Empress, as there was a predictor of a succession struggle among male Imperial families, she is thought to have tried to prevent or ease it in advance (at least at that time, there were two family lines such as Okinaga clan descending from Emperor Ojin whom the later Emperor Keitai belonged to and the family line descending from Emperor Chuai whom Yamato hiko no o belonged to and it is possible for her to have had the other male descendants).
- そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
- And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).
- 「我らの信仰に依れば、人類の思想信仰の統一は結局人類が日本国体の霊力に目醒めた時初めて達成せられる。更に端的に云えば、現人神(あらひとがみ)たる天皇の御存在が世界統一の霊力である。しかも世界人類をしてこの信仰に達せしむるには日本民族、日本国家の正しき行動なくしては空想に終る。」とも主張した。
- He also said 'According to our belief, the unifying human belief is only possible when all the people in the world realize the spiritual power of Japan's national identity. To put it briefly, the existence of the Emperor (Arahitogami) as the spiritual power for the unified world. To make people all over the world believe this, we have to behave well as people and as a nation; otherwise it will end as a dream.'
- 律令制の衰退によって朝廷自体が天皇家の家政機関としての色彩を強めてくると、内蔵頭には蔵人頭や弁官・近衛府を歴任した四位の殿上人が就任するのが慣例となり、更に院政期には財力を有する有力な受領に移り、室町時代初期には山科家の当主が御厨子所別当を兼務して就任するようになると、以後同家の事実上の世襲となった。
- As the Ritsuryo system declined and the court itself started to function as the institution to manage the Emperor's family's household, it became tradition for the position of Kuranokami (the chief of Kuraryo) to be filled by court officials of the fourth rank that had previously been Kurodonoto (the chief of Kurodo Dokoro) or worked in the Benkan (clerical section) or Konoefu (Imperial palace guards), and then in the period of governments by cloistered emperors became a position for prominent Zuryo (head of provincial government) with strong financial power, and in the early Muromachi period, the Yamashina family held the position together with the position, Mizushidokoro Betto (superintendent of the cooking section for the emperor), and it has been essentially their hereditary post ever since.
- また和歌山・奈良・三重の3県の教育委員会が市町村教育委員会および文化庁と調整のうえで定めた包括的な保存管理計画にもとづき、個別遺産の管理にあたる県ないし市町村教育委員会が個別の保存管理の策定・実施にあたる体制がとられており、保存管理にあたって必要な資金や技術についても政府や県による支援が行われている。
- And based on the comprehensive plan of the preservation and the management that the Education Boards of three prefectures including Wakayama, Nara and Mie determined after the adjustments by the local education boards and the Agency for Cultural Affairs, the prefectures or the local education boards arranges plans of the preservation for each site and executes them, besides, the government and prefectures appropriate funds and materials for the preservation and the management.
- この立場にたった場合、なぜ、このような物語が旧辞に取り入れられたのかははっきりしないが、越前国(あるいは近江国)出身であった継体天皇の先例として播磨国出身の顕宗・仁賢2天皇を設定することにより、万世一系的な王統譜に断層をもたらしかねない地方出身の王位継承資格者の特異性を払拭する意図があったとも言われている。
- From this standpoint, it is not clear why such a story was adopted by Kyuji (a record of old stories which served as a foundation of 'Kojiki,' etc.) but it is said that there was an intention that, by setting two Emperors Kenzo and Ninken, who were from Harima Province, as a historical precedent for Emperor Keitai who was from Echizen Province (or Omi Province), peculiarity of a candidate from a local area as a successor to the Imperial throne may be cast aside, which might bring a gap in the unbroken royal genealogy.
- これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
- In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.
- (彼女にとって)長男田村皇子の有力生年から、彼女自身には伝わる事績は多いとはいえないが、崇仏や王位継承などを巡って対立した蘇我・物部両氏の二頭体制から、厩戸皇子が活躍したとされている推古朝、彼亡き後深まった蘇我氏の専横、大化の改新、対外戦争等と数多くの事件を見ながら当時としてはかなりの長寿を全うしたと思われる。
- She does not have numerous exploits to her credit but judging from the most convincing theory about the year of the birth of her son, the Prince Tamura, she seems to have lived a long life in those days going through various incidents, such as the diarchy system of the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan, which conflicted each other on the Buddha worship and the succession to the throne, the reign of the Empress Suiko, during which the Prince Umayado seemingly wielded great power, the despotism of the Soga clan which enforced after the demise of the Prince, the Taika Reforms, and the wars against other countries.
- 宮内庁は同陵を大阪府茨木市太田三丁目の太田茶臼山古墳(前方後円墳・全長226m)に比定しているが、築造時期は5世紀の中頃とみられており、近年、同府高槻市郡家新町の今城塚古墳(前方後円墳・全長190m)から兵馬俑の如き埴輪群が発見され、6世紀前半の築造と考えられる同古墳を真の継体天皇陵とするのが定説になっている。
- Although the Imperial Household Agency identifies the Ota Chausuyama Tumulus (large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, 226-meter-long) in 3 Ota, Ibaraki City, Osaka Prefecture as Emperor Keitai's mausoleum, its construction is presumed to date back to about the mid-fifth century, so the accepted notion of today is that his true mausoleum is Imashirozuka Tumulus (large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, 190-meter-long) in Gunge Shinmachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture which is estimated to have been built in early sixth century because of the cluster of Haniwa (a clay figure artifact) like the lifelike images of soldiers and horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, were discovered there.
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 長州藩は没落して朝敵となるが、攘夷派であった孝明天皇の崩御、薩長同盟で薩摩と長州が密約を結ぶと、15代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い公議政体構築を目指すが、王政復古 (日本)により明治政府が成立、鳥羽伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北し、徳川慶喜に対する追討令が出ると、法的には幕府機構は消滅しているものの武力討幕運動が盛んになる。
- The Choshu clan toppled to become chouteki (朝敵), but after the death of Emperor Komei, who belonged to the sect that sought the expulsion of foreigners, Satsuma and Choshu concluded the Saccho Coalition (薩長同盟), and the fifteenth shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, seeking the establishment of the Kougi government, conducted the restoration of imperial rule; however, the Meiji Government was established through the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule (Japan), and upon the defeat of the former Bakufu army in the Battle of Toba Fushimi, the order to hunt down Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was released, and even though the Bakufu structure was legally extinguished, the Tobaku movement through military power became active.
- また『日本書紀』では、『百済本記』(「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」)を引用して、天皇及び太子、皇子が同時に死んだとの説を紹介しており、何らかの政変によって継体自身が殺害された可能性もある(「辛亥の変」説)。
- 'Nihonshoki' quotes the lines from 'Original records of Paekche' ('the article in the Original records of Paekche says that King Anjang of Goguryeo encountered rebellion from his subjects and was murdered in 531. Around the same time, Japanese Emperor, Crown Prince and Prince were killed altogether by their subjects.') to introduce a theory that the Emperor, Crown Prince and Prince died at the same time, which hints the possibility that Keitai was actually killed in a political turmoil ('Xinhai Incident' theory).
- 現状としては内陸型工業団地としては比較的大規模な長田野工業団地が高度経済成長を経た1974年(昭和49年)に整備着手がなされたことによる、工業や商業が主な福知山の産業になっているが、それらのかつての伝統と歴史を復活させようと総合的な学習の時間で学ばせる教育機関や、そういった活動の趣旨の民間団体が結成されるなどの動きも見られる。
- Currently heavy industries and commerce are the main industries of Fukuchiyama due to the development of Osadano Industrial Park (comparatively large inland industrial parks), which started in 1974 after the rapid economic growth; the development of this park has spawned some movements by educational institutions to implement a comprehensive curriculum to teach former traditions and history, together with the formation of private organizations which aim to carry out such activities.
- これに対して黒岩重吾は『日本書紀』継体天皇廿五年での『百済本記』引用「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」天皇および太子、皇子が同時に死んだという記述等を根拠にそれぞれ実際には即位していない安閑・宣化は暗殺・軟禁されたとした。
- Based on the statement in 'Original records of Paekche' in section of '25 years of Emperor Keitai' in 'Chronicles of Japan', saying '百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞?城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣'(Emperor in Japan and the prince passed away at the same time), Jugo KUROIWA believed that Ankan and Senka did not succeed to the throne and they were actually assassinated or under custody.
- これまで歴代の治天が進めてきた訴訟処理機構の整備や迅速な訴訟処理、有為な人材の登用などは当然であるが、後醍醐は、沽酒法(米価・酒価公定令)、洛中への地口銭賦課などの経済政策にも取り組み、さらには洛中酒鑪役賦課令、神人公事停止令、関所停止令などを発して、それまで治天の権限の及ばなかった領域へも積極的に手を伸ばして朝廷自体の権力基盤の拡大をも目指した。
- Naturally, Godaigo worked on the court management system, speedy court case processing and recruitment of useful human resources that past Chiten had worked on, but he also worked on financial measures such as Koshu-ho (Law defining the price of rice and sake), Jiguchisen-ka to Rakuchu (extra tax on houses and fields in central Kyoto) but he also tried to enlarge the power base of the Imperial Court itself by actively working on areas that the authority of past Chiten did not reach and issued Rakuchu Shuroyaku Fuka-rei, Shinjin Koji Teishi-rei, Sekishoteishi-rei, etc.
- しかし、戦後「国民主権」を定めた日本国憲法が成立すると、君が代の歌詞について天皇を中心とした国体を讃えたものとも解釈できることから(例えば、ベン・アミー・シロニーは、『君が代』皇統の永続性(万世一系)がテーマであり、世界で最も短い国歌が世界で最も長命な王朝を称えることになったと解釈している)、一部の国民から、国歌にはふさわしくないとする主張がなされた。
- After the Constitution of Japan which set forth 'popular sovereignty' was formed after the War, because the words of Kimigayo can be interpreted as one that praises the national structure centering around the emperor (For example, Ben-Ami Shillony interpreted that its theme was the perpetuity of 'Kimigayo' imperial line (unbroken imperial line) and that the national anthem which was shortest in the world came to praise the dynasty which lasted for the longest period in the world) certain people assert that it was not suitable as the national anthem.
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- 新制の一環としての寺社興行令は院政期から出されており、職の体系や神人・供御人制を確立したとの評価がある保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」においても、後白河天皇による神事興行令が出されているが、具体的な施策としては、後嵯峨上皇新制において、建長5年(1253年)官司国司による神事執務怠慢を諌め、神人、供御人の増加を防止する方針が打ち出されたことが最初の事例である。
- Jishakogyo-rei (literally 'law on the performance of temples and shrines') had been issued as part of such new policy systems since the rule by cloistered emperors; under Hogen Shinsei (Hogen new law) of 1156 acclaimed as having established the Shinjin (godlike person) Kugonin (people who presented food and other supplies to the Imperial Court, noble families, temples and shrines) Sei (system), Emperor Goshirakawa promulgated his own Shinji Kogyo Rei (literally 'law on the performance of religious rituals') but as a specific policy action, the first instance is found in the policy advocated under the Shinsei of the Retired Emperor Gosaga in 1156 to admonish government officials and provincial governors against neglect of religious rituals and to prevent Shinjin and Kugonin from increasing in number.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)になると、信濃小笠原氏は北朝 (日本)に属し、桔梗ヶ原の戦いで南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を破り吉野へ駆逐した戦功で、室町時代には一族が幕府の奉公衆や信濃の守護となり活躍したが、小笠原長秀が大塔合戦での敗北で守護職を罷免されるなど村上氏や諏訪氏などの有力国人の統制がうまくいかず、上杉氏や斯波氏に守護職を奪われ、強力な統治体制を整えることが出来なかった。
- n the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Shinano Ogasawara clan belonging to the Northern Court (Japan) defeated Imperial Prince Muneyoshi of the Southern Court (Japan) at the Battle of Kikyogahara and drove out in Yoshino, by which the clan played active role as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) and Shinano shugo in the Muromachi period, however, because of out-of-control powerful local lords (kokujin) such as the Murakami clan and the Suwa clan, Nagahide OGASAWARA was defeated at the Battle of Oto and therefore the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) was superseded by the Uesugi clan and the Shiba clan, and it couldn't lay out a strong controlling system.
- 大日本帝国陸軍参謀であった石原莞爾は、「人類が心から現人神(あらひとがみ)の信仰に悟入したところに、王道文明は初めてその真価を発揮する。最終戦争即ち王道・覇道の決勝戦は結局、天皇を信仰するものと然らざるものの決勝戦であり、具体的には天皇が世界の天皇とならせられるか、西洋の大統領が世界の指導者となるかを決定するところの、人類歴史の中で空前絶後の大事件である。」と主張した。
- The general officer of the Imperial Japanese Army, Kanji ISHIWARA said 'Where all the human beings believe in the Arahitogami, the civilization of the rule of Right shows its real value for the first time. The last war, the final match between the rule of right and the rule of might is in fact a match between people who believe in the Emperor and people who don't. So the war is to decide if the Emperor becomes the Emperor of the world or the Western President becomes the leader of the world. This is the biggest event of all time in our history.'
- 眺望景観とは、具体的には賀茂別雷神社、賀茂御祖神社、東寺、清水寺などからの「境内の眺め」や、御池通、四条通などからの「通りの眺め」、琵琶湖疏水などからの「水辺の眺め」、円通寺 (京都市)などからの「庭園の眺め」、東山・北山などに対する「山並みへの眺め」、大文字などに対する「しるしへの眺め」、鴨川にかかる橋からの「見晴らしの眺め」、大文字からの「見下ろしの眺め」の8種である。
- Eight types of the surrounding scenery and vistaed views include: in particular, the 'temple views' such as Kamo Wakeikazuchi-jinja Shrine, Kamo Mioya-jinja Shrine, To-ji Temple and Kiyomizu-dera Temple; the 'street views' such as the Oike-dori Street and the Shijo-dori Street; the 'waterfront views' such as the view from Lake Biwa Canal; the 'background garden view' such as Entsu-ji Temple (Kyoto City); the 'mountain views' such as the Higashi-yama mountains and the Kita-yama mountains; the 'symbol views' such as the Daimonji (huge kanji character 'dai' formed by bonfire in the Daimonji Festival); the 'lookout views' such as the view from the bridge over the Kamo-gawa River; and the 'bird's-eye views' such as the view from Mt. Daimonji-yama.
- なお、『日本書紀』に引く「百済本記」(「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」)によれば、531年頃に天皇と太子・皇子が共に薨去したという所伝があるといい、継体天皇の死後、安閑天皇・宣化天皇の朝廷と欽明天皇の朝廷が並立していたとか、2朝間に内乱があったと見る説もある(「辛亥の変」説)。
- According to the 'Kudarahonki' (Original records of Paekche) quoted by 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), a legend has it that Emperor Keitai and Prince died together around 531, and another theory has it that after the death of Emperor Keitai, two Imperial Courts existed at the same time, one was reigned by Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka, the other was reigned by Emperor Kinmei, and they had a domestic conflict ('Shingai Coup' theory).
- 1420年の回礼使である宋希景は乞食が食物ではなく銭を欲しがるような貨幣経済の発達に対して驚きの声を上げた(その時の李氏朝鮮では、都市部で楮貨という紙幣が流通していた程度で、貨幣経済と呼ぶに足るものが成立しておらず、布・米を媒体とした物々交換が主であったため)といった記録が残っており、また、朝鮮で後に飢饉を救ったサツマイモ(宝暦度 1764年(宝暦14年))や揚水式水車など、日本から相応の文物を持ち帰っていたようである。
- A document records that Kiei SO (宋希景), a kaireishi (an officer sent to Japan responding to an envoy sent by Japan) sent to Japan in 1420, gave an exclamation of surprise about the highly progressed monetary economy that even a beggar wanted money instead of food (this was because, in Korea at that time, paper money called Choka was circulated only in urban areas, with no system that could be called a monetary economy established yet, and the economy was centered on barter trade based on the media of rice and cloth), and in addition, it is likely that the envoy from Korea brought back products of culture necessary for them, such as sweet potato that rescued Korean people from a famine in Korea in later years (1764) and water-pumping wheels.
- 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年(809年)には皇太子神野(嵯峨天皇)に譲位することになった。
- Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.
- 実際の柳生氏の事項が明らかになるのは、南北朝時代 (日本)の柳生永珍(別名:宗珍、大膳亮柳生永家の子とされる)の頃からで、柳生家の家譜である『玉栄拾遺』によると、元弘3年(1331年)に、南朝 (日本)として、六波羅探題の北条仲時・北条時益の軍勢と戦った永珍は戦功によって、後醍醐天皇から賜った大和国小楊生(大楊生とも)庄の領主となり、柳生氏と名乗った事から始まるとされる(ただし、『玉栄拾遺』の記述自体も伝承の域を出ないという)。
- The first record that mentions the Yagyu clan is about Nagayoshi YAGYU (Muneyoshi YAGYU) who was believed to be a child of Daizen no suke (person who was in charge of meals in the Imperial Court) Nagaie YAGYU in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); and according to a genealogy of the Yagyu clan 'Gyokuei Shui,' Nagayoshi supported the Southern Court and fought against the forces of Nagatoki HOJO and Tokimasu HOJO who had their base at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and for the achievement in the battles, Emperor Godaigo gave him the possession and status of the lord of Koyagyusho district (or Oyagyusho district) in Yamato Province, ever since then, he called himself the Yagyu clan; however, it is said that the articles in 'Gyokuei Shui' are nothing but folklore.
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.