低下: 640 Terms and Phrases

• 低下
• fall
• decline
• lowering
• deterioration
• degradation
• drop
• reduction
• depression
• decrease
• derogation

• 比低下
• specific drawdown

• 学力低下
• decline in academic ability
• decline in academic performance

• 低下背水
• drawdown
• drop-down
• wire drawing

• 水面低下
• drawdown

• 水位低下
• draw down
• drawdown
• water level lowreing

• 低下要因
• lowering factors

• 揚水低下
• pumping depression

• 電圧低下
• voltage dips

• 脂質低下
• hypolipidemic
• lipid-lowering

• 呼吸低下
• hypopnea
• hypopnoea

• 意識低下
• lowering of consciousness

• 運動低下
• hypokinesia
• hypokinesis

• 機能低下
• hypoactivity
• hypofunction
• hypoactive

• 換気低下
• hypoventilation

• 河床低下
• degradation
• degradation of bed
• degradation of river bed
• degradation of river-bed
• riverbed degradation

• 発汗低下
• hypohidrosis
• hypohidrotic

• 反射低下
• hyporeflexia

• 反応低下
• hyporeactivity
• hyporeactive
• hyporesponsiveness

• 圧力低下
• pressure drop
• hypotension

• 価格低下
• depreciation

• 低下する
• degrade

• 視力低下
• vision loss
• reduced vision
• reduced visual acuity

• 活力低下
• hypodynamia

• 凝固低下
• hypocoagulability

• 体温低下
• hypothermia
• decreased body temperature

• 血圧低下
• hypotension
• low blood pressure
• drop in blood pressure
• fall in blood pressure
• blood pressure lowering
• blood pressure reduction
• reduction in blood pressure
• decreased blood pressure

• 嗅覚低下
• hyposmia

• 知能低下
• mental retardation

• 発現低下
• down-regulation
• downmodulation
• downregulation

• 代謝低下
• hypometabolism

• 筋力低下
• muscle weakness
• muscular weakness

• 脳圧低下
• intracranial hypotension

• 食欲低下
• anorexia

• 容量低下
• capacity drop

• 低下温度
• falling temperature

• 出力低下
• power decline

• 効率低下
• degradation

• 強度低下
• deterioration of strength

• 弾性低下
• decreased elasticity

• 性能低下
• performance decrement

• 能力低下
• downskilling
• reduced ability
• impaired ability
• disability

• 気力低下
• listlessness

• 眼圧低下
• lowering intraocular pressure
• reduction of intraocular pressure

• ST低下
• ST segment depression

• 認知低下
• cognitive decline

• 尿酸低下
• antihyperuricemic

• 聴力低下
• decreased hearing
• hypoacusis
• hard-of-hearing
• auditory hypoacuity

• 低下した
• impaired

• 感受性低下
• hyposensitivity

• 貯水位低下
• drawdown

• 地下水低下
• groundwater lowering

• 水温の低下
• water temperature lowering

• 分水低下比
• depression ratio

• 水位急低下
• sudden lowering of water level

• 脂質低下性
• hypolipidemic
• lipid-lowering

• 食欲低下薬
• anorectic
• anorectics

• 脂質低下薬
• hypolipidemic
• hypolipidemic agent

• 悪性度低下
• reduced malignancy

• 機能低下症
• hypofunction

• 汲上げ低下
• drawdown

• 河床の低下
• degradation
• degradation of levels

• 水位の低下
• retrogression of levels

• 円錐状低下
• cone of depression

• 反応性低下
• hyporeactivity
• hyporeactive
• hyporesponsiveness

• 低下させる
• depress
• deteriorate
• impoverish

• 需要の低下
• falling demand

• 品位の低下
• debasement

• 呼吸量低下
• hypopnea
• oligopnea

• 筋緊張低下
• hypotonia
• muscle hypotonia
• decreased muscle tone
• muscular hypotonia

• 運動性低下
• hypomotility

• 活動性低下
• hypoactivity
• hypoactive
• decreased activity
• underactivity

• 代謝低下症
• hypometabolism

• レベル低下
• reduced level

• 脂質低下剤
• hypolipidemic agent

• 腎機能低下
• renal impairment

• 性機能低下
• sexual dysfunction

• 価格の低下
• a dip in prices

• 気圧の低下
• drop in atmospheric pressure

• 品質の低下
• a falloff in quality

• 胃運動低下
• gastric hypomotility

• 凝固性低下
• hypocoagulable

• 1秒量低下
• decrease in FEV1

• 1秒率低下
• decrease in FEV1/FVC

• 哺乳力低下
• poor suckling

• 電解質低下
• electrolyte depletion

• 記銘力低下
• memory disturbance

• 尿酸低下薬
• antihyperuricemic
• antihyperuricemics

• 集中力低下
• poor concentration

• 尿酸低下性
• hypouricemic

• 腸運動低下
• intestinal hypomotility

• 低下しない
• not debased

• 低下背水曲線
• drop-down curve

• 被圧水面低下
• depleted pressure surface

• 水位低下時間
• drawdown time

• 地下水位低下
• groundwater drawdown

• 瞬時電圧低下
• instantaneous voltage drop
• momentary voltage drop
• voltage sag

• 操作油圧低下
• control oil pressure low

• 平衡水位低下
• equilibrium drawdown

• セル電圧低下
• cell voltage loss

• 水位低下曲線
• drawdown curve

• 血管緊張低下
• vasorelaxation

• 性機能低下性
• hypogonadal

• 自由水面低下
• depleted phreatic surface
• depleted water table

• 出席率の低下
• Lowering participation rate

• モラルの低下
• Moral degeneration

• 性腺機能低下
• hypogonadism

• 筋緊張低下児
• floppy infant

• 食道蠕動低下
• esophageal dysmotility

• 心拍出量低下
• low cardiac output

• 色素沈着低下
• hypopigmentation

• 免疫低下患者
• immunocompromised patient

• 免疫低下宿主
• immunocompromised host

• 頭蓋内圧低下
• intracranial hypotension

• 作業能力低下
• reduced work capacity

• 注意力の低下
• reduced vigilance

• 呼吸機能低下
• respiratory dysfunction

• 腎血流量低下
• decreased renal blood flow

• 脾機能低下症
• hyposplenism

• 食道運動低下
• esophageal hypomotility

• 全身筋力低下
• generalized muscle weakness

• 心肺機能低下
• cardiopulmonary insufficiency

• 副腎機能低下
• adrenal hypofunction

• 認知機能低下
• cognitive decline

• 脳灌流圧低下
• cerebral hypoperfusion

• 精神機能低下
• mental deterioration

• 経書の地位低下
• Lowering of the status of the Classics

• 地下水面の低下
• decline of the water-table

• 低下（河床の）
• degradation

• 地下水水面低下
• drawdown of groundwater table
• water-table depression

• 圧油槽油面低下
• lower oil level of pressure tank

• 集油槽油面低下
• lower oil level of sump tank

• コース感度低下
• course softening

• 上皮小体低下症
• hypoparathyroidism

• 性腺機能低下症
• hypogonadism

• 共鳴河床の低下
• sympathetic retrogression

• 滑稽な格調低下
• anticlimax

• 下垂体機能低下
• dyspituitarism

• 頭蓋内圧低下症
• intracranial hypotension

• 睾丸機能低下症
• testicular failure

• 消化管運動低下
• gastrointestinal hypomotility

• 血小板機能低下
• platelet hypofunction

• 凝固性低下状態
• hypocoagulable state

• 副腎機能低下症
• hypoadrenalism

• 意識レベル低下
• depressed level of consciousness

• 著しく低下する
• decline markedly

• 貯水位を低下する
• draw dowm

• 地下水位低下工法
• groundwater level lowering method

• 水位低下用ゲート
• drawdown gate

• 地下水位低下曲線
• drop curve of groundwater

• 軸受油槽油面低下
• lower level for bearing oil sump tank

• ブレーキ機能低下
• poor stop

• 甲状腺機能低下性
• hypothyroid

• 甲状腺機能低下症
• hypothyroidism

• 白血球の数の低下
• agranulocytosis (not enough white blood cells)

• 水位を低下させる
• dewater
• unwater v.

• 円錐状地下水低下
• cone of depression

• 周波数低下継電器
• UFR(UF) Under Frequency Relay

• 乾断熱気温低下率
• dry adiabatic lapse rate

• 価値を低下させる
• depreciate
• vitiate

• 副甲状腺機能低下
• hypoparathyroidism

• 下垂体機能低下症
• dyspituitarism
• hypopituitarism

• 今夜まで低下する
• drop by tonight

• 出席の明確な低下
• a definite drop in attendance

• 出力低下システム
• descent power system

• 株価の一時的低下
• dip in stock market prices

• 新生児筋緊張低下
• neonatal hypotonia

• 食道運動機能低下
• esophageal hypomotility

• 副腎皮質機能低下
• adrenocortical insufficiency

• 意識レベルの低下
• depressed level of consciousness

• 精神運動機能低下
• psychomotor impairment

• 甲状腺機能の低下
• an underactive thyroid gland

• 凍結温度低下添加剤
• additioin
• decreasing freezing point

• 副甲状腺機能低下症
• hypoparathyroidism

• 環境による樹勢低下
• Reduction of tree vitality due to the environment

• の品質を低下させる
• debase

• 出生率の急激な低下
• baby bust

• 免疫力を低下させる
• immunodeplete

• コレステロール低下
• cholesterol-lowering

• 原発性性腺機能低下
• primary hypogonadism

• 汎下垂体機能低下症
• panhypopituitarism

• 血管緊張低下性失神
• vasodepressor syncope

• インスリン分泌低下
• impaired insulin secretion

• 彼の視力は低下した
• His vision was impaired

• 温度のわずかな低下
• an imperceptible drop in temperature

• 虹彩緊張低下症候群
• floppy iris syndrome

• 続発性性腺機能低下
• secondary hypogonadism

• 副腎皮質機能低下症
• adrenocortical insufficiency

• 瞬時電圧低下補償装置
• FW Fly Wheel

• 揚水による円錐状低下
• pumping depression

• 検査のための水位低下
• draw down for inspiction
• emptying for inspection

• 自由エネルギー低下量
• free energy deficit

• 瞬時電圧低下対策装置
• voltage sag mitigation device

• 透明度の低下［水の］
• reduction in water transparency

• 下垂体前葉機能低下症
• hypopituitarism

• コレステロール低下薬
• anticholesteremic
• cholesterol-lowering agent
• anticholesteremic agent
• anticholesteremics

• 原発性性腺機能低下症
• primary hypogonadism

• 運動器機能低下症候群
• locomotive syndrome

• 術後甲状腺機能低下症
• postoperative hypothyroidism
• postsurgical hypothyroidism

• 更年期卵巣機能低下症
• climacteric ovarian hypofunction

• 後天性血小板機能低下
• acquired platelet hypofunction

• 良性先天性筋緊張低下
• benign congenital hypotonia

• 続発性甲状腺機能低下
• secondary hypothyroidism

• 二次性甲状腺機能低下
• secondary hypothyroidism

• 自発性頭蓋内圧低下症
• spontaneous intracranial hypotension

• 白血球数の異常な低下
• an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count

• 無嗅覚性性機能低下症
• hypogonadism with anosmia

• 低下された数字はない
• no figures are undercut

• 地下水圧力低下円錐曲線
• cone of pressure relief

• 偽性副甲状腺機能低下症
• pseudohypoparathyroidism

• ポンプ排水による低下錘
• cone of pumping depression

• 仕事の能力が低下した。
• The ability to work has decreased.

• 成長ホルモン分泌低下症
• growth hormone deficiency

• 自動車事故死者数の低下
• a decrease in the number of automobile fatalities

• 私の成績は低下している
• My grades are slipping

• 先天性甲状腺機能低下症
• congenital hypothyroidism

• 突然、急激に、低下する
• fall suddenly and sharply

• 薬剤性甲状腺機能低下症
• drug-induced hypothyroidism

• 術中虹彩緊張低下症候群
• intraoperative floppy iris syndrome

• 一過性甲状腺機能低下症
• transient hypothyroidism

• 術後副甲状腺機能低下症
• postoperative hypoparathyroidism

• 特発性下垂体機能低下症
• idiopathic hypopituitarism

• 分娩後甲状腺機能低下症
• postpartum hypothyroidism

• 良性先天性筋緊張低下症
• benign congenital hypotonia

• 原発性甲状腺機能低下症
• primary hypothyroidism

• 三次性甲状腺機能低下症
• tertiary hypothyroidism

• 続発性甲状腺機能低下症
• secondary hypothyroidism

• 二次性甲状腺機能低下症
• secondary hypothyroidism

• 潜在性甲状腺機能低下症
• subclinical hypothyroidism

• 低下により下層まで沈む
• sink to a lower level or form a depression

• 資産の帳簿価格上の低下
• reduction in the book value of an asset

• 電圧を低下させる変圧器
• a transformer that reduces voltage

• 気圧が急速に低下していた
• the mercury was falling rapidly

• 利潤率の傾向的低下の法則
• Tendency of the rate of profit to fall

• 家族性副甲状腺機能低下症
• familial isolated hypoparathyroidism

• 続発性副甲状腺機能低下症
• secondary hypoparathyroidism

• 先天性副甲状腺機能低下症
• congenital hypoparathyroidism

• 下垂体性甲状腺機能低下症
• pituitary hypothyroidism

• 続発性副腎皮質機能低下症
• secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

• 特発性副甲状腺機能低下症
• idiopathic hypoparathyroidism

• 無症候性甲状腺機能低下症
• subclinical hypothyroidism

• 意識の停止と代謝率の低下
• the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate

• 筋力低下と異常歩行が特徴
• characterized by muscular weakness and abnormal gait

• 質を低下させ、低俗にする
• debase and make vulgar

• 並列形瞬時電圧低下補償装置
• parallel type voltage sag compensator

• 平衡地下水圧力低下円錘曲線
• equilibrium cone of pressure relief

• 揚水［による円すい状］低下
• pumping depression

• 直列形瞬時電圧低下対策装置
• series-connected voltage sag compensator

• 肺動脈に圧力の低下があった
• there was a drop in pressure in the pulmonary artery

• 視床下部性甲状腺機能低下症
• hypothalamic hypothyroidism

• 薬物誘発性下垂体機能低下症
• drug-induced hypopituitarism

• 偽性偽性副甲状腺機能低下症
• pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
• pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism

• 航空機内の気圧の異常な低下
• Abnormal decompression inside an aircraft

• 量または活動の段階的な低下
• gradual decline in amount or activity

• 突然の急落または急速な低下
• a sudden sharp drop or rapid decline

• 力や数や重要性の突然の低下
• a sudden decline in strength or number or importance

• 筋緊張低下・反応性低下発作
• hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode

• 著しく低下した高級車の売上高
• sales of luxury cars dropped markedly

• 慢性原発性副腎皮質機能低下症
• Addison's disease

• ヨード誘発性甲状腺機能低下症
• iodine-induced hypothyroidism

• 放射線治療後甲状腺機能低下症
• radiation-induced hypothyroidism

• 新生児一過性甲状腺機能低下症
• neonatal transient hypothyroidism

• 強度または激しさを低下させる
• make less strong or intense

• より低い地位や水準に低下する
• decline to a lower status or level

• 徐々に腎臓の機能が低下します。
• The kidney function gradually weakens.

• 家族性単発性副甲状腺機能低下症
• familial isolated hypoparathyroidism

• 高ゴナドトロピン性性腺機能低下
• hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

• 呼吸器機能の低下を生じる肺疾患
• an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function

• 筋力低下と精神遅滞を特徴とする
• characterized by muscular weakness and mental retardation

• [%s]: 全体的な精度の低下
• cast from %qT to %qT loses precision

• 低下させる、あるいは落下させる
• let drop or droop

• −知性の低下と情念の完全な転換
• --The lowering of the intelligence and the complete transformation of the sentiments

• 品位の低下はこれに拍車をかけた。
• This tendency was accelerated by lowering the dignity of the coins.

• それが逆にサービスの低下を招く。
• On the contrary, it makes the service worse.

• 如何わしい、生活様式を低下させる
• a base, degrading way of life

• 低ゴナドトロピン性性腺機能低下症
• hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

• 高ゴナドトロピン性性腺機能低下症
• hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

• 強度の低下を弱めるか、引き起こす
• that which weakens or causes a loss of strength

• この国は原住民の警告が低下します
• This nation causes less native alarm.

• 最近、出生率は低下し続けている。
• The birth rate has been decreasing recently.

• 等級に適切な計算を学ぶ能力の低下
• impaired ability to learn grade-appropriate mathematics

• それがさらに機能の低下をもたらす。
• It will cause a further decline in function.

• 油の供給過剰はガス価格を低下させた
• The glut of oil depressed gas prices

• この国では出生率が急速に低下した。
• The birthrate is rapidly declining in this country.

• 体温の低下によって示される熱の減少
• abatement of a fever as indicated by a reduction in body temperature

• 腎臓の老廃物排出機能が低下すること
• insufficient excretion of wastes by the kidneys

• 第一次世界大戦後、低下した会員資格
• its membership declined after World War I

• 賃金が低下することは許されない底値
• floor below which wages are not allowed to fall

• 彼のプレーをわずかに低下させる繊細さ
• gossamer shading through his playing

• 長い好景気の後、最終的に低下した経済
• The economy finally turned down after a long boom

• 多くの公益的機能の低下が懸念されます。
• There is fear that many public functions will decline.

• 失業者数はこの前の四半期の間に低下した
• unemployment fell during the last quarter

• ここ数年、出生率は低下し続けるだろう。
• The birthrate will continue to decline for years to come.

• 金銭の損失または財務計算上の価値の低下
• loss of money or decrease in financial value

• 生産の低下を招かない王党支持派の最大数。
• The maximum number of royalists that do not incur a production penalty.

• その会社は売上が１５パーセント低下した。
• The company suffered a 15% drop in sales.

• 老朽化や長期の使用による質の低下した状態
• a state of deterioration due to old age or long use

• ある行為または不履行に因る資産価値の低下
• reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect

• 視覚が低下する、視野の中の隔離された領域
• an isolated area of diminished vision within the visual field

• 性能または学力の標準的なレベルからの低下
• decline from a standard level of performance or achievement

• 藤原氏（摂関家）の地位は相対的に低下した。
• The status of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkan-ke [line of regents and advisers]) deteriorated in comparison to the Imperial Family.

• 脱退する者も出始め天誅組の士気は低下する。
• Those who withdrew from Tenchu-gumi began to appear, and the morale of Tenchu-gumi went down.

• 会計疑惑の後、会計検査官の信頼感が低下した
• after the accounting scandal there was an erosion of confidence in the auditors

• - 体力の低下による風邪から肺炎を併発する。
• Catches pneumonia as a complication of a cold due to decreased strength.

• 増加生産の低下を招かない王党支持派の最大数。
• The maximum number of royalists that do not incur an increased production penalty.

• 金利が低下したことが自動車の市場を刺激した。
• Falling interest rates have stimulated the automobile market.

• 金利が低下したので銀行貸し出しが増加している。
• Bank lending is rising because of lower interest rates.

• 副作用による男性機能の低下を懸念したためである。
• Because he was worried that the side effects would lower his male functions.

• 最近の調査が大都市の人口密度の低下を示している。
• A recent survey reveals that the population density in the metropolis is decreasing.

• 空中線電力が五〇パーセントを超えて低下したとき。
• When the power of an antenna drops below 50%

• 脳血管疾患がない場合の、脳の機能低下から起因する
• results from degeneration of the brain in the absence of cerebrovascular disease

• 銀品位は初期は上銀、後に75%さらに39%に低下。
• Its quality was high at first, but lowered to 75%, and then 39%.

• 彼は家族の大切さが低下していることに関して演説した
• he delivered an oration on the decline of family values

• 目のうるみと痛み、および視力低下を引き起こす角膜炎
• inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred vision

• 生まれてくる子孫の型を低下させる原因を操作する研究
• the study of the operation of factors causing degeneration in the type of offspring produced

• 液体の中に沈むか、または空気中で低下する傾向がある
• tending to sink in a liquid or fall in air

• 症状には外眼筋の麻痺と、極度な筋力低下が挙げられる
• symptoms include paralysis of the extrinsic eye muscle and extreme muscular weakness

• まるで低下か雨のように低下するかのように、低下する
• falling in drops or as if falling like rain

• 彼は教育の水準の低下についてくどくどしゃべり続ける。
• He keeps harping on about declining standards in education.

• 心拍出量低下と頻脈、血液循環の不足、顔面の蒼白化が特徴
• characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor

• 水やシンナーを加えて薄めること（濃度を低下させること）
• weakening (reducing the concentration) by the addition of water or a thinner

• だが、次第に儀礼的なものとなり、重要性が低下していった。
• However, this custom of Kanso (submission of reports to the Emperor) decreased its importance and eventually became just a formality.

• そう言ったからといって彼の重要性が低下するわけではない。
• To say so should not diminish his importance.

• 副腎皮質機能の低下による腺疾患。貧血と肌の色素沈着が特徴
• a glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and prostration with brownish skin

• ほかのトランス状態に典型的な、身体的機能低下が見られない
• does not show reduced bodily functions that are typical of other trances

• しかし、野中広務は中央政界を引退し、その影響力は低下した。
• However, Hiromu NONAKA has retired from the national political arena, lessening his influence.

• 一族の相克により吉川氏はその勢力を低下させることとなった。
• With the rivalry amongst the clan, the Kikkawa clan had lost its strength.

• それも1975年前後に終了すると、使用頻度が更に低下した。
• Then, when that was finished around 1975, the use of the tramlines was even further diminished.

• 時間内に、出来事かポイントの間で起こるか、または低下します
• occurring or falling between events or points in time

• かすかに光っている色の明かりで縁取られた局所的な視覚の低下
• a localized area of diminished vision edged by shimmering colored lights

• しかし側室や将軍生母の力は時代が下るとともに低下していった。
• However, the authority of the concubines and Shogun's real mother were declining with the times.

• もはや幕政の混乱、幕府権威の低下は誰の目にも明らかであった。
• Now confusion of bakufu politics and decline of its authority became obvious to anybody.

• このままではわが国の国際競争力はさらに低下する恐れが大きい。
• At this rate the risk is high that our country's competitive position will drop even further.

• そしてこれに気がついた人は、ある意味でモラルが低下するんだ。
• And a person who sees this becomes in a certain way demoralized:

• このことで、武門の中で河内源氏の勢力は相対的に低下していった。
• Accordingly, the relative power of Kawachi-Genji in the samurai family declined.

• このように長慶の統率力の低下は久秀の勢力拡大をさらに助長した。
• Nagayoshi's weakening leadership enabled Hisahide to further extend his influence.

• 縄文後期に入ると気温は再び寒冷化に向かい、食料生産も低下する。
• By the end Jomon period, the temperature changed to cooling trend again and the food production declined.

• 管理人体調不良、モチの低下等により継続は不可能と判断しました。
• Due to ill-health of the web-manager, loss of motivation and other circumstances I have decided that it is not possible to continue.

• トリグリセリドを低下させるのに効果的な口径薬（商標名リピター）
• an oral drug (trade name Lipitor) that is effective in lowering triglycerides

• 血液中のハイ・レベルは冠状動脈疾病の危険を低下させると思われる
• a high level in the blood is thought to lower the risk of coronary artery disease

• しかし、士気は極端に低下し、寝返りや足利軍への投降者が続出した。
• With extreme moral corruption, many warriors switched to or surrendered to Ashikaga's forces.

• 酸素系漂白剤処理に対する繊維製品の引張及び破裂強度低下率試験方法
• Test methods for percentage of breaking and bursting strength lowering of textiles to oxygen-bleaching

• 取引や株価の突然の大幅な低下（特に付随的に破産を引き起こすもの）
• a sudden large decline of business or the prices of stocks (especially one that causes additional failures)

• 肉体的・精神的に成長を妨げることに帰着する激しい甲状腺機能低下症
• severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting

• 表面張力に関連した現象で、毛細管の液体の上昇または低下をもたらす
• a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries

• 幕府権力は著しく低下し、全国各地に戦国大名と呼ばれる勢力が出現した。
• The power of the bakufu had been significantly weakened, and sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku Period) emerged in various places all over Japan.

• 近江佐々木氏の家中問題も絡み、六角義賢の近江における権威は低下した。
• Yosikata ROKKAKU declined his authority in Omi with the family trouble of Omi Sasaki clan also involved.

• 発酵昆布には、血中のコレステロールを低下させる効果が発表されている。
• It is reported that the fermented kelp can lower the blood-cholesterol levels.

• （うっ血性心不全の後などに生じる）抹消血液の循環の低下による低酸素症
• hypoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure)

• 拮抗薬で、麻薬の影響を弱める（特に呼吸低下を打ち消す）のに使用される
• an antagonist used to counteract the effects of narcotics (especially to counteract the depression of respiration)

• しかし、利用状況の激変、利用客の低下により、閉店してしまう料亭も多い。
• However, there are a lot of ryotei that closed due to the drastic change in usage rate and the decrease of customers.

• 肩や骨盤の帯のどちらかで始まる進行性の筋肉の低下によって特徴づけられる
• characterized by progressive muscular weakness beginning either in the shoulder or pelvic girdle

• 結果として冬季の戦闘で多くの将兵が凍傷にかかり、相当な戦力低下を招いた。
• Consequently, many solders suffered from frostbite during battles in winter, significantly reducing military power.

• グライドパスの定格通達範囲の下限でＤＤＭが〇・一七五未満に低下したとき。
• At the lower limit of the rated coverage of a glide path

• 腎実質にカルシウム沈着が起こり、腎機能の低下と尿中に血が混ざる腎臓結石症
• renal lithiasis in which calcium deposits form in the renal parenchyma and result in reduced kidney function and blood in the urine

• 地方統治における郡の役割の低下と、国の役割の向上が背景にあるとも言われる。
• Behind this trend was the fact that a role of a county diminished on local governance and a country started to have a greater role.

• これにより、摂家を中心とする上流貴族の政治的影響力が低下することとなった。
• This caused the political influences of upper nobles centering on Sekke (line of regents and advisers) to decrease.

• 白い餅は菱の実を入れ、血圧低下の効果をえて、清浄を表し、残雪を模している。
• The white rice cake includes water caltrop (trapa japonica) seeds, is effective in decreasing blood pressure, and represents cleansing and lingering snow.

• 弾性組織の崩壊（結合組織の変性から生じる高齢者の皮膚の弾力性低下のような）
• breakdown of elastic tissue (as the loss of elasticity in the skin of elderly people that results from degeneration of connective tissue)

• 敵の残存部隊をかき乱し、動きを封じ、敵の士気を低下させるよう計画された射撃
• fire designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops and to curtail movement and to lower enemy morale

• イメージ低下の直接的要因は、温泉街の南側の湖畔沿いに形成された風俗街である。
• The red-light area, built on the lakeside located on the south of the hot springs resort area, is the direct cause that damages the image of the resort area.

• 老中については享保5年（1720年）に月一度の出席にまで頻度が低下している。
• The number of days Roju attended decreased to once a month in 1720.

• これは幕府制度確立以来の根本制度の変革であり、幕府権力の低下も意味していた。
• This was a change of the bakufu's fundamental system since its establishment, which meant the bakufu to be losing its authority.

• つまり6世紀の前方後円墳は大きさばかりではなく視覚的な見栄えも低下している。
• In short, not only the scale but also the visual appearance of keyhole-shaped tumuli deteriorated in the sixth century.

• 1960年代中期に沿線での伐採事業が終了すると森林軌道の利用価値は低下した。
• However, after the logging business was terminated in mid-1960s, the value of the usage of the forest tramlines diminished.

• あるレベルに達した後に継続するとその能率度で低下が起きるということを示す法則
• a law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness

• 新政府軍は戦闘中に官軍の証である錦の御旗を掲げたため旧幕府軍の戦意が低下した。
• The former lost the will to fight because during the battle the latter raised the Imperial standard as proof of their being the Imperial forces.

• また、温度の低下は、式（１）によれば空乏領域に関連するリーク電流を 削減する。
• A reduced temperature also reduces the leakage current associated with the depletion region according to equation (1).

• 筋肉群のクローヌス、進行性の精神機能の低下と遺伝的原因で特徴づけられるテンカン
• epilepsy characterized by clonus of muscle groups and progressive mental deterioration and genetic origin

• 総人口に占める農家人口は2000年には11.9％まで低下している（2,831戸。
• The agricultural population declined to 11.9% in 2000. (2,831households)

• そのため、大名貸の危険（リスク）は高くなる一方で、利潤率は低下するようになった。
• The risk of daimyogashi became higher and higher although its profit rate became lower.

• また、近代には地方病として蔓延した日本住血吸虫病による体力の低下という説もある。
• It is also said that his death was caused by a decline inhis physical health resulting from schistosomiasis japonica (form of bilharzia caused by the Oriental blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum) which became epidemic as a local disease in modern times

• 式（２）に従って、温度が低下すると、障壁を横切る抽出効率が減少することが分かる。
• Following equation (2) it can be seen that as the temperature is reduced, the extraction efficiency across the barrier also reduces.

• ハッカーたちが開墾して耕作すべきノウアスフィアの量と質を低下させることにもなる。
• they also reduce the amount and quality of noosphere available for hackers to homestead and cultivate.

• 頼盛は33歳で正四位下・修理大夫に過ぎず、一門における地位の低下は明らかであった。
• As Yorimori, at the age of 33, only held the rank of Shoshiinoge, Shuri no daibu, it was apparent that his position within the clan had become lower.

• すなわち、従来の教団活動の中で中心に位置していた門派・塔頭の機能を低下させられた。
• That is, their monpa (division of a Buddhist sect) and tatchu (minor temple), both of which had played the central role in their Buddhist activities, were reduced in their organizational function.

• 加えて、それまでの整備が雑であったことから、どんどん車両のレベルが低下していった。
• Further, as the maintenance of these cars had not been done properly, quality of cars of the Keihanshin Local Line declined rapidly.

• 明軍に優先的に食料供給が行われたことから、朝鮮軍の戦意低下は少なからぬものがあった。
• As food was preferentially supplied to the Ming troops, Korean troops ability to wage battle was quite degraded.

• 清洲会議では、それまで重臣筆頭として最大の発言権を持っていた勝家の影響力が低下した。
• In the Kiyosu conference, the influence of Katsuie, who had had the biggest say as a head of vassals, was diminished.

• 更に睨み合いが続き、士気の低下を恐れた武田氏の重臣たちは、上杉軍との決戦を主張する。
• As the confrontation state extended further, senior vassals of the Takeda clan, fearing demoralization of its forces, insisted that they should start a decisive battle with Uesugi's forces.

• 不況とは経済活動の低下、失業の広がり、物価や賃金などの下落が目立つ時期のことである。
• Depression is a period marked by slackening of business activity, widespread unemployment, falling prices, and wages, etc.

• 異物または劣等物質を加えることにより、破損する、品質を低下させる、または、不純にする
• corrupt, debase, or make impure by adding a foreign or inferior substance

• 貿易を掌握し、みずからが多くの渡来銭を抱える有力者は、その価値の低下を恐れたのである。
• This is because those persons who controlled the foreign trade and possessed lots of coins brought from China were afraid that the values of these coins were downgraded.

• 更に鎌倉時代以後には仮名暦・民間暦も登場した事によりその地位は大きく低下する事となる。
• After the Kamakura era, the status of rekido further declined through the advent of the Kana-goyomi calendar (a calendar written in the Japanese syllabaries, or kana) and the Minkan-reki calendar.

• また、日本料理の基本的調理技術に欠けるので、料理の質の低下を招き、衛生上の懸念もある。
• Moreover, the deficiency of the basic cooking technique peculiar to the Japanese foods not only brings the deterioration in the quality of foods, but also raises concerns over food safety.

• 飲み込む力の低下した高齢者がのどに詰まらせる事故が高齢化社会の進行とともに増えている。
• Accidents where an aged person whose power to swallow has weakened and chokes on a piece of mochi, are increasing with the advancement of an aging society.

• 修理や調査のために人が短時間石室内に入っただけでも温度の上昇と湿度の低下をもたらした。
• Even if staff entered in the chamber for repairs and research for only a few hours, the temperature in the chamber elevated and the humidity decreased.

• これは、一言主を祀っていた賀茂氏の地位がこの間に低下したためではないかと言われている。
• This change in the status of Hitokotonushi is believed to be a result of a decline in the status of the Kamo clan, which worshipped Hitokotonushi as its clan deity.

• 翼面上の気圧の低下に起因する凝結、あるいはエンジン排気にふくまれる水蒸気によってできる
• caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust

• 結局、この計画は流れたが、徳川将軍の権威の低下と天皇・朝廷の権威の復活は明らかとなった。
• After all, this plan was not implemented; however, decrease in Tokugawa's authority and revival of the Emperor's Imperial Court authorities became obvious.

• 著しく戦力が低下したところを柵より打って出た織田・徳川連合軍によって殲滅されたとされる。
• Seeing the cavalry's forces considerably reduced, the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces leapt over the stockade and utterly destroyed the enemy.

• 精神の悪化と同様に、唇および鼻のまわりの乾燥した皮膚と膨潤特徴付けられる甲状腺機能低下症
• hypothyroidism marked by dry skin and swellings around lips and nose as well as mental deterioration

• しばしば尿道の閉塞（例えば、前立腺肥大のため）、膀胱筋肉の低下、あるいは神経損傷に起因する
• often attributable to a blocked urethra (e.g., due to prostate enlargement) or weak bladder muscles or nerve damage

• 45才以降、水晶体の弾力の損失に起因する、近い物に焦点を合わせることに対しての低下した能力
• a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45

• 元文元年（1736年）に再び品位の低下した元文丁銀が発行された際、往古銀の鋳造が再開された。
• When Genbun Chogin with the silver content of inferior grade was issued in 1736, minting of Ninjindai Oko Chogin was resumed.

• 東の御土居に沿うように寺を配置することで東から進入する軍勢の戦意の低下をねらったと言われる。
• The arrangement of temples in line with the city's eastern Odoi Fortress is said to have been aimed at damping the morale of troops entering the city from the east.

• 晩年は秀吉より任命された組頭も引退し、その子たちが受け継いだため戦闘力の著しい低下を招いた。
• In later days the Kumigashiras appointed directly by Hideyoshi retired and their sons succeeded the post, however the troops' fighting force had weakened significantly.

• 足利軍の士気が低下したのを見て、官軍は6月30日に反攻に転じ、京都市中に侵攻するが撃退される。
• Seeing that the Ashikaga army's morale was shaken, the Imperial army shifted to the counter offensive on June 30 invading the streets of Kyoto, but was driven off.

• 宇宙の物質とエネルギーが不活発な均一性の究極の状態まで低下するのに従い、エントロピーは増加する
• entropy increases as matter and energy in the universe degrade to an ultimate state of inert uniformity

• こうした企業は、急速な技術コストの低下と同じく、ファン基盤にも依存していたのだ、ということだ。
• companies were equally dependent on the fan base as they were on the rapidly declining price of technology.

• 「しかしホルモン療法の副作用で骨密度が低下しており、このままでは骨粗鬆症に移行する恐れがある。」
• However, as the bone density has been in decline due to the side effect of hormonal therapy, the Emperor's bones may become so fragile as to be diagnosed as osteoporosis if being left as they are.'

• この結果、幕府内における直義の発言力の低下と師直の台頭が生じ、両派の対立に一層の拍車がかかった。
• As a result, Tadayoshi's power decreased within the bakufu and Moronao's power increased, leading to further conflict between the two groups.

• また方形の貨幣は流通に従って四隅が摩耗するなど、品質の低下が激しく、円形通貨の必要性も叫ばれた。
• In addition, round shaped coins were needed since square coins drastically deteriorated as their four corners became worn through circulation.

• 幕府権威の低下を防ぐため、安藤らは将軍徳川家茂と皇女和宮の婚姻で公武合体による幕権強化策を図る。
• To prevent bakufu authority from declining, Ando and others tried 'kobu-gattai' (integration of the Imperial Court and the shogunate) through the marriage of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya.

• 当時の精錬法では利用できる銅資源が限られていたため、原材料の銅の生産量が年々低下したためである。
• One of reasons for the above was that usable materials by the then-current technology of copper refinery, was limited to certain resources, so that production of such usable copper resources continued to decrease year by year.

• 戦災以外にも、物資不足によって故障車の補修もままならず、車両の稼働率は目に見えて低下していった。
• Apart from the damage caused by the air raids, repair of disabled cars couldn't be done properly due to the shortage of materials and the operation rates of trains dropped sharply.

• γ―グロブリンが実質的に血液中に存在せず、免疫力が低下して感染症にかかりやすくなる稀な免疫不全症
• a rare immunological disorder characterized by the virtual absence of gamma globulin in the blood and consequent susceptibility to infection

• しかしこの海戦の結果、石山本願寺への兵糧や武器の搬入は滞るようになり、石山本願寺の士気も低下した。
• However, the delivery of provisions and weapons to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple decreased after this naval battle and they felt demoralized.

• また、梅酒の青い実や梅干しの種の中身などは、アルコールや熱により酵素が失活し、毒性は低下している。
• Also, in the case of green plums and dried plum seeds contained in plum liquor, the toxicity is reduced because alcohol and heat have inactivated enzymes.

• しかし、太政官札価値の下落はなおも続き、明治2年6月には正金100両に対し185両にまで低下した。
• However, the value of Dajokan-satsu continuously dropped to be 185 ryo against 100 ryo of specie money in June 1869.

• 定格通達距離は、空中線定数又は電源電圧の変動等により九〇パーセント以下に低下しないものであること。
• The rated coverage shall be such that it will not decrease to 90% or less of its original value because of the variation of antenna constant or power supply voltage.
• A rated coverage shall not be such that it will not decrease to 90% or less of its original value because of the variation of antenna constant or power supply voltage.

• JR福知山線脱線事故などにより、交通機関の中は安全性が高い鉄道に対する信頼感が低下する傾向がある。
• People's confidence toward railways which generally have higher safety than other means of transportation is showing a declining trend due to some serious accidents including the derailment accident on the JR Fukuchiyama Line.

• 足利義満時代の明徳の乱で敗れて勢力を低下させた山名氏は大きく回復し、管領細川氏と力を競うようになる。
• The Yamana clan that had lost much of their power by being defeated in the Meitoku War in the age of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA recovered their position and competed their power with the kanrei, the Hosokawa clan.

• しかし大正期に入ると山県の影響力は低下し、やがて陸軍内の派閥は統制派と皇道派に別れていくことになる。
• However, in the Taisho period the influence of Yamagata decreased and soon the clique of the Army separated into Tosei faction and Kodo faction.

• さらに刀匠一人当たり年に生産してよい本数の割り当てを決め、粗製濫造による作品の質の低下を防いでいる。
• Furthermore, the number of swords to be made by a sword craft master per year is allocated, which prevents reduction in quality of the work by mass production of inferior swords.

• なお、勅任制度は明治維新によって廃止され、その後の真言宗の各宗派の分離に伴って、その地位は低下した。
• The appointment system was abolished during the Meiji Restoration, and later its status was lowered due to the separation of the schools of the Shingon sect.

• しかし、隣接する京橋駅が城東線や京阪本線との乗換駅として栄える反面、接続のない当駅の地位は低下した。
• While the adjacent Kyobashi Station strived thanks to its position as the transit station to the Joto Line and the Keihan Main Line, this station's position slipped because there was no line to transfer at this station.

• これによって応仁の乱直前まで、幕府の権威低下にも関わらず幕府財政は比較的安定していたといわれている。
• Consequently, it is believed that the bakufu finance was kept comparatively stable until immediately before the Onin War despite losing its authority.

• また、政治的には京都における幕府の支配力の低下が明らかとなり、京都における有力寺社の影響力も復活した。
• In a political sense, the derogation of the bakufu's power to control Kyoto became apparent, and revived the influence held by powerful temples.

• そのような中で諸大名にとっても領国統治の必要上、将軍のこれ以上の権威の低下は避けたいとの思惑もあった。
• Amidst such circumstances, even the daimyo wanted to avoid any further weakening of the bakufu's authority, since this authority was necessary for them to rule over their own territories.

• 義昭退去後、原田直政、井戸良弘らが城将となったが、伏見城築城後はその戦略的価値を低下させ廃城となった。
• After Yoshiaki left, Naomasa HARADA and Yoshihiro IDO became the masters of the castle, but after Fushimi-jo Castle was constructed, its strategic value diminished, causing the castle to be abolished.

• 正応3年（1290年）に浅原為頼による伏見暗殺未遂事件が起こると、黒幕と疑われた亀山の地位は急速に低下。
• When an assassination attempt on Fushimi by Tameyori ASAHARA occurred in 1290, Kameyama, who was a suspected mastermind, rapidly lost his position.

• 舞鶴市でも就労者の高齢化が進んでおり、漁業就業者数に占める65歳未満の割合は59.3％まで低下している。
• Workers in the fishing industry within Maizuru City also face an aging crisis, with the ratio of fisherman under 65 years of age having declined to 59.3%.

• 酸窒化物中の窒素含量が高いと有利である場合があるが、逆にトラ ンジスタの移動度を低下させるかもしれない。
• While higher nitrogen content in the oxynitride can be advantageous, it may also degrade the mobility of the transistors.

• だが、将軍が江戸城から外出する機会が減少した事と幕府機構の整備による権限委譲によってその地位は低下して、
• However, as the occasions when a shogun became absent from the Edo castle diminished and power was transferred to lower-level posts due to the improvement of the bakufu system, the social status level of this post declined.

• この措置は一見、神祇行政の地位の低下にみえるが、実際はより密接な祭政一致を目指して行なわれたものである。
• Seemingly appearing to have lowered the position of the Jingi administration, this measure was in fact taken aiming at a closer unity of religion and state.

• このために、関所の設置と廃止が繰り返され、結果的には室町幕府の政治的権威の低下を示すことになってしまった。
• Therefore, the establishment and abolishment of the checkpoints occurred repetedly, which only served to show the reduction in the political authority held by the Muromachi bakufu.

• 雑誌の売上は低下したが、単行本にはアニメ化などのメディアミックスされた作品を中心にヒット作が生まれている。
• Although magazine sales have dropped, some hits were produced among comic book franchises which were made into anime and so on.

• 以後、実質は仲麻呂支配下にあったとは言え次第に重要性が低下し、760年の光明皇太后の死によって廃止された。
• Since then, its significance faded gradually though it was still under Nakamaro's charge, and was abolished when the Empress Dowager Komyo died in 760.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱による貴族社会の地位の低下により、直垂は公家貴族の平服として着用されるようになる。
• Hitatare began to be used as the informal dress of court nobles influenced by the lowering of the aristocratic social status due to disturbance of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 平和な時代が始まったため刀剣の国内需要は低下したが、明への重要な貿易品としての生産も行われるようにもなった。
• Domestic demand for swords decreased since the era of peace started, but production for important exports to Ming also started.

• 松竹の京都第二京極にある芝居小屋「大正座」の座付作者だったが、火事のため人気が低下し、松竹蒲田撮影所に入社。
• He was a scriptwriter exclusively for the theater group 'Taisho-za' at Shochiku's Kyoto Kyogoku No.2, but after a fire, the theater lost its popularity and he entered the Shochiku Kamata Studios.

• 鉄道車両は、高速運転時にトンネルに進入するなどの気圧変動による居住性の低下を防ぐために気密構造となっている。
• When a train enters a tunnel at a high speed, the air pressure changes, and therefore, an air-tight structure is employed for them to prevent the passengers from becoming uncomfortable due to the pressure change.

• この病気では尿の量が急増して水を大量に摂取する（＝「飲水の病」）ようになり、血中のナトリウム濃度が低下する。
• The amount of urine increases with the disease so the patient starts to drink large amounts of water (='water-drinking disease'), causing blood sodium levels to decrease.

• これらの動きは、一方では守護の権威の低下を招いたが、他方では守護による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
• Although these movements invited a reduction in the power of the Shugo, on the other hand they led to stronger rule over the kokujin by the Shugo.

• しかし樹脂分の漆、地之粉や砥之粉等のフィラーの他に、耐水性に乏しい澱粉を配合することで下地の耐久性は低下する。
• However, durability is lowered by blending resin (lacquer), fillers such as Jinoko and Taonoko, and starch, which has less resistance to water.

• （江戸時代の射的で一般的な、射距離十五間では劣り玉でも命中率は殆ど変わらないが三十間を超えると低下が見られる）
• (At a shooting distance of 15 ken [about 27 meters], common in target practice during the Edo period, the accuracy of fire is almost the same even with otori-dama, but if the distance is more than 30 ken [about 54 meters], the accuracy decreases.)

• これらの幕府の政策は、各宗派の活動の中心にあった門派や塔頭の教団機能を低下させ、各本山への権限の集中を招いた。
• These shogunate policies reduced the organizational function of monpa (a division of a Buddhist sect) and of tatchu (a minor temple), both of which played the central role in Buddhist activities in each sect in those days, while the policies caused the concentration of religious power on each main temple.

• 円熟した科学者の生産性を低下させるのは、知的洞察力を弱体化させることよりも、むしろこの火を弱めることなのです。
• and it is to the lowering of this fire, rather than to the diminution of intellectual insight, that the lessening productiveness of men of science in their mature years is to be ascribed.

• また、公的な軍事力が低下する反面、摂関家は、武力に秀でた清和源氏を家来とするなど、軍事力の分散化が見られ出した。
• Also, military power started to be decentralized, such events such as the regent's house taking the militarily powerful Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) into its service, while the official military force grew weaker.

• これに対しては、「消費者権利の拡大」と賛同的に取る立場と、「酒造技術の低下を招くもの」と批判的に取る立場がある。
• Some understood this affirmatively as an 'expansion of the rights of consumers' and the other understood critically as 'inducing the degrading of sake brewing technology.'

• しかし、大衆レベルでの古典文化の喪失、名人の死去、後継者のレベル低下、娯楽の多様化などから、人気が衰えつつある。
• However due to loss of classic culture at the public level, the passing away of famous rakugo storytellers, degrading level of successors, and diversification of entertainment, it is getting less popular.

• 近年は飲料の多様化、茶など無糖飲料の人気が高まっていることからサイダーの飲料全体に占めるシェアは低下傾向にある。
• These days, because of the variety of beverages and the popularity of sugar-free drinks such as tea, the share of saida in the whole beverage market has decreased.

• 近年は特に「合理化」を目的に、待避線や行き違い線の撤去などを行っており、ダイヤ乱れに対する回復力が低下している。
• Especially in recent years, for the purpose of rationalization, sidings and passing tracks have been removed, resulting in reduction in resilience against disruption in the time schedule.

• 足利義満が南北朝合一を達成し幕府権力を絶大にしたものの、義満急死後は大名合議制に戻り相対的に将軍の権力も低下した。
• Although Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA had succeeded in unifying the two courts and solidifying the central power and authority of the bakufu, after his sudden death, the country returned to the old oligarchic daimyo system, and the power of the Shogun waned by comparison.

• 舞鶴市は戦中の一時期は人口20万人を数える日本海側での一大工業都市であったが、現在では相対的に地位が低下している。
• Although Maizuru City used to be the largest industrial city among the Japan Sea coastal cities, and temporarily held a population of about 200,000 during WWII, today its rank in this respect is lower.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の後期には、農村の多くで労働力が戦に駆り出されたため、農業生産力の低下が大きな問題となっていた。
• In the late Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), many peasants in farming villages were sent off to war, and this resulted in a critical decrease in agricultural production.

• また、凶事が起こらなくとも、大厄の年齢では肉体的にも体力の低下や反射神経の鈍化など、衰退が顕著になる時期でもある。
• Even if nothing bad happens, physical deterioration may manifest itself as decreased strength or slower reflex at the ages of major calamity.

• しかし、やがて幕府の求心力が急速に低下すると、これを打倒し、江戸幕府に代わる天皇を中心とした統一政体の確立を望んだ。
• But when the Edo Shogunate began to rapidly lose it's power to unify the country, they hoped to overthrow the government and replace it with an integrated government centered around the emperor.

• 幕府成立当初は東国支配確立のため制度的保障としての意義があったが、幕府体制の安定に伴い役割が低下したためと見られる。
• While Kanto Gobunkoku played a great role in securing the rule of the Kamakura bakufu during it's time, it's importance was reduced once the shogunate order was established and stabilized, and the number of provinces gradually decreased.

• 一方でこれは、朝廷の力が低下して坂上田村麻呂の時代のように武力によって夷俘を制圧できなくなっていたことも意味していた。
• This, however, showed that the weakened Imperial Court could no longer forcibly subdue the Ifu as it could in the days of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro.

• 保憲は日食予想の成功率の低下などを憂慮して呉越に留学していた日延（天台宗）に依頼して持ち帰らせた符天暦の採用を図った。
• Concerned about a decline in the success rate of solar eclipse prediction, the KAMO no Yasunori asked Nichien, a priest of the Tendai sect who was studying in Wu-yueh, to bring back the futenreki (the Futian calendar table) and then tried to use it.

• 神祇信仰の初穂儀礼に由来すると見られている租庸調の徴収や神祇信仰を通じた国家への求心力の低下が懸念されることとなった。
• There was a concern that it might affect collection of the Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was thought be derived from first-crop-offering ritual of Jingi belief, and the centripetal force of the country through Jingi belief.

• これらの動きは、一方では守護大名の権威の低下を招いたが、また一方で守護大名による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
• On one hand, these movements undermined the authority of the shugo daimyo, but on the other hand they tightened the control of the kokujin by the shugo daimyo.

• 前者から後者に行くに従い、漸次中国皇帝の徳が及ばなくなり、同時に中国の支配力も低下していくという観念で支えられている。
• It was supported by the concept that in areas which are not directly controlled by an emperor of China such as the second or third categories above, the virtue of an emperor of China lost influence, and the power of control of China decreases accordingly.

• 大坂・江戸などの中央市場での米価の低下が深刻化し、新田開発による耕地の増大や年貢増徴による収入の増加も頭打ちとなった。
• The price of rice became alarmingly low on such central markets as Osaka and Edo, and the increase in the income due to the increase of agricultural land made by the development of new fields and the increase of land tax also reached the limit.

• 化学肥料を使って土壌へ人工的に養分補給を行なうことは可能だが、獲れる米は有機栽培に比べて脆くなり、やはり質が低下する。
• Although it is possible to replenish nutrients artificially with chemical fertilizer, the rice thus obtained is more fragile than its organically grown counterpart, and it has less quality.

• そういう争いで自分がけがをしたり殺されたりするかもしれず、そうなったら自分が再生産面で成功する可能性が低下するからだ。
• that could weaken or kill him and make him less reproductively successful.

• 昭和10年（1935年）に起きた大洪水のあと、鴨川の河川改修の一環として鴨川の川底の浚渫が行われ、鴨川の水位が低下した。
• After a heavy flood occurred in 1935, the Kamo-gawa River was dredged as part of a river improvement project causing the water level to fall.

• しかし大内・尼子氏の安芸国内における影響力の低下を受けて、常に大大名の顔色を窺う小領主の立場から脱却を考えるようになる。
• Witnessing the decline of the Ouchi and the Amago clan in Aki Province, he began to re-evaluate his position as a minor lord who was entrusted with watching out for more powerful daimyo.

• ホットプレートの場合は、生地を乗せた際の温度低下と熱の戻りの遅さを考慮して、温度を高め（220℃程度）に設定すれば良い。
• In the case of a hot plate, you should set the temperature relatively higher (about 220℃), considering the fall of the temperature and the slowness of heating up when putting the dough on it.

• そうなると名主の地位は相対的に低下することとなったが、名主は惣村・郷村の中で指導的な立場（乙名など）を務めるようになった。
• As a result, the relative status of myoshu declined, causing myoshu farmers to assume roles as leaders (with such titles as otona) in these village communities.

• だが、平安時代末期になると、大学寮の衰退、穀倉院自体の機能低下に伴って、試験のみならず、学問料自体も名目化することとなる。
• In the late Heian period, however, not only examination, but also Gakumonryo itself became the nominal ones due to the decline of Daigakuryo as well as the decrease in the function of Kokuso-in.

• 原料となる米不足、酒造所の廃業による清酒の生産量低下、そのため造り酒屋>問屋>小売店>消費者と流通過程で次々と加水された。
• The decrease of production volume of sake due to the deficit of rice, its material, and closing of sake breweries caused water-adding happened in sequence during the course of distribution; sake breweries, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers.

• 1950年頃にも鯨油価格低下への対応策として鯨肉の商品化が検討されたが、これも失敗に終わり、ペットフードなどに転用された。
• In around 1950s as well, it was investigated to sell whale meat commercially as a measure against declining whale oil price, but the measure also failed and the meat was sold as food for pets instead.

• 安政の大獄は幕府の規範意識の低下や人材の欠如を招き、反幕派による尊攘活動を激化させ、幕府滅亡の遠因ともなったとも言われる。
• Ansei no Taigoku lead to a decrease in general awareness and a shortfall in human resources in the shogunate, plus intensified Sonno activities by the anti-shogunate group, and it is said these were underlying causes in the fall of the government.

• しかし、外様大名や朝廷の介入による幕政改革の強制は幕府権威をいっそう低下させ、これにより幕府崩壊の方向性は決定的となった。
• However, intervention of 'tozama daimyo' and Imperial Court in politics of the Edo bakufu and their enforcement of reforms on it further decreased its authority, so its collapse became almost inevitable.

• 数々の改革も財政の健全化には結びつかず、また倹約令の徹底によって庶民の恨みも買ったことから、水野の求心力は急速に低下した。
• A number of reforms did not lead to healthy finance, and strict implementation of a sumptuary decree earned the public resentment, so the moving force of the reforms declined rapidly.

• 最末期には公職追放により貴族院でも多数の議員が追放されており、華族議員は補充されたものの院の廃止を控えて影響力は低下した。
• Toward the end, after many Kizokuin councilors were removed from Kizokuin - as well as by general purges - the numbers of peerage councilors recovered but Kizokuin lost its influence and this eventually led to its abolition.

• しかしビールの売り上げが低下したため、政府は1996年秋、酒税を改訂、麦芽率50%以上の発泡酒の税率をビールと同じとした。
• However, because beer lost sales, the government revised the alcohol tax in the fall of 1996 so that the tax for low-malt beer containing 50% or higher malt was raised to match that of beer.

• この設計を公開したことで、将来のマシンの設計コストはもっと下がるだろうし、半導体技術の進歩も、コスト低下に貢献するはずだ。
• The publication of our design will probably in itself reduce the design cost of future machines, and the advance of semiconductor technology also makes this cost likely to drop.

• 近年では、明国内における銀の使用盛行が同国内部での銭の信用を低下させて、それが日本国内に何らかの影響を与えたという説もある。
• In recent years, the following theory has been proposed as well: Wide use of silver in Ming degraded the credibility of coins in Ming, affecting, in some way, situations in Japan at that time.

• 元や明ではすでに銅銭の信用が低下しており、貿易を独占するような権門や大商人たちはこれを安い元手できわめて容易に入手していた。
• In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the credibility of copper coins had been degraded, and the influential families and the merchants engaging in large-scale trade who monopolized oversea trade could get these coins by selling inexpensive things and quite easily.

• これらの多くは経営者の高齢化による経営意欲の低下、後継者難に加え、建築基準との関係で新店舗の建設がしにくいことも指摘される。
• It is pointed out that some of the reasons for this are that architectural standards make it hard to build new shops, in addition to the weak motivation of aged owners of these businesses, and the lack of successors.

• さらに、822年の日本現報善悪霊異記では、一言主は役小角（これも賀茂氏の一族である）に使役される神にまで地位が低下していた。
• In Nihon Genpo Zen-aku Ryoiki (Buddhist Stories), which was written in 822, Hitokotonushi appears as a god who serves EN no Ozuno (a magician who was also a member of the Kamo clan), showing an even more serious decline in his status.

• 人が従順に不活性な材料を人間の役に立つよう形作ることに専念している他の職業は、無価値なものとなり、地位を低下する結果となる。
• Other employments, in which men are occupied with tamely shaping inert materials to human use, become unworthy and end with becoming debasing.

• ある兵器システムへの、もしくはその周辺への射撃のことで、そのシステムの性能を使命目標を達成するのに必要な水準以下に低下させる
• fire on or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below what is needed to fulfill its mission objectives

• なお、近年の規制緩和によりタクシー台数が急増し、一部地域では過当競争が発生し、乗務員の労働環境を低下させているとの見方がある。
• Some people say that taxi drivers' work environment has been becoming worse as excessive competition arises in some areas due to rapid increase in the number of taxis triggered by the relaxation of the taxi regulations of recent years.

• 代わりに平氏追討のために東国武士たちと遠征した範頼は、長期戦を選択したことと合わせ進撃が停滞し、士気の低下も目立つようになった。
• Noriyori, who set forth on expedition to expel the Taira clan with the eastern warriors, suffered from the undermined morale of soldiers, due to the prolonged battle, which he tactically chose, and the stagnated the advance.

• 朝廷の機能が徐々に内裏（天皇の私的住居）へ移行するに従って、朝廷の饗宴は紫宸殿で行われるようになり、その地位を低下させていった。
• As the functions of the Imperial Court were gradually moved to Dairi (the emperor's private residence), entertainment and banquets came to be held in the Shishinden (the main hall of Dairi), diminishing the importance of the Burakuden hall.

• 喫煙による短期的な影響には、体調が悪いこと、ぜいぜい息をすること、病気に対する抵抗力の全般的な低下、口臭、肌荒れなどが含まれる。
• Short-term effects of smoking include unfitness, wheezing, a general vulnerability to illness, bad breath, bad skin and so on.

• 確かに前述のような教育水準やインフラ整備、公務員の質などが（特に後期）低下し、その後の尻拭いに長期の時間を要したことは事実である。
• It was certainly a fact that the above-mentioned educational standards, improvement of infrastructure, and quality of public servants deteriorated (especially in the latter half of the administration) and it took a long time to straighten out the mess.

• 河野氏本家はひとり鎌倉幕府方に付いた子の河野通久によって辛うじて続くこととなったが、以後伊予国内での影響力が低下することとなった。
• Although the head family of the Kono clan barely survived due to succession by his son, Michihisa KONO, who solely took the side of Kamakura bakufu, its influence in Iyo Province weakened afterwards.

• 交感神経系（血圧低下をもたらす）のアルファとアドレナリン作動性受容体を防ぐ抗高血圧薬（商標名Trandate、Normodyne）
• antihypertensive drug (trade names Trandate and Normodyne) that blocks alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system (leading to a decrease in blood pressure)

• 一方、貞盛流平氏は小野宮流藤原北家の家司として仕えたが、小野宮流が傍系に追いやられるにつれて、軍事貴族としての地位が低下していった。
• Meanwhile, Sadamori-ryu Heishi (Taira clan of the Sadamori group) served as keishi (household superintendents) of the Onomiya line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan; however, Sadamori-ryu Heishi's position as military aristocrats became lower as the Onomiya line was positioned as an indirect line.

• また、「劣り玉」と呼ばれる適合弾より若干径が小さい弾を使用すれば、目標への集弾性は低下するものの、10発以上の連続発射が可能である。
• If you use a bullet called 'otori-dama' (inferior bullet), a bit smaller than an appropriate one, you can shoot more than ten bullets serially, although the accuracy of fire at the target decreases.

• 大学は、この省令で定める設置基準より低下した状態にならないようにすることはもとより、その水準の向上を図ることに努めなければならない。
• A university shall endeavor not only to avoid falling short of the standards for establishment specified by this Ministerial Ordinance but also to further improve the level of its standards.

• また、金銀の備蓄も底が見え始め、の元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行を発端に出目獲得および通貨拡大のため品位を低下させる改鋳が行われるようになる。
• Since stockpiled gold and silver also began to dry up, coins with low content of gold and silver were reminted in order to gain a profit margin and expand currency in circulation, beginning with the issue of Genroku Koban (gold coin) and Genroku Chogin (silver coin) in 1695.

• だが三国干渉、続く乙未事変と露館播遷によって日本の朝鮮半島への影響力はむしろ低下し、戦時中の政府と民党の協調関係は次第に崩れていった。
• However, the Triple Intervention, followed by Itsubi Incident and Rokan Hansen (Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation), rather weakened Japan's influence on the Korean Peninsula, and cooperative relationship between the government and minto during the war was gradually disrupted.

• しかし晩年に入ると、全国鉱山からの金銀採掘量の低下から家康の寵愛を失い、美濃代官をはじめとする代官職を次々と罷免されていくようになる。
• However, when he reached the end of his life, he started to lose the favor of Ieyasu due to decreased silver and gold harvest yields from mines across Japan, and was consecutively dismissed from local governor positions, starting from the governor of Mino.

• 平安時代になると、摂政や関白が天皇の代理として政治を執り行ったため、相対的に地位が低下したが、国政に関する最高機関として機能し続けた。
• When sessho and kanpaku attended the government in place of the emperor during the Heian period, Daijokan still functioned as the highest organ of government, although its position was relatively lowered.

• 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制（鎖国）は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
• With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.

• 中世一時的には氏長者の権威が低下する時期もあったものの、氏長者には氏爵といい、朝廷より一門に対する位階任官者推薦の特権が付与されていた。
• Although the authority of the ujinochoja sometimes temporarily declined during the medieval period, the Imperial Court granted the ujinochoja the privilege of ujinoshaku that allowed them to recommend candidates within their clans for the ikai (Court rank).

• 雪そりの過速により危険を生ずるおそれのある部分には、土、わら、もみがら等を敷くことにより雪そりの速度を低下させるための措置を講ずること。
• To take measures for reducing the speed of snow sledges, such as spreading soil, straw, chaff, etc., at sections where is liable to cause danger due to over speed of snow sledges.

• たしかに出生率の低下で子供の数が減り、学校でも生徒の数が少なくなっているのは事実ですが、しかし、これはまったくもってけっこうなことです。
• It's true that there are fewer children due to the falling birthrate, and there are fewer children in the school, but that is all to the good.

• 3代足利義満、4代将軍足利義持時代には宿老を中心とする合議制となり管領職の地位が低下し、経済的負担もあったことからまず斯波家が衰退する。
• At the time of the third Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the fourth Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, there was a conference system centered around the Shukuro (chief vassal), and the position of Kanrei was lowered; and the Shiba family first declined, not least because of financial burdens.

• 品質低下を防止するため1880年に博多織会社が設立、6年後に博多織同業組合となり、変遷を経て、出資組合である現在の博多織工業組合となった。
• In order to prevent a drop in quality, the Hakata-ori Company was established in 1880, which became Hakata-ori Trade Organization six years later, and after going through transitions, became the current Hakata-ori Textile Industrial Association as a capitalized association.

• この様な事や価値観や趣味や休日の過ごし方の多様化などから、祭り文化の衰退と共に的屋自体の収入の低下などから成り手が無いと言った現状がある。
• Because of this and the diversification of values, hobbies, and the way people spend their weekends, few want to take the job due to the decline of festival culture, as well as the reduced profits of the tekiya.

• 一方で洋食で多用される畜産物を生産するためには大量の輸入飼料が必要になり、洋食の普及が食糧の自給率低下をもたらす要因のひとつにもなっている。
• On the other hand, a large amount of imported feed is needed in order to produce livestock products which are often used for Yoshoku, which is one of the reasons for the decrease in the food self-sufficiency ratio.

• これら新技術の登場は、たしかにコスト削減には役立ったが、外硬内軟といった蒸し米の基本を踏んでいないために酒質はさらに低下せざるをえなかった。
• These new techniques actually contributed to decrease costs, but the quality of sake had to declined furthermore because they didn't go through a fundamental step using the steamed rice with its outside hard and inside soft.

• 逆に尊攘派の代表と見られた姉小路公知が暗殺される事件（朔平門外の変）も起き、犯行に関与したとみられた薩摩藩など公武合体派の勢力が一時低下した。
• In the meantime, Kintomo ANEGAKOJI, who was regarded as a leader of sonjo party, was assassinated (the Sakuheimon incident); some groups that had worked for kobu-gattai, including the Satsuma clan, were suspected to be responsible for the incident and for a while their authority fell.

• こうした中で算道の地位はそれまでと大きく変動することもなく、結果的に上昇傾向にあった明法道・紀伝道とは相対的に見て地位が低下することとなった。
• During all this, Sando's position did not change greatly from what it had been before, and, as Myobodo and Kidendo were on the rise, it decreased by comparison.

• 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
• FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.

• それでも旧幕府軍の兵力は上回っており洋化部隊も温存されていたのだが、徳川慶喜が将兵を置き去りにしたまま脱出したこともあり士気が低下し自壊した。
• The former Shogunate forces, while they had far superior military strength and had westernized troops, were demoralized and disintegrated because Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA fled, leaving his officers and soldiers behind.

• 現在台湾の鉄道輸送に対する依存度は低下したが、しかし鉄道網の日本統治時代の鉄道路線をそのまま踏襲し、重要な輸送手段の一つとして使用されている。
• Though dependence upon rail transportation is lower in Taiwan today, the railway lines built during the period of Japanese rule remained as they were and are used as one of the important means of transportation.

• 江戸時代初期には伝統的に有力商人が多かった京都の商人からの借り入れも多かったが、京都自体の経済的地位の低下によって大名貸との関係が薄くなった。
• Many loans were arranged by merchants in Kyoto as there were traditionally a large number of powerful merchants there in the early Edo period, but the connection of Daimyo and Kyoto became weaker as the position of Kyoto in economy declined.

• また近年、地上では視程も低下しないため黄砂として観測されない時に、自由大気（自由対流圏）と呼ばれる高層で薄い砂塵が観測されることがわかってきた。
• Recently, it has also become known that, even when no kosa is observed on the ground level because no visibility is affected there, thin dust is observed in the high-altitude atmospheric layer called the free atmosphere (also known as free troposphere).

• 室町時代中期に入ると、皇室の権威は次第に低下していったが、それに伴い皇位継承紛争は見られなくなり、直系男子がすんなりと皇位継承するようになった。
• In the middle of the Muromachi period, the authority of the Imperial Palace was gradually lost, however, there was no dispute concerning Imperial succession, the male Imperial member of the direct Imperial line succeeded smoothly to the throne.

• 17世紀末の品位を低下させた元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行するに至り、ようやく金座および銀座 (歴史)による領国貨幣の回収が進行し通貨統一が達成された。
• At the end of 17th century when lower-quality Genroku Koban (oval gold coins) and Genroku chogin (oval silver coins) were issued, the calling-back of ryogoku kahei by kin-zas (organizations in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-zas (organizations in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) made progress and the unification of currency was achieved at long last.

• フグの肝や卵巣はフグ毒を多量に含んでいるが、塩水に1年、糠の中に2年から3年漬けると分解されほとんど人体に影響を与えなくなるレベルにまで低下する。
• The livers and ovaries of pufferfish contain a large amount of pufferfish poison; however, when they are soaked in salted water for one year and two to three years in rice bran, the poison deteriorates, decreasing the amount by so much that the fish become almost harmless to the human body.

• 価値の低下した銭は、流通と交易の現場から忌避されるようになり、宋銭が大量に流入する12世紀後半まで、日本国内での銭の流通は限定されたものとなった。
• Degraded coins became gradually avoided in the market of distribution and trading of commodities, and thus circulation of the coins inside Japan became limited in quantity before the latter half of 12th century when a lot of Sung dynasty currency from China entered Japan.

• しかも、9世紀に入ると、明経道の地位が低下して正史や漢詩などの漢文学を扱う（儒教も学ぶものの、そのウェイトは高くはなかった）紀伝道が台頭してきた。
• Further, when it entered the ninth century, the position of Myogyodo was lowered and Kidendo, which handled the official history and Chinese-style poetry (they learned Confucianism, too, but its ratio was not very high), became popular.

• 文久元年（1861年）の父の没後に家督を継承し、明治2年（1869年）の天文方廃止までその職にあるが、天文方の地位低下に伴って活動が縮小していった。
• After his father's death in 1861, he inherited the family estate, and continued the work until the abolition of Tenmonkata while the amount of his activity kept decreasing with the decline of the status of Tenmonkata.

• 江戸時代を通じて幕府の諸大名に対する絶対的な権力であった為、天保11年(1840年)の三方領地替えの失敗は、幕府権力の低下を象徴する出来事であった。
• Tenpo was the bakufu's absolute authority over all the daimyo during the Edo period, so the failure in 1840 of changing three daimyo's territories one another at the same time symbolized the diminishing authority of the bakufu.

• が、日本国内における生糸の生産が増加し、輸入生糸の重要性（新しい糸割符制度は日本国内産生糸を保護と生糸の輸入制限の意図を兼ね備えていた）が低下した。
• However, the production of raw silk threads increased in Japan; therefore, the importance of importing raw silk threads decreased; (the function of the new itowappu system included to protect the raw silk threads made in Japan as well as to limit the amount of raw silk threads to be imported to Japan.)

• しかし、識者から日本酒の純粋性と品質低下を招くとの根強い批判があったために、大蔵省は第2次増産酒は原則として清酒三級として取り扱うよう通達を出した。
• However, since some intellectuals strongly criticized that this would result in the deterioration of purity and quality of sake, the Ministry of the Treasury issued a notification that the second Zosanshu should be basically treated as a third-grade seishu.

• しかし、肝心の電車は空襲による被災と故障車の増加で稼働率は大幅に低下しており、数少ない稼動車も修繕部品の不足から故障車の仲間入りする車両が増加した。
• On the other hand, the operational rate of trains was quite low due to the damage caused by air raids and the increase of disabled cars, and even active cars often became disabled cars because of the shortage of repair parts.

• 旧幕府軍は松前、江差などを占領するも、要となる開陽丸を座礁沈没させて失い海軍へ兵力は低下、宮古湾海戦を挑んだものの敗れ、新政府軍の蝦夷地への上陸を許す。
• Even though the former Shogunate forces occupied Matsumae and Esashi, they wrecked the Kayo Maru Warship, the core of their forces, and in effect the navy deteriorated; they fought against the new government's forces at the Battle of Miyakowan Bay, but lost, allowing the government's forces to land at Ezochi.

• 中央権力の威信が低下した時代には、所領紛争を法的手段で解決する方法が無力であったために、代わりに自力救済の一環としてこうした戦いがしばしば行われていた。
• During periods when the dignity of central authority declined, legal means to resolve territorial disputes were ineffective, and instead these wars were often waged as a form of self-preservation.

• （イ）　ガスだめ内の圧力が百四十キロパスカルに達しないうちに作動し、かつ、その圧力が常用圧力から十キロパスカル低下するまでの間に閉止するものであること。
• i.)　Those operate before the pressure in the gas holder reaches 140 kPa, and shut while the pressure lowers to a level lower than the normal pressure by 10 kPa.

• しかし、1961年から快速にサロ85の連結が開始されたことから緩行のクロハ連結の意義が低下、1962年10月には混雑緩和を理由にクロハの連結を廃止した。
• Later Saro 85 began to be used for Rapid service in 1961, however, the significance of using Kuroha for local trains decreased and the use of Kuroha was terminated in October 1962 on the grounds of mitigating congestion.

• このことは、耕作者である作人（さくにん）が直接の年貢負担者としての地位を獲得したこと、そして名主・荘官層が加地子を得るだけの地位に低下したことを意味する。
• The above indicates the fact that sakunin, cultivator, obtained the status as a direct bearer of the burden of nengu while the status of myoshu/shokan declined to the one only gaining Kajishi.

• そもそも、平安時代において氏長者の権限は低下傾向にあり、氏爵の制度に基づき同氏族への人事への影響力を有したことは、氏長者の権力が再強化されることとなった。
• In the first place, the authority of uji no choja was on a declining trend in the Heian period, and possessing influence on personnel affairs for the said clans under the system of uji no shaku resulted in restrengthening the authority of uji no choja.

• 公家政権の政治力に低下に伴い、朝廷が定めた延久宣旨枡が用いられなくなると、日本各地でまちまちな基準で枡が作られるようになり、室町時代にはその弊害が深刻化した。
• When the Enkyu senjimasu (the nation-wide official measure in the Enkyu era) established by the Imperial Court fell out of use as the political power of the court noble government declined, masu began to be manufactured by a variety of different standards around the country, and the negative effects of this situation worsened in the Muromachi period.

• 流域の村々には重労働の提供が求められ、更には工事の為の移転を余儀なくされる者、水位の低下による水不足を心配する者もあり、分水工事反対の声が逆に強まっていった。
• The watershed villagers were requested to provide hard physical labor, and in addition, some were forced to move from their own houses due to the construction and some were concerned about the water shortage caused by the lowered water level, which led to a surging opposition movement against the diversion contraction.

• また、酒母ができあがってから使用するまでの期間を工程のなかでは日本酒枯らしというが、枯らし日数が長くなっても酒母の力が低下しないという強みも持ち合わせている。
• Additionally, the yamaoroshi-haishi-moto has the advantage of being able to keep the effect of the moto intact even the karashi, the period from the completion of the moto development to its use in the brewing process, is prolonged.

• 現在の栃木県日光市足尾地区では江戸時代から銅が産出していたが、江戸時代前期をピークとして産出量はいったん低下し、幕末にはほとんど廃山の状態となって国有化された。
• In the present Ashio district, Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture, copper mines had been mined since the Edo period; after reaching its peak in the early Edo period, the output kept declining, and by the end of the Edo period, the mines were almost abandoned and nationalized.

• 板垣とセットで入閣した木戸の発言力も必然的に下がり、さらにこの頃より持病の悪化から表立った政治活動を行いにくくなったこともあり、木戸の政府内での地位も低下した。
• Kido, who had joined the cabinet with Itagaki, inevitably lost his influence, and in addition his chronic illness, which had aggravated around this time, hindered his political activities; thus his position in the government also went down.

• 重要性が低下していたとは言え、太政官から独立して独自の軍事力と詔勅下達権限を有した紫微中台の廃止は仲麻呂にとっては打撃が大きく、仲麻呂政権崩壊の遠因にもなった。
• Though its significance had already faded, the abolition of Shibichudai was not only a big blow to Nakamaro but also a remote cause of the collapse of Nakamaro administration since it was independent from Daijokan and held its own military power as well as the authority to convey Imperial orders.

• また、遣唐使の廃止による中国文化への関心低下と律令制の弛緩、藤原氏摂関政治の確立による中下流貴族の没落などによって、大学寮の地位も徐々に低下していくようになる。
• Also, the status of Daigaku-ryo gradually declined due to reasons such as a decrease in interest in Chinese culture because of the abolishment of Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China, the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, and the downfall of low and middle ranking peers owing to the establishment of Fujiwara's Sekkan (regents and advisers) government.

• そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
• Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.

• 陰謀が事実であったかは定かでないが、これにより清盛は延暦寺との望まぬ軍事衝突を回避することができ、後白河は多くの近臣を失い、政治発言権を著しく低下させてしまった。
• It is not clear whether there was an actual conspiracy, but Kiyomori was able to prevent a military confrontation with the Enryaku-ji Temple that he did not want and Goshirakawa lost many close aides and political power.

• その後、師家の弟や息子の代には大納言や権大納言を輩出したものの、次の世代には位こそは正二位に進む事は出来ても、役職は中納言・参議がやっとというクラスまでに低下する。
• Although during the generations of Moroie's brother and son, other members of the Matsudono family held the posts of Chief Councilor of State and Acting Chief Councilor of State, the stock of the house declined, and subsequent generations advanced no further than Deputy Chief Councilor of State and Councilor with a Senior Second Rank.

• それは、飾り付けを前日までに終えれば祭り当日に人的に借り出しがなされず、商店前の通行規制も少ないため、商店街の機能を低下させることなく買物客を集められるからである。
• The reason for the above is because once decorations were prepared on the preceding day, it can pull in shoppers on the target day without impairing the function of the shopping avenue since additional man power and strict traffic restriction is not required on the day of the festival.

• そして応仁の乱によって再び戦乱の世が始まると、膨大な需要に応えるため「数打物」と呼ばれる粗製濫造品が大量に出回るようになり、刀剣の質の低下に拍車をかけることとなった。
• When the war-torn era started by the turmoil of the Onin War, numbers of inferior swords made by mass production called 'Kazu-uchi mono' started to appear to respond to the massive demand, which intensified the deterioration in the quality of swords.

• 副搬送波による振幅変調の変調度又は可変位相信号（ドプラーＶＯＲにあつては、基準位相信号）による振幅変調の変調度が設定時の変調度から一五パーセントを超えて低下したとき。
• When the degree of modulation of amplitude modulation by a subcarrier or the degree of modulation of amplitude modulation by a variable phase signal (in the case of a Doppler VOR, a reference phase signal) decreases from the degree of modulation at the original setting by an extent exceeding 15%

• そして、一族の者は中央に出仕して代々蔵人を務め嫡流は「多田蔵人」を称したが、摂関家の政治力の低下とも相俟ってその勢力は振るわず、行綱に至るまで主だった人物は出ていない。
• The Tada clan worked at court as secretary of the emperor for generations and the head of the clan called himself 'Tada Kurodo' while the decrease of political power of the regent family broke the force of the Tada clan and no prominent person had appeared before Yukitsuna.

• 平安京内裏は960年（天徳4年）火災で全焼したあと、幾度も火災に見舞われ、やがて里内裏が現れてくると天皇はもっぱらそちらに常住するようになり、内裏の意義は低下してくる。
• After Heiankyo dairi was burned down in 960, it suffered several fires, and when satodairi (a temporary palace) became available, the emperor spent most of his time there, so the significance of the dairi was diminished.

• だが、鎌倉時代以後朝廷の実権低下に伴って、朝廷における各種公事を維持するための政治的・財政的な裏づけを失っていき、多くの公事が縮小・簡略化され、あるものは廃絶に至った。
• However, as the Imperial Court losing its power after the Kamakura period, the political or financial support to maintain the events of the Imperial Court began to lessen, then, many kuji were downscaled or simplified and some of them were abolished.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)により、天皇家と公家勢力の権力及その権威が低下すると共に、足利幕府の成立以来、足利将軍家の権威は天皇家に迫り、実質的に日本の君主としての役割を担った。
• Due to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the power and authority of the Imperial Family and Court noble declined, and at the same time, the Ashikaga Shogun Family's authority advanced on that of the Imperial Family and he practically served the role of the monarch of Japan.

• 本来なら治天が次代の治天を指名するべきところ、その指名を幕府に委ねたという事実は、治天の権威が低下しただけでなく、治天の権限の一部を幕府が代行していたことも意味している。
• Originally Chiten would have appointed the next successor to the position, but the authority to appoint the successor was requested to the bakufu, this proved that Chiten's authority became weak and the bakufu partly acted to use the authority of Chiten.

• 本分家関係が曖昧で不明確なために未提出であった場合や、本宗家の家格が低下した後、分家・別家に宗主権が遷移した場合、庶長子や養嗣子が廃嫡され別家した場合などで論争となった。
• Disputes between the head and branch families often occurred in the following cases: the head family registration was not submitted because the head-and-branch relationship was not clear; suzerainty was transferred to a branch family after the head family had lost its social standing; or a branch family was established because the eldest child born out of wedlock or the adopted heir was disinherited.

• 実に2個師団に相当する兵士が脚気で命を落とし、また戦闘力低下のために戦死した兵も少なくなく「（鴎外は）ロシアのどの将軍よりも多くの日本兵を殺した」との批判も存在している。
• Two divisions' worth of soldiers died from beriberi, and many soldiers were killed in the war through lack of energy due to the disease, so Ogai was criticized for contributing more to the deaths of Japanese soldiers than any Russian general.

• 第二次世界大戦後、皇国史観が否定されると児島高徳の知名度も著しく低下する事となり、これと同時に実在否定説が主張されることもなくなり、事実上この論争は終息したと言ってよい。
• After World War II, Takanori KOJIMA rapidly became less popular due to the disapproval of the Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography), and consequently, disputes came to the end virtually as people no longer talked about this theory.

• その後の紙幣整理と兌換紙幣の発行によって姿を消し、明治30年（1897年）の公布による金本位制移行とともに1円銀貨の国内流通は停止され、洋銀の国内における地位も低下した。
• The ichibu-gin silver coins disappeared after the rearrangement of paper money and the issuance of convertible currency, and in concurrence with the transition to the gold standard system in 1897, the distribution of the one-yen silver coin was halted in Japan and the value of the Spanish dollars dropped significantly in Japan.

• 二割以上の品位低下にも拘らず慶長大判との引換は1%の増歩しか付けられず、また、元禄大判の相場は元禄小判に対し、含有金量では九両一分に相当したが、相場は七両二分程度であった。
• Although its content of gold was decreased by more than 20 percent, the price was only 1 percent lower from the Keicho Oban, and when compared with Genroku-Koban, the content of gold in the Oban was equivalent to nine-ryo one-bu and its market price was as much as seven-ryo two-bu.

• 品位の低下した元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行により銭相場が高騰し、元禄7年（1694年）に一両＝4800文前後であったものが元禄13年（1700年）には一両＝3700文前後となった。
• The market price of the currency rose suddenly because of the issuance of the Genroku Koban (oval gold coin issued in the Genroku era) and the Genroku Chogin (oval silver coin issued in the Genroku era). Their quality levels deteriorated, and the market price of one ryo (unit of gold currency) decreased from around 4,800 mon (unit of currency) in 1694 to 3,700 mon in 1700.

• 裏面には「元」の年代印が打たれることを特徴とするが、品位が低下された小判および丁銀にしばしばこの年代印が見られるのに対し、大判としてはこの元禄大判の年代印が唯一のものである。
• It was characterized by the engraved mark of 'Gen' (the first letter of the word Genroku era) on its back, making itself the only coin bearing such a mark among other Oban coins, although this kind of mark could often be seen on Kobans and Chogin silvers whose contents of gold were decreased.

• だが、相対的な朝廷権力の低下した鎌倉時代以後には、荘園・公領の一円支配を実現させた本所（寺社・公家）や武家などが、その土地の統治権の保持者として「公方」と名乗る例も登場した。
• However, after the Kamakura period when the Court's power had relatively fallen, there were some cases that 'Honjo' (temples, shrines, and court nobles) and samurai families, which had achieved control of the entire shoen and Koryo (an Imperial demesne), called themselves 'Kubo' as the holder of the sovereign power in the fiefs.

• また、10世紀に入ると次第に刑部省の地位が低下するようになり、強窃二盗（強盗・窃盗）と私鋳銭に関する裁判権は検非違使に、その他の犯罪に関する裁判権は太政官に移されることになった。
• In the 10th century, the position of Gyobusho declined and the jurisdictions of robbery and counterfeit coinage were transferred to Kebiishi and the other crimes were transferred to Daijokan.

• こうした見方は、朝廷の権威の低下という事実を覆い隠すことに便利であり、一方で鎌倉幕府にとっても「朝敵」という非難を緩和するために好都合な論理であり、その後の歴史観に影響を与えた。
• This perspective was useful in hiding the decline of the authority of the Imperial Court and at the same time benefited the Kamakura bakufu to alleviate the criticism that they were an enemy of the court, resulting in the influence on the historical view of the following generations.

• これに対して幕府は「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や「日銭屋」と呼ばれる高利・日歩の新興金融業者に対しても課税を行うなどして税収低下を抑制しようとするが、税収回復は困難であった。
• As a countermeasure, the bakufu tried to curb the tax revenue decrease by imposing a tax on the'請酒' (sake retailer) and 'hizeniya' (new money-lender which lends money at a high interest rate with daily interest), however the tax revenue was not restored.

• 一方、城内では水攻めという奇想天外な戦法に動揺し、物資の補給路を断たれて兵糧米が少なくなったことと、小早川隆景、吉川元春ら毛利氏の援軍が来ないことも相まって兵の士気は低下していた。
• At the same time, as the unpredictable inundation tactics stirred the castle, the declining provisions of rice for the army by losing their supply lines, and the fact of not having support troops from the Mori clan including Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA combined to wear down the morale of the troops.

• また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
• Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.

• ハーモニカと異なり、吸っても吹いても同じ音が出せるので、他の管楽器のような息継ぎが不要であり、同じ音をずっと鳴らし続けることも出来る（呼吸を替える時に瞬間的に音量が低下するのみ）。
• Unlike with a harmonica, inhaling or exhaling does not make any difference to the sound produced, and the player does not need to stop to take breaths as with another wind instruments, allowing a long period of uninterrupted play of the same sound (the volume of the sound is briefly lowered when the player switches his or her breath from inhaling to exhaling and vice versa).

• 日本の鉄道の旅客輸送のシェアは、昭和30年代、40年代の自動車の普及（モータリゼーション）を経て大幅に低下した後も、約30%を維持しており、世界各国と比較しても最も高い水準である。
• The share of passenger transportation of railways in Japan once dropped drastically through widespread of automobiles (motorization) from 1955 to 1974 but has still maintained about 30%, which is the highest level in the world.

• 後鳥羽院は、将軍源実朝が暗殺された事を好機とし、皇権復興を企図して鎌倉幕府を倒そうとしたが失敗（承久の乱）、自身は流罪となった上、皇権の低下と朝廷へ執権北条氏の介入を招いてしまった。
• Gotoba-in tried to seize the opportunity of the assassination of Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, seeking to revive the imperial power and overthrow Kamakura Bakufu, but he failed (the Jokyu Rebellion); instead he was banished, and this brought about the weakening of imperial power and intervention in the Imperial Court by the regent Hojo clan.

• この法律で定める労働条件の基準は最低のものであるから、労働関係の当事者は、この基準を理由として労働条件を低下させてはならないことはもとより、その向上を図るように努めなければならない。
• The standards for working conditions fixed by this Act are minimum standards. Accordingly, parties to labor relationship shall not reduce working conditions with these standards as an excuse and, instead, should endeavour to raise the working conditions.

• さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した（『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明）。
• Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).

• アロー戦争以後清朝の外交を担ってきた総理衙門が清朝官庁内で次第に地位低下したことに不満を覚えた諸外国が、清朝が外交を重視するよう求めた結果、総理衙門を廃止し外務部をつくらせるに至った。
• After the Arrow War, various foreign nations felt frustrated with the falling social status of Zongli Yamen, which had become burdened with the diplomacy that the Qing dynasty placed great importance on, and as a result Zongli Yamen was abolished and replaced with the Foreign Office.

• このように元忠は比較的順調に芸能者としての道を歩み始めたが、細川高国が享禄4年（1531年）に戦死し、将軍家の権威が低下すると、代々幕府と強く結びついてきた観世座も苦境に陥ることとなる。
• As such, Mototada started his career as a performer in relatively smooth water, but when Takakuni HOSOKAWA was killed in a battle in 1531 and the authority of the shogun family became weaker, the Kanze-za which had strong links with the Bakufu for generations also got into trouble.

• このように、関連ビジネスの新成人に対する顧客獲得競争は熱を帯びているが、少子化の影響や式への参加率の低下、成人式そのものの存在意義が問われる中でこのようなビジネスは今後厳しいものになる。
• As stated above, competition for customers that targets new adults is heated among related businesses, and these businesses can expect to face a tough time because of the low birthrate and low rate of participation in the ceremony; given such circumstances, the need to hold a Seijin-shiki event is now being questioned.

• 法第七十六条第二項及び第三項の規定により、四半期ごとに平均給与額の上昇し又は低下した比率を算出する場合において、その率に百分の一に満たない端数があるときは、その端数は切り捨てるものとする。
• When the increasing or decreasing rate of quarterly average compensation is calculated pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (2) and (3) of Article 76 of the Act, any fraction less than 1 percent of the rate shall be truncated.

• 日本初の営業用水力発電である琵琶湖疏水の蹴上発電所（発電所は京都市営）から生み出される当時としては大量の電力を背景として、発電コストを低下させ電灯料金も引き下げ、電灯の本格的普及に貢献した。
• Kyoto Dento contributed to the widespread installation of electric lamps by lowering the cost of power generation and the price of electric lamps by drawing on the large amount (for that time) of electricity generated at the Keage Power Plant (run by Kyoto City) on Lake Biwa Canal, which was the first commercial hydraulic power generation in Japan.

• このように、マナーなど教育の観点からは忌避される犬食いではあるが、麻痺や筋力の低下などといったリハビリテーション障害の医療モデルを抱えている者にとっては、犬食いにならざるを得ない場合もある。
• As seen from the above, Inugui is avoided in terms of education such as manners, however, some people with medical model of rehabilitation disorder such as paralysis or loss in muscle strength are forced to eat like a dog.

• ただし、その権限は自らの政治力に依存するところが大きく、中世に入り公家政権の政治力が低下し、領家職に武家が進出するようになると、直務支配が貫徹された一部を除いては次第に「不知行」化していく。
• However, their authority to collect taxes depended largely on their own political power, so when the power of the Kuge (court noble) Government decreased and samurai families made advances into ryoke-shiki (proprietorships), their influence weakened and with the exception of a few cases of maintaining all of their rights, the nobles were unable to control their land and stop it from falling into fuchigyo (losing land property).

• お好み焼きの食感を損なう原因の一つとして生地を鉄板に乗せた瞬間の温度低下があるが、鉄板が厚く、またその分火力が強くなればなるほど生地を乗せたときの温度低下が少なく、理想的な温度を維持できる。
• When putting dough on the iron plate the temperature goes down, which can spoil the texture of okonomiyaki, but if the plate is thick and accordingly, more heat is used, the less the temperature decreases when putting the dough on, and the ideal temperature can be maintained.

• 大量の予算を充足する目的から、会計事務掛由利公正（福井藩士。のち由利公正）が導入した不換紙幣太政官札（10両、5両、1両、1分、1朱の5種）が大量に発行され、政府貨幣の信用が著しく低下していた。
• In order to secure a large budget, a lot of inconvertible paper currency, Dajokan-satsu (state bill) 5 types; 10 ryo, 5 ryo, 1 ryo, 1 bu, and 1 shu), introduced by an accountant, Kosei YURI (a feudal retainer of the Fukui clan, Kosei YURI later) was issued and the credibility of the government currency significantly fell off.

• 律令制下における国司による地方統治は、民衆に対して古来の首長権の権威をもって望む郡司層との協力関係に依存するものであったが、しだいにこの権威は平安時代初期の律令制のほころびとともに低下していく。
• The local governance by Kokushi under the ritsuryo system relied on a cooperative relationship with the class of Gunji, who ruled with the authority of ancient chieftainship over people, but this authority declined gradually along with fraying of the ritsuryo system in the early Heian period.

• 田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学とし、当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として禁じた。
• In order to regain leadership after going through the Tenmei Famine in times of Okitsugu TANUMA, the shogunate chose Neo-Confucianism out of Confucianism for the official learning, which put importance on the hierarchic order and agriculture; on the other hand, they banned Kobunjigaku, (study of ancient rhetoric) and the Kogaku (learning about ancient teachings), which were popular learning at that time for corrupting public morals.

• 平安時代～室町時代のものは、薄葬によって位置を特定することが困難なものや陵が置かれた寺院が廃滅したことによって所在が不明になってしまったものなどが多く、ますます歴史学的・考古学的信頼度は低下する。
• The locations of many of the mausoleums built from the Heian to the Muromachi period are difficult to identify due to simplified burial styles, or are unknown due to temple closures, further reducing the historical and archaeological reliability of identification.

• そのため、落ち葉であっても住宅地で燃やして処分しにくくなったこと、庭付きの持ち家率低下、都市開発による森林の伐採などの事情もあり、21世紀に於いて一般ではごく一部でしか見られない風景となっている。
• Therefore, as it became more difficult to dispose of even falling leaves by burning them within a residential district, and as the rate of having a house with a garden declined, and the forests were cut down due to urban development, the sight can be seen only in a few areas in the 21st century.

• なお同様の用途に用いられた木製農具（木製穂摘具）も発見されてはいるが、西宮市立郷土資料館の実験では石包丁のような形状の木製穂摘具の場合に、僅か数回の刈り入れで作業効率が低下することが示されている（）。
• Meanwhile wooden farming equipment (wooden rice ear cutting tool) that was used for the same application was also found, but the test in Nishinomiya City Folk Museum showed that when wooden rice ear cutting tool like ishi-bocho was used, work efficiency was reduced by only several times of harvesting.

• 他の市場では、鉄鋼や製造業や重機械などの分野をはじめ日本の売り上げは下降気味だが、最近のウォール・ストリート・ジャーナル紙も述べたように「日本は文化輸出によってその低下分を余裕で埋め合わせている注2」
• Despite Japan's flagging revenues in other markets from steel to manufacturing and heavy industry, the Wall Street Journal recently commented that 'Japan has more than made up for it because of its cultural exports.'4

• 例えば、寛喜新制の制定を巡っては藤原頼資や藤原定家が新制の濫発による権威の低下や施行を巡って政変が起きていることを指摘して批判している（『民経記』寛喜3年8月29日条・『明月記』寛喜2年4月19日条）。
• For example, FUJIWARA no Yorisuke and FUJIWARA no Sadaie criticized the establishment of Kangi shinsei, pointing out the loss of authority of shinsei caused by its excessive issue and the outbreak of political disturbances over its enforcement. (According to the section of March twenty-nine of the 3rd year of Kangi era in 'Minkeiki '(the journal by Tsunemitsu HIROHASHI) and the section of April 19 of second year of Kangi era in 'Meigetsuki' - Chronicle of the Bright Moon)

• そして、1493年（明応2）の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護は、守護代や国人などにその地位を奪われることになり、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護は、領国支配を一層強めていった。
• Then, around the time of the Meio Coup in 1493, the Shugo, who had failed to restore their waning power, lost their position to the Shugodai and kokujin, so that the Shugo who had strengthened rule over the kokujin in fact ended up strengthening feudal rule all the more.

• そして、1493年（明応2）の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護大名は、守護代・国人などにその地位を奪われて没落し、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護大名は、領国支配を一層強めていった。
• Starting around the Meio-no-seihen (明応の政変) in 1493, the shugo daimyo that had failed to regain authority were ousted from their positions by shugo-dai and kokujin, while those that succeeded in tightening the control of the kokujin further strengthened the provincial control.

• やがて三条が眼病を患うと、道長ははっきりと三条に譲位を勧めるようになり、視力の低下で政務や日常生活にも支障をきたすようになった三条は、長和5年（1016年）には皇太子敦成（後一条天皇）に譲位せざるを得なくなった。
• Eventually, Sanjo suffered from an eye disease and Michinaga started to clearly suggest abdication to Sanjo, and in 1016, Sanjo reluctantly abdicated to the Crown Prince Atsunari (Emperor Goichijo) because his decrease in eyesight started to infringe upon governing duties and daily life.

• 統計的に見て、赤道付近の太平洋中部～東部にかけて海水温が上昇・西部で低下するエルニーニョ現象が発生したときは、日本各地で梅雨入り・梅雨明け共に遅くなる傾向にあり、降水量は平年並み、日照時間は多めとなる傾向にある。
• From a statistical point of view, if El Nino in which the temperature of sea water increases in the middle and east Pacific Ocean and decreases in the west Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the equator occurs, there is a tendency tsuyuiri and tsuyuake in Japan delay and the amount of rainfall stays as usual and the hours of sunlight increases.

• しかし、赤兄が壬申の乱で流罪になって以降は、蘇我氏（石川氏）は納言・参議まで出世するのがやっとというクラスにまで低下し、かつての栄光は戻らないまま、平安時代初期には公卿が出るのも途絶え、歴史から姿を消す事になる。
• After Akae was banished in the Jinshin Rebellion, Soga (Ishikawa) managed to succeed to nagon (councilor) and Sangi (councilor), his glory before did not return, and the Soga clan discontinued from the high court nobles at the beginning of Heian period and disappeared from history.

• だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
• After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.

• 暗騒音が五〇デシベル（Ａ）未満の部屋で、各耳について五〇〇、一、〇〇〇及び二、〇〇〇ヘルツの各周波数において三五デシベルを超える聴力低下並びに三、〇〇〇ヘルツの周波数において五〇デシベルを超える聴力低下がないこと。
• In the room of less than 50 db (A) of background noise, a person shall not have more than 35 db of hearing loss in 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, and more than 50 db of hearing loss in 3000 Hz for each ear.

• 近代になると鞆の浦の拠点性はますます低下していき、1913年（大正3年）の鞆鉄道線開通により陸上交通の利便性は向上したものの、半島の先端という孤立した環境や開発可能な平野部が少ないことなどから近代化の波に取り残された。
• Modern Tomonoura had gradually lost its importance as a hub, and even the enhanced land traffic convenience based on the opening of railroads by Tomotetsudo Co., Ltd., in 1913 could not prevent Tomonoura from failing to catch up the others amid the sweeping tide of modernization due to locational disadvantages of being an isolated tip of peninsula and lacking developable plains.

• この事件は、すでに将軍家と血縁もなく、北条本家との関係も希薄となって影響力の低下を恐れた政子が、牧氏事件と同じ構図を創り上げて義時後家として強い立場を持つ事になる伊賀氏を強引に潰そうとして仕掛けたものとする見方もある。
• Some say Masako HOJO, in fear of decline of her own influence in the Kamakura bakufu due to having no blood relationship with the Shogun family and the weak connection with the head family of HOJO, designed this incident, which has the same content with the Incident of Maki clan, in order to forcibly ruin the Iga clan, who were to hold strong power as Yoshitoki's widow.

• 当該事業者の供給する当該一定の商品又は役務につき、相当の期間、需給の変動及びその供給に要する費用の変動に照らして、価格の上昇が著しく、又はその低下がきん少であり、かつ、当該事業者がその期間次のいずれかに該当していること。
• Where the increase in the price of the said particular goods or services supplied by the relevant entrepreneur has been remarkable or the decrease therein has been slight for a considerable period of time in light of the changes in the supply and demand, or changes in the cost of supply, for such particular goods or services, and where, in addition thereto, the said entrepreneur falls under any of the following items during the said period:

• 国及び地方公共団体は、革新的な肝炎の予防、診断及び治療に関する方法の開発その他の肝炎の罹患率及び肝炎に起因する死亡率の低下に資する事項についての研究が促進され、並びにその成果が活用されるよう必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The national government and local governments shall take measures necessary to promote the development of innovative methods to prevent, diagnose and treat hepatitis and other research concerning matters contributing to a decrease in the prevalence and mortality rate of hepatitis, and the measures necessary to exploit the results of such developments and research.

• 元文2年（1737年）には前年（1736年）の品位を低下させた元文小判元文丁銀の発行により、銭相場が一両＝2800文前後まで急騰したのを受け銭貨の増産が図られ、これらの銭貨の背面には鋳造地を示す文字が鋳込まれるようになる。
• In 1737, it was planned to increase the production of coins in response to sharp increase in the market price of currency to 2,800 mon per ryo due to issuance of Genbun Koban (oval gold coin issued in the Genbun era) and Genbun Chogin (oval silver coin issued in the Genbun era) whose quality levels were deteriorated in 1736, and these coins came to be marked with letters indicating a place of minting on the reverse side.

• 譜代家臣団の大量離反や、朝倉当主の急激な指導力・求心力低下、朝倉景鏡と義景の軋轢などが「朝倉氏の血脈である一門（筆頭・朝倉景鏡）、家来衆」と「六角氏からの養子である本家当主」という構図が解りやすく研究解明が待たれる説である。
• Studying and understanding the situation between 'Asakura blood relations of the family (Kageakira ASAKURA as the head) and retainers' and 'the head of a head family who has been adopted out from the Rokkaku clan' has been expected based on stories such as the massive estrangement of Fudai kashin dan (a group of hereditary vassals), sudden decrease of leading ability/centripetal force of the Asakura family head, and conflicts between Kageakira and Yoshikage ASAKURA.

• 平安時代に入ると、蔵人など後宮出入りの職権を持つ官職が登場するようになると、後宮十二司の役割が低下し、10世紀の中頃には内侍司に他の11司の機能が吸収・統合される形で後宮の機構改革が行われながら摂関政治期を迎えることになった。
• In the early Heian period, job grades such as kurodo that had authority of comings and goings in the kokyu appeared, which lowered the role of the kokyu junishi, and in the middle of the tenth century, while the structural reform of the kokyu was performed in the form of the functions of eleven tsukasa being absorbed/integrated by the Naishino tsukasa, the Sekkanseiji Period (regency period) made a start.

• 今は阪神工業地帯を持つ近畿地方が中心となり、日本のみならず世界全体の若年者問題と、労働意欲低下問題解決のための機能を持つことで人々の士気向上をめざし、特に日本においては、ものづくりを中心とする経済発展に貢献することが期待されている。
• Today, the Kinki region, which contains Hanshin Industrial Zone, hopes to lift the human spirit by working towards building solutions to youth problems and tackling issues of declining motivation relating to working not only in Japan but in the world as well, with a particular focus on contributing to economic development based on manufacturing in Japan.

• だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛（堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している）などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
• However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).

• また、同じく中部～東部で海水温が低下・西部で上昇するラニーニャ現象が発生したときは、沖縄で梅雨入りが遅めになるのを除き、日本の一部で梅雨入り・梅雨明けともに早くなる傾向にあり、降水量は一部を除き多め、日照時間はやや少なめとなる傾向にある。
• If La Nina in which the temperature of sea water decreases in the middle and east Pacific Ocean and increases in the west Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the equator occurs, there is a tendency tsuyuiri and tsuyuake in certain part of Japan come earlier than usual except Okinawa where tsuyuiri is delayed and the amount of rainfall increases excluding certain part and the hours of sunlight decreases.

• これを明法家によって名例律の拡大解釈が行われて現実に適合させたと捉えるか、単に明法道の衰退と家学化による学術水準の低下や律令法自体の弛緩によって条文本来の意味が忘れられて矛盾が見過ごされてしまったのか、歴史学者の間でも見解が分かれている。
• Historians are divided over whether to think such inconsistencies were due to lawyers stretching the interpretation of Meirei-ritsu to adapt it to the reality or to simply think that the decline of the study of codes and advance in hereditary learning led to lowering academic standards and loosening of the ritsuryo law itself, resulting in a situation where the original meaning of the Article was left behind and the inconsistencies were overlooked.

• 室町時代後期（戦国時代 (日本)）になると、下克上や治安の低下などから、袖が小さく活動的な小袖が表着として武家の夫人の正装に採用されるようになり、織豊時代にはお市の方肖像画に見られるような豪華な打ち掛け型の小袖などが作られるようになった。
• When the time advanced to the late Muromachi period (the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)), because of the revolt of vassals against their lords and poor security, active kosode with smaller sleeves were adopted as formal outer wear of wives of samurais, and at the time of Shokuho (Oda-Toyotomi era), a type of gorgeous uchikake (a full length formal and elegant outer robe) style kosodes were made as was seen in the portrait of Lady Oichi no kata.

• 職員は、政府が代表する使用者としての公衆に対して同盟罷業、怠業その他の争議行為をなし、又は政府の活動能率を低下させる怠業的行為をしてはならない。又、何人も、このような違法な行為を企て、又はその遂行を共謀し、そそのかし、若しくはあおつてはならない。
• Officials shall not strike or engage in delaying tactics or other acts of dispute against the public represented by the National Government as employer, or resort to delaying tactics which reduce the efficiency of government operations, nor shall any persons attempt, or conspire to effect, instigate or incite such illegal acts.

• また、教育問題や福祉などでも「蜷川府政の教育政策は生徒を甘やかし、駄目にするだけだ（京都大学への府立高校からの進学率低下などが材料にされた）」「学校内外で教職員組合の横暴が過ぎる」「税金によるばら撒き福祉だ」という批判が頻繁に出されるようになった。
• Also, educational matters and welfare policies began to suffer frequent criticisms that 'the educational policy of Ninagawa's administration did nothing but indulge and spoil students (by citing instances of decreased percentage of enrollment from prefectural senior high schools to the Kyoto University),' 'high-handed behaviors of teachers' unions inside and outside the schools are intolerable,' and 'his welfare policy is pork-barrel politics which waste tax money.'

• 計器飛行証明を有する者にあつては、暗騒音が五〇デシベル（Ａ）未満の部屋で、各耳について五〇〇、一、〇〇〇及び二、〇〇〇ヘルツの各周波数において三五デシベルを超える聴力低下並びに三、〇〇〇ヘルツの周波数において五〇デシベルを超える聴力低下がないこと。
• For a person with instrument flight certificate, in the room of less than 50 db (A) of background noise, a person shall not have more than 35 db of hearing loss in 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, and more than 50 db of hearing loss in 3000 Hz for each ear.

• だが、この撤廃に関しては、普通酒なみに75％程度の精米歩合で純米酒を造ってコストダウンを図っても、味がわからない消費者は喜んで安価な酒を選択し、ひいては酒造技術と品質の低下につながり、ますます日本酒消費低迷期が進むものとして危惧している専門家も多い。
• Regarding this abolishment, many experts are concerned that, even if cost reduction is attempted by brewing junmaishu with the rice-polishing ratio of about 75% which is almost equal to that of futsushu, the consumers who do not find the difference of the taste gladly choose less expensive sake, which will lead to lowering sake brewing technologies and quality, resulting in further contribution to worsening the period of sluggish consumption of Japanese sake.

• ただ大芝居の役者がランク下の浜芝居に出るようになって芝居の品格が低下したり、有能な狂言作者が出ず、演目の内容が同じ種目の書き換えや浜芝居の人気狂言の上演、さらには趣向中心のレビュー形式の狂言になるなど独創性に欠けるなど、江戸歌舞伎との質の差が逆転する。
• However, the difference in quality with Edo Kabuki was reversed as actors of oshibai performed in lower-ranked hamashibai, decreasing the dignity of the plays, and capable Kabuki playwrights did not appear, which resulted in the rewriting of titles with same content and representation of popular plays of hamashibai, and originality was lacking as revue-style plays emphasized variety.

• 元禄8年（1695年）9月に貨幣吹替え（改鋳）が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
• When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.

• 農業へのし尿の利用は、日本を占領した連合国軍のアメリカ軍兵士により持ち込まれたサラダ等野菜の生食の習慣のため、回虫など寄生虫感染防止という衛生上の理由が生じた事や化学肥料など他の肥料の普及などから利用価値が低下し高度経済成長期には取引は行われなくなった。
• The application of human waste to agriculture lost its utility value and disappeared during the high economic growth period, because of the raw diet custom of salad and so on brought by American soldiers of the Allied Forces who occupied Japan, the prevention of parasitic infection such as roundworms and so on for hygienic reasons, and popularization of the other fertilizers such as chemical fertilizers.

• しかし、宝永3年（1706年）に丁銀の品位はさらに下げられ、宝永丁銀による取引も純銀量に応じて割増すことで取引を試みたが、低品位であったことに加え、天候不順などによる人参の収穫高の低下などの背景から交渉は決裂し、対馬藩は再び取引中止を朝鮮側から通告された。
• However, in 1706 the grade of Chogin was further lowered, and the Tsushima Domain tried to negotiate with the Korean side by paying additional payment according to the grade of the silver content; however, along with the low grade of the coin, the amount of ginseng harvested fell because of the bad weather, and so the negotiation fell apart and the Tsushima Domain received a termination notice of the trade from the Korean side again.

• このため輸出用の御用銅は不足し、また慶長小判慶長丁銀から元禄小判元禄丁銀および宝永小判宝永丁銀への吹き替えによる金銀貨の品位低下および経済発展による銭貨不足から銭相場の高騰を招き、元禄年間終盤から宝永年間初頭にかけて、一両＝3,700文前後をつけるに至った。
• Therefore, the copper for export was in short supply, and lowering of karat of gold and silver coin caused by reminting from keichokoban-keichochogin to genrokukoban-genrokuchogin and hoeikoban-hoeichogin as well as short supply of currency as a result of economic development caused appreciation of currency where 1 ryo(unit of currency) fluctuated around 3,700 mon (unit of currency) from the end of genroku era to the beginning of hoei era.

• そこで幕府は、安政6年（1859年）6月1日より、天保小判の量目の4/5倍に低下させた安政小判と、量目がほぼ1ドル銀貨の半分である安政二朱銀を発行し、これにより1ドル＝一分に誘導し、かつ金銀比価を国際水準に対しやや金高に設定された17.21に是正しようと試みた。
• Thus the bakufu emitted Ansei koban, which had been made lighter to four fifths of Tenpo koban, and Ansei Nishu gin silver coins, which weighed almost half as much as a one-dollar silver coin, on June 30, 1859, in an attempt to shift to an exchange rate of 1 bu to the dollar and to modify the exchange ratio between gold and silver to 17:21, a ratio a little more favorable to gold than the international standard.

• その原因として姐さん方の弟子取り（跡継ぎ）を全面的に中止していること（今の代で廃業）や会社員制になったことによる士気の低下、さらには若手のプロ意識の低下、いわゆる「旦那様」の激減などがあげられ、この旦那様の皆無状態により若手芸妓の跡継ぎを姐さん方が断念している。
• The factors for the decline of Furumachi Geigi include that ma'ams have stopped deshi tori (training apprentice geigi who will succeed the existing geigi) all together (meaning that there will be no more Furumachi Geigi after the current generation), low morale caused by being company employees and drastic decrease in the number of so-called 'danna-sama' and the extinction of danna-sama has resulted in ma'ams giving up on any hope to be succeeded by younger geigi.

• 地方貨幣の発行は文久年間から幕末に集中しており、海防充実などの幕府事業の各藩への転化、一揆などの騒動対策による藩財政の逼迫、地方における銭貨の払底、藩札の信用低下による金属貨幣の発行、幕府の権力低下による各藩独立体制の進化、および朝廷による鋳銭宣下などが挙げられる。
• Most local currencies were issued between the Bunkyu era and the end of the Edo period, and its reasons were that the bakufu shifted governmental duties such as the naval defense to various domains, various domains faced with financial difficulties due to expenses for measures for riots, there was shortage of coins in provinces, metal currencies were issued due to the weakening of trustworthiness of Hansatsu (paper currency issued in various domains), various domains established an independent political system because the bakufu became less influential, and Imperial proclamation of minting of coin was issued.

• 形式上のみとはいえ、太政官よりも上位とされた神祇官に対して、太政官の1機関に格下げられた神祇省は一見すると地位が低下したようにも見受けられるが、実際には大教宣布の理念に基づいた天皇による祭政一致、ひいては神道の国家宗教化を目指す方針のために政府の関与を強めるためのものであった。
• The Department of Divinities had been considered superior, at least pro forma, to the daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and hence by the comparison the Ministry of Divinities may seem to have suffered a demotion given the fact that it was created as one arm of and under the daijokan, but in actuality Japan, under the principles laid out in the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto, had embraced a theocratic form of government (saisei itchi, or 'the unity of church and state') under the Emperor; consequently, the Ministry of Divinities had been created to strengthen the government's ability to participate in religious matters in order to achieve the objective of making Shinto the national religion of Japan.

• また、公家の中で関白にのみ御所への日参が義務付けられる（逆に言えば、その義務の無い他の公家の権力への関与の度合いが関白に比べて大きく低下する）一方で、太政大臣の任官が江戸時代を通じて徳川氏征夷大将軍と摂政・関白経験者のみに限定されるなど、宮中での待遇の厚さは格別なものがあった。
• Furthermore, the Kampaku alone among nobles was required to visit the Imperial palace daily (to put it another way, the power of those not required to do so seemed less in comparison the Kampaku's), and throughout the Edo period appointment to Daijo Daijin was limited to those who had been Tokugawa clan, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and Sessho/Kampaku, so the quality of the reception at the Imperial palace was on another level.

• しかし第二次世界大戦になると食糧不足解消のため、桑畑をサツマイモ畑に転作したことや、糸そのものの価格の低下、ナイロンなどの化学繊維の出現や養蚕農家の後継者不足と高齢化などのさまざまな理由によって養蚕業の衰退を招き、これらをきっかけにほとんどの養蚕農家や製糸業者は廃業に追い込まれた。
• However, when the World War II broke out, sericulture declined due to various reasons, including changes in crop (from mulberry to sweet potato) to prevent food shortages, price reduction of yarn itself, the appearance of chemical fibers such as nylon fibers, lack of successors in silk-raising farmers, aging of silk-raising farmers, etc., all factors leading to a decline and the eventual closeout by silk-raising farmers and yarn-making companies.

• このように、庶家は主家の中で非常に強い影響力を有したが、主家が戦国大名化するにつれ、領土経営に寄与する有能な人材が登用され、主君に忠実な家臣団、直臣団が編成されると、主家とは血縁関係もない、主従関係を結んでから日の浅い者も登用されるようになり、庶家の影響力が低下する例も少なくなかった。
• Although shoke had a very strong influence in the employer's household, when efficient human resources were employed, contributing to the management of the territory and vassal groups who were loyal to the master were organized as the employer became a sengoku daimyo, those who had no blood relations with the employer or who had a short history as master and vassal, were also employed there were many examples seen where the influence of shoke was weakened.

• 厚生労働大臣は、年度の平均給与額が平成十三年四月一日から始まる年度（この項の規定により控除額が変更されたときは、直近の当該変更がされた年度の前年度）の平均給与額を超え、又は下るに至つた場合においては、その上昇し、又は低下した比率を基準として、その翌年度の八月一日以後の控除額を変更しなければならない。
• In the case where the average earnings for the fiscal year have exceeded or fallen below the average earnings for the fiscal year starting April 1, 2001 (when the amount of deduction has been revised pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph, the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year when the said revision was implemented), the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare shall revise the amount of deduction applicable from August 1 of the following fiscal year in accordance with the rate of the increase or decrease.

• 常時百人以上の労働者を使用する事業場において業務上負傷し、又は疾病にかかつた労働者と同一職種の同一条件の労働者がいない場合における当該労働者の休業補償の額の改訂は、当該事業場の全労働者に対して所定労働時間労働した場合に支払われる通常の賃金の四半期ごとの平均給与額が上昇し又は低下した場合に行うものとする。
• If there exists no worker whose job and working conditions are the same as those of a worker who has been injured or gotten ill on the job in a workplace which usually employs 100 workers or more, the amount of the compensation for absence from work paid to the worker shall be adjusted when the quarterly average of the ordinary wages paid to all the workers in a workplace for the prescribed working hours is increased or decreased.

• 厚生労働大臣は、年度の平均給与額が平成十三年四月一日から始まる年度（この項の規定により支給限度額が変更されたときは、直近の当該変更がされた年度の前年度）の平均給与額を超え、又は下るに至つた場合においては、その上昇し、又は低下した比率を基準として、その翌年度の八月一日以後の支給限度額を変更しなければならない。
• Where the average earnings for the fiscal year have either exceeded or fallen below the average earnings for the year beginning on April 1, 2001 (where the payment amount limit has been revised pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph, the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year of the most recent revision), the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare shall revise the payment amount limit applicable from August 1 of the following fiscal year, in accordance with the rate of increase or decrease.

• 元禄から宝永にかけての小判および丁銀の改鋳以降、品位が低下し通貨量が増大した金銀貨に対し銭相場が高騰し、また別子銅山からの銅の産出が増大したことを受け、元禄13年（1700年）3月から宝永5年（1708年）1月にかけては京都糸割符人により七条に銭座が設けられ、薄肉小型の寛永通寳が鋳造され、同年の2月からは宝永通宝が鋳造された。
• Because the value of copper coins rose against that of gold and silver coins, whose quality level had decreased and whose circulation had increased since the remintage of koban (oval gold coin) and Chogin (collective term for silver), and also because Besshidozan Copper Mine started to produce more copper, zeniza was established in Shichijo by members of itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) in Kyoto from April 1700 to January 1708 to mint a thin and small type of Kanei Tsuho, and Hoei Tsuho after February 1708.

• 一方で政府と軍の各部署の間の有機的な連係が藩閥によって形成されていたという側面もあり、昭和に入り試験や育成機関から採用された官僚や軍人が部署の実権を掌握するようになると縦割り的弊害が甚だしくなり国家の方針が定まらず迷走することになり、藩閥の消滅による緊張感の低下が政党の腐敗を招き、官僚や軍部に迎合するようになったと見る説もある。
• On the other hand, an organic tie between the government and departments of the Army was formed by the domain clique, so there is a view that when bureaucrats and military men who were employed through examinations and training institutions in the Showa period held actual power of their departments, red tape swelled causing the national policy to keep straying unsettled and decreased sense of tension without domain clique brought corruption of the political parties and made them pander to bureaucrats and the military.

• 交換された貨幣が日本国内において一般に流通するものではなく、かつ1ドル銀貨の日本国内での購買力を1/3に低下させるというこの政策にハリスおよびラザフォード・オールコックら外国人大使は条約違反であると強く抗議し、6月22日、幕府は手落ちを認め以後は1ドル銀貨を一分銀3枚で引き換えるよう開港場奉行に申し渡し翌23日に通用が停止された。
• Such Japanese policies, in which one-dollar silver coins were exchanged with coins which were not generally circulated in Japan and the buying strength of one-dollar coins in Japan was lowered to one-third, provoked harsh protests from foreign ambassadors including HARRIS and Rutherford ALCOCK, who insisted that such policies violated the treaty, and so the bakufu, admitting its mistake, ordered kaikojo-bugyo (commissioner of treaty port) to exchange a one-dollar silver coin with three ichibu-gin silver coins from June 22, and terminated circulation of Ansei Nishu silver coins on the next day, June 23.

• 暗騒音が五〇デシベル（Ａ）未満の部屋で、各耳について五〇〇、一、〇〇〇及び二、〇〇〇ヘルツの各周波数において四五デシベルを超える聴力低下がないこと。これを満たさない場合は、暗騒音が五〇デシベル（Ａ）未満の部屋で、いずれか一方の耳について五〇〇、一、〇〇〇及び二、〇〇〇ヘルツの各周波数において三〇デシベルを超える聴力低下がないこと。
• A person shall not have more than 45 db of hearing loss in 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz in the room of less than 50 db (A) of background noise for each ear. A person who does not meet this criteria shall not have more than 30 db of hearing loss in 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz in the room of less than 50 db (A) of background noise for either ear.

• この習性は近世になり、産業革命による信仰の重要度の低下と、情報伝達手段が発達したことによって薄れていったが、それでも、本来、キリスト教の要素である十字架が一般に「聖なる物」として認知されたり、月（特に新月、イスラーム）、六紡星（ユダヤ教）といった要素を「人知を越えた存在の象徴」としてとらえたりするなどといった文化的な形で残っている。
• In the medieval period, this custom was disappearing because belief was getting less important due to the industrial revolution and progress in means of information transmission, but the custom lasts in a cultural way like the cross as an essence of Christianity has been generally recognized as 'sacrament' and essences such as the moon (particularly, new moon and Islam) and Rokubosei (Hexagram) (Judaism) have been regarded as 'a symbol of existence beyond human wisdoms.'

• 成人式での七五三現象とは、式に出席する若者が、外面的には着物で豪華に着飾っていても、会場では久し振りに会った友人との談笑などに熱中する余り、主催する自治体首長などの式辞・講演に関心を示さず式典が騒がしくなり、その結果、本来一人前の大人としての決意をすべき場である成人式が、かえって若者のモラル低下を露見させる場となってしまう現象のことを言う。
• A phenomenon of Shichi-go-san (celebration for children of three, five and seven years of age) at the Seijin-shiki ceremony means the phoenomenon that, even though dressing gorgeously externally, young people participating in the ceremony were caught up in talking with friends whom they had not seen for a long time, did not show interest in the speeches or lectures by the head of the autonomy body holding the ceremony, and they became noisy during the ceremony, and as a result, the Seijin-shiki ceremony which was originally where they are to make up their minds as independent adults has turned into an opportunity to expose the moral degeneration of young people.

• 観光受け入れ都市としては国内随一である京都だが、市内から他地方へ観光旅行へ出かける人員には限度があり、また観光シーズンとシーズンオフの変動の激しさや、他府県からの直通観光バスやマイカーの流入、市内よりのマイカーによる流出など運営に関する諸種の障害があらわれはじめ、稼働率の低下や収益率の伸び悩みが経営を圧迫して貸切部門の存続を許容しがたくなった。
• The operation of the reserve bus business became difficult to continue due to the low operation rates and profitability caused by obstacles such as the limited numbers of people visiting other regions, despite Kyoto's reputation as Japan's largest tourist destination; the considerable fluctuation between the tourist season and the off-season; the inflow of tourist buses and private cars from other prefectures; and the outflow of people from the city using private cars.

• 一方で改正前後には、朝ラッシュ時に天満橋で折り返す急行・準急が増えたことや、昼間時の準急の廃止により萱島駅及び光善寺駅の利便性が低下したことに対する不満も上がったようで、2007年1月27日にはこれらの問題点に対応したダイヤ変更が実施された（朝ラッシュ時の天満橋折り返し列車と淀屋橋発着列車の配分の見直し、平日15時台の急行を準急に格下げ、など）。
• On the other hand, right before and after the revision, many passengers seemed to be discontented due to the increased number of express and semi-express trains that started doubling back at Tenmabashi Station during the morning rush, and the decreased convenience at Kayashima Station and Kozenji Station owing to the discontinued semi-express during the daytime; so, on January 27, 2007, the timetable was again revised in order to cope with these problems (revision on the repartition of the shuttle trains that were doubling back at Tenmabashi Station and those that arrived at and departed from Yodoyabashi Station during the morning rush, the downgrading of express trains between 15:00 and 16:00 to semi-express, etc.).

• 一つの搬送波を放射するローカライザー装置にあつては（六）から（十四）までの基準に適合している場合において空中線電力が正常値の五〇パーセント未満に、二つの搬送波を放射するローカライザー装置にあつてはいずれかの搬送波について空中線電力が正常値の八〇パーセント（（六）から（十四）までの基準に適合している場合においては正常値の五〇パーセント）未満に低下したとき。
• In the case of a localizer transmitting a single carrier wave

• 一つの搬送波を放射するグライドスロープ装置にあつては（八）から（十四）までの基準に適合している場合において空中線電力が正常値の五〇パーセント未満に、二つの搬送波を放射するグライドスロープ装置にあつてはいずれかの搬送波について空中線電力が正常値の八〇パーセント（（八）から（十四）までの基準に適合している場合においては正常値の五〇パーセント）未満に低下したとき。
• In the case of a localizer transmitting a single carrier wave

• 建物の借賃が、土地若しくは建物に対する租税その他の負担の増減により、土地若しくは建物の価格の上昇若しくは低下その他の経済事情の変動により、又は近傍同種の建物の借賃に比較して不相当となったときは、契約の条件にかかわらず、当事者は、将来に向かって建物の借賃の額の増減を請求することができる。ただし、一定の期間建物の借賃を増額しない旨の特約がある場合には、その定めに従う。
• When the building rent becomes unreasonable, as a result of the increase or decrease in tax and other burden relating to the land or the buildings, as a result of the rise or fall of land or building prices or fluctuations in other economic circumstances, or in comparison to the rents on similar buildings in the vicinity, the parties may, notwithstanding the contract conditions, request future increases or decreases in the amount of the building rent; provided, however, when special provisions exist to the effect that building rent shall not be increased for a fixed period, those provisions shall apply.

• この頃は天皇の権威の低下が著しく、室町幕府三代将軍足利義満は、自分の子足利義嗣を皇位継承者とする皇位簒奪計画を持ったと言われるが、義満の死後、朝廷が義満に太上（だいじょう）天皇の尊号を贈ろうとした際には、室町幕府四代将軍足利義持がこれを固辞している（義満が自分より義嗣をかわいがっていたため、父を快く思わなかったためといわれている）ので、その真相については未だ定かではない。
• Around this period, the Emperor's loss of power was remarkable, and the 3rd Shogun of Muromachi Bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, is said have planned to take over the Imperial throne by making his son, Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, heir, but since the death of Yoshimitsu, when the Imperial Court tried to give the honorable title Daijo Tenno to Yoshimitsu, the 4th Shogun of Muromachi Bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, strongly refused to accept this (it is said that it was because he didn't like his father since Yoshimitsu cared more about Yoshitsugu than himself), the truth is not yet certain.

• この法律において「福祉用具貸与」とは、居宅要介護者について福祉用具（心身の機能が低下し日常生活を営むのに支障がある要介護者等の日常生活上の便宜を図るための用具及び要介護者等の機能訓練のための用具であって、要介護者等の日常生活の自立を助けるためのものをいう。次項並びに次条第十二項及び第十三項において同じ。）のうち厚生労働大臣が定めるものの政令で定めるところにより行われる貸与をいう。
• The term "Rental Service of Equipment for Long-Term Care Covered by Public Aid" as used in this Act means the rental of equipment covered by public aid undertaken pursuant to provisions of a Cabinet Order of those types of equipment as determined by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare among equipment covered by public aid for an In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care (equipment for the convenience of performing daily activities by a Person Requiring Long-Term Care, etc., whose physical or mental functions are underactive and that cause problems with performing daily activities, equipment to assist an Insured Person Requiring Long-Term Care, etc., independently performing daily activities and equipment for functional training or an Insured Person Requiring Long-Term Care, etc.,; the same shall apply in the following paragraph (13), and to the following Article, paragraph (12) and paragraph (13) of this Act).

• 地代又は土地の借賃（以下この条及び次条において「地代等」という。）が、土地に対する租税その他の公課の増減により、土地の価格の上昇若しくは低下その他の経済事情の変動により、又は近傍類似の土地の地代等に比較して不相当となったときは、契約の条件にかかわらず、当事者は、将来に向かって地代等の額の増減を請求することができる。ただし、一定の期間地代等を増額しない旨の特約がある場合には、その定めに従う。
• When rent or land rent (hereinafter referred to as 'Rent, etc.' in this Article and in the following Article) become unreasonable, as a result of the increase or decrease in tax and other public dues relating to the land, as a result of the rise or fall of land prices or fluctuations in other economic circumstances, or in comparison to the Rent, etc. on similar land in the vicinity, the parties may, notwithstanding the contract conditions, request future increases or decrease in the amount of Rent, etc.; provided however, that when special provisions exist to the effect that Rent, etc. shall not be increased for a fixed period, those provisions shall apply.

• この問題に関連して、大阪府内の法人タクシーの運転手4人が、規制緩和による過度な増車等によって収入が低下し、労働条件の悪化と交通事故の増加を招いたなどとして、増車・運賃値下げの許認可取り消しと、1人当たり約50万円の損害賠償を国に対し求める訴訟を、2005年10月に大阪地方裁判所に起こしたが、同地裁は2009年3月25日に、「規制緩和があったからといって、供給過多や極端な運転手の給与水準の低下があったとは認められない」として、訴えを棄却した。
• Related to this issue, insisting that the income has decreased, the work conditions have worsened, and the number of traffic accidents has increased due to relaxation of the taxi regulations, four taxi drivers of corporate taxi companies in Osaka Prefecture brought a lawsuit against the nation, demanding revoking the approval and license for increase in the number of taxis and for reduce in taxi fares, and demanding damages of about a half million yen per person, with the Osaka District Court in October 2005; however, the Osaka District Court dismissed the lawsuit on March 25, 2009, saying that people cannot say excess of supply and extreme decrease in drivers' income were due to the relaxation of the taxi regulations.

• 厚生労働大臣は、平均定期給与額（第十八条第一項の平均定期給与額をいう。以下この項において同じ。）が、平成六年九月の平均定期給与額（この項の規定により日雇労働求職者給付金の日額等が変更されたときは直近の当該変更の基礎となつた平均定期給与額）の百分の百二十を超え、又は百分の八十三を下るに至つた場合において、その状態が継続すると認めるときは、その平均定期給与額の上昇し、又は低下した比率を基準として、日雇労働求職者給付金の日額等を変更しなければならない。
• When the average regular earnings (meaning the average regular earnings referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 18, hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) have either exceeded 120 percent or fallen below 83 percent of the average regular earnings for September 1994 (the average regular earnings which were the basis of the most recent revision where the daily amounts, etc. of the job applicant benefits for day workers have been revised, based on the provisions of this paragraph), and when the situation is found to be likely to persist, the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare shall revise the daily amounts, etc. of the job applicant benefits for day workers, in accordance with the rate of increase or decrease of said average regular earnings.

• 加えて沿線人口の減少傾向と住民の高齢化など輸送需要の低下が進んできた中、1989年の京阪電鉄京阪鴨東線開業や1997年の地下鉄烏丸線の全通（北山駅 (京都府)～国際会館駅間延伸）、JR山陰本線（嵯峨野線）の新駅開業や鉄道の電化・部分複線化（更に現在、京都駅～園部駅間の完全複線化工事が進行中である）などで、通勤・通学客が所要時間の短縮や他の交通機関との接続等の利便性から電車利用へ移行する結果となり、旅客輸送人員は1975年（昭和50年）度をピークに年々減少の一途をたどっている。
• In addition to the above, such factors as the decrease of population along the routes, the aging of residents, the opening of the Keihan Oto Line of the Keihan Electric Railway in 1989, the full opening of the Karasuma Line in 1997 (by which the Kitayama Station (Kyoto Prefecture) - Kokusaikaikan Station section was extended), the opening of a new station and the completion of electrification and partial double-tracking of the JR Sanin Main Line (Sagano Line) (the work required for full double-tracking is continuing between Kyoto Station and Sonobe Station) promoted the shift of passengers to electric trains because of the reduced travel time and the convenience of transfer to other means of public transportation, and under such circumstances the company's number of passengers has continued to decrease since its peak period of 1975.

• この際、当初計画に対する収容力の不足を補うため、同時期に建設が計画された近鉄奈良駅ビルの上層階を別館として1970年に営業開始したが、これは1984年のわかくさ国民体育大会、および1988年の「なら・シルクロード博覧会」の開催を控え、1984年に本館の建つ高台の南側傾斜面を削り込んで埋め込む形で鉄筋コンクリート造りの新館を国鉄の設計による吉野造りで建設したことでその必要性が大幅に低下し、「なら・シルクロード博覧会」閉幕後もしばらくは営業を続けたが、結局1991年にこの別館は閉鎖されている。
• On this occasion, to compensate for the lack of capacity in the first plan for Wakakusa National Athletic Meet in 1984 and 'Nara Silk Road Expo' in 1988, the annex was began to be operated in 1970 using the higher storeys of Kintetsu Nara Station Building which was planned to be built at the same period, however, it decreased its necessity dramatically due to the new building of steel-reinforced concrete built in 1984 in Yoshino-tsukuri style (an architectural technique for building on a sheer cliff) by Japan National Railways, which was embedded by digging the south slope of rising ground where the main building stood, and was eventually closed in 1991 although running for a while after the closing of 'Nara Silk Road Expo.'

• この法律において「認知症対応型通所介護」とは、居宅要介護者であって、脳血管疾患、アルツハイマー病その他の要因に基づく脳の器質的な変化により日常生活に支障が生じる程度にまで記憶機能及びその他の認知機能が低下した状態（以下「認知症」という。）であるものについて、老人福祉法第五条の二第三項の厚生労働省令で定める施設又は同法第二十条の二の二に規定する老人デイサービスセンターに通わせ、当該施設において入浴、排せつ、食事等の介護その他の日常生活上の世話であって厚生労働省令で定めるもの及び機能訓練を行うことをいう。
• The term "Outpatient Long-Term Care for a Dementia Patient" as used in this Act means to provide care for bathing, bodily waste elimination, meals, etc., and for other daily activities as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, and functional training for an In-Home Person Requiring Long-Term Care who is in the condition that memory functions and other cognitive functions have become underactive as far as causing disorder with performing daily activities due to organic changes of the brain that are caused by cerebral vascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, or other factors (herein referred to as "Dementia"). This is accomplished by having said person commute to a facility as determined by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare as set forth in Article 5-2, paragraph (3) of the Public Aid for the Aged Act or Long-Term Care Day Service Centers for the elderly as provided in Article 20-2-2 of the same Act.

• 市町村は、要支援認定を受けた被保険者について、その支援の必要の程度が低下したことにより当該要支援認定に係る要支援状態区分以外の要支援状態区分に該当するに至ったと認めるときは、要支援状態区分の変更の認定をすることができる。この場合において、市町村は、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、当該変更の認定に係る被保険者に対しその被保険者証の提出を求め、これに当該変更の認定に係る要支援状態区分及び次項において準用する第三十二条第四項後段の規定による認定審査会の意見（同項第二号に掲げる事項に係るものに限る。）を記載し、これを返付するものとする。
• A Municipality, when it is determined that an Insured Person that has been issued a Certification of Needed Support qualifies for a Category of Needed Support Condition other than the Category of Needed Support Condition pertaining to said Certification of Needed Support due to a lowering of the degree of Needed Support Condition, may certify a change of Category of Needed Support Condition. In this case, the Municipality shall request the Insured Person pertaining to said change of certification to submit said Certificate of Insured Person, shall enter the Category of Needed Support Condition pertaining to said change of certification and the opinion of the Certification Committee pursuant to the provisions of the second sentence of Article 32, paragraph (4) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the following paragraph (limited to those pertaining to matters listed in item (ii) of the same paragraph), and then return the Certificate of Insured Person to the Insured Person.

• 市町村は、要介護認定を受けた被保険者について、その介護の必要の程度が低下したことにより当該要介護認定に係る要介護状態区分以外の要介護状態区分に該当するに至ったと認めるときは、要介護状態区分の変更の認定をすることができる。この場合において、市町村は、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、当該変更の認定に係る被保険者に対しその被保険者証の提出を求め、これに当該変更の認定に係る要介護状態区分及び次項において準用する第二十七条第五項後段の規定による認定審査会の意見（同項第二号に掲げる事項に係るものに限る。）を記載し、これを返付するものとする。
• A Municipality, when it is determined that an Insured Person that was issued a Certification of Needed Long-Term Care, qualifies for a Category of Condition of Need for Long-Term Care other than the Category of Condition of Need for Long-Term Care pertaining to said Certification of Needed Long-Term Care due to a lowering of the degree of necessity of long-term care, may certify a change of Category of Condition of Need for Long-Term Care. In this case, the Municipality shall request the Insured Person pertaining to said change of certification to submit said Certificate of Insured Person, shall enter the Category of Condition of Need for Long-Term Care pertaining to said change of certification and the opinion of the Certification Committee pursuant to the provisions of the second sentence of Article 27, paragraph (5) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the following paragraph (limited to those changes pertaining to matters listed in item (ii) of the same paragraph), and then return said Certificate of Insured Person to the Insured Person.

• 厚生労働大臣は、年度（四月一日から翌年の三月三十一日までをいう。以下同じ。）の平均給与額（厚生労働省において作成する毎月勤労統計における労働者の平均定期給与額を基礎として厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した労働者一人当たりの給与の平均額をいう。以下同じ。）が平成十三年四月一日から始まる年度（この条の規定により自動変更対象額が変更されたときは、直近の当該変更がされた年度の前年度）の平均給与額を超え、又は下るに至つた場合においては、その上昇し、又は低下した比率に応じて、その翌年度の八月一日以後の自動変更対象額を変更しなければならない。
• When the average earnings (meaning the average amount earned per worker calculated pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, based on the average regular earnings for workers indicated in the Monthly Labor Statistics compiled by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the same shall apply hereinafter) of the fiscal year (meaning April 1 to March 31 of the following year, the same shall apply hereinafter) have either exceeded or fallen below the average earnings for the fiscal year starting April 1, 2001 (when the amount subject to automatic revision has been revised pursuant to the provisions of this Article, the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year when said revision was implemented), the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare shall revise the daily amount of wages subject to automatic revision applicable from August 1 of the following fiscal year in accordance with the rate of the increase or decrease.

• 銀行持株会社が、当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等の連結自己資本比率が当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等が従前に該当していた前条第一項の表の区分に係る連結自己資本比率の範囲を超えて低下したことを知った後、速やかに、その連結自己資本比率を当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等が該当する同表の区分に係る連結自己資本比率の範囲を超えて確実に改善するための合理的と認められる計画を金融庁長官に提出した場合には、当該銀行持株会社について、当該区分に応じた命令は、当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等の連結自己資本比率以上で当該計画の実施後に見込まれる当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等の連結自己資本比率以下の連結自己資本比率に係る同表の区分（非対象区分を除く。）に掲げる命令とする。ただし、当該計画が合理的でないことが明らかになった場合には、当該銀行持株会社について、当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等が該当する同表の区分に係る命令は、同項のとおりとする。
• In cases where a bank holding company learns that the Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio of said bank holding company and its subsidiary, etc. decreased lower than the range of the Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio pertaining to the category of the table in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article under which said bank holding company and its subsidiary company, etc. used to fall and submits without delay to the Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency a plan found to be reasonable to improve said Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio certainly to exceed the scope of the Consolidated Capital adequacy ratio pertaining to the category of the same table to which said bank holding company and its subsidiary company, etc. correspond, an order with regard to said bank holding company in accordance with said category shall be an order listed in the category (except for exceptions from categories) in the same table pertaining to a Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio which is more than the Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio of said bank holding company and its subsidiary company, etc. and less than the Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio to be expected after implementation of said plan; provided, however, that in cases where said plan is found to be unreasonable, an order with regard to said bank holding company pertaining to the category of the same table to which said bank holding company and its subsidiary company, etc. correspond shall be as prescribed in the same paragraph.

• 銀行が、その自己資本比率（前条第七項に規定する単体自己資本比率又は同条第八項に規定する連結自己資本比率をいう。以下この条において同じ。）が当該銀行又は当該銀行及びその子会社等が従前に該当していた前条第一項又は第二項の表の区分に係る自己資本比率の範囲を超えて低下したことを知った後、速やかに、その自己資本比率を当該銀行又は当該銀行及びその子会社等が該当するこれらの表の区分に係る自己資本比率の範囲を超えて確実に改善するための合理的と認められる計画を金融庁長官に提出した場合には、当該銀行について、当該区分に応じた命令は、当該銀行又は当該銀行及びその子会社等の自己資本比率以上で当該計画の実施後に見込まれる当該銀行又は当該銀行及びその子会社等の自己資本比率以下の自己資本比率に係るこれらの表の区分（非対象区分を除く。）に掲げる命令とする。ただし、当該計画が合理的でないことが明らかになった場合には、当該銀行について、当該銀行又は当該銀行及びその子会社等が該当するこれらの表の区分に係る命令は、同条第一項又は第二項のとおりとする。
• In cases where a bank learns that its Capital Adequacy Ratio (which means the Non-Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio as prescribed in paragraph (7) of the preceding Article or the Consolidated Capital Adequacy Ratio as prescribed in paragraph (8) of the same Article; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) decreased lower than the range of the Capital Adequacy ratio pertaining to the categories in the tables in paragraphs (1) and (2) of the preceding Article under which said bank or said bank and its subsidiary company, etc. used to fall and submits without delay to the Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency a plan found to be reasonable to improve the Capital Adequacy Ratio certainly to exceed the range of the Capital Adequacy Ratio pertaining to the category of these tables to which said bank or said bank and its subsidiary, etc. correspond, then, an order in accordance with said category with regard to said bank, shall be an order listed in the category (except for exceptions from categories) in these tables corresponding to which is more than the Capital Adequacy Ratio of said bank or said bank and its subsidiary company, etc. and less than the Capital Adequacy Ratio to be expected after implementation of said plan; provided, however, that in cases where said plan is found to be unreasonable, with regard to said bank, an order pertaining to the categories of these tables to which said bank or said bank and its subsidiary company, etc. correspond shall be prescribed in paragraphs (1) and (2) of the same Article.

• 使用者は、前項の規定により休業補償を行つている労働者と同一の事業場における同種の労働者に対して所定労働時間労働した場合に支払われる通常の賃金の、一月から三月まで、四月から六月まで、七月から九月まで及び十月から十二月までの各区分による期間（以下四半期という。）ごとの一箇月一人当り平均額（常時百人未満の労働者を使用する事業場については、厚生労働省において作成する毎月勤労統計における当該事業場の属する産業に係る毎月きまつて支給する給与の四半期の労働者一人当りの一箇月平均額。以下平均給与額という。）が、当該労働者が業務上負傷し、又は疾病にかかつた日の属する四半期における平均給与額の百分の百二十をこえ、又は百分の八十を下るに至つた場合においては、使用者は、その上昇し又は低下した比率に応じて、その上昇し又は低下するに至つた四半期の次の次の四半期において、前項の規定により当該労働者に対して行つている休業補償の額を改訂し、その改訂をした四半期に属する最初の月から改訂された額により休業補償を行わなければならない。改訂後の休業補償の額の改訂についてもこれに準ずる。
• In the event that the per capita average monthly amount of ordinary wages payable in the period of January through March, April through June, July through September, or October through December, respectively (any such period being referred to hereinafter as a "quarter"), for the number of the prescribed working hours for a worker at the same workplace and engaged in the same type of work as the worker receiving compensation for absence from work pursuant to the preceding paragraph (or, for a workplace where less than 100 workers are ordinarily employed, the average monthly amount during the quarter per worker of compensation paid every month in the industry to which that workplace belongs, as provided in the Monthly Labor Survey compiled by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; hereinafter whichever amount applies shall be referred to as the "average compensation amount") exceeds 120 percent of the average compensation amount during the quarter in which the worker in question suffered the injury or illness in the engagement of the employment, or falls below 80 percent of that same amount, the employer shall adjust the amount of compensation for absence from work which is payable to the worker in question pursuant to the preceding paragraph in accordance with such rate of increase or decrease in the second quarter following the quarter in which the increase or decrease occurred; and the employer shall make compensation for absence from work of such adjusted amount from the first month of the quarter in which such adjustment takes effect. Thereafter, adjustment to the previously adjusted amount of compensation for absence from work shall be made in the same manner.

• 一月から三月まで、四月から六月まで、七月から九月まで及び十月から十二月までの各区分による期間（以下この条において「四半期」という。）ごとの平均給与額（厚生労働省において作成する毎月勤労統計における毎月きまつて支給する給与の額を基礎として厚生労働省令で定めるところにより算定した労働者一人当たりの給与の一箇月平均額をいう。以下この号において同じ。）が、算定事由発生日の属する四半期（この号の規定により算定した額（以下この号において「改定日額」という。）を休業給付基礎日額とすることとされている場合にあつては、当該改定日額を休業補償給付等の額の算定の基礎として用いるべき最初の四半期の前々四半期）の平均給与額の百分の百十を超え、又は百分の九十を下るに至つた場合において、その上昇し、又は低下するに至つた四半期の翌々四半期に属する最初の日以後に支給すべき事由が生じた休業補償給付等については、その上昇し、又は低下した比率を基準として厚生労働大臣が定める率を前条の規定により給付基礎日額として算定した額（改定日額を休業給付基礎日額とすることとされている場合にあつては、当該改定日額）に乗じて得た額を休業給付基礎日額とする。
• Where the average salary amount (meaning the average monthly amount of salary per worker calculated pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare based on the amount of salary paid regularly every month according to the Monthly Labor Survey prepared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item) per period categorized as January to March, April to June, July to September, and October to December (hereinafter referred to as a "quarter" in this Article) has exceeded 110 percent or fallen below 90 percent of the average salary for the quarter containing the day of the occurrence of the grounds for calculation (in cases where the amount calculated pursuant to the provision of this item (hereinafter referred to as the "revised daily amount" in this item) is regarded as the basic daily temporary absence from work benefit amount, the quarter two quarters before the first quarter for which said revised basic daily amount is to be used as the basis for calculating the amount of temporary absence from work compensation benefits, etc.), in relation to the temporary absence from work compensation benefits, etc. for which grounds for payment arise on or after the first day contained in the quarter two quarters after the quarter in which such increase or decrease has occurred, the basic daily temporary absence from work benefit amount shall be the amount obtained by multiplying the amount calculated as the basic daily benefit amount pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article (in cases where a revised daily amount is regarded as the basic daily temporary absence from work benefit amount, said revised daily amount) by a rate specified by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare based on that rate of increase or decrease.

• ものづくり基盤技術は、我が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を支えることにより、生産の拡 大、貿易の振興、新産業の創出、雇用の増大等国民経済のあらゆる領域にわたりその発展に寄与するとともに、国民生活の向上に貢献してきた。また、ものづく り基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者は、このようなものづくり基盤技術の担い手として、その水準の維持及び向上のために重要な役割を果たしてきた。我ら は、このようなものづくり基盤技術及びこれに係る業務に従事する労働者の果たす経済的社会的役割が、国の存立基盤を形成する重要な要素として、今後におい ても変わることのないことを確信する。しかるに、近時、就業構造の変化、海外の地域における工業化の進展等による競争条件の変化その他の経済の多様かつ構 造的な変化による影響を受け、国内総生産に占める製造業の割合が低下し、その衰退が懸念されるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術の継承が困難になりつつある。 このような事態に対処して、我が国の国民経済が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を通じて今後とも健全に発展していくためには、ものづくり基盤技術に関 する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、ものづくり基盤技術の積極的な振興を図ることが不可欠である。ここに、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策 を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• By way of supporting the development of the manufacturing industry, which is Japan's fundamental industry, core manufacturing technology has contributed to the development of all areas of the national economy such as expansion of production, promotion of trade, creation of new industries, and increase in employment, and has contributed to improving the lives of the citizenry. In addition, workers engaged in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology have played an important role in maintaining and improving the level of the technology in their capacity as supporters of such core manufacturing technology. We believe that the economic and social role of such core manufacturing technology and workers who engage in operations pertaining thereto will continue to be an important element in the foundation of the existence of the State in the future. Recently, however, due to changes in the employment structure, changes in competitive conditions resulting from factors like the progress of industrialization overseas, and other diverse and structural changes in the economy, the share of the manufacturing industry in Japan's gross domestic product has fallen, and concerns about a decline in the industry have grown, and the smooth succession of core manufacturing technology is becoming difficult. In order to deal with such a situation and to maintain the sound development of Japan's national economy through the development of the manufacturing industry, which is a fundamental to the State, that the active promotion of core manufacturing technology is indispensable, while a social tendency to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology is enhanced. We hereby establish this Act so as to drive forward measures for the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.