伐: 1432 Terms and Phrases

• 伐
• Isao
• fell
• strike
• attack
• punish

• 皆伐
• clear-cut logging
• clear-cutting
• clearcutting
• clear cut
• clear cutting

• 間伐
• periodic thinning (e.g. forest)

• 殺伐
• bloodthirsty
• brutal
• savage

• 征伐
• conquest
• subjugation
• overcoming

• 盗伐
• secretly felling trees

• 討伐
• subjugation
• suppression

• 伐つ
• to strike
• to attack
• to punish

• 伐る
• to cut down (e.g. trees)

• 伐採
• lumbering
• felling
• deforestation
• cutting
• tree trimming
• Logging

• 伐倒
• felling

• 伐木
• felling
• logging
• cutting
• timbering

• 乱伐
• reckless deforestation
• overcutting of forests

• 濫伐
• reckless deforestation
• overcutting of forests

• 輪伐
• logging in order by area

• 誅伐
• assailing criminals

• 伐開
• clearing
• cutting and reclamation

• 伐根
• stumping
• uprooting

• 羽伐
• Hauchi

• 夏伐
• Natsugiri
• Natsubatsu

• 柴伐
• Shibagiri

• 芝伐
• Shibakiri

• 秋伐
• Akigiri

• 迅伐
• Hayagiri

• 石伐
• Ishikiri

• 曾伐
• Sobatsu

• 田伐
• Tagiri

• 伐株
• Kirikui

• 伐分
• Kiriwake

• 主伐
• final cutting
• regeneration cut
• regeneration cutting

• 除伐
• sanitary cutting
• cleaning

• 傘伐
• shelterwood cutting
• shelterwood felling

• 択伐
• selective cutting

• 間伐材
• timber from forest thinning
• thinned wood

• 傘伐林
• shelterwood forest

• 討伐軍
• punitive force

• 禁伐林
• Kinbatsurin

• 山刀伐
• Natagiri

• 柴伐田
• Shibahochida

• 松伐崎
• Matsubatsuzaki

• 曾伐部
• Sogabe

• 断伐山
• Tachikiriyama

• 中伐畠
• Nakagirihata

• 討伐沢
• Toubatsuzawa

• 伐株山
• Kirikabuyama

• 伐透山
• Kirisukashiyama

• 木伐山
• Kikiriyama

• 林伐期
• rotation period

• 択伐林
• selection forest

• 伐期齢
• rotation age

• 伐採高
• stump height

• 伐採地
• logged-off land

• 伐採木
• deforestation tree

• 殺伐な
• sanguinary

• 竹伐狸
• Takekiri danuki (raccoon dog cutting bamboo)

• 三韓征伐
• legendary military invasion of Korea in the 3rd century
• Sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea)

• 朝鮮征伐
• Imjin War (1592 - 1597)

• 南征北伐
• attacking in all directions

• 伐り出す
• to quarry
• to cut (timber)
• to cut and carry off

• 木を伐る
• to fell a tree

• 山刀伐峠
• Natagiritouge

• 伐採周期
• cutting cycle

• 上木伐採
• wolf tree cutting

• 上層間伐
• thinning from above

• 下層間伐
• thinning from below

• 主伐収入
• financial income of final cutting

• 撫育間伐
• selective thinning

• 森林伐採
• deforestation

• 定期伐採
• periodical cut

• 伐開作業
• pioneering

• 伐開除根
• clearing and grubing

• 伐採計画
• deforestation plan

• 伐採跡地
• cut-over land
• deforestation sites

• 伐採搬出
• logging

• 伐木補償
• compensation for felling trees

• 保育間伐
• tending felling

• 保育伐採
• inprovement cut
• inprovement cutting
• inprovement felling

• 商業伐採
• commercial logging

• 違法伐採
• illegal logging

• 伐木搬出
• logging

• 武田征伐
• Subjugation of Takeda
• The punitive expedition of the Takeda clan
• Battle of Temmokuzan

• 紀州征伐
• Conquest of Kishu

• 九州征伐
• Conquest of Kishu
• The Kyushu Conquest

• 会津征伐
• Subjugation of Aizu

• 盗伐の沢川
• Toubatsunosawagawa

• 略奪的伐採
• irrational exploitation of the forest

• 経済的伐期
• economic rotation

• 生理的伐期
• physiological rotation

• 伐根抵抗力
• resisting power of uprooting

• 非皆伐施業
• partial cutting

• 木竹の伐採
• felling of trees or bamboo

• 長伐期施業
• long rotation forest management

• 保育･間伐
• tending and thinning

• 小田原征伐
• Conquest of Odawara
• Siege of Odawara (1590)

• 伐倒の合図
• Signals of Felling

• 森林の伐採
• Clear forest

• 伐休尼師今
• Beolhyu of Silla

• 間伐木の選定
• selection of trees to be thinned

• 人工林の間伐
• artificial forest thinning

• 違法伐採対策
• measure for illegal logging

• 植物の伐採等
• Clearing of Plants, etc.

• 入鹿誅伐の段
• Scene: Iruka Chobatsu (Killing of Iruka)

• 伐木、造材等
• Tree Felling, Logging, etc.

• 山刀伐トンネル
• Natagiri tunnel

• 間伐（林業の）
• thinning

• 伐採（森林の）
• deforestation

• 過度の森林伐採
• excessive timber harvesting

• 木材を伐採する
• log

• 四国征伐回避説
• View which advocates that Incident was to avoid conquest of Shikoku

• 植え替え・伐採
• Transplantation and Deforestation

• 第一次長州征伐
• First conquest of Choshu

• 第二次長州征伐
• Second conquest of Choshu

• 畠山・三好討伐
• Subjugation of Hatakeyama and Miyoshi

• 秀吉の九州征伐
• Conquest of Kyushu by Hideyoshi

• 造林間伐対策室
• Silviculture and Thinning Promotion Office

• 木を伐採する人
• a person who fells trees

• 木を伐採した土地
• cutover

• 仮御樋代木伐採式
• 仮御樋代木伐採式

• 植物の伐採又は移植
• Clearing or Transplantation of Plants

• 裏木曽御用材伐採式
• 裏木曽御用材伐採式

• 第一次長州征伐前後
• Around the time of the First conquest of Choshu

• 国別伐採(実施)規範
• National Codes of Practice for Forest Harvesting

• 景行天皇九州征伐神話
• A myth of Emperor Keiko's Kyushu conquest

• 小田原征伐から最期へ
• From the subjugation of Odawara to the end of the Hojo clan

• 泰盛討伐の命を得た。
• Yoritsuna was ordered to assassinate Yasumori.

• 下生えの伐採された松
• scrubby cut-over pine

• 奥州征伐（1189年）
• 1189: Mutsu Province (home to anti-bakufu forces) is subjugated.

• - 天狗党討伐に出陣。
• He participated in Tengu Party's subjugation.

• 北伐#国民党による北伐
• Northern Expedition

• 長州征伐と慶応2年の一揆
• Choshu Expedition and Uprisings in 1866

• 第二次長州征伐と薩長同盟
• Second conquest of Choshu and the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance

• 討伐軍は三度撃退された。
• The army of Umako was repelled three times.

• 征伐後、泊山城主となる。
• After the conquest he became lord of Tomariyama-jo castle.

• 材木用に木を伐採する仕事
• the work of cutting down trees for timber

• 討伐の対象にされてしまう。
• Yorinori and his force became the subject of suppression.

• 名目は赤井直正討伐である。
• The attack was launched to suppress Naomasa AKAI.

• 伐木作業における危険の防止
• Prevention of Dangers in Tree Felling Work

• 油圧式伐倒機のヘッドガード
• Head Guard of Hydraulic Felling Machine

• 1エーカーの森林を皆伐する
• clear-cut an acre of forest

• 障害物の伐除及び土地の試掘等
• Obstacle Removal, Test Drilling of Land Etc.

• 九州征伐、小田原の役に従軍。
• He took a part in campaigns of the Kyushu Conquest and Odawara no eki (the Siege of Odawara.)

• 伐木作業等における危険の防止
• Prevention of Dangers in Tree Felling Work, etc.

• が、新羅征伐と言う場合もある。
• However, in some cases it was called the 'Conquest of Silla.'

• 文屋綿麻呂蝦夷征伐終了を奏上。
• FUNYA no Watamaro submitted his opinion to the Emperor that the subjection of the Emishi/Ezo (northerners and northeasterners) should be discontinued.

• 討伐軍は3度撃退されてしまう。
• Umako's punitive force was beat back three times.

• 討伐軍は奮い立って攻め立てた。
• Emboldened, the punitive force made repeated attacks.

• 四国征伐後、仙石秀久に仕える。
• He served Hidehisa SENGOKU after the Conquest of Shikoku.

• 幕府派遣の討伐軍に攻められ自害。
• Ujinori committed suicide after having been attacked by a punitive force dispatched from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 源季貞と河内源氏の石川氏を討伐。
• He subdued the ISHIKAWA family of the KAWACHI-Genji-line along with MINAMOTO no Suesada.

• 第二次長州征伐でも活躍している。
• He was also active in the Second Conquest of Choshu.

• 秀吉の九州征伐にも協力している。
• Also, he helped Hideyoshi during the Kyushu Conquest.

• （木のような）何かを伐採する行為
• the act of felling something (as a tree)

• O・TO・GI 〜百鬼討伐絵巻〜
• Otogi 2: Immortal Warriors

• 「桜伐（き）る馬鹿、梅伐らぬ馬鹿」
• Anyone who prunes cherry trees is a fool, as is anyone who doesn't trim apricot trees.'

• そして、氏清と満幸に討伐を命じた。
• Therefore, Yoshimitsu ordered Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki to subjugate them.

• 3月の甲州征伐には信長と同行する。
• In April, he accompanied Nobunaga on the Koshu Expedition.

• 小田原征伐には馬廻として参陣した。
• He joined the Siege of Odawara as umamawari (horse guard).

• 伐採、火事などの後に、森を再建する
• reestablish a forest after clear-cutting or fire, etc.

• 代宗の藩鎮討伐は成功するかに思えた。
• It seemed that Daizong's hanchin suppression would succeed.

• 四国征伐後、讃岐に計350石を賜る。
• After the Conquest of Shikoku, he was granted a total of 350 koku of rice in Sanuki Province.

• 南薩地方の南朝勢力討伐を命じられる。
• He was ordered to subjugate Southern Court power in the Nansatsu area.

• 陸羯南（「賄い征伐事件」で中途退学）
• Katsunan KUGA (left the school halfway due to the 'steward punishment incident')

• 伐折羅大将（ヴァジュラ、十二神将の一）
• Basara Daisho (Vajra, one of the Juni Shinsho [the 12 protective gods])

• （天正13年・1585）、同年四国征伐
• In the same year (1585), Shikoku was suppressed.

• 幕府は同年2月に第二次長州征伐を発令。
• The bakufu issued the second order to conquer Choshu in Feburary of that year.

• 義就には討伐の綸旨が下り、朝敵となる。
• Yoshihiro was ordered subjugated by the Emperor and was designated the Emperor's enemy.

• 紀州討伐では湯川一族討伐で功を挙げた。
• He was successful in subjugating Kishu by defeating the Yukawa family.

• 福本日南（「賄い征伐事件」で中途退学）
• Nichinan FUKUMOTO (This student left the school halfway due to the 'steward punishment incident'.)

• 国内にある山林の伐採又は譲渡による所得
• Income arising from the cutting or transfer of ownership of forests located in Japan
• Income arising from the cutting or transfer of ownership of forests located in Japan;

• 伐那婆斯（ばなばす Vanavāsin）
• Banabasu, Vanavasin

• 武田征伐時には以下のような陣容であった。
• The army corps was formed as follows at the time of subjugation of Takeda.

• 公暁討伐の功により、同年駿河国守に任官。
• Due to his achievement in subduing Kugyo's usurpation, he was appointed as local director of Suruga region within the same year.

• 1928年には単独で『浮気征伐』を監督。
• He directed alone for 'Uwaki Seibatsu' (The Fast Set) in 1928.

• 以後、小田原征伐や朝鮮の役にも参戦した。
• He later contributed to the conquest and siege of Odawara and the invasions of Korea.

• 伐り倒された後に残っている木の根本の部分
• the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled

• キングは以前はこれらの森林を伐採していた
• The King used to hunt these forests

• これを討伐して劉闢を捕らえて斬刑に処した。
• Xianzong suppressed, captured, and punished Pi LIU by slaying him with his sword.

• 加賀藩、会津藩勢などを従えて討伐に向った。
• Yoshinobu, accompanied by the forces of Kaga Domain and Aizu Domain went to hunt Tenguto.

• 鴨緑江右岸の森林伐採合弁権獲得などである。
• The right of launching a joint venture to deforest on the right of the Yalu River should be acquired, etc.

• 火事や伐採で縮小していた森林の再生（植林）
• the restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting

• 山村では山の神を祀り、木の伐り初めを行った。
• In mountain villages, people worshiped the god of the mountain, starting cutting trees.

• 秀吉による四国征伐の中のひとつの戦いである。
• It is one of the battles in the initiative called the Shikoku Conquest, which was implemented by Hideyoshi.

• 信長は、この年の9月に三好氏征伐を決行する。
• In September of this year, Nobunaga carried out a punitive expedition to the Miyoshi clan.

• 頼家もこれを知って怒り、北条氏討伐を命じた。
• Learning of the decision, Yoriie was enraged, and he ordered the subjugation of the Hojo clan.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐に参陣。
• He went on an expedition to Odawara in 1590.

• 九州征伐では立花勢に属して功があったという。
• It is said that he distinguished himself in the Kyushu campaign in the army of Muneshige TACHIBANA.

• 利家の死後、家康により加賀征伐が検討される。
• After Toshiie's death, the conquest of Kaga was considered by Ieyasu.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐にも参陣。
• He joined the invasion of Kyushu in 1587.

• 天正15年（1587年）九州征伐後　賜羽柴氏
• 1587: After the Kyushu Conquest, granted the cognomen Hashiba.

• 中央史観の強かった時代には蝦夷征伐と呼ばれた。
• From the centralized view of history in those days, it was called the conquest of the Emishi.

• 今日も五斗買い　明日も五斗買い　（四国征伐）。
• He bought goto (90 liters of rice) today and will buy another tomorrow (Shikoku Conquest).

• 九州征伐後、博多奉行となり博多復興に従事した。
• After the expedition to Kyushu, he became a Hakata magistrate and worked on behalf of the reconstruction of Hakata.

• 明応元年（1492年）、六角討伐戦に参戦する。
• In 1492 he took part in the battle to punish the Rokkaku clan.

• 秀吉による九州征伐においては、降伏を主張する。
• He insisted that the army for the Kyushu Conquest should surrender.

• 27年の赤松満祐出奔事件では、討伐軍に加わる。
• When the incident, in which Mitsusuke AKAMATSU ran away from Kyoto after assassinating the 6th Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, occurred in 1427, he joined the punitive forces.

• 孝謙上皇は吉備真備を召して仲麻呂誅伐を命じる。
• The retired Empress Koken ordered KIBI no Makibi to kill Nakamaro.

• 林道の整備は伐採面積の拡大を招くこととなった。
• The expansion of these forest roads resulted in increasing the forest area where trees were logged.

• 原敬（総理大臣）（「賄い征伐事件」で中途退学）
• Takashi HARA (the Prime Minister) (He also left the school halfway due to the 'steward punishment incident'.)

• 樹木の栽植又は伐採を目的とする山林の賃貸借　十年
• Leases of forest for the purpose of planting or felling trees:　10 years;

• 第一次長州征伐において、慶勝は征長総督を務めた。
• In the first conquest of Choshu Yoshikatsu became Sotoku of Seicho (governor conquering of Choshu).

• ともあれ、家康は大軍を率いて景勝討伐に出陣する。
• Ieyasu went to the front leading vast forces to subjugate Kagekatsu.

• 天正13年（1585年）には四国征伐に加わった。
• Participated in the campaign to conquer Shikoku (one of the islands making up Japan covering four prefectures including Tokushima, Ehime, Kagawa and Kochi) in 1585.

• これは想定される北条氏討伐に対する準備であった。
• This was a preparation for a fight with the Hojo clan that was supposed to occur at that time.

• 幕府は関東での事態に対して、持氏討伐の兵を下す。
• Against this situation in Kanto region, Bakufu defeated Mochiie's suppression army.

• 将軍足利義尚の六角征伐にも従軍して戦功を挙げた。
• Masatoyo also accompanied Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA in Rokkaku Subjugation and performed well.

• その2日後に義経は信兼討伐のため伊勢に出撃する。
• Two day later of the incident, Yoshitsune made sortie into Ise Province to suppress Nobukane.

• 伐木、造材等 （第四百七十七条―第四百八十四条）
• Tree Felling, Logging, etc. (Articles 477 to 484)

• 伐られて、建築資材として使用の準備ができている木
• the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material

• 迦諾迦伐蹉（かなかばっさ Kanakavatsa）
• Kanakabassa, Kanakavatsa

• 信長の四国征伐を回避するため乱を起こしたとする説。
• This view surmises that the cause of the Honnoji Incident was to avoid conquest of Shikoku planned by Nobunaga.

• 後醍醐天皇は新田義貞や北畠顕家に尊氏討伐を命じる。
• Emperor Godaigo commanded Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE to hunt down and destroy Takauji.

• 絶海中津からの報告を受けた義満は義弘討伐を命じた。
• Yoshimitsu, after hearing Chushin ZEKKAI's report, issued an order to hunt down and destroy Yoshihiro.

• 秀吉は光秀討伐の功労者であり、長秀らの支持を得た。
• Hideyoshi, who had played a lively part in the subjugation of Mitsuhide, acquired the support from Nagahide.

• そこで幕府は威信回復を企図し六角氏の討伐を行った。
• Therefore, the bakufu intended to recover its dignity and subjugate the Rokkaku clan.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐にも参加した。
• He also participated in the Odawara Conquest in 1590.

• 義経は頼朝の勘気を受けて平氏討伐から外されていた。
• Yoshitsune was dismissed from the subjugation mission because he had enraged Yoritomo.

• このため、新政府は紀州藩の討伐を取りやめたという。
• Consequently, the new government decided not to put down the Kishu Domain.

• 竹伐り会式（たけきりえしき）（6月20日午後2時）
• Takekirieshiki (2p.m. of June 20th)

• この森林には木材の伐採に適した硬い樹木があります。
• This forest has good firm trees for harvesting lumber.

• 伐闍羅弗多羅（ばじゃらぶたら Vajraputra）
• Bajaraputara, Vajraputra

• 豊臣秀吉による紀州征伐で制圧され、軍事力を喪失した。
• It was subdued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI by his expedition to Kishu and lost military power.

• 聖徳太子が物部守屋討伐の戦勝祈願をしたことに始まる。
• It began when Prince Shotoku prayed for winning battles to subjugate MONONOBE no Moriya.

• さらに悪党討伐のための出費も幕府財政を圧迫していた。
• Furthermore, government expenditures to put down akuto pressed the finances of the bakufu.

• 胤城は講武所奉行に任じられ、長州征伐などに活躍した。
• Taneki took office as a magistrate of Kobusho (military training institute), and he played an active part in the Choshu Expeditions.

• 元亀元年（1570年）、越前国の朝倉義景討伐に従軍。
• In 1570, he served the battle to defeat Yoshikage ASAKURA of Echizen province.

• 北条氏が下野国の足利尊氏(高氏)らを討伐に派遣する。
• The Hojo clan dispatched Takauji ASHIKAGA, who lived in Shimotsuke Province, to put down the rebellion.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐に典通と共に出陣。
• In 1587 he and Norimichi went on an expedition to conquer Kyushu.

• 第一次長州征伐では長州藩の降伏における処理に務めた。
• In the First conquest of Choshu he dealt with the transaction in the surrender of Choshu Domain.

• 播磨国龍野城を与えられ、小田原征伐や朝鮮出兵に参陣。
• He was given Tatsuno-jo Castle in Harima Province, joined in the conquest of Odawara, and dispatched troops to Korea.

• 戸次川の戦いでの大失態を小田原征伐で見事に挽回した。
• He recovered from the fiasco in the Battle of Hetsugi-gawa River by succeeding at the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• ついで清盛五男の平重衡は尾張以東の東国征伐に向かう。
• After that the fifth son of Kiyomori, TAIRA no Shigehira left to Owari and the eastward region for the Togoku Conquest.

• ヤマトタケルが熊襲討伐後の帰り道にこの悪樓に遭った。
• On his way home from subjugation of kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district), Yamato Takeru met this akuru.

• 伐倒の際に退避する場所を、あらかじめ、選定すること。
• To determine in advance the place of evacuation for when felling;

• 九州征伐を終えた秀吉が大坂より移り、ここで政務をみた。
• After Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu, he moved into Jurakudai from Osaka to administer political affairs.

• 北朝は直義討伐の院宣を下し、南朝は直義の帰服に応じる。
• The Northern Court issued an imperial order ordering the defeat of Tadayoshi, and the Southern Court answered Tadayoshi's call.

• 6月19日は、『討伐軍』が馬山浦から出航した日である。
• Note that June 19 is the day 'the punitive force' set sail from Masan inlet.

• 元亀元年（1570年）、信長の朝倉義景討伐に参加した。
• In 1570 he joined Nobunaga in the conquest of Yoshikage ASAKURA.

• - 天正2年（1574年）長島一向一揆討伐において戦死
• Killed in punitive expedition of uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima in 1574.

• 1423年には、反乱した常陸国の小栗氏征伐に出陣する。
• In 1423, he went to the conquest of the Oguri clan in Hitachi Province who rose in revolt.

• 堺県令時代に浜寺公園内の松を伐採して開発しようとする。
• He tried to cut down the pine trees in Hamadera-koen Park and develop the land.

• 秀吉の九州征伐においても、それを資金的に援助している。
• Sotan financially supported Hideyoshi in the Kyushu Conquest.

• 織田信長の武田征伐により武田氏が滅亡して領内が混乱した。
• Nobunaga ODA conquered and killed the Takeda clan, making Takeda's domain chaotic.

• 高頼が甲賀郡から伊勢国へ逃れたため、幕府軍は討伐を断念。
• The army of bakufu abandoned the suppression because Takayori escaped from Koga County to Ise Province.

• 元親は土佐国のみを安堵されることで許された（四国征伐）。
• Motochika was permitted by ruling only Tosa province (Conquest of Shikoku).

• 同年7月、頼朝は奥州藤原氏討伐の軍を起こす（奥州合戦）。
• In August of the year, Yoritomo raised an army to kill the Oshu-Fujiwara clan (The Battle of Oshu).

• 討伐を終えた石湯と諸人は天皇から直々に恩賞を賜っている。
• After the subjection, Iwayu and others were granted reward grants directly by the Emperor.

• 9日、奥州を征した頼朝に泰衡征伐の宣旨がようやく届いた。
• On October 26 (September 9 under the old lunar calendar), the imperial decree for Yasuhira Conquest was finally received by Yoritomo, who had already conquered Oshu.

• しかしながら、伐採面積の拡大に追いつくものではなかった。
• However, such reforestation could not catch up to the expansion in logging areas.

• 『陰陽師 妖魔討伐姫』（熊澤尚人監督） - 安藤希出演。
• 'Onmyoji Yomatobatsuhime' - Performed by Nozomi ANDO.

• 更に討伐に力を入れる余り、長安周辺の防備は甚だ薄くなった。
• Furthermore, because too much effort was put into suppression, the protection around Changan became extremely diluted.

• 惣無事令の発令は、九州討伐や小田原征伐の大義名分を与えた。
• The issue of sobuji-rei gave justification to Hideyoshi's suppression of Kyushu and Odawara.

• 頼家は和田義盛と仁田忠常に御教書を送って北条討伐を命じた。
• Yoriie delivered the migyosho (documents of shogunate order) to Yoshimori WADA and Tadatsune NITA to suppress the Hojo clan.

• 孝謙上皇は吉備真備を召して従三位に叙し仲麻呂誅伐を命じる。
• The Retired Empress Koken recalled KIBI no Makibi, gave the official rank of Jusanmi (junior third rank), and ordered to kill Nakamaro.

• 天正10年（1582年）に四国征伐の総司令官に任ぜられた。
• In 1582, he was assigned as commander-in-chief of the Shikoku Conquest.

• 九州征伐後、秀吉の命令で大友義統には豊後一国を安堵された。
• After the conquest of the Kyushu region, Yoshimune OTOMO was approved ownership of Bungo Province due to the order of Hideyoshi.

• 柳生宗矩の物語に小田原征伐の際の秀政についての記述がある。
• In the story of Munenori YAGYU, there is a description about Hidemasa at the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 浦上勢を圧倒する討伐軍は、義村の目的を達成するかに思えた。
• The punitive force which overwhelmed the Uragami force was believed to accomplish Yoshimura's plan.

• また、足利氏を守るために三好氏・松永氏討伐を画策していた。
• In addition, Kenshin schemed to subdue the Miyoshi clan and the Matsunaga clan in order to protect the Ashikaga clan.

• 修得後に帰国し、1585年の豊臣秀吉による四国征伐に参加。
• After mastering medicine, he joined the troops to go on an expedition to Shikoku led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1585.

• その後、足利義尚の六角氏討伐（六角征伐）に従って出陣した。
• Thereafter, he followed Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, who embarked on a punitive expedition against the Rokkaku clan (Rokkaku seibatsu [a military campaign against the Rokkaku clan]).

• 九州征伐や小田原の役、文禄・慶長の役などにも参戦している。
• He also joined the Kyushu Conquest, the Siege of Odawara, the Bunroku-Keicho War, and so on.

• ほか、ブナ材は飛行機のプロペラ用や梱包材として伐採された。
• In addition, beech trees were cut as materials to make propellers for airplanes and materials to make containers.

• 神功皇后はこの事を聞かれて、武内宿禰に忍熊王を討伐を命じた。
• Being informed of the story, Empress Jingu ordered TAKENOUCHI no Sukune to subdue Prince Oshikuma.

• 結果的に多くの梅樹が伐採され、桑畑や茶畑に転作されていった。
• As a result, many plum trees were cut down and the land was transformed into mulberry or tea plantation fields.

• 後に、蛮族の討伐に東へ向かう日本武尊に天叢雲剣を与えている。
• Later, she presented the sacred sword, Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi, to Yamato Takeru no Mikoto, who was going east to subjugate barbarian tribes.

• この間、1585年に秀吉は紀伊征伐を行って雑賀衆を滅ぼした。
• During this period, Hideyoshi carried out the conquest of Kii Province and defeated Saigashu in 1585.

• さらに第一次長州征伐（幕長戦争)でも薩摩が長州を屈服させた。
• In addition, in the First Choshu Expedition (also called the Baku-cho War [the war between Choshu and 'bakufu,' or shogunate]), the Satsuma Domain participated and forced the Choshu Domain to surrender.

• それぞれに水軍を編成させて九州征伐や小田原征伐に参戦させた。
• And then Hideyoshi made each of them organize their own suigun and join the Kyushu Conquest and the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 幕府は紀州藩、津藩、彦根藩、郡山藩などに天誅組討伐を命じた。
• The bakufu commanded Kishu Domain, Tsu Domain, Hikone Domain, Koriyama Domain and so on to suppress Tenchu-gumi.

• 朝敵討伐の証として、天皇から官軍の大将に下賜する慣習がある。
• It was customary in Japan that an emperor bestowed it on his military commanders as proof of putting down emperor's enemy.

• 同年8月、木沢討伐に乗り出した義宣には三好元長まで加担した。
• In August, 1531, Yoshinobu started to suppress KIZAWA, which was joined even by Motonaga MIYOSHI.

• この申し出はすぐに許可され、為朝討伐の軍勢が差し向けられる。
• His offer is immediately accepted, and an army to put down Tametomo is sent.

• 治承3年(1179年)　大江遠成、家成父子を京の屋敷に討伐。
• In 1179, he defeated OE no Tonari and OE no Ienari, the father and son, at their residence in the capital.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐の後、内大臣に叙任される。
• After the conquest of Kyushu in 1587, Nobukatsu was appointed as Naidaijin (the Minister of Palace).

• 河野氏は斯波派と結んで頼之討伐の御書を受けて頼之と対抗する。
• The Kawano clan then joined the forces with the Shiba clan, obtained an Imperial letter allowing the subjugation of Yoriyuki, and set out to attack Yoriyuki.

• 1590年の小田原征伐で、平山氏重は檜原城に籠城するも落城。
• The conquest and siege of Odawara in 1590, Ujishige HIRAYAMA entrenched himself in Hinohara-jo Castle, but the castle fell.

• 1368年にも上杉憲顕の軍に従って、新田義興を討伐している。
• In 1368, he followed the troops of Norikaki UESUGI, and defeated Yoshioki NITTA.

• その後、幕府軍の討伐を受けて天誅組は壊滅し、藤本も戦死した。
• Subsequently, Tenchu-gumi was shattered by the subjugation of the army of bakufu, and Tesseki was also killed.

• 1927年、清水宏と共同で初の喜劇作品『不景気征伐』を監督。
• He made his first film as a director in a comedy, 'Fukeiki Seibatsu' (Suppression of recession) with Hiroshi SHIMIZU in 1927.

• 九州征伐にも参戦し、日向国高城にて島津家久軍を撃退している。
• He also joined the war for Kyushu Conquest and repelled the army of Iehisa SHIMAZU at Taka-jo Castle in the Hyuga Province.

• 同年7月、頼朝は奥州藤原氏討伐のため大軍を率いて鎌倉を進発。
• In August the same year, Yoritomo started off Kamakura with a large army to subjugate the Oshu-Fujiwara clan.

• 天正15年（1587年）、九州征伐に兵を率いて従軍している。
• In 1587, he participated in the Kyushu Conquest as a commander.

• そこで木を伐ったり、所有したりすると家人に死者が出るという。
• It is believed that if people cut trees or own the land, their family members would die.

• その願いを却下された足利尊氏は勝手に北条討伐の軍を起こした。
• Dismissing these wishes, Takauji ASHIKAGA took it upon himself to raise an army to suppress the Hojo clan.

• 伐採（あるいは火事や風）によって木くずが散らかった森の空き地
• an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind)

• しかし幕府の対応は混乱し、赤松討伐軍は容易に編成されなかった。
• Responses by bakufu, however, confused and the punitive force to attack the Akamatsu clan was not easily organized.

• 伐採や木材加工用の実用品のほか、祭祀につかわれたものも増える。
• In addition to the practical goods for felling and wood processing, the ones used for religious service increased.

• 延暦13年（794年） 征夷副将軍坂上田村麻呂による蝦夷征伐。
• In 794, Emishi/Ezo troops were subjugated by Seii Fukushogun (a deputy general who subdues barbarians), Tamuramaro SAKANOUE.

• また戦国の殺伐とした気風を排除して徳を重んずる文治政治を推進。
• Furthermore, Tsunayoshi eliminated the savage atmosphere of the warring period and promoted civil government, which valued virtue.

• これに怒った真衡は直ちに秀武討伐の軍を起こして出羽に向かった。
• Sanehira got angry with that conduct, organized a troop to attack Hidetake and left for Dewa.

• 寿永3年（1184年）1月、源義仲討伐に従軍（宇治川の戦い）。
• In February 1184 he joined the punitive force against MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (the Battle of Uji-gawa River).

• 天正11年、讃岐に渡り、四国征伐の橋頭堡として法勲寺城を築く。
• In 1583, he went to Sanuki Province and built Hokunji-jo Castle as a bridgehead of the Conquest of Shikoku.

• したがって、伐採した材木の販売益を100%自らの収入とできた。
• Therefore, 100% of the profit from selling the wood cut there became their own income.

• したがって、トチやケヤキなどの天然林が次々と伐採されていった。
• Therefore, the natural forests of horse chestnut and zelkova trees were cut one after another.

• 式典は、内宮・外宮の順で行われ、内宮用・外宮用各1本伐採される。
• In the ceremony, a tree for the Naiku and another for the Geku are cut in this order.

• 平清盛討伐の船に乗ったが嵐に遭い、嵐を鎮めるため海に身を投げる。
• She boarded a ship to defeat TAIRA no Kiyomori, but came in middle of a storm that she threw herself to the sea in order to quell a storm.

• 討伐のために赴いた尊氏が戦後に鎌倉を拠点に建武政権から離反する。
• Takauji (ASHIKAGA) who had been sent to suppress the war, made Kamakura his foothold after he drifted away from the Kenmu Government following the war.

• のち、秀吉の四国征伐のため長宗我部氏は土佐一国に押し込められる。
• Later, because of the Conquest of Shikoku by Hideyoshi, the Chosokabe clan was confined to one country, Tosa.

• 義経はその2日後に信兼討伐に出撃した（『山槐記』8月10日条）。
• Two days after that, Yoshitsune sortied to put down Nobukane ('Sankaiki' (The Diary by Tadachika NAKAYAMA) the article of September 23).

• 法令等に基づき伐採・転用規制等の保護・保全措置がとられている森林
• The forests which are protected and preserved by the regulations of tree trimming and diversion and so on according to the decrees and so on.

• 長宗我部元親は当初織田信長による四国征伐の備えで兵を休めていた。
• Motochika CHOSOKABE had his troops stand by to prepare against the expedition to Shikoku by Nobunaga ODA.

• 島田は加賀藩の足軽として第一次長州征伐、戊辰戦争に参加している。
• Shimada was a ashigaru (common foot soldier) soldier of the Kaga Domain, fighting in the First conquest of Choshu and the Boshin Civil War.

• 源頼朝討伐の富士川の戦い、源義仲討伐の倶利伽羅峠の戦い等に出陣。
• He went into the Battle of Fujigawa to subdue MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and the battle of the Kurikara Pass to subdue MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.

• 6月、第二次長州征伐では亀山社中の船・乙丑丸で長州藩海軍を支援。
• In June, Ryoma assisted Choshu clan's navy using Kameyama-shachu's ship, the Union, in the Second Choshu Punitive Expedition.

• これは反対に遭い断念するが、代わりに大内盛見に九州征伐を命じた。
• He faced opposition however and abandoned the plan, instead ordering Morimi OUCHI to subjugate the Kyushu area.

• 彰義隊の反乱に対して討伐軍を指揮し、わずか1日でこれを鎮圧する。
• At the Battle of Ueno, troops commanded by Omura put down a rebellion by the Shogun's elite Shogitai in a single day.

• 長州征伐では砲術の腕を買われて大砲（おおづつ）組に編入され参戦。
• During the Choshu Campaign, his cannon firing skills were valued and so he was reassigned and fought as the Ozutsu gumi (a group in charge of cannon).

• 信忠は総攻撃を開始し、激戦の末ついに盛信は自刃する（武田征伐）。
• Nobutada started all-out assault, and after a fierce battle, Morinobu finally committed suicide (subjugation of Takeda).

• 「聚楽」の名が使われ始めるのは九州征伐から帰還した後のことである。
• The name 'Juraku' began to be used after Hideyoshi came back from the Kyushu campaign.

• 桜はむやみに伐ると切り口から腐敗しがちであり、剪定には注意が必要。
• If cherry trees are cut unnecessarily, the cut surface can start to decay, so pruning of them requires care.

• 秀吉の九州攻め・九州平定・九州征伐などの名称で呼ばれることもある。
• It is also referred to as Hideyoshi's invasion of Kyushu, the subjugation of Kyushu, and the Kyushu Conquest.

• 長州征伐、長州出兵、幕長戦争、征長の役、長州戦争などとも呼ばれる。
• It is also called Choshu Subjugation, Dispatch of troops to Choshu, Mission of conquering of Choshu or Choshu War, etc.

• その第二次長州征伐最中の7月20日、将軍・家茂が大坂城で薨去する。
• During the Second Subjugation of Choshu, Shogun Iemochi passed away at Osaka-jo Castle on July 20.

• 第二次長州征伐は、6月7日の幕府軍艦による上ノ関砲撃から始まった。
• The second conquest of Choshu started with the bombardment of Kaminoseki by a battleship of the shogunate on June 7.

• 高橋一族討伐の際、元就は高橋氏の人質となっていた長女を殺害された。
• While trying to subdue the Takahashi clan, his daughter, who had been held hostage, was murdered.

• 九州征伐では8000の兵で畿内を守備（息子の利長が九州まで従軍）。
• When the Kyushu Conquest was carried out, Toshiie was put in charge of the defense of the Kinai region (the five provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) with the troops of 8,000 men (his son Toshinaga took part in the campaign to the Kyushu area.)

• 応永6年（1399年）に大内義弘が挙兵した応永の乱の討伐にも従軍。
• In 1399, he joined the suppression of the Oei War where Yoshihiro OUCHI raised an army.

• 慶長5年（1600年）の会津の上杉討伐には6000人を率いて従軍。
• In 1600, Masanori led an army of 6,000 and took part in a campaign to subjugate the Uesugi in Aizu.

• 8月の第1次長州征伐では第14代将軍・徳川家茂の警護を務めている。
• In September, he guarded Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the fourteenth Shogun during the first conquest of Choshu.

• 四国・小笠原征伐で活躍し、朝鮮出兵（慶長の役）では秀秋に従軍した。
• He played an active role in subjugation of Ogasawara clan in Shikoku and also fought to support Hideaki at Japan's Invasion of Korea (Keicho Campaign).

• 1590年（天正18年）、豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐で北条氏は滅亡する。
• The Hojo clan fell in the conquest and siege of Odawara by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1590.

• その後、倭姫命から、蛮族の討伐に東へ向かうヤマトタケルに渡された。
• Princess Yamatohime no mikoto later handed it to Yamato Takeru no mikoto, who set off for the east to suppress barbarian tribes.

• 禁門の変・長州征伐・戊辰戦争などに関与し、明治維新に到るのであった。
• They were involved in the Kinmon Incident, the Choshu Conquest and the Boshin War, and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.

• 法皇の寵臣、左大将藤原朝方はこれを院宣とみせかけ、頼朝討伐を命じる。
• Sadaisho (Major Captain the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) FUJIWARA no Tomokata, who is a favorite retainer of the Cloistered Emperor, pretended that it was an order from a retired emperor and ordered Yoshitsune to subdue Yoritomo.

• 氏真が自ら出陣した造反軍征伐戦では、三河宝飯郡において松平軍に大敗。
• In battles to expedite rebels, Ujimasa took the field, but he was defeated by the Matsudaira army in Hoi County, Mikawa Province.

• 長宗我部元親は信長の四国征伐の影響もあり、兵を白地城に休ませていた。
• Partly because of influence of Conquest of Shikoku by Nobunaga, Motochika CHOSOKABE was giving a rest to his warriors in the Hakuchi-jo Castle.

• 九州征伐（天正15年・1587）→九州平定後、博多で伴天連追放令発布
• Kyushu was suppressed (1587)=>after conquering Kyushu, he issued the Order to Expel Christian Priests (伴天連追放令) from Hakata.

• 1585年7月、毛利輝元は一族の小早川隆景らを四国討伐に向かわせる。
• In July 1585, Terumoto MORI sent Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others of his family to participate in the conquest.

• 幕末から明治初期にかけては朝鮮征伐、征韓などと呼ばれるようになった。
• From the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was called 'chosen seibatsu' (punitive expedition to Korea) or 'seikan' (punitive expedition to Korea).

• 同月9日、信長は武田征伐に当たって筒井順慶以下大和衆に出陣を促した。
• On March 13, Nobunaga urged Yamato-shu including Junkei TSUTSUI to join the army for the conquest of the Takeda clan.

• 江戸幕府は朝敵・長州藩を伐つため、長州征伐（第一次幕長戦争）を行う。
• The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) made the Choshu Conquest (the first Baku-Cho War) to subjugate the Emperor's enemy Choshu Domain.

• その後、弁慶は義経の忠実な家来として活躍し、平家討伐に功名を立てる。
• Later, Benkei made a great performance as a royal retainer of Yoshitsune and made a name in the battle against the Taira clan.

• 天正13年（1585年）の紀伊国紀州征伐、四国征伐では軍功を挙げた。
• He achieved military exploits at the Conquest of Kishu in Kii Province and the Conquest of Shikoku in 1585.

• 持氏は憲実討伐のため8月に一色氏に旗を与えて派兵し、自らも出陣した。
• After Mochiuji gave the banner to the Isshiki clan for the suppression of Norizane in August, he dispatched troops and went to the war himself.

• しかし、浦上の子飼いである能家らの頑強な抵抗に遭い、征伐に手間取る。
• However, the punitive force suffered a strong resistance from retainers of the URAGAMI causing the punitive force to struggle.

• そこで義教は日向守護を兼ねる薩摩国守護の島津忠国に義昭討伐を命じた。
• With this information, Yoshinori ordered Satsuma no kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Satsuma Province), Tadakuni SHIMAZU who also was Hyuga no kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Hyuga Province), to put down Gisho.

• 天正18年（1590年）に後北条氏征伐（小田原合戦）に参加している。
• He joined the conquest of Gohojo clan (Odawara Campaign) in 1590.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐では兵糧の補給役を命じられている。
• In the Kyushu Conquest of 1587, he was ordered to take charge of supplying army provisions.

• 元家の近江守護代就任は足利義稙の六角高頼征伐に関連するものであった。
• Motoie was appointed as deputy of provincial constable in Omi Province in relation to the conquest of Takayori ROKKAKU by Yoshitane ASHIKAGA.

• こうした伐採面積の拡大は同時に演習林の荒廃を進行させることとなった。
• Such an expansion of the forest area where tress were cut devastated the forest in an increasingly serious manner at the same time.

• ベテラン開拓者は森林の伐採や土地の耕作や道路の建設に卓越しています。
• The Hardy Pioneer excels at clearing forests, plowing fields and building roads.

• 木を厚板へ伐り出すのにかつて使用された大きな2つの取手のあるのこぎり
• a large two-handed saw formerly used to cut logs into planks

• これはある山の樹木を意図的に皆伐し、山全体を草のみで覆ったものである。
• This refers to a whole hill or mountain being made up as a field under grass by purposely cutting all the trees.

• この時、朝廷は宇佐八幡宮に勅使を派遣し、国家鎮護と隼人討伐を祈願した。
• On that occasion, the Imperial Court dispatched an imperial messenger to Usa-Hachimangu Shrine to offer prayers asking for guarding of the nation and for a successful punitive expedition against the Hayato clan.

• 景行天皇40年、蝦夷征伐の命を恐れて逃亡し、美濃国に封ぜられたという。
• According to the 'Nihonshoki,' and other historical books, in 114, Prince Oousu ran away because he was afraid of the order, the Emishi Seito (the conquest of Emishi, who were a group of people living in the northern part of land) and was then confined in Mino Province.

• 長氏の子満氏は霜月騒動で安達泰盛に与し、北条氏による討伐を受けて戦死。
• Mituuji, a child of Osauji, took the side of Yasumori ADACHI during the Shimotsuki Sodo (a political change to the Kamakura Bakufu), subsequently Mituuji was subdued and killed by the order of the Hojo clan

• 信長は2月3日に義昌の反乱を知ると武田勝頼討伐を決定、動員令を発した。
• When learning about the rebellion of Yoshimasa on February 3, 1582, Nobunaga decided to subjugate Katsuyori TAKEDA and issued mobilization orders.

• 東大寺の杣があった伊賀国では、すでに伐採しつくし、山は荒れ果てていた。
• In Iga Province, the mountains owned by Todai-ji Temple were devastated since all available trees had been cut down.

• 秀吉はその後、光秀の残党も残らず征伐し、京都における支配権を掌握した。
• Hideyoshi stamped out Mitsuhide's remnants with a die and got a power to rule Kyoto.

• 氏政・北条氏照は切腹し、氏直は紀伊の高野山に追放された（小田原征伐）。
• Ujimasa and Ujiteru HOJO committed Seppuku and Ujinao was exiled to Mt.Kouyasan in Kii (Conquest of Odawara).

• しかし義昭は信長が朝倉氏討伐に出陣した4月23日、改元を実行している。
• But on April 23, when Nobunaga left for the battle against ASAKURA, Yoshiaki put his ideas into practice.

• 以降は秀吉に従い、佐々成政の越中征伐や島津氏の九州征伐などに参加した。
• Thereafter, Nobukatsu was obedient to Hideyoshi and participated in the conquest of Ecchu and Kyushu, which were ruled by Narimasa SASA and the Shimazu family, respectively.

• ただし、義親の討伐において、実際に義親を討つことに成功したのかは不明。
• However, it is not sure whether he actually succeeded to putting down the uprising of Yoshichika.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、家茂は第2次長州征伐の途上大坂城で病に倒れた。
• In 1866, Iemochi suffered from a disease in Osaka Castle during the second conquest of Choshu.

• 討伐軍は物部軍を攻め立て、守屋は迹見赤檮（とみのいちい）に射殺された。
• The army of Umako attacked the army of Moriya, and Moriya was shot to death by TOMI no Ichii.

• 6月の第二次長州征伐（四境戦争）では海軍総督として丙寅丸に乗り込んだ。
• In July, at the time of the second conquest of Choshu by the shogunate (the Shikyo War), he boarded the Otentosamamaru as chief commander of the Navy.

• 討伐は事実上の失敗に終わった上、応仁の乱によって幕府の権威は失墜する。
• The subjugation campaign virtually ended up in failure and the Onin War ruined the bakufu's authority.

• 勝頼は外戚の木曾義昌の反逆に激怒し、即座に木曾討伐の軍勢を送り出した。
• Katsuyori was enraged at the maternal relative Yoshimasa KISO's treason, and immediately sent out troops for subjugation of Kiso.

• 第百一条第一項の規定により土地の立入り又は竹木の伐採の許可の申請をする者
• The persons who file applications for approval of entry into land or felling of bamboos and trees pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 101

• 伝承では神功皇后による三韓を征伐した際に作られた塚とされるが詳細は不明。
• Legend has it that it was built when Empress Jingu's army defeated three Korean dynasties, but details are unknown.

• 夜間の盗伐を防ぐ為に持ち回りで里山の夜番をしていた村もあったほどである。
• There were villages which kept a night watch rotation to prevent the robbing of Satoyama during the evening,

• すると今度は、頼朝と法皇の間で確執が発生し、義経に頼朝討伐の院宣を下す。
• Then there was a conflict between Yoritomo and the Cloister government, the Cloistered Emperor ordered Yoshitsune to kill Yoritomo.

• 足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇の勅状を得ないまま乱の討伐に向かい、時行を駆逐した。
• Without receiving the official order from the Emperor Godaigo, Takauji headed for putting down the rebellion and expelled Tokiyuki.

• 平家に属し、京に滞在していた新田義重は、頼朝討伐を命ぜられ東国に下った。
• Yoshishige NITTA, who had belonged to the Taira family and been staying in Kyoto, was ordered a punitive expedition for Yoritomo, and went down to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).

• だが、これを拒否されると、延暦寺は後奈良天皇に法華宗討伐の許可を求める。
• However, when this was rejected, Enryaku-ji Temple sought permission for the subjugation of the Hokke sect from the Emperor Gonara.

• 5月、朝廷は左中弁藤原保則を出羽権守に任じて討伐にあたらせることとした。
• In May the Imperial Court appointed Sachuben (Middle Controller of the Left) FUJIWARA no Yasunori to Dewa no Gon no Kami (Provincial Governor of Dewa Province) in order to subdue the rebellion.

• 代宗は禁軍（近衛軍）と廬龍を初めとした他藩鎮軍とを動員して討伐を加えた。
• Daizong mobilized the kingun (army guarding an emperor) and hanchin's armies starting with the Lulong army to suppress the rebels.

• 嘉隆率いる織田氏の水軍は長島一向一揆の征伐や石山合戦に参加して活躍した。
• Oda's suigun led by Yoshitaka joined the battle of Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) and Ishiyama war, where they made some achievements.

• 1585年、家康と和解した秀吉が紀伊に攻め入ってくる（第二次紀州征伐）。
• In 1585 Hideyoshi, reconciled with Ieyasu, invaded the Kii region (The Second Conquest of Kishu).

• 鳥羽・伏見敗戦にともなって新政府による徳川征伐軍の襲来が予想されていた。
• After the bakufu side lost at the battle of Toba-Fushimi, the bakufu side expected the army conquest of Tokugawa, formed by the new government, was prepared to attack the bakufu side immediately.

• 寿永2年(1183年)　再び叛旗を翻した緒方惟義、臼杵惟隆兄弟らを討伐。
• In 1183, he destroyed the brothers of Koreyoshi OGATA and Koretaka USUKI, who raised another revolt again.

• 直冬に対しても再び討伐令が下り、一色氏が征西府と協調して勢力を巻き返す。
• An order to subjugate Tadafuyu was also issued again, and the Isshiki clan was able to regain its strength by cooperating with the Seisaifu government.

• 豊臣秀吉が九州征伐を完了すると、氏規は大局を読み秀吉への臣従を主張した。
• After the completion of the Kyushu Conquest by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ujinori insisted to become a vassal of Hideyoshi seeing a situation from a broader point of view.

• 小田原征伐後に家康が関東に移されると、武蔵国騎西藩に2万石を与えられた。
• Once Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest and siege of Odawara, he received 20,000 koku (crop fields) in Kisai Domain of Musashi Province.

• そして蘇我氏討伐に参加し、復讐を図る蘇我氏遺臣らを説得して兵を引かせた。
• He then participated in a campaign against the Soga clan, and persuaded the surviving retainers of the Soga clan to withdraw.

• 12月26日に信頼・義朝討伐の宣旨が下り、平家の軍勢が内裏を押し寄せた。
• On December 26, a proclamation of trust/overthrow of Yoshitomo was pronounced and the Taira forces advanced on the Dairi (Inner Palace).

• 本格的な林道の整備が始まった1952年以降から伐採面積が急激に拡大した。
• In and after 1952 when the real development of the forest roads started, the forest area where trees were cut increased rapidly.

• 大規模伐採は1950年代後半と1960年代中盤に2度のピークを迎えている
• The large-scale logging business reached their peak in the latter half of 1950s and around the middle of 1960s.

• ただし、第62回では間伐材をそれなりの用途で使用し、全用材の25%を賄う。
• However, they plan to use thinned wood for various parts covering twenty-five percent of the total for the sixty-second Sengu.

• 1335年に顕家が足利尊氏討伐のために上京すると行宗も従い、足利方と戦う。
• In 1335, when Akiie went up to the capital to suppress Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yukimune followed him to fight against the Ashikaga clan.

• 律令制下の蝦夷討伐においで東国諸国の正税を遠征軍の兵粮にあてる事を許した。
• During the military campaigns, launched under and during the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), to subjugate the Ezo (or Ebisu) barbarian peoples of northeastern Japan, the various eastern provinces were permitted to pay their taxes (of rice) in the form of supplying the expeditionary troops with provisions.

• 天正10年（1582年）3月、織田信長が行った武田征伐により武田氏は滅亡。
• In April 1582, the Takeda clan fell due to subjugation of Takeda done by Nobunaga ODA.

• 同じ頃、杉若勢も三宝寺河原（現上富田町）で山本勢に敗れ、討伐戦は頓挫する。
• Around the same time, the Sugiwaka troops were also defeated by the Yamamoto troops at Sanpojigawara (Sanpoji shores) (present Kamitonda-cho), which interrupted punitive expedition.

• 『日本書紀』成立後、「三韓征伐」によって朝鮮は日本の属国に入ったとされる。
• It is said that Korea became a dependency to Japan by 'Sankan-Saibatsu' after 'Nihonshoki' was finished.

• そのことから、記紀の記す「神功皇后の三韓征伐」そのものは疑わしいであろう。
• Of this fact 'Sankan-Seibatsu by Empress Jingu' in kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki) itself is doubtful.

• 尼御台政子が病床の将軍代行となり、比企氏討伐令が鎌倉の御家人に発せられる。
• Ama Midai Masako deputized for the shogun on his sickbed and issued the command for putting down the Hiki clan to the vassals in Kamakura.

• 義尚の後を継いだ足利義稙も、延徳3年（1491年）に再び高頼討伐を行った。
• Yoshitane ASHIKAGA who succeeded to Yoshihisa also started to suppress Takayori again in 1491.

• 延徳元年（1489年）、将軍・足利義尚は六角討伐の最中、近江国で陣没する。
• In 1489, the shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, was killed in battle during the subjugation of the Rokkaku Clan in the Province of Omi.

• 77年9月に義就が政長討伐のために河内へ下り、遊佐氏を追い河内を制圧する。
• In September 1477, Yoshihiro moved into Kawachi in order to defeat Masanaga, bringing Kawachi under his control after driving away the Yusa clan.

• 1427年には赤松満祐が討伐され、1440年には一色義貫が殺害されている。
• Mitsusuke AKAMATSU was defeated in 1427, and Yoshitsura ISSHIKI was assassinated in 1440.

• 家康は激怒し、景勝に叛意があることは明確であるとして上杉氏討伐を宣言した。
• Then becoming seriously angry about the situation, Ieyasu declared that he should conquer the Uesugi clan, because Kagekatsu's intention of defiance was apparent.

• 8月に範頼が平氏討伐のため鎌倉を発向し、中国地方から九州へ渡る遠征に出た。
• In September, Noriyori left Kamakura for an expedition through the Chugoku Region to Kyushu to subjugate the Taira clan.

• 織田軍の主要な合戦である天正3年（1575年）の越前国一向一揆討伐に参加。
• In 1575, he went to a battle to put down an uprising of Ikkoshu sect followers in Echizen Province which was one of main battles of the Oda army.

• この長州征伐では長州藩が恭順したため、慶勝は寛大な措置を取り京へ凱旋した。
• Yoshikatsu returned to Kyoto with a lenient measure as the Choshu clan swore allegiance at this Choshu Conquest.

• 以後、実平は富士川の戦い、常陸国の源義広 (志田三郎先生)討伐などに従軍。
• Subsequently, Sanehira took part in the Battle of Fujigawa and joined the punitive force against MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Saburo Senjo SHIDA) in Hitachi Province.

• 小田原征伐後に家康が関東に移されると、上野国白井藩にて2万石を与えられた。
• Once Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest and siege of Odawara, he received 20,000 koku in Shiroi Domain of Kozuke Province.

• この討伐は関東から北陸の兵をもって3月から8月までの約5ヶ月間行なわれた。
• This subjection was conducted for five months, from March to August by soldiers in Kanto and Hokuriku.

• だが、義満がこれを政治的に利用して反対勢力を討伐していった事は事実である。
• However, it is a fact that Yoshimitsu utilized it for political affairs and used it to suppress opposing forces.

• 武田征伐・第二次天正伊賀の乱等の戦いでも一部の相手の降伏を受け入れている。
• He accepted the surrender of a part of the enemy in some battles such as with the subjugation of Takeda and the second Tensho Iga War.

• その後も紀州征伐や越中征伐、九州征伐など秀吉の主要な合戦の大半に従軍した。
• Thereafter, he served in most of Hideyoshi's major battles, such as the conquest of Kishu, the conquest of Ecchu and the Kyushu Conquest.

• その後は九戸政実の乱の討伐や文禄・慶長の役、伏見城普請などに功績を挙げた。
• Subsequently, he rendered distinguished services in the Rebellion of Masazane KUNOHE suppression, the Bunroku-Keicho War, the Fushimi-jo Castle construction project, and so force.

• 織田信長の命を受けた豊臣秀吉による中国征伐では、はじめ抵抗するも後に降伏。
• In the Chugoku Conquest by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in obedience to Nobunaga ODA's orders, he fought against them at the early stage but later surrendered.

• 慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に属し、上杉景勝討伐軍に従軍。
• In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he belonged to the Eastern squad and took a part in a punitive force for subjugation of Kagekatsu UESUGI.

• 用材は、「三ツ尾伐り（三つ紐伐りともいう）」という古くからの作法で切り出す。
• The wood is cut in the ancient manner called 'Mitsuogiri (or Mitsuhimogiri).'

• 景行12年（82年）熊襲が背いたので、これを征伐すべく、8月に天皇自ら西下。
• In 82, since Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) disobeyed him, the Emperor himself left for the west to conquer them in August.

• 8月1日、持之は赤松討伐のための治罰綸旨を奏請し、後花園天皇はこれを許した。
• On August 26th, Mochiyuki petitioned the Emperor for Jibatsu Rinji (a written document for imperial edicts to hunt down and kill emperor's enemies) to suppress the Akamatsu clan and Emperor GoHanazono gave it to him.

• 幕府の討伐軍に包囲されつつあった天狗党は、頼徳勢と合流すべく那珂湊へ向った。
• Tenguto, which was getting surrounded by the punitive force of the bakufu, went to Nakaminato to join Yorinori and others.

• これらを加えて幕府の討伐軍は更に強大な布陣を敷き天狗党の前に立ちはだかった。
• In addition to Yoshinobu, the punitive force of Tenguto lined up a larger and stronger army against Tenguto.

• これに対して高国は波多野討伐を実行したが、内藤国貞らの反抗もあって失敗する。
• In response to this, Takakuni tried to suppress Hatano but failed due to disobedience by Kunisada NAITO.

• 西方の蛮族の討伐から帰るとすぐに、景行天皇は重ねて東方の蛮族の討伐を命じる。
• As soon as Yamato Takeru returned from his conquest of the savage tribes in the western regions, the Emperor Keiko ordered him to subjugate the savage tribes in the eastern regions.

• なお、同年7月20日に将軍徳川家茂の死去により第二次長州征伐は休戦となった。
• And on August 29 of the same year, a second conquest of Choshu was aborted due to the death of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA.

• 1581年の京都御馬揃えにも出席、武田氏の討伐にも細川氏と共に従軍している。
• He attended the great military parade in Kyoto in 1581, and along with the Hosokawa clan, joined the suppression of the Takeda clan along with the Hosokawa clan.

• しかし、一族と見られる豪族安倍富忠が頼時に反旗を翻したため討伐のために北上。
• However, Gozoku (a powerful regional clan) ABE no Tomitada, who was considered a member of the Abe clan, raise in rebellion against Yoritoki, so Yoritoki went up north to defeat the rebel army.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐の後、主君・徳川家康が江戸に移封された。
• In 1590, his lord Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was transferred to Edo after the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 小田原征伐後、家康が関東に移されると、上総国五井藩に5000石を与えられた。
• After Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest and siege of Odawara, he received 5000 koku (crop fields) in Goi Domain of Kazusa Province.

• 東人は持節大将軍に任じられ、1万7000人を動員して広嗣の討伐を命じられた。
• Azumahito was appointed to Jisetsu taishogun (Great General with a Sword Representing His Full Authority) and ordered to suppress Hirotsugu with 17,000 soldiers.

• 激怒した北朝方から正秀らに朝敵討伐令が出されると、比叡山は北朝方に寝返った。
• When the enraged Northern Court issued a proscription against Masahide, Mt. Hiei switched sides and allied itself with the Northern Court.

• 信長が武田征伐に出陣したのは3月8日であるが、その日に信忠は甲府を占領した。
• Nobunaga left for the front for the punitive expedition of the Takeda clan on April 10, and Nobutada occupied Kofu on the same day.

• 1960年代中期に沿線での伐採事業が終了すると森林軌道の利用価値は低下した。
• However, after the logging business was terminated in mid-1960s, the value of the usage of the forest tramlines diminished.

• この結果、多くの神社が廃止されると同時に、そこにあった鎮守の森は伐採された。
• This resulted in many shrines being abolished, and at the same time, their Chinju no Mori being cut down.

• 最重要なのは「物忌」と呼ばれる童男（内宮）、童女（外宮）が忌斧で木を伐る儀式。
• The most important procedure is when the 'Monoimi' (物忌), a boy designated 'Oguna' for the Naiku and a girl designated 'Warawame' for the Geku cut twigs with a hatchet.

• また奈良県吉野郡大塔村 (奈良県)では、山で木を伐る音をたてる怪物といわれる。
• In Daito Village, Yoshino County of Nara Prefecture, Yama-arashi is said to be a monster which makes noise of cutting trees in mountains.

• 神功皇后の三韓征伐の帰途に宇瀰（うみ、福岡県糟屋郡宇美町）で生まれたとされる。
• On her way back from sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), Empress Jingu gave birth to him at Umi (Umi Town, Kasuya County, Fukuoka Prefecture).

• しかし、京都の幕府の介入で禅秀は滅亡し、信満は鎌倉府から討伐を受け、自害する。
• However, Zenshu was defeated because of the intervention by bakufu of Kyoto, and Nobumitsu was subjugated by Kamakurafu and committed suicide.

• 保則は来降を許したが、元慶3年（879年）1月、朝廷は討伐の強行を命じてきた。
• Yasunori accepted the Ifu's surrender, but in January of the third year of the Gangyo era (879) the Imperial Court ordered him to suppress the Ifu.

• これを手始めに夏綏銀節度留後の楊恵琳、浙江西道の鎮海軍節度使の李錡を討伐する。
• With this as a start, he suppressed the setsudoshi of Xiasui, Huilin YANG, and Ki RI, the setsudoshi of Zhenhai Army in Zhejiang West.

• しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
• However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.

• 山名氏の没落後は新たに守護となった京極高詮に従い、山名氏残党討伐を行っている。
• After the Yamana clan perished, the Mitoya clan raised the army with Takanori KYOGOKU, who became the new shugo, and defeated the remnants of Yamana clan.

• これらの諸藩は長州討伐のための経路上にあり、幕府軍の動きを制約することになる。
• These domains were located on the route of the Edo bakufu's Choshu Expedition, so the disorder in these domains became a hindrance to the movement of the bakufu army.

• 大形獣の狩猟や解体、木の伐採や切断、土掘りなど多目的に用いられたと推定される。
• It is thought to have been used for multiple purposes such as for hunting and demising large-sized animals, felling and cutting trees, and digging.

• 伊豆国を任されていた斉藤茂光はこの為朝の威勢を恐れ、天皇に討伐の許可を求める。
• Shigemitsu SAITO, who is in charge of governing Izu Province, is afraid of Tametomo's power and asks for permission by the Emperor to put down his army.

• そのことで小碓命は父に恐れられ、疎まれて、九州の熊襲建兄弟の討伐を命じられる。
• Due to that, his father feared and shunned Ousu no Mikoto, and ordered him to subjugate the brothers Kumaso Takeru in Kyushu.

• 1489年（延徳1）に六角高頼を討伐に遠征中の義尚が没し、次いで義政も没する。
• In 1489, Yoshihisa died while making an expedition to subdue Takayori ROKKAKU, which was followed by Yoshimasa's death.

• 特に佐竹氏征伐の金砂城の戦いでは同僚の熊谷直実とともに抜群の戦功を挙げている。
• During the conquest of Satake clan, he especially rendered remarkable service in the Battle of Kinsa-jo Castle together with his colleague Naozane KUMAGAI.

• また跡継ぎの信忠を除けば、連枝衆で地方討伐の指揮を任されたのは信孝のみである。
• Among all the brothers and sisters of nobles, Nobutaka was the only person entrusted with commanding the subjugation of a province, aside from Nobutada, the successor.

• 南朝 (日本)に属して京都に侵攻したため幕府は討伐を行い、執事職は空席となる。
• The bakufu subjugated Hosokawa because he invaded Kyoto on the side of the Southern Court (Japan) so that the post of steward became vacant.

• 景時は大庭景親とともに頼朝討伐に向い、石橋山の戦いで寡兵の頼朝軍を打ち破った。
• Kagetoki went to subjugate Yoritomo with Kagechika OBA, and destroyed the outnumbered Yoritomo's army at the Battle of Ishibashiyama.

• 伊勢平氏残党の討伐のため、伊勢国長野の地頭職となって安濃・奄芸二郡を給わった。
• In order to suppress the remnants of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan), he was appointed to jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate) of Nagano region in Ise Province, and was granted Ano and Anki Counties.

• 翌年、義親を討伐したという触れ込みで、義親の首級と称するものを都へ持ち帰った。
• Yoshichika was purportedly subdued the following year, and what was supposedly meant to be Yoshichika's severed head was taken back to Kyoto.

• しかし、帰京直後の5月に以仁王による平氏討伐の計画が発覚した（以仁王の挙兵）。
• However, in May, immediately after returning to Kyoto, Prince Mochihito's plot to subjugate the Taira clan was uncovered (Rising of Prince Mochihito).

• その後時村の誅伐は北条宗方の陰謀であったとする「関東御教書」が早馬により届く。
• Then, 'kanto migyosho' (an official message from Kanto) was delivered by a post horse saying that Tokimura was killed due to conspiracy by Munekata HOJO.

• その後も信長に従って、石山本願寺攻め、紀州征伐など各地を転戦し、武功を挙げた。
• He continuously followed Nobunaga and had military exploits in various battles, such as the siege of Ishiyama Honganji Temple and the conquest of Kishu.

• やがて秀吉が信長から中国征伐を命じられると、秀久はそれに従軍して戦功を挙げる。
• Before long, when Hideyoshi was ordered by Nobunaga to conquer the Chugoku Province, Hidehisa took part in the war and provided distinguished service.

• 秀久は淡路で明智光秀方に与した豪族達を討伐する任にあたり、淡路平定に貢献した。
• Taking the responsibility of defeating Gozoku (local ruling families) in Awaji that took the side of Mitsuhide Akechi, Hidehisa contributed to suppressing Awaji.

• その後、九州征伐、小田原征伐に参加し、文禄の役では朝鮮に渡海して従軍している。
• He subsequently joined Hideyoshi's army in the battles in Kyushu and Odawara, and fought overseas to conquer Korea in the Bunroku War.

• 武田征伐後、八王子に落ち延びていた松姫のもとに織田信忠から迎えの使者が訪れる。
• After subjugation of Takeda, an envoy of Nobutada ODA visited Princess Matsu who escaped to Hachioji to bring her back.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐時には、藩の方針を長州藩寄りにまとめた。
• In the second conquest of the Choshu Domain in 1866, he adopted the pro-Choshu strategy as the policy for the Tsuwano Domain.

• 木材の伐採のほか、野田畑周辺では茅場として使用するために火入れが行われていた。
• In addition to cutting down trees for wood, around Nodabata, clearings were burnt off to be used as hayfields.

• その後伐採規模は縮小し、1990年代以降はほとんど伐採されることがなくなった。
• After that, the amount of tree cutting diminished, and almost no trees have been cut since the 1990s.

• 立木を伐倒しようとする労働者は、前項各号に掲げる事項を行なわなければならない。
• The worker intends to felling of standing tree shall carry out the matters listed in each item of the preceding paragraph.

• 広葉樹林の場合：10年から20年ごとに根を残して伐採され、薪や木炭に利用された。
• Broadleaf trees: every 10 to 20 years they were cut down with their roots left to make firewood and charcoal.

• 竪三引両　奥州藤原氏討伐の際の1189年（文治5年）、朝宗が源頼朝より拝領した。
• Tate Mitsuhiki-ryo: in 1189, when Oshu Fujiwara clan was subjugated, the crest was given to Tomomune DATE by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.

• 幕府は大仏貞直、金沢貞冬、足利尊氏（後の尊氏）、新田義貞らの討伐軍を差し向けた。
• The bakufu dispatched the punitive force that had been formed by Sadanao OSARAGI, Sadafuyu KANAZAWA, Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA.

• 豊臣秀吉の九州征伐の際は、豊臣氏と島津氏の兵力の違いを認識し早期降伏を主張した。
• When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI started his conquest of Kyushu, he recognized the difference in military force between the Toyotomi clan and the Shimazu clan and therefore recommended an early surrender.

• また10月15日の書状と24日の書状の中で、翌春上杉景勝を征伐する方針を伝えた。
• In addition, Ieyasu told a plan to conquer Kagekatsu UESUGI the next spring in the letters dated October 15 and 24.

• 幕府はそれまでの不介入方針を変更し越智氏討伐を決め、越智氏は大和南部に没落した。
• The shogunate reversed its nonintervention policy and decided to subdue the Ochi clan, which led the Ochi clan to fall and escape to the southern Yamato Province.

• 秀吉が信長の命令で中国攻めの総司令官として中国征伐に赴いたとき、これに従軍した。
• When Hideyoshi went on an expedition to the Chugoku region as a chief commander by order of Nobunaga, ISHIDA served in the war.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐にも参戦し、伊豆国韮山城攻めで武功を挙げた。
• Nobukatsu also participated in the conquest of Odawara in 1590, and distinguished himself in the attack on Nirayama Castle in Izu Province.

• この際、直江兼続による挑発的な返答が、家康の会津征伐を煽ったとされる（直江状）。
• At that time, Kanetsugu NAOE wrote a sensational reply (the Naoe Letter), which incited Ieyasu to subjugate Aizu.

• 一方、西行に敬意を払う高杉自身は東にある、将軍のお膝元の江戸幕府討伐を目指した。
• Meanwhile, TAKASUGI who admired Saigyo, aimed at conquering the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the shogun in the east.

• しかし、その後長州藩は再び勤王派が主導権を握ったため、第二次長州征伐が決定する。
• But the people loyal to the Emperor had the initiative again afterwards, so that it was decided to make the Second Choshu Conquest.

• 晩年は長州の「勤王の志士」たちと交流し、第一次長州征伐の調停役としても活躍した。
• He enjoyed the friendship of 'loyalists of the Meiji Restoration period' of Choshu domain in his later years, and also worked hard as a mediator of the First conquest of Choshu.

• 著書には「堀杏庵文集」「杏陰集」「東行日録」「有馬温湯記」「朝鮮征伐記」がある。
• He had books to his credit, which were 'Hori Kyoan-bunshu,' 'Kyoin-shu,' 'Toko-nichiroku,' 'Arima onto-ki,' and 'Chosen seibatsu-ki.'

• しかし、翌年の第二次長州征伐開戦にあたり、幕府側の敗戦の調和策として放免された。
• However when the Second Conquest of Choshu occurred the following year, Tamaki was released to compensate for the defeat of the bakufu.

• また同年、21年前に出雲で平正盛に討伐されたはずの源義親を名乗る者が京に現れた。
• In the same year, a man emerged in Kyoto who identified himself as MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, who was supposed to have been put down by TAIRA no Masamori in Izumo 21 years ago.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐では長政自身は日向国財部城攻めで功績を挙げた。
• In the Kyushu Conquest of 1587, Nagamasa rendered distinguished service in the Siege of Takarabe-jo Castle, in Hyuga Province.

• しかし歴史時代に入るとともに日本列島の里山は乱伐と保護を繰り返していくこととなる。
• However, as historic period begins, Satoyama in the Japanese archipelago underwent repeated cycles of destructive exploitation and protection.

• しかし村民の意識の低さからか、梅林の伐採はおさまらず、月瀬保勝会の事業は頓挫した。
• However, possibly due to the lack of awareness among villagers, plum trees continued to be cut down, stalling the conservation efforts of Tsukigase Hoshokai.

• さらに平氏討伐の命令を出し、文治元年（1185年）、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏は滅亡した。
• Furthermore, he ordered them to hunt down and kill the Taira clan, the clan died out in the Battle of Dannoura in 1185.

• 新羅は戦わずして降服して朝貢を誓い、高句麗・百済も朝貢を約したという（三韓征伐）。
• Silla promised to pay tribute to the Court without fighting, and Goguryeo and Paekche also promised bringing tributes ('Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms)).

• それによると、軍事的には『討伐』には失敗したが、「対馬は土地が不毛で生活が苦しい。
• According to this volume, militarily 'the expedition' was a failure, but did win them the following document of capitulation: 'Tsushima's land is barren, making it difficult to eke out a living there.

• 6月（盗賊討伐への出陣、武具乗馬の借用、出陣の命令系統と心得、武具・馬具の名称）、
• June: Departure for the subjugation of robbers, borrowing of weapons and horses, knowledge of departure for battle and of the chain of command, and nomenclature of weapons and harness

• 1990年以降、適切な森林施業（植栽、下刈、除伐・間伐等の行為）が行われている森林
• The forests which have been properly managed (grass establishment, weeding and brushing, improvement cutting, tree thinning and so on) since 1990.

• 関ヶ原直後、家康は伊達政宗とともに翌慶長6年早々に上杉家を武力征伐する予定でいた。
• Soon after the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu had a plan to conquer the Uesugi family by force with Masamune DATE early in 1601.

• さらに政元の討伐軍が送られて義材は捕縛されて京都竜安寺に幽閉され、政長は自害した。
• Furthermore, a punitive force was sent by Masamoto and Yoshiki was captured and locked up in the Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto, and Masanaga killed himself.

• 頼康の死後、分裂して争う土岐氏の内紛につけ込んで土岐氏を討伐した（土岐康行の乱）。
• After the death of Yoriyasu, he subdued the TOKI clan, taking advantage of the internal conflict while the TOKI were fighting on two sides.

• 明応2年（1493年）、将軍・義材は政長と共に畠山義豊討伐のため河内国へ出兵する。
• In 1493, the shogun, Yoshiki, and Masanaga left for the Province of Kawachi to subjugate Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA.

• 義就は嶽山城(大阪府富田林市)に篭城し、討伐に下った畠山、細川、武田らの兵と戦う。
• Yoshihiro was besieged at Gakusan-jo Castle (Tondabayashi City, Osaka Prefecture) and fought the armies of the Hatakeyama, Hosokawa and Takeda.

• その後上杉勢が公然と家康に対して叛旗を翻し、家康は諸大名を従えて会津征伐に赴いた。
• Then, as Uesugi's army stood in open rebellion against Ieyasu, Ieyasu went on an expedition to Aizu with various feudal lords.

• 九州征伐・小田原の役・文禄・慶長の役の際には、兵糧奉行として兵糧の輸送に活躍した。
• During the Kyushu Conquest, the Odawara Campaign and Bunroku-Keicho invasions of Korea, he was the Hyoro bugyo in charge of sending food provisions for soldiers.

• 一方で、道誉は鎌倉の北条氏討伐を決意した尊氏と密約して連携行動を取ったともされる。
• It is said that Doyo made a secret pact with Takauji to defeat the Hojo clan in Kamakura, and to cooperate thereafter.

• 養和元年（1181年）3月、平重衡を大将とする行家討伐の軍が派遣され、通盛も従軍。
• In April 1181, an army to subjugate Yukiie, commanded by TAIRA no Shigehira, was dispatched, and Michimori joined this army.

• 永禄3年（1560年）の尾張侵攻は、上洛目的説と織田信長討伐・尾張攻略説とがある。
• There are two theories on why Yoshimoto made an invasion into the Owari Province in 1560; one is that Yoshimoto had the objective of proceeding to the capital (Kyoto), and the other is that he was aiming at putting down Nobunaga ODA and capturing Owari Province.

• これを憲実の反逆と見た持氏は討伐の兵を差し向け、自らも武蔵国府中高安寺に出陣する。
• Mochiuji understood this as Norizane's rebellion, so he sent army to put down Norizane and he led army to Koan-ji Temple, Fuchu, Musashi Province by his own.

• 怒った師直が高貞に謀反の罪を着せ、塩冶一族が討伐され終焉を迎えるまでを描いている。
• In the book 'Taiheiki' Moronao, who was upset about the rejection, had Takasada take the blame for a rebellion, for which he and his family were sentenced to death.

• 治承4年（1180年）、平清盛を討伐するため、以仁王の令旨を奉じて源頼政らが挙兵。
• In 1180, at Prince Mochihito's command, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and others raised an army to subjugate TAIRA no Kiyomori.

• しかしほどなく義仲とも不和となり、身の危険を感じて、平家討伐に名を借りて京を脱出。
• However, his relation with Yoshinaka worsened, and sensing that he was in danger, he fled from the capital (Kyoto) on the pretext of his need to rally the troops to subjugate the Taira Clan.

• そして第2次長州征伐の事後処理、幕府軍の西洋式軍制の導入など、幕政改革に尽力した。
• He worked for Bakufu reforms such as the post-war management of the Second Conquest of Choshu and introduction of western-style military system into the bakufu troops.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、第2次長州征伐で父・宗秀は幕府軍長州征討補佐を務めていた。
• In 1866, his father Munehide served as the assistant for subjugation of Choshu by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on the Second conquest of Choshu in 1866.

• 土地の耕作若しくは開墾又は植物の栽植、栽培、採取若しくは伐採の事業その他農林の事業
• Business of cultivation of land, planting, growing, harvesting or cutting of plants, or other agro forestry businesses

• 源義経が平氏を討伐したのち、源頼朝に疑われて西国に落ちるところからこの能ははじまる。
• This Noh play begins with MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune escaping to Saigoku (the western part of Japan [a region including Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) because he was viewed with suspicion by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo after subduing the Taira clan.

• 島津氏関与説 - 信長が毛利氏を滅ぼした後、九州征伐を開始するのは時間の問題である。
• View that the Shimazu clan was involved - It was a matter of time when Nobunaga commence conquering Kyushu after he overthrew the Mori clan.

• 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
• Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.

• 「すみやかに廃刀の令を出して武士の虚号と殺伐の余風を除かれたい」というものであった。
• It is hoped that Haitorei will be issued immediately so as to remove samurai's arrogance and remaining custom of brutality.'

• 幕府の命を受けた今川氏・越後上杉氏・佐竹氏・宇都宮氏の兵が満隆・氏憲討伐に向かった。
• The soldiers of the Imagawa clan, the Echigo Uesugi clan, the Satake clan and the Utsunomiya clan went to subdue Mitsutaka and Ujinori on the order of the bakufu.

• 朝廷からの独立国建設を目指したが藤原秀郷、平貞盛らにより討伐された（承平天慶の乱）。
• He aimed to create a country independent of the Imperial Court, but his rebellion was put down by FUJIWARA no Hidesato and TAIRA no Sadamori and so on (Johei-Tengyo no Ran (Rebellion of Johei-Tengyo)).

• 幕府による第一次長州征伐が迫る中、長州藩では俗論派が台頭し、10月には福岡へ逃れる。
• As the shogunate planned the first conquest of Choshu, a moderate faction advocating reconciliation with the shogunate became dominant in the Choshu clan and Takasugi escaped to Fukuoka in October.

• 天正13年（1585年）の四国征伐、天正14年（1586年）の九州征伐にも参加する。
• He participated in the Shikoku Conquest in 1585, as well as the Kyushu Conquest in 1586.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐で功をあげたことを契機に、肥後国一国を与えられた。
• The achievement in the Kyusyu Conquest in 1587 brought him the Province of Higo.

• 義経が都に戻って4ヶ月後の同年10月9日、頼朝が土佐坊昌俊を差し向け義経討伐を計る。
• On November 9, 1185, four months later since Yoshitsune's return to the capital, Yoritomo set out the punitive expedition, sending Shoshin TOSANOBO to kill Yoshitsune.

• 過去に平忠常を家人としていたことのある河内源氏の源頼信を甲斐守に任じて討伐を命じた。
• The Imperial Court appointed MINAMOTO no Yoshinobu of Kawachi Genji, who once had TAIRA no Tadatsune as his retainer, to Kai no Kami (Governor of the Kai Province) and ordered Yorinobu to put down the revolt.

• 兄・信長の命で織田信忠の軍団に配属し、1574年の伊勢国長島一向一揆討伐に参加した。
• On the order from his elder brother, Nobunaga, he was assigned to Nobutada ODA's forces and took part in the suppression of Ise Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima, Ise Province) in 1574.

• 幕府の討伐軍に対抗するために吉村らは十津川郷士を募兵して1000人の兵をかき集めた。
• In order to cope with the punitive force of the bakufu, Yoshimura and other members recruited totsukawa goshi (country samurai) and gathered one thousand warriors.

• 宗氏を頼って対馬へ逃れた少弐氏を討伐するために朝鮮に対して対馬の割譲を提言している。
• He proposed Korea to cede the territory of Tsushima to defeat the Shoni clan who had relied on the So clan and ran away to Tsushima.

• 同年5月15日、駿河国加増の礼と武田征伐の戦勝祝いのため、徳川家康が安土城を訪れた。
• On June 15 the same year, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA visited Azuchi-jo Castle in order to give thanks for the addition of Suruga Province and to celebrate the victory of the punitive expedition against the Takeda clan.

• しかし幕府内の事態が一変し直義が復帰、直冬が九州探題に就任したため討伐は中止される。
• However, the situation inside bakufu completely changed allowing Naoyoshi to return, and since Naofuyu took the post as Kyushu tandai, subjugation was called off.

• 慶長5年の上杉景勝征伐に際しては、景勝の反逆を確認する検分使として東北に派遣された。
• On the occasion of the conquest of Kagekatsu UESUGI in 1600, he was dispatched to Tohoku region as kenbunshi, the inspector to confirm the rebellion by Kagekatsu.

• 南方熊楠は、当時からこの伐採による大規模な自然破壊を危惧し、神社合祀に反対している。
• Kumagusu MINAKATA opposed the shrine mergers, fearing that this deforestation would cause large-scale destruction of the natural environment.

• 朝廷の断りなく諸国の武家を従える挙に及んだため、朝廷から討伐されることとなりました。
• Without notifying the Imperial Court, in order to make plans to subjugate samurai families in various provinces, it was made to look as if the subjugation drive emanated from the Imperial court.

• 実際の用材は、木曽（内宮）および裏木曽（外宮）で、この儀式の進行に合わせ伐り出される。
• The timber for this is cut in Kiso (in the case of the Naiku) and in Urakiso (for the Geku) for the occasion of this ceremony.

• 562年（欽明天皇23年）には、新羅に討伐軍を送るが、敵の罠にかかってしまい退却する。
• In 562, though the Emperor Kinmei sent punitive forces to Silla, they were trapped and forced to withdraw.

• 討伐の対象になるところを上杉憲定たちの助命活動が実を結び、義満への上洛謝罪で赦された。
• Although it was worth subjugation, Norisada UESUGI and so on asked for his life and he was forgiven by going up to Kyoto and apologizing Yoshimitsu.

• 9月に入って周辺諸藩からの討伐を受け、多勢に無勢で各地で敗退し、9月27日に壊滅した。
• In September they were attacked by neighboring domain and, being greatly outnumbered, they were defeated at various places and were annihilated on September 27.

• (熊襲討伐後は吉備や難波の邪神を退治して、水陸の道を開き、天皇の賞賛と寵愛を受ける）。
• (After he subdued the Kumaso, he destroyed evil deities in Kibi and Naniwa and opened the routes on land and water, and the emperor praised him and bestowed favor upon him.)

• 九州征伐完了後に博多においてバテレン追放令を発布したが、事実上キリシタンは黙認された。
• After the conquest of Kyusyu he declared to exile Christians, but practically Christians were accepted silently.

• 足利義満は明徳の乱、応永の乱などで有力守護大名を挑発しては討伐してその勢力を削減した。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA intentionally provoked important Shugo Daimyo (Lords) into rebelling against the shogunate (the Meitoku and Oei Rebellions) and by defeating them, reduced their power.

• 正宗は、討伐に従軍して、7月25日に上杉の支城で登坂式部勝乃が守る白石城を陥落させた。
• Masamune joined this campaign, and he captured a subsidiary castle of Uesugi clan Shiroishi-jo Castle defended by TOSAKA shikibu no Katsunori.

• 翌・天正13年（1585年）、秀吉自ら越中征伐に乗り出し、富山城を10万の大軍で包囲。
• In the next year, 1585, Hideyoshi started to conquest Ecchu by himself and surrounded the Toyama-jo Castle with his large 100 thousand army.

• 則天武后は、左玉鈐衛大将軍李孝逸を揚州道大総管として兵30万を与えて討伐に向かわせた。
• Empress Sokuten appointed the great general of 左玉鈐衛 Ri Koitsu to be superintendent general for the Yoshu section and told him to suppress the movement with 300 thousand soldiers.

• 和銅3年（710年）の朝賀の礼では蝦夷討伐の功により将軍を務めた（左将軍は大伴旅人）。
• He served as Shogun in Choga no Rei (retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor), for his services in conquest of ezo (OTOMO no Tabito served as Sashogun).

• その後も佐々成政攻めや、九州征伐に秀吉配下として従軍したが、1589年、56歳で死去。
• After that he also joined the attack on Narimasa SASSA and the Kyushu Conquest serving under Hideyoshi and died at the age of 56 in 1589.

• そして景勝に従って新発田重家討伐、佐渡国の本間氏討伐、小田原征伐に従軍して功を立てた。
• Thereafter, he followed Kagekatsu and joined his army, contributing to the conquest of Shigeie SHIBATA, the Honma clan in Sado Province, and Odawara.

• ほか、大学の財産形成の場として、伐採に伴う用材収入や製炭事業などでの収入が用いられた。
• In addition, the income from selling wood obtained from cutting down trees in the forest, and from charcoal-making business was used to create income for the university.

• これを知った持氏は小栗満重を討伐して京都扶持衆に対する見せしめとした（小栗満重の乱）。
• When Mochiuji learnt this, he killed Mitsushige OGURI to scare the Kyoto Fuchushu (War of Mitsushige OGURI).

• 長享2年(1488年)に政親が一揆討伐軍を上げると逆にこれを攻め滅ぼした（長享の一揆）。
• In 1488, when Masachika raised an army for subjugation of the revolt, they destroyed the army instead (Revolt of the Chokyo era).

• 義教の信任厚い持常は、嘉吉の乱で義教が暗殺された後、赤松満祐征伐のため播磨国に出兵する。
• After Yoshinori was assassinated in the Kakitsu War, Mochitsune, who was a confidential of Yoshinori, dispatched troops to Harima Provicne for the subjugation of Mitsusuke AKAMATSU.

• この処置に不満な康行は挙兵に追い込まれて、幕府軍の討伐を受けて没落した（土岐康行の乱）。
• Feeling dissatisfied with this treatment, Yasuyuki was driven to raise an army, but his army was suppressed and ruined by the army of bakufu (Yasuyuki TOKI's rebellion).

• その後は明智光秀の与力大名として久秀討伐（信貴山城の戦い）、一向一揆討伐などで活躍した。
• After that, Junkei helped Mitsuhide AKECHI as Yoriki Daimyo (territorial lord who supports other lords) to make military achievements including the expedition of Hisahide (the Battle of Shigisan-jo Castle) and the expedition of Ikko sect's revolts.

• 尊氏が勅状を得ないまま北条軍の討伐に向かうと、後醍醐天皇は追って尊氏を征東将軍に任じる。
• When Takauji set out to suppress the Hojo army despite not having obtained an Imperial decree, Emperor Godaigo belatedly appointed him seito shogun (literally, 'general who subdues the eastern barbarians').

• 宗氏はこの要求に屈し、この規則に基づく関係は豊臣秀吉の朝鮮征伐まで継続されることになる。
• The So clan succumbed to these demands and the relationship with Korean Dynasties based on these rules lasted until Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean Invasions.

• が、羽柴秀吉は根来寺の泉南への進出を快く思わず、機会があれば討伐しようともくろんでいた。
• However, Hideyoshi HASHIBA did not feel good about Negoro-ji Temple's progress to the Sennan region and waited for an opportunity to put it down.

• 渡辺等は「天照皇　徳川恢復朝敵奸佞征伐」の旗を掲げ、7日朝より新潟県庁へ向けて北上した。
• WATANABE and other members headed north toward Niigata Prefectural Office on the morning of 7th hoisting the flag that read 'In the name of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess), we wil restore the dignity and honor of the Tokugawa shogunate and conquer unrighteous traitor of the Emperor.'

• そこで晴元は、木沢の一件の発端を作った蓮淳に対して、義堯と元長の討伐への協力を依頼した。
• So Harumoto requested Renjun, who caused the KIZAWA incident, to cooperate in putting down Yoshitaka and Motonaga.

• 旧石器時代・縄文時代・弥生時代時代において主に樹木の伐採や土掘り、農耕用として使われた。
• Stone axes were mainly used for felling of trees, soil digging and farming in the Paleolithic period, the Jomon period and the Yayoi period.

• 家系は藤原北家の藤原魚名の流れを汲み、平将門を征伐した鎮守府将軍藤原秀郷の末裔にあたる。
• The family line was descended from FUJIWARA no Uona in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and Onuki clan was a descendant of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who subjugated TAIRA no Masakado.

• また、戦局が不利になってからも、九州で平家に反旗を翻した緒方惟義、菊池隆直らを討伐した。
• Also, after the war started going against them, he defeated Koreyoshi OGATA and Takanao KIKUCHI who rose in revolt against the Taira family in the Kyushu District.

• 最終的には藤堂高虎に命じて雑賀党の首領・鈴木重意を謀殺させることで平定した（紀州征伐）。
• Finally he had Takatora TODO kill Shigeoki SUZUKI, a head of Saika party, by a trap and conquered Kishu (Conquest of Kishu)

• 直冬は中国地方において軍勢を催促するなどの態度を取ったため、将軍尊氏は直冬討伐令を下す。
• Shogun Takauji gave the order to put down Tadafuyu because he had pressed Takauji to increase the number of soldiers in the Chugoku region, and so on.

• 関ヶ原の戦いの前哨戦には当初徳川家康の会津征伐に従軍して7月1日に出陣する予定であった。
• He firstly planned to participate in the prelude of the Battle of Sekigahara as a member of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army on August 9.

• 天正15年（1587年）、秀吉は自ら兵を率いて九州征伐に出陣し各地で島津軍を破っていく。
• Hideyoshi led his army for conquest of the Kyushu region in 1587 and defeated Shimazu's army in various places.

• 近藤勇や伊東に重用され、1866年の長州征伐後の訊問使の一人として広島市に下向している。
• Treated preferentially by Isami KONDO and Ito, he went down to Hiroshima City as one of jinmonshi (envoy for interrogation) after the Choshu Conquest in 1866.

• 康正2年（1454年）、享徳の乱で室町幕府より今川氏へ関東公方足利成氏討伐が命じられた。
• During the Kyotoku War, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) told the Imagawa clan to suppress Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, Kanto kubo, in 1454.

• 2度目とあって九尾の狐対策を十分に練ったため、討伐軍は次第に九尾の狐を追い込んでいった。
• Because it was the second attack, the force had carefully planned the hunt and they slowly drove the nine-tailed fox into a corner.

• 建武 (日本)2年（1335年）、足利尊氏が新田義貞征伐を上奏した際に、強硬に反対した。
• In 1335, he strongly opposed Takauji ASHIKAGA's proposal of defeating Yoshisada NITTA to the throne.

• 一人残った頼家は多少病状が回復して事件を知り激怒、時政討伐を命じるが従うものはなかった。
• Yoriie, who had somewhat recovered, learned of the conspiracy and angrily ordered Tokimasa to be killed but nobody obeyed.

• その後も小牧・長久手の戦いや九州征伐、小田原征伐などに兵150名を動員して参加している。
• Subsequently he participated in the battles of Komaki and Nagakute as well as the conquests of Kyushu and Odawara, in which he mobilized 150 troops.

• 1934年に開通した森林軌道の沿線を中心に、木炭用の雑木や枕木用の栗材が大量に伐採された
• Lots of miscellaneous small tress and chestnut trees along the forest tramlines, which started its operation in 1934, were cut to make charcoal and make railroad ties.

• 神社の造営に当たってその木材となる植林または自生する特別に伐採された木を指す場合もある。
• Shinboku sometimes refers to trees which are grown by forestation, have naturally grown and which are specially cut down to be used for building a shrine.

• 緊急時の木材・現金供給源を兼ねた水源涵養林として意図的に森林の伐採を行わない里山もあった。
• Parts of Satoyama were kept safe from logging as water catchment forests and supply sources of timber and sources of cash income in emergency situations.

• 手の内に隠されたその剣は、手を離れて敵を伐つ剣、との意味から、時には手離剣とも表記された。
• It was sometime written as 手離剣, since the sword hidden in one's hand is released from the hand and hits the enemy.

• これは四国征伐の武功による加増と言われているが、実質は40万石から20万石もの減封である。
• This transfer was believed to be the reward for his military achievement in the Shikoku Conquest and his hereditary rice stipend had to increase; however, in fact, the stipend was decreased from 400,000 koku (72156 cubic meters) to 200,000 koku (36078 cubic meters).

• 足利満兼を謀叛に誘った今川了俊は幕府から討伐の命を受けたために上洛して謝罪し、助命された。
• Ryoshun IMAGAWA, the one who had urged Mitsukane to revolt against the shogunate, was made the target of a search and destroy order from the shogunate, and because of this proceeded to the capital and apologized, for which he was granted clemency.

• 三人衆はこれに不満を抱く順慶と興福寺に対して久秀討伐を持ちかけて秘かに手を結んだのである。
• The three men proposed to Junkei and Kofuku-ji Temple, both displeased with this development, to attack Hisahide and entered into a clandestine alliance with them.

• 為虎は翌年の豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐にも参加し、文禄・慶長の役でも毛利軍の一員として活躍した。
• The next year, Tametora joined Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to go on an expedition against Odawara, and also took an active part as a member of Mori's force in the Bunroku-Keicho War.

• 憲実は持氏の助命と持氏の嫡子足利義久の関東公方就任を嘆願するが、義教は許さず討伐を命じた。
• Although Norizane asked for Mochiuji's life and assumption of his legitimate son Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA to Kanto Kubo, Yoshinori did not accept it and ordered to hunt down and kill him.

• 翌建治2年（1276年）に異国征伐として高麗出兵を計画し、平行して石築地を築造させている。
• In the following year, 1276, the bakufu planned the dispatch of troops to Goryeo, and at the same time constructed stone tuiji.

• 陪臣である義時が天下を取ったからという理由だけでこれを討伐するのは、後鳥羽に落ち度がある。
• Gotoba erred in trying to subjugate Yoritomo's rear vassal Yoshitoki merely because he had taken control of all under heaven.

• 大坂に四国討伐軍が集結する直前を見計らって光秀（正確には利三）が本能寺を襲撃したとする説。
• Another theory says Mitsuhide (actually Toshimitsu) attacked Honno-ji Temple right before troops gathered in Osaka to attack Shikoku.

• 嘉応2年（1170年）、伊豆介工藤茂光は上洛して為朝の乱暴狼藉を訴え、討伐の院宣が下った。
• In 1170 Shigemitsu KUDO, the deputy-chief of Izu Province, went to Kyoto to complain about Tametomo's violent and terrible behavior, and so the court issued an imperial decree to hunt Tametomo down.

• しかしこれに失敗して長州藩は朝敵となり、幕府が長州征伐（第一次幕長戦争）を行うこととなる。
• Since the Choshu clan, however, failed in this and became the Emperor's enemy, the Government made the Choshu Conquest (the First Baku-cho War).

• 759年伊予国守に転任し、761年に新羅征伐の議が起こると敬福は南海道節度使に任命された。
• He was reassigned to the governor of Iyo in 759, and was later assigned to Nankaido Setsudoshi in 761 when the topic of Silla conquest was brought up.

• このため、氏満の命を受けた上杉朝宗らの討伐軍による攻撃を受け、翌年に降伏を余儀なくされた。
• Then he was attacked by the punitive force of Tomomune UESUGI, given the order from Ujimitsu, and a year later he surrendered.

• 改元して慶応元年、物外は第一次長州征伐の調停役を依頼され、願書をしたためて朝廷に奉呈する。
• The era name was changed into Keio, and Motsugai was asked to be a mediator for the First conquest of Choshu, so he made a petition and submitted it to the Imperial court.

• そして、倭国と高句麗との交易を妨害しはじめたことに対し、新羅征伐のために朝鮮半島へ渡った。
• As Silla started interfering in trade between Wakoku (Japan) and Goguryeo (a Kingdom of Korea), SOGA no Karako went over to the Korean Peninsula to conquer Silla.

• 景虎は元服した同年、病弱な晴景を侮り反乱を起こした越後の豪族を討伐することで初陣を飾った。
• In the same year, on attaining manhood, Kagetora won a victory in his first campaign for subduing local ruling families in Echigo Province who had rebelled against the sickly Harukage.

• また、同じ年の11月には中大兄皇子のライバル・古人大兄皇子討伐事件にも関与していたという。
• It is said that, in November of the year, he was also involved in the affair of defeating Furuhito no Oe no Miko, who was a rival of Naka no Oe no Oji.

• また、義尚に討伐を受けた際に伊賀に逃れたのは高頼とその嫡男の六角氏綱ともされることがある。
• Furthermore, it is sometimes said that the persons who were chased by Yoshihisa and fled to Iga were Takayori and his heir, Ujitsuna ROKKAKU.

• 造林事業については、当初杉の伐採を行ったところ林相の悪化を招いたために一時伐採を中止した。
• Concerning the afforestation business, logging initially deteriorated the forest physiognomy and logging was stopped temporarily.

• その後はしいたけ栽培や木炭の製造のための雑木伐採、枕木用の栗材の伐採跡に杉の造林を行った。
• Then miscellaneous small trees were cut to cultivate shiitake mushroom and make charcoal, and Japanese cedar trees were planted at the site where chestnut tress were cut to make railroad ties.

• それに伴い、蝦夷に対する政策も変わり7世紀中頃の攻防戦線は東北へ移動をしている（蝦夷征伐）。
• This affected the policy toward the Emishi and the battle line moved to the northeast in the mid-seventh century (the subjugation of Ezo).

• 豊臣秀吉が豊臣秀吉九州征伐の後、暫く筥崎宮に滞在して博多の町割りを行っていた折に催した茶会。
• This is a tea ceremony held by Toyotomi Hideyoshi while he was staying at Hakozakigu Shrine for some time to scale town planning in Hakata after the Kyushu Conquest.

• 酒呑童子討伐で知られる武将・源頼光が弟・源頼信の家へ行ったとき、厠に鬼童丸が捕えられていた。
• When the military commander MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu known for the subjugation of Shuten Doji went to the home of his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, Kidomaru was caught in the toilet.

• 「神功紀」によると、三韓征伐より帰還した皇后の畿内入りを阻止しようとした忍熊王の軍を破った。
• According to 'Jingugi' (Chronicle of Empress Jingu), he defeated the army of Shikuma no mikoto, who tried to prevent the Empress from entering the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), when she was on the way back from the Sankan seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in ancient Korea).

• その後、奏聞から戻ってきた行隆が以仁王誅伐の情報を伝えたため、興福寺即時追討論は退けられた。
• Thereafter, Yukitaka, who had returned from reporting to the emperor, conveyed the news of the death of the criminal, prince Mochihito, which removed the impetus for the immediate destruction of Kofuku-ji temple.

• その後、塩冶高貞は謀反により討伐されると、三刀屋氏は勢力を伸ばしてきた山名氏の傘下に入った。
• When Takasada ENYA was defeated by a rebellion afterward, Mitoya clan came under the umbrella of the influential Yamana clan.

• 室町幕府のこの反乱に対する立場は、義嗣や南朝との連携を危惧して氏憲討伐に乗り出したのである。
• The stance of the Muromachi bakufu towards this rebellion was that they took the step of killing Ujinori because of their fear of his coalition with Yoshitsugu and the Southern Court.

• 高清は美濃国の守護代・斎藤利国を頼り、六角征伐の最中の1488年（長享2年）8月に挙兵した。
• Takakiyo asked Toshikuni SAITO, the Mino Province's Shugodai, for help and raised an army in the middle of the Rokkaku subjugation in August 1488.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐では、薩摩藩の妨害を抑えて慶喜が長州征伐の勅命を得る。
• At the Second Subjugation of Choshu in 1866, Yoshinobu suppressed interferences from Satsuma-han Clan and received a direct order from the Emperor to subjugate Choshu.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、家康が会津の上杉景勝の謀反を主張し、討伐を発令すると嘉明も従軍する。
• In 1600, Yoshiaki participated in the campaign against Kagekatsu UESUGI of Aizu, whom Ieyasu had declared to be plotting a revolt.

• 斯波派が望む、頼之に対する討伐は義満が抑えるが、政変を知った河野氏が南朝から幕府に帰服した。
• Although Yoshimitsu was against the subjugation of Yoriyuki desired by the Shiba clan, the Kawano clan, on learning of the coup, rejoined the bakufu from the Southern Court.

• しかし、長州征伐には消極的だったようであり、第2次では安斐の病気を理由に出兵は辞退している。
• However, it seems like he was passive about the conquest of Choshu because he refused to actually join the troops at the Second conquest on the grounds of Yasuaya being ill.

• 正平5年/観応元年（1350年）、直義の養子の足利直冬討伐のために尊氏と共に播磨へ出陣する。
• In 1350, Moronao went to Harima along with Takauji to conquer Tadafuyu, Tadayoshi's adopted child, in the Southern Court.

• 1440年、関東で起こった結城合戦に際して、義教の命で大和国の越智氏を討伐のために出陣する。
• In 1440, when the Yuki War started in the Kanto region, he departed for the front to subdue the Ochi clan of Yamato Province by order of Yoshinori.

• 兄の大庭景親に与同して、石橋山の戦いでは平家方につき源頼朝の討伐に参加し、頼朝を敗走させた。
• Joining in with his older brother Kagechika OBA, Kagehisa participated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama as a Heike (the Taira clan) force to subdue MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and put him to rout.

• ところが信長と義昭はやがて対立し、義昭は信長を滅ぼすべく、信玄に信長討伐の御内書を発送する。
• However, Nobunaga came into conflict with Yoshiaki later, and Yoshiaki sent Gonaisho (official document) to Shingen in order to subjugate Nobunaga.

• 「Ｙ」の様な三又の樹木には神が宿っているとして伐採を禁じ、その木を神体として祭る風習もある。
• There is also a practice that forbids the cutting of Y-shaped threes because divine spirits are dwelling in such trees, which become the object of worship.

• 東征ののち、尾張で結婚した宮簀媛（宮簀媛）の元に剣を預けたまま伊吹山の悪神を討伐しに行った。
• After the expedition to 'Togoku,' Takeru left the sword with his wife Miyazu hime, whom he married in Owari Province, and went to defeat the evil god of Ibuki-yama mountain.

• チェーンソーを用いて行う立木の伐木、かかり木の処理又は造材の業務（前号に掲げる業務を除く。）
• Work utilizing a chain saw for the felling of a standing tree, disposing of a hanging tree, or logging (excluding the work listed in the preceding item);

• 戦中・戦後の乱伐からの回復は、1950年に始まる国土緑化運動の成果を待たなければならなかった。
• Recovery from the destructive exploitation suffered during the war and post war periods was not initiated until the national tree-planting campaign, which began in 1950, and started to give results.

• このうち御留山を民間の材木商や村が伐採する場合には藩に現銀による対価を支払わねばならなかった。
• In case of the trees of Otomeyama, the timber merchant or village that wanted to cut the trees had to pay the price in silver currency to the owner domain.

• 後に根来山は豊臣秀吉との確執の末に討伐を受け壊滅、生き延びた一部の僧たちは奈良や京都へ逃れた。
• Later, after feud against Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the sect of Mt. Negoro was subjugated and wiped out, and some priests who survived retreated to Nara and Kyoto.

• 京都市との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
• According to a legend, a demon called Shuten-doji lived in Oe on the border with Kyoto City and was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.

• 織田氏重臣であった滝川一益は武田氏の討伐と関東進出への功績から、70万石もの所領を与えられた。
• Kazumasa TAKIGAWA, who was a great vassal of the Oda clan, was rewarded with a holding of 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000 cubic meters).

• だが同月末には再度攻勢に出て、討伐に当たった杉若無心・桑山重晴・宇多頼忠らは苦戦を強いられた。
• However, it began to attack again at the end of November, and made Mushin SUGIWAKA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Tadayori UTA and others face an uphill battle.

• 弘安8年（1285年）11月4日と14日に頼綱は日光山別当源恵に依頼し、泰盛伐の祈祷を行った。
• Yoritsuna requested Genkei, the betto (the head secretary of a temple) in Nikko-zan mountain to give an invocation to subdue Yasumori on December 8 and 18, 1285.

• 翌永享7年（1435年）義教は光宣の訴えにより越智維通らの再度の討伐を決め、幕府軍を派遣した。
• In 1435, Yoshinori once again made up his mind to subdue Koremichi OCHI and his allies by the request from Mitsunobu and dispatched the army of bakufu.

• 天正13年（1585年）の紀州征伐、天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐にも武将として参加した。
• He also joined the Kishu Campaign in 1585 and the Kyushu Campaign in 1587 as a general.

• しかし、祖父信長の行った紀州征伐が仇となって当初は入山が許されず、10月28日まで待たされた。
• However, he actually couldn't enter the mountain until December 3 due to the conquest of Kishu by his grandfather, Nobunaga.

• 文聖王は張保皐の武力を恐れて討伐を躊躇していたが、ここで閻長という剣客が彼の暗殺を請け負った。
• Because King Munseong was scared of Bogo JANG's military power, he could not decide to kill Jang but an expert swordsman called Yeomjang was contracted for Jang's assassination.

• 琉球守は律令にないユニークな官職名であり、茲矩も琉球征伐を秀吉に申し出て一度は許可されている。
• Ryukyu no kami was a unique government post name not mentioned in the code, and Korenori asked Hideyoshi to allow him to conquer Ryukyu, which was once approved.

• 応仁の乱終了後に六角氏が将軍足利義尚の討伐を受けた際には、子の高頼と共に伊賀に逃れるとされる。
• It is said that he fled to Iga together with his son, Takayori, when the Rokkaku clan was chased by Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA after the Onin War.

• その子吉川実経も新田義貞の御教書を奉じて、九州へと敗走した足利尊氏方の残党討伐に参加している。
• His son Sanetsune also participated in the punitive force with the migyosho (document for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities) of Yoshisada NITTA against the defeated army of Takauji ASHIKAGA who escaped to Kyushu.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐では、丹後近海の海防などを理由に本国待機を許されている。
• During the second conquest of Choshu in 1866, he was allowed to stay in his province because he needed to defend the coast.

• これに対し信長は、天正5年（1577年）2月、紀州雑賀衆を討伐するために大軍を率いて出陣する。
• On the other hand, Nobunaga left for the front leading a large army to suppress Ikko adherents of Saiga in Kishu in February 1577.

• 小田原征伐の折に陣羽織一面に鈴を縫い付けて戦場を駆けたことから、「鈴鳴り武者」の異名をとった。
• Rushing to the battle in the conquest and siege of Odawara with bells sawn onto the whole surface of Jinbaori earned him the nickname 'bell-ringing-samurai.'

• 事業者は、油圧式伐倒機については、堅固なヘッドガードを備えたものでなければ使用してはならない。
• The employer shall, as regards a hydraulic felling machine, not use the one without a sound head guard.

• 竹伐狸、竹切狸（たけきりだぬき）は、京都府南桑田郡保津村大年（現・亀岡市）に伝わるタヌキの妖怪。
• 'Takekiri danuki' (raccoon dog cutting bamboo) is a spirit of a raccoon dog handed down in Otoshi, Hozu-mura Village, Minamikuwata County, Kyoto Prefecture (present-day, Kameoka City).

• 伝説では、神功皇后が新羅征伐後、凱旋し、安倍氏の祖先によって、大嘗祭で踊られたものであるという。
• According to the legend, it was danced by the ancestors of Abe clan at Daijo-sai Festival when Empress Jingu triumphantly returned after the conquest of Silla.

• 梅樹の手入れはおろそかになり、畑地に植えられていた梅は伐採されて他の作物に植え替えられていった。
• Plum trees were left unattended and those planted on crop fields were cut down to be replaced by other crops.

• 大堰川の上流の保津川の流域では林業が盛んであり、伐採した木材を京都の街に運ぶために川が使われた。
• Forestry was active in the areas along the Hozu-gawa River above the Oi-gawa River, and the river was used to carry the logged timber to the city of Kyoto.

• 慶州李氏と同じく、新羅建国時の新羅六部の一つ沙梁部の村長だった蘇伐都利（崔淵源）を始祖と称する。
• Just as the Gyeongju Ri clan, they claim 蘇伐都利 (Yeonweon CHOE), the village mayor of 沙梁部, one of the Silla-Yukbu at the time of establishment of Silla, as their originator.

• 平将門の子孫に当たる平忠常が乱を起こし、朝廷は討伐軍を派遣するが3年にわたって鎮圧できなかった。
• TAIRA no Tadatsune who was a descendant of TAIRA no Masakado raised a revolt and the Imperial Court dispatched a punitive force, but they could not suppress it for over three years.

• だが、それは逆に将軍足利義晴から晴元へ下された本願寺討伐令という大義名分を与えるだけに終わった。
• This adversely ended up in giving a legitimate reason to Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA's order to Harumoto to suppress Hongan-ji Temple.

• (父天皇が一旦平定した九州地方で、再び叛乱が起きたため、16歳の小碓命を討伐に遣わしたとある。)
• (It says that there was a rebellion again in the Kyushu region where his father, the emperor had subjugated once, and the emperor dispatched the 16-year-old Ousu no Mikoto to subdue it.)

• 7代将軍に義教嫡子の足利義勝が就任し、赤松氏が討伐されると持之は管領を辞任し、持国が管領となる。
• With Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA, the son of Yoshinori, becoming the 7th shogun and the AKAMATSU Clan defeated, Mochiyuki stepped down from the Kanrei position and was replaced by Mochikuni.

• 戸次川の戦いでは島津軍の前に大敗しているが、小田原征伐では海上から伊豆下田城を攻め落としている。
• He was thoroughly defeated by the Shimazu army at the Battle of Hetsugi-gawa River but successfully assaulted Izu Shimoda Castle from the sea during the Odwara Campaign.

• 九州征伐、小田原征伐と歴戦し、天正17年（1589年）に美濃国福束城主となり、2万石を拝領した。
• Kanetoshi participated in the Kyushu conquest and the Siege of Odawara, and became the Lord of Fukutsuka-jo Castle in Mino Province in 1589, with a stipend of 20,000 koku.

• 永正3年（1506年）には養父・政元の命令に従って丹後国の一色義有討伐に赴いたが、敗退している。
• In 1506, Sumiyuki went Tango Province for subjugation of Yoshiari ISSHIKI by an order of his adoptive father Masamoto, but he retreated.

• 隆景は三村氏を討伐し、豊後国の大友義鎮が信長と通じて侵攻してくると、水軍を率いて大友軍と戦った。
• Takakage punished and destroyed the Mimura clan, and then lead his Suigun and fought against the forces of Yoshishige OTOMO from the Bungo Province, who had allied with Nobunaga and invaded Takakage's territory.

• これに対して室町幕府4代将軍足利義持は持氏討伐を計画するが、持氏の謝罪によって討伐は中止された。
• In response, the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA plotted to put down Mochiuji, but the suppression was canceled because of Mochiuji's apology.

• 景時は失脚して鎌倉を退去し、翌正治2年（1200年）正月に討伐され、滅びている（梶原景時の変）。
• Kagetoki lost his position and left Kamakura; in February next year, Kagetoki was killed and his story was ended (The Incident of Kagetoki KAJIWARA).

• また、寛正6年（1466年）には甲斐国の武田信昌とともに古河公方足利成氏の討伐を命じられている。
• Yoshitada, along with Nobumasa TAKEDA in Kai Province, was told to suppress Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, Koga kubo, in 1466.

• 豊臣秀吉が織田信長の命を受けて中国征伐を開始すると、秀吉の家臣として仕え、毛利氏攻めに従軍した。
• When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI launched the Chugoku Conquest under the order of Nobunaga ODA, he served as a vassal for Hideyoshi and joined the attack on the Mori clan.

• 武功においても伊勢国の北畠満雅を討ち、1427年に出奔した赤松満祐の討伐においても活躍している。
• As a military man, he performed great exploits, as he subjugated Mitsumasa KITABATAKE of Ise Province, and subdued the army of Mitsusuke AKAMATSU who had run away in 1427.

• 秀政の死後、豊臣秀長、次いで豊臣秀吉に仕え、小牧・長久手の戦い、小田原征伐・朝鮮出兵などに従軍。
• After Hidemasa's death, he served under Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI; then he took the side of TOYOTOMI clan and took part in the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute (the battle between Hideyoshi HASHIBA (the former name of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI before getting granted the name TOYOTOMI) and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA with Nobukatsu ODA), the Siege of Odawara (the war between Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Hojo clan still influential in Kanto region based on Odawara) and invasion of the Korean peninsula (the invasion of Korean peninsula promoted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).

• 寿永2年（1183年）、平家討伐の兵を挙げた源頼朝のもとへ、一族の成田光治に兵を与えて派兵する。
• In 1183, he ordered a member of his family, Koji NARITA, to lead troops to aid MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who raised an army to subjugate the Taira family.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、徳川家康による会津征伐に従い、下野国小山に赴き、関ヶ原の戦いに参加した。
• In 1600, he went to Oyama, Shimotsuke Province, accompanying Ieyasu TOKUGAWA for the conquest of Aizu, where he took part in the Battle of Sekigahara.

• これを元親が突っぱねると、信長は三男織田信孝を総大将とし、四国征伐の遠征軍を向かわせようとした。
• When Motochika refused to follow the order, Nobunaga planned to send a punitive expeditionary force to Shikoku with his third son, Nobutaka ODA, as the supreme commander.

• また源頼朝御落胤説があり、これが後に孫の安達泰盛の代になり、霜月騒動で一族誅伐に至る遠因となる。
• There was a theory that Kagemori had been an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter, this theory indirectly caused the killing (of someone who is guilty) of the family in the Shimotsuki sodo (the political change of Kamakura Bakufu, the shogunate government) in the period of Kagemori's grandson, Yasumori ADACHI.

• 第二次四国征伐の折には喜岡城を落とし、木津城攻めでは城の要を抑え、城内の水源を絶つなど活躍した。
• He also played an important role in the second subjugation of Shikoku by capturing the linchpin, or the Kioka-jo Castle, and cutting off the water source of the castle.

• そして、天正13年（1585年）、四国征伐の功績により、秀吉から讃岐国高松10万石を与えられた。
• As a result of his achievements in the Shikoku Conquest, he was awarded Takamatsu in Sanuki Province with 100,000 koku of rice in 1585 by Hideyoshi.

• かん木、枝条、つる、浮石等で、伐倒の際その他作業中に危険を生ずるおそれのあるものを取り除くこと。
• To remove shrubs, branches, vines, loose stones and other objects, which is liable to cause dangers during work.

• 反逆者は討伐せねばならないが、天皇は姫を深く愛しており、姫の腹には天皇の子がすくすくと育っていた。
• Although the Emperor had to subdue the traitors, he loved her deeply and, in addition, she was expecting his son, who was growing steadily.

• しかし後に安倍貞任が朝廷と対立し、源頼義率いる討伐軍との間で前九年の役と呼ばれる戦いを繰り広げる。
• Later on however, ABE no Sadato came into conflict with the Imperial Court, and the Abe clan fought a series of battles called 'Zen Kunen no Eki' against the suppression forces headed by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.

• 1910年（明治43年）の日韓併合以後は朝鮮人が日本人となったことから朝鮮征伐の表現は避けられた。
• Since the Japanese Annexation of Korea in 1910, because Koreans became Japanese citizens, the expression of chosen seibatsu was avoided.

• 後北条氏は天正18年（1590年）からの征伐（小田原の役）により滅ぼされ、家康は関東に移封された。
• The Gohojo clan fell from the conquest started in 1590 (the Siege of Odawara) and Ieyasu was transferred to Kanto.

• 新羅は日本の侵攻に備えて築城（723年、毛伐郡城）し、日本でも一時軍備強化のため節度使が置かれた。
• Silla built a castle (毛伐郡城) in 723 to prepare for a Japanese invasion and, Japan temporarily installed a setsudoshi (military governor) to strengthen armaments.

• この戦で、一敗地にまみれた長州藩は逆賊となり京から追放され、幕府から征伐軍が派遣されることとなる。
• Because of this battle, the Choshu clan were expelled from Kyoto as rebels, and the bakufu dispatched the army to try and conquer them.

• 貞隆は兄と同じく秀吉に仕えて小田原征伐や文禄の役で武功を挙げ、播磨国内で1万石の所領を与えられた。
• Sadataka also served Hideyoshi just like his brother and left achievements in the Siege of Odawara and the Bunroku War, which earned him 10,000 koku crop yields in Harima Province.

• 日本においては、桃太郎や一寸法師など童形の英雄によって悪の征伐がなされるという説話が多く見られる。
• There are a lot of Japanese fables such as Momotaro (the Peach Boy) and Issunboshi (the Inch-High Samurai) where evil characters are defeated by a child hero.

• その後は加藤嘉明や九鬼嘉隆らと共に水軍衆の指揮官を務め、九州征伐、小田原征伐や朝鮮出兵などに従軍。
• He also served as a naval commander along with Yoshiaki KATO and Yoshitaka KUKI, taking part in the Kyushu and Odawara Campaigns, as well as the invasion of Korea.

• こうして一転賊軍となった信頼・義朝らは討伐の対象となり、ついに12月27日京中で戦闘が開始される。
• In contrast, Nobuyori and Yoshitomo became rebels, and the battle to put them down occurred on December 27 in Kyoto.

• 義賢はこれを討伐するために大軍を自ら率いたが、長政率いる浅井軍の前に大敗を喫した（野良田の戦い）。
• To suppress the rebellion, Yoshitaka personally led a large army himself but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the AZAI forces led by Nagamasa (Battle of Norada).

• 6月16日、家康は大坂城・京橋口より軍勢を率いて上杉氏征伐に出征し、同日の夕刻には伏見城に入った。
• On June 16, Ieyasu started going to conquer the Uesugi clan, leading his military forces, from Kyobashi-guchi of Osaka-jo Castle, and entered Fushimi-jo Castle in the evening of the same day.

• 討伐の際は、降伏を認めないなどの徹底した粛清（小手森城政宗の撫で斬り）を行い、非道な一面を見せた。
• During the attack, Masamune revealed the cruel side of his nature by refusing the surrender of enemy soldiers and throughgoingly purged the entire enemy troops (Masamune's enemy mow down at the Odemori-jo Castle).

• 豊臣秀吉死後の慶長5年（1600年）に家康が会津領主・上杉景勝に謀反容疑をかけ、上杉討伐を行った。
• After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu launched a campaign against Uesugi clan in 1600 upon suspecting the proprietor of Aizu region Kagekatsu UESUGI of treason.

• 身の危険を感じた親成は、毛利氏に通じ、元親を初めとする三村家討伐に協力した（備中兵乱1575年）。
• Chikashige, feeling his safety in danger, gave the information to the Mori clan and supported it to destroy the Mimura family including Motochika (the Disturbance of Bicchu in 1575).

• その後も九州征伐、朝鮮出兵などに参加し、いずれも功を挙げたことにより、摂津三田2万石を与えられた。
• After that, he joined the Kyusyu Conquest and the dispatch of troops to Korea and then received the fief of Settsu Sanda yielding 20,000-koku (a unit of volume of rice) because of his distinguished military service.

• その後も金ヶ崎城攻めや北畠顕家討伐で大いに活躍し、室町幕府創設にあたり軍事において大いに貢献した。
• Moroyasu made a great contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu militarily, including the attack on the Kanagasaki-jo Castle and the subjugation of Akiie KITABATAKE.

• 広葉樹林は穀物、木材、いくらかの綿花を産出します。温帯地方にあり、伐採するとプレーリーになります。
• Broadleaf forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Cotton. They are found in the temperate latitudes and give way to prairies when cleared.

• 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決めた。
• In 1864, the shogunate government, which raised an army for the Choshu Conquest due to Kinmon Incident, decided that military uniforms would be made in a western style.

• 重継の子江戸重長は初め頼朝と対立して頼朝方の三浦氏を伐ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
• In the beginning, Shigetsugu's son Shigenaga EDO, opposed to Yoritomo, killed a Miura clan member on the Yoritomo side, but after they made peace, he became a shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 光秀は、武田征伐から帰還したのち、長年武田氏と戦って労あった徳川家康の接待役を5月15日より務めた。
• After returning from an expedition to conquer the Takeda clan, on May 15, Mitsuhide served as the marshal to entertain Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who served with distinction in the battles with the Takeda clan for many years.

• 松永久秀や三好義継、三好三人衆らと結んで挙兵し、公然と敵対行動を見せた足利義昭を討伐するためである。
• The purpose was to subdugate Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was openly showing hostile behavior, and had raised an army with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI and Miyoshi sanninshu (Nagayuki MIYOSHU, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI).

• 駿河は同盟関係の徳川家康が領する一方、武田征伐に協調した隣国の相模の後北条氏は遺領を得られなかった。
• Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was Nobunaga's ally, was given Suruga as his territory, the Gohojo clan in the neighboring province of Sagami, which cooperated in the subjugation of the Takeda clan, was not given any of the former territory of the Takeda clan.

• 4月末、湯河直春は反攻に転じたため、これに対応するため四国征伐軍の一部が割かれ紀伊に差し向けられた。
• Since Naoharu YUKAWA began to counter at the end of May, a part of the army for the conquest of the Shikoku region was dispatched to the Kii Province.

• 同年9月、業を煮やした朝廷は平直方を召還し、代わって甲斐国守源頼信を追討使に任じて忠常討伐を命じた。
• In September of the same year, the frustrated imperial court recalled TAIRA no Naokata and appointed MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, Kai no kuni no Kami (officer in charge of regional administration in Kai) as tsuitoshi and ordered suppression of Tadatsune.

• 長州藩に匿われるが、元治元年（1864年）の第一次長州征伐（幕長戦争）に際しては福岡藩へ預けられる。
• Although having been harbored by the domain of Choshu, he was transferred to Fukuoka Domain when the Shogunate launched the punitive First Choshu Expedition (Baku-cho war) in 1864.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐では毛利氏、宇喜多氏などの軍勢の戦目付として、戦勝に貢献している。
• During the Kyushu Campaign in 1587, he worked as a supervisor for the troops of the Mori clan and the Ukita clan contributing to their victory.

• 征伐を受けそうになった長州藩は密かに薩摩藩と秘密同盟を結び（薩長同盟）、幕府軍を藩境の各地で破った。
• The Choshu clan which was almost conquered concluded a secret alliance with the Satsuma clan (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance) and defeated the army of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at various places on the domain borders.

• 『古事記』にも物部荒甲の表記で記述され、金村と共に竺紫君石井（磐井）討伐の任に当たったことが見える。
• His name was described as '物部荒甲', MONONOBE no Arakahi, (different kanji writing, same reading) in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and it can be seen that he was in charge of subjugation of Tsukushi no kimi Iwai with Kanamura.

• この謀反を、自身の更なる権力強化の好機ととらえて討伐軍を動員した義村によって、三石城を取り囲まれた。
• Muramune secluded in Mitsuishi-jo was surrounded by a punitive force lead by Yoshimura who thought that the revolt by Muramune was the opportunity to further strengthen his power.

• 元久2年（1205年）6月22日の畠山重忠の乱で、兄河越重時と共に北条義時率いる重忠討伐軍に加わる。
• In Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion on July 17, 1205, he joined the army led by Yoshitoki HOJO to defeat Shigetada with his brother Shigetoki KAWAGOE.

• 激怒した義直は直ちに丹後へ下向、翌長享元年（1487年）の足利義尚の六角高頼討伐にも参陣しなかった。
• This made Yoshinao angry and he immediately went away from the capital into Tango Province, and he did not even join in the suppression of Takayori ROKKAKU, which was carried out by Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA in the following year (in 1487).

• 政権末期には本国で新府城への府中移転により領国維持をはかるが、織田信長の侵攻（武田征伐）により失敗。
• In the last days of his administration, he tried to preserve his territory by moving Fuchu (provincial cities which consist of local governments as the core of the city) to Shinpu-jo Castle, but he failed because of Nobunaga ODA's invasion (subjugation of Takeda).

• 室町時代を通じて新田氏は「朝敵」「逆賊」（いずれも北朝 (日本)から見て）として討伐の対象となった。
• During the Muromachi period, the Nitta clan was the target of subjugation as the 'Emperor's enemy' or 'rebel' (from the standpoint of Northern Court (Japan)).

• 義仲四天王とともに義仲の平氏討伐に従軍し、治承・寿永の乱で戦う大刀と強弓の女武者として描かれている。
• She was described as a female warrior fighting with a long sword and a strong bow who, together with Yoshinaka shitenno (the four most loyal retainers to Yoshinaka), joined Yoshinaka's subjugation of the Taira family and fought in the Jisho-Juei War.

• 延徳3年（1491年）、再び六角高頼征伐のため、敏定は義寛へ従軍し、功績を立てた（長享・延徳の乱）。
• In 1491, Toshisada again followed Yoshihiro in order to conquer Takayori ROKKAKU and achieved distinguished military service (Chokyo-Entoku Wars).

• したがって、直営方式においても全面伐採から造林を繰り返すという悪循環から逃れられなくなってしまった。
• Therefore, even in the direct management system, the business operation could rid itself of the vicious cycle of logging all trees in the area and then replanting them.

• 降雨林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの鉱石とタバコを産出します。熱帯にあり、伐採すると湿地になります。
• Rain forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Ore, Sugar and Tobacco. They are found in the tropics and can be cleared to produce swamps.

• 最初の危機は明治維新前後で、旧体制の瓦解とともに木材の盗伐・乱伐が横行し、里山の森林が急激に失われた。
• The first crisis took place in the pre- and post-Meiji Restoration periods, when the forest of Satoyama had been rapidly lost due to widespread timber piracy and destructive logging, which broke out with the collapse of the old system.

• しかし個々の守護大名を幕府が討伐した例はあるものの、守護大名と室町将軍が全面的に対立する事は無かった。
• However, while there were cases in which the bakufu subdued individual Shugo daimyos, there was no case where a Shugo daimyo and Shogun Muromachi were fully in conflict with each other.

• 中先代の乱を討伐に向かった尊氏がそのまま新政から離反すると、不満を抱えた武士たちの多くが尊氏に従った。
• After putting down the Nakasendai Revolt (a counter-rebellion against Godaigo, literally meaning 'the revolt of the intermediate generation (a brief respite between the control of the HOJO and the ASHIKAGA ruling clans), Takauji remained in Kamakura, becoming alienated from Godaigo's government, and this prompted many disgruntled samurai to flock to his banner.

• 義貞は反論の文書を提出し、審議の結果義貞の訴えを認め、尊氏を討伐することに決定し、義貞に宣旨を下した。
• Yoshisada submitted a counter document and his claim was accepted as a result of the deliberation, then the Emperor Godaigo decided to defeat Takauji and proclaimed an imperial decree to Yoshisada.

• 斉 (春秋)の桓公 (斉)は、周室への礼を失せず、諸侯を一致団結させて、楚に代表される夷狄を討伐した。
• Lord Huan of Qi (a state in Zhou Dynasty) held other lords together to subdue iteki including Chu without being disrespectful to the Zhou court.

• 5月に将門討伐に向かった東征軍が帰京すると、6月に藤原文元を藤原子高襲撃犯と断定して追討令が出された。
• In May, the expedition to contain Masakado in the east returned to Kyoto, and in June, an order was issued to track down and kill FUJIWARA no Fumimoto, who had been identified as the person who attacked FUJIWARA no Sanetaka.

• 乳棒状磨製石斧や定角式磨製石斧など伐採具に適した道具が他にあることからも土掘りの道具と考えられている。
• These chipped stone axes were believed to be digging tools because there were other tools more suitable for felling such as mortar shaped ground stone ax or regularly curved ground stone ax.

• 万延元年（1860年）に大老・井伊直弼が水戸藩浪士に殺害された桜田門外の変では、水戸藩討伐に反対する。
• In 1860, he opposed the punishment of the Mito Clan, whose Ronin had killed Tairo Naosuke II in the Incident Outside the Sakurada Gate.

• この六角征伐により、確かに将軍権力は多少は回復され、六角氏に横領された将軍領地なども大半が回復された。
• It is true that the ROKKAKU subjugation made it possible for the shogunate power to be restored to some extent, whereby most of the shogunate territory, which had been grabbed by the ROKKAKU family, was regained.

• 秀吉没後は豊臣政権下の内部抗争の沈静化に尽力し、徳川家康は会津征伐を起こそうとしたときも反対している。
• After Hideyoshi's death, he tried to quell the power struggle within the TOYOTOMI administration and was opposed to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's attempted conquest of Aizu.

• 秀吉没後は石田三成方に与し、家康打倒の謀議に参加、水口にて会津征伐へ向かう家康の暗殺を謀るも失敗した。
• After the death of Hideyoshi, he served Mitsunari ISHIDA and participated in the plot to overthrow Ieyasu as well as in the unsuccessful assassination attempt at Minakuchi on Ieyasu, who was on his way to subjugate Aizu.

• 7月、討伐に向かった家康の留守中に三成らが挙兵（関ヶ原の戦い）し、家康が西上するとなると会津から出兵。
• In July, Mitsunari, among others, took up arms (the Battle of Sekigahara) during the absence of Ieyasu, who had gone on an expedition, and as Ieyasu decided to go westward, Kagekatsu dispatched expeditionary forces from Aizu.

• 村重の謀反の際、主君の小寺政職も同調して信長から離反したため、信長の嫡男・織田信忠によって討伐された。
• When Murashige rebelled, since his lord, Masamoto KODERA, also revolted against Nobunaga in concurrence with Murashige, Masamoto was conquered by Nobunaga's heir Nobutada ODA.

• 播磨国攻めや、丹波国の波多野晴通討伐（これは敗北し、松永長頼に代わった）など長慶の勢力拡大に貢献した。
• Nagayasu attacked Harima Province and subdued Harumichi HATANO in Tanba Province (Nagayasu lost the war and Nagayori MATSUNAGA took his place), and also contributed to the expansion of Nagahoshi's sphere of influence.

• 直冬の九州落ちを知った幕府は直冬に出家と上洛を命じるが、直冬がこれに従わないと見るや再び討伐令を下す。
• The Muromachi bakufu, which knew that Tadafuyu had taken refuge in Kyushu, ordered him to become a priest and return to the capital; however, as soon as it became clear that Tadafuyu did not plan to comply with the order, the bakufu again gave the order to have him subjugated.

• 慶応元年（1865年）、坂本龍馬の仲介で薩摩藩と同盟し（薩長同盟）、第2次長州征伐で幕府軍に勝利した。
• In 1865, he formed an alliance with the Satsuma Domain through Ryoma SAKAMOTO (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance), beating the Bakufu army in the Second conquest of Choshu.

• 信長に降伏し、その強大な軍事力を背景にして大和における国人衆を討伐するなど、政略にはかなり長けていた。
• He was an excellent strategist, surrendering to Nobunaga to take advantage of the latter's powerful military forces to conquer the kokujin-shu (powerful families) in Yamamoto Province.

• しかし、この際に直義は京を脱出して南朝に降参、南朝・直冬と共に師直誅伐を掲げて挙兵した（観応の擾乱）。
• However, by that time Tadayoshi had escaped from his monastic confines in Kyoto to surrender to the Southern Court and gone to join Tadafuyu in the Southern Court; together, they raised an army to conquer Moronao (Kanno Disturbance).

• 元弘3年（1333年）5月17日、長男石川義光の軍は新田義貞に武蔵国で合流し、鎌倉幕府討伐に参戦した。
• The army of Yoshimitsu ISHIKAWA, his eldest son, joined Yoshisada NITTA in Musashi Province and participated in the subjugation of the Kamakura bakufu.

• しかし、その途上の田野でついに追手に捕捉され、嫡男の信勝や正室の北条夫人とともに自害した（武田征伐）。
• However, he was captured on the way in Tano, and committed suicide with his heir Nobukatsu and his legal wife Fujin HOJO (Subjugation of Takeda).

• 戦後は林道の開設に伴って大規模伐採を実施、1950年代後半から1960年代中期にかけてピークを迎えた。
• After the war, trees were cut down on a large scale as forest roads were laid out, which reached its peak around the latter half of 1950s to the middle of 1960s.

• 熱帯雨林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかのサトウキビを産出します。熱帯雨林を伐採するとサバンナになります。
• Tropical forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Sugar. Clearing tropical forests produces savannah.

• タイガは穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの鉱石を産出します。高緯度にあり、伐採することでツンドラになります。
• Boreal forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Ore. They are found in the high latitudes and can be cleared to produce tundra.

• 明治に入ると、それまで幕府の所有していた部分も民間の所有となり、土塁上の竹を伐採して畑などに転用された。
• During the Meiji period, Odoi changed hands from the bakufu to the people, and the mounds were turned into fields with their bamboo trees being cut down.

• 村掟を破った者への制裁も予め決められており、多くは米や銀による科料の支払い＋盗伐分の返還が科されていた。
• The penalty for people that violated the Muraokite were also determined, and in many of the cases, the violator was obliged to pay fines in silver plus the value corresponding to the volume he stole.

• その後毛利氏は豊臣氏の配下となり四国征伐、九州征伐、小田原の役などで活躍し、毛利輝元が五大老に就任する。
• After that, the Mori clan became a subordinate of the Toyotomi clan and was actively involved in the Conquest of Shikoku, the Conquest of Kyushu and the Siege of Odawara, and Terumoto MORI assumed a position of as a member of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders).

• 南部氏は自力での討伐をできず、秀吉は蒲生氏郷・石田三成らを大将に6万人の軍勢を奥州の僻地に派遣している。
• Since the Nanbu clan could not subdue Masazane, Hideyoshi sent a military force of 60,000 soldiers, with Ujisato GAMO and Mitsunari ISHIDA and others as their leaders, to the remote rural areas in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing the Mutsu and Dewa provinces).

• 天文 (日本)9年（1540年）、安芸国で勢力を拡大していた毛利元就を征伐するため尼子氏は軍を起こした。
• In 1540, the Amago clan raised an army to defeat Motonari MORI, who had expanded the sphere of influence in Aki Province.

• こうした一揆・打ちこわしの発生に対して松平慶永や浅野長訓、島津茂久ら有力諸侯が長州征伐の中止を建言した。
• Considering these uprisings and destructive riots, some of the influential Japanese territorial lords, such as Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, Nagamichi ASANO, and Mochihisa SHIMAZU, presented a proposal to the Edo bakufu to stop the Choshu Expedition.

• 結局は会津・桑名に対して問罪の軍兵を派遣し、降伏すればよし、抗戦した場合は速やかに討伐すると修正された。
• After all, the new government had revised its punishment for the Tokugawa supporters in the Aizu and Kuwana domains; the new government would dispatch a military force for 'the accusation,' once there, a battle would be avoided if the two domains would surrender; then the new government would engage and conquer the domains, should the domains engage in a counter attack upon the new government.

• 1487年（長享元年）9代将軍足利義尚が行った近江国の六角氏討伐には家臣間田弘胤を代理として参陣させた。
• In 1487 he made Hiroomi MADA, a vassal, participate on his behalf in the the 9th Shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA's subjugation of the Rokkaku clan of Omi Province.

• 清氏討伐中に直冬勢力は再び活動するが、大内弘世や山名時氏らが幕府方に帰服しており、直冬勢力は鎮圧された。
• While Yoriyuki was on the campaign to put down Kiyouji, Tadafuyu's influence increased again, but was brought under control when former allies such as Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA returned to the bakufu side.

• 討伐軍は河内国渋川郡の守屋の館を攻めたが、軍事氏族である物部氏の兵は精強で、稲城を築き、頑強に抵抗した。
• The army attacked Moriya's residence in Shibukawa County, Kawachi Province, but was stubbornly fought back by the powerful army of the Mononobe, a military clan, with a fortress built with rice plants.

• 父・北条氏康の後を継いで北条氏の勢力拡大に務め最大版図を築くも、豊臣秀吉の台頭により小田原征伐を招いた。
• Ujimasa succeeded the territory expansion policy from his father, Ujiyasu HOJO, and achieved the biggest territory in the clan's history, but the rise of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI led to the Siege of Odawara.

• 天文9年（1540年）、大内氏勢力下にある安芸国人の毛利氏の討伐を、武田信実の要請を受け入れ晴久は出陣。
• In 1540, Haruhisa AMAGO accepted a demand from Nobuzane TAKEDA to subjugate the Mori clan, a local lord of Aki Province on the Ouchi side, and moved his forces.

• さらに東国においても平氏方であった佐竹氏などが頼朝によって討伐されるなど、反乱がいよいよ深刻化してくる。
• In To-goku (Eastern Japan), too, the Satake clan, which was on the said of the Taira clan, was subjugated by Yoritomo, and the rebellion was growing serious.

• 三又の木はそもそもバランスが悪いため伐採時に事故を起こすことが多く、注意を喚起するためともいわれている。
• Others say that a Y-shaped tree is innately ill-balanced and tends to cause an accident when it is cut down, so this practice is actually a measure of precaution.

• 蝦夷征伐が一応の区切りを見せて、将軍・大将軍の任命がなされなくなったのに伴い、副将軍の任命も稀になった。
• With an end of conquest of ezo and appointment of shogun and Daishogun, appointment of vice shogun had became rare.

• 針葉樹林は穀物と木材と毛皮といくらかのタバコを産出します。主に熱帯地方にあり、伐採すると草原になります。
• Conifer forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Tobacco. They are found mainly in the tropical latitudes and give way to grassland when cleared.

• 河勝は太子に従って物部守屋討伐などに功を挙げる一方、太子に命じられて猿楽の技を行い、天下の太平を祈願した。
• While Kawakatsu followed the prince and rendered distinguished services such as destroying Moriya MONONOBE, he also performed some sarugaku plays to pray for a period of peace and tranquility under the prince's rule.

• 天正15年（1587年）、九州征伐により楢柴肩衝も秋月種実から秀吉の手に渡り、天下三肩衝が秀吉の元に揃う。
• In the wake of the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, 'Narashiba Katatsuki' passed into Hideyoshi's possession via Tanezane AKIZUKI; as the result, all the three major Katatsuki (a square-shouldered tea caddy) belonged to Hideyoshi.

• そのころ犬士たちと彼らが仕える里見家を恨む扇谷定正は、山内顕定・足利成氏らと結び、里見討伐軍を発していた。
• In the meantime Sadamasa OGIGAYATSU, hating the Dog Warriors and their master, the Satomi family, raised an army to defeat the Satomi family in cooperation with Akisada YAMANOUCHI and Nariuji ASHIKAGA.

• 斯波義重は1399年の応永の乱における大内氏討伐の功により越前国・尾張国の守護職を与えられ、以降世襲する。
• In recognition of his conquest of the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion of 1399, Yoshishige SHIBA was appointed as Shugoshiki (military governor) of Echizen and Owari provinces which was kept in the order of succession after that.

• 信孝は長秀、信長の甥・津田信澄（父は織田信行）らとともに大坂にて四国の長宗我部元親討伐の準備を進めていた。
• Nobutaka was making preparation for conquest of Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku in cooperation with Nagahide, Nobusumi TSUDA, who was a Nobunaga's nephew (his father was Nobuyuki ODA) in Osaka.

• 禁門の変に於いて長州藩兵が御所へ向けて発砲した事等を理由に幕府は長州藩を朝敵として、第一次長州征伐を行う。
• Using the fact that the Choshu loyalists dared to fire their guns in the direction of the Imperial palace during the Hamaguri rebellion as a pretext, the Tokugawa shogunate labeled Choshu domain an official enemy of the Court, and as such launched the First Punitive Expedition against them.

• このため、3カ条の回答で皇位継承を含めた現状の朝廷秩序を支持するとともに暗に義仲討伐の許可を求めたとする。
• Therefore, with his reply consisting of three articles, he indirectly called for the approval for subjugation of Yoshinaka as well as supported the order of the imperial court.

• 『古事記』や『日本書紀』では神功皇后の三韓征伐などで活躍した武内宿禰（たけしうちのすくね）を祖としている。
• According to 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the Soga clan descended from TAKESHIUCHI no Sukune who achieved great success in the Sankan Seibatsu (Punitive Expeditions Against the Three Korean Kingdoms) led by Empress Jingu.

• 古事記には、景行天皇の皇子であるヤマトタケルによるクマソタケル（熊襲建、川上梟師）の征伐譚が記されている。
• Kojiki contains a tale in which Yamato Takeru, an Imperial prince of Emperor Keiko, subjugated Kumaso Takeru (Kawakami Takeru).

• 7月、石田三成らが家康討伐の兵を挙げ、大坂にあった忠興夫人・ガラシャは包囲された屋敷に火を放って自殺した。
• In July, Mitsunari ISHIDA and other vassals under Hideyoshi raised an army against Ieyasu, and surrounded by this army in Osaka, Tadaoki's wife Gracia set their residence on fire and took her own life.

• 天正15年（1587年）豊臣秀吉の九州征伐が行われた際は、忠兄は豊臣秀長軍を迎撃すべく小林城に入っている。
• In 1587, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI went for conquest of Kyushu, Tadaeis entered the Kobayashi-jo Castle to intercept Hidenaga TOYOTOMI's army.

• しかしながら、北条氏直は秀吉に臣従することに応じず、天正18年（1590年）、秀吉は北条氏討伐を開始する。
• However, Ujinao HOJO refused to serve Hideyoshi as his vassal, and in 1590, Hideyoshi started attacking the Hojo clan.

• 天正5年（1577年）の紀伊国雑賀討伐戦では信長本陣から離れ、佐久間信盛、羽柴秀吉らとともに一隊を率いる。
• During attacking on the Saiga-shu (the gun troop) in Kii Province in 1577, he led a troop with Nobumori SAKUMA and Hideyoshi HASHIBA away from headquarters of Nobunaga.

• 天平宝字3年（759年）、新羅が日本の使節に無礼をはたらいたとして、仲麻呂は新羅征伐の準備をはじめさせた。
• In 759, in the wake of the report that Shiragi (an ancient Korean kingdom) took a rude attitude to a Japanese missionary, Nakamaro ordered to be prepared for the conquest of Shiragi.

• 9月、周辺諸藩が討伐に動員され、天誅組は善戦するものの多勢に無勢の上に装備も貧弱で、次第に追い詰められた。
• In October, neighboring domains were mobilized to subdue Tenchu-gumi, and Tenchu-gumi fought bravely, however, because they were outnumbered and poor in armaments, they were gradually driven into a corner.

• 天正13年（1585年）に羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）による紀伊征伐で雑賀党が滅亡すると、秀吉の家臣として仕えた。
• When in 1585, Hideyoshi HASHIBA (also known as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) conquered Kii Province and the Saikato (also known as Saigato, Saika group) fell, Shigetomo served Hideyoshi as a retainer.

• しかし慶長5年（1600年）の徳川家康による会津征伐によって、景勝の領地が削減されたとき浪人の身となった。
• However, he became a masterless samurai when the territory of Kagekatsu was reduced due to the Conquest of Aizu conducted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in 1600.

• 湿地林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの鉱石を産出します。湿地林は伐採すると沼地になります。高緯度にあります。
• Wetland forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Ore. Wetland forests can be cleared to produce marsh land. They are found in the high latitudes.

• この時天皇の勧告により二条城を織田信長に明け渡したが、同年7月に槇島城に籠もり再び織田信長討伐の兵を挙げた。
• At the time, he yielded up Nijo-jo Castle to Nobunaga ODA following the recommendation of the Emperor, but in September 1573, he again rose in arms to put down Nobunaga ODA, entrenching themselves in Makishima-jo Castle.

• 慶応2年（1866年）老中に任ぜられ、第二次長州征伐の大将を命ぜられるが、準備のため帰国した沼津で急死する。
• He was assigned the post of roju in 1866 and was assigned the position of captain of the Second conquest of Choshu; however, he suddenly died in Numazu when he was preparing for the war.

• 1493年（明応2年）、畠山政長は敵対する畠山義豊（畠山義就の子）の討伐のため、義材に河内国親征を要請する。
• In 1493, Masanaga HATAKEYAMA requested that Yoshiki subjugate Kawachi Province to defeat his opponent, Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA (the son of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA).

• だが、東国の将門が滅亡したことにより、兵力の西国への集中が可能となったため、朝廷は純友討伐に積極的になった。
• However, the fall of Masakado in Togoku made it possible for the Imperial Court to concentrate its military power in Saigoku where it became active in containing Sumitomo.

• 合戦の詳細は不明だが消極派の成道と積極派の直方は仲たがいしたため討伐軍は苦戦し、乱は一向に鎮圧できなかった。
• The details of the battle are unknown, but the relationship between passive Narimichi and active Naokata worsened, the punitive force made a poor fight and could not suppress the rebellion at all.

• 天正5年（1577年）の紀州征伐、天正6年（1578年）には荒木村重討伐戦（有岡城の戦い）にも出陣している。
• He also participated in the conquest of Kishu in 1577 and the subjugation of Murashige ARAKI (the battle of Arioka-jo Castle) in 1578.

• 北条氏は尼御台北条政子の名で御家人に比企氏討伐を命じ、侍所別当の義盛もこれに参加して比企氏は攻め滅ぼされた。
• The Hojo clan ordered the killing of the Hiki clan under the name of Ama Midai Masako HOJO, in which Samurai-dokoro betto Yoshimori was involved too, and the Hiki clan was attacked and destroyed.

• 東国で平忠常が叛乱を起こすと、朝廷は在京の軍事貴族であり、関東に本拠を持つ平直方に平忠常征伐の勅命を下した。
• When TAIRA no Tadatsune rose in the Revolt in the Kanto Provinces, the Imperial Court issued an Imperial order to TAIRA no Naokata, who was a military aristocracy staying in Kyoto, but had his homebase in Kanto region, to go on an expedition to conquest TAIRA no Tadatsune.

• 同年7月、馬子は群臣と諮って物部討伐を決め、諸皇子、諸豪族の大軍を起こして守屋の本拠河内国渋川郡へ向かった。
• In July of the same year, Umako decided to put down Mononobe's force after conferring with his retainers, and by deploying a large force comprised of princes and local rulers, they marched towards Moriya's headquarters in the Shibukawa District of Kawachi Province.

• 678年（儀鳳3年）には、その高い指揮能力および知略を認められて唐の都左領軍将軍となり、吐蕃討伐に参加した。
• In 678, Tang appointed him to be the General of the Left Guard of Tang, recognizing his resourcefulness and abilities to lead troops, and had him join the conquest of Toban.

• さらに顕慶5年（660年）の遼東半島征伐において漕運に失敗した罪を着せられ、59歳にして一兵卒に落とされた。
• Furthermore, he was charged the blame on the failure of transportation in the Liaodong Peninsula conquest in 660, and was demoted to the ranks at the age of fifty nine.

• もとはサクラの木が植わっていたが「後世に遊興の場になる」という理由で伐採され、楓の木が植えられたものである。
• Originally, sakura cherry trees were planted but these were cut down and replaced by maple trees due to fears that the temple grounds would become merely a pleasure spot.

• 演習林の開設後は、戦前は森林軌道が開通した由良川源流域を中心に伐採が行われ、伐採跡にはスギの造林が行われた。
• After the field practice forest was established, trees were cut down mainly around the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River, where a forest tramline was opened before the war, then Japanese cedar trees were planted at the site afterwards.

• また、大規模伐採時期には業者が機関車やトロッコを持ち込んで使用していたが、こちらの実態については不明である。
• When the logging business was conducted on a large scale, the business operators brought in their own locomotives and/or tramcars, but the details are not known.

• 1335年（建武 (日本)2年）に足利尊氏が新政から離反すると、北畠親子と共に尊氏討伐のために京都へ引き返す。
• In 1335, Takauji ASHIKAGA defected from the new government, and the prince, along with the parent and child of KITABATAKE, returned to Kyoto to defeat Takauji.

• また第5代宇都宮頼綱（藤原頼綱）は武人で奥州藤原氏討伐にも功績があったが、鎌倉幕府から謀反の嫌疑をかけられた。
• The fifth family head, Yoritsuna UTSUNOMIYA (FUJIWARA no Yoritsuna) was a warrior who had a great achievement in the subjugation of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, but he was suspected of rebellion by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 松田有常は大庭景義の外甥でもあったので、景義は義常誅伐の事を事前に察知していて、密かに保護を加えたものである。
• Since Aritsune MATSUDA was also a nephew of Kageyoshi OBA, Kageyoshi secretly provided him with protection, being aware of the attacking against Yoshitsune in advance.

• 越中の神保氏は当初敵対していた一向一揆と結んだが、越後上杉氏、守護畠山氏、能登畠山氏の連合軍により征伐された。
• The Jinbo clan in Ecchu allied with ikko ikki, with which the Jinbo clan stood against at first, but they were subjugated by the allied forces of the Uesugi clan in Echigo, the Hatakeyama clan which was shugo and the Noto-Hatakeyama clan.

• 義尚は本願寺や一揆勢をも討伐する意を示すが、六角氏討伐中という事で細川政元からも反対され、断念に追い込まれる。
• Yoshihisa showed his determination to subjugate Hongan-ji Temple and the forces of uprising as well, but he was forced to abandon it because Masamoto HOSOKAWA also disagreed with him for the reason that the suppression of the Rokkaku clan was ongoing.

• 特に慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐中と同4年（明治元年・1868年）の戊辰戦争中にその最高潮に達した。
• The riots and uprisings reached their peaks twice; the first one was when Edo bakufu implemented the second Choshu Expedition in 1866, and the second one was during the Boshin Civil War in 1868.

• 重忠は鎌倉に騒ぎがあると聞き6月19日 (旧暦)に菅谷館を出発しており、22日午後、二俣川で討伐軍に遭遇した。
• On July 14, 1205, Shigetada heard about an uprising in Kamakura and left Sugaya-yakata castle for Kamakura; on July 17, he encountered enemy forces at Futamata-gawa river.

• 治承5年(1181年)　平盛澄とともに九州に下向し、寝返った菊池隆直、緒方惟義らを在地の原田種直とともに討伐。
• In 1181, he went down to the Kyushu District with TAIRA no Morizumi, and defeated Takanao KIKUCHI, Koreyoshi OGATA, and so on, who went over to the enemy side, together with Tanenao HARADA who lived there.

• だが次第に義煕は酒色や文弱に溺れて征伐を顧みなくなったため、六角勢の反撃を招いて結果的に遠征は失敗に終わった。
• However, Yoshihiro gradually became enamored of wine and women; he behaved like a spineless literature-lover who didn't think about the subjugation, which caused the counter-attack of the ROKKAKU and resulted in the failure of the subjugation.

• 早雲は茶々丸の討伐・捜索を大義名分として、明応4年（1495年）に甲斐国に攻め込み、守護武田信縄と戦っている。
• Using the search for Chachamaru as cover, Soun attacked the Province of Kai and fought against the governor, Nobutsuna TAKEDA.

• その思想の独自性は、放伐を否定した点にあり、水戸学・国学などとともに、幕末の尊王攘夷思想に大きな影響を与えた。
• The distinctive character of his philosophy was the denial of Hobatsu (expel outrageous tyrants, etc. from a capital), and this had significant influence on the Sonno-Joi (Revere the Emperor and expel the foreigners) at the end of the Edo period, as well as for Mito-gaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and Koku-gaku (the study of Japanese classical literature).

• 豊臣家に対して徹底抗戦したことが、家康や長宗我部氏、島津氏征伐の時と異なる一線を画す処置を招いたと考えられる。
• It is possible that the strategy that the Hojo clan took to thoroughly resist the conquest effort by the Toyotomi clan brought about the outcome, different from the one for Ieyasu, the Chosokabe clan and the Shimazu clan.

• 困り果てた朝廷は、佐渡国へ配流となっていた源義綱を赦免し（あるいは源義家とも言う）黒鳥兵衛の討伐に当たらせた。
• The Imperial Court, which was at a complete loss as to what to do, granted clemency to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, who had been exiled to Sado Province, to have him subjugate Hyoe.

• 狩野氏は古代から小田原征伐にいたるまで 武家として活躍し、末裔が現代まで伊豆に多数残り、伊豆名門の一つである。
• The Kano clan flourished from the Nara period to the conquest of Odawara as samurai family, and was one of the good families of Izu, and their descendants are still living in Izu at the present day.

• 永和 (日本)4年(1378年)紀伊国で挙兵した南朝 (日本)方の橋本正督討伐を命じられ、弟の山名氏清と出兵。
• In 1378, Yoshitada was ordered to suppress Shotoku HASHIMOTO of the Southern Court who had raised an army in the Kii province, and dispatched troops with Ujikiyo YAMANA, his younger brother.

• 1585年（天正13年）3月23日、豊臣秀吉の紀州征伐に対して抗戦するも根来寺が陥落し、その逃走中に討死した。
• On March 23, 1585, he resisted the attack on Kishu by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, but Negoro-ji Temple fell and was killed during escape.

• その後、老中となり、在任中の慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐では安芸国広島に出陣し、幕軍の指揮を執った。
• After that, Munehide became the Roju (elder councilor) and in the event of the Second conquest of Choshu in 1866, went to battle in Hiroshima, Aki Province and conducted the bakufu's army.

• これに対し一豊は重要なポストを外部からの人材で固め、種崎浜での討伐などあくまで武断措置を取ってこれに対応した。
• In response, Katsutoyo used people from other places for important positions and dared to use military force such as the attack at Tanezaki Beach.

• その後は秀吉の与力につけられて中国遠征などに従い、1580年頃には、山名氏討伐後に但馬豊岡二万石を有している。
• Thereafter he was assigned to Hideyoshi's yoriki and followed the expedition to the Chugoku region and so on, and around 1580 after subjugation of the Yamana clan, he possessed 20,000 koku of Tajima-toyoka.

• その後、徳川家康の斡旋により、天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐の時には陣借りという形で秀吉の軍に加わった。
• In later years, with mediation by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he joined Hideyoshi's army in the form of Jingari (temporary entry into a war without rewards) in the conquest and the siege of Odawara in 1590.

• 武田勝頼は信豊を将とする討伐軍を木曽谷へ派遣するが、信豊は織田信忠の援軍を得た木曽によって鳥居峠にて敗北する。
• Katsuyori TAKEDA dispatched a punitive force led by the commander Nobutoyo to Kiso Valley, but he was defeated by KISO, which was supported by the Nobutada ODA's force in Torii Pass.

• 義持はこれを「私戦」として激しく非難して三管領や山名時煕・赤松満祐に持氏討伐の是非を諮問する騒ぎとなっている。
• Yoshimochi aggressively suggested it as being a 'personal war', which led to asking Sankanrei (three deputies), Tokihiro YAMANA and Mitsusuke AKAMATSU about whether the killing Mochiuji would be right or wrong.

• 檜皮を取る際、ヒノキを伐採せずに表皮だけを剥がすように採取することから、環境にやさしい施工方法であるといわれる。
• When collecting cypress bark, since only the superficial part of the bark is peeled off of standing cypress without cutting down trees, it is said to be an environmentally friendly roofing method.

• 1335年（建武2年）、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇に反逆すると、上将軍として新田義貞と共に討伐軍を率いたが、敗退した。
• In 1335, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised his army against Emperor Godaigo, Imperial Prince Takayoshi lead the punitive force with Yoshisada NITTA but they lost the battle.

• 幼い親王は北条氏の残党の討伐と東国武士の帰属を目的に陸奥守北畠顕家・北畠親房に奉じられて陸奥国多賀城へと向かう。
• The little prince served by Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) Akiie KITABATAKE and Chikafusa TAKABATAKE went to Taga-jo Castle in Mutsu Province to subdue remnants of the Hojo clan and to control the Togoku Samurai.

• 明徳2年（1391年）の山名満幸の明徳の乱では山名氏の傘下を離れ、幕府の指示に従って、山名氏討伐に傘下している。
• During the Meitoku War started by Mitsuyuki YAMANA in 1391, the Mitoya clan seceded from the Yamana clan and participated in the punitive force against it under the command of the government headed by a shogun.

• 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻（第一次紀州征伐）し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
• In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.

• 2度の討伐失敗、翌明応2年（1493年）に細川政元が将軍・義材を廃した明応の政変により、幕府の権威は大きく失墜。
• Due to the failure in two campaigns for the suppression, and the Meio Coup in 1493 where Masamoto HOSOKAWA forced the Shogun Yoshiki to abdicate, the authority of the bakufu significantly reduced.

• 4月20日早朝、勝家の重臣・佐久間盛政は、秀吉が織田信孝を討伐するために美濃に赴いた隙を突いて、奇襲を実行した。
• On the early morning of April 20, Morimasa SAKUMA, who was an important vassal of Katsuie, made a surprise attack, exploiting a gap that Hideyoshi went to Mino province to attack Nobutaka ODA.

• 秀吉は南部信直の救援依頼に対し、豊臣秀次を総大将とした蒲生氏郷・浅野長政・石田三成を主力とする九戸討伐軍を派遣。
• As a reaction to request for help from Nobunao NAMBU, Hideyoshi dispatched punitive force against KUNOHE, composed by Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, a commander in chief, Ujisato GAMOU, Nagamasa ASANO and Mitsunari ISHIDA.

• また旧南朝 (日本)勢力の北畠氏を討伐し、旧南朝の宮を次々と粛清もしくは出家させていき、後南朝勢力を壊滅させた。
• He also defeated the Kitabatake Clan from the former Southern Court, and purged imperial family members or made them enter the priesthood to finally destroy the influence of the Latter South Court.

• 3月に頼之は将軍義詮から清氏討伐を命じられ、7月に讃岐国へ移った清氏勢を宇多津（香川県綾歌郡宇多津町）で滅ぼす。
• Ordered in April to deal with Kiyouji by Shogun Yoshiakira, Yoriyuki destroyed Kiyouji's army, whicharrived in Sanuki province in July, at Utazu (Utazu-cho, Ayauta-gun, Kagawa Prefecture).

• 捲土重来を期し伊豆で挙兵したが、翌1362年9月には討伐軍に攻められ没落、南朝の庇護を求めて流浪の内に窮死した。
• He prepared to renew his attack and raised an army in Izu, but in September, 1362, the following year, he fell by the attack of the punitive force, and he died in straitened circumstances while travelling to look for patronage by the Southern Court.

• その後、慶応元年(1865)脱藩し、幕府歩兵の徴募に応じ第二次長州征伐の際は三津浦(現愛媛県松山市)に駐屯した。
• After he left the domain in 1865, he applied for the recruitment of Shogunate Infantry, and was stationed in Mitsuura (present Matsuyama City, Aichi Prefecture) during the Second Conquest of Choshu.

• 同年11月の富士川の戦いの勝利の後、上洛しようとする頼朝に対して、広常は常陸国の常陸源氏の佐竹氏討伐を主張した。
• In November of the same year, Hirotsune insisted on subduing the Satake clan of the Hitachi-Genji clan of Hitachi Province to Yoritomo who was going to the capital after winning the battle of Fujikawa.

• しかし清盛は時忠の案を無視して、美濃源氏討伐のため私郎従（直属の精鋭部隊）を派遣する（『玉葉』11月12日条）。
• However, Kiyomori ignored Tokitada's proposal and dispatched his private retainers (elite troops belonging directly to Kiyomori) to subjugate Mino-Genji (Article for December 7 in 'Gyokuyo').

• ところが、本国の留守を守っていた大内盛見が所領没収に従わずに義満に反抗したため、義満は弘茂に盛見の討伐を命じる。
• However, Moriharu OUCHI, who was taking care of the Ouchi house in Hiroshige's absence, defied Yoshimitsu's orders to give up the Ouchi's territory, and so Yoshimitsu ordered Hiroshige to bring down Moriharu.

• 下間頼照や朝倉景健らを始め、12,250人を数える越前国・加賀国の門徒が織田軍によって討伐されたといわれている。
• It has been said that 12,250 followers in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces such as Raisho SHIMOTSUMA and Kagetake ASAKURA were killed by the Oda army.

• 忠常の討伐に失敗した平直方の娘を娶り、鎌倉の直方の屋敷を譲り受け、以後その屋敷が河内源氏の東国支配の拠点となる。
• He took as his bride the daughter of TAIRA no Naokata, who had failed to suppress Tadatsune's rebellion, inheriting Naokata's mansion in Kamakura; henceforward, this mansion became the seat of the Kawachi-Genji's power and influence in the east.

• 紀州征伐の際、根来攻めに参加した秀久は山林に放置されていた曰く付きの「安珍・清姫伝説」を戦利品とばかりに拾った。
• When Hidehisa took part in the Siege of Negoro-ji Temple to conquer Kishu, he picked up the bell 'the Legend of Anchin and Kiyohime' that had a shady history and had been left in a forest on a mountain as if it were spoils of war.

• 第百一条の規定により他人の土地に立ち入り、又は竹木を伐採した者は、これによつて生じた損失を補償しなければならない。
• Those who entered into the land of others or felled bamboos and trees pursuant to the provision of Article 101 shall compensate the losses by their entries and felling.

• そして、康応元年（1389年）義満は康行討伐の命を下して、翌明徳元年（1390年）にこれを下した（土岐康行の乱）。
• Yoshimitsu gave an order to subjugate Yasuyuki in 1389, and in the following year, 1390, his order was executed (Yasuyuki TOKI's Rebellion).

• 翌1865年（元治2年）には幕府によって再び長州征伐（第二次幕長戦争、四境戦争）が行われ、奇兵隊ほか諸隊も戦った。
• The following year, 1865, Bakufu made the Choshu Conquest (the second Baku-cho war, Shikyo War) again with Kiheitai and other troops.

• 延暦13年（794年）には、再度の征討軍として征夷大将軍大伴弟麻呂、征夷副使坂上田村麻呂による蝦夷征伐が行われた。
• In 794, another expeditionary army was sent to subdue Emishi/Ezo lands, headed by Seii Tai-shogun (the great general who subdues the barbarians) OTOMO no Otomaro, and the deputy general Tamuramaro SAKANOUE.

• 追討軍の到着を待って甲斐源氏（武田軍）討伐に向かった平氏側の駿河国目代は、富士川の麓で武田軍と合戦となり惨敗する。
• The Mokudai (Governor's representative) of the Suruga Province, who was on the Taira side and had been waiting for Koremori's army to arrive, went off to attack the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) (Takeda army) fighting them at the foot of the Fuji-gawa River and suffering a crushing defeat.

• 天正10年（1582年）の武田征伐では美濃・尾張の軍勢5万を率い、滝川一益を副将として織田軍の総大将を命ぜられる。
• In 1582, with Kazumasu TAKIGAWA as vice-shogun, he assumed supreme command of a force of 50,000 from Mino and Owari Provinces in an attempt to subdue the Takeda forces.

• 天正18年（1590年）：北条征伐において豊臣秀次隊の先鋒を務め、ほぼ単独で松田康長の守る山中城の主要部分を攻略。
• 1590: He lead the van of the troop of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI in an expedition against Hojo and captured almost unassisted the main part of the Yamanaka-jo Castle defended by Yasunaga MATSUDA.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐が始まると韮山城へ籠もり、3,600余と言われる兵力で3ヶ月近くの間抗戦した。
• In 1590, he kept to Nirayama-jo Castle after the outbreak of the Siege of Odawara, and resisted for nearly three months with the military power of about 3600 soldiers.

• 29日、頼朝が義経討伐のため鎌倉から都へ向けて出陣すると、11月3日、義経は郎党ら200騎を率いて京都を退去する。
• On November 29, 1185, Yoritomo left Kamakura for the capital to defeat Yoshitsune, while on December 3, 1185, Yoshitsune left Kyoto, leading 200 horse soldiers.

• やがて、調略の手を伸ばすなど討伐軍への揺さぶりをかけた守勢の村宗によって、小寺則職率いる討伐軍は撃退されてしまう。
• Muramune, who was defensive initially, rattled the punitive force by seeking betrayers among them and so on, and finally defeated the punitive force led by Norimoto KODERA.

• しかし、徐敬業を李孝逸は鎮圧することができなかったので、11月、則天武后は黒歯常之を江南道大総管として討伐させた。
• However, since Ri Koitsu could not suppress the insurrection aroused by Jo Keigyo, Empress Sokuten appointed Joshi KOKUSHI as superintendent general for the Konan section and sent him to subdue them in November.

• 666年4月には唐に対して高句麗討伐の出兵を求め、唐は李勣を遼東道行軍大摠管に任命して高句麗への攻撃が開始された。
• In April 666, Tang was requested to dispatch their troops for conquest of Goguryeo, and attacks to Goguryeo were started after Tang appointed Li Ji to the supreme commander of the army to advance to Liaodong Province.

• 天正13年（1585年）、豊臣秀吉の紀州征伐に従い、豊臣秀長の傘下となり、湯川直春の芳養泊城（泊山城）を攻略した。
• In 1585 Kishu Province was subjugated at the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI whereupon it came under the control of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and, Naoharu YUKAWA's Tomariyama-jo castle was captured.

• 千葉氏宗家当主である千葉胤直は幕府の依頼を受けて成氏討伐に乗り出すが、叔父である康胤は成氏支援を主張して対立する。
• Tanenao CHIBA, the head of the Chiba clan, set out to defeat Shigeuji to comply with the bakufu's request, but Tanenao's uncle Yasutane opposed it, insisting that they should send military reinforcements to Shigeuji.

• 行広は織田信長、次いで豊臣秀吉に仕え、小田原征伐などで軍功を挙げたため、伊勢桑名藩に二万二千石の所領を与えられた。
• Yukihiro served Nobunaga ODA and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and since he performed military exploits in the conquest and siege of Odawara and others, he was given a territory of 22,000 koku in the Kuwana Domain in the Ise Province.

• このことが借地の上に運営されていることと重なって、結果として大規模伐採～森林の荒廃という悪循環を招くこととなった。
• This situation, in addition to the fact that the field practice forest was operated on leased land, caused the vicious cycle in large scale logging as well as deterioration of the forest.

• 弘仁6年（815年）にはさらに征東副将軍陸奥介に小野氷見が任ぜられており、たびたび奥羽の蝦夷征伐の人事がなされた。
• In 815, ONO no Himi was appointed as seito vice shogun Mutsu no suke (vice shogun who subdues the eastern barbarians, and assistant governor of Mutsu Province); like this, appointments of vice shogun for the sake of conquest of Ezo in Ou were done several times.

• 温帯地方で見かける混合樹林は、穀物と木材と毛皮といくらかの綿花を産出します。混合樹林が伐採されると平原になります。
• Mixed forests, which can be found in the temperate latitudes, produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Cotton. If mixed forests are cleared, they become plains.

• 8年（199年）熊襲討伐のため神功皇后とともに筑紫に赴いた仲哀天皇は、憑依した神功皇后から住吉大神のお告げを受けた。
• In 199 A.D., when visiting Chikushi (present-day Fukuoka, Kyushu) together with Empress Jingu in order to conquer the Kumaso (a rebellious group living in Kyushu), Emperor Chuai received an oracle from the empress, who was possessed by Sumiyoshi Okami (three great gods of Sumiyoshi).

• 9代将軍足利義尚は守護大名や奉公衆を率い、六角討伐のため近江国へ親征するが、1489年（延徳元年）に近江で病死する。
• The ninth shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, at the head of a force of provincial military governors turned daimyo and shogunal guards, led a campaign against the Rokkaku in Omi Province, but died there in 1489 of an illness.

• 重源は、道を切開き川に堰を設けるなど社会基盤を整備しつつ、轆轤や筏の工夫で伐採し運び出した（『東大寺造立供養記』）。
• Chogen transported cut-down trees by utilizing pulleys and rafts while creating civil infrastructures by clearing paths and installing weirs ('Todai-ji zoryu kuyoki' [Records of the Service to Celebrate the Construction of Todai-ji Temple]).

• 征夷大将軍・足利義尚は1487年（長享元年）8月に、幕府の威信回復を目指し自ら六角氏へ征伐（長享・延徳の乱）を行う。
• Seitaishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA himself commanded the army to conquer the Rokkaku clan (Chokyo-Entoku Wars) to restore the dignity of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 源氏が挙兵すると平家の侍大将となって一軍を率いて、平盛澄とともに、各地を転戦し、大江遠業、源義基、源義兼を討伐した。
• When the Minamoto clan raised an army, he became a Samurai-Daisho of the Taira family and led the army, taking part in various battles with TAIRA no Morizumi and killing OE no Tonari, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto, and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane.

• これに不満を持った義昭は信長を排除しようと企み、顕如や武田信玄、朝倉義景らに信長討伐令を下して信長包囲網を形成する。
• Yoshiaki, who was upset about these, tried to get rid of Nobunaga and made siege against him by an order for Kennyo, Shingen ASAKURA, Yoshikage ASAKURA and others to subjugate him.

• しかし本城惣右衛門覚書によれば雑兵においては信長討伐を目的としていたことを最後まで知らされてはいなかったことになる。
• According to Honjo Soemon Oboegaki, however, rank and file soldiers were not informed of Mitsuhide's intention to kill Nobunaga.

• 10月、義経の病が仮病であり、すでに源行家と同心していると判断した頼朝は義経討伐を決め、家人土佐坊昌俊を京へ送った。
• In October, judging that Yoshitsune was playing sick and was on the same side as Minamoto no Yukiie, Yoritomo decided to expel Yoshitsune and sent his retainer Masatoshi TOSANOBO to Kyoto.

• 同年禁門の変をが発生、その報復として二度も長州征伐が試みられたが、幕府は将軍の徳川家茂を病で失い、戦闘でも敗北した。
• In the same year, the Kinmon Rebellion took place and the shogunate government twice attempted to attack the Choshu clan in retribution for the rebellion, but was defeated following the loss of their leader, Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, through illness.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐では小田原城に入って北条氏政・北条氏直父子を説得し、無血開城させる功績を立てた。
• During the Odawara Campaign in 1590, Josui went inside Odawara-jo Castle to successfully persuade Ujimasa HOJO and his son Ujinao HOJO to a bloodless surrender.

• また、白河上皇の院政に伊賀の所領を寄進するなどして重用され、検非違使・追捕使として諸国の盗賊を討伐するなど活動した。
• As Masamori contributed his domain in Iga Province to the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, and was appointed to important posts, such as kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), and Tsuibushi (envoys to purse and capture), whereby he assumed responsibilities for subduing and apprehending local bandits across the various Provinces, etc.

• 反乱を起こした源義親を討つ命令が源義家に下るが、源義家は死去したため、その後継者である義忠に源義親討伐の命令が下る。
• Yoshiie got the order to subduing MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, who had incited an uprising; however, because Yoshiie died before carrying out the task, his successor, Yoshitada was given the same order in place of Yoshiie.

• また九州進軍は平氏討伐ではなく、頼朝と対立・平氏を援助する西国御家人を鎮圧し、平氏を瀬戸内方面に孤立させる事である。
• The aim of the expedition was to suppress Saigoku-gokenin who supported the Taira clan and who were opposed to Yoritomo and to isolate the Taira clan in the Setouchi region.

• 千葉氏は後北条氏にその勢力を吸収され、豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐において滅亡するが、押田氏は江戸幕府の旗本として存続する。
• The power of the Chiba clan was absorbed by the Gohojo clan; they were ruined by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Odawara campaign but managed to carry on as vassals to the Oshida clan during the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 幼名の「副将丸」は、将来朝敵を討伐する際に、異母兄である平清宗を大将軍に、能宗を副将軍にという思いから名づけられた。
• His childhood name, 'Fukushomaru' (meaning 'vice commander' in Japanese), reflected the wish of his parents that he would someday fight enemies of the imperial court as a vice commander together with his half-brother, TAIRA no Kiyomune, who would fight as the commander in chief.

• 厨河はかつて前九年の役で源頼義が安倍貞任らを討った地であり、頼朝はその佳例に倣い、厨河での泰衡討伐を望んだのである。
• Kuriyagawa was a region where MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi killed Sadato ABE in Zen Kunen no Eki (the Former Nine Year Campaign), and Yoritomo desired to subjugate Yasuhira in Kuriyagawa to imitate a joyous precedent.

• 鎌倉からは山内首藤経俊（平家方からの寝返り）や加藤景員（伊勢出身）・加藤光員らとともに平家の余党を討伐を命じられる。
• The Kamakura bakufu issued the order to subjugate the remnants of the Taira clan, to him as well as Tsuneyoshi YAMAUCHISUDO (a double-cross from the Taira clan), Kagekazu KATO (of Ise Province), and Mitsukazu KATO, and others.

• 朝倉氏の膝元　一乗谷城に逗留後、義昭をして将軍義栄討伐の兵を挙げることを求めるものの、朝倉義景が一向に動かなかった。
• After staying at Ichijodani-jo Castle, the headquarters of Asakura clan, Kiyonobu asked Yoshikage ASAKURA to raise an army with Yoshiaki as its head to attack Shogun Yoshihide, but Yoshikage did not act at all.

• 前述のように天然更新や人工造林された材木の価値が低いとなると、つまるところ天然林の伐採に収益の主力を置くこととなる。
• As described above, the value of the wood from the naturally regenerated forests and from the artificially regenerated forests is low, and therefore, it turns out that logging of the natural forest becomes the focus of earnings.

• 低木林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの綿花と鉱石を産出します。伐採すると砂漠になります。低木林は温帯地方で見られます。
• Scrub forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Cotton and Ore. If they are cleared, the land becomes a desert. Scrub forests are found in temperate regions.

• 田村麻呂は出発に当たってかつて蝦夷征伐の戦友だった文室綿麻呂の禁錮を解くことを願い、綿麻呂は許されて参議に任じられる。
• On his departure, Tamuramaro entreated the emperor to release from confinement FUNYA no Watamaro, who had been a fellow soldier during the conquest of the Emishi (Japanese northerners), and Watamaro was set free and appointed as Sangi.

• 単に間伐や植え替えを推進するということではなく、2割削減という具体的な数値目標を打ち出したことは画期的なことといえる。
• The project does not simply consist of promoting felling and transplantation, and the agreement of a concrete target value of reducing pollen levels by 20% was groundbreaking.

• 第6代石川広季は、伊豆で源頼朝が平家討伐の兵を挙げたことを知り、寿永2年（1183年）、伯父光治率いる軍を鎌倉に送る。
• When the sixth head of the family Hirosue ISHIKAWA heard that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army to defeat the Taira family in Izu, he dispatched an army headed by his uncle Mitsuharu to Kamakura in 1183.

• 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
• It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.

• しかし、林業経営が50年～100年といった長期間にわたり多額の投資（間伐など人工林の育成経費の支出）を行い収益を得る。
• However, in forestry, profits are realized only by making heavy investment in planting of man-made forests, such as thinning, for a long time of fifty to one hundred years.

• そして小田原征伐後、信雄は尾張国から駿河国への移封を拒絶したため、信雄は所領を没収され、下野国に流罪とされてしまった。
• After the conquest and siege of Odawara, due to his refusal to change the territory from Owari Province to Suruga Province, Nobukatsu's territory was confiscated, then he was exiled to Shimotsuke Province.

• 結果、学界の主流では「三韓征伐」に関する記述は具体的ではなく神話的誇張が多く神功皇后の実在を実証できないとされている。
• This resulted in the mainstream of academic world's theory that the real existence of Empress Jingu could not be proved, due to the two factors: 'Sankan-Seibatsu' was written without any definite supporting statements; and it was written with many inclusive elements of mythological exaggerations.

• 誅伐された弟建は死に臨み、その武勇を嘆賞し、自らをヤマトヲグナと名乗る小碓命に譲って倭建（ヤマトタケル）の号を献じた。
• The executed younger brother Takeru, at the moment of his death, lauded Ousu no Mikoto's bravery, and gave the name of Yamato Takeru to him, who had been called Yamato Oguna.

• 越中国の佐々成政に対しても8月から征伐を開始したが、ほとんど戦うこと無くして8月25日に成政は剃髪して秀吉に降伏する。
• He started to capture Narimasa SASA of Ecchu province from August, but Narimasa did not protect and surrendered to Hideyoshi on August 25 by becoming a priest.

• 澄元は義興との和睦を画策したが、同じく政元の養子で澄之討伐に協力した細川高国が大内方に寝返ったため、決裂してしまった。
• Although Sumimoto attempted to hold peace talks with Yoshioki, they broke down because Takakuni HOSOKAWA, who was another adopted son of Masamoto and had cooperated in the fight against Sumiyuki, betrayed Sumimoto and took sides with OUCHI.

• あまりにも悪行を働くので帝の命により摂津源氏の源頼光と嵯峨源氏の渡辺綱を筆頭とする頼光四天王により討伐隊が結成された。
• Because of his extreme wickedness, the Emperor ordered the formation of a punitive force composed of the Four Loyal Retainers of Yorimitsu, led by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu of the Settsu-Genji and WATANABE no Tsuna of the Saga-Genji.

• なお、四国征伐にあたって、信孝は三好康長の養子になることが決定され、神戸具盛は再度神戸氏の当主扱いになったようである。
• During the Shikoku Conquest it was decided that Nobutaka would be adopted by Yasunaga MIYOSHI, and so Tomomori KANBE was treated as the Kanbe clan's family head once more.

• 天正13年（1585年）の紀伊根来寺攻めや四国征伐戦による軍功から故丹羽長秀の遺領越前国北ノ庄に18万石を与えられた。
• In 1585, he was awarded the territory of Nagahide NIWA's property inheritance, 180,000 koku in Kitanosho, Echizen Province for his military exploit at the attack on Negoro-ji Temple and the Shikoku Conquest.

• 兄同様に足利尊氏に与し、1352年に新田義興・脇屋義宗らが上野国で挙兵したとき、尊氏に与してこれらの討伐で功を挙げた。
• Same as his older brother, he worked together with Takauji ASHIKAGA, and in 1352, he succeeded in the suppression of Yoshioki NITTA and Yoshimune WAKIYA, when they raised an army in Kozuke Province.

• しかし翌年の永正17年（1520年）にも再度、討伐軍（義村自身の出征ではなく、小寺城主 小寺則職を主将）が動員される。
• However, in the following year, 1520, Yoshimura re-sent a punitive force (led by Norimoto KODERA who was the lord of Kodera-jo Castle, not by Yoshimura himself).

• 『古事記』などの記述から、北部九州で勢力拡大していた磐井が、継体天皇から討伐されたと主張する研究者（水谷千秋）もいる。
• Based on the description from 'Kojiki,' some researchers (i.e. Chiaki MIZUTANI) insist that Iwai, who was expanding his power in the North Kyushu, was subdued by the Emperor Keitai.

• 京都方面から進撃してきた新田義貞を総大将とする尊氏討伐軍6万騎を播磨国赤松の白旗城（兵庫県赤穂郡上郡町）で迎え撃った。
• 60,000 soldiers marched from Kyoto as the troop aiming at subjugation of Takauji; the troop was headed by Yoshisada NITTA; Enshin lay in wait for the soldiers at Shirahata-jo Castle in Akamatsu, Harima Province (Kamigori Town, Ako County, Hyogo Prefecture).

• 1351年、足利尊氏とその弟・足利直義との確執が深刻となると、尊氏は一時南朝側に降って直義討伐のために鎌倉に出陣した。
• As feuds between Takauji ASHIKAGA and his younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA became more severe in 1351, Takauji left for Kamakura to put down Tadayoshi by temporarily taking the side of the Southern Court.

• 1950年代以降の大規模伐採の時代には、赤崎西谷や赤崎東谷に引込み線が設けられ、伐採された材木の搬出に活用されていた。
• After the 1950s when logging was carried out on a large scale, sidings were laid out in Akazaki-nishidani (Akazaki west ravine) up to Akazaki-higashidani (Akazaki east ravine) and were used for carrying out the lumber.

• 車両は東京大学演習林軌道が大規模な伐採事業を行っていたことから本格的なガソリン機関車やディーゼル機関車を所有していた。
• Concerning the tramcars, the Tokyo University tramline for the field practice forest owned full-fledged gasoline locomotives and diesel locomotives because the university conducted logging business on a large scale.

• したがって、伐採面積をさらに拡大して利益の確保を図るという悪循環に陥ってしまい、演習林の更なる荒廃を招く結果となった。
• Therefore, a vicious cycle of expanding the tree-cutting area to increase the profit set in, making the state of the field practice forest further deteriorate.

• 1990年代以降は伐採はほとんど行われず、1950年代以降の大規模伐採時期に植林された杉の人工林の保育が行われている。
• Almost no trees were cut since 1990s, and the artificial forests of Japanese cedar tress planted in the era when trees were cut on a large scale in 1950s and later have been repopulated.

• 事業者は、掘削、採石、荷役、伐木等の業務における作業方法から生ずる危険を防止するため必要な措置を講じなければならない。
• The employer shall take necessary measures for preventing any dangers arising from the following working methods: excavation, quarrying, cargo handling, lumbering, etc.

• 伐倒しようとする立木の胸高直径が四十センチメートル以上であるときは、伐根直径の四分の一以上の深さの受け口をつくること。
• When chest-high diameter of trees to be felled is 40 cm or more, to make a receiving groove of a depth of one-fourth or more of the root diameter of the said trees.

• これに対して父・蓮如は激しく非難しているが、実際には管領細川政元の暗黙の了解を得て室町幕府による討伐令を中止させている。
• Their father Rennyo harshly criticized this, but they succeeded in stopping the order for punitive expedition by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), based on a tacit agreement with Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA.

• 秀吉は九州征伐翌年の1588年8月29日（天正16年7月8日 (旧暦)）、秀吉は刀狩令とともに海上賊船禁止令を発布した。
• On August 29, 1588, the following year of the Kyushu Conquest, Hideyoshi issued an order outlawing pirates with the command to collect swords.

• そして更に翌月の7月22日に、宗方討伐の大将北条宗宣が殺された北条政時の後任として連署に就任してやっと事態は沈静化する。
• Then on July 22, the next month, Munenobu HOJO, the general for chasing and killing Munekata, was appointed to assistant to shikken in place of Masatoki HOJO who had been killed, making the situation calm at last.

• だが、律令政府は「化外」の民との対立の際には蝦夷征伐というかたちで軍事力を行使して、その勢力圏を北へと広げることになる。
• Under the pretext of fighting social outcasts the Ritsuryo-seifu Government used military power to conquer Emishi and expand its power to the north.

• これに対して尊氏の命で顕家討伐に向かった高師直は、、5月16日 (旧暦)（6月4日）に天王寺から堺浦に向かって出撃した。
• Meanwhile, KO no Moronao advanced his army from Tenno-ji Temple to Sakaiura on June 4 in order to defeat Akiie under Takauji's order.

• 寿永3年(1184年)　平教盛に従い、備前今木城で叛旗を翻した伊予の河野通信と緒方惟栄、臼杵惟隆兄弟を討伐し九州に追う。
• In 1184, he followed TAIRA no Norimori, and subjugated Michinobu KONO of Iyo, who revolted at the Imaki-jo Castle, Bizen Province, and brothers of Koreyoshi OGATA and Koretaka USUKI, chasing them to Kyushu.

• 仲哀天皇の熊襲征伐の途次、岡県主の熊鰐、伊都県主の五十迹手がそれぞれ白銅鏡、八尺瓊と共に十握剣を差し出して降伏している。
• When Emperor Chuai was on his way to subjugating Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu region), Wani of Oka no Agatanushi (the ruler of Tsukushi region) and Itote of Ito no Agatanushi (the ruler of Ito region) surrendered offering Totsuka no Tsurugi swords to him together with Maso kagami (a bronze mirror) and Yasakani (a big jewel) respectively.

• 神武東征の折り、ナガスネヒコ誅伐に失敗し、熊野山中で危機に陥った時、高倉下が神武天皇の下に持参した劔がふつみたまである。
• On the Jinmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu), when the emperor failed to kill Nagasunehiko and was beleaguered in the Mount Kumano, Takakuraji presented the Futsumitama sword to the Emperor Jinmu.

• 秀政の才を愛していた秀吉は、小田原征伐が終わり次第、秀政に関東を与えようと考えていたと、『名将言行録』では記されている。
• Hideyoshi also loved Hidemasa's talent and according to the 'Meisho Genkoroku' (the collections of anecdotes of great commanders in Japanese history), Hideyoshi planned to give the Kanto region to Hidemasa soon after the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 三代将軍・源実朝の代の元久2年（1205年）6月22日 (旧暦)条畠山重忠の乱における重忠討伐軍の中に初めて確認される。
• The first confirmed reference to them is the entry dated July 17, 1205 in which they appear among the army in charge of defeating Shigetada HATAKEYAMA who had risen against the shogunate during the time of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo the third shogun.

• 秀康の所従の押松に有力御家人へ宛てた義時討伐の院宣を持たせ使者として鎌倉へ送るが、押松は鎌倉幕府方に捕らえられてしまう。
• Hideyasu sent his shoju (retainer) Osho to Kamakura to deliver the command from the retired emperor to subjugate Yoshitoki addressed to a powerful gokenin but Osho was captured by the Kamakura Shogunate people.

• なお、九戸政実討伐の帰途、山形城に立ち寄った秀次を、義光が駒姫に接待させたという挿話は後世の創作とみたほうが妥当である。
• In fact, the episode where Yoshimitsu had Komahime entertain Hidetsugu, who stopped in Yamagata-jo Castle on the way back from the subjugation of Masazane KUNOHE, was probably a fictitious story made up in later ages.

• 秀吉死後の慶長5年（1600年）に、五大老の徳川家康が同じく五大老の一人だった会津の上杉景勝討伐の兵を起こすと従軍した。
• In 1600, after Hideyoshi's death, when Ieyasu Tokugawa, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), rose in arms against another member of the Gotairo, Kagekatsu UESUGI, in Aizu, he took part in the campaign.

• この修理の際、奈良文化財研究所で塔の部材を年輪年代学で調べたところ、794年ころに伐採したものであることが判明している。
• During the repair, the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties examined members of the pagoda using dendrochronology and found they were cut down around 794.

• 当時の京都帝大の演習林では台湾演習林において樟脳の生産が行われ、樺太演習林においては材木の伐採によって収益を上げていた。
• Of the forests for field practice of Kyoto Imperial University, camphor was produced in the field practice forest in Taiwan, and in the field practice forest in Sakhalin, profits were earned from logging.

• 事業者は、伐木の作業を行なうときは、伐倒について一定の合図を定め、当該作業に関係がある労働者に周知させなければならない。
• The employer shall, when carrying out the work of tree felling, set fixed signals for felling and make them known to the workers concerned with the said work.

• 9月19日には、六波羅探題が察知して計画は事前に発覚し、土岐頼兼、多治見国長、足助重範など密議に参加した武将は討伐される。
• On September 19, the Rokuhara Tandai uncovered the plan before it was executed and samurai who had participated in secret talks such as Yorikane TOKI, Kuninaga TAJIMI, and Shigenori ASUKE, were subdued.

• なお、富樫満成は高野山に逃亡したものの、1419年2月28日（応永26年2月4日）に畠山満家の討伐によって殺害されている。
• Mitsunari TOGASHI fled to Mt. Koya, but was killed by the subjugation of Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA on February 28, 1419.

• 元治元年（1864年）に京都で禁門の変が起きるとその傾向に拍車がかかり、続く長州征伐の決定によって全国的に米価が上昇した。
• In 1864, when Kyoto saw the Kinmon Incident (the war waged by Choshu Domain for regaining its force in Kyoto, which resulted in its defeat), this tendency was accelerated, and when the Edo bakufu decided to set out the Choshu Expedition, the rice price rose nationwide.

• その間にも忠通は頼長から氏の長者の地位と取り戻し、一方の忠実は自分も討伐されることを恐れて、僧兵を集めて宇治にひきこもる。
• Meanwhile, Tadamichi retrieves a position as the head of the clan from Yorinaga, and Tadazane gathers warrior-monks and secludes himself in Uji for fear of being killed.

• 政宗が首尾よく、帰国すると、諸将は虎を放つのは危険と進言したが、歯向かえば、誅伐すればよい、と語り、諸将は頓首したという。
• After Masamune went back to his territory safely, vassals of Hideyoshi advised that it was dangerous to set a tiger free, but Hideyoshi told them that he was going to kill him if Masamune rose in revolt and they understood.

• 天正14年（1586年）からの九州征伐にも参加し、戦後に秀吉から筑前国・筑後国・肥前国1郡の37万1300石を与えられた。
• After participating in the Conquest of Kyushu started in 1586, he was granted a total of 371,300 koku (the unit showing the annual yield of rice) including the Chikuzen Province, Chikugo Province, and a county in the Hizen Province.

• 都落ちした高経は幕府の討伐軍に屈す事無く戦い続けたが、貞治6年/正平22年（1367年）に杣山城（福井県南越前町）で死去。
• Although Takatsune, who had fled the capital, continued to fight against a punitive force from the government, he died at Somayama-jo Castle (Minamiechizen-cho, Fukui Prefecture) in 1367.

• 後に同じ美濃の出である東常縁が千葉康胤を討伐するために上総の隣国である下総国に向かった際にこれに同行したと考えられている。
• It is assumed that he accompanied Tsuneyori TO from the same hometown, Mino Province, when Tsuneyori went to Shimosa Province next to Kazusa Province to subdue Yasutane CHIBA.

• 当時京都で戦っていた貞久は本領の危機を知り長庶子の川上頼久・久長の子である島津宗久を急ぎ帰国させ、南朝方討伐に向かわせる。
• Sadahisa, who was fighting in Kyoto at the time, found the crisis of his main domain and ordered his first son of concubine Yorihisa KAWAKAMI and Hisanaga's son Munehisa SHIMAZU to return to the domain to attack the Soutnern Court.

• その後も秀吉の主要な合戦の多くに参戦し、天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐ののち、伊予国今治市11万石の大名に封ぜられる。
• Since then, he participated in many of Hideyoshi's decisive battles, and after the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, he was assigned as daimyo of Imabari region, Iyo Province which was worth 110,000 koku.

• 頼朝没後の正治元年（1199年）10月、梶原景時弾劾に加わり、建仁（1203年）9月の比企能員の変で比企一族討伐軍に参加。
• In October 1199 after the death of Yoritomo, he joined impeachment of Kagetoki KAJIWARA and at the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI in September 1203, he took part in the force for the subdugation of Hiki family.

• 天正14年（1586年）には19歳で大番頭となり、同18年（1590年）の小田原征伐、19年の九戸政実討伐などに従軍した。
• He became the Oban gashira (captains of the great guards) when he was nineteen years old in 1586, joined the battle in Odawara campaign (the conquest, siege of Odawara) in 1590, and suppressed Masazane KUNOHE in 1591.

• 洞院実世は偽りの投降と見抜き、降伏の受け入れに反対、むしろこの機会に直義を討伐して北朝側の戦力を削減させるべきと主張する。
• Predicting it was a false surrender, Saneyo TOIN opposed accepting Naoyoshi's offer of submission arguing that they should take that opportunity to put down Naoyoshi to reduce the Northern Court's war potential, instead.

• 有名なのは近江国水口岡山城の長束正家に、会津征伐で東下する家康をもてなさせ、城内に忍び込んだ左近達が斬るという作戦である。
• There was a famous plot in which it was planned that Masaie NAGATSUKA of Minakuchi-okayama-jo Castle in Omi Province would welcome Ieyasu who had traveled east to conquest Aizu before Sakon and others sneaked into the castle and killed him.

• 『信長公記』『甲乱記』に拠れば、この敗北を契機とした武田征伐において、信豊は家臣20騎程と共に小諸城へ逃れて再起を図った。
• The 'Shinchoko-ki' and the 'Koranki' stated that Nobutoyo fled to Komoro-jo Castle with about 20 horesemen to attempt a comeback after the defeat in the subjugation of Takeda.

• また、木材価格の低迷が長期化するにつれて、大規模伐採をこのまま続けても分収金の形で地域還元することが困難になってきていた。
• Furthermore, as wood prices remained stagnant for a long period of time, it became difficult to make the yearly payment from the profit to the local communities, even though the logging business continued to be carried out on a large scale.

• 前二条の規定による立入又は伐除により損失を生じた場合においては、国は、その損失をうけた者に対し、通常生ずべき損失を補償する。
• In the event any loss has arisen from the entry, clearing, or removal under the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the State shall compensate the sufferer thereof for the loss that would normally arise.

• これに対して蓮悟や蓮慶は蓮如・実如が定めた一門衆の指導への服従を定めた規則に反するとして超勝寺の討伐のための一揆を起こした。
• In response, Rengo and Renkei staged a revolt to put down the Chosho-ji Temple, insisting that this was against the rules on the clansmen's conformity to the teachings established by Rennyo and Jitsunyo.

• 通常は3年目の冬に伐採し、煮沸して油を抜いてから露天乾しにして白竹にし、その後しばらく（数ヶ月～数年）寝かせてから加工する。
• The bamboo is cut down in its third winter, freed of oil by boiling, dried in the open air so that it becomes shiratake (white bamboo), and allowed to rest for a while (several months to years), before being processed.

• 1590年(天正18)に覇業を推し進める豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐を機に臣従、本領を安堵され、山形城を居城にして24万石を領する。
• In 1590, he served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who was trying to establish himself as ruler of the country after the conquest and siege of Odawara, was approved of the main domain, lived in Yamagata-jo Castle and had a fief of 240,000 koku.

• しかし、時宗が1284年に急死すると、翌1285年、平頼綱は泰盛を突如襲撃・殺害し、泰盛派の御家人らを討伐した（霜月騒動）。
• However, when Tokimune died suddenly in 1284, TAIRA no Yoritsuna killed Yasumori in a sudden assault and exterminated the gokenin of the Yasumori faction in the following year of 1285 (the Shimotsuki Incident).

• かねてから北条氏によって将軍の権力を押さえつけられていたことに不満を持っていた頼家は能員の訴えに応じて、北条氏討伐を命じた。
• As Yoriie had been dissatisfied about the Hojo clan which exercised power over shogun, he responded to Yoshikazu's appeal and issued an order to suppress the Hojo clan.

• また、たたら吹きには大量の木炭を必要とするため、川の上流の木が伐採しつくされた結果洪水が起きたことを象徴しているともされる。
• A lot of charcoal was needed to do the traditional Japanese tatara steel making method, so some people claim that it is a symbol of flooding as a result of too much deforestation at the upper reaches of a river.

• それに続く第一次長州征伐が終わると、無勅許状態にあった日米修好通商条約の勅許に奔走し、条件付ながら勅許を得ることに成功した。
• After the First Subjugation of Choshu that followed, he made every effort to secure the Emperor's permission on the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Unites States and Japan that had been left unauthorized by the Emperor; he succeeded in securing the Emperor's authorization albeit with provisos.

• しかし、義忠が兄を討てないと躊躇したため、正盛が義忠に代わり討伐に向かい、1108年に乱を鎮圧したとの知らせがもたらされた。
• However, because Yoshitada was reluctant to kill Yoshichika, as they were brothers, Masamori was given the mission of quelling uprising in his place, which he is said to have accomplished in 1108.

• 舅・家康も氏政の助命を乞うが、北条氏の討伐を招いた責任者として秀吉は氏政・氏照及び宿老の松田憲秀・大道寺政繁に切腹を命じた。
• Although Ujimasa's father-in-law, Ieyasu, asked for a pardon for Ujimasa, Hideyoshi ordered Seppuku to Ujimasa and Ujiteru, and the chief vassals of Norihide MATSUDA and Masashige DAIDOJI, for their responsibility to cause the subjugation of the Hojo clan.

• そして守護就任に伴い、幕府から三好氏の討伐の命令が出されたとされ、経久はこの命に応じ、三好氏と京にて戦っているとされている。
• It is believed that after appointed as shugo, Tsunehisa received an order from the bakufu to subjugate the Miyoshi clan and began fighting against the clan in Kyoto in response to the order.

• 貞綱が元寇の際、執権北条時宗の命を受け、蒙古討伐軍総大将として九州に下った時、同行し、筑後国山門郡瀬高の大木城を拠点とした。
• Yasumune accompanied Sadatsuna when Sadatsuna was ordered by Tokimune HOJO (the regent of the Kamakura bakufu) to go down to Kyushu as a supreme commander of the Menggu Punitive Force when Mongol attempted to invade Japan (Genko), and Yasumune made his base in Oki-jo Castle located in Setaka, Yamato-gun, Chikugo Province.

• 平直方は麾下の軍勢と東海、東山、北陸の三道の軍を結集して討伐に向うが、関東を押さえて士気の上がる平忠常軍を攻めきれずにいた。
• TAIRA no Naokata gathered troops from three regions of the Tokai region, Higashiyama region and Hokuriku region along with the troops under his command and went on the expedition to conquest TAIRA no Tadatsune, but Naokata was not able to subjugate the revolt easily because the troops of Tadatsune already controlled Kanto region and the morale among his soldiers was very high.

• 羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）に仕えて、天正12年（1584年）の小牧・長久手の戦いや天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐に参加する。
• He worked for Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and joined the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute (1584) and the Siege of Odawara (1590).

• 元弘3年/正慶2年（1333年）5月8日 (旧暦)、後醍醐天皇の呼びかけに応え、生品神社に一族を集め鎌倉幕府討伐のため挙兵。
• In response to a call by the Emperor Godaigo, he raised an army to subjugate the Kamakura bakufu on June 28 (old calendar) 1333 by gathering family members at Ikushina-jinja Shrine.

• ただし、鎌倉幕府の公式記録である『吾妻鏡』に越後の城氏の一族である坂額御前の健闘により討伐軍に大被害が生じたとの記事がある。
• However, 'Azuma Kagami', which is the official record of the Kamakura shogunate, has an article that, brave and good fight of Hangaku Gozen, who was a family member of the Jo clan in Echigo, caused the punitive force serious damages.

• しかし、徳川御三家の一つである上、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで敗走した幕府将兵の多くが藩内に逃げ込んだため、新政府の討伐を受けかけた。
• However, since he was from one of Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), and shohei (officers and men) of bakufu who were routed in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi took refuge in his domain, he was nearly put down by the new government.

• それから、伐採した材木を筏流しで由良川を和知まで流し、和知から列車で発送することで輸送コストの削減と大量搬出が可能になった。
• Then, by using trains to transport it from Wachi after rafting cut wood down the Yura-gawa River to Wachi made it possible to cut the cost of transportation and bulk-transportation.

• 即ち、源氏平氏が征夷大将軍の任についた例は数えきれないとして、自らも将軍宣下を受けた上で北条討伐を行いたいと奏上したという。
• In other words, in relation to the countless examples of members of the Minamoto and Taira clans serving as seii taishogun, and besides being the recipient of Shogun proclamations, he wished to report to the Emperor that the Hojo clan had been subjugated.

• 酒呑童子討伐で知られる平安時代中期の武将・源頼光が家来の渡辺綱を連れて京都の洛外北山の蓮台野に赴くと、空を飛ぶ髑髏に遭遇した。
• MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, known as a warlord in the middle of the Heian period who subdued 'Shuten Doji' (the leader of a group of bandits that roamed the region around Kyoto), went with his retainer WATANABE no Tsuna to Rendaino in Kitayama of Rakugai (outside area of the capital Kyoto), where they met with a skull flying in the sky;

• 伊達政宗が大崎征伐に乗り出すと苦戦を強いられたが、最上氏庶流の黒川晴氏が大崎方に寝返ったことで家の命脈だけは保つことができた。
• When Masamune DATE went on an expedition against Osaki (a siege of Osaki), Yoshinao was forced to engage in a bitter struggle; however, he barely kept the family in existence thanks to Haruuji KUROKAWA, a branch family of the Mogami clan, who switched to the Osaki side.

• 1585年（天正13年）、四国征伐で軍功を挙げた豊臣秀次は、近江43万石を与えられ、八幡山に八幡城を築城し、城下町を開町した。
• With military success in the Shikoku Conquest in 1585, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI was given Omi, a 430,000-koku fief (feudal domain estimated to produce 2.15 million bushels of rice annually), where he built the Hachiman Castle in Mt. Hachiman and opened a castle town.

• 第二次征伐の失敗によって幕府の武力が張子の虎であることが知れ渡ると同時に長州藩と薩摩藩への干渉能力がほぼ無くなる結果を招いた。
• The failure of the second conquest made it public knowledge that the military power of the bakufu was a paper tiger, and as a result, the bakufu had almost lost the power to interfere in the Choshu Domain and the Satsuma Domain.

• 1575年、義昭を追放して自身に反抗する丹波の諸将の討伐に取り掛かった織田信長は、明智光秀に命じて丹波の経略に取り掛からせた。
• After Nobunaga ODA ousted Yoshiaki, he began to subdue several busho (warlords) in Tanba who opposed him, and instructed Mitsuhide AKECHI to govern Tanba in 1575.

• しかし、九州征伐で兄の元春とその嫡男吉川元長があいついで陣没したため、隆景は一人で輝元を補佐し、毛利氏を守っていくことになる。
• However, Motoharu, who was his older brother, and Motonaga KIKKAWA, who was a son of Motoharu, died successively in the Kyushu Conquest, and Takakage had to support Terumoto and protect the Mori clan by himself.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、第二次長州征伐が起こったときには、長州征討を強行する幕府と、長州藩を擁護する薩摩藩の仲介を務めている。
• At the time of the Second conquest of Choshu in 1866, he mediated between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which forced through the conquest of Choshu domain and the Satsuma domain which supported the Choshu domain.

• この討伐により越後北部一帯（越後国出羽郡）の支配を確立することに成功し、討伐の3年後の和銅5年（712年）出羽国が設置された。
• Due to this subjection, they succeeded in establishing control over the whole area of northern Echigo (Ideha gun (Ideha district), Echigo Province), and its three years later, in 712, Dewa Province was established.

• 慶応2年の長州征伐が一段落した際、徳川幕府が三条大橋に掲げた高札が抜き取られて川に投げ捨てられると言う事態がたびたび起こった。
• When the conquest of Choshu clan was almost finished in 1866, an event often happened such that a temporary notice board held up by the Tokugawa shogunate at Sanjo-ohashi bridge was pulled out and thrown into the river.

• 天正18年（1590年）、父・秀政とともに小田原征伐に参陣したが、父がそのときに陣中にて病死したため、家督を継ぐこととなった。
• In 1590 he took part in the Siege of Odawara together with his father Hidemasa, and succeeded to his father as the head of the family due to his father's death in the camp during the battle.

• このような状況を憂慮した徳川幕府は1666年以降、森林保護政策に乗りだし、森林資源の回復促進と厳格な伐採規制・流通規制をしいた。
• Worried about the situation, the Tokugawa shogunate decided to adopt a forest protection policy in 1666, and launched an initiative to recover and promote forest resources, setting up strict regulations towards logging and distribution.

• また埼玉県児玉郡では、天狗の松を伐ろうとした人が、枝から落ちてひどい怪我を負ったが、これは天狗に蹴落とされたのだという話である。
• In Kodama Gun, Saitama Prefecture, someone who tried to cut down a Tengu pine fell off a branch and was seriously injured; this is believed to have happened because Tengu kicked him out of the tree.

• しかし、種実が手にしていた期間も長くは無く、九州征伐の際、島津氏に属していた秋月氏から、降伏の証として、豊臣秀吉へと献上された。
• However, the period of Tanezane owning this famous piece was not very long; it was presented to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the proofing gift of surrender from Tanezane who was a vassal of Shimazu clan, when Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu region.

• 幕府への恭順路線を貫き、責任者の処刑など西郷が提示した降伏条件の受け入れを承認したため、第1次長州征伐は回避されることとなった。
• In the end, the first conquest of Choshu was avoided because Choshu accepted the conditions to surrender, proposed by Saigo, including an execution of responsible persons, and absolute allegiance to the bakufu.

• 長元2年（1029年）2月、朝廷は東海道、東山道、北陸道の諸国へ忠常追討の官符を下して討伐軍を補強させるが鎮定はすすまなかった。
• In February, 1029, the Imperial Court issued a kanpu (official document from Dajokan, or Great Council of State) to strengthen the punitive force, but the suppression did not made progress.

• そして享禄4年（1531年）5月9日_(旧暦)、賀州三ヶ寺は「三法令」・「一門一家制」違反などを理由に超勝寺討伐の命令を下した。
• On May 25, 1531, Gashu Sanka-ji Temples gave orders to subdue Chosho-ji Temple on the grounds that it violated 'Sanhorei' and 'Ichimon-Ikke System.'

• 天正15年（1587年）、九州征伐に参陣するが、武功を挙げたわけではなく後方の兵糧・武具などの輜重を担当していたと言われている。
• He went on an expedition to Kyushu in 1587, but he was said to be in charge of transporting military goods such as food provisions and weapons.

• このとき、前田玄以・長束正家・増田長盛ら三奉行と堀尾吉晴・中村一氏・生駒親正らが征伐の中止を訴えたが聞き入れず、征伐を強行した。
• On this occasion, the three bugyo officers of Geni MAEDA, of Masaie NAGATSUKA, and of Nagamori MASHITA, Yoshiharu HORIO, Kazuuji NAKAMURA, and Chikamasa IKOMA appealed him to stop the conquering movement, but Ieyasu executed the conquering activity forcibly, without accepting the appeal.

• これにより、朝廷・豊臣氏から家康の上杉氏征伐は「豊臣氏の忠臣である家康が、謀反人の景勝を討つ」という義戦と認められた形となった。
• In these ways, the conquest by Ieyasu of the Uesugi clan was recognized by the Imperial court and the Toyotomi clan as a righteous fight in which 'Ieyasu, a faithful retainer of the Toyotomi clan, defeated Kagekatsu, a traitor.'

• 伝説によれば、平安時代の後期、安倍貞任の残党であった黒鳥兵衛は越後国へ入ると悪逆非道の限りを尽くし、朝廷の討伐軍をも打ち破った。
• According to legend, in the late Heian period, Hyoe KUROTORU, one of Abe no Sadato's remaining retainers, went to Echigo Province and committed a number of atrocities, and even managed to defeat the Imperial army sent to subjugate him.

• 翌1437年に持氏の信濃再出兵が企画されると、出兵は憲実誅伐のためであるとする噂が流れ、憲実方にも武士が集まり緊迫状態が生じる。
• In the next year, 1437, when Mochiuji made a plan to dispatch troops to Shinano Province again, the rumor spread that Mochiuji dispatched the troops to kill Norizane, therefore, Norizane's side also gathered troops and this caused a state of tension.

• 鎌倉から持氏を追放したのち、持氏派の武士を討伐するため出陣した足利持仲の補佐として武蔵国へ向かったものの破れ、鎌倉へ引き返した。
• After the banishment of Mochiuji from Kamakura, he joined the Mochinaka ASHIKAGA troops as an assistant and headed for Musashi Province to attack the samurai warriors of the Mochiuji side, but was defeated and returned back to Kamakura.

• 文治5年（1189年）、源頼朝が藤原泰衡追討のために行った奥州合戦（奥州征伐）に、弟の殖野為重、伊達資綱、伊達為家とともに従軍。
• In 1189, Tamemune took part in the campaign with his younger brothers Tameshige UENO, Suketsuna DATE, and Tameie DATE for the Battle of Oshu (Oshu-Seibatsu [Kamakura bakufu's military campaign against the Fujiwara of northern Japan]) launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hunt down and kill FUJIWARA no Yasuhira.

• 延暦5年（786年）8月8日 (旧暦)、葛城は蝦夷征伐の準備の閲兵と武具点検ため、判官1名、主典1名とともに東海道に遣わされた。
• On September 8, 786 or August 8 on the old calendar, Kazuragi, together with a member of hangan (judge, magistrate), a member of sakan, was dispatched to Tokaido region to review the prepared army and to check arms for conquest of ezo.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐にも参加し、天正20年（1592年）からの文禄の役にも参加して渡海し、晋州城攻撃に参加した。
• In 1590, he also participated in the conquest and siege of Odawara, participated in the Bunroku War in 1592, and took a ship to attack Jinju Castle.

• 時政は畠山父子を排斥すべく謀反人に仕立て上げたとされ、時政に畠山討伐を命じられた息子北条義時・北条時房は反対したが押し切られた。
• It is supposed that Tokimasa made the father and son of the Hatakeyama family culpable as traitors to get rid of them, and although his sons, Yoshitoki and Tokifusa HOJO were opposed to their father when Tokimasa ordered the subjugation of the Hatakeyama family, finally they followed his orders.

• こうした大規模伐採による演習林の荒廃が進むにつれて、大学関係者だけでなく地権者の側においても危惧と不安の声が上がるようになった。
• As the state of the field practice forest deteriorated even further by large scale logging, not only people on the university side but also the land-owning side began to voice their anxiety and apprehension about the situation.

• 一般的に神社神道の神社、神宮の境内にある神体としての木や神聖視される木、その周りを囲む鎮守の森や、伐採をしないとされる木を指す。
• In general, shinboku refers to a tree as an object of worship or a tree considered to be holy, in the precincts of a shrine or a high-class shrine of Jinja-Shinto; a forest surrounding a shrine to protect the shrine; or a tree that is not cut down.

• 仲哀天皇の熊襲征伐の途次、岡県主の熊鰐、伊都県主の五十迹手らは、それぞれ白銅鏡、八尺瓊、十握剣を差し出して恭順の意を表している。
• When Emperor Chuai made an expedition to conquer the Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) led by the Oka no Agatanushi (ruler of the Tsukushi area) and Itote led by the Ito no Agatanushi (ruler of the Ito area), these leaders showed their allegiance by offering their Maso kagami (bronze mirror), Yasakani no magatama (comma-shaped jewel) and Totsuka no Tsurugi Sword.

• またこれらの他に労働奉仕も科される例や、盗伐者が科料を払えない場合の五人組による連帯責任による科料支払いが決められている例もある。
• There were also other cases, in which the violator was obliged to render a service, or if the violator was not able to pay the fines, the Gonin-gumi system (a collective responsibility system based on a neighborhood group composed of 5 persons), to which he belonged, had to assume the collective responsibility to pay the fines.

• 政策は、唐で安史の乱が発生した為、九州の警備を強化したが、仲麻呂が推進した新羅討伐計画を許可し、官位も唐風の名称に改めるなどした。
• Due to the occurrence of the Anshi Rebellion in Tang, Emperor Junnin tightened the security in Kyushu; however, he allowed Nakamaro to pursue the plan to subjugate Silla and also changed the names of official ranks to Chinese style.

• 佐々木道誉や赤松則祐らが南朝と通じて幕府に反すると、尊氏は近江へ佐々木、尊氏の子の義詮は赤松を討伐のために播磨へそれぞれ出兵する。
• Doyo SASAKI and Norisuke AKAMATSU rebelled against the bakufu and joined the Southern Court, and Takauji set out to Omi to attack Sasaki, and Takauji's son, Yoshiakira set out to Harima to attack Akamatsu.

• 表向きは信長との協調関係は継続していたものの、密かに武田信玄・浅井長政・朝倉義景・顕如らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成した。
• Although Yoshiaki officially had a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, he formed a coalition against Nobunaga by secretly giving an order of subjugation to Shingen TAKEDA, Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Kennyo.

• 日本における恩賞の給与は、古代以降、蝦夷征伐や謀叛の鎮圧に功労のあった武官に対して、朝廷が官位の任官または昇叙を行ったことによる。
• The practice of reward grants in Japan goes back to ancient times when the Imperial Court appointed those who rendered distinguished service in conquering Ezo or fighting rebellions as government officials or promoted them.

• 甲斐では、岡崎へ逃れた徳川家康が、光秀討伐の軍を起こすと同時に秀隆を支援するという名目で家臣を甲斐に派遣し、梅雪遺領の掌握を図る。
• In Kai, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had escaped to Okazaki, dispatched his vassals to Kai in an effort to seize the property inheritance of Baisetsu in the name of mobilizing a punitive force against Mitsuhide and supporting Hidetaka at the same time.

• 三韓征伐（さんかんせいばつ）とは、『日本書紀』に記述が残る、新羅の王子、アメノヒボコの子孫神功皇后が行ったとされる新羅出兵をさす。
• Sankan-Seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) was written in the war affairs of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), on the military expeditions against Silla (pronounced 'Shiragi' in Japanese: Kingdom of ancient Korea) by the Empress Jingu who was a descendant of Prince Amenohiboko of Silla.

• 結局延徳元年（1489年）、義熙と改名していた義尚は近江鈎の陣中で死去したため、幕府による討伐は中断となり、高頼は一時赦免された。
• After all, in 1489, Yoshihisa who had changed his name to Yoshihiro died at the front at Magari in Omi Province, and therefore the suppression by bakufu was suspended and Takayori was temporarily discharged.

• そこで、蝦夷討伐に際しては東国からの調達が許され、『延喜式』においては長門国の出挙4万束が兵粮料として充てることが定められている。
• Then, during the subjugation of Ezo (northerners), solders were allowed to supply food from Togoku (eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) and 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) provided that 40 thousand tsuka (bundle) of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries) of Nagato Province is allotted for the military provisions.

• 永正元年（1504年）9月、摂津守護代・薬師寺元一の謀反を鎮圧し、永正3年（1506年）に河内の畠山義英を討伐、大和国へ侵攻する。
• In October, 1504, Masamoto suppressed a rebellion by Motokazu YAKUSHIJI, the deputy shugo of the Province of Settsu, and then in 1506, he subjugated Yoshihide HATAKEYAMA of Kawachi and invaded the Province of Yamato.

• 小田原城奪取など、早雲の一連の行動は、茶々丸討伐という目的だけでなく、自らの勢力範囲を拡大しようとする意図もあったと見られていた。
• Soun's actions, including the capture of Odawara-jo Castle, were taken not only to defeat Chachamaru, but also to expand his own power.

• さらに利長に対しては加賀国征伐を強行しようとしたが、利長が生母・芳春院（まつ）を江戸に人質として差し出したことで出兵を取りやめた。
• Furthermore, he tried to conquer Toshinaga's Kaga Province forcibly, but stopped sending his force, because Toshinaga decided to send his real mother, Hoshunin (Matsu), to Edo as a hostage.

• 家康は、上杉氏征伐に従軍していた諸大名の大半を集め、「秀頼公に害を成す君側の奸臣・三成を討つため」として、上方に反転すると告げた。
• Gathering most of the daimyo who had been engaged in the fighting to defeat the Uesugi clan, Ieyasu declared that he would change the direction of their movements of the forces, saying that 'We should defeat Mitsunari who is a cunning retainer of the Imperial court and does ill to Lord Hideyori.'

• 京都滞在中の4月23日、伏見（現京都府京都市伏見区）の寺田屋に集結した有馬新七ら自藩の尊攘派過激分子を討伐する寺田屋事件を起こす。
• During his stay in Kyoto, he caused the Teradaya Incident on June 1, 1862 in order to subdue the extremist group of the Sonjo-ha party (supporting the principle of 'Sonno Joi' advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) of his own domain including Shinshichi ARIMA who gathered in Teradaya Inn (present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture).

• この時の征伐軍は浦上氏の本拠への攻撃よりも、浦上派へ転身した美作国守護代の中村則久など浦上派の諸城への攻撃で、弱体化を図っている。
• The punitive force at the time planned to weaken the Uragami clan by attacking castles belonging to the Uragami sect such as Norihisa Nakamura who was the military governor of Mimasaka province and turned to be the Uragami clan.

• 応仁の乱で東軍に組し、のちに丹後国の守護にも任命され西軍の一色氏の征伐を命ぜられたが苦戦し、逆に若狭に攻め込まれることも多かった。
• Taking on the Eastern Camp during the Onin War, he was later named Shugo in the Tango Province and ordered to conquer the Isshiki clan of the Western Camp, but the fighting did not go well and he was often attacked in Wakasa.

• 同年春、成氏の命を受けて上杉房顕・長尾景仲らを討伐するために常陸国小栗城を攻撃中に陣中で病に倒れ、閏4月20日に病死してしまった。
• In the spring in the same year, he got sick at the front while attacking Oguri Castle in Hitachi Province to subjugate Fusaaki UESUGI and Kagenaka NAGAO by the order of Shigeuji, and he died of sickness on June 14.

• 天正元年（1573年）8月、細川幽斎に命じて、淀古城に立て籠もる三好三人衆の一人・岩成友通を討伐した（淀古城第二次淀古城の戦い）。
• In September 1573, he ordered Yusai HOSOKAWA to subjugate Tomomichi IWANARI who was one of the Miyoshi sanninshu barricaded at the Yodo kojo Castle (the Second Battle of Yodokojo).

• 織田信長が美濃国攻めを開始した頃、信長の家臣となり、黒母衣衆に名を連ね、信長の上洛における諸合戦や一向一揆討伐戦などにおいて活躍。
• When Nobunaga ODA started the attack on Mino Province, he became a vassal of Nobunaga as a member of Kuro horo shu (an elite bodyguard unit in black) and played an active role at various battles for Nobunaga's going to Kyoto and putting down Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers).

• 元親は精強な一領具足を率いて四国統一を果たしたが、豊臣秀吉による四国征伐によって、元親の領地は大幅に削減され、土佐一国のみとなる。
• Motochika, leading powerful Ichiryogusoku, achieved the unification of Shikoku region, however, the territory was reduced to only Tosa Province due to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Shikoku Conquest.

• それだけ厳重な管理をしても里山の盗伐は頻発し、また村々入会の里山では、里山を巡っての村と村の間での対立も続出した（山論と呼ばれる）。
• Even under such strict controls, illegal logging in Satoyama frequently occurred, and when the form of Satoyama was Muramura iriai (common land of plural villages), it was jointly used by the residents of more than one village as a piece of common land, however, these villages often had confrontations over Satoyama (the dispute was called sanron (mountain dispute)).

• 鎌倉時代中期、第8代宇都宮貞綱は元寇の際、鎌倉幕府による討伐軍の総大将として九州に赴き、これに勝利すると鎌倉幕府引付衆に任じられた。
• In the mid Kamakura period, the eighth family head, Sadatsuna UTSUNOMIYA went to the Kyushu region as the supreme commander of the Kamakura bakufu forces when Mongol invaded Japan and after the victory over Mongol, he was appointed to Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) of the Kamakura bakufu.

• 足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇に時行討伐のための征夷大将軍、総追捕使の任命を求めるが、後醍醐天皇は要求を退け、成良親王を征夷大将軍に任命した。
• Takauji requested from Emperor Godaigo that he be appointed Seii taishogun and sotsui hoshi (Inspector General) in order to suppress Tokiyuki's rebellion, but Emperor Godaigo side-stepped these requests and appointed Imperial Prince Narinaga Seii taishogun.

• また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
• Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).

• そんな時にたびたび持氏を諌めていた関東管領上杉憲実が疎まれたことにより身の危険を感じて領国の上野に逃亡し、持氏の討伐を受けるに至る。
• Meanwhile, the Kanto Kanrei, Norizane UESUGI, who had often complained about Mochiuji, felt that his life was in danger as he was clearly disfavored by Mochiuji, and he therefore fled to his domain of Kozuke, where he was defeated by Mochiuji.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、家康が上杉景勝討伐のため出兵している機を見計らい、石田三成は毛利輝元を盟主に担ぎ、打倒家康のために挙兵した。
• In 1600, when Ieyasu dispatched troops on behalf of Kagekatsu UESUGI, Mitsunari ISHIDA took the opportunity to make Terumoto MORI a leader and they raised their armies to overthrow Ieyasu.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には、当地を治めた丹波守護職・細川家や織田家管領が、境内に乱暴狼藉や伐採を禁止する禁制高札を立て、兵乱から守った。
• In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), the guardians of Tanba, the Hosokawa family, and the Oda family, who controlled who governed the region, set up a kinsei kosatsu (bulletin board of prohibitions) on the grounds of the shrine in order to prevent disturbances; among other things, it prohibited disorderly behavior and loitering.

• 以後も京都扶持衆を介在させて持氏の勢力拡大を阻もうとする幕府と彼らの討伐の機会を狙う持氏の対立は続き、永享の乱の原因の1つとなった。
• However, while the bakufu was trying to prevent Mochiuji from strengthening his influential power using the warrior Kyoto Fuchishu as an intermediary, Mochiuji was attempting to put them down, and such continued confrontations became a cause that lead to Eikyo no Ran (Eikyo War).

• 懐柔策を試みたがうまくいかず、天慶3年（940年）、藤原忠文を征夷大将軍に任命して将門征伐軍を送り、藤原秀郷の手により将門は討たれた。
• The government tried to reconcile the incident but it failed, so in 940 FUJIWARA no Tadafumi was appointed as Seii Raishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to send the troops to defeat Masakado, FUJIWARA no Hidesato subjugated Masakado.

• 天正10年5月に至り、朝廷から武田征伐の戦勝祝賀として信長に、太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍の三職いずれかに推任しようとする動きがあった。
• In June (May in old lunar calendar), 1582, there was a move in the Imperial Court to endorse Nobunaga for one of the three posts, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), or Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as a reward for his subjugation of Takeda.

• 最終的に島津氏は九州の大部分を没収されたが、石田三成と伊集院忠棟による戦後処理の結果、薩摩・大隅国の2国を安堵され九州征伐は終了した。
• Although the Shimazu clan was finally deprived of most of its territories in Kyushu, it was granted the right to rule Satsuma and Osumi Provinces as a result of the post-war actions taken by Mitsunari ISHIDA and Tadamune IJUIN.

• これらの討伐軍を打ち破り中山道を進んで京都に至る事は困難と予想されたので、天狗党は中山道を外れ北方に迂回して京都へ向って進軍を続けた。
• Tenguto judged that it was difficult to win a battle against the punitive force and arrive at Kyoto through Nakasen-do Road, and they circumnavigated to the north and proceeded.

• 豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役（朝鮮出兵）の大義名分（朝鮮は三韓征伐以来、日本の属国であり支配する権利がある）として積極的に用いられた。
• In order to justify an advance upon Korea, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI aggressively used a legitimate reason (After the Sankan-Seibatsu Korea is dependency to Japan, which has the right to rule the country); then executed the battle of Bunroku and Keicho (Japanese invasions of Korea, two campaigns to attack Korea).

• 義満はこの機を逃さず、康応元年（1389年）4月に康行を謀反人と断じて討伐を命じ、土岐氏一族の土岐頼忠・土岐頼益父子が征討に向かった。
• Yoshimitsu did not miss this opportunity and commanded to put down Yasuyuki as a rebel in May 1389, so Yoritada TOKI and Yorimasu TOKI, father and son, of the Toki clan tried to do it.

• 長宗我部家の家督に決定した後、父・元親とともに天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐、天正20年（1592年）からの朝鮮出兵に参加する。
• After he was appointed as the heir to be the head of the family, he took part in, together with his father Motochika, the conquest and siege of Odawara in 1590 and the Invasion of Korea from 1592.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、第二次長州征伐では藩海軍総督の高杉晋作から丙寅丸の砲隊長に任命され、同年6月、周防大島沖で幕府軍艦を奇襲攻撃。
• In 1866, he was appointed as a head of the cannon party of Yang Fire Tiger Maru by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, governor of the Domain navy, in Second conquest of Choshu, making a surprise attack on the warship of Bakufu in June of the same year.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐、翌年の肥後国人一揆の討伐に功をあげ、肥後の南半国宇土郡、益城郡、八代の20万石あまりを与えられた。
• Since he had distinguished service in the Kyusyu Conquest in 1587 and the subjugation of revolt by inhabitant of Higo Province of the following year, he was given the fief of the southern half of Higo Province comprising Uto District, Mashiki District and Yatsushiro yielding about 200,000-koku.

• 翌嘉吉元年6月24日 (旧暦)（1441年）の嘉吉の乱で、義教が家臣の赤松満祐に暗殺されると、信賢は幕命に従い赤松氏討伐軍に従軍する。
• In Kakitsu War occurred on July 21 of the following year, 1441, Yoshinori was assassinated by his vassal Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, and Nobukata joined the army to destroy the Akamatsu clan in accordance with the order of the shogunate.

• 1487年（長享元年）8月には征夷大将軍足利義尚みずからによる六角高頼の征伐軍に加わるが、翌々年に義尚は陣中で病死し征伐は中止される。
• In August 1487 Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA made up his mind to join with Takayori ROKKAKU's army of conquest but, 2 years later he fell ill and died while on campaign and the conquests were halted.

• 林業におけるスギ伐採量の見通しや地球温暖化など気象の影響を考慮すると、ゆるやかではあるが今後も花粉の飛散量は増え続けると考えられている。
• It would be expected that prevalence and severity will decrease when one considers the projected number of Japanese cedar trees that will be felled by the forestry industry and meteorological effects such as global warming, but it is believed that the airborne pollen levels will actually continue to rise.

• 天正10年3月に武田征伐を開始した織田信長は甲斐の武田氏を滅亡させ、甲斐から信濃、駿河、上野に及んだその領地は織田政権下に組み込まれた。
• Nobunaga ODA, who started the subjugation of Takeda in April 1582, subverted the Takeda clan in Kai, and its territory--including Kai, Shinano, Suruga and Kozuke--was placed under the Oda government.

• 天正6年10月、摂津における石山本願寺討伐の要であった荒木村重の離反によって（有岡城の戦い）信長の対石山本願寺戦略に重大な狂いを見せた。
• In November 1578, Murashige ARAKI, who had taken a key role in attacking Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Settsu, rebelled against Nobunaga (the Battle of Arioka-jo Castle) and Nobunaga's strategy against Hongan-ji Temple began to fell out of order seriously.

• この日の夕方、鎌倉内で重忠の同族で討伐軍に加わっていた稲毛重成父子、榛谷重朝父子が重忠を陥れた首謀者として三浦義村らによって殺害された。
• In the evening, the ringleaders of the entrapment of Shigetada, i.e. Shigenari INAGE and his son and Shigetomo HANGAYA and his son, who were part of Shigetada's family and were part of the army in Kamakura, were killed by Yoshimura MIURA and his entourage.

• しかし、尊氏と直義の間で再び不和が生じ、同年に尊氏が南朝と一時的に講和する正平一統が成立し、尊氏は南朝の後村上天皇から直義討伐令を得る。
• However, with the reappearance of internal discord between Takauji and Tadayoshi, in the same year the Shohei-Itto Accord, by which Takauji had temporarily made peace with the Southern Court, was concluded, and Takauji was given an order to subjugate Tadayoshi by the Emperor Gomurakami of the Southern Court.

• 翌年南朝 (日本)方に破れ尊氏が九州に落ち延びてくると、島津一族は薩摩・大隅の南朝勢力の討伐を命じられ、宗久は貞久指揮の下軍功をあげる。
• A year later, when Takauji was defeated by the Southern Court (Japan) and fled to Kyushu, the Shimazu family was ordered to subjugate the Southern Court power of Satsuma and Osumi, and Munehisa made military exploits under Sadahisa's lead.

• 芦生演習林においても伐採と施業によって収益を上げることで、「大学財政に寄与する演習林の経営」という考え方があったのはある意味自然である。
• Therefore, it was natural in a certain sense that, in the operation of the Ashiu forest for field practice, there was the idea of 'the management of the forest for field practice for contributing to the university finance' by cutting trees and doing business in the forest for field practice.

• 屋形号が成立したのは室町時代初期の頃であり、足利氏の一門や有力な守護大名、守護代、主に室町幕府の成立や謀反人討伐に功ある国人に許された。
• It was around the beginning of Muromachi period that the system of giving yakata-go title was established, when the title was allowed to Ashikaga clans and other predominant Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constable) and Shugodai (deputies of Shugo, provincial constables) as well as to Kokujin (local samurai) who were credited with their contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu and punitive expedition of rebellion.

• 第一項の許可を受けた者は、他人の土地に立ち入り、又は竹木を伐採するときは、あらかじめ土地の占有者及び竹木の所有者に通知しなければならない。
• When those who are given the permission prescribed in paragraph (1) above enter into the land of others or fell bamboos and trees, they shall notify owners and possessors of land and owners of bamboos and trees therein in advance.

• これに対して蓮悟や蓮慶（蓮綱の嫡子）は蓮如・実如が定めた一門衆の指導への服従を定めた規則に反するとして超勝寺の討伐のための一揆を起こした。
• In response to this, Rengo and Renkei (Renko's legitimate child) staged an uprising for putting down the Chosho-ji Temple for the reason that Jikken's order violated the rules established by Rennyo and Jitsunyo under which obedience of Ichimonshu (clansman) to instructions was provided.

• 日本武尊が熊襲征伐において女装を行い、神功皇后が三韓征伐の際に男装を行ったという説話も彼らが巫として神を憑依させた事の象徴であったという。
• When YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto conquered Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district), he dressed himself as a woman, and when Empress Jingu conquered sankan (three countries in old Korea), she dressed herself as a man, that symbolized the moment when they are possessed by god.

• 岡山県牛窓町（現・瀬戸内市）に伝わる話では、神功皇后が三韓征伐の途中、同地にて塵輪鬼（じんりんき）という頭が八つの大牛姿の怪物に襲われた。
• A folktale handed down in Ushimado-cho in Okayama Prefecture (present-day Setouchi City) tells us that Empress Jingu was attacked during sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) by a large eight-headed cow-shaped monster named Jinrinki (gigantic cow goblin).

• しかし、後継の大内持世は盛見に匹敵する人物であり、足利義教の信任を受け少弐氏・大友氏を征伐するなど、大内氏の北九州における優位を確立した。
• However, the successor, Mochiyo OUCHI, who was a person as good as Morimi, received the confidence of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and established an Ouchi clan's priority in northern Kyushu, as well as conquering the Shoni clan and Otomo clan.

• その8都県市でのアンケートでは、市民が花粉症対策として行政にもっとも進めてほしいと考えているのはスギの伐採や枝打ちで、56.4%であった。
• In a survey conducted in the above four prefectures and four cities, 56.4% of citizens responded that the pollinosis countermeasure that they most wanted the administration to implement was the felling and pruning of Japanese cedar trees.

• 禁門の変を理由に幕府は、第一次長州征伐を決行、同時期に、英米仏蘭4ヶ国艦隊の反撃に遭い、上陸され砲台を占拠された（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• On the pretext of the Kinmon Incident, the shogunate government carried out the First Choshu Expeditions, but at the same the combined fleet of Great Britain, United States, France and the Netherlands made a counterattack and got to land to occupy the gun battery (the Shimonoseki Bombardment).

• この頃のことは、『魏志』倭人伝には、倭国乱れ互いに攻伐し合い、長い間盟主なしと伝える、その後、卑弥呼が共立されて王となる、と書かれている。
• According to 'Gishi' Wajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), wars frequently broke out in Wakoku and there had been no leader for a long time, then Himiko was installed as a queen.

• 幕府に対して謀反を企てていたとされる六波羅探題南方の北条時輔、北条一門の北条氏 (名越流)らが執権北条時宗の命により討伐された事件である。
• It was the incident in which Tokisuke HOJO, Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata (Southern Chief of Rokuhara Tandai), the Hojo family (NAGOE family) of the Hojo clan, and others, who were believed to plan a rebellion against the bakufu, were subjugated by the order of the regent Tokimune HOJO.

• 討伐目標となった長州藩の周囲、特に天領である大森銀山一帯や譜代大名である浜田藩・小倉藩両藩などは軍隊の駐屯に加えて過大な負担を要求された。
• As Choshu Domain was the target of the Expedition, some neighboring domains, among others, the domains near to Omori Ginzan Silver Mine (bakufu-owned land), and Hamada and Kokura Domains, both of which were ruled by 'fudai daimyo' (a Japanese territorial lord in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), were obliged to shoulder heavy burdens by the bakufu, including the provision of places and services for stationing the bakufu troops.

• ただし、先年の四国征伐と同様に九州征伐が比較的短期間で終わったことは、三成という有能な行政官僚が輜重を担当していたからだとも言われている。
• The expedition to Kyushu finished within a short period, as did the previous year's expedition to Shikoku, because Mitsunari, who was a talented leader of bureaucrats, had effectively managed the transport of military goods.

• 1568年、織田信長が上洛すると信長に急速に接近して親交を深め、1575年の越前一向一揆討伐にも参陣して、信長から丹後国一国を安堵された。
• When Nobunaga ODA moved to Kyoto in 1568, Yoshimichi developed a close relationship with him and in 1575, after fighting in the Echizen Ikko-ikki religious riots, Nobunaga gave him control of the whole of Tango Province

• 永正4年（1507年）に主君の細川政元が暗殺されると、その養子である細川高国の家臣となり、政元を殺した叔父の薬師寺長忠討伐で功績を挙げた。
• After his lord, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507, he served Masamoto's adopted son, Takakuni HOSOKAWA as a vassal, and distinguished himself by killing his uncle Tadanaga YAKUSHIJI for murdering Masamoto.

• （四国征伐は信孝の強い希望によって実現したともいう。神宮文庫所蔵文書には『三七様連々お望み候四国へ・・・』との文言のある文書が存在する。）
• (It is said to have been executed due to his strong urging, and there is a written document which includes the words 'Sanshichi-sama [Nobutaka] went to Shikoku, which he had wanted to do for a long time' in the Jingu Library).

• その後も荒木村重討伐で功、天正10年（1582年）の武田征伐では信長に従って甲信に入るが、織田信忠が武田を滅ぼしたあとで戦闘には参加せず。
• Later he made a contribution at the attack on Murashige ARAKI, then at subjugation of the Takeda clan in 1582, he followed Nobunaga and went to the Koshin region but already Nobutada ODA had destroyed the Takeda clan, so he did not join the battle.

• 唐からは直ちに高句麗討伐軍に呼応することを求められ、文武王は金庾信らに命じて唐軍のいる平壌へ食糧を補給し、全面的に支援をする構えを保った。
• Requested from Tang to support their army to conquer Goguryeo immediately, King Munmu ordered Kim Yushin and other fellows to supply food to the Tang army staying in Pyongyang, in order to show their intention of total backup.

• しかし同年11月から三好三人衆と松永久秀が権力抗争を開始すると、義親は12月に三好三人衆に強要されて久秀討伐令を出すことを余儀なくされた。
• However, when the Miyoshi sanninshu and Hisahide MATSUNAGA began having a power struggle during December of the same year, the Miyoshi sanninshu forced Yoshichika to order the death of Hisahide in the following month.

• その間に織田信忠が伊奈方面から、金森長近が飛騨国から、徳川家康が駿河国から、北条氏直が関東及び伊豆国から武田領に侵攻してくる（武田征伐）。
• In the meantime, Nobutada ODA invaded from Ina, Nagachika KANAMORI from Hida Province, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA from Suruga Province and Ujinao HOJO from Kanto and Izu Province into Takeda territory (Subjugation of Takeda).

• このような動きに前後して、1970年以降は直営方式による演習林経営の規模が縮小されたほか、1975年以降は伐採面積が大幅に減少していった。
• While these activities were underway, the scale of direct business operation of the field practice forest was reduced in and after 1970, and the area where trees were cut decreased significantly after1975.

• 第二十六条第一項に規定する場合において、市町村長の許可を受けないで障害物を伐除した者又は都道府県知事の許可を受けないで土地に試掘等を行つた者
• Any person who, in the cases prescribed in Article 26 paragraph (1), has removed obstacle without obtaining the permission of the mayor of municipality or has carried out trial excavation etc. of the land without obtaining the permission of the prefectural governor;

• 古代中国の前漢時代には、妃の実家の問題を理由に、外戚（呂氏）一族討伐における多大な功績にもかかわらず立太子・即位できなかった皇子も存在する。
• In the Former Han dynasty of ancient China, there was a prince who could not receive investiture of the crown prince or ascend the throne due to the troubles at his wife's parents' home, despite his distinguished service in defeating maternal relatives (Lu shi).

• 丹波国との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ（但し、この大江は大江町であると言う説もある）、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
• A demon called Shuten-doji is said to have lived in Oe on the border with Tanba Province although some believe the Oe indicated a different location of Oe-cho; according to a legend, Shuten-doji was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.

• 中世東アジアにおいて倭寇前期倭寇と呼ばれる海上勢力が猛威を奮い、朝鮮王朝は討伐・懐柔・室町幕府への鎮圧要請など、様々な対応を余儀なくされる。
• During the Middle Age, influential maritime forces called zenki-wako (early Japanese pirates) threatened East Asia, and the Korean Dynasty was obliged to take various countermeasures including the dispatch of troops, attempts to conciliate the pirates, and requests for suppression of the pirates sent to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 信長にとって石山本願寺を滅ぼすためにはその背後の毛利氏を屈服させる必要があったため、1578年、家臣の羽柴秀吉に命じて中国征伐が開始された。
• Since Nobunaga needed to drive into submission the Mori clan, who backed up Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, he ordered his vassal Hideyoshi HASHIBA to begin conquering Chugoku in 1578.

• その後、細川持常、赤松貞村、赤松満政の大手軍が摂津国から、山名持豊ら山名一族が但馬国、伯耆国から播磨、備前、美作へ侵攻する討伐軍が決定した。
• After that, a punitive force to invade Harima, Bizen, and Mimasaka was decided, which consisted of a major army of Mochitsune HOSOKAWA, Sadamura AKAMATSU, and Mitsumasa AKAMATSU from Settsu Province and the Yanama family including Mochitoyo YAMANA from Tajima Province and Hoki Province.

• 二度に及ぶ長州征伐が失敗に終わり、将軍家茂の病死によって慶喜が将軍となると、慶応3年（1867年）に、最後の改革となる慶応の改革が行われた。
• After the two Choshu Conquests ended in failure and Shogun Iemochi died from an illness, Yoshinobu became the next shogun and implemented in 1867 Keio Reforms, the last ones in the Edo period.

• それが（一揆当事者の意図とは関係なく）長州征伐から戊辰戦争にかけての薩長（新政府）優位の流れを間接的に生み出す役目を果たしたことは否めない。
• It cannot be denied that this disorder indirectly helped the Satsuma and Choshu Domains (which constituted the new government) gain momentum to establish their dominance over Japan during the period from the Choshu Expedition to the Boshin Civil War (regardless of the intention of the uprising participants).

• 実際、徳川慶喜に対する処分にはそれほど強硬ではなかった木戸孝允も、大久保利通に対して会津藩を討伐しなくては新政府は成り立たないと述べている。
• In fact, Takayoshi KIDO, who had not demonstrated a strong opinion regarding the severe punishment of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, told Toshimichi OKUBO that the new government could not be established without defeating the Aizu Domain.

• その後、早雲は相模方面へ本格的に転進し、関東南部の制圧に乗り出したが、茶々丸討伐の名目を失ったため、この後の軍事行動には多大な困難が伴った。
• Thereafter, Soun changed his direction and headed toward Sagami, aiming for control of the South Kanto area but struggled in his campaigns because he had lost his pretext of subjugating Chachamaru, his military actions involved much hardship.

• 堀越公方に内紛が起き、明応2年（1493年）将軍足利義澄の命により、伊勢盛時（以後、早雲とする）は足利茶々丸を討伐して、伊豆国を手中にした。
• An internal conflict occurred in Horikoshi Kubo, and Moritoki ISE (hereinafter referred to as Soun), on the order of Shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, destroyed Chachamaru ASHIKAGA and conquered Izu Province in 1493.

• 糟谷館に着いた景仲は、持朝ら上杉一族の要人と協議して京都にいる憲忠の弟・上杉房顕を次の関東管領に迎え入れるとともに成氏を討伐する事を決めた。
• After arriving at the Kasuya-no-yakata castle, Kagenaka consulted with the key persons of UESUGI clan including Mochitomo, and decided to call back Noritada's younger brother, Fusaaki UESUGI, who was living in Kyoto as a new Kanto Kanrei and to defeat Shigeuji.

• 2005年、奈良県教育委員会の発表によれば、金堂の部材には西暦781年に伐採されたヒノキ材が使用されており、建造は同年以降ということになる。
• Nara Prefectural Board of Education announced in 2005 that the Kon-do Hall was of Japanese cypress cut in 781, suggesting that it was built in the same year or later.

• 『日本書紀』には他に、播磨国の文石小麻呂（あやしのおまろ・469年）や伊勢国の朝日郎（あさけのいらつこ・474年）を討伐した記事が見えている。
• The Nihon Shoki also describes that the Emperor subjugated other rebellions, such as that of AYASHI no Omaro in the Harima Province (469) and ASAKE no Iratsuko in the Ise Province (474).

• 江戸時代末期、毛利敬親の時、長州征伐等により幕府から圧迫を受けたが、吉田松陰や高杉晋作、桂小五郎等の有能な人材を輩出し、明治維新を成就させた。
• In the end of Edo period, during the generation of Takachika Mori, the Mori clan suffered the oppression from the Edo bakuhu,including the subjugation of Choshu; however, the clan produced brilliant figures such as Shoin YOSHIDA, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Kogoro KATSURA and succeeded the Meiji Restoration.

• 御家人説では、松田元保の子松田元国が後醍醐天皇に味方し、鎌倉幕府討伐の功により備前国御野郡伊福郡を与えられ、彼の地に富山城を築き本拠地にした。
• According to the theory of the Gokenin, Motokuni MATSUDA, a son of Motoyasu MATSUDA, took sides with Emperor Godaigo, and he was given Ifuku-go in Mino County, Bizen Province as a reward for the subjugation of the Kamakura Shogunate, and he built Toyama-jo Castle there to make it his base.

• 紀州征伐（きしゅうせいばつ）または紀州攻めとは、戦国時代 (日本)（安土桃山時代）における織田信長・豊臣秀吉による紀伊国への侵攻のことである。
• The words 'Kishu Seibatsu' or 'Kishu-zeme' refer to the conquest of Kii Province by Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in the Azuchi-Momoyama period).

• 義満の有力守護大名弱体化政策は続けられ、明徳2年（1391年）には11カ国を領して『六分の一殿』と呼ばれた山名氏一族が征伐された（明徳の乱）。
• Yoshimitsu didn't stop his policy to weaken major shugo daimyo clans, and in 1391, the Yamana family, who had dominated eleven pronices and was even called 'Rokubunno-Ichi dono (literally, the lord who has one sixth of the country) was conquered by the Meitoku War.

• また、治承の乱においては、源頼朝などの反平氏勢力が独自に占領地の平家領の没官を宣言して御家人に配分し、後に朝廷も平家討伐の一環として容認した。
• During Jisho War, the influential anti-Heishi (anti-Taira clan) group such as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo declared to confiscate the Taira territories which they occupied, and distributed them to their own gokenin (immediate vassals), which was later permitted by the Imperial Court as a part of the subjugation of the Taira family.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、徳川家康らが会津の上杉景勝討伐のため東へ向かうと石田三成らが家康の非を鳴らして挙兵し（西軍）、関ヶ原の戦いが起こった。
• In 1600, after Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and his allies moved their troops to defeat Kagekatsu UESUGI of Aizu, Mitsunari ISHIDA and his allies denounced Ieyasu and moved their troops (the West) against him and thus the Battle of Sekigahara began.

• この動きに激怒し、憲顕を上野で迎撃しようとした宇都宮氏綱の家臣で上野守護代の芳賀禅可を、基氏は武蔵国苦林野で撃退したうえ、宇都宮征伐に向かう。
• Zenka HAGA, who was a Kozuke no Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Kozuke Province) and also a vassal of Ujitsuna UTSUNOMIYA, infuriated by the movement and tried to attack Noriaki in Kozuke but Motouji repulsed it in Nigabayashino, Musashi Province and headed to subjugation of Utsunomiya.

• 将門討伐後、将門ら謀反人を討つことができたのも、多年の苦難を経て努力した貞盛の為すところも大きいとして、従五位上（正五位上とも）に叙せられた。
• After subduing Masakado, Sadamori was awarded Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) (other theory suggests that he was awarded Shogoinojo [Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade)] for his great efforts to defeat rebels such as Masakado, while overcoming hardships for many years.

• 幕府での位置づけが高まることから、第一次・第二次長州征伐への淀藩士派兵を決定するが、田辺権大夫の強硬な反対によって断念するという一幕があった。
• There was an event that he decided to dispatch troops of feudal retainers of Yodo Domain to the First and Second Conquests of Choshu because it would allow to improve his position in the bakufu, but he gave it up due to strong opposition from Gon no daibu TANABE.

• オーバーユースや食害といった問題は、かつての大規模伐採とは異なった形で研究林（演習林）の荒廃を招くことから、大学側にとっても大きな問題である。
• The problems of overuse and food-related damage constituted a big problem for the university side as well, because they will cause the research forest (field practice forest) to deteriorate in ways different from those due to large scale logging.

• その後、社会の安定とともに里山の植生は一定の回復を見たものの、太平洋戦争が始まり物資が欠乏すると再び過度の伐採が行われ、各地に禿げ山が出現した。
• Afterwards, the vegetation of Satoyama recovered as the society stabilized, but when the Pacific War (World War II) broke out, Satoyama again underwent excessive logging due to the lack of materials, and many of the hills and mountains were left treeless around the country.

• こうした製塩業向けの燃料供給は石炭が一般化する19世紀初頭まで続いたが、森林再生速度を超えた伐採の為に森林資源が逼迫し、争いになることもあった。
• This way of fueling salt production continued until the early 19th century when coal began to be used, and the scarceness of the forest resources caused by over forestation, which was carried out whilst ignoring the forest reproduction speed, sometimes provoked conflicts.

• 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
• The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.

• こうした変化に対応できた守護もしくは守護を放伐した守護代・国人らは、守護不入権などを否認して強力かつ一元的に領国を支配する戦国大名へと成長した。
• Denying various disadvantageous terms such as the right of shugo-funyu, shugo that had successfully coped with these changes, as well as shugo-dai and kokujin that had ousted shugo, grew into Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of warring states]) controlling their territories strongly and uniformly.

• 家康は光秀討伐の兵を熱田区（鳴海とも）まで進めていたが、光秀が中国地方から反転した羽柴秀吉により討たれたという報を聞くと間髪入れず浜松へ戻った。
• Ieyasu, who had advanced the punitive army against Mitsuhide to Atsuta Ward (also said to have been Narumi), returned to Hamamatsu as soon as he heard that Mitsuhide was killed by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had just returned from the Chugoku region.

• 教えを受けない者があれば兵を挙げて伐つようにと将軍の印綬を授けられ、翌崇神天皇11年（紀元前87年？）地方の敵を帰順させて凱旋したとされている。
• They were appointed as generals to use armed force against and defeat those who would not accept the Emperor's precepts, and it was reportedly in the following year, the 11th year of Emperor Sujin's reign (87 B.C. ?) that these generals returned in triumph after subduing the local rebels.

• これらのことから、「三韓征伐」説話を根拠として全く用いることがなくとも、4世紀後半以降の倭の朝鮮半島進出自体は歴史的事実として立証できるとする。
• Those evidences, even dismissing the tale of 'Sankan-Seibatsu,' would be determinate factor in the foundation of the theory that Wa progressed in his militaristic advance into the Korean peninsula during the later portion of the fourth century as historical fact.

• 平氏政権に反抗的な態度を取り続けるこれらの寺社勢力に属する大衆_(仏教)の討伐を目的としており、治承・寿永の乱と呼ばれる一連の戦役の1つである。
• It was one of a series of military campaign called Jisho-Juei War aimed for subjugation of Daishu (monks residing in the zendo) belonged to these forces of temples and shrines (Bhuddism) which have kept taking defiant attitude against the Taira clan government.

• 長慶は長じて智勇兼備の武将に成長し、細川氏の家臣として木沢長政討伐（太平寺の戦い）をはじめ、細川氏綱や遊佐長教らとの戦いで多くの武功を発揮した。
• Nagayoshi became an intelligent and brave busho (Japanese military commander) left a lot of military exploits as a vassal of the Hosokawa clan, including at the suppression of Nagamasa KIZAWA (the battle of the Taihei-ji Temple), battles against Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA and Naganori YUSA.

• 尊氏は自ら直冬討伐を企てるが、正平13年/延文3年4月30日（1358年）、背中に出来た癰（よう、腫物）のため、京都二条万里小路邸にて死去した。
• He plotted to kill Tadafuyu, but died of a tumor on his back at the palace of Made'nokoji in Nijo, Kyoto, on April 30th, 1358.

• 慶長5年（1600年）6月、忠興が家康の会津（上杉景勝）征伐に軍勢を引きつれて参加し、幽斎は500に満たない手勢で丹後田辺城 (丹後国)を守る。
• In June 1600, Tadaoki led his forces to join Ieyasu's Campaign in Aizu against Kagekatsu UESUGI, leaving Yusai with less than 500 men to protect Tango Tanabe Castle.

• その後は秀吉に積極的に協力し、天正13年（1585年）の四国征伐では伊予国の河野通直を破るなどの功績を挙げ、戦後に秀吉から伊予一国を与えられた。
• Since then, Takakage actively cooperated with Hideyoshi, defeated Michinao KONO of the Iyo Province and rendered other great services in the Conquest of Shikoku in 1585, and was granted the Iyo Province by Hideyoshi after the conquest.

• 長州藩士佐久間竹之允を父に持つ左馬太は大村益次郎の元で西洋兵学を学び、慶応2年（1866年）第二次長州征伐の時には長州軍の大隊長として従軍した。
• Samata, whose father was Takenojo SAKUMA, a feudal retainer of Choshu Domain, learned Western military science under Masujiro OMURA and participated in the Second Conquest of Choshu in 1866, as a daitaicho (Chief) of the Choshu army.

• 崇峻天皇4年（590年）11月、新羅討伐大将軍の一人として諸氏の臣・連を率いて稗将部隊2万余を領し、筑紫に在陣（ただし実際に渡海はしていない）。
• In November, 590, Katsuragi led the retainers and followers of various clans as one of taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') for subjugation of Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and set up a camp in Tsukushi Province with over twenty-thousand troops on the Japanese side (although the troops did not actually cross the sea).

• 和銅2年（709年）、蝦夷征討において巨勢麻呂が陸奥鎮東将軍に、石湯が征越後蝦夷将軍に、紀諸人が副将軍に任じられ陸奥、越後の蝦夷討伐を行なった。
• In 709, for the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan, FUJIWARA no Kosemaro was appointed as Mutsu chinto shogun (generalissimo who subdues the barbarians of Mutsu), Iwayu was appointed as generalissimo who subdues the barbarians of Echigo Ez, and KI no Morohito was appointed as vice-shogun respectively to subdue Eso in Mutsu and Echigo.

• 天正3年（1575年）、勝頼は先年徳川家康に寝返った奥平親子を討伐するために兵1万5000（一説には8000から1万）を率いて三河国へ侵入した。
• In 1575, Katsuyori invaded Mikawa Province, leading 15,000 soldiers (8,000 to 10,000 soldiers, according to one theory) to subdue Sadayoshi OKUDAIRA and his son Nobumasa, who had switched sides to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in the previous year.

• 武蔵国はその後、海路の不安定さや蝦夷討伐の際の輸送の効率性を重視する観点から、771年（宝亀2年）旧10月27日に東海道に移された（続日本紀）。
• Later, on October 27, 771 (on the old Japanese calendar), Musashi-no-kuni was transferred to Tokaido in consideration of an insecure water route and the importance of efficient transportation in sending an expedition to Ezo (according to Shoku-Nihongi).

• こうしたことから、並行して材木の伐採も続けられていたが、しいたけ栽培の原木と用材の択伐のほか、枕木用の栗材や木炭生産用の雑木の伐採が主であった。
• Because of these situations, the logging of chestnut trees as the material for railroad ties and miscellaneous trees for charcoal making were the main activities, as well as the selective cutting for construction materials and pulpwood for the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms, although the logging lumber was still under way at the same time.

• 1960年代中期のピークは、1962年に当初の借地契約による分収金の効力が発生し、その支払いに充当するために大規模伐採を進めていたことが大きい。
• The peak around the middle of 1960s was generated mostly because, based on the initial land-leasing contract, it became necessary in 1962 to make a yearly payment (from profits from the logging business) and therefore, it became necessary to log a huge amount of trees to make the payment.

• 1561年に義銀は吉良義昭や、斯波氏の一族で幕府の重鎮の家柄であった石橋殿を味方に引き入れ、信長討伐の陰謀を図るものの、未然に発覚して追放された。
• In 1561, Yoshikane plotted to subdue Nobunaga by gaining Yoshiaki KIRA and Ishibashidono, one family of the Shiba clan and a grand person in Bakufu, as his ally; however, he was expelled since the plot was disclosed before something happened.

• 平直方の征伐にも屈しなかった忠常が、頼信の出陣によりあっけなく降伏したのは、忠常が頼信の家人であった（『今昔物語集』）ためであるともいわれている。
• It is said that Tadatsune, who did not yield to the conquest of TAIRA no Naokata, simply surrendered when Yorinobu participated because Tadatsune was a kenin (retainer) of Yorinobu ('Konjaku Monogatari (Shu)' (The Tale of Times Now Past)).

• 伯耆国船上山にて挙兵した後醍醐天皇討伐のために父・尊氏が鎌倉幕府軍の総大将として上洛した際、母・登子とともに北条氏の人質として鎌倉へ留め置かれる。
• When his father, Takauji, went to the capital as a general commander of the Kamakura Shogunate's army to suppress the force that Emperor Godaigo was raising on Mt. Senjo in Houki Province, he and his mother, Touko, were held in Kamakura as hostages of the Hojo clan.

• 子の義尚が延徳元年（1489年）に六角討伐の陣中で死去したため、やむなく政務の場に復帰することを決意するが、正室の日野富子が義政の復帰に反対した。
• He decided unwillingly to return to his administrative duties in 1489 when his son, Yoshihisa, died in the battle during the subjugation of Rokkaku, but his official wife, Tomiko HINO, opposed to his return.

• 義教は隠居していた憲実に討伐を命ずるも、関東諸将の頑強な反抗に遭い、力攻めから兵糧攻めに切り替え、翌年の1441年（嘉吉元年）4月には鎮圧された。
• Although Yoshinori ordered the retired Norizane to attack them, due to strong opposition by the warlords of Kanto, he changed the plan to starve them out and as a result, the insurrection was suppressed the following year in April, 1441.

• 長享元年（1487年）9月12日には自ら親征して、公家・神社・奉公衆（将軍直轄軍）領を侵略した近江国守護の六角高頼を討伐しようとした（六角征伐）。
• On October 7, 1487, he went on an expedition against Takayori ROKKAKU (the hugo of Omi Province who had invaded the territory of Kuge), court nobles and the Hokushu, the guard force (the shogun's directly controlled army), in a campaign called the ROKKAKU subjugation.

• そのさなか、1470年（文明 (日本)元年）に少弐氏、細川氏らに使嗾された叔父大内教幸が下関で謀反を起こし、政弘は討伐のために陶弘護を帰国させる。
• In the midst of this campaign, his uncle Noriyuki OUCHI, at the instigation of the Shoni and Hosokawa clans, raised a rebellion in Shimonoseki and Masahiro sent Hiromori SUE back to put it down.

• また、続編の『O・TO・GI ～百鬼討伐絵巻～』（こちらは、源頼光に加えて安部晴明と頼光四天王が主人公となっている）にもゲスト出演を果たしている。
• Shuten Doji also makes a guest appearance in the sequel, 'O・TO・GI - Hyakki Tobatsu Emaki' (English title: Otogi 2: Immortal Warriors), in which the main characters include Seimei ABE and the Four Retainers of Raiko in addition to Raiko GENJI.

• 特に太平洋戦争前は、秀吉の朝鮮出兵（文禄・慶長の役）が大日本帝国における、帝国主義的な領土拡大と合致し、「朝鮮征伐」と称されるほど是とされていた。
• In particular, before the Pacific War, the dispatch of troops to Korea by Hideyoshi (the Bunroku-Keicho War) was considered right to the extent that it was called 'the subjugation of Korea,' because it met the trend of imperialistic territory expansion in Empire of Japan at that time.

• 近年まで、義忠は兄の義親・義国の二人が謀反や乱暴などの理由で朝廷から討伐されたり流罪に処されていた為に、父義家の死後急遽家督を継いだとされてきた。
• Until recently, it was believed that Yoshitada was chosen in haste to succeed his father because his two older brothers, Yoshichika and Yoshikuni, had been killed or exiled by the Imperial Court in punishment for their violent behavior or act of insurrection.

• 源大夫判官という曽祖父と同じ通称を名乗り、平家方の将として源平の合戦に参戦し、一族である石川源氏（義忠の弟の源義時の子孫）を討伐するなど活躍した。
• He was commonly known as Gen Daifu Hogan after his great-grandfather and joined the Genpei War as a commander of the Taira clan, achieving great feats including the defeat of Ishikawa-Genji (descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki, the younger brother of Yoshitada).

• 山名氏の惣領権を巡る争いから90年3月には山名氏幸とともに3代将軍の足利義満から討伐を受け、一族の山名氏清らに攻められ、但馬国から備後国へ逃れる。
• In March 1390, under the order of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA to expel him and Ujiyuki YAMANA due to their dispute over the right to the succession to the Yamana clan, he was attacked by one of the family members, Ujikiyo YAMANA, and he escaped from Tajima Province and went to Bingo Province.

• 465年、雄略天皇の命で、蘇我韓子、大伴談、小鹿火宿禰らと新羅を征伐するために朝鮮へ渡るが、残兵の抵抗に苦戦し、大伴談が戦死、彼も新羅で病死した。
• In 465, he crossed the sea and headed to Korean Peninsula with SOGA no Karako, OTOMO no Katari, and OKAHI no Kusune in order to conquer Silla, but they struggled to defeat those remnants of Shilla soldiers; in the end, OTOMO no Katari died in the battle, while KI no Oyumi died of an illness.

• 九州征伐では豊前国巌城攻めにて一番乗りの功名をたて、さらに小田原征伐や朝鮮出兵でも活躍したことから、丹波国山家において1万6000石で封ぜられた。
• As, in the conquest of Kyushu, he performed a feat of first rider in a charge in attacking the Gan-jo Castle [巌城] in Buzen Province, and, in addition, he was actively involved in the conquest of Odawara and Japan's Invasion of Korea, he was given a territory of sixteen thousand koku in Yamaga, Tanba Province.

• 頼春はこの頃九州で反乱した尊氏の子で直義派の足利直冬の討伐に従軍し、師直がクーデターで直義を失脚させると従兄弟の顕氏が出奔したために追討に向かう。
• Yoriharu joined battle against Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, a son of Takauji, who rose in rebellion in Kyushu, and as Moronao mounted a coup d'etat to drive Tadayoshi out of power, Yoriharu sent his army to subdue Akiuji, his cousin, who had run away.

• 翌1350年（正平5年/観応元年）、尊氏らが養子足利直冬を討つために中国地方へ遠征すると、その留守に乗じて京都を脱出、師直討伐を掲げて南朝へ降る。
• In the following year of 1350, Takauji and other launched a campaign to central Japan to hunt down his son-in-law Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA and, during his brother's absence, Tadayoshi fled Kyoto and travelled to the Southern Court with the intention of killing Moronao.

• 1582年の信長死後は秀吉の家臣となり、山崎の戦いや賤ヶ岳の戦い、小田原征伐、文禄の役などに参加して活躍し、讃岐国17万1,800石を与えられた。
• After Nobunaga died in 1582, as a vassal of Hideyoshi he joined and performed well in the Battle of Yamazaki, the Battle of Shizugatake, the Siege of Odawara, the Bunroku campaign and so on and was given Sanuki Province 171.8 thousand koku crop yields.

• 天正14年（1586年）、秀吉の命令で九州征伐が始まると、秀久は十河存保や長宗我部元親・長宗我部信親らの軍監として九州に渡海し、島津軍と対峙する。
• In 1586 when the Kyushu Conquest started by order of Hideyoshi, Hidehisa sailed to Kyushu as Assistant Deputy General with Masayasu SOGO, Motochika CHOSOKABE, Nobuchika CHOSOKABE to confront Shimazu's army.

• 天然林の伐採跡地のうち、大半の面積を占める約1,800haは伐採後再生した天然林（二次林）で、スギを主体とした人工造林の面積は約250haである。
• Of the former natural forest where trees were cut down, approx. 1,800 ha which covers its majority has become a natural forest (secondary forest) that regrew after the logging, and the artificial afforestation which is mostly Japanese ceder trees covers approx. 250 ha.

• 太平洋戦争に突入後は、総力戦遂行のための林業資源確保のために、1943年には小野子谷方面へ森林軌道の延伸が行われ、伐採面積の拡大に対応していった。
• After the Pacific War started, in order to secure the forest resource to pursue all-out war, the forest tramline was extended to the Onokodani area in 1943 to deal with the expansion of the forest area where trees were cut.

• 戦国時代 (日本)になると小国頼久は上杉謙信に仕え、第一次川中島の戦いでの後詰、越中国攻めでの遊軍、佐渡国征伐や関東遠征へも参加など、戦功をあげた。
• In the Sengoku period, Yorihisa OGUNI, who served Kenshin UESUGI, distinguished himself in a follow-up strike in the first battle of Kawanakajima, as reserve corps in the Ecchu attack and in punitive expeditions to Sado and Kanto.

• 土岐康行の乱（ときやすゆきのらん）は、室町時代の康応元年（1389年）－明徳元年（1390年）に守護大名の土岐康行が室町幕府に討伐された事件である。
• Toki Yasuyori Rebellion was an incident that occurred from 1389 to 1390, during the Muromachi period of Japan, in which Yasuyuki TOKI, a shugo daimyo (shugo is a governor of a province during the middle ages of Japan, and a shugo daimyo is a regional lord who has an official title of shugo from the government of the time) was defeated by the Muromachi bakufu.

• 三代征夷大将軍足利義満の時、頼康は管領細川頼之と不和になって勝手に帰国してしまい、義満を激怒させ討伐令を出されたことがある（後に謝罪して許された）。
• During the period, under the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Yoriyasu invoked the wrath of Yoshimitsu because he returned to his own province without permission due to a feud with Shogunal Deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, and Yoshimitsu even issued a punitive order (later, Yoriyasu apologized was forgiven).

• 長州征伐や海上封鎖の影響を直接受けなかった江戸でも大坂と同じように10年前の米価の4倍の水準にまで跳ね上がっており、市民の不満は急激に高まっていた。
• Edo was not directly affected by the Choshu Expedition and the naval blockade, but it saw the surge of the rice price just like in Osaka, although its appreciation rate was four times as high as a decade ago, and naturally the discontent of Edo citizens was mounting rapidly.

• 1399年（応永6年）には西国の有力大名・大内義弘を挑発し義弘が堺市で挙兵したのを機に討伐し（応永の乱）、西日本で義満に対抗できる勢力は排除された。
• In 1399, he provoked a powerful Daimyo in the western region, Yoshihiro OUCHI, and using the excuse that Yoshihiro was taking up arms, he subdued Yoshihiro (War of Oei), and in this way the influential factions that might oppose Yoshimitsu in the western region were eliminated.

• そして鎌倉公方足利持氏が、正長から永享に改元したにも拘らず正長の年号を使い続け、また鎌倉五山の住職を勝手に決定するなどの専横を口実とし討伐を試みる。
• He then attempted to subjugate Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the Kamakura Kubo, using the excuses that Ashikaga kept using the era name Shocho even after it had been changed from Shocho to Eikyo, and that Ashikaga appointed at his discretion the head priests for the Five Official Temples of Kamakura.

• （家康が駿府城で死の床に臥していたとき、政宗が謀反を起こすという噂が立ったので、家康は自分の病気にかまわず奥州討伐のための軍を起こそうとしていた）。
• (When Ieyasu was on his deathbed at the Sunpu-jo Castle, he heard a rumor that Masamune would rise in revolt, thus Ieyasu was going to organize a punitive force to Oshu regardless of his illness.

• 永禄12年（1569年）、肥前で勢力を拡大する龍造寺隆信を討伐するため自ら軍勢を率いて肥前に侵攻するが元就が筑前に侵攻してきたため、慌てて撤退する。
• He led his army to invade Hizen Province for subjugation of Takanobu RYUZOJI expanding his power there in 1569, but he withdrew immediately due to Motonari's invasion into Chikuzen Province.

• そして享禄2年（1529年）には、かつて毛利幸松丸の外戚として専権を振るい、尼子氏に通じて相合元綱を擁立しようと画策した高橋興光ら高橋氏一族を討伐。
• In 1529, he eliminated the Takahashi family, including Okimitsu TAKAHASHI who had dominated the Mori family as Komatsumaru MORI's maternal relative and who had schemed to empower Mototsuna AIO, conspiring with the Amago clan.

• 義経は同年11月に都を追われ、奥州へ逃げ延びたのちの文治5年（1189年）閏4月30日、頼朝の命を受けた藤原泰衡による討伐軍の襲撃を受け、自害した。
• In November of the same year, Yoshitsune ran away from Kyoto to Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa provinces), and then was attacked by FUJIWARA no Yasuhira's army and committed suicide on April 30, 1189.

• 後に義経が後白河法皇から頼朝討伐の院宣を得て挙兵した時も、平氏討伐戦で義経が華々しい戦勝をしていたにも関わらずこれに応じる武士は僅かしかいなかった。
• When Yoshitsune later on received an order for a punitive expedition against Yoritomo by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and raised an army, in spite of Yoshitsune's spectacular win at the battle to put down the Taira clan only a small number of samurai agreed to join him.

• 1590年、小田原征伐における八王子城攻防戦で家範は討死するが、戦後、兄照守とともに徳川家康に召し抱えられ、信吉は小姓役（1500石）として仕えた。
• In 1590, Ienori was killed in the offensive and defensive battle at Hachioji-jo Castle during the conquest and siege of Odawara, but after the war, Nobuyoshi and his older brother Terumori were employed by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and Nobuyoshi served at the post of a page (1,500 koku [of rice; 1 koku is approx. 180.39 liters]).

• 慶長5年（1600年）、関ヶ原の戦いでは当初上杉征伐に従軍したが、石田三成の挙兵を聞くと家康に断って城主の氏家行広とともに桑名城に引き返し籠城した。
• In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he first joined the army to the Uesugi conquest, but when he heard the raising an army of Mitsunari ISHIDA, he returned to Kuwana-jo Castle with the castellan Yukihiro UJIIE with Ieyasu's consent and held up in the castle.

• 蟄居後は寺子屋師匠などを務め、同士との密かな交流や幕府による長州征伐（幕長戦争）での出兵問題では藩主・直正への献言を行うなど政治的活動は続けている。
• After his house arrest, he worked as a temple elementary school teacher among other occupations and continued his political activities such as secret contact with his comrades and offering his opinion to domain lord Naomasa on the issue of dispatching troops on the shogunate's Choshu Conquest (Baku-cho War (war between the bakufu and Choshu)).

• そのため、樹木の豊かな由良川源流域から栗材を伐採、枕木に加工して散流（バラで流すこと）するか筏に組んで由良川を和知まで流すことが次第に増えていった。
• Therefore, the following cases increased gradually: Chestnut tress in the headwaters area of the Yura-gawa River, where trees grew abundantly, were cut and made into railroad ties and then floated down the Yura-gaawa River to Wachi either as individual pieces or as rafts.

• それでも、戦中戦後の混乱期を経ながらも伐採と施業によって一定の収益を上げることができ、大学の財産形成に寄与したほか、一定ながらも地域還元が行われた。
• Even so, the operation of the forest could attain a certain amount of profit by logging trees despite experiencing the turbulent period during and after the war, and contributed to the formation of wealth of the university and returned some of the profit to the local communities, although it was a fixed amount.

• この副将軍人事は、征東軍の総司令官たる将軍人事よりも前に行われており、副将軍人事の翌年に大伴家持が持節征東将軍に任ぜられ、蝦夷討伐の軍を発している。
• This appointment of vice shogun was done before the appointment of shogun, a commander in chief of the army to subdue the eastern barbarians, and next year of the appointment of vice shogun, OTOMO no Yakamochi was appointed as Jisetsu Seito Shogun (the general of conquering east-barbarians) and sent punitive force of Ezo.

• その後の田辺城は細川家当主である細川忠興の居城となるが、忠興が会津征伐へ赴いている最中に石田三成が、豊臣秀吉の遺命を無視する徳川家康の打倒を宣言した。
• Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, a head of the Hosokawa family, succeeded to Tanabe-jo Castle, and while Tadaoki was absent during the Aizu seibatsu (an expedition to punish and conquer Aizu), Mitsunari ISHIDA announced he would overthrow Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was behaving in defiance of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's last will.

• 山名持豊（山名宗全）は、嘉吉元年（1441年）、将軍・足利義教が赤松満祐によって暗殺（嘉吉の乱）されると、同年、赤松氏討伐の総大将として大功を挙げた。
• In 1441, Mochitoyo YAMANA, or Sozen YAMANA, served successfully as a supreme commander for the subjugation of the Akamatsu clan after Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was assassinated by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU in the Kakitsu War.

• 鎌倉時代後期に河内国で楠木正成らが挙兵すると、第9代宇都宮公綱は討伐軍に参加するが、幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇の建武の新政がはじまると雑訴決断所を務める。
• In the late Kamakura period, when commanders including Masashige KUSUNOKI raised his army in Kawachi Province, the ninth family head, Kintsuna UTSUNOMIYA joined the bakufu forces to subdue Masashige, but after the fall of the bakufu, he worked for Zasso-Ketsudansho (agency of Kenmu government to file lawsuits) when the Kenmu Restoration (the new government) led by Emperor Godaigo started.

• それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
• The adoption of such a principle would mean that a shogun would be able to expel an emperor; consequently the Kimon school founded by Ansai YAMAZAKI took a position opposed to the expulsion of a disqualified monarch and transformed Zhu Xi's teachings from a pro-establishment ideology to one that was anti-establishment.

• 第1次長州征伐では武備恭順を主張したために俗論党に襲われ（袖解橋の変）、瀕死の重傷を負うが、美濃の浪人で医師の所郁太郎の手術を受け、一命を取り留める。
• In the first conquest of Choshu, he was attacked by Zokuron-to (Sodetogi-bashi Bridge incident) due to his claiming of superficial obedience to the Bakufu and secret reinforcement of armaments, being seriously injured, but narrowly escaped death thanks to an operation conducted by Ikutaro TOKORO, a doctor and a ronin of Mino.

• 鎮西大蔵朝臣六家（原田氏、波多江氏、秋月氏、江上氏、原氏、高橋氏）といわれる家々を中心に国人領主、大名に成長するも、豊臣秀吉の「九州征伐」により没落。
• The major six families of Chinzei Okura Ason (a high-ranking official and courtier in Kyushu) such as the Harada, Hatae, Akizuki, Egami, Hara, and Takahashi clans were promoted to Kokujin ryoshu (a local samurai lord) and Daimyo (a feudal lord); however, they went to rack and ruin because of 'the Kyusyu Conquest' by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• 寛仁3年（1019年）、得体のしれない賊徒が島の人々を襲い、家畜を食い荒らしていると言う急報を聞いて、直ちに布代城から兵士を率いて賊徒の討伐に向った。
• In 1019, immediately after he heard that unidentified robbers attacked people of the island and violated livestock, he went there to subdue the robbers by leading soldiers from the Fushiro-jo Castle.

• 以後豊臣の準一門として九州征伐にも兵四百を率いて織田信秀 (侍従)らとともに参陣、小田原征伐にも従軍し、陣中で茶会に招かれている（『天王寺屋会記』）。
• After that, he joined an army as junichimon (associate family) of the Toyotomi clan in the Kyushu Conquest by leading 400 troops with Nobuhide ODA (jiju) and others, and also joined an army in the Odawara Conquest, where he was invited to a tea ceremony ('The Tennojiya Kaiki' (Record of chanoyu gatherings compiled by three generations of the Tennojiya mercantile house)).

• 8月、頼朝が行家討伐を計ると、行家は壇ノ浦の戦い後に頼朝と不和となっていた義経と結び、10月に反頼朝勢力を結集して後白河院から頼朝追討の院宣を受ける。
• When Yoritomo moved to subjugate Yukiie in August, he formed an alliance with Yoshitsune, who had been in a dispute with Yoritomo since the Battle of Dan no Ura, and after rallying the anti-Yoritomo forces in October, he was ordered by Retired Emperor Goshirakawa to pursue and subjugate Yoritomo.

• 延久2年（1070年）、後三条天皇の勅により蝦夷征伐に赴き、清原貞衡（清原真衡）の助勢によって蝦夷らの支配する津軽、下北半島のあたりまで征伐を行った。
• In 1070, he went on conquest of Ezo (northerners) by an imperial order of Emperor Gosanjo, and with help of KIYOHARA no Sadahira, conquered around Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsula that were under control of Ezo.

• この地にあった式内社「真幡寸神社」に、神功皇后の三韓征伐の際に船上に立てた旗に神功皇后・八千戈神（大国主神）の神霊を添えて奉斎したのに始まると伝える。
• The shikinaisha (shrine listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho) 'Mahataki-jinja Shrine' that stood on the site is said to have originated with the dedication of the flag flown during Empress Jingu's Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms to which the spirits of Empress Jingu and Yachitose no Kami (Okuninushi no Kami) had become attached.

• なお、2000年の元興寺文化財研究所の発表によれば、禅室の部材を年輪年代測定法で調査したところ、西暦582年伐採の樹木が使用されているとのことである。
• In addition, according to the report issued by Gangoji Cultural Property Research Center in 2000, an examination into the components of the Zen-shitsu Room with the dendrochronological technique shows that those components included trees cut down in 582.

• 敷設された軌道の軌間は762mmで、レールの重さは6kgないし4kg、枕木は伐採された栗材やブナ材に腐食防止用のクレオソート油を塗ったものを使用した。
• The track gauge of the tramlines was 762 mm, the weight of a rail was 6 kg or 4 kg, cut chestnut trees or cut beech trees were used as railroad ties, which had creosote oil pasted on to protect against rot.

• また、政治面においては、江戸幕府が進める長州征伐に反対してこれを止めるように意見書を出す一方で、興正寺門跡を擁して長州藩に赴き、幕府との和議を斡旋した。
• In the political field, he was against the Choshu conquest by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), submitted a report in order to stop it, and went to the Choshu Domain with the title of Kosho-ji monzeki to mediate between Choshu and Bakufu.

• これを、元親が拒否したため、織田信孝（信長の三男・四国征伐後に三好家の養子となり三好家を継ぐことが内定していた）を大将として四国征伐を行うことになった。
• As Motochika refused this order, it is decided to conduct conquest of Shikoku with Nobutaka ODA (the third son of Nobunaga; it had been informally decided that, after conquest of Shikoku, he should be adopted by the Miyoshi clan and succeed the Miyoshi family.) as the chief commander.

• 尊氏は、天皇から離反しなかった武士で最強の軍事力を持っていた武者所所司（長官）の新田義貞を君側の奸であると主張し、その討伐を後醍醐天皇に対して要請する。
• Takauji next insisted that Yoshisada NITTA, shoji (chief) of the mushadokoro (the Imperial bodyguards) and the one who possessed the greatest military strength of all the samurai not yet estranged from the Emperor, was only pretending to support the Emperor and was secretly plotting against him, requesting that Emperor Godaigo let him suppress Yoshisada.

• 義材は前将軍義尚の政策を踏襲し、丹波国、山城国など、畿内における国一揆に対応するため、1491年（延徳3年）、六角討伐を継承するなど軍事的強化を図った。
• Yoshiki followed the policies of the former shogun Yoshihisa and tried to increase his military strength, by taking over the campaign against the Rokkaku house in 1491 to deal with uprisings like in Tanba and Yamashiro provinces in the Kinai region.

• 「京都の市民は、信長が公方様（足利義昭）を討伐するために軍勢を召集していると聞くや否や、急遽、わずかの地所を隔てていた上京、ならびに下京から立ち去った。
• As soon as Kyoto citizens heard that Nobunaga was mustering his army to subdugate Kubosama (Shogun), they left Kamigyo and Shimogyo, which were very close to where Yoshiaki stayed.

• 時行勢の侵攻を知らされた建武政権では、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇に対して時行討伐の許可と同時に武家政権の設立に必要となる総追捕使と征夷大将軍の役職を要請する.
• Being informed of Tokiyuki's rebellion, Takauji ASHIKAGA requested Emperor Godaigo to permit him to suppress Tokiyuki and to confer on him the title of so-tsuibushi (job title which has the right of government, military affairs and police authority) and seii taishogun (literally, a general who subdues the barbarians) that were necessary for the establishment of military government.

• そして義昭は信長を討伐するため、浅井長政や朝倉義景、武田信玄、本願寺顕如、三好三人衆らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成し、信長と敵対することとなる。
• In order to defeat Nobunaga, Yoshiaki issued directions to defeat Nobunaga to Nagamasa ASAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Shingen TAKEDA, Kennyo HONGANJI, and Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) to form a league and lay a siege to Nobunaga, and opposed Nobunaga.

• 江戸時代に入ると国学研究の中で三韓征伐、およびそれを大義名分とした文禄・慶長の役を肯定的にとらえる論説（山鹿素行『武家事紀』など）が広まるようになった。
• During the Edo period, scholarly researchers in the discipline of Japanese literature and culture came to widely accept the validity of the theories (for example, 'Bukejiki' [the account of the military houses] by Soko YAMAGA); this positively supported the Sankan-Seibatsu, and the subsequent use of the Sankan-Seibatsu was legitimate as a central thesis for the battles of Bunroku and Keicho.

• だが、管領細川政元はこれに強く反対し、間もなく義尚自身も病死したために本願寺討伐の件は中止されて幕府から要求されていた加賀門徒の破門も有耶無耶とされた。
• However, since Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA objected to it and also Yoshihisa died from a disease, subjugation Hongan-ji Temple was canceled, and the excommunication of the Kaga-monto (Kaga-sect) was left up in the air.

• 政務を代行する徳川慶喜はなおも長州征伐を継続しようとしたものの、浜田・小倉の陥落の報に衝撃を受け、8月21日に将軍家茂逝去を理由に長州征伐は中止された。
• In spite of Iemochi's death, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who executed the state affairs for Iemochi, wanted to continue the Choshu Expedition, however, the notice that the strongholds of bakufu in Hamada and Kokura had fallen broke him down and he decided to stop the Choshu Expedition on August 30 (表記の変更) under the pretext of Iemochi's demise.

• ところが、同じ14日に、討幕と会津・桑名誅伐の密勅が下り、西郷・小松・大久保・品川らはその請書を出していた（この請書には西郷吉之助武雄と署名している）。
• The 14th witnessed many events, namely the secret Imperial command against the Shogunate army, the issuance of the order to assassinate Aizu and Kuwana, and the submission of the acknowledgement of this order to Saigo, Okubo, Shinagawa and others (the acknowledgement of the order was signed by Takeo (Kichinosuke) SAIGO.

• その後も天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐、天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐、文禄元年（1592年）からの文禄・慶長の役などに参陣し、武功を挙げた。
• Thereafter, his military exploits included: the Kyushu Campaign of 1587, the Odawara Campaign of 1590, and the the Bunroku-Keicho War (Japanese Invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597).

• 慶長5年（1600年）6月、細川忠興が会津征伐に従軍すると、家老であった秀清は、河喜多（川北）石見一成、稲富祐直らとともに大坂屋敷の留守居を命じられた。
• When Tadaoki HOSOKAWA took part in conquering the Aizu region in July 1600, Hidekiyo, who was a chief retainer to Tadaoki, was ordered to keep the Tadaoki's Osaka residence with Kazunari KAWAKITA IWAMI, Sukenao INADOME and others during the absence of the lord.

• 皇位を巡って争いになり、馬子は、豊御食炊屋姫（敏達天皇の皇后）の詔を得て、守屋が推す穴穂部皇子を誅殺し、諸豪族、諸皇子を集めて守屋討伐の大軍を起こした。
• A power struggle for succession to the throne started, in which Umako killed Anahobe no Miko, who was backed by Moriya, under an imperial edict of Toyomikekashikiyahime no Sumera Mikoto, the wife of Emperor Bidatsu, and raised a large army with powerful regional clans and princes to defeat Moriya.

• 6月に本能寺の変が起きて織田信長が死去すると、秀吉は明智光秀討伐のため、毛利方に本能寺の変を秘したままで急ぎ和睦を結び、畿内へ取って返す（中国大返し）。
• When Nobunaga ODA was killed in the Honnoji Incident in July, Hideyoshi kept the incident secret, quickly made peace with the Mori clan, and returned to the Kinai region to search out and destroy Mitsuhide AKECHI (Chugoku Ogaeshi [a quick return from the Chugoku region]).

• 義経の京都強襲が成功すると義仲は今井兼平と合流し、北陸に逃亡をはかるが、事前に察知していた範頼軍は展開していた兵士で追跡し、武田軍により義仲を討伐する。
• After Yoshitsune succeeded with his smart attack at Kyoto, Yoshinaka and Kanehira IMAI planned to run away together to the Hokuriku District but this plan was predicted by Noriyori; they were pursued by soldiers arranged by Noriyori and Yoshinaka was defeated by the Takeda army.

• 永寿王丸の関東復帰を実現させたものの、結局は長尾邦景の危惧は的中し、元服した足利成氏（永寿王丸）が上杉氏討伐を計画した事をきっかけに享徳の乱が勃発する。
• Fusasada successfully made Eijuomaru inherit the Kanto region, but the misgivings by Kunikage NAGAO came true in the end when Shigeuji ASHIKAGA (Eijuomaru) came of age and schemed to subjugate the Uesugi clan, which triggered the Kyotoku War.

• 慶長5年（1600年）には秀吉死後の豊臣政権において、五大老となっていた家康は会津の上杉景勝の征伐を主張し、諸将を率いて出兵すると、伏見城を預けられる。
• In 1600, Ieyasu, who had become one of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) in the Toyotomi government after Hideyoshi's death, led the troops as the head of warlords, insisting on the subjugation of Kagekatsu UESUGI, then was asked to be in charge of Fushimi-jo Castle.

• 長享元年（1487年）、幕府による六角高頼征伐のため、「織田伊勢守家」の後継者織田寛広とともに義寛へ従軍し、近江坂本に布陣したという（長享・延徳の乱）。
• In 1487, he followed Yoshihiro and took the position at Omi Sakamoto together with the successor of the 'Oda Isenokami family' Hirohiro ODA as a member of the bakufu's force to conquer Takayori ROKKAKU (Chokyo-Entoku Wars).

• 完成した軌道は伐採された材木や製造された木炭、栽培されたしいたけの搬出に使用されたほか、沿線に設けられた作業所や苗畑への通勤や資材の搬入にも使用された。
• The completed tramlines were used not only to transport logged wood, manufactured charcoal or cultivated shiitake mushrooms, but also by people for commuting to the work sites and fields for seedlings provided along the tramlines and for bringing in materials.

• こうしたことから、古くから材木の伐採や炭焼きに従事するために、山中には源流域の谷筋を中心に後の知井村を構成する九つの字から移住した山番が住みついていた。
• In such situations, mountain guardians who moved from nine small communities in the valleys around the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River which formed Chii-mura Village later, came to live in the mountain to engage in logging or making charcoal,

• これらの家々は鎌倉公方足利持氏が元関東管領上杉禅秀に攻められた上杉禅秀の乱において、義持の禅秀討伐令を無視して禅秀を支援し、あるいは中立的態度を取った。
• When Zenshu UESUGI, former kanrei of Kanto (a deputy to the shogun in the Kanto region) attacked Mochiuji ASHIKAGA (a warlord in Kamakura) in the War of Zenshu UESUGI, these clans supported Zenshu or maintained a neutral stance, ignoring Yoshimochi's order to put down Zenshu.

• 初めは懐良親王ら南朝勢力の討伐に任じられた今川貞世（了俊）が就くが、了俊が九州で独自の勢力を築くと幕府に警戒され、了俊が解任された後は渋川氏の世襲となる。
• Initially, Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun), who had been ordered to subdue Nancho powers such as Imperial Prince Kanenaga, assumed the position, but the Bakufu feared that Ryoshun would establish his own power in Kyushu; after Ryoshun was dismissed, descendants of the Shibukawa clan succeeded in the position.

• 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は、慶長5年、度重なる上洛命令を無視した上杉景勝を公儀に反抗する逆臣として征伐すると称し、会津攻めを開始した。
• After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that Uesugi was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.

• 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は慶長5年（1600年）、度重なる上洛命令に応じない会津の上杉景勝を逆臣として討伐すべく、会津攻めを開始した。
• After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that UESUGI was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.

• 記録上に残る最古の座は青蓮院を本所とする八瀬里座で杣伐夫や駕輿丁によって構成されて青蓮院の本山である延暦寺や朝廷に奉仕を行い、後の八瀬童子の源流となった。
• The oldest za on record was the Yaseri-za (written as 八瀬里座 in Japanese), which was under the control of the Shoren-in Temple and comprised of fellers and palanquin bearers, and the Yaseri-za offered services to the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was the head temple of the sect that the Shoren-in Temple belonged to, and the Imperial Court.It eventually became the origin of the later Yase-doji (palanquin bearers for an emperor in Yase).

• 1582年（天正10年）6月の本能寺の変の後に行われた清洲会議では、明智討伐に功があった堀秀政に与えられ、その後、堀家の転封にともない堀尾吉晴が入城した。
• At the Kiyosu Council, which occurred in the sixth month of 1582 following the Honnoji Incident (in which Nobunaga died, betrayed by his vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI), the castle was awarded to Hidemasa HORI, who had won distinction during the hunting down of the Akechi forces, but thereafter, following a transition of the leadership of the Hori clan, it was Yoshiharu HORIO who occupied it.

• 従七位下伊予国掾の藤原純友は海賊の討伐に当たっていたが、承平6年（936年）頃には伊予国日振島を根拠に1000艘を組織する海賊の頭目となっていたとされる。
• FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who was ranked Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) and served as Governor of Iyo Province, was responsible for combatting pirates, but it is said that in approximately 936, he became the leader of a band of pirates based on Hiburi Island in Iyo Province, commanding a fleet of 1,000 boats.

• これに対して勝頼に対抗する力はなく、最後は小山田信茂にまで裏切られ、3月11日に勝頼は甲斐国東部の天目山・田野において自刃、武田氏は滅亡した（武田征伐）。
• Katsuyori had no power to resist against these situations, and being at last betrayed even by Nobushige OYAMADA, killed himself with his sword at Tano on Mt. Tenmoku in the eastern part of Kai Province.

• 幕末に活躍した第13代弾左衛門は、長州征伐や鳥羽伏見の戦いで幕府に協力した功労によって、1868年1月に配下65名とともに被差別民から平民に取立てられた。
• Danzaemon, the 13th, who played an active role at the end of bakufu was raised from the outcaste hisabetsumin to the common citizen along with his 65 subordinates in January 1868 for his distinguished cooperation for the bakufu in the Choshu Conquest and the Battle of Toba and Fushimi.

• 慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いでは、細川家は、関ヶ原、丹後田辺城、豊後杵築城と三方面で戦闘したが、興長は忠興に従って会津征伐、関ヶ原の戦いへ赴いた。
• In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, the Hosokawa family took part in battles in three regions of Sekigahara, Tango Tanabe-jo Castle and Bungo Kitsuki-jo Castle, but Okinaga, following Tadaoki, went on an expedition against Aizu and to the Sekigahara battle field.

• 永享10年（1438年）、持氏が憲基の後継である上杉憲実を討伐しようとして永享の乱を起こすと、長尾忠政は憲実を上野平井城に迎え入れて持氏討伐の兵を挙げる。
• In 1438, when Mochiuji rose in the Eikyo War to attack Norizane UESUGI, who was a heir of Norimoto, Tadamasa NAGAO sheltered Norizane in the Kozuke-Hirai-jo castle and rose in arms to attack Mochiuji.

• 秀吉の死後の慶長5年（1600年）には五大老の徳川家康に従って会津の上杉景勝の討伐に参加し、家康の留守中に五奉行の石田三成らが挙兵すると東軍に与している。
• After Hideyoshi's death in 1600, he participated in the subjugation of Kagekatsu UESUGI following one of the Council of Five Elders, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and when one of the five major magistrates, Mitsunari ISHIDA raised his forces while Ieyasu was away, Katsutoyo joined the eastern forces.

• 梅林の保護は軌道に乗り始めたかに見えたが、1937年ごろからの戦時統制の時代に突入すると食糧増産のために梅の木畑は半ば強制的に伐採され、耕作地に姿を変えた。
• It seemed the protection efforts of the plum groves had gotten on the right track, but with wartime control being introduced from around 1937, plum trees were almost forcibly cut down and fields were transformed into farmland to increase food production.

• 武田征伐（たけだせいばつ）は、織田信長が、長篠の戦い以降勢力が衰えた武田勝頼の領地である駿河・信濃・甲斐へ侵攻し、武田氏一族を攻め滅ぼした一連の合戦である。
• The 'subjugation of Takeda' in Japanese history refers to a series of battles fought by Nobunaga ODA, who invaded the territories of Katsuyori TAKEDA (Suruga, Shinano and Kai Provinces) in order to destroy the Takeda clan, whose power was in decline after the Battle of Nagashino.

• その後幕府により朝敵とされた長州藩の征伐（長州征伐）が行われるが、孝明天皇が死去すると長州は許され、藩論を倒幕に転換した薩摩藩と秘密裏に薩長同盟が結ばれる。
• Although this was followed by the offensive carried out by the Shogunate on the Choshu clan, which was deemed the enemy of the Imperial Court, once Emperor Komei died, the Choshu clan was forgiven, and a Saccho alliance was secretly formed between the Choshu clan and the Satsuma clan, which switched its position to bring the end of the Shogunate rule.

• 義教は好機と見て憲実と結び、関東の諸大名に持氏包囲網を結成させ、持氏討伐の勅令を奉じて朝敵に認定し、1439年（永享11年）に関東討伐に至った（永享の乱）。
• Yoshinori, seeing this as an opportunity, joined forces with Norizane, ordered daimyos in Kanto to close Mochiuji off from power, officially identified Mochiuji as the Emperor's enemy following the imperial order to subjugate Mochiuji, and in 1439, took control of the Kanto area (Eikyo Rebellion).

• しかし治承4年（1180年）に伊豆国に流罪となっていた義朝の遺児源頼朝が挙兵するとそれに従い、その弟源義経に従って富士川の戦い、佐竹氏征伐にも従軍している。
• However, when Yoshitomo's bereaved son, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who was deported in Izu Province, rose an army in 1180, he joined the army and went to the front in the Battle of Fuji-gawa River and the conquest of Satake clan, following Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.

• その後、信長が開始した四国征伐において、秀吉が四国に対する影響力を強めるため、当時阿波国で勢力を誇っていた三好康長に養子として送り込まれ、三好信吉と名乗る。
• Later, when Nobunaga started the Conquest of Shikoku, Hideyoshi was going to strengthen his clout in Shikoku, thus Hidetsugu was sent to become the adopted child of Yasunaga MIYOSHI who had strong power in Awa Province at the time, where he was given the name Nobuyoshi MIYOSHI.

• 府中三人衆は柴田勝家の与力とはいえ、半ば独立した織田軍の遊撃軍的存在で、石山本願寺攻めや播磨国平定、荒木村重征伐などに援軍として駆り出されることが多かった。
• Although Fuchu sannin shu were the yoriki of Katsuie SHIBATA, they were a half independent flying column of Oda and often dispatched as reinforcement for the siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, the stabilization of the Harima Province and the conquest of Murashige ARAKI.

• 豊臣秀吉の九州征伐の際、家中が抗戦へ傾く中で秀吉を「農民から体一つで身を興したからには只者ではない」と評価して、四兄弟中ただ一人上方との和平を唱えたという。
• At the time of the Kyushu Conquest of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, when the all the clan members were getting prepared to fight back in the war, he was the only one among his four brothers who insisted on reconciliation, referring to Hideyoshi as 'an extraordinary person who rose to this status born from a farming family'.

• 治承4年（1180年）に源頼朝が伊豆国で平氏打倒の兵を挙げる際、伊勢平氏の家人大庭景親から頼朝討伐の密事を聞き、子の定綱を使いに出して頼朝に危急を知らせる。
• When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army against the Taira clan in the Izu Province in 1180, he heard an alleged plot to topple Yoritomo from Kagechika OBA, a retainer of the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan); he sent his son Sadatsuna to inform Yoritomo of the impending danger.

• 朝経は同族（弟？）の葛西重元とともに官軍に加わり、討伐に向かい比叡山衆徒は蹴散らされたが、官軍300人が戦死し、佐々木重綱および、朝経、重元は討ち死にした。
• Asatsune joined the government army with Shigemoto Kasai of the same clan (younger brother ?) for subjugation and those priests were subdued, but three hundreds of the government army were killed, and Shigetsuna SASAKI, Asatsune, and Shigemoto also died in the battle.

• 「神国」という言葉の初出は『日本書紀』の神功皇后のいわゆる「三韓征伐」の際、新羅王が皇后の軍勢を見て「神国の兵である」として戦わずに降伏したという記事である。
• The first time the word 'Shinkoku' appeared was in the 'Chronicles of Japan,' it was said when Empress Jungu raised an army at 'Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), the king of Silla (Kingdom) proclaimed 'it was an army from Shinkoku' and surrendered without fighting.

• 同年7月、浜松に帰還した家康は昌幸の造反を知ると八月に真田討伐を起こし、家臣の鳥居元忠、大久保忠世、平岩親吉ら約7000の兵を真田氏の本拠・上田城に派遣する。
• In July of that year, Ieyasu, who returned to Hamamatsu and got to know about the rebellion of Masayuki, started the subjugation of Sanada and sent an army about 7,000 strong including his vassals Mototada TORII, Tadayo OKUBO, and Chikayoshi HIRAIWA to the base of the Sanada clan, Ueda-jo Castle.

• 天正3年（1575年）に武田家部将・秋山信友に奪われていた岩村城の攻略戦の総大将として指揮してこれを降し、以降に行われた一連の武田征伐でも大いに武名を上げた。
• In 1575, as supreme commander, he led the battle to capture Iwamura-jo Castle, which had been taken by Nobutomo AKIYAMA, a busho (commanding officer) of the Takeda family, and gained military renown in successive conquests against the Takeda family.

• 天文15年（1546年）には黒滝城城主の黒田秀忠が長尾氏に対して謀反を起こすと、景虎は、兄に代わって上杉定実から討伐を命じられ、総大将として黒田氏を滅ぼした。
• When Hidetada KURODA, lord of Kurotaki-jo Castle, rebelled against the Nagao clan in 1546, Kagetora was ordered by Sadazane UESUGI to subdue Hidetada on behalf of his older brother as supreme commander and eventually destroyed the Kuroda clan.

• 天正10年（1582年）、織田信長の武田征伐による土壇場に至って勝頼を裏切り、徳川家康を通じて信長に内応した（数年前から徳川との接触があったとする説もある）。
• In the subjugation of Takeda by Nobunaga ODA in 1582, Nobukimi betrayed Katsuyori at the last minute and collaborated with Nobunaga through Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (some say he had been in contact with Tokugawa for several years).

• さらに延暦13年（794年）1月1日、朝廷が奥羽の蝦夷を征伐するために派遣した征夷大将軍大伴弟麻呂の副官として坂上田村麻呂を征夷副将軍に任じたのが有名である。
• In addition, it is well known that SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro was appointed as Seii vice shogun on February 5, 794 as the adjutant for OTOMO no Otomaro, Seii taishogun (Seii great shogun, literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') who was dispatched to conquer Ezo in Ou by the Imperial Court.

• 明の征服を企図していた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年（1587年）九州征伐に際し、臣従した対馬の領主・宗氏を通じて「李氏朝鮮の服属と明遠征の先導（征明嚮導）」を命じた。
• Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who had intended to conquer Ming required through So clan who was the feudal lord of Tsushima and rendered homage and service to Hideyoshi on the occasion of the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, 'Yi Dynasty Korea's yielding allegiance to Hideyoshi and guidance for expedition to Ming.'

• 幕末に長州藩が幕府軍に武力抵抗して打ち勝ち（長州征伐）、幕府の弱体化が顕になって大名への絶対的統制は崩れ、鳥羽伏見の戦い以後の戊辰戦争により幕藩体制は終焉した。
• At the end of the Edo period, the Choshu clan defeated the bakufu army through armed resistance (the Choshu Conquest), the bakufu dramatically lost its power and absolute control over the Daimyo, and the shogunate system was destroyed as a result of the Boshin War that occurred after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.

• この乱により興福寺の権威は揺らぎ義教の支配が強まったが、永享12年（1440年）には早くも、結城合戦と関連した動きを見せた越智氏討伐のため幕府軍が出陣している。
• This war undermined the authority of Kofuku-ji Temple and strengthened the rule of Yoshinori but, as early as in 1440, the army of bakufu was forced to go back into battle to subdue the Ochi clan who made a move connected with Yuki War.

• 一方で、後世に成立した『今昔物語集』や『宇治拾遺物語』、室町時代になって成立した『御伽草子』などで、丹波国大枝山での酒呑童子討伐や土蜘蛛退治の説話でも知られる。
• On the other hand, in 'Konjaku monogatari shu' (Tales of Times Now and Then collection) and 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (a collection of the Tales from Uji) that were put together later, and in 'Otogi Zoshi' that was put together during the Muromachi Period, he is known for the legends of his victories over the demons Shuten Doji of Mt. Oe-yama and Tsuchigumo.

• 8月には再び反逆した松永久秀討伐の総大将となり、明智光秀を先陣に豊臣秀吉ら諸将を率い、松永久秀・松永久通父子が篭城する大和信貴山城を落とした（信貴山城の戦い）。
• That September, as supreme commander he led warlords (including Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Mitsuhide AKECHI, whose forces formed the vanguard) in the Battle of Shigisan-jo Castle in Yamato Province, defeating their enemies, Hisahide MATSUNAGA and Hisamichi MATSUNAGA, father and son.

• また『明智軍記』にも尾張平定後の饗膳の際に、信長内室（正室の濃姫）が美濃討伐の命令を望む家臣達に感謝し、家臣達にたくさんのあわびなどを振舞ったという記載がある。
• And in 'Akechi Gunki' (biography of Mitsuhide AKECHI), there is an entry that says that Nobunaga's wife (Nohime, the lawful wife) treated his vassals with many avalons and other delicacies at a banquet held after the suppression of Owari Province to express gratitude for their support for the order of the suppression of Mino Province.

• 天正10年（1582年）、甲斐国武田氏滅亡後は、武田征伐に貢献したとして信濃国川中島に領地替えとなった長可に替わって美濃国金山城 (美濃国)の城主に任じられる。
• In 1582, after the fall of the Takeda clan of Kai Province, he was appointed to the lord of the Kaneyama-jo Castle in Mino Province, to take the place of Nagayoshi, who had been awarded a fief in Kawanakajima, Shinano Province, for his contribution to the conquest of the Takeda clan.

• また、1961年以降は伐採や搬出なども含めた造林をはじめ、苗圃、製材、林道工事などの分野で演習林での直接経営を拡大して研究面では大きな成果を挙げることができた。
• Also, in and after 1961, big achievements were attained in the aspect of research through the expansion of the direct business operation in the field practice forest, in such fields as afforestation, including the logging and transportation of trees, nursery fields, making wood and laying out forest roads.

• 源頼光が酒呑童子を討伐した後、自分の屋敷で頼光四天王と藤原保昌とともに宴を催していたところ、平井（または四天王の1人・卜部季武）が、羅城門に鬼がいると言い出した。
• After putting down Shuten Doji (an leader of a group of ogres, also bandits that roamed the region around Kyoto), MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu had a feast at his residence with his four loyal retainers and FUJIWARA no Yasumasa, then Hirai (or one of the four retainers, URABE no Suetake) started to say that there was an ogre at Rajo-mon Gate.

• 斯波義寛が室町将軍による六角征伐へ織田氏を従えて参陣していることや、斯波義達が遠江国奪還のための出陣を繰り返すなど、依然、守護としての威令は保っていたようである。
• The Shiba clan seems to have maintained the authority of Shugo judging from the fact that Yoshihiro SHIBA participated in Rokkaku subjugation by the Muromachi Shogun with the Oda clan and that Yoshitatsu SHIBA repeatedly went to war to recapture Totomi Province.

• このため、天草の乱の討伐戦をはじめ、全国の多くの一揆鎮圧に伊賀衆が派遣され、大いに活躍している（『忍の里の記録 郷土の研究10』（石川正知著、翠楊社出版）参照）。
• For the reason, Iga Ninja were dispatched to a lot of uprising in all over the country for suppression including the putting down war of Amakusa Rebellion and showed a great performance. (Reference; 'The Record on Ninja Village, Research on Hometown 10' 〔written by Masatomo ISHIKAWA, published by Suiyo-sya〕)

• 今朝重保が殺された事、自分に追討軍が差し向けられた事を二俣川で初めて知った重忠は、館へ退くことはせず潔く戦う事が武士の本懐であるとして討伐軍を迎え撃つ決断を下す。
• Having realized at the river that Shigeyasu was killed in the morning and that an army had been sent to attack him, he chose to stand and fight the army as a samurai, rather than retreat to the castle.

• 直義の引退後、尊氏庶子で直義猶子の足利直冬が九州で直義派として勢力を拡大していたため、正平5年/観応元年（1350年）、尊氏は直冬討伐のために中国地方へ遠征した。
• After Tadayoshi's retreat, Takauji's illegitimate son - also Tadayoshi's adopted son - Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA was enlarging his power as a member of the Tadayoshi faction in Kyushu, so Takauji made an expedition to Chugoku District to kill Tadafuyu in 1350.

• 9月5日、危篤から回復した頼家は我が子一幡と舅の比企氏一族の滅亡を知って激怒し、義盛と仁田忠常に宛てて北条氏討伐を命じる御教書を書き、堀親家に遣いさせ届けさせた。
• On October 18, when Yoriie recovered from his critical condition and found out about the deaths of his son Ichiman and his father-in-law's family the Hiki clan, he was furious and wrote a migyosho (document of shogunate order) for the subjugation of the Hojo clan addressed to Yoshimori and Tadatsune NITTA, and asked Chikaie HORI to deliver it.

• 本能寺の変の後から四国征伐までの間にかけて、阿波国において細川氏と関係が深い長宗我部氏と連絡を取りあい豊臣秀吉に抵抗した記録が残されているが、やがて秀吉に属した。
• It was recorded that after the Honnoji Incident through the Conquest of Shikoku, Akimoto kept contacts with the Chosokabe clan in Awa Province, to whom the Hosokawa clan had close ties, and put up a resistance against Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI but that in due course, Akimoto yield to Hideyoshi.

• 当寺の創建について、聖徳太子を開基とする伝承もあるが、これは太子が物部守屋討伐の戦勝祈願をした際に、自ら四天王の像を刻んだという伝承に因んだ後世の付託と思われる。
• As for foundation of this temple, there is a lore that Prince Shotoku was the founder, but it is probably a subjoinder associated with the lore that Prince Shotoku himself carved statues of four guardian kings when he prayed for victory against MONONOBE no Moriya.

• 戦後森林の乱伐等で全国的に水害が多発したが淀川でも例外ではなく、1953年（昭和28年）の台風13号では宇治川の堤防が決壊し宇治市等流域市町村に多大な損害を与えた。
• Excessive logging after the War caused many floods across the country including at the Yodo-gawa River, where Typhoon 13 of the 1953 season broke the levees of the Uji-gawa River and inflicted serious damage to Uji City and the areas around the river.

• 尊氏が直義の養子足利直冬討伐のために西国向かうと、その隙をついて1351年（正平6年 / 観応2年）に足利義詮を追い京都を奪回するが、尊氏の帰京と共に京を追われる。
• When takauji headed for Saigoku to subjugate Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, an adopted child of Tadayoshi, Emperor Gomurakami seized the opportunity to expel Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and regained Kyoto, but when Takauji came back to Kyoto, he was ousted from Kyoto.

• 海柘榴市（つばいち、桜井市）の歌垣において鮪との歌合戦に敗れた太子は怒り、大伴金村をして鮪を乃楽山（ならやま、奈良市）に誅殺させ、11月には真鳥大臣をも討伐させた。
• At a poetry reading party in Tsubaichi (Sakurai City), the Crown Prince became so mad when he had lost the singing competition with Shibi so much so that he had Shibi executed by OTOMO no Kanamura in Narayama (Nara City) and moreover in November he also had the minister Matori killed.

• また、紀州の雑賀衆にすぎない土橋重治ですら、光秀に対して信長討伐の協力を申し出ていることから、毛利氏が本能寺の変を知っていたとしても不思議ではないとする考えもある。
• Also, some considers that, even Shigeharu TSUCHIHASHI, who was a mere dogo in Saiga, Kishu, offered Mitsuhide cooperation to overthrow Nobunaga, it is not strange that the Mori clan knew above Honnoji Incident.

• 本能寺の変の首謀者である明智光秀の討伐において最大の功績を上げた豊臣秀吉は、信長の嫡孫にあたる三法師（織田秀信）を傀儡の後継者として指名し、信長の実質的後継を奪う。
• Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had the greatest record of achievements after hunting down and killing Mitsuhide AKECHI--the ringleader of the Incident at Honnoji temple--nominated Hidenobu ODA, the grandson of Nobunaga, as a puppet ruler (Hidenobu was only two at the time), thereby usurping the lion's share of successional power for himself.

• 更に幕府に反抗的だった鎌倉公方足利持氏を永享の乱で、その残党を結城合戦で討伐すると全国に足利将軍に表向きに刃向かう勢力は無くなり、一見社会は安定に向かうかに見えた。
• Furthermore, Yoshinori defeated the Kubo (Commander) of Kamakura, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, who had rebelled against the bakufu, in the Eikyo Rebellion, and the remnants of his faction in the Yuki War, thereby ridding the country of any force that could openly strike down the Ashikaga Shogun, at first glance restoring peace and stability to society.

• 『朝鮮人来聘記』等においても三韓征伐等を持ち出して朝鮮通信使は朝貢使節であると見なしており、当初から日本人が朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節団として捉えていたことがうかがえる。
• In 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' (a document about Koreans who visited Japan to pay tributes), it is described that, referring to 'Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), Chosen Tsushinshi was an envoy bringing tributes to Japan, suggesting that Japanese considered, from the beginning, Chosen Tsushinshi an envoy bringing tributes.

• なお、林野庁ではこの削減を達成するために、例えば間伐tree thinningについては平成19〜24年の 6年間に 330万ヘクタール で実施することとしている。
• For example, Forestry Agency has announced that tree thinning will be carried out in three million and three hundred thousand hectares in six years from 2007 to 2012 to achieve the reduction target.

• 百川の子で桓武天皇の義弟（姉の藤原旅子は天皇の女御）でもあった藤原緒嗣もわずか29歳で参議に昇進すると、長岡京の後に建設された平安京造宮と蝦夷征伐の中止を進言した。
• FUJIWARA no Otsugu, son of Momokawa and younger brother of FUJIWARA no Tabiko (nyogo [a consort of an emperor]) of Emperor Kanmu), took charge of building Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) and proposed to suspend punitive expedition to Ezo after he was promoted to sangi at the age of 29.

• 織田家筆頭家老の柴田勝家は信長の三男・織田信孝（神戸信孝）を推したが、明智光秀討伐による戦功があった秀吉は、信長の嫡男・織田信忠の長男・三法師（織田秀信）を推した。
• While Katsuie SHIBATA commended Nobunaga's third son Nobutaka ODA (Nobutaka KANBE), Hideyoshi commended the first son of Nobutada ODA (Nobunaga's first son), Sanposhi (Hidenobu ODA).

• だが天正15年（1587年）には秀吉自らが、弟・豊臣秀長と共に20万の大軍を率い、九州に本格的に侵攻し、島津軍を圧倒、島津義久・島津義弘らを降伏させる（九州征伐）。
• But in 1587 Hideyoshi himself headed 200,000 troops with his brother Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, invaded Kyusyu seriously with an overpower force on SHIMAZU troops and defeated Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU and so on (Conquest of Kyusyu).

• 元治元年7月23日に長州藩追討の朝命（第一次長州征伐）が出、24日に徳川慶喜が西国21藩に出兵を命じると、この機に乗じて薩摩藩勢力の伸張をはかるべく、それに応じた。
• On July 23, 1864, the order of the Imperial Court (First conquest of Choshu) to attack Choshu was issued, and on 24th, Yoshinobu TOKUNAGA commanded twenty-one domains of Saikoku to send troops, and Satsuma planned to respond to this order and extend its power.

• 応仁の乱後に将軍親政を開始し、衰退した幕府権力を回復しようと六角征伐を行なうなど、積極的な幕政改革を行なったが、六角征伐の最中に病に倒れ、父母に先立つ形で死去した。
• Once the Onin War ended, he started to rule by himself and actively executed several reforms of shogunal politics, such as the Rokkaku subjugation to restore the stagnating power of the shogunate government, but in the middle of the Rokkaku subjugation he became ill and passed away, thus preceding his parents to the grave.

• 9月、信長が三好三人衆・石山本願寺討伐のために摂津国に出兵（野田城・福島城の戦い）している隙をついて、義景は自ら出陣し、浅井軍と共同して織田領の近江坂本に侵攻する。
• In October, while Nobunaga was dispatching troops to Settsu Province to put down Miyoshi Sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple (the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle), Yoshikage departed for the front by himself and invaded Sakamoto in Omi Province in the territory of the Oda clan in cooperation with the Azai army.

• このために674年1月には唐の高宗からは官爵を削られ、宿衛として留まっていた王弟の金仁問を新羅王に代えようとするとともに、劉仁軌らが新羅討伐に出兵することとなった。
• As a result, in January 674, Emperor Gao Zong of Tang deprived King Munmu of his official ranks, and arbitrarily declared King Munmu's brother Kim Inmun staying as a night duty guard to be King of Silla, deciding to advance to Silla with punitive forces headed by Liu Rengui and other generals.

• 文治5年（1189年）、鎌倉幕府の奥州征伐に際し、主君・藤原泰衡の命を受け、秋田致文と共に、越後国方面より北進してきた比企能員と、宇佐美実政の率いる幕府軍と戦った。
• In 1189, when the Kamakura bakufu planned Oshu-seibatsu (the Kamakura bakufu's military campaign against the Fujiwara clan in northern Japan), Yukifumi was ordered by his lord FUJIWARA no Yasuhira to ally with Munebumi AKITA in order to fight against Yoshikazu HIKI, who marched to the north from Echigo province, and the Bakufu force led by Sanemasa USAMI.

• 当初は義昭討伐を渋っていた忠国も度重なる義教からの命令と幕命違反に不満を抱く家中の意見双方の圧力に屈する形で、重臣の山田忠尚・新納忠臣らに義昭討伐を命じたのである。
• Tadakuni who firstly hesitated to attack Gisho fell under both pressures of the repeated orders of Yoshinori and subordinates who were discontent with Tadakuni's disobedience to the shogunate, Tadakuni finally ordered his senior vassals, including Tadahisa YAMADA and Tadaomi NIIRO to put Gisho down.

• 茂承が第二次長州征伐で御先手総督として芸州口に出陣する際には大坂城の御座の間に迎え入れられ、家茂から直々に采配と陣羽織を授けられた後、人払いして二人だけで対面した。
• When Mochitsugu headed to Geishu-guchi as a leading general for the Second conquest of Choshu, he was welcomed in Goza no ma (a front room where a person of high rank is seated) in Osaka-jo Castle, where he was awarded saihai (a baton of command) and Jinbaori (sleeveless campaign jacket worn over armor) by Iemochi in person, and then they faced in private.

• これは大都市を流れる河川としては勾配が急であることに加え、平安京造営時に北山の木が伐採されたこと、市街地の東への拡大にともない河原が市街地化したことなどが原因である。
• This problem arises because the Kamogawa River has a steep gradient for a river running through a big city, trees of Mt. Kitayama were logged to build Heian-kyo, and the riverside has become a part of the urban area with the eastward expansion of the area.

• 標高を下げるにつれ、スギ・ヒノキ植林地ないし、植林の伐採後に発達するアカマツ、リョウブ、コナラ等の二次林が多くなり、「いわば人の生活臭がしみこんだ」景観をなしている。
• As the elevation decreases, there increase the plantations of Japanese cedar and hinoki, and the secondary forest of Japanese red pine, ryobu (clethra barbinervis), konara (quercus serrata) and so on which grow after trees of plantations are cut, that is, the landscapes 'created by human beings' are seen.

• 1335年（建武 (日本)2年）、7月に関東で中先代の乱が起こると後醍醐天皇は討伐に向かった足利尊氏を黙認するが、乱を平定した尊氏は鎌倉に留まり建武政権から離反する。
• Emperor Godaigo overlooked Takauji ASHIKAGA when he went to settle the Nakasendai Revolt that occurred in Kanto in July 1335, but Takauji remained in Kamakura after settling the revolt and left the Kenmu government.

• 現在に至る過去数十年間、中国での砂漠化の主な原因は、伐採、放牧、農耕、水利用の失敗などの人為的なものに加えて、自然な気候変動による乾燥化が重なったことだとされている。
• It is considered that the major factors contributing to desertification in the last several tens of years in China were the dry climate due to climate changes in addition to artificial factors, such as policy failures in cutting trees, pasturing, farming and water usage.

• しかし、石山本願寺と毛利氏に呼応して味方であったはずの摂津国荒木村重が反乱を起こすと、播磨においても小寺氏、別所氏が反旗を翻すなど、中国征伐は当初から苦難が多かった。
• But the Chugoku Conquest was full of troubles, from the beginning as Murashige ARAKI in Settsu Province, who had supposedly been on Hideyoshi's side, cooperated with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Mori clan to rise in revolt while the Kodera clan and the Bessho clan led a rebellion in Harima.

• その後、幕府は第二次長州征伐を決行するが、高杉晋作の組織した奇兵隊などの庶民軍の活躍に阻まれ、また、総指揮者である将軍徳川家茂が大坂城で病没するなどもあり、失敗した。
• Thereafter the shogunate government executed the Second Choshu Expeditions, but failed due to successful interruption by the army of non-regular soldiers organized by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, the 'Irregular Militia,' and the death from disease of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the general supervisor, at the Osaka Castle.

• これは蓮如が一番危惧していた本願寺宗門の「反体制」視につながりかねない出来事であり、事実室町幕府征夷大将軍である足利義尚は本願寺を討伐することも検討したとされている。
• This was an incident which could lead to the 'antiestablishment' movement against the Hongan-ji sect, which was what Rennyo feared most, and in fact Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdued the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) is said to have considered subduing Hongan-ji Temple.

• 後藤象二郎と陸奥宗光が戦争中に板垣あるいは木戸孝允を司令官とした旧土佐藩を中心とした西郷隆盛討伐の義勇軍を持ちかけて一旦は明治政府の方針とされた（4月15日に中止）。
• During the civil wars, Shojiro GOTO and Munemitsu MUTSU approached Taisuke ITAGAKI and Takayoshi KIDO with a proposal to organize and command a voluntary army consisting of ex-Tosa domain retainers to suppress Takamori SAIGO and for a while it was the policy of the Meiji Government but was revoked on April 15.

• 同年11月、尊氏は新田義貞を君側の奸であるとして後醍醐天皇にその討伐を上奏するが、後醍醐天皇は逆に義貞に尊良親王を奉じさせて尊氏討伐を命じ、東海道を鎌倉へ向かわせた。
• In November, Takauji suggested to the emperor that Yoshisada NITTA was an enemy of the imperial court and should be killed, but on the contrary the emperor ordered Yoshisada to kill Takauji, making Yoshisada take Prince Takanaga (Takayoshi) to Kamakura along Tokaido.

• 天正14年（1586年）からは秀吉の九州征伐に従い、肥後国に入った佐々成政が失政により改易されると肥後の半国のおよそ19万5,000石を与えられ、熊本城を居城とした。
• From 1586, Kiyomasa followed Hideyoshi in an expedition against Kyushu and when Narimasa SASSA, who entered Higo Province, was punished by being deprived of his fief due to his misgovernment, Kiyomasa was given about 195,000 koku, half of Higo Province, and made Kumamoto-jo Castle his castle where he usually resided.

• 那須野にて既に白面金毛九尾の狐と化した玉藻前を発見した討伐軍はすぐさま攻撃を仕掛けたが、九尾の狐の怪しげな術などによって多くの戦力を失い、最初の攻撃は失敗に終わった。
• Finding Tamamo no Mae in the shape of the white-faced, golden-haired, and nine-tailed fox in the Nasuno district, the force immediately attacked her, but mysterious spells cast by the nine-tailed fox killed many soldiers; therefore, the initial attack failed.

• その後、尊氏は南朝に対して和議交渉を行ったときには現実的な課題である直義討伐を優先して南朝側の要求を全面的に受け入れて「降伏」し、南朝も尊氏と結んで直義討伐を命じた。
• When Takauji subsequently conducted peace negotiations with the Southern Court, he accepted all of the Southern Court's demands and 'surrendered' with the priority that Tadayoshi be killed, which was followed by an alliance between Takauji and the Southern Court which issued an order to hunt down and kill Tadayoshi.

• 慶長5年（1600年）に家康が会津の上杉景勝討伐の兵を起すと家康に従って出陣し、出兵中に三成らが大坂で西軍を率いて挙兵すると、東軍武将として関ヶ原の戦いにおいて戦う。
• In 1600, when Ieyasu raised an army for the subjugation of Kagekatsu UESUGI, he departed for the front along with Ieyasu; in the meantime, when Mitsunari raised the western squad in Osaka, he fought in the Battle of Sekigahara as the military commander of the eastern squad.

• 前項の伐倒の作業に従事する労働者は、同項の危険を生ずるおそれのあるときは、あらかじめ、合図を行い、他の労働者が避難したことを確認した後でなければ、伐倒してはならない。
• The worker engaging in the felling work set forth in the preceding paragraph shall, when it is liable to cause dangers set forth in the same paragraph, give signals in advance and not have the workers commence felling procedure unless otherwise having confirmed that other workers have been evacuated.

• 前条第一項の規定により障害物を伐除しようとする者又は土地に試掘等を行なおうとする者は、その身分を示す証明書及び市町村長又は都道府県知事の許可証を携帯しなければならない。
• Individuals who intend to fell or remove obstacles or to conduct test drilling etc. pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), Article 26 must carry identification cards and written permission from the Mayors of the municipalities or the Prefectural governors.

• その用材を伐りだす山（御杣山･みそまやま）は、第34回式年遷宮までは、3回ほど周辺地域に移動したことはあるものの、すべて神路山・高倉山という内宮・外宮背後の山であった。
• Until the thirty-fourth Shikinen Sengu the source of the timber had always been the forest (called Miso-yama) on Mt. Kamiji or Mt. Takakura located behind the Naiku (inner shrine) and Geku (outer shrine), with three exceptions when the trees came from neighboring mountains.

• しかしこれらの国における樹木などの燃料資源は限られ、難民などの形で一極集中が起きた際には、瞬く間に周囲の樹木が乱伐採され枯れ果てるなどの二次的な環境破壊も発生している。
• But these countries have limited fuel sources such as trees, and when the number of inhabitants in one area increases excessively due to refugees, and so on, secondary environmental devastation has occurred; the neighboring trees are cut down recklessly and die off over a short period of time, among other things.

• 当時は、今の大分県宇佐市小倉山でなく、近くの小山田に鎮座していた八幡神は、この願いに応じ、「われ征きて降し伏）すべし」みずから神軍を率いて隼人討伐に赴くと託宣を下した。
• Hachiman (God of War) who was enshrined at the nearby Oyamada and not his present location Kokurayama, Usa City, Oita Prefecture responded to the prayers offered by the imperial messenger and issued an oracle to betake himself to subdue the Hayato Clan leading Shin-gun (god's army) by saying, 'I will go and they should surrender.'

• 1587年（天正15年）には九州征伐により筑前国名島に35万石に転じ、豊臣政権下では五大老にまでなるが、1595年（文禄4年）に隠居し、1597年（慶長2年）に没する。
• n 1587, he received Najima, Chikuzen Province after the Conquest of Kyushu and his land became 350,000 koku; he became a Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) under the Toyotomi government but retired in 1595 and died in 1597.

• 韓国人の間では、対馬は朝鮮王朝の属国であり、韓国に領有権があるとの主張がなされることがあるが、その根拠の一つに、応永の外寇における対馬への『倭寇討伐』が上げられている。
• Some Koreans advance the claim that Tsushima was a vassal state of Korea during the Joseon dynasty and should therefore be under South Korea's territorial control; proponents of this view cite 'the military expedition to suppress the Wako' that was sent against Tsushima during the Oei Invasion as proof of this.

• この養和の出兵ならびに寿永の出兵は義仲討伐という名目ではなくあくまでも北陸反乱勢力の討伐であり、北陸反乱諸勢力も養和の出兵の頃から義仲の配下にいたわけではないのである。
• The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) and the dispatch of troops in the Juei period were not to find and kill Yoshinaka but to find and kill the rebel forces in Hokuriku, and the rebel forces in Hokuriku were not under Yoshinaka's command from the time when troops were dispatched to Hokuriku.

• 天正10年（1582年）2月、織田信長の嫡子の信忠が武田征伐に乗り出すと、駿豆国境間の情報が途絶していたため当初情報の少なかった氏政は氏邦に上野方面から情報収集させた。
• In March 1582, when Nobutada, a legitimate child of Nobunaga ODA, launched the campaign of conquering the Takeda clan, Ujimasa ordered Ujikuni to gather information from Kozuke Province to compensate the information shortage in Suruga and Izu Provinces, as the information network in those two provinces had been shut down.

• その時は周囲の取りなしで事は収まったが、翌元久2年（1205年）6月、重保と朝雅の口論に端を発した畠山重忠の乱が起こり、畠山重忠・畠山重保父子が謀反の疑いで討伐される。
• At that instance, their conflict was calmed down by the intercession of the people around them, but in June 1205, the Shigetada HATAKEYAMA War broke out, triggered by this discussion between Shigeyasu and Tomomasa, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA and Shigeyasu HATAKEYAMA, father and son, were subdued as they were suspected to be conceiving an uprising.

• 文治5年（1189年）11月3日、朝廷より奥州征伐を称える書状が下り、頼朝は按察使への任官を打診され、さらに勲功の有った御家人の推挙を促されるが、頼朝はこれらを辞する。
• On December 18, 1189 (November 3, 1189 under the old lunar calendar), a letter from Imperial Court praising Yoritomo for Oshu Conquest was delivered, also in the letter Yoritomo was asked for an appointment to Azechi (inspector of the provincial government) and to recommend gokenin with distinguished war service, but Yoritomo declined the offer.

• ところが、契約後間もない1922年3月に当初地権者と契約していた分配金5万円が支払われず、同年8月になって年間の伐採益の全額として村に支払われた金額が1万円だけだった。
• However, an incident happened in March 1922, soon after the conclusion of the contract, that the promised 50,000 yen was not paid to the land-owning side and only 10,000 yen was paid in August of the same year as all of the profits that had been gained from cutting wood over the space of a year.

• 9代将軍の足利義尚は、文官である奉行衆とともに奉公衆を制度として確立し、1487年(長禄元)に近江国の六角氏討伐を行った際には、奉公衆が将軍の親衛隊として活動している。
• Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, the ninth shogun, established Hokoshu as well as Bugyoshu who were civil officers as an official system, and Hokoshu played an active role as bodyguards for shogun in the battle for subjugating Rokkaku clan in the Omi Province in 1487

• 織豊政権期、江戸時代に入っても日本列島の森林破壊は留まる所を知らず、1710年までには本州、四国、九州、北海道南部の森林のうち当時の技術で伐採出来るものの大半は失われた。
• During the administrations of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Azuchi Period and Momoyama Period (1568 - 1600)) as well as during in the Edo Period (1603-1868), the destruction of forests did not stop, and in Honshu (main island), Shikoku, Kyushu and southern Hokkaido regions, the major part of the forest exploitable by the technology available at that time had been lost.

• 『吾妻鏡』の記述によれば、比企氏討伐も頼家の幽閉も政子の「仰」であったとされるし、事件の発端となった頼家死後の一幡と千幡の諸国守護の分掌も政子の積極的な関与が見て取れる。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami', Masako ordered the suppression of the Hiki clan and the confinement of Yoriie as well as she was actively involved in making Ichiman and Senman govern separate parts of the country as shugo after Yoriie's death, with which the incident started.

• これは将門討伐の成功によって純友鎮圧の自信を深めた朝廷が純友を挑発して彼に対して文元を引き渡して朝廷に従うか、それとも朝敵として討伐されるかの二者択一を迫るものであった。
• Sumitomo had two alternatives, one was to hand over Fumimoto and obey the Imperial Court, which had gained in strength against him after the defeat of Masakado, and the other was to continue to be treated as an enemy of the Imperial Court.

• 7月12日、兄・正澄を奉行として近江愛知川に関所を設置し、家康に従って会津征伐に向かう後発の西国大名、鍋島勝茂や前田茂勝らの東下を阻止し、強引に自陣営（西軍）に与させた。
• On July 12, having appointed his brother Masazumi as a magistrate and established the checkpoint at Echigawa, Omi, Mitsunari prevented the saikoku daimyo (feudal lords in countries west of the Kinki district) such as Katsushige NABESHIMA and Shigekatsu MAEDA from going on an expedition to Aizu under Ieyasu's command, and forcibly moved them over to his side (the western army).

• 加久見城主加久見左衛門は、平素から一条氏老臣に反感を抱いていた大岐左京進、大塚八木右衛門、江口玄蕃、橋本和泉らと謀り、にわかに兵を挙げて中村を襲い一条氏の老臣を討伐した。
• Saemon KAKUMI plotted to take up arms together with Sakyoshin OKI, Yagiemon OTSUKA, Genba EGUCHI, Izumi HASHIMOTO, and the like, who had always been antagonistic toward old retainers of the ICHIJO clan, and attacked Nakamura and subjugated the old retainers.

• 元亀元年（1570年）4月、信長は度重なる上洛命令を無視する越前国の朝倉義景を討伐するため、浅井氏との盟約を反故にし、盟友の徳川家康の軍勢とともに越前国へ進軍を開始する。
• On June 1570, in order to subjugate Yoshikage ASAKURA in Echizen Province, who had ignored Nobunaga's order to go to Kyoto several times, Nobunaga abandoned the alliance with the Azai clan and began his march into Echizen Province with the army of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a sworn ally.

• かつ、坂東の兵（この場合は東国の武士）を率いて奥羽の蝦夷（この場合は奥州藤原氏）を征伐するという目的からしても、鎮守府将軍より故実からして格上でもある格好の官職であった。
• However, given that the goal of this position was to lead the Bando soldiers (in this case, warriors from eastern Japan) to victory over the Ezo of Ou (in this case, the Oshu Fujiwara clan), it was traditionally a post superior to that of Chinjufu Shogun.

• 具体的には、吉備下道臣前津屋（きびのしもつみちのおみさきつや ・463年）や吉備田狭（きびのかみつみちのおみたさ ・463年）の「反乱」を討伐して吉備政権の弱体化を進めた。
• To be specific, he weakened the power of the Kibi government by subjugating the 'rebellions' of KIBI no Shimotsumichi no Omisakitsuya (463) and of KIBI no Kamitsumichi no omi Tasa (463).

• 第2次長州征伐実施のために事実上の幕府軍の拠点となっていた大坂において兵糧米確保が行われたこともあいまって、慶応2年には更に10年前の米価の10倍の水準にまで跳ね上がった。
• In the face of the blockade, the Edo bakufu started to secure rice stockpiling in Osaka, where the bakufu was placing its substantial stronghold for the second Choshu Expedition, and this caused the surge of the rice price even ten times as high as a decade before in Osaka.

• 日本から私軍・私戦が一掃されるのは豊臣政権の惣無事令施行とその違反者に対する「公儀の軍勢による征伐」（小田原の陣・奥州仕置）によってこの方針の貫徹が行われて以後の事になる。
• The complete elimination of watakushiikusa and shisen was accomplished only after the Toyotomi government's enforcement of sobuji rei (Peace edicts) and after this policy was carried through by 'the punitive expeditions of shogunate's army' (Odawara no Jin [the Siege of Odawara] and Oshu-shioki [the Repression of Oshu District]).

• 秀吉は信長の統一政策を継承し、嘉明は天正13年（1585年）の四国征伐、天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐、天正18年（1590年）の小田原の役などに水軍を率いて参加した。
• Hideyoshi continued Nobunaga's unification policy and Yoshiaki conquered Shikoku in 1585, Kyushu in 1587, and his navy participated in the Odawara Campaign.

• 天正15年（1587年）、秀吉の後ろ盾と協力を得た景勝は、長年にわたり抗争状態にあった新発田重家を討ち、天正17年（1589年）には佐渡国の本間氏を討伐し、佐渡を平定した。
• In 1587, Kagekatsu defeated Shigeie SHIBATA, with whom he had been in conflict for years, with the backing and cooperation of Hideyoshi, thereafter in 1589, he subjugated the Homma clan and established peace in Sado.

• 京では北条討伐の風聞が立ったが、徳川家康の起請文により以下のような説得を受け、氏政の弟・北条氏規が名代として上洛したことで、北条－豊臣間の関係は一時的にではあるが安定する。
• In the capital, there was a rumor that the Hojo clan would be subjugated, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA persuaded Ujimasa by the following written oath to send the younger brother of Ujimasa, Ujinori HOJO, to the capital as a representative of the clan, which helped to temporarily stabilize the relationship between the Hojo clan and the Toyotomi clan.

• 文治5年（1189年）、源頼朝の奥州征伐によって主人藤原泰衡が敗走すると、比内郡贄柵（現秋田県鹿角市）の領主であった河田次郎は裏切って9月3日 (旧暦)未明に泰衡を討った。
• In 1189, when his master FUJIWARA no Yasuhira was routed in the Oshu-seibatsu (Kamakura bakufu's military campaign against the Fujiwara of northern Japan) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Kawada no Jiro, who was a feudal lord of Nienosaki, Hinai-gun (present-day Kazuno City, Akita Prefecture), betrayed his master and killed Yasuhira in the predawn hours of October 21.

• 明徳元年（1390年）、山名家中の家督争いに介入した足利義満によって氏之・時熙兄弟に討伐令が下ると、氏之は山名満幸によって本拠地の伯耆国に攻め込まれ没落し、備後国へ逃れた。
• After Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA stepped in the Yamana clan's succession dispute and gave a command for putting down Ujiyuki and Tokihiro in 1390, Ujiyuki was attacked and ruined by Mitsuyuki YAMANA in his home ground, Hoki Province, and fled to Bingo Province.

• 建武 (日本)2年（1335年）に信濃国で北条氏残党が高時の遺児・北条時行を擁立し、鎌倉を占領する中先代の乱が起きると、足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇の勅状を得ないまま討伐に向かう。
• During the Chusendai War that occurred in 1335, in which the remnants of Hojo clan in Shinano Province occupied Kamakura, exalting Takatoki's son Tokiyuki HOJO as their head, Takauji ASHIKAGA went to Kamakura in order to suppress them without obtaining the Emperor Godaigo's approval.

• 本尊に向かってすぐ右に立つ像（寺伝では伐折羅（ばさら）大将、国宝指定名称は迷企羅（めきら）大将）はよく知られ、その忿怒の表情は、奈良観光のポスターなどによく使用されている。
• The image standing next to the principal image on the observers' right (the Captain of Basara in the temple legend, but is designated as a national treasure under the name of Captain of Mekira) is well known and the terrible countenance is often used in posters promoting Nara tourism.

• したがって、地権者への分収金支払いのためにさらに天然林の大規模伐採を行うという悪循環に陥ってしまい、結果として収益を上げるどころか演習林の荒廃という事態を招くこととなった。
• Therefore, the forest operation fell into a vicious cycle of logging even more tress in the natural forests to earn enough profit to make the yearly payment based on the profit to the land-owning side, resulting in a situation whereby the state of the field practice forest deteriorated, and was far from earning profits.

• 1335年には、信濃において高時の遺児である北条時行らを擁立した中先代の乱が起こり、尊氏の弟の足利直義が守る鎌倉を攻めて占領した時行勢の討伐に向かう尊氏に道誉も従軍している。
• In 1335, Takatoki's son, Tokiyuki HOJO, rose in revolt in the Nakasendai Rebellion in Shinano Province, then attacked and occupied Kamakura, which had been under the protection of Takauji's brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA; therefore, Doyo followed Takauji, and joined his army to defeat Tokiyuki's force.

• 天正13年（1585年）、紀州征伐の後に秀吉の弟・豊臣秀長が紀伊国の領主になると、同年5月に大坂城で秀吉から秀長の家老職を命ぜられ、3万石への加増を受けて和歌山城代となった。
• When Hideyoshi's younger brother, Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, became the lord of Kii Province in 1585 after the conquest of Kishu, Shigeharu was appointed to a position of Karo (chief retainer) of Hiednaga by Hideyoshi at the Osaka-jo Castle in May of the same year, and became the keeper of Wakayama-jo Castle with properties increased to those yielding 30,000 koku (approximately 5,411.7 cubic meters of crop yields) in total.

• 小田原征伐後の天正18年（1590年）には、三河国の内、宝飯郡・八名郡・渥美郡・設楽郡4郡（東三河）において15万2000石に加増され、吉田（現・愛知県豊橋市）城主となった。
• After the conquest and siege of Odawara in 1590, his koku was increased to 152,000 in four districts in Mikawa province--Hoi, Yana, Atsumi, and Shitara (Higashimikawa) in the Mikawa Province--and he became the lord of Yoshida-jo Castle (in present Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture).

• 金沢庄三郎は『日鮮同祖論』（復刻版　成甲書房、）で「曽尸茂梨の（助辞）尸を除いたソモリは、徐伐すなわちソホリと音韻上一致し、すなわち、モとホすなわちｍｐ音の相通である」とした。
• In his paper 'Japanese Shares Ancestors with Koreans' (reprinted, published by Seikoshobo), Shozaburo KANAZAWA proposed that 'Somori,' a word resulting from subtracting the particle 'shi' from 'Soshimori,' corresponds to 'Sohori' from a phonological perspective, and further stated that the sound 'mo' and the sound 'ho' are substantially equivalent.

• 古来よりの神々を信仰していた物部守屋が、聖徳太子と蘇我馬子に討伐された後、寺つつきという怨霊になって、仏法に障りを成すため、太子の建立した寺を破壊しようとしているのだとされる。
• It is said that MONONOBE no Moriya, who had a faith in deities from ancient times, turned in to a vengeful ghost in the form of Teratsutsuki after he was subdued by Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako; Teratsutsuki is said to be trying to cause an obstacle to Buddhism by destroying the temples that were built by Prince Shotoku.

• 天正13年（1585年）に入ると、紀伊国の雑賀衆や土佐国の長宗我部元親、越中国の佐々成政など、前年の小牧・長久手の戦いで家康に味方した勢力は、秀吉によってことごとく討伐された。
• Entering 1585, all of the powers that assisted Ieyasu in Battle of Komaki-Nagakute in the previous year, such as Saika-shu in Kii Province, Motochika CHOSOKABE in Tosa Province, and Narimasa SASSA in Ecchu Province, were defeated by Hideyoshi.

• 永禄11年（1568年）、足利義昭を奉じて上洛した織田信長は、やがて幕府政治の復活を目指す義昭と対立するようになり、義昭は信長討伐のため、義景にしきりに御内書を送るようになる。
• Nobunaga ODA, who went to the capital to serve Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA in 1568, came to conflict with Yoshiaki who tried to recover a government by the shogunate, and Yoshiaki started to frequently send Gonaisho (official documents) to Yoshikage to suppress Nobunaga.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、会津征伐に参陣していた大谷吉継から家康の下へ参陣するように勧められたが、その後関ヶ原の戦いが勃発したため、豊臣氏に対する人質として大坂城に留め置かれた。
• In 1600, he was recommended to join the war under the name of Ieyasu by Yoshitsugu OTANI who was joining the expedition in Aizu, however, the Battle of Sekigahara broke out thereafter, then he was kept in Osaka-jo Castle as a hostage for the Toyotomi clan.

• 延徳3年（1491年）、六角高頼征伐のため、敏信は父とされる「織田大和守家」織田敏定と共に近江国坂本 (大津市)へ主君・尾張国守護の斯波義寛へ従軍したという（長享・延徳の乱）。
• In 1491, joining his lord, Yoshihiro SHIBA, Owari no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Owari Province), Toshinobu went on an expedition to Sakamoto in Omi Province (Otsu City) to conquer Takayori ROKKAKU (Chokyo-Entoku Wars) together with Toshisada ODA of 'the Oda Yamato no kami family' who is said to be his father.

• 景行天皇が熊襲征伐の帰りに豊後国日田郡に立ち寄った際にヒサツヒメと名乗る神が人に姿を変えて出迎え、郡内の様子を話したと豊後風土記にあるほかには、この神が現れる話は見当たらない。
• No tale can be found which mentions this goddess except for the account in Bungo no Kuni Fudoki where Emperor Keiko returns from the Conquest of Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) and comes to Hita County in Bungo Province, a goddess who called herself Hisatsu-hime had changes her figure into a human and goes to meet him, and talks to him about the state of the county.

• そこで昨今取りざたされている説は、「征夷大将軍」は本来東国の兵を率いて蝦夷征伐にあたる職なので、「何らかの形で東国を抑えている者」が就任するための条件であったというものである。
• A recently popular explanation on the subject is that, since 'Seii Taishogun' was originally a post for leading soldiers of eastern Japan in conquest over the Ezo, the condition for assuming office was that he had to be 'someone who controls eastern Japan in some form.'

• 風致地区内における建築物の建築、宅地の造成、木竹の伐採その他の行為については、政令で定める基準に従い、地方公共団体の条例で、都市の風致を維持するため必要な規制をすることができる。
• Ordinances of local governments may establish necessary regulations for maintaining the urban scenery in respect of the construction of buildings, development of housing land, felling of trees and bamboos and other activities in scenic districts in accordance with the standard specified by Cabinet Order.

• 反頼之派は義満に対して頼之の排斥、討伐を要請し、近江で反頼之派に転じた佐々木高秀が挙兵すると、鎌倉公方の足利氏満が呼応して軍事行動を起こそうとし上杉憲春に諌死される事件も起こる。
• The anti-Yoriyuki faction asked Yoshimitsu for permission to expel and subjugate Yoriyuki, and when Takahide SASAKI, who had switched to the anti-Yoriyuki faction, raised an army at Omi, Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Shogun's representative at Kamakura, prepared to begin military action in response, it also happened that Noriharu UESUGI committed suicide to remonstrate with him about this course of action.

• 19日の源氏一族の会合では後白河を奉じて関東に出陣するという案が飛び出し（『玉葉』閏10月20日条）、26日には興福寺の衆徒に頼朝討伐の命が下された（『玉葉』閏10月26日条）。
• At the meeting of the Genji clan on December 12, an idea was put forth that they should depart to the front in the Kanto region, setting Goshirakawa up as the lord ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 13), and on December 19, an order to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was given to monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 19).

• 天正13年の7月、毛利氏の四国征伐に伴う出兵で西伯耆の軍勢が手薄になっている隙に南条元続支援の行松氏は1000余騎を率いて福頼元秀の守る汗入郡の河原山城を攻撃、これを落城させた。
• Seeing the lack of Mori's troops in the Conquest of Shikoku in July of 1585, the Yukimatsu clan, who were in support of Mototsugu NANJO, led a thousand-plus horses to attack Kawarayama-jo Castle in Aseri County governed by Motohide FUKUYORI, finally achieving the fall of the castle.

• 一方、宿敵の徳川家康を臣従させて後顧の憂いを無くしていた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年（1587年）1月に九州征伐の大動員令を発し、畿内や中国・四国の諸大名による大軍を九州に送り出した。
• Meanwhile, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had brought his old enemy Ieyasu TOKUGAWA into subjection to ensure future security, decreed a large-scale mobilization order in February, 1587 for the Kyushu Conquest, and sent a large army of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Chugoku and Shikoku regions to Kyushu.

• すると河内国は混乱を極めたが、1552年には遊佐長教の一族で、河内国交野市の有力国人の安見氏の養子に入っていた安見宗房（直政）が遊佐長教を暗殺した萱振賢継などを討伐して台頭した。
• Then Kawachi Province fell into disorder, but in 1552, a relative to Naganori YUSA, Munefusa (Naomasa) YASUMI who was the adopted son of a powerful local lord in Katano City, Kawachi Province, the Yasumi clan, killed the assassinators including Katatsugu KAYAFURI and gained power.

• 1391年（元中8年/明徳2年）には山名氏の内紛に介入し、11か国の守護を兼ねて「六分一殿」と称された有力守護大名・山名氏清を挑発して挙兵させ、同年12月に討伐する（明徳の乱）。
• In 1391, he intervened in the internal conflict of the YAMASHINAs and provoked Ujikiyo YAMANA, a powerful Shugo Daimyo dominating 11 provinces at that time who was called 'Rokubun no ichi dono' (Lord of one-sixth of the whole country) to raise an army to subdue the YAMANAs.

• 翌月には義昭が吉野で還俗して挙兵したという情報が入り、翌永享10年（1438年）3月には大和国に討伐軍が派遣されて、9月には吉野で反抗していた大覚寺の僧侶と山名氏旧臣が討たれた。
• In the next month, a rumor that Gisho returned to secular life and raised an army in Yoshino reached the shogunate, and the shogunate dispatched a punitive force to the Yamato Province in April of the next year (1438), and the monks of Daikaku-ji temple and the Yamana clan's former retainers who resisted in Yoshino were defeated in September.

• 叔父　三好政長の讒言により、細川晴元に父を謀殺された三好長慶は、主君　晴元に幕府御料17箇所代官職と政長討伐を要求したが、これが退けられると、細川氏綱を主君に擁立、晴元に背いた。
• Based on a false charge by uncle Masanaga MIYOSHI, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, whose father was killed by Harumoto HOSOKAWA, requested of his lord Harumoto the position of Daikan over 17 Shogunal properties and the suppression of Masanaga, but when this was sidelined he set up Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA as lord, and turned his back on Harumoto.

• 最初に里山のオーバーユースによる森林破壊が顕在化したのは畿内であり、日本書紀によると、天武天皇の6年（676年）には南淵山、細川山などで木を伐採することを禁じる勅令が出されている。
• The first destruction caused by the over-forestation of Satoyama became obvious in Kinai (the five provinces surrounding the ancient capital of Nara and Kyoto), and according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), an imperial edict to prohibit logging in the mountains such as Mount Minamibuchi and Mount Hosokawa, was issued in 676.

• 室町時代に、かつて義円と名乗り天台座主だった足利義教が、僧兵の軍事力と粗暴さを熟知しているため、延暦寺討伐に動き出して大規模の弾圧を実施した（後年の信長も同様のことをやっている）。
• In the Muromachi period, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who was formerly known by Gien and had once been a temple head priest of the Tendai sect, was familiar with the military power and high-handedness of Sohei to conduct massive military operations in order to crack down on Enryaku-ji Temple (Nobunaga conducted similar operations later).

• やがて家康と石田三成の対立が先鋭化すると、家康は三成を挑発するために慶長5年（1600年）に伏見城の留守部隊に鳥居元忠・内藤家長・松平家忠らのわずかな部隊を残して会津征伐に赴いた。
• When opposition from Mitsunari ISHIDA came to a head, Ieyasu made a punitive expedition to Aizu to challenge Mitsunari, leaving only a skeleton force headed by Mototada TORII, Ienaga NAITO, and Ietada MATSUDAIRA in Fushimi Castle in 1600.

• 徳川家康 - いわゆる神君伊賀越えを経て岡崎城から光秀討伐に向かったが、緑区 (名古屋市)（一説に熱田区。酒井忠次は北伊勢まで進出していた）に到達したところで合戦の情報が入り反転。
• Ieyasu TOKUGAWA: He left his Okazaki-jo Castle to join the battle against Mitsuhide by way of so-called Shinkun Iga-goe (literary 'Divine lord going over Iga'), but when he reached the area of today's Midori Ward (Nagoya City) (or Atsuta Ward according to some other historians; Tadatsugu SAKAI had advanced as far as to Kita Ise (North Ise)), he learned of the battle and reversed the direction of his expedition.

• これ以後、平群氏の氏人はしばらく『書紀』から姿を消すが、用明天皇2年（587年）の物部氏討伐将軍として平群神手（かみて）の名が見え、この頃までに大夫選任氏族としての地位を得ていた。
• After this, members of the Heguri clan disappear from 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicle of Japan) for a while, but in 587 the name of HEGURI no Kamite appears as the General to subjugate the Mononobe clan; by this time the Heguri clan had gained the position to be elected as daibu (master).

• 720年（養老4年）9月29日 (旧暦) - 陸奥国で起きた陸奥按察使上毛野廣人殺害事件に対し、この時左京亮従五位下であった石代は元正天皇より征夷副将軍に任ぜられ、これを征伐する。
• On November 7, 720, when the murder of KAMITSUKENO Hiroto, Inspector of Mutsu (Mutsu no Azechi) occurred in Mutsu Province, Iwashiro who had been sakyo no suke (a governor who supervised central administration, security and administration of justice) and ranked as Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed to Seii fukushogun (sub commander of the expeditionary force against the barbarians) by the Empress Gensho and conquered it.

• 幼年のために政治能力が無いため、管領の細川持之が実権を掌握し、持之の死後は山名持豊や生母の日野重子らが実権を握って、嘉吉の乱を起こした赤松満祐の討伐、嘉吉の徳政一揆などを平定した。
• As he was infant and had no political capability, the real power was held by Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, who was the kanrei (shogunal deputy), and after Mochiyuki's death, Mochitoyo YAMANA or Shigeko HINO, who was Yoshikatsu's real mother, seized the real power and they subjugated Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, who caused the Kakitsu War, and suppressed the tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) of Kakitsu.

• 漁業に関する測量、実地調査又は前二条の目的のために必要があるときは、都道府県知事の許可を受けて、他人の土地に立ち入り、又は支障となる木竹を伐採し、その他障害物を除去することができる。
• A fishery manager may enter other persons' land or cut disturbing trees or bamboos or remove obstacles, if permitted by the Governor concerned, when it is necessary for a survey concerning a fishery or field investigation or any of the purposes of the preceding two Articles.

• そのため、四国征伐後は伊予に2万3000石を与えられ、天正14年（1586年）の秀吉の九州征伐後は伊予国6万石に加増され、僧侶でありながら豊臣大名という異例の位置付けの大名となった。
• For this reason he was given land of 23,000 goku in Iyo Province after the conquest of Shikoku, and was given land of 60,000 goku in Iyo Province after the conquest of Kyushu in 1586, so that he became an unusual Japanese feudal lord of the Toyotomi clan, retaining his status as a priest.

• 崇神天皇10年（紀元前88年）9月、大彦命を北陸道に、武渟川別を東海道に、吉備津彦命を山陽道に、丹波道主命を丹波国（山陰道）に将軍として遣わし、従わないものを討伐させた（四道将軍）。
• In the ninth month of 88 B.C., Emperor Sujin dispatched Obiko no Mikoto to Hokurikudo (northwestern edge of Honshu), Takenuna KAWAWAKE to Tokaido (southeastern edge of Honshu), Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto to Sanyodo (southwestern edge of Honshu) and Tanbamichi nushi no Mikoto to Tanba Province (Sanindo) as General Commanders (known as the 'Four Shogun') in order to conquer those who did not obey his orders.

• 徳川宗家を相続した慶喜は自ら親征の意志を見せるものの、一転して和睦を模索し、広島で幕府の使者勝海舟と長州の使者広沢真臣・井上馨らの間で停戦協定が結ばれ、第二次長州征伐は終焉を迎えた。
• Yoshinobu, who succeeded as head of the Tokugawa family, at first showed the will to participate in the battle himself, but he changed his position and tried to make peace, ending the second attempt to conquer Choshu when Kaishu KATSU from the bakufu side, and Masaomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE from the Choshu side concluded the armistice in Hiroshima.

• 建武 (日本)2年（1335年）、足利尊氏に呼応して備中国で反乱が起こり高徳が討伐に向かうが、却って拠点であった備前三石城を奪われた上に配下の内応によって一族の大半が討たれてしまう。
• In 1335, in response to Takauji ASHIKAGA, a rebellion occurred in Bicchu Province and Takanori went there to suppress it, but he eventually lost his foothold, Mitsuishi-jo Castle in Bizen Province, as well as most of his family members due to betrayal of his vassals.

• これは坂額の兄の長茂（資茂とも）の鎌倉幕府打倒計画に呼応したものであり、長茂自身は程なく京において討ち取られるが、資盛は要害の鳥坂城に拠って佐々木盛綱らの討伐軍を散々にてこずらせた。
• Sukemori thus rebelled in response to an attempt by Hangaku's older brother Nagamochi (who was also called Sukemochi) to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate, and that Nagamochi was soon felled in Kyoto while Sukemori, based in a fort of Mt.Tossaka (the Tossaka-jo Castle), greatly vexed Moritsuna SASAKI's punitive force.

• また母の実家である諏訪家の一門諏訪頼豊は「勝頼から冷遇されていた」と言われているにも関わらず、武田征伐に乗じて諏訪家再興をしようとする家臣の意見を聞かずに鳥居峠の戦いで戦死している。
• Yoritoyo SUWA, a member of the SUWA family that Katsuyori' mother had come from was said to have been' ill-treated by Katsuyori,' but he would not listen to the opinions of his vassals who were trying to capitalize on the subjugation of Takeda to restore the Suwa family, and died in the Battle of Toriitoge.

• また、坂東の頼朝を征伐する官職としては、奥羽の蝦夷を征伐する「征夷大将軍」よりも、かつて坂東の平将門を征伐するために藤原忠文が任官した「征東大将軍」のほうがふさわしいとも考えられる。
• Furthermore, it is thought that, as a post that would conquer Yoritomo of Bando, 'Seito Taishogun,' a post previously taken by FUJIWARA no Tadabumi to conquer TAIRA no Masakado of Bando, was better than 'Seii Taishogun,' which conquered the Ezo of Ou.

• 1578年（天正6年）、美作国の国人領主・草刈氏が因幡国智頭郡に淀山城を構え、勢力を伸ばすと、山名氏はこれを討伐するため、同国佐貫の大義寺に陣を敷き、武田高信に軍議に応ぜよと招聘した。
• In 1578 when the Kusakari clan, a local lord of Mimasaka Province, constructed Yodoyama-jo Castle in Chizu County, Inaba Province, the Yamana clan pitched its camp at Daigi-ji Temple in Sanuki, Inaba Province in order to subjugate it and invited Takanobu TAKEDA to a war council.

• また『朝鮮人来聘記』や『朝鮮人来朝記』といった当時の資料に、三韓征伐や豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役を持ち出して朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節と見なそうとしている記述があることも併せて論拠としている。
• Citing the Sankan Seibatsu and the Bunroku-Keicho War by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in addition to documents at the time, such as 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' and 'Chosenjin Raichoki' (a document about Koreans who visited Japan), the Korean side points out, as a basis of the argument, that there exist descriptions trying to consider Chosen Tsushinshi as an envoy for paying tributes.

• なお、後年の編纂物である『吾妻鏡』などには一連の北陸出兵が「義仲討伐の為」と記されているが、当時の記録には、『玉葉』寿永2年（1183年）5月16日条まで義仲の名前は記載されていない。
• The books compiled in later years, including 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), state that the serial dispatch of troops to Hokuriku was 'in order to seek out and kill Yoshinaka' but Yoshinaka's name was not recorded in the records made at the time, until the June 14, 1183 entry in 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane).

• 『平家物語』では兵の乱暴狼藉を鎮めるよう求めたところ、義仲から「和殿が鼓判官といふは、万（よろず）の人に打たれたか、張られたか」と尋ねられて面食らい、法皇に義仲討伐を進言したとされる。
• In 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), it is described that, when Tomoyasu required Yoshinaka to suppress riotous behaviors by soldiers, he was bewildered by Yoshinaka's question, 'Is the reason why you are called as Tsuzumi no Hogan that you have been hit or tapped by many person?' and he suggested the Cloistered Emperor to subjugate Yoshinaka.

• その後、天正13年（1585年）に上杉景勝へ通じた真田昌幸を討伐しようとした上田合戦では大久保忠世、平岩親吉と共に兵7,000を率いて上田城を攻撃するものの大きな損害を受け撃退される。
• In 1585, in the Battle of Ueda, Mototada tried to defeat Masayuki SANADA, who communicated with Kagekatsu UESUGI, and attacked Ueda-jo Castle with Tadayo OKUBO and Chikayoshi HIRAIWA, leading 7,000 soldiers; however, they were repelled with great casualties.

• 承久3年（1221年）の承久の乱に際しては幕府首脳部一員として最高方針の決定に加わり、尼将軍北条政子が御家人たちに頼朝以来の恩顧を訴え、京方を討伐するよう命じた演説文を景盛が代読した。
• When the Jokyu War occurred in 1221, Kagemori participated in the decision of most important policy as a member of leadership team of bakufu; and read the speech by proxy in which the ama shogun (nun warlord) Masako HOJO pled with gokenin for taking favorable actions as in the time of Yoritomo and ordered to subdue kyogata (the Kyoto side or supporters of the Imperial court in Kyoto).

• 前述のように、国内の木材価格が高く、薪炭が熱エネルギーの中心だった時期においては、大学演習林において伐採した材木のほか木炭などの林産資源を売ることで収益を上げることは当然とされている。
• As described above, in an era when wood prices in Japan were high and firewood and charcoal were the main sources of thermal energy, it was naturally considered that income could be gained by selling forest resources, such as charcoal, in addition to wood cut in the field practice forest of a university.

• 南北朝時代には足利方に従い、時親の曾孫にあたる毛利元春は、足利幕府(室町幕府)が九州の南朝勢力であった懐良親王の征西府を討伐するために派遣した今川貞世(了俊)の指揮下に入り活躍している。
• Motoharu MORI, a great-grandson of Tokichika, supported the Ashikaga side during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and played an active role under the commander Sadayo (Ryoshun) IMAGAWA, when the Ashikaga bakufu (Muromachi bakufu) dispatched Sadayo for the subjugation of Seiseifu fortress in Kyshu, which was under the power of Southern Court governed by the Imperial Prince Kanenaga.

• そのため三韓征伐のモデルとなった朝鮮半島への出兵を4世紀半ば（神功皇后49年（249年）を干支2巡繰り上げたものと見て369年と推定する）とし、以降、当地域は倭王の直轄地であったとした。
• In order to make historical ends meet, the dispatch of troops to the Korean Peninsula, which led to the legend of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), was said to have taken place in the mid fourth century (presumably in 369, calculated by adding two rounds of the Oriental zodiac [120 years] to the year of 249 as stated in Nihonshoki) and this area was considered as the directly controlled land of the king of Wa (Japan) ever since.

• しかし天文17年（1548年）、元長の嫡男で三好宗家の家督を相続していた三好長慶が、晴元に一族の三好政長の討伐を要請し、これを拒否されたため、天文18年（1549年）に氏綱側に寝返った。
• Meanwhile, Motonaga's progeny Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, who was taking over the family estate as the head of the Miyoshi family, requested Harumoto to kill his kin Masanaga MIYOSHI in 1548, however, this request was rejected by Harumoto and Nagayoshi switched to the Ujitsuna side in 1549.

• 脇坂氏は譜代大名であったため、安斐は佐幕派として摂津国の海防警備を務め、元治元年（1864年）の第1次長州征伐、慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐にも江戸幕府軍の一員として参加した。
• Since the Wakisaka family was fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), Yasuaya took a position responsible for the security of coastal defense of the Settsu Province as a member of the Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and joined the First and Second conquest of Choshu in 1864 and 1866, respectively, as a member of the Edo bakufu army (the army of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 天慶3年2月（940年3月～4月）、「新皇」を僭称した将門の追討に官軍大将の一人として貞盛・藤原秀郷と協力して将門と戦い征伐に成功し、先に将門に襲撃され抑留されていた父の維幾を救援した。
• When in March or April, 940, an imperial edict was issued to hunt down and kill Masakado who pretended to be the 'New Emperor,' Tamenori joined the imperial army as a commander and succeeded to defeat Masakado in cooperation with Sadamori and FUJIWARA no Hidesato, rescuing his father Korechika who had previously been raided and detained by Masakado.

• その後、那須野（現在の栃木県那須郡周辺）で婦女子をさらうなどの行為が宮中へ伝わり、鳥羽上皇はかねてから九尾の狐退治を要請していた那須野領主須藤権守貞信の要請に応え、九尾の狐討伐軍を編成。
• Later, there was a report to the Imperial Court that the fox had been kidnapping women and girls in the Nasuno district (currently the Nasu district in Tochigi Prefecture), and this led the Retired Emperor Toba to organize a force to subdue the nine-tailed fox, responding to the request of SUDO gon no kami Sadanobu, who was the lord of the Nasuno district, to kill the nine-tailed fox.

• 両親王が謹慎生活で外部との接触を絶たれている間、長州征伐、薩長同盟の成立、将軍徳川家茂の死去と徳川慶喜の将軍就任、さらに孝明天皇の崩御により、時代はそれまでとは桁違いの速度で変化してゆく。
• The situation was changed dramatically compared to before, the Choshu Expeditions went fourth, the establishment of the Satsuma-Chochu Alliance, the death of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA being new Shogun, the death of Emperor Komei and so on, while both Prince Taruhito and Takahito were refrained from making public appearances and had no contact with outside.

• 宇都宮氏第8代(宇都宮朝綱を初代とすれば第6代)当主宇都宮貞綱（元寇の時に討伐軍総大将）とともに九州に同行し、筑後国山門郡大木を拠点とした貞綱の弟である宇都宮泰宗の子孫が直接の始祖である。
• Its direct founder was a descendant of a younger brother of Sadatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, Yasumune UTSUNOMIYA who accompanied Sadatsuna (supreme commander of the bakufu forces when Mongol invaded Japan), the eighth head of the Utsunomiya clan (the sixth head if Tomotsuna UTSUNOMIYA was the first head) to the Kyushu region and was based in Oki, Yamato District, Chikugo Province.

• 反徳川勢力は五奉行の石田三成を中心に結集し、慶長5年（1600年）6月、家康が会津の会津征伐の兵を起こして大坂を離れると、三成は毛利輝元を総大将として西軍を組織し挙兵した（関ヶ原の戦い）。
• Anti-Tokugawa powers gathered together around one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA, and when Ieyasu commanded an army for conquest of Aizu in July 1600, Mitsunari organized the Western Camp with Terumoto MORI as the supreme commander, and rose up in arms (the Battle of Sekigahara).

• 伊達軍が布陣した国見の厚樫山（あつかしやま）の山麓も国指定史跡に指定されているが、源頼朝の奥州藤原氏征伐の史跡としてであり、伊達政宗の福島侵攻の本陣が置かれたことはそれほど知られていない。
• The base of Mt. Atsukashi in Kunimi was designated as a national historical site because it is where Oshu Fujiwara clan was conquered by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo bur the fact that Masamune DATE set up the headquarters there for invading Fukushima has not been well-known.

• 源氏と八幡大菩薩の関係から始まり、前九年の役・後三年の役とその際にあった源義光の笛を巡る故事、源義親の梟首、藤原泰衡討伐、源頼朝の2度の上洛、足利尊氏の上洛及び東寺合戦について記している。
• The book starts with the story of Genji and Hachiman Daibosatsu's relationship, and moves on to the stories of the historical episode of MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu's flute during Zen Kunen no Eki (the Early Nine Years' War) and Gosannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War), the exposure of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika's severed head, the domination over FUJIWARA no Yasuhira, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's two attempts to conquer the capital (Kyoto) and Takauji ASHIKAGA's attempt to conquer the capital and the battle of Toji Temple.

• 明智光秀征伐後の清洲会議において、柴田勝家と羽柴秀吉との織田家の実権争いが勃発すると、成政は柴田方につくが、賤ヶ岳の戦いには上杉軍への備えのため越中を動けず、本人は合戦に参加出来なかった。
• At the Kiyosu conference after the conquest of Mitsuhide AKECHI, when a fight for power of the Oda family occurred between Katsuie SHIBATA and Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Narimasa took side of Shibata, but he could not participate in the battle of Shizugatake since he could not leave Ecchu due to preparations for the attack of the Uesugi army.

• 天正12年（1584年）の小牧・長久手の戦いや天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐でも軍功を挙げたため、征伐後に家康が関東に移されると、下総国相馬郡 (下総国)守谷市に1万石を与えられた。
• He had many military exploits such as Battle of Komaki-Nagakute in 1584, and conquest and siege of Odawara in 1590, and these achievements brought him 10,000 koku in Moriya City Soma County, Shimousa Province when Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest.

• 国は、森林の適正な整備を推進するため、地域の特性に応じた造林、保育及び伐採の計画的な推進、これらの森林の施業を効率的に行うための林道の整備、優良種苗の確保その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the promotion of adequate development of forest such as promotion of systematic afforestation, tending and cutting best suited to the characteristics of the region, development of forest roads required for efficient forest management practices and securing of superior seedlings.

• だが、これに反対する成身院光宣とその一族である筒井氏がこれに抵抗し、嘉吉4年（1444年）に大和の国人を結集させて筒井順永の討伐を命じるが敗れ、逆に奈良の支配を目指す筒井順永の攻撃を受ける。
• But the opposition forces, Joshinin Kosen and his relatives the Tsutsui clan, were against this and gathered people from Yamato Province to kill Junei TSUTSUI in 1444, however after failing in this they were instead attacked by Junei TSUTSUI who was aiming to govern Nara Province.

• その後も平氏討伐や奥州藤原氏の討伐など、頼朝の主要な合戦の大半に参加したが、義時は武勇で名を挙げるよりも、戦後の軍政などを得意とする人物であり、行政面において多数の功績を挙げているのである。
• Thereafter, he participated in most of Yoritomo's major battles, including those that resulted in the Taira and Oshu Fujiwara clans being subjugated, and, on the other hand, rendered many administrative services (Yoshitoki was an expert at post-war military administration rather than making his mark as military prowess).

• 翌年の永承6年（1051年）、安倍氏 (奥州)が衣川の柵を越え勢力圏を拡大しようとしたため、陸奥守だった登任は、秋田城介平重成らと安倍氏を討伐しようするが、逆に鬼切部で大敗を喫し更迭された。
• In the following year of 1051, the Abe clan (Oshu Province) tried to expand their region of authority beyond the Koromo-gawa River; Narito, the Mutsu no kami (Governor of Mutsu Province), joined forces with TAIRA no Shigenari, Akitajo no suke (provincial governor of Akita-jo Castle in Dewa Province) and others in an attempt to control them, but suffered a crushing loss in Onikiribe and was replaced.

• 社伝では、神功皇后3年（203年）、三韓征伐から凱旋した神功皇后が、山城国・深草の里の藤森に纛旗（とうき、いくさ旗）を立て、兵具を納め、塚を作り、祭祀を行ったのが当社の発祥であるとしている。
• According to shrine legend, Fujinomori-jinja Shrine originated in the year 203 after the triumphant return of Empress Jingu from the military invasion of the Three Kingdoms of Korea when she placed in a mound the battle flags and military equipment at Fujinomori, Fukakusanosato, Yamashiro Province and held a religious service.

• 第4次調査において周濠クビレ部埋土中より検出されたヒノキ板材を奈良文化財研究所埋蔵文化財センターにて年輪年代測定の結果、伐採年代は、新しく見積もっても西暦210年頃と推定されることが判明する。
• The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Archaeological Center measured the age of Japanese cypress boards excavated from the mud at the constricted spot of the shugo at the fourth research, and as a result, it was made clear that the original tree is presumed to have been cut down about in 210 at the latest.

• 旧石器時代の局部磨製石斧は、大型獣の狩猟や解体、木の伐採や切断、土掘りなど多目的に用いたもので、局部を磨いたのは土や木から斧を抜き取る際、いくらかでもスムーズに抜けるよう工夫したものであろう。
• Partly ground stone axes in the Paleolithic period were used for a wide range of applications such as hunting and disorganizing large-size animals, felling and cutting of trees, and soil digging; that these were partly ground was because when ax was pulled out of the soil and trees, these were able to be pulled out more smoothly.

• だが、島津氏中では、義昭擁護論と討伐論に割れていたらしく、万里小路時房の『建内記』には伝聞記事として、島津氏の庶流の人物より幕府に対して忠国が義昭を匿っているとする密告があったと記述している。
• Among the Shimazu clan, however, it seems that opinions were divided to those who try to protect Gisho and those trying to put him down, and there is an entry in the 'Kennai ki' (a name of private historical record) of Tokifusa MADENOKOJI as a hearsay that there was a betrayal by a member of branch family of Shimazu clan that Tadakuni sheltered Gisho.

• もっとも、ツキノワグマが樹液を吸うためにスギの樹皮をはいで幹をかじるクマハギへの対策や人工林の育成及び収穫技術に関する研究などのように、伐採や植林といった施業の中で進められた研究も少なくない。
• However, many research projects, such as investigating measures against the bark-peeling of Japanese cedars by black bears which sucked the sap of these trees as well as developing technologies to grow artificial forests and harvesting such forests, were conducted in the name of the business of logging and planting trees.

• しかしながら、原木の枯渇による伐り出しの困難さから、第47回式年遷宮から同じ御三家の尾張藩の領地である木曾谷に御杣山は移動し、以降（第51回式年遷宮のみ大杉谷に戻ったが）木曽を御杣山としている。
• However, because it became difficult to log the forest due to the depletion of raw wood in this region, Miso-yama was moved to Kiso-dani Valley which was in Owari Domain, also one of the Tokugawa Gosanke, after the 47th Shikinen Sengu, and it has stayed there ever since (only once returning to Osugi-dani Valley for the 51st Shikinen Sengu).

• 京都市北区の上品蓮台寺には頼光を祀った源頼光朝臣塚があるが、これが土蜘蛛が巣くっていた塚だといい、かつて塚のそばの木を伐採しようとしたところ、その者が謎の病気を患って命を落としたという話がある。
• Within the precincts of Jobonrendai-ji Temple in Kita Ward, Kyoto City, there exists the burial mound where MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu is enshrined, where the ghosts of tsuchigumo are said to have haunted; it is said that someone who intended to cut down a tree by the mound died from an unknown disease.

• もちろんデマだったわけであるが、結果的に摂津衆は清秀・高山右近を初めとしてほとんどの諸将が秀吉に味方をすることになり、さらに四国征伐のために大坂に集結していた織田信孝・丹羽長秀らも味方になった。
• Of course, it was a lie, but eventually most leading members of Settsushu including Kiyohide and Ukon TAKAYAMA sided with Hideyoshi, and Nobutaka Oda and Nagahide NIWA, having gathered in Osaka to join the Conquest of Shikoku, also joined Hideyoshi's camp.

• 同年末、義弘は少弐氏討伐を命じられ、筑前国で戦い弟の大内満弘が討死するがその子への恩賞の沙汰が無く不満を募らせ、更に義満が裏で少弐氏と菊地氏に義弘を討つように命じていたとの噂があり憤慨していた。
• At the end of that same year (1397) Yoshihiro was ordered to strike down the Shoni clan, and began fighting with them in Chikuzen Province only to lose his younger brother Mitsuhiro OUCHI in battle, and worse still, no order was given to reward the fallen Mitsuhiro's son for his father's sacrifice, only increasing Yoshihiro's discontent; but what provoked his indignation still more was the rumor that Yoshimitsu had secretly commanded the Shoni and Kikuchi clans to strike down Yoshihiro.

• 建仁3年（1203年）12月に伊勢平氏の若菜五郎が蜂起し、討伐に向かった鎌倉幕府軍の平賀朝雅が、元久元年（1204年）4月10日から12日の間に反乱軍を鎮圧した事から「三日平氏の乱」と称された。
• In January 1204, Goro WAKANA of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) raised a rebellion, which was referred to as Mikka Heishi War (Three-days rebellion of the Taira clan) due to the historical fact that Tomomasa HIRAGA of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) army was sent to the area and quelled the rebellion in a three day period, from May 18 to 20 in 1204.

• だが、それが同じ東軍であった細川政元（勝元の子）ら幕府首脳達の反感を買ったばかりでなく、「政長討伐」を名目とした義就軍の山城侵攻や、山城の国人・農民達による国人一揆（山城国一揆）を引き起こした。
• This not only caused strong feelings by Masamoto HOSOKAWA (a son of Katsumoto) who was on the same East squad, but also caused an invasion of Yamashiro Province by Yoshinari's army under the name of 'punitive expedition of Masanaga' and a revolt by kokujin and peasants of Yamashiro Province (the uprising in Yamashiro Province).

• 石山合戦の際に討伐に4年もかかった件については相手に鉄砲が多く力攻めが無理であり調略のきかない本願寺勢であること、海上封鎖ができず海から本願寺に兵糧を運びこめたことを考えれば致し方ないといえる。
• The four years it took for subjugation in the Ishiyama War was never too long when we consider that a forcible attack could not be carried out because the enemy owned many guns, that stratagems were ineffective on the army of Hongan-ji Temple, and that the enemy could carry army provisions into Hongan-ji Temple from the sea, which could not be blockaded.

• 兄、義忠が都に戻るのと入れ替わりに河内源氏の本拠地、河内国石川を守るようになる（長兄の源義宗は夭折。次兄の源義親は乱を起こし討伐された。三兄の源義国は関東で叔父の源義光と合戦し勅勘を蒙り謹慎）。
• When his brother Yoshitada returned to the capital, Yoshitoki began to guard Ishikawa of Kawachi Province, the base of the Kawachi-Genji for Yoshitada (the oldest brother MINAMOTO no Yoshimune had died young, the second oldest brother MINAMOTO no Yoshichika had been killed for raising a rebellion, and the third oldest brother MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni had been being confined by the Imperial order for having a battle against his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu in the Kanto region.

• 長享元年（1487年）の将軍足利義尚の近江国六角氏征伐の際は、先陣として142騎と兵1500を率いて坂本に出陣した（ただし、当主朝倉貞景 (9代当主)は斯波義寛との同陣を避けて敦賀に留まった）。
• When Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA went for subjugation of Rokkaku clan of Omi Province in 1487, he led his troop of 142 horses and 1500 warriors in the vanguard (however, Sadakage ASAKURA [the nineth family head] stayed Tsuruga in order to avoid to fight with Yoshihiro SHIBA).

• そのため、落ち葉であっても住宅地で燃やして処分しにくくなったこと、庭付きの持ち家率低下、都市開発による森林の伐採などの事情もあり、21世紀に於いて一般ではごく一部でしか見られない風景となっている。
• Therefore, as it became more difficult to dispose of even falling leaves by burning them within a residential district, and as the rate of having a house with a garden declined, and the forests were cut down due to urban development, the sight can be seen only in a few areas in the 21st century.

• 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決め、小伝馬町の商人である守田治兵衛が2000人分の軍服の製作を引き受け、試行錯誤しながらも作り上げた。
• In 1864 when the Edo bakufu raised the army of the punitive expedition of Choshu Domain on the pretext of the skirmish at the Kinmon Gate, the bakufu decided to make a Western style military uniform for the army, and a merchant Jihei MORITA in Kodenmacho in Edo undertook the order and managed to tailor 2,000 military uniforms by trial and error.

• 其国ノ人物ハ都テ日本唐山等ノ人ヨリ壮大ニシテ筋骨モ強シ食量モ大概日本ノ二人ノ食ヲ朝鮮ノ一人ニ充ベシ然レドモ其心機アクマデ遅鈍ニシテ不働也此故ニ太閤ノ征伐ニヨク負タリ　(『三国通覧図説』版本 6丁)
• The people in that country are all bigger and stronger than Japanese and Chinese, and a Korean usually eats twice as much food as a Japanese; but they are slow and do not work hard, so that they were defeated twice by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ('Sangoku tsuran zusetsu' [An Illustrated General Survey of Three Countries], woodblock print, page 6)

• この挙兵は失敗に終わるが、高倉宮以仁王の平氏討伐の令旨を受け取った全国の源氏が呼応し、木曾の源義仲（木曾義仲）、伊豆へ流罪となっていた義朝の子の源頼朝などが挙兵すると、後白河法皇はこれを支援する。
• This was not successful however all the Minamoto clan who received the message from Takakura no Miya Prince Mochihito, responded to this, when MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) in Kiso and Yoshitomo's son, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa supported them.

• 嘉吉の乱（かきつのらん）は、室町時代の嘉吉元年（1441年）に播磨国、備前国、美作国守護の赤松満祐が、六代征夷大将軍足利義教を暗殺し、領国播磨で幕府方討伐軍に敗れて討たれるまでの一連の騒乱である。
• Kakitsu War is referred to as a series of disturbances occurred in 1441, from when Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, a shugo (provincial constable) of the Harima Province, the Bizen Province, and the Mimasaka Province, assassinated Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the 6th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to when he was defeated and killed by the punitive force of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in his own territory, Harima.

• 現在の学界では、三韓征伐説話は、はるか後の時代になって、新羅の日本への服従を正当化するために（『続日本紀』には、来新羅使の前で神功皇后説話を聞かせて立腹させたという記事もある）創作された説がある。
• Currently, the academic world has the theory that the rationale in the subjugation of Silla was formed in Japan with the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu; in consideration of the fact in which Sankan-Seibatsu was actually written at some distant point in time. (There was an article in the 'Shoku Nihongi' [a continuation of Nihonshoki; an imperially commissioned Japanese history text] about a visiting envoy of Silla, who became outraged upon hearing the official story of the Empress Jingu.)

• そのうえで直義の養子・足利直冬を討伐するために中国地方へ遠征しようとするが、1351年（正平6年/観応2年）、石見国に在陣中に直義の南朝への帰順と挙兵を知って都に帰還し、尊氏に従って直義と戦った。
• Although Moroyasu headed to Chugoku region to conquer Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, he returned to Kyoto in 1351 on receipt of the news in Iwami about Tadayoshi's submission to the Southern Court and raising his army, and followed Takauji to fight Tadayoshi.

• 長州藩は忠光の身柄を支藩の長府藩に預けて保護したが、元治元年（1864年）の禁門の変、下関戦争、第一次長州征伐によって藩内俗論派が台頭すると、潜居中の同年11月に長府藩の豊浦郡田耕村で暗殺された。
• Choshu Domain had their branch, Chofu clan take care and protect Tadamitsu, but during the Kinmon incident in 1864, in Shimonoseki War, when the conventional party within the domain gained power due to the First Conquest of Choshu, he was assassinated in Tako Village, Toyoura District of Chofu Domain in the December of the same year he was kept as a refuge.

• 建武2年（1335年）の中先代の乱を討伐に向かった尊氏がそのまま新政に離反し、尊氏追討の命を受けた義貞が箱根・竹ノ下の戦いに敗北して足利軍が京へ迫るが、北畠顕家らと連絡して足利方を京より駆逐する。
• As Takauji went to win the Nakasendai War in 1335 and seceded from the Kenmu Government, Yoshisada was ordered to track down and kill Takauji, which resulted in the defeat of Yoshisada in the Battle of Hakone Take no Shita, so the Ashikaga side approached to Kyoto, but Masashige contacted Akiie KITABATAKE and others to expel the Ashikaga side from Kyoto.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐にも参加するために大坂に出征するが、間もなく病に倒れ、また第14代将軍・徳川家茂が死去して長州征伐が中止されたため、長明も鳥羽に帰国するが、9月29日に死去。
• Although he also left for Osaka to participate in the Second Conquest of Choshu of 1866, he soon fell ill and the conquest was suspended because Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the 14th shogun, died, then Nagaaki returned to Toba as well but died on November 6.

• 引き続き権力を握った仲麻呂（恵美押勝に改名）は唐で安史の乱が発生したことを機に、淳仁天皇の名において隣国新羅の討伐を目論み、国内制度も日本的なものから唐のものへ名称を変更するなどの政策を推し進めた。
• Inspired by the Anshi War in Tang Dynasty, Nakamaro, (now EMI no Oshikatsu) who continued in power, planned to attack neighboring Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and forged ahead with such policies as to change the names of domestic systems from Japanese style to Chinese style.

• しかし建武の新政は武士の支持を得られず、建武 (日本)2年（1335年）に北条時行らが中先代の乱を起こし鎌倉を占拠すると、道誉は尊氏に従い討伐へと向かい、相模川で時行軍の背後を奇襲し勝利に寄与する。
• However, the Kenmu Restoration of the imperial government could not draw support from samurai warriors, and in 1335 when Tokiyuki HOJO and others staged the Nakasendai War and occupied Kamakura, Doyo followed Takauji and went out and made a sneak attack from behind the Tokiyuki army in the Sagamigawa River and contributed to the victory.

• 事件発生後総督府は原住民への討伐を決定、軍隊出動による討伐作戦を2ヶ月にわたって展開し、対立部族の協力も得た鎮圧作戦の結果700人ほどの抗日サイディック族が死亡もしくは自殺、500人ほどが投降した。
• The Sotoku-fu decided to retaliate against the tribe after the Incident and developed a subjugation campaign using the military force in cooperation with the rival tribes for two months, as a result of which military campaign 700 Seediq were killed in fighting or committed suicides and 500 people surrendered.

• 記録がないために戦闘の終了時期は不明だが、9月には藤原小黒麻呂が征東大使となり、翌天応 (日本)元年（781年）には「征伐事畢入朝」と『続日本紀』に見えることから乱は終結に向かったと推察されている。
• The time the battle ended is unknown since no records exist, however, considering the description of 'Shoku Nihongi,' as FUJIWARA no Oguromaro became the Seito Taishi in October and 'the subjugation was done' in 781, the following year, it is estimated that the war was subdued then.

• 翌永享2年（1430年）2月には井戸氏と同族の筒井氏を支持する幕府より、興福寺に対し豊田討伐の指示が出、更に翌永享3年（1431年）8月には筒井氏と箸尾氏が互いに相手方の居城を攻めるなど戦乱は拡大。
• The following year, in March 1430, the shogunate ordered Kofuku-ji Temple to subdue Toyota in support of the Ido clan and its related Tsutsui clan but the maelstrom of war expanded, so that the Tsutsui clan and the Hashio clan both attacked the other's castle in September 1431.

• 頼家は危篤から回復し、比企氏の滅亡と一幡の死を知って激怒し、時政討伐を命じるが、既に主導権は北条氏に完全に握られており、頼家は政子の命で出家させられて将軍職を奪われ、伊豆の修善寺に幽閉されてしまう。
• Upon recovering from his critical illness, Yoriie was enraged to learn that the Hiki clan had been overthrown and killed and that Ichiman was dead, and he ordered Tokimasa subdued but by then, full power was in the hands of the Hojo clan and, on Masako's orders, Yoriie was removed from the position of Shogun, forced to join the priesthood and confined to Shuzen-ji Temple in Izu.

• 五代友厚に浜寺公園へ案内された大久保は、堺県県令税所篤が、園内の松を伐採して住宅地として開発しようとするのを知り、「音に聞く 高師の浜のはま松も 世のあだ波は のがれざりけり」と反対する歌を詠んだ。
• When OKUBO was guided to Hamadera park by Tomoatsu GODAI, he knew that Atsushi SAISHO, Sakai prefectural governor planned to cut pine trees and use the park for a residential area, so he composed a haiku (Japanese poem) saying 'Even the pine trees on the famous Takasi sands are not able to escape noisy ripples in the world, opposing the residence plan'.

• 秀次は通説として凡庸・無能な武将として評価されることが多いが、秀次の失敗は小牧・長久手の戦いの敗戦の一度だけであり、その後の紀伊・四国征伐、小田原征伐での山中城攻め、奥州仕置などでは武功を発揮した。
• As a popular theory, Hidetsugu was evaluated often as a mediocre and incapable Japanese military commander, but his failure was only the defeat of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute; he later achieved military exploits at the Kii and Shikoku Conquests, the Siege of Yamanaka-jo Castle at the Conquest and Siege of Odawara, and the executions in Oshu.

• しかし、一時的な偽降を逆手にとって、尊氏が直義を討伐するため京を離れている間に、京都を奪還し北朝を吸収し解消してしまう計画を立てたうえで、10月24日付で尊氏に対し勅免および直義追討の綸旨を下した。
• Turning Naoyoshi's temporary false surrender around to their advantage, the Southern Court had planned to recapture Kyoto to absorb and eliminate the Northern Court while Takauji was away from Kyoto to subjugate Naoyoshi, an Imperial Order dated October 24 to search and kill Naoyoshi was given to Takauji.

• また、京都扶持衆として直接将軍と結び付き、1438年の永享の乱では幕府より鎌倉公方の討伐命令をくだされているなど、南北朝時代に南朝方であった伊達氏は幕府との接近によって、その地位と勢力を高めていった。
• After becoming a direct retainer of shogun as Kyoto fuchishu, the Date clan enhanced its social status and power by establishing a closer relationship with bakufu, as exemplified in the order from bakufu in the Eikyo War of 1438 to subjugate the Kamakura kubo which the Date clan had supported in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 『日蓮註画讃巻第五「蒙古來」篇』に「二島百姓等男はあるいは殺あるいは虜、女は一所に集め、手を徹、舷に結付虜の者は一人も害さざるなし。肥前国松浦党数百人伐虜さる。この国の百姓男女等、壱岐・対馬の如し。」
• Volume 5 'Mongol Invasion' of 'Nichiren Chugasan' (Illustrated Biography of Nichiren) reads 'in Futajima, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered at one place and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, and all captives suffered harm. In Hizen Province, several hundred people of the Matsuura Party were killed or captured. The people of this province, whether men or women, suffered the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima.'

• 長享・延徳の乱（ちょうきょう・えんとくのらん）とは、室町時代後期の長享元年（1487年）と延徳3年（1491年）の2度に亘って室町幕府が行った近江国守護・六角高頼に対する親征で、六角征伐とも言われる。
• The Chokyo-Entoku Wars were campaigns conducted by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) twice in 1487 and in 1491 in the late Muromachi period against Omi no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Omi Province) Takayori ROKKAKU, and it is also referred to as Rokkaku Seibatsu (suppression).

• 前条の規定により他人の土地に立ち入り、又は竹木を伐採しようとする者は、経済産業局長の許可を受けたことを証する書面を携帯し、土地の占有者又は竹木の所有者の請求があつたときは、これを呈示しなければならない。
• Those who intends to enter into the land of others or cut down bamboos and trees pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article shall carry the document that proves the permission given by the Director of Regional Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry, and present it if requested by possessors of land or owners of bamboos and trees.

• 神功皇后が三韓征伐の後、畿内に帰るとき、自分の皇子（応神天皇）には異母兄にあたる香坂皇子、忍熊皇子が畿内にて反乱を起こして戦いを挑んだが、神功皇后軍は武内宿禰や武振熊命の働きによりこれを平定したという。
• After 'Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), on the way to Kinai, Kagosaka no miko and Oshikuma no miko, who were brothers by a different mother of her son (Emperor Ojin), rebelled against her and challenged her to fight, however, Empress Jingu's Army suppressed them by work of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune and Takefurukuma no mikoto.

• 本能寺の変後、賤ヶ岳の戦いで豊臣秀吉が織田信長の後継者としての地位を確立すると、隆景は進んで毛利家を羽柴秀吉の天下統一事業に参加させ、には四国征伐の功賞として伊予国一国を与えられて独立した大名となった。
• After the Honnoji Incident, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI established his status as the successor of Nobunaga ODA at the Battle of Shizugatake, Takakage willingly got the Mori family in on Hideyoshi HASHIBA's task of unification of the whole country; in 1585, he was given a whole Iyo Province after the Conquest of Shikoku and became an independent daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).

• 1414年（応永21年）、4年前に京都を出奔して吉野に潜行していた南朝最後の天皇後亀山天皇とその皇子小倉宮を支持して伊勢国国司の北畠満雅が挙兵したが、室町幕府の討伐を受け和解、上皇は2年後に京に帰った。
• In 1414 (Oei 21), the provincial governor of Ise province, Mitsumasa KITABATAKE - financial backer of the last Southern Court Emperor, Gokameyama, who had fled from Kyoto four years earlier and traveled incognito to Yoshino, as well as his son Prince Oguranomiya - raised an army in response, but after receiving an order from Gokameyama to subjugate the Muromachi Shogunate, a peace settlement was reached, and the Retired Emperor Gokameyama returned to Kyoto two years later.

• また、『新編武蔵風土記稿』には「上戸に大道寺政繁の砦があった」と記されており、その砦は河越城築城後も出城として機能していたと推測され、豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐の際に川越城落城とともに廃城となったと考えられる。
• Moreover, in the 'Shinpen Musashi Fudo Kiko' (a topography of Musashi Province from 1804 to 1829) it is recorded that 'there was a fort in Uwado belonging to Masashige DAIDOJI' and it is presumed that this fort continued to function as an outpost castle after the construction of Kawagoe-jo Castle, and it is believed to have been destroyed at the same time as Kawagoe-jo Castle during the siege of Odawara by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• その後も、大宝元年（701年）に民部尚書と遣唐執節使に任じられた粟田真人に文武天皇が授けた例や、延暦20年（801年）に蝦夷討伐を命じられた征夷大将軍の坂上田村麻呂に桓武天皇が授けた例などがよく知られる。
• Also, there are well-known examples that the Emperor Monmu granted the sword to AWATA no Mahito who was appointed to Minbu Shosho and Shitsusetsushi (an envoy to China) in 701 and the Emperor Kammu granted the sword to Seii Taishogun SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro who was assigned to conquer Ezo (Northerners) in 801.

• 折りしも、覚慶が興福寺を脱出して越前に逃れたことが発覚したため、三人衆が守護である久秀の責任を追及し、一方の久秀も三好氏当主である義継が三人衆と対立するとこれを煽り、逆に三人衆討伐を計画するようになった。
• As the escape of Kakukei from Kofuku-ji Temple to Echizen became known, the three men blamed Governor Hisahide's for his oversight, while Hisahide, agitating Yoshitsugu, incumbent head of the Miyoshi clan, who had come to oppose the three men, on his part planned to subjugate the three men.

• 乱自体は幕府との協力で鎮圧されるが、乱後に持氏が残党狩りを名目として、京都扶持衆の宇都宮持綱などを粛清、さらに幕府の支援する佐竹氏を討伐するなど自立的行動が目立つようになり、幕府と鎌倉府は対立関係となる。
• Although the war itself was suppressed in corporation with the bakufu, Mochiuji's self-willed behaviors became prominent after the war - on the pretext of hunting down of stragglers, he purged Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA and others of Kyoto-fuchishu (Kanto samurais who were directly engaged by bakufu, not by the Kamakura Government) and subjugated the Satake clan who were supported by the bakufu - thus the bakufu and the Kamakura Government became a confrontational relationship.

• その後は前線で活躍する武将ではなく、奉行人としての後方支援などの活動が中心となり、道奉行としての街道整備や、九州征伐では軍船の調達、小田原合戦では小田原城の接収に立会い、奥州仕置では浅利事件の調査を行う。
• Afterwards, he served not as a general on the front lines but mainly as a supporting bugyo (commissioner), concerned with highway maintenance as the Highway Bugyo, the supply military of ships during the Kyushu Campaign and he attended the requisition of Odawara Castle during the Battle of Odawara, as well as investigating the Asari Incident as an Oshushioki, or judge.

• 直ちに諸社諸寺に調伏の祈祷が命じられ、翌天慶3年（940年）1月9日には源経基が以前の密告が現実になったことが賞されて従五位下に叙され、1月19日には参議藤原忠文が征東大将軍に任じられ、討伐軍が出立した。
• Temples and shrines were immediately ordered to pray for the quelling of the rebellions, and on February 24 of the following year (940), MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto was given the court rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in recognition of the fact that his previous secret report became true; on March 5, a punitive force headed by Sangi FUJIWARA no Tadafumi as Seito taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') set out from Kyoto to the eastern provinces.

• 慶応3年（1867年）には、島津久光や前土佐藩主の山内豊信（容堂）、宇和島藩主・伊達宗城らと四侯会議を開き、朝敵となった長州の処分について話し合い、春嶽は長州征伐には反対するが、2次に渡る長州征伐に至る。
• In 1867, he held the Shiko-kaigi (four major lords' meeting) with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Toyoshige YAMAUCHI, who was the former lord of the Tosa Domain, and Munenari DATE, who was the lord of the Uwajima DomainE to discuss punishment on the Emperor's enemy, the Choshu Domain, which resulted in the twice Choshu conquest although Shungaku opposed it.

• 事業者は、伐木の作業を行なうときは、立木を伐倒しようとする労働者に、それぞれの立木について、次の事項を行なわせなければならない。ただし、油圧式伐倒機を使用するときは、第一号及び第三号の規定は、適用しない。
• The employer shall, when carrying out the work of tree felling, have the worker intended to engage in the felling of standing trees carry out the following matters for each tree. However, the provisions set forth in item (i) and (iii) shall not apply to cases where hydraulic felling machines are used:

• 一般ガス事業者、簡易ガス事業者及びガス導管事業者は、その一般ガス事業、簡易ガス事業又はガス導管事業の用に供する導管の設置又は保守を行うため必要があるときは、障害となる植物を伐採し、又は移植することができる。
• A General Gas Utility, Community Gas Utility and Gas Pipeline Service Provider may, when it is necessary in order to install or maintain pipelines to be used for the General Gas Utility Business, Community Gas Utility Business or Gas Pipeline Service Business, clear or transplant plants that would cause interference.

• 坂田金時は寛弘8年12月15日 (旧暦)（1012年1月11日）、九州の賊を征伐するため築紫（つくし・現在北九州市）へ向かう途中、作州路美作（みまさか）勝田壮（現在の岡山県勝央町）にて重い熱病にかかり死去。
• On January 17, 1012, when he was on his way to Tsukushi (present Kitakyushu City) to overthrow bandits in Kyushu, Kintoki SAKATA contracted a serious fever and died in Mimasaka Katsutaso on Sakushu road (present Shoo Town in Okayama Prefecture).

• 久頼の後に当主であったとみられる六角亀寿（どの人物に比定されるかは諸説ある）は応仁の乱では西軍に属し、その次代の六角高頼の代には、1487年（長享元年）には9代将軍足利義尚、10代足利義稙から討伐を受ける。
• Kameju ROKKAKU, who is considered to be the family head after Hisayori (there are several theories over the identity of Kameju), belonged to the western army at the turmoil of the Onin War, and in the next generation that of Takayori ROKKAKU, the ninth-generation shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA and the tenth-generation shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA sent a punitive expedition to Takayori in 1487.

• 播磨をようやく再び平定した秀吉は但馬国、因幡国に進出し、山名豊国らを降参させ、山名氏の反織田氏勢力と結んだ毛利氏の吉川経家を鳥取城の戦いにおいて破り、弟の豊臣秀長や宮部継潤に命じ山陰地方の征伐を進めさせた。
• After finally conquering Harima again, Hideyoshi entered into Tajima Province and Inaba Province, and reduced Toyokuni YAMANA to obedience, beat Tsuneie KIKKAWA of the Mori clan at the Battle of Tottori-jo Castle, who was part of the anti-Oda forces led by the Yamana clan, and ordered his brother Hidenaga and Keijun MIYABE to conquer the Sanin region.

• 北条得宗家執事の平頼綱は、鎌倉幕府鎌倉幕府の執権一覧北条時宗が死去し、その子北条貞時が9代執権となった翌1285年（弘安8年）、政治路線で対立していた有力御家人安達泰盛や泰盛派の御家人を霜月騒動で討伐した。
• TAIRA no Yoritsuna, who was the steward of the Hojo Tokuso family (main branch of the Hojo family), avenged a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and other vassals of Yasumori's faction, with whom he had conflicts in political lines, in the Shimotsuki Incident in 1285, which was a year after Tokimune HOJO, who was one of the regents of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), died and Tokimune's son Sadatoki HOJO became the ninth regent.

• 武田征伐の際に、信濃の反武田派の豪族が織田軍の元に集結するさまを見て「我々も骨を折った甲斐があった」と光秀が言った所、「お前が何をしたのだ」と信長が激怒し、小姓の森蘭丸に鉄扇で叩かれ恥をかいた（明智軍記）。
• When on the way to attack the Takeda clan, Mitsuhide said, 'our efforts have been rewarded'; seeing powerful anti-Takeda families in Shinano Province gathering around the Nobunaga army, Nobunaga became furious, asked 'what have you done ?' and ordered a page boy Ranmaru MORI to hit Mitsuhide with an iron fan, which humiliated Mitsuhide (Akechi Gunki).

• 元久2年（1205年）6月22日 (旧暦)の畠山重忠の乱において、重成が北条時政の意を受けて無実の重忠を讒言し、討伐を策動したとして咎めを受け、翌6月23日 (旧暦)、子の小沢重政と共に三浦義村に討たれた。
• On July 17, 1205, in the Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion, Shigenari was blamed for slandering Shigetada, who was innocent, in compliance with the wishes of Tokimasa HOJO, and maneuvering the suppression of Shigetada; on August 6 the following year, Shigenari and his son Shigemasa OZAWA were killed by Yoshimura MIURA.

• 1531年（享禄4年）、本願寺9世実如と一門衆との争いにより加賀国で発生した大小一揆が勃発すると、蓮能所生の実悟（蓮如の13男）救援のために加賀に出陣するが、本願寺から派遣された討伐軍に敗れて討ち死にした。
• In 1531 - when, triggered by conflict between Jitsunyo, the ninth chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, and opposing factions, small- and large-scale uprisings took place in Kaga Province - Ietoshi and his army headed for Kaga Province to save Jitsugo (13th son of Rennyo), Renno's son, but Ietoshi was defeated and killed by enemies dispatched from Hongan-ji Temple.

• ところが、投資経費を回収するために伐採と施業を行っても、その収益は地形上・植生上から市場価値の高い材木が少なく、搬出も道路が未整備であることから、コストの高い筏流しに頼らざるを得ず、予想より低いものであった。
• However, although logging and forest management were conducted to recover the cost of the investment, the earnings were lower than expected because the area's geographical features and vegetation meant that there was a lack of wood with a high market value, and inadequate access roads meant that there was a dependence on high-cost rafting to transport the wood.

• ロシアは閔妃を通じ売り払われた鍾城・鏡源の鉱山採掘権や朝鮮北部の森林伐採権、関税権などの国家基盤を取得し朝鮮半島での影響力を増したが、ロシアの進める南下政策に危機感を持っていた日本がこれらを買い戻し回復させた。
• Japan became alarmed when Russia enhanced its grip and influence over the Korean peninsula by acquiring vital state assets such as the mining rights in Chongsong and Gyeongwon sold off by Empress Myeongsong, timber rights in the north, and tariff rights, and purchased back and restored many of these.

• 抗戦派の今村は他26名とともに秋月へ戻り、秋月小学校に置かれていた秋月党討伐本部を襲撃し県高官2名を殺害、反乱に加わった士族を拘留していた酒屋倉庫を焼き払ったのち、分かれて逃亡したが、11月24日に逮捕された。
• Imamura of the resistance force returned to Akizuki together with 26 others, attacked the Akizuki-to suppression headquarters situated in Akizuki Elementary School, killed two prefectural high officials, burned down the liquor store warehouse where warrior class members joining the rebellion were kept in detention, and then separately escaped, but they were arrested on November 24.

• 長享元年（1487年）、9代将軍足利義尚は六角高頼征伐を決定し、将軍直属の奉公衆を中心とした軍を率いて近江坂本へ出陣、9月には管領細川政元・若狭国守護武田国信・加賀国守護富樫政親を近江に召集し、高頼を攻撃する。
• In 1487, the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA decided to subjugate Takayori ROKKAKU, and headed an army mainly consisted of hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) directly under him to go into the battle in Sakamoto in Omi Province, and in September, the Shogun ordered the Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA, Wakasa no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Wakasa Province) Kuninobu TAKEDA and Kaga no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Kaga Province) Masachika TOGASHI to Omi Province and attacked Takayori.

• 天正10年（1582年）、豊臣秀吉の毛利氏征伐支援を命ぜられて出陣する途上の6月2日（西暦6月21日）早朝、桂川を渡り京へ入る段階になって光秀は「敵は本能寺にあり」と発言し、主君信長討伐の意を告げたといわれる。
• On June 2, 1582, when, ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to help subjugate the Mori clan, Mitsuhide was heading for the battle early in the morning, he said 'the enemy is in Honno-ji Temple,' in entering Kyoto after crossing Katsura-gawa River, which completed his desire to assassinate the monarch Nobunaga.

• 永正4年（1507年）6月、政元が澄之派の重臣・香西元長や薬師寺長忠らによって殺されると、8月に澄元は澄之討伐の兵を挙げたが、このときに高国は澄元を支持して討伐に貢献し、澄元の家督相続を承認した（永正の錯乱）。
• In June of 1507, after Masamoto was killed by Motonaga KOZAI and Nagatada YAKUSHIJI, the chief retainers of individuals who supported Sumiyuki, Sumimoto organized an army with the intention of attacking Sumiyuki in August of that year, which Takakuni joined, making a huge contribution to Sumimoto and supporting his bid to become the head of the HOSOKAWA family (Confusion of Eisho).

• 天正2年（1575年）には信長が派遣してきた明智光秀の軍勢に加わって丹波で織田氏に反抗する豪族の討伐を担当したが、天正3年（1576年）1月に突如として叛旗を翻し、光秀の軍勢を攻撃して撃退した（黒井城の戦い）。
• In 1574, Hideharu joined Mitsuhide AKECHI's army sent by Nobunaga and fought to suppress local powers who were opposed to the Oda clan in Tanba, but all of a sudden in February 1575, he changed his allegiances and attacked Mitsuhide's army and repelled them (The Battle of Kuroi-jo Castle).

• 「病床の頼家と能員による北条氏討伐の密議を障子の影で立ち聞きしていた政子が時政に報告し、先手を打った時政は自邸に能員を呼び出して殺害、一幡の屋敷を攻め、比企一族を滅ぼし一幡も焼死した」（9月2日条）としている。
• Masako, who eavesdropped through a shoji on the secret conference of the Hojo clan to subjugate Yoriie on his sickbed and Yoshikazu, informed Tokimasa of the plot. Tokimasa called Yoshikazu to his residence and killed him in order to preempt the plan. Then he attacked the residence of Ichiman, destroying the relatives of the Hiki clan and Ichiman was also burned to death' (Azuma Kagami on the section under September 2nd (October 15 of the current calendar)).

• 永正3年（1506年）、細川政元の依頼を受けて越前国の朝倉貞景 (9代当主)討伐の一揆を起こすが、朝倉宗滴・朝倉景職・堀江景実が率いる朝倉氏に敗れて逆に吉崎御坊は破壊されて越前の真宗信者は国外に追放されてしまう。
• In 1506, they received a request from Masamoto HOSOKAWA and launched a revolt against Sadakage ASAKURA (the ninth head of Echizen Province) but were defeated by the Asakura clan led by Soteki ASAKURA, Kagemoto ASAKURA and Kagezane HORIE, after which Yoshizaki Gobo was destroyed and the believers of Shinshu sect in Echizen were driven out of the province.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、石田三成が大坂で挙兵すると、玄以は豊臣秀頼の後見人を申し出て大坂に残り、西軍に加担し、家康討伐の弾劾状に署名したにも関わらず、家康に三成の挙兵を知らせたりするなどの内通行為を行なっている。
• When Mitsunari ISHIDA raised an army in Osaka, Geni declared himself the guardian of Hideyori TOYOTOMI and remained at Osaka while secretly informing Ieyasu about Mitsunari's army, despite the fact that he supported the Western Army and had signed a denunciation of Ieyasu.

• そして11月に入り加藤、立花、鍋島勢を加えた4万の軍勢で九州最後の敵勢力である島津討伐に向かったが11月12日に肥後の水俣まで進軍したとき、徳川家康と島津との和議成立による停戦命令を受け居城に戻り、軍を解散した。
• In early December, leading 40,000 men including the armies of Kato, Tachibana and Nabeshima, Josui moved the troops to defeat Shimazu, who was the last enemy force remaining in Kyushu, but, on December 17 when his army advanced toward Minamata, Higo Province, he received a cease-fire order issued as a result of a reconsiliation agreement reached between Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Shimazu whereby he returned to his castle and his army was dismissed.

• かつて加賀一向一揆が守護富樫政親を攻め滅ぼした際に征夷大将軍足利義尚が本願寺に討伐令を下そうとしていた折に政元がこれに強く反対して討伐令を撤回させたという経緯があったために、実如は大きな恩義を感じていたのである。
• Formerly, after forces of the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a popular revolt by the Ikko sect) attacked and destroyed the Shugo (provincial constable) Masachika TOGASHI, just as the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA was preparing to issue an order to destroy Hongan-ji Temple, Masamoto came out strongly against issuing such an order and managed to have the order repealed, and because of this chain of events, Jitsunyo felt a major debt of gratitude towards Masamoto.

• 由緒書きによると、武田家の家宝「楯無」の鎧は神功皇后が三韓征伐の時に住吉大社に武運長久を祈念し得た鎧であり、ゆえあって甲州武田家の所有するところとなった（無論三韓征伐云々の伝記は時代的に合わないので史実ではない）。
• According to its written guarantee of origin, a family treasure of the Takeda family 'Tatenashi-no-yoroi' was the one given to Empress Jingu when she prayed at Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine for long-lasting luck in the battle of Sankan seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), and it later came into the possession of the Koshu Takeda family for a certain reason (needless to say, it is not a historical fact because the age of Sankan seibatsu doesn't coincide with the dates)

• 春日山原始林（かすがやまげんしりん）、春日山原生林（かすがやまげんせいりん）とは、春日大社の山として神聖視され、樹木伐採が長らく（千年以上に渡り）禁じられてきたため、森林が極相に達した原生林が広がっている地域である。
• Kasugayama Primeval Forest (kasugayama genshirin, or kasugayama genseirin) is the area where the primitive forest has reached a climax, because the primitive forest as a mountain of Kasuga-Taisha Shrine was regarded to be divine and cutting the trees in the area has been long prohibited for more than 1000 years.

• 勝頼は、真理姫から義昌の謀反を知らされると、これに激怒し従兄弟の武田信豊_(甲斐武田氏)（信玄の弟・武田信繁の子）を先手とする木曾征伐の軍勢5000余を先発として差し向け、さらに義昌の生母と側室と子供を磔にして処刑。
• Upon being informed by Marihime of the betrayal of Yoshimasa, Katsuyori was infuriated and dispatched a troop of about 5,000 soldiers led by his cousin Nobutoyo TAKEDA (a member of the Takeda clan in Kai) to conquer Kiso Province; Katsuyori also crucified and executed Yoshimasa's mother, concubine and child.

• その後は、四兄弟のうち宇合の息子藤原広嗣が740年に乱を起こし討伐された（藤原広嗣の乱）こともあり、孝謙天皇朝に武智麻呂の子藤原豊成次いで藤原仲麻呂が台頭するまで、藤原氏の高位官僚の不在時代がしばらく続くことになる。
• FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the son of Umakai was subdued in the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740; thereafter a period of absence of high rank officials from Fujiwara clan continued for a certain time until FUJIWARA no Toyonari and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, the sons of Muchimaro, gained power in the Emperor Koken's era.

• また、契約時に木材搬出ルートの設定を、隣接する朽木村経由や佐々里峠を越えて広河原や花脊を経由するものではなく、村内を東西に横断する形で設定するよう求めたり、天然更新林での伐採や処分の権利が喪失しないように求めている。
• The village side also requested the following items when concluding the contract: the routes to carry wood should be provided so as to run through the village in the east-west direction, not so as to run through Hirogawara or Hanase via adjacent Kutsuki-mura Village or passing Sasari Pass, and the village side's rights to cut wood and disposing them in the forests of natural regeneration should not be lost.

• 山の神信仰は、古くより、狩猟や焼畑耕作、炭焼、杣（木材の伐採）や木挽（製材）、木地師（木器製作）、鉱山関係者など、おもに山で暮らす人々によって、それぞれの生業に応じた独特の信仰や宗教的な行為が形成され伝承されてきた。
• The worship of Yamanokami has been formed and handed down by people living mainly in mountains such as those engaged in hunting, swidden agriculture, charcoal burners, woodcutters, sawyers, kijishi (wood master) (wood vessel production) and miners having their unique faith and religious behaviors according to their occupations.

• 遠平は平氏討伐の恩賞として平氏家人沼田氏の旧領であった安芸国沼田荘（ぬたのしょう、現在の広島県三原市本郷町付近）の地頭職を拝領し、これを譲られた養子・小早川景平（実父は平賀義信であったとされる。）が、安芸国に移住した。
• Tohira was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a private estate) when he received the Nutanosho estate in Aki Province (current Mihara City, Hiroshima Prefecture), the former territory of the Nuta clan who were the housemen of the Taira clan, as a reward; and the adopted child Kagehira KOBAYAKAWA (whose biological father was believed to be Yoshinobu HIRAGA) moved to the Aki Province.

• ただし、苗木供給体制の整備が進行中（少花粉スギの苗木供給を平成29年までに約1,100万本へ増強する計画）であること、森林所有者がスギ材価の低迷で伐採・植え替えに応じにくい環境にあることから、実行性はなお不透明である。
• However, its effectiveness is unclear as maintenance of the seedling supply system is ongoing (the plan is to increase the supply of low-pollen Japanese cedar seedlings to approximately 11 million by the year 2017) and forest owners find it difficult to consider felling or transplantation due to the low price of cedar wood.

• 清洲会議で優位に立ち、信長の統一事業を引き継いだ秀吉に従い、天正12年（1584年）の小牧・長久手の戦いや天正13年（1585年）の紀伊国攻め、天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐や1590年の小田原征伐などに従軍する。
• He was prominent in the Kiyosu Conference and followed instructions from Hideyoshi who had assumed power and was continuing Nobunaga's unification efforts; he fought in the Komaki and Nagakute battles of 1584, the Ki no kuni (Ki Province) attacks of 1585, the Kyushu Campaign of 1587 and the Odawara Campaign of 1590 etc.

• しかしながら、地上権を設定した借地契約であり、収益については当初40年間は地上権者が地権者に最初の5年は年5万円ずつ、残り35年間は毎年1万円ずつ支払い、その後は伐採した材木の販売益を地権者と折半する分収方式であった。
• On the other hand, the terms of the lease granted surface rights to the forest land according to the following conditions: the surface rights owner was obliged to pay the land owner 50,000 yen every year for the first five years of the initial 40-year period and then 10,000 yen every year for the remaining 35 years, after which half of any profits made from the selling of any trees logged there were to be paid to the land owner.

• 旧幕臣らを中心とする彰義隊が活動していた問題では大村益次郎らとともに討伐を主張し軍監として上野戦争で戦い彰義隊勢を上野寛永寺周辺に追い詰め、さらに佐賀藩のアームストロング砲を遠方射撃する戦術などにより彰義隊は瓦解する。
• With regard to the issue of the activities of the Shogitai (group of former Tokugawa retainers opposed to the Meiji government who fought in the Battle of Ueno) which focused on the former shogun's retainers, Senpei and Masujiro OMURA advocated the subjugation of the group and he fought as a Assistant Deputy General at the Battle of Ueno drive the Shogitai forces to the area surrounding Kanei-ji Temple in Ueno, before forcing the Shogitai to break up by using tactics such as long range gunfire from Armstrong Guns.

• 一般ガス事業者、簡易ガス事業者及びガス導管事業者は、前二条の規定により他人の土地に立ち入り、又は植物を伐採し、若しくは移植したことによつて土地の所有者、植物の所有者その他の関係人の現に受けた損失を補償しなければならない。
• A General Gas Utility, Community Gas Utility and Gas Pipeline Service Provider shall, when having entered another person's land or cleared or transplanted another person's plants pursuant to any of the preceding two Articles, compensate for any loss actually incurred by the owner of the land or the plants or other persons concerned as a result of such entry, clearing or transplantation.

• 寿永2年（1183年）7月の平氏西走後も、その本拠であった伊賀・伊勢両国には平氏家人が播居しており、元暦元年（1184年）3月に大内惟義が伊賀の守護に補任され、武蔵国の御家人大井実春が平家与党討伐のため伊勢に派遣される。
• Even after the Taira clan escaped to Saigoku (the western part of Japan) in July 1183, men of the Taira clan lived over wide areas of both Iga and Ise Provinces, which had been their home territory, so Koreyoshi OUCHI was assigned as Ise shugo (military governor of Ise) and Saneharu OI, a vassal in Musashi Province, was dispatched to Ise to subdue the Taira clan and their retainers there in April 1184.

• 政宗は、慶長5年11月に届いた家康からの書状を請け、慶長6年2月17日に「家臣等軍役ノ人数改メ」を命じて内々に出陣の準備をしていたが、上杉家が本多正信や結城秀康等を通じて降伏を願い出たため、結果的に上杉征伐は中止された。
• In response to the letter from Ieyasu which arrived in November, 1600, Masamune ordered 'a survey on a number of warriors including vassals in military service' on February 17, 1601 to secretly prepare for the battle, but the conquest of Uesugi was canceled as a result because the Uesugi family called for the surrender through Masanobu HONDA and Hideyasu YUKI.

• 天正4年（1576年）、その昔足利尊氏が再起を果たし足利家にとって縁起の良い土地であった備後国鞆の浦（当時は毛利領）に亡命政府（幕府）を樹立（鞆幕府とも呼ばれる）し、そこから信長追放を目指して諸大名に討伐令を下し続けた。
• In 1576, Yoshiaki built a government in exile (Shogunate) at Tomo no Ura in Bingo Province (Mori clan domain at that time), which was a lucky place for the ASHIKAGA family because Takauji ASHIKAGA successfully recovered, and continued to give orders to various feudal lords to suppress Nobunaga,

• 元久2年（1205年）6月、北条時政の策謀により畠山重忠に謀反の疑いがかけられ、時政の嫡男の義時を総大将とする討伐の軍が発せられ、義盛も一手の大将軍として出陣、幕府の大軍を前に重忠とその一族は滅ぼされた（畠山重忠の乱）。
• In July 1205, because of the plot by Tokimasa HOJO, Shigetada HATAKEYAMA was suspected of planning a rebellion, an army to kill him was formed with Tokimasa's legitimate son Yoshitoki as the supreme commander; and Yoshimori was there as the sole Taishogun (commander in chief), and before the large Shogunal army, Shigetada and his family were destroyed (Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion).

• しかしながら、従来の九ヶ村惣山が九ヶ村共有林と呼び方が変わったにしてもこの地域における山林利用の形態に大きな変化はなく、従来同様知井や針畑から入山して、製炭を中心に、生活用品の原材料となる雑木を伐採して生計を立てていた。
• However, even though the expression of 'a mountain common to nine Chii villages' was changed to 'a mountain shared by nine villages,' the ways of using the forests in this area changed little, and the people there entered the mountains and earned their living mainly through creating charcoal while cutting miscellaneous trees to produce everyday utensils.

• 文武王は675年2月に謝罪使を派遣して一時的和平を現出したが、その後も小規模な戦闘を繰り返し、676年11月には白江河口部の伎伐浦（忠清北道舒川郡長項）で唐軍に大打撃を与え、ついに唐の新羅征討と半島支配とをあきらめさせた。
• Although King Munmu dispatched a messenger of apology in February 675 to temporarily create peace, he continued small-scaled battles and gave heavy damages to Tang's army in 伎伐浦 (長項, Seocheon County, North Chungcheong Province) at the mouth of 白江河 River in November 676, and as a result, Tang finally gave up punitive invasion into Silla and conquest of the peninsula.

• 元亀3年（1572年）10月3日 (旧暦)、将軍・足利義昭の信長討伐令の呼びかけに応じて、上洛するために甲府を進発した（ただし、信玄は信長に友好的な書状を送り続けるなど、なおも同盟を続行させるかのような行動を見せている）。
• On November 18, 1572, he left Kofu to advance to Kyoto under a Nobunaga tobatsurei (a command for putting down Nobunaga) issued by Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA (Shingen kept acting to maintain the alliance, sending amicable documents to Nobunaga).

• 電気事業者は、前項の規定により植物を伐採し、又は移植しようとするときは、あらかじめ、植物の所有者に通知しなければならない。ただし、あらかじめ通知することが困難なときは、伐採又は移植の後、遅滞なく、通知することをもつて足りる。
• An Electricity Utility shall, when intending to clear or transplant plants pursuant to the preceding paragraph, notify the owner of the plants in advance; provided, however, that if it is difficult to give notification in advance, it is sufficient for the Electricity Utility to give notification without delay after the clearing or transplantation.

• 重忠討伐の際、重忠を擁護したという義時は、その後重忠の遺児を庇護したなどという形跡はなく、重忠の所領は義時・政子の姉妹である重忠の妻に安堵され、その妻は北条氏の縁戚足利義純に再嫁して畠山氏を継承し、重忠の血筋は断絶している。
• Although Yoshitoki protected Shigetada at the time of the rebellion, there was no evidence that he looked after Shigetada's children after his death; Shigetada's wife, who was a sister of Yoshitoki and Masako, was approved to inherit Shigetada's territories, however, she married Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, who then became head of the Hatayama clan, which in fact ended Shigetada's family line.

• この征伐前後における彼の矛盾した秀吉への対応には、秀吉の九州征伐で婿養子・島津忠隣を失ったことからの怨恨説、今征伐における秀吉の島津家への不興を一身に背負おうとした説など複数あるが、定説はなく歳久の後年を語る最大の謎である。
• There are several theories which have tried to explain his contradictory attitudes toward Hideyoshi: from the grudge he started to develop due to the loss of his adopted son, Tadachika SHIMAZU, and from the reasoning that he tried to shoulder all the displeasure that the Shimazu family received, etc, however, there is no proven theory and this contradiction has come to be one of the biggest mysteries about Toshihisa in later years.

• 8月18日には、範頼の家人らが館に籠もって不審な動きを見せたとして結城朝光、梶原景時父子、仁田忠常らによって直ちに討伐され、また20日には曾我祐成の同母兄弟、京の小次郎という人物が範頼の縁座として誅殺されている（『吾妻鏡』）。
• On August 18, because Noriyori's kenin (retainers) acted suspiciously in their residence, Tomomitsu YUKI and Tadatsune NITA suppressed them, then on the 20th a paternal half-brother of SOGA no Sukenari, Kyo no Kojiro was murdered as Noriyori's enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) ('Azuma Kagami').

• その後、浪岡御所北畠顕村の浪岡城を攻め落とすなど、為信は天正16年（1588年）頃には津軽地方と外ヶ浜と糠部の一部を集中に収める事に成功し、天正18年（1590年）には豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐に参陣して、秀吉より所領を安堵された。
• Later, Tamenobu captured the Namioka-jo Castle of Akimura KITABATAKE called 'Imperial Palace of Namioka', succeeded in taking control of the Tsugaru region and parts of Sotogahama and Mekanobu by around 1588, and in 1590 he took part in the conquest and siege of Odawara headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and had his territory approved by Hideyoshi.

• 一方で、林野庁は花粉症対策の重点をスギの選択的な間伐に求めてきたが、2006年、花粉の抑制効果について誤解を招く発表をしていたことがマスコミの指摘により明らかになり、従来からの植え替えに消極的な姿勢に疑問が持たれることもあった。
• On the other hand, the Forestry Agency focused its pollinosis countermeasures on the selective felling Japanese cedar trees but in 2006 the media brought to light an announcement that caused misunderstanding regarding the suppressive effect on pollen, and there is doubt surrounding the passive stance toward conventional transplantation.

• 前項の規定により障害物を伐除しようとする者又は土地に試掘等を行なおうとする者は、伐除しようとする日又は試掘等を行なおうとする日の三日前までに、その旨を当該障害物又は当該土地若しくは障害物の所有者及び占有者に通知しなければならない。
• Individuals who intend to remove obstacles or conduct test drilling etc. pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph must inform the owners and possessors of said obstacles or land of their intentions no later than three days prior to the day of intended removal or test drilling etc.

• 更に急遽山科本願寺に戻った下間頼秀の報告を受けた蓮淳は超勝寺実顕の行為はあくまでも法主の命令に従ったものであり、その命に逆らうものは法主への反逆であるとして超勝寺と全国の門徒に対して賀州三ヶ寺の討伐命令を証如の名で発したのである。
• Moreover, receiving the report from Raishu SHIMOTSUMA who rushed back to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple, Rennyo asserted that Jitsugen of Chosho-ji Temple just followed the order from hoshu and that those who opposed the order were the traitors to hoshu, and gave orders under the name of Shonyo to Chosho-ji Temple and the followers throughout the country that Gashu Sanka-ji Temples be subjugated.

• 本能寺の変後、織田氏の後継者問題では勝家は信長の三男・織田信孝を推したが、明智光秀を討伐したことで実績や発言力が大きかった羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）が信長の嫡孫・三法師（織田秀信）を擁立したため、織田氏の家督は三法師が継ぐこととなった。
• After the Honnoji Incident, Katsuie pushed Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga for the successor of the Oda clan, but Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), who had a major achievements and influence as a result of subduing Mitsuhide AKECHI, backed Sanboshi (Hidenobu ODA), the legitimate grandson of Nobunaga, so the reigns of the Oda clan were transferred to Sanboshi.

• 鉱業に関する測量又は実地調査のため必要があるときは、鉱業権の設定を受けようとする者、租鉱権者となろうとする者、鉱業出願人、鉱業権者又は租鉱権者は、経済産業局長の許可を受けて、他人の土地に立ち入り、又は支障となる竹木を伐採することができる。
• When it is necessary for survey and on-the-spot investigation concerning mining, those who intend to create their mining rights or those who intend to become holders of mining lease right, mining applicants, and holders of mining right or mining lease right may enter into the land of others or fell obtrusive bamboos and trees with permission of the Director of Regional Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 時政が子の北条義時と北条時房に重忠討伐を相談すると、2人は重忠の忠勤を訴えて謀反など起こすがはずがないと反対したが、牧の方の兄大岡時親に「牧の方が継母だから仇をしようと思っているのだろう」と迫られ、やむなく義時は重忠討伐に同意したという。
• When Tokimasa HOJO consulted with his sons Yoshitoki and Tokifusa about whether or not Shigetada should be subdued, they declined to do so as they believed that Shigetada was faithful enough not to rebel against them; however, it is said that Yoshitoki ended up agreeing with the idea when Maki no kata's older brother Tokichika Ooka put pressure on him by claiming that he was planning a rebellion since Maki no kata was his mother in law.

• 明応2年（1493年）、畠山義豊を討伐するために河内国に出陣していたが、その間に京都では細川政元と日野富子によって義政・義視の弟に当たる足利政知の子・足利義澄が新将軍として擁立されたため、義材は将軍職を廃されることとなった（明応の政変）。
• In 1493, while Yoshiki was fighting a battle to conquer Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA, Masamoto HOSOKAWA and Tomiko HINO conspired to have Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the son of Masatomo ASHIKAGA (a younger brother of Yoshimasa and Yoshimi), appointed as the new Shogun, resulting in Yoshiki's removal (the Meio Coup).

• 悪霊の討伐として抜擢された源三位入道頼政（源頼政）は、元凶である鵺（ヌエと読み。頭はサル、胴体はタヌキ、手足はトラ、尾はヘビ。元はトラツグミの不気味な鳴き声のみから想像したもので形は曖昧だったともいう）という妖怪・もののけを弓矢で退治した」
• MINAMOTO no sanmi nyudo Yorimasa (MINAMOTO no Yorimasa) was selected as a leader to attack the evil spirit and got rid of the monster called nue (a monster with a monkey head, raccoon dog's body, tiger's paws and feet and a snakes' tale, which was originally imagined by an eerie voice of a White Thrush. It is also said that the figure was not clear).'

• また、征夷大将軍足利義政は、上杉憲忠を謀殺するなど粗暴な振る舞いの目立つ鎌倉公方足利成氏に対し、鎌倉からは追放はしたものの討伐するだけの力が無かったので、孝胤は足利成氏側に付き勢力拡大を図り、その後この系統も千葉氏と呼ばれている。
• In addition, the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'a great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA banished the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) Shigeuji ASHIKAGA from Kamakura because Shigeuji's behavior, including the premeditated murder of Noritada UESUGI, was too violent and rude to be overlooked, but since the shogun was not powerful enough to defeat him, Noritane attempted to increase his influence by supporting Shigeuji ASHIKAGA's side, which lineage has also been called the Chiba clan from that time onwards.

• 気象庁長官は、気象、地象、地動、地球磁気、地球電気又は水象を観測するためやむを得ない必要がある場合においては、あらかじめ所有者又は占有者の承諾を得て、当該業務に従事する職員に、障害となる植物又はかき、さく等を伐除させることができる。
• In cases there is an unavoidable necessity for performing observations of meteorological phenomena, terrestrial phenomena, tremors and ground deformations, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, or hydrological phenomena, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may cause the staff members engaging in said services to clear or remove the plants, fences, rails, etc. that would cause interference by obtaining prior approval from the owner or possessor thereof.

• 天誅組の変（てんちゅうぐみのへん）は、幕末の文久3年（1863年）8月17日 (旧暦)に吉村寅太郎をはじめとする尊皇攘夷派浪人の一団（天誅組）が公卿中山忠光を主将として大和国で決起し、後に江戸幕府軍の討伐を受けて壊滅した事件である。
• Tenchu-gumi Incident ('Tenchu-gumi no hen' in Japanese) was an incident that occurred at the end of the Edo period; it was carried out by a group of people called Tenchu-gumi (Heavenly Avenging Force) consisting of a bunch of ronin (masterless samurai) who were Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctrine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) including Torataro YOSHIMURA; this group rose to action in Yamato Province having a court noble Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA as the commander-in-chief on September 29, 1863 and was subsequently put down and destroyed by the army of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by the shogun).

• だが、1506年（永正3年）、細川政元の要請を受けて畠山義英討伐への協力に応じると、畠山氏との関係が深かった摂津国・河内国の門徒が猛反発し、実如の異母弟で畠山氏の血を引く実賢（後に近江国称徳寺）を石山御坊にて擁立して法主交替を求める。
• But in 1506, when Jitsunyo agreed to Masamoto HOSOKAWA's request to cooperate in the subjugation of Yoshihide HATAKEYAMA, Jodo Shinshu followers from Settsu and Kawachi Provinces, who had strong ties to the Hatakeyama clan, furiously opposed him, and consequently Jitsunyo's younger brother by a different mother, Jitsugen, himself descended from the Hatakeyama clan, demanded, with the backing of Ishiyama Gobo (later became Omi Province's Shotoku-ji Temple), that he replaced Jitsunyo as Hoshu (high priest) of the Jodo Shinshu Sect.

• 尊氏が鎌倉に入り幕府設立の動きを見せ、朝廷が新田義貞を総大将とする尊氏の討伐軍を発すると、道誉は尊氏軍として義貞軍と矢作川で戦うが敗れ、手超河原では弟の佐々木貞満も討たれ一旦は義貞に下るが、次の箱根の戦いでは尊氏方として戦い勝利する。
• When Takauji moved into Kamakura and began establishing the bakufu while the Imperial court sent the subjugating army led by the grand leader Yoshisada NITTA to defeat Takauji, Doyo, as the Takauji army, fought against the Yoshisada army in the Yahagi-gawa River but was defeated, and his younger brother Mitsusada SASAKI was also defeated by Yoshisada in the Tegoegawara river to once yield, but in the next battle of Hakone they fought on the side of the Takauji army that ended in victory for them.

• 上巻においては神功皇后のいわゆる「三韓征伐」、皇后の皇子であり八幡大菩薩とされる応神天皇の事蹟、元寇文永の役における蒙古軍の襲来、対馬・壱岐への侵攻、九州上陸と九州御家人勢との戦闘の状況、箱崎八幡宮（筥崎八幡宮）の焼亡などが記される。
• Book I introduces the following episodes: the so-called 'sankan-seibatsu' (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) by Empress Jingu; the achievements of Emperor Ojin, the son of Empress Jingu, who was regarded as Hachiman Daibosatsu (Great Bodhisattva Hachiman); and the attacks of Mongol army, invasions into Tsushima and Iki Provinces, Mongol army's landing on Kushyu island, battle between Mongol army and Kyushu warriors, and the burning of Hakozaki Hachiman-gu Shrine during the Bunei War.

• 1441年(嘉吉元)に赤松満祐らが6代将軍足利義教を殺害し、領国の播磨国で挙兵した嘉吉の乱では義教と同席していたが抵抗せずに脱出し、討伐軍の主力を率いて戦い鎮圧に貢献し、赤松氏の領国を加えて播磨国など8ヶ国の守護職を回復して再び権勢を得た。
• Although he had sided with the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, he fled without resistance during the Kakitsu Incident in 1441 when Mitsusuke AKAMATSU assassinated Yoshinori and started a war in the Province of Harima, nevertheless, he then led the main punitive force, defeating Mitsusuke and gaining the Akamatsu's domains, including Harima, to become the Shugo of eight provinces.

• 康暦の政変で管領の細川頼之が失脚し、山名氏の強大化を懸念していたと考えられる3代将軍足利義満は、時義死後の家中分裂に伴い、将軍令として氏清とその甥にあたる山名満幸に対して時煕、山名氏幸の討伐令を下し、氏清はこれに応じて時煕を攻めて追放した。
• Following the fall from power of Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who was Kanrei (Shogun's deputy), during the Koryaku no Seihen (the Koryaku Coup), the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was alarmed about the Yamana clan gaining power and taking advantage of the situation in the Yamane clan after the death of Tokiyoshi, ordered Ujikiyo and his nephew Mitsuyuki YAMANA to subdue Tokihiro and Ujiyuki YAMANA; as ordered, Ujikiyo expelled Tokihiro.

• 胸高直径が七十センチメートル以上の立木の伐木、胸高直径が二十センチメートル以上で、かつ、重心が著しく偏している立木の伐木、つりきりその他特殊な方法による伐木又はかかり木でかかつている木の胸高直径が二十センチメートル以上であるものの処理の業務
• Work involving the felling of standing trees with a chest-height diameter of 70 cm or more, felling of standing trees with a chest-height diameter of 20 cm or more and with its center of gravity extremely deviated, felling of trees by such special methods as hang-up cutting, etc., or disposing of trees including a hanging tree with a chest-height diameter of 20 cm or more;

• 古代の有力豪族であった物部氏の末裔（仏教反対派として有名な物部守屋の弟の5代目の子孫だとされる）である石上氏に生まれた宅嗣は藤原仲麻呂討伐などで活躍をして大納言にまで昇る一方で当時を代表する知識人・文人であり、熱心な仏教信者でもあった。
• Born into the Isonokami clan that is descended from the powerful ancient clan of Mononobe (alleged to be the fifth-generation descendant of the younger brother of MONONOBE no Moriya who opposed the introduction of Buddhism), Yakatsugu is famed for his military accomplishments defeating FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and rising to the rank of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) but at the same time was a leading figure in literature and arts and an avid Buddhist.

• 当初事件の主犯とされた義家の次弟の源義綱が義忠の養子源為義（源義親の五男）の討伐を受けて壊滅、また事件後真犯人がもう一人の弟(三弟)源義光であったことが明らかになるなど、源氏内部の内紛・衰退がさらに明白になり、源氏の権勢はしばらく失墜した。
• At first, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, the second younger brother of Yoshiie, was considered to be the main culprit, and was annihilated in the punitive expedition by MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, the adopted son of Yoshitada (the fifth son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika), and after the incident, MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu, another younger brother (the third younger brother) was found to be the real culprit, which made internal troubles and decline of Genji more apparent and its power was lost for a while.

• 当研究林のエリアも含めた旧北桑田郡及び隣接する旧葛野郡・愛宕郡両郡北部の山林地域は、平安京遷都以降内裏の造営をはじめとした建築用材確保のための杣山として指定されるなど、旺盛な京都の材木需要に支えられて伐採～更新のサイクルが繰り返されていた。
• In the mountain areas that include former Kitakuwada County, including the area of this research forest, and also the northern forest part of both of former Kadono County and Otagi County bordering former Kitakuwada County, the cycle of logging and forest regeneration was repeated due to the active demand for wood in Kyoto as the area was specified as a somayama (timber forest) to secure wood for constructing the dairi (Imperial Palace) and other buildings after the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyo.

• 延徳元年（1489年）、室町幕府第9代将軍の足利義尚が近江国の六角高頼征伐の在陣中に死去した後、伯父の義政と和睦した父・義視と共に逼塞先の美濃国の土岐成頼のもとから上洛し、足利義政の養子となって延徳2年（1490年）に第10代将軍に就任した。
• In 1489, after Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, the ninth Shogun of the Muromachi Government, died during his war to conquer Takayori ROKKAKU, Yoshiki left the domain of Shigeyori TOKI, where he was hiding, in order to visit the Imperial Court in Kyoto with his father, who had signed a truce with his uncle, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, was adopted by Yoshimasa and appointed by the Emperor as the tenth Shogun of the Muromachi Government in 1490.

• 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
• When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.

• 天正10年（1582年）、かつての婚約者であった織田信忠を総大将とする織田軍の武田征伐を避ける為、仁科盛信の娘・小督姫ら3人の姫を連れて、武田旧臣が多く住む武州多摩郡恩方（現・東京都八王子市）へ向かい、古刹・金照庵（現・八王子市上恩方町）に入る。
• In 1582, to avoid subjugation of Takeda by the Oda army led by her former fiance, the supreme commander Nobutada ODA, she went to Ongata, Tama County, Bushu (Hachioji City, Tokyo) where many old retainers of the Takeda clan lived to live in kosatsu Kinsho-an (ancient temple, Kinsho-an Retreat) (located in Kamiongata-machi, Hachioji City).

• この他、奈良中期の政治実権を握った恵美押勝（藤原仲麻呂）、道鏡の天皇即位を阻止した和気清麻呂、平将門を討伐した藤原秀郷、平氏政権を確立した平清盛、その平氏政権を倒して鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝などが、その功績により功田を給与されたと記録に残されている。
• In addition to them, it is recorded that Koden was granted for the great achievements to EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro) who assumed the real political power during the middle of the Nara period, WAKE no Kiyomaro who prevented Dokyo from acceding to the throne, FUJIWARA no Hidesato who defeated TAIRA no Masakado, TAIRA no Kiyomori who established the Taira clan government, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who defeated the Taira clan government and established the Kamakura bakufu, and others.

• 806年には桓武天皇の前で藤原緒嗣といわゆる「徳政論争」を行い、農民の負担軽減のために軍事・造作を停止すべきとの緒嗣の主張に強く反対するが、天皇は緒嗣の主張を採択し、計画中であった蝦夷征伐と平安宮造宮の中止、造宮職の廃止と木工寮への統合が決まった。
• In 806, he had so-called 'Tokusei ronso (argument over virtuous government)' with FUJIWARA no Otsugu in front of Emperor Kanmu, and although he strongly opposed Otsugu's insistence to cease the military affairs and construction in order to reduce farmers' burdens, the Emperor adopted Otsugu's insistence and canceled the punitive expedition to Ezo and construction of Heian-kyo Palace

• しかしその後、本願寺門徒と富樫政親は対立するようになり、長享2年（1488年）、政親が一向宗討伐軍を差し向けると、結局政親を自刃に追い込んで自治を行うまでになった（ただし富樫氏一族の富樫正高は一向一揆に同情的で、守護大名として象徴的に居座っている）。
• However, Hongan-ji's Monto and Masachika TOGASHI opposed each other after that, and when Masachika sent a force to subdue Ikko Shu in 1488, they forced Masachika to commit suicide by his sword, and achieved autonomous control (However, Masataka TOGASHI of the Togashi clan showed sympathy for Ikko-Ikki, and he remained Shugo Daimyo symbolically).

• 足利尊氏が、信濃国で北条時行らが蜂起して鎌倉を一時占領した中先代の乱の討伐を契機に建武政権から離脱すると、楠木正成、新田義貞らと共に宮方として尊氏と戦うが、1336年（延元元年/建武3年）の湊川の戦いの後に京都に入った尊氏に敗れ、三条猪隈で討死する。
• When Takauji ASHIKAGA deserted the Kenmu Government after suppressing the Nakasendai War in which Tokiyuki HOJO uprose in Shinano Province and temporarily occupied Kamakura, Nagatoshi battled against Takauji, supporting the court with Masashige KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada NITTA, but was defeated by Takauji who entered Kyoto after the Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, and was killed in the battlefield of Sanjo Inokuma.

• 藤原氏一族の藤原北家の藤原道兼の曾孫を称する藤原宗円が、源頼義、源義家の奥州安倍氏 (奥州)討伐（前九年の役）での功により宇都宮（現・栃木県宇都宮市宇都宮二荒山神社の別称）別当職に任じられ、宗円の孫の宇都宮朝綱から苗字（名字）として宇都宮氏を名のる。
• In recognition of his military service for the subjugation of the Oshu-Abe clan (the subjugation of Oshu) (the Zen Kunen no Eki [the Early Nine Years' War]) by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, FUJIWARA no Soen who called himself a great-grandchild of FUJIWARA no Michikane of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan was appointed to the Bettoshiki (office of head administrator) of the Utsunomiya (another name of the present Utsunomiya Futaarayama-jinja Shrine in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture), and since the era of his grandson, Tomotsuna UTSUNOMIYA, the family had taken the surname of Utsunomiya.

• 1333年（元弘3/正慶2）、反幕府勢力の討伐のために京都へ派遣された有力御家人の足利尊氏が、一転して後醍醐側へつき六波羅探題を落とすと、新田義貞が上野国で挙兵し、これに呼応した関東の御家人たちと鎌倉を攻略して、鎌倉幕府と北条氏は滅亡した（元弘の乱）。
• In 1333, when a senior vassal named Takauzi ASHIKAGA who had been dispatched to Kyoto to eliminate the anti-bakufu forces defected to the Godaigo faction and deposed the Rokuhara Tandai, Yoshisada NITTA raised an army in Kozuke Province and with Kanto gokenin, who agreed to this, captured Kamakura and thus overthrew the Kamakura bakufu and the Hojo clan (Genko War).

• 結局、大学、京都府、地元を交えた議論の中で調停が行われ、1923年4月に契約の一部を修正して、地権者側の伐採収益取得の権利を地上権者側に譲渡し、地上権者側は代償として、39年間の借地料金利の積算額である22万円を同年中に地権者側に支払うことで和解した。
• Mediation attempts were made through discussions among the university, Kyoto Prefecture and the local people concerned, and they were reconciled in April 1923 according to the following conditions that modified some portions of the original contract details: The land-owning-person-side right of acquiring profit from cutting woods there should be transferred to the university side, and the person with the right to use the land should pay the land-owning person 220,000 yen that amounted to the accumulation of interests for land rent over 39 years, to compensate for the transfer of the right.

• 10代将軍の足利義稙（義稙）は、1491年(延徳3)に奉公衆を率いて六角氏討伐を行い、1493年(明応2)には河内国の畠山義豊を討伐するために出陣するが、出陣中に幕府において管領の細川政元が将軍廃立を行い（明応の政変）、奉公衆の制度も事実上解体された。
• Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the tenth shogun, subjugated the Rokkaku clan in 1491 by leading Hokoshu, went on a journey for subjugating Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA in the Kawach Province in 1493, but while he was on the journey, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, deputy to shogun, abolished the shogun position (Coup of Meio), effectively dismantling the Hokoshu system.

• 兄平保盛と共に同年9月には熊野討伐に出陣し、寿永元年（1182年）には諸国追討計画（未実施）で南海道方面大将に任ぜられるが、寿永2年（1183年）5月12日、倶利伽羅峠の戦いで木曽義仲の部将樋口兼光に首をはねられ討死したと『源平盛衰記』には記されている。
• According to 'Genpei Seisuiki,' Tamemori went to the front together with his elder brother TAIRA no Yasumori to hunt down Kumano area in October 1180; in 1182, he was appointed to the general in charge of the Nankaido area under the plan of hunting down various provinces (the plan was not executed); he died in the battle by being struck his head by Kanemitsu HIGUCHI, the commanding officer of Yoshinaka KISO, on June 10, 1183, during the Battle of the Kurihara Pass.

• 幕府に対する忠誠心は父譲りなのか、慶応4年（1868年）の鳥羽・伏見の戦い後、第15代将軍・徳川慶喜に対して朝廷から討伐令が下ると、上洛して慶喜の助命と徳川氏の存続を嘆願したが、明治新政府から拒絶されただけでなく、京都に軟禁状態とされてしまったのである。
• He was loyal to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) like his father and when an imperial decree to attack the fifteenth shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, was promulgated after the Battle of Toba and Fushimi in 1868, he went to Kyoto to beg for Yoshinobu's life and the continuance of the Tokugawa clan, but not only was he refused by the new Meiji government but was captured and house arrested in Kyoto.

• 治承4年（1180年）12月、平家一門による京都還幸後間もなく近江国で源氏勢力による叛乱が起きると、清盛の命を受けた家継は、伊賀、伊勢の武士を率いて直ちにこれの討伐に向かい、反平家の挙兵を企てた能瀬高頼を討ち取ったほか甲賀入道柏木義兼の城を攻め落とすなどした。
• In December, 1180, when there was an insurrection of the Minamoto clan in Omi Province soon after the Emperor came back to Kyoto, Ietsugu, by the order of Kiyomori, led the soldiers from Iga and Ise to suppress it, and defeated Takanori NOSE, who raised his army against the Taira Family, and captured the castle of Yoshikane KASHIWAGI, Koga Nyudo.

• この計画は「花粉の少ない森づくり」というプロジェクト名で、自然保護活動家として知られる作家のC.W.ニコル氏らが代表発起人となり、多摩地域のスギ林の伐採および花粉の少ない品種のスギや広葉樹への植え替えなどを50年計画で行い、今後10年間で花粉の量を2割削減するという。
• The project, which is named 'Kafun no Sukunai Morizukuri' (lit. The Creation of Low-Pollen Forests) and has conservationist and author C. W. NICOL serving as representative promoter, aims to fell Japanese cedar forests in the Tama area and transplant them with low-pollen Japanese cedar cultivars and broadleaf trees over a 50 year period as well as reduce pollen levels by 20% over the next 10 years.

• 事業者は、造林、伐木、造材、木寄せ又は修羅による集材若しくは運材の作業（以下この節において「造林等の作業」という。）を行なつている場所の下方で、伐倒木、玉切材、枯損木等の木材が転落し、又はすべることによる危険を生ずるおそれのあるところには、労働者を立ち入らせてはならない。
• The employer shall not allow a worker to enter a place downward of place where carrying out the work of afforestation, tree felling, logging, tree collecting, or yarding by chute, or log conveying (hereinafter referred to as "work of afforestation, etc." in this Section) where it is liable to cause dangers due to falling or sliding felled trees processed lumber, dead or damaged trees, etc.

• 『吾妻鏡』によると、「頼家が重病のため、あとは6歳の長男一幡が継ぎ、日本国総守護と関東28ヶ国の総地頭となり、12歳の源実朝には関西38ヶ国の総地頭を譲ると発表された。しかし実朝に譲られる事に不満を抱いた能員が、実朝と北条氏討伐を企てた」（8月27日条）。
• According to the 'Azuma Kagami,' the situation is described as, 'It was announced that since Yoriie was seriously ill, his first son Ichiman, who was six years old, was hired and became the So-shugo (Master of Provincial constables) of Japan and So-jito (manager and lord of a manor) of the twenty-eight provinces in the Kanto region, while MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, who was twelve years old, became So-jito of the thirty-eight provinces in the Kansai region. However, Yoshikazu was against Sanetomo's succession and planned to kill him along with the Hojo clan' (Azuma Kagami on the section under August 27th (October 10th of the current calendar)).

• 九州には、征西将軍宮懐良親王を擁する南朝方の菊池氏や、足利方の九州探題で博多を本拠とした一色範氏（道猷）、大宰府の少弐頼尚らの勢力が鼎立していたところ、直冬は、将軍尊氏より直冬の討伐命令を受けた一色氏らと戦い、懐良親王の征西府と協調路線を取り大宰府攻略を目指す。
• In Kyushu, where the Kikuchi clan of the Southern Court faction, which was protecting Prince Kaneyoshi, who was a both a member of the imperial family and the seisai taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians'), Noriuji ISSHIKI (Doken), who was the Kyushu tandai (regional commissioner in Kyushu) under the ASHIKAGA clan and was based in the Hakata district, and Yorinao SHONI, who was an official of Dazaifu (governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system), had been in contention with each other, Tadafuyu fought against the Isshiki clan, who had received the order from Shogun Takauji to subjugate Tadafuyu, and cooperated with the Seisaifu government of Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, with the aim of capturing Dazaifu.

• また、自分の政権維持のために、平家や木曾義仲ら武士勢力を利用しては、その存在が邪魔になると討伐という形で使い捨てを続けた事から、源頼朝からは「日本国第一の大天狗」と評された（ただし、近年この大天狗の表現は、院近臣の高階泰経を指したのではないかとする説も出ている）。
• Also he was called by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the 'No.1 Tengu (Mountain spirit) in Japan' which means the most boisterous person in Japan, since he used the Samurai forces, such as the Taira clan or Yoshinaka KISO, to keep his political authority and killed them when they were no longer needed, in another words he used and discarded people. (however recently there is another theory that this expression about Tengu is considered to be describing his close aide, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune.)

• 一方、中央の朝廷（律令政府）もこれを抑止するどころか、8世紀末期の平安京造営と蝦夷討伐の費用の捻出のために不動穀の一部を中央に上供させたり、不動穀の財源である田租の中から国税にあたる年料租舂米・年料別納租穀を抽出したため、結果的に貯蔵に回す稲穀の量は減少することになった。
• On the other hand, the Imperial Court in the capital, which was the government based on ritsuryo system, did not suppress this use of fudokoku; the government itself needed funds to build Heiankyo (ancient capital in curent Kyoto) at the end of the eighth century and to send an expedition to subjugate Ezo (northerners), so that it ordered a part of fudokoku to be delivered to the capital; also the government extracted the national taxes of nenryo soshomai (milled rice to be provided to officials) and nenryo betsuno sokoku (rice in the husk to be provided to officials) from the rice field tax that should have been stored as fudokoku; it resulted in a decrease in the amount of rice in the husk to be stored.

• 源季貞は父の代からの平家郎党であるということで平家方であったために、同族を討伐する大将になったともいえるが、一説には、源義時が源季貞の曽祖父にあたる源義忠の暗殺事件に荷担もしくは関係があったため（根拠：源義忠の暗殺後、弟の源義時は河内源氏の棟梁の地位を望んだ）といわれる。
• It was not strange that MINAMOTO no Suesada was appointed the commander to subjugate the same clan since his father and he had served Heike, however, according to another opinion, it was because Minamoto no Yoshitoki had organized the conspiracy against the life of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada, the great-grandfather of Suesada, or had been associated with the murder in some degree (considering that after the murder of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada, his brother Yoshitoki had aimed at the position of the leader of the Kawachi-Genji).

• その後文室綿麻呂が、蝦夷との交戦に際して弘仁2年（811年）4月17日に「大」なしの征夷将軍に任命され、同年 閏12月11日 蝦夷征伐の終了を奏上、鎮守将軍（府なし）には副将軍だった物部足継が昇格、しかし、弘仁5年（814年）11月17日には、また「大」なしの征夷将軍に復帰している。
• Later, on April 17 of 811, during a battle with the Ezo, FUNYA no Watamaro was appointed Seii Shogun, without the 'tai,' and on December 11 of that year reported the end of the conquest of the Ezo, and MONONOBE no Taritsugu, who had been Fukushogun, rose to Chinju Shogun (without the 'fu'), but on November 17, 814, became again Seii Shogun without the 'tai.'

• 事業者は、造材の作業を行なうときは、転落し、又はすべることにより、当該作業に従事する労働者に危険を及ぼすおそれのある伐倒木、玉切材、枯損木等の木材について、当該作業に従事する労働者に、くい止め、歯止め等これらの木材が転落し、又はすべることによる危険を防止するための措置を講じさせなければならない。
• The employer shall, when carrying out the work of logging, have workers engaged in the said work provide stakes, stoppers, etc., or take other measures to prevent the dangers due to falling or sliding of felled trees, processed lumber, dead or damaged trees, etc.

• この動きを知った上野・越後守護代の芳賀禅可（宇都宮氏綱の重臣）は鎌倉に上る憲顕を上野で迎え撃とうとするが逆に武蔵国苦林野で基氏の軍勢に敗退、これに口実を得た基氏軍は討伐軍を宇都宮城に差し向けるが、途中の祇園城で小山義政の仲介の下、宇都宮氏綱の弁明を入れて討伐は中止された。
• Zenka HAGA (a senior vassal of Utsunomiya clan) who was Sugodai (provincial constable) of Echigo and Kazusa Provinces, being aware of this movement, planned to intercept Noriaki, heading for Kamakura, in Ueno, but was defeated by Motouji's troops at Nigabayashino, Musashi Province; making use of this incident as a reason, Motouji sent punitive forces to Utsunomiya-jo Castle, but on their way to Utsunomiya, the sending of troops for subjugation was cancelled because Motouji accepted an exucuse of Ujitsuna UTSUNOMIYA in Gion-jo Castle under mediation by Yoshimasa OYAMA.

• 例示された伊勢貞孝の討伐が象徴的であるが、自前の軍事力を持たない義輝の時代の幕府権力の回復（特に書簡と使者があれば事足りる大名間の調停者としてではなく、軍事力に裏打ちされた畿内の統治者としての権力の回復）は事実上三好長慶の幕府への融和的姿勢により支えられていたものであった。
• As is symbolized by the cited victory over Sadataka ISE, recovery of the Bakufu's power in the age of Yoshiteru, who had no real military force (recovery of power not as a mediator of inter-daimyo (feudal lord) strifes who would need only letters and messengers but as the ruler of the areas surrounding the capital whose position was supported by military force) was virtually supported by the conciliatory posture of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI toward the Bakufu.

• 従って、承久の乱を引き起こした後鳥羽天皇は非難され、逆に官軍を討伐した北条義時とその子北条泰時のその後の善政による社会の安定を評価して、「天照大神の意思に忠実だったのは泰時である」という一見矛盾した論理展開も見られるが、これも徳治を重視する親房から見れば、「正理」なのである。
• Consequently, Chikafusa is critical of Emperor Gotoba, who instigated the Jokyu War, and by contrast highly esteems the era of stability ushered in by the good government that began after the time of Yoshitoki HOJO and his son Yasutoki, who fought the loyalist forces into submission; the book also includes the seemingly contradictory assertion that 'the one that was truly faithful to the intentions of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu was Yasutoki,' but to Chikafusa, who placed such emphasis on virtuous rule, it must have seemed consistent and logical.

• 1335年（建武 (日本)2年）、北条氏の残党による中先代の乱が起き、討伐に向かった足利尊氏がそのまま建武政権から離反すると、尊氏を討伐するために京へ戻り、尊氏に京都を占領されると、京都を逃れた後醍醐が吉野（奈良県吉野郡吉野町）で開いた吉野朝廷に従い、北朝 (日本)と対抗する。
• In 1335, when Takauji ASHIKAGA went to put down the Nakasendai War set off by the Hojo clan's remnants and eventually seceded from the Kenmu Government, Chikafusa returned to Kyoto to subdue him; after Takauji captured Kyoto, Chikafusa confronted the Northern Court, followingYoshino Imperial Court which was established in Yoshino (Yoshino Town, Yoshino County, Nara Prefecture) by Emperor Godaigo, who had to leave Kyoto.

• 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
• In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).

• 藤氏救援と北条討伐のため、永禄4年（1561年）、関東管領上杉憲政・関白近衛前久を擁して10万余の大軍で関東に出兵した長尾景虎は小田原城の完全攻略には失敗したものの、古河御所は完全に制圧し、御所に籠る北条氏傀儡の足利義氏を追放する（代って藤氏が古河に入った）など、関東の大半を制した。
• In 1561, although Kagetora NAGAO's attempt to fully conquer Odawara-jo Castle in order to rescue Fujiuji and put down the Hojo clan by sending a large force of over hundred thousand soldiers including Kanto Kanrei Norimasa UESUGI and Kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor) Sakihisa KONOE to Kanto region was unsuccessful, he brought most of Kanto region under his control by completely conquering Koga Imperial Palace and banishing a puppet of the Hojo clan Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA who barricaded himself in the Imperial Palace (Fujiuji entered Koga instead).

• しかし、尊氏が没し2代将軍となった足利義詮および鎌倉公方となった足利基氏兄弟は、幼少時に執事として補佐した叔父の憲顕を密かに越後守護に再任し、1362年（貞治2年）には関東管領畠山国清を罷免しこれに抵抗して領国の伊豆に籠った国清を討伐、翌年、憲顕を国清の後釜として鎌倉に召還しようとした。
• However, after Takauji died, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA who had become the 2nd shogun and Motouji ASHIKAGA who had become a Kamakura kubo, secretly made their uncle Noriaki, who had assisted them as steward in their childhood, be reassigned as Echigo Shugo (provincial constable), and in 1362 they dismissed Kanto Kanrei, Kunikiyo HATAKEYAMA, who made resistance against the treatment and barricaded himself in the territory of Izu but was eventually suppressed; and a year later, they tried to bring Noriaki back to Kamakura as Kunikiyo's replacement.

• 国は、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用が地球温暖化の防止等に資することを踏まえ、多くの二酸化炭素を吸収し及び固定している森林、里山、草原、湿原等を保全するとともに、間伐、採草等の生物の多様性を保全するために必要な管理が促進されるようバイオマスの利用の推進その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall, taking into consideration that conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity contribute to prevention, etc. of global warming, conserve forests, satoyama (managed woodlands or grasslands near human settlements), grassland, wetland, etc. which absorb and fix much carbon dioxide, promote the use of biomass to ensure that necessary management to conserve biodiversity, including thinning and grass collection, is promoted, and take other necessary measures.

• 長引く南朝遺臣の討伐に加え同年7月11日 (旧暦)（8月12日）、義教と不仲であった弟の義昭の出奔をみた幕府首脳は、大覚寺が南朝ゆかりであること、玉川宮、護聖院宮らの南朝皇族も共に逃亡したことなどから、後南朝・義昭に加え、当時幕府派の関東管領上杉憲実と対立していた鎌倉公方足利持氏の連携を疑った。
• On August 12, 1437 when the shogunate was trying to subdue the surviving retainers of the Southern Court, Yoshiaki, who was at odds with his older brother Yoshinori ran away, so the leaders of the shogunate suspected the involvement of not only Yoshiaki of Gonancho (Second Southern Court) but also Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) who was in conflict with Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), because Daikaku-ji Temple (from where Yoshiaki ran away) was associated with the Southern Court and also imperial princes of the Southern Court, Tamagawa no miya and Goshoin no miya ran away, too.

• もっとも、かつては神功皇后の三韓征伐が史実と考えられていたこと、鎌倉時代の『曾我物語』（妙本寺本）においても日本の西の果てを「鬼界・高麗・硫黄嶋」と記されており、島国に住む日本人（外国と接する機会のある僧侶や商人などの例外を除く）における長年にわたる対外意識の希薄さが背景にあったと考えられている。
• This is because of such a background that the conquest of three Korean countries by Jinguu Empress was believed as a truth and that Japanese who lived in an island country (except priests or merchants who had a chance to meet foreigners) were less conscious on abroad for a long time, as 'Soga monogatari' (Myohonji-bon) written in Kamakura Period described western Japan as 'Kikai, Korea and Io-island'.

• 「南閻浮州東海路夷千島王遐叉呈上朝鮮殿下」で始まる奉書を持参し、夷千島国が従来仏教を知らなかったのが日本と通交するようになって以降仏教が伝来し三百年余りとなったこと、大蔵経が日本にもないので欲しいこと、夷千島国は西辺で朝鮮辺境の野老浦と接しているので野老浦が朝鮮王に反逆した際は征伐できること等を伝えた。
• He brought hosho (letter) which started with the phrase of '南閻浮州東海路夷千島王遐叉呈上朝鮮殿下' (Nanenbushu Tokairo Esochishimao Kasha Teijo Chosen Denka: To Royal Highness of Korea from Kasha, King of Ezochishima located on the east sea), and told that about 300 years had passed after the trading with Japan had brought Buddhism to Ezochishimakoku (Ezochishima country) where there had not been Buddhism conventionally, Ezochishima sought Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) because there was no such Sutra also in Japan, and Ezochishima could conquer Orangkai located in the remote region of Korea when Orangkai rebelled against the King of Korea because Ezochishimakoku bordered on Orangkai in the west.

• 幕府代官への経費の支給・貸付を行う「諸入用方」、代官所・預所から出された文書の整理にあたる「証文調方」、勘定所に属する各種申請（港や市場の設置、御林伐出、運上・小物成などの免除など）を審査した「吟味物掛」、酒株をはじめ酒造業を監督した「酒造掛」、無役金や上納金の取立や関連事務を行う「金集掛」などが存在した。
• Other positions included: 'Shoiriyo-kata' for handling paying or lending expenses of daikan (local governor) of the bakufu, 'Shomon-shirabekata' for sorting out documents issued by daikan-sho (daikan's offices) or Azukari-dokoro, 'Ginmimono-gakari' for checking applications from the kanjosho (for exemptions for building ports or markets, cutting woods or Unjo and other taxes), 'Shuzo-gakari' for supervising sake-brewers, including sake-kabu (a sake-brewing license), and 'Kinshu-gakari' for handling muyaku-kin (no tax), collecting jono-kin (monetary contributions) and doing clerical jobs related to these operations.

• 事業者は、伐木の作業を行なう場合において、当該立木の伐倒の作業に従事する労働者以外の労働者（以下本条において「他の労働者」という。）に、伐倒により危険を生ずるおそれのあるときは、当該立木の伐倒の作業に従事する労働者に、あらかじめ、前項の合図を行なわせ、他の労働者が避難したことを確認させた後でなければ、伐倒させてはならない。
• The employer shall, when carrying out the work of tree felling when it is liable to cause dangers to workers other than those engaged in the said work felling of standing trees (hereinafter referred to as "other workers" in this Article) due to felling, have in advance workers engaged in the felling work of standing trees give the signals set forth in the preceding paragraph, and shall not have the workers commence felling unless otherwise having conformed that other workers have evacuated.

• 電気事業者は、植物が電気事業の用に供する電線路に障害を及ぼし、若 しくは及ぼすおそれがある場合又は植物が電気事業の用に供する電気工作物に関する測量若しくは実地調査若しくは電気事業の用に供する電線路に関する工事に 支障を及ぼす場合において、やむを得ないときは、経済産業大臣の許可を受けて、その植物を伐採し、又は移植することができる。
• Where plants cause or are likely to cause interference with Electric Lines to be used for an Electricity Business or plants cause hindrance to taking measurements or field investigations with regard to Electric Facilities to be used for an Electricity Business or a construction project with regard to Electric Lines to be used for an Electricity Business, an Electricity Utility may, when it is unavoidable, clear or transplant such plants with permission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 電気事業者は、第五十八条第一項の規定により他人の土地等を一時使用 し、第五十九条第一項の規定により他人の土地に立ち入り、第六十条第一項の規定により他人の土地を通行し、又は前条第一項若しくは第三項の規定により植物 を伐採し、若しくは移植したことによつて損失を生じたときは、損失を受けた者に対し、通常生ずる損失を補償しなければならない。
• An Electricity Utility shall, when having caused any loss from temporarily using another person's Land, etc. pursuant to Article 58, paragraph 1, entering another person's land pursuant to Article 59, paragraph 1, passing through another person's land pursuant to Article 60, paragraph 1, or clearing or transplanting plants pursuant to paragraph 1 or paragraph 3 of the preceding Article, compensate a person who has suffered the loss for any such loss that would generally arise.

• 三道の一郡一荘それぞれから船1艘を課し、和泉国・摂津・播磨・備前国・備中国・紀伊国・伊勢・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波の計10か国の海岸に漂着して破損した船を没収、また、山城国・河内国・摂津・播磨・淡路の5か国の公田・荘園の竹木を伐採し、さらに摂津・播磨・淡路の民家から人夫を徴用して、河尻泊・魚住泊とともにこの泊を修築することを奏請した。
• He imposed one ship on each one county and one manor in the three Roads, confiscated wrecked ships washed ashore on beaches in ten provinces such as Izumi, Settsu, Harima, Bizen, Bicchu, Kii, Ise, Awaji, Sanuki and Awa provinces, cut down bamboo grove in Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) and shoen in five provinces such as Yamashiro, Kawachi, Settsu, Harima, Awaji, furthermore recruited laborers from folk dwellings in Settsu, Harima and Awaji provinces and petitioned the Emperor to reconstruct the port as well as Kawajiri no tomari and Uozumi no tomari.

• 豊臣政権の三奉行・三中老が家康の上杉征伐を諌めた連書状に「今度直江所行相届かざる儀、御立腹もっともに存じ候」とあることや、上杉景勝が重臣にあてた書状の内容が直江状に酷似している点などから、「多数の伝本があり、少なからず異同も見られるが、全体としては信用できる史料」とし、「（家康を挑発した）追而書だけは後世の偽作の可能性がある」との見方を示した。
• He expressed his view that 'only the postscript (that provoked Ieyasu) may be a forgery from a later period' considering that 'there are many manuscripts with only a few differences, but they are generally reliable historical materials' because in the letter remonstrated with Ieyasu's conquest of Uesugi by three magistrates and arbitration office in the Toyotomi regime, it is written that 'your anger is quite reasonable since Naoe's conduct did not reach you this time', the content of the letter from Kagekatsu UESUGI to senior vassals was remarkably similar to that of Naoejo, among other things.

• 江戸期の里山は国家（将軍家や藩）が所有し民間の利用を認めないもの（御建山などと呼ばれる）、土地は民間所有（入会地形態）であっても木材は国家所有で伐採には国家の許可が必要なもの（御留山や御用木と呼ばれる）、土地も木材も民間所有（入会地形態）で木材伐採にも官許の不要なもの、個人所有のもの、宗教施設所有で当該宗教施設の為に用いられるものなど多様であった。
• There were various types of Satoyama in the Edo Period: those that were owned by the government (Shogun family or domains) and excluded from use by general citizens (called Otateyama, etc); those which were privately-owned (form of iriaichi (common land)) but trees were state-owned assets and required the government's permission for logging (called Otomeyama or Goyoboku); those whose land as well as trees were privately-owned and did not required any official permission for logging (form of iriai); those which were individually-owned; and those which were owned by religious organizations and used to construct their religious facilities.

• 久光が在藩を続けた約3年間に中央政局は、禁門の変（元治元年7月19日）、第一次長州征伐、将軍進発、安政の五か国条約勅許、薩長盟約の締結（慶応2年1月21日）、第二次長州征伐、将軍家茂の薨去（7月20日）、徳川慶喜（徳川宗家を相続）の将軍就職（12月5日）、孝明天皇の崩御（同月25日）、祐宮睦仁親王（明治天皇）の践祚（慶応3年1月9日）、等々と推移する。
• For about three years while Hisamitsu stayed in the Satsuma Domain, central political situations underwent a lot of changes in such ways as the Kinmon Incident (August 27, 1865), First Conquest of Choshu, Shogun's departure to the front, an Imperial consent to the treaty with five countries during the Ansei era (March 7, 1866), Second Conquest of Choshu, the death of Shogun Iemochi (August 28), Acquisition of Shogun by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (January 13, 1867), the death of Emperor Komei (February 4, 1867), and the Imperial Prince Sachinomiya Mutsuhito (the Emperor Meiji) ascending to the throne (February 8, 1867).

• 家臣の三輪文屋君は、「乘馬詣東國 以乳部爲本 興師還戰 其勝必矣」（東国に難を避け、そこで再起を期し、入鹿を討つべし）と進言するが、山背大兄王は戦闘を望まず「如卿所　其勝必然 但吾情冀 十年不役百姓 以一身之故 豈煩勞萬民 又於後世 不欲民言由吾之故 喪己父母 豈其戰勝之後 方言丈夫哉 夫損身固國 不亦丈夫者歟」（われ、兵を起して入鹿を伐たば、その勝たんこと定し。
• Vassal MIWA no Fumiya no Kimi advised the prince '乘馬詣東國 以乳部爲本 興師還戰 其勝必矣 (Escape to the East and prepare to fight back against Iruka), but the prince didn't want to fight and said '如卿所 其勝必然 但吾情冀 十年不役百姓 以一身之故 豈煩勞萬民 又於後世 不欲民言由吾之故 喪己父母 豈其戰勝之後 方言丈夫哉 夫損身固國 不亦丈夫者歟' (if we take up arms and fight against Iruka, surely we will win.

• 協定第四条１の規定のもとでイーターに貸与される土地は約百八十一ヘクタールである。イーター建設地の境界は協定第四条で規定された特定の契約で定められ、この附属書の一部であるカダラッシュ敷地の計画に概ね示されている通りである。土地は、森林を伐採し造成され、使用できる状態で提供される。外部の柵は接受機構が連絡委員会で定めた基準に従って建設する。接受機構は必要な場合イータートカマク建家の下に地下水の排水施設を設ける。
• The land to be leased to ITER under the provisions of article 4.1 shall consist of approximately 181 ha. The ITER site boundary shall be defined in the specific contract as defined in Article 4, and shall be approximately as shown in the plan of the Cadarache site, which forms part of this annex. The land shall be provided ready to use, cleared of forest and with platforms created. The external fencing shall be constructed by the Host Organization to standards to be defined in the Liaison Committee. The Host Organization will provide a drainage system for the groundwater under the ITER tokamak building if necessary.

• 気象庁長官は、離島、湖沼、山林、原野又はこれらに類する場所で、気象、地象、地動、地球磁気、地球電気又は水象を観測する場合において、あらかじめ所有者又は占有者の承諾を得ることが困難であり、且つ、当該物件の現状を著しく損傷しないときは、前項の規定にかかわらず、所有者又は占有者の承諾を得ないで、当該業務に従事する職員に、障害となる植物又はかき、さく等を伐除させることができる。この場合においては、すみやかにその旨を所有者又は占有者に通知しなければならない。
• In the case of observing meteorological phenomena, terrestrial phenomena, tremors and ground deformations, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, or hydrological phenomena in an isolated island, a lake or swamp, a forest, a wilderness area, or a place similar thereto, if it is difficult to obtain prior approval from the owner or possessor thereof and no considerable damage is inflicted on the existing state of said property, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, cause the staff members engaging in said services to clear or remove the plants, fences, rails, etc. that would cause interference without obtaining approval from the owner or possessor thereof. In this case, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency shall promptly notify the owner or possessor to that effect.

• 「我朝之覚」とは神功皇后の三韓征伐の際の三韓服従の誓約あるいは天平勝宝2年（752年）に孝謙天皇が新羅の使者に伝えた新羅国王の入朝命令と考えられ、この例に倣って高麗（李氏朝鮮）国王は諸大名と同じように朝廷（秀吉）への出仕義務があると考えて、直後に李氏朝鮮に対してその旨の使者を送っている清水紘一「博多基地化構想をめぐって －天正禁教令との関連を中心として－」（藤野保先生還暦記念会編『近世日本の政治と外交』（1993年、雄山閣） ISBN 9784639011954）。
• An ancient example of Imperial Court' is regarded as either the pledge of obligation by three Korean countries at the conquest by Jinguu Empress or the order which Koken Emperor told an emissary of Silla that the King should come to see him in 752; Hideyoshi thought Korean King should serve Japanese Emperor and sent an emissary to Joseon Dynasty to tell this idea (Kouichi SHIMIZU ' About the idea to build a base at Hakata - relate to the forbiddance of Christianity - (Tamotsu Fujino Sexagenarian Memorial Association 'Governance and foreign diplomacy of modern Japan' 1993, Yuhikaku Press, ISBN 9784639011954).

• 電気事業者は、植物が電 気事業の用に供する電線路に障害を及ぼしている場合において、その障害を放置するときは、電線路を著しく損壊して電気の供給に重大な支障を生じ、又は火災 その他の災害を発生して公共の安全を阻害するおそれがあると認められるときは、第一項の規定にかかわらず、経済産業大臣の許可を受けないで、その植物を伐 採し、又は移植することができる。この場合においては、伐採又は移植の後、遅滞なく、その旨を経済産業大臣に届け出るとともに、植物の所有者に通知しなけ ればならない。
• Where plants cause interference with Electric Lines to be used for an Electricity Business and it appears that if such interference were left unaddressed it would significantly damage the Electric Lines, thereby causing serious hindrance to the supply of electricity or cause a fire or other disaster, thereby harming public safety, an Electricity Utility may, notwithstanding the provision of paragraph 1, clear or transplant such plants without permission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. In this case, the Electricity Utility shall, without delay after the clearing or transplantation, notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry as well as the owner of the plants to that effect.

• 朝鮮併合がなった際、初代総督寺内正毅は『小早川、加藤、小西が世にあれば、今宵の月をいかにみるらむ（秀吉公の朝鮮征伐に参加された小早川・加藤・小西の諸将が今生きていれば、朝鮮を日本のものとしたこの夜の月をどのような気持ちでみられるだろうか）』と歌を詠み、外務部長だった小松緑はこれに返歌して、『太閤を地下より起こし見せばやな高麗（こま）やま高くのぼる日の丸（太閤殿下を蘇らせ見せ申し上げたいものだ、朝鮮の山々に高く翻る日の丸を）』と歌い、共に太閤の成し得なかった朝鮮の編入が成功したことを喜んだ。
• When annexation of Korea was completed, Masatake TERAUCHI who was the first Governor-General of Korea, composed a waka, 'If Kobayakawa, Kato, and Konishi were alive, how would they look the moon of tonight' (If Kobayakawa, Kato, and Konishi, who were commanders took part in the war by Hideyoshi to conquer Korea were still alive, how would they look at the moon of tonight after obtaining Korea for Japan) and Midori KOMATSU who was the secretary of foreign affairs, composed in reply to it 'I would like to awake Taiko (Hideyoshi) from the underground and make him look at Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) above the mountains of Korea' (I would like to revive Taiko and show him Hinomaru flaunting above mountains of Korea) and they were delighted at success to annex of Korea which Hideyoshi could not achieve.

• 第一項の規定により障害物を伐除しようとする場合（土地の試掘又はボーリングに伴う障害物の伐除をしようとする場合を除く。）において、当該障害物の所有者及び占有者がその場所にいないためその同意を得ることが困難であり、かつ、その現状を著しく損傷しないときは、国土交通大臣、都道府県若しくは市町村又はその命じた者若しくは委任した者は、前二項の規定にかかわらず、当該障害物の所在地を管轄する市町村長の許可を受けて、ただちに、当該障害物を伐除することができる。この場合においては、当該障害物を伐除した後、遅滞なく、その旨をその所有者及び占有者に通知しなければならない。
• When obstacles are about to be felled or removed pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (excluding cases in which obstacles are about to be removed or felled in line with a test drilling or boring of land), if it is difficult to obtain the consent of the owners and possessors of the obstacles due to their absence from the place, and when felling or removal does not incredibly damage the existing state, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Prefectures, the municipalities or and individuals ordered or commissioned thereby may, upon obtaining the permission of the mayors of the municipalities that have jurisdiction over the area in which said obstacles located, immediately fell or remove said obstacles, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs. In such cases, they must notify the owners and possessors without delay that they have felled or removed said obstacles.

• 平安時代に関東地方において「新皇」を名乗った平将門一党や、鎌倉幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇によって開始された建武の新政から離反した足利尊氏、江戸時代末期には1864(元治元)の八月十八日の政変で失脚した長州藩（禁門の変で京都御所に発砲した事により朝敵となり、幕府による長州征伐を受けて二次にわたる幕長戦争が起こる）、王政復古 (日本)により15代将軍徳川慶喜（慶喜は朝敵とされると上野寛永寺に謹慎した）、戊辰戦争においては江戸幕府側勢力（中心的勢力とみなされた会津藩は新政府軍から集中攻撃を浴び、会津藩を強く支持した米沢藩は、比較的早期に降伏したにもかかわらず、戦後重罪に処された）が朝敵とされた。
• The party of TAIRA no Masakado, who called himself 'Shinno' (new emperor) in the Kanto region in the Heian period, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who broke away from the Kenmu Restoration, which was initiated by Emperor Gotoba after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), at the end of the Edo period, Choshu clan, which was brought down by the Coup of August 18 in 1864 (became choteki by firing at the Kyoto Imperial Palace in the Kin-mon Gate Incident, and was attacked by the bakufu in the conquest of Choshu, which led to two Bakucho Wars (wars between bakufu and Choshu)), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the 15th Shogun, in the oseifukko (restoration of imperial power) (Japan) (Yoshinobu confined himself at the Ueno Kanei-ji Temple when he was deemed choteki), and the Edo bakufu side in the Boshin War (Aizu Clan, which was seen as the central force received concentrated attacks by the new government troops, and Yonezawa Clan, which strongly supported the Aizu Clan, faced serious charges despite their relatively early surrender) were considered choteki.

• この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買（日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う）を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
• There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).

• 前条第一項の規定により他人の占有する土地に立ち入つて測量又は調査を行なう者は、その測量又は調査を行なうにあたり、やむを得ない必要があつて、障害となる植物若しくはかき、さく等（以下「障害物」という。）を伐除しようとする場合又は当該土地に試掘若しくはボーリング若しくはこれらに伴う障害物の伐除（以下「試掘等」という。）を行なおうとする場合において、当該障害物又は当該土地の所有者及び占有者の同意を得ることができないときは、当該障害物の所在地を管轄する市町村長の許可を受けて当該障害物を伐除し、又は当該土地の所在地を管轄する都道府県知事の許可を受けて当該土地に試掘等を行なうことができる。この場合において、市町村長が許可を与えようとするときは障害物の所有者及び占有者に、都道府県知事が許可を与えようとするときは土地又は障害物の所有者及び占有者に、あらかじめ、意見を述べる機会を与えなければならない。
• When individuals, who under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article conduct surveys or investigations by entering land in the possession of other individuals, intend under absolute necessity to fell or remove plants, fences, etc. impeding them (hereinafter referred to as 'obstacles'), to conduct test drilling or boring of the land or to fell or remove obstacles for that purpose (hereinafter referred to as 'test drilling etc.'), if they cannot obtain the consent of the owners and possessors of the obstacles or land, they may fell or remove the obstacles by obtaining the permission of the Mayors of the municipalities that have jurisdiction over the land on which the obstacles are located, or they may conduct test drilling etc. by obtaining the permission of the Prefectural governors that have jurisdiction over said land. In such cases, when the Mayors of municipalities are in the process of giving permission, they must provide the owners and possessors of the obstacles an opportunity in advance to express their opinions; and when prefectural governors are in the process of getting permission, they must provide the owners and possessors of the obstacles an opportunity in advance to express their opinions.