伐: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 伐
• Isao
• fell
• strike
• attack
• punish

• 皆伐
• clear-cut logging
• clear-cutting
• clearcutting
• clear cut
• clear cutting

• 間伐
• periodic thinning (e.g. forest)

• 殺伐
• bloodthirsty
• brutal
• savage

• 征伐
• conquest
• subjugation
• overcoming

• 盗伐
• secretly felling trees

• 討伐
• subjugation
• suppression

• 伐つ
• to strike
• to attack
• to punish

• 伐る
• to cut down (e.g. trees)

• 伐採
• lumbering
• felling
• deforestation
• cutting
• tree trimming
• Logging

• 伐倒
• felling

• 伐木
• felling
• logging
• cutting
• timbering

• 乱伐
• reckless deforestation
• overcutting of forests

• 濫伐
• reckless deforestation
• overcutting of forests

• 輪伐
• logging in order by area

• 誅伐
• assailing criminals

• 伐開
• clearing
• cutting and reclamation

• 伐根
• stumping
• uprooting

• 羽伐
• Hauchi

• 夏伐
• Natsugiri
• Natsubatsu

• 柴伐
• Shibagiri

• 芝伐
• Shibakiri

• 秋伐
• Akigiri

• 迅伐
• Hayagiri

• 石伐
• Ishikiri

• 曾伐
• Sobatsu

• 田伐
• Tagiri

• 伐株
• Kirikui

• 伐分
• Kiriwake

• 主伐
• final cutting
• regeneration cut
• regeneration cutting

• 除伐
• sanitary cutting
• cleaning

• 傘伐
• shelterwood cutting
• shelterwood felling

• 択伐
• selective cutting

• 間伐材
• timber from forest thinning
• thinned wood

• 傘伐林
• shelterwood forest

• 討伐軍
• punitive force

• 禁伐林
• Kinbatsurin

• 山刀伐
• Natagiri

• 柴伐田
• Shibahochida

• 松伐崎
• Matsubatsuzaki

• 曾伐部
• Sogabe

• 断伐山
• Tachikiriyama

• 中伐畠
• Nakagirihata

• 討伐沢
• Toubatsuzawa

• 伐株山
• Kirikabuyama

• 伐透山
• Kirisukashiyama

• 木伐山
• Kikiriyama

• 林伐期
• rotation period

• 択伐林
• selection forest

• 伐期齢
• rotation age

• 伐採高
• stump height

• 伐採地
• logged-off land

• 伐採木
• deforestation tree

• 殺伐な
• sanguinary

• 竹伐狸
• Takekiri danuki (raccoon dog cutting bamboo)

• 三韓征伐
• legendary military invasion of Korea in the 3rd century
• Sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea)

• 朝鮮征伐
• Imjin War (1592 - 1597)

• 南征北伐
• attacking in all directions

• 伐り出す
• to quarry
• to cut (timber)
• to cut and carry off

• 木を伐る
• to fell a tree

• 山刀伐峠
• Natagiritouge

• 伐採周期
• cutting cycle

• 上木伐採
• wolf tree cutting

• 上層間伐
• thinning from above

• 下層間伐
• thinning from below

• 主伐収入
• financial income of final cutting

• 撫育間伐
• selective thinning

• 森林伐採
• deforestation

• 定期伐採
• periodical cut

• 伐開作業
• pioneering

• 伐開除根
• clearing and grubing

• 伐採計画
• deforestation plan

• 伐採跡地
• cut-over land
• deforestation sites

• 伐採搬出
• logging

• 伐木補償
• compensation for felling trees

• 保育間伐
• tending felling

• 保育伐採
• inprovement cut
• inprovement cutting
• inprovement felling

• 商業伐採
• commercial logging

• 違法伐採
• illegal logging

• 伐木搬出
• logging

• 武田征伐
• Subjugation of Takeda
• The punitive expedition of the Takeda clan
• Battle of Temmokuzan

• 紀州征伐
• Conquest of Kishu

• 九州征伐
• Conquest of Kishu
• The Kyushu Conquest

• 会津征伐
• Subjugation of Aizu

• 盗伐の沢川
• Toubatsunosawagawa

• 略奪的伐採
• irrational exploitation of the forest

• 経済的伐期
• economic rotation

• 生理的伐期
• physiological rotation

• 伐根抵抗力
• resisting power of uprooting

• 非皆伐施業
• partial cutting

• 木竹の伐採
• felling of trees or bamboo

• 長伐期施業
• long rotation forest management

• 保育･間伐
• tending and thinning

• 小田原征伐
• Conquest of Odawara
• Siege of Odawara (1590)

• 伐倒の合図
• Signals of Felling

• 森林の伐採
• Clear forest

• 伐休尼師今
• Beolhyu of Silla

• 間伐木の選定
• selection of trees to be thinned

• 人工林の間伐
• artificial forest thinning

• 違法伐採対策
• measure for illegal logging

• 植物の伐採等
• Clearing of Plants, etc.

• 入鹿誅伐の段
• Scene: Iruka Chobatsu (Killing of Iruka)

• 伐木、造材等
• Tree Felling, Logging, etc.

• 山刀伐トンネル
• Natagiri tunnel

• 間伐（林業の）
• thinning

• 伐採（森林の）
• deforestation

• 過度の森林伐採
• excessive timber harvesting

• 木材を伐採する
• log

• 四国征伐回避説
• View which advocates that Incident was to avoid conquest of Shikoku

• 植え替え・伐採
• Transplantation and Deforestation

• 第一次長州征伐
• First conquest of Choshu

• 第二次長州征伐
• Second conquest of Choshu

• 畠山・三好討伐
• Subjugation of Hatakeyama and Miyoshi

• 秀吉の九州征伐
• Conquest of Kyushu by Hideyoshi

• 造林間伐対策室
• Silviculture and Thinning Promotion Office

• 木を伐採する人
• a person who fells trees

• 木を伐採した土地
• cutover

• 仮御樋代木伐採式
• 仮御樋代木伐採式

• 植物の伐採又は移植
• Clearing or Transplantation of Plants

• 裏木曽御用材伐採式
• 裏木曽御用材伐採式

• 第一次長州征伐前後
• Around the time of the First conquest of Choshu

• 国別伐採(実施)規範
• National Codes of Practice for Forest Harvesting

• 景行天皇九州征伐神話
• A myth of Emperor Keiko's Kyushu conquest

• 小田原征伐から最期へ
• From the subjugation of Odawara to the end of the Hojo clan

• 泰盛討伐の命を得た。
• Yoritsuna was ordered to assassinate Yasumori.

• 下生えの伐採された松
• scrubby cut-over pine

• 奥州征伐（1189年）
• 1189: Mutsu Province (home to anti-bakufu forces) is subjugated.

• - 天狗党討伐に出陣。
• He participated in Tengu Party's subjugation.

• 北伐#国民党による北伐
• Northern Expedition

• 長州征伐と慶応2年の一揆
• Choshu Expedition and Uprisings in 1866

• 第二次長州征伐と薩長同盟
• Second conquest of Choshu and the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance

• 討伐軍は三度撃退された。
• The army of Umako was repelled three times.

• 征伐後、泊山城主となる。
• After the conquest he became lord of Tomariyama-jo castle.

• 材木用に木を伐採する仕事
• the work of cutting down trees for timber

• 討伐の対象にされてしまう。
• Yorinori and his force became the subject of suppression.

• 名目は赤井直正討伐である。
• The attack was launched to suppress Naomasa AKAI.

• 伐木作業における危険の防止
• Prevention of Dangers in Tree Felling Work

• 油圧式伐倒機のヘッドガード
• Head Guard of Hydraulic Felling Machine

• 1エーカーの森林を皆伐する
• clear-cut an acre of forest

• 障害物の伐除及び土地の試掘等
• Obstacle Removal, Test Drilling of Land Etc.

• 九州征伐、小田原の役に従軍。
• He took a part in campaigns of the Kyushu Conquest and Odawara no eki (the Siege of Odawara.)

• 伐木作業等における危険の防止
• Prevention of Dangers in Tree Felling Work, etc.

• が、新羅征伐と言う場合もある。
• However, in some cases it was called the 'Conquest of Silla.'

• 文屋綿麻呂蝦夷征伐終了を奏上。
• FUNYA no Watamaro submitted his opinion to the Emperor that the subjection of the Emishi/Ezo (northerners and northeasterners) should be discontinued.

• 討伐軍は3度撃退されてしまう。
• Umako's punitive force was beat back three times.

• 討伐軍は奮い立って攻め立てた。
• Emboldened, the punitive force made repeated attacks.

• 四国征伐後、仙石秀久に仕える。
• He served Hidehisa SENGOKU after the Conquest of Shikoku.

• 幕府派遣の討伐軍に攻められ自害。
• Ujinori committed suicide after having been attacked by a punitive force dispatched from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 源季貞と河内源氏の石川氏を討伐。
• He subdued the ISHIKAWA family of the KAWACHI-Genji-line along with MINAMOTO no Suesada.

• 第二次長州征伐でも活躍している。
• He was also active in the Second Conquest of Choshu.

• 秀吉の九州征伐にも協力している。
• Also, he helped Hideyoshi during the Kyushu Conquest.

• （木のような）何かを伐採する行為
• the act of felling something (as a tree)

• O・TO・GI 〜百鬼討伐絵巻〜
• Otogi 2: Immortal Warriors

• 「桜伐（き）る馬鹿、梅伐らぬ馬鹿」
• Anyone who prunes cherry trees is a fool, as is anyone who doesn't trim apricot trees.'

• そして、氏清と満幸に討伐を命じた。
• Therefore, Yoshimitsu ordered Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki to subjugate them.

• 3月の甲州征伐には信長と同行する。
• In April, he accompanied Nobunaga on the Koshu Expedition.

• 小田原征伐には馬廻として参陣した。
• He joined the Siege of Odawara as umamawari (horse guard).

• 伐採、火事などの後に、森を再建する
• reestablish a forest after clear-cutting or fire, etc.

• 代宗の藩鎮討伐は成功するかに思えた。
• It seemed that Daizong's hanchin suppression would succeed.

• 四国征伐後、讃岐に計350石を賜る。
• After the Conquest of Shikoku, he was granted a total of 350 koku of rice in Sanuki Province.

• 南薩地方の南朝勢力討伐を命じられる。
• He was ordered to subjugate Southern Court power in the Nansatsu area.

• 陸羯南（「賄い征伐事件」で中途退学）
• Katsunan KUGA (left the school halfway due to the 'steward punishment incident')

• 伐折羅大将（ヴァジュラ、十二神将の一）
• Basara Daisho (Vajra, one of the Juni Shinsho [the 12 protective gods])

• （天正13年・1585）、同年四国征伐
• In the same year (1585), Shikoku was suppressed.

• 幕府は同年2月に第二次長州征伐を発令。
• The bakufu issued the second order to conquer Choshu in Feburary of that year.

• 義就には討伐の綸旨が下り、朝敵となる。
• Yoshihiro was ordered subjugated by the Emperor and was designated the Emperor's enemy.

• 紀州討伐では湯川一族討伐で功を挙げた。
• He was successful in subjugating Kishu by defeating the Yukawa family.

• 福本日南（「賄い征伐事件」で中途退学）
• Nichinan FUKUMOTO (This student left the school halfway due to the 'steward punishment incident'.)

• 国内にある山林の伐採又は譲渡による所得
• Income arising from the cutting or transfer of ownership of forests located in Japan
• Income arising from the cutting or transfer of ownership of forests located in Japan;

• 伐那婆斯（ばなばす Vanavāsin）
• Banabasu, Vanavasin

• 武田征伐時には以下のような陣容であった。
• The army corps was formed as follows at the time of subjugation of Takeda.

• 公暁討伐の功により、同年駿河国守に任官。
• Due to his achievement in subduing Kugyo's usurpation, he was appointed as local director of Suruga region within the same year.

• 1928年には単独で『浮気征伐』を監督。
• He directed alone for 'Uwaki Seibatsu' (The Fast Set) in 1928.

• 以後、小田原征伐や朝鮮の役にも参戦した。
• He later contributed to the conquest and siege of Odawara and the invasions of Korea.

• 伐り倒された後に残っている木の根本の部分
• the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled

• キングは以前はこれらの森林を伐採していた
• The King used to hunt these forests

• これを討伐して劉闢を捕らえて斬刑に処した。
• Xianzong suppressed, captured, and punished Pi LIU by slaying him with his sword.

• 加賀藩、会津藩勢などを従えて討伐に向った。
• Yoshinobu, accompanied by the forces of Kaga Domain and Aizu Domain went to hunt Tenguto.

• 鴨緑江右岸の森林伐採合弁権獲得などである。
• The right of launching a joint venture to deforest on the right of the Yalu River should be acquired, etc.

• 火事や伐採で縮小していた森林の再生（植林）
• the restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting

• 山村では山の神を祀り、木の伐り初めを行った。
• In mountain villages, people worshiped the god of the mountain, starting cutting trees.

• 秀吉による四国征伐の中のひとつの戦いである。
• It is one of the battles in the initiative called the Shikoku Conquest, which was implemented by Hideyoshi.

• 信長は、この年の9月に三好氏征伐を決行する。
• In September of this year, Nobunaga carried out a punitive expedition to the Miyoshi clan.

• 頼家もこれを知って怒り、北条氏討伐を命じた。
• Learning of the decision, Yoriie was enraged, and he ordered the subjugation of the Hojo clan.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐に参陣。
• He went on an expedition to Odawara in 1590.

• 九州征伐では立花勢に属して功があったという。
• It is said that he distinguished himself in the Kyushu campaign in the army of Muneshige TACHIBANA.

• 利家の死後、家康により加賀征伐が検討される。
• After Toshiie's death, the conquest of Kaga was considered by Ieyasu.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐にも参陣。
• He joined the invasion of Kyushu in 1587.

• 天正15年（1587年）九州征伐後　賜羽柴氏
• 1587: After the Kyushu Conquest, granted the cognomen Hashiba.

• 中央史観の強かった時代には蝦夷征伐と呼ばれた。
• From the centralized view of history in those days, it was called the conquest of the Emishi.

• 今日も五斗買い　明日も五斗買い　（四国征伐）。
• He bought goto (90 liters of rice) today and will buy another tomorrow (Shikoku Conquest).

• 九州征伐後、博多奉行となり博多復興に従事した。
• After the expedition to Kyushu, he became a Hakata magistrate and worked on behalf of the reconstruction of Hakata.

• 明応元年（1492年）、六角討伐戦に参戦する。
• In 1492 he took part in the battle to punish the Rokkaku clan.

• 秀吉による九州征伐においては、降伏を主張する。
• He insisted that the army for the Kyushu Conquest should surrender.

• 27年の赤松満祐出奔事件では、討伐軍に加わる。
• When the incident, in which Mitsusuke AKAMATSU ran away from Kyoto after assassinating the 6th Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, occurred in 1427, he joined the punitive forces.

• 孝謙上皇は吉備真備を召して仲麻呂誅伐を命じる。
• The retired Empress Koken ordered KIBI no Makibi to kill Nakamaro.

• 林道の整備は伐採面積の拡大を招くこととなった。
• The expansion of these forest roads resulted in increasing the forest area where trees were logged.

• 原敬（総理大臣）（「賄い征伐事件」で中途退学）
• Takashi HARA (the Prime Minister) (He also left the school halfway due to the 'steward punishment incident'.)

• 樹木の栽植又は伐採を目的とする山林の賃貸借　十年
• Leases of forest for the purpose of planting or felling trees:　10 years;

• 第一次長州征伐において、慶勝は征長総督を務めた。
• In the first conquest of Choshu Yoshikatsu became Sotoku of Seicho (governor conquering of Choshu).

• ともあれ、家康は大軍を率いて景勝討伐に出陣する。
• Ieyasu went to the front leading vast forces to subjugate Kagekatsu.

• 天正13年（1585年）には四国征伐に加わった。
• Participated in the campaign to conquer Shikoku (one of the islands making up Japan covering four prefectures including Tokushima, Ehime, Kagawa and Kochi) in 1585.

• これは想定される北条氏討伐に対する準備であった。
• This was a preparation for a fight with the Hojo clan that was supposed to occur at that time.

• 幕府は関東での事態に対して、持氏討伐の兵を下す。
• Against this situation in Kanto region, Bakufu defeated Mochiie's suppression army.

• 将軍足利義尚の六角征伐にも従軍して戦功を挙げた。
• Masatoyo also accompanied Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA in Rokkaku Subjugation and performed well.

• その2日後に義経は信兼討伐のため伊勢に出撃する。
• Two day later of the incident, Yoshitsune made sortie into Ise Province to suppress Nobukane.

• 伐木、造材等 （第四百七十七条―第四百八十四条）
• Tree Felling, Logging, etc. (Articles 477 to 484)

• 伐られて、建築資材として使用の準備ができている木
• the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material

• 迦諾迦伐蹉（かなかばっさ Kanakavatsa）
• Kanakabassa, Kanakavatsa

• 信長の四国征伐を回避するため乱を起こしたとする説。
• This view surmises that the cause of the Honnoji Incident was to avoid conquest of Shikoku planned by Nobunaga.

• 後醍醐天皇は新田義貞や北畠顕家に尊氏討伐を命じる。
• Emperor Godaigo commanded Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE to hunt down and destroy Takauji.

• 絶海中津からの報告を受けた義満は義弘討伐を命じた。
• Yoshimitsu, after hearing Chushin ZEKKAI's report, issued an order to hunt down and destroy Yoshihiro.

• 秀吉は光秀討伐の功労者であり、長秀らの支持を得た。
• Hideyoshi, who had played a lively part in the subjugation of Mitsuhide, acquired the support from Nagahide.

• そこで幕府は威信回復を企図し六角氏の討伐を行った。
• Therefore, the bakufu intended to recover its dignity and subjugate the Rokkaku clan.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐にも参加した。
• He also participated in the Odawara Conquest in 1590.

• 義経は頼朝の勘気を受けて平氏討伐から外されていた。
• Yoshitsune was dismissed from the subjugation mission because he had enraged Yoritomo.

• このため、新政府は紀州藩の討伐を取りやめたという。
• Consequently, the new government decided not to put down the Kishu Domain.

• 竹伐り会式（たけきりえしき）（6月20日午後2時）
• Takekirieshiki (2p.m. of June 20th)

• この森林には木材の伐採に適した硬い樹木があります。
• This forest has good firm trees for harvesting lumber.

• 伐闍羅弗多羅（ばじゃらぶたら Vajraputra）
• Bajaraputara, Vajraputra

• 豊臣秀吉による紀州征伐で制圧され、軍事力を喪失した。
• It was subdued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI by his expedition to Kishu and lost military power.

• 聖徳太子が物部守屋討伐の戦勝祈願をしたことに始まる。
• It began when Prince Shotoku prayed for winning battles to subjugate MONONOBE no Moriya.

• さらに悪党討伐のための出費も幕府財政を圧迫していた。
• Furthermore, government expenditures to put down akuto pressed the finances of the bakufu.

• 胤城は講武所奉行に任じられ、長州征伐などに活躍した。
• Taneki took office as a magistrate of Kobusho (military training institute), and he played an active part in the Choshu Expeditions.

• 元亀元年（1570年）、越前国の朝倉義景討伐に従軍。
• In 1570, he served the battle to defeat Yoshikage ASAKURA of Echizen province.

• 北条氏が下野国の足利尊氏(高氏)らを討伐に派遣する。
• The Hojo clan dispatched Takauji ASHIKAGA, who lived in Shimotsuke Province, to put down the rebellion.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐に典通と共に出陣。
• In 1587 he and Norimichi went on an expedition to conquer Kyushu.

• 第一次長州征伐では長州藩の降伏における処理に務めた。
• In the First conquest of Choshu he dealt with the transaction in the surrender of Choshu Domain.

• 播磨国龍野城を与えられ、小田原征伐や朝鮮出兵に参陣。
• He was given Tatsuno-jo Castle in Harima Province, joined in the conquest of Odawara, and dispatched troops to Korea.

• 戸次川の戦いでの大失態を小田原征伐で見事に挽回した。
• He recovered from the fiasco in the Battle of Hetsugi-gawa River by succeeding at the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• ついで清盛五男の平重衡は尾張以東の東国征伐に向かう。
• After that the fifth son of Kiyomori, TAIRA no Shigehira left to Owari and the eastward region for the Togoku Conquest.

• ヤマトタケルが熊襲討伐後の帰り道にこの悪樓に遭った。
• On his way home from subjugation of kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district), Yamato Takeru met this akuru.

• 伐倒の際に退避する場所を、あらかじめ、選定すること。
• To determine in advance the place of evacuation for when felling;

• 九州征伐を終えた秀吉が大坂より移り、ここで政務をみた。
• After Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu, he moved into Jurakudai from Osaka to administer political affairs.

• 北朝は直義討伐の院宣を下し、南朝は直義の帰服に応じる。
• The Northern Court issued an imperial order ordering the defeat of Tadayoshi, and the Southern Court answered Tadayoshi's call.

• 6月19日は、『討伐軍』が馬山浦から出航した日である。
• Note that June 19 is the day 'the punitive force' set sail from Masan inlet.

• 元亀元年（1570年）、信長の朝倉義景討伐に参加した。
• In 1570 he joined Nobunaga in the conquest of Yoshikage ASAKURA.

• - 天正2年（1574年）長島一向一揆討伐において戦死
• Killed in punitive expedition of uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima in 1574.

• 1423年には、反乱した常陸国の小栗氏征伐に出陣する。
• In 1423, he went to the conquest of the Oguri clan in Hitachi Province who rose in revolt.

• 堺県令時代に浜寺公園内の松を伐採して開発しようとする。
• He tried to cut down the pine trees in Hamadera-koen Park and develop the land.

• 秀吉の九州征伐においても、それを資金的に援助している。
• Sotan financially supported Hideyoshi in the Kyushu Conquest.

• 織田信長の武田征伐により武田氏が滅亡して領内が混乱した。
• Nobunaga ODA conquered and killed the Takeda clan, making Takeda's domain chaotic.

• 高頼が甲賀郡から伊勢国へ逃れたため、幕府軍は討伐を断念。
• The army of bakufu abandoned the suppression because Takayori escaped from Koga County to Ise Province.

• 元親は土佐国のみを安堵されることで許された（四国征伐）。
• Motochika was permitted by ruling only Tosa province (Conquest of Shikoku).

• 同年7月、頼朝は奥州藤原氏討伐の軍を起こす（奥州合戦）。
• In August of the year, Yoritomo raised an army to kill the Oshu-Fujiwara clan (The Battle of Oshu).

• 討伐を終えた石湯と諸人は天皇から直々に恩賞を賜っている。
• After the subjection, Iwayu and others were granted reward grants directly by the Emperor.

• 9日、奥州を征した頼朝に泰衡征伐の宣旨がようやく届いた。
• On October 26 (September 9 under the old lunar calendar), the imperial decree for Yasuhira Conquest was finally received by Yoritomo, who had already conquered Oshu.

• しかしながら、伐採面積の拡大に追いつくものではなかった。
• However, such reforestation could not catch up to the expansion in logging areas.

• 『陰陽師 妖魔討伐姫』（熊澤尚人監督） - 安藤希出演。
• 'Onmyoji Yomatobatsuhime' - Performed by Nozomi ANDO.

• 更に討伐に力を入れる余り、長安周辺の防備は甚だ薄くなった。
• Furthermore, because too much effort was put into suppression, the protection around Changan became extremely diluted.

• 惣無事令の発令は、九州討伐や小田原征伐の大義名分を与えた。
• The issue of sobuji-rei gave justification to Hideyoshi's suppression of Kyushu and Odawara.

• 頼家は和田義盛と仁田忠常に御教書を送って北条討伐を命じた。
• Yoriie delivered the migyosho (documents of shogunate order) to Yoshimori WADA and Tadatsune NITA to suppress the Hojo clan.

• 孝謙上皇は吉備真備を召して従三位に叙し仲麻呂誅伐を命じる。
• The Retired Empress Koken recalled KIBI no Makibi, gave the official rank of Jusanmi (junior third rank), and ordered to kill Nakamaro.

• 天正10年（1582年）に四国征伐の総司令官に任ぜられた。
• In 1582, he was assigned as commander-in-chief of the Shikoku Conquest.

• 九州征伐後、秀吉の命令で大友義統には豊後一国を安堵された。
• After the conquest of the Kyushu region, Yoshimune OTOMO was approved ownership of Bungo Province due to the order of Hideyoshi.

• 柳生宗矩の物語に小田原征伐の際の秀政についての記述がある。
• In the story of Munenori YAGYU, there is a description about Hidemasa at the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 浦上勢を圧倒する討伐軍は、義村の目的を達成するかに思えた。
• The punitive force which overwhelmed the Uragami force was believed to accomplish Yoshimura's plan.

• また、足利氏を守るために三好氏・松永氏討伐を画策していた。
• In addition, Kenshin schemed to subdue the Miyoshi clan and the Matsunaga clan in order to protect the Ashikaga clan.

• 修得後に帰国し、1585年の豊臣秀吉による四国征伐に参加。
• After mastering medicine, he joined the troops to go on an expedition to Shikoku led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1585.

• その後、足利義尚の六角氏討伐（六角征伐）に従って出陣した。
• Thereafter, he followed Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, who embarked on a punitive expedition against the Rokkaku clan (Rokkaku seibatsu [a military campaign against the Rokkaku clan]).

• 九州征伐や小田原の役、文禄・慶長の役などにも参戦している。
• He also joined the Kyushu Conquest, the Siege of Odawara, the Bunroku-Keicho War, and so on.

• ほか、ブナ材は飛行機のプロペラ用や梱包材として伐採された。
• In addition, beech trees were cut as materials to make propellers for airplanes and materials to make containers.

• 神功皇后はこの事を聞かれて、武内宿禰に忍熊王を討伐を命じた。
• Being informed of the story, Empress Jingu ordered TAKENOUCHI no Sukune to subdue Prince Oshikuma.

• 結果的に多くの梅樹が伐採され、桑畑や茶畑に転作されていった。
• As a result, many plum trees were cut down and the land was transformed into mulberry or tea plantation fields.

• 後に、蛮族の討伐に東へ向かう日本武尊に天叢雲剣を与えている。
• Later, she presented the sacred sword, Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi, to Yamato Takeru no Mikoto, who was going east to subjugate barbarian tribes.

• この間、1585年に秀吉は紀伊征伐を行って雑賀衆を滅ぼした。
• During this period, Hideyoshi carried out the conquest of Kii Province and defeated Saigashu in 1585.

• さらに第一次長州征伐（幕長戦争)でも薩摩が長州を屈服させた。
• In addition, in the First Choshu Expedition (also called the Baku-cho War [the war between Choshu and 'bakufu,' or shogunate]), the Satsuma Domain participated and forced the Choshu Domain to surrender.

• それぞれに水軍を編成させて九州征伐や小田原征伐に参戦させた。
• And then Hideyoshi made each of them organize their own suigun and join the Kyushu Conquest and the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 幕府は紀州藩、津藩、彦根藩、郡山藩などに天誅組討伐を命じた。
• The bakufu commanded Kishu Domain, Tsu Domain, Hikone Domain, Koriyama Domain and so on to suppress Tenchu-gumi.

• 朝敵討伐の証として、天皇から官軍の大将に下賜する慣習がある。
• It was customary in Japan that an emperor bestowed it on his military commanders as proof of putting down emperor's enemy.

• 同年8月、木沢討伐に乗り出した義宣には三好元長まで加担した。
• In August, 1531, Yoshinobu started to suppress KIZAWA, which was joined even by Motonaga MIYOSHI.

• この申し出はすぐに許可され、為朝討伐の軍勢が差し向けられる。
• His offer is immediately accepted, and an army to put down Tametomo is sent.

• 治承3年(1179年)　大江遠成、家成父子を京の屋敷に討伐。
• In 1179, he defeated OE no Tonari and OE no Ienari, the father and son, at their residence in the capital.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐の後、内大臣に叙任される。
• After the conquest of Kyushu in 1587, Nobukatsu was appointed as Naidaijin (the Minister of Palace).

• 河野氏は斯波派と結んで頼之討伐の御書を受けて頼之と対抗する。
• The Kawano clan then joined the forces with the Shiba clan, obtained an Imperial letter allowing the subjugation of Yoriyuki, and set out to attack Yoriyuki.

• 1590年の小田原征伐で、平山氏重は檜原城に籠城するも落城。
• The conquest and siege of Odawara in 1590, Ujishige HIRAYAMA entrenched himself in Hinohara-jo Castle, but the castle fell.

• 1368年にも上杉憲顕の軍に従って、新田義興を討伐している。
• In 1368, he followed the troops of Norikaki UESUGI, and defeated Yoshioki NITTA.

• その後、幕府軍の討伐を受けて天誅組は壊滅し、藤本も戦死した。
• Subsequently, Tenchu-gumi was shattered by the subjugation of the army of bakufu, and Tesseki was also killed.

• 1927年、清水宏と共同で初の喜劇作品『不景気征伐』を監督。
• He made his first film as a director in a comedy, 'Fukeiki Seibatsu' (Suppression of recession) with Hiroshi SHIMIZU in 1927.

• 九州征伐にも参戦し、日向国高城にて島津家久軍を撃退している。
• He also joined the war for Kyushu Conquest and repelled the army of Iehisa SHIMAZU at Taka-jo Castle in the Hyuga Province.

• 同年7月、頼朝は奥州藤原氏討伐のため大軍を率いて鎌倉を進発。
• In August the same year, Yoritomo started off Kamakura with a large army to subjugate the Oshu-Fujiwara clan.

• 天正15年（1587年）、九州征伐に兵を率いて従軍している。
• In 1587, he participated in the Kyushu Conquest as a commander.

• そこで木を伐ったり、所有したりすると家人に死者が出るという。
• It is believed that if people cut trees or own the land, their family members would die.

• その願いを却下された足利尊氏は勝手に北条討伐の軍を起こした。
• Dismissing these wishes, Takauji ASHIKAGA took it upon himself to raise an army to suppress the Hojo clan.

• 伐採（あるいは火事や風）によって木くずが散らかった森の空き地
• an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind)

• しかし幕府の対応は混乱し、赤松討伐軍は容易に編成されなかった。
• Responses by bakufu, however, confused and the punitive force to attack the Akamatsu clan was not easily organized.

• 伐採や木材加工用の実用品のほか、祭祀につかわれたものも増える。
• In addition to the practical goods for felling and wood processing, the ones used for religious service increased.

• 延暦13年（794年） 征夷副将軍坂上田村麻呂による蝦夷征伐。
• In 794, Emishi/Ezo troops were subjugated by Seii Fukushogun (a deputy general who subdues barbarians), Tamuramaro SAKANOUE.

• また戦国の殺伐とした気風を排除して徳を重んずる文治政治を推進。
• Furthermore, Tsunayoshi eliminated the savage atmosphere of the warring period and promoted civil government, which valued virtue.

• これに怒った真衡は直ちに秀武討伐の軍を起こして出羽に向かった。
• Sanehira got angry with that conduct, organized a troop to attack Hidetake and left for Dewa.

• 寿永3年（1184年）1月、源義仲討伐に従軍（宇治川の戦い）。
• In February 1184 he joined the punitive force against MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (the Battle of Uji-gawa River).

• 天正11年、讃岐に渡り、四国征伐の橋頭堡として法勲寺城を築く。
• In 1583, he went to Sanuki Province and built Hokunji-jo Castle as a bridgehead of the Conquest of Shikoku.

• したがって、伐採した材木の販売益を100%自らの収入とできた。
• Therefore, 100% of the profit from selling the wood cut there became their own income.

• したがって、トチやケヤキなどの天然林が次々と伐採されていった。
• Therefore, the natural forests of horse chestnut and zelkova trees were cut one after another.

• 式典は、内宮・外宮の順で行われ、内宮用・外宮用各1本伐採される。
• In the ceremony, a tree for the Naiku and another for the Geku are cut in this order.

• 平清盛討伐の船に乗ったが嵐に遭い、嵐を鎮めるため海に身を投げる。
• She boarded a ship to defeat TAIRA no Kiyomori, but came in middle of a storm that she threw herself to the sea in order to quell a storm.

• 討伐のために赴いた尊氏が戦後に鎌倉を拠点に建武政権から離反する。
• Takauji (ASHIKAGA) who had been sent to suppress the war, made Kamakura his foothold after he drifted away from the Kenmu Government following the war.

• のち、秀吉の四国征伐のため長宗我部氏は土佐一国に押し込められる。
• Later, because of the Conquest of Shikoku by Hideyoshi, the Chosokabe clan was confined to one country, Tosa.

• 義経はその2日後に信兼討伐に出撃した（『山槐記』8月10日条）。
• Two days after that, Yoshitsune sortied to put down Nobukane ('Sankaiki' (The Diary by Tadachika NAKAYAMA) the article of September 23).

• 法令等に基づき伐採・転用規制等の保護・保全措置がとられている森林
• The forests which are protected and preserved by the regulations of tree trimming and diversion and so on according to the decrees and so on.

• 長宗我部元親は当初織田信長による四国征伐の備えで兵を休めていた。
• Motochika CHOSOKABE had his troops stand by to prepare against the expedition to Shikoku by Nobunaga ODA.

• 島田は加賀藩の足軽として第一次長州征伐、戊辰戦争に参加している。
• Shimada was a ashigaru (common foot soldier) soldier of the Kaga Domain, fighting in the First conquest of Choshu and the Boshin Civil War.

• 源頼朝討伐の富士川の戦い、源義仲討伐の倶利伽羅峠の戦い等に出陣。
• He went into the Battle of Fujigawa to subdue MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and the battle of the Kurikara Pass to subdue MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.

• 6月、第二次長州征伐では亀山社中の船・乙丑丸で長州藩海軍を支援。
• In June, Ryoma assisted Choshu clan's navy using Kameyama-shachu's ship, the Union, in the Second Choshu Punitive Expedition.

• これは反対に遭い断念するが、代わりに大内盛見に九州征伐を命じた。
• He faced opposition however and abandoned the plan, instead ordering Morimi OUCHI to subjugate the Kyushu area.

• 彰義隊の反乱に対して討伐軍を指揮し、わずか1日でこれを鎮圧する。
• At the Battle of Ueno, troops commanded by Omura put down a rebellion by the Shogun's elite Shogitai in a single day.

• 長州征伐では砲術の腕を買われて大砲（おおづつ）組に編入され参戦。
• During the Choshu Campaign, his cannon firing skills were valued and so he was reassigned and fought as the Ozutsu gumi (a group in charge of cannon).

• 信忠は総攻撃を開始し、激戦の末ついに盛信は自刃する（武田征伐）。
• Nobutada started all-out assault, and after a fierce battle, Morinobu finally committed suicide (subjugation of Takeda).

• 「聚楽」の名が使われ始めるのは九州征伐から帰還した後のことである。
• The name 'Juraku' began to be used after Hideyoshi came back from the Kyushu campaign.

• 桜はむやみに伐ると切り口から腐敗しがちであり、剪定には注意が必要。
• If cherry trees are cut unnecessarily, the cut surface can start to decay, so pruning of them requires care.

• 秀吉の九州攻め・九州平定・九州征伐などの名称で呼ばれることもある。
• It is also referred to as Hideyoshi's invasion of Kyushu, the subjugation of Kyushu, and the Kyushu Conquest.

• 長州征伐、長州出兵、幕長戦争、征長の役、長州戦争などとも呼ばれる。
• It is also called Choshu Subjugation, Dispatch of troops to Choshu, Mission of conquering of Choshu or Choshu War, etc.

• その第二次長州征伐最中の7月20日、将軍・家茂が大坂城で薨去する。
• During the Second Subjugation of Choshu, Shogun Iemochi passed away at Osaka-jo Castle on July 20.

• 第二次長州征伐は、6月7日の幕府軍艦による上ノ関砲撃から始まった。
• The second conquest of Choshu started with the bombardment of Kaminoseki by a battleship of the shogunate on June 7.

• 高橋一族討伐の際、元就は高橋氏の人質となっていた長女を殺害された。
• While trying to subdue the Takahashi clan, his daughter, who had been held hostage, was murdered.

• 九州征伐では8000の兵で畿内を守備（息子の利長が九州まで従軍）。
• When the Kyushu Conquest was carried out, Toshiie was put in charge of the defense of the Kinai region (the five provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) with the troops of 8,000 men (his son Toshinaga took part in the campaign to the Kyushu area.)

• 応永6年（1399年）に大内義弘が挙兵した応永の乱の討伐にも従軍。
• In 1399, he joined the suppression of the Oei War where Yoshihiro OUCHI raised an army.

• 慶長5年（1600年）の会津の上杉討伐には6000人を率いて従軍。
• In 1600, Masanori led an army of 6,000 and took part in a campaign to subjugate the Uesugi in Aizu.

• 8月の第1次長州征伐では第14代将軍・徳川家茂の警護を務めている。
• In September, he guarded Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the fourteenth Shogun during the first conquest of Choshu.

• 四国・小笠原征伐で活躍し、朝鮮出兵（慶長の役）では秀秋に従軍した。
• He played an active role in subjugation of Ogasawara clan in Shikoku and also fought to support Hideaki at Japan's Invasion of Korea (Keicho Campaign).

• 1590年（天正18年）、豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐で北条氏は滅亡する。
• The Hojo clan fell in the conquest and siege of Odawara by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1590.

• その後、倭姫命から、蛮族の討伐に東へ向かうヤマトタケルに渡された。
• Princess Yamatohime no mikoto later handed it to Yamato Takeru no mikoto, who set off for the east to suppress barbarian tribes.

• 禁門の変・長州征伐・戊辰戦争などに関与し、明治維新に到るのであった。
• They were involved in the Kinmon Incident, the Choshu Conquest and the Boshin War, and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.

• 法皇の寵臣、左大将藤原朝方はこれを院宣とみせかけ、頼朝討伐を命じる。
• Sadaisho (Major Captain the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) FUJIWARA no Tomokata, who is a favorite retainer of the Cloistered Emperor, pretended that it was an order from a retired emperor and ordered Yoshitsune to subdue Yoritomo.

• 氏真が自ら出陣した造反軍征伐戦では、三河宝飯郡において松平軍に大敗。
• In battles to expedite rebels, Ujimasa took the field, but he was defeated by the Matsudaira army in Hoi County, Mikawa Province.

• 長宗我部元親は信長の四国征伐の影響もあり、兵を白地城に休ませていた。
• Partly because of influence of Conquest of Shikoku by Nobunaga, Motochika CHOSOKABE was giving a rest to his warriors in the Hakuchi-jo Castle.

• 九州征伐（天正15年・1587）→九州平定後、博多で伴天連追放令発布
• Kyushu was suppressed (1587)=>after conquering Kyushu, he issued the Order to Expel Christian Priests (伴天連追放令) from Hakata.

• 1585年7月、毛利輝元は一族の小早川隆景らを四国討伐に向かわせる。
• In July 1585, Terumoto MORI sent Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others of his family to participate in the conquest.

• 幕末から明治初期にかけては朝鮮征伐、征韓などと呼ばれるようになった。
• From the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was called 'chosen seibatsu' (punitive expedition to Korea) or 'seikan' (punitive expedition to Korea).

• 同月9日、信長は武田征伐に当たって筒井順慶以下大和衆に出陣を促した。
• On March 13, Nobunaga urged Yamato-shu including Junkei TSUTSUI to join the army for the conquest of the Takeda clan.

• 江戸幕府は朝敵・長州藩を伐つため、長州征伐（第一次幕長戦争）を行う。
• The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) made the Choshu Conquest (the first Baku-Cho War) to subjugate the Emperor's enemy Choshu Domain.

• その後、弁慶は義経の忠実な家来として活躍し、平家討伐に功名を立てる。
• Later, Benkei made a great performance as a royal retainer of Yoshitsune and made a name in the battle against the Taira clan.

• 天正13年（1585年）の紀伊国紀州征伐、四国征伐では軍功を挙げた。
• He achieved military exploits at the Conquest of Kishu in Kii Province and the Conquest of Shikoku in 1585.

• 持氏は憲実討伐のため8月に一色氏に旗を与えて派兵し、自らも出陣した。
• After Mochiuji gave the banner to the Isshiki clan for the suppression of Norizane in August, he dispatched troops and went to the war himself.

• しかし、浦上の子飼いである能家らの頑強な抵抗に遭い、征伐に手間取る。
• However, the punitive force suffered a strong resistance from retainers of the URAGAMI causing the punitive force to struggle.

• そこで義教は日向守護を兼ねる薩摩国守護の島津忠国に義昭討伐を命じた。
• With this information, Yoshinori ordered Satsuma no kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Satsuma Province), Tadakuni SHIMAZU who also was Hyuga no kuni Shugo (provincial constable of Hyuga Province), to put down Gisho.

• 天正18年（1590年）に後北条氏征伐（小田原合戦）に参加している。
• He joined the conquest of Gohojo clan (Odawara Campaign) in 1590.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐では兵糧の補給役を命じられている。
• In the Kyushu Conquest of 1587, he was ordered to take charge of supplying army provisions.

• 元家の近江守護代就任は足利義稙の六角高頼征伐に関連するものであった。
• Motoie was appointed as deputy of provincial constable in Omi Province in relation to the conquest of Takayori ROKKAKU by Yoshitane ASHIKAGA.

• こうした伐採面積の拡大は同時に演習林の荒廃を進行させることとなった。
• Such an expansion of the forest area where tress were cut devastated the forest in an increasingly serious manner at the same time.

• ベテラン開拓者は森林の伐採や土地の耕作や道路の建設に卓越しています。
• The Hardy Pioneer excels at clearing forests, plowing fields and building roads.

• 木を厚板へ伐り出すのにかつて使用された大きな2つの取手のあるのこぎり
• a large two-handed saw formerly used to cut logs into planks

• これはある山の樹木を意図的に皆伐し、山全体を草のみで覆ったものである。
• This refers to a whole hill or mountain being made up as a field under grass by purposely cutting all the trees.

• この時、朝廷は宇佐八幡宮に勅使を派遣し、国家鎮護と隼人討伐を祈願した。
• On that occasion, the Imperial Court dispatched an imperial messenger to Usa-Hachimangu Shrine to offer prayers asking for guarding of the nation and for a successful punitive expedition against the Hayato clan.

• 景行天皇40年、蝦夷征伐の命を恐れて逃亡し、美濃国に封ぜられたという。
• According to the 'Nihonshoki,' and other historical books, in 114, Prince Oousu ran away because he was afraid of the order, the Emishi Seito (the conquest of Emishi, who were a group of people living in the northern part of land) and was then confined in Mino Province.

• 長氏の子満氏は霜月騒動で安達泰盛に与し、北条氏による討伐を受けて戦死。
• Mituuji, a child of Osauji, took the side of Yasumori ADACHI during the Shimotsuki Sodo (a political change to the Kamakura Bakufu), subsequently Mituuji was subdued and killed by the order of the Hojo clan

• 信長は2月3日に義昌の反乱を知ると武田勝頼討伐を決定、動員令を発した。
• When learning about the rebellion of Yoshimasa on February 3, 1582, Nobunaga decided to subjugate Katsuyori TAKEDA and issued mobilization orders.

• 東大寺の杣があった伊賀国では、すでに伐採しつくし、山は荒れ果てていた。
• In Iga Province, the mountains owned by Todai-ji Temple were devastated since all available trees had been cut down.

• 秀吉はその後、光秀の残党も残らず征伐し、京都における支配権を掌握した。
• Hideyoshi stamped out Mitsuhide's remnants with a die and got a power to rule Kyoto.

• 氏政・北条氏照は切腹し、氏直は紀伊の高野山に追放された（小田原征伐）。
• Ujimasa and Ujiteru HOJO committed Seppuku and Ujinao was exiled to Mt.Kouyasan in Kii (Conquest of Odawara).

• しかし義昭は信長が朝倉氏討伐に出陣した4月23日、改元を実行している。
• But on April 23, when Nobunaga left for the battle against ASAKURA, Yoshiaki put his ideas into practice.

• 以降は秀吉に従い、佐々成政の越中征伐や島津氏の九州征伐などに参加した。
• Thereafter, Nobukatsu was obedient to Hideyoshi and participated in the conquest of Ecchu and Kyushu, which were ruled by Narimasa SASA and the Shimazu family, respectively.

• ただし、義親の討伐において、実際に義親を討つことに成功したのかは不明。
• However, it is not sure whether he actually succeeded to putting down the uprising of Yoshichika.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、家茂は第2次長州征伐の途上大坂城で病に倒れた。
• In 1866, Iemochi suffered from a disease in Osaka Castle during the second conquest of Choshu.

• 討伐軍は物部軍を攻め立て、守屋は迹見赤檮（とみのいちい）に射殺された。
• The army of Umako attacked the army of Moriya, and Moriya was shot to death by TOMI no Ichii.

• 6月の第二次長州征伐（四境戦争）では海軍総督として丙寅丸に乗り込んだ。
• In July, at the time of the second conquest of Choshu by the shogunate (the Shikyo War), he boarded the Otentosamamaru as chief commander of the Navy.

• 討伐は事実上の失敗に終わった上、応仁の乱によって幕府の権威は失墜する。
• The subjugation campaign virtually ended up in failure and the Onin War ruined the bakufu's authority.

• 勝頼は外戚の木曾義昌の反逆に激怒し、即座に木曾討伐の軍勢を送り出した。
• Katsuyori was enraged at the maternal relative Yoshimasa KISO's treason, and immediately sent out troops for subjugation of Kiso.

• 第百一条第一項の規定により土地の立入り又は竹木の伐採の許可の申請をする者
• The persons who file applications for approval of entry into land or felling of bamboos and trees pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 101

• 伝承では神功皇后による三韓を征伐した際に作られた塚とされるが詳細は不明。
• Legend has it that it was built when Empress Jingu's army defeated three Korean dynasties, but details are unknown.

• 夜間の盗伐を防ぐ為に持ち回りで里山の夜番をしていた村もあったほどである。
• There were villages which kept a night watch rotation to prevent the robbing of Satoyama during the evening,

• すると今度は、頼朝と法皇の間で確執が発生し、義経に頼朝討伐の院宣を下す。
• Then there was a conflict between Yoritomo and the Cloister government, the Cloistered Emperor ordered Yoshitsune to kill Yoritomo.

• 足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇の勅状を得ないまま乱の討伐に向かい、時行を駆逐した。
• Without receiving the official order from the Emperor Godaigo, Takauji headed for putting down the rebellion and expelled Tokiyuki.

• 平家に属し、京に滞在していた新田義重は、頼朝討伐を命ぜられ東国に下った。
• Yoshishige NITTA, who had belonged to the Taira family and been staying in Kyoto, was ordered a punitive expedition for Yoritomo, and went down to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).

• だが、これを拒否されると、延暦寺は後奈良天皇に法華宗討伐の許可を求める。
• However, when this was rejected, Enryaku-ji Temple sought permission for the subjugation of the Hokke sect from the Emperor Gonara.

• 5月、朝廷は左中弁藤原保則を出羽権守に任じて討伐にあたらせることとした。
• In May the Imperial Court appointed Sachuben (Middle Controller of the Left) FUJIWARA no Yasunori to Dewa no Gon no Kami (Provincial Governor of Dewa Province) in order to subdue the rebellion.

• 代宗は禁軍（近衛軍）と廬龍を初めとした他藩鎮軍とを動員して討伐を加えた。
• Daizong mobilized the kingun (army guarding an emperor) and hanchin's armies starting with the Lulong army to suppress the rebels.

• 嘉隆率いる織田氏の水軍は長島一向一揆の征伐や石山合戦に参加して活躍した。
• Oda's suigun led by Yoshitaka joined the battle of Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) and Ishiyama war, where they made some achievements.

• 1585年、家康と和解した秀吉が紀伊に攻め入ってくる（第二次紀州征伐）。
• In 1585 Hideyoshi, reconciled with Ieyasu, invaded the Kii region (The Second Conquest of Kishu).

• 鳥羽・伏見敗戦にともなって新政府による徳川征伐軍の襲来が予想されていた。
• After the bakufu side lost at the battle of Toba-Fushimi, the bakufu side expected the army conquest of Tokugawa, formed by the new government, was prepared to attack the bakufu side immediately.

• 寿永2年(1183年)　再び叛旗を翻した緒方惟義、臼杵惟隆兄弟らを討伐。
• In 1183, he destroyed the brothers of Koreyoshi OGATA and Koretaka USUKI, who raised another revolt again.

• 直冬に対しても再び討伐令が下り、一色氏が征西府と協調して勢力を巻き返す。
• An order to subjugate Tadafuyu was also issued again, and the Isshiki clan was able to regain its strength by cooperating with the Seisaifu government.

• 豊臣秀吉が九州征伐を完了すると、氏規は大局を読み秀吉への臣従を主張した。
• After the completion of the Kyushu Conquest by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ujinori insisted to become a vassal of Hideyoshi seeing a situation from a broader point of view.

• 小田原征伐後に家康が関東に移されると、武蔵国騎西藩に2万石を与えられた。
• Once Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest and siege of Odawara, he received 20,000 koku (crop fields) in Kisai Domain of Musashi Province.

• そして蘇我氏討伐に参加し、復讐を図る蘇我氏遺臣らを説得して兵を引かせた。
• He then participated in a campaign against the Soga clan, and persuaded the surviving retainers of the Soga clan to withdraw.

• 12月26日に信頼・義朝討伐の宣旨が下り、平家の軍勢が内裏を押し寄せた。
• On December 26, a proclamation of trust/overthrow of Yoshitomo was pronounced and the Taira forces advanced on the Dairi (Inner Palace).

• 本格的な林道の整備が始まった1952年以降から伐採面積が急激に拡大した。
• In and after 1952 when the real development of the forest roads started, the forest area where trees were cut increased rapidly.

• 大規模伐採は1950年代後半と1960年代中盤に2度のピークを迎えている
• The large-scale logging business reached their peak in the latter half of 1950s and around the middle of 1960s.

• ただし、第62回では間伐材をそれなりの用途で使用し、全用材の25%を賄う。
• However, they plan to use thinned wood for various parts covering twenty-five percent of the total for the sixty-second Sengu.

• 1335年に顕家が足利尊氏討伐のために上京すると行宗も従い、足利方と戦う。
• In 1335, when Akiie went up to the capital to suppress Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yukimune followed him to fight against the Ashikaga clan.

• 律令制下の蝦夷討伐においで東国諸国の正税を遠征軍の兵粮にあてる事を許した。
• During the military campaigns, launched under and during the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), to subjugate the Ezo (or Ebisu) barbarian peoples of northeastern Japan, the various eastern provinces were permitted to pay their taxes (of rice) in the form of supplying the expeditionary troops with provisions.

• 天正10年（1582年）3月、織田信長が行った武田征伐により武田氏は滅亡。
• In April 1582, the Takeda clan fell due to subjugation of Takeda done by Nobunaga ODA.

• 同じ頃、杉若勢も三宝寺河原（現上富田町）で山本勢に敗れ、討伐戦は頓挫する。
• Around the same time, the Sugiwaka troops were also defeated by the Yamamoto troops at Sanpojigawara (Sanpoji shores) (present Kamitonda-cho), which interrupted punitive expedition.

• 『日本書紀』成立後、「三韓征伐」によって朝鮮は日本の属国に入ったとされる。
• It is said that Korea became a dependency to Japan by 'Sankan-Saibatsu' after 'Nihonshoki' was finished.

• そのことから、記紀の記す「神功皇后の三韓征伐」そのものは疑わしいであろう。
• Of this fact 'Sankan-Seibatsu by Empress Jingu' in kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki) itself is doubtful.

• 尼御台政子が病床の将軍代行となり、比企氏討伐令が鎌倉の御家人に発せられる。
• Ama Midai Masako deputized for the shogun on his sickbed and issued the command for putting down the Hiki clan to the vassals in Kamakura.

• 義尚の後を継いだ足利義稙も、延徳3年（1491年）に再び高頼討伐を行った。
• Yoshitane ASHIKAGA who succeeded to Yoshihisa also started to suppress Takayori again in 1491.

• 延徳元年（1489年）、将軍・足利義尚は六角討伐の最中、近江国で陣没する。
• In 1489, the shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, was killed in battle during the subjugation of the Rokkaku Clan in the Province of Omi.

• 77年9月に義就が政長討伐のために河内へ下り、遊佐氏を追い河内を制圧する。
• In September 1477, Yoshihiro moved into Kawachi in order to defeat Masanaga, bringing Kawachi under his control after driving away the Yusa clan.

• 1427年には赤松満祐が討伐され、1440年には一色義貫が殺害されている。
• Mitsusuke AKAMATSU was defeated in 1427, and Yoshitsura ISSHIKI was assassinated in 1440.

• 家康は激怒し、景勝に叛意があることは明確であるとして上杉氏討伐を宣言した。
• Then becoming seriously angry about the situation, Ieyasu declared that he should conquer the Uesugi clan, because Kagekatsu's intention of defiance was apparent.

• 8月に範頼が平氏討伐のため鎌倉を発向し、中国地方から九州へ渡る遠征に出た。
• In September, Noriyori left Kamakura for an expedition through the Chugoku Region to Kyushu to subjugate the Taira clan.

• 織田軍の主要な合戦である天正3年（1575年）の越前国一向一揆討伐に参加。
• In 1575, he went to a battle to put down an uprising of Ikkoshu sect followers in Echizen Province which was one of main battles of the Oda army.

• この長州征伐では長州藩が恭順したため、慶勝は寛大な措置を取り京へ凱旋した。
• Yoshikatsu returned to Kyoto with a lenient measure as the Choshu clan swore allegiance at this Choshu Conquest.

• 以後、実平は富士川の戦い、常陸国の源義広 (志田三郎先生)討伐などに従軍。
• Subsequently, Sanehira took part in the Battle of Fujigawa and joined the punitive force against MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Saburo Senjo SHIDA) in Hitachi Province.

• 小田原征伐後に家康が関東に移されると、上野国白井藩にて2万石を与えられた。
• Once Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest and siege of Odawara, he received 20,000 koku in Shiroi Domain of Kozuke Province.

• この討伐は関東から北陸の兵をもって3月から8月までの約5ヶ月間行なわれた。
• This subjection was conducted for five months, from March to August by soldiers in Kanto and Hokuriku.

• だが、義満がこれを政治的に利用して反対勢力を討伐していった事は事実である。
• However, it is a fact that Yoshimitsu utilized it for political affairs and used it to suppress opposing forces.

• 武田征伐・第二次天正伊賀の乱等の戦いでも一部の相手の降伏を受け入れている。
• He accepted the surrender of a part of the enemy in some battles such as with the subjugation of Takeda and the second Tensho Iga War.

• その後も紀州征伐や越中征伐、九州征伐など秀吉の主要な合戦の大半に従軍した。
• Thereafter, he served in most of Hideyoshi's major battles, such as the conquest of Kishu, the conquest of Ecchu and the Kyushu Conquest.

• その後は九戸政実の乱の討伐や文禄・慶長の役、伏見城普請などに功績を挙げた。
• Subsequently, he rendered distinguished services in the Rebellion of Masazane KUNOHE suppression, the Bunroku-Keicho War, the Fushimi-jo Castle construction project, and so force.

• 織田信長の命を受けた豊臣秀吉による中国征伐では、はじめ抵抗するも後に降伏。
• In the Chugoku Conquest by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in obedience to Nobunaga ODA's orders, he fought against them at the early stage but later surrendered.

• 慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に属し、上杉景勝討伐軍に従軍。
• In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he belonged to the Eastern squad and took a part in a punitive force for subjugation of Kagekatsu UESUGI.

• 用材は、「三ツ尾伐り（三つ紐伐りともいう）」という古くからの作法で切り出す。
• The wood is cut in the ancient manner called 'Mitsuogiri (or Mitsuhimogiri).'

• 景行12年（82年）熊襲が背いたので、これを征伐すべく、8月に天皇自ら西下。
• In 82, since Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) disobeyed him, the Emperor himself left for the west to conquer them in August.

• 8月1日、持之は赤松討伐のための治罰綸旨を奏請し、後花園天皇はこれを許した。
• On August 26th, Mochiyuki petitioned the Emperor for Jibatsu Rinji (a written document for imperial edicts to hunt down and kill emperor's enemies) to suppress the Akamatsu clan and Emperor GoHanazono gave it to him.

• 幕府の討伐軍に包囲されつつあった天狗党は、頼徳勢と合流すべく那珂湊へ向った。
• Tenguto, which was getting surrounded by the punitive force of the bakufu, went to Nakaminato to join Yorinori and others.

• これらを加えて幕府の討伐軍は更に強大な布陣を敷き天狗党の前に立ちはだかった。
• In addition to Yoshinobu, the punitive force of Tenguto lined up a larger and stronger army against Tenguto.

• これに対して高国は波多野討伐を実行したが、内藤国貞らの反抗もあって失敗する。
• In response to this, Takakuni tried to suppress Hatano but failed due to disobedience by Kunisada NAITO.

• 西方の蛮族の討伐から帰るとすぐに、景行天皇は重ねて東方の蛮族の討伐を命じる。
• As soon as Yamato Takeru returned from his conquest of the savage tribes in the western regions, the Emperor Keiko ordered him to subjugate the savage tribes in the eastern regions.

• なお、同年7月20日に将軍徳川家茂の死去により第二次長州征伐は休戦となった。
• And on August 29 of the same year, a second conquest of Choshu was aborted due to the death of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA.

• 1581年の京都御馬揃えにも出席、武田氏の討伐にも細川氏と共に従軍している。
• He attended the great military parade in Kyoto in 1581, and along with the Hosokawa clan, joined the suppression of the Takeda clan along with the Hosokawa clan.

• しかし、一族と見られる豪族安倍富忠が頼時に反旗を翻したため討伐のために北上。
• However, Gozoku (a powerful regional clan) ABE no Tomitada, who was considered a member of the Abe clan, raise in rebellion against Yoritoki, so Yoritoki went up north to defeat the rebel army.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐の後、主君・徳川家康が江戸に移封された。
• In 1590, his lord Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was transferred to Edo after the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 小田原征伐後、家康が関東に移されると、上総国五井藩に5000石を与えられた。
• After Ieyasu got transferred to Kanto after the conquest and siege of Odawara, he received 5000 koku (crop fields) in Goi Domain of Kazusa Province.

• 東人は持節大将軍に任じられ、1万7000人を動員して広嗣の討伐を命じられた。
• Azumahito was appointed to Jisetsu taishogun (Great General with a Sword Representing His Full Authority) and ordered to suppress Hirotsugu with 17,000 soldiers.

• 激怒した北朝方から正秀らに朝敵討伐令が出されると、比叡山は北朝方に寝返った。
• When the enraged Northern Court issued a proscription against Masahide, Mt. Hiei switched sides and allied itself with the Northern Court.

• 信長が武田征伐に出陣したのは3月8日であるが、その日に信忠は甲府を占領した。
• Nobunaga left for the front for the punitive expedition of the Takeda clan on April 10, and Nobutada occupied Kofu on the same day.

• 1960年代中期に沿線での伐採事業が終了すると森林軌道の利用価値は低下した。
• However, after the logging business was terminated in mid-1960s, the value of the usage of the forest tramlines diminished.

• この結果、多くの神社が廃止されると同時に、そこにあった鎮守の森は伐採された。
• This resulted in many shrines being abolished, and at the same time, their Chinju no Mori being cut down.

• 最重要なのは「物忌」と呼ばれる童男（内宮）、童女（外宮）が忌斧で木を伐る儀式。
• The most important procedure is when the 'Monoimi' (物忌), a boy designated 'Oguna' for the Naiku and a girl designated 'Warawame' for the Geku cut twigs with a hatchet.

• また奈良県吉野郡大塔村 (奈良県)では、山で木を伐る音をたてる怪物といわれる。
• In Daito Village, Yoshino County of Nara Prefecture, Yama-arashi is said to be a monster which makes noise of cutting trees in mountains.

• 神功皇后の三韓征伐の帰途に宇瀰（うみ、福岡県糟屋郡宇美町）で生まれたとされる。
• On her way back from sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), Empress Jingu gave birth to him at Umi (Umi Town, Kasuya County, Fukuoka Prefecture).

• しかし、京都の幕府の介入で禅秀は滅亡し、信満は鎌倉府から討伐を受け、自害する。
• However, Zenshu was defeated because of the intervention by bakufu of Kyoto, and Nobumitsu was subjugated by Kamakurafu and committed suicide.

• 保則は来降を許したが、元慶3年（879年）1月、朝廷は討伐の強行を命じてきた。
• Yasunori accepted the Ifu's surrender, but in January of the third year of the Gangyo era (879) the Imperial Court ordered him to suppress the Ifu.

• これを手始めに夏綏銀節度留後の楊恵琳、浙江西道の鎮海軍節度使の李錡を討伐する。
• With this as a start, he suppressed the setsudoshi of Xiasui, Huilin YANG, and Ki RI, the setsudoshi of Zhenhai Army in Zhejiang West.

• しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
• However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.

• 山名氏の没落後は新たに守護となった京極高詮に従い、山名氏残党討伐を行っている。
• After the Yamana clan perished, the Mitoya clan raised the army with Takanori KYOGOKU, who became the new shugo, and defeated the remnants of Yamana clan.

• これらの諸藩は長州討伐のための経路上にあり、幕府軍の動きを制約することになる。
• These domains were located on the route of the Edo bakufu's Choshu Expedition, so the disorder in these domains became a hindrance to the movement of the bakufu army.

• 大形獣の狩猟や解体、木の伐採や切断、土掘りなど多目的に用いられたと推定される。
• It is thought to have been used for multiple purposes such as for hunting and demising large-sized animals, felling and cutting trees, and digging.

• 伊豆国を任されていた斉藤茂光はこの為朝の威勢を恐れ、天皇に討伐の許可を求める。
• Shigemitsu SAITO, who is in charge of governing Izu Province, is afraid of Tametomo's power and asks for permission by the Emperor to put down his army.

• そのことで小碓命は父に恐れられ、疎まれて、九州の熊襲建兄弟の討伐を命じられる。
• Due to that, his father feared and shunned Ousu no Mikoto, and ordered him to subjugate the brothers Kumaso Takeru in Kyushu.

• 1489年（延徳1）に六角高頼を討伐に遠征中の義尚が没し、次いで義政も没する。
• In 1489, Yoshihisa died while making an expedition to subdue Takayori ROKKAKU, which was followed by Yoshimasa's death.

• 特に佐竹氏征伐の金砂城の戦いでは同僚の熊谷直実とともに抜群の戦功を挙げている。
• During the conquest of Satake clan, he especially rendered remarkable service in the Battle of Kinsa-jo Castle together with his colleague Naozane KUMAGAI.

• また跡継ぎの信忠を除けば、連枝衆で地方討伐の指揮を任されたのは信孝のみである。
• Among all the brothers and sisters of nobles, Nobutaka was the only person entrusted with commanding the subjugation of a province, aside from Nobutada, the successor.

• 南朝 (日本)に属して京都に侵攻したため幕府は討伐を行い、執事職は空席となる。
• The bakufu subjugated Hosokawa because he invaded Kyoto on the side of the Southern Court (Japan) so that the post of steward became vacant.

• 景時は大庭景親とともに頼朝討伐に向い、石橋山の戦いで寡兵の頼朝軍を打ち破った。
• Kagetoki went to subjugate Yoritomo with Kagechika OBA, and destroyed the outnumbered Yoritomo's army at the Battle of Ishibashiyama.

• 伊勢平氏残党の討伐のため、伊勢国長野の地頭職となって安濃・奄芸二郡を給わった。
• In order to suppress the remnants of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan), he was appointed to jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate) of Nagano region in Ise Province, and was granted Ano and Anki Counties.

• 翌年、義親を討伐したという触れ込みで、義親の首級と称するものを都へ持ち帰った。
• Yoshichika was purportedly subdued the following year, and what was supposedly meant to be Yoshichika's severed head was taken back to Kyoto.

• しかし、帰京直後の5月に以仁王による平氏討伐の計画が発覚した（以仁王の挙兵）。
• However, in May, immediately after returning to Kyoto, Prince Mochihito's plot to subjugate the Taira clan was uncovered (Rising of Prince Mochihito).

• その後時村の誅伐は北条宗方の陰謀であったとする「関東御教書」が早馬により届く。
• Then, 'kanto migyosho' (an official message from Kanto) was delivered by a post horse saying that Tokimura was killed due to conspiracy by Munekata HOJO.

• その後も信長に従って、石山本願寺攻め、紀州征伐など各地を転戦し、武功を挙げた。
• He continuously followed Nobunaga and had military exploits in various battles, such as the siege of Ishiyama Honganji Temple and the conquest of Kishu.

• やがて秀吉が信長から中国征伐を命じられると、秀久はそれに従軍して戦功を挙げる。
• Before long, when Hideyoshi was ordered by Nobunaga to conquer the Chugoku Province, Hidehisa took part in the war and provided distinguished service.

• 秀久は淡路で明智光秀方に与した豪族達を討伐する任にあたり、淡路平定に貢献した。
• Taking the responsibility of defeating Gozoku (local ruling families) in Awaji that took the side of Mitsuhide Akechi, Hidehisa contributed to suppressing Awaji.

• その後、九州征伐、小田原征伐に参加し、文禄の役では朝鮮に渡海して従軍している。
• He subsequently joined Hideyoshi's army in the battles in Kyushu and Odawara, and fought overseas to conquer Korea in the Bunroku War.

• 武田征伐後、八王子に落ち延びていた松姫のもとに織田信忠から迎えの使者が訪れる。
• After subjugation of Takeda, an envoy of Nobutada ODA visited Princess Matsu who escaped to Hachioji to bring her back.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐時には、藩の方針を長州藩寄りにまとめた。
• In the second conquest of the Choshu Domain in 1866, he adopted the pro-Choshu strategy as the policy for the Tsuwano Domain.

• 木材の伐採のほか、野田畑周辺では茅場として使用するために火入れが行われていた。
• In addition to cutting down trees for wood, around Nodabata, clearings were burnt off to be used as hayfields.

• その後伐採規模は縮小し、1990年代以降はほとんど伐採されることがなくなった。
• After that, the amount of tree cutting diminished, and almost no trees have been cut since the 1990s.

• 立木を伐倒しようとする労働者は、前項各号に掲げる事項を行なわなければならない。
• The worker intends to felling of standing tree shall carry out the matters listed in each item of the preceding paragraph.

• 広葉樹林の場合：10年から20年ごとに根を残して伐採され、薪や木炭に利用された。
• Broadleaf trees: every 10 to 20 years they were cut down with their roots left to make firewood and charcoal.

• 竪三引両　奥州藤原氏討伐の際の1189年（文治5年）、朝宗が源頼朝より拝領した。
• Tate Mitsuhiki-ryo: in 1189, when Oshu Fujiwara clan was subjugated, the crest was given to Tomomune DATE by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.

• 幕府は大仏貞直、金沢貞冬、足利尊氏（後の尊氏）、新田義貞らの討伐軍を差し向けた。
• The bakufu dispatched the punitive force that had been formed by Sadanao OSARAGI, Sadafuyu KANAZAWA, Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA.

• 豊臣秀吉の九州征伐の際は、豊臣氏と島津氏の兵力の違いを認識し早期降伏を主張した。
• When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI started his conquest of Kyushu, he recognized the difference in military force between the Toyotomi clan and the Shimazu clan and therefore recommended an early surrender.

• また10月15日の書状と24日の書状の中で、翌春上杉景勝を征伐する方針を伝えた。
• In addition, Ieyasu told a plan to conquer Kagekatsu UESUGI the next spring in the letters dated October 15 and 24.

• 幕府はそれまでの不介入方針を変更し越智氏討伐を決め、越智氏は大和南部に没落した。
• The shogunate reversed its nonintervention policy and decided to subdue the Ochi clan, which led the Ochi clan to fall and escape to the southern Yamato Province.

• 秀吉が信長の命令で中国攻めの総司令官として中国征伐に赴いたとき、これに従軍した。
• When Hideyoshi went on an expedition to the Chugoku region as a chief commander by order of Nobunaga, ISHIDA served in the war.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐にも参戦し、伊豆国韮山城攻めで武功を挙げた。
• Nobukatsu also participated in the conquest of Odawara in 1590, and distinguished himself in the attack on Nirayama Castle in Izu Province.

• この際、直江兼続による挑発的な返答が、家康の会津征伐を煽ったとされる（直江状）。
• At that time, Kanetsugu NAOE wrote a sensational reply (the Naoe Letter), which incited Ieyasu to subjugate Aizu.

• 一方、西行に敬意を払う高杉自身は東にある、将軍のお膝元の江戸幕府討伐を目指した。
• Meanwhile, TAKASUGI who admired Saigyo, aimed at conquering the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the shogun in the east.

• しかし、その後長州藩は再び勤王派が主導権を握ったため、第二次長州征伐が決定する。
• But the people loyal to the Emperor had the initiative again afterwards, so that it was decided to make the Second Choshu Conquest.

• 晩年は長州の「勤王の志士」たちと交流し、第一次長州征伐の調停役としても活躍した。
• He enjoyed the friendship of 'loyalists of the Meiji Restoration period' of Choshu domain in his later years, and also worked hard as a mediator of the First conquest of Choshu.

• 著書には「堀杏庵文集」「杏陰集」「東行日録」「有馬温湯記」「朝鮮征伐記」がある。
• He had books to his credit, which were 'Hori Kyoan-bunshu,' 'Kyoin-shu,' 'Toko-nichiroku,' 'Arima onto-ki,' and 'Chosen seibatsu-ki.'

• しかし、翌年の第二次長州征伐開戦にあたり、幕府側の敗戦の調和策として放免された。
• However when the Second Conquest of Choshu occurred the following year, Tamaki was released to compensate for the defeat of the bakufu.

• また同年、21年前に出雲で平正盛に討伐されたはずの源義親を名乗る者が京に現れた。
• In the same year, a man emerged in Kyoto who identified himself as MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, who was supposed to have been put down by TAIRA no Masamori in Izumo 21 years ago.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐では長政自身は日向国財部城攻めで功績を挙げた。
• In the Kyushu Conquest of 1587, Nagamasa rendered distinguished service in the Siege of Takarabe-jo Castle, in Hyuga Province.

• しかし歴史時代に入るとともに日本列島の里山は乱伐と保護を繰り返していくこととなる。
• However, as historic period begins, Satoyama in the Japanese archipelago underwent repeated cycles of destructive exploitation and protection.

• しかし村民の意識の低さからか、梅林の伐採はおさまらず、月瀬保勝会の事業は頓挫した。
• However, possibly due to the lack of awareness among villagers, plum trees continued to be cut down, stalling the conservation efforts of Tsukigase Hoshokai.

• さらに平氏討伐の命令を出し、文治元年（1185年）、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏は滅亡した。
• Furthermore, he ordered them to hunt down and kill the Taira clan, the clan died out in the Battle of Dannoura in 1185.

• 新羅は戦わずして降服して朝貢を誓い、高句麗・百済も朝貢を約したという（三韓征伐）。
• Silla promised to pay tribute to the Court without fighting, and Goguryeo and Paekche also promised bringing tributes ('Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms)).

• それによると、軍事的には『討伐』には失敗したが、「対馬は土地が不毛で生活が苦しい。
• According to this volume, militarily 'the expedition' was a failure, but did win them the following document of capitulation: 'Tsushima's land is barren, making it difficult to eke out a living there.

• 6月（盗賊討伐への出陣、武具乗馬の借用、出陣の命令系統と心得、武具・馬具の名称）、
• June: Departure for the subjugation of robbers, borrowing of weapons and horses, knowledge of departure for battle and of the chain of command, and nomenclature of weapons and harness

• 1990年以降、適切な森林施業（植栽、下刈、除伐・間伐等の行為）が行われている森林
• The forests which have been properly managed (grass establishment, weeding and brushing, improvement cutting, tree thinning and so on) since 1990.

• 関ヶ原直後、家康は伊達政宗とともに翌慶長6年早々に上杉家を武力征伐する予定でいた。
• Soon after the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu had a plan to conquer the Uesugi family by force with Masamune DATE early in 1601.

• さらに政元の討伐軍が送られて義材は捕縛されて京都竜安寺に幽閉され、政長は自害した。
• Furthermore, a punitive force was sent by Masamoto and Yoshiki was captured and locked up in the Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto, and Masanaga killed himself.

• 頼康の死後、分裂して争う土岐氏の内紛につけ込んで土岐氏を討伐した（土岐康行の乱）。
• After the death of Yoriyasu, he subdued the TOKI clan, taking advantage of the internal conflict while the TOKI were fighting on two sides.

• 明応2年（1493年）、将軍・義材は政長と共に畠山義豊討伐のため河内国へ出兵する。
• In 1493, the shogun, Yoshiki, and Masanaga left for the Province of Kawachi to subjugate Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA.

• 義就は嶽山城(大阪府富田林市)に篭城し、討伐に下った畠山、細川、武田らの兵と戦う。
• Yoshihiro was besieged at Gakusan-jo Castle (Tondabayashi City, Osaka Prefecture) and fought the armies of the Hatakeyama, Hosokawa and Takeda.

• その後上杉勢が公然と家康に対して叛旗を翻し、家康は諸大名を従えて会津征伐に赴いた。
• Then, as Uesugi's army stood in open rebellion against Ieyasu, Ieyasu went on an expedition to Aizu with various feudal lords.

• 九州征伐・小田原の役・文禄・慶長の役の際には、兵糧奉行として兵糧の輸送に活躍した。
• During the Kyushu Conquest, the Odawara Campaign and Bunroku-Keicho invasions of Korea, he was the Hyoro bugyo in charge of sending food provisions for soldiers.

• 一方で、道誉は鎌倉の北条氏討伐を決意した尊氏と密約して連携行動を取ったともされる。
• It is said that Doyo made a secret pact with Takauji to defeat the Hojo clan in Kamakura, and to cooperate thereafter.

• 養和元年（1181年）3月、平重衡を大将とする行家討伐の軍が派遣され、通盛も従軍。
• In April 1181, an army to subjugate Yukiie, commanded by TAIRA no Shigehira, was dispatched, and Michimori joined this army.

• 永禄3年（1560年）の尾張侵攻は、上洛目的説と織田信長討伐・尾張攻略説とがある。
• There are two theories on why Yoshimoto made an invasion into the Owari Province in 1560; one is that Yoshimoto had the objective of proceeding to the capital (Kyoto), and the other is that he was aiming at putting down Nobunaga ODA and capturing Owari Province.

• これを憲実の反逆と見た持氏は討伐の兵を差し向け、自らも武蔵国府中高安寺に出陣する。
• Mochiuji understood this as Norizane's rebellion, so he sent army to put down Norizane and he led army to Koan-ji Temple, Fuchu, Musashi Province by his own.

• 怒った師直が高貞に謀反の罪を着せ、塩冶一族が討伐され終焉を迎えるまでを描いている。
• In the book 'Taiheiki' Moronao, who was upset about the rejection, had Takasada take the blame for a rebellion, for which he and his family were sentenced to death.

• 治承4年（1180年）、平清盛を討伐するため、以仁王の令旨を奉じて源頼政らが挙兵。
• In 1180, at Prince Mochihito's command, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and others raised an army to subjugate TAIRA no Kiyomori.

• しかしほどなく義仲とも不和となり、身の危険を感じて、平家討伐に名を借りて京を脱出。
• However, his relation with Yoshinaka worsened, and sensing that he was in danger, he fled from the capital (Kyoto) on the pretext of his need to rally the troops to subjugate the Taira Clan.

• そして第2次長州征伐の事後処理、幕府軍の西洋式軍制の導入など、幕政改革に尽力した。
• He worked for Bakufu reforms such as the post-war management of the Second Conquest of Choshu and introduction of western-style military system into the bakufu troops.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、第2次長州征伐で父・宗秀は幕府軍長州征討補佐を務めていた。
• In 1866, his father Munehide served as the assistant for subjugation of Choshu by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on the Second conquest of Choshu in 1866.

• 土地の耕作若しくは開墾又は植物の栽植、栽培、採取若しくは伐採の事業その他農林の事業
• Business of cultivation of land, planting, growing, harvesting or cutting of plants, or other agro forestry businesses

• 源義経が平氏を討伐したのち、源頼朝に疑われて西国に落ちるところからこの能ははじまる。
• This Noh play begins with MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune escaping to Saigoku (the western part of Japan [a region including Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) because he was viewed with suspicion by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo after subduing the Taira clan.

• 島津氏関与説 - 信長が毛利氏を滅ぼした後、九州征伐を開始するのは時間の問題である。
• View that the Shimazu clan was involved - It was a matter of time when Nobunaga commence conquering Kyushu after he overthrew the Mori clan.

• 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
• Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.

• 「すみやかに廃刀の令を出して武士の虚号と殺伐の余風を除かれたい」というものであった。
• It is hoped that Haitorei will be issued immediately so as to remove samurai's arrogance and remaining custom of brutality.'

• 幕府の命を受けた今川氏・越後上杉氏・佐竹氏・宇都宮氏の兵が満隆・氏憲討伐に向かった。
• The soldiers of the Imagawa clan, the Echigo Uesugi clan, the Satake clan and the Utsunomiya clan went to subdue Mitsutaka and Ujinori on the order of the bakufu.

• 朝廷からの独立国建設を目指したが藤原秀郷、平貞盛らにより討伐された（承平天慶の乱）。
• He aimed to create a country independent of the Imperial Court, but his rebellion was put down by FUJIWARA no Hidesato and TAIRA no Sadamori and so on (Johei-Tengyo no Ran (Rebellion of Johei-Tengyo)).

• 幕府による第一次長州征伐が迫る中、長州藩では俗論派が台頭し、10月には福岡へ逃れる。
• As the shogunate planned the first conquest of Choshu, a moderate faction advocating reconciliation with the shogunate became dominant in the Choshu clan and Takasugi escaped to Fukuoka in October.

• 天正13年（1585年）の四国征伐、天正14年（1586年）の九州征伐にも参加する。
• He participated in the Shikoku Conquest in 1585, as well as the Kyushu Conquest in 1586.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐で功をあげたことを契機に、肥後国一国を与えられた。
• The achievement in the Kyusyu Conquest in 1587 brought him the Province of Higo.

• 義経が都に戻って4ヶ月後の同年10月9日、頼朝が土佐坊昌俊を差し向け義経討伐を計る。
• On November 9, 1185, four months later since Yoshitsune's return to the capital, Yoritomo set out the punitive expedition, sending Shoshin TOSANOBO to kill Yoshitsune.

• 過去に平忠常を家人としていたことのある河内源氏の源頼信を甲斐守に任じて討伐を命じた。
• The Imperial Court appointed MINAMOTO no Yoshinobu of Kawachi Genji, who once had TAIRA no Tadatsune as his retainer, to Kai no Kami (Governor of the Kai Province) and ordered Yorinobu to put down the revolt.

• 兄・信長の命で織田信忠の軍団に配属し、1574年の伊勢国長島一向一揆討伐に参加した。
• On the order from his elder brother, Nobunaga, he was assigned to Nobutada ODA's forces and took part in the suppression of Ise Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima, Ise Province) in 1574.

• 幕府の討伐軍に対抗するために吉村らは十津川郷士を募兵して1000人の兵をかき集めた。
• In order to cope with the punitive force of the bakufu, Yoshimura and other members recruited totsukawa goshi (country samurai) and gathered one thousand warriors.

• 宗氏を頼って対馬へ逃れた少弐氏を討伐するために朝鮮に対して対馬の割譲を提言している。
• He proposed Korea to cede the territory of Tsushima to defeat the Shoni clan who had relied on the So clan and ran away to Tsushima.

• 同年5月15日、駿河国加増の礼と武田征伐の戦勝祝いのため、徳川家康が安土城を訪れた。
• On June 15 the same year, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA visited Azuchi-jo Castle in order to give thanks for the addition of Suruga Province and to celebrate the victory of the punitive expedition against the Takeda clan.

• しかし幕府内の事態が一変し直義が復帰、直冬が九州探題に就任したため討伐は中止される。
• However, the situation inside bakufu completely changed allowing Naoyoshi to return, and since Naofuyu took the post as Kyushu tandai, subjugation was called off.

• 慶長5年の上杉景勝征伐に際しては、景勝の反逆を確認する検分使として東北に派遣された。
• On the occasion of the conquest of Kagekatsu UESUGI in 1600, he was dispatched to Tohoku region as kenbunshi, the inspector to confirm the rebellion by Kagekatsu.

• 南方熊楠は、当時からこの伐採による大規模な自然破壊を危惧し、神社合祀に反対している。
• Kumagusu MINAKATA opposed the shrine mergers, fearing that this deforestation would cause large-scale destruction of the natural environment.

• 朝廷の断りなく諸国の武家を従える挙に及んだため、朝廷から討伐されることとなりました。
• Without notifying the Imperial Court, in order to make plans to subjugate samurai families in various provinces, it was made to look as if the subjugation drive emanated from the Imperial court.

• 実際の用材は、木曽（内宮）および裏木曽（外宮）で、この儀式の進行に合わせ伐り出される。
• The timber for this is cut in Kiso (in the case of the Naiku) and in Urakiso (for the Geku) for the occasion of this ceremony.

• 562年（欽明天皇23年）には、新羅に討伐軍を送るが、敵の罠にかかってしまい退却する。
• In 562, though the Emperor Kinmei sent punitive forces to Silla, they were trapped and forced to withdraw.

• 討伐の対象になるところを上杉憲定たちの助命活動が実を結び、義満への上洛謝罪で赦された。
• Although it was worth subjugation, Norisada UESUGI and so on asked for his life and he was forgiven by going up to Kyoto and apologizing Yoshimitsu.

• 9月に入って周辺諸藩からの討伐を受け、多勢に無勢で各地で敗退し、9月27日に壊滅した。
• In September they were attacked by neighboring domain and, being greatly outnumbered, they were defeated at various places and were annihilated on September 27.

• (熊襲討伐後は吉備や難波の邪神を退治して、水陸の道を開き、天皇の賞賛と寵愛を受ける）。
• (After he subdued the Kumaso, he destroyed evil deities in Kibi and Naniwa and opened the routes on land and water, and the emperor praised him and bestowed favor upon him.)

• 九州征伐完了後に博多においてバテレン追放令を発布したが、事実上キリシタンは黙認された。
• After the conquest of Kyusyu he declared to exile Christians, but practically Christians were accepted silently.

• 足利義満は明徳の乱、応永の乱などで有力守護大名を挑発しては討伐してその勢力を削減した。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA intentionally provoked important Shugo Daimyo (Lords) into rebelling against the shogunate (the Meitoku and Oei Rebellions) and by defeating them, reduced their power.

• 正宗は、討伐に従軍して、7月25日に上杉の支城で登坂式部勝乃が守る白石城を陥落させた。
• Masamune joined this campaign, and he captured a subsidiary castle of Uesugi clan Shiroishi-jo Castle defended by TOSAKA shikibu no Katsunori.

• 翌・天正13年（1585年）、秀吉自ら越中征伐に乗り出し、富山城を10万の大軍で包囲。
• In the next year, 1585, Hideyoshi started to conquest Ecchu by himself and surrounded the Toyama-jo Castle with his large 100 thousand army.

• 則天武后は、左玉鈐衛大将軍李孝逸を揚州道大総管として兵30万を与えて討伐に向かわせた。
• Empress Sokuten appointed the great general of 左玉鈐衛 Ri Koitsu to be superintendent general for the Yoshu section and told him to suppress the movement with 300 thousand soldiers.

• 和銅3年（710年）の朝賀の礼では蝦夷討伐の功により将軍を務めた（左将軍は大伴旅人）。
• He served as Shogun in Choga no Rei (retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor), for his services in conquest of ezo (OTOMO no Tabito served as Sashogun).

• その後も佐々成政攻めや、九州征伐に秀吉配下として従軍したが、1589年、56歳で死去。
• After that he also joined the attack on Narimasa SASSA and the Kyushu Conquest serving under Hideyoshi and died at the age of 56 in 1589.

• そして景勝に従って新発田重家討伐、佐渡国の本間氏討伐、小田原征伐に従軍して功を立てた。
• Thereafter, he followed Kagekatsu and joined his army, contributing to the conquest of Shigeie SHIBATA, the Honma clan in Sado Province, and Odawara.

• ほか、大学の財産形成の場として、伐採に伴う用材収入や製炭事業などでの収入が用いられた。
• In addition, the income from selling wood obtained from cutting down trees in the forest, and from charcoal-making business was used to create income for the university.

• これを知った持氏は小栗満重を討伐して京都扶持衆に対する見せしめとした（小栗満重の乱）。
• When Mochiuji learnt this, he killed Mitsushige OGURI to scare the Kyoto Fuchushu (War of Mitsushige OGURI).

• 長享2年(1488年)に政親が一揆討伐軍を上げると逆にこれを攻め滅ぼした（長享の一揆）。
• In 1488, when Masachika raised an army for subjugation of the revolt, they destroyed the army instead (Revolt of the Chokyo era).

• 義教の信任厚い持常は、嘉吉の乱で義教が暗殺された後、赤松満祐征伐のため播磨国に出兵する。
• After Yoshinori was assassinated in the Kakitsu War, Mochitsune, who was a confidential of Yoshinori, dispatched troops to Harima Provicne for the subjugation of Mitsusuke AKAMATSU.

• この処置に不満な康行は挙兵に追い込まれて、幕府軍の討伐を受けて没落した（土岐康行の乱）。
• Feeling dissatisfied with this treatment, Yasuyuki was driven to raise an army, but his army was suppressed and ruined by the army of bakufu (Yasuyuki TOKI's rebellion).

• その後は明智光秀の与力大名として久秀討伐（信貴山城の戦い）、一向一揆討伐などで活躍した。
• After that, Junkei helped Mitsuhide AKECHI as Yoriki Daimyo (territorial lord who supports other lords) to make military achievements including the expedition of Hisahide (the Battle of Shigisan-jo Castle) and the expedition of Ikko sect's revolts.

• 尊氏が勅状を得ないまま北条軍の討伐に向かうと、後醍醐天皇は追って尊氏を征東将軍に任じる。
• When Takauji set out to suppress the Hojo army despite not having obtained an Imperial decree, Emperor Godaigo belatedly appointed him seito shogun (literally, 'general who subdues the eastern barbarians').

• 宗氏はこの要求に屈し、この規則に基づく関係は豊臣秀吉の朝鮮征伐まで継続されることになる。
• The So clan succumbed to these demands and the relationship with Korean Dynasties based on these rules lasted until Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean Invasions.

• が、羽柴秀吉は根来寺の泉南への進出を快く思わず、機会があれば討伐しようともくろんでいた。
• However, Hideyoshi HASHIBA did not feel good about Negoro-ji Temple's progress to the Sennan region and waited for an opportunity to put it down.

• 渡辺等は「天照皇　徳川恢復朝敵奸佞征伐」の旗を掲げ、7日朝より新潟県庁へ向けて北上した。
• WATANABE and other members headed north toward Niigata Prefectural Office on the morning of 7th hoisting the flag that read 'In the name of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess), we wil restore the dignity and honor of the Tokugawa shogunate and conquer unrighteous traitor of the Emperor.'

• そこで晴元は、木沢の一件の発端を作った蓮淳に対して、義堯と元長の討伐への協力を依頼した。
• So Harumoto requested Renjun, who caused the KIZAWA incident, to cooperate in putting down Yoshitaka and Motonaga.

• 旧石器時代・縄文時代・弥生時代時代において主に樹木の伐採や土掘り、農耕用として使われた。
• Stone axes were mainly used for felling of trees, soil digging and farming in the Paleolithic period, the Jomon period and the Yayoi period.

• 家系は藤原北家の藤原魚名の流れを汲み、平将門を征伐した鎮守府将軍藤原秀郷の末裔にあたる。
• The family line was descended from FUJIWARA no Uona in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and Onuki clan was a descendant of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who subjugated TAIRA no Masakado.

• また、戦局が不利になってからも、九州で平家に反旗を翻した緒方惟義、菊池隆直らを討伐した。
• Also, after the war started going against them, he defeated Koreyoshi OGATA and Takanao KIKUCHI who rose in revolt against the Taira family in the Kyushu District.

• 最終的には藤堂高虎に命じて雑賀党の首領・鈴木重意を謀殺させることで平定した（紀州征伐）。
• Finally he had Takatora TODO kill Shigeoki SUZUKI, a head of Saika party, by a trap and conquered Kishu (Conquest of Kishu)

• 直冬は中国地方において軍勢を催促するなどの態度を取ったため、将軍尊氏は直冬討伐令を下す。
• Shogun Takauji gave the order to put down Tadafuyu because he had pressed Takauji to increase the number of soldiers in the Chugoku region, and so on.

• 関ヶ原の戦いの前哨戦には当初徳川家康の会津征伐に従軍して7月1日に出陣する予定であった。
• He firstly planned to participate in the prelude of the Battle of Sekigahara as a member of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army on August 9.

• 天正15年（1587年）、秀吉は自ら兵を率いて九州征伐に出陣し各地で島津軍を破っていく。
• Hideyoshi led his army for conquest of the Kyushu region in 1587 and defeated Shimazu's army in various places.

• 近藤勇や伊東に重用され、1866年の長州征伐後の訊問使の一人として広島市に下向している。
• Treated preferentially by Isami KONDO and Ito, he went down to Hiroshima City as one of jinmonshi (envoy for interrogation) after the Choshu Conquest in 1866.

• 康正2年（1454年）、享徳の乱で室町幕府より今川氏へ関東公方足利成氏討伐が命じられた。
• During the Kyotoku War, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) told the Imagawa clan to suppress Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, Kanto kubo, in 1454.

• 2度目とあって九尾の狐対策を十分に練ったため、討伐軍は次第に九尾の狐を追い込んでいった。
• Because it was the second attack, the force had carefully planned the hunt and they slowly drove the nine-tailed fox into a corner.

• 建武 (日本)2年（1335年）、足利尊氏が新田義貞征伐を上奏した際に、強硬に反対した。
• In 1335, he strongly opposed Takauji ASHIKAGA's proposal of defeating Yoshisada NITTA to the throne.

• 一人残った頼家は多少病状が回復して事件を知り激怒、時政討伐を命じるが従うものはなかった。
• Yoriie, who had somewhat recovered, learned of the conspiracy and angrily ordered Tokimasa to be killed but nobody obeyed.

• その後も小牧・長久手の戦いや九州征伐、小田原征伐などに兵150名を動員して参加している。
• Subsequently he participated in the battles of Komaki and Nagakute as well as the conquests of Kyushu and Odawara, in which he mobilized 150 troops.

• 1934年に開通した森林軌道の沿線を中心に、木炭用の雑木や枕木用の栗材が大量に伐採された
• Lots of miscellaneous small tress and chestnut trees along the forest tramlines, which started its operation in 1934, were cut to make charcoal and make railroad ties.

• 神社の造営に当たってその木材となる植林または自生する特別に伐採された木を指す場合もある。
• Shinboku sometimes refers to trees which are grown by forestation, have naturally grown and which are specially cut down to be used for building a shrine.

• 緊急時の木材・現金供給源を兼ねた水源涵養林として意図的に森林の伐採を行わない里山もあった。
• Parts of Satoyama were kept safe from logging as water catchment forests and supply sources of timber and sources of cash income in emergency situations.

• 手の内に隠されたその剣は、手を離れて敵を伐つ剣、との意味から、時には手離剣とも表記された。
• It was sometime written as 手離剣, since the sword hidden in one's hand is released from the hand and hits the enemy.

• これは四国征伐の武功による加増と言われているが、実質は40万石から20万石もの減封である。
• This transfer was believed to be the reward for his military achievement in the Shikoku Conquest and his hereditary rice stipend had to increase; however, in fact, the stipend was decreased from 400,000 koku (72156 cubic meters) to 200,000 koku (36078 cubic meters).

• 足利満兼を謀叛に誘った今川了俊は幕府から討伐の命を受けたために上洛して謝罪し、助命された。
• Ryoshun IMAGAWA, the one who had urged Mitsukane to revolt against the shogunate, was made the target of a search and destroy order from the shogunate, and because of this proceeded to the capital and apologized, for which he was granted clemency.

• 三人衆はこれに不満を抱く順慶と興福寺に対して久秀討伐を持ちかけて秘かに手を結んだのである。
• The three men proposed to Junkei and Kofuku-ji Temple, both displeased with this development, to attack Hisahide and entered into a clandestine alliance with them.

• 為虎は翌年の豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐にも参加し、文禄・慶長の役でも毛利軍の一員として活躍した。
• The next year, Tametora joined Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to go on an expedition against Odawara, and also took an active part as a member of Mori's force in the Bunroku-Keicho War.

• 憲実は持氏の助命と持氏の嫡子足利義久の関東公方就任を嘆願するが、義教は許さず討伐を命じた。
• Although Norizane asked for Mochiuji's life and assumption of his legitimate son Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA to Kanto Kubo, Yoshinori did not accept it and ordered to hunt down and kill him.

• 翌建治2年（1276年）に異国征伐として高麗出兵を計画し、平行して石築地を築造させている。
• In the following year, 1276, the bakufu planned the dispatch of troops to Goryeo, and at the same time constructed stone tuiji.

• 陪臣である義時が天下を取ったからという理由だけでこれを討伐するのは、後鳥羽に落ち度がある。
• Gotoba erred in trying to subjugate Yoritomo's rear vassal Yoshitoki merely because he had taken control of all under heaven.

• 大坂に四国討伐軍が集結する直前を見計らって光秀（正確には利三）が本能寺を襲撃したとする説。
• Another theory says Mitsuhide (actually Toshimitsu) attacked Honno-ji Temple right before troops gathered in Osaka to attack Shikoku.

• 嘉応2年（1170年）、伊豆介工藤茂光は上洛して為朝の乱暴狼藉を訴え、討伐の院宣が下った。
• In 1170 Shigemitsu KUDO, the deputy-chief of Izu Province, went to Kyoto to complain about Tametomo's violent and terrible behavior, and so the court issued an imperial decree to hunt Tametomo down.

• しかしこれに失敗して長州藩は朝敵となり、幕府が長州征伐（第一次幕長戦争）を行うこととなる。
• Since the Choshu clan, however, failed in this and became the Emperor's enemy, the Government made the Choshu Conquest (the First Baku-cho War).

• 759年伊予国守に転任し、761年に新羅征伐の議が起こると敬福は南海道節度使に任命された。
• He was reassigned to the governor of Iyo in 759, and was later assigned to Nankaido Setsudoshi in 761 when the topic of Silla conquest was brought up.

• このため、氏満の命を受けた上杉朝宗らの討伐軍による攻撃を受け、翌年に降伏を余儀なくされた。
• Then he was attacked by the punitive force of Tomomune UESUGI, given the order from Ujimitsu, and a year later he surrendered.

• 改元して慶応元年、物外は第一次長州征伐の調停役を依頼され、願書をしたためて朝廷に奉呈する。
• The era name was changed into Keio, and Motsugai was asked to be a mediator for the First conquest of Choshu, so he made a petition and submitted it to the Imperial court.

• そして、倭国と高句麗との交易を妨害しはじめたことに対し、新羅征伐のために朝鮮半島へ渡った。
• As Silla started interfering in trade between Wakoku (Japan) and Goguryeo (a Kingdom of Korea), SOGA no Karako went over to the Korean Peninsula to conquer Silla.

• 景虎は元服した同年、病弱な晴景を侮り反乱を起こした越後の豪族を討伐することで初陣を飾った。
• In the same year, on attaining manhood, Kagetora won a victory in his first campaign for subduing local ruling families in Echigo Province who had rebelled against the sickly Harukage.

• また、同じ年の11月には中大兄皇子のライバル・古人大兄皇子討伐事件にも関与していたという。
• It is said that, in November of the year, he was also involved in the affair of defeating Furuhito no Oe no Miko, who was a rival of Naka no Oe no Oji.

• また、義尚に討伐を受けた際に伊賀に逃れたのは高頼とその嫡男の六角氏綱ともされることがある。
• Furthermore, it is sometimes said that the persons who were chased by Yoshihisa and fled to Iga were Takayori and his heir, Ujitsuna ROKKAKU.

• 造林事業については、当初杉の伐採を行ったところ林相の悪化を招いたために一時伐採を中止した。
• Concerning the afforestation business, logging initially deteriorated the forest physiognomy and logging was stopped temporarily.

• その後はしいたけ栽培や木炭の製造のための雑木伐採、枕木用の栗材の伐採跡に杉の造林を行った。
• Then miscellaneous small trees were cut to cultivate shiitake mushroom and make charcoal, and Japanese cedar trees were planted at the site where chestnut tress were cut to make railroad ties.

• それに伴い、蝦夷に対する政策も変わり7世紀中頃の攻防戦線は東北へ移動をしている（蝦夷征伐）。
• This affected the policy toward the Emishi and the battle line moved to the northeast in the mid-seventh century (the subjugation of Ezo).

• 豊臣秀吉が豊臣秀吉九州征伐の後、暫く筥崎宮に滞在して博多の町割りを行っていた折に催した茶会。
• This is a tea ceremony held by Toyotomi Hideyoshi while he was staying at Hakozakigu Shrine for some time to scale town planning in Hakata after the Kyushu Conquest.

• 酒呑童子討伐で知られる武将・源頼光が弟・源頼信の家へ行ったとき、厠に鬼童丸が捕えられていた。
• When the military commander MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu known for the subjugation of Shuten Doji went to the home of his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, Kidomaru was caught in the toilet.

• 「神功紀」によると、三韓征伐より帰還した皇后の畿内入りを阻止しようとした忍熊王の軍を破った。
• According to 'Jingugi' (Chronicle of Empress Jingu), he defeated the army of Shikuma no mikoto, who tried to prevent the Empress from entering the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), when she was on the way back from the Sankan seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in ancient Korea).

• その後、奏聞から戻ってきた行隆が以仁王誅伐の情報を伝えたため、興福寺即時追討論は退けられた。
• Thereafter, Yukitaka, who had returned from reporting to the emperor, conveyed the news of the death of the criminal, prince Mochihito, which removed the impetus for the immediate destruction of Kofuku-ji temple.

• その後、塩冶高貞は謀反により討伐されると、三刀屋氏は勢力を伸ばしてきた山名氏の傘下に入った。
• When Takasada ENYA was defeated by a rebellion afterward, Mitoya clan came under the umbrella of the influential Yamana clan.

• 室町幕府のこの反乱に対する立場は、義嗣や南朝との連携を危惧して氏憲討伐に乗り出したのである。
• The stance of the Muromachi bakufu towards this rebellion was that they took the step of killing Ujinori because of their fear of his coalition with Yoshitsugu and the Southern Court.

• 高清は美濃国の守護代・斎藤利国を頼り、六角征伐の最中の1488年（長享2年）8月に挙兵した。
• Takakiyo asked Toshikuni SAITO, the Mino Province's Shugodai, for help and raised an army in the middle of the Rokkaku subjugation in August 1488.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐では、薩摩藩の妨害を抑えて慶喜が長州征伐の勅命を得る。
• At the Second Subjugation of Choshu in 1866, Yoshinobu suppressed interferences from Satsuma-han Clan and received a direct order from the Emperor to subjugate Choshu.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、家康が会津の上杉景勝の謀反を主張し、討伐を発令すると嘉明も従軍する。
• In 1600, Yoshiaki participated in the campaign against Kagekatsu UESUGI of Aizu, whom Ieyasu had declared to be plotting a revolt.

• 斯波派が望む、頼之に対する討伐は義満が抑えるが、政変を知った河野氏が南朝から幕府に帰服した。
• Although Yoshimitsu was against the subjugation of Yoriyuki desired by the Shiba clan, the Kawano clan, on learning of the coup, rejoined the bakufu from the Southern Court.

• しかし、長州征伐には消極的だったようであり、第2次では安斐の病気を理由に出兵は辞退している。
• However, it seems like he was passive about the conquest of Choshu because he refused to actually join the troops at the Second conquest on the grounds of Yasuaya being ill.

• 正平5年/観応元年（1350年）、直義の養子の足利直冬討伐のために尊氏と共に播磨へ出陣する。
• In 1350, Moronao went to Harima along with Takauji to conquer Tadafuyu, Tadayoshi's adopted child, in the Southern Court.

• 1440年、関東で起こった結城合戦に際して、義教の命で大和国の越智氏を討伐のために出陣する。
• In 1440, when the Yuki War started in the Kanto region, he departed for the front to subdue the Ochi clan of Yamato Province by order of Yoshinori.

• 兄の大庭景親に与同して、石橋山の戦いでは平家方につき源頼朝の討伐に参加し、頼朝を敗走させた。
• Joining in with his older brother Kagechika OBA, Kagehisa participated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama as a Heike (the Taira clan) force to subdue MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and put him to rout.

• ところが信長と義昭はやがて対立し、義昭は信長を滅ぼすべく、信玄に信長討伐の御内書を発送する。
• However, Nobunaga came into conflict with Yoshiaki later, and Yoshiaki sent Gonaisho (official document) to Shingen in order to subjugate Nobunaga.

• 「Ｙ」の様な三又の樹木には神が宿っているとして伐採を禁じ、その木を神体として祭る風習もある。
• There is also a practice that forbids the cutting of Y-shaped threes because divine spirits are dwelling in such trees, which become the object of worship.

• 東征ののち、尾張で結婚した宮簀媛（宮簀媛）の元に剣を預けたまま伊吹山の悪神を討伐しに行った。
• After the expedition to 'Togoku,' Takeru left the sword with his wife Miyazu hime, whom he married in Owari Province, and went to defeat the evil god of Ibuki-yama mountain.

• チェーンソーを用いて行う立木の伐木、かかり木の処理又は造材の業務（前号に掲げる業務を除く。）
• Work utilizing a chain saw for the felling of a standing tree, disposing of a hanging tree, or logging (excluding the work listed in the preceding item);

• 戦中・戦後の乱伐からの回復は、1950年に始まる国土緑化運動の成果を待たなければならなかった。
• Recovery from the destructive exploitation suffered during the war and post war periods was not initiated until the national tree-planting campaign, which began in 1950, and started to give results.

• このうち御留山を民間の材木商や村が伐採する場合には藩に現銀による対価を支払わねばならなかった。
• In case of the trees of Otomeyama, the timber merchant or village that wanted to cut the trees had to pay the price in silver currency to the owner domain.

• 後に根来山は豊臣秀吉との確執の末に討伐を受け壊滅、生き延びた一部の僧たちは奈良や京都へ逃れた。
• Later, after feud against Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the sect of Mt. Negoro was subjugated and wiped out, and some priests who survived retreated to Nara and Kyoto.

• 京都市との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
• According to a legend, a demon called Shuten-doji lived in Oe on the border with Kyoto City and was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.

• 織田氏重臣であった滝川一益は武田氏の討伐と関東進出への功績から、70万石もの所領を与えられた。
• Kazumasa TAKIGAWA, who was a great vassal of the Oda clan, was rewarded with a holding of 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000 cubic meters).

• だが同月末には再度攻勢に出て、討伐に当たった杉若無心・桑山重晴・宇多頼忠らは苦戦を強いられた。
• However, it began to attack again at the end of November, and made Mushin SUGIWAKA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Tadayori UTA and others face an uphill battle.

• 弘安8年（1285年）11月4日と14日に頼綱は日光山別当源恵に依頼し、泰盛伐の祈祷を行った。
• Yoritsuna requested Genkei, the betto (the head secretary of a temple) in Nikko-zan mountain to give an invocation to subdue Yasumori on December 8 and 18, 1285.

• 翌永享7年（1435年）義教は光宣の訴えにより越智維通らの再度の討伐を決め、幕府軍を派遣した。
• In 1435, Yoshinori once again made up his mind to subdue Koremichi OCHI and his allies by the request from Mitsunobu and dispatched the army of bakufu.

• 天正13年（1585年）の紀州征伐、天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐にも武将として参加した。
• He also joined the Kishu Campaign in 1585 and the Kyushu Campaign in 1587 as a general.

• しかし、祖父信長の行った紀州征伐が仇となって当初は入山が許されず、10月28日まで待たされた。
• However, he actually couldn't enter the mountain until December 3 due to the conquest of Kishu by his grandfather, Nobunaga.

• 文聖王は張保皐の武力を恐れて討伐を躊躇していたが、ここで閻長という剣客が彼の暗殺を請け負った。
• Because King Munseong was scared of Bogo JANG's military power, he could not decide to kill Jang but an expert swordsman called Yeomjang was contracted for Jang's assassination.

• 琉球守は律令にないユニークな官職名であり、茲矩も琉球征伐を秀吉に申し出て一度は許可されている。
• Ryukyu no kami was a unique government post name not mentioned in the code, and Korenori asked Hideyoshi to allow him to conquer Ryukyu, which was once approved.

• 応仁の乱終了後に六角氏が将軍足利義尚の討伐を受けた際には、子の高頼と共に伊賀に逃れるとされる。
• It is said that he fled to Iga together with his son, Takayori, when the Rokkaku clan was chased by Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA after the Onin War.

• その子吉川実経も新田義貞の御教書を奉じて、九州へと敗走した足利尊氏方の残党討伐に参加している。
• His son Sanetsune also participated in the punitive force with the migyosho (document for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities) of Yoshisada NITTA against the defeated army of Takauji ASHIKAGA who escaped to Kyushu.

• 慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐では、丹後近海の海防などを理由に本国待機を許されている。
• During the second conquest of Choshu in 1866, he was allowed to stay in his province because he needed to defend the coast.

• これに対し信長は、天正5年（1577年）2月、紀州雑賀衆を討伐するために大軍を率いて出陣する。
• On the other hand, Nobunaga left for the front leading a large army to suppress Ikko adherents of Saiga in Kishu in February 1577.

• 小田原征伐の折に陣羽織一面に鈴を縫い付けて戦場を駆けたことから、「鈴鳴り武者」の異名をとった。
• Rushing to the battle in the conquest and siege of Odawara with bells sawn onto the whole surface of Jinbaori earned him the nickname 'bell-ringing-samurai.'

• 事業者は、油圧式伐倒機については、堅固なヘッドガードを備えたものでなければ使用してはならない。
• The employer shall, as regards a hydraulic felling machine, not use the one without a sound head guard.

• 竹伐狸、竹切狸（たけきりだぬき）は、京都府南桑田郡保津村大年（現・亀岡市）に伝わるタヌキの妖怪。
• 'Takekiri danuki' (raccoon dog cutting bamboo) is a spirit of a raccoon dog handed down in Otoshi, Hozu-mura Village, Minamikuwata County, Kyoto Prefecture (present-day, Kameoka City).

• 伝説では、神功皇后が新羅征伐後、凱旋し、安倍氏の祖先によって、大嘗祭で踊られたものであるという。
• According to the legend, it was danced by the ancestors of Abe clan at Daijo-sai Festival when Empress Jingu triumphantly returned after the conquest of Silla.

• 梅樹の手入れはおろそかになり、畑地に植えられていた梅は伐採されて他の作物に植え替えられていった。
• Plum trees were left unattended and those planted on crop fields were cut down to be replaced by other crops.

• 大堰川の上流の保津川の流域では林業が盛んであり、伐採した木材を京都の街に運ぶために川が使われた。
• Forestry was active in the areas along the Hozu-gawa River above the Oi-gawa River, and the river was used to carry the logged timber to the city of Kyoto.

• 慶州李氏と同じく、新羅建国時の新羅六部の一つ沙梁部の村長だった蘇伐都利（崔淵源）を始祖と称する。
• Just as the Gyeongju Ri clan, they claim 蘇伐都利 (Yeonweon CHOE), the village mayor of 沙梁部, one of the Silla-Yukbu at the time of establishment of Silla, as their originator.

• 平将門の子孫に当たる平忠常が乱を起こし、朝廷は討伐軍を派遣するが3年にわたって鎮圧できなかった。
• TAIRA no Tadatsune who was a descendant of TAIRA no Masakado raised a revolt and the Imperial Court dispatched a punitive force, but they could not suppress it for over three years.

• だが、それは逆に将軍足利義晴から晴元へ下された本願寺討伐令という大義名分を与えるだけに終わった。
• This adversely ended up in giving a legitimate reason to Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA's order to Harumoto to suppress Hongan-ji Temple.

• (父天皇が一旦平定した九州地方で、再び叛乱が起きたため、16歳の小碓命を討伐に遣わしたとある。)
• (It says that there was a rebellion again in the Kyushu region where his father, the emperor had subjugated once, and the emperor dispatched the 16-year-old Ousu no Mikoto to subdue it.)

• 7代将軍に義教嫡子の足利義勝が就任し、赤松氏が討伐されると持之は管領を辞任し、持国が管領となる。
• With Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA, the son of Yoshinori, becoming the 7th shogun and the AKAMATSU Clan defeated, Mochiyuki stepped down from the Kanrei position and was replaced by Mochikuni.

• 戸次川の戦いでは島津軍の前に大敗しているが、小田原征伐では海上から伊豆下田城を攻め落としている。
• He was thoroughly defeated by the Shimazu army at the Battle of Hetsugi-gawa River but successfully assaulted Izu Shimoda Castle from the sea during the Odwara Campaign.

• 九州征伐、小田原征伐と歴戦し、天正17年（1589年）に美濃国福束城主となり、2万石を拝領した。
• Kanetoshi participated in the Kyushu conquest and the Siege of Odawara, and became the Lord of Fukutsuka-jo Castle in Mino Province in 1589, with a stipend of 20,000 koku.

• 永正3年（1506年）には養父・政元の命令に従って丹後国の一色義有討伐に赴いたが、敗退している。
• In 1506, Sumiyuki went Tango Province for subjugation of Yoshiari ISSHIKI by an order of his adoptive father Masamoto, but he retreated.

• 隆景は三村氏を討伐し、豊後国の大友義鎮が信長と通じて侵攻してくると、水軍を率いて大友軍と戦った。
• Takakage punished and destroyed the Mimura clan, and then lead his Suigun and fought against the forces of Yoshishige OTOMO from the Bungo Province, who had allied with Nobunaga and invaded Takakage's territory.

• これに対して室町幕府4代将軍足利義持は持氏討伐を計画するが、持氏の謝罪によって討伐は中止された。
• In response, the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA plotted to put down Mochiuji, but the suppression was canceled because of Mochiuji's apology.

• 景時は失脚して鎌倉を退去し、翌正治2年（1200年）正月に討伐され、滅びている（梶原景時の変）。
• Kagetoki lost his position and left Kamakura; in February next year, Kagetoki was killed and his story was ended (The Incident of Kagetoki KAJIWARA).

• また、寛正6年（1466年）には甲斐国の武田信昌とともに古河公方足利成氏の討伐を命じられている。
• Yoshitada, along with Nobumasa TAKEDA in Kai Province, was told to suppress Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, Koga kubo, in 1466.

• 豊臣秀吉が織田信長の命を受けて中国征伐を開始すると、秀吉の家臣として仕え、毛利氏攻めに従軍した。
• When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI launched the Chugoku Conquest under the order of Nobunaga ODA, he served as a vassal for Hideyoshi and joined the attack on the Mori clan.

• 武功においても伊勢国の北畠満雅を討ち、1427年に出奔した赤松満祐の討伐においても活躍している。
• As a military man, he performed great exploits, as he subjugated Mitsumasa KITABATAKE of Ise Province, and subdued the army of Mitsusuke AKAMATSU who had run away in 1427.

• 秀政の死後、豊臣秀長、次いで豊臣秀吉に仕え、小牧・長久手の戦い、小田原征伐・朝鮮出兵などに従軍。
• After Hidemasa's death, he served under Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI; then he took the side of TOYOTOMI clan and took part in the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute (the battle between Hideyoshi HASHIBA (the former name of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI before getting granted the name TOYOTOMI) and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA with Nobukatsu ODA), the Siege of Odawara (the war between Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Hojo clan still influential in Kanto region based on Odawara) and invasion of the Korean peninsula (the invasion of Korean peninsula promoted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).

• 寿永2年（1183年）、平家討伐の兵を挙げた源頼朝のもとへ、一族の成田光治に兵を与えて派兵する。
• In 1183, he ordered a member of his family, Koji NARITA, to lead troops to aid MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who raised an army to subjugate the Taira family.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、徳川家康による会津征伐に従い、下野国小山に赴き、関ヶ原の戦いに参加した。
• In 1600, he went to Oyama, Shimotsuke Province, accompanying Ieyasu TOKUGAWA for the conquest of Aizu, where he took part in the Battle of Sekigahara.

• これを元親が突っぱねると、信長は三男織田信孝を総大将とし、四国征伐の遠征軍を向かわせようとした。
• When Motochika refused to follow the order, Nobunaga planned to send a punitive expeditionary force to Shikoku with his third son, Nobutaka ODA, as the supreme commander.

• また源頼朝御落胤説があり、これが後に孫の安達泰盛の代になり、霜月騒動で一族誅伐に至る遠因となる。
• There was a theory that Kagemori had been an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter, this theory indirectly caused the killing (of someone who is guilty) of the family in the Shimotsuki sodo (the political change of Kamakura Bakufu, the shogunate government) in the period of Kagemori's grandson, Yasumori ADACHI.

• 第二次四国征伐の折には喜岡城を落とし、木津城攻めでは城の要を抑え、城内の水源を絶つなど活躍した。
• He also played an important role in the second subjugation of Shikoku by capturing the linchpin, or the Kioka-jo Castle, and cutting off the water source of the castle.

• そして、天正13年（1585年）、四国征伐の功績により、秀吉から讃岐国高松10万石を与えられた。
• As a result of his achievements in the Shikoku Conquest, he was awarded Takamatsu in Sanuki Province with 100,000 koku of rice in 1585 by Hideyoshi.

• かん木、枝条、つる、浮石等で、伐倒の際その他作業中に危険を生ずるおそれのあるものを取り除くこと。
• To remove shrubs, branches, vines, loose stones and other objects, which is liable to cause dangers during work.

• 反逆者は討伐せねばならないが、天皇は姫を深く愛しており、姫の腹には天皇の子がすくすくと育っていた。
• Although the Emperor had to subdue the traitors, he loved her deeply and, in addition, she was expecting his son, who was growing steadily.

• しかし後に安倍貞任が朝廷と対立し、源頼義率いる討伐軍との間で前九年の役と呼ばれる戦いを繰り広げる。
• Later on however, ABE no Sadato came into conflict with the Imperial Court, and the Abe clan fought a series of battles called 'Zen Kunen no Eki' against the suppression forces headed by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.

• 1910年（明治43年）の日韓併合以後は朝鮮人が日本人となったことから朝鮮征伐の表現は避けられた。
• Since the Japanese Annexation of Korea in 1910, because Koreans became Japanese citizens, the expression of chosen seibatsu was avoided.

• 後北条氏は天正18年（1590年）からの征伐（小田原の役）により滅ぼされ、家康は関東に移封された。
• The Gohojo clan fell from the conquest started in 1590 (the Siege of Odawara) and Ieyasu was transferred to Kanto.

• 新羅は日本の侵攻に備えて築城（723年、毛伐郡城）し、日本でも一時軍備強化のため節度使が置かれた。
• Silla built a castle (毛伐郡城) in 723 to prepare for a Japanese invasion and, Japan temporarily installed a setsudoshi (military governor) to strengthen armaments.

• この戦で、一敗地にまみれた長州藩は逆賊となり京から追放され、幕府から征伐軍が派遣されることとなる。
• Because of this battle, the Choshu clan were expelled from Kyoto as rebels, and the bakufu dispatched the army to try and conquer them.

• 貞隆は兄と同じく秀吉に仕えて小田原征伐や文禄の役で武功を挙げ、播磨国内で1万石の所領を与えられた。
• Sadataka also served Hideyoshi just like his brother and left achievements in the Siege of Odawara and the Bunroku War, which earned him 10,000 koku crop yields in Harima Province.

• 日本においては、桃太郎や一寸法師など童形の英雄によって悪の征伐がなされるという説話が多く見られる。
• There are a lot of Japanese fables such as Momotaro (the Peach Boy) and Issunboshi (the Inch-High Samurai) where evil characters are defeated by a child hero.

• その後は加藤嘉明や九鬼嘉隆らと共に水軍衆の指揮官を務め、九州征伐、小田原征伐や朝鮮出兵などに従軍。
• He also served as a naval commander along with Yoshiaki KATO and Yoshitaka KUKI, taking part in the Kyushu and Odawara Campaigns, as well as the invasion of Korea.

• こうして一転賊軍となった信頼・義朝らは討伐の対象となり、ついに12月27日京中で戦闘が開始される。
• In contrast, Nobuyori and Yoshitomo became rebels, and the battle to put them down occurred on December 27 in Kyoto.

• 義賢はこれを討伐するために大軍を自ら率いたが、長政率いる浅井軍の前に大敗を喫した（野良田の戦い）。
• To suppress the rebellion, Yoshitaka personally led a large army himself but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the AZAI forces led by Nagamasa (Battle of Norada).

• 6月16日、家康は大坂城・京橋口より軍勢を率いて上杉氏征伐に出征し、同日の夕刻には伏見城に入った。
• On June 16, Ieyasu started going to conquer the Uesugi clan, leading his military forces, from Kyobashi-guchi of Osaka-jo Castle, and entered Fushimi-jo Castle in the evening of the same day.

• 討伐の際は、降伏を認めないなどの徹底した粛清（小手森城政宗の撫で斬り）を行い、非道な一面を見せた。
• During the attack, Masamune revealed the cruel side of his nature by refusing the surrender of enemy soldiers and throughgoingly purged the entire enemy troops (Masamune's enemy mow down at the Odemori-jo Castle).

• 豊臣秀吉死後の慶長5年（1600年）に家康が会津領主・上杉景勝に謀反容疑をかけ、上杉討伐を行った。
• After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu launched a campaign against Uesugi clan in 1600 upon suspecting the proprietor of Aizu region Kagekatsu UESUGI of treason.

• 身の危険を感じた親成は、毛利氏に通じ、元親を初めとする三村家討伐に協力した（備中兵乱1575年）。
• Chikashige, feeling his safety in danger, gave the information to the Mori clan and supported it to destroy the Mimura family including Motochika (the Disturbance of Bicchu in 1575).

• その後も九州征伐、朝鮮出兵などに参加し、いずれも功を挙げたことにより、摂津三田2万石を与えられた。
• After that, he joined the Kyusyu Conquest and the dispatch of troops to Korea and then received the fief of Settsu Sanda yielding 20,000-koku (a unit of volume of rice) because of his distinguished military service.

• その後も金ヶ崎城攻めや北畠顕家討伐で大いに活躍し、室町幕府創設にあたり軍事において大いに貢献した。
• Moroyasu made a great contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu militarily, including the attack on the Kanagasaki-jo Castle and the subjugation of Akiie KITABATAKE.

• 広葉樹林は穀物、木材、いくらかの綿花を産出します。温帯地方にあり、伐採するとプレーリーになります。
• Broadleaf forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Cotton. They are found in the temperate latitudes and give way to prairies when cleared.

• 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決めた。
• In 1864, the shogunate government, which raised an army for the Choshu Conquest due to Kinmon Incident, decided that military uniforms would be made in a western style.

• 重継の子江戸重長は初め頼朝と対立して頼朝方の三浦氏を伐ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
• In the beginning, Shigetsugu's son Shigenaga EDO, opposed to Yoritomo, killed a Miura clan member on the Yoritomo side, but after they made peace, he became a shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 光秀は、武田征伐から帰還したのち、長年武田氏と戦って労あった徳川家康の接待役を5月15日より務めた。
• After returning from an expedition to conquer the Takeda clan, on May 15, Mitsuhide served as the marshal to entertain Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who served with distinction in the battles with the Takeda clan for many years.

• 松永久秀や三好義継、三好三人衆らと結んで挙兵し、公然と敵対行動を見せた足利義昭を討伐するためである。
• The purpose was to subdugate Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was openly showing hostile behavior, and had raised an army with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI and Miyoshi sanninshu (Nagayuki MIYOSHU, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI).

• 駿河は同盟関係の徳川家康が領する一方、武田征伐に協調した隣国の相模の後北条氏は遺領を得られなかった。
• Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was Nobunaga's ally, was given Suruga as his territory, the Gohojo clan in the neighboring province of Sagami, which cooperated in the subjugation of the Takeda clan, was not given any of the former territory of the Takeda clan.

• 4月末、湯河直春は反攻に転じたため、これに対応するため四国征伐軍の一部が割かれ紀伊に差し向けられた。
• Since Naoharu YUKAWA began to counter at the end of May, a part of the army for the conquest of the Shikoku region was dispatched to the Kii Province.

• 同年9月、業を煮やした朝廷は平直方を召還し、代わって甲斐国守源頼信を追討使に任じて忠常討伐を命じた。
• In September of the same year, the frustrated imperial court recalled TAIRA no Naokata and appointed MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, Kai no kuni no Kami (officer in charge of regional administration in Kai) as tsuitoshi and ordered suppression of Tadatsune.

• 長州藩に匿われるが、元治元年（1864年）の第一次長州征伐（幕長戦争）に際しては福岡藩へ預けられる。
• Although having been harbored by the domain of Choshu, he was transferred to Fukuoka Domain when the Shogunate launched the punitive First Choshu Expedition (Baku-cho war) in 1864.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐では毛利氏、宇喜多氏などの軍勢の戦目付として、戦勝に貢献している。
• During the Kyushu Campaign in 1587, he worked as a supervisor for the troops of the Mori clan and the Ukita clan contributing to their victory.

• 征伐を受けそうになった長州藩は密かに薩摩藩と秘密同盟を結び（薩長同盟）、幕府軍を藩境の各地で破った。
• The Choshu clan which was almost conquered concluded a secret alliance with the Satsuma clan (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance) and defeated the army of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at various places on the domain borders.

• 『古事記』にも物部荒甲の表記で記述され、金村と共に竺紫君石井（磐井）討伐の任に当たったことが見える。
• His name was described as '物部荒甲', MONONOBE no Arakahi, (different kanji writing, same reading) in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and it can be seen that he was in charge of subjugation of Tsukushi no kimi Iwai with Kanamura.

• この謀反を、自身の更なる権力強化の好機ととらえて討伐軍を動員した義村によって、三石城を取り囲まれた。
• Muramune secluded in Mitsuishi-jo was surrounded by a punitive force lead by Yoshimura who thought that the revolt by Muramune was the opportunity to further strengthen his power.

• 元久2年（1205年）6月22日の畠山重忠の乱で、兄河越重時と共に北条義時率いる重忠討伐軍に加わる。
• In Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion on July 17, 1205, he joined the army led by Yoshitoki HOJO to defeat Shigetada with his brother Shigetoki KAWAGOE.

• 激怒した義直は直ちに丹後へ下向、翌長享元年（1487年）の足利義尚の六角高頼討伐にも参陣しなかった。
• This made Yoshinao angry and he immediately went away from the capital into Tango Province, and he did not even join in the suppression of Takayori ROKKAKU, which was carried out by Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA in the following year (in 1487).

• 政権末期には本国で新府城への府中移転により領国維持をはかるが、織田信長の侵攻（武田征伐）により失敗。
• In the last days of his administration, he tried to preserve his territory by moving Fuchu (provincial cities which consist of local governments as the core of the city) to Shinpu-jo Castle, but he failed because of Nobunaga ODA's invasion (subjugation of Takeda).

• 室町時代を通じて新田氏は「朝敵」「逆賊」（いずれも北朝 (日本)から見て）として討伐の対象となった。
• During the Muromachi period, the Nitta clan was the target of subjugation as the 'Emperor's enemy' or 'rebel' (from the standpoint of Northern Court (Japan)).

• 義仲四天王とともに義仲の平氏討伐に従軍し、治承・寿永の乱で戦う大刀と強弓の女武者として描かれている。
• She was described as a female warrior fighting with a long sword and a strong bow who, together with Yoshinaka shitenno (the four most loyal retainers to Yoshinaka), joined Yoshinaka's subjugation of the Taira family and fought in the Jisho-Juei War.

• 延徳3年（1491年）、再び六角高頼征伐のため、敏定は義寛へ従軍し、功績を立てた（長享・延徳の乱）。
• In 1491, Toshisada again followed Yoshihiro in order to conquer Takayori ROKKAKU and achieved distinguished military service (Chokyo-Entoku Wars).

• したがって、直営方式においても全面伐採から造林を繰り返すという悪循環から逃れられなくなってしまった。
• Therefore, even in the direct management system, the business operation could rid itself of the vicious cycle of logging all trees in the area and then replanting them.

• 降雨林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの鉱石とタバコを産出します。熱帯にあり、伐採すると湿地になります。
• Rain forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Ore, Sugar and Tobacco. They are found in the tropics and can be cleared to produce swamps.

• 最初の危機は明治維新前後で、旧体制の瓦解とともに木材の盗伐・乱伐が横行し、里山の森林が急激に失われた。
• The first crisis took place in the pre- and post-Meiji Restoration periods, when the forest of Satoyama had been rapidly lost due to widespread timber piracy and destructive logging, which broke out with the collapse of the old system.

• しかし個々の守護大名を幕府が討伐した例はあるものの、守護大名と室町将軍が全面的に対立する事は無かった。
• However, while there were cases in which the bakufu subdued individual Shugo daimyos, there was no case where a Shugo daimyo and Shogun Muromachi were fully in conflict with each other.

• 中先代の乱を討伐に向かった尊氏がそのまま新政から離反すると、不満を抱えた武士たちの多くが尊氏に従った。
• After putting down the Nakasendai Revolt (a counter-rebellion against Godaigo, literally meaning 'the revolt of the intermediate generation (a brief respite between the control of the HOJO and the ASHIKAGA ruling clans), Takauji remained in Kamakura, becoming alienated from Godaigo's government, and this prompted many disgruntled samurai to flock to his banner.

• 義貞は反論の文書を提出し、審議の結果義貞の訴えを認め、尊氏を討伐することに決定し、義貞に宣旨を下した。
• Yoshisada submitted a counter document and his claim was accepted as a result of the deliberation, then the Emperor Godaigo decided to defeat Takauji and proclaimed an imperial decree to Yoshisada.

• 斉 (春秋)の桓公 (斉)は、周室への礼を失せず、諸侯を一致団結させて、楚に代表される夷狄を討伐した。
• Lord Huan of Qi (a state in Zhou Dynasty) held other lords together to subdue iteki including Chu without being disrespectful to the Zhou court.

• 5月に将門討伐に向かった東征軍が帰京すると、6月に藤原文元を藤原子高襲撃犯と断定して追討令が出された。
• In May, the expedition to contain Masakado in the east returned to Kyoto, and in June, an order was issued to track down and kill FUJIWARA no Fumimoto, who had been identified as the person who attacked FUJIWARA no Sanetaka.

• 乳棒状磨製石斧や定角式磨製石斧など伐採具に適した道具が他にあることからも土掘りの道具と考えられている。
• These chipped stone axes were believed to be digging tools because there were other tools more suitable for felling such as mortar shaped ground stone ax or regularly curved ground stone ax.

• 万延元年（1860年）に大老・井伊直弼が水戸藩浪士に殺害された桜田門外の変では、水戸藩討伐に反対する。
• In 1860, he opposed the punishment of the Mito Clan, whose Ronin had killed Tairo Naosuke II in the Incident Outside the Sakurada Gate.

• この六角征伐により、確かに将軍権力は多少は回復され、六角氏に横領された将軍領地なども大半が回復された。
• It is true that the ROKKAKU subjugation made it possible for the shogunate power to be restored to some extent, whereby most of the shogunate territory, which had been grabbed by the ROKKAKU family, was regained.

• 秀吉没後は豊臣政権下の内部抗争の沈静化に尽力し、徳川家康は会津征伐を起こそうとしたときも反対している。
• After Hideyoshi's death, he tried to quell the power struggle within the TOYOTOMI administration and was opposed to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's attempted conquest of Aizu.

• 秀吉没後は石田三成方に与し、家康打倒の謀議に参加、水口にて会津征伐へ向かう家康の暗殺を謀るも失敗した。
• After the death of Hideyoshi, he served Mitsunari ISHIDA and participated in the plot to overthrow Ieyasu as well as in the unsuccessful assassination attempt at Minakuchi on Ieyasu, who was on his way to subjugate Aizu.

• 7月、討伐に向かった家康の留守中に三成らが挙兵（関ヶ原の戦い）し、家康が西上するとなると会津から出兵。
• In July, Mitsunari, among others, took up arms (the Battle of Sekigahara) during the absence of Ieyasu, who had gone on an expedition, and as Ieyasu decided to go westward, Kagekatsu dispatched expeditionary forces from Aizu.

• 村重の謀反の際、主君の小寺政職も同調して信長から離反したため、信長の嫡男・織田信忠によって討伐された。
• When Murashige rebelled, since his lord, Masamoto KODERA, also revolted against Nobunaga in concurrence with Murashige, Masamoto was conquered by Nobunaga's heir Nobutada ODA.

• 播磨国攻めや、丹波国の波多野晴通討伐（これは敗北し、松永長頼に代わった）など長慶の勢力拡大に貢献した。
• Nagayasu attacked Harima Province and subdued Harumichi HATANO in Tanba Province (Nagayasu lost the war and Nagayori MATSUNAGA took his place), and also contributed to the expansion of Nagahoshi's sphere of influence.

• 直冬の九州落ちを知った幕府は直冬に出家と上洛を命じるが、直冬がこれに従わないと見るや再び討伐令を下す。
• The Muromachi bakufu, which knew that Tadafuyu had taken refuge in Kyushu, ordered him to become a priest and return to the capital; however, as soon as it became clear that Tadafuyu did not plan to comply with the order, the bakufu again gave the order to have him subjugated.

• 慶応元年（1865年）、坂本龍馬の仲介で薩摩藩と同盟し（薩長同盟）、第2次長州征伐で幕府軍に勝利した。
• In 1865, he formed an alliance with the Satsuma Domain through Ryoma SAKAMOTO (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance), beating the Bakufu army in the Second conquest of Choshu.

• 信長に降伏し、その強大な軍事力を背景にして大和における国人衆を討伐するなど、政略にはかなり長けていた。
• He was an excellent strategist, surrendering to Nobunaga to take advantage of the latter's powerful military forces to conquer the kokujin-shu (powerful families) in Yamamoto Province.

• しかし、この際に直義は京を脱出して南朝に降参、南朝・直冬と共に師直誅伐を掲げて挙兵した（観応の擾乱）。
• However, by that time Tadayoshi had escaped from his monastic confines in Kyoto to surrender to the Southern Court and gone to join Tadafuyu in the Southern Court; together, they raised an army to conquer Moronao (Kanno Disturbance).

• 元弘3年（1333年）5月17日、長男石川義光の軍は新田義貞に武蔵国で合流し、鎌倉幕府討伐に参戦した。
• The army of Yoshimitsu ISHIKAWA, his eldest son, joined Yoshisada NITTA in Musashi Province and participated in the subjugation of the Kamakura bakufu.

• しかし、その途上の田野でついに追手に捕捉され、嫡男の信勝や正室の北条夫人とともに自害した（武田征伐）。
• However, he was captured on the way in Tano, and committed suicide with his heir Nobukatsu and his legal wife Fujin HOJO (Subjugation of Takeda).

• 戦後は林道の開設に伴って大規模伐採を実施、1950年代後半から1960年代中期にかけてピークを迎えた。
• After the war, trees were cut down on a large scale as forest roads were laid out, which reached its peak around the latter half of 1950s to the middle of 1960s.

• 熱帯雨林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかのサトウキビを産出します。熱帯雨林を伐採するとサバンナになります。
• Tropical forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Sugar. Clearing tropical forests produces savannah.

• タイガは穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの鉱石を産出します。高緯度にあり、伐採することでツンドラになります。
• Boreal forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Ore. They are found in the high latitudes and can be cleared to produce tundra.

• 明治に入ると、それまで幕府の所有していた部分も民間の所有となり、土塁上の竹を伐採して畑などに転用された。
• During the Meiji period, Odoi changed hands from the bakufu to the people, and the mounds were turned into fields with their bamboo trees being cut down.

• 村掟を破った者への制裁も予め決められており、多くは米や銀による科料の支払い＋盗伐分の返還が科されていた。
• The penalty for people that violated the Muraokite were also determined, and in many of the cases, the violator was obliged to pay fines in silver plus the value corresponding to the volume he stole.

• その後毛利氏は豊臣氏の配下となり四国征伐、九州征伐、小田原の役などで活躍し、毛利輝元が五大老に就任する。
• After that, the Mori clan became a subordinate of the Toyotomi clan and was actively involved in the Conquest of Shikoku, the Conquest of Kyushu and the Siege of Odawara, and Terumoto MORI assumed a position of as a member of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders).

• 南部氏は自力での討伐をできず、秀吉は蒲生氏郷・石田三成らを大将に6万人の軍勢を奥州の僻地に派遣している。
• Since the Nanbu clan could not subdue Masazane, Hideyoshi sent a military force of 60,000 soldiers, with Ujisato GAMO and Mitsunari ISHIDA and others as their leaders, to the remote rural areas in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing the Mutsu and Dewa provinces).

• 天文 (日本)9年（1540年）、安芸国で勢力を拡大していた毛利元就を征伐するため尼子氏は軍を起こした。
• In 1540, the Amago clan raised an army to defeat Motonari MORI, who had expanded the sphere of influence in Aki Province.

• こうした一揆・打ちこわしの発生に対して松平慶永や浅野長訓、島津茂久ら有力諸侯が長州征伐の中止を建言した。
• Considering these uprisings and destructive riots, some of the influential Japanese territorial lords, such as Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, Nagamichi ASANO, and Mochihisa SHIMAZU, presented a proposal to the Edo bakufu to stop the Choshu Expedition.

• 結局は会津・桑名に対して問罪の軍兵を派遣し、降伏すればよし、抗戦した場合は速やかに討伐すると修正された。
• After all, the new government had revised its punishment for the Tokugawa supporters in the Aizu and Kuwana domains; the new government would dispatch a military force for 'the accusation,' once there, a battle would be avoided if the two domains would surrender; then the new government would engage and conquer the domains, should the domains engage in a counter attack upon the new government.

• 1487年（長享元年）9代将軍足利義尚が行った近江国の六角氏討伐には家臣間田弘胤を代理として参陣させた。
• In 1487 he made Hiroomi MADA, a vassal, participate on his behalf in the the 9th Shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA's subjugation of the Rokkaku clan of Omi Province.

• 清氏討伐中に直冬勢力は再び活動するが、大内弘世や山名時氏らが幕府方に帰服しており、直冬勢力は鎮圧された。
• While Yoriyuki was on the campaign to put down Kiyouji, Tadafuyu's influence increased again, but was brought under control when former allies such as Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA returned to the bakufu side.

• 討伐軍は河内国渋川郡の守屋の館を攻めたが、軍事氏族である物部氏の兵は精強で、稲城を築き、頑強に抵抗した。
• The army attacked Moriya's residence in Shibukawa County, Kawachi Province, but was stubbornly fought back by the powerful army of the Mononobe, a military clan, with a fortress built with rice plants.

• 父・北条氏康の後を継いで北条氏の勢力拡大に務め最大版図を築くも、豊臣秀吉の台頭により小田原征伐を招いた。
• Ujimasa succeeded the territory expansion policy from his father, Ujiyasu HOJO, and achieved the biggest territory in the clan's history, but the rise of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI led to the Siege of Odawara.

• 天文9年（1540年）、大内氏勢力下にある安芸国人の毛利氏の討伐を、武田信実の要請を受け入れ晴久は出陣。
• In 1540, Haruhisa AMAGO accepted a demand from Nobuzane TAKEDA to subjugate the Mori clan, a local lord of Aki Province on the Ouchi side, and moved his forces.

• さらに東国においても平氏方であった佐竹氏などが頼朝によって討伐されるなど、反乱がいよいよ深刻化してくる。
• In To-goku (Eastern Japan), too, the Satake clan, which was on the said of the Taira clan, was subjugated by Yoritomo, and the rebellion was growing serious.

• 三又の木はそもそもバランスが悪いため伐採時に事故を起こすことが多く、注意を喚起するためともいわれている。
• Others say that a Y-shaped tree is innately ill-balanced and tends to cause an accident when it is cut down, so this practice is actually a measure of precaution.

• 蝦夷征伐が一応の区切りを見せて、将軍・大将軍の任命がなされなくなったのに伴い、副将軍の任命も稀になった。
• With an end of conquest of ezo and appointment of shogun and Daishogun, appointment of vice shogun had became rare.

• 針葉樹林は穀物と木材と毛皮といくらかのタバコを産出します。主に熱帯地方にあり、伐採すると草原になります。
• Conifer forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Tobacco. They are found mainly in the tropical latitudes and give way to grassland when cleared.

• 河勝は太子に従って物部守屋討伐などに功を挙げる一方、太子に命じられて猿楽の技を行い、天下の太平を祈願した。
• While Kawakatsu followed the prince and rendered distinguished services such as destroying Moriya MONONOBE, he also performed some sarugaku plays to pray for a period of peace and tranquility under the prince's rule.

• 天正15年（1587年）、九州征伐により楢柴肩衝も秋月種実から秀吉の手に渡り、天下三肩衝が秀吉の元に揃う。
• In the wake of the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, 'Narashiba Katatsuki' passed into Hideyoshi's possession via Tanezane AKIZUKI; as the result, all the three major Katatsuki (a square-shouldered tea caddy) belonged to Hideyoshi.

• そのころ犬士たちと彼らが仕える里見家を恨む扇谷定正は、山内顕定・足利成氏らと結び、里見討伐軍を発していた。
• In the meantime Sadamasa OGIGAYATSU, hating the Dog Warriors and their master, the Satomi family, raised an army to defeat the Satomi family in cooperation with Akisada YAMANOUCHI and Nariuji ASHIKAGA.

• 斯波義重は1399年の応永の乱における大内氏討伐の功により越前国・尾張国の守護職を与えられ、以降世襲する。
• In recognition of his conquest of the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion of 1399, Yoshishige SHIBA was appointed as Shugoshiki (military governor) of Echizen and Owari provinces which was kept in the order of succession after that.

• 信孝は長秀、信長の甥・津田信澄（父は織田信行）らとともに大坂にて四国の長宗我部元親討伐の準備を進めていた。
• Nobutaka was making preparation for conquest of Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku in cooperation with Nagahide, Nobusumi TSUDA, who was a Nobunaga's nephew (his father was Nobuyuki ODA) in Osaka.

• 禁門の変に於いて長州藩兵が御所へ向けて発砲した事等を理由に幕府は長州藩を朝敵として、第一次長州征伐を行う。
• Using the fact that the Choshu loyalists dared to fire their guns in the direction of the Imperial palace during the Hamaguri rebellion as a pretext, the Tokugawa shogunate labeled Choshu domain an official enemy of the Court, and as such launched the First Punitive Expedition against them.

• このため、3カ条の回答で皇位継承を含めた現状の朝廷秩序を支持するとともに暗に義仲討伐の許可を求めたとする。
• Therefore, with his reply consisting of three articles, he indirectly called for the approval for subjugation of Yoshinaka as well as supported the order of the imperial court.

• 『古事記』や『日本書紀』では神功皇后の三韓征伐などで活躍した武内宿禰（たけしうちのすくね）を祖としている。
• According to 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the Soga clan descended from TAKESHIUCHI no Sukune who achieved great success in the Sankan Seibatsu (Punitive Expeditions Against the Three Korean Kingdoms) led by Empress Jingu.

• 古事記には、景行天皇の皇子であるヤマトタケルによるクマソタケル（熊襲建、川上梟師）の征伐譚が記されている。
• Kojiki contains a tale in which Yamato Takeru, an Imperial prince of Emperor Keiko, subjugated Kumaso Takeru (Kawakami Takeru).

• 7月、石田三成らが家康討伐の兵を挙げ、大坂にあった忠興夫人・ガラシャは包囲された屋敷に火を放って自殺した。
• In July, Mitsunari ISHIDA and other vassals under Hideyoshi raised an army against Ieyasu, and surrounded by this army in Osaka, Tadaoki's wife Gracia set their residence on fire and took her own life.

• 天正15年（1587年）豊臣秀吉の九州征伐が行われた際は、忠兄は豊臣秀長軍を迎撃すべく小林城に入っている。
• In 1587, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI went for conquest of Kyushu, Tadaeis entered the Kobayashi-jo Castle to intercept Hidenaga TOYOTOMI's army.

• しかしながら、北条氏直は秀吉に臣従することに応じず、天正18年（1590年）、秀吉は北条氏討伐を開始する。
• However, Ujinao HOJO refused to serve Hideyoshi as his vassal, and in 1590, Hideyoshi started attacking the Hojo clan.

• 天正5年（1577年）の紀伊国雑賀討伐戦では信長本陣から離れ、佐久間信盛、羽柴秀吉らとともに一隊を率いる。
• During attacking on the Saiga-shu (the gun troop) in Kii Province in 1577, he led a troop with Nobumori SAKUMA and Hideyoshi HASHIBA away from headquarters of Nobunaga.

• 天平宝字3年（759年）、新羅が日本の使節に無礼をはたらいたとして、仲麻呂は新羅征伐の準備をはじめさせた。
• In 759, in the wake of the report that Shiragi (an ancient Korean kingdom) took a rude attitude to a Japanese missionary, Nakamaro ordered to be prepared for the conquest of Shiragi.

• 9月、周辺諸藩が討伐に動員され、天誅組は善戦するものの多勢に無勢の上に装備も貧弱で、次第に追い詰められた。
• In October, neighboring domains were mobilized to subdue Tenchu-gumi, and Tenchu-gumi fought bravely, however, because they were outnumbered and poor in armaments, they were gradually driven into a corner.

• 天正13年（1585年）に羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）による紀伊征伐で雑賀党が滅亡すると、秀吉の家臣として仕えた。
• When in 1585, Hideyoshi HASHIBA (also known as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) conquered Kii Province and the Saikato (also known as Saigato, Saika group) fell, Shigetomo served Hideyoshi as a retainer.

• しかし慶長5年（1600年）の徳川家康による会津征伐によって、景勝の領地が削減されたとき浪人の身となった。
• However, he became a masterless samurai when the territory of Kagekatsu was reduced due to the Conquest of Aizu conducted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in 1600.

• 湿地林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの鉱石を産出します。湿地林は伐採すると沼地になります。高緯度にあります。
• Wetland forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Ore. Wetland forests can be cleared to produce marsh land. They are found in the high latitudes.

• この時天皇の勧告により二条城を織田信長に明け渡したが、同年7月に槇島城に籠もり再び織田信長討伐の兵を挙げた。
• At the time, he yielded up Nijo-jo Castle to Nobunaga ODA following the recommendation of the Emperor, but in September 1573, he again rose in arms to put down Nobunaga ODA, entrenching themselves in Makishima-jo Castle.

• 慶応2年（1866年）老中に任ぜられ、第二次長州征伐の大将を命ぜられるが、準備のため帰国した沼津で急死する。
• He was assigned the post of roju in 1866 and was assigned the position of captain of the Second conquest of Choshu; however, he suddenly died in Numazu when he was preparing for the war.

• 1493年（明応2年）、畠山政長は敵対する畠山義豊（畠山義就の子）の討伐のため、義材に河内国親征を要請する。
• In 1493, Masanaga HATAKEYAMA requested that Yoshiki subjugate Kawachi Province to defeat his opponent, Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA (the son of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA).

• だが、東国の将門が滅亡したことにより、兵力の西国への集中が可能となったため、朝廷は純友討伐に積極的になった。
• However, the fall of Masakado in Togoku made it possible for the Imperial Court to concentrate its military power in Saigoku where it became active in containing Sumitomo.

• 合戦の詳細は不明だが消極派の成道と積極派の直方は仲たがいしたため討伐軍は苦戦し、乱は一向に鎮圧できなかった。
• The details of the battle are unknown, but the relationship between passive Narimichi and active Naokata worsened, the punitive force made a poor fight and could not suppress the rebellion at all.

• 天正5年（1577年）の紀州征伐、天正6年（1578年）には荒木村重討伐戦（有岡城の戦い）にも出陣している。
• He also participated in the conquest of Kishu in 1577 and the subjugation of Murashige ARAKI (the battle of Arioka-jo Castle) in 1578.

• 北条氏は尼御台北条政子の名で御家人に比企氏討伐を命じ、侍所別当の義盛もこれに参加して比企氏は攻め滅ぼされた。
• The Hojo clan ordered the killing of the Hiki clan under the name of Ama Midai Masako HOJO, in which Samurai-dokoro betto Yoshimori was involved too, and the Hiki clan was attacked and destroyed.

• 東国で平忠常が叛乱を起こすと、朝廷は在京の軍事貴族であり、関東に本拠を持つ平直方に平忠常征伐の勅命を下した。
• When TAIRA no Tadatsune rose in the Revolt in the Kanto Provinces, the Imperial Court issued an Imperial order to TAIRA no Naokata, who was a military aristocracy staying in Kyoto, but had his homebase in Kanto region, to go on an expedition to conquest TAIRA no Tadatsune.

• 同年7月、馬子は群臣と諮って物部討伐を決め、諸皇子、諸豪族の大軍を起こして守屋の本拠河内国渋川郡へ向かった。
• In July of the same year, Umako decided to put down Mononobe's force after conferring with his retainers, and by deploying a large force comprised of princes and local rulers, they marched towards Moriya's headquarters in the Shibukawa District of Kawachi Province.

• 678年（儀鳳3年）には、その高い指揮能力および知略を認められて唐の都左領軍将軍となり、吐蕃討伐に参加した。
• In 678, Tang appointed him to be the General of the Left Guard of Tang, recognizing his resourcefulness and abilities to lead troops, and had him join the conquest of Toban.

• さらに顕慶5年（660年）の遼東半島征伐において漕運に失敗した罪を着せられ、59歳にして一兵卒に落とされた。
• Furthermore, he was charged the blame on the failure of transportation in the Liaodong Peninsula conquest in 660, and was demoted to the ranks at the age of fifty nine.

• もとはサクラの木が植わっていたが「後世に遊興の場になる」という理由で伐採され、楓の木が植えられたものである。
• Originally, sakura cherry trees were planted but these were cut down and replaced by maple trees due to fears that the temple grounds would become merely a pleasure spot.

• 演習林の開設後は、戦前は森林軌道が開通した由良川源流域を中心に伐採が行われ、伐採跡にはスギの造林が行われた。
• After the field practice forest was established, trees were cut down mainly around the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River, where a forest tramline was opened before the war, then Japanese cedar trees were planted at the site afterwards.

• また、大規模伐採時期には業者が機関車やトロッコを持ち込んで使用していたが、こちらの実態については不明である。
• When the logging business was conducted on a large scale, the business operators brought in their own locomotives and/or tramcars, but the details are not known.

• 1335年（建武 (日本)2年）に足利尊氏が新政から離反すると、北畠親子と共に尊氏討伐のために京都へ引き返す。
• In 1335, Takauji ASHIKAGA defected from the new government, and the prince, along with the parent and child of KITABATAKE, returned to Kyoto to defeat Takauji.

• また第5代宇都宮頼綱（藤原頼綱）は武人で奥州藤原氏討伐にも功績があったが、鎌倉幕府から謀反の嫌疑をかけられた。
• The fifth family head, Yoritsuna UTSUNOMIYA (FUJIWARA no Yoritsuna) was a warrior who had a great achievement in the subjugation of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, but he was suspected of rebellion by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 松田有常は大庭景義の外甥でもあったので、景義は義常誅伐の事を事前に察知していて、密かに保護を加えたものである。
• Since Aritsune MATSUDA was also a nephew of Kageyoshi OBA, Kageyoshi secretly provided him with protection, being aware of the attacking against Yoshitsune in advance.

• 越中の神保氏は当初敵対していた一向一揆と結んだが、越後上杉氏、守護畠山氏、能登畠山氏の連合軍により征伐された。
• The Jinbo clan in Ecchu allied with ikko ikki, with which the Jinbo clan stood against at first, but they were subjugated by the allied forces of the Uesugi clan in Echigo, the Hatakeyama clan which was shugo and the Noto-Hatakeyama clan.

• 義尚は本願寺や一揆勢をも討伐する意を示すが、六角氏討伐中という事で細川政元からも反対され、断念に追い込まれる。
• Yoshihisa showed his determination to subjugate Hongan-ji Temple and the forces of uprising as well, but he was forced to abandon it because Masamoto HOSOKAWA also disagreed with him for the reason that the suppression of the Rokkaku clan was ongoing.

• 特に慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐中と同4年（明治元年・1868年）の戊辰戦争中にその最高潮に達した。
• The riots and uprisings reached their peaks twice; the first one was when Edo bakufu implemented the second Choshu Expedition in 1866, and the second one was during the Boshin Civil War in 1868.

• 重忠は鎌倉に騒ぎがあると聞き6月19日 (旧暦)に菅谷館を出発しており、22日午後、二俣川で討伐軍に遭遇した。
• On July 14, 1205, Shigetada heard about an uprising in Kamakura and left Sugaya-yakata castle for Kamakura; on July 17, he encountered enemy forces at Futamata-gawa river.

• 治承5年(1181年)　平盛澄とともに九州に下向し、寝返った菊池隆直、緒方惟義らを在地の原田種直とともに討伐。
• In 1181, he went down to the Kyushu District with TAIRA no Morizumi, and defeated Takanao KIKUCHI, Koreyoshi OGATA, and so on, who went over to the enemy side, together with Tanenao HARADA who lived there.

• だが次第に義煕は酒色や文弱に溺れて征伐を顧みなくなったため、六角勢の反撃を招いて結果的に遠征は失敗に終わった。
• However, Yoshihiro gradually became enamored of wine and women; he behaved like a spineless literature-lover who didn't think about the subjugation, which caused the counter-attack of the ROKKAKU and resulted in the failure of the subjugation.

• 早雲は茶々丸の討伐・捜索を大義名分として、明応4年（1495年）に甲斐国に攻め込み、守護武田信縄と戦っている。
• Using the search for Chachamaru as cover, Soun attacked the Province of Kai and fought against the governor, Nobutsuna TAKEDA.

• その思想の独自性は、放伐を否定した点にあり、水戸学・国学などとともに、幕末の尊王攘夷思想に大きな影響を与えた。
• The distinctive character of his philosophy was the denial of Hobatsu (expel outrageous tyrants, etc. from a capital), and this had significant influence on the Sonno-Joi (Revere the Emperor and expel the foreigners) at the end of the Edo period, as well as for Mito-gaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and Koku-gaku (the study of Japanese classical literature).

• 豊臣家に対して徹底抗戦したことが、家康や長宗我部氏、島津氏征伐の時と異なる一線を画す処置を招いたと考えられる。
• It is possible that the strategy that the Hojo clan took to thoroughly resist the conquest effort by the Toyotomi clan brought about the outcome, different from the one for Ieyasu, the Chosokabe clan and the Shimazu clan.

• 困り果てた朝廷は、佐渡国へ配流となっていた源義綱を赦免し（あるいは源義家とも言う）黒鳥兵衛の討伐に当たらせた。
• The Imperial Court, which was at a complete loss as to what to do, granted clemency to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, who had been exiled to Sado Province, to have him subjugate Hyoe.

• 狩野氏は古代から小田原征伐にいたるまで 武家として活躍し、末裔が現代まで伊豆に多数残り、伊豆名門の一つである。
• The Kano clan flourished from the Nara period to the conquest of Odawara as samurai family, and was one of the good families of Izu, and their descendants are still living in Izu at the present day.

• 永和 (日本)4年(1378年)紀伊国で挙兵した南朝 (日本)方の橋本正督討伐を命じられ、弟の山名氏清と出兵。
• In 1378, Yoshitada was ordered to suppress Shotoku HASHIMOTO of the Southern Court who had raised an army in the Kii province, and dispatched troops with Ujikiyo YAMANA, his younger brother.

• 1585年（天正13年）3月23日、豊臣秀吉の紀州征伐に対して抗戦するも根来寺が陥落し、その逃走中に討死した。
• On March 23, 1585, he resisted the attack on Kishu by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, but Negoro-ji Temple fell and was killed during escape.

• その後、老中となり、在任中の慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐では安芸国広島に出陣し、幕軍の指揮を執った。
• After that, Munehide became the Roju (elder councilor) and in the event of the Second conquest of Choshu in 1866, went to battle in Hiroshima, Aki Province and conducted the bakufu's army.

• これに対し一豊は重要なポストを外部からの人材で固め、種崎浜での討伐などあくまで武断措置を取ってこれに対応した。
• In response, Katsutoyo used people from other places for important positions and dared to use military force such as the attack at Tanezaki Beach.

• その後は秀吉の与力につけられて中国遠征などに従い、1580年頃には、山名氏討伐後に但馬豊岡二万石を有している。
• Thereafter he was assigned to Hideyoshi's yoriki and followed the expedition to the Chugoku region and so on, and around 1580 after subjugation of the Yamana clan, he possessed 20,000 koku of Tajima-toyoka.

• その後、徳川家康の斡旋により、天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐の時には陣借りという形で秀吉の軍に加わった。
• In later years, with mediation by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he joined Hideyoshi's army in the form of Jingari (temporary entry into a war without rewards) in the conquest and the siege of Odawara in 1590.

• 武田勝頼は信豊を将とする討伐軍を木曽谷へ派遣するが、信豊は織田信忠の援軍を得た木曽によって鳥居峠にて敗北する。
• Katsuyori TAKEDA dispatched a punitive force led by the commander Nobutoyo to Kiso Valley, but he was defeated by KISO, which was supported by the Nobutada ODA's force in Torii Pass.

• 義持はこれを「私戦」として激しく非難して三管領や山名時煕・赤松満祐に持氏討伐の是非を諮問する騒ぎとなっている。
• Yoshimochi aggressively suggested it as being a 'personal war', which led to asking Sankanrei (three deputies), Tokihiro YAMANA and Mitsusuke AKAMATSU about whether the killing Mochiuji would be right or wrong.

• 檜皮を取る際、ヒノキを伐採せずに表皮だけを剥がすように採取することから、環境にやさしい施工方法であるといわれる。
• When collecting cypress bark, since only the superficial part of the bark is peeled off of standing cypress without cutting down trees, it is said to be an environmentally friendly roofing method.

• 1335年（建武2年）、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇に反逆すると、上将軍として新田義貞と共に討伐軍を率いたが、敗退した。
• In 1335, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised his army against Emperor Godaigo, Imperial Prince Takayoshi lead the punitive force with Yoshisada NITTA but they lost the battle.

• 幼い親王は北条氏の残党の討伐と東国武士の帰属を目的に陸奥守北畠顕家・北畠親房に奉じられて陸奥国多賀城へと向かう。
• The little prince served by Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) Akiie KITABATAKE and Chikafusa TAKABATAKE went to Taga-jo Castle in Mutsu Province to subdue remnants of the Hojo clan and to control the Togoku Samurai.

• 明徳2年（1391年）の山名満幸の明徳の乱では山名氏の傘下を離れ、幕府の指示に従って、山名氏討伐に傘下している。
• During the Meitoku War started by Mitsuyuki YAMANA in 1391, the Mitoya clan seceded from the Yamana clan and participated in the punitive force against it under the command of the government headed by a shogun.

• 1577年に信長自身率いる大軍をもって和泉国・河内国から紀伊に侵攻（第一次紀州征伐）し、雑賀衆に服属を誓わせた。
• In 1577, a large force led by Nobunaga himself invaded the Kii region (The First Conquest of Kishu) through Izumi Province and Kawachi Province, and forced Saikashu to swear their allegiance.

• 2度の討伐失敗、翌明応2年（1493年）に細川政元が将軍・義材を廃した明応の政変により、幕府の権威は大きく失墜。
• Due to the failure in two campaigns for the suppression, and the Meio Coup in 1493 where Masamoto HOSOKAWA forced the Shogun Yoshiki to abdicate, the authority of the bakufu significantly reduced.

• 4月20日早朝、勝家の重臣・佐久間盛政は、秀吉が織田信孝を討伐するために美濃に赴いた隙を突いて、奇襲を実行した。
• On the early morning of April 20, Morimasa SAKUMA, who was an important vassal of Katsuie, made a surprise attack, exploiting a gap that Hideyoshi went to Mino province to attack Nobutaka ODA.

• 秀吉は南部信直の救援依頼に対し、豊臣秀次を総大将とした蒲生氏郷・浅野長政・石田三成を主力とする九戸討伐軍を派遣。
• As a reaction to request for help from Nobunao NAMBU, Hideyoshi dispatched punitive force against KUNOHE, composed by Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, a commander in chief, Ujisato GAMOU, Nagamasa ASANO and Mitsunari ISHIDA.

• また旧南朝 (日本)勢力の北畠氏を討伐し、旧南朝の宮を次々と粛清もしくは出家させていき、後南朝勢力を壊滅させた。
• He also defeated the Kitabatake Clan from the former Southern Court, and purged imperial family members or made them enter the priesthood to finally destroy the influence of the Latter South Court.

• 3月に頼之は将軍義詮から清氏討伐を命じられ、7月に讃岐国へ移った清氏勢を宇多津（香川県綾歌郡宇多津町）で滅ぼす。
• Ordered in April to deal with Kiyouji by Shogun Yoshiakira, Yoriyuki destroyed Kiyouji's army, whicharrived in Sanuki province in July, at Utazu (Utazu-cho, Ayauta-gun, Kagawa Prefecture).

• 捲土重来を期し伊豆で挙兵したが、翌1362年9月には討伐軍に攻められ没落、南朝の庇護を求めて流浪の内に窮死した。
• He prepared to renew his attack and raised an army in Izu, but in September, 1362, the following year, he fell by the attack of the punitive force, and he died in straitened circumstances while travelling to look for patronage by the Southern Court.

• その後、慶応元年(1865)脱藩し、幕府歩兵の徴募に応じ第二次長州征伐の際は三津浦(現愛媛県松山市)に駐屯した。
• After he left the domain in 1865, he applied for the recruitment of Shogunate Infantry, and was stationed in Mitsuura (present Matsuyama City, Aichi Prefecture) during the Second Conquest of Choshu.

• 同年11月の富士川の戦いの勝利の後、上洛しようとする頼朝に対して、広常は常陸国の常陸源氏の佐竹氏討伐を主張した。
• In November of the same year, Hirotsune insisted on subduing the Satake clan of the Hitachi-Genji clan of Hitachi Province to Yoritomo who was going to the capital after winning the battle of Fujikawa.

• しかし清盛は時忠の案を無視して、美濃源氏討伐のため私郎従（直属の精鋭部隊）を派遣する（『玉葉』11月12日条）。
• However, Kiyomori ignored Tokitada's proposal and dispatched his private retainers (elite troops belonging directly to Kiyomori) to subjugate Mino-Genji (Article for December 7 in 'Gyokuyo').

• ところが、本国の留守を守っていた大内盛見が所領没収に従わずに義満に反抗したため、義満は弘茂に盛見の討伐を命じる。
• However, Moriharu OUCHI, who was taking care of the Ouchi house in Hiroshige's absence, defied Yoshimitsu's orders to give up the Ouchi's territory, and so Yoshimitsu ordered Hiroshige to bring down Moriharu.

• 下間頼照や朝倉景健らを始め、12,250人を数える越前国・加賀国の門徒が織田軍によって討伐されたといわれている。
• It has been said that 12,250 followers in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces such as Raisho SHIMOTSUMA and Kagetake ASAKURA were killed by the Oda army.

• 忠常の討伐に失敗した平直方の娘を娶り、鎌倉の直方の屋敷を譲り受け、以後その屋敷が河内源氏の東国支配の拠点となる。
• He took as his bride the daughter of TAIRA no Naokata, who had failed to suppress Tadatsune's rebellion, inheriting Naokata's mansion in Kamakura; henceforward, this mansion became the seat of the Kawachi-Genji's power and influence in the east.

• 紀州征伐の際、根来攻めに参加した秀久は山林に放置されていた曰く付きの「安珍・清姫伝説」を戦利品とばかりに拾った。
• When Hidehisa took part in the Siege of Negoro-ji Temple to conquer Kishu, he picked up the bell 'the Legend of Anchin and Kiyohime' that had a shady history and had been left in a forest on a mountain as if it were spoils of war.

• 第百一条の規定により他人の土地に立ち入り、又は竹木を伐採した者は、これによつて生じた損失を補償しなければならない。
• Those who entered into the land of others or felled bamboos and trees pursuant to the provision of Article 101 shall compensate the losses by their entries and felling.

• そして、康応元年（1389年）義満は康行討伐の命を下して、翌明徳元年（1390年）にこれを下した（土岐康行の乱）。
• Yoshimitsu gave an order to subjugate Yasuyuki in 1389, and in the following year, 1390, his order was executed (Yasuyuki TOKI's Rebellion).

• 翌1865年（元治2年）には幕府によって再び長州征伐（第二次幕長戦争、四境戦争）が行われ、奇兵隊ほか諸隊も戦った。
• The following year, 1865, Bakufu made the Choshu Conquest (the second Baku-cho war, Shikyo War) again with Kiheitai and other troops.

• 延暦13年（794年）には、再度の征討軍として征夷大将軍大伴弟麻呂、征夷副使坂上田村麻呂による蝦夷征伐が行われた。
• In 794, another expeditionary army was sent to subdue Emishi/Ezo lands, headed by Seii Tai-shogun (the great general who subdues the barbarians) OTOMO no Otomaro, and the deputy general Tamuramaro SAKANOUE.

• 追討軍の到着を待って甲斐源氏（武田軍）討伐に向かった平氏側の駿河国目代は、富士川の麓で武田軍と合戦となり惨敗する。
• The Mokudai (Governor's representative) of the Suruga Province, who was on the Taira side and had been waiting for Koremori's army to arrive, went off to attack the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) (Takeda army) fighting them at the foot of the Fuji-gawa River and suffering a crushing defeat.

• 天正10年（1582年）の武田征伐では美濃・尾張の軍勢5万を率い、滝川一益を副将として織田軍の総大将を命ぜられる。
• In 1582, with Kazumasu TAKIGAWA as vice-shogun, he assumed supreme command of a force of 50,000 from Mino and Owari Provinces in an attempt to subdue the Takeda forces.

• 天正18年（1590年）：北条征伐において豊臣秀次隊の先鋒を務め、ほぼ単独で松田康長の守る山中城の主要部分を攻略。
• 1590: He lead the van of the troop of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI in an expedition against Hojo and captured almost unassisted the main part of the Yamanaka-jo Castle defended by Yasunaga MATSUDA.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐が始まると韮山城へ籠もり、3,600余と言われる兵力で3ヶ月近くの間抗戦した。
• In 1590, he kept to Nirayama-jo Castle after the outbreak of the Siege of Odawara, and resisted for nearly three months with the military power of about 3600 soldiers.

• 29日、頼朝が義経討伐のため鎌倉から都へ向けて出陣すると、11月3日、義経は郎党ら200騎を率いて京都を退去する。
• On November 29, 1185, Yoritomo left Kamakura for the capital to defeat Yoshitsune, while on December 3, 1185, Yoshitsune left Kyoto, leading 200 horse soldiers.

• やがて、調略の手を伸ばすなど討伐軍への揺さぶりをかけた守勢の村宗によって、小寺則職率いる討伐軍は撃退されてしまう。
• Muramune, who was defensive initially, rattled the punitive force by seeking betrayers among them and so on, and finally defeated the punitive force led by Norimoto KODERA.

• しかし、徐敬業を李孝逸は鎮圧することができなかったので、11月、則天武后は黒歯常之を江南道大総管として討伐させた。
• However, since Ri Koitsu could not suppress the insurrection aroused by Jo Keigyo, Empress Sokuten appointed Joshi KOKUSHI as superintendent general for the Konan section and sent him to subdue them in November.

• 666年4月には唐に対して高句麗討伐の出兵を求め、唐は李勣を遼東道行軍大摠管に任命して高句麗への攻撃が開始された。
• In April 666, Tang was requested to dispatch their troops for conquest of Goguryeo, and attacks to Goguryeo were started after Tang appointed Li Ji to the supreme commander of the army to advance to Liaodong Province.

• 天正13年（1585年）、豊臣秀吉の紀州征伐に従い、豊臣秀長の傘下となり、湯川直春の芳養泊城（泊山城）を攻略した。
• In 1585 Kishu Province was subjugated at the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI whereupon it came under the control of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and, Naoharu YUKAWA's Tomariyama-jo castle was captured.

• 千葉氏宗家当主である千葉胤直は幕府の依頼を受けて成氏討伐に乗り出すが、叔父である康胤は成氏支援を主張して対立する。
• Tanenao CHIBA, the head of the Chiba clan, set out to defeat Shigeuji to comply with the bakufu's request, but Tanenao's uncle Yasutane opposed it, insisting that they should send military reinforcements to Shigeuji.

• 行広は織田信長、次いで豊臣秀吉に仕え、小田原征伐などで軍功を挙げたため、伊勢桑名藩に二万二千石の所領を与えられた。
• Yukihiro served Nobunaga ODA and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and since he performed military exploits in the conquest and siege of Odawara and others, he was given a territory of 22,000 koku in the Kuwana Domain in the Ise Province.

• このことが借地の上に運営されていることと重なって、結果として大規模伐採～森林の荒廃という悪循環を招くこととなった。
• This situation, in addition to the fact that the field practice forest was operated on leased land, caused the vicious cycle in large scale logging as well as deterioration of the forest.

• 弘仁6年（815年）にはさらに征東副将軍陸奥介に小野氷見が任ぜられており、たびたび奥羽の蝦夷征伐の人事がなされた。
• In 815, ONO no Himi was appointed as seito vice shogun Mutsu no suke (vice shogun who subdues the eastern barbarians, and assistant governor of Mutsu Province); like this, appointments of vice shogun for the sake of conquest of Ezo in Ou were done several times.

• 温帯地方で見かける混合樹林は、穀物と木材と毛皮といくらかの綿花を産出します。混合樹林が伐採されると平原になります。
• Mixed forests, which can be found in the temperate latitudes, produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Cotton. If mixed forests are cleared, they become plains.

• 8年（199年）熊襲討伐のため神功皇后とともに筑紫に赴いた仲哀天皇は、憑依した神功皇后から住吉大神のお告げを受けた。
• In 199 A.D., when visiting Chikushi (present-day Fukuoka, Kyushu) together with Empress Jingu in order to conquer the Kumaso (a rebellious group living in Kyushu), Emperor Chuai received an oracle from the empress, who was possessed by Sumiyoshi Okami (three great gods of Sumiyoshi).

• 9代将軍足利義尚は守護大名や奉公衆を率い、六角討伐のため近江国へ親征するが、1489年（延徳元年）に近江で病死する。
• The ninth shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, at the head of a force of provincial military governors turned daimyo and shogunal guards, led a campaign against the Rokkaku in Omi Province, but died there in 1489 of an illness.

• 重源は、道を切開き川に堰を設けるなど社会基盤を整備しつつ、轆轤や筏の工夫で伐採し運び出した（『東大寺造立供養記』）。
• Chogen transported cut-down trees by utilizing pulleys and rafts while creating civil infrastructures by clearing paths and installing weirs ('Todai-ji zoryu kuyoki' [Records of the Service to Celebrate the Construction of Todai-ji Temple]).

• 征夷大将軍・足利義尚は1487年（長享元年）8月に、幕府の威信回復を目指し自ら六角氏へ征伐（長享・延徳の乱）を行う。
• Seitaishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA himself commanded the army to conquer the Rokkaku clan (Chokyo-Entoku Wars) to restore the dignity of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 源氏が挙兵すると平家の侍大将となって一軍を率いて、平盛澄とともに、各地を転戦し、大江遠業、源義基、源義兼を討伐した。
• When the Minamoto clan raised an army, he became a Samurai-Daisho of the Taira family and led the army, taking part in various battles with TAIRA no Morizumi and killing OE no Tonari, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto, and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane.

• これに不満を持った義昭は信長を排除しようと企み、顕如や武田信玄、朝倉義景らに信長討伐令を下して信長包囲網を形成する。
• Yoshiaki, who was upset about these, tried to get rid of Nobunaga and made siege against him by an order for Kennyo, Shingen ASAKURA, Yoshikage ASAKURA and others to subjugate him.

• しかし本城惣右衛門覚書によれば雑兵においては信長討伐を目的としていたことを最後まで知らされてはいなかったことになる。
• According to Honjo Soemon Oboegaki, however, rank and file soldiers were not informed of Mitsuhide's intention to kill Nobunaga.

• 10月、義経の病が仮病であり、すでに源行家と同心していると判断した頼朝は義経討伐を決め、家人土佐坊昌俊を京へ送った。
• In October, judging that Yoshitsune was playing sick and was on the same side as Minamoto no Yukiie, Yoritomo decided to expel Yoshitsune and sent his retainer Masatoshi TOSANOBO to Kyoto.

• 同年禁門の変をが発生、その報復として二度も長州征伐が試みられたが、幕府は将軍の徳川家茂を病で失い、戦闘でも敗北した。
• In the same year, the Kinmon Rebellion took place and the shogunate government twice attempted to attack the Choshu clan in retribution for the rebellion, but was defeated following the loss of their leader, Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, through illness.

• 天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐では小田原城に入って北条氏政・北条氏直父子を説得し、無血開城させる功績を立てた。
• During the Odawara Campaign in 1590, Josui went inside Odawara-jo Castle to successfully persuade Ujimasa HOJO and his son Ujinao HOJO to a bloodless surrender.

• また、白河上皇の院政に伊賀の所領を寄進するなどして重用され、検非違使・追捕使として諸国の盗賊を討伐するなど活動した。
• As Masamori contributed his domain in Iga Province to the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, and was appointed to important posts, such as kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), and Tsuibushi (envoys to purse and capture), whereby he assumed responsibilities for subduing and apprehending local bandits across the various Provinces, etc.

• 反乱を起こした源義親を討つ命令が源義家に下るが、源義家は死去したため、その後継者である義忠に源義親討伐の命令が下る。
• Yoshiie got the order to subduing MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, who had incited an uprising; however, because Yoshiie died before carrying out the task, his successor, Yoshitada was given the same order in place of Yoshiie.

• また九州進軍は平氏討伐ではなく、頼朝と対立・平氏を援助する西国御家人を鎮圧し、平氏を瀬戸内方面に孤立させる事である。
• The aim of the expedition was to suppress Saigoku-gokenin who supported the Taira clan and who were opposed to Yoritomo and to isolate the Taira clan in the Setouchi region.

• 千葉氏は後北条氏にその勢力を吸収され、豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐において滅亡するが、押田氏は江戸幕府の旗本として存続する。
• The power of the Chiba clan was absorbed by the Gohojo clan; they were ruined by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Odawara campaign but managed to carry on as vassals to the Oshida clan during the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 幼名の「副将丸」は、将来朝敵を討伐する際に、異母兄である平清宗を大将軍に、能宗を副将軍にという思いから名づけられた。
• His childhood name, 'Fukushomaru' (meaning 'vice commander' in Japanese), reflected the wish of his parents that he would someday fight enemies of the imperial court as a vice commander together with his half-brother, TAIRA no Kiyomune, who would fight as the commander in chief.

• 厨河はかつて前九年の役で源頼義が安倍貞任らを討った地であり、頼朝はその佳例に倣い、厨河での泰衡討伐を望んだのである。
• Kuriyagawa was a region where MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi killed Sadato ABE in Zen Kunen no Eki (the Former Nine Year Campaign), and Yoritomo desired to subjugate Yasuhira in Kuriyagawa to imitate a joyous precedent.

• 鎌倉からは山内首藤経俊（平家方からの寝返り）や加藤景員（伊勢出身）・加藤光員らとともに平家の余党を討伐を命じられる。
• The Kamakura bakufu issued the order to subjugate the remnants of the Taira clan, to him as well as Tsuneyoshi YAMAUCHISUDO (a double-cross from the Taira clan), Kagekazu KATO (of Ise Province), and Mitsukazu KATO, and others.

• 朝倉氏の膝元　一乗谷城に逗留後、義昭をして将軍義栄討伐の兵を挙げることを求めるものの、朝倉義景が一向に動かなかった。
• After staying at Ichijodani-jo Castle, the headquarters of Asakura clan, Kiyonobu asked Yoshikage ASAKURA to raise an army with Yoshiaki as its head to attack Shogun Yoshihide, but Yoshikage did not act at all.

• 前述のように天然更新や人工造林された材木の価値が低いとなると、つまるところ天然林の伐採に収益の主力を置くこととなる。
• As described above, the value of the wood from the naturally regenerated forests and from the artificially regenerated forests is low, and therefore, it turns out that logging of the natural forest becomes the focus of earnings.

• 低木林は穀物、木材、毛皮、いくらかの綿花と鉱石を産出します。伐採すると砂漠になります。低木林は温帯地方で見られます。
• Scrub forests produce Grain, Lumber, Furs, and some Cotton and Ore. If they are cleared, the land becomes a desert. Scrub forests are found in temperate regions.

• 田村麻呂は出発に当たってかつて蝦夷征伐の戦友だった文室綿麻呂の禁錮を解くことを願い、綿麻呂は許されて参議に任じられる。
• On his departure, Tamuramaro entreated the emperor to release from confinement FUNYA no Watamaro, who had been a fellow soldier during the conquest of the Emishi (Japanese northerners), and Watamaro was set free and appointed as Sangi.

• 単に間伐や植え替えを推進するということではなく、2割削減という具体的な数値目標を打ち出したことは画期的なことといえる。
• The project does not simply consist of promoting felling and transplantation, and the agreement of a concrete target value of reducing pollen levels by 20% was groundbreaking.

• 第6代石川広季は、伊豆で源頼朝が平家討伐の兵を挙げたことを知り、寿永2年（1183年）、伯父光治率いる軍を鎌倉に送る。
• When the sixth head of the family Hirosue ISHIKAWA heard that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army to defeat the Taira family in Izu, he dispatched an army headed by his uncle Mitsuharu to Kamakura in 1183.

• 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
• It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.

• しかし、林業経営が50年～100年といった長期間にわたり多額の投資（間伐など人工林の育成経費の支出）を行い収益を得る。
• However, in forestry, profits are realized only by making heavy investment in planting of man-made forests, such as thinning, for a long time of fifty to one hundred years.

• そして小田原征伐後、信雄は尾張国から駿河国への移封を拒絶したため、信雄は所領を没収され、下野国に流罪とされてしまった。
• After the conquest and siege of Odawara, due to his refusal to change the territory from Owari Province to Suruga Province, Nobukatsu's territory was confiscated, then he was exiled to Shimotsuke Province.

• 結果、学界の主流では「三韓征伐」に関する記述は具体的ではなく神話的誇張が多く神功皇后の実在を実証できないとされている。
• This resulted in the mainstream of academic world's theory that the real existence of Empress Jingu could not be proved, due to the two factors: 'Sankan-Seibatsu' was written without any definite supporting statements; and it was written with many inclusive elements of mythological exaggerations.

• 誅伐された弟建は死に臨み、その武勇を嘆賞し、自らをヤマトヲグナと名乗る小碓命に譲って倭建（ヤマトタケル）の号を献じた。
• The executed younger brother Takeru, at the moment of his death, lauded Ousu no Mikoto's bravery, and gave the name of Yamato Takeru to him, who had been called Yamato Oguna.

• 越中国の佐々成政に対しても8月から征伐を開始したが、ほとんど戦うこと無くして8月25日に成政は剃髪して秀吉に降伏する。
• He started to capture Narimasa SASA of Ecchu province from August, but Narimasa did not protect and surrendered to Hideyoshi on August 25 by becoming a priest.

• 澄元は義興との和睦を画策したが、同じく政元の養子で澄之討伐に協力した細川高国が大内方に寝返ったため、決裂してしまった。
• Although Sumimoto attempted to hold peace talks with Yoshioki, they broke down because Takakuni HOSOKAWA, who was another adopted son of Masamoto and had cooperated in the fight against Sumiyuki, betrayed Sumimoto and took sides with OUCHI.

• あまりにも悪行を働くので帝の命により摂津源氏の源頼光と嵯峨源氏の渡辺綱を筆頭とする頼光四天王により討伐隊が結成された。
• Because of his extreme wickedness, the Emperor ordered the formation of a punitive force composed of the Four Loyal Retainers of Yorimitsu, led by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu of the Settsu-Genji and WATANABE no Tsuna of the Saga-Genji.

• なお、四国征伐にあたって、信孝は三好康長の養子になることが決定され、神戸具盛は再度神戸氏の当主扱いになったようである。
• During the Shikoku Conquest it was decided that Nobutaka would be adopted by Yasunaga MIYOSHI, and so Tomomori KANBE was treated as the Kanbe clan's family head once more.

• 天正13年（1585年）の紀伊根来寺攻めや四国征伐戦による軍功から故丹羽長秀の遺領越前国北ノ庄に18万石を与えられた。
• In 1585, he was awarded the territory of Nagahide NIWA's property inheritance, 180,000 koku in Kitanosho, Echizen Province for his military exploit at the attack on Negoro-ji Temple and the Shikoku Conquest.

• 兄同様に足利尊氏に与し、1352年に新田義興・脇屋義宗らが上野国で挙兵したとき、尊氏に与してこれらの討伐で功を挙げた。
• Same as his older brother, he worked together with Takauji ASHIKAGA, and in 1352, he succeeded in the suppression of Yoshioki NITTA and Yoshimune WAKIYA, when they raised an army in Kozuke Province.

• しかし翌年の永正17年（1520年）にも再度、討伐軍（義村自身の出征ではなく、小寺城主 小寺則職を主将）が動員される。
• However, in the following year, 1520, Yoshimura re-sent a punitive force (led by Norimoto KODERA who was the lord of Kodera-jo Castle, not by Yoshimura himself).

• 『古事記』などの記述から、北部九州で勢力拡大していた磐井が、継体天皇から討伐されたと主張する研究者（水谷千秋）もいる。
• Based on the description from 'Kojiki,' some researchers (i.e. Chiaki MIZUTANI) insist that Iwai, who was expanding his power in the North Kyushu, was subdued by the Emperor Keitai.

• 京都方面から進撃してきた新田義貞を総大将とする尊氏討伐軍6万騎を播磨国赤松の白旗城（兵庫県赤穂郡上郡町）で迎え撃った。
• 60,000 soldiers marched from Kyoto as the troop aiming at subjugation of Takauji; the troop was headed by Yoshisada NITTA; Enshin lay in wait for the soldiers at Shirahata-jo Castle in Akamatsu, Harima Province (Kamigori Town, Ako County, Hyogo Prefecture).

• 1351年、足利尊氏とその弟・足利直義との確執が深刻となると、尊氏は一時南朝側に降って直義討伐のために鎌倉に出陣した。
• As feuds between Takauji ASHIKAGA and his younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA became more severe in 1351, Takauji left for Kamakura to put down Tadayoshi by temporarily taking the side of the Southern Court.

• 1950年代以降の大規模伐採の時代には、赤崎西谷や赤崎東谷に引込み線が設けられ、伐採された材木の搬出に活用されていた。
• After the 1950s when logging was carried out on a large scale, sidings were laid out in Akazaki-nishidani (Akazaki west ravine) up to Akazaki-higashidani (Akazaki east ravine) and were used for carrying out the lumber.

• 車両は東京大学演習林軌道が大規模な伐採事業を行っていたことから本格的なガソリン機関車やディーゼル機関車を所有していた。
• Concerning the tramcars, the Tokyo University tramline for the field practice forest owned full-fledged gasoline locomotives and diesel locomotives because the university conducted logging business on a large scale.

• したがって、伐採面積をさらに拡大して利益の確保を図るという悪循環に陥ってしまい、演習林の更なる荒廃を招く結果となった。
• Therefore, a vicious cycle of expanding the tree-cutting area to increase the profit set in, making the state of the field practice forest further deteriorate.

• 1990年代以降は伐採はほとんど行われず、1950年代以降の大規模伐採時期に植林された杉の人工林の保育が行われている。
• Almost no trees were cut since 1990s, and the artificial forests of Japanese cedar tress planted in the era when trees were cut on a large scale in 1950s and later have been repopulated.

• 事業者は、掘削、採石、荷役、伐木等の業務における作業方法から生ずる危険を防止するため必要な措置を講じなければならない。
• The employer shall take necessary measures for preventing any dangers arising from the following working methods: excavation, quarrying, cargo handling, lumbering, etc.

• 伐倒しようとする立木の胸高直径が四十センチメートル以上であるときは、伐根直径の四分の一以上の深さの受け口をつくること。
• When chest-high diameter of trees to be felled is 40 cm or more, to make a receiving groove of a depth of one-fourth or more of the root diameter of the said trees.

• これに対して父・蓮如は激しく非難しているが、実際には管領細川政元の暗黙の了解を得て室町幕府による討伐令を中止させている。
• Their father Rennyo harshly criticized this, but they succeeded in stopping the order for punitive expedition by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), based on a tacit agreement with Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA.

• 秀吉は九州征伐翌年の1588年8月29日（天正16年7月8日 (旧暦)）、秀吉は刀狩令とともに海上賊船禁止令を発布した。
• On August 29, 1588, the following year of the Kyushu Conquest, Hideyoshi issued an order outlawing pirates with the command to collect swords.

• そして更に翌月の7月22日に、宗方討伐の大将北条宗宣が殺された北条政時の後任として連署に就任してやっと事態は沈静化する。
• Then on July 22, the next month, Munenobu HOJO, the general for chasing and killing Munekata, was appointed to assistant to shikken in place of Masatoki HOJO who had been killed, making the situation calm at last.

• だが、律令政府は「化外」の民との対立の際には蝦夷征伐というかたちで軍事力を行使して、その勢力圏を北へと広げることになる。
• Under the pretext of fighting social outcasts the Ritsuryo-seifu Government used military power to conquer Emishi and expand its power to the north.

• これに対して尊氏の命で顕家討伐に向かった高師直は、、5月16日 (旧暦)（6月4日）に天王寺から堺浦に向かって出撃した。
• Meanwhile, KO no Moronao advanced his army from Tenno-ji Temple to Sakaiura on June 4 in order to defeat Akiie under Takauji's order.

• 寿永3年(1184年)　平教盛に従い、備前今木城で叛旗を翻した伊予の河野通信と緒方惟栄、臼杵惟隆兄弟を討伐し九州に追う。
• In 1184, he followed TAIRA no Norimori, and subjugated Michinobu KONO of Iyo, who revolted at the Imaki-jo Castle, Bizen Province, and brothers of Koreyoshi OGATA and Koretaka USUKI, chasing them to Kyushu.

• 仲哀天皇の熊襲征伐の途次、岡県主の熊鰐、伊都県主の五十迹手がそれぞれ白銅鏡、八尺瓊と共に十握剣を差し出して降伏している。
• When Emperor Chuai was on his way to subjugating Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu region), Wani of Oka no Agatanushi (the ruler of Tsukushi region) and Itote of Ito no Agatanushi (the ruler of Ito region) surrendered offering Totsuka no Tsurugi swords to him together with Maso kagami (a bronze mirror) and Yasakani (a big jewel) respectively.

• 神武東征の折り、ナガスネヒコ誅伐に失敗し、熊野山中で危機に陥った時、高倉下が神武天皇の下に持参した劔がふつみたまである。
• On the Jinmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu), when the emperor failed to kill Nagasunehiko and was beleaguered in the Mount Kumano, Takakuraji presented the Futsumitama sword to the Emperor Jinmu.

• 秀政の才を愛していた秀吉は、小田原征伐が終わり次第、秀政に関東を与えようと考えていたと、『名将言行録』では記されている。
• Hideyoshi also loved Hidemasa's talent and according to the 'Meisho Genkoroku' (the collections of anecdotes of great commanders in Japanese history), Hideyoshi planned to give the Kanto region to Hidemasa soon after the conquest and siege of Odawara.

• 三代将軍・源実朝の代の元久2年（1205年）6月22日 (旧暦)条畠山重忠の乱における重忠討伐軍の中に初めて確認される。
• The first confirmed reference to them is the entry dated July 17, 1205 in which they appear among the army in charge of defeating Shigetada HATAKEYAMA who had risen against the shogunate during the time of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo the third shogun.

• 秀康の所従の押松に有力御家人へ宛てた義時討伐の院宣を持たせ使者として鎌倉へ送るが、押松は鎌倉幕府方に捕らえられてしまう。
• Hideyasu sent his shoju (retainer) Osho to Kamakura to deliver the command from the retired emperor to subjugate Yoshitoki addressed to a powerful gokenin but Osho was captured by the Kamakura Shogunate people.

• なお、九戸政実討伐の帰途、山形城に立ち寄った秀次を、義光が駒姫に接待させたという挿話は後世の創作とみたほうが妥当である。
• In fact, the episode where Yoshimitsu had Komahime entertain Hidetsugu, who stopped in Yamagata-jo Castle on the way back from the subjugation of Masazane KUNOHE, was probably a fictitious story made up in later ages.

• 秀吉死後の慶長5年（1600年）に、五大老の徳川家康が同じく五大老の一人だった会津の上杉景勝討伐の兵を起こすと従軍した。
• In 1600, after Hideyoshi's death, when Ieyasu Tokugawa, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), rose in arms against another member of the Gotairo, Kagekatsu UESUGI, in Aizu, he took part in the campaign.

• この修理の際、奈良文化財研究所で塔の部材を年輪年代学で調べたところ、794年ころに伐採したものであることが判明している。
• During the repair, the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties examined members of the pagoda using dendrochronology and found they were cut down around 794.

• 当時の京都帝大の演習林では台湾演習林において樟脳の生産が行われ、樺太演習林においては材木の伐採によって収益を上げていた。
• Of the forests for field practice of Kyoto Imperial University, camphor was produced in the field practice forest in Taiwan, and in the field practice forest in Sakhalin, profits were earned from logging.

• 事業者は、伐木の作業を行なうときは、伐倒について一定の合図を定め、当該作業に関係がある労働者に周知させなければならない。
• The employer shall, when carrying out the work of tree felling, set fixed signals for felling and make them known to the workers concerned with the said work.

• 9月19日には、六波羅探題が察知して計画は事前に発覚し、土岐頼兼、多治見国長、足助重範など密議に参加した武将は討伐される。
• On September 19, the Rokuhara Tandai uncovered the plan before it was executed and samurai who had participated in secret talks such as Yorikane TOKI, Kuninaga TAJIMI, and Shigenori ASUKE, were subdued.

• なお、富樫満成は高野山に逃亡したものの、1419年2月28日（応永26年2月4日）に畠山満家の討伐によって殺害されている。
• Mitsunari TOGASHI fled to Mt. Koya, but was killed by the subjugation of Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA on February 28, 1419.

• 元治元年（1864年）に京都で禁門の変が起きるとその傾向に拍車がかかり、続く長州征伐の決定によって全国的に米価が上昇した。
• In 1864, when Kyoto saw the Kinmon Incident (the war waged by Choshu Domain for regaining its force in Kyoto, which resulted in its defeat), this tendency was accelerated, and when the Edo bakufu decided to set out the Choshu Expedition, the rice price rose nationwide.

• その間にも忠通は頼長から氏の長者の地位と取り戻し、一方の忠実は自分も討伐されることを恐れて、僧兵を集めて宇治にひきこもる。
• Meanwhile, Tadamichi retrieves a position as the head of the clan from Yorinaga, and Tadazane gathers warrior-monks and secludes himself in Uji for fear of being killed.

• 政宗が首尾よく、帰国すると、諸将は虎を放つのは危険と進言したが、歯向かえば、誅伐すればよい、と語り、諸将は頓首したという。
• After Masamune went back to his territory safely, vassals of Hideyoshi advised that it was dangerous to set a tiger free, but Hideyoshi told them that he was going to kill him if Masamune rose in revolt and they understood.

• 天正14年（1586年）からの九州征伐にも参加し、戦後に秀吉から筑前国・筑後国・肥前国1郡の37万1300石を与えられた。
• After participating in the Conquest of Kyushu started in 1586, he was granted a total of 371,300 koku (the unit showing the annual yield of rice) including the Chikuzen Province, Chikugo Province, and a county in the Hizen Province.

• 都落ちした高経は幕府の討伐軍に屈す事無く戦い続けたが、貞治6年/正平22年（1367年）に杣山城（福井県南越前町）で死去。
• Although Takatsune, who had fled the capital, continued to fight against a punitive force from the government, he died at Somayama-jo Castle (Minamiechizen-cho, Fukui Prefecture) in 1367.

• 後に同じ美濃の出である東常縁が千葉康胤を討伐するために上総の隣国である下総国に向かった際にこれに同行したと考えられている。
• It is assumed that he accompanied Tsuneyori TO from the same hometown, Mino Province, when Tsuneyori went to Shimosa Province next to Kazusa Province to subdue Yasutane CHIBA.

• 当時京都で戦っていた貞久は本領の危機を知り長庶子の川上頼久・久長の子である島津宗久を急ぎ帰国させ、南朝方討伐に向かわせる。
• Sadahisa, who was fighting in Kyoto at the time, found the crisis of his main domain and ordered his first son of concubine Yorihisa KAWAKAMI and Hisanaga's son Munehisa SHIMAZU to return to the domain to attack the Soutnern Court.

• その後も秀吉の主要な合戦の多くに参戦し、天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐ののち、伊予国今治市11万石の大名に封ぜられる。
• Since then, he participated in many of Hideyoshi's decisive battles, and after the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, he was assigned as daimyo of Imabari region, Iyo Province which was worth 110,000 koku.

• 頼朝没後の正治元年（1199年）10月、梶原景時弾劾に加わり、建仁（1203年）9月の比企能員の変で比企一族討伐軍に参加。
• In October 1199 after the death of Yoritomo, he joined impeachment of Kagetoki KAJIWARA and at the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI in September 1203, he took part in the force for the subdugation of Hiki family.

• 天正14年（1586年）には19歳で大番頭となり、同18年（1590年）の小田原征伐、19年の九戸政実討伐などに従軍した。
• He became the Oban gashira (captains of the great guards) when he was nineteen years old in 1586, joined the battle in Odawara campaign (the conquest, siege of Odawara) in 1590, and suppressed Masazane KUNOHE in 1591.

• 洞院実世は偽りの投降と見抜き、降伏の受け入れに反対、むしろこの機会に直義を討伐して北朝側の戦力を削減させるべきと主張する。
• Predicting it was a false surrender, Saneyo TOIN opposed accepting Naoyoshi's offer of submission arguing that they should take that opportunity to put down Naoyoshi to reduce the Northern Court's war potential, instead.

• 有名なのは近江国水口岡山城の長束正家に、会津征伐で東下する家康をもてなさせ、城内に忍び込んだ左近達が斬るという作戦である。
• There was a famous plot in which it was planned that Masaie NAGATSUKA of Minakuchi-okayama-jo Castle in Omi Province would welcome Ieyasu who had traveled east to conquest Aizu before Sakon and others sneaked into the castle and killed him.

• 『信長公記』『甲乱記』に拠れば、この敗北を契機とした武田征伐において、信豊は家臣20騎程と共に小諸城へ逃れて再起を図った。
• The 'Shinchoko-ki' and the 'Koranki' stated that Nobutoyo fled to Komoro-jo Castle with about 20 horesemen to attempt a comeback after the defeat in the subjugation of Takeda.

• また、木材価格の低迷が長期化するにつれて、大規模伐採をこのまま続けても分収金の形で地域還元することが困難になってきていた。
• Furthermore, as wood prices remained stagnant for a long period of time, it became difficult to make the yearly payment from the profit to the local communities, even though the logging business continued to be carried out on a large scale.

• 前二条の規定による立入又は伐除により損失を生じた場合においては、国は、その損失をうけた者に対し、通常生ずべき損失を補償する。
• In the event any loss has arisen from the entry, clearing, or removal under the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the State shall compensate the sufferer thereof for the loss that would normally arise.

• これに対して蓮悟や蓮慶は蓮如・実如が定めた一門衆の指導への服従を定めた規則に反するとして超勝寺の討伐のための一揆を起こした。
• In response, Rengo and Renkei staged a revolt to put down the Chosho-ji Temple, insisting that this was against the rules on the clansmen's conformity to the teachings established by Rennyo and Jitsunyo.

• 通常は3年目の冬に伐採し、煮沸して油を抜いてから露天乾しにして白竹にし、その後しばらく（数ヶ月～数年）寝かせてから加工する。
• The bamboo is cut down in its third winter, freed of oil by boiling, dried in the open air so that it becomes shiratake (white bamboo), and allowed to rest for a while (several months to years), before being processed.

• 1590年(天正18)に覇業を推し進める豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐を機に臣従、本領を安堵され、山形城を居城にして24万石を領する。
• In 1590, he served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who was trying to establish himself as ruler of the country after the conquest and siege of Odawara, was approved of the main domain, lived in Yamagata-jo Castle and had a fief of 240,000 koku.

• しかし、時宗が1284年に急死すると、翌1285年、平頼綱は泰盛を突如襲撃・殺害し、泰盛派の御家人らを討伐した（霜月騒動）。
• However, when Tokimune died suddenly in 1284, TAIRA no Yoritsuna killed Yasumori in a sudden assault and exterminated the gokenin of the Yasumori faction in the following year of 1285 (the Shimotsuki Incident).

• かねてから北条氏によって将軍の権力を押さえつけられていたことに不満を持っていた頼家は能員の訴えに応じて、北条氏討伐を命じた。
• As Yoriie had been dissatisfied about the Hojo clan which exercised power over shogun, he responded to Yoshikazu's appeal and issued an order to suppress the Hojo clan.

• また、たたら吹きには大量の木炭を必要とするため、川の上流の木が伐採しつくされた結果洪水が起きたことを象徴しているともされる。
• A lot of charcoal was needed to do the traditional Japanese tatara steel making method, so some people claim that it is a symbol of flooding as a result of too much deforestation at the upper reaches of a river.

• それに続く第一次長州征伐が終わると、無勅許状態にあった日米修好通商条約の勅許に奔走し、条件付ながら勅許を得ることに成功した。
• After the First Subjugation of Choshu that followed, he made every effort to secure the Emperor's permission on the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Unites States and Japan that had been left unauthorized by the Emperor; he succeeded in securing the Emperor's authorization albeit with provisos.

• しかし、義忠が兄を討てないと躊躇したため、正盛が義忠に代わり討伐に向かい、1108年に乱を鎮圧したとの知らせがもたらされた。
• However, because Yoshitada was reluctant to kill Yoshichika, as they were brothers, Masamori was given the mission of quelling uprising in his place, which he is said to have accomplished in 1108.

• 舅・家康も氏政の助命を乞うが、北条氏の討伐を招いた責任者として秀吉は氏政・氏照及び宿老の松田憲秀・大道寺政繁に切腹を命じた。
• Although Ujimasa's father-in-law, Ieyasu, asked for a pardon for Ujimasa, Hideyoshi ordered Seppuku to Ujimasa and Ujiteru, and the chief vassals of Norihide MATSUDA and Masashige DAIDOJI, for their responsibility to cause the subjugation of the Hojo clan.

• そして守護就任に伴い、幕府から三好氏の討伐の命令が出されたとされ、経久はこの命に応じ、三好氏と京にて戦っているとされている。
• It is believed that after appointed as shugo, Tsunehisa received an order from the bakufu to subjugate the Miyoshi clan and began fighting against the clan in Kyoto in response to the order.

• 貞綱が元寇の際、執権北条時宗の命を受け、蒙古討伐軍総大将として九州に下った時、同行し、筑後国山門郡瀬高の大木城を拠点とした。
• Yasumune accompanied Sadatsuna when Sadatsuna was ordered by Tokimune HOJO (the regent of the Kamakura bakufu) to go down to Kyushu as a supreme commander of the Menggu Punitive Force when Mongol attempted to invade Japan (Genko), and Yasumune made his base in Oki-jo Castle located in Setaka, Yamato-gun, Chikugo Province.

• 平直方は麾下の軍勢と東海、東山、北陸の三道の軍を結集して討伐に向うが、関東を押さえて士気の上がる平忠常軍を攻めきれずにいた。
• TAIRA no Naokata gathered troops from three regions of the Tokai region, Higashiyama region and Hokuriku region along with the troops under his command and went on the expedition to conquest TAIRA no Tadatsune, but Naokata was not able to subjugate the revolt easily because the troops of Tadatsune already controlled Kanto region and the morale among his soldiers was very high.

• 羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）に仕えて、天正12年（1584年）の小牧・長久手の戦いや天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐に参加する。
• He worked for Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and joined the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute (1584) and the Siege of Odawara (1590).

• 元弘3年/正慶2年（1333年）5月8日 (旧暦)、後醍醐天皇の呼びかけに応え、生品神社に一族を集め鎌倉幕府討伐のため挙兵。
• In response to a call by the Emperor Godaigo, he raised an army to subjugate the Kamakura bakufu on June 28 (old calendar) 1333 by gathering family members at Ikushina-jinja Shrine.

• ただし、鎌倉幕府の公式記録である『吾妻鏡』に越後の城氏の一族である坂額御前の健闘により討伐軍に大被害が生じたとの記事がある。
• However, 'Azuma Kagami', which is the official record of the Kamakura shogunate, has an article that, brave and good fight of Hangaku Gozen, who was a family member of the Jo clan in Echigo, caused the punitive force serious damages.

• しかし、徳川御三家の一つである上、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで敗走した幕府将兵の多くが藩内に逃げ込んだため、新政府の討伐を受けかけた。
• However, since he was from one of Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), and shohei (officers and men) of bakufu who were routed in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi took refuge in his domain, he was nearly put down by the new government.

• それから、伐採した材木を筏流しで由良川を和知まで流し、和知から列車で発送することで輸送コストの削減と大量搬出が可能になった。
• Then, by using trains to transport it from Wachi after rafting cut wood down the Yura-gawa River to Wachi made it possible to cut the cost of transportation and bulk-transportation.

• 即ち、源氏平氏が征夷大将軍の任についた例は数えきれないとして、自らも将軍宣下を受けた上で北条討伐を行いたいと奏上したという。
• In other words, in relation to the countless examples of members of the Minamoto and Taira clans serving as seii taishogun, and besides being the recipient of Shogun proclamations, he wished to report to the Emperor that the Hojo clan had been subjugated.

• 酒呑童子討伐で知られる平安時代中期の武将・源頼光が家来の渡辺綱を連れて京都の洛外北山の蓮台野に赴くと、空を飛ぶ髑髏に遭遇した。
• MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, known as a warlord in the middle of the Heian period who subdued 'Shuten Doji' (the leader of a group of bandits that roamed the region around Kyoto), went with his retainer WATANABE no Tsuna to Rendaino in Kitayama of Rakugai (outside area of the capital Kyoto), where they met with a skull flying in the sky;

• 伊達政宗が大崎征伐に乗り出すと苦戦を強いられたが、最上氏庶流の黒川晴氏が大崎方に寝返ったことで家の命脈だけは保つことができた。
• When Masamune DATE went on an expedition against Osaki (a siege of Osaki), Yoshinao was forced to engage in a bitter struggle; however, he barely kept the family in existence thanks to Haruuji KUROKAWA, a branch family of the Mogami clan, who switched to the Osaki side.

• 1585年（天正13年）、四国征伐で軍功を挙げた豊臣秀次は、近江43万石を与えられ、八幡山に八幡城を築城し、城下町を開町した。
• With military success in the Shikoku Conquest in 1585, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI was given Omi, a 430,000-koku fief (feudal domain estimated to produce 2.15 million bushels of rice annually), where he built the Hachiman Castle in Mt. Hachiman and opened a castle town.

• 第二次征伐の失敗によって幕府の武力が張子の虎であることが知れ渡ると同時に長州藩と薩摩藩への干渉能力がほぼ無くなる結果を招いた。
• The failure of the second conquest made it public knowledge that the military power of the bakufu was a paper tiger, and as a result, the bakufu had almost lost the power to interfere in the Choshu Domain and the Satsuma Domain.

• 1575年、義昭を追放して自身に反抗する丹波の諸将の討伐に取り掛かった織田信長は、明智光秀に命じて丹波の経略に取り掛からせた。
• After Nobunaga ODA ousted Yoshiaki, he began to subdue several busho (warlords) in Tanba who opposed him, and instructed Mitsuhide AKECHI to govern Tanba in 1575.

• しかし、九州征伐で兄の元春とその嫡男吉川元長があいついで陣没したため、隆景は一人で輝元を補佐し、毛利氏を守っていくことになる。
• However, Motoharu, who was his older brother, and Motonaga KIKKAWA, who was a son of Motoharu, died successively in the Kyushu Conquest, and Takakage had to support Terumoto and protect the Mori clan by himself.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、第二次長州征伐が起こったときには、長州征討を強行する幕府と、長州藩を擁護する薩摩藩の仲介を務めている。
• At the time of the Second conquest of Choshu in 1866, he mediated between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which forced through the conquest of Choshu domain and the Satsuma domain which supported the Choshu domain.

• この討伐により越後北部一帯（越後国出羽郡）の支配を確立することに成功し、討伐の3年後の和銅5年（712年）出羽国が設置された。
• Due to this subjection, they succeeded in establishing control over the whole area of northern Echigo (Ideha gun (Ideha district), Echigo Province), and its three years later, in 712, Dewa Province was established.

• 慶応2年の長州征伐が一段落した際、徳川幕府が三条大橋に掲げた高札が抜き取られて川に投げ捨てられると言う事態がたびたび起こった。
• When the conquest of Choshu clan was almost finished in 1866, an event often happened such that a temporary notice board held up by the Tokugawa shogunate at Sanjo-ohashi bridge was pulled out and thrown into the river.

• 天正18年（1590年）、父・秀政とともに小田原征伐に参陣したが、父がそのときに陣中にて病死したため、家督を継ぐこととなった。
• In 1590 he took part in the Siege of Odawara together with his father Hidemasa, and succeeded to his father as the head of the family due to his father's death in the camp during the battle.

• このような状況を憂慮した徳川幕府は1666年以降、森林保護政策に乗りだし、森林資源の回復促進と厳格な伐採規制・流通規制をしいた。
• Worried about the situation, the Tokugawa shogunate decided to adopt a forest protection policy in 1666, and launched an initiative to recover and promote forest resources, setting up strict regulations towards logging and distribution.

• また埼玉県児玉郡では、天狗の松を伐ろうとした人が、枝から落ちてひどい怪我を負ったが、これは天狗に蹴落とされたのだという話である。
• In Kodama Gun, Saitama Prefecture, someone who tried to cut down a Tengu pine fell off a branch and was seriously injured; this is believed to have happened because Tengu kicked him out of the tree.

• しかし、種実が手にしていた期間も長くは無く、九州征伐の際、島津氏に属していた秋月氏から、降伏の証として、豊臣秀吉へと献上された。
• However, the period of Tanezane owning this famous piece was not very long; it was presented to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the proofing gift of surrender from Tanezane who was a vassal of Shimazu clan, when Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu region.

• 幕府への恭順路線を貫き、責任者の処刑など西郷が提示した降伏条件の受け入れを承認したため、第1次長州征伐は回避されることとなった。
• In the end, the first conquest of Choshu was avoided because Choshu accepted the conditions to surrender, proposed by Saigo, including an execution of responsible persons, and absolute allegiance to the bakufu.

• 長元2年（1029年）2月、朝廷は東海道、東山道、北陸道の諸国へ忠常追討の官符を下して討伐軍を補強させるが鎮定はすすまなかった。
• In February, 1029, the Imperial Court issued a kanpu (official document from Dajokan, or Great Council of State) to strengthen the punitive force, but the suppression did not made progress.

• そして享禄4年（1531年）5月9日_(旧暦)、賀州三ヶ寺は「三法令」・「一門一家制」違反などを理由に超勝寺討伐の命令を下した。
• On May 25, 1531, Gashu Sanka-ji Temples gave orders to subdue Chosho-ji Temple on the grounds that it violated 'Sanhorei' and 'Ichimon-Ikke System.'

• 天正15年（1587年）、九州征伐に参陣するが、武功を挙げたわけではなく後方の兵糧・武具などの輜重を担当していたと言われている。
• He went on an expedition to Kyushu in 1587, but he was said to be in charge of transporting military goods such as food provisions and weapons.

• このとき、前田玄以・長束正家・増田長盛ら三奉行と堀尾吉晴・中村一氏・生駒親正らが征伐の中止を訴えたが聞き入れず、征伐を強行した。
• On this occasion, the three bugyo officers of Geni MAEDA, of Masaie NAGATSUKA, and of Nagamori MASHITA, Yoshiharu HORIO, Kazuuji NAKAMURA, and Chikamasa IKOMA appealed him to stop the conquering movement, but Ieyasu executed the conquering activity forcibly, without accepting the appeal.

• これにより、朝廷・豊臣氏から家康の上杉氏征伐は「豊臣氏の忠臣である家康が、謀反人の景勝を討つ」という義戦と認められた形となった。
• In these ways, the conquest by Ieyasu of the Uesugi clan was recognized by the Imperial court and the Toyotomi clan as a righteous fight in which 'Ieyasu, a faithful retainer of the Toyotomi clan, defeated Kagekatsu, a traitor.'

• 伝説によれば、平安時代の後期、安倍貞任の残党であった黒鳥兵衛は越後国へ入ると悪逆非道の限りを尽くし、朝廷の討伐軍をも打ち破った。
• According to legend, in the late Heian period, Hyoe KUROTORU, one of Abe no Sadato's remaining retainers, went to Echigo Province and committed a number of atrocities, and even managed to defeat the Imperial army sent to subjugate him.

• 翌1437年に持氏の信濃再出兵が企画されると、出兵は憲実誅伐のためであるとする噂が流れ、憲実方にも武士が集まり緊迫状態が生じる。
• In the next year, 1437, when Mochiuji made a plan to dispatch troops to Shinano Province again, the rumor spread that Mochiuji dispatched the troops to kill Norizane, therefore, Norizane's side also gathered troops and this caused a state of tension.

• 鎌倉から持氏を追放したのち、持氏派の武士を討伐するため出陣した足利持仲の補佐として武蔵国へ向かったものの破れ、鎌倉へ引き返した。
• After the banishment of Mochiuji from Kamakura, he joined the Mochinaka ASHIKAGA troops as an assistant and headed for Musashi Province to attack the samurai warriors of the Mochiuji side, but was defeated and returned back to Kamakura.

• 文治5年（1189年）、源頼朝が藤原泰衡追討のために行った奥州合戦（奥州征伐）に、弟の殖野為重、伊達資綱、伊達為家とともに従軍。
• In 1189, Tamemune took part in the campaign with his younger brothers Tameshige UENO, Suketsuna DATE, and Tameie DATE for the Battle of Oshu (Oshu-Seibatsu [Kamakura bakufu's military campaign against the Fujiwara of northern Japan]) launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hunt down and kill FUJIWARA no Yasuhira.

• 延暦5年（786年）8月8日 (旧暦)、葛城は蝦夷征伐の準備の閲兵と武具点検ため、判官1名、主典1名とともに東海道に遣わされた。
• On September 8, 786 or August 8 on the old calendar, Kazuragi, together with a member of hangan (judge, magistrate), a member of sakan, was dispatched to Tokaido region to review the prepared army and to check arms for conquest of ezo.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原征伐にも参加し、天正20年（1592年）からの文禄の役にも参加して渡海し、晋州城攻撃に参加した。
• In 1590, he also participated in the conquest and siege of Odawara, participated in the Bunroku War in 1592, and took a ship to attack Jinju Castle.

• 時政は畠山父子を排斥すべく謀反人に仕立て上げたとされ、時政に畠山討伐を命じられた息子北条義時・北条時房は反対したが押し切られた。
• It is supposed that Tokimasa made the father and son of the Hatakeyama family culpable as traitors to get rid of them, and although his sons, Yoshitoki and Tokifusa HOJO were opposed to their father when Tokimasa ordered the subjugation of the Hatakeyama family, finally they followed his orders.

• こうした大規模伐採による演習林の荒廃が進むにつれて、大学関係者だけでなく地権者の側においても危惧と不安の声が上がるようになった。
• As the state of the field practice forest deteriorated even further by large scale logging, not only people on the university side but also the land-owning side began to voice their anxiety and apprehension about the situation.

• 一般的に神社神道の神社、神宮の境内にある神体としての木や神聖視される木、その周りを囲む鎮守の森や、伐採をしないとされる木を指す。
• In general, shinboku refers to a tree as an object of worship or a tree considered to be holy, in the precincts of a shrine or a high-class shrine of Jinja-Shinto; a forest surrounding a shrine to protect the shrine; or a tree that is not cut down.

• 仲哀天皇の熊襲征伐の途次、岡県主の熊鰐、伊都県主の五十迹手らは、それぞれ白銅鏡、八尺瓊、十握剣を差し出して恭順の意を表している。
• When Emperor Chuai made an expedition to conquer the Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) led by the Oka no Agatanushi (ruler of the Tsukushi area) and Itote led by the Ito no Agatanushi (ruler of the Ito area), these leaders showed their allegiance by offering their Maso kagami (bronze mirror), Yasakani no magatama (comma-shaped jewel) and Totsuka no Tsurugi Sword.

• またこれらの他に労働奉仕も科される例や、盗伐者が科料を払えない場合の五人組による連帯責任による科料支払いが決められている例もある。
• There were also other cases, in which the violator was obliged to render a service, or if the violator was not able to pay the fines, the Gonin-gumi system (a collective responsibility system based on a neighborhood group composed of 5 persons), to which he belonged, had to assume the collective responsibility to pay the fines.

• 政策は、唐で安史の乱が発生した為、九州の警備を強化したが、仲麻呂が推進した新羅討伐計画を許可し、官位も唐風の名称に改めるなどした。
• Due to the occurrence of the Anshi Rebellion in Tang, Emperor Junnin tightened the security in Kyushu; however, he allowed Nakamaro to pursue the plan to subjugate Silla and also changed the names of official ranks to Chinese style.

• 佐々木道誉や赤松則祐らが南朝と通じて幕府に反すると、尊氏は近江へ佐々木、尊氏の子の義詮は赤松を討伐のために播磨へそれぞれ出兵する。
• Doyo SASAKI and Norisuke AKAMATSU rebelled against the bakufu and joined the Southern Court, and Takauji set out to Omi to attack Sasaki, and Takauji's son, Yoshiakira set out to Harima to attack Akamatsu.

• 表向きは信長との協調関係は継続していたものの、密かに武田信玄・浅井長政・朝倉義景・顕如らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成した。
• Although Yoshiaki officially had a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, he formed a coalition against Nobunaga by secretly giving an order of subjugation to Shingen TAKEDA, Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Kennyo.

• 日本における恩賞の給与は、古代以降、蝦夷征伐や謀叛の鎮圧に功労のあった武官に対して、朝廷が官位の任官または昇叙を行ったことによる。
• The practice of reward grants in Japan goes back to ancient times when the Imperial Court appointed those who rendered distinguished service in conquering Ezo or fighting rebellions as government officials or promoted them.

• 甲斐では、岡崎へ逃れた徳川家康が、光秀討伐の軍を起こすと同時に秀隆を支援するという名目で家臣を甲斐に派遣し、梅雪遺領の掌握を図る。
• In Kai, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had escaped to Okazaki, dispatched his vassals to Kai in an effort to seize the property inheritance of Baisetsu in the name of mobilizing a punitive force against Mitsuhide and supporting Hidetaka at the same time.

• 三韓征伐（さんかんせいばつ）とは、『日本書紀』に記述が残る、新羅の王子、アメノヒボコの子孫神功皇后が行ったとされる新羅出兵をさす。
• Sankan-Seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) was written in the war affairs of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), on the military expeditions against Silla (pronounced 'Shiragi' in Japanese: Kingdom of ancient Korea) by the Empress Jingu who was a descendant of Prince Amenohiboko of Silla.

• 結局延徳元年（1489年）、義熙と改名していた義尚は近江鈎の陣中で死去したため、幕府による討伐は中断となり、高頼は一時赦免された。
• After all, in 1489, Yoshihisa who had changed his name to Yoshihiro died at the front at Magari in Omi Province, and therefore the suppression by bakufu was suspended and Takayori was temporarily discharged.

• そこで、蝦夷討伐に際しては東国からの調達が許され、『延喜式』においては長門国の出挙4万束が兵粮料として充てることが定められている。
• Then, during the subjugation of Ezo (northerners), solders were allowed to supply food from Togoku (eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) and 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) provided that 40 thousand tsuka (bundle) of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries) of Nagato Province is allotted for the military provisions.

• 永正元年（1504年）9月、摂津守護代・薬師寺元一の謀反を鎮圧し、永正3年（1506年）に河内の畠山義英を討伐、大和国へ侵攻する。
• In October, 1504, Masamoto suppressed a rebellion by Motokazu YAKUSHIJI, the deputy shugo of the Province of Settsu, and then in 1506, he subjugated Yoshihide HATAKEYAMA of Kawachi and invaded the Province of Yamato.

• 小田原城奪取など、早雲の一連の行動は、茶々丸討伐という目的だけでなく、自らの勢力範囲を拡大しようとする意図もあったと見られていた。
• Soun's actions, including the capture of Odawara-jo Castle, were taken not only to defeat Chachamaru, but also to expand his own power.

• さらに利長に対しては加賀国征伐を強行しようとしたが、利長が生母・芳春院（まつ）を江戸に人質として差し出したことで出兵を取りやめた。
• Furthermore, he tried to conquer Toshinaga's Kaga Province forcibly, but stopped sending his force, because Toshinaga decided to send his real mother, Hoshunin (Matsu), to Edo as a hostage.

• 家康は、上杉氏征伐に従軍していた諸大名の大半を集め、「秀頼公に害を成す君側の奸臣・三成を討つため」として、上方に反転すると告げた。
• Gathering most of the daimyo who had been engaged in the fighting to defeat the Uesugi clan, Ieyasu declared that he would change the direction of their movements of the forces, saying that 'We should defeat Mitsunari who is a cunning retainer of the Imperial court and does ill to Lord Hideyori.'

• 京都滞在中の4月23日、伏見（現京都府京都市伏見区）の寺田屋に集結した有馬新七ら自藩の尊攘派過激分子を討伐する寺田屋事件を起こす。
• During his stay in Kyoto, he caused the Teradaya Incident on June 1, 1862 in order to subdue the extremist group of the Sonjo-ha party (supporting the principle of 'Sonno Joi' advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) of his own domain including Shinshichi ARIMA who gathered in Teradaya Inn (present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture).

• この時の征伐軍は浦上氏の本拠への攻撃よりも、浦上派へ転身した美作国守護代の中村則久など浦上派の諸城への攻撃で、弱体化を図っている。
• The punitive force at the time planned to weaken the Uragami clan by attacking castles belonging to the Uragami sect such as Norihisa Nakamura who was the military governor of Mimasaka province and turned to be the Uragami clan.

• 応仁の乱で東軍に組し、のちに丹後国の守護にも任命され西軍の一色氏の征伐を命ぜられたが苦戦し、逆に若狭に攻め込まれることも多かった。
• Taking on the Eastern Camp during the Onin War, he was later named Shugo in the Tango Province and ordered to conquer the Isshiki clan of the Western Camp, but the fighting did not go well and he was often attacked in Wakasa.

• 同年春、成氏の命を受けて上杉房顕・長尾景仲らを討伐するために常陸国小栗城を攻撃中に陣中で病に倒れ、閏4月20日に病死してしまった。
• In the spring in the same year, he got sick at the front while attacking Oguri Castle in Hitachi Province to subjugate Fusaaki UESUGI and Kagenaka NAGAO by the order of Shigeuji, and he died of sickness on June 14.

• 天正元年（1573年）8月、細川幽斎に命じて、淀古城に立て籠もる三好三人衆の一人・岩成友通を討伐した（淀古城第二次淀古城の戦い）。
• In September 1573, he ordered Yusai HOSOKAWA to subjugate Tomomichi IWANARI who was one of the Miyoshi sanninshu barricaded at the Yodo kojo Castle (the Second Battle of Yodokojo).

• 織田信長が美濃国攻めを開始した頃、信長の家臣となり、黒母衣衆に名を連ね、信長の上洛における諸合戦や一向一揆討伐戦などにおいて活躍。
• When Nobunaga ODA started the attack on Mino Province, he became a vassal of Nobunaga as a member of Kuro horo shu (an elite bodyguard unit in black) and played an active role at various battles for Nobunaga's going to Kyoto and putting down Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers).

• 元親は精強な一領具足を率いて四国統一を果たしたが、豊臣秀吉による四国征伐によって、元親の領地は大幅に削減され、土佐一国のみとなる。
• Motochika, leading powerful Ichiryogusoku, achieved the unification of Shikoku region, however, the territory was reduced to only Tosa Province due to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Shikoku Conquest.

• それだけ厳重な管理をしても里山の盗伐は頻発し、また村々入会の里山では、里山を巡っての村と村の間での対立も続出した（山論と呼ばれる）。
• Even under such strict controls, illegal logging in Satoyama frequently occurred, and when the form of Satoyama was Muramura iriai (common land of plural villages), it was jointly used by the residents of more than one village as a piece of common land, however, these villages often had confrontations over Satoyama (the dispute was called sanron (mountain dispute)).

• 鎌倉時代中期、第8代宇都宮貞綱は元寇の際、鎌倉幕府による討伐軍の総大将として九州に赴き、これに勝利すると鎌倉幕府引付衆に任じられた。
• In the mid Kamakura period, the eighth family head, Sadatsuna UTSUNOMIYA went to the Kyushu region as the supreme commander of the Kamakura bakufu forces when Mongol invaded Japan and after the victory over Mongol, he was appointed to Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) of the Kamakura bakufu.

• 足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇に時行討伐のための征夷大将軍、総追捕使の任命を求めるが、後醍醐天皇は要求を退け、成良親王を征夷大将軍に任命した。
• Takauji requested from Emperor Godaigo that he be appointed Seii taishogun and sotsui hoshi (Inspector General) in order to suppress Tokiyuki's rebellion, but Emperor Godaigo side-stepped these requests and appointed Imperial Prince Narinaga Seii taishogun.

• また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
• Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).

• そんな時にたびたび持氏を諌めていた関東管領上杉憲実が疎まれたことにより身の危険を感じて領国の上野に逃亡し、持氏の討伐を受けるに至る。
• Meanwhile, the Kanto Kanrei, Norizane UESUGI, who had often complained about Mochiuji, felt that his life was in danger as he was clearly disfavored by Mochiuji, and he therefore fled to his domain of Kozuke, where he was defeated by Mochiuji.

• 慶長5年（1600年）、家康が上杉景勝討伐のため出兵している機を見計らい、石田三成は毛利輝元を盟主に担ぎ、打倒家康のために挙兵した。
• In 1600, when Ieyasu dispatched troops on behalf of Kagekatsu UESUGI, Mitsunari ISHIDA took the opportunity to make Terumoto MORI a leader and they raised their armies to overthrow Ieyasu.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には、当地を治めた丹波守護職・細川家や織田家管領が、境内に乱暴狼藉や伐採を禁止する禁制高札を立て、兵乱から守った。
• In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), the guardians of Tanba, the Hosokawa family, and the Oda family, who controlled who governed the region, set up a kinsei kosatsu (bulletin board of prohibitions) on the grounds of the shrine in order to prevent disturbances; among other things, it prohibited disorderly behavior and loitering.

• 以後も京都扶持衆を介在させて持氏の勢力拡大を阻もうとする幕府と彼らの討伐の機会を狙う持氏の対立は続き、永享の乱の原因の1つとなった。
• However, while the bakufu was trying to prevent Mochiuji from strengthening his influential power using the warrior Kyoto Fuchishu as an intermediary, Mochiuji was attempting to put them down, and such continued confrontations became a cause that lead to Eikyo no Ran (Eikyo War).

• 懐柔策を試みたがうまくいかず、天慶3年（940年）、藤原忠文を征夷大将軍に任命して将門征伐軍を送り、藤原秀郷の手により将門は討たれた。
• The government tried to reconcile the incident but it failed, so in 940 FUJIWARA no Tadafumi was appointed as Seii Raishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to send the troops to defeat Masakado, FUJIWARA no Hidesato subjugated Masakado.

• 天正10年5月に至り、朝廷から武田征伐の戦勝祝賀として信長に、太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍の三職いずれかに推任しようとする動きがあった。
• In June (May in old lunar calendar), 1582, there was a move in the Imperial Court to endorse Nobunaga for one of the three posts, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), or Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as a reward for his subjugation of Takeda.

• 最終的に島津氏は九州の大部分を没収されたが、石田三成と伊集院忠棟による戦後処理の結果、薩摩・大隅国の2国を安堵され九州征伐は終了した。
• Although the Shimazu clan was finally deprived of most of its territories in Kyushu, it was granted the right to rule Satsuma and Osumi Provinces as a result of the post-war actions taken by Mitsunari ISHIDA and Tadamune IJUIN.

• これらの討伐軍を打ち破り中山道を進んで京都に至る事は困難と予想されたので、天狗党は中山道を外れ北方に迂回して京都へ向って進軍を続けた。
• Tenguto judged that it was difficult to win a battle against the punitive force and arrive at Kyoto through Nakasen-do Road, and they circumnavigated to the north and proceeded.

• 豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役（朝鮮出兵）の大義名分（朝鮮は三韓征伐以来、日本の属国であり支配する権利がある）として積極的に用いられた。
• In order to justify an advance upon Korea, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI aggressively used a legitimate reason (After the Sankan-Seibatsu Korea is dependency to Japan, which has the right to rule the country); then executed the battle of Bunroku and Keicho (Japanese invasions of Korea, two campaigns to attack Korea).

• 義満はこの機を逃さず、康応元年（1389年）4月に康行を謀反人と断じて討伐を命じ、土岐氏一族の土岐頼忠・土岐頼益父子が征討に向かった。
• Yoshimitsu did not miss this opportunity and commanded to put down Yasuyuki as a rebel in May 1389, so Yoritada TOKI and Yorimasu TOKI, father and son, of the Toki clan tried to do it.

• 長宗我部家の家督に決定した後、父・元親とともに天正18年（1590年）の小田原征伐、天正20年（1592年）からの朝鮮出兵に参加する。
• After he was appointed as the heir to be the head of the family, he took part in, together with his father Motochika, the conquest and siege of Odawara in 1590 and the Invasion of Korea from 1592.

• 慶応2年（1866年）、第二次長州征伐では藩海軍総督の高杉晋作から丙寅丸の砲隊長に任命され、同年6月、周防大島沖で幕府軍艦を奇襲攻撃。
• In 1866, he was appointed as a head of the cannon party of Yang Fire Tiger Maru by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, governor of the Domain navy, in Second conquest of Choshu, making a surprise attack on the warship of Bakufu in June of the same year.

• 天正15年（1587年）の九州征伐、翌年の肥後国人一揆の討伐に功をあげ、肥後の南半国宇土郡、益城郡、八代の20万石あまりを与えられた。
• Since he had distinguished service in the Kyusyu Conquest in 1587 and the subjugation of revolt by inhabitant of Higo Province of the following year, he was given the fief of the southern half of Higo Province comprising Uto District, Mashiki District and Yatsushiro yielding about 200,000-koku.

• 翌嘉吉元年6月24日 (旧暦)（1441年）の嘉吉の乱で、義教が家臣の赤松満祐に暗殺されると、信賢は幕命に従い赤松氏討伐軍に従軍する。
• In Kakitsu War occurred on July 21 of the following year, 1441, Yoshinori was assassinated by his vassal Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, and Nobukata joined the army to destroy the Akamatsu clan in accordance with the order of the shogunate.

• 1487年（長享元年）8月には征夷大将軍足利義尚みずからによる六角高頼の征伐軍に加わるが、翌々年に義尚は陣中で病死し征伐は中止される。
• In August 1487 Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA made up his mind to join with Takayori ROKKAKU's army of conquest but, 2 years later he fell ill and died while on campaign and the conquests were halted.

• 林業におけるスギ伐採量の見通しや地球温暖化など気象の影響を考慮すると、ゆるやかではあるが今後も花粉の飛散量は増え続けると考えられている。
• It would be expected that prevalence and severity will decrease when one considers the projected number of Japanese cedar trees that will be felled by the forestry industry and meteorological effects such as global warming, but it is believed that the airborne pollen levels will actually continue to rise.

• 天正10年3月に武田征伐を開始した織田信長は甲斐の武田氏を滅亡させ、甲斐から信濃、駿河、上野に及んだその領地は織田政権下に組み込まれた。
• Nobunaga ODA, who started the subjugation of Takeda in April 1582, subverted the Takeda clan in Kai, and its territory--including Kai, Shinano, Suruga and Kozuke--was placed under the Oda government.

• 天正6年10月、摂津における石山本願寺討伐の要であった荒木村重の離反によって（有岡城の戦い）信長の対石山本願寺戦略に重大な狂いを見せた。
• In November 1578, Murashige ARAKI, who had taken a key role in attacking Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Settsu, rebelled against Nobunaga (the Battle of Arioka-jo Castle) and Nobunaga's strategy against Hongan-ji Temple began to fell out of order seriously.

• この日の夕方、鎌倉内で重忠の同族で討伐軍に加わっていた稲毛重成父子、榛谷重朝父子が重忠を陥れた首謀者として三浦義村らによって殺害された。
• In the evening, the ringleaders of the entrapment of Shigetada, i.e. Shigenari INAGE and his son and Shigetomo HANGAYA and his son, who were part of Shigetada's family and were part of the army in Kamakura, were killed by Yoshimura MIURA and his entourage.

• しかし、尊氏と直義の間で再び不和が生じ、同年に尊氏が南朝と一時的に講和する正平一統が成立し、尊氏は南朝の後村上天皇から直義討伐令を得る。
• However, with the reappearance of internal discord between Takauji and Tadayoshi, in the same year the Shohei-Itto Accord, by which Takauji had temporarily made peace with the Southern Court, was concluded, and Takauji was given an order to subjugate Tadayoshi by the Emperor Gomurakami of the Southern Court.

• 翌年南朝 (日本)方に破れ尊氏が九州に落ち延びてくると、島津一族は薩摩・大隅の南朝勢力の討伐を命じられ、宗久は貞久指揮の下軍功をあげる。
• A year later, when Takauji was defeated by the Southern Court (Japan) and fled to Kyushu, the Shimazu family was ordered to subjugate the Southern Court power of Satsuma and Osumi, and Munehisa made military exploits under Sadahisa's lead.

• 芦生演習林においても伐採と施業によって収益を上げることで、「大学財政に寄与する演習林の経営」という考え方があったのはある意味自然である。
• Therefore, it was natural in a certain sense that, in the operation of the Ashiu forest for field practice, there was the idea of 'the management of the forest for field practice for contributing to the university finance' by cutting trees and doing business in the forest for field practice.

• 屋形号が成立したのは室町時代初期の頃であり、足利氏の一門や有力な守護大名、守護代、主に室町幕府の成立や謀反人討伐に功ある国人に許された。
• It was around the beginning of Muromachi period that the system of giving yakata-go title was established, when the title was allowed to Ashikaga clans and other predominant Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constable) and Shugodai (deputies of Shugo, provincial constables) as well as to Kokujin (local samurai) who were credited with their contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu and punitive expedition of rebellion.

• 第一項の許可を受けた者は、他人の土地に立ち入り、又は竹木を伐採するときは、あらかじめ土地の占有者及び竹木の所有者に通知しなければならない。
• When those who are given the permission prescribed in paragraph (1) above enter into the land of others or fell bamboos and trees, they shall notify owners and possessors of land and owners of bamboos and trees therein in advance.

• これに対して蓮悟や蓮慶（蓮綱の嫡子）は蓮如・実如が定めた一門衆の指導への服従を定めた規則に反するとして超勝寺の討伐のための一揆を起こした。
• In response to this, Rengo and Renkei (Renko's legitimate child) staged an uprising for putting down the Chosho-ji Temple for the reason that Jikken's order violated the rules established by Rennyo and Jitsunyo under which obedience of Ichimonshu (clansman) to instructions was provided.

• 日本武尊が熊襲征伐において女装を行い、神功皇后が三韓征伐の際に男装を行ったという説話も彼らが巫として神を憑依させた事の象徴であったという。
• When YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto conquered Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district), he dressed himself as a woman, and when Empress Jingu conquered sankan (three countries in old Korea), she dressed herself as a man, that symbolized the moment when they are possessed by god.

• 岡山県牛窓町（現・瀬戸内市）に伝わる話では、神功皇后が三韓征伐の途中、同地にて塵輪鬼（じんりんき）という頭が八つの大牛姿の怪物に襲われた。
• A folktale handed down in Ushimado-cho in Okayama Prefecture (present-day Setouchi City) tells us that Empress Jingu was attacked during sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) by a large eight-headed cow-shaped monster named Jinrinki (gigantic cow goblin).

• しかし、後継の大内持世は盛見に匹敵する人物であり、足利義教の信任を受け少弐氏・大友氏を征伐するなど、大内氏の北九州における優位を確立した。
• However, the successor, Mochiyo OUCHI, who was a person as good as Morimi, received the confidence of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and established an Ouchi clan's priority in northern Kyushu, as well as conquering the Shoni clan and Otomo clan.

• その8都県市でのアンケートでは、市民が花粉症対策として行政にもっとも進めてほしいと考えているのはスギの伐採や枝打ちで、56.4%であった。
• In a survey conducted in the above four prefectures and four cities, 56.4% of citizens responded that the pollinosis countermeasure that they most wanted the administration to implement was the felling and pruning of Japanese cedar trees.

• 禁門の変を理由に幕府は、第一次長州征伐を決行、同時期に、英米仏蘭4ヶ国艦隊の反撃に遭い、上陸され砲台を占拠された（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• On the pretext of the Kinmon Incident, the shogunate government carried out the First Choshu Expeditions, but at the same the combined fleet of Great Britain, United States, France and the Netherlands made a counterattack and got to land to occupy the gun battery (the Shimonoseki Bombardment).

• この頃のことは、『魏志』倭人伝には、倭国乱れ互いに攻伐し合い、長い間盟主なしと伝える、その後、卑弥呼が共立されて王となる、と書かれている。
• According to 'Gishi' Wajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), wars frequently broke out in Wakoku and there had been no leader for a long time, then Himiko was installed as a queen.

• 幕府に対して謀反を企てていたとされる六波羅探題南方の北条時輔、北条一門の北条氏 (名越流)らが執権北条時宗の命により討伐された事件である。
• It was the incident in which Tokisuke HOJO, Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata (Southern Chief of Rokuhara Tandai), the Hojo family (NAGOE family) of the Hojo clan, and others, who were believed to plan a rebellion against the bakufu, were subjugated by the order of the regent Tokimune HOJO.

• 討伐目標となった長州藩の周囲、特に天領である大森銀山一帯や譜代大名である浜田藩・小倉藩両藩などは軍隊の駐屯に加えて過大な負担を要求された。
• As Choshu Domain was the target of the Expedition, some neighboring domains, among others, the domains near to Omori Ginzan Silver Mine (bakufu-owned land), and Hamada and Kokura Domains, both of which were ruled by 'fudai daimyo' (a Japanese territorial lord in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), were obliged to shoulder heavy burdens by the bakufu, including the provision of places and services for stationing the bakufu troops.

• ただし、先年の四国征伐と同様に九州征伐が比較的短期間で終わったことは、三成という有能な行政官僚が輜重を担当していたからだとも言われている。
• The expedition to Kyushu finished within a short period, as did the previous year's expedition to Shikoku, because Mitsunari, who was a talented leader of bureaucrats, had effectively managed the transport of military goods.

• 1568年、織田信長が上洛すると信長に急速に接近して親交を深め、1575年の越前一向一揆討伐にも参陣して、信長から丹後国一国を安堵された。
• When Nobunaga ODA moved to Kyoto in 1568, Yoshimichi developed a close relationship with him and in 1575, after fighting in the Echizen Ikko-ikki religious riots, Nobunaga gave him control of the whole of Tango Province

• 永正4年（1507年）に主君の細川政元が暗殺されると、その養子である細川高国の家臣となり、政元を殺した叔父の薬師寺長忠討伐で功績を挙げた。
• After his lord, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507, he served Masamoto's adopted son, Takakuni HOSOKAWA as a vassal, and distinguished himself by killing his uncle Tadanaga YAKUSHIJI for murdering Masamoto.

• （四国征伐は信孝の強い希望によって実現したともいう。神宮文庫所蔵文書には『三七様連々お望み候四国へ・・・』との文言のある文書が存在する。）
• (It is said to have been executed due to his strong urging, and there is a written document which includes the words 'Sanshichi-sama [Nobutaka] went to Shikoku, which he had wanted to do for a long time' in the Jingu Library).

• その後も荒木村重討伐で功、天正10年（1582年）の武田征伐では信長に従って甲信に入るが、織田信忠が武田を滅ぼしたあとで戦闘には参加せず。
• Later he made a contribution at the attack on Murashige ARAKI, then at subjugation of the Takeda clan in 1582, he followed Nobunaga and went to the Koshin region but already Nobutada ODA had destroyed the Takeda clan, so he did not join the battle.

• 唐からは直ちに高句麗討伐軍に呼応することを求められ、文武王は金庾信らに命じて唐軍のいる平壌へ食糧を補給し、全面的に支援をする構えを保った。
• Requested from Tang to support their army to conquer Goguryeo immediately, King Munmu ordered Kim Yushin and other fellows to supply food to the Tang army staying in Pyongyang, in order to show their intention of total backup.

• しかし同年11月から三好三人衆と松永久秀が権力抗争を開始すると、義親は12月に三好三人衆に強要されて久秀討伐令を出すことを余儀なくされた。
• However, when the Miyoshi sanninshu and Hisahide MATSUNAGA began having a power struggle during December of the same year, the Miyoshi sanninshu forced Yoshichika to order the death of Hisahide in the following month.

• その間に織田信忠が伊奈方面から、金森長近が飛騨国から、徳川家康が駿河国から、北条氏直が関東及び伊豆国から武田領に侵攻してくる（武田征伐）。
• In the meantime, Nobutada ODA invaded from Ina, Nagachika KANAMORI from Hida Province, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA from Suruga Province and Ujinao HOJO from Kanto and Izu Province into Takeda territory (Subjugation of Takeda).

• このような動きに前後して、1970年以降は直営方式による演習林経営の規模が縮小されたほか、1975年以降は伐採面積が大幅に減少していった。
• While these activities were underway, the scale of direct business operation of the field practice forest was reduced in and after 1970, and the area where trees were cut decreased significantly after1975.

• 第二十六条第一項に規定する場合において、市町村長の許可を受けないで障害物を伐除した者又は都道府県知事の許可を受けないで土地に試掘等を行つた者
• Any person who, in the cases prescribed in Article 26 paragraph (1), has removed obstacle without obtaining the permission of the mayor of municipality or has carried out trial excavation etc. of the land without obtaining the permission of the prefectural governor;

• 古代中国の前漢時代には、妃の実家の問題を理由に、外戚（呂氏）一族討伐における多大な功績にもかかわらず立太子・即位できなかった皇子も存在する。
• In the Former Han dynasty of ancient China, there was a prince who could not receive investiture of the crown prince or ascend the throne due to the troubles at his wife's parents' home, despite his distinguished service in defeating maternal relatives (Lu shi).

• 丹波国との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ（但し、この大江は大江町であると言う説もある）、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
• A demon called Shuten-doji is said to have lived in Oe on the border with Tanba Province although some believe the Oe indicated a different location of Oe-cho; according to a legend, Shuten-doji was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.

• 中世東アジアにおいて倭寇前期倭寇と呼ばれる海上勢力が猛威を奮い、朝鮮王朝は討伐・懐柔・室町幕府への鎮圧要請など、様々な対応を余儀なくされる。
• During the Middle Age, influential maritime forces called zenki-wako (early Japanese pirates) threatened East Asia, and the Korean Dynasty was obliged to take various countermeasures including the dispatch of troops, attempts to conciliate the pirates, and requests for suppression of the pirates sent to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 信長にとって石山本願寺を滅ぼすためにはその背後の毛利氏を屈服させる必要があったため、1578年、家臣の羽柴秀吉に命じて中国征伐が開始された。
• Since Nobunaga needed to drive into submission the Mori clan, who backed up Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, he ordered his vassal Hideyoshi HASHIBA to begin conquering Chugoku in 1578.

• その後、細川持常、赤松貞村、赤松満政の大手軍が摂津国から、山名持豊ら山名一族が但馬国、伯耆国から播磨、備前、美作へ侵攻する討伐軍が決定した。
• After that, a punitive force to invade Harima, Bizen, and Mimasaka was decided, which consisted of a major army of Mochitsune HOSOKAWA, Sadamura AKAMATSU, and Mitsumasa AKAMATSU from Settsu Province and the Yanama family including Mochitoyo YAMANA from Tajima Province and Hoki Province.

• 二度に及ぶ長州征伐が失敗に終わり、将軍家茂の病死によって慶喜が将軍となると、慶応3年（1867年）に、最後の改革となる慶応の改革が行われた。
• After the two Choshu Conquests ended in failure and Shogun Iemochi died from an illness, Yoshinobu became the next shogun and implemented in 1867 Keio Reforms, the last ones in the Edo period.

• それが（一揆当事者の意図とは関係なく）長州征伐から戊辰戦争にかけての薩長（新政府）優位の流れを間接的に生み出す役目を果たしたことは否めない。
• It cannot be denied that this disorder indirectly helped the Satsuma and Choshu Domains (which constituted the new government) gain momentum to establish their dominance over Japan during the period from the Choshu Expedition to the Boshin Civil War (regardless of the intention of the uprising participants).

• 実際、徳川慶喜に対する処分にはそれほど強硬ではなかった木戸孝允も、大久保利通に対して会津藩を討伐しなくては新政府は成り立たないと述べている。
• In fact, Takayoshi KIDO, who had not demonstrated a strong opinion regarding the severe punishment of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, told Toshimichi OKUBO that the new government could not be established without defeating the Aizu Domain.

• その後、早雲は相模方面へ本格的に転進し、関東南部の制圧に乗り出したが、茶々丸討伐の名目を失ったため、この後の軍事行動には多大な困難が伴った。
• Thereafter, Soun changed his direction and headed toward Sagami, aiming for control of the South Kanto area but struggled in his campaigns because he had lost his pretext of subjugating Chachamaru, his military actions involved much hardship.

• 堀越公方に内紛が起き、明応2年（1493年）将軍足利義澄の命により、伊勢盛時（以後、早雲とする）は足利茶々丸を討伐して、伊豆国を手中にした。
• An internal conflict occurred in Horikoshi Kubo, and Moritoki ISE (hereinafter referred to as Soun), on the order of Shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, destroyed Chachamaru ASHIKAGA and conquered Izu Province in 1493.