任: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 親任官。
- It was a post appointed by the emperor.
- 勅任官。
- It was an imperial appointee.
- 親王任国
- Shinno-ningoku
- Shinno ninkoku (provinces whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes)
- あなた任せ
- leaving everything to Buddha's providence
- depending on others
- leaving things to others
- 主な任官者
- Significant appointees
- Major appointees
- - 親任官。
- It was a post appointed by the emperor.
- - 判任官。
- It was a post appointed by the ministry.
- - 奏任官。
- It was a post appointed by the Prime Minister.
- 律令制下の任官
- Appointment under the Ritsuryo system
- 県令は時任為基。
- The prefectural governor was Tamemoto TOKITO.
- 在任期間61日。
- The term in his office was 61 days.
- 在任期間544日。
- The term in his office was 544 days.
- 官人雑任 新設 四名
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) newly established four members.
- 検視者に任せること。
- You should leave it to the medical coroner.
- 開拓使の庁とその主任官
- Offices and chief magistrates of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 大臣責任制・大臣助言制
- Ministerial Responsibility System/Ministerial Advice System
- 官人雑任 六名のち四名
- Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) six, later four.
- 唯其の欲する所に任ぜよ。
- You should behave only as you like.
- 知藩事任命時に改称した藩
- Han (Domains) renamed upon assignment of Chihanji
- 大蔵大臣 桂太郎(兼任)
- Taro KATSURA, Minister of Finance (concurrent assumption of ministership)
- 工部 工事を主任する伴部
- Takumibe was equivalent to tomo no miyatsuko working as a chief of construction work.
- 鎌倉幕府と自由任官の禁止
- Kamakura bakufu and the prohibition of direct appointments (Jiyuninkan)
- 在任期間は、861日間。
- His administration lasted for 861 days.
- 現在の石川県松任市横江町。
- Modern day Yokoe-machi, Matto City, Ishikawa Prefecture.
- 第一款 町村吏員ノ組織選任
- Article 1. Organizational election of municipal public servants
- 「多沙」は任那の地名である。
- 多沙' is a place name of Mimana.
- - 斎藤実、第3代総督に就任
- Makoto SAITO assumed the post of the third Sotoku.
- 一、応重禁制無故任意触穢輩事
- 一,応重禁制無故任意触穢輩事
- 2名の内1名を勅任官にできる。
- One of the two members could be an imperial appointee.
- 但シ検使ノ左右ニ任セルベキ事。
- Further, it should be left to the medical coroner.
- 帥・権帥の任期は5年であった。
- The term of sochi and gon no sochi was five years.
- 30名の内2名を勅任官にできる。
- 2 of the 30 members could be an imperial appointee.
- その功績により守護に任じられた。
- He was appointed to Shugo (provincial military governor) for his achivement.
- 信長は城番として木下秀吉を任命。
- Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi KINOSHITA as the guard of the castle.
- 勅任官待遇(宮中席次第26位)。
- A person given this license was treated as the imperial appointee (the 26th class standing within the Imperial Court).
- 親任官待遇だが俸給のない名誉職。
- This licensee was treated as an official appointed by the emperor, while it was an honorary position without any salary.
- 華族議員は、華族から選任された。
- The peerage councilors were selected from their peerage.
- 足利義満は右馬御監に叙任された。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was appointed to Umaryo gogen (Inspector of the Umaryo, Right Division of Bureau of Horses).
- 源実朝は左馬寮御監に叙任された。
- MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was appointed to Samaryo gogen (Inspector of the Samaryo, Left Division of Bureau of Horses).
- 議員の任免は正院に握られていた。
- The Seiin controlled the appointment or dismissal of the councillors.
- 30日、成親が権中納言に還任する。
- On January 25th, Narichika was reappointed to Gon Chunagon.
- 城主には一門の浅井井演を任命した。
- Ihiro Azai, from the clan, was appointed as the lord of the castle.
- 子の徳川家定が13代将軍に就任する。
- His son Iesada TOKUGAWA became the thirteenth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 1943年、初代社長に菊池寛が就任。
- In 1943, Kan KIKUCHI assumed the position of Daiei's first president.
- 三職に任命されたのは以下の人物である。
- The following people were assigned to the three major governmental posts.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命された。
- At the beginning, Tokimasa HOJO was appointed to the position while he was in Kyoto.
- 福羽美静(前任神祇大輔 -1872年)
- Bisei FUKUBA (former Jingi Taifu [the vice-minister of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony]) (- 1872)
- 大木喬任(1872年 - 1873年)
- Takato OKI (1872 - 1873)
- 吉備大宰在任中の679年に吉備で病死。
- He died of a disease in Kibi in 679 during the position of Kibi Dazai.
- 朝鮮半島の任那(伽耶)は鉄の産地だった。
- Gaya (known as Minama in Japanese) was one area that produced iron.
- 同年7月山縣は陸軍中将・近衛都督を辞任。
- In July 1871, YAMAGATA resigned as a lieutenant general and the commander of imperial guards.
- 名目としての親王任国はその後も継続した。
- Shinno-ningoku continued to exist nominally ever since.
- 華族・官吏・学識者の中から勅任官された。
- They were appointed by the Emperor from among the peerage, government officials and academics.
- 大木喬任1880年2月-1881年10月
- Takato OKI February, 1880 – October, 1881
- すると上原は単独で陸相を辞任してしまう。
- Following this, UEHARA unilaterally resigned as Ministry of Army.
- 内藤信政ら6名が最初の大番頭に就任した。
- Six people including Nobumasa NAITO were installed as the first oban-gashira (the captains of the great guards).
- 副総督 土井利恒(赴任の途中、敦賀で辞職)
- Vice Governor: Toshitsune DOI (resigned in Tsuruga before arriving in Ezo).
- 同日、成親は検非違使別当の辞任を申し出る。
- On the same day, Narichika insisted on his resignation as kebiishi no betto.
- 年官及び成功 (任官)などがその例である。
- Nenkan (a right granted as a stipend to members of the Imperial family (including the emperor), consorts of the emperor, some Court nobles, and so forth to nominate a person for a certain government post conferred to them on the occasion of the annual installation of them as government officials) and jogo (ninkan) (recruiting officials for court works and spending the money they paid for the post for the work expenses) were examples of Baikan.
- 近衛部隊の前身のようなもの)の任に就いた。
- (They were tasked with guarding the Imperial Court, and were a precursor of sorts to the later Imperial Guard Corps.)
- 安倍宗任の子「千世童子」を祀る史跡である。
- It is a historical site enshrining 'Chiyodoji,' a son of Muneto ABE.
- 大木喬任1885年12月-1889年12月
- Takato OKI December, 1885 – December, 1889
- 総司令官にはドイツ人のガスリーが就任した。
- Guthrie, who was a German, became the supreme commander.
- 条約改正交渉は中止となり、井上は辞任した。
- The negotiation for revision of the treaties was suspended and INOUE resigned.
- 時任為基:明治10年(1877年)12月 -
- Tamemoto TOKITO: December 1877 -
- 大日本帝国憲法第10条 官制大権及び任官大権
- Article 10. Prerogative to organize branches of the administration, and to appoint and dismiss all civil and military officers
- 三節度使を兼任した安禄山の総兵力は約十八万。
- The total military force of Lushan AN, who was appointed to the setsudoshi of 3 regions combined, amounted to about 180,000 men.
- 任期は4年で2年ごとの半数改選とされていた。
- The tenure was set down 4 years and half of the members were to run in an election on the expiration of their tenure every two years.
- 毛利元就や毛利輝元は右馬頭に叙任されている。
- Motonari MORI and Terumoto MORI were appointed to Uma no kami.
- 守護任命などを巡り幕府は鎌倉公方を警戒した。
- The bakufu monitored Kamakura kubo on issues such as the appointment of a provincial constable.
- また、嶋田繁太郎海相も軍令部総長を兼任した。
- Shigetaro SHIMADA Ministry of Navy also served as an additional post of the President of the Naval General Staff.
- 所期の任務を終えるとそのほとんどは帰国した。
- The vast majority of foreigners returned to their own countries upon completing the tasks for which they had been hired.
- 大宰帥の前身にあたる「筑紫率」に任命された。
- He was appointed to Tsukushi no kami, which is the predecessor of Dazai no sochi.
- 松平定信の老中就任に尽力したが後に対立した。
- She was committed to getting Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA the post of roju (member of shogun's council of elders), but later they were opposed to each other.
- 歴代当主は美濃国守あるいは甲斐守に任ぜられた。
- The head of the clan was traditionally designated as the lord of either Mino Province or Kai Province.
- 更にそこから後任の陰陽師・陰陽博士が選ばれた。
- Accordingly, successors to Onmyoji and Onmyo hakase were chosen from among the three.
- 1947年、菊池寛社長が文筆業専念のため退任。
- In 1947, President Kan KIKUCHI resigned to devote more time to writing.
- 戸長は民選の後、府県知事の任命により就任した。
- The Kucho was elected by the public and then appointed by the Prefecture governor.
- 親王任国の国守となった親王は「太守」と称した。
- Imperial Princes who were appointed to the kokushu of Shino-ningoku were called 'Taishu.'
- したがって、実際の任官と合致しない場合がある。
- Therefore, there are cases where it does not correspond to the actual appointments
- 5日、佐伯常人、阿倍虫麻呂が勅使に任じられた。
- Tsunehito SAEKI and ABE no Mushimaro were assigned as imperial messengers on October 4.
- このうち物部は、主として警察的任務に当たった。
- Monobes were assigned police duties mainly.
- 総督は日本の現役の陸軍大将か海軍大将が歴任した。
- The Sotoku position was held by the Japanese active-duty Army General or Admiral.
- 事実、西郷は最後まで山縣の辞任には反対していた。
- As a matter of fact, SAIGO remained opposing YAMAGATA's resignation until the last moment.
- 10月、明治六年政変で江藤、副島らが参議を辞任。
- In October, ETO and SOEJIMA resigned as councilors due to Coups of 1873.
- しかし何故か上野だけは「上野守」を任命している。
- In the case of Kozuke Province, however, he appointed 'Kozuke no kami' (governor of Kozuke Province), though its reason is not clear.
- 徳川綱重は左馬頭に徳川綱吉は右馬頭に叙任された。
- Tsunashige TOKUGAWA was appoitned to Sama no kami, and Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA was appointed to Uma no kami.
- 各官の任期を4年とし、2年ごとに半数を改選する。
- The term of officers shall be four years, and every two years half of the officers shall be elected.
- なお、関連用語として、任官拒否という用語もある。
- A related term is ninkankyohi, which means refusal of appointment.
- 退任後は南カリフォルニア大学医学部教授を務めた。
- After leaving the position, he served as a professor in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Southern California.
- いずれも御家人を地頭へ任命するという形で行われた。
- Both were performed by appointing gokenin as Jito.
- この頃より、鎮守府将軍はほぼ4年ごとに任命された。
- Around this time, the Chinju-fu shogun started to be appointed around every four years.
- そこで、実尹の後任となったのは勧修寺経顕であった。
- It was then that Tsuneaki KANSHUJI became Sanetada's successor.
- 知藩事の任命に際して、またはその直後に改称した藩。
- Han (Domains) renamed upon or immediately after assignment of Chihanji
- 1度目は西暦600年に境部臣を征討将軍に任命した。
- SAKAIBE no Omi was appointed general of the first Seitogun in 600.
- 伊勢神宮および熱田神宮などで警護の任に当たった者。
- A person who guarded the Ise Jingu Shrine and the Atsuta Shrine.
- 任官(にんかん)とは、官職に任用されることをいう。
- Ninkan means being appointed to a government post.
- また石川数正が家康の信任を得て、この職に昇進した。
- Having gained Ieyasu's trust, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA was promoted to this post.
- - 京都~神戸間の鉄道建設、E・モレルの後任(英)
- - Built the railway between Kyoto and Kobe, and served as the successor to E. Morel
- 徳川家が将軍を歴任したので「徳川幕府」とも呼ばれる。
- Since the Tokugawa family monopolised the position of shogun for generations, it is also called as the Tokugawa bakufu.
- 鉄砲場見廻役は、地元の村々の名主などから任命された。
- The patrolmen of the firing range were assigned by the head of the local village, etc.
- 関東進止所領 - 将軍が地頭を任免できる荘園・国衙領
- Kanto shinshishoryo - manors and kokugaryo for which the shogun possessed the power to appoint and dismiss Jito.
- -1869年(明治2年)6月24日任知藩事 →清崎藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 24 in 1869 to Kiyosaki Domain
- -1869年(明治2年)6月24日任知藩事 →七戸藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 24, 1869 to Shichinohe Domain
- 知藩事任命以降、藩庁の移転などにより改称のあった藩。
- Han (Domains) renamed because of relocation of domain capital after appointment of Chihanji (han governor)
- 爵位によって、選任方法、任期その他の定めが異なった。
- Depending on their rank, there were different election methods, different tenures and other conditions.
- 親分と呼ばれる町、村内の顔役に委任されることも多い。
- Okappiki were often delegated to Kaoyaku (influential man) called 'Oyabun' in towns and villages.
- 村請制のためか名主などの村役人は領主毎に任命された。
- Probably because of the murauke system, nanushi (village headman) and other village officers were appointed by each feudal lord.
- 但シ上洛ノ節ハ、教令ニ任セ、公役ハ分限ニ随フベキ事。
- However, when going to the capital (Kyoto) roles should be left to assigned status.
- 神祇卿は設置されず、神祇大輔に福羽美静が任命された。
- The position of Minister of Divinities was never established, but Bisei FUKUBA was appointed as the Senior Assistant Director of Divinities.
- その結果、伊賀忍者が甲賀忍者追討の任にあてがわれた。
- In the consequence, Iga Ninja were assigned the mission to hunt down and kill Koka Ninja.
- - 武士ながら大宰少弐に任ぜられ、少弐氏の祖となる。
- Although he was a warrior, he was appointed to Dazai no shoni and became the founder of the Shoni clan.
- 国際連盟の常任理事国にもなり、国際的地位も高まった。
- Its international status rose, obtaining a permanent seat in the League of Nations.
- 貴族院議員には通算10人の朝鮮人議員が任命されている。
- Ten Korean members in total were appointed the House of Peers.
- 原因として、凶作、伝染病、過疎、将軍の不信任など様々。
- Among the various causes behind a Tokusei ikki include poor harvests, infectious diseases, a declining population and a lack of trust in the shogun.
- 1893年4月10日 重野安繹、星野恒ら編集委員を解任
- On April 10, 1893, the historiographers such as Yasutsugu SHIGENO, and Hisashi HOSHINO were dismissed.
- また慶長8年には、家康の征夷大将軍任命式を行っている。
- And, he conducted the ceremony of appointment of Ieyasu as Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in 1603.
- 慶福は家茂と改名し、江戸城へ入った(将軍就任は10月)。
- Yoshitomi changed his name to Iemochi and moved to Edo-jo Castle, assuming the role of shogun in October.
- 主に院司が受領に任じられて任国に下って知行国を支配した。
- Officials of the retired emperor's office were usually appointed to zuryo then travelled down to the province and took control of it.
- 4月初め、織田信孝は四国攻めの大将に任命されたため転任。
- At the beginning of May, Nobutaka ODA was transferred to the commander for an attack of the Shikoku region.
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月25日任知藩事 →鴨方藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 25 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Kamogata Domain
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月24日任知藩事 →櫛良藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 24 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Kushira Domain
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月24日任知藩事 →千束藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 24 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Chizuka Domain
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月23日任知藩事 →六浦藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 23 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Mutsuura Domain
- -1871年(明治4年)旧暦1月12日任知藩事 →生坂藩
- Chihanji assigned on January 12 (old lunar calendar) in 1871 to Ikusaka Domain
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月22日任知藩事 →石岡藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 22 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Ishioka Domain
- -1870年(明治3年)旧暦2月24日任知藩事 →岩崎藩
- Chihanji assigned on February 24 (old lunar calendar) in 1870. to Iwasaki Domain
- 長元5年(1032年)功により頼信は美濃守に任じられた。
- In 1032, Yorinobu was appointed Mino no kami due to his achievement.
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月22日任知藩事 →松嶺藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 22 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Matsumine Domain
- 審議では主に学識者を中心とした勅任議員が存在感を見せた。
- Within the Diet, Chokunin Councilors - who were mainly scholars - increased their power.
- 第四條 韓國高等官吏ノ任免ハ統監ノ同意ヲ以テ之ヲ行フコト
- Article 4 The government of Korea shall get the consent of the inspector general before it appoints or dismisses Korean officials of high grade.
- 第五 中央政府及地方廳ニ左記ノ通日本人ヲ韓國官吏ニ任命ス
- Item 5. Japanese shall be appointed the following positions of government officials of the Korean central government and local authorities.
- 徳川家康は左馬寮御監に徳川家光は右馬寮御監に叙任された。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed to Samaryo gogen, and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA was appointed to Umaryo gogen.
- 戦後この地が日本の委任統治として事実上の植民地になった。
- After the war the islands practically became Japan's colony as her mandate.
- 議院内閣制ともいい、議会の信任に基づいて政権を運営する。
- It's also called a parliamentary cabinet system, where the cabinet exercises political power with parliamentary confidence.
- 即ち、位階に相当する官職に任ずる官位相当制を基本とした。
- Basically, one was appointed to a government post according to his court rank, which was called kanisoto sei (the ranks of the bureaucracy system).
- しばしば大名が就任した(開幕初期はその傾向が特に強い)。
- Often a daimyo was installed as a ban-gashira (especially, such tendency was often seen during the early years of the Edo bakufu).
- 大宰府へ赴任した直後に妻の大伴郎女(いらつめ)を失った。
- Right after he went to Dazai-fu, he lost his wife Iratsume.
- 安政5年(1858年)4月、南紀派の井伊が大老に就任する。
- In April, 1858, Ii from the Nanki group became Tairo (chief minister).
- 戸長は、これら町村会の意思を尊重して府県の知事が任命した。
- Kocho were appointed by prefectural governors, giving due respect to the opinions of these town and village assemblies.
- また、この事件のあおりを受けて中納言藤原乙叡が解任された。
- Further, Chunagon (middle counselor) FUJIWARA no Takatoshi suffered the ripple effect of this incident and was removed from his position.
- 売官とは、任料を納めた散位の者を官職に叙任することをいう。
- Baikan meant to give a certain government post to Sani (courtier without post) who paid ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).
- 関東御成敗地 - 将軍家が地頭任免権を持つ国・荘園・国衙領
- Kanto goseibaichi - provinces, manors and kokugaryo for which the shogun family possessed the power to appoint/dismiss Jito.
- 秀次の補佐役を任されていた前野長康は秀次のために奔走する。
- Nagayasu MAENO, who was given a role as an assistant of Hidetsugu, worked hard in order to save Hidetsugu.
- -1869年(明治2年)旧暦6月23日任知藩事 →加知山藩
- Chihanji assigned on June 23 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Kachiyama Domain
- 外務大臣 (日本) 寺内正毅(臨時兼任)(伯爵・陸軍大将)
- Masatake TERAUCHI (Count, Army General), Minister of Foreign Affairs (temporarily concurrent assumption of ministership)
- 越前藩の前藩主・松平慶永(春嶽)を新設の政事総裁職に任命。
- Yoshinaga (Shungaku) MATSUDAIRA, the former lord of the Echizen Domain, was appointed the newly created position of Seiji sosai (chief administrative officer).
- 通常、家臣団の中でも重臣と呼ばれる有力な家臣が任ぜられた。
- Ordinarily, powerful retainers called senior vassals were appointed to the post.
- 武藤資頼が大宰少弐に任じられ、その子の代に少弐氏となった。
- Sukeyori MUTO was assigned to Dazai no shoni (Junior Assistant Governor-General), and during the generation of his heir, the family became the Shoni clan.
- 樺太では、箱館府の時代から岡本監輔が統治の任にあたっていた。
- Sakhalin was overseen by Kansuke OKAMOTO since Hakodate-fu was set up.
- 3月、山縣が陸軍中将兼近衛都督となる(陸軍卿は任命されず)。
- In March, YAMAGATA became lieutenant general as well as the commander of the imperial guard (the post of the minister was vacant).
- 新任の守護に軍事的に対抗し組織される場合(安芸国人一揆など)
- The uprising was organized in order to oppose a new Shugo (e.g. the Kokujin rising in Aki province).
- 家人の恩賞を朝廷に周旋し、家人の任官・昇叙に関与したりした。
- They in turn recommended the Imperial Court to reward kejin, and were involved in kenin's appointment as governmental officials or their promotion.
- 「都の守護に任じる者が馬の一疋を飼って乗らないはずがない。」
- It is impossible to stop a person in charge of the security of the capital from keeping a horse and riding it.
- 第七十八国立銀行(八王子第七十八銀行)→1909年に任意解散
- The 78th National Bank (Hachioji Shichijuhachi Bank) -> voluntarily dissolved in 1909.
- 戦国時代には、島津貴久や毛利元就、武田信虎などが任ぜられた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) this position was assigned to Takahisa SHIMAZU, Motonari MORI and Nobutora TAKEDA so on.
- 地方長官及びその配下の官吏は、自らの地域の秩序に責任があり。
- Local governors and their subordinates shall be responsible for order in their own region.
- そのほか官人雑任・医師_(律令制)・算師などが置かれていた。
- In addition, there were titles such as Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), doctors, and Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation).
- 開拓判官:島義勇(明治3年(1870年)4月に中央政府に転任)
- Chief magistrate: Yoshitake SHIMA (transferred to the central government in April 1870).
- 開拓判官:岩村通俊(明治3年(1870年)に小樽仮役所へ転任)
- Chief magistrate: Michitoshi IWAMURA (transferred to Otaru temporal office in 1870).
- 議論の末津田三蔵は無期徒刑となり、司法大臣山田顕義は辞任した。
- After a big argument, Sanzo TSUDA was sentenced to life imprisonment, and the minister of justice, Akiyoshi YAMADA resigned his post.
- 第九款 通商については、各々の人民に任せ、自由貿易を行うこと。
- Provision 9 - free trade should be allowed, and left to the people of both countries.
- 中臣鎌子を内臣に任じ、後に大化の改新と呼ばれる改革を断行する。
- NAKATOMI no Kamako was appointed as Uchi no Omi (an important governmental post presiding over important state affairs while assisting the Emperor) and later carried out a reform called the Taika Reforms.
- しかし、この危機を前に1268年3月には時宗が8代執権に就任。
- However, facing this increasing threat, Tokimune assumed the position of the eighth regent in March 1268.
- 親王任国に充てられたのは、常陸国、上総国、上野国の3国である。
- Provinces which were designated as Shinno-ningoku were Hitachi Province, Kazusa Province and Kozuke Province.
- そして、こうした問題を解決するため、親王任国の制度を奏上した。
- In order to solve these problems, he proposed the Emperor establish the Shinno-ningoku system.
- または荘官職に補任することによって新たな所領を宛がったりした。
- They were also granted new territory by appointed to shokan-shiki (estate manager).
- なおこの時滝川一益は関東管領に任ぜられていたともいわれている。
- It is also said that Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was appointed to Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) at that time.
- 742年に平盧節度使に、更に范陽・河東をも兼任するようになる。
- In 742, Lushan AN became the setsudoshi of Pinglu, and furthermore, Fanyang and Hedong were additionally placed under his control.
- 版籍奉還後の知藩事任命以降、廃藩置県までの期間に廃止された藩。
- Han (Domains) abolished in the period from appointment of Chihanji after Hanseki-hokan to Haihan-chiken
- 公卿補任(くぎょうぶにん)は、日本の史料で朝廷の歴代の職員録。
- Kugyo-bunin is a historical material of Japan and the directory of successive personnel in the Imperial Court.
- 各人の名の下には、生没年、昇叙・任官などの事歴を付記している。
- Below the names of each person, years of birth and death, personal records such as promotion and appointment were written in addition.
- 翌年には、直方の父・平維時が上総介に任命され追討も本格化する。
- In the next year, TAIRA no Koretoki, the father of Naokata, was appointed as Kazusa no suke and the punitive force got into full swing.
- 第五條 韓國政府ハ統監ノ推薦スル日本人ヲ韓國官吏ニ任命スルコト
- Article 5 The government of Korea shall appoint to official positions such Japanese as are recommended by the inspector general.
- 桂は不信任案を避けるため、苦し紛れに5日間の議会停止を命じた。
- To avoid confronting the vote of non-confidence, KATSURA resorted to a desperate measure of suspending the Diet for five days.
- 信濃守>【文久3年12月8日藩主就任-慶応元年8月19日死去】
- Shinano no kami (Governor of Shinano Province): Became lord on January 16, 1864 and died on October 8, 1865.
- また延暦十五年(796年)の八月に、官人雑任が二名加えられた。
- In September 796, two Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) were added.
- また運転ダイヤ作成もイギリス人のW・F・ペーに一任されていた。
- Moreover, preparation of train schedules was entrusted to a British, W. F. Paye.
- 韓国統治の総責任者伊藤博文は当初早期の韓国併合を反対していた。
- Hirobumi ITO, the person in charge of governing South Korea, was initially against carrying out the annexation of Korea in the early stage.
- 戦後も小池が辞任するまで『医海時報』に陸軍批判の投稿がつづいた。
- Even after the war, articles criticizing the Army continued to be published in the 'Ikai Jiho' (Medical Newsletter) until Koike's resignation.
- むしろ、放任から干渉に転換して住民自治を削る試みの一環であった。
- Rather, it was a part of an attempt to change from noninterference to interference and to reduce resident autonomy.
- 兵の家は、受領を歴任し、また押領使・追捕使に補任されるなどした。
- The warrior houses held zuryo (custodial governor) governorships and were also appointed Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agents) or Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents).
- そして、国司の中から、専任で群盗海賊の追捕にあたる者が登場した。
- Then, among the kokushi, persons specialized in capturing robberies and pirates appeared.
- 創生期 - 源頼信時代の河内守に任官~源頼義時代の前九年の役平定
- Creation period: Appointment of Kawachi no kami (the governor of Kawachi Province) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu ~ Subjugation of Zen Kunen no Eki (Former Nine-Years' Campaign) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.
- 崩壊期 - 源頼家時代の頼家将軍就任~源実朝時代の源実朝暗殺事件
- Collapse period: Yoriie's assumption of the shogun in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriie ~ Assassination of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in the period of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.
- 以後摂関や太政大臣の任命や更迭に武家執奏が介在するようになった。
- After this incident, bukeshisso came to intervene in the appointment and dismissal of the Sessho (Regent), Kanpaku and Daijodaijin (Grand Minister of State).
- 更には成業(卒業)していない学生・医生を任じたりする例もあった。
- In an extreme case, a student who was still studying was appointed to the doctor.
- 武家執奏は足利尊氏が将軍に補任された暦応年間から事例が見られる。
- Several cases of bukeshisso were seen during 1338 and 1341 when Takauji ASHIKAGA was appointed as shogun.
- 実際の運用にあたっては5年以上勅任官の職にあった者から選ばれる。
- For the practice of issuing this license, the licensee was selected among the imperial appointees who had been in the position for more than 5 years.
- また運転ダイヤ作成もイギリス人のW・F・ページに一任されていた。
- Also, the train timetable was done by an Englishman W. F. Page.
- 朝廷の人事である除目では叙位任官は同時になされることも多かった。
- At the appointment ceremony 'jimoku', held by personnel of the Imperial court, court ranks and posts were often given at the same time.
- 景虎は征夷大将軍・足利義輝に拝謁し、関東管領就任を正式に許された。
- Kagetora had an audience with Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Seii taishogun, and got official approval of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post.
- この方針に反対した岡本の辞任もあって、樺太の開拓は進展しなかった。
- The resignation of OKAMOTO who opposed the KURODA's thought on Sakhalin almost stalled the reclamation project of Sakhalin.
- 統帥権を独立させ、陸海軍は議会や政府に対し一切責任を負わないこと。
- The supreme command should be independent, and the army and navy had no responsibility for the assembly and the government.
- 4月、山縣が山城屋事件に関する司法省の追及を受けて陸軍大輔を辞任。
- In April, YAMAGATA resigned as vice-minister of Army due to the ongoing internal investigation of the Yamashiroya Incident by Ministry of Justice.
- その詔勅に「宜しく阿衡の任をもって卿の任とせよ」との一文があった。
- In this shochoku, there was a phrase saying 'his position should be Ako.'
- これに対して平家は横田河原の戦いで破れた城資職を越後国司に任じる。
- In response, the Taira clan appointed Sukemoto JO, who had been defeated in the battle at Yokota River, as the provincial governor of Echigo Province.
- この直後に実俊が権大納言に任ぜられて武家執奏に相応しい地位を得た。
- Immediately after this appointment, Sanetoshi was appointed Gon Dainagon (a provisional chief councilor of state), which was a suitable position for bukeshisso.
- 一陸軍一大隊ヲ存シテ皇宮守衛ノ任ニ當ラシメ其ノ他ハ之ヲ解隊スルコト
- A battalion of the army shall be assigned to guarding the Imperial Palace, and the other battalions shall be disbanded.
- 結果責任によって犯罪の成立が論じられる客観主義的な要素が強かった。
- Objectivism, which judges a crime based on accountability, was a strong factor.
- 台湾領有や第一次世界大戦後の南洋諸島の委任統治の際にも論じられた。
- It was discussed in relation to Japan's colonial rule of Taiwan and her mandate over the Pacific islands after World War I.
- 御庭番はその特殊な任務のために功績をあげて出世する機会に恵まれた。
- Thanks to their unique duties, they had a chance to make a great achievement and to get promoted.
- 5月3日になると、新県令岩村通俊が赴任して来、西郷に告諭書を送った。
- On May 3, Michitoshi IWAMURA, the newly appointed prefectural governor, arrived in Kagoshima and sent kokuyusho (document of official notice) to SAIGO.
- 検田権は領家にあり領家に任じられた弁済使が官物・雑役の収納を行った。
- Kendenken was held by landholding families and a Benzaishi appointed by the family collected the Kanmotsu and Zoeki.
- 従七位下相当であるが、五位・六位が任じられた例もある(『職源鈔』)。
- The post was equivalent to Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), but there were examples of Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) or Jurokui (Junior Sixth Rank) being appointed (according to 'Shokugensho' (a history of court officials)).
- ただし、国免荘で不輸の権が保障されるのは国司の任期中に限られていた。
- However, Fuyu no ken was guaranteed for Kokumen sho only during the kokushi's term.
- 同年12月には都への報告を怠ったという理由で成道は解任されてしまう。
- Narimichi was removed from his post for the reason that he failed to report to the imperial court in December of the same year.
- 院司は、実務能力が高く、受領の実績を積んだ中流貴族が任命されていた。
- Middle-class nobles who had high business ability and had experienced Zuryo (provincial governor) were appointed as Inshi.
- 前任者が死没・隠居し、欠員が発生した後に、主家より幕府へ推挙された。
- When a Karo officer with rank died or retired from the post, generating a vacancy, a Karo officer was recommended for the rank post from the family to the bakufu.
- - 鉱山技術、生野銀山にて帝国主任鉱山技師、日本各地の鉱山調査(仏)
- - Active in mining technology, and served as the chief mining engineer for Imperial Japan at Ikuno Silver Mine; he also surveyed various mine sites in Japan
- - 富岡製糸場の首長(責任者)、建設から近代製糸技術の導入まで(仏)
- - He was involved with the Tomioka Silk Mill from its construction to the introduction of modern yarn-making technology, serving as the mill's chief (in other words, the one in charge of the mill)
- 7代:昌谷彰 (1924年6月11日 - 1926年8月5日 再任)
- 7) Akira SAKAYA (June, 11 1924 - August 5, 1926 reappointed)
- また、忠棟は秀吉から直接命令を受け、検地後の知行配分の責任者となった。
- Tadamune received direct orders from Hideyoshi and became the manager for the enfeoffment distribution after the survey.
- また藤堂高虎を奉行として和歌山城を築城し、その城代に桑山重晴を任じた。
- In addition, he had the Wakayama-jo Castle built by assigning Takatora TODO as bugyo (magistrate) and assigned Shigeharu KUWAYAMA to Jodai (the keeper of castle).
- そして、北条泰時・安達景盛・島津忠久らが任じられている(『吾妻鏡』)。
- And Yasutoki HOJO, Kagemori ADACHI, Tadahisa SHIMAZU and others were appointed ('Azuma Kagami' - The Mirror of the East).
- 院宮家は、自らの側近や血縁者を国守・受領に任命することが通例であった。
- It was customary that Innomiya families appointed their close retainers or relatives to kokushu and zuryo.
- 判者は藤原忠房が任じられていたが、当日不参のため法皇が直接判を下した。
- FUJIWARA no Tadafusa was appointed a hanja, but he was absent that day, so Cloistered Emperor Uda himself judged which tanka was better than the other.
- 同心、火付盗賊改方の配下とはなるが、町奉行所から俸給も任命もなかった。
- They worked under Doshin (a police constable) or Hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata, but they were not paid salaries or appointed by town magistrate's offices.
- 信濃守>【慶応元年10月13日藩主就任-明治4年7月14日藩知事免官】
- Shinano no kami Became lord on November 30, 1865 and relieved of office as governor on August 29, 1871.
- その一方で上野については介ではなく守を任命しており、統一されていない。
- However, he was inconsistent, as he assigned a suke in Kouzuke Province, rather than a kami.
- こうした情況の中台湾総督には中将以上の武官が就任し台湾の統治を担当した。
- Under these circumstances, the post of Governor-General of Taiwan was held by military officers ranking Chujo (Middle Captain) or higher to govern Taiwan.
- 1895年から1945年の期間中、日本は19代の台湾総督を任命している。
- During 1895 to 1945, 19 governors-general of Taiwan were appointed.
- 五山の住持の任命状である公帖は御教書あるいは御内書として発給されている。
- Kojo, an official written appointment to the chief of the gozan (five great Zen temples in Kyoto) was issued either as a Migyosho or Gonaisho.
- 講師には紀伝道などの歴史に通じた学者が博士・都講・尚復などに任命された。
- Scholars conversant with history such as Kidendo (the study of the histories) were appointed as instructors called hakase (an expert), toko and shofuku (reviewers at the post who reviews a book offered by the lecturer for the Emperor or Crown Prince at the ceremony of Emperor's first reading).
- 翌年の徳政令廃止とともに二階堂行藤・摂津道厳を頭人に任命して復置された。
- In the next year, it was reestablished with Yukifuji NIKAIDO and SETTSU no Dogen as ossotonin upon the repeal of the Tokuseirei.
- これら3国の国司筆頭官である国守には、必ず親王が補任されるようになった。
- In the case of these three provinces, Imperial Princes were always appointed to their kokushu, the head of provincial governors.
- 採訪処置使は領内の一つの州に治所を置き治所の州刺史を兼任する役職である。
- Saihoshochishi was a government officer who placed an administrative office in a province within the territory, and additionally, he served as governor of the province.
- 同時に移動時・戦地における物資の入手や管理、分配についても責任を負った。
- At the same time, they were also responsible for obtaining, managing and distributing the goods during transfers and at the battleground.
- 郡参事会は郡長と府県知事が任命する郡参事会員(名誉職)により構成された。
- The Gunsanjikai consisted of council members (regarded as honorary position) who were appointed by Guncho and the prefectural governor.
- しかし、1270年(文永7年)に死去、後任が赴任しない状態となっていた。
- However, his successor had not been assigned since his death in 1270.
- 実際後述するように西太后は義和団の乱に関して何ら責任追及を受けていない。
- Empress Dowager Cixi was not persecuted for the Boxer Rebellion as described later.
- 「頭(かしら。今日の中間管理職程度の役職)以下は再任することになった。」
- Kashira (officials equivalent to the current middle-level managers) or lower will be reappointed.
- 1月19日には参議藤原忠文が征東大将軍に任じられ、追討軍が京を出立した。
- On January 19, Sangi (Councillor) FUJIWARA no Tadafumi, who was assigned as Seito Taishogun (Great General who Subdues the Eastern Barbarians), left Kyoto with his army to hunt and kill.
- 御庭番は初めての御用でも彼らの助けを得て無事に任務を果たすことができた。
- The oniwan could accomplish their duties on their first onkokugoyo trip thanks to the purveyors' support.
- 経が島の工事責任者は、平氏水軍の中核をなす阿波国の豪族田口成良であった。
- The head of the construction work for Kyogashima Island was Shigeyoshi TAGUCHI, who was a member of Gozoku (local ruling family) in Awa Province, a hard core of the Haira Navy.
- この後製薬業界に転身してグラクソ・スミスクライン研究開発部門会長に就任。
- He transferred to the pharmaceutical industry and became Chairman of Research and Development of Glaxo Smithkline.
- また、検地帳に土地の直接耕作者を登録し、その者を租税負担の責任者とした。
- And on a cadastral register, direct cultivators on lands were registered and they were made to be persons in charge of tax burden.
- 尚、この制限は文官任用制度が確立した明治18年(1885年)頃まで続いた。
- This policy was in effect until bunkan ninyoseido (government officials recruitement system) was established in 1885.
- また官位の任命を天皇が行うことにより、豪族に対する天皇の権威向上を図った。
- It also sought to increase the Emperor's authority over powerful clans by having the Emperor directly appoint ranks.
- 倭国は半島南部の任那を通じて影響力を持っていたと『日本書紀』は書いている。
- It is written in 'The Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that Wakoku wielded influence over the southern part of the peninsula through the region then known as Mimana.
- 及第者は次の除目で京官に任じられた他、将来的には文章博士への道も開かれた。
- Those who passed the exams would be appointed as kyokan (an official of the Capital) in the next jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and it would open the door to monjo hakase for them in the future.
- 右証據トシテ下名ハ本國政府ヲリ相當ノ委任ヲ受ケ本協約ニ記名調印スルモノナリ
- In faith whereof, the Undersigned duly authorized by their Governments have signed this Agreement and affixed their seals.
- 位階昇進に必要な勤続年数を満たして任官の機会を待たせる施策がとられていた。
- The government had a policy that those courtiers would get a chance for appointments when they worked long enough for promotions.
- 1898年、台湾総督府民政長官に着任した後藤新平の指揮のもとで実施された。
- The research was conducted with the lead of Shinpei GOTO who was assigned to be a civil administrator of Taiwan Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Taiwan) in 1898.
- 失敗の責任が問われ、家老や銀札奉行などが切腹や蟄居など重い処分が下された。
- Some people such as the karo (chief retainer) and the ginsatsu bugyo (commissioner of the ginsatsu) were held accountable for the failure and were sentenced to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) or chikkyo (being confined to home).
- 当初、尹始炳が会長であったが、尹始炳の要請によって李容九が会長に就任した。
- Initially, 尹始炳 was a chairman, but 李容九 (이용구) took over the office in response to 尹始炳's request.
- 慶応2年(1866年)7月31日、慶喜は総督職を辞任し、徳川宗家を相続した。
- On September 9, 1866, Yoshinobu resigned the post of Sotoku and inherited the head of the TOKUGAWA family.
- 後任には松田が望まれたが、松田が急死したために原敬が1914年に総裁となる。
- Matsuda became a hopeful candidate for the next presidency, but he died suddenly and Takashi HARA became the president in 1914.
- 原敬首相は、長谷川好道総督を更迭し穏健派の斎藤実総督(海軍大将)を任命した。
- Prime Minister Takashi HARA replaced Yoshimichi HASEGAWA as Sotoku, and appointed moderate Makoto SAITO as Sotoku (Admiral).
- 律令制のもとでは大学寮の博士あるいはこれに近い学識を有する人物が任命された。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a professor of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or an individual with similar education and experience was appointed to the position of Jidoku.
- 翌嘉応2年(1170年)正月5日には時忠の後任として検非違使別当に就任した。
- On January 30, 1170, he took the post of Kebiishi no betto from TAIRA no Tokitada.
- さらに院による恣意的な僧綱補任により、寺院相互の競合・確執も深刻化していた。
- Moreover, the emperor's arbitrary appointment of Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs) also aggravated the contention and feud among temples.
- 蔵人で巡爵に預かった者は殿上を退き、蔵人五位といわれ巡任に預かったとされる。
- The promoted kurodo is said to have left the court and assumed the position of Kurodo no goi.
- 冷媒用途が主になっており、産業界の計画的な取り組みに任されている状況である。
- This material is mainly used as a cooling medium, and its reduction is up to plans and activities of the industry.
- 和平交渉は徳川家康によって委任を受けた対馬の宗氏と朝鮮当局の間で進められる。
- Peace talks were carried out between the So clan in Tsushima, who was entrusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and the government of Korea.
- 田野口藩(信濃国) 11869年(明治2年)旧暦6月22日任知藩事 →竜岡藩
- Tanokuchi Domain (Shinano Province) Chihanji assigned on June 22 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Tatsuoka Domain
- 朝鮮または台湾に在住する満30歳以上の男子にして名望ある者より特に勅任した。
- The Emperor appointed the councilors from men of reputation, of 30 years of age or older and who were living in Korea and Taiwan.
- また非公開の取り決めで、大韓帝国軍の解散・司法権と警察権の委任が定められた。
- The unpublished section of the treaty also stipulated dissolution of the Korean army, and handover of judicial and policing powers to the Japanese inspector general.
- 右ノ外財務警務及技術ニ關スル官吏ニ日本人ヲ任用スル件ハ追テ別ニ之ヲ協定スヘシ
- The matter of other appointments of Japanese as officials in the areas of finance, policing and technology shall be set down by a later agreement.
- 柴五郎は当時砲兵中佐の階級にあり、北京公使館付武官として清朝に赴任していた。
- Goro SHIBA held the rank of lieutenant colonel of artillery, and was transferred to the post of military officer of the Beijing legation in the Qing Dynasty.
- 具体的には、官位令に基づいて位階ごとに就任可能な官職が厳密に定められていた。
- Specifically, the government post that was possible to assume for each Ikai was strictly established based on the Court Ranking Law.
- 紙屋院(かみやいん)は図書寮の別所(付属機関)で紙の製造を主任務としていた。
- Kamiyain mainly produced paper in bessho (affiliated organization) of Zushoryo.
- 後任の管領に犬懸上杉家と対立関係にあった山内上杉家の上杉憲基が管領職に付く。
- Subsequently Norimoto UESUGI (from the Yamanouchi Uesugi family, a rival of the Inukake Uesugi family) succeeded the kanrei post.
- 長官たる尹は従三位相当官で、親王が任ぜられることが多く弾正宮などど呼ばれた。
- In, who was the chief of the agency, was an official equivalent to Junior third court rank, and in many cases Imperial princes were appointed to the position and called Danjo no Miya.
- 1999年 エリック・シンセキ将軍がアジア系として初めて陸軍参謀総長に就任。
- In 1999. Eric SHINSEKI became the first Asian American to be Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army.
- 9月、元明天皇はみずから平城の地を視察し、造平城京司の長官ら17名を任命した。
- In September, the Empress Genmei made an inspection of the site of Heijo and appointed 17 officials including the chief of zoheijokyoshi (office for construction of Heijokyo).
- 司法権は天皇から裁判所に委任された形をとり、これが司法権の独立を意味していた。
- Under the constitution, courts were a judicature delegated by the emperor, and it meant that courts could exercise independent powers.
- 石川麻呂はこの後右大臣に任じられ、娘の遠智娘と姪娘を中大兄皇子の后にしている。
- Later, Ishikawamaro was appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the right) and arranged to marry off his daughters Ochi no Iratsume and Mei no Iratsume to Naka no Oe no Oji.
- 7月、山縣が山城屋事件に関する陸軍内部の追及を受けて陸軍中将・近衛都督を辞任。
- In July, YAMAGATA resigned his posts as lieutenant general and commander of the imperial guard due to the ongoing internal investigation of the Yamashiroya Incident by army officers.
- 寄進に際して、開発領主は新領主から荘官に任じられるとともに、給田を与えられた。
- Upon donation, the development landholders were appointed as shokan by the new landholder and were given kyuden.
- 百姓は請作面積に応じた納税責任を負うが、移動居住の自由を有する自由民であった。
- Hyakusho were responsible for tax payment according to a contract farming area, but they were free people having the freedom to move and to choose a place to live.
- 全問正解者(甲第)は大初位上に、8・9問正解者(乙第)は大初位下に叙任された。
- Those who answered all correctly (Kodai) were appointed as superior Daishoi rank and 8 or 9 questions correctly (Otudai) were appointed as inferior Daishoi rank.
- 蔵人佐(五位蔵人で検非違使佐を兼ねる)が弁官に就任して、実現されることが多い。
- Most of such cases occurred when a person of Kurandonosuke (assistant official of kurodo) (who assumed the positions of Goi no kurodo and Kebiishi no suke concurrently) assumed the office of Benkan.
- 鎌倉時代の守護の系譜をひく武家は室町幕府においても多くが守護として任ぜられた。
- Many samurai descendants of a Shugo (military governor) during the Kamakura period were appointed to the position again by the Muromachi bakufu.
- しかしながら、国司はその運搬進納を担う綱領に郡司・富豪層を任じるようになった。
- However, Kokushi came to assign gunji or persons in the rich and powerful class as the head persons responsible for the carriage and delivery.
- 文治元年(1185年)8月16日(旧暦)の除目で国司に任ぜられた6名が始まり。
- Monyo originated from six people who were appointed as Kokushi (provincial governors) at Jimoku (ceremony for the appointment of officials) on August 16, 1185 (old lunar calendar).
- なお、郵政民営化前の特定郵便局長の任用は事実上の世襲であったと指摘されている。
- In addition, it is pointed out that before the privatization of the postal service, the appointment of the master of a special locally-owned post office was an example of virtual heredity.
- 改易(かいえき)とは、律令制度では現職者の任を解き新任者を補任することをいう。
- In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the term kaieki referred to removing someone from their current post and appointing someone new to that position.
- 位階によって相当する官職に任命する制度を官位制(官位制度、官位相当制)という。
- The system to appoint someone a government position that matches his Ikai was called the Kani official rank system or Kanisoto-sei.
- これを知った顕如は、はじめ七里頼周を派遣し、その後下間頼照を越前守護に任じた。
- Receiving this news, Kennyo firstly dispatched Yorichika SHICHIRI and then appointed Raisho SHIMOTSUMA as Shugodai of Echizen.
- 尾崎行雄らに対して詔勅を盾にして不信任案を撤回するように圧力を加えたのである。
- Using an imperial edict as an excuse, he pressured Yukio OZAKI and his allies to withdraw the vote of non-confidence.
- 直方は頼通の家人であり、頼通に働きかけることで追討使に任命されたと推測される。
- Naokata was a Kenin (retainer) of Yorimichi and it is assumed that he asked Yorimichi to assign him to Tsuitoshi.
- 徳川秀忠が将軍に就任し、書院番・小姓組(創設当初は花畑番)が新たに創設された。
- When Tadahide TOKUGAWA was installed as Shogun, Shoinban and Koshogumi (originally it was called Hanabatake-ban [literally, 'Guards at the Flower Garden' because there was a flower garden in front of Kuroshoin-saikonoma, the first place where Koshogumi guarded]) were newly created.
- その任務は長崎奉行と協力して九州諸藩の動静監視であり「九州探題」とも呼ばれた。
- Since their job was to watch developments in the Kyushu domains, cooperating with Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate), they were also known as 'Kyushu Tandai' (local feudal commissioner).
- これに基づき、箱館裁判所も24日に箱館府に改称され、清水谷が府知事に任命された。
- According to this system, the Hakodate Court was renamed as Hakodate-fu on 24th with appointment of SHIMIZUDANI as its first governor.
- 嘉彰親王が固辞したため、閏4月5日に、副総督の清水谷公考を改めて総督に任命した。
- However, Prince Yoshiakira flatly refused the appointment, the already-appointed vice governor of Hakodate Court, Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI, was reappointed as the governor on leap April 5.
- 札幌本庁を統括していた松本十郎_(開拓使大判官)は、強制移住に反対して辞任した。
- Juro MATSUMOTO, a senior magistrate of the Hokkaido Development Commission, who headed the main office in Sapporo, objected to the forced migration and later resigned to take responsibility.
- 明治6年(1873年)に、政府は北方警備と開拓とを兼任させる屯田兵制を開始した。
- In 1873, the government started a farmer-soldiersystem in which a farmer-soldier doubled the tasks of northern-territory security and land reclamation.
- 公儀及び毛利にたいして忠節をつくすので、望みを任せるように本願寺は最善をつくす。
- As he remains faithful to the shogunate and the Mori clan, the Hongan-ji Temple should try its best so that the wish could be realized.
- これが『公卿補任』及び『歴名土代』の元になった公的記録であったと考えられている。
- It is considered that this was the formal record that became the base of 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Ryakumyo dodai.'
- その後は蘇我氏以外からは大連に任じられる者も出ず、政権は蘇我氏の一極体制となる。
- After this event, the Soga clan members monopolized appointments to Omuraji, and governance became unipolarized under their dominance.
- 伊藤が総裁を辞任して枢密院議長となると、同院前議長の西園寺公望が後継総裁となる。
- When Ito resigned his position as president and took office as Chairman of the Privy Council, the previous Chairman of the council, Kinmochi SAIONJI, took over the presidency.
- 通常は従五位上から従六位従六位であるのに対して親王任国の太守は正四位下とされた。
- While the rank of kokushu were normally from Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) to Jurokuinoge (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), that of Imperial Prince Taishu of Shinno-ningoku was Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
- そのため上述のような厳格な規定は適用されず、殺害自体の刑事責任も問われなかった。
- The strict rules mentioned above were not applied to Bureiuchi, and the lord was not held criminally responsible for killing his vassal(s).
- 任期切れ間近の受領は、成績をあげるためにしばしば法令どおりの苛烈な収奪を行った。
- The zuryo whose terms of office were approaching the end was often engaged in relentless exploitative activities according to the law and regulations, to accomplish respectable achievements.
- 守護に任命しただけではなく、京極持清に従わない者は知行地を没収する特権も持った。
- He not only appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU to be the Shugo, but also obtained a special privilege to confiscate chigyo-chi (territory) from those who did not obey Mochikiyo KYOGOKU.
- そして、10日、義仲を従五位下・左馬頭・越後守、行家を従五位下・備後守に任じた。
- And on September 5, he appointed Yoshinaka as Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) Sama no kami (Captain of Samaryo, Left Division of Bureau of Horses) and Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo), and Yukiie as Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank. Lower Grade) Bingo no kami (Provincial Governor of Bingo).
- 征夷の際には、征夷大使(将軍)や征東大使(将軍)が任命され、征討軍が編成された。
- For expeditions to fight barbarians, Seii Taishi (great general who subdues the barbarians) or Seito Taishi (great general who subdues the eastern barbarians) was appointed and Seitogun (expeditionary force) was organized under him.
- ちなみに第7代藩主・輔宜の頃から幕命によって天領の預かりを任されるようになった。
- From the time of Sukeyoshi, the seventh lord of the domain, Shibamura Domain was responsible for the management of the Shogunate demesne by the order made by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 折から発生した江華島事件の処理をめぐる意見対立も重なり、板垣はついに参議を辞任。
- Discord over how to handle the Ganghwa Island incident, which had just taken place, worsened the situation, and finally Itagaki resigned from the office of Sangi.
- ペリーは彼等に開国を促すフィルモア大統領親書、提督の信任状、覚書などを手渡した。
- Perry at last presented the letter from President Fillmore, together with his own letter of credence, a memorandum, and so forth, urging Japan to open its ports to the world.
- 若年の将軍徳川家茂を補佐する役として一橋徳川家当主・徳川慶喜を将軍後見職に任命。
- To assist the young shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA who was the head of the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family, was assigned as a guardian.
- 将軍から直接の命令を受けて隠密に情報収集を行うなど、将軍直属の間諜の任を務めた。
- The oniwaban were the secret agents under the direct command of the shogun and accomplished the missions including intelligence collection.
- 文字の未だ定まっていない時代に、任命書に代えて鏡ではなく銅鐸を授与したという説。
- The fifth is that dotaku were used as an appointment letter instead of mirrors in the times when characters were not established yet.
- 政変後の朝廷は関白に就任した二条斉敬と久邇宮朝彦親王によって主導されることになる。
- After the Coup, Nariyuki NIJO was appointed to Kanpaku (Chief adviser to the Emperor), and he and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko led the Imperial Court.
- 国務大臣(各省大臣)に対する指揮監督権や任免権もないため、明文上の権限は強くない。
- The prime minister had no right to instruct, supervise, appoint, and dismiss respective ministers of state, so his authority defined under the constitution was not strong.
- 現役武官に限るため、文官はもちろん予備役・後備役・退役の武官には、補任資格がない。
- Due to the fact that the authority is limited to only active military officers, military officers including Yobieki (reserve duty), Kobieki (one of military service that came after Geneki and Yobieki), and Taieki (retired) do not have appointing authority.
- その政治環境の中、1919年に台湾総督に就任した田健治郎は初めての文官総統である。
- In such political environment, Kenjiro DEN was appointed as the first civilian Governor-General of Taiwan in 1919.
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍足利義満が就任して最初の評定始の際に定められた法令である。
- Jisha honjoryo no koto was formulated at the first hyojohajime (a ceremony within the bakufu conducted at the first held conference gathering of government officials on New Year's day or at the inauguration of a new shogun) after the inauguration of the third Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 親王任国(しんのうにんごく)とは、親王が国司に任じられた令制国及びその制度を指す。
- The term Shinno-ningoku means provinces to which imperial princes were appointed as kokushi (provincial governor) as well as such systems.
- そして朝廷が任命した国司の政庁がある国衙とは別の場所に置かれるのが一般的であった。
- Then, Shugosho were placed in different places from Kokuga, where the provincial government offices of Kokushi (provincial governors) appointed by the Imperial Court were.
- 戦いに圧勝した家康は日本国内で不動の地位を得、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- Having achieved overwhelming victory, Ieyasu secured an impregnable position in Japan and he was appointed in 1603 to seii taishogun.
- この頃歌われていた音頭は古い題目、すなわち義士ものや、任侠ものが多く歌われていた。
- Ondo in those days were mostly adapted from old stories such as loyal retainers and yakuza stories.
- 大正2年(1913年)2月5日、議会で政友会と国民党が桂内閣の不信任案を提案する。
- On February 5, 1913, during the session of the Diet, the Seiyukai Party and the Kokumin-to Party jointly moved a vote of non-confidence against the KATSURA cabinet
- さらに左大臣に就任した島津久光が、大久保主導の急進的改革への反対建白書を提出した。
- Moreover, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who had assumed the office of the Minister of the Left, submitted a petition against the radical reforms led by Okubo.
- 条約体制のもとでは、条約を締結した両国が公使を交換赴任させることが定められている。
- Under the treaty system, two countries which concluded a treaty have to exchange ministries each other.
- 一方京都では、これとは別に朝廷によって五位クラスの地下家が陸奥守に任命されていた。
- Aside from this, another position of Mutsu no kami was assigned to Fifth-ranked Jige-ke (family status of non-noble retainers who were not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace) by the Imperial Court in Kyoto.
- 2回連続で任期満了・総選挙が行われたのは、日本憲政史上においてこの時代だけである。
- Only in this era, general elections at the expiration of terms of office were held twice in a row in the history of Japanese constitutional government.
- これに対して3教員が転任命令を拒否したことから5月5日に3教員の懲戒免職を決定した。
- Against this decision, the three teachers refused the transfer, so the Board decided to give them disciplinary dismissal.
- 文官総督時代は大正デモクラシーの時期とほぼ一致し、日本の政党の推薦を受け赴任された。
- The civilian period occurred at roughly the same time as the Taisho Democracy, and the Governors-General during this period were nominated by political parties in Japan.
- 各官庁内では、任務や責任の重さによって、官吏を四段階に区分することを原則としていた。
- In each government office, officials were generally divided into four ranks according to the importance of their duties and responsibilities.
- 徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての郡司、郷司、保司が置かれ、彼らを通じて徴税が行われた。
- Gunji, goji (local government official under the ritsuryo system), and hoji (officer governing koryo, or public land) were placed as persons in charge of tax collection, police, and trials, and tax was collected through them.
- そのため、10歳の嫡男義満が家督を継承し、その後見のために細川頼之が管領に就任した。
- This lead to his ten year old legitimate son, Yoshimitsu, succeeding the head of the family with Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA being appointed as Kanrei (Shogun's Deputy) to look after him.
- 阿衡は中国の殷代の賢臣伊尹が任じられた官であり、この故事を橘広相は引用したのである。
- Ako was the position to which Koretada, a wise vassal in the Yin period of China, was appointed and TACHBANA no Hiromi cited this historical fact.
- この権威を利用して5月近江国の守護六角高頼を解任、代わりに京極持清を守護に任命した。
- By using this authority, he relieved Takayori ROKKAKU of the Shugo of Omi Province, and appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU instead to the same position in May.
- 朝廷は対応を幕府へ一任し、幕府は回答しないことを決定、西国の防御を固めることとした。
- The Imperial Court entrusted the matter to the bakufu which decided not to respond but instead strengthened the defense of Saigoku.
- 国家に勲労あり又は学識ある30歳以上の男子の中から、内閣の輔弼により天皇が任命した。
- Chokusen Councilors were appointed by the Emperor, in consultation with the Cabinet, from men over 30 years of age with a history of significant contribution to the country or who were very knowledgeable.
- 新井白石は家宣が将軍就任後すぐに、生類憐みの令を廃止し、側用人の柳沢吉保を罷免した。
- Immediately after Ienobu assumed the position of shogun, Hakuseki ARAI abolished the order Shorui Awareminorei and dismissed the sobayonin Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA.
- しかしながら、3,000石級以下の旗本で、有能な者が任じられることも珍しくなかった。
- However, it was not rare that competent Hatamoto with an earning of 3,000 koku or less were appointed to the post.
- (御附家老竹腰氏・成瀬氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他渡辺氏などが叙任)。
- (The Takegoshi family and the Naruse family, both Otsuke-garo officers, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, the Watanabe family was also awarded a rank.)
- 長崎商館医として着任したが、翌年には鳴滝塾を開いて日本人に医学・博物学の指導を行う。
- He arrived as a physician to Nagasaki Trading House, but he opened Narutakijuku School next year and taught medical science and natural history to the Japanese.
- しかし、台湾総督や朝鮮総督とは異なり、立法権を一般的に委任する方策は採られなかった。
- However, unlike the governor-generals of Taiwan and Korea, the governor-general of Karafuto-cho was not generally entrusted with the legislative power by the Japanese government.
- 永禄2年(1559年)、景虎は関東管領職就任の許しを得るため、二度目の上洛を果たした。
- In 1559, Kagetora made the second visit to Kyoto to get approval of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post.
- 皇子は皇位に就かず称制し、朴市秦造田來津(造船の責任者)を司令官とし全面的に支援した。
- The Prince did not take the throne, but assumed imperial affairs, and appointed Echi no Hata no Miyatsuko (in charge of ship building) as the commander by fully backing him.
- 1824年(文政7年) - 佐々木卯之助が、本調練場の責任者である、幕府大筒役となる。
- In 1824, the Unosuke SASAKI became a bakufu ozutsu yaku in charge of the shooting practice field.
- 公立旧制中学校の校長に任命された台湾人はなく、国民学校も分教場を入れて4人のみだった。
- No Taiwanese was assigned as the principal of the junior high school under the old system of education, and only 4 people were assumed the place of the principal in the national elementary school (in an educational system operated in Japan between 1941 and 1947) and branch school.
- 年爵や内官(京官)は収入が多く、推挙の見返りとして被任命者から送られる収入も多かった。
- Those who were granted nenshaku and naikan (kyokan) enjoyed a large income from their position as well from appointees in exchange for recommendations.
- これらの現存部分は、筆者の平知信が兵部少輔から兵部権大輔を経て少納言に任命された時期。
- These existing sections were written when TAIRA no Tomonobu was assigned as a lesser councilor of state after served as Hyobu shoyu (junior assistant minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of War) and Hyobu no Gon no Taifu (provisional senior assistant minister of Hyobusho Ministry of Military).
- 叛乱勢力であり親王任国の慣習を守る必要は無いのだが、伝統として定着していたのであろう。
- Being a rebel, he was not obliged to observe the custom of Shinno-ningoku, but it seems this custom took root as a tradition.
- この平信兼追討の最中の8月6日、義経は後白河天皇より左衛門少尉、検非違使に任じられた。
- Yoshitsune was appointed as Saemon no shojo (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa on September 19, while he was in the midst of putting down TAIRA no Nobukane.
- 平治の乱ののち、平清盛は後白河上皇の信任を得て、法住寺御所の近くに蓮華王院を造営した。
- After the Heiji War, TAIRA no Kiyomori was trusted by Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and constructed and operated Rengeo-in Temple near Hoju-ji Temple Gosho (palace).
- 鎮守府は通常の守備と城柵の造営・維持など陸奥国内の軍政を主な任務としていたと言われる。
- The Chinju-fu is said to have been in charge of military affairs in Mutsu Province, including ordinary defense and the construction and maintenance of josaku (official defense site).
- 頼信は常陸介在任中に忠常を臣従させており、事態の穏便な解決のためには最適と考えられた。
- Tadatsune served Yorinobu when he was appointed as Hitachi no suke and Yorinobu thought that he was best suited to settling the situation peacefully.
- 彼は弁護士からスタートし、ニューヨーク海事裁判所判事、連邦最高裁レポーターを歴任した。
- He started as a lawyer and experienced a judge in the New York Maritime Court and a reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States.
- 他の現業官司とちがい、工事の主任である伴部の工部は世襲ではなく能力に応じて登用された。
- Unlike other government officials in charge of work site operations, an appointment of Takumibe, the chief of construction work from tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group), was made according to their respective abilities, not by heredity.
- 後に頭以下の官職に武士が任官されるのもこうした警察的な要素があったからとも考えられる。
- It is considered that the reason why samurai was appointed to a government post below Kami (Director) later was that it had an element of police.
- 番士は持ち高勤め(足高制による補填がない)であるがだいたい200石高の旗本が就任した。
- The hatamoto with a fief of about 200 koku was installed as banshi, although the installation to banshi was decided by the amount of his fief (the shortfall was not covered by the ashidakasei [a wage system that guaranteed standardized compensation by the Tokugawa bakufu officials]).
- (御附家老中山氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他雑賀氏・山野辺氏などが叙任)。
- (The Nakayama family, the Otsuke-garo officer, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, each of the Saiga family and the Yamanobe family were also awarded a rank).
- 第一中隊の安田安中尉が30名の部下とともに出動し、約1カ月間船舶を監視する任務に就いた。
- Lieutenant YASUDA in the First Troop with his 30 subordinates went there to assume the duty of watching ships for about a month.
- 太政官職制に基づき岩倉が太政大臣代理に就任すると、明治天皇の意思を拘束するためであった。
- After IWAKURA took up the deputy of the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister) position based on Dajokan system, he tried to control the Meiji Emperor's intention.
- このように議政官の任務は非常に重要であり、実質的に国政の意思決定を左右する組織であった。
- As such, the giseikan had very important duties and virtually controlled political decision-making.
- 籤引きの結果、天台座主の義円が還俗して義宣と称し(後に義教と改名)、6代将軍に就任した。
- As the result of drawing lots, Gien, Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect), returned to secular life and changed his name to Yoshinobu (changed to Yoshinori later) and assumed the post of the 6th shogun.
- またこの年7月、関白相論を経て正親町天皇より関白に任じられ、翌年には豊臣姓も下賜された。
- On July that year, Hideyoshi was nominated to be the Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) after 'kanpaku soron' (disagreement over Kanpaku position) and in the following year, the family name, 'the Toyotomi clan' was given to him.
- 1906年1月7日、桂太郎に替わって西園寺公望が首相に就任、第1次西園寺内閣が発足した。
- On January 7, 1906 Kinmochi SAIONJI became prime minister, replacing Taro KATSURA, and the first Saionji Cabinet was started.
- 戦後の論功として、清原貞衡は鎮守府将軍に任ぜられたが、源頼俊に対する行賞は何もなかった。
- Although KIYOHARA no Sadahira was granted a reward to be appointed as Chinjufu Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defence of the North) for the victory, MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not receive any reward.
- 作戦に容喙出来なかった東條英機首相兼陸相が国務・統帥の一元化を図って参謀総長を兼任した。
- Prime Minister and the Minister of Army Hideki TOJO who could not accept the strategy also served as an additional post of the Chief of the General staff planning the unification of national affairs and supreme command.
- 任命された受領の俸禄の一部とする説と受領が徴収した租税などの収入の一部とする説が存在する。
- One theory argues that a portion of the salary of an appointed zuryo was granted, while another theory states that a part of the income from such sources as taxes collected by zuryo was granted.
- 地方の御家人が守護への補任により勢力を拡大させたり、中央政界に進出するきっかけをも作った。
- Assuring local gokenin as the position of shugo (provincial constable) led them become more powerful and extend their influence to the national politics.
- 1030年(長元3)の平忠常の乱に際して追討使に任じられた源頼信がすぐに忠常を帰服させた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, who was appointed tsuitoshi (the person in charge of searching for and capturing criminals) in the TAIRA no Tadatsune War in 1030, made Tadatsune surrender immediately.
- しかし玄宗に重用された中国の宰相李林甫により長城内節度使にも蕃将が任命されるようになった。
- However, Chancellor of China Linfu LIN, who was highly trusted by Xuanzong, made it possible even for non-Han generals to be assigned as setsudoshi stationed in the areas inside of the Great Wall.
- これら藩鎮は軍職たる節度使(ないし団練使・防禦使・経略使)と行政職たる観察使とを兼任した。
- These hanchin operated both as setsudoshi (or danrenshi, bogyoshi and keiryakushi), which was a military post, and as kansatsushi, which was an administrative post.
- 信長は京都支配を重要視し、村井貞勝を京都所司代として、朝廷に対する交渉や監視を任せている。
- Nobunaga placed importance on the rule of Kyoto, and appointed Sadakatsu MURAI as the Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) for negotiation and surveillance.
- 宮内省での最終試験に合格すると、太政官に挙送され、式部省での任用試験後に叙位任官を受けた。
- When they passed the final examination at the Imperial Household Agency, they were sent to 'Dajokan' (Grand Council of State), and after the examination at Shikibusho for appointment, they were conferred with ranks.
- 調達のために官人雑任として水部(もいとりべ)官人雑色人として水戸(もいとりこ)が置かれた。
- For delivery Moitoribe was put as Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) and Moitoriko as Zoshiki (low-level functionary government official).
- それに対応するために各城柵には国司四等官・史生、鎮官などが城司に任命され、城柵を支配した。
- In response to this, kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties about documents) and chinkan (officials in charge of pacification and defense) were assigned to manage and govern each josaku.
- 伊賀氏の不穏な動きを察した尼将軍北条政子は、義時の長男であった北条泰時を執権に就任させる。
- The Ama Shogun (the nun-shogun) Masako HOJO, sensing the threatening move of the Iga clan, had Yasutoki HOJO, the oldest son of Yoshitoki HOJO, assume the position of Shikken.
- 大奥にはどの時代にも奥向き一切を取り締まることを任された取締役の女性が存在したからである。
- Because there were ladies who were given the authority to manage all the inner workings of the house in O-oku in this time.
- この間に光明皇后の信任を得た藤原南家の藤原仲麻呂(武智麻呂の子)が台頭、紫微中台を組織した。
- In the meantime, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (son of Muchimaro) from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, who successfully gained the confidence of the Empress Komyo, accumulated power and organized a Shibi chudai (office responsible for affairs of the Empress Komyo).
- 小泉純一郎は首相在任当時、御誓文を元にした決まり文句「万機公論に決すべし」をよく使っていた。
- When Junichiro KOIZUMI was the Prime Minister, he often used the phrase 'all matters decided by open discussion' from Charter Oath.
- 文久2年(1862年)5月 勅命により、一橋慶喜が将軍後見職に、松平春嶽が政事総裁職に就任。
- In accordance with an Imperial order in May, 1862, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI assumed the role of Shogun-kokenshoku (one of three major posts of Edo bakufu), and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA became president of political affairs.
- これは、朝廷の祭祀を任されていた連姓の物部氏、中臣氏を牽制する為の目的も有ったと推察される。
- This is conjectured to have been carried out by the Soga clan for the purpose of countering the Mononobe and Nakatomi clans that were appointed to perform Saishi (religious rites and services) in the Chotei (Imperial Court).
- 総理には大隈、副総理には河野、これを補佐する掌事には小野梓・牟田口元学・春木義彰が就任した。
- Okuma took the charge of the party leader, and its deputy was Kono, and Azusa ONO, Gengaku MUTAGUCHI and Yoshiaki HARUKI were appointed as adviser to them.
- 寺社や宮司などに官職を給与した成功 (任官)(じょうごう)と同じく、売官によるものであった。
- It was the sale of official posts, like the jogo system under which temples/shrines and guji (the chief of those who serves a shrine) were given posts for the same purpose.
- 受領は赴任した直後に在庁官人に命じて国内の状況をまとめた報告書(「注文」)を提出させていた。
- Immediately after moving to the office, zuryo ordered officials at his office to submit a document in which situations of the province were described (called 'chumon').
- 代官には旗本が任命され、生野銀山の後背地となっていた但馬国、播磨国、美作国の天領も統治した。
- A hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was appointed as the daikan, and he administered Tajima Province, Harima Province, as well as Mimasaka Province which were the hinterlands of Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mine.
- 1899年末、毓賢は欧米列強の要求によって更迭され、かわって袁世凱が赴任し義和団を弾圧した。
- Ikuken was reassigned due to the demands of the powerful European nations and the United States, and YUAN Shikai was assigned to suppress the Boxers at the end of 1899.
- 地下諸家の歴代当主の名前、父母の名、生没年月日、叙位・任官の履歴等を可能な限り記載している。
- It records, in as much detail as possible, such things as the names of the successive heads of Jige-ke families, the names of their fathers and mothers, the dates of their birth and death, and the history of their investitures and appointments to office.
- まず位階の昇進を受けて、その後に昇進後の位階に相当する官職の就任資格を得るのが原則であった。
- The principal was that the official was promoted on Ikai first and then received the qualification to assume the government post equivalent to the Ikai.
- また、時代が下り律令制の衰微とともに正六位よりも下の位階の叙任例はほとんどなくなっていった。
- Also, the appointment of Ikai lower than Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) was not seen with the obsolescence of Ritsuryo system as the years went by.
- 翌明治3年1870年イギリスからエドモンド・モレルが建築師長に着任して本格的工事が始まった。
- In the following year in 1870, Edmond Morell from England was appointed as chief architect and construction started.
- 編纂は老中の松平乗邑を主任に、勘定奉行、寺社奉行、江戸町奉行の石河政朝の三奉行が中心となる。
- Roju (senior councilor) Norisato MATSUDAIRA was the chief editor and three magistrates from kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and Masatomo ISHIKO from Edo machi-bugyo (Edo town magistrate's office) played a central role.
- また、大宰府に転任した藤原広嗣が、首都から遠ざけられたことを恨んで740年に反乱を起こした。
- In addition, FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, who was transferred to Dazai-fu, held a grudge from being displaced from the capital and rose in revolt in 740.
- 次いで5月9日に、黒田清隆を開拓使の次官(樺太開拓使の次官ではない)に任命し、樺太専務とした。
- Then on Saturday, May 9, Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed as an undersecretary of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner (he was not an undersecretary of the Sakhalin Development Commissioner.) and considered as the executive managing director of Sakhalin.
- そのため、やはり親徳川派である関白・二条斉敬(慶喜の従兄)が約80年ぶりとなる摂政に就任した。
- Therefore, a pro-Tokugawa chancellor Nariyuki NIJO (a cousin of Yoshinobu) was inducted as regent, a post that had been in vacancy for almost 80 years.
- 義持の死後に義教が将軍となると、満祐は侍所頭人に就任し、義教と満祐の関係は比較的良好であった。
- When Yoshinori became Shogun after Yoshimochi died, Mitsusuke assumed to the Samurai-dokoro tonin (Governor of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshinori and Mitsusuke preserved relatively good relationship.
- その後一旦帰国するが、1929年(昭和4年)と1934年(昭和9年)にも満州駐剳任務に就いた。
- It temporarily returned to Japan, but was assigned to be stationed in Manchuria in 1929 and 1934.
- これは、秀吉が朝廷から天下の実力者として認められ、朝廷から政治を委任されたことを意味している。
- This meant that the imperial court admitted that Hideyoshi was the most powerful person in Japan and that the court delegated him the authority to rule Japan.
- 非公選の皇族議員・華族議員・勅任議員によって構成され、解散はなく、議員の多くが終身任期だった。
- The Kizokuin was not made up of publicly elected officials, but of councilors from the Imperial family, members of the peerage, and Chokuningiin (appointees of the emperor); it was never dissolved and most of the councilors had life tenure.
- 中期以降は外様大名の転封は極端に減少し、幕府役職就任に伴う徳川系大名の行政的転封が主流となる。
- After the middle of the period, Tenpo of the Tozama daimyo extremely decreased, and administrative Tenpo of the daimyo on the Tokugawa clan's side on their appointments in the bakufu's posts became mainstream.
- 畿内における宗門の責任者であった蓮淳は、熱心な法華宗徒であった元長に対し深い恨みを抱いていた。
- Renjun, who was responsible for the religious community in Kinai, had strong resentment against Motonaga, who was a pious follower of the Hokke sect (Nichiren sect).
- しかし領主間の村役人の兼職を禁止するものではなく一人の人物が複数の名主職を兼任する場合もある。
- In fact, there was no rule to prohibit village officers to assume more than one post under the different feudal lords, and therefore, one person was able to hold the post of nanushi in different territories.
- 葛城氏没落後の雄略朝以降、木菟の子の平群真鳥(まとり)が「大臣」を歴任して一族の興隆を極めた。
- Since Emperor Yuryaku's Court after the fall of the Katsuragi clan, HEGURI no Matori, a child of Tsuku successively held the position of 'Oomi' (a highest officer in national politics of the Yamato dynasty) and the clan fully enjoyed their prosperity.
- 1970年 ジョージ・アリヨシが第4代ハワイ州副知事に就任、日系人として初めて州副知事となる。
- In 1970, George ARIYOSHI took the position of the fourth Lieutenant Governor of the State of Hawaii, the first Japanese Lieutenant State Governor.
- 中には幕末に遠国奉行を歴任して足高の制で1000石取りまで昇進した川村修就のような人物もいる。
- One of the oniwaban, Nagataka KAWAMURA was promoted to the high position with the property of 1000 crop yields according to Ashidaka system (the system to give low-class people extra property as wage when they got a higher position than their family class) for having worked as an Ongokubugyo (a magistrate placed at an important area directly controlled by the bakufu) at the end of the Edo period.
- 戦況を懸念した満州軍 (日本軍)総参謀長兒玉源太郎大将は、大山巌元帥の指示を受け旅順方面へ着任。
- IJA Chief of Staff in Manchuria General Gentaro KODAMA, who was concerned with the war situation was deployed to the Lushun under the direction of Field Marshal Iwao OYAMA.
- 6月11日には毛里田村の農民らが足尾を訪れるが、古河側は自身に責任はないという主張を繰り返した。
- On June 11, the peasants of Morita Village visited Ashio, however the Furukawa side just repeatedly disclaimed any responsibility for the damages.
- 日本では、明治時代の初め、当時の軍部大臣に当たる兵部卿の補任資格を「少将以上」の者に限っていた。
- In the early Meiji period, candidates for the appointing authority of Hyobukyo (Minister for Military Affairs), which was the Military Minister at that time, were limited only to ranks 'higher than Shosho (major general)'.
- 入鹿を斬る役目を任された二人は恐怖し、飯に水をかけて飲み込むが、たちまち吐き出すありさまだった。
- Those two who were given the role to actually kill Iruka were so terrified that they threw up immediately after eating rice mixed with water.
- 10日に家康は府中の留守を鳥居元忠ら2,000に任せ新府城に陣を移し、徳川方は8,000となる。
- On the sixth, Ieyasu moved his camp to Shinpu-jo Castle, entrusting Fuchu to 2,000 soldiers led by Mototada TORII, which made the army of Tokugawa 8,000 in total.
- (御附家老安藤氏・水野氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他安房正木氏・岡野氏などが叙任)。
- (The Ando family and the Mizuno family, both Otsuke-garo officers, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, each of the Awamasaki family and the Okano family were also awarded a rank.)
- 正統派は久原を総裁に任命し、革新派は旧昭和会のうち望月圭介・山崎達之輔ら政友会出身者を合流させた。
- The orthodoxy faction appointed Kuhara to the president and the reformists invited Keisuke MOCHIZUKI and Tatsunosuke YAMAZAKI from the former Showa Party who had originally belonged to the Seiyu Party.
- 1895年7月14日、台湾総督府は初代学務部長に伊沢修二を任命し台湾における教育政策を担当させた。
- On July 14, 1895, the Sotoku-fu appointed Shuji IZAWA as the first chief of Education Bureau responsible for the educational policy in Taiwan.
- 彼ら武士は、受領から委任された徴税権・検断権・勧農権などを根拠として、在地領主へと成長していった。
- Based on the tax collection right, the right to judge criminal cases, and the right to promote farming, all of which were entrusted by zuryo, these samurai grew into local lords.
- これにより韓国政府は、日本政府の推薦者を韓国政府の財政・外交の顧問に任命しなければならなくなった。
- With this, the Korean government had to appoint recommendees of the Empire of Japan as their governmental officials in finance and diplomacy.
- 大隈重信が1873年に大蔵卿に就任以来、積極財政により「大隈財政」なる殖産興業政策の推進を行った。
- After Shigenobu OKUMA assumed office as the Minister of Finance in 1873, he propelled a policy of encouragement of new industry adopting positive fiscal policy so called 'Okuma finances.'
- しかし領主間の利害対立も絡み別々の人物が名主等に任命されることが多く村政の混乱を招きがちであった。
- However, due to conflicting interests between feudal lords and other factors, different persons were usually assigned to the same posts such as nanushi in each territory, and such a redundancy often caused confusion in village policy as a whole.
- 翌1870年(明治3年)、イギリスからエドモンド・モレルが建築師長に着任し、本格的工事が始まった。
- The following year, in 1870, Edmund Morel from Britain assumed the chief engineer and the full-scale construction started.
- 御庭番の前身は、吉宗が将軍就任前に藩主を務めていた紀州藩お抱えの薬込役と呼ばれる役人たちであった。
- The predecessors of oniwaban were officials called kusurigomeyaku (gunpowder charger) in Kishu domain where Yoshimune was the lord before becoming shogun.
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- 後、黒田は明治7年(1874年)に長官となったが、北海道に赴任せずに東京から指示を出す態勢をとった。
- Although KURODA became the chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission in 1874, he delivered commands from Tokyo without moving in to Hokkaido.
- 1937年に日華事変が勃発し台湾の軍事的価値が高まると、再び武官が台湾総督に任命されるようになった。
- In 1937 the Japan-China war broke out and the military importance of Taiwan heightened, so military officers were again appointed to the post.
- なお、藤原頼長の日記『台記』の別記である長承四年二月頼長任大将記は、実はこの『平知信朝臣記』である。
- Furthermore, 'February, 1135 of Yorinaga Nintaisho-ki,' which is a supplement of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga's diary 'Taiki,' is actually this 'TAIRA no Tomonobu Asonki.'
- しかし、これにも将軍としての力は全くなく、幼少期に就任し、成人すれば退位させられるという形であった。
- However, even this was without power as shogun, since they assumed the form in childhood and were forced to abdicate when they attained manhood.
- そこで荘園領主が直接あるいは自己の直臣より任命した代官(直務代官)を派遣して現地を直接支配を行った。
- Then, the lord of the manor sent a local governor (jikimu daikan), who was assigned directly or by his own great vassal, and held direct rule for the site.
- そして、義満の朝廷政策に批判的であったとされる息子の足利義持もまた後小松上皇の院執事に就任している。
- And even Yoshimochi, who was Yoshimitsu's son and was allegedly critical about his father's policies against the Imperial Court, also assumed the post of In no shitsushi of the retired Emperor Gokomatsu.
- 同年9月、業を煮やした朝廷は平直方を召還し、代わって甲斐国守源頼信を追討使に任じて忠常討伐を命じた。
- In September of the same year, the frustrated imperial court recalled TAIRA no Naokata and appointed MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, Kai no kuni no Kami (officer in charge of regional administration in Kai) as tsuitoshi and ordered suppression of Tadatsune.
- 日本側では明治4年(1871年)に井上勝(日本の鉄道の父)が鉱山頭兼鉄道頭に就任して建設に携わった。
- In 1871, Masaru INOUE (Father of Japan's railroad) joined the project from the Japan side by taking up the position of Mine and Railroad head.
- このとき天皇は国是決定のための諸侯会同召集までとの条件付ながら緊急政務の処理を引き続き慶喜に委任した。
- On this occasion, the Emperor delegated the continuous transaction of immediate government affairs to Yoshinobu until the levy of lords meeting to decide national policy.
- 京都の新政府は、慶応4年(1868年)4月12日に、皇族の仁和寺宮嘉彰親王を箱館裁判所総督に任命した。
- The new government in Kyoto appointed Prince Yoshiakira of Ninnajinomiya the governor of the Hakodate Court on April 12, 1868.
- 京都市教育委員会が翌年3月に保守派から非難された3教員を他校に転任させることで事態を収拾しようとした。
- In March of the next year, the Kyoto City Board of Education tried to stabilize the situation by transferring three teachers, who were accused by the conservatives.
- 朝廷から任命された役職ではあるが、禁裏御守衛総督の役料として幕府より月に7500俵受け取る合意を得た。
- Though the post was appointed by the Imperial court, he obtained a consensus to receive 7,500 bales of rice a month as a reward for the Kinri Goshuei Sotoku from the bakufu.
- 木戸は後日、「天下の侯伯と誓い、億兆の向ふ所を知らしめ、藩主をして其責に任ぜんと欲し」たと述べている。
- Kido stated later that he aimed 'to pledge with kohaku (nobles), show the direction for people and give the lords of domains responsibilities.'
- 司令長官:川路利良陸軍少将兼警視庁警視総監・大山巌陸軍少将(6月28日(別働第五旅団司令長官兼任)-)
- Commander in Chief: Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, Major General of the Imperial Army and the Superintendent-General of the Metropolitan Police Department, and Iwao OYAMA, Major General of the Imperial Army (June 28 (concurrently served as Commander in Chief of the detached 5th brigade)-)
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力土倉を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに土倉役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected dosoyaku at first, but later on appointed influential doso as nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and had them collect dosoyaku from several dozens of doso.
- また京大では沢柳総長辞任の1年後、荒木寅三郎医学部教授を総長として選出、以降総長の学内選出が確立した。
- One year after the resignation of Sawayanagi, Torasaburo ARAKI, a professor of the Medical Department, was selected as the president of Kyoto Imperial University, and since then successive presidents were selected from among professors.
- 年労第一の蔵人即ち極臈が毎年叙爵に預かったとされ、叙留即ち留任の例外を除き、大概は国司に転じたという。
- It is said that kurodo with the longest tenure, in other words gokuro, was ennobled every year with the exception of the cases where the kurodo was allowed to remain in office (joryu), and that most of them made the transition to kokushi (provincial governors).
- どのような事情があったにせよ、人一人切った責任の重みゆえ、二十日以上に及ぶ自宅謹慎を申し付けられること
- The warrior had to take responsibility for killing someone regardless of what circumstances he faced, and he was ordered to stay at home for more than twenty days.
- 親王太守は、現地へ赴任しない遙任だったため、親王任国での実務上の最高位は、次官の国介(すけ)であった。
- As the position of Imperial Prince Taishu was yonin (remote appointment) and Imperial Princes were not required to go to the respective provinces, suke, the deputies of Imperial Prince Taishu, were practically the highest position in Shinno-ningoku.
- 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政(国衙・受領)へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
- It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).
- その結果、競合する武士が対等な地位を得られるように、それぞれの経営責任者に任ぜられたと考えられている。
- It is considered that, resultantly, each of the competing samurai came to be provided with the same social status and to be appointed the manager of a koryo.
- 更に公家執行の宛先も足利尊氏将軍在任中は高師直・足利直義・足利義詮ら実務の最高責任者宛に出されていた。
- In addition, kuge shigyo were issued to KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA who were the chief executive in practical works while Takauji ASHIKAGA was in the shogun's position.
- 1869年版籍奉還によって三治制が確立して藩も国の行政区画となり、旧藩主(大名)は知藩事に任命された。
- After Hanseki Hokan (return of the lands and people to the Emperor) in 1869, the tripartite local administration system was established, making han domains become also administrative divisions of the national government, and former feudal lords (daimyo) were assigned to prefectural governors.
- 江戸時代の首都は将軍の任命が行なわれた京都であり、幕府があった鎌倉・江戸は首都ではなかったとするもの。
- The view stating that during the Edo period, Kyoto had been the capital because Shogun was appointed in Kyoto, while Kamakura and Edo were not capitals, although Bakufu were located in these cities.
- この状況をみた政友会総裁原敬は、自らの内閣を打ち立てると研究会議員の入閣及び要職への任命を推し進めた。
- Taking the situation into consideration, Takashi HARA, the president of Seiyu-kai Party, established his own cabinet and appointed members of Kenkyukai to cabinet positions and important posts.
- 御庭番は吉宗のとき紀州藩から幕府に編入され初代の御庭番に任命された者たちの子孫十数家の世襲からなった。
- The oniwaban was inherited by about a dozen descendent families of the kusurigomeyaku who were nominated as the first oniwanan by Yoshimune when they were transferred from the Kishu domain to the bakufu.
- しかし、これは輪番で江戸に随行した者を任命しただけであって、特に選抜して連れてきたというわけではない。
- However, they were appointed just because they accompanied Yoshimune to Edo on their turn of duty but not because they were specially selected.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条は、人民の均しい公務就任権を規定し、大日本帝国憲法第20条は兵役の義務を規定した。
- Article 19 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan guaranteed equal rights of all the people to engage in public services, and article 20 defined the people's duty of military service.
- 成人後には天皇の場合には文章博士などが侍読を務め、摂関家でも著名な学者を家司などに任じて侍読役を務めた。
- Emperors upon reaching adulthood were appointed Professors of Monjodo (Department of Chinese poetry and history), and regent families to an emperor were appointed famous scholars as Keishi to work as court scholars.
- 毎年の除目において、院宮や有力寺社に給与された位階や特定の官職を申任(推薦)する権利を与えることをいう。
- At annual Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) persons with the rights were entitled to recommend people of their choices for Ikai (Court rank) and specific government posts which were given to influential temples and shrines as well as ingu (ex-emperor, ex-emperor who became a monk, imperial lady, grand empress dowager, empress dowager, empress consorts and crown prince).
- これに基づいて所領の給与や地頭職・荘官職・有司職への補任などの形式を取って新たな土地財産権が給付された。
- Based on their examination result, they were given land and property rights in the form of the grant of holdings or the appointment to the posts of jito (military estate steward), manor manger, and governmental officer.
- 文治二年(1186年)閏七月二十二日(東鏡)源頼朝は平康頼を阿波国の天領麻植(おえ)保の保司に任命した。
- On September 14, 1186, according to Azumakagami (The chronology of the Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo appointed TAIRA no Yasuyori as hoshi of Oe no ho, a shogunal demesne in the Province of Awa.
- 石上氏等中央の物部氏族とは別に、古代東北地方などに物部氏を名乗る人物が地方官に任ぜられている記録がある。
- Aside from those Mononobe clan living in the capital like the Isonokami clan, a historical record is left that a person calling himself Mononobe was appointed to the regional officer in Tohoku region of ancient times.
- 参勤交代で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣はかなりの数に上り、この結果、江戸の人口の約半数が武士となっていた。
- Because a large number of vassals of each clan went to Edo leaving their families in their domains owing to sankin-kotai, warriors accounted for about half the population in Edo.
- 明治政府は12月に黒田清隆を特命全権大使に任命し軍艦3隻などの艦隊をともなって朝鮮に派遣した(砲艦外交)。
- The Meiji Government appointed Kiyotaka KURODA as a plenipotentiary in December and dispatched him to Korea with a fleet including three warships (gunboat diplomacy).
- 神武天皇朝に阿多根命が、成務朝に曾能振命が山代(山背)国造に任じられたとされるが、神武朝の設置は疑わしい。
- It is said that Atane-no-mikoto and Sonofuri-no-mikoto were appointed as Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko during the Emperor Jinmu's era and the Emperor Seimu's era respectively, appointment in the Emperor Jinmu's era is questionable.
- 歴名土代(りゃくみょうどだい/れきめいどだい)とは、中世日本の四位・五位の位階補任(叙位)の記録簿である。
- Ryakumyo dodai (also called rekimei-dodai) was the record book of Ikai-Bunin (directory of Court ranks) of Shii (Fourth Rank) and Goi (Fifth Rank) in medieval Japan.
- 同時代の諸記録(言継の『言継卿記』を含め)に「補任歴名」あるいはこれを略した「補歴」という言葉が見られる。
- In the various records (including 'Tokitsugu Kyoki', the Dairy of Tokitsugu YAMASHINA) in the same period, the term 'Bunin-Ryakumyo' or its shortened form 'Ryakumyo' was found.
- 天皇の行政大権の行使に国務大臣の輔弼を必要とする体制(大臣責任制または大臣助言制)を定めたこと(第4章)。
- The constitution provided ministers with the right to advise to the emperor when he exerted his prerogative, and ministers required to be responsible for their advice (Ministerial Responsibility System or Ministerial Advice System) (Chapter 4).
- 開港においては土地を貸借し家屋を造営しあるいは所在する朝鮮人の家屋を賃借することも各人の自由に任せること。
- When ports are opened, people can decide by themselves whether to borrow land and construct their houses, or borrow their houses from Koreans.
- 築き堤奉行には蜂須賀正勝が任命され、宇喜多忠家が黒田官兵衛の指導のもと難所の門前村から下出田村までを担当。
- Masakatsu HACHISUKA was put in charge of the embankment while Tadaie UKITA, under the direction of Kanbei KURODA, was in charge of the difficult area from Monzen Village to Shimoideta Village.
- このため同年4月、進退窮まった沢柳総長は辞職に追い込まれた(後任総長は山川健次郎東京帝大総長が兼任した)。
- Under such circumstances, the president of the university, Sawayanagi, was driven into a corner and was forced to resign from his post in April of the same year (Kenjiro YAMAKAWA, the president of Tokyo Imperial University, was concurrently appointed as a successor).
- 『日本書紀』によれば、691年に持統天皇が唐より招いた続守言・薩弘格を音博士に任じたのが最古とされている。
- According to the 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), its history goes back to a time when Emperor Jito invited and appointed Shugen ZOKU and Kokaku SATSU to become Professors of Ondo in 691.
- 庶務・執務に精通した事務能力のある官人が選任された(和歌所の場合は、和歌の作成・選定能力がこれに替わる)。
- Officials with administrative ability in general affairs and management were selected (in the case of Wakadokoro, ability to write and select waka poems was important).
- 勧賞は第一・頼朝、第二・義仲、第三・行家という順位が決まり、それぞれに任国と位階が与えられることになった。
- As for praise and encouragement, the order was decided, Yoritomo was the first, Yoshinaka second, and Yukiie third, and each was to receive ningoku (place of appointment) and ikai (court rank).
- また、関東取締出役配下の目明し(道案内)は地元町村からの推薦により任命されたため、公的な性格も有していた。
- In addition, Meakashi (a.k.a. Michiannai) who worked under the Kanto Torishimari Shutsuyaku (the police network set up by the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] in 1805 to keep order in eight Kanto provinces except Mito) were appointed by the recommendation of local towns and villages, so they also had a public character.
- その孫の土岐頼康は美濃国・尾張国・伊勢国の3ヵ国の守護に任ぜられて評定衆に連なり、土岐氏の最盛期を築いた。
- His grandchild, Yoriyasu TOKI, became the shugo of three provinces: Mino, Owari and Ise, and became one of the hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) to establish the golden age of the Toki clan.
- 将軍権威の浮揚の為に朝廷政策も緩和され禁裏御領を1万石加増し、湯島聖堂を建立し、林信篤を大学頭に任命した。
- In an attempt to elevate the authority of the shogun, the bakufu's Imperial Court policies of the bakufu were also eased; the number of Imperial domains was increased by adding the lands with the total production of 10,000 koku crop yields, Yushima Seido (Sacred Hall at Yushima) was built, and Nobuatsu HAYASHI was appointed Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education).
- 788年(延暦7年)、紀古佐美が征東将軍に任じられ、翌789年(延暦8年)、朝廷軍を率いて蝦夷征討へ赴く。
- KI no Kosami who was appointed to the position ofseito shogun (literally, 'general who subdues the eastern barbarians') in 788 led the Imperial army to conquer the Emishi in the following year, 789.
- (しかし御庭番達は「他人はもとより親兄弟と雖も職務上の秘密を漏らさない」旨の誓紙を就任時に提出していた)。
- (However, they submitted an oath stated 'I hereby agree not to leak any confidential information during my duties to any third parties including my family' when they became the oniwaban.
- また、新しい県令などの上層部には旧藩とは縁のない人物を任命するためにその県の出身者を起用しない方針を採った。
- In order to appoint persons who had no relation with a former domain to a senior post such as kenrei, a policy to not appoint those that hailed from prefecture in question was adopted.
- 天正元年(1573年)には天台座主補任問題にも関わり、正親町天皇より毛氈鞍覆弓袋などの使用許可を受けている。
- In 1573, he was involved in appointing the head priest of the Tendai sect and was granted the rights of using the things including the felt saddle-blanke) and the bag for keeping a bow by the Emperor Ogimachi.
- また、仙台藩が大坂の升屋の番頭である山片蟠桃に藩財政を総覧させたように財政を商人に任せるような藩も出てきた。
- At the same time, some domains entrusted merchants to administer its economy, and for example, Sendai domain asked Banto YAMAGATA, the clerk of Masuya Shop in Osaka, to make a comprehensive survey of the financial affairs.
- 幕府滅亡時まで御分国だったのは駿河国・相模国・武蔵国・越後国で、相模・武蔵の国司には執権・連署が任命された。
- The Kanto Gobunkoku that remained until the fall of the Kamakura bakufu were Suruga Province, Sagami Province, Musashi Province and Echigo Province, while the officials assigned to Sagami Province and Musashi Province were regents/cosignatories of the Kamakura bakufu.
- その甥で連子の子である蘇我安麻呂は、天武天皇の信任が厚かったために蘇我氏の後を継ぎ、石川朝臣の姓氏を賜った。
- SOGA no Yasumaro, a nephew of Akae and the son of Murajiko was trusted by Emperor Tenmu to the extent that he was entrusted the succession of the Soga clan and was bestowed the family name ISHIKAWA Ason (second highest of eight hereditary titles).
- その後京都銀座から大黒作右衛門九代目常明が江戸へ招致され、京都および江戸両座の銀改役を兼任することとなった。
- Subsequently, he replaced by Sakuemon IX Tsuneaki of the same family summoned to Edo from Kyoto-ginza and henceforth serving as inspection officer for both ginzas in Kyoto and Edo.
- 1874年4月に蕃地事務局を設置し、長官に大隈重信、陸軍中将の西郷従道を事務局長に任命して全権が与えられた。
- In April 1874, Banchi Office (Taiwan Expedition Office) was established and Shigenobu OKUMA was appointed as director general and Lieutenant General Tsugumichi SAIGO as commander of the Taiwan expeditionary force, giving them full authority.
- 平安中期になり、受領国司が登場した際も、親王任国については介が受領の地位に就き、他国の国守と同列に扱われた。
- When zuryo-kokushi (the head of provincial governors) appeared in the mid-Heian period, suke were appointed to the zuryo of Shinno-ningoku and were treated equally with kokushu of other provinces.
- 戦後処理終了後、秀吉はまもなく畿内に大阪城の築城を開始し、また同年5月には朝廷から従四位下参議に任命された。
- Completing the postwar process, Hideyoshi soon began to build Osaka-jo Castle in the Kinai Region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and in June of the same year, was appointed Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade), Sangi (councilor) by the Imperial Court.
- 呪禁師の中で優秀なものが呪禁博士に任ぜられ、医師の家や薬部の家から選ばれた呪禁生(定員6名)の育成に努めた。
- The most outstanding of the jugonshi was appointed jugon hakase, who would then work to train and cultivate the jugonsei (apprentice sorcerers, for whom there were six fixed positions in the government), who were chosen from among the families of doctors or pharmacists.
- この時、大和守源頼親の国守解任などを求めて木幡山大谷(現在の京都市伏見区)まで進んだ神木動座があったという。
- It says that in that year monk-soldiers and others advanced to Kohatayama Otani (in the present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), demanding that MINAMOTO no Yorichika, who occupied 'Yamoto no kami' (the governor of Yamato Province, which is today's Nara Prefecture), should be deprived of the position.
- また主家の譜代家臣が任ぜられるのが通常で、主家の分家などの一門の者が、家老職に就くことは原則的にはなかった。
- It was customary that people whose family had been retainers of the master's family for generations were appointed to the post, and people who belonged to a branch family of the master's family were not appointed in principle.
- また家老は、主君のための責任要員的な性格があったとの指摘もあり、主君の身代わりとして責任を取ることもあった。
- It has also been pointed out that the Karo post was had the feature of taking responsibility instead of one's master, and actually, some Karo officers took the blame in place of their masters.
- その後も踏襲され、『南斉書』も併記を踏襲していることから、倭国が任那、加羅と関係が深いことはほぼ明らかである。
- The same pattern continues in subsequent years and since the two countries are written down together in 'Nanseijo,' (Book of Southern Qi) as well, it is clear that Wakoku maintained close relations with Mimana and Gaya.
- 例えば、弁官局の次官である左右中弁は正五位上と定められ、正五位上の者の中から左右中弁が選任されていたのである。
- For example, the Left and Right Chuben (the middle posts of benkan), which were the assistant directors of the Benkan's Office, were given the Shogoinojo (Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) and as such, the Left and Right Chuben were selected from those who held the Shogoinojo.
- 但し、三成は奉行の任を全うするために伏見に滞在することが多く、実際に城を任されていたのは父の石田正継であった。
- But Mitsunari was often away at Fushimi in order to fulfill his duties as Commissioner, so the one actually entrusted with the running of the castle was Masatsugu ISHIDA, his father.
- 文和2年10月19日(1353年11月15日)、19歳の西園寺実俊が勧修寺経顕に代わって武家執奏に任じられた。
- On November 23, 1353, Sanetoshi SAIONJI was appointed bukeshisso in place of Tsuneaki KANSHUJI.
- ただし、知藩事任命のないままこの期間内に廃止・本藩へ編入された藩(因幡若桜藩=旧鳥取新田藩など)は掲載しない。
- But domains that were abolished or incorporated to parent domains during this period without any appointment of Chihanji (Inaba-wakasa Domain = former Tottori-nitta Domain, etc.) are not listed here.
- これに対して藩執政に就任した山田方谷は敢えて藩札の廃止と3年間に限って額面価格での引き取りを行う事を表明した。
- Hokoku YAMADA, who was appointed as the consul, daringly decided to abolish han bills and exchange them for the face value only for a duration of three years.
- 平直方と中原成道は吉日を選び任命から40余日も後の8月5日亥の刻(午後10時)に兵200を率いて京を出立した。
- TAIRA no Naokata and NAKAHARA no Narimichi selected a 'Kitsujitsu' (lucky day) and they left Kyoto with their 200 soldiers at 10 p.m. on August 5, about 40 days after their appointment.
- 義和団の乱の責任は端郡王載漪や剛毅ら数人の重臣と地方官僚50人ほどに帰せられ、処刑もしくは流刑を言い渡された。
- The responsibility for the Boxer Rebellion was placed on Zaiyi or Prince Duan, several resolute senior vassals including Gangyi, and 50 local high officials, who were either executed or deported.
- 外国公使などが赴任した場合、君主に挨拶することが国際上慣例となっていたが、当初天皇や公家たちは及び腰であった。
- At that time, when foreign administration officials such as a minister came to a country, it was a custom that the minister greet monarch of that country, but in Japan the Emperor and Court nobles hesitated this at first.
- すなわち大老就任直後の6月、勅許の降りないまま井上清直・岩瀬忠震らにハリスとの間で日米修好通商条約を締結させた。
- That is to say, In June of that year, just after the assuming the position of Tairo, Naosuke II, without permission of the emperor, allowed Kiyonao INOUE and Tadanari IWASE to conclude the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan with Harris.
- 指導的仏師としては、東大寺大仏の責任者:国中連麻呂、興福寺の十大弟子八部衆制作の将軍万福などが記録に残っている。
- Names of leading sculptors of Buddhist statues recorded in history include KUNINAKA no Murajimaro, who was responsible for the construction of the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, and Manpuku SHOGUN, who produced Judaideshi and Hachibushu (Ten Great Disciples and Eight Guardian Devas) at Manpuku-ji Temple.
- その出身より前期武官総督期、文官総督期、後期武官総督期に分類することができ、各総督の平均在任期間は2年半である。
- The period can be divided based on the background of the Governor-General: the early period of military governor-general, the period of civilian governor-general and the later period of military governor-general, and the tenure of each was two years and a half on average.
- 但し、これらの任務には定員が定められるようになり、次第に定員外の者については銭を納めて労にかえることが許された。
- However, once the capacities for the department and the military were determined, those beyond the capacity were gradually allowed to replace labor with money.
- 多くの源氏一門は叙位任官を除き、特に無碍に鎌倉殿と同様に源姓を称することを禁じられ、あくまで家人として遇された。
- Many Genji clans, except for the conferment of a court rank and appointment to an office, were forbidden to broadly share a common Minamoto family name in the same way as the Kamakura-dono, and were treated simply as Kenin (retainers).
- 924年(延長 (日本)2年)、小野氏が武蔵守として着任した際、石清水八幡宮を勧請して、八幡八雲神社を建立した。
- In 924, when the Ono clan arrived to take up Musashi no kami (Governor of Musashi Province), the clan erected Hachimanyakumo-jinja Shrine to transfer a divided tutelary deity of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine to a new location.
- 1192年(建久3年) - 頼朝が征夷大将軍に任じられる(兵馬の権=全国の武士に対する軍事指揮権を公認される)。
- 1192 - Yoritomo was appointed seii taishogun (Heiba no ken (the right of supreme military power over nationwide samurai) was officially approved).
- 康行は明徳2年(1391年)に許されて明徳の乱で戦功を挙げ、応永7年(1400年)に伊勢北半国守護に再任された。
- Yasuyuki was forgiven in 1391, and by his distinguished war service in Meitoku War, he was appointed as shugo again, but of the northern half of Ise Province in 1400.
- しかし、時代が下るにしたがって、落札した町人などが現場の責任を負う請負形式が多くなり、さらには金納化も進行した。
- However, as time went by, Fushin was increasingly conducted by contracts made by merchants, and payment in cash became more and more common.
- この背景には、天明の大飢饉や、同年4月に徳川家斉が征夷大将軍に就任した事から徳政を求める意味もあったと思われる。
- It is considered that the bakufu considered the Tenmei Famine as well as they were expected of tokusei (benevolent rule) as Ienari TOKUGA became the Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues barbicans, commonly referred to as Shogun) in May of the same year.
- 延暦年間には復活したが、人員削減政策の一環として861年からはここの官職は任命されなくなり、実質的に廃止された。
- Shuyoshi was revived in the Enryaku era, but it was abolished practically because nobody came to be appointed as government posts of Shuyoshi from 861 due to part of downsizing measures.
- 官人雑任として実際に馬の飼育にあたる馬部(めぶ)がおり、飼育を担当する飼戸(しこ)を傘下においてこれを統率した。
- As Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), Mebu which actually raised horses existed, and retained and governed Shiko which was in charge of raising horses.
- 景虎は、第一次合戦の後に、叙位任官の御礼言上のため上洛して後奈良天皇に拝謁し、「私敵治罰の綸旨(りんじ)」を得た。
- After the first battle, Kagetora went to Kyoto to have an audience with Emperor Gonara to express his gratitude for having been awarded an Imperial court rank and for having been appointed to an Imperial court post, and gained an Imperial order to punish his private enemies.
- 元治元年(1864年)3月25日、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)は、将軍後見職を免ぜられると同時に禁裏御守衛総督に就任した。
- On April 30, 1864, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI (Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) assumed the post of Kinri Goshuei Sotoku at the same time he was excused from the post of the Shogun-kokenshoku (one of three major posts of Edo bakufu).
- 康平6年(1063年)、有光はその軍功により従五位下安芸守に任じられ、陸奥国(後の磐城国)白河郡の地を下賜された。
- In 1063, Arimitsu was appointed to Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, Governor of Aki Province and granted the land of Shirakawa-gun County in Mutsu Province (later Iwaki no kuni) for distinguished war service.
- 一方、国衙(こくが)・国分寺などに任命された国司(貴族)・官人や僧侶などによって地方にも新しい文物がもたらされた。
- At the same time, various products of the new culture were also distributed to local regions by provincial governors (nobles), government officials and monks, who were delegated to kokuga (provincial government offices) and kokubun-ji (provincial temples).
- 久光は勅使大原重徳とともに江戸へ赴き、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)の将軍後継職就任や、幕府に対して幕政改革などを要求する。
- Hisamitsu toured to Edo with the Imperial Envoy, Shigetoku OOHARA, and demanded that the Shogunate accept Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (Keiki TOKUGAWA) as the successor Shogun and reform the Shogunate.
- なお、廃藩置県直前に福岡藩の黒田長知が偽札事件を理由に藩知事を更迭されて代わりに有栖川宮熾仁親王が任命されている。
- Note that, immediately before Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) occurred, Nagatomo KURODA of the Fukuoka Domain was forced to resign as the governor of the domain due to the fake bill incident and Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito was appointed to take over the position.
- その後、井上が条約改正に失敗し、外務大臣を辞任(1887年)したため、官庁集中計画そのものが頓挫することになった。
- After that, Inoue resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs (in 1887) due to his failure in the treaty revision; this caused to set back the government offices centralizing plan.
- 桜町天皇から桃園天皇の時代(元文・寛保年間)、江戸幕府から朝廷運営の一切を任されていた摂関家は衰退の危機にあった。
- Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), to which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) totally entrusted the management of the Imperial Court, was in danger of decline during the eras from Emperor Sakuramachi to Emperor Momozono (Gembun and Kanpo eras).
- 官位制は、位階と官職を関連付けて任命することにより、官職の世襲を排して適材適所の人材登用を進めることを目的とした。
- The purpose of the Kani official rank system was to avoid the heredity of government positions and to employ the most suitable person for each position by appointing him a position in connection with his Ikai.
- 1573年、信長は朝倉氏と浅井氏を相次いで滅ぼし、朝倉氏の居城のあった越前には前波吉継を守護代に任じて統治させた。
- In 1573, Nobunaga destroyed the Asakura clan and then the Azai clan, and appointed Yoshitsugu MAEBA as Shugodai (deputy military governor) to reign Echizen, where the Asakura clan had had its residential castle.
- 藩政においては第5代藩主・植村家包の時代である元文3年(1738年)から大和国における天領の預かりを任されている。
- As for the domain duties, it had been responsible for custody of tenryo (a shogunal demesne) in Yamato Province since 1738, which was the time of the fifth lord of the domain, Iekane UEMURA.
- 満貞は明徳の乱に参戦するが、卑怯な振る舞いがあったと咎められて明徳3年(1392年)に尾張守護職を解任されている。
- Mitsusada joined the Meitoku war, but he was blamed when he behaved in unfair way, and was dismissed from Owari Shugoshiki in 1392.
- 綱吉が将軍に就任したすぐの時期に、若年寄の稲葉正休が殿中で刺殺されたこともあり、側用人の柳沢吉保が実権を掌握した。
- However, immediately after Tsunayoshi assumed the position of shogun, his sobayonin (lord chamberlain), Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA gripped the real power over the bakufu, making use of adverse situations including the incidence in which Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) Masayasu INAGA was stabbed to death inside the palace.
- 実際には、頼朝の時代に源義経をはじめ、24人の東国御家人が自由任官をし、墨俣以東に入ることを禁ぜられた事例がある。
- Actually there were a case in which 24 shogunal retainers of the eastern provinces (Togoku) inclulding MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, were appointed directly and were forbidden to go east of Sunamoto (Gifu).
- 忠盛の子、平清盛は安芸守、播磨守、大宰大弐を歴任し、平治元年(1159年)の平治の乱ののちに平氏政権を成立させた。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori, a son of Tadamori, held Aki no kami (governor of Aki Province), Harima no kami (governor of Harima Province) and Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and after the Heiji War in 1159, established the Taira clan government.
- 吉宗が将軍に就任したとき、薬込役のうち十数人の者たちが吉宗に随行して江戸に移り、幕臣に編入されて、御庭番となった。
- When Yoshimune became shogun, more than a dozen of the kusurigomeyaku came to Edo with Yoshimune and were incorporated as Shogun's retainer to become his oniwaban.
- 徳川家宣(綱吉の甥で、養子となる)は将軍後見職に就任した際、綱吉に生類憐みの令の即時廃止を要求したといわれている。
- It is said that when Ienobu TOKUGAWA (Tsunayoshi's nephew who became his adopted son) took the office of Shogun's assistant, he demanded the abolition of the law.
- 安政5年(1858年)4月大老に就任した井伊直弼(彦根藩主)は、条約問題と将軍継嗣問題を強権的に一気に解決をはかる。
- In April 1858, Naosuke II, the lord of the Hikone clan, assumed the position of Tairo (Chief Minister) and tried to decisively settle the disputes over the treaties and the struggle for succession.
- 東征大総督として有栖川宮熾仁親王が任命され、東海道・中山道・北陸道にそれぞれ東征軍(官軍とも呼ばれた)が派遣された。
- Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito was appointed as Tosei Daitokutfu (the Great Governor-General in charge of the military expedition to the east), and dispatched the expeditionary force to the east (also called the Imperial army) to the areas of Tokai-do Road, Nakasen-do Road, and Hokuriku-do Road.
- 樺太にはこれ以後高官が派遣されることも任命されることもなく、樺太開拓使は明治4年(1871年)8月7日に廃止された。
- No high officers were dispatched to Sakhalin nor appointed since then, and Sakhalin Development Commissioner was abolished on August 7, 1871.
- 松平定信の辞任後、文化 (元号)・文政時代から天保年間にかけての約50年間、政治の実権は11代将軍徳川家斉が握った。
- After Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA resigned, Ienari TOKUGAWA, the 11th shogun, took the helm of state affairs for about 50 years from the Bunka Bunsei era to the Tenpo era.
- しかし、補任資格が予備役・後備役・退役の将官まで広がったことで、大臣候補の範囲も広がり、以後組閣時の苦労が激減した。
- Due to the fact that the range of the appointing authority was expanded to Yobieki, Kobieki, and Taieki, the range of ministerial candidates was automatically expanded as well; this alleviated possible issues during the formation of a Cabinet.
- 鎌倉期になると低年齢化と在職期間の短縮が進み、19歳で就任・在職期間一ヶ月という例まで現れ、実態とはかけ離れていく。
- With the lowering in the age of becoming Sanji kentai holder as well as the shortening of terms in office became apparent during the Kamakura period, an extreme case occurred where a person became Sanji kentai holder at the age of nineteen and was in office for a month and Sanji kentai gradually became the one that didn't represent the actual situation.
- これは小野宮家の嫡流とされた実資が持っていた原本を公任が勝手に切り貼りして原本を駄目にしたからであると言われている。
- It is said that Sanesuke was furious because Kinto spoiled the original book, which had belonged to him, a direct descendant of the Ononomiya family, by cutting and pasting it without any permission.
- 麝香間祗候(じゃこうのましこう)は帝国憲法下に於いて、華族・親任官及び明治維新の功労者を優遇する為に設けられた資格。
- Jako no ma shiko was one of the licenses of the Imperial Court defined by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, in order to treat the peerages and government officials for their contributions, and the person who rendered a distinguished service for the Meiji Restoration.
- そして、北条氏の第2代執権には義時が就任し、義時のもとで北条氏は幕府内における地位を確固たるものとしていくのである。
- Then, Yoshitoki assumed the office of the second regency from the Hojo clan, and under Yoshitoki's control, the Hojo clan secured its place in the bakufu.
- 公卿補任の作者は未詳であり成立年代も不明であるが、「歴運記」を基に弘仁以後の分を書き足されていったものと考えられる。
- The authorship and the time when Kugyo-bunin came into existence has not yet been ascertained, but it is believed to be based on 'Rekiunki' and names had been added from the time of Konin.
- 熾仁親王が議長に就任すると、岩倉具視の要請で1876年9月8日に国憲(憲法)草案起草の勅命が元老院に対して出された。
- When Prince Taruhito was appointed to the President, an imperial order of drawing up a draft constitution was given to Genroin by the request of Tomomi IWAKURA on September 8, 1876.
- これに対して晴元は北陸にある高国派荘園の占拠を要望し、蓮淳はこの処理に自分の娘婿である超勝寺実顕と下間頼秀を任じた。
- In return, Harumoto requested the occupation of a manor owned by the Takakuni sect, and Renjun assigned his adopted son-in-law Jikken at Chosho-ji Temple and Raishu SHIMOTSUMA to deal with it.
- また年貢滞納をはじめとする村の中の争議は、村請制の下では五人組ではなく村落規模で合議・責任処理されるのが普通であった
- In villages under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility system for tax payment), most conflicts such as tax delinquency were discussed and handled by the whole village instead of the Gonin-gumi.
- 天平10年(738年)藤原宇合の長男・広嗣(藤原式家)は大養徳(大和国)国司から大宰帥に任じられ、大宰府に赴任した。
- In 738, the oldest son of FUJIWARA no Umakai, Hirotsugu (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan) was assigned to Dazai no sochi from Kokushi (provincial governor) of 大養徳 (Yamato Province) and went to Dazai-fu.
- これを右筆書(ゆうひつがき)と呼ぶ(もっとも、足利尊氏のように署名・花押まで右筆に任せてしまう特殊な例外もあった)。
- This is called Yuhitsugaki (there were some special exceptions such as Takauji ASHIKAGA, who even let Yuhitsu write his own signature and Kao.)
- こうした人数の拡大に対応するために、幕末には3組に分割され、黒鍬頭に任命された組頭(役高30俵1人扶持)が置かれた。
- In order to respond to such increase in the number, the kurokuwa (unit) was divided into three groups at the end of the Edo period and each of which was headed by kumikashira (a head of group) (whose yakudaka was 35 bales) appointed by Kurokuwakashira.
- しかし、慶喜は将軍職も辞任せず(24日に辞職)、幕府の職制も当面残されることとなり、実質上は幕府支配は変わらなかった。
- However, Yoshinobu did not immediately resign from the position of shogun (he resigned on October 24), as governance by the shogunate still remained the same with the administrative system still in effect for the time being.
- 明治元年1月27日に大坂に設けたのを初めとして、個別に総督、副総督の任命を発令し、同年4月までに12の裁判所を設けた。
- Starting with the establishment of the Osaka local court on January 27, 1868, the government appointed governors and vice governors for each local court and set up twelve local courts by April same year.
- なお、異説として白丁・雑任の子弟に限定されていたのは元来は官人ではなく宮中詩人育成のための学科であったとする説もある。
- Also, there is another theory saying that it was subjects to nurture court poets that were originally limited to sons of hakucho and zonin, not those for officials.
- また取締役俳優である片岡千恵蔵、市川右太衛門の両御大の専属契約が切られ(取締役の地位は留任)、右太衛門は映画から引退。
- In addition, the big-name actors Chiezo KATAOKA and Utaemon ICHIKAWA, who were also board members of the company, were forced to terminate their exclusivity contracts, even though they stayed on as board members, and Utaemon retired from acting.
- だが、海軍大将だった野村吉三郎は1950年代に防衛庁長官に就任させる構想が存在したが、文民統制の観点から断念となった。
- There was a conspiracy to appoint Kichisaburo NOMURA, who was the Navy General at that time, to a Chief Secretary of State for Defense; however, it was ceased due to a civilian regulation point of view.
- 大正政変後、公家出身の西園寺は大正天皇から望まれていた第3次桂内閣への協力を拒否した政治的責任を取って辞表を提出した。
- After Taisho Coup, Saionji, who was originally from court noble, took political responsibility and resigned office because he had refused Emperor Taisho's request to support the Third Katsura Cabinet.
- 小区には戸長と副戸長をおき、これには江戸時代の村役人(庄屋・名主)や町役人(年寄など)、大庄屋などの経験者を任命した。
- Each Shoku was controlled by a kocho and a deputy kocho, to which experienced village and town administrators during the Edo Period, such as shoya, nanushi and toshiyori, were appointed.
- 日本政府は台湾に比して朝鮮を重視して、台湾総督と異なり、韓国統監・朝鮮総督には相当地位の高い政治家・軍人が任用された。
- The Japanese government focused on Korea, compared to Taiwan, and quite high ranking politicians and military men were appointed to Kankoku Tokan and Chosen Sotoku, different from Taiwan Sotoku.
- クビライは本格的に3度目の日本侵略を計画し、1287年に一旦解散した征東行省を再度開設し、高麗忠烈王が丞相に就任した。
- Kublai seriously planned the third invasion of Japan and established again the Eastern Expedition Field Headquarters, which had been dissolved in 1287, appointing King Chungnyeol of Goryeo as minister.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命され京都の御家人を統率、洛中の警護・裁判を行い、朝廷と幕府の間の連絡の任に当たっていた。
- He took command of gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in Kyoto and engaged in guarding and judging activities in Kyoto as well as performing a liaison function between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 伊予守は四位上臈の任じられる受領の最高峰とも言える地位であり、この時点では後白河も義仲を相応に評価していたと見られる。
- Because Iyo no kami was the highest position of zuryo that Shii (Fourth Rank) joro (high-ranking aristocrats) could be appointed, it appears that Goshirakawa properly evaluated Yoshinaka at that time.
- 本編は、第一・二は蔵人(上下)、第三-六は外記(甲乙丙丁)、第七は外記蔵人方随召文書、第八は雑々任人諸例となっている。
- The records concerning Kurodo (Chamberlain) (section one and two) were compiled in Chapter one and two of the book, those concerning Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) (sections one, two, three, and four) were compiled in Chapter three to six, those concerning Geki Kurodo zuishomonjo were compiled in Chapter seven and those concerning zatsuzatsuninjin shorei were compiled in Chapter eight respectively.
- そして大家を雇い店子からの家賃の取立てや諸事の面倒など長屋の管理運営を任せ、その対価として店賃の免除などの優遇をした。
- They hired oya (landlord) who was committed administration of nagaya including management service such as collecting rent and mediating in problems, in consideration of the task, oya received benefits such as exemption of rent and so on.
- その一方、有識者が勅任により議員となる制度が存在し、良くも悪くも「衆議院のカーボンコピー」という批判は存在しなかった。
- There was also a system for yushikisha (people well-informed about rules of ceremonies and rituals) to become councilors appointed by the Emperor,so for better or worse, there was no criticism towards the Kizokuin for being 'a carbon copy of the House of Representatives.'
- 内務大臣 (日本)に就任した原敬は衆議院議員選挙に小選挙区制を導入しようとするが、貴族院_(日本)の反対で否決された。
- Takashi HARA who took office as the Minister of Home Affairs sought to introduce a single-member constituency system to the election of members of the House of Representatives, but it was rejected due to the oppose of the House of Peers of Japan.
- 柏原文太郎(のち中央大学附属高等学校第3代校長)を実質的な責任者として運営され、1898年から1918年まで存続した。
- Tokyo-dobun-shoin was run by Buntaro KASHIWARA (later the third principal of Chuo University Senior High School) as a substantial person in charge and it existed from 1898 to 1918.
- また、関東長官には、一定の範囲で罰則の制定権を認めることにより、一定の範囲で立法権を委任する措置を採った(関東庁令)。
- Further, the government delegated a certain level of the legislative power (orders of the Kwantung Leased Territory) to the governor-general of the Kwantung Leased Territory by granting a certain level of authority to establish penal regulations.
- 慶應3年(1867年)には自由相場(天然相場)に任されることとなり、鉄一文銭=1文の基準に対し以下のような相場となった。
- In 1867, a free-rate system was employed, resulting in the following rates, with the standard rate of Tetsu ichimonsen equal to one mon:
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- この後、江藤新平によって失脚に追い込まれていた山縣有朋と井上馨は西郷、江藤らの辞任後しばらくしてから公職に復帰を果たす。
- After this, Kaoru INOUE and Aritomo YAMAGATA who had been forced into downfall by Shinpei ETO made a comeback to the public position some time after SAIGO and ETO's resignation.
- 陸軍は後任の候補を出さず、軍部大臣現役武官制のために、第二次西園寺内閣は陸軍大臣を欠き、内閣は総辞職せざるを得なかった。
- The Army did not elect a replacement, and in accordance with the Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei; therefore, the second Kinomochi SAIONJI lacked the Minister of War and the Cabinet as a whole was dissolved.
- 1890年(明治23年)3月27日には、陸軍官制および海軍官制を改正し、「職員」に武官を任用するとの原則規定を削除した。
- In March 27, 1890, the Army and the Navy regulations were revised and the rule to install military officers as 'personnel' in principal was crossed off.
- 幕府は一橋慶喜が京都へ赴き、大政委任の確認させるなど運動するが、尊攘派は天皇の大和行幸による王政復古 (日本)を目指す。
- Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, representing the Shogunate, went to Kyoto to have the Entrustment of Political Power confirmed but the Sonjo Group aimed for the restoration of imperial rule by having the Emperor tour throughout Japan.
- 古くは暦道・算道に通じた渡来人系の人物が任じられる事が多かったが、後に大春日氏・家原氏・大中臣氏・賀茂氏などが世襲した。
- In ancient times, toraijin (foreigners, particularly from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced the culture of the Asian continent to the Japanese) who were well versed in Rekido (study of the calendar) or Sando (study of mathematics) were often appointed, but later only members of the Okasuga clan, Iehara clan, Onakatomi clan or Kamo clan were appointed to the post.
- 大逆事件に対する責任追及が上がると、立憲政友会との「情意投合」を宣言して、秘かに西園寺公望への再度の政権譲渡を約束した。
- When its responsibility for Daigyaku Incident (also called Kotoku Incident, The High Treason Incident) was pursued, it declared 'Joi Togo' (which means 'coincidence of mutual sentiment') with Rikken Seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) and secretly promised to hand over the reins of government to Kinmochi SAIONJI again.
- 議員の任期は原則として7年で、皇族議員、華族議員のうち公爵・侯爵議員、勅任議員のうち勅選議員については終身議員とされた。
- In principle, the term for councilors was seven years but the Imperial family, the princes and marquis councilors from the peerage, and Chokusen Councilors (see below) from the Chokunin Councilors had life tenure.
- 軍部大臣現役武官制により、後任の陸相を据えることができなかった西園寺内閣は、こうして内閣総辞職を余儀なくされてしまった。
- Because of the rule that the Minister of Army must be served by military men on active duty, the SAIONJI Cabinet, unable to appoint an eligible successor, had no choice but to resign en block.
- 徳川綱吉に後継となる男子が生まれなかった為、甥の甲府藩主徳川家宣が6代将軍に次いで、7代将軍に幼児の徳川家継が就任する。
- As Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA had no son who could succeed him, the lord of the Kofu domain Ienobu TOKUGAWA, who was his nephew, became the sixth shogun, and after Ienobu, Ietsugu TOKUGAWA assumed the position of the seventh shogun, although he was still little.
- そして更に翌月の7月22日に、宗方討伐の大将北条宗宣が殺された北条政時の後任として連署に就任してやっと事態は沈静化する。
- Then on July 22, the next month, Munenobu HOJO, the general for chasing and killing Munekata, was appointed to assistant to shikken in place of Masatoki HOJO who had been killed, making the situation calm at last.
- 翌年、対外政策の紛糾により、再度老中に任命されたものの、相変わらず幕閣・大名の不信は強く、1年にして辞任に追い込まれた。
- In the next year, the complication of foreign policy pushed him up to 'roju' once again, but the distrust toward him from the cabinet officials of the shogunate and from 'daimyo' was so strong that he was forced to resign in a year.
- 主任司祭であったパリ外国宣教会のベルナール・プティジャン神父は信徒が隠れているのではないかという密かな期待を抱いていた。
- Father Bernard PETITJEAN, the dean from La Societe des Missions Etrangeres de Paris, privately believed there could well be followers in hiding.
- しかし、上方で石田三成が家康打倒の挙兵をしたことを知った家康は、白河口を次男・結城秀康へ任せ、自らは江戸城に引き返した。
- However, Ieyasu, who knew that Mitsuhide AKECHI raised his army in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) to overthrow Ieyasu, left Shirakawa-guchi Gate to the second son Hideyasu YUKI and returned to the Edo-jo Castle.
- - 大宰大弐として赴任中の弘仁14年(823年)に公営田の導入を建議、翌天長元年(824年)に多褹国を大隅国に編入した。
- He proposed to introduce Kueiden (lands directly managed by the government to secure revenues) in 823 when he was in the post of Dazai no daini, and incorporated Tane Province into Osumi Province in the following year 824.
- また南洋長官には、一定の範囲で罰則を設けることを認めることにより、一定の範囲で立法権を委任する措置を採った(南洋庁令)。
- Further, the government delegated a certain level of the legislative power (orders of the South Sea Islands) to the governor-general of Nanyo-cho by granting a certain level of authority to establish penal regulations.
- 江戸幕府は、1603年3月24日(慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦))に徳川家康が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まった。
- The Edo bakufu was founded on March 24, 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed as Seii Taishogun (hereinafter shogun).
- 景虎は、相模国・鎌倉市の鶴岡八幡宮で、上杉家家督相続と関東管領職就任の儀式を行い、名を上杉政虎と改めて越後国へ引き揚げた。
- Kagetora held the ceremony of inheriting the head post of the Uesugi family and that of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine in Kamakura City, Sagami Province, and changing his name to Masatora UESUGI, returned to Echigo province.
- 公式の接待係には、イギリスへの留学経験などがあり当時の皇族中で随一の外国通であった有栖川宮威仁親王(海軍大佐)を任命した。
- The government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito (a navy colonel) as a host because he had studied in England and was the only person in the Imperial family who was well-versed in foreign affairs.
- 1963年から鶴田浩二、高倉健、藤純子(現・富司純子。寺島しのぶの母)らを擁してヤクザ映画ブームを作った(東映任侠映画)。
- From 1963 Toei had great success with its Ninkyo films starring popular actors and actresses such as Koji TSURUTA, Ken TAKAKURA, and Junko FUJI (now called Sumiko FUJI and the mother of Shinobu TERASHIMA) and this led to a Yakuza-film boom (Toei chivalry films).
- 道長の時代には庶流の藤原済時・藤原公任も別業を白河に設けたために、これら(「小白河」)と区別するために「大白河」と呼んだ。
- In the days of Michinaga, FUJIWARA no Naritoki and FUJIWARA no Kinto of the collateral line also built villas in Shirakawa, so that the Shirakawa betsugyo was called 'O Shirakawa' (Big Shirakawa) to distinguish it from their villas ('Ko Shirakawa' - Small Shirakawa.)
- なお、藤原公任の著書『北山抄』には「私記」と注記された引用部分があり、これは『清慎公記』からの引用であると考えられている。
- In ''Hokuzansho,'' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, there is a citation with a note that says 'Shiki,' and it is thought to be a citation from the ''Seishinko-ki.''
- 天長3年9月6日 (旧暦)(826年10月10日)、清原夏野の奏上に基づき制定された(『類聚三代格』:親王任国太政官符)。
- This system was established on October 14, 826 based on sojo (report to the Emperor) made by KIYOHARA no Natsuno ('Ruiju Sandaikyaku': Shinno-ningoku Daijokanpu (the official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of the state)).
- 時代が下り、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政期には、一時期陸奥国も親王任国とされ、義良親王が陸奥国太守として実際に陸奥国へ赴任した。
- In the Kenmu Restoration period led by the Emperor Godaigo, Mutsu Province was also designated as Shinno-ningoku for a while and Imperial Prince Norinaga actually went to Mutsu Province as the Taishu of Mutsu Province.
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- 13世紀に入ると、摂関の地位は、父子継承によって決定された御堂流のうちの5家、すなわち五摂家当主による巡任が体制化された。
- During the thirteenth century, the Sekkan position was passed in turn among the heads of the five families determined by paternal succession among the Mido branch, in other words, the Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families), became systemized.
- だが、永徳2年(1382年)将軍である足利義満が左大臣に加えて院司の長である院執事に就任して伝奏以下を指揮することになった
- But in 1382, as the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA took the post of In no shitsushi (steward of the retired emperor), which was the chief of Inshi (official of In no cho, or retired emperor's office) in addition to the post of Sadaijin (Minister of the left), he took the charge of administrating people of tenso status or below.
- だが、義詮の将軍就任後は父・尊氏生存中から進めてきた将軍親裁権強化の方針に合わせて将軍自身に宛先が変更されるようになった。
- However, after Yoshiakira assumed the position of shogun, the address was changed to the shogun himself in accordance with the bakufu's policy to reinforce the shogun's power, which had started to be taken when Yoshiakira's father Takauji was alive.
- そのため、令制や他の官職解説と異なる記述や任命されることが無くなっていた四等官主典級及び判官級の一部の記事が省かれている。
- As a result, some of its descriptions are different from those of the Ritsuryo system or other instruction manuals and the explanations of fourth grade Sakan (secretary) or Hangan (inspector), to which none were appointed at the time, were omitted.
- 純友はこの元名の代行として現地に派遣されて運京租税の任にあたるうちに富豪層出身の舎人ら海賊勢力と関係を結んだとされている。
- Sumitomo is said to have established a relationship with the pirates, the toneri (servants) of the Fugo-so (the upper class), after being dispatched to the province to replace Motona and while he was delivering tax money to Kyoto.
- 他の公卿も同調するが、後一条天皇の裁可により検非違使右衛門少尉・平直方と検非違使左衛門少志・中原成道が追討使に任じられた。
- Other Kugyos (high court nobles) agreed with him, but TAIRA no Naokata, Uemon no shojo, kebiishi (official with judicial and police powers), and NAKAHARA no Narimichi, Zaemon no shochi (junior assistant lieutenant), kebiishi, were appointed as tsuitoshi with the approval of Emperor Goichijo.
- 五衛府(ごえふ)とは、天皇の身辺警護をはじめ、宮城の警護、京内の夜間巡回などを主な任務とする律令制下の中央軍事組織をいう。
- Goefu was the central military organization under the Ritsuryo System whose main missions were the personal protection of an emperor, the protection of Kyujo (place where an emperor lives), the night patrol in Kyoto and so on.
- 明治4年(1871年)には、士族の公務を解いて、農業・工業・商業の自由を与え、また、平民も均しく公務に就任できることとした。
- In 1871, the warrior class became able to engage in not only public services, but also farming, industrial jobs or commercial business, and commoners could engage in public services.
- 鎌倉時代以後、荘園領主は荘官あるいは地頭、土倉などに現地における管理一切を任せて、定額の年貢納入を請負わせる制度が行われた。
- After the Kamakura period, the lord of the manor entrusted shokan (an officer governing shoen), jito (manager and lord of manor), doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) and so on, with the total management of shoen to collect fixed land tax.
- しかし、部落問題研究所の有力理事たち(奈良本辰也・林屋辰三郎・原田伴彦など)はこの処置に反対し、理事を辞任、研究所を去った。
- However, the leading directors of the Institute of Buraku Problem (Tatsuya NARAMOTO, Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA, Tomohiko HARADA and others) were opposed to this action, resigned as directors and left the Institute.
- この内閣の任期中の1912年(明治45年)7月30日に明治天皇が崩御して明治時代が終わるとともに、同日から大正時代が始まる。
- On July 30, 1912 during the term of this cabinet, the Meiji period ended due to the death of the Emperor Meiji and the Taisho period started from the same day.
- しかし最近の研究では、純友が鎮圧の任に当たった海賊と、乱を起こした純友らの武装勢力の性格が異なっていることが指摘されている。
- However, a recent study shows that the characteristics of the pirates that were restrained by Sumitomo and that of the armed group that he later led in the rebellion were not the same.
- 延享3年(1746年)には預かり地が9万石近くに達し、第8代藩主・織田長教の代になると9万3430石を任されるようになった。
- In 1746 the land of custody reached nearly 90,000 koku; in the time of the eighth lord, Naganori ODA, he was asked to manage the land of 93,430 koku.
- 領民は会津藩主松平容保の京都守護職就任以来の重税に対する不満を一気に爆発させ、藩の支配組織を完全に解体に追い込んだのである。
- The people of the domain, who had been suffering from the heavy tax since the feudal lord of the domain, Katamori MATSUDAIRA's assumption of Kyoto Shugoshoku (Military Governor of Kyoto), exploded their frustration all at once in this revolt, which completely destroyed the ruling organization of the domain.
- 家茂の死後、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜は徳川宗家を相続したが、幕府の自分に対する忠誠を疑ったため、征夷大将軍職への就任を拒んでいた。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who succeeded Iemochi as head of the TOKUGAWA family, was suspicious whether the bakufu would be loyal to him and refused to assume the position of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 江戸時代後期には、江戸幕府の全国統治は天皇から徳川将軍家への委任関係に由来するという大政委任論と呼ばれる学説が唱えられていた。
- In the late Edo period, there was a theory called taisei-ininron saying that the government of the country by the Edo bakufu derived from a delegation from the emperors to the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- 事変後政治的に後退していた日本は竹添進一郎公使を10月30日漢城に帰任させ、済物浦条約の未払い分40万円の返上を申し出させた。
- Japan in political regression after the incident made Shinichiro TAKEZOE return to his post as minister to Korea in Hanseong on October 30 and he proposed to give up an unpaid 400,000 yen required in the Jemulpo Treaty.
- 一方、中島総裁に反対する鳩山らは病床の鈴木前総裁を動かし、新たに久原房之助・三土忠造・芳澤謙吉の3人を総裁代行委員に任命した。
- Meanwhile, Hatoyama and others who opposed president Nakajima worked on the former president Suzuki, who was sick in bed at that time, and appointed three new members for the acting president committee: Fusanosuke KUHARA, Chuzo MITSUCHI, and Kenkichi YOSHIZAWA.
- 9月には、外務権少丞吉岡弘毅を釜山広域市に遣り、明治5年1月には、宗義達を外務大丞に任じ、9月には、外務大丞花房義質を派した。
- In September, the government sent Gaimu-shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Koki YOSHIOKA to Busan, and in February 1872, they appointed Yoshiakira SO as Gaimu-taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and then, they sent Gaimu-taijo Yoshimoto HANABUSA to Korea in September.
- 古代・中世の日本において、六位以下の無官の者(散位)に対して救済及び任官、昇叙の機会を得させるために輪番で散位寮に出仕させた。
- In ancient and medieval Japan, the government made post-less courtiers (Sani) with ranks lower than Rokui (Sixth Rank) serve for Saniryo (the office controling Sani, courtier without post) in order to help and give them chances for appointments or promotions.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条で「日本臣民ハ法律命令ノ定ムル所ノ資格ニ応シ均ク文武官ニ任セラレ及其ノ他ノ公務ニ就クコトヲ得」と定めた。
- The nineteenth article of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan states 'Japanese citizens can equally be appointed as administrative/military officials and other official positions according to the criteria determined by law.'
- 基房は師家の摂政就任を後白河に懇願して断られた経緯があり(『玉葉』8月2日条)、娘の藤原伊子を義仲に嫁がせて復権を狙っていた。
- Motofusa had pleaded with Goshirakawa to install Moroie as Sessho, but his plea was turned down before ('Gyokuyo,' entry of August 28), and he had been waiting for a chance to earn restitution by having his daughter FUJIWARA no Ishi marry Yoshinaka.
- 豊臣政権の五大老であった徳川家康は、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦い後征夷大将軍に任命され、江戸に江戸幕府を構築し始める。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) of the Toyotomi government, was appointed Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and began to establish the Edo bakufu in Edo.
- 朝廷は後任の安房守に平正輔を任じるが、平正輔は伊勢国で同族の平致経と抗争を繰り返している最中で任国へ向かうどころではなかった。
- The Imperial Court appointed TAIRA no Masasuke to the substitute Awa no kami, but he could not leave for the appointed province because he was in the middle of repeated fighting with TAIRA no Munetsune of the same clan.
- 越前島津氏系の島津六郎左衛門尉忠頼(忠綱四男)の五男・左衛門尉頼昌は、近江国浅井郡町野郷地頭に任じられ、江州島津氏の祖となる。
- Saemon no jo Yorimasa SHIMAZU, the fifth son of Rokurozaemon no jo Tadayori SHIMAZU (the fourth son of Tadatsuna) of the Echizen Shimazu Clan was appointed as Jito (manager and lord of manor) of Yono-go, Asai-gun County, Omi Province, where he became the founder of the Goshu Shimazu Clan.
- 騒ぎを聞いて坑口にやってきた南と永岡鶴蔵は、賃上げや労働条件の改善は、自分らが責任をもって鉱山側と交渉するからと坑夫らを説得。
- Hearing of the riot, Minami and Tsuruzo NAGAOKA came to the mine mouth and persuaded mine workers that they would responsibly negotiate with the operator of the mine to improve the wages and their working conditions.
- 日本側では1871年(明治4年)に井上勝(日本の鉄道の父。鉄道国有論者としても著名)が鉱山頭兼鉄道頭に就任し、建設に携わった。
- As for the Japanese side, Masaru INOUE (known as the father of Japanese railways as well as an advocate of the nationalization of railways) became the head of mining and railways in 1871 and was involved in the construction.
- 幕府への恭順路線を貫き、責任者の処刑など西郷が提示した降伏条件の受け入れを承認したため、第1次長州征伐は回避されることとなった。
- In the end, the first conquest of Choshu was avoided because Choshu accepted the conditions to surrender, proposed by Saigo, including an execution of responsible persons, and absolute allegiance to the bakufu.
- これを見送りに行った桂久武は貧弱な輜重への心配と西郷への友義から急遽従軍し、西郷軍の大小荷駄本部長(輜重隊の総責任者)となった。
- Hisatake KATSURA went to see SAIGO off, but immediately decided to join the army because he felt anxious about the poor military goods they transported and because of his chivalrous spirit toward his comrade SAIGO, and became director-general of laborers transporting large and small provisions of Saigo's army (chief executive of transport corps.)
- 田は赴任する前に当時首相であった原敬と協議し、台湾での同化政策の推進が基本方針と確認され、就任した10月にその方針が発表された。
- Prior to his departure, Den conferred with then-Prime Minister Takashi HARA, with whom he agreed to pursue an assimilation approach in Taiwan as a principle policy, and formally announced the new policy in October of the year when he assumed the position.
- さらに大蔵大輔(のち民部大輔・参議を兼任)となった大隈は、外国から苦情が殺到していた贋造の旧二分金(1両の半分)の回収を急いだ。
- In addition, OKUMA, who became Okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury) (became Minbu-taifu [Senior Ministerial Assistant of Popular Affairs] and Sangi [councilor) later]), rushed to collect forged old 2 bu bills (a half of 1 ryo) swamped with complaints from abroad.
- これにより伊賀の方・光宗・実雅は流罪となったが、彼らに担ぎ上げられそうになった当の政村は厳罰を免れ後に第7代執権に就任している。
- Although Iga no kata, Mitsumune IGA, and Sanemasa ICHIJO were exiled for the plot, Masamura HOJO, whom they tried to make the regent, escaped severe punishment and assumed the seventh Shikken position later.
- 彼らはその身の中で、万民を救うという士大夫的責任感と「知行合一」とを結合させ、以下に述べるような社会批判を繰り広げていくのである。
- They combined the shidafu elite's idea of responsibility for giving relief to the nation with the idea of 'chigyo goitsu' and developed the criticisms to be described below.
- 秀忠死後は政治のかなりの部分を幕閣に任せており、家光が親政を行なったというのは幕閣がそのように宣伝した結果であるとも言われている。
- After the death of Hidetada, Iemitsu let the Bakufu cabinet officials conduct most of the political works and people's perception that Iemitsu personally engaged in politics is said to be the result of propaganda by cabinet officials.
- 長官の赴任に同行した佐賀藩士島義勇首席判官は、銭函(現小樽市銭函)に開拓使仮役所を開設し、札幌市で市街の設計と庁舎の建設を始めた。
- A leading magistrate and former feudal retainer of the Saga clan, Yoshitake SHIMA, who accompanied the chief of the Development Commission, established a temporary office in Zenibako (present-day, Zenibako, Otaru City) and started the designing of the urban district of Sapporo City and the construction of a head office in Sapporo.
- また、文章生も当初はその資格を「白丁雑任の子弟」に限定されて、貴族子弟は明経生、それ以外は文章生という明確な格差が定められていた。
- Also, at first, 'only sons of hakucho (ordinary people or inferior servants) and zonin (lower-ranking government official)' were qualified for monjosho, as there was a clear distinction that sons of nobles became myogyosho and others became monjosho.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- そこで、明治5年(1872年)に大蔵大輔の職にあった井上馨は、長崎府庁在任時に関わった事から、明治5年正月に教徒赦免の建議をした。
- Therefore, Kaoru INOUE, who was a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, proposed the remission of Christians in February, 1872, because he was engaged in the negotiation of the revision of the unequal treaty when he was in the government of Nagasaki Prefecture.
- これは正規の年官であった目 (国司)や史生などへの応募者が減少したことにより、そこから上がる任料収入の不足に対応したものであった。
- This was because, since the applicants for sakan (kokushi) and shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties concerning documents) of the regular nenkan decreased, rinjikyu was devised to cope with the shortage of ninryo (fee for getting an official rank) income.
- 日本における恩賞の給与は、古代以降、蝦夷征伐や謀叛の鎮圧に功労のあった武官に対して、朝廷が官位の任官または昇叙を行ったことによる。
- The practice of reward grants in Japan goes back to ancient times when the Imperial Court appointed those who rendered distinguished service in conquering Ezo or fighting rebellions as government officials or promoted them.
- そうした所領や荘園をそれぞれの本主の官職・位階に基づいて区別され、本主の政所によって統括され、家司を預所に補任して荘務を行わせた。
- Those shoryo and shoen were classified according to the kanshoku (official position) and ikai (court rank) of the respective main family, controlled over by the mandokoro (administrative office) of the main family, and the Ie no tsukasa was appointed to carry out the role.
- 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)(1869年7月25日)、版籍奉還により領地・領民を朝廷に返還した旧藩主274名が任命されて成立した。
- On July 25, 1869, 274 former feudal domain lords, who returned their territories and people to the Chotei (Imperial Court), were appointed to the position of Chihanji.
- 結局、改革も人心収攬に失敗し、また尊号一件などにより家斉の不興を買ったことで、定信は改革わずか6年目にして失脚して老中を辞任する。
- In the end, his reforms failed to win the hearts of the people, and also earned Ienari's displeasure in 'Songo ikken' (Songo Incident) and others, so he resigned 'roju' after only six years from the start of his reforms.
- しかしイギリスやアメリカの反対意見と局外中立の表明および征韓論にも反対していた参議木戸孝允の反対と辞任により政府は派遣中止を決める。
- However, the government decided not to dispatch the troops, because Britain and the US expressed oppositions against it and the government remained rather neutral, and because Sangi Takayoshi KIDO expressed his opinion against Seikanron and resigned in opposition to the dispatch.
- 1835年(天保6年)12月 - 炮術調練場の責任者である、幕府大筒役の佐々木卯之助が、評定所から青ヶ島遠島(流刑)の判決を受ける。
- In December 1835, Unosuke SASAKI, who was in charge of the shooting practice field, was sentenced to be exiled to Aogashima Island by the Hyojosho (conference chamber).
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- 駕籠が近づくと、まず前衛を任された森五六郎が駕籠訴を装って行列の供頭に近づき、取り押さえにきた日下部三郎右衛門をやにわに斬り捨てた。
- When the palanquin came close, Gorokuro MORI who was assigned to a vanguard approached the head of the party as though making a direct appeal to the palanquin, but, when he got close enough, he suddenly drew his sword and struck Saburoemon KUSAKABE who approached Gorokuro to subdue him.
- 軍部大臣現役武官制(ぐんぶだいじんげんえきぶかんせい)とは、軍部大臣(陸軍大臣、海軍大臣)の補任資格を現役の武官(軍人)に限る制度。
- Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei (Military Ministers to be Officers on Active-duty Rule) is a regulation to limit the appointing authority of Military Ministers (Minister of War and the Navy) to only active military officers.
- 『日本書紀』には継体天皇6年(512年)12月に百済武寧王の使者が租庸調を貢献するとともに任那四県の割譲を求めて館に留まったとある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', an envoy of Muryeong-wang in the Baekje Kingdom stayed at the facility to seek the cession of four prefectures belonging to Mimana in December 512 and January 513, also introducing the Soyocho (a tax system, corvee).
- 所領安堵や武家官位のみならず、公家の官職任免などの人事や家門安堵、寺社に対する政策、勅撰和歌集の撰進など朝廷のあらゆる分野に及んだ。
- Bukeshisso came to cover not only shoryo ando (the act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) and bukekani (official court titles for samurai) but also almost all areas such as Court nobles' appointment and dismissal in the Imperial Court, kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage), policies to temples and shrines and senshin (the dedicating of entitled documents and poetries) of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- いっぽう板垣は参議就任により、愛国社創立運動の失敗を招いたため、自由民権派から背信行為を厳しく糾弾され、釈明に追われることとなった。
- On the other hand, Itagaki's assumption of office as Sangi caused the movement of the formation of Aikokusha (literally, the Society of Patriots) to fail, so he was severely criticized by the Jiyu Minken fraction for his betrayal and pressed to offer vindication.
- しかし、実際には議政官上局の実力者が行政各官の責任者を兼ねたり、刑法官が行政官の監督下にあったりして権力分立は不十分なものであった。
- In reality, however, influential members in Jokyoku (a law-making body) of Giseikan held concurrently a responsible position of Gyoseikan and Keihokan were put under the supervision of Gyoseikan; thus the separation of powers was not performed properly.
- 残った左右の馬寮も781年に主馬寮(しゅめりょう)に統合されて長である主馬頭(しゅめのかみ)には従四位下である伊勢老人が任じられた。
- Remaining Samaryo and Umaryo were integrated into Shumeryo (Bureau of Imperial Mews) in 781, and ISE no Okina whose rank was Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) was assigned to Shume no kami, the head of Shumeryo.
- こうして代々の陸奥守には清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が任ぜられることが多く、また陸奥守が鎮守府将軍を兼ねる場合も少なくなかった。
- Thus, military aristocrats from Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) were often assigned as Mutsu no kami successively and they often doubled as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun.
- また、一度除籍を受けた者は処分が撤回・赦免されない限りは官位の補任を受けられなかったため、その前に再度昇殿が認められる必要があった。
- People who were once given jojaku shobun could not be appointed any official court rank unless the punishment was canceled/pardoned, so that they had to have their shoden granted again before appointment.
- 武田氏の滅亡後、北信濃を任された森長可が本能寺の変により撤退、代わって上杉景勝が進出するのに伴って高梨氏は旧領に復帰することができた。
- After the downfall of the Takeda clan, Nagayoshi MORI, who had been placed in charge of northern Shinano, retreated due to the incident at Honno-ji, and the Takanashi clan retrieved the old manor once Kagekatsu UESUGI gained ground.
- 議会派はクロムウェルを護国卿に任命したが、その死後に護国卿を継承した子のリチャード・クロムウェルには政治力が無く、自ら辞任を申し出た。
- Parliamentarians appointed their leader Cromwell as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, but, after his death, his child Richard Cromwell who succeeded the post of Lord Protector had little political clout and offered his voluntary resignation from the post.
- 1919年から1937年までに田健治郎、内田嘉吉、伊沢多喜男、上山満之進、川村竹治、石塚英藏、太田政弘、南弘、中川健蔵が就任している。
- The Governors-General appointed from 1919 to 1937 included Kenjiro DEN, Kakichi UCHIDA, Takio IZAWA, Mitsunoshin KAMIYAMA, Eizo ISHIZUKA, Masahiro OTA, Hiroshi MINAMI and Kenzo NAKAGAWA.
- 結局、密使の派遣が問題となり、高宗は李完用らに責任を問われ皇帝の地位を純宗に譲ることとなり、第三次日韓協約の調印へと進むこととなった。
- After all, the dispatch of the secret agent became a problem and Gao Zong, blamed by Wan-yong LEE and others, had to give Sunjong his position as the emperor, which led to signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (Third Japan-Korea Treaty).
- 有事の際にはこうした「武家の棟梁」が追討使に補任され、主従関係を結んでいる「一国棟梁」以下の武士を動員し、軍事活動を展開したのである。
- In an emergency, such a 'Buke no toryo' was appointed tsuitoshi, and the leader mobilized samurai under 'Ikkoku toryo' with whom he had a master-servant relationship, to carry out necessary military activities.
- 追捕官符によって兵力動員権を得た受領のもと、警固使に任じられた者は国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事的に編成し、有事に際しては指揮権を行使した。
- The person appointed Keigoshi by the zuryo, who obtained the right to mobilize soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, organized gunji and persons in the rich and powerful class in the province into a military system and exercised the right to command in the event of an emergency.
- 海戦用の水軍や朝鮮沿岸を西進する作戦を持たなかった日本軍は、陸戦部隊や後方で輸送任務にあたっていた部隊から急遽水軍を編成して対抗した。
- The Japanese army that did not have a navy for fighting on the sea nor a plan to proceed to the west along the coast of Korea, they hastily organized a navy with troops for land combat and troops that had been engulfed in transportation in the rear to cope with the Korean navy.
- しかし、この御殿が将軍の宿舎として使われたのは、この家光上洛の1回限りで、その後同城は、幕府の任命した城番が管理する「番城」となった。
- However, Iemitsu's trip to Kyoto was the first and last time the Goten was used as a shogun's inn, and later it became a 'banjiro' under the supervision of a Joban (one who takes care of castles) who was appointed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- また陸軍軍属においても、親任官以下全ての陸軍軍属が着用する軍属従軍服(軍属服)では、五芒星を模した臂章が制式(昭和18年制)であった。
- Furthermore, the army patch on the uniform for military campaigns that was worn by all the army civilian employees, including officials appointed by the emperor, was designed based on the Gobosei, and it was used as the official style (1943 style).
- 会社は、有事の際の軍事輸送を引き受けることを条件に政府の出資を得ており、社長も伊藤雋吉海軍少将が就任するなど政府色が濃いものとなった。
- The company was highly influenced by the government: the company received the investment from the government on the premise that they will help with military transportation in case of emergency, and also Toshiyoshi ITO, a rear admeral, was assigned to be the president.
- この条約により、高級官吏の任免権を韓国統監が掌握すること(第4条)、韓国政府の官吏に日本人を登用できること(第5条)などが定められた。
- In addition to that, this new treaty gave the Japanese Resident-General the right to appoint and dismiss high-ranking officials (Article 4) and stipulated that all high-ranking officials appointed to the Korean government must be Japanese (Article 5).
- しかしこの事件により、第二次山本権兵衛内閣は責任を取る形で総辞職を余儀なくされ、代わって枢密院議長の清浦奎吾に内閣組閣の大命が下った。
- This incident, however, forced the second cabinet of Gonbei YAMAMOTO to take the responsibility and resign en bloc, and subsequently Keigo KIYOURA, Chairman of the Privy Council received an Imperial command to form a new cabinet.
- 中後期の例では、尾張藩・紀州藩・水戸藩・加賀藩、老中などの要職在任中の藩、伺候席の大名、長崎警固を担う佐賀藩・福岡藩は免除されていた。
- For example, following domains were exempted from Tetsudai Fushin in the middle and later period: Owari, Kishu, Mito, and Kaga; the domains with their lords filling such important posts as Roju; the domains with their lords filling the posts of shikoseki (anteroom seats for feudal lords and direct retainer of the shogun at the Edo-jo castle); and the domains in charge of the guard of Nagasaki, namely Saga and Fukuoka.
- 皇族の名簿を管理するため、長官の正には奈良時代には王が任命されることが多く、平安時代以後は代々白川家(花山源氏・伯王家)が任じられた。
- To control the name list of Imperial families, princes were often appointed to Kami, who was an administrator, during the Nara period and after the Heian period the Shirakawa family (Kazan-Genji [Minamoto clan], the Hakuo family) were appointed for generations.
- 北条義時の死去に伴い、伊賀光宗とその妹で義時の後妻伊賀の方が、伊賀の方の実子北条政村の執権就任と、娘婿一条実雅の将軍職就任を画策した。
- Due to the death of Yoshitoki HOJO, Mistumune IGA and Iga no kata, his younger sister and the second wife of Yoshitoki, schemed to have Masamura HOJO, her biological son, to assume the position of shikken, regent to the shogunate, and to have Sanemasa ICHIJO, her son-in-law, to assume the Shogunship.
- 民政局には内務、殖産、財務、学務の4部が設置されたほか、台湾民主国の活動が行われた期間に高島鞆之助が副総督として任命されたケースもある。
- The Home Affairs Bureau was further divided into four offices: Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Finance and Education, and Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA was appointed as Vice Governor-General when the Republic of Formosa existed on Taiwan.
- 司令長官:三好重臣陸軍少将(2月29日-)・大山巌陸軍少将(3月10日(別働第一旅団司令長官兼任)-)・黒川通軌陸軍大佐(5月13日-)
- Commander in Chief: Shigeomi MIYOSHI, Major General of the Imperial Army (February 29 -), Iwao OYAMA, Major General of the Imperial Army (March 10 (served concurrently as the Commander in Chief of the detached 1st brigade) -), and Michinori KUROKAWA, Colonel of the Imperial Army (May 13 -)
- それに先立つ9世紀には、地方においては国衙と在地の郡司・豪族・富裕層、あるいは前任国司の子弟などを含む王臣子孫達との武力衝突が多発する。
- Previously, there were frequent martial conflicts between the kokuga (provincial government offices), rich clans, and social classes, or posterity of a vassal including servants of previously assigned governors during the ninth century.
- 受領は郡司・富豪層を出自とする田堵負名らに租税納入の責任を課していたが、税率や減免率などをめぐって受領と負名層の間には対立が生じていた。
- Zuryo entrusted tax collection work to Tato fumyo who came from gunji or the rich and powerful class, but often confronted them with tax rates or tax reduction rates.
- 例えば、国司の赴任の際に在庁官人らが椀飯を奉って歓迎の饗宴を行う慣例が行われるようになり、在庁官人から武士に椀飯の慣習が広まっていった。
- For example, local officials served oban as a welcome banquet for the newly appointed Kokushi and this custom of oban spread from local officials to the bushi (samurai) class.
- 結果は院近臣勢力の露骨な拡大であり、兼実は「任人の体、殆ど物狂と謂ふべし。悲しむべし悲しむべし」(『玉葉』8月16日条)と憤慨している。
- The result was an outright expansion of the poser of In-no-kinshin (vassal attending on a retired emperor), which made Kanezane indignant enough to say, 'The state of appointments is practically insane. It is deplorable. Deplorable' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 11).
- 国免荘における不輸の権は、国司辞任後の生活にそなえたものであり、多くは任期の末期に生じたが、次期の国司によって収公されることが多かった。
- As Fuyu no ken was for kokushi to prepare for life after retirement, the right was exercised more towards the end of his term, but in many cases what he had gained was confiscated by the incoming kokushi.
- 義満は将軍就任から5年後の応安6年(1373年)に参議、永徳元年(1381年)に内大臣に昇り、朝廷の一員として活動する意向を示していた。
- Yoshimitsu was promoted to Sangi (councilor) in 1373, five years after he was inaugurated as shogun, and to Naidainjin (Minister of the Center) in 1381, and he indicated his willingness to act as the member of the Imperial Court.
- なお、朝鮮貴族は朝鮮貴族令5条により華族と同一の礼遇を享けるものとされたが、華族議員となる資格はなく、勅任議員として貴族院議員に列した。
- Korean peerage were supposed to be treated the same as Japanese peerage, as stated in Article 5 of the ordinance of Korean peerage, but they did not have the same criteria to become a peerage councilor in Japan and ranked as the Chokunin Councilors in Kizokuin.
- そもそも称徳天皇(孝謙上皇)は淳仁天皇時代から天武天皇系皇統の嫡流であるとする立場を堅持し続けて皇位継承者の選任権を手放さなかったこと。
- That the Empress Shotoku (Retired Empress Koken) did not give up the right to appoint the heir to the Imperial Throne by firmly maintaining the position of being the direct descendant of the Emperor Tenmu since the era of the Emperor Junnin;
- さらに洋務運動官僚の劉坤一・張之洞らと関係の深い近衛が会長に就任すると孫文らの中国革命を支援する東亜会系の会員は次第に姿を消していった。
- In addition, as Konoe who had close ties to Kunyi LIU and Shido CHO, the Western Affair Movement bureaucracy became the chairman, the members of the Toa-kai which supported the Chinese Revolution that was led by Sun Yat-sen gradually left from the group.
- しかし準備期間が全くないまま唐突に発せられた点は否めず、解放された女性の転職、収入面の補償などのケアは個々の地方に任される状態であった。
- However, since it was announced abruptly with no preparation period, the Meiji Government had to have local governments deal with aftercare services for liberated women in pleasant quarters, particularly prostitutes, such as finding new jobs and compensating for their lost income.
- 特に政治的に安定した時期とされ、期間中に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙、第11回衆議院議員総選挙は、いずれも任期満了に伴うものである。
- This era is said to have been politically stable, and both the 10th general election of members of the House of Representatives and the 11th general election of members of the House of Representatives were held at the expiration of terms of office during this period.
- その後、征夷大将軍や執権のみならず、引付などの幕府の各機関にも右筆が置かれ、太田氏や三善氏などの官人の末裔がその任に当たるようになった。
- Later, Yuhitsu were placed not only in the authorities of Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) and the regent to the shogunate, but also in each authority of Bakufu such as Hikitsuke (Court of justice), and the descendants of the government officials, such as the Ota clan and the Miyoshi clan, took over the role of it.
- しかし、それ以外の将軍は幕閣に政治を任せるか、前将軍(または将軍の父)である大御所に唯々諾々と従う存在であったかのように思われがちである。
- The other shogun are often considered to have left political matters to Bakufu cabinet officials, or to have merely followed the orders made by the former shogun (or his father).
- 嘉永6年(1853年)に第12代将軍徳川家慶が死去し、第13代将軍に家慶の四男・徳川家定が就任するが、病弱で男子を儲ける見込みが無かった。
- In 1853, the 12th shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA died and his fourth son, Iesada TOKUGAWA ascended to be the 13th Shogun, but was in poor health and had no hope to have a son.
- 党内からは総裁専制との批判が起こり、翌年政党政治を嫌う山縣有朋は、伊藤を総裁から退かせるために枢密院 (日本)議長に就任するよう推挽する。
- From within the Seiyu Party, criticism arose against Ito's autocratic political style as a president and in the following year, Aritomo YAMAGATA, who disliked party government, nominated Ito for Chairman of the Privy Council (Japan) to unseat him from the presidency of the party.
- 逆に道真も文章博士就任後、元慶5年(881年)に東曹の三善清行、同7年(883年)には同じく東曹の紀長谷雄の対策に際して出題を行っている。
- Similarly, when Michizane assumed the post of the Monjo hakase, he set the question for the taisaku examination for Kiyoyuki (also referred to as Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI of the toso in 881, and KI no Haseo of the toso in 883.
- 明法道の試験は難関であったために弘仁4年(813年)には、6問以上正解者には不合格であっても国博士に任命される資格を得ることが認められた。
- Because the examination of Myohodo was difficult, in 813 unsuccessful applicants were still allowed to have the qualification to be appointed as Kunihakase (a teacher of local institute).
- 仁和3年(887年)11月21日、藤原基経の推薦により臣籍から皇太子となった宇多天皇は、その即位に際して、基経を関白に任じる詔勅を出した。
- On November 21, 887 when he was inaugurated, the Emperor Uda, who had become the Crown Prince from the status of a subject thanks to the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune, issued shochoku (the Imperial decree) appointing Mototsune to Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor).
- その範囲は現任の文武官をはじめ徴税や官物輸送その他の職役を負担する戸や胥吏 にまで及び彼らは 5 段階の戸等制で1、2等の上等戸であった。
- Their duties ranged from the management of literary and military affairs to tax collection and the transport of government property as well as duties which were the responsibility of other officials and 'xuli' (petty officials), and they occupied the top two ranks of the five-tier system of household ranks (hudengzhi).
- ところが、その後再度の内紛によって各省の大輔・少輔人事が一旦白紙に戻り、大久保が大蔵卿と就任することと引換に民部省は大蔵省に再統合された。
- However, the personnel of taifu and shofu was taken back everything because of the internal trouble again afterwards, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) was reintegrated to Okurasho (Ministry of the Treasury) in exchange for the inauguration of OKUBO to Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury).
- このため、これら一連の動きなどから、1月31日清浦内閣は衆議院の任期満了を待たずに議会を解散して総選挙を行なうことで白黒をつけようとした。
- Due to these series of anti-cabinet movement, on January 31, the KIYOURA cabinet without waiting till the end of its term, dissolved the Diet and attempted to bring about a solution by calling a general election.
- 室町時代において左馬頭は、足利直義が左馬頭になったのを嘉例とし、将軍の後見職(副将軍的な存在)あるいは次期将軍が就任する官職と見なされた。
- Taking it as a good example that Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was appointed to Sama no kami, Sama no kami in the Muromachi period was regarded as a government post taken by Kokenshoku (post of guardian) of Shogun (existence like vice-shogun) or by Shogun-in-waiting.
- 帰国した永山が、明治21年(1888年)6月15日に、屯田兵本部長を兼ねつつ北海道庁長官に就任すると、屯田兵の改革・増設計画が急速に進んだ。
- NAGAYAMA, who returned to Japan, assumed the post of governor of the Hokkaido government concurrently serving as Tondenhei Director-general on June 15, 1888, the reformation/expansion program of tondenhei was rapidly improved.
- のちに「北海道開拓の父」とも呼ばれた島の計画は壮大であったが、厳冬の中で予算を急激に消費したこと等が理由で長官と対立し、志半ばで解任された。
- The reclamation project designed by SHIMA, who was later called 'The father of Hokkaido Reclamation', was so grand, but he was blamed and confronted by the chief for spending too much budget in a short period of time during severe winter and got fired without seeing the completion of the project.
- まず、明治2年の版籍奉還で旧藩主が自発的に版(土地)・籍(人民)を天皇に返上し、改めて知藩事に任命されることで、藩地と領主の分離が図られた。
- First, in 1869 former governors of feudal domains voluntarily returned their lands and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan), and then they were reappointed as governors of domains by the emperor, while feudal lords were separated from their domains.
- 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
- Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
- これについて佐藤進一は、前段の荘園公領回復令が本宣旨の主文であり、後段の頼朝への東国行政権委任令が付則の形態をとったであろうと推定している。
- Shinichi SATO assumes that the first part that is the order for the restoration of shoen and koryo is the main part of this decree, and the latter part that is the delegation of the authority on the Togoku region to Yoritomo is the additional clause.
- 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられた清和源氏と桓武平氏は、この時代新たに登場した武士層の棟梁、すなわち武家の棟梁と呼びうる存在であった。
- Among the military nobles, Seiwa Genji (the Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (the Taira clan), who were endowed with the high Shii (Fourth Rank), stood out as the chieftains of the warrior class, namely Buke no toryo (the leader of samurai families), that newly emerged in this period.
- さらに言えば、武士身分の田堵負名は、自らの私営田を権門勢家(皇室・有力貴族・有力寺社)へ寄進して荘園とするとともに、荘官に任じられてもいた。
- In addition, some Tato fumyo with the samurai status donated their privately operated fields to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) (Imperial families, powerful nobles, or powerful temples or shrines), making them manors and being appointed to shokan (the officers governing these manors).
- 14代藩主徳川慶勝は就任以来尊皇攘夷の立場をとり、特に黒船来航以来藩政の刷新を進める中で竹腰家を初めとするふいご党と対立することが多かった。
- The fourteenth lord of the Owari Domain Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA took stance of Sonno-joi-ha and especially since the arrival of the Black Ships, he was often opposed to the Fuigo party like the Takenokoshi family during the reform of administration of the domain.
- 今日では国家公務員の職、特に裁判官、検察官、自衛官(即応予備自衛官、予備自衛官を含む)、警察官、海上保安官などに任ぜられる場合に用いられる。
- Nowadays ninkan is used when appointing government officials, especially judges, public prosecutors, Self-Defense force officials (including rapid-reaction reserve officials and reserve officials), police officers and Maritime Safety officials.
- 幕府は前尾張藩主徳川慶勝を総督、越前藩主松平茂昭を副総督、薩摩藩士西郷隆盛を参謀に任じ、広島へ36藩15万の兵を集結させて長州へ進軍させる。
- The bakufu appointed Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the former lord of the Owari Domain) to the commander, Mochiaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Echizen domain) to the vice commander, and Takamori SAIGO (the feudal retainer of Satsuma) to the general staff, respectively, and marshaled 150,000 soldiers from 36 clans in Hiroshima to made them advance toward the Choshu Domain.
- 征韓論派の下野の後政府は内務卿大久保利通の主導のもと1874年台湾蕃地事務長官に大隈重信、同都督に陸軍中将西郷従道を任命して出兵準備をさせた。
- After resignation of supporters of Seikanron, the government led by Toshimichi OKUBO, Secretary of Interior, appointed Shigenobu OKUMA as chief secretary of Taiwan Banchi and Tsugumichi SAIGO, lieutenant general (army), as Totoku governor general of Taiwan in 1874 to prepare for the dispatch of troops.
- 前者とすると院らの収入が少なすぎる上に任命された受領にとってのメリットも無くなるために後者であろうと考える説が有力であるが、詳細は不明である。
- According the to first theory, income to the recipients would have been too small and zuryo would not benefit from the system, so the second theory is more plausible, however the details are unknown.
- 給主たる院宮・寺社は毎年、叙位或いは特定の官職への任官希望者を公募し、応募者に叙爵料、任料を納める代償として希望する官位を与えることができた。
- As the owners of the territories, ingu, temple and shrines were allowed to publicly seek applicants for joi (investiture of a Court rank) or specific government posts every year and grant official ranks in return for Joshaku (conferring of a Court rank) fee and ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).
- 書類の記録・作成の必要上、右筆などの経験者が任じられることもあり、執事・執事代・所司代・開闔などの幹部も寄人・公人から選ばれることが多かった。
- Because it was necessary to record and prepare documents, experienced staff such as yuhitsu (amanuensis) were appointed, and officers such as Shitsuji (steward), Shitsujidai (deputy steward), Shoshiidai (representative of shoshi, a governor of the board of retainers) and Kaigo (assistant administrator) were often selected from yoriudo/kunin.
- 土岐頼貞は南北朝時代 (日本)では北朝 (日本)について室町幕府から美濃守護職に任じられ、足利尊氏を助けて功績が大きく幕府創業の功臣となった。
- Yorisada TOKI took sides with the Northern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts of Japan, and was appointed as Mino shugoshiki (military governor of Mino Province) by the Muromachi bakufu for helping Takauji ASHIKAGA; after that, he became one of the meritorious vassals for his great achievement when the bakufu was established.
- これについては編纂に参加した脇坂安宅の老中就任との関係や当時のいわゆる文久の改革との関連性が指摘されるが、その経緯については不明のままである。
- It is pointed out that this sudden order might be relevant to the appointment of Yasuori WAKISAKA, who participated in the compilation of the law, as the senior councilor and to the so-called Bunkyu Reform of that time, but the particulars are still unknown.
- 陸奥国は、金山や良馬に恵まれる一方、その国司は、朝廷の支配に属さない蝦夷を帰服させ、しばしば離反を繰り返した俘囚を服属させる任務を帯びていた。
- While Mutsu Province was a place with good goldmine and breeding of good horses, the governor of it was on a mission of subduing some tribes of Ezo who did not come under the yoke of the Imperial Court, and subsuming other tribes of Ezo who once submitted (Fushu) but often seceded from the Imperial Court.
- 5月29日近衛師団の台湾北部への上陸後唐総督らは台湾を脱出し、清仏戦争の英雄劉永福が民主国政府により大将軍に任じられて台北陥落後の抵抗を担った。
- On May 29, when the Imperial Guards landed in the northern part of Taiwan, Governor Tang and other leaders escaped from the island, but the government of the Republic of Formosa appointed Liu Yongfu, a hero in Sino-French War, as commander in chief and took the responsibility for resistance after the fall of Taipei.
- 京都所司代の力のみでは過激派浪士を抑えることができなくなった幕府は、1862年(文久2年)閏8月に会津藩主松平容保を新設の京都守護職に任命する。
- In leap August 1862 (according to the old lunar calendar), the Shogunate appointed the head of the Aizu clan Katamori MATSUDAIRA to a newly established post, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), for suppressing increasing masterless samurai extremists whom Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) had been no longer able to control.
- この内容は主に、鉱害による損害賠償請求が行えるようにして欲しいというものだった(当時は原告に立証責任があったため、裁判で勝つ見込みがなかった)。
- The petition was mainly to ask for the authorities' permission that the victims claimed compensation for the damage by the mining pollution (in those days, since plaintiffs had the burden of proof, the victims had no chance of winning in court)
- 1919年8月20日勅令により総督武官制を廃止し、制度上は文官でも総督就任可能としたが、実際には実現せず、斎藤以外の総督はすべて陸軍大将だった。
- By the imperial edict of August 20, 1919, military Sotoku system was abolished, which allowed a civil officer to assume the Sotoku post subject to the system, but this didn't realize in reality, and all the Sotoku other than Saito were Army Generals.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 彼らは御家人としては鎌倉殿に奉仕し、地頭としては従来の郡司、郷司、荘官の任を引き継いで、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕した。
- They served kamakura-dono as shogunal retainers, while serving kokuga and lords of shoen as jito who were in charge of tax collection, police, and trials to take over the duties of conventional gunji, goji, and shokan.
- これに対し沢柳総長は、教授の地位を保つのはその実であって制度的保障はなく、また現行制度においても教授の任免に教授会の同意は必要でないと反論した。
- The president of the university, Sawayanagi, countered their argument saying that the positions of professors should be maintained by ones ability, rather than by the system, and that the approval of the faculty council is not required for reshuffling professors even under the existing system.
- 1190年(建久元年) - 頼朝が右近衛大将(律令制における武官の最高位)に任じられ治安維持に関する17ヶ条に及ぶ命を受ける(後の大犯三ヶ条)。
- 1190 - Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (the highest rank of military officers in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and given an order relating to security enforcement which consisted of 17 articles (later, Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable)).
- しかし、上原勇作陸軍大臣が辞表を提出、陸軍は軍部大臣現役武官制を盾に後任陸相の推薦を拒否したため内閣は総辞職に追い込まれた(二個師団増設問題)。
- However, the Cabinet was forced to resign en masse because Yusaku UEHARA, the Minister of Army, submitted his resignation and the military refused to nominate an incoming Minister of Army by hiding behind a rule that only an active military officer could serve as Army or Navy Minister (the issue of building additional two divisions).
- さらに預かり地の統治を任されていた杉浦弥左衛門や吉田千左衛門らの預かり地における統治もある程度成功を収めたため、幕府から厚く賞賛されるに至った。
- Yazaemon SUGIURA and Senzaemon YOSHIDA were entrusted to manage the land in custody; as their way of management showed success to some extent, Shibamura Domain was praised by the bakufu generously.
- 最初期は火付盗賊改方長官が所管していたが、平蔵が寛政4年(1792年)に退任してからは町奉行所に属する人足寄場奉行として新たに役職が設置された。
- In the beginning, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery) was in charge of Ninsokuyoseba, but after the retirement of Heizo in 1792 an official position of Ninsokuyoseba Bugyo (Magistrate) was installed which was affiliated with a town magistrate's office.
- 第1次伊藤内閣(だい1じ いとう ないかく)は、参議の伊藤博文が初代内閣総理大臣に任命され、12月22日から4月30日まで続いた内閣 (日本)。
- The First Ito Cabinet was launched when Sangi (councilor), Hirobumi ITO was assigned as the first prime minister and lasted from December 22 to April 30.
- しかし外務省が用意した改正草案に妥協案として「外国人裁判官の任用」の条項が含まれていたことが明らかになると、蜂の巣を突いたような大騒動となった。
- However, once they realized the revision proposal prepared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs contained the article suggesting an appointment of a foreign judge as a compromise plan, it caused an utter confusion like a madhouse.
- 黒田は自分が務めていた農商務大臣を逓信大臣の榎本武揚に兼務させたほかは、全閣僚を留任させて新内閣を発足させた(農商務大臣には後に井上馨を専任)。
- KURODA had all ministers stay in office except his position as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce which was taken over by Takeaki ENOMOTO, Minister of Communication, and started a new cabinet (Later, Kaoru INOUE was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce).
- 家康が1600年の関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して天下人となり、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられると、幕府の所在地として江戸の政治的重要性は一気に高まった。
- Edo rose in political prominence when it became the seat of the Bakufu government when Ieyasu 's became the ruler of Japan after his victory in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and was annointed 'Seii taishogun' in 1603.
- 熊本鎮台部隊が5月22日に馬見原から竹田方面に転進すると、この方面を担任することになった第1旅団は5月25日、折原を攻撃し、遂に三田井を占領した。
- Troops of Kumamoto Brigade changed their course to the Takeda area from Mamihara on May 22, and then the 1st brigade, having been assigned to this area, attacked Orihara on May 25 and seized Mitai at last.
- つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
- In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
- さらに徳川家康・前田利家・毛利輝元・宇喜多秀家・小早川隆景(慶長2年の隆景没後は、上杉景勝)ら、有力大名を五大老に任じて豊臣政権の最高機関とした。
- In addition, Hideyoshi established the supreme organization of the Toyotomi government by appointing the following influential feudal lords as 'Gotairo' (Council of Five Elders): Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Toshiie MAEDA, Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA (Kagekatsu UESUGI after Takakage's death in 1597).
- 院政期には大江匡房があらわれて『江家次第』を編録し、前代の藤原公任『北山抄』、藤原実資『小野宮年中行事』と合わせ、王朝儀式書の鏡として重用された。
- 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House) compiled by OE no Masafusa in the Insei period was used importantly as a book on rites during the dynasty age together with 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period) by FUJIWARA no Kinto, Ononomiya nenjugyoji (the precedents for annual events of Ononomiya) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke from the former generation.
- 第七国立銀行(第七銀行)→1904年に任意解散(1896年、当行及び第八十国立銀行の株主協同により土佐銀行(四国銀行の前身)を設立し、業務を移管)
- The Seventh National Bank (Daishichi Bank) -> voluntarily dissolved in 1904 (in 1896, the Tosa Bank [the predecessor of the Shikoku Bank] was established by cooperation of the shareholders of the Seventh National Bank and the 80th National Bank, and business was transferred thereto).
- 公季は、入内させた娘に皇子女はできなかったものの、道長の執政下において長く内大臣の任にあって道長政権を支え、右大臣を経て晩年には太政大臣に達した。
- Although his daughter whom he made judai (an Imperial Consort's bridal entry into court) had no Imperial princes and princesses, Kinsue held the post of Naidaijin (Minister of the Palace) for a long time under the administration of Michinaga to support the Michinaga's government then he was promoted to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in his last days after appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the Right).
- 5世紀には農業生産力が上がり国力が増大し、日本書紀には、この時期に朝鮮半島に兵を送り、一時期は朝鮮半島の一部を領有した(→任那説)と記されている。
- According to'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), agricultural productivity and national power grew until the 5th century, at which time armies were sent to the Korean Peninsula, occupying a part of it for a while (the theory of Mimana).
- そのほかに各種の品官(ほんかん)(以上は官位相当官)や史生(ししょう)・伴部(ともべ)・使部(しぶ)などの雑任(ぞうにん、下級職員)が所属していた。
- Other thant these officials of four ranks, there were also various officall called Honkan as well as Zonin (lower-ranked staffs) such as Shisho (staff in charge of miscellaneous clerical duties), Tomobe (foreman of respective duties) and Shibe (odd-job man).
- しかし、それが、郡司、郷司という、役職において保証されたものである限り、国司側はその任を解く権限を持っており、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- However, since such possession was guaranteed in association with the positions such as gunji and goji, kokushi had a right to dismiss, which was in fact executed in the Soma-go village.
- 太上天皇をはじめ皇族、公卿に対して毎年、一定の官職を給与し、給与を受けた者が任官希望者を募り、任料を納めさせる代わりに希望者を申任させる制度である。
- Under this system, the Retired Emperors, Imperial families and court nobles were given certain official posts every year, invited applicants for the posts in question and recommended one of the applicants to the post in return for the payment of ninryo (fee for getting official post).
- すなわち、黒田・伊藤らの主張は「オットー・フォン・ビスマルク流の専制を我邦に施さんとする」ものであり、国務大臣は議会に対して責任を負うものではない。
- Kuroda and Ito claimed that 'Otto von Bismarck-style autocracy should be applied to our nation' and that the Minister of State should not be responsible for the Diet.
- 司法卿によって任命された玉乃世履判事らは同年7月5日に判決案を作成し司法省に伺いを立て、司法省では、これを受けて7月17日に太政官に伺書を提出した。
- Judge Yofumi TAMANO and other officers assigned by the Shihokyo (Predecessor of the Minister of Justice) wrote a decision draft and asked for the Ministry of Justice's opinions on July 5 in the same year, then the Ministry of Justice submitted a document to ask an opinion and direction to the Daijokan on July 17.
- これに先立ち、一進会は1905年11月5日に「外交権を日本政府に委任し日本の指導保護を受け、朝鮮の独立、安定を維持せよ」という宣言書を発表している。
- On November 5, 1905 before that, Isshinkai had announced their declaration that they transferred their diplomatic right to Japanese Government to go under the Japanese instruction and protection, for the purpose of maintaining Korea's independence and stability.
- 慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1603年3月24日)、家康は伏見城で征夷大将軍に就任、江戸幕府を開き、江戸城を始め普請事業を行うなど政権作りを始める。
- On March 24, 1603, Ieyasu assumed the post of Seiitaishougun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo) in Fushimi-jo Castle, established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and started to strengthen his political power by performing construction projects including Edo Castle.
- 近衛府、兵衛府は形骸化し、実際には衛門府と、左衛門尉が兼任する検非違使、馬寮、そして滝口、武者所、院政期においては北面下臈(いわゆる北面武士)である。
- Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) and Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) fell to ruins and they were Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), Saemon no jo (third-ranking officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) that had additional duties of kebiishi, meryo, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro (place where Samurai of guard of the Imperial Palace is staffed), and hokumen gero (北面下臈)(or so called Northern bushi) during insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
- そこで受領は荘園への対抗手段として、主に軍事的に対応能力を有する武士身分の田堵負名に公領の経営と治安維持を委任することで、公領の維持を図ったのである。
- Consequently, as a measure against manors, zuryo entrusted the management of koryo and security duty mostly to the Tato fumyo with the samurai status who had military abilities, to maintain koryo.
- 各府県および知藩事任命後の藩は、いくつかの例外を除いて、それぞれの府藩県庁所在地名によって「大阪府」「品川県」「山口藩」などと呼ぶのを原則としていた。
- 'Fu' and 'ken' (prefectures) and 'han' (domain) to which Chihanji was assigned were basically called by the place name of their respective capital place, such as Osaka-fu, Shinagawa-ken, or Yamaguchi-han.
- 長である市正(いちのかみ)は本来は正六位上相当の官であったが、五位の実務官僚や得業生や文章生のうち成功 (任官)に応じた者が任命されることが多かった。
- Ichi no kami (Commissioner of the Market) as the head was originally an official equivalent to Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade), but a person who accepted to have an appointment among governmental official of Goi (Fifth Rank) responsible for practical works, tokugyosho (student like postgraduate, student taking the graduate program) and monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) most of the time.
- 鎌倉時代の関東御分国は、将軍家が知行国主として支配し、一族や御家人を朝廷に推挙して国司に任じ、国衙領(公領)を支配するとともに、国衙領からの収入を得た。
- The form of Kanto Gobunkoku in the Kamakura period was that the family/clan members or the retainers of the Kamakura bakufu were recommended to the Imperial Court for nomination as provincial officials, in order to rule the provinces as the officials of Kokugaryo (Imperial province) and properly earn revenue from the province.
- だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
- However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司は荘園公領間の武力抗争に耐えうる人物が期待されるようになり、古来の郡司一族が失脚して武士がその任に当てられることが多くなっていく。
- Shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji were expected to be someone who could tolerate the armed conflicts between shoen and koryo, and there were increasing numbers of cases where the gunji families from the ancient times were overthrown and replaced by samurai to be appointed to the positions.
- 荘園と公領は前代に引き続き名田に分割編成され、百姓はこの名田の名主に補任(ぶにん)されて年貢(ねんぐ)、公事(くじ)、夫役(ぶやく)の納入責任を負った。
- Shoen and koryo were divided and organized into myoden as in the previous period, and hyakusho were appointed to nanushi (village headman) of the rice field lots to be responsible for payment of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties), and buyaku (compulsory services).
- 天長3年に初めて3国の太守に任じられたのは、賀陽親王(常陸国太守)、仲野親王(上総国太守)、 葛井親王(上野国太守)で、いずれも桓武天皇の皇子であった。
- Those who were firstly appointed to the kokushu of the above three provinces in 826 were Imperial Prince Kaya (Taishu of Hitachi Province), Imperial Prince Nakano (Taishu of Kazusa Province), and Imperial Prince Kadoi (Taishu of Kozuke Province) and all of them were Emperor Kanmu's princes.
- 甲斐一国は、武田親族衆の穴山信君に与えられた南西部の八代、巨摩2郡を除いて河尻秀隆に、信濃は森長可らに、上野は滝川一益に与えられ、統治を任せて帰国した。
- Much of Kai was given to Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, but the two southeast districts of Yatsushiro and Koma, which were given to Nobukimi ANAYAMA, a relative of Takeda; Shinano Province was given to Nagayoshi MORI and others; Kozuke was given to Kazumasu TAKIGAWA; and Nobunaga returned to his province leaving them to govern their respective provinces.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に、丹波氏の後裔である施薬院全宗が、豊臣秀吉に側近として仕え、正親町天皇より勅命で施薬院使に任ぜられ、形骸化していた施薬院を復興する。
- During the Warring States period, Zenso YAKUIN, a descendant of the Tanba clan, served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a close adviser and was appointed as the Yakuinshi by Emperor Ogimachi as an imperial order so as to reconstruct the Seyakuin that had lost its substances.
- 酒造りを自由経済原理に任せてしまうと、小さな酒蔵が原料米を確保できなかったり、大きな酒屋が食糧米を酒に加工して囲い込んでしまうといった事態が恐れられた。
- Leaving the sake brewing to free economy mechanisms might cause situations where small sake breweries would not be able to obtain genryo mai (a rice type used for sake production) and where big sake breweries would keep edible varieties of rice to themselves for brewing sake.
- しかし、711年に馬の軍事的な重要性から従五位下ながら皇族である葛木王(後の橘諸兄)が令外官である馬寮監(めりょうげん)に任じられて左右馬寮を統括した。
- However, in 711, Prince Katsuragi (later TACHIBANA no Moroe) who was a member of the Imperial family although his rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed as Meryogen (the chief of the Bureau of Horses) which was Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), from the viewpoint of military importance, and controlled the right and left divisions of Meryo.
- これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村(町)の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
- This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.
- それまで国政を全面委任されていた幕府に対し、朝廷から改革の指示が下るという前代未聞の事態に幕府内は混乱するが、結局その大部分を受け入れざるを得なかった。
- For the bakufu which had been fully entrusted with the administration of the country, being ordered to reform by the imperial court was an unprecedented event and the bakufu got confused, but it had to finally accept almost all of the order.
- なお、道外の県とは異なり、これ以降も続く開拓使的な任務の都合や低過ぎる人口密度などのため、これらの3県に県議会や郡役所が正式に設置されることはなかった。
- Unlike prefectures outside Hokkaido, no prefectural assembly or county office was formally established in those three prefectures because of continuous tasks as a development commissioner and because of too low population density.
- 基本的に室町幕府もこの制度を引き継いだが、次第に右筆の中から奉行人に任じられて発言力を増大させて、奉行衆(右筆方)と呼ばれる集団を構成するようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu basically took over the system, and some people worked as Yuhitsu were appointed to be Bugyonin (a magistrate) increasing their influences in the government and formed a group called Bugyoshu or Yuhitsukata.
- 安達泰盛は幕府創設以来の有力御家人安達氏の一族で、北条氏得宗家の外戚として執権北条時宗を支え、越訴、御恩奉行などの重職を歴任した幕政の中心人物であった。
- Yasumori ADACHI was a member of the Adachi clan, the senior vassals since the Kamakura government was established, and he supported the regent Tokimune HOJO as a maternal relative of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, and was a key figure experienced in important positions like an Ossobugyo (temporary position in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu) and Goon bugyo (commissioner in charge of issuing the deed of rewards.)
- 明治政府は有栖川宮熾仁親王を鹿児島県逆徒征討総督(総司令官)に任じ、実質的総司令官になる参軍(副司令官)には山縣有朋陸軍中将と川村純義海軍中将を任命した。
- The Meiji government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito to Governor-General on Suppression of the rebellion of Kagoshima Prefecture (supreme commander), and appointed Lieutenant General of the Imperial Army Aritomo YAMAGATA and Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA to Sangun (seconds-in-command), which were to be the virtual supreme commanders.
- つまり列強との戦争の雲行きが怪しくなった場合に備え、「東南互保」を暗黙裡に認め、敗戦の総責任を負うことを求められないようにした政治的駆引きの一つであった。
- With a tacit understanding of the 'Southeast Mutual Protection Movement,' this was one of the political bargains she made in case the war with the allied western powers looked threatening, so as to not be persecuted for complete responsibility of a lost battle.
- 既に触れたように彼らは一般に膾炙したように忍者のような華々しい間諜行動はとらなかったようであるが、それでもしばしば命ぜられる遠国御用は重要な任務であった。
- As previously mentioned, their performance as secret agents was not dramatic like the ninja as people generally imagine today, however the frequent onkokugoyo was one of their important duties.
- 家宣は大老格の柳沢吉保をはじめ側用人・松平忠周、松平輝貞ら前代の権臣を更迭したが、勘定奉行には他に適任者がいないということで引き続き荻原重秀が留任していた。
- Ienobu removed influential vassals in the previous government such as Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, the chief minister as well as Terusada MATSUDAIRA, the lord chamberlain, but only Shigenobu OGIWARA, the commissioner of finance stayed in his position since no other person fitted the position.
- さらに、辞任後岩倉使節団の一員として洋行中の大久保利通に対して山縣を擁護出来なかったことを詫びる手紙を送っている(1872年8月12日付大久保宛西郷書簡)。
- Moreover, SAIGO sent a letter to Toshimichi OKUBO who was traveling abroad as a member of Iwakura Mission to apologize that he could not protect YAMAGATA after his resignation (according to the letter from SAIGO to OKUBO written on August 12, 1872).
- しかし、義仲が受領(従五位下左馬頭・越後守)任官を果たした(『玉葉』八月十日条)のに対し、頼朝には本来の官位復帰すら与えられず、謀叛人の身分のままとされた。
- However, while Yoshinaka was appointed as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo) whose rank was Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)(according to the section of the 10th day of the 8th month in the 'Gyokuyo'), Yoritomo was not even allowed to regain an official court rank, and his social position as a rebel was retained.
- 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
- しかし、越訴頭人は初代の頭人が金沢実時・安達泰盛であったように引付衆の中でも執権・連署を除く上首(最上位)もしくはそれに次ぐ御家人が任じられる慣例があった。
- However, among Hikitsukeshu, particularly joshu (the head) or second-tier vassal, except regency and rensho (assistant to regents), were customarily appointed as ossotonin; for example, the first ossotonin were Sanetoki KANEZAWA and Yasumori ADACHI.
- 大仏と大仏殿の再建担当者に任じられたのは渡宋経験のある俊乗坊重源(しゅんじょうぼうちょうげん)であり、彼によって宋から伝来の新建築様式の大仏様が導入された。
- It was the priest Chogen who was appointed chief of the reconstruction of the Great Buddha and its hall, and Chogen (also called Shunjo-bo) once had been to Sung-dynasty China, so he newly applied Daibutsu-yo (the Buddhist architecture), which originated from Sung-dynasty China, to the hall.
- 律令制においては呪禁も病気治療や安産のために欠かせないものとされ、呪禁師の中で優秀なものは呪禁博士(定員1名)に任ぜられ、呪禁生(定員6名)の育成に努めた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, the jugonshi were considered indispensable for their spells, their medical treatments of the sick and their efforts to make childbirth safer, and the most outstanding from among the jugonshi was appointed jugon hakase (Master Sorcerer, with only one such fixed position); the jugon hakase worked to train and cultivate the jugonsei (apprentice sorcerers, for whom six fixed positions existed).
- 実際、幕府が国内沿岸を運行する唐船の警固を西国の御家人に命じた例がいくつか見られるものの、外洋に出た後の航海は護衛せず、基本的には商人たちに放任されていた。
- Although there were, in fact, several cases where the bakufu ordered Saigoku-gokenin to guard Tosen running along domestic coasts, the government did not guard the ships after they ran out into the open sea and basically left the guard to the merchants..
- 1271年(文永8年)12月に長時の子北条義宗が北方として赴任し、六波羅評定衆の安達頼景が所領を没収されるなど、反鎌倉派の動きを封殺する措置が行われている。
- When Yoshimune HOJO, Nagatoki's son, took the post of Kitakata in January, 1272, he took measures to control the movements of the anti-Kamakura group, such as the confiscation of the shoryo (territory) of Yorikage ADACHI, who was a Rokuhara hyojoshu (a member of Council of State).
- 2007年9月、英国において新薬の研究開発に対する投資環境の改善に尽力した功績を認められ、エリザベス2世 (イギリス女王)より大英帝国勲章を授りナイト叙任。
- In September 2007, he was named Knight Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for his contributions to the improvement of the investment environment for the pharmaceutical industry in Britain.
- 翌4月10日細川高国は入京、同年6月9日足利義稙は堺から入洛し、同年7月1日に再び将軍職につき、細川高国には管領職を大内義興には管領代職にそれぞれ任じられた。
- On the next day, May 19, 1508, Takakuni HOSOKAWA entered the capital of Kyoto; on July 16, 1508, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA arrived in Kyoto from Sakai; and on August 7, 1508, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA assumed the office of shogun again, appointed Takakuni HOSOKAWA kanrei (shogunal deputy) and appointed Yoshioki OUCHI kanrei dai (representative of a shogunal deputy), respectively.
- 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
- Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
- しかし、幕府の有力者たちは、若年の頼家に政務を任せることに不安を抱き、有力御家人が頼家に代わって裁判と政務を執行する十三人の合議制と呼ばれる政治体制を築いた。
- However, the powerful individuals within the bakufu were anxious about entrusting government practices to Yoriie at such a young age and therefore senior vassals established a governing system called the 13-person parliamentary system which was in charge of court and government affairs instead of Yoriie.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では釜山に集結中の日本軍を朝鮮水軍で攻撃するように命令したが、度重なる命令無視のために三道水軍統制使の李舜臣は罷免され、後任には元均が登用された。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea ordered the Korean navy to attack the Japanese army that had assembled in Busan, Yi Sun-sin, who was the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, was removed from his post because of repeatedly ignoring orders and Won Gyun was appointed the successor.
- 叙位・任官をはじめとする朝廷の政務儀式、天皇の日常の行動から学問などについての注意が示されており、宮廷における年中行事の研究には欠かせない内容が含まれている。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai contains the instruction on the protocols of government affairs at the Imperial Court such as the conferment of court rank and appointment to an office, the emperor's daily activities, learning and other issues, which are essential to the study of the annual events at the Court.
- 応保2年(1162年)、甲斐守に任じられた藤原忠重は、国内に新設された荘園や加納田を停廃せよとの宣旨を受け、甲斐国に下向させる目代の中原清弘にその旨を命じた。
- In 1162, FUJIWARA no Tadashige, who was newly appointed to the provisional governor of Kai Province, got his deputy Kiyohiro NAKAHARA to go to Kai Province and ordered him to abolish the newly established shoen and kanoden based upon the Imperial decree ordering to do so.
- これとは別に、京都における尊王攘夷過激派の擡頭によって悪化した治安の取り締まりのため、従来の京都所司代とは別に京都守護職を新設し、会津藩主松平容保を任命した。
- Separate from the above reforms, the Kyoto shugoshoku (military governor of Kyoto) as a separate post from the existing Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy) was newly created to keep security in Kyoto, which was deteriorated by radical party of Sonno Joi, and the Lord of the Aizu Domain Katamori MATSUDAIRA assumed office.
- 臨時裁判所は形式上は大審院の中に存在するが、実際は、太政官の決裁により開設し、太政官から司法省に委任された権限に基づいて判決を下す事実上の行政裁判所であった。
- The temporally court existed inside the Daishin-in as a matter of form, however, it was actually an administrative court established by the approval of Daijokan (the Great Council of State) and decide a case based on the authority delegated from the Daijokan to the Ministry of Justice
- 南洋諸島は、1919年調印のヴェルサイユ条約により、ドイツ国の植民地であった南洋諸島の一部につき1920年に国際連盟による委任統治として認められた地域である。
- The South Sea Islands had once been part of German colonies, which were put under mandate of Japan by the League of Nations in 1920, in connection with the Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919.
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- 「日本が朝鮮の治安の責任を負い、独立国とさせた朝鮮の地位と天津条約とを否定し、日本の権利・利益を損傷し、そして東洋の平和を保障させない清国の計画は明白である。」
- China has a clear plot to deny Japan's responsibility for public safety, the independency of Korea, and the Treaty of Tianjin, hamper the rights and interests of Japan, and prevent peace in the East.'
- しかし、日露戦争後の国際状況の安定と政党政治の成熟により藩閥と軍部の影響力は衰え、1913年(大正2年)には軍部大臣の補任資格を「現役」に限る制度が改められた。
- However, due to the global stabilization and maturity of the party government after the Russo-Japanese War, the domain cliques and the military lost their influence and the system was revised to regulate the military minister's appointing authority to only 'active-duty' in 1913.
- なお、親王任国においては、太守の俸禄は太守の収入に、その他の料物については無品親王(官職に就けない内親王含む)に与えられたと考えられているが、詳細は不明である。
- Although it is believed that Taishu of Shinno-ningoku received their salary but gave other revenues to Muhon-Shinno (Imperial prince without court rank) (inclusive of Imperial Princesses without official position), the details are not clear.
- 源氏武士団を形成した源満仲の子の源頼光は、本拠地の摂津国川辺郡 (兵庫県)多田(現・兵庫県川西市多田)の地を相続し、大内守護(内裏警備、天皇護衛)の任に就いた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu--the son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, founding father of the Minamoto clan warrior group--inherited the family's power base of Tada in Kawabe County of Settsu Province (modern-day Tada in Kawanishi City of Hyogo Prefecture), and was appointed the Ouchi shugo ('Protector of the Great Palace,' in charge of guarding the Imperial Palace and the Emperor).
- 足利義満の将軍在任期に書かれたと考えられており、遅くても良基が死去した嘉慶 (日本)2年(北朝 (日本)元号/1388年)までには完成していたと考えられている。
- The book is believed to have been written while Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was in office, and therefore it should have been completed by 1338 at the latest.
- 社長には共同運輸側の森岡昌純が就任するなど、発足当初こそ共同運輸色が濃いものとなったが、やがては三菱系の社員が台頭し、名実ともに共同運輸は消滅することとなった。
- Also, Masazumi MORIOKA from Kyodo Unyu became the president of this new company, and thus the company seems to have been on the Kyodo Unyu side at the beginning, however, Mitusbishi employees gained power, causing Kyodo Unyu to disappear both notionally and substantially.
- それを深く恨んだ研究会は、茶話会の非協力が清浦の内閣総理大臣就任を妨害したとして決別した(ただし、これを裏付ける事実はなく、研究会側の言いがかりとされている)。
- Kenkyukai held grudge against it and broke away from Sawakai, saying that Sawakai's noncooperation prevented KIYOURA from becoming a prime minister (but it is considered to be a false accusation because there were no facts that supported the case.)
- 最後の藩主・植村家壺は明治2年(1869年)6月の版籍奉還により藩知事となり、明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県で藩知事を辞任したことにより、高取藩は廃藩となる。
- The last lord of the domain, Iehiro UEMURA, became a governor of the domain by Hanseki Hokan (return of lands and people to the emperor) in July, 1869, and resigned from the position by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, which led to abolishment of Takatori Domain.
- 江戸幕府が瓦解すると、1868年3月7日(慶応4年2月14日)、参与であった沢宣嘉が長崎裁判所総督兼任を命じられ、外国事務係となった井上馨と共に長崎に着任した。
- After the collapse of the Edo bakufu, Nobuyoshi SAWA who had served as sanyo (a councilor) was appointed to double as the Governor of the Nagasaki Court on March 7, 1868, and came to Nagasaki together with a newly assigned officer in charge of foreign affairs, Kaoru INOUE.
- ところが明治天皇は黒田の辞表のみを受理して、他の閣僚には引き続きその任に当たることを命じるとともに、内大臣の三條實美に内閣総理大臣を兼任させて内閣を存続させた。
- However, Emperor Meiji didn't accept the resignation except KURODA's, and ordered the other ministers to stay in their positions and newly appointed Sanetomi SANJO as Prime Minister keeping him as Minister of the center, in order to maintain the cabinet.
- 即ち、明治元年(1868年)以後の債務については公債を交付しその元金を3年間据え置いた上で年4%の利息を付けて25年賦にて新政府が責任をもって返済する(新公債)。
- As for the debts made after 1868, the government issued bonds with an annual interest of four percent and promised to redeem them by annual installments of 25 years after a three year grace period (shin-kosai (new bond)).
- そこで13日には岩倉や西郷は妥協案として辞官納地に慶喜が応じれば、慶喜を議定に任命するとともに「前内大臣」としての待遇を認めるとする提案を行わざるを得なくなった。
- On the 13th, Iwakura and Saigo had no choice but to propose a compromise that as long as Yoshinobu accepted Jikan-nochi he would be assigned a gijo and treated as former Minister of the Center.
- また、たとえ一度組閣されても、内閣が軍部と対立した場合、軍が軍部大臣を辞職させて後任を指定しないことにより内閣を総辞職に追い込み、合法的な倒閣を行うことができた。
- Even if a Cabinet was formed, in case that a conflict between the Cabinet and the military occurred, the military legally owned the power to dissolve any Cabinet by forcing a Military Minister to resign and not designating a replacement.
- 4月30日、西郷から豊後方面突出の命を受けた奇兵隊指揮長野村忍介は、椎葉山を越え、一部を富高新町(細島西方)の守備及び細島方面の警備に任じ、主力は延岡に進出した。
- On April 30, commanded by SAIGO to charge into the Bungo area, Commander Oshisuke NOMURA led Kiheitai to went over Mt. Shiiba and assigned part of the troop to the roles of defending Tomitaka-shinmachi (in the west of Hososhima) and guarding the Hososhima area, while advancing the main force to Nobeoka.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- 特に「南都北嶺」と並び称された南都興福寺と比叡山延暦寺は強訴の常連で、傘下の春日・日吉神人は春日の神木・日吉の神輿を奉じて入京し、朝廷に国司の解任・配流を迫った。
- Especially, Nanto Kofuku-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, which were praised as 'Nanto-Hokurei' (the South capital and the North mountain), were frequenters of the direct petition; Jinin of Kasuga and Hiyoshi, which were under jurisdiction of the temples, entered Kyoto, serving their mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals), and urged the Imperial Court to dismiss or exile Kokushi.
- 特に11月13日付で「天皇への無礼と京大の責任」なる論説を掲載した京都新聞を初めとして新聞は学生側を強く非難し、常軌を逸した「不敬罪」であるかのように書き立てた。
- Especially, newspapers strongly condemned students as if they committed 'lese majesty,' including Kyoto Shimbun which posted the article 'Disrespect for the Emperor and Kyoto University's responsibility' on November 13.
- その一方で、坂上明兼の『法曹至要抄』、坂上明基(明兼の孫)の『裁判至要抄』、中原章澄の『明法条々勘録』、中原章任の『金玉掌中抄』などの優れた明法家の書物も現れた。
- But on the other hand, some great Myoho experts wrote books such as 'Hoso Shiyosho' by SAKANOUE no Akikane, 'Saiban Shiyosho' by SAKANOUE no Akimoto (a grandchild of Akikane), 'Myoho Jojokanroku' by NAKAHARA no Norisumi, 'Kingyoku Shochusho' by NAKAHARA no Norito etc.
- 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
- In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
- 当時、研究会の主力であった伯爵議員・子爵議員・男爵議員は、いずれも任期7年の互選による選出が行われていた(貴族院伯子男爵議員選挙規則(明治22年勅令第78号))。
- At that time, the main force of Kenkyukai, count, viscount and baron members were all elected from among themselves and their tenure of office was seven years.(The election law for Count, Viscount and Baron members of the House of Peers (Article 78 in 1889))
- また法律キャリアを重ねる一方で、アメリカの駐コペンハーゲン代理公使、駐プロシア代理公使(後に特命全権公使)に任命され、外交官としても活躍している(松隈1992)。
- While building his carrier in the legal world on one hand, he was appointed to U.S. charge d'affaires to Copenhagen and U.S. charge d'affaires to Prussia (later, a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary) and played active roles as a diplomat on the other (Matsukuma 1992).
- 征長総督参謀の西郷隆盛は、禁門の変の責任者である三家老(国司親相・益田兼施・福原元僴)の切腹、三条実美ら五卿の他藩への移転、山口城の破却を撤兵の条件として伝えた。
- Takamori SAIGO, the general staff to the commander of the Choshu Conquest, proposed the bakufu army's withdrawal to Choshu in exchange of three conditions, namely, seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of three chief retainers (Chikasuke KUNISHI, Kanenobu MASUDA, Mototake FUKUHARA) to show their responsibility for the Incident of Kinmon no Hen, demotion transfer of five nobles including Sanetomi SANJO to other clans, and abandonment of Yamaguchi-jo Castle.
- もともと、斉昭の藩主就任以来、水戸藩では斉昭に忠実な天狗党と幕府との関係を重視する諸生党の対立が激しかったが、密勅の対応をめぐり、さらに確執を深めることとなった。
- Originally, since Nariaki TOKUGAWA had assumed the lord of the domain, the Tenguto (the Tengu faction) who were royal to Nariaki had been in fierce conflict with the Shoseito (the Shosei faction) who emphasized the relationship with the bakufu, and the feud between them were intencified over how to handle this mitchoku.
- 領有が細分化した地方に特別な機関を置く場合を除いて、国を単位とする行政体はなかった(ただし国司を任じていたことから、名目のみ行政区分としての令制国は存在していた)。
- Except for the cases in which particular organization was placed on the district where territories were segmentalized, there were no administrative organs based on the province (However, as dynasty appointed provincial governors, there were Ryosei provinces as nominal administrative division).
- これは事実上徳川幕藩体制による大政委任の継続を承認したと言えるもので、王政復古の大号令は取り消されなかったものの、慶喜の主張が完全に認められたものに他ならなかった。
- This statement was practically interpreted as approving the continuation of Yoshinobu's delegation of the government under the system of the Tokugawa Shogunate and although the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule was not negated, it was clearly taken as acknowledgement of Yoshinobu's contention.
- 1913年(大正2年)6月13日、第1次山本内閣において、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を改正して、軍部大臣の補任資格を現役将官に限るとの規定を削除した(附表、別表)。
- In June 13, 1913, with the first Yamamoto Cabinet, the Department of War and the Department of the Navy were revised; the rule to limit the Military Ministers' appointing authority to only active officers was crossed off (appended table, appendix).
- 1937年、鈴木の総裁辞任後、鳩山一郎・前田米蔵・島田俊雄・中島知久平の4人が総裁代行委員となったが、1939年4月30日中島は政友会革新同盟を結成して総裁となる。
- After Suzuki resigned his position as president in 1937, four members sat on the acting president committee: Ichiro HATOYAMA, Yonezo MAEDA, Toshio SHIMADA, and Chikuhei NAKAJIMA, but on April 30, 1939, Nakajima organized the Seiyu Party reform alliance and became the president.
- 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
- At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.
- もちろん、『今昔物語集』巻第25第5 「平維茂、藤原諸任を罰ちたる語」に、「騎馬の兵70人、徒歩の兵30人」とあるように、歩兵もいるが、歩兵の戦闘描写は見られない。
- Of course, there was reference to foot soldiers in 'seventy cavalry and thirty foot soldiers' within the 'Story about Punishing TAIRA no Koremochi and FUJIWARA no Morotoo' in Section five of Volume twenty-five of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu,' but there were no battle scenes depicted of foot soldiers.
- 東京帝国大学法科の首脳は京大法科を支持、当時の奥田義夫文部大臣も「教授ノ任免ニ付テハ総長カ職権ノ運用上教授会ト協定スルハ差支ナク且ツ妥当ナリ」と京大法科を支持した。
- The head of the law school of Tokyo Imperial University supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University, and then Minister for Education Yoshio OKUDA also supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University by saying 'in the case of the appointment and dismissal of professors, it is all right and appropriate for the president to conclude the agreement with faculty councils.'
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- 知藩事は中央政府から任命される地方官であり、藩の領域も藩主に支配権が安堵された「所領」ではなく、地方官である知藩事が中央政府から統治を命じられた「管轄地」とされた。
- Prefectural governors were local officials appointed by the central government, and the territories of the former han areas were not 'shoryo (territory)' whose ownership was approved by the shogun but 'jurisdictional areas' which the governors were ordered by the central government to govern.
- こうして1886年(明治19年)、内閣に臨時建築局を設置し、井上が総裁に、三島通庸が副総裁(警視総監兼務)に、またドイツ帰りの建築家・松崎万長が工事部長に就任した。
- Thus, a Temporary Architectural Bureau was formed in the Cabinet in 1886; Inoue assumed the premiership, Michitsune MISHIMA assumed office of the vice-president (concurrently the Tokyo Metropolitan Police commissioner), and Tsumunaga MATSUZAKI, an architect who had returned from Germany, assumed office of the director of construction.
- これらの軍隊内の藩閥勢力は、要職者に陸軍大学校や海軍兵学校 (日本)卒業者が就任するようになると学校時代の成績が重要視されるようになったため、徐々に減少していった。
- When graduates of the Army War College and Naval Academy (Japan) assumed important posts, these forces of domain clique within the military shrank gradually because the performance of their school days was valued.
- その内容は、安政の大獄の処分者の赦免および復権、前越前藩主松平慶永の大老就任、徳川慶喜を征夷大将軍後見とする、過激派尊攘浪士を厳しく取り締まる、などから成っていた。
- The contents of the petition included the remission and reinstatement of those punished due to Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the shogunate), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, former lord of the Echizen Domain, to assume Tario (chief minister), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA to act as guardian for Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians', also called as Shogun) and the crackdown of the roshi who radically supported Sonno joi.
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- 元弘3年(1333年)、鎌倉幕府が滅亡して建武の新政が成ると、上洛して新政権から従五位下宮内大輔に、翌建武 (日本)元年(1334年)に従四位下大膳大夫に任じられた。
- When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell and the Kenmu Restoration started in 1333, Tokimitsu ISHIKAWA went up to Kyoto and was appointed to Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, the Imperial Household Secretary by the new government, and Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade, the Master of the Palace Table in 1334.
- 代わって一橋慶喜は新たに禁裏御守衛総督兼摂海防禦指揮を命じられ、いったん京都守護職を退いていた松平容保も復帰、容保の実弟で桑名藩主の松平定敬が京都所司代に任ぜられた。
- After that occasion, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI was appointed to Kinri-goshuei-sotoku and Sekkai-bogyo-shiki, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, who had retired from Kyoto-shugoshoku, was appointed to the previous post again, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (a younger brother of Katamori and the head of the Kuwana clan) was appointed to Kyoto-shoshidai.
- その政治権力を背景として、有力貴族らが縁者や係累を特定の国の受領に任命することが徐々に慣例化していき、現地へ赴任した受領の俸料・得分を自らの経済的収益としたのである。
- With their political power as a background, it gradually became a custom that powerful nobles appointed their relatives or dependents to zuryo of specific provinces, and they acquired, as their revenues, the salary and tax gained by the zuryo they sent to the provinces.
- 同年、源義経・源行家が頼朝政権の内規に違反したことを契機に、頼朝は両者追討の院宣を後白河法皇から獲得するとともに、両者の追捕を名目に、守護・地頭の任免権を承認させた。
- In the same year, when MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie breached the bylaws of the Yoritomo administration, Yoritomo received an inzen (a decree from the retired emperor) from Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to seek and destroy both of them and, in the name of this task, had the retired emperor approve his right to appoint and dismiss Shugo and Jito.
- 府県知事は選挙投票者による分類とされ、政党内閣または政党の影響の強い内閣の時期も含めて多くは内務省 (日本)の官僚が任命され、また内務大臣の監督に服するものとされた。
- Fuken chiji (Prefectural governor) was categorized as being elected by voters; and during the time of the party cabinet or the cabinet strongly influenced by the political party, mostly government officials from the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs were assigned to be Fuken chiji and were supervised by the prewar Minister of Home Affairs.
- 実際には鎌倉幕府の摂家将軍や宮将軍、江戸幕府の大政委任論のように、幕府もまた朝廷の実質とは一線を画しつつも、朝廷から分離してその存在を考えることはできないものであった。
- As a matter of fact, the bakuhu also could not exist without the Imperial Court while keeping the characteristic of its own which is different from the one in the Imperial Court, such as Sekke Shogun and Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) from Kamakura bakufu, and Taisei-ininron (a theory holding that government powers were delegated to the Shogun by the Tenno) of Edo bakufu.
- 天子の意思命令を確実に具現化するため、各官庁と官僚の責任と任務を明確に区分し、精密に規定された階級に従って、命令を実行に移していく官僚制が、高度な体系の下に構築された。
- In order to realize the intentions and orders of the emperor reliably, a highly refined system was established, with orders carried out by the bureaucracy in accordance with a rigid hierarchy where each government office and official's duties and responsibilities were clearly defined.
- 有力寺社・貴族は労働力の確保のため、在地の新興富豪層を荘長に任じ、負債のため流亡した貧しい人や課役の追及を逃れた人を荘園に迎え入れることで、経営の安定化を図ろうとした。
- Nobles, powerful temples and shrines attempted to stabilize the management of the shoen by appointing a resident of an emerging wealthy class as a sho cho (administrator of a manor) and maintaining a labor force by accepting impoverished people who had run off due debts or escaped from their distributed assignments.
- 安史軍の根拠地であった河北には安史軍から投降してきた魏博(天雄軍)の田承嗣・幽州(廬龍軍)の李懐仙・恒冀(成徳軍)の李宝臣などの武将をそのまま節度使として任命していた。
- In Hebei, which was the base for the An Shi army, generals who defected from the An Shi army, such as Chengsi TIAN of Weibo (Tenyu army), Kaisen RI of You Prefecture (Lulong army) and Baochen LI of Koki (Chengde army), were directly assigned as setsudoshi.
- 国風文化の時代の和歌の隆盛は歌学の発展を促し、『古今和歌集』の紀貫之「仮名序」がその先駆けをなすといわれ、藤原公任の『新撰髄脳』などの自覚的な著作もあらわれるに至った。
- The prosperity of waka in the period of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) facilitated the development in the study of poetry; beginning with 'Kanajo' (a preface written in kana) by KI no Tsurayuki of 'Kokin Wakashu,' subjective pieces such as 'Shinsen Zuino' (The Essentials of Poetry, Newly Compiled) of FUJIWARA no Kinto appeared.
- 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
- In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.
- 六波羅探題南方の北条時輔は執権時宗の庶兄で、1264年(文永元年)に時宗が連署に就任すると同時に、京都の朝廷を監視する幕府の出仕機関である六波羅探題南方として赴任した。
- Tokisuke HOJO, the RokuharaTandai Minamikata, who was the regent Tokimune's older brother by a concubine, was assigned the post of Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, an administrative and judicial agency of the bakufu to watch the Imperial Court in Kyoto, when Tokimune assumed the office of rensho (assistant to regents in the bakufu) in 1264.
- (中宮権大進(ごんのたいじょう、「ごんのたいしん」とも言う。)もあったと思われ、後醍醐天皇側近の多田頼貞が皇太后宮権大進に叙任している。位階は従六位従六位と思われる。)
- (it seems that Chugu Gon no taijo (or Gon no taishin) also existed because Yorisada TADA, a close aid of the Emperor Godaigo, was appointed as Kotaigogu Gon no taijo. His court rank was Jurokui.)
- だが、明治政府の立憲国家建設に真っ向から反対して天皇親政を唱える元田に対する明治天皇の信任は増すばかりであり、伊藤らは政府の方針と天皇の意向の乖離に苦慮することになる。
- However, with the deepening of the Meiji Emperor's trust for Motoda who insisted on direct rule by the Emperor and raised frontal objection to the Meiji government's plan to establish a constitutional state, Ito struggled with the dissociation between the government's policy and the Emperor's intention.
- たとえば教案というキリスト教が原因で発生する事件が、各地で頻発して中国側の地方官を苦悩させるようになり、それは海岸線から遠く離れた任地の地方官といえど例外ではなかった。
- For instance, incidents against Christianity called kyoan (教案) which put local officials in troubles frequently occurred in many places and even officials in remote place from coastline were troubled.
- 1974年 ジョージ・アリヨシが第3代ハワイ州知事に就任、初の日系州知事となり、3期12年(副知事時代州知事代理を務めた期間を含めると13年2ヶ月)に亘り知事を務める。
- In 1974, George ARIYOSHI took the position of the third Governor of Hawaii, the first Japanese Governor, serving for three terms, or 12 years (13 years and 2 months including the terms he was deputed as Governor during his Lieutenant Governor incumbency).
- 明和2年(1765年)以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、定座としての銭座が確立し、鋳銭に対する幕府の支配が強化され、銭貨の均質化が図られた。
- As kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-za concurrently took charge of mintage of coins after 1765, zeniza was established as a fixed guild and the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage and tried to homogenize coins.
- 明和2年(1765年)以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、それまで主に民間の商人による請負事業であった銭座が金座の統制下に置かれる事となった。
- After 1765, kin-za and zin-za (see the article of gin-za [history]) also were in charge of the operation of casting coins and as a result gin-za which had been a contracting business by private merchants was under the regulation of kin-za.
- 桓武朝では式家一族は重用され、宇合四男の藤原田麻呂は事実上の臣下最高位であった左大臣にまで昇進し、三男藤原清成の子である藤原種継は長岡京造営の事業を一任されるなどした。
- During the Emperor Kanmu period, family members of Fujiwara Shikike were appointed to important positions; FUJIWARA no Tamaro, the forth son of Umakai, was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the left) which was practically the highest position among vassals, while FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, son of Umakai's third son FUJIWARA no Kiyonari, was in charge of building Nagaoka-kyo (Japan's short-lived eighth century capital).
- 工事責任者の藤原種継が暗殺され、桓武天皇の弟早良親王が捕まる事態となって、794年(延暦13年)新しい都城を造成し、山背国を山城国と改め、新京を平安京と名づけて遷都した。
- After FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, who was responsible for its construction, was assassinated, and Imperial Prince Sawara, the Emperor Kanmu's younger brother, was arrested, a new capital named Heiankyo was constructed and transferred in 794 and the characters from Yamashiro Province were changed from 山背国 to 山城国.
- 西郷軍では篠原が編成の責任者となり、桐野が軍需品の収集調達、村田新八が兵器の調達整理、永山弥一郎が新兵教練、池上が募兵をそれぞれ担当し、12日頃に一応の準備が整えられた。
- In Saigo's army, SHINOHARA became responsible for troop formation, KIRINO became in charge of logistics, Shinpachi MURATA in charge of supply and maintenance of arms, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA in charge of recruit training, and IKEGAMI in charge of recruiting, then, around February 12, the army was mostly prepared.
- フランコ自身は王政復古を望んでいたが、フアン (バルセロナ伯)元皇太子がフランコ体制を支持せず、フランコ自身が首相と摂政を兼ねる総統に就任して全権を掌握する体制が続いた。
- Although Franco himself desired to restore royal rule, former Crown Prince Juan (Count of Barcelona) did not support the Franco government, so that Franco assumed the post of supreme ruler which covered both the posts of prime minister and regent and maintained the political system in order for him to keep full power of control over the nation..
- この軍制は、追捕官符を兵力動員の法的根拠とし、兵力動員権を得た受領から国押領使へ指揮権が委任され、国押領使が国内兵力を軍事編成して追捕活動にあたる、というシステムである。
- With tsuibu kanpu used as the legal basis for mobilizing soldiers, this military system worked as follows: The zuryo provided with the right to mobilize soldiers entrusted the right of controlling them to Oryoshi in the province, and the Oryoshi organized soldiers in the province into a military system to conduct activities to capture rebels.
- 幕府では井伊直弼が大老に就任し、日米修好通商条約の締結、紀伊藩の徳川慶福(徳川家茂)を将軍後継に決定して将軍継嗣問題の解決を図るなど朝廷の意向を無視した強硬政治を行った。
- Naosuke II was appointed Tairo (Chief Minister) in the Shogunate and drove policies against the wishes of the Imperial Court, such as signing the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce and arbitrarily naming Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (Iemochi TOKUGAWA) of the Kii Domain as the next shogun.
- 前者は荘園住民のうちの上級層にあたり、年貢納入の義務を負う代わりに作人・小百姓らを動員して荘園内の円滑な耕作を行い、更に有力者には荘官の職の体系に補任されることもあった。
- The former group belonged to the upper class which was in charge of the smooth operation of cultivation in shoen by recruiting sakunin and kobyakusho, and some of the influential figures in the group also became a shokan as a part of the managerial side of shoen.
- また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
- There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.
- それはやがて袁世凱を李鴻章の後任として直隷総督へと出世させ、さらに辛亥革命後の中華民国大総統、中華帝国 (1915年-1916年)(洪憲帝)へと押し上げる原動力となった。
- It became the driving force for Yuan Shikai to be promoted to Governor General of Zhili as the successor to Li Hongzhang, the President of Republic of China after the Xinhai Revolution, and Empire of China (1915-1916) (Emperor of Hongxian).
- 当初頑なだったプロシア側も、奕訢が新任のプロシア公使との接見を拒絶するなど、清朝が強硬姿勢を示すと折れ、1500ポンドの賠償金を支払い、拿捕したベルギー船を解放している。
- Prussia took a severe attitude at first, but changed it after the Qing dynasty took a tough stance and Grand Prince Yixin rejected a meeting with new minister of Prussia, then Prussia paid 1,500 pounds of reparation and released the Belgian vessels.
- だが、この問題以後、立憲政友会内部に陸軍への反発から、帷幄上奏を廃止して陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を再改正を行って、文官の軍部大臣就任を認めさせるべきとの主張が出された。
- However, after this matter, an assertion to abolish Iaku-joso, revise the government regulations of Army and Navy, and admit the civil officers to become the Minister of military was given inside Rikken seiyukai due to the opposition to the Military.
- 文章得業生は定員が少なく、しかも給料学生が優先的に選ばれる慣例であったため、長く文章生であった学生は中途で教官の推挙を受けて学業を終える以前に官職に任じられることもあった。
- As the number of monjo tokugosho was very limited and there was a tradition of choosing kyuryo gakusei primarily from them, those students who remained monjosho for a long time were sometimes appointed to government posts with their teacher's recommendation before finishing their study.
- 特に憲法制定過程における枢密院審議においては、そのすべてに臨御し、また国会開設前後の立憲政治未成熟期に首相が頻繁に辞任・交代した際も、政局の調停者として重要な役割を担った。
- For example, he attended all the Privy Councils, and he also played an important role as an arbitrator of political situations during the regular prime ministers' resignations and change, as the constitutional politic was immature soon after the Diet was established.
- しかし、内閣総理大臣は機務奏宣権(天皇に裁可を求める奏請権と天皇の裁可を宣下する権限)と国務大臣の奏薦権(天皇に任命を奏請する権限)を有したため、実質的な権限は大きかった。
- However, since prime ministers had the rights to petition approval of the emperor, to announce the emperor's approval, and to petition appointment of ministers to the emperor, they could exercise strong powers.
- これは天下にはもはや豊臣家ではなく徳川家が君臨することを示すものであるが、秀頼も順調に昇任を重ね、将軍就任時の秀忠の官位が内大臣であったのに対し、秀頼は右大臣になっていた。
- It meant that the Toyotomi Family no longer ruled Japan, but the Tokugawa Family did, however, Hideyori also steadily kept rising in official court rank to be Udaijin (minister of the right), while Hidetada was Naidaijin (minister of the center) when he became Shogun.
- 朝廷は天慶3年(940年)1月16日小野好古を山陽道追捕使、源経基を次官に任じるとともに、30日には純友の懐柔をはかり、従五位下を授け、とりあえずは兵力を東国に集中させた。
- On January 16, 940, the Imperial Court appointed ONO no Yoshifuru and MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto as Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agent) and Suke (Assistant Director), respectively, and on January 30, the Court made a conciliatory gesture to Sumitomo by conferring on him Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and, for the time being, concentrated military power on Togoku.
- 伊藤博文は大日本帝国憲法の制定に専念するため総理を辞して初代枢密院議長に転じることになり、後任には藩閥の中心的存在のひとりで農商務大臣として閣内にあった黒田清隆を推奏した。
- Hirobumi ITO decided to step down from his position as Prime Minister and assume office as the first Chairman of the Privy Council in order to focus on the establishment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and nominated Kiyotaka KURODA who was one of the important figures of the domain and who had already been in the cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, as his successor.
- しかし平安時代には親王が任命されて実際には赴任しないケースが大半となり、次席である大宰権帥が実際の政務を取り仕切った(ただし、大臣経験者が左遷された場合、実務権限はない)。
- During the Heian period, however, imperial princes were appointed but did not actually go to the post in most cases, while the next position, Dazai gon no sochi, attended actual government affairs (when an ex-minister was demoted, he did not have power over practical affairs).
- 1936年(昭和11年)、広田内閣のとき、陸軍省官制及び海軍省官制に「大臣及次官ニ任セラルル者ハ現役将官トス」との規定を設けて(附表、別表)、軍部大臣現役武官制を復活させた。
- In 1936, during the Hirota Cabinet, the regulation 'a candidate that a minister and a Suke (vice minister) appoint shall be an active general' was implemented as the Department of War and the Navy regulation (appended table, appendix) and Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei was revived.
- 第二條 日本國政府ハ韓國ト他國トノ間ニ現存スル條約ノ實行ヲ全フスルノ任ニ當リ韓國政府ハ今後日本國政府ノ仲介ニ由ラスシテ國際的性質ヲ有スル何等ノ条約若ハ約束ヲナササルコトヲ約ス
- ARTICLE II. The Government of Japan undertake to see to the execution of the treaties actually existing between Corea and other Powers, and the Government of Corea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement having an international character except through the medium of the Government of Japan.
- 同年8月29日、国民政府主席の蒋介石は陳儀を台湾省行政長官に任命、9月1日には重慶市にて台湾行政長官公署及び台湾警備総部が設置され、陳儀は台湾警備司令を兼任することとなった。
- On August 29 of the same year, Kai Shek CHIANG, the head of the nationalist government, appointed Yi CHEN as governor of Taiwan province, and with the establishment of Taiwan Security Bureau on September 1, Chen served concurrently as Commander of Taiwan Security.
- 平氏残党に対する都の不安は大きく、後白河院は治安維持のために翌年正月の義経の屋島出撃を引き留めており、義経の検非違使・左衛門尉任官は、このような情勢の不安による人事であった。
- The remnants of the Taira clan made the capital so fearful that Goshirakawain prevented Yoshitsune's sortie to Yashima in January of the following year to maintain security, and this perturbed situation was what caused the appointment of Yoshitsune to Kebiishi and Saemon no jo (Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).
- この時代は、前の天皇、文徳天皇朝で人臣初めて(藤原仲麻呂・道鏡は除く)の太政大臣に就任した藤原良房とその養子(甥)の藤原基経が、初期摂関政治等藤原氏の権勢を固めた時代だった。
- During the period, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who was the first subject appointed as Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) in the reign of the former Emperor Montoku (except FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and Dokyo) and his adopted child (nephew) FUJIWARA no Mototsune attained the ascendancy of the Fujiwara clan including early Sekkanseiji (the power of Sekkan, meaning regents and advisers, governs the country) and so on.
- この頃にはロシアの進出などの国際的状況においてイギリスの外交姿勢は軟化を示していたが、1891年(明治24年)の大津事件で青木が辞任に追い込まれた結果、中断を余儀なくされた。
- This time the diplomatic attitude of England was softened under the international circumstances such as the advance of Russia, but AOKI was forced to resign due to the Otsu Incident in 1891 and the negotiation was interrupted.
- 官人登用の法、甲子の宣の廃止、貴族・社寺の山・島・浦・林・池などの返還、畿外の豪族と才能のある百姓の任官への道を開き、官人の位階昇進の制度などを新設したりといった諸政を行った。
- Emperor Tenmu enforced a range of measures, such as a law relating to the appointment of government officials, the reversal of the Koshi pronouncement, and the ordering of the return to the court of mountains, islands, beaches, woods, ponds and other assets owned by aristocrats or shrines and temples; he also opened the way to government positions for members of powerful remote regional clans as well as those near the capital and talented farmers, and established a new court rank and promotion system.
- 更に長元8年(1035年)に章親実弟の安倍奉親が天文権博士に任ぜられ、安倍氏が天文両博士を独占した(更に2人の長兄安倍時親も長元4年(1031年)に天文密奏宣旨を受けている)。
- In addition, Akichika's younger brother, ABE no Norichika, was assigned to be tenmongon no hakuji in 1035, completing the Abe clan's monopoly of both hakase relating to tenmon (in 1031, their oldest brother ABE no Tokichika received an imperial decree of tenmon misso as well).
- 1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
- In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.
- 1898年、児玉源太郎が第4代台湾総督として就任すると、内務省 (日本)の官僚として活躍していた後藤新平を民政長官に抜擢し、台湾の硬軟双方を折衷した政策で台湾統治を進めていく。
- Gentaro KODAMA, who assumed the fourth Governor-General in 1898, promoted Shinpei GOTO, a bureaucrat of the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs (in Japan) as Chief of Home Affairs, taking the carrot and stick approach toward the governance of Taiwan.
- この時の格に文章生と明法生は雑任・白丁の子弟から採ることが規定され、中央・地方の下級官人あるいは庶民の子弟が明法生となり、貴族子弟を学生とした明経道よりは格下と看做されていた。
- The ordinance at that time stated to take the students of Monjo and Myoho from the children of Zonin officials and Hakucho people, therefore the children of lower-level officials of the central and local governments or common people became the Myoho students and it was seen as a lower ranking department than Myogyodo which took students from the children of aristocrats.
- 第9代藩主・植村家長の時代には預かり地が6万6000石近くにまでなり、所領と合わせて約10万石となった家長は、奏者番や寺社奉行、若年寄、執政格などを歴任するなど幕政に参与した。
- During the time of the ninth lord of the domain, Ienaga UEMURA, the consigned shogunal demesne increased to nearly 66,000 koku, which made the total landholdings approximately 100,000 koku including his own territory, and Ienaga took part in the shogunate government serving in the positions such as Sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies), Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), Shisseikaku (Rojukaku: a councilor who acted as roju [senior councilor] but whose hereditary stipend was less than the minimum for roju) and so on.
- 本項では、黒田内閣の事績とともに、黒田の総理辞任後2ヵ月間にわたって存在した内大臣・三條實美を首班とする三條暫定内閣(さんじょう ざんてい ないかく)の背景についても解説する。
- In this section mentioned are achievemens of Kuroda Cabinet as well as the background of Sanjo Provisional Cabinet lead by Sanetomi SANJO, Minister of the Interior, that existed for two months after Kuroda's stepping down from his position as Prime Minister.
- この鎌倉府は足利家出身の鎌倉公方とこれを補佐する上杉家出身の関東管領に指導されていたが、関東管領の任命権は幕府が握っていたこともあり、鎌倉公方と関東管領はしばしば対立していた。
- Although the Kamakura Government was led by Kamakura Kubo who came from the Ashikaga family and its assistant Kanto Kanrei who came from the Uesugi family, Kamakura Kubo and Kanto Kanrei were often confronted each other partly because an appointive power of Kanto Kanrei was handled by the bakufu.
- なお、明帝国は日本船の来航を禁止していたので、中国は(ポルトガル居留地マカオを除けば)朱印船渡航先とはならず、朝鮮との交易も対馬藩に一任されていたので、朱印状は発行されなかった。
- Since the Ming Empire forbade Japanese ships from visiting China, Chinese ports (except for Macao inhabited by Portuguese) were not included among the destinations of Shuinsen ships, and shuinsen licenses were not issued to ships that traded with Korea, either, since trading with Korea was entrusted entirely to Tsushima Domain.
- 1つの会戦における戦死者が8万人というのは戦争一覧でもかなり多い数字であり、当時敗軍の将は責任をとって処刑される場合もあるため、戦果は過大に損害は過少に申告するのが普通であった。
- Since eighty thousand war casualties was large even when compared to past wars, the general on the losing side normally reported smaller numbers of casualties since there was a possibility of being executed.
- これは世襲によって終身の議員身分が保証された公爵議員・侯爵議員や天皇の直接任命による勅撰議員の存在によって選挙による議席の大幅拡大が望めない貴族院においては驚異的な数字であった。
- This was a surprising number in the House of Peers because large increasing in the number of seats through election was unlikely due to the presence of duke and marquis members whose positions were secured for life by heredity and members directly nominated by the Emperor.
- 足利義輝が殺害された永禄の変後に後継者として名乗りを上げた弟の足利義昭(後の15代将軍)と従兄弟の足利義栄(後の14代将軍)をともに左馬頭に任じて事態の推移を見守った例もあった。
- There was another example of keeping an ear close to the ground by assigning Sama no kami to both Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA (later the 15th shogun), Yoshiteru's younger brother, and Yoshihide ASHIKAGA (later the 14th shogun), Yoshiteru's cousin, who declared bid for a successor after the Eiroku Incident in which Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was killed.
- 鳥羽天皇の信任の厚かった平忠盛は、後院領荘園(天皇の隠居所の所領)であった肥前国神埼荘の知行を通じて日宋貿易を開始し、舶来品を院に進呈して院の近臣としてみとめられるようになった。
- TAIRA no Tadamori, who was confided in by Emperor Toba, began the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China through chigyo (enfeoffment) of Kanzaki-no-sho in Bizen Province, which was Goin Palace's manor (territory of Emperor's retreat), and came to be admitted as In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) by presenting imported goods.
- 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋(かけや)とも呼ばれた。
- The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was 'Kakeya'; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.
- 京都府教育委員会などが調停に入り、懲戒免職とされた3名以外の全教員の処分を行わずに他校に転任させて校長以下全教員を入れ替えることを条件に双方が折り合い、6月1日に授業が再開された。
- According to the arbitration by the Kyoto Prefecture Board of Education, with the condition that all teachers except the three teachers given disciplinary dismissal were not punished, but transferred to other schools and to replace all the teachers including the principal, the both sides compromised and the school reopened on June 6.
- 1900年(明治33年)、第2次山縣内閣は、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を改正し、「大臣(大中将)」、「陸軍大臣及総務長官ニ任セラルルモノハ現役将官ヲ以テス」と定めた(附表、別表)。
- In 1900, the second Yamagata Cabinet revised the Department of War regulation and the Department of the Navy regulation, and determined that a 'minister (lieutenant general)' and 'a candidate appointed as War Minister and the Secretary shall be an active general' (appended table, appendix).
- 慶応4年(1868年)4月、江戸幕府の解体により成立した明治新政府は、政体書において地方制度では大名領を藩とし、大名を知事に任命して諸大名統治のかたちを残す府藩県三部制を確立する。
- The new Meiji government was set up after the demise of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in April 1868, established a Fu-han-ken sanbusei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) under the Constitution of 1868 in which daimyo domains were made into han (domains) in the local system and daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) were assigned as governors, leaving the form of territorial lords being in control.
- また「貴方が今又、単独講和と再軍備の日本でかつてと同じような戦争イデオロギーの一つの支柱としての役割を果たそうとしている」と、天皇の戦争責任や政治利用というタブーにも言及していた。
- Further, they also mentioned the Emperor's wartime responsibility as well as the political exploitation of the Emperor, which were taboo, by saying 'You are now playing a role of propping up war ideology as you did in the past under the situation where Japan is planning to conclude separate peace treaties and rearm itself.'
- そこで実如は寺の実務を次男で後継者となっていた円如と自分の同母弟で蓮如の6男にして円如の舅でもあった近江顕証寺・伊勢国願証寺両寺の住持を兼ねていた蓮淳に教団運営を任せることにした。
- Then, Jitsunyo decided to entrust the management of the religious community to Ennyo, his 2nd son and successor and Renjun, his younger maternal half-brother, the 6th son of Rennyo, a father-in-law of Ennyo, and the chief priest of both Omi Kensho-ji Temple and Gansho-ji Temple in Ise Province.
- これ以後、平群氏の氏人はしばらく『書紀』から姿を消すが、用明天皇2年(587年)の物部氏討伐将軍として平群神手(かみて)の名が見え、この頃までに大夫選任氏族としての地位を得ていた。
- After this, members of the Heguri clan disappear from 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicle of Japan) for a while, but in 587 the name of HEGURI no Kamite appears as the General to subjugate the Mononobe clan; by this time the Heguri clan had gained the position to be elected as daibu (master).
- なお、後藤家は宗家が文化_(日本)7年(1810年)に役目に不正があったとして取り潰され、後任の御金改役を命じられた分家も弘化2年(1845年)に幕府批判をしたとして取り潰された。
- In addition, the head family of the Goto family was ruined in connection with misconduct in duties in 1810, and the branch family who was ordered to be the successor to Gokin Aratame-yaku was also ruined in connection with criticism of bakufu in 1845.
- 義持の没後、弟の義教が将軍に就任すると、持氏はこれに反発し、1429年に元号が「正長」から「永享」に改元されても持氏は正長の元号を用い続けるなど、幕府に対する不服従の態度を示した。
- After Yoshimochi's death his younger brother Yoshinori assumed shogun, but Mochiuji opposed to this and took disobedient attitudes toward the bakufu, for example, Mochiuji continued to use Shocho era even after the name of the era had been changed from 'Shocho' to 'Eikyo'.
- しかし、他の弟である蘇我赤兄と蘇我連子は、天智天皇の時代に大臣(赤兄は左大臣、連子ははっきりは分からないが右大臣と推定されている)に任じられており、蘇我氏は一定の地位を保持している。
- However, Ishikawamaro's other brothers SOGA no Akae and SOGA no Murajiko were respectively appointed as Minister of the Left and Minister of the Right (Although the veracity of Murajiko's appointment is less certain.) during the reign of Emperor Tenchi, and the Soga clan maintained a certain degree of status.
- 徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
- Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.
- しかし、これらは紀州徳川家から将軍に就任した吉宗が側用人政治を嫌う土屋政直ら「援立の臣」らに功績としてどちらかというと形式的なところに着目してなされた一種の配慮とみる見解が有力である。
- However, it's generally understood that Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa family showed his consideration for his 'supportive vassal' Masanao TSUCHIYA who hated the lord chamberlain government, so Yoshimune made changes to Arai's achievements mainly from a formality.
- この西郷の使節派遣に賛同したのが板垣退助、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、副島種臣、桐野利秋らであり、反対したのが大久保利通、岩倉具視、木戸孝允、伊藤博文、大隈重信、大木喬任、黒田清隆らである。
- Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Taneomi SOEJIMA, and Toshiaki KIRINO agreed to Saigo's envoy dispatch, and people who have opposed were Toshimichi OKUBO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Takayoshi KIDO, Hirobumi ITO, Shigenobu OKUMA, Takato OKI, and Kiyotaka KURODA.
- そのため、戦国大名家の職制では、武者奉行と同格の戦闘経験が豊富な熟練の老臣が任じられるケースが多く、直接戦闘に参加して武功を上げるよりも輸送する小荷駄を敵軍から防衛する事が求められた。
- As a preventative measure, an accomplished roshin (key retainer) with a wealth of combat experience in rank with Musha bugyo (magistrate of warriors), who was often appointed in the organization of a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) family, was given the task of protecting the transport of Konida from enemy armies rather than directly joining the battle in order to distinguish himself.
- これを受けて検非違使庁は特に問題視された5・7・9の3ヶ条について一部修正を加えた上で新たな法文として公任から一条天皇に提出し、これを元に再度公布を行った(『権記』同年5月14日条)。
- In response to this reprimand, Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) partially revised clauses 5, 7, and 9, which were the most controversial, and presented the revised shinsei as a new law to Emperor Ichijo via Kinto, and issued Chohogannenrei again based on this revision (an article dated May 14, 1000 of 'Gonki').
- 沙河では両軍の対陣が続いていたが、ロシア軍は新たに前線に着任したオスカル・フェルディナント・グリッペンベルク大将の主導のもと、1月25日に日本軍の最左翼に位置する黒溝台方面で攻勢に出た。
- While the confrontation across the Saka river continued, the Russian Army took the offensive on January 25 under the command of General Oskar-Ferdinand Grippenberg newly assigned to the front line in the Kokkodai area located on the extreme left wing of the Japanese Army.
- ものの陰陽寮の最高責任者である陰陽頭には就任することなく、寛弘2年(1005年)に85歳で没していることから、陰陽寮及び天文道において強い基盤を持っていた家柄ではなかったとみられている。
- However, he died in 1005 at the age of 85 without becoming onmyo no kami (director of the Onmyoryo); this fact is considered proof that the Abe clan was not a family which traditionally had a strong basis in Onmyoryo and tenmondo.
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- また吉平も正暦2年(991年)に陰陽博士に任じられていたことが知られ、陰陽助などを経た後に従四位下に叙され、寛仁3年(1019年)に天文博士であった吉昌死去を受けて天文密奏の宣旨を受ける。
- Meanwhile, Yoshihira is known to have been appointed as onmyo hakase (Doctor of onmyo) in 991; he was granted Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) after serving as onmyo no suke (Assistant Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) and received an imperial decree of tenmon misso in 1019 following the death of Yoshimasa, who was the then tenmon hakase.
- 1960年代半ばから映画の斜陽化が顕著になると、ヤクザ映画で観客動員を保つ一方で、1971年二代目社長に就任した岡田茂は、テレビに取り込まれない客層を狙い実録任侠ものやエログロものを量産。
- After the film industry experienced a marked decline from the middle of 1960s, Shigeru OKADA, who became the second president of Toei in 1971, tried to attract audiences with yakuza films and oversaw the production of jitsuroku-ninkyo films and films with sexual or violent content targeting people who didn't watch TV.
- 第三回遣隋使は608年(推古天皇16年)に、唐の皇帝あての国書を持たせ、また、小野妹子を大使に、難波吉士雄成を小使に、鞍作福利を通事(つうじ)に任命し、裴世清一行と留学生8人を渡航させた。
- In the third Kenzuishi (608), ONO no Imoko, chief of the envoy, NANIWANOKISHI Onari, deputy chief, and KURATSUKURI no fukuri, translator, were sent to Tang China with a party of HAI Seisei (an envoy of Sui Dynasty to Japan) and other eight students with another Johyobun (official letter) to the Tang's Emperor.
- 頼朝はこの和平案を後白河の日和見的態度と見て、中原康定に「天下は君の乱さしめ給ふ(天下の混乱は法皇の責任だ)」と脅しをかけ(『玉葉』10月24日条)、義仲の完全な排除を求めて譲らなかった。
- As Yoritomo found the peace plan to be an opportunistic attitude of Goshirakawa, he made a threatening remark to NAKAHARA no Yasusada, 'The Cloistered Emperor is to blame for the disarray in the country' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 17) and was adamant about the total expulsion of Yoshinaka.
- これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
- Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).
- そして、明治3年(1870年)11月に碧海郡大浜村称名寺の藤井説冏(せつげい)、棚尾村光輪寺の高木賢立(けんりゅう)ら2人の僧侶を教諭使に任じ、領民に新政の趣旨を平易に教えさせようとした。
- And in November 1870, Hattori appointed two Buddhist monks who were Setsugei FUJII from Shomyo-ji Temple in Ohama Village, Aomi County, and Kenryu TAKAGI from Korin-ji Temple, Tanao Village, as a teacher envoy and ordered them to teach the aims of new government simply to the village people.
- 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)、参謀に西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
- An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
- 児童教育については、『蒙求』・『千字文』・『李嶠百廿詠』が主に用いられ、後に藤原公任が『和漢朗詠集』、藤原宗忠が『作文大体』、三善為康が『続千字文』・『童蒙頌韻』を著すとこれらも用いられた。
- For children's education, 'Mogyu,' 'Senjimon' and 'Rikyo Hyakunijuei' were primarily used, with 'Wakan Roeishu' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, 'Sakumon Daitai' written by FUJIWARA no Munetada, 'Zoku Senjimon' and 'Domoshoin' written by MIOSHI no Tameyasu later added to the list of textbooks.
- 従って、真鳥が大臣に就任して専権を振るったという『書紀』の叙述は史実として認められず、平群氏が自氏と同じく武内宿禰の後裔氏族である蘇我氏への対抗意識から故意に作り上げたのだと説明されている。
- Accordingly, the description in 'Nihon Shoki' in which Matori took the position of Oomi and wielded arbitrary power is not accepted as a historical fact; it is explained that the story was intentionally made up by the Heguri clan themselves driven by a feeling of competition to the Soga clan who is considered to be the descendant of the same TAKENOUCHI no Sukune as the Heguri clan.
- 今日ではこの2ヵ月間に「内大臣の三條が内閣総理大臣を兼任していた」とはしながらも、それは「黒田内閣の延長」であって「三條は歴代の内閣総理大臣には含めない」とすることが時代の趨勢となっている。
- It is the widely-accepted theory today that 'SANJO is not included as the Prime Ministers in the history' as it was because 'the post was continued from Kuroda Cabinet' though 'SANJO, Minister of the center, also held the post as Prime Minister' in the two months.
- 言論、集会、結社の自由も、(国際世論への配慮のため)一部のキリスト教徒を除き大きく制限され、朝鮮警察事務をすべて日本軍に委任し、通常の警察でなく軍の憲兵(軍事警察)が一般警察官を兼ねるとした。
- Freedom of speech, assembly and association was strictly limited except a part of Christians (for consideration of international opinions), and all the Korean police administration was delegated to the Japanese army, of which kenpei (military police) doubled as general policemen instead of the regular police.
- 1.の代表例としては、足利義満の猶子となった満済や皇位継承の箔付けのために後小松上皇の猶子となった伏見宮彦仁王(後花園天皇)、そして近衛前久の猶子として関白に就任した豊臣秀吉などがあげられる。
- The typical examples of 1. include Mansai who became the Yushi of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Prince Hikohito of Fushimi no miya (Emperor Gohanazono) who became the Yushi of the retired Emperor Gokomatsu in order to add dignity for his succession to the Imperial Throne, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who became Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) as the Yushi of Sakihisa KONOE.
- 徳川幕府を代理する立場ではあるが、江戸を離れた京都にあって天皇の信任を得る一方、必ずしも江戸の幕閣の意向を代弁するわけではなく、相対的に独自の勢力を形成していたとする見方からこのように呼ばれる。
- Originally they were to represent the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, in Kyoto, far from Edo (present Tokyo, the hub of the Shogunate), they gained the Emperor's trust and didn't always speak for the Shogunate, but instead formed an original force of politics; for that reason recently there is a historian saying that they should be called the 'Ichikaiso Government.'
- これは、古河側が鉱毒事件で責任を認めて賠償金(契約書上の文言は「補償金」)を支払った最初の出来事である(それ以前の資金提供は常に「寄付金」「見舞金」「協力金」などの名目で、賠償金ではなかった)。
- This was the first case that Furukawa accepted responsibility for the mining pollution and paid compensation (called 'baishokin,' however, in the contract, it says 'hoshokin' which means the money you give them as they suffer from damage, while 'baishokin' means the money you give them as you hurt them; before that, any monetary provision was not under the name of compensation but either of 'donation,' 'consolatory money 'cooperation money.')
- 4月になって、膽津は詔に述べられているとおりによく丁(よほろ)を調査して籍を定め、田戸を編成したので、その功をほめて白猪史(しらいのふひと)の姓を賜い、田令(たづかい)に任じた(『日本書紀』)。
- As Itsu followed the edict in April by conducting an exhaustive investigation into the yohoro (people liable to be in corvee service in early times) where he established registers and organized farmland registers, the emperor granted him the family name Shirai no Fuhito as a reward for his achievement and appointed him as tazukai (a superintendent of the miyake) ('Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
- The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.
- しかし彼らは、自らの勲功がより高位の受領クラスの下級貴族に横取りされたり、それどころか受領として地方に赴任する彼らの搾取の対象となったりしたことで、任国の受領支配に不満を募らせていったのである。
- However, they were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the fact that control of the provinces was being given to lower-ranking aristocrats who belonged to the higher Zuryo class, so that not only were their deeds not recognized, but they were also exploited by lower-ranking aristocrats who were appointed as Zuryo in local provinces.
- しかし政峯の死後、後を継いだ第6代藩主の小堀政方は伏見奉行などを歴任し、さらに老中として権勢を振るった田沼意次に対して協力的な態度をとったため、田沼時代も末期の天明5年(1785年)に失脚した。
- However, Masamichi KOBORI, who succeeded to deceased Masamine as the sixth lord of the domain, had served in the posts including Fushimi bugyo, but was overthrown in 1785, the end of the Tanuma period, because he was cooperative with Okitsugu TANUMA who was influential as Roju (senior councilor).
- 吉昌は天禄元年(970年)に賀茂保憲の推挙で天文得業生に推挙され、寛和2年(986年)に晴明の後任の天文博士に任じられ、寛弘元年(1004年)に陰陽頭を兼任し、死去するまで天文博士を兼務していた。
- Yoshimasa was recommended by KAMO no Yasunori as tenmon tokugyou no sho in 970, was appointed tenmon hakase after Seimei in 986, and became onmyo no kami in 1004, also serving as tenmon hakase until his death.
- また、村上源氏の久我清通がこれを機に足利義満の時代に奪われた源氏長者の地位を取り戻すべく活動をしていたが、幕府は何の対策を打ち出せなかった(11月2日に清通は源氏長者に補任される(『公卿補任』)。
- Kiyomichi KOGA of the Murakami-Genji (the Minamoto clan descended from Emperor Murakami) took advantage of the opportunity to get back the position of Genji no choja (chief of the Minamoto clan) that was superseded in the age of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA but bakufu could not come up with any policies (Kiyomichi was appointed Genji no choja on November 2nd (in the old lunar calendar) ('Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles)).
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後は、後醍醐天皇の時代には親王任国となっていたため、後の後村上天皇となる義良親王が陸奥国府に入り、北畠顕家が陸奥大介鎮守府大将軍を務め、東北勢を率いて足利尊氏の勢力と大戦を繰り返した。
- Imperial Prince Norinaga, who became the Emperor Gomurakami later, entered Mutsu kokufu, the provincial capital of Mutsu Province, which had become shinno ninkoku (the province whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) in the time of Emperor Godaigo after the downfall of Kamakura bakufu, and Akiie KITABATAKE, as Mutsu Osuke (Assistant Governor of Mutsu Province) and Chinju-fu daishogun, had mighty battles against the force of Takauji ASHIKAGA leading the force of Tohoku (north) region.
- 徳川将軍家のみならず、諸大名においても同じように家臣の中から右筆(祐筆)を登用するのが一般的であったが、館林藩から将軍に就任した徳川綱吉は、館林藩から自分の右筆を江戸城に入れて右筆業務を行わせた。
- Including the Tokugwa Shogun family, all Daimyo generally appointed Yuhitsu from their vassals; however, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, a Shogun originally from the Tatebayashi Domain, brought his Yuhitsu from the Tatebayashi Domain to the Edo-jo Castle and let him serve as Yuhitsu.
- 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省(後には修理職・木工寮)に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
- After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.
- 1913年7月、文部省の任命で就任して2ヵ月になったばかりの澤柳政太郎京都帝国大学総長は、教学の刷新を標榜して7教授(医科大学1名、理工科大学5名、文科大学1名)に辞表を提出させ8月に免官を発令した。
- In July 1913, the president of Kyoto Imperial University Masataro SAWAYANAGI, who was appointed by the Ministry of Education two months before, ordered seven professors (one for the medical school, five for the science and engineering school, and one for the literature school) to submit resignation letters because they called for the education reform, and dismissed them in August.
- 鳥羽即位時、公実は摂関家の若年の当主藤原忠実を侮り、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自分こそ摂政に就任すべしと主張したが、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴された。
- When Emperor Toba ascended the throne, Kinzane took lightly FUJIWARA no Tadazane, young family head of Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) and argued that he himself who had been at the position of maternal father of the young Emperor should have assumed the post of Sessho (regent to the emperor), but he was scoffed at by MINAMOTO no Toshiaki, Chief of the Office of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, reproving that 'the man who had served for four emperors as Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than court nobles) still tried to seek the post of Sekkan (regent and adviser).'
- 文治の勅許(ぶんじのちょっきょ)とは、日本において、文治元年11月28日 (旧暦)(1185年12月21日)に朝廷より源頼朝に対し与えられた諸国への守護・地頭職の設置・任免を許可した勅許のことである。
- Bunji Imperial Sanction was the imperial sanction in Japan to permit placement and appointment and dismissal of shugo (military governor) and jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) in various districts given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo by the Imperial Court on December 28, 1185.
- 当時土佐藩士として戦いに参加し、のちに宮内大臣や内閣書記官長などを歴任した田中光顕は、錦の御旗を知らしめただけで前線の幕府兵達が「このままでは朝敵になってしまう」と青ざめて退却する場面を目撃している。
- Mitsuaki TANAKA, who joined the war as a retainer of the Tosa clan and later became Minister of the Imperial Households and Secretary of the Cabinet, witnessed the white-faced soldiers of the Edo shogunate retreating at the sight of the Imperial standards in the battle fields, saying, 'We'd better stop fighting, otherwise we will become the enemy of the Emperor.'
- なお、天長3年(826年)9月、上総・常陸・上野の三か国は親王が太守(正四位下相当の勅任の官)として治める親王任国となったが、この当時は既に太守は都にいて赴任せず、代理に介が長官として派遣されていた。
- In September 826, the three provinces of Kazusa, Hitachi, and Kouzuke became Shinno-ningoku (provinces where the government posts were reserved as sinecures of imperial princes), where the imperial princes who governed were regarded as Taishu (Imperial Court appointed Governor-Generals, Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), however, the Taishu stayed in the capital and did not go to the provinces, so suke (governors) were dispatched to these provinces in place of kami (directors) to act for the Taishu.
- さらに、冬嗣の息子である藤原良房が嵯峨上皇の皇女源潔姫を降嫁されるなど、父同様上皇と皇太后に深く信任されたのに対し、緒嗣は長男の藤原家緒に先立たれる等、式家はその後有力な人材を出すことができなかった。
- In addition, Hokke family won deep trust of the Retired Emperor Saga and Empress Dowager, shown by the fact that Fuyutsugu's son, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, got married with MINAMOTO no Kiyohime, Imperial princess of the Retired Emperor Saga, while Shikike family failed to produce influential figures due to incidents such as the death of FUJIWARA no Ieo, the eldest son of Otsugu.
- 黒田清隆内閣の外相大隈重信は1888年(明治21年)に交渉を再開するが、外国人を大審院に任用するなどの譲歩案がイギリスのロンドンタイムズに掲載されて日本へも伝わると、世論からは激しい批判がわき上がった。
- The Foreign Minister Shigenobu OKUMA in the Kiyotaka KURODA Cabinet restarted the negotiation in 1888, but once the package of concessions including appointment of foreigners in the Supreme Court of Law was reported in London Times in England and communicated to Japan, the Japanese general public criticized it severely.
- 厳冬期の旅を終えて長崎に到着した一行を見た責任者の寺沢半三郎は、一行の中に12歳の少年ルドビコ茨木がいるのを見て気の毒に思い、信仰を捨てることを条件に助けようとしたが、ルドビコはこの申し出を丁重に断った。
- When the supervisor, Hanzaburo TERAZAWA, found 12-year old Louis IBARAKI among the party which arrived in Nagasaki after the journey in the coldest period of winter, he felt sorry and tried to save him by offering the condition that he should renounce his religion, but Louis politely turned down this offer.
- 台湾総督は台湾の行政・司法・立法から軍事までを一手に掌握しうる強大な権限を持ったため「土皇帝」と呼ばれた程である(後に軍事権が台湾軍 (日本軍)司令官に移譲されたことにより、文官の総督就任が可能になる)。
- Power was highly centralized with the Taiwan governor wielding the public administration, administration of justice, legislation and military, therefore it was called 'Do Kotei', the local emperor (later, the military power was transferred to the Taiwanese army [Japanese army] so the civil officers could assume the governer).
- まず開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という「職の体系(しき)」において国司・国衙から保証されたものであるが、しかしそうである限り国司側はその任を解く権限を持っおり、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- First, the territorial possession of kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by governor and kokuga as a 'job structure' called as gunji (district managers) and goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system), but the governor side had the power to dismiss them from the position as in the case of Soma County.
- 一方、西国では承平 (日本)年間(930年代)に瀬戸内海で海賊行為が頻発し(「承平南海賊」)、936年(承平6)、追捕南海道使に任命された紀淑人とその配下の藤原純友らによる説得が功を奏し、海賊が投降した。
- On the other hand, piracy occurred frequently in the Seto Inland Sea in the Johei era (in Japan) (in the 980s) ('Joheinankaizoku' [literally, pirates in the southern area in the Johei era]), and in 936, KI no Yoshito, who was appointed Tsuibu Nankai Doshi (the officer to capture criminals in the southern area), and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, his subordinate, succeeded in convincing the pirates to submit themselves to surrender.
- また、開発途上国は先進国側の率先した削減や技術移転・資金援助などを求めているが、自国の削減目標設定などにおいては、累積排出量の多さ(右グラフ参照)などを指摘し「温暖化は先進国の責任」との反発を見せている。
- And developing countries ask for the reduction led by the side of developed countries, technology transfer, financing help and so on, but in the setting of reduction target of their own countries, they point out a large size of accumulated emission amounts (see the right graph), then oppose to the developed countries, saying 'developed countries are responsible for global warming.'
- この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)・京都所司代松平定敬(桑名藩主)兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる(一会桑政権)。
- After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).
- 右備一番隊は母里太兵衛・栗山利安・黒田兵庫助をこれに任じ、井上九郎兵衛・野村市右衛門を二番隊としてこれに次き、左備一番隊は後藤基次・黒田三左衛門がこれに当り、黒田図書助・桐山孫兵衛が二番隊としてこれに次く。
- The first group of the right wing, which was led by Tahyoe MORI, Toshiyasu KURIYAMA and Hyogonosuke KURODA, followed by the second group led by Kurobei INOUE and Ichiemon NOMURA, and the first group of the left wijng, which was led by Mototsugu GOTO and Sanzaemon KURODA, follwoed by the second group led by Zushonosuke KURODA and Magobei KIRIYAMA.
- また、朝鮮半島南部を中心にいくつもの倭独特の前方後円墳が発見されており、中国の史書からも倭への朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める記述があることから朝鮮半島南部(任那)は大和王権が統治していた地と有力視されている。
- Furthermore, from the discovery of keyhole-shaped mounds, a feature unique to Wakoku, together with descriptions in Chinese historical sources of Wa controlling the southern Korean Peninsula, it is regarded that the Yamato Kingdom governed southern Korea.
- 受領の任期は通常4年であったが、院らは持ち回りによって毎年のように別個の令制国の受領を任じた(4ヶ国の知行国があれば、毎年別の国の受領を推挙・任命することになる)ために「年分受領」とも呼ばれるようになった。
- Although the term of a zuryo was usually four years, recipients took turns appointing zuryo to different provinces every year (if a zuryo controlled four provinces, the recipients could recommend and appoint a zuryo in a different province every year) causing zuryo to be called 'nenbun zuryo.'
- 11世紀に入ると、書博士そのものが明経博士を世襲した清原氏・中原氏の一族のための待機ポスト(明経道の職に空きが出来るまで暫時任じられる官職)と化してしまい、学科としての書道は完全に消滅したと考えられている。
- In the 11th century, the position of sho hakase became a standby post (a post to which clan members were temporarily appointed until a myogyo-do position became available) for members of the Kiyohara clan and Nakahara clan which inherited the position of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics), and it is though that shodo completely disappeared as an area of study.
- 武士がなぜ存在するのかを突き詰めて考えた山鹿の結論は武士は身分という制度ではなく自分が(封建)社会全体への責任を負う立場であると定義をすることで武士となり、(封建)社会全体への倫理を担うとするものであった。
- Yamaga deeply as to why samurai existed and came to the conclusion that it was not just a social status, but a responsible position to the whole (feudal) of society and to the ethics of the entire (feudal) society.
- その後律令制度の導入により朝廷の任命する官僚による地方統治と中央豪族の宮廷貴族化が計られるとともに、豪族のある者は政権の中枢を担う貴族となり、またある者は中央の官衙機構を担う中・下級の実務系の官人となった。
- Thereafter, due to the introduction of the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), governing regions by bureaucrats who were appointed by the imperial court and to transform Gozoku who lived in the capital into court nobles were planed, and at the same time, some of Gozoku became nobles in charge of the nucleus of the government, and some became middle and low-ranking officials for practical works in charge of governmental bureaucratic structure of the central government.
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- かつての通説によると、鎌倉幕府は、1192年(建久3年)に源頼朝が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まったとされていたが、頼朝の権力・統治機構はそれ以前から存続しており、現在ではこの説は支持されていない。
- According to an old popular theory, the Kamakura Bakufu was thought to have started in 1192, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (hereinafter, shogun), but the power and governing system of Yoritomo had existed before that and now this theory is not believed.
- 室町時代の『康富記』(嘉吉4年正月6日条)に勅命によって“補任”“歴名”と呼ばれる記録の校訂を行った記述が見られ、『親長卿記』(文明7年2月1日条)にも外記に代わって「補歴」の改訂を行ったとする記述が見られる。
- It is recorded that a revision of the record called 'Bunin' (directory of the succession) or 'Ryakumyo' (record list) by an Imperial order was conducted in 'Yasutomi ki' (Diaries of NAKAHARA Yasutomi – entry for February 3, 1444) and other descriptions of revision of 'Bureki' (directory or record list) was also conducted on behalf of Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), in 'Chikanaga kyo ki' (diary of Chikanaga KANROJI – entry for March 17, 1475).
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
- According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in 'Azuma Kagami,' which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.
- 絶版となった理由は、その著書の内容に憤激した徳川氏一族や旧徳川氏の幕臣が、民友社に圧力をかけたためという説や、徳富蘇峰が貴族院議員就任を目指しており、貴族院に多数存在する徳川家関係者に遠慮したためとも言われる。
- It is said that the book went out of print because the TOKUGAWA family and followers of Shogun were so outraged at the contents of the book that they threatened the publisher, Minyu Company, and its manager, Soho TOKUTOMI, who ultimately succumbed to the pressure because he wanted to become a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers).
- 大阪会議(おおさかかいぎ)は、明治8年(1875年)2月11日に明治政府の要人である大久保利通・木戸孝允・板垣退助らが大阪府に集い、今後の政府の方針(立憲政治の樹立)および参議就任等の案件について協議した会議。
- The Osaka Conference is a meeting which took place in Osaka Prefecture on February 11, 1875 and where the dignitaries of the Meiji government, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, got together to discuss the government's prospective policy (the establishment of constitutional government) and the appointment of Sangi (councillors).
- これは御鈴廊下を隔てた表向きにおいて、大老や老中といった幕府の機構上の最高責任者がいても、時代によっては将軍が最も寵愛する御側用人がその将軍の権威のみを背景に幕政の諸事万端を司っていたことがあるのと同様である。
- This happened across Osuzuroka, the political administration, although Tairo (chief minister) and roju (senior councilor) were assigned as chief governmental executives, the shogun's favorite sobayonin (lord chamberlain) administrated various government matters based on the Shogun's authority.
- やがて、1878年に箕作麟祥と牟田口通照を中心となって民法草案が完成された(「明治11年民法草案」という)が、時の司法卿大木喬任はナポレオン法典の丸写しのような内容に不満を抱いたために採用されることは無かった。
- Before long Rinsho MITSUKURI and Michiteru MUTAGUCHI completed a draft of Civil Code (called 'Minpo Soan in 1878'), however, Takato OKI, the then Minister of Justice was dissatisfied with its content like a copied version of Code Napoleon and rejected its adoption.
- 特に藤原時平を「若いが政理に通じているので顧問にして輔導に従うべき」とし、菅原道真「鴻儒で深く政事を知るもので“新君之功臣”として信任すべき」と説き、醍醐天皇の立太子も譲位も道真だけに相談して決めたと記している。
- Particularly, FUJIWARA no Tokihira was described as 'young, but familiar with political theory, therefore suitable for an advisor whose guidance should be followed,' and SUGAWARA no Michizane as 'a great Confusion scholar with a deep knowledge of politics that should be confided in as the 'meritorious retainer for the new emperor,'' and it is recorded that Emperor Uda consulted only Michizane to decide on the investiture of the Crown Prince and the abdication of throne.
- 天文博士の挙状によって後任の天文博士が任命される例はそれ以前にも存在していた(『朝野群載』)が、これ以後は安倍氏の天文博士が挙状によって自己の一族を天文博士・権博士に任命して世襲していくことが行われるようになった。
- Although there had been some precedent for new tenmon hakase to be appointed by a tenmon hakase's recommendation ('Choya gunsai (Collected Official and Unofficial Writings)'), from that point on, the tradition of tenmon hakase from the Abe family recommend their own kin for tenmon hakase or tenmongon no hakuji, keeping the positions in the family, was established.
- 朝鮮総督は天皇に直隷して、委任の範囲内に置ける朝鮮防備のための軍事(後に陸海軍司令官への軍事請求権に改正)を行使したり、内閣総理大臣を経由して立法権、行政権、司法権や王公族及び朝鮮貴族に関する多岐な権限を持っていた。
- The Chosen Sotoku-fu belonged directly to the Emperor, and it could use military force (later revised to the military claim right to the Commander of Army and Navy) to protect Korea in the range of delegation, and had legislative, executive and judicial power through the prime minister, and a wide variety of authority on royal families and Korean noble families.
- 朱印船に乗り組むのは船長以下、按針(航海士)、客商、一般乗組員らであるが、とりわけ航海士には海外航路に詳しい中国人、ポルトガル人、スペイン人、オランダ人、イギリス人が任命される者が多く、一般乗組員にも外国人が入った。
- Those that boarded Shuinsen other than the Captain were pilot (navigator), merchants, and common crew, but the navigators were mostly Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British, and the common crew contained foreigners as well.
- 幕府とは、そもそも将軍の陣所を指す概念であり、源頼朝が右近衛大将に任官したことで、その居館 大倉御所を幕府と称されたことがあるが、それは私邸を指す言葉であり頼朝の開いた武家政権としての鎌倉幕府を指す概念ではなかった。
- Bakufu was originally a concept which referred to a shogun's camp and when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to Ukone no daisho, his house, the Okura palace, was called bakufu, but it was not a word for Kamakura bakufu as a samurai government established by Yoritomo, but a word for the private house.
- しかし1909年10月、伊藤博文は満州のハルビン(哈爾浜)にて安重根によって暗殺され、短い中継ぎを挟み寺内正毅が第三代韓国統監(就任は1910年5月)となり、義兵戦争への弾圧を継続しつつ韓国併合への準備を進めていった。
- However, in October 1909, Hirobumi ITO was assassinated by An Jung-geun in Harbin of Manchuria, so after a short provisional term, Masatake TERAUCHI assumed office as the 3rd Inspector General of Korea (as of May 1910) and proceeded the preparation for the annexation of Korea, keeping oppression to Gihei War.
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- 賄賂の横行や罷免された荻原重秀の独断専行を目の当たりにしていた新井は先に荻原が廃止した勘定吟味役を正徳2年(1712年)に再度設置し、杉岡能連、萩原美雅(ともにのち勘定奉行)を任命し、勘定所自体の綱紀の引き締めを図った。
- Since Arai witnessed widespread bribery and arbitrary decision and execution by Shigehide OGIWARA who was dismissed, Arai revived Kanjoginmiyaku in 1712 that was abolished by Ogiwara earlier and assigned Yoshitsura SUGIOKA and Yoshimasa OGIWARA (both of them became kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance] later) and strived for tightening up the official discipline in the finance ministry.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月の平氏西走後も、その本拠であった伊賀・伊勢両国には平氏家人が播居しており、元暦元年(1184年)3月に大内惟義が伊賀の守護に補任され、武蔵国の御家人大井実春が平家与党討伐のため伊勢に派遣される。
- Even after the Taira clan escaped to Saigoku (the western part of Japan) in July 1183, men of the Taira clan lived over wide areas of both Iga and Ise Provinces, which had been their home territory, so Koreyoshi OUCHI was assigned as Ise shugo (military governor of Ise) and Saneharu OI, a vassal in Musashi Province, was dispatched to Ise to subdue the Taira clan and their retainers there in April 1184.
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- そして権官大納言兼右近衛大将に叙任され、公卿に列し荘園領主の家政機関たる政所開設の権を得たことで、いわば統治機構としての合法性を帯びるようになり、さらに1183年の寿永二年十月宣旨、文治の勅許、征夷大将軍の宣下がなされた。
- Yoritomo was subsequently was appointed to kenkan (powerful post, official) Chief of the Councilor of State, Ukone no daisho (the chief of Ukonoefu, the guarding section) and obtained the right to open a Mandokoro (Administrative Board), domestic governing institution of lords of the manor, with Kugyo (the top court officials), and thus came to have the legitimacy of governing system and furthermore Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in October, 1183), the Bunji imperial sanction in 1185, and seii taishogun were declared.
- 平安時代後期以後は、実質上の最高職である左右馬頭に河内源氏の著名な武者が相次いで任じられた事から馬寮の職は武士の憧れの官職の一つとされた(平安時代末期格式など規定されていた実際の大允・少允の定員は計二十名であったと言う)。
- After the late Heian period, by reason that prominent samurai of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) was successively assigned to Sama no kami and Uma no kami which were substantially the highest post, the post of Meryo was regarded as one of the government posts longed for by samurai (it is said that the full number of Daijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) was 20 in total as regulated in the Kakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)) at the end of Heian period).
- 上述の単位に区画された土地において、里の横列を「条(じょう)」、里の縦列を「里(り)」とし、任意に設定された基点から、縦方向には一条、二条、三条と、横方向には一里、二里、三里というように、明快な位置表示が可能となっていた。
- For the land divided into the units described above, the horizontal row of ri was called 'jo' and the vertical row of ri was called 'ri,' and from the base point that was arbitrary set, each section could be clearly indicated such as ichi-jo, ni-jo, and san-jo (first jo, second jo, and third jo) vertically and ichi-ri, ni-ri, and san-ri (first ri, second ri, and third ri) horizontally.
- また、弘仁3年(812年)に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁(庶民あるいはそれに近い身分)のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
- このため、領主側は、地頭に管理させる一円内の年貢を毎年一定額と定め、地頭がその納入を荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う代わりに地頭を荘官に任命する地頭請が、主に地頭自身が開発領主であることが多かった東国を中心として行われ始めた。
- As a measure to counter such situations, the Jito-uke system, under which the lord of shoen decided a fixed amount of nengu for shoen under jito's management and appointed jito to shokan (manager of shoen) in return for their obligation to pay nengu to the lords of shoen or kokushi (provincial governor), came into use in the eastern part of Japan where jito themselves were often kaihatsu-ryoshu (the local lord who actually developed the land).
- 康安元年(1361年)執事の細川清氏が失脚(康安の政変)、南朝 (日本)へ降伏した後、斯波高経(出家して道朝と名乗る)は、将軍足利義詮の信任を受け、貞治元年(1362年)には子息の義将を執事(後の管領職にあたる)に推薦した。
- After shitsuji Kiyouji HOSOKAWA lost his position (Koan Coup) and surrendered to the Southern Court (Japan) in 1361, Takatsune SHIBA (he called himself Docho after becoming a monk) gained the trust of shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and recommended his son Yoshimasa to the post of shitsuji (kanrei) in 1362.
- こうした動きは、国が過去の失政の責任を認めたくないから、いつまでも研究をやめないのだと揶揄もされている(しかし、大気汚染がさまざまな健康被害をもたらすことは確実である。近年の新たな知見にもとづいた新手法の調査が望まれよう)。
- The administration is also ridiculed for not terminating research due to an unwillingness to acknowledge responsibility for past misgovernment (although it is certain that air pollution does pose various health problems. A new procedure based on the knowledge of recent years is required).
- こうした入港場の制限は興利倭の生活を困窮させるものであり、1427年に倭寇出身の対馬の実力者早田左衛門太郎が慶尚道全域において任意に交易出来るよう朝鮮王朝に請願するが拒絶され、代わりに塩浦(蔚山広域市)のみ入港場に追加された。
- That entry restriction would drive Koriwa into a corner -- In 1427, Saemontaro SODA, who was originally wako and influential figure in Tsushima, made a petition to the Korea kingdom to allow them free trade all over Gyengsangnam-do: In response, the Korea kingdom rejected the petition but added Yeompo, Ulsan-Gwangyeoksi (Ulsan Metropolitan City 蔚山広域市) instead.
- 頼義は源氏始祖の源経基以来、父の代まて4代にわたり鎮守府将軍を歴任しており、蝦夷の俘囚長で奥六郡の支配者である安倍氏 (奥州)が国府と対立した際、これを平定するため陸奥守・鎮守府将軍として派遣され、12年の歳月を経て平定した。
- In case of Yoriyoshi, four generations of the Minamoto clan, from the earliest ancestor, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto to his father, held the post of Chinju-fu shogun, and when the Abe clan (in Oshu, northern Japan), who was the chief of Fushu (subdued Ezo) and the autonomous ruler of Okuroku-gun (six counties in northern Japan), conflicted with kokufu, Yoriyoshi was also dispatched as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun and subdued them in 12 years.
- 慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1603年3月24日)に徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ江戸(現在の東京)に幕府が開かれた時を始まりとし、慶応3年10月14日 (旧暦)(1867年11月15日)に大政奉還するまでの264年間を指す。
- This period started at the time when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo) and settled the government in Edo (present Tokyo) on March 24, 1603, and lasted till the return of political power to the Emperor (taisei hokan) on November 15, 1867 for 264 years.
- 天下の儀、何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は、誰々によらず、上意を得るに及ばず、分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事(天下の政治は何事につけてもこの信長に任せ、誰にも限らず、将軍の上意も得ずに信長の分別により成敗を加えることができること)。
- 天下の儀,何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は,誰々によらず,上意を得るに及ばず,分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事 (Since the affairs of tenka (the realm) have in fact been put in Nobunaga's hands, he may take measures against anyone whomsoever according to his own discretion and without the need to obtain the shogun's agreement.)
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、朝鮮統治のために設置された朝鮮総督府の長たる朝鮮総督が発する命令(制令)という形で立法権を委任するほか、内地に施行される法律につき勅令で朝鮮にも施行することができるようにする方針を採った。
- With the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Korea for its nature, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Chosen Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Korea, by granting authority to issue orders (laws) and also allowed the laws enforced in the inland to be enforced in Korea with imperial edicts.
- また、10月から12月にかけて公武合体派の島津久光(薩摩藩主の父)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、一橋慶喜、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)が上洛、松平容保とともに朝廷参与会議に任命され、朝廷の下での雄藩の国政参画が実現した。
- During the months from October to December (according to the old lunar calendar) the powerful lords agreeing to the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, such as Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the head of the Shimazu clan), Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (the former head of the Fukui clan), Munenari DATE (the former head of the Uwajima clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (the former head of the Tosa clan), and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI came to Kyoto one after another, and they were appointed as members of the Sanyo-kaigi with Katamori MATSUDAIRA, then the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court began in the form in which the delegates of the Shogunate speak in the Imperial Court.
- 台湾総務長官は、前身である民政長官などを含め水野遵、曽根静夫、後藤新平、祝辰巳、大島久満次、宮尾舜治、内田嘉吉、下村宏、賀来佐賀太郎、後藤文夫、河原田稼吉、人見次郎、高橋守雄、木下信、平塚広義、森岡二郎、斎藤樹、成田一郎が就任している。
- Successive Chief of Home Affairs and its forerunners such as Director of the Home Affairs Bureau (民政長官) included Takashi MIZUNO, Shizuo SONE, Shinpei GOTO, Tatsumi IO, Kumaji OSHIMA, Shunji MIYAO, Kakichi UCHIDA, Hiroshi SHIMOMURA, Sagataro KAKU, Fumio GOTO, Kakichi KAWARADA, Jiro HITOMI, Morio TAKAHASHI, Shin KINOSHITA, Hiroyoshi HIRATSUKA, Jiro MORIOKA, Itsuki SAITO and Ichiro NARITA.
- 実際に、この申請については文治の勅許として下され、鎌倉幕府が開かれた後には、この守護地頭の設置任免権は幕府に託された地方の警察権を行使する意味でも、御家人に対する本領安堵、新恩給与を行う意味でも幕府権力の根幹をなす重要な役割を果たした。
- In fact, this application was given the order as the Bunji Imperial Sanction, the placement and appointment and dismissal of shugo and jito served an important role to form the basis of the bakufu authorities in the sense of exerting the local police power leaving it to the bakufu and enforcing honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) and shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) to gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 1886年(明治19年)、井上は東京において諸外国の使節団と改正会議を行うが、井上案は関税の引き上げや外国人判事の任用など譲歩を示したため、政府内で農商務大臣谷干城や法律顧問ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードらからの反対意見を受けた。
- In 1886, INOUE held the conference of revision with the delegation of the foreign countries in Tokyo, and proposed an appeasement plan such as to raise tariffs and to appoint foreign judges, so that he was opposed by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Tateki TANI and the government counsel Gustave Emile BOISSONADE.
- 続く平治の乱では、「多田蔵人大夫頼範」(頼盛の誤伝か)なる人物が藤原信頼・源義朝方として三条殿襲撃に加わり、戦後恩賞として摂津守に任官されたことが『平治物語』にみえているが、その他の史料における所見はなく、多田源氏の動向は詳らかではない。
- According to 'Heiji Monogatari' (The tale of the Heiji), in the Heiji Disturbance, 'Tada kurodo dayu Yorinori (maybe a misunderstanding of Yorimori)' supported the Nobuyori FUJIWARA and Yoshitomo MINAMOTO side to attack Sanjo Palace together, so that he was appointed as governor of Settsu Province as a reward after the war, while it is unclear about the clan at that time as other historical materials do not mention Tada-Genji.
- 田中の就任直後の10月4日に政友会の新政策発表の際に「帷幄上奏の廃止と軍部大臣文官制」の一項が入っていることに気付いて、激怒し、直ちに幹部会を招集してこの部分を留保させて以後党内で統帥権の独立に冒す様な政策は掲げない事を宣言したのである。
- Right after the assumption of TANAKA on October 4, when Seiyukai announced the new policy he noticed a section describing 'the abolition of Iaku-joso and a system of a minister of military by civil officers', he inflamed with it, called the officers' meeting immediately and demanded to reserve that part, then declared not to appeal a party policy that would damage the independence of supreme command inside the party.
- 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する(西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある)とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
- The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.
- その由来については淡路国に流された淡路廃帝大炊親王(淳仁天皇)のために同国の官物・庸調が廃帝の生活に充てられ、平城京に籠った平城上皇のために大和国の田租・地子イネが生活に充てられたもの、更にその後導入された親王任国を制度の嚆矢とする説もある。
- The theoris on the origin of the ingubunkokusei system describes: One that it started when kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) collected within Awaji Province were used to feed Imperial Prince Oi who had been deported to the province and called Awaji Haitei (deposed Emperor of Awaji); another theory argues that the system began when denso (a rice field tax) and rice collected within Yamato Province was used to feed Retired Emperor Heizei who had confined himself in Heijo-Kyo; a third theory states that the system was established along with shinno nintoku (provinces whose governing posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) system that was introduced later on.
- 乱を起こした側としては、治安維持の任につく武芸の家の者としての勲功認定、待遇改善を目指す動きを条件闘争的にエスカレートさせていった結果として叛乱に至ってしまった面を持ち、また鎮圧側も、乱を鎮圧することでやはり自らの勲功認定、待遇改善を図った。
- The Samurai that fought with the rebels aimed to gain formal recognition for their profession and improve the living conditions for the samurai families that were responsible for maintaining security, while the Samurai who fought against the rebels were also fighting for recognition and better conditions.
- 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
- After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
- 伊藤が内閣総理大臣に就任したことにともない、三條は内大臣として宮中にまわり、以後は天皇の側近としてこれを「常侍輔弼」することになったのだが、そもそも内大臣府は三條処遇のために創られた名誉職であり、実際は彼を二階へあげて梯子を外したも同然だった。
- Once ITO assumed office as Prime Minister, SANJO transferred to imperial court as Minister of the center, after that, he served as a close adviser of Emperor, but Minister of center's Office was originally a honorary position exclusively set up for SANJO, so actually he was just like a man in a penthouse without means to go down.
- 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
- People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.
- 福岡は後に回顧して「由利が盛に経綸経綸という文句を口癖のごとく振りまわしていた所であったからそのままにして置いたのである。経綸という字の意味は元は経済とか財政とかを意味していたようであるが、これは説く人々の解釈に任してよいのである」と述べている。
- When Fukuoka looked back that later, he said 'Yuri kept saying the word, keirin at that time, so I just left it. Keirin seemed to mean originally economy and finance, but it can be interpreted by each preacher.'
- 三大事件建白運動・大同団結運動では旧自由党系と連携して民党の一翼を担うが、大同団結運動の失敗と1888年の大隈の第1次伊藤内閣の外務大臣 (日本)入閣(黒田内閣でも留任)によって大隈の条約改正案を支持したことにより自由党との関係は再び微妙になる。
- Although the Constitutional Progressive party still played an important role in some cases, along with the Liberal party (both parties acknowledged each other and were referred as people's parties at the time), such as taking actions to present petitions for the three major cases, and advocating a movement to unite for a common purpose, but both parties eventually couldn't get along with each other when they failed the movement to unite, and the Constitutional Progressive party supported a proposal to revise a treaty that Okuma presented as foreign minister of the first Ito government in 1888 (he became foreign minister under the Kuroda government as well).
- ちょうどその頃、上総国菊間から大浜出張所(碧海郡に16ヶ村幡豆郡に5ヶ村、計21ヶ村は、大浜領と呼ばれ、菊間藩の大浜出張所に支配されていた。)に赴任してきた服部純は、明治政府の方針に従い村法の改正や勤王主義教育、神仏分離などの宗教改革を実施した。
- At precisely the same time, Jun HATTORI who was transferred to an Ohama branch office (16 villages in Aomi County, 5 villages in Hazu County, 21 villages in total were called Ohama territory and were controlled by Ohama branch office in Kikuma Domain) from Kikuma, Kazusa Province, implemented the revision of village law, the imperialism education, and the religious transformation such as separation of Buddhism and Shintoism by following the policy of the Meiji Government.
- その際、木戸孝允は、福岡案第一条の「列侯会議を興し」を「広ク会議ヲ興シ」に改め、「徴士」の任用期間を制限していた福岡案第五条を削除して木戸最終案第四条を新たに組み込み、五箇条の順序を体裁良く整え直すなどして大幅に変更を加え、より普遍的な内容にした。
- At that time, Takayoshi KIDO changed 'setting up a council by feudal lords' in the first article of Fukuoka's draft to 'setting up deliberative assemblies widely' and deleted the article 5 which restricted the term of 'choshi' (official) and added newly the article 4 of Kido's final draft and put the order of the whole five articles in proper order and the contents became more universal by those big changes.
- 成功(じょうごう)とは、朝廷の公事・行事及び殿舎の営繕、寺社の堂塔修造費用など本来、朝廷の公費で負担すべきところを、任官希望者を募り任料を納めさせるか、または自己負担でそれぞれの事業の功を成らせて、見返りに官職に叙任するという売官制度の一種である。
- Jogo was a system by which those aspiring to a government post would either pay directly to gain an appointment, or pay for expenses that would otherwise have had to be paid from the coffers of the Imperial Court, such as those incurred in carrying out public functions or events for the Imperial Court, building or repairing the palace, or repairing the buildings and pagodas of shrines and temples.
- だが条約勅許をめぐる朝廷との対立や、病弱な将軍の後継を巡る一橋派(徳川慶喜・後の15代を推す勢力)と南紀派(徳川家茂・後の14代を推す勢力)との対立、また外様や御三家の幕政介入に反撥した譜代大名の筆頭井伊直弼が大老に就任したことにより改革は挫折した。
- But his reforms suffered setbacks, such as a conflict between bakufu and Imperial Court over Imperial permission to the treaty concluded with US, a conflict within bakufu over the successor to the sickly shogun between 'Hitotsubashi group' (the group that recommended Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA [later, the 15th Shogun]) and 'Nanki group' (the group that recommended Iemochi TOKUGAWA [later, the 14th Shogun]), and Naosuke Ii's assumption of 'Tairo' (Chief Minister of bakufu) - Naosuke Ii was at the top of 'fudai daimyo' and was against the participation of 'tozama daimyo' and 'gosanke' in bakufu politics.
- そこで伊藤はやむなく井上を辞任させて、政敵と言える大隈重信と黒田清隆をそれぞれ外務大臣・農商務大臣として入閣させ、保安条例を制定して自由民権派の弾圧に乗り出したが、憲法・旧皇室典範の制定事業に専念するために、総理大臣を辞して新設の枢密院議長に転じた。
- So Ito was obliged to have Inoue step down and took his political enemies Shigenobu OKUMA and Kiyotaka KURODA into cabinet as a Minister of Foreign Affair and a Minister of Agriculture and Commerce respectively, and set out to suppress the Freedom and People's Rights Movement Party, however, he resigned from prime minister to assume as Chairman of the Privy Council with the view to concentrating on the establishment of constitution and Former Imperial House Act.
- 更に公任の作成した「部類」の一部も公任娘婿の藤原教通の家に置かれたときに火災に遇い焼失(『小右記』長和4年4月13日条)し、その後残りとされる6巻が小野宮家の藤原顕仲から藤原宗忠(『中右記』の著者)に材木と引き換えに譲り受け、後に白河法皇に貸し出された。
- Furthermore, a part of the 'Burui' that Kinto made was destroyed in a fire when it was kept in the house of FUJIWARA no Norimichi (according to ''Shoyuki'' May 9, 1015) who was Kinto's adopted son-in-law, and later the 6 volumes that were assumed to be remains of the 'Burui,' were handed over to FUJIWARA no Munetada (the author of 'Chuyuki') from FUJIWARA no Akinaka in exchange for lumber, and later were lent to Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa.
- 1609年(慶長14年)には前スペイン領フィリピンの総督ドン・ロドリゴがヌエバ・エスパーニャ(現在のメキシコ日本との関係)への帰任に際し海難で上総国岩和田村(現御宿町)に漂着し、1611年(慶長16年)にはセバスティアン・ビスカイノが答礼使として来日した。
- In 1609, Don Rodorigo, the Viceroy of the Philippines, a previous Spanish territory, had an accident at sea on his way back to his post in Nueva Espana and drifted down to Iwada Village, Kazusa Province (presently, Onjuku-machi), and in 1611, Sebastian VIZCAINO paid a visit to Japan as toreishi (errand to return a call or visit).
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 朝鮮側がこの条項になんら抵抗を示していないのは、先に述べたように国際法についての無関心からくるのであるが、それ以外に江戸時代の対馬藩との往来の頃には民事案件であろうと刑事のものであろうと、日本人犯罪者は倭館の日本人責任者に引き渡していた慣例があったためである。
- One reason why Korea did not resist this provision was that they were indifferent to international law, as described before, but there was another reason that during the Edo period when they traded with the Tsushima clan, traditionally the criminals were given over to the Japanese in charge in the Japanese consular office, no matter whether it was a civil or criminal case.
- 大日本帝国憲法第11条 天皇は陸海軍を統帥す、大日本帝国憲法第12条 天皇は陸海軍の編制及常備兵額を定むから編成権も統帥権に含まれるとする意見と、大日本帝国憲法第55条 第1項 国務各大臣は天皇を輔弼し其の責に任すから、軍の編成権は内閣が持つとする意見がある。
- As the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Article 11 described that Emperor commands the Army and Navy, and in the Article 12, it described that Emperor decides the organization of the Army and Navy as well as the amount of troops, there was an opinion that the organization rights belonged to the supreme command, on the other hand, another opinion was that the organization rights of the army belonged to the Cabinet according to the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Article 55, Clause 1, saying that the Minister of State assists the Emperor and has the responsibility of the duty.
- そのため、時期によって差異はあるものの、その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、台湾統治のために設置された台湾総督府の長たる台湾総督が発する命令 (法律)(律令)という形で立法権を委任する(委任が包括的であったため、憲法違反ではないかという議論が起きた。
- Therefore, although some variations were observed depending on the period, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Taiwan Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Taiwan, by granting authority to issue orders (laws or ordinances) with the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Taiwan for its nature (The delegation was comprehensive, so some people argued that it might be against the Constitution).
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- 外交と防衛を主任務とすると共に、西海道9国(筑前国、筑後国、豊前国、豊後国、肥前国、肥後国、日向国、薩摩国、大隅国)と三島(壱岐国、対馬国、多禰国(現在の大隅諸島。824年に大隅に編入))については、掾(じょう)以下の人事や四度使の監査などの行政・司法を所管した。
- Its major roles were foreign diplomacy and defense, and for the nine provinces in Saikaido (Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen, Bungo, Hizen, Higo, Hyuga, Satsuma, and Osumi Provinces) and three islands (Iki, Tsushima, and Tane (present Osumi Islands, absorbed into Osumi in 824) Provinces), it held jurisdiction over an administrative branch and a judiciary branch including personnel affairs of jo (secretary of provincial offices) and lower ranks as well as auditing shidoshi (envoys who bring four major official documents sent by kokushi (provincial governors)).
- 『権記』には長保元年令公布の翌長保2年5月8日条の出来事として検非違使別当である藤原公任が藤原行成(『権記』筆者)に対して、前日に新制による取締が緩んでいることに対して一条天皇から菅原孝標(蔵人)を通じて検非違使の職務怠慢であると注意を受けたことについて語っている。
- According to 'Gonki,' on May 8, 1000, the day after the issuance of Chohogannenrei, Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) FUJIWARA no Kinto told FUJIWARA no Yukinari (the author of 'Gonki') that on the previous day Kinto had been reprimanded by Emperor Ichiijo via SUGAWARA no Takasue (Kurodo (Chamberlain)) for insufficient enforcement of the shinsei, which was regarded as negligence of the kebiishi.
- なお、暦書を私的に持つことは雑令の秘書玄象令で厳しく規制されたために朝廷外に人材を求めるのは困難であり、平将門が「新皇」を名乗って文武百官を任じた際も暦博士は任命できず、同様に吉野朝廷(南朝 (日本))も暦博士を置けなかったらしく、その元号が入った具注暦は存在しない。
- Because the private possession of rekisho (explanatory books concerning calendars) was strictly regulated by Hishogenjo-rei edicts, which were classified as Zoryo (Law on Miscellaneous Matters), it was difficult to recruit personnel outside the Imperial Court; therefore, when TAIRA no Masakado proclaimed himself as a 'new emperor' and nominated Bunbu Hyakkan (all the officials, both military and civil), he was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and in the same manner the Yoshino Imperial Court (the Southern Court (Japan)) was unable to appoint Reki Hakase, and consequently there is no Guchu-reki (annotated calendar) that includes its gengo (era name).
- この時、当時重臣になっていた広田が小磯に対して「僕と寺内君(現役武官制復活当時の寺内寿一陸相)の合意で、陸相人事は三長官の合意に関係なく新首相が自由に指名していいということになっているから」と告げて、小磯はこれを一つの根拠として東條の陸相留任を阻止したという逸話がある。
- At that time, Hirota who was then Jushin (chief retainer) told Koiso, 'An agreement has been made between Mr. Terauchi (Hisaichi TERAUCHI who was the Minister of War during revival of Geneki Bukan sei) and me, as for the personnel affairs, we've accepted to designate a new Prime Minister regardless of the consent of three Kami' and it is said that this incident was one of the reasons for Koiso preventing Tojo from remaining as the Minister of War.
- 皮肉にも7月になって大久保利通と木戸孝允・大隈重信の対立を原因とする政争の結果、大蔵省首脳が民部省の同じ役職を兼務していたことで統合されていた民部省に新たに東京府知事であった大木喬任が大隈の後任の民部大輔に就任し、吉井友実(少輔)・松方正義(大丞)ら大久保派が就任した。
- Ironically in July, Takato OKI who was the Governor of Tokyo prefecture was inaugurated as Minbu no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) of Minbusho that was in effect unified with Okurasho because the heads of Okurasho doubled as the corresponding posts of Minbusho, succeeding OKUMA, together with Tomozane YOSHII and Masayoshi MATSUKATA (who was Taijo, Senior Secretary) also assuming office, as a result of the political strife caused by the confrontation between Toshimitsu OKUBO against Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA.
- これに対し、満仲の嫡流である頼光・頼国が所領を有さなかったとは考え難く、またこの時代は摂関政治の確立により武力を要する政変などが無くなっていたことなども踏まえ、多田庄の経営は一族や郎党の者に任せ自身は在京したものであるとの考察もなされているが、現時点では判然としていない。
- On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine that Yorimitsu and Yorikuni, the main line of Mitsunaka, did not inherit Mitsunaka's property while there were no conflicts needing military forces as the regency was established, so it is considered that Yorikuni and Yorimitsu left the management of Tada Manors to their families or retainers and stayed at the capital, but it is still controversial.
- この案をほぼそのまま継承した「戸籍編成例目」が翌明治3年(1870年)3月に正式に大蔵省から太政官に提出されたが、戸籍を大蔵民部省(当時、大蔵省と民部省が実質統合されていたことから付けられた俗称)が行うことに東京府知事大木喬任を始めとして地方官が反対したことから実現しなかった。
- Following this proposal as it almost was, 'Koseki hensei rei moku (family register formation illustration list)' was presented officially by Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury) for Dajokan in March of the next year (1870), but it did not materialized because chihokan (local officials) led by Takato OKI, the Governor of Tokyo Prefecture, who opposed for Okura-Minbusho (commonly called due to the fact that Okurasho and Minbusho were virtually unified) to deal with the family register
- 江戸時代末期以来、富国強兵の大義名分のもと年々増税等が行われる中、1881年(明治14年)10月に大蔵卿に就任した松方正義によるいわゆる松方財政の影響により、現在でいうデフレスパイラルが発生し(松方デフレ)、いまだ脆弱であった日本の経済、とりわけ農業部門には深刻な不況が発生した。
- In a situation where taxes and so on had been increased year by year since the end of Edo period for the policy of fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military), under the influence of so-called Matsukata finance by Masayoshi MATSUKATA, who assumed the post of the Ministry of Finance in October 1881, what we call a deflationary spiral occurred (Matsukata deflation), which brought a serious deflation in Japanese economy, especially in the agricultural sector.
- その後、1886年(明治19年)2月27日に公布された各省官制(明治19年勅令第2号)では、次官以下の「陸軍省職員」、「海軍省職員」については、「武官ヲ以テ之ニ補ス」として、原則的に武官を任用すると定めたものの(陸軍2条、海軍2条、通則25条)、大臣については特に定めを置かなかった。
- After that, according to each ministry regulation (imperial edict Vol.2, 1886), publically announced in February 27, 1886, with regards to 'officers in the Department of War and the Department of the Navy' lower than the Suke (vice minister) rank, 'military officers are eligible to be appointed this position' and it was determined that military officers would be installed in principal (Army regulations, article 2; Navy regulations, article 2; General regulations, article 25); however, there were no rules about the ministers.
- しかしながら途上国の言い分である「先進国の結果責任に基づいて自主的に二酸化炭素排出量を減らす努力義務を途上国が負うのは身勝手」との意見も根強く、京都議定書の次のスキームを構築する作業は残念ながら遅遅として進んでおらず、京都議定書は一過性のもので失敗に終わる可能性が高いと見る意見がある。
- However, developing countries strongly insist that 'it is unfair for developing countries to undertake the obligation to reduce the emission amount of carbon dioxide voluntarily on the basis of the outcome brought about by developed countries,' and the task to establish the next scheme for Kyoto Protocol has regrettably made little progress, and some people say that Kyoto Protocol is transient and will probably end up as a failure.
- この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
- The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
- 具体的には、天命を承けた中国皇帝が直接支配する地域(行政区である省が置かれている)間接統治地域(辺境の有力者を土司・土官に任命し、貢ぎ物と引き替えに一定の自治を認める)版図外(「夷狄」のいる地域、皇帝の徳の感化が及ばない土地。所謂「化外の地」)という大きく分けて三つのカテゴリーがある。
- In more details, regions are roughly classified into the following three categories:- Regions which were directly controlled by an emperor of China, who received the will of heaven (Administrative districts called 'sho (Province)' were set up.)- Indirectly controlled area (Influential persons in outlands were appointed to doshi/dokan (local governor) and a certain level of autonomous control was allowed in exchange of tributes.)- Outside of the territory (regions in which 'iteki' lived; land which was not covered by influence of the virtue of the emperor; so-called 'kegainochi (land out of states reign)').
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- だが、孫の藤原公任が『清慎公記』の記述内容を分野別にまとめた「部類」を作成する際に『清慎公記』の原本を切り貼りしてしまったために全巻が紙屑と化してしまうという出来事があり、従兄弟の藤原実資が激怒したという逸話がある(『小右記』寛仁4年8月18日条、万寿2年7月7日条、同5年7月1日条他)。
- According to an anecdote, there was an incident in which the whole collection of the original book of ''Seishinko-ki'' was cut into pieces because Saneyori's grandchild - FUJIWARA no Kinto – cut and pasted the original book of ''Seishinko-ki'' when he was making up 'Burui,' a descriptive content of ''Seishinko-ki'' broken into categories, and his cousin-FUJIWARA no Sanesuke was inflamed with rage. (''Shoyuki'' Sep 14, 1020/Aug 9, 1025/Jul 31, 1028 etc.)
- また、秀吉は当初は征夷大将軍への就任に意欲を示したとも言われているが実現せず、代わって偶発的事情から得た関白の地位を武家である豊臣氏による世襲制度(公家である藤原氏の五摂家を排除)に変更して、幕府制度に代わる武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい)とも言うべき体制を導入しようとしたと考えられている。
- It is said that after Hideyoshi's failure to accomplish his desire to become 'Seii Taishogun', he introduced a new system, 'the Kanpaku system by the samurai family' instead of the 'Bakufu' system; the status of 'Kanpaku' was given to him through accidental events, and he tried to change the status to the Toyotomi-clan hereditary system (by excluding five Fujiwara Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku)).
- 宝暦4年(1754年)から5年(1755年)にかけて、薩摩藩は美濃国木曽三川の治水工事を命ぜられたが、幕府側による再三の工事変更命令、地元名士の非協力などに苦しめられ、完成までに切腹51名、病死33名を出し、総指揮者の家老平田靱負も全責任を負って自決するという悲劇を生んだ(宝暦治水事件)。
- From 1754 to 1755 the Satsuma Domain was ordered to do flood prevention works of Kiso-sansen (Kiso Three Rivers) in Mino Province, but the bakufu changed the order repeatedly and the Satsuma Domain suffered from no cooperation of the local prominent figures, and until the completion the fifty-one committed Seppuku and the thirty-three died of sickness and the chief retainer and general manager, Yukie HIRATA tragically committed suicide to take his responsibility (the Horeki flood control Incident).
- 桂園時代は、桂に代表される官僚・軍部と西園寺に代表される有力政党である立憲政友会が「情意投合」と呼ばれる連携体制を組んで交互に内閣総理大臣に就任した(この間にも松方正義や山本権兵衛、平田東助などを首相に擁する動きはあったものの、両者以上の政権基盤を持たずにいずれも断念に追い込まれている)。
- In the Kei-En era, bureaucrats and military typified by Katsura and a leading political party Rikken seiyukai typified by Saionji built a collaborative system called 'emotional agreement' and they alternately served as the prime minister (In the meantime, there was a move to field Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Tosuke HIRATA as prime minister, but none of them had stronger foundations of administration than those of the two, so they were forced to give up).
- 彼らは戦闘は無論、見張りや防衛工事、消火活動、負傷者の救護、外(連合軍)との秘密の連絡をこなし、柴五郎も「耶蘇教民がいてわれわれを助けなかったならば、われわれ小数の兵にては、とうてい粛親王府は保てなかったかと思われます」、「無事にあの任務を果たせたのも信用し合っていた多くの中国人のお陰でした。
- They not only participated in the battle, but also in patrols, defense construction, fire extinguishment, rescuing of casualties, and conducted secret communication with the outside (allied forces), and even Goro SHIBA reflected, 'if there were no Christians to rescue us, we could not have maintained the government of Prince Su with our small number of soldiers' and 'the mission succeeded due to the trust of many Chinese'.
- そこで佐々木宗雄は、基経の本心は「阿衡」という言葉よりも光孝天皇の時に基経に与えられていた政務の全面委任(王権代行の権限)の授与を示す言葉が2度の詔には明記されなかったために、天皇が自己の政治権限の削除を図っているとの反感を抱いて、光孝天皇の時と同等の権限を求めたのではないかという説を立てている。
- Muneo SASAKI pays attention to the fact that the Japanese word indicating the full delegation of state affairs (authority to act as the Emperor's deputy), to which Mototsune was entitled during the Era of Emperor Koko, was not explicitly used in these two shochokus, and asserts that Mototsune felt antipathy toward the Emperor because he suspected the Emperor might be trying to reduce his political authority, rather than because the term 'Ako' had been used, leading Mototsune to request that he be given the same level of authority as he had held during the era of Emperor Koko.
- 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日(1889年(明治22年)2月12日)、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁(実質は党首)で外務大臣 (日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
- The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 同調査会の結論は「作物に被害を与える銅分は、予防工事前の残留分で現業によるものは少ないとして古河鉱業の責任を解除した」(由井正臣『田中正造』)ものだったが、実際、1903年10月には「被害地の稲は豊作」になり、田中正造も「被害地豊作の実況」と題する演説をして歩いた(『田中正造全集・別巻』477頁)。
- The committee concluded 'as for the copper which damages crops, there are the residues flowed before the preventive construction, however in the current operation, the flowing poison is a little, so the government exonerates Furukawa Mining from blame' (Masaomi YUI 'Tanaka Shozo'), and in fact, in October of 1903, 'the damaged area had a good crop of rice' and Shozo TANAKA also gave lectures at many places setting the title of the lecture as 'the real circumstances of the rich harvest in the damaged area' ('the complete works of Shozo TANAKA' page 477 of the 'supplementary volume').
- 首都圏とは「首都+圏(その周辺地域)」のことであるが、後継法では「首都」部分は前身法で既に首都と定めた「東京都」と明確に定めることで、その変更には国会の議決を義務付け、「その周辺地域」部分は下位法令(政令)に委任することで、国会の議決なく柔軟に変更できる余地を残す形で、前身法の首都の定義を継承している。
- The national capital region refers to the region 'the capital and its surrounding area,' but in the succeeding law, it is clearly defined that 'national capital' part is 'Tokyo Metropolis' established in predecessor law (abolished law) and it imposes the obligation of Diet vote in order to change that part, and concerning 'the surrounding area' the new law took over predecessor law, in the way to delegate the lower rank act (government ordinance) and not to require Diet vote and flexibly change 'the surrounding area' part.
- だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣 (日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派(天皇親政派)と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった(「明治20年の危機」)。
- However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
- Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- しかし、現役の自衛官が防衛大臣を兼ねることはともかく、かつて職業軍人であった者や自衛官であった者が、防衛大臣に就任すること自体は憲法違反にあたらないと解されている(例えば、旧海軍経理学校出身の中曽根康弘(中佐)、松野頼三(少佐)、山下元利(中尉)らや陸上自衛隊自衛官(二等陸尉)であった中谷元が防衛庁長官に就任している)。
- However, whether or not an active Self-Defense Official concurrently serves as a Secretary of State for Defense, it is understood that appointment of a career military man or a Self-Defense official to a Secretary of State for Defense itself is not illegal (For instance, Yasuhiro NAKASONE (lieutenant colonel) who graduated from the Naval Paymasters' School, Raizo MATSUNO (major), Ganri YAMASHITA (lieutenant), and Gen NAKATANI who was in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (First Lieutenant) were appointed to Chief Secretary of State for Defense).
- 1896年に施行された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治29年法律第63号(六三法)及び1906年に公布された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治39年法律第31号(三一法)或いは1921年の台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律大正10年法律第3号(法三号)により台湾に委任立法制度が施行され、総督府はその中央機関と位置づけられた。
- The law relating to laws and ordinances to be enforced in Taiwan (Law No. 63) enacted in 1896, the amended law (Law No. 31) in 1906 and the third amended law (Law No. 3) in 1921, enforced delegated legislation in Taiwan, and the Sotoku-fu was positioned as the central authority.
- 明治新政府内では、明治元年(1868年)、総裁局顧問専任として政体書を建言し「官吏公選」や参議内閣制など新政府と新国家の骨格作りに尽力し続けた木戸孝允が実質的な初代宰相に相当し、留守政府を預かって四民平等など残されていた諸施策を断行した西郷隆盛が第二代宰相に相当し、明治六年政変以後ビスマルク然と君臨し始めた大久保利通が実質的な第三代宰相に相当する。
- Of the New Meiji Government, there were three virtual saisho (prime minister), Takayoshi KIDO proposed the Constitution of 1868 as a full-time advisor to the General Bureau in 1868 and contributed to structuring the frame of the new government and state system through 'kanri kosen (public election of government officials)', sangi naikaku sei (councilor cabinet system), Takamori SAIGO led the government and carried out remaining various policies such as shimin byodo (equality of all people) while some of highest ranks of governments were away on inspection trip to America and Europe (Iwakura Mission), Toshimichi OKUBO began to reign as if Otto von Bismarck after the Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (the political change in 1873, starting from disputes over Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea)).
- この頃になると、算博士の世襲化が進み算道によって奉試に合格するとともに、譜第の家系であることが算博士就任の要件とされるようになり、当初は家原氏・大蔵氏が平安時代前期には世襲化も兆候を見せるものの長続きせず、両氏の没落後は小槻氏・三善氏の両氏が世襲するようになり、自己の算道を家学・秘伝化し、また有能な門人を養子として家名を継承させることで他氏を排除するようになった。
- Around this time, the heredity of San hakase grew in importance, and being part of a hereditary family joined passing Hoshi as a requirement for assuming the role of San hakase; initially, in the early Heian period, the Iehara and Okura clans began to make it into the heredity, but this did not last; then, after the ruin of the preceding clans, the Ozuki and Miyoshi clans began to utilize heredity, made their own Sando into hereditary learning and secret teachings, and excluded other clans by adopting capable disciples to inherit the family name.
- 「天皇は國民の輿論を荷はない所の内閣を信任し玉ふ道理がない故に國務大臣の責任は法理上天皇に對して之を負ふと云ふも實は議會を通じて國民に對して負ふべき」ものであるとし、「輿論とは沒交渉で議會から不信任を受けても天皇の信任ある間は進退すべきではないと公言するは民の聲を以て神の聲とし、民の心を以て朕の心とすとの玉ふ名君を貶し、萬機公論に決すと宣へる聖旨を裏切る」ものである。
- It said that 'there's no reason for the emperor to give his confidence to the cabinet that is not responsible for the public, thus the ministers of the state should be responsible for the public through the parliament, even though, in theory, it is the emperor for whom they are responsible', and 'if you say that you should not resign as long as you are trusted by the emperor, even though you have lost the confidence of the parliament, and have never consulted with the general public, it means that you injure the great emperor, who takes the voice from the people as the one from the god, identifying himself with the public, and betray the divine tenor that had stated the broad-based assemblies should be held and all critical issues settled by public debate.'
- 将軍在任期間は、それぞれ藤原頼経が18年間(1226年 - 1244年)、藤原頼嗣が8年間(1244年 - 1252年)と比較的長期間ではあったものの、幼いころから成人するまでの期間で政治的な力も全くなく、幕府の実権は、北条氏が完全に掌握していたため将軍とは名ばかりの傀儡将軍だったが、特に藤原頼経は、傀儡であることを嫌ったがため北条氏によって煙たがられた不遇の将軍であった。
- FUJIWARA no Yoritsune assumed the role of shogun for eighteen years (1226-1244) and FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu for eight years (1244-1252), comparatively long periods, but from childhood until attaining manhood without any political power because the Hojo clan fully controlled the bakufu and the shoguns were just puppets, especially FUJIWARA no Yoritsune was an unfortunate shogun since he hated being a puppet and was a threat to the Hojo clan.
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- 国際連盟事務局からの海外領土等の名称及び順序に関する照会に対し、外務省は1930年8月、朝鮮(英語:Chosen)・台湾(英称:Taiwan)・樺太(英称:Karafuto)・関東州租借地(英称:The leased Territory of Kwantung)・日本国委任統治南洋群島(英称:The South Sea Islands under Japanese Mandate)と回答している。
- In response to an inquiry about the names and rank orders of the overseas territories from the Office of League of Nations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Korea (English name: Chosen), Taiwan (English name: Taiwan), Sakhalin (English name: Karafuto), The Kwantung Leased Territory (English name: The leased Territory of Kwantung), and the South Sea Islands Mandate (English name: The South Sea Islands under Japanese Mandate) were the overseas territories.
- これに対して山梨半造陸軍大臣をはじめ、田中義一前陸相及び元老山縣有朋は、軍部大臣に文官を任命することは軍人勅諭及び帝国憲法の統帥権の解釈からして不適当であること、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制には軍部大臣が現役あるいは予備役の大将・中将と明記され(当時は軍部大臣現役武官制ではない)ていること、また、陸海軍大臣の帷幄上奏には統帥に関わる部分も含まれており、これを文官が代理するのは憲法で保障された統帥権の独立に対する違憲行為であるとして反発した。
- Hanzo YAMANASHI, the Minister of Army, Giichi TANAKA, the former Minister of Army, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, the Genro, rebelled to appoint the civil officer to the Minister of Military, because it was not appropriate to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the understanding of supreme command in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the government regulations of the Ministry of Army and Navy described that the Minister of Military should be the Major Captain and Lieutenant General in commission or reserve duty (The Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule was not adopted at that time.), and Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) by the Minister of Army and Navy included a part related to the supreme command, the substitution of the duty by the civil officer would be the unconstitutional action against the independence of the supreme command which secured under the Constitution.