Honyaku Star - Search: 仮名

仮名: 704 Terms and Phrases

仮名
kana
Japanese syllabary (e.g. hiragana, katakana)
alias
pseudonym
pen name
nom de plume
Karina
sobriquet
Gojuon

音仮名
kanji used to represent readings of words, selected for their on-yomi, regardless of meaning

片仮名
katakana
angular Japanese syllabary used primarily for loanwords

平仮名
hiragana
cursive Japanese syllabary used primarily for native Japanese words (esp. function words, inflections, etc.)

仮名垣
Kanagaki

仮名田
Kanada

新仮名
modern kana usage

振仮名
furigana (kana over or beside kanji to indicate pronunciation)

男仮名
kanji (esp. used as phonetic symbols)
man's handwriting

草仮名
cursive form of man'yougana
man'yougana written in sousho style, an intermediate stage between hiragana and man'yougana

仮名の
pseudo

旧仮名
former (i.e. before the post-WWII reforms) kana usage in writing the readings of kanji

仮名本
book (etc.) written entirely in kana

女仮名
hiragana
woman's handwriting

捨仮名
small okurigana used with kanbun
small kana used for diphthongs (ya, yo, yu, i, etc.)

訓仮名
kanji used to represent readings of words, selected for their kun-yomi, regardless of meaning

仮名文
publication in kana alone

ひら仮名
hiragana
cursive Japanese syllabary used primarily for native Japanese words (esp. function words, inflections, etc.)

変体仮名
anomalous cursive syllabary
non-standard kana
Hentaigana

片仮名語
katakana word (esp. a loanword)

万葉仮名
early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically
Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyoshu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves])
Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyoshu)
Man'yōgana

読み仮名
kana indicating the pronunciation of kanji
furigana

新仮名遣
modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946)

仮名文。
A kana text

振り仮名
furigana (kana over or beside kanji to indicate pronunciation)

送り仮名
kana written after a kanji to complete the full (usually kun) reading of the word (may inflect)
declensional kana ending

仮名法語
Kana-hogo

仮名遣い
kana orthography
syllabary spelling
Kanazukai

四つ仮名
Yotsugana

旧仮名遣
former (i.e. before the post-WWII reforms) kana usage in writing the readings of kanji

仮名文学
kana literature
works written in kana in the Heian period

仮名文字
the Japanese syllabary symbols

捨て仮名
small okurigana used with kanbun
small kana used for diphthongs (ya, yo, yu, i, etc.)

仮名手本
Japanese kana copybook

仮名使い
kana orthography
syllabary spelling

仮名草子
story book written in kana (or in kana mixed with Chinese characters) in the early Edo period (primarily for the enlightenment and entertainment of women and children)
Kana Zoshi

仮名入力
kana input

仮名草紙
story in the kana

仮名勝ち
using more kana than characters

仮名書き
writing in the kana

平仮名表記
written in hiragana

仮名垣魯文
Kanagaki Robun (1829-1894)

新仮名遣い
modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946)

『仮名考』
'Kanako' (a study of the Japanese syllabary)

台湾語仮名
Taiwanese kana

俳優の仮名
the pseudonym of an actor

仮名次郎。
His pseudonym was Jiro

現代仮名遣
modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946)

旧仮名遣い
former (i.e. before the post-WWII reforms) kana usage in writing the readings of kanji

旧仮名使い
former (i.e. before the post-WWII reforms) kana usage in writing the readings of kanji

仮名交じり
mixed writing (characters and kana)

仮名読八犬伝
Kanayomi Hakkenden

仮名フォント
Kana font

歴史的仮名遣
Historical kana orthography

仮名漢字変換
kana-kanji conversion (on a computer, etc.)

現代仮名遣い
modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946)

仮名交じり文
mixed writing (characters and kana)

歴史的仮名遣い
historical kana usage (as used prior to Japanese government reforms made in 1946)

表音式仮名遣い
phonetic kana usage

仮名 (文字)
Kana (the Japanese syllabary) (letter)

仮名手本忠臣蔵
Kanadehon Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)
Kanadehon Chūshingura

女手（平仮名）
Onna-de (hira-gana) characters

上代特殊仮名遣
Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai (ancient Japanese phonetic orthography)
Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai

仮名は喜傳次。
His assumed name was Kemyo (喜傳次).

万葉仮名の歴史
A History of Manyo-gana

平仮名、片仮名
Hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries)

（平仮名を参照）
(See Hiragana.)

仮名序も定家筆。
A preface was also written by Teika in Kana (the Japanese syllabary).

仮名文字数の減少
The number of kana characters decreased.

特殊仮名遣の発見
Discovery of Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai

古今和歌集仮名序
Kokin Wakashu Kanajo
The Preface to 'A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry'

和漢朗詠集仮名注
Wakan Roei Shu Kanachu (The Commentary of Wakan Roei Shu written in kana)

諷誦文紙背仮名手紙
Fujumon Shihai Kana Tegami (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for a recital to be chanted by a priest)

正倉院万葉仮名文書
Shosonin-Manyo-gana-monjo

口語と現代仮名遣い
Colloquial language and modern kana orthography

文語と現代仮名遣い
Classical literary language and modern kana orthography

真仮名（万葉仮名）
Magana (Manyo-gana - a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves)

錦絵版「仮名読新聞」
Nishiki-e-version 'Kana-yomi Shinbun'

仮名 (通称)は操。
His kemyo (a common name) is Misao.

Infobox 仮名
Infobox kana

仮名（通称）は四郎。
His alias was Shiro.

仮名序は紀貫之の筆。
The Japanese preface was written by KI no Tsurayuki.

ほとんどが仮名書き。
Most of the pages were written in kana (the Japanese syllabaries).

文語と歴史的仮名遣い
Classical literary language and traditional kana orthography

仮名 (通称)才助。
His alias (common name) was Saisuke.

五部大乗経紙背仮名手紙
Gobudaijokyo Shihai Kana Tegami (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for five volumes of Mahayana sutras)

仮名書きされているもの
Written in Kana (Japanese syllabary characters)

稿本北山抄紙背仮名消息
Kohon Hokuzan Sho Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for a manual on courtly etiquette, volume 10)

仮名 (通称)は二郎。
His alias (common name) was Jiro.

仮名 (通称)は陶蔵。
He used an alias (common name) of Tozo.

仮名 (通称)は弥助。
His assumed name (common name) was Yasuke.

仮名 (通称)は三郎。
His kemyo (assumed name) (common name) was Saburo.
His tentative name (common name) was Saburo.

三宝感応要録紙背仮名消息
Sanbo Kanno Yoroku Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for the response records on Sanbo [three treasures of Buddhism: Buddha, sutras and priesthood])

因幡国司解案紙背仮名消息
Inaba no Kokushi no Gean Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for a draft letter written by a kokushi [official] in Inaba Province)

仮名手本忠臣蔵（忠臣蔵）
Kanadehon Chushingura (Chushingura) (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)

仮名 (通称)は源十郎。
His assumed name (common name) was Genjuro.

仮名漢字変換辞書交換形式
Format for information interchange for dictionaries ofJapanese input method

仮名 (通称)は又太郎。
The kana, or his common name was Matataro.

仮名 (通称)は孫二郎。
The kana, or his common name was Magojiro.

仮名 (通称)は吉兵衛。
His assumed name (alias) was Kichibei.

仮名 (通称)は弥兵衛。
His kemyo (assumed name) (common name) was Yahei.

仮名 (通称)は正之進。
His common name was Masanoshin.

片仮名も平仮名に改める。
Changed katakana to hiragana.

草仮名（草の手）、片仮名
So-gana (cursive style writing of Manyo-gana) (or so-no-te) characters, and katakana characters

旧仮名遣いでの読みは同じ。
Reading in the old Japanese syllabary characters is the same.
The reading of his name in old Japanese syllabary characters is the same.
The reading is the same in the old Japanese syllabary characters.
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, his name reads 'NURIBE no Tomose,' the same as in the modern kana syllabary.
His name is pronounced the same way in old Japanese syllabary characters.
His name is pronounced the same in the old Japanese kana syllabary.
His name is read in the same way when it is written in the old Japanese kana syllabary.
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced in the same way.
The reading in the old Japanese syllabary characters is the same.
The reading of his name in the old Japanese syllabary characters is the same.
The reading is the same in old Japanese syllabary characters.
The reading of his surname is the same in the old Japanese kana syllabary.
The reading of the characters is the same as in the old Japanese syllabary.
The reading of his name (Ato) is the same in the old Japanese syllabary characters.
The reading of his name is the same in the old Japanese syallabary characters.
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name had been written the same, and its pronunciation is considered to have been the same.
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name had been written the same and the pronunciation is considered to have been the same.
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name had been written the same, and the pronunciation is considered to have been the same.
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name had been written the same, and its pronunciation is considered to have been the same too.
His name is also read the same way when written with the the old kana orthography.

九条家本延喜式紙背仮名消息
Kujo Iemoto Engishiki Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of paper used for manuscripts of engishiki [laws and regulations] kept in the Kujo family)

落語と仮名手本忠臣蔵の関係
Relation between Rakugo and Kanadehon Chushingure

仮名 (通称)は七左衛門。
His alias (common name) was Shichizaemon

幼名は珍王丸、仮名は三郎。
His name during childhood was 珍王丸, and he also went by the name of Saburo.

- 仮名垣魯文の『安愚楽鍋』
'Agra Nabe' written by Robun KANAGAKI

紙本墨書光厳院宸翰仮名御消息
Shihon Bokusho Kogon-in Shinkan Kana Onshosoku (Autograph letter of Kogon-in in kana characters, inked on paper)

旧仮名遣いでの読みはで同じ。
The reading is the same in the old Japanese syllabary characters.

仮名漢字変換形日本文入力装置
kana-to-kanji conversion Japanese input method

仮名 (通称)は小八郎大夫。
His assumed name (common name) was Kohachiro Daibu (master).

仮名 (通称)は左衛門蔵人。
He was commonly called Saemon Kurodo.

また振り仮名は片仮名で表す。
It was accompanied by furigana (kana syllables written beside Chinese characters to aid in reading) in the form of katakana (the square form of kana or the Japanese syllabaries).

現代仮名遣い、歴史的仮名遣い
Modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946), and historical kana orthography

虚空蔵菩薩念誦次第紙背仮名消息
Kokuzo Bosatsu Nenju Shidai Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for the procedures for reciting a prayer to Kokuzo Bosatsu [Akasagarbha Bodhisattva])

真・仮名序は共に一条兼良の筆。
Manajo and Kanajo (the Chinese preface and the kana (the Japanese syllabaries) preface) were written by Kanera ICHIJO.

明恵上人筆仮名消息（井上尼宛）
Letter in Kana by Priest Myoe (for Iue (井上尼) Nun)

単に「上代仮名」とも呼ばれる。
It is also called simply 'Jodai-gana.'

仮名漢字変換システムの基本機能
Basic functions of Kana-Kanji conversion systems

仮名 (通称)は仲太郎、了介。
His assumed names (common names) were Chutaro and Ryosuke.

万葉仮名で書かれた大伴家持の歌
Poems of OTOMO no Yakamochi written in manyo-gana

学問のすゝめ（新字旧仮名）の付録
An appendix to Gakumon no Susume (published with new characters but old ways to read)

歌舞伎仮名手本忠臣蔵大序の幕開き
The opening of the daijo (prologue) of kabuki 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)

旧仮名遣いで読み方は変わらない。
The reading of the name does not change when the old Japanese syllabary characters are used.

仮名 (通称)は助五郎、金之丞。
Sukegoro or Kinnojo (金之丞) was an alias (byname).

真仮名（まがな）、借字ともいう。
They are also called Magana or Shakuji.

漢語、外来語・片仮名語・話し言葉
Sino-Japanese words, borrowed words and katakana words, and spoken words

古今和歌集仮名序（当該部分のみ）
Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (relevant part only)

仮名手本忠臣蔵の早野勘平のモデル。
He is the model for Kanpei HAYANO who appears in Kanadehon Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

万葉仮名では「輔曳」と表記された。
Fue was written '輔曳' in Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyoshu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves])

仮名 (通称)竜右衛門、号は一柳。
His common name was 'Ryuemon,' and his go (pseudonym) was 'Ichiryu.'

仮名序と真名序の2つの序文を持つ。
There are 2 prefaces including kanajo (Japanese preface) and manajo (a preface written in Chinese).

真名序・仮名序は共に花園法皇の筆。
Both manajo (a preface written in Chinese) and kanajo (Japanese preface) were written by Cloistered Emperor Hanazono.

1. 字音を借りたもの（借音仮名）
1. The letters borrowed from the pronunciation of Chinese characters (shakuon kana [sound borrowing syllabary])

2. 字訓を借りたもの（借訓仮名）
2. The letters borrowed from the meaning of Chinese characters (shakkun kana [borrowed meaning syllabary])

仮名 (通称)は太郎あるいは源二。
He was commonly called Taro or Genji.

仮名 (通称)は四郎左衛門、四郎。
His common name was Shirozaemon or Shiro.

仮名の四郎と合わせ四郎兵衛尉とも。
He is also called Shiro Hyoe no jo, connecting with his kemyo (assumed name).

竹取物語：現存する最古の仮名の物語。
Taketori Monogatari (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter): The oldest existing Japanese narrative written in kana.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「あふのしま」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name is called 'AFU no Shima'.

光学式文字認識のための字形（片仮名）
KATAKANA Character Set for Optical Recognition

仮名 (通称)は因幡国守、兵部少輔。
Nobuyoshi's kemyo (assumed name) was Inaba no kuni no kami (Governor of Inaba Province), Hyobushoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of Military).

仮名 (通称)は、源吉、源佐、源七。
He common names were Genkichi, Genza and Genshichi.

漢字片仮名平仮名交じり文で記される。
It is written in a blend of kanji, katakana, and hiragana.

いずれも草仮名による男性的な書である。
All are 'masculine' documents in the sogana style.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たにのしほて」。
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced 'TANI no Shihote.'

旧仮名遣いで読みは「ほづみのいほえ」。
The reading of the name in old Japanese syllabary is 'HOZUMI no Ihoe.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「くすのいはて」。
His name is pronounced 'KUSU no Ihate' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「くめのしほこ」。
KUME no Shihoko' is the reading of his name in the old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「つきのあふみ」。
TSUKI no Afumi' is the reading of his name in the old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たみのおほひ」。
The reading according to the old Japanese syllabary character is 'Taminoohohi'.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「をはりのまみ」。
In old Japanese orthography, his name had been written as Wohari no Mami, and it is considered to have been pronounced Wofari no Mami.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほのほむぢ」。
It is pronounced as OHO no Homuji in old Japanese syllabic writing.

後陽成天皇宸翰仮名文字遣（重要文化財）
Letter written by Emperor Goyozei in the phonetic symbols of the Japanese syllabary (Important Cultural Property)

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「みののおほきみ」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, he is called 'Mino no Ohokimi'.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の加古川本蔵のモデル。
He is the model for Honzo KAKOGAWA in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の桃井若狭助のモデル。
He is the model for Wakasanosuke MOMOI in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

この時期を和様書と仮名書の完成期と呼ぶ。
This period is called the completing period of the Japanese-style calligraphy and kana calligraphy.

読みにくい仮名は、【】で漢字を補足する。
Added Chinese characters marking with '' for difficult kana to read.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ながをのますみ」。
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced 'NAGAWO no Masumi.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たなへのをすみ」。
His name was pronounced 'TANAHE no Wosumi' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ほしかはのまろ」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as 'Foshikafa no Maro.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「いほゐのくぢら」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as 'Ifowi no Kudira.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「さへきのをとこ」。
The reading of the name in old Japanese syllabary is 'SAHEKI no Wotoko.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「かしはでのまろ」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as 'Kashifade no Maro.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「をはりたのゐて」。
His name is pronounced 'WOHARITA no Ite' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「なにはのみつな」。
His name is pronounced 'NANIHA no Mitsuna' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

仮名 (通称)は「正右衛門」、「四郎」。
His kemyo (common names) were 'Shoemon' and 'Shiro'.

〔〕及び片仮名から平仮名へ修正は加筆者。
The description in 〔〕 and changes from Hiragana to Katakana were later made by another author.

単語の最初の仮名で「いろは順」としている。
Instead, 'the iroha order' was applied only to the first syllables of words.

歴史的仮名遣いでは「てんわう」と表記する。
It is written 'Tenwau' in historical kana-zukai (rule of writing Japanese syllabary).

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「やまべのおほきみ」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name is read 'YAMABE no Ohokimi.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「わかさのおほきみ」。
His name is read in the old Japanese syllabary characters as 'Wakasa no Ohokimi.'

（下に挙げる和歌は漢字仮名交じり文で記す）
(The following Japanese poems are written in kanji and kana:)

光学式文字認識のための手書き文字（片仮名）
Handprinted Katakana Characters for Optical Character Recognition

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』では笹や節が代表である。
'Sasayabushi' is the representative song based on 'Kanadehon Chushingura.'

最後に残った大演目が仮名手本忠臣蔵だった。
The last prominent play that remained was 'Kanadehon Chushingura.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「こそへのおほくち」。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, his name was read as 'KOSOHE no Ohokuchi'.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「いぬかひのいきみ」。
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced as 'INUKAHI no Ikimi.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「をはりのおほすみ」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as 'Wofari no Ofosumi.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たかたのにひのみ」。
His name is pronounced 'TAKATA no Nihinomi' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おきそめのおほく」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as 'Okisome no Ofoku.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たかたのいはなり」。
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name had been written as TAKATA no Ihanari, and it is considered to have been pronounced as TAKATA no Ifanari.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほののはたやす」。
In old Japanese orthography, his name had been written as Ohono no Hatayasu, and it is considered to have been pronounced as Ofono no Fatayasu.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほとものみゆき」。
In old Japanese orthography, his name had been written as Ohotomo no Miyuki, and it is considered to have been pronounced as Ofotomo no Miyuki.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほこまのももえ」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as 'Ofokoma no Momoe.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「みやけのいはとこ」。
MIYAKE no Ihatoko' is the reading of his name in the old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ねのかねみ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, his name reads 'NE no Kanemi,' the same as in the modern kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほとものまくた」。
His name was also pronounced as 'OHOTOMO no Makuta' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ふみのじゃうかく」。
In old Japanese orthography, his name had been written as Fumi no Jaukaku, and it is considered to have been pronounced as Fumi no Jaukaku.

古今和歌集の仮名序に見る王仁の作とされる歌
A Poem Considered to be Created by Wani Introduced in Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu Written in Kana by KI no Tsurayuki)

仮名 (通称)は太郎左衛門、勘解由左衛門。
His pseudonyms (common names) are Tarozaemon and Kageyuzaemon.

真名序は紀淑望、仮名序は紀貫之が執筆した。
The Chinese preface was written by KI no Yoshimochi, whereas, the Japanese preface was written by KI no Tsurayuki.

また仮名交じり文の法令が増加するようになる。
In addition, the statutes written in both kanji and kana (the Japanese syllabary) increased.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たけいへのおほきみ」。
His name is read as 'Takeihe no Ohokimi' in old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たかさかのおほきみ」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, he is called 'TAKASAKA no Ohokimi'.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「いしかはのおほきみ」。
In old Japanese syllabary spelling, his name is called 'Ishikawa no Ohokimi.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「あらたをのあかまろ」。
His name was pronounced 'ARATAWO no Akamaro' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ちひさこべのさひち」。
According to the old Japanese syllabary characters, it is considered that his name had been pronounced as Chifisakobe no Safichi.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おしさかのおほまろ」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name reads 'OSHISAKA no Ohomaro (おしさかのおほまろ).

旧仮名遣いでの読みは、「おほとものふけひ」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name had been written as Fukefi, and its pronunciation is considered to have been 'Ohotomo no Fukefi' too.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「やましろのをばやし」。
YAMASHIRO no Wobayashi' is the reading of his name in the old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ふみのくすり」で同じ。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name reads FUMI no Kusuri, the same as modern syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほとものやすまろ」。
It is read as 'OHOTOMO no Yasumaro' in old Japanese.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは、「むらくにのをより」。
It is read as 'MURAKUNI no Woyori' in old Japanese.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほとものともくに」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced as 'OHOTOMO no Tomokuni'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「あとのあかふ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, his name reads 'ATO no Akafu,' the same as in the modern kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほくらのひろすみ」。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, his name was pronounced as 'OHOKURA no Hirosumi.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ふみのねまろ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, too, his name was pronounced as 'FUMI no Nemaro.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「さかのうへのおきな」。
The reading of his name is expressed as 'さかのうへのおきな' in the old kana orthography.

ある特殊の社会的役割を行う時に使用される仮名
a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「さかのうへのくまけ」。
He was also called 'Sakanouhe no Kumake,' according to old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おしぬみのおほくに」。
Another reading of his name in the old Japanese syllabary characters is 'OSHIUMI no Ohokuni'

製図−文字−第１０部：平仮名，片仮名及び漢字
Technical drawings-Lettering-Part 10 : Japanese characters (Kana and kanji)

仮名手本忠臣蔵そのものを題材とする場合もある。
Kanadehon Chushingura itself is sometimes used as the theme for story-telling.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「さへきのおほめ」である。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name is pronounced 'SAHEKI no Ohome'.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「みちのますひと」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, too, his name is pronounced 'MICHI no Masuhito.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「さかのうへのくにまろ」。
His name was read as 'Sakanouhe no Kunimaro' in old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「さかのうへのいはたて」。
According the old orthography of kana (Japanese phonograms), his name was pronounced 'SAKANOUHE no Ihatate.'

これも漢字の音を借りた万葉仮名の一種とされる。
It is considered that this was a kind of Manyo-gana, which borrowed sounds of Chinese characters.

5月、文部省の臨時仮名遣調査委員会委員になる。
In May, he became a member of the Provisional Kana Usage Investigation Committee of the Ministry of Education.

平仮名の使用など国風文化に大きな影響を与えた。
They had a big influence on the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) such as usage of the hiragana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは共に「くりくまのおほきみ」。
栗隈王 and 栗前王 are both pronounced 'Kurikuma no Ohokimi' in old Japanese syllabary characters.

なお、平仮名表記ではだんぢりとされることもある。
It is also written as dandiri in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters).

仮名によって書かれた最初期の物語の一つでもある。
This is also known as one of the earliest tales written in kana (the Japanese Syllabaries) in the history of Japanese literature.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「もののべのひむか」で同じ。
The reading of his name is the same in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たなかのたりまろ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, the pronunciation of his name was the same as 'Tanaka no Tarimaro.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ほづみのももたり」で同じ。
The reading of the name in old Japanese syllabary is the same with 'HOZUMI no Momotari.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「やまへのやすまろ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, too, his name is pronounced 'YAMAHE no Yasumaro.'

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「こまだのおしひと」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, his name is also pronounced as 'KOMADA no Oshihito.'

いずれも、漢字体で、仮名は残っていないとされる。
All of them were written in Chinese characters and no Kana versions remains till today.

掛詞となる語は、ほとんどの場合平仮名で書かれる。
Words used as a pivot word are almost always written in hiragana (Japanese phonetic alphabet).

古今和歌集仮名序には、下記のように評されている。
In Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), his poems were described as follows.

文体は真字（まな）を主とし、仮名交じり文もある。
The text is mainly written using Chinese characters but some sentences are a mixture of both Chinese and Japanese characters.

草双紙とは、絵に仮名で筋書きが書き込まれた物語。
Kusazoshi is a story book that had illustrations and whose story was written with kana (the Japanese syllabary).

和漢混淆文と、仮名文字が中心の和文が混在している。
The collection contains both Japanese writing in which mainly kana (Japanese syllabary characters) were used and the mixed writing of Japanese and Chinese.

平安時代中期の古筆（仮名書）だけを指す場合もある。
It sometimes indicates only the ancient calligraphy (kana calligraphy) in the mid Heian period.

この使い分けに橋本は「上代特殊仮名遣」と命名した。
Hashimoto called this distinction of the types of characters 'Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai.'

「穴太」の歴史的仮名遣でのルビは「あなふ」である。
‘Ano’ is written out as ‘anafu’ according to the historical kana orthography.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「あかそめのとこたり」で同じ。
His name was also pronounced 'AKASOME no Tokotari' in old Japanese syllabary characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「ふるいちのくろまろ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, too, his name was pronounced as 'FURUICHI no Kuromaro.'

この際に用いた仮名遣いが定家仮名遣のもととなった。
The kana system used in those works was the prototype of the Teika Kanazukai (the Teika rules of kana orthography).

そうして「平仮名」と「片仮名」が創造されたのである。
Both the 'hiragana' and 'katakana' syllabaries were created from these characters.

定家仮名遣に先立つ古い時代の歴史的仮名遣ともされる。
It is recognized as a historical phonetic orthography in ancient times, preceding Teika Kanazukai (phonetic orthography established by FUJIWARA no Teika in the Kamakura period).

『綴合於伝仮名書』（高橋お伝）1879年（明治12年）
'Tojiawase Oden no Kanabumi' (Drama about Oden, a Female Murderer) (also known as Oden TAKAHASHI) (1879)

巻頭の仮名序は九条良経、巻末の真名序は藤原親経による。
The opening kanajo (preface written in Hiragana) was written by Yoshitsune KUJO, and the ending Manajo (preface in Kanbun, in a Washo Japanese book) was written by FUJIWARA no Chikatsune.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おほとものえのもとのおほくに」。
In the old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced as 'OHOTOMO no Enomoto no Ohokuni'.

しかしその一方で「平仮名」による表現が盛んに始まった。
On the other hand, 'hiragana' (Japanese syllabary characters) began to be used frequently for writing.

伝本の形態には平仮名、変体漢文、漢字片仮名の別がある。
Existing books may be written in hiragana, Japanized Chinese, or in a combination of Chinese characters and katakana characters.

また、主として万葉仮名の一部を用いて片仮名が誕生した。
Furthermore, katakana characters were generated by using part of each Manyo-gana character.

漢字熟語を多数収録して読み仮名をつける形式をとっている。
It is in the form of a large collection of Kanji compounds each of which is accompanied by phonetic transcription in kana (the Japanese syllabaries).

その中身は漢字の熟語を並べて読み仮名をつけただけである。
The contents were simply the list of kanji compounds accompanied by their phonetic transcriptions in kana beside them.

正倉院万葉仮名文書（「布多止己呂乃（ふたところの）…」）
Shosoin Manyo-gana Monjo ('布多止己呂乃 [futa tokorono]...')

『鉄眼禅師仮名法話』は女性に向けて法を説いたものである。
'Tetsugen Zenshi Kana Howa' (Buddhist sermon by Tetsugan Zenshi) is a book written for the purpose of preaching the teachings to females.

なお、正式な通りの名称の場合「通」に送り仮名は付さない。
The official street name is not described with okuriｋana following the Chinese Character '通.'

歴史的仮名遣では、「巌」の仮名書きは「いはほ」である）。
'巌' is written as 'いはほ' in historical kana orthography.)

江戸時代以前は、仮名 (通称)(けみょう)の一種であった。
Before the Edo period, it was a kind of kemyo (assumed name).

この場面は『仮名手本忠臣蔵四段目』のパロデイとなっている。
This scene is a parody of the fourth act of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

そして奈良時代の終わり、『正倉院万葉仮名文書』が残された。
Then 'Shosonin-Manyo-gana-monjo' (texts written in Manyo-gana in Shoso-in) were written towards the end of the Nara period, and still remain.

上代特殊仮名遣はまず本居宣長によって研究の端緒が開かれた。
The study of Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai was initiated by Norinaga MOTOORI.

仮名 (通称)は孫次郎、官位は従四位筑前国、のち修理大夫。
He was known as Magojiro, and his government post was Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) in Chikuzen Province and later, Shuri no daibu (Master of the Office of Palace Repairs).

平安時代には万葉仮名をもとにして平仮名と片仮名が作られた。
In the Heian period, hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary) and katakana (syllable based writing system of the Japanese language) were made on the basis of Manyo-gana.

正倉院万葉仮名文書（「和可夜之奈比乃（わがやしなひの）…」）
Shosoin Manyo-gana Monjo ('和可夜之奈比乃 [waga yashinahino]...')

平安時代から鎌倉時代に書かれた仮名書の名筆を特に古筆という。
The excellent handwriting of kana calligraphy written from the Heian period to the Kamakura period are especially called the 'ancient calligraphy.'

著述には『大灯国師語録』『仮名法語』『祥雲夜話』などがある。
Among his writings, 'Daito Kokushi goroku' (Analects of Daito Kokushi), 'Kana-hogo' (Buddhist sermon in kana (the Japanese syllabary)) and 'Shoun Yawa' (Dialogue of Myocho SHUHO and Hikari Osho at Shoun-an Hut) are well known.

9月、『平安朝時代の草仮名の研究』刊行（尾上柴舟、雄山閣）。
September: 'A study of so-gana characters in the Heian period' was published (by Saishu ONOE from Yuzankaku, INC.).

しかしながら道路標識においては専ら送り仮名が付けられている。
However, the names with okurigana are often found on traffic signs.

（この行幸の際に書かれた仮名日記が『小島のすさみ』である）。
(Yoshimoto wrote 'Ojima no susami' (diary written in kana) during this trip.)

（物理学用語ではなく、ふつう「ウラシマ」と片仮名表記する）。
(It is not a physical term, and generally written in the katakana syllabary as 'ウラシマ' (Urashima).

1786年、思想・音韻・仮名遣いなどで、本居宣長と論争した。
In 1786, he argued his opinions on ideology, phonology and the rules for the use of kana (the Japanese syllabary) with Norinaga MOTOORI.

のち、出家して茶坊主になった時は竜庵、仮名 (通称)は慎吾。
When he entered into priesthood later and became a chabozu (tea-server), he was named Ryuan, and he also went by the kemyo (common name), Shingo.

撰者の一である九条基家筆の仮名序と、菅原長成筆の真名序を持つ。
The anthology has Kanajo (Japanese preface) written by Motoie KUJO, one of the anthologists, and Manajo (Chinese preface) written by SUGAWARA no Naganari.

草双紙：浅井了意・鈴木正三他『仮名草子』、井原西鶴『浮世草子』
Kuzasoshi (illustrated story books): 'Kana Zoshi' (story book written in kana) by Ryoi ASAI, Shosan SUZUKI and others, and 'Ukiyozoshi' (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA

「古今和歌集」仮名序は「歌のさまは得たれども、まことすくなし。
The kana introduction in 'Kokin Waka-shu' (the first anthology of poems commissioned by the Emperor) says 'his poems have good taste and style but lack real emotion.

草仮名は草の手（そうのて）とも呼ばれた（「手」とは文字の意）。
So-gana characters were also called so-no-te ('te' means characters).

旧仮名遣いでの読みはそれぞれ「ゐなのいはすき」、「いはつぎ」。
His name is pronounced 'INA no Ihasuki' or 'Ihatsugi' in the old Japanese kana syllabary.

仮名 (文字)で書かれていることから「仮名序」と呼ばれている。
Its title, 'Kanajo,' is based on the fact that it was written in Kana (the Japanese syllabary).

『装潢手実』、『正倉院万葉仮名文書』など数多くの紙背文書がある。
There are many types of shihai monjo including 'Sokoshujitsu' (voucher issued by a bookbinder) and 'Shosoin Manyo-gana Monjo' (two sets of monjo exclusively written in manyo-gana stored in the Shosoin Treasure House).

仮名表記のかほく市は河北郡が由来とされるが、「加北」とも取れる。
Kahoku in Kahoku City is written in Japanese syllabary characters and not in the Chinese characters; it is thought that 'Kahoku' is derived from Kahoku County; however, it is possible to think that 'Kahoku' is derived from 'Kahoku' meaning the northern part of Kaga Province.

仮名（けみよう）、呼名（よびな）ともいわれ、一種の私称であった。
Azana was also called Kemyo or Yobina; it was a sort of unofficial name.

豚肉も鶏肉も利用することから、平仮名で「やきとり」と呼んでいる。
Because both pork and chicken are used, yakitori is written in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) as 'やきとり' instead of '焼き鳥,' which signifies only chicken by the use of the Chinese character '鳥.'

また、勅撰和歌集である『新後拾遺和歌集』仮名序も良基の作である。
He wrote the preface in kana letters for 'Shin Goshuiwakashu,' which was an anthology of waka poems selected by the Emperor.

お伽草子の流れを汲み、仮名草子や井原西鶴らの浮世草子がうまれた。
In succession to the otogi zoshi, kana zoshi (novels written for women and children using kana rather than Chinese characters to make them easily understandable) and ukiyozoshi (literally, 'books of the floating world') were produced by Saikaku IHARA and others.

当番の女官によって交替で書かれたもので字体は女房文字（仮名文）。
It was written in turns by lower-ranking court ladies on duty, written in women's writing (kana).

（万葉仮名文）去來子等　早日本邊　大伴乃　御津乃濱松　待戀奴良武
Another poem in manyo-gana: 去來子等早日本邊大伴乃御津乃濱松待戀奴良武

仮名 (通称)（輩行名）は九郎、諱（実名）は義經（義経）である。
His common name (haikomei: name for men that represents the order of his birth) is Kuro, and imina (real name) is Yoshitsune.

草仮名の最古のものであり、また文書に仮名が使用されたものである。
It is the oldest existing so-gana writing style and the oldest writing containing the kana characters.

証本には伊勢 (歌人)によるものとされる仮名日記が付けられている。
'Shohon' (The copy faithful to the original classic) on Teiji-in uta-awase contains the diary written in 'kana' (the Japanese syllabary), whose writer is said to have been Ise (a poetess).

高野切本古今和歌集などと並び、平安時代の仮名の名品として知られる。
It is known as a masterpiece of kana (Japanese syllabary) in the Heian period, along with Koya-gire-bon Kokin Wakashu (fragments of the Kokin Wakashu from the monastery on Mt. Koya manuscript), and so on.

このため、この仮名文書は762年より以前のものであることがわかる。
Therefore, it is known that this kana document was written in 762 or earlier.

このため、現代では「やまと絵」という平仮名表記を用いる場合もある。
For this reason, some people use the hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary) description as 'やまと絵' in modern times.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「おおきだのわかおみ」または「わかみ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, too, his name reads OKIDA no Wakaomi or Wakami.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「たけだのだいとく」または「だいとこ」で同じ。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, too, his name was pronounced as 'TAKEDA no Daitoku' or 'TAKEDA no Daitoko.'

古今和歌集仮名序の「力をもいれずして天地を動かし…」をふまえた作。
A kyoka based on a phrase in the Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Japanese preface) 'Without much strength Heaven and Earth would be moved…'

万葉仮名、仮名消息など、かなの発達史上、重要な紙背文書が多くある。
There are many important shihai monjo in the history of the development of kana (syllabic Japanese scripts) related to manyo-gana (an ancient form of Japanese kana using Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds) and kanashosoku (a letter written in kana).

近世後期以降に部門別から仮名字数で細分するものが現れ、主流となった。
In the late modern age, there appeared a new form in which the words were divided by category and subdivided by number of kana characters, which became mainstream.

また、漢字をくずした表音文字である仮名が生まれたのもこの時期である。
Also, Kana, which is a phonogram created by disrupting Kanji (Chinese characters), was established in this period.

閑居友（かんきょのとも）は仮名文で書かれた鎌倉時代初期の仏教説話集。
Kankyo no Tomo is a collection of Buddhist tales written in kana in the early Kamakura period.

平安時代中期、三跡によって漢字が和様化され、同時期に仮名も誕生した。
Kanji (Chinese characters) was made into Japanese style by the three great brush traces in the mid Heian period, and at the same time 'kana' was also created.

旧仮名遣いのいろはの五十音に対応したものが、最も古典的で有名である。
The most classical and famous karuta cards are those corresponding to traditional Japanese syllabary.

奈良時代は上代特殊仮名遣のため音の数は87音（最大で88音）あった。
Because kana was used in the way specific to ancient times during the Nara period, the number of sounds in pronunciation was 87 (88 max).

国語学上の定説となっている上代特殊仮名遣も、宣長によって発見された。
The ancient special Kana usage, which is now widely accepted by Japanese language scholars, was also discovered by Norinaga.

送り仮名がつけて記されたものがあるので、本来は音読みするものではない。
This word in Chinese characters is suffixed with Kana in some cases and this means that originally the word should not be read in the Chinese-style (On-Yomi).

その後の平仮名による表現、特に女流文学の発達に大きな影響を与えている。
It had a great influence on the later writing in Hiragana and the development of women's literature.

彼は諸著書の中で仮名による反切の方式を述べ、「五十音図」を示している。
In his books, Myogaku described the methods of Hansetsu (Chinese phonology 'fanqie': a method to indicate the pronunciation of a kanji character by using two other characters) by using kana (the Japanese syllabary) from the 'Gojuonzu' ('fifty-sound' syllabary chart).

草仮名と女手の交用による散らし書きの優品で完成期に近い枯淡の書である。
An excellent piece of chirashi-gaki that uses a mix of sogana and onnade; an elegantly simple calligraphy that is closer to the complete period style.

仮名垣魯文はこうした状況を『安愚楽鍋』（1871年）に描き出している。
This shift in society was depicted in 'Agura-nabe' a popular novel written in 1871 by Robun KANAGAKI (a writer of light literature late in the Edo period).

学術的な文書では現在では「アマテラス」と片仮名書きが慣行となっている。
In academic documents she is now customarily spelled 'アマテラス' in katakana.

高さ194cmの石碑に仏足跡を称える歌など21首の歌を万葉仮名で刻む。
Twenty-one poems including a poem praising the Buddha's footprints were engraved by using Manyo-gana (early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically) on the 194cm tall stone monument.

著作に足利直義に与えた仮名法語である『夢中問答集』（1344年）など。
His literary works included 'Muchu Mondoshu' (Dream Conversations, 1344), a Buddhist sermon in Japanese writing, Kana, given to Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA.

古今和歌集仮名序（こきんわかしゅうかなじょ）は古今和歌集の序文である。
Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (The Preface to 'A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry') is a preface to Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).

上代特殊仮名遣の「モ」の書き分けは『古事記』のみに見られるものである。
Distinction of `mo' in writing in ancient special Kana usage is used only in the 'Kojiki.'

著者は伏見院中務内侍こと藤原経子で、仮名 (文字)文による日記である。
It was written in kana (the Japanese syllabary) by FUJIWARA no Keishi, known as Nakatsuka no Naishi who served Emperor Fushimi.

これは、今川仮名目録などの戦国時代 (日本)の分国法にも継承されている。
This regulation was inherited by bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) of the Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States in Japan), such as Imagawa Kana Mokuroku (Kana List of Articles of the Imagawa).

ちなみに「奈良」や「寧楽」などは「なら」という発音の万葉仮名表記である。
Incidentally, the pronunciation 'Nara' is written as '奈良' or '寧楽' based on Manyo-gana (an early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically).

更に戦国時代 (日本)に今川氏が作成した分国法も「今川仮名目録」と呼ぶ。
The law of the domain (bunkokuho) which the Imagawa clan established during the Warring States period (Japan) was also called 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku.'

襲名披露興行における『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の大石主税で文部大臣賞を受賞した。
He received the Ministry of Education Award for his performance as Chikara OISHI in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) which was played as a show of announcing his succession to another stage name.

『往来物』に、枯山水に「フルセンスイ」と振り仮名を振ってある記述がある。
In 'oraimono' (primary textbooks in the style of corresponding letters), there was a description of 'karesansui (dry landscape)' with furigana (attached Japanese syllabary) of 'furusensui.'

名は男吹負、小吹負（おふけい）とも書き、旧仮名遣いで「をふけひ」となる。
His name Fukei吹負 was also written as 男吹負 or 小吹負, which present pronunciation is Ofukei, while in old Japanese syllabary characters, it is pronounced as 'Wofukefi'.

誰（だれ）を捕（つら）まえても片仮名の唐人（とうじん）の名を並べたがる。
of marshalling before anybody the name of foreigners.

内匠頭夫人の阿久里に吉良が横恋慕した（仮名手本忠臣蔵の影響で広まった）。
Kira fell in love with the wife of takumi-no-kami, Aguri (spread due to Kanadehon Chushingura [The Treasury of Loyal Retainers]).

このため、万葉仮名を男手（おのこで）、平仮名を女手（おんなで）といった。
Therefore, Manyo-gana characters and hira-gana characters were called onoko-de (characters for males) and onna-de (characters for females), respectively.

また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので（安→あ）主に女性が用い始めた。
Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.

この女性がのちに「仮名手本忠臣蔵」の登場人物「おかる」に転じることになる。
This woman shows up as one of the characters 'Okaru' in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

ただし、仮名用の筆に於いて、やや大きめの面相筆は根本までおろすことが多い。
However, among the fude used for kana (the Japanese syllabary), all of the brush are often used in the case of a slightly larger menso fude.

ただ、仮名を小さく書く宣命小書体に進展したのは、我が国における成果である。
However, the development into Senmyo Shoshotai where kana is written in a small size is an achievement in our country.

1876年（明治9年）9月平仮名絵入新聞が東京絵入新聞と改題され日刊化。
In September 1876, the Hiragana-e-iri Shinbun was renamed to Tokyo-e-iri Shinbun and became daily.

第一種の書風は21世紀の今日に至るまで仮名書道の手本として尊重されている。
The calligraphy of the first style remains highly regarded as a model of kana calligraphy, and continues to be used as such even today.

元来は現代語の「怪我」が万葉仮名で書かれるように、単に負傷する事を示した。
Originally, it simply referred to becoming injured as a modern term 'Kega (怪我) (injury)' was written in Manyo-gana (a form of syllable used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves.)

「児島惟謙」は後述する脱藩を機に用い始めた仮名で、児島はこれを終生用いた。
The name, Korekata KOJIMA was a kemyo (assumed name) he began to use when he left the domain described later and he used this name until the end of his life.

ただし「せうゆ」という仮名遣も、いわゆる許容仮名遣として広く行われていた。
However, 'Seuyu' is widely used as the so-called acceptable Japanese syllabic writing.

基本的に全編にわたって仮名を附されており、文藝性が豊かであると説かれている。
Kana is basically placed beside the entire text, and it is said that the literary quality is rich.

武家諸法度を難解な漢文から仮名交じり文に改め、誰でも理解できるよう工夫した。
Arai revised Buke shohatto from difficult Chinese classic form to Kana (the Japanese syllabary) based form so that everyone could read and understand.

この段のみ、「仮名手本忠臣蔵」ではないが、現在は一体化されて上演されている。
Though not a part of 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' this act it is now integrated into the play.

同年4月、東京で高畠藍泉を編集長として小新聞「平仮名絵入新聞」が創刊される。
In April in the same year, a small-scale newspaper 'Hiragana-e-iri Shinbun' (a newspaper in hiragana with pictures therein) started to be published with Aisen TAKAHATA as its editor in chief.

同年11月、小新聞「仮名読新聞」（東京）、「浪花新聞」（大阪）が創刊される。
In November in the same year, a small-scale newspaper 'Kana-yomi Shinbun' (read-in-kana newspaper) (in Tokyo) and 'Naniwa (Kansai Region) Shinbun' (in Osaka) started to be published.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは、前者が「やましろべのをだ」、後者が「やましろのをだ」。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, the former kanji characters are pronounced 'YAMASHIROBE no Oda' while the latter are 'YAMASHIRO no Oda.'

しかしその後、上代仮名遣いについては、本居宣長により、異見解が示されている。
In later years, however, different opinions on ancient kana orthography were proposed by Norinaga MOTOORI.

幼名は松寿丸（しょうじゅまる）、仮名 (通称)は少輔次郎（しょうのじろう）。
His childhood name was Shojumaru (also known as Shonojiro).

仙覚の『万葉集註釈』では、『古今和歌集』の「仮名序」に、次の通り引いている。
Sengaku quoted the part shown as follows from the 'Kanajo' (Japanese preface) of 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) in his commentary on the Manyoshu called 'Manyoshu Chushaku.'

さらには書き手や文書の性質によって、漢字と仮名などの使い方はまちまちである。
Furthermore, depending on the writer and the nature of document, usage of using kanji characters and kana differ.

ちなみに、「通り」の「り」を送り仮名としてつけないのが正式な通りの名前である。
In writing, the official name of a street omits 'ri (り),' the declensional Kana ending of 'do-ri (通り),' or 'street.'

また、平安時代の最初の仮名の物語といわれる『竹取物語』なども取り込まれている。
Other stories, such as 'The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter,' which is said to be earliest tale written in kana, were also included.

また清水卯三郎は、前島密と同様平仮名を用いるべきとの論説を発表した（第七号）。
In addition, Usaburo SHIMIZU announced an article which recommended to use hiragana as well as Hisoka MAEJIMA (No.7).

天地の歌（あめつちのうた）は、手習い歌の一つで、すべての仮名を歌い込んだもの。
Ametsuchi no Uta (literally, song of heaven and earth) is a pangram, which contains all the kana (the Japanese syllabary) characters as syllables of song.

橋本・有坂によるこれらの研究により上代特殊仮名遣は国語学における定説となった。
Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai became an established theory in Japanese linguistics by these studies of Hashimoto and Arisaka.

天文22年（1553年）、今川氏の分国法である今川仮名目録追加21箇条の制定。
In 1553 he established 21 articles of Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika (expanding on the Imagawa family rules), which is bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) of the Imagawa territory.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは前者が「さかひべのくすり」、後者が（さかあひべのくすり」。
In the old Japanese kana syllabary, '境部薬' is read as 'SAKAHIBE no Kusuri' and '坂合部薬' as 'SAKAAHIBE no Kusuri.'

『古今和歌集』の仮名序において、柿本人麻呂とともに歌聖と呼ばれ称えられている。
In the kanajo (a preface written in kana) for 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), he was feted as a kasei (great poet) together with KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro.

おやつ（片仮名でオヤツとも）とは、八つ時（午後2時頃）に食べる間食のことを指す。
The term 'oyatsu' (おやつ), also written in katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries) as オヤツ, refers to an afternoon snack that was originally eaten at yatsudoki (approximately 2 p.m.) according to the old Japanese way of counting time.

これには読み仮名が振っていなく、堀口捨己は「カレセンズイ」と読むと意見している。
The pronunciation of the Kanji characters were not attached, therefore in Sutemi HORIGUCHI's opinion, it should be read as 'karesenzui.'

「都・津（つ）」は、上代の格助詞「つ」に当てた万葉仮名で、「～の」の意味になる。
The word '都 (tsu),' or '津 (tsu)' are Manyo-kana letters, an archaic form of the Japanese language, which correspond to ancient particle 'tsu' (possessive marker), today's equivalent of '--- no'.

当時の公式文書は漢文であったが、平仮名の中古日本語による表現が盛んにはじまった。
Although the official documents during this period continued to be written in Chinese prose, expressing things in Early Middle Japanese, using hiragana, started to become popular.

また、後に生まれる仮名草子や浮世草子に比べて御伽草子の話の数々は作者未詳である。
Also, compared with Kana Soshi and Ukiyo Zoshi, which came later, many Otogi Zoshi stories are of unknown authorship.

輩行の仮名（はいこうのけみょう）、輩行仮名（はいこうけみょう）と言うこともある。
Haikomei has also been called 'haiko no kemyo' and 'haiko kemyo.'

武士階級が仮名なのに対して、諱を持たぬ町人の場合は正真正銘の本名として用いられた。
Haikomei used by the samurai class were assumed names, while in the merchant class they were real names due to merchants not having an imina (personal name).

共に丹波国に由来するが、期間により漢字表記・仮名表記があり、また運行区間も異なる。
The following two names originated from Tanba Province, but their notations (kanji (chinese characters) or kana (Japanese syllabary characters)) and operational lines differ according to their respective periods.

現在では、漢字、仮名の他に企業名や単語の略称などにラテン文字が使われる機会も多い。
In the present day, latin characters are often used as abbreviations for the names of companies or words other than kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (the Japanese syllabary).

なかでも『仮名手本忠臣蔵』のおかや、『攝州合邦辻』の老母おとくは一代の傑作である。
Especially, the role of Okaya of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (a Kabuki program) and that of an old mother Otoku of 'Sesshu Gappogatsuji' (a Kabuki program based on Joruri) were most successful parts played by him in the course of his lifetime.

文献上の表記は「稚櫻部臣五百瀨」、歴史的仮名遣での読みは「わかさくらべのいほせ」。
His name was also written WAKASAKURABE no Iose (稚櫻部臣五百瀨) in literature and pronounced WAKASAKURABE no Ihose in historical kana orthography.

なお、「ツクヨミ」の上代特殊仮名遣を表記ごとにまとめると、以下のようになっている。
Additionally, the following is a list of how 'Tsukuyomi' was spelled in the 'Jodai' special kana orthography (the special kana orthography of the era of Nara or earlier).

また、洞院実煕の『名目鈔』には、「政官」に“ジヤウグハム”と読み仮名を振っている。
In another case, in the 'Myomoku sho' by Sanehiro TOIN, the pronunciation for the Chinese characters '政官' was said to be 'ja-u-gu-ha-mu.'

本文の一字一音表記部分を含めて、上代特殊仮名遣の研究に欠かせないものとなっている。
Above the main text where the word-and-sound notation is used, these are critical to study ancient special Kana usage.

仮名文で書かれている事が原則であり、漢文によって書かれた史論書とは区別されている。
In principle, they were written in kana (the Japanese syllabary), and distinguished from a historical essay written in Chinese.

– 文語による短歌は歴史的仮名遣い(旧仮名遣い)によって書かれることが原則である.
It is a fundamental rule to use traditional kana orthography (old kana orthography) when composing tanka in the classical literary language.

日本語文字では、漢字平仮名の大小2種類、及び漢字片仮名による印行が確認されている。
It is identified that Japanese scripts were printed and published in two sizes including big and small kanji (Chinese characters) and hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), and in kanji and katakana.

平安時代中期になると、草仮名をさらに簡略化して記号化された平易な平仮名が誕生した。
Entering the middle era of the Heian period, simpler hira-gana characters, simplified and symbolic versions of so-gana characters, were generated.

片仮名は漢字の一部に由来し（例：伊→イ）、漢文を訓読する際の補助文字として使われた。
Katakana has been designed from a parts of Kanji characters (example: イ from 伊) and was used as a sub character for reading a text written in China in a Japanese manner.

12世紀はじめに片仮名まじりの和漢混淆文体で書かれたもので、源隆国編纂と伝えられる。
It was written in Japanese-Chinese mixed style with katakana in the early 12th century, and is said to be compiled by MINAMOTO no Takakuni.

ただ、漢文体で書かれた他の2書と違って漢字仮名交じり文で書かれているのが特徴である。
Unlike two other books written in kanbun (classical Chinese), however, the characteristics of this book is that it was written utilizing the mixture of kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (Japanese phonetic characters).

落語では、仮名手本忠臣蔵がくすぐり伝統芸能のくすぐり、落ちとして使われることもある。
In Rakugo, 'Kanadehon Chushingura' is sometimes used as a material for kusuguri (making the audience laugh) or ochi (the punch line of a joke) in the traditional art of kusuguri Rakugo.

他のだんじり同様、平仮名で表記されることも多く、地車は当て字であると考えられている。
Like other danjiri, it is often written in hiragana, and it is considered that the Chinese characters used are phonetic equivalent characters.

旧仮名遣いでの読みは「あがたのいぬかひのおほとも」、あるいは「いぬかひのおほとも」。
In old Japanese syllabary characters, his name was pronounced as 'AGATAINUKAHI no Ohotomo' or 'INUKAHI no Ohotomo'.

万葉仮名の字体をその字源によって分類すると記紀・万葉を通じてその数は973に達する。
The number of Manyo-gana used in the Kojiki, Nihonshoki, and Manyoshu reaches 973 when they are classified in accordance with the origins of the characters.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』は、元禄時代にあった元禄赤穂事件を『太平記』の設定に仮託している。
The 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) is based on the Genroku Ako Incident in the Genroku era, adapted to the setting of 'Taiheiki.'

（万葉仮名文）都流藝多知　伊与餘刀具倍之　伊尓之敝由　佐夜氣久於比弖　伎尓之曾乃名曾
Written in manyo-gana: 都流藝多知伊与餘刀具倍之伊尓之敝由佐夜氣久於比弖伎尓之曾乃名曾

更に鎌倉時代以後には仮名暦・民間暦も登場した事によりその地位は大きく低下する事となる。
After the Kamakura era, the status of rekido further declined through the advent of the Kana-goyomi calendar (a calendar written in the Japanese syllabaries, or kana) and the Minkan-reki calendar.

仮名垣魯文が風刺した漫画（河鍋暁斎筆）を「歌舞伎新報」に掲載させて批判し問題となった。
The cartoon (drawn by Kyosai KAWANABE), which criticized the play, was published by Robun KANAGAKI in `Kabuki Shinpo' (Kabuki Newspaper), and caused controversy.

※人物名を史実と異なるものにする手法は、仮名手本忠臣蔵など他の作品でも用いられている。
The tequnic giving different names to the characters from historical real ones is also shown in 'the Kanatehon Chushingura'and other works.

このため日本語でこれらの料理をさす場合には「テリヤキ」と片仮名で表記されることが多い。
For these differences, prepared meals are often indicated in katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries) to distinguish them from Japanese teriyaki meals in the Japanese language.

名称は国語学者橋本進吉の論文「上代の文献に存する特殊の仮名遣と当時の語法」に由来する。
Its name has been derived from the article called 'Special Phonetic Orthography and Usage in the Documents Written in Ancient Japanese' written by a Japanese linguist Shinkichi HASHIMOTO.

宣命体は、漢字仮名交じり文の源泉となった文体で、かなの発達史上、大変重要な文書である。
Senmyotai is a literary style which became the origin of a composition written in kanji and kana (the Japanese syllabary), so it is a very important document for the history of development of kana.

山嵐（やまあらし）に聞いてみたら、赤シャツの片仮名はみんなあの雑誌から出るんだそうだ。
I heard it from Porcupine that Red Shirt gets his supply of all foreign names from that magazine.

日本語のローマ字化推進のため『羅馬字会』を結成して漢字や仮名 (文字)の廃止を唱えた。
In order to promote romanization of the Japanese language, he formed the 'Romajikai' (Society for the Romanization of the Japanese Alphabet) and insisted on termination of the use of Chinese characters and kana writing.

真淵は、万葉仮名に慣れるため、『万葉集』の注釈から始めた方が良いという旨の教授をした。
Mabuchi instructed him to begin with the commentaries on the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry 'Manyoshu' in order to become familiar with a form of syllabary used in the Manyoshu.

御伽草子の延長に生まれ、仮名を用いた庶民向けの読み物として出版され、雑多な分野を含む。
It was created as an extension of Otogi Zoshi and published as reading material for the general public written in kana characters, on all sorts of topics.

15歳の時元服し、仮名 (通称)を正助、諱は利済（としさだ）と名乗るが、後に改名する。
When he was 15 years old, he celebrated his coming of age and assumed the first name Shosuke and common name Toshisada, though he changed his name afterwards.

もとは仮名草子の遊女評判記の類や、井原西鶴らの浮世草子にある遊里の描写がルーツである。
They originate in books like some Yujo hyoban-ki (guidebooks to prostitutes in the red-light districts) in kana zoshi (novels written for women and children using kana rather than Chinese characters to make them easily understood), and the descriptions of pleasure quarters appearing in the Ukiyozoshi (literally, Books of the Floating World) of Saikaku IHARA and others.

滑稽な内容のものは歓迎されなくなり、一時期プロの作家は仮名垣魯文ら5人にまで減少した。
The comical readings were not welcomed any more, and for a while the number of the professional writers decreased to five included Robun KANAGAKI.

なお、「満佐須計」の表記は「まさすけ」という仮名の字母を万葉仮名で表記したに過ぎない。
The writing of the title merely uses, in manyogana style, the original kanji forms of the kana used to write 'Masasuke.'

江戸中期を過ぎると、句点・返り点・送り仮名、さらには振り仮名をほどこしたものも現れる。
After the mid Edo period, some Teikin Orai containing kuten (punctuation marks), kaeriten (signs to indicate reading order), okurigana (hiragana to accompany kanji), and furigana (hiragana to show pronunciation) started to be seen.

氏は大三輪、大神ともいい、現代仮名遣いで「おおみわ」、旧仮名遣いで「おほみわ」となる。
His clan was also known as Omiwa, which could either be written as '大三輪' or '大神'in Chinese characters, and by the modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946) it becomes 'Omiwa,' and with the old Japanese syllabary charaters, it is read 'Ohomiwa.'

かつての駅名標には、歴史的仮名遣に則り平仮名で「たかをぐち」と表記されていたのが特徴。
Formerly, the station's name was notable as it conformed with the conventions of pre-war Japanese hiragana spelling by being written as 'Takawoguchi.'

「早引」の名を冠するように素早く引くため部門別分類を完全に廃止し、仮名数引きを採用した。
As the word, 'Hayabiki' (quick search) in the name suggests, it aimed to make looking-up words quicker by completely eliminating the classification by category and adopting search by the number of kana instead.

18世紀後半になると、上方では雑俳や仮名草子に関わる人々が「咄（はなし）」を集め始めた。
In the latter half of the eighteenth century, hanashi (comic stories) began to be collected in Kamigata by people who wrote zappai (a lighthearted form of literature which originated from haiku, a Japanese poem in seventeen syllables having a 5-7-5 syllabic form) and kana zoshi, a story book written in kana characters.

但しマスコミにおいては、これに従わず、平仮名の「さま」をつけて「さま」と呼ぶことが多い。
However, not following this custom, the mass media often addresses them by adding the suffix 'sama' (an honorary title) in hiragana at the end of their names.

普請は仏教用語で、ふしんの読み仮名は禅宗が伝えた為、唐音が使われる（燃燈仏などを参照）。
Fushin (普請) is from Buddhist terminology and the reading 'fushin' was introduced through Zen Buddhism, therefore To-on (Japanese reading of kanji [Chinese characters] imported from China by Zen priests) (唐音) is used (See Dipankara and similar works).

但し、末尾の「き」とは上代特殊仮名遣で乙類の「木」と音韻上違い、語源的には無関係である。
It should be noted, however, that 'ki' at the end of 'Himoroki' differs in phonetics from 'ki' (tree) of Otsurui (second class) in ancient special Kana usage, so their origins have no relation with each other.

和文の場合には片仮名書きが一般的で、こうした抄物を特に「仮名書抄物」と称することもある。
When shomono were written in Japanese, use of the katakana syllabary was common; these are sometimes called 'kanagaki shomono' (shomono written in kana).

土佐日記：紀貫之が土佐守の任務を終えて帰る旅の途中のことを女性を装って平仮名で書いている。
Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary): A diary written in Hiragana detailing his trip after completing his mission as Tosa no kami (the Governor of Tosa Province), in which he impersonated a woman.

嵯峨本の影響を受けて、仮名草紙、浄瑠璃本、評判記なども版刻の挿し絵を採用するようになった。
Influenced by Saga-bon, other books such as kana-zoshi (story book written in kana during the early Edo period (primarily for the enlightenment and entertainment of women and children)), joruri-bon (books of scripts of joruri - the narrative which accompanies a Bunraku puppet show) and hyoban-ki (books of public estimation on various matters) adopted engraved plate illustrations.

難波津（なにわつ、旧仮名遣い：なにはつ）とは、古代大阪湾に存在した港湾施設の名称である。
Naniwatsu indicates a port facility located in the Osaka bay in ancient times.

「凡海・大海」は旧仮名遣いでは、「おほあま」、「おほしあま」、あるいは「おほさま」と訓む。
In the old Japanese syllabary system, Oama (凡海 or 大海) is pronounced 'Ohoama,' 'Ohoshiama' or 'Ohosama.'

歌集に「黄葉和歌集」、著書に「耳底記」「あづまの道の記」、仮名草子に「目覚草」などがある。
His literary works include the poetry book 'Koyo Wakashu,' the books 'Jiteiki' (Deep in the Ear) and 'Azuma no Michinoki' (Travel account to Kanto), and his Kana zoshi (a story book written in Kana characters) 'Mezamashi-gusa' (Common reed).

文末に丁寧の助動詞 (国文法)「候」（そうろう、そろ、歴史的仮名遣いではサウラフ）を置く。
The auxiliary verb for politeness (Japanese grammar) 'soro'('そうろう', 'そろ' or 'サウラフ' in historical kana (the Japanese syllabary) orthography) is placed at the end of a sentence.

文久元年（1861年）9月30日 (旧暦)に還俗し、諱を隆興、仮名 (通称)は信吾と称す。
He returned to secular life on September 30 (old calendar), 1861 to be renamed Ryuko, and he also started to use Shingo as the kemyo (common name).

伝本に古写本は無く、慶安四年片仮名本と寛文十年平仮名本が版本として刊行された流布本である。
Among den-pon (existent transcriptions and published books), there is no old manuscript, as for block printing rufu-bon, there remain a katakana-bon (book in Japanese katakana character) published in 1651 and a hiragana-bon (book in Japanese hiragana character) published in 1670.

『源氏物語』に比肩する中古文学の双璧として、後世の連歌・俳諧・仮名草子に大きな影響を与えた。
Together with 'The Tale of Genji,' this book is considered one of the twin masterpieces of Heian literature, and it had a great influence on the Renga (linked verse), Haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and Kanazoshi (old stories witten in the kana script) that followed.

なお明治期の日本や片仮名のない中国ではホイートンを「恵頓」（拼音：Huìdùn）と表記した。
In Japan in the Meiji Period and Chine, which did not have katakana, Wheaton was written as '恵頓' (Pīnyīn: Huìdùn).

漢字平仮名の印行物に関しては活字による印行で、かつ、大小の順に作られたことが認められている。
It is identified that matters printed and published in kanji and hiragana, and were made in order of size.

この「三条ノ教則」を巡る解説書は仮名垣魯文『三則教の棲道』（1873年）など多数が出された。
Many commentaries on 'sanjo no kyosoku,' such as 'Sansoku-oshie no chikamichi' (Shortcut to Teachings, 1873) written by Robun KANAGAKI, were published.

建久元年、和歌所設置に際して寄人筆頭となり、『新古今和歌集』の撰修に関係して仮名序を書いた。
In 1190, he became a Yoriudo hitto when the Office of Waka was founded and wrote 'kanajo' (Japanese preface) relating to the editing of 'Shin Kokin Wakashu' (New Collection of Poems from Ancient and Modern Times).

正倉院に遺された文書や木簡資料の発掘などにより万葉仮名は7世紀ごろには成立したとされている。
It is considered that Manyo-gana was completed around the seventh century, from documents left in the Shosoin Treasure House and excavation of materials written on narrow strips of wood.

天保10年（1839年）11月に重富家の家督を相続し、12月に仮名 (通称)を山城と改める。
In December 1839, he succeeded the family estate of Shigetomi family and changed his common name to Yamashiro on January 1840.

しかし乾本時代には、その派生として漢字を草書・振り仮名を平仮名にするものも登場してきている。
In the era of the Inuibon, however, as a derivative, there appeared new type of setsuyoshu, in which each entry was written in Chinese character in cursive style and the furigana was in the form of hiragana (the cursive form of kana or the Japanese syllabaries).

現在でも万葉仮名は至る所で使用されており、難読地名などの多くは万葉仮名に由来するものが多い。
Manyo-gana is still used at various times at present, for example most place names which are difficult to read were derived from manyo-gana.

漢字の音と訓をたくみに組み合わせて日本語を記す万葉仮名が用いられていることも大きな特徴である。
Its significant feature is the use of Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu) which describes Japanese language by combining on and kun readings of Chinese characters.

門を叩き壊す音が『仮名手本忠臣蔵』で陣太鼓を打ち鳴らす音に変わったのではないかといわれている。
It is assumed that the noise of breaking the gate was changed to the noise of banging the jin-daiko in 'Kanadehon Chushingura.'

『万葉集』でこの方法がよく用いられたことから、後世（江戸時代から）万葉仮名と呼ぶようになった。
Because many examples using this orthography were found in the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), these special Chinese characters were later called Manyo-gana (during the Edo period and later).

（仮字）『正法眼蔵』（仮名記述） - 75巻＋12巻＋拾遺4巻（現在の研究結果による）道元著
The 'Kana Shobogenzo,' written in kana characters, is made up of seventy-five volumes, plus an additional twelve volumes, and a further four volumes for gleanings (according to current research), and was written by Dogen.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』は通し狂言で上演されることが比較的多い演目なので、これが目立ってしまうのだ。
As 'Kanadehon Chushingura' is often performed in the form of toshi kyogen, such a problem becomes relatively conspicuous.

しかしながら、各音に対して数種から十数種の漢字をあてたため、1000字近くの万葉仮名があった。
However, since several to ten plus Chinese characters were used for indicating each sound, close to 1,000 Manyo-gana characters existed

2006年には、万葉仮名で書かれたものとしては、最古とされる7世紀中ごろの木簡が出土している。
In 2006, mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written), from approximately the mid seventh century, believed to be the oldest of its kind which was written in Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyoshu [Collection of Myriad Leaves]) was excavated.

浄瑠璃の三大傑作『菅原伝授手習鑑』『義経千本桜』『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の作者(共同)として名高い。
He is well-known as the playwright (co-writer) of the three greatest joruri: 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy), 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees) and 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

また『相国寺塔供養記』『北山院御入内記』『北山殿行幸記』『応永大嘗会記』などの仮名日記がある。
He also wrote diaries in Kana (the Japanese syllabary), including 'Shokoku-ji to kuyoki,' 'Kitayama-in gojudaiki,' 'Kitayama-dono gyokoki,' and 'Oei daijoeki.'

漢字の伝来後はこれを表記に用い、後に、漢字を元にした表音文字の一種である平仮名、片仮名が成立。
After the introduction of kanji (Chinese characters), it was used for writing, while hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another Japanese syllabary), which are two sets of phonograms based on kanji, were established later.

編纂された頃にはまだ仮名文字は作られていなかったので、万葉仮名とよばれる独特の表記法を用いた。
As the Japanese syllabary had not been established at the time the Manyoshu was written, it was written in a unique writing system called manyo-gana.

しかし、過去の栄光をしのびながらも、歴史を扱った書としてはじめて仮名書き、編年体で書かれている。
Although it traced back the glory in past, however, it is written in kana and chronological order which was the first time for historical documents.

上代様（じょうだいよう）とは、平安時代の三跡の書や古筆などの日本の書流和様と仮名書の総称である。
Jodaiyo is a general term for the 'Japanese calligraphy school Japanese style' and 'kana calligraphy,' such as the three great brush traces and ancient calligraphy in the Heian period.

草双紙（くさぞうし）とは、江戸時代の戯作文芸の一種で、絵を中心に仮名で筋書きが書き込まれた物語。
Kusazoshi illustrated pulp books are a form of light popular literature of the Edo period with pictures taking centre stage supported by story outlines written in phonetic Japanese.

和歌集としてだけでなく、古今和歌集仮名序は後世に大きな影響を与えた歌論として文学的に重要である。
The Japanese preface of Kokin Wakashu is of literary importance not only as a wakashu but also as a treatise on waka poetry that had a significant influence on Japanese poetry in the years to come.

日記・故実書の利用は『古事談』に似ているが、文体は和文（仮名文）で儒教の教訓性を持つ説話が多い。
Although 'The Zoku Kojidan' shows similarity to 'The Kojidan' in regard to the use of diaries and books of ancient practices and customs, 'The Zoku Kojidan' uses Japanese Kana characters, and its stories tend to include teachings of Confucius.

西洋道中膝栗毛（せいようどうちゅうひざくりげ）は、仮名垣魯文・総生寛（第12編より）作の滑稽本。
Seiyo Dochu Hizakurige is a humorous fiction written by Robun KANAGAKI and Kan FUSO (Volume 12 and subsequent volumes).

万葉仮名を崩して生まれた平仮名による和文と、漢文の書き下しである漢文訓読体とが合流して生まれた。
It was a mixture of a writing style modeled after a translation of a classical Chinese text into Japanese and the Japanese sentences written in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), which was created by simplifying the Manyo-kana, an archaic form of the Japanese language.

後世『義経千本桜』『仮名手本忠臣蔵』と共に義太夫狂言の三大名作と評価された作品のうちの最初のもの。
It was the first work that was evaluated as three greatest Gidayu Kyogen works along with'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees) and 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

同座した中村宗十郎からはこてんぱんに叩かれ、作家の仮名垣魯文には「活歴」（かつれき）と皮肉られた。
Danjuro was torn to pieces by co-star Sojuro NAKAMURA while author Robun KANAGAKI sarcastically labeled Danjuro's performances as 'Katsureki'.

豚カツ専門店では「とんかつ」と平仮名表記され、店の雰囲気やメニューも和風であることが一般的である。
Restaurants specializing in tonkatsu have signs with 'Tonkatsu' (pork cutlet) in Hiragana and their atmosphere and dishes are usually in the Japanese style.

へのへのもへじは、これら7つの平仮名のみを使い人の顔を模した図柄を描く文字遊び（文字絵）である。
'Henohenomoheji' face-like pictographs are created by playing around with and arranging seven hiragana phonetic syllables to form the caricature of a human face as a picture (letter picture).

以後、国内で仮名文字を含む木製活字が製造されるようになり、和漢にわたる広い分野の書物が刊行された。
After that, wooden types (including Kana characters) started being produced in Japan, and Japanese and Chinese books were published in a wide range of subjects.

「古史四書」は神代文字をも伝えてはいるものの、本文は漢字のみまたは漢字仮名まじり文で書かれたもの。
Koshi shisho' includes ancient Japanese characters, but its text is written only in kanji characters or kana mixed with kanji characters.

しかし、裳着(元服に相当)を済ませたにも拘らず化粧せず、お歯黒を付けず、引眉せず、平仮名を書かず。
However, even after her Mogi (coming-of-age ceremony for girls), she does not wear make up, paint her eyebrows, paint her teeth black, or write hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters).

江戸時代初期、17世紀中頃には町人のあいだでも大流行したことが、当時の『仮名草子』に記されている。
A 'story book written in kana' said that they also gained popularity among townspeople in the early Edo period or in the middle of the 17th century.

死の2ヶ月前の大永6年（1526年）4月に戦国時代の代表的な分国法『今川仮名目録』を制定している。
In April 1526, two months before his death, he established the 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku' (Imagawa House Laws), typical provincial laws that warlords enforced in their territories in the Sengoku period.

使われる文字は、漢字の行草書・異体字・変体仮名・行草書の漢文の助辞・ひらがな・カタカナ・合字など。
Kanji characters in gyosho (cursive style of writing kanji characters) or sosho (advanced cursive style of writing kanji characters, more abbreviated and flowing than gyosho), variant characters, hentaigana (anomalous Japanese cursive syllabary), auxiliary words of kanji writing in gyosho or sosho, hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), katakana (fragmentary kana), combined characters, etc. were used.

男は漢文を書くのが常識とされていた時代に、女の作者を装って土佐国から京都までの紀行を平仮名で綴った。
In the time when it was common for men to write in Chinese characters, he pretended to be a woman and wrote, in Hiragana, a journal of his journey from Tosa Province to Kyoto.

この表記については特に決まりが無く、人によっては「二っ目」や「二ッ目」と仮名を小さく書く場合もある。
Its description has no particular rule, and some people write as '二っ目' or '二ッ目' with small kana (the Japanese syllabary).

10世紀末ごろの書写と見られる日本の書道史草仮名の遺品であり、『小野道風秋萩帖』の系統に代表される。
This can be found in texts copied in the Sogana style of calligraphy at the end of the 10th century and are represented by texts descended from ONO no Michikaze's 'Akihagi-jo.'

これは万葉仮名の使われた『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『万葉集』について、その用字を調査したものである。
In this book investigation was carried out on the usage of characters in 'Kojiki,' 'Nihon Shoki' and 'Manyoshu' in which Manyo-gana was used.

草仮名の筆跡として、『小野道風秋萩帖』（あきはぎじょう）、『綾地歌切』（あやじうたぎれ）などがある。
Calligraphic samples using so-gana characters include 'ONO no Tofu akihagijo' and 'ayajiutagire.'

仮名手本忠臣蔵の影響で、これは吉良家や上杉家の目を欺くための演技であるというのが半ば定説化している。
Based upon the influence of the Kanadehon Chushigura (The Treasure of Loyal Retainers), it is a commonly accepted myth that his debauchery was a ruse for deceiving the Kira and Uesugi families.

また、源氏物語本文に濁点・読点・振り仮名・傍注などを付して読みやすくするという工夫が加えられている。
It also contains some devices to make it readable, adding voicing marks, commas, phonetic transcriptions in kana, side notes, and so on.

歌舞伎「仮名手本忠臣蔵」においてはお軽の父を殺害する悪役斧定九郎（おのさだくろう）として登場する。
In Kabuki 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers, a historical play dealing with the retainers of Ako Domain), Sadakuro ONO (斧) modeled after Gunemon ONO (大野) appears as a villain, who killed Okaru's father.

その過程で、仮名文字の発達とあいまって和歌は次第に公的な文化として復権し、歌合も行われるようになった。
In its process, Waka gradually regained its position as an official culture along with the development of Kana characters (the Japanese syllabaries), and Uta awase (poetry match) came to be held.

その後、仮名垣魯文が脚色したものが一般に広まり、電報の利用方法や有用性が広まるきっかけの一つになった。
Later, the telegram text adapted by Robun KANAGAKI became widely known to the public, leading to the widespread recognition of how to use telegraph and its usefulness.

後に、それぞれの字は、城を“じやう（＝現代仮名遣い：じょう）”と読み、柵を“さく”と読むようになった。
The character 城 was pronounced 'jiyau (jou in modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946))' and the character 柵 was pronounced 'saku' later.

『源氏物語』などの仮名の物語文学においても、「桐壺」などで白楽天の『長恨歌』との関係が強く認められる。
The influence of Juyi BAI's 'Changhen Ge' (The Song of Everlasting Sorrow) can be recognized in narratives written in kana (the Japanese syllabaries) such as 'The Tale of Genji,' especially in the chapter of 'Kiritsubo' (The Paulownia Court).

しかし、単純な誤りはほとんど発見されなかったものの、意図の不明な漢字表記や仮名遣いの統一などもあった。
Although almost no simple mistakes were found, there were unreasonable standardization of usage of kanji and kana orthography.

万葉集や日本書紀に現れた表記のあり方は整っており、万葉仮名がいつ生まれたのかということは疑問であった。
The way of writing in Manyoshu and Nihonshoki was organized, and therefore it is not known when Manyo-gana was generated.

その意味では、万葉仮名は、漢字を用いながらも、日本人による日本人のための最初の文字であったと言えよう。
In that sense, manyo-gana was the first writing system for Japanese even though it used Chinese characters.

尚、『寛永諸家系図伝』（仮名本）において「織田」に振られた振り仮名は1箇所を除いて全て「オタ」である。
All furigana (kana over or beside kanji to indicate pronunciation) printed over or beside kanji '織田' in 'Kanei shoka keizuden' (the Genealogies of the Houses of the Kanei period) (publication in kana alone) are 'Ota' except one place.

後世『菅原伝授手習鑑』『仮名手本忠臣蔵』と共に義太夫狂言の三大名作のうちの二作目と評されるようになった。
Along with 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy) and 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), which were created subsequently, Yoshitsune Senbonzakura came to be referred to as one of the three greatest works of Gidayu Kyogen (Kabuki adaptations of puppet plays).

最古の部類に入る浦島伝説、羽衣伝説の記述は万葉仮名書きの和歌が入っている点も含めて特筆すべきものである。
The legends of Urashima and Hagoromo (a robe of heavenly feathers), which belong to the oldest articles, are particularly unique, including Japanese poems written in Manyo-gana (an ancient Japanese writing system using Chinese characters).

そのため、文字上で甲乙の区別をする必要がある時は傍線や片仮名化、ローマ字のウムラウトなどで対応している。
Therefore, when it is necessary to distinguish between A-type and B-type, characters are written with underlines, in Katakana or alphabet letters with umlauts.

死後に大三輪真上田迎（おおみわのまかむだのむかえ）と諡され、旧仮名遣いでは「むかえ」が「むかへ」となる。
He was posthumously named OMIWA no Makamuda no Mukae, and it is considered that Mukae had been pronounced as Mukafe according to the old Japanese syllabary characters.

が、平安時代中期には国風文化への自覚が高まり、仮名文字の発達とあいまって和歌が次第に公的な場に復活した。
However, during the mid-Heian period, people's interest in Kokufu Bunka (indigenous Japanese culture), combined with the development of the kana characters, brought waka poetry back to official use.

寸松庵色紙（紀貫之筆）、升色紙（藤原行成筆）とともに三色紙といわれ、仮名古筆中でも最高のものといわれる。
Together with 'Sunshoanshikishi' (written by KI no Tsurayuki) and 'Masushikishi' (written by FUJIWARA no Kozei), 'Tsugishikishi' is considered to be one of the three best kana script writings of ancient times.

同様に上代特殊仮名遣いについても使い分けがそのまま当時の母音体系を正確に表したものではないことを指摘した。
Similarly, he pointed out that the distinction of usage in Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai did not precisely represent the vowel system of the time.

満佐須計装束抄（雅亮装束抄）（まさすけしょうぞくしょう）は、平安時代末期に成立した仮名文の装束有職故実書。
Masasuke's Notes on Court Costume is a book on court costume and lore written in kana that appeared at the end of the Heian period.

漢字と片仮名、もしくは漢字と平仮名の混ざった和漢混淆文で書かれたものとしては、最初の優れた文芸作品である。
It was the first excellent literary work written in Chinese characters and Katakana, or the Wakan Konkobun mixed writing style of Chinese characters and Hiragana.

紀貫之が女性の立場から仮名で書いた『土佐日記』をはじめとして、仮名文の日記風の作品が認められるようになる。
Literary diaries written in kana began to be created such as 'Tosa Nikki' (Tosa Diary), which was written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki who pretended to be a woman.

漢字どころか仮名文字も廃し、「洋字」、すなわちアルファベットを用いたローマ字で日本語を表記すべきと主張した。
He insisted to abolish not only kanji but also kana characters and to express Japanese in Roman characters with using alphabet.'

漢字と仮名文字の両方で当時の流行歌が書いてあることから、寺子屋などで長年読み書きの教科書としても用いられた。
Because popular poems of that time are written in both kanji (Chinese characters) and kana characters, it was used as a textbook for reading and writing in Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period) etc. for a long time.

古今和歌集仮名序では、「大伴黒主はそのさまいやし。いはば薪を負へる山人の花の陰にやすめるが如し」と評される。
In Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Japanese preface of the Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), he is described as follows; 'The poems of OTOMO no Kuronushi are scruffy and have little character. It's like a old man, carrying firewood on his back in a mountain village, is resting under a flower tree.'

仮名序で安積山の歌と並んで「手習ふ人のはじめにもしける」と言われたように、古来書道の初学としても用いられた。
As the kanajo says of this poem, alongside the poem of Mt. Asaka, 'people who practice writing with a brush will start from this,' it was a poem traditionally used by those starting the study of calligraphy.

日本語の表記において漢字と仮名が交用されていく中で漢字の点画も平仮名のような曲線を帯びるようになっていった。
While both kanji (Chinese characters) and hiragana were used together in Japanese writing, the dots and strokes making up a kanji character gradually came to have curve lines like hiragana characters.

漢文と万葉仮名の草書体（草仮名）とを混用し、中に女手（平仮名字体）や2字連続の草書体（連綿草）を含んでいる。
His writing is a mixture of classical Chinese and so-gana and also contains onnade (writing in hira-kana) and two-character renmenso (cursive style writing).

これに関しては、「私」字を万葉仮名に用いた例が他に無いことから、本来「弘斐王（おいのおおきみ）」の誤りでろう。
As to 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' in those historical books, there were no previous examples of ancient writers or editors using 'Shi (私)' for Manyogana (early Japanese syllabify composed of Chinese characters then used phonetically); so historians and other scholars would be able to conclude that the original writing was written in this way 'Oi no Okimi' and 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' was the transcription mistake.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』は全十一段からなり、現在でもほぼその全段が演目として残っている稀な浄瑠璃・丸本歌舞伎である。
'Kanadehon Chushingura' is composed of 11 acts in total, and it is a rare joruri as well as marumoto kabuki play whose acts have survived almost in entirely as a theater piece to this day.

原作『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の八段目は加古川本蔵女房戸無瀬と娘小浪の嫁入り道中を描く所作事「道行旅路の花嫁」である。
The eighth act of the original 'Kanadehon Chushingura' is a shosagoto called 'Michiyuki Tabiji no Hanayome', which depicts the journey of Honzo KAKOGAWA's wife, Tonase, and her daughter Konami when she was going to get married.

龕灯返（がんどうがえし）、どんでん返し、がらんどう返し、送り仮名を付けて強盗返し、龕灯返しと表現する場合もある。
Gando gaeshi' is expressed in several different combinations of Chinese characters and okurigana (kana added to a Chinese character to show its pronounciation).

これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.

開成所版は漢語訳版に訓点を設けただけであったが、それを和訳（仮名文）することでより読みやすくしたのが本書である。
This book was translated version of Kaiseijo version (written in kana [the Japanese syllabary characters]), which had guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese for convenience in reading.

敵討ちなどの忠義や武勇伝、浄瑠璃・歌舞伎、謡曲、仮名双紙、軍記物、お伽双紙、浮世双紙など多様な内容になってきた。
Contents varied and ranged widely: revenge, loyalty and martial stories, dramatic narrations, Kabuki and Noh stories, depictions written in phonetic Japanese kana syllabary, fairy tales, poignant stories etc.

宝治元年（1247年）道覚法親王のために『鎮勧用心』を、また皇太后のために仮名法語（『女院御書』）をあらわした。
In 1247, he wrote 'Chinkanyojin' (a collection of Shoku's sermon) for Cloistered Imperial Prince Dokaku and 'Nyoingosho,' which was a Buddhist sermon in Japanese writing, for the empress dowager.

これらは平安初期においては男性の手によると思われるものも多いが、仮名による女性の作品が増えていくのも特徴である。
In the beginning of the Heian period, many of these tales seem to have been written by male writers, although more female writers came to create their works in kana, which is a distinguishing charcateristic.

「古今和歌集」仮名序では、「詞はたくみにて、そのさま身におはず、いはば商人のよき衣着たらんがごとし」と評される。
In 'Kokin Wakashu' Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), it was written that 'his poems are excellent, but his appearance is not good enough, as a merchant wearing good cloth.'

ただしこれは秀吉に高い教養がある事を示すものではなく、彼の書簡には誤字や当て字、仮名が多用されていたと言われる。
However, this is not equal to the fact that Hideyoshi was highly educated; it is said that he used many wrong letters, phonetic equivalent and kana characters in his letters.

また、この民衆への周知徹底の為に高札の文面には、一般の法令では使われない簡易な仮名交じり文や仮名文が用いられた。
In order to thoroughly deliver the contents of the notes to the people, the notes of Kosatsu was written in easily understandable mixed writing (characters and kana) or kana sentences, differentiated from the sentence style used for describing general law in code books.

また女性手紙に仮名使用が多いのはもちろんだが、男性でも、私的文書・内輪向けの文書は、仮名が多い傾向が認められる。
The use of kana in letters written by women was popular, but men increasingly used kana in private or internal documents.

10世紀半ばは、かなが日本の書道史草仮名から日本の書道史女手へ発展する頃で、『継色紙』では草仮名が使われている。
Around the middle of the 10th century, kana arose as 'sogana' (a cursive style of writing Chinese characters used for their phonetic value) developed into 'onnade' (hiragana syllabary) and the 'Tsugi-shikishi' is written in sogana.

綿密な構成や『仮名手本忠臣蔵』などの古典の仇討狂言のパロデイを巧妙に取り入れるなど、仇討狂言の白眉と賞されている。
It is recognized as a masterpiece of the Kyogen play of revenge, for its elaborate structure, artful inclusion of parodies of classic Kyogen plays of revenge such as 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), and so on.

小野小町、大伴黒主はともに六歌仙に数えられる歌人であり、『古今和歌集』仮名序で、小町は「いにしへの衣通姫の流なり。
Both ONO no Komachi and OTOMO no Kuronushi were amongst six master poets, and 'Kokin Wakashu' Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki) contains the famous review of the two; Komachi is referred to as 'she is beautiful as if she is a descendant of a beautiful Princess Sotoori-hime in ancient times.

丑＝鰻二匹説 - 平仮名で墨汁を使って毛筆で書いた「うし」と言う文字が、まるで二匹の鰻のように見えたからと言う説。
An ox = two eels theory: The Japanese syllabary characters meaning an ox ('うし'), which were written on something with a brush and India ink, looked like two eels, so they became the origin of the custom, this theory states.

その外題は、赤穂浪士をいろは順にかけて「仮名手本」、そして「忠臣大石内蔵助」から「忠臣蔵」としたというのが一般的。
It is generally believed that the title 'Kanadehon' comes from the names of Ako Roshi (lordless samurai of the Ako domain) ordered according to the traditional Japanese syllables, and that the title 'Chushingura' (忠臣蔵) is derived from 'Chushin Oishi Kuranosuke' (忠臣大石内蔵助) (Kuranosuke OISHI, the loyal vassal).

有坂秀世は1934年の論文「古代日本語における音節結合の法則」で、上代特殊仮名遣いに関する次のような法則を発表した。
Hideyo ARISAKA published in 1934 an article called 'The Laws of the Combination of Syllables in Ancient Japanese', in which he pointed out the following laws concerning Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai.

この考えに賛同した学者達と「かなのとも」という会を発足させ、機関誌『かなのみちびき』を発行し、仮名文字論を展開した。
He founded an association called 'Kana no tomo' (The friends of kana alphabet) with scholars who supported his opinion, and published a magazine, 'Kana no michibiki' (The guiding of kana alphabet) to develop their theory of kana alphabet usage.

古くは『古今和歌集』の真名序に五位以上を示す「柿本大夫」、仮名序に正三位である「おほきみつのくらゐ」と書かれていた。
In the pre-medieval period, the manajo (a preface written in Chinese) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems) described him as 'Kakinomoto no taifu', indicating that he was ranked as in the fifth grade or higher, and its kanajo (a preface written in kana) describes him as 'oki mitsu no kurai', showing that he was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).

また山形模様は『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の衣装に採用されて広く認知されるようになったものだが、先行作でも使用が確認されている。
Although Yamagata designs became widely recognized after showing up in 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' the use of its design is seen in works prior to that.

文字数の減少と平行して字体の簡略化が進み、平安時代初期、万葉仮名を草書体で美しく表現した草仮名（そうがな）が使われた。
As the number of such characters used decreased, their styles became increasingly more simplified, and during the early Heian period, so-gana characters, Manyo-gana characters written beautifully in the sosho-tai style, were used.

日本文学史上、おそらく初めての平仮名による優れた散文であり、その後の日記文学や随筆、女流文学の発達に大きな影響を与えた。
In the history of Japanese literature, it was probably the first prose written in Hiragana, and it had a great influence on the later literature of diaries and essays, contributing to the development of literature by female authors.

御文（おふみ）は、浄土真宗本願寺八世蓮如が、その布教手段として全国の門徒へ消息（手紙）として発信した仮名書きによる法語。
The term 'Ofumi' refers to letters of sermons written in kana by Rennyo, the eighth chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple of Jodo Shinshu Buddhism, which were dispatched to followers throughout the country as a means of propagation.

このように楷書体や平易な行書体程度の漢字を使って日本語のかなの部分に当てはめて書き記したものを真仮名（まがな）と呼んだ。
The kaisho-tai (square or block style of writing) style or simple gyosho-tai (semi-cursive style of writing) style Chinese characters used for recording kana portions of Japanese language were called magana.

仮名草紙の普及で、のちに西鶴文学が生まれ、挿し絵と文字を組み合わせた印刷本が、庶民の要望に応えて量産されるようになった。
The prevalence of kana-zoshi led to the literary works of Saikaku IHARA and the printed books with illustration and letters became mass-produced to meet demand.

この「新聞」を浮世絵の題材に取り上げて、平仮名しか読めない大衆も絵と平易な詞で理解できるようにしたものが錦絵新聞である。
Nishiki-e-shinbun featured this 'shinbun' as its subject matter and worked out its expression for even the general public who could only read hiragana (one of the two types of phonograms of Japanese language) to be able to understand the shinbun through pictures and easy words.

また明治29年（1896年）には大口周魚が西本願寺から『西本願寺本三十六人家集』の完本を発見し、平安仮名の粋を紹介した。
In 1896, Shugyo OGUCHI found 'Nishi-Honganji-bon Sanju-rokunin-kashu' (the Nishi-Honganji collection of thirty-six anthologies) in Nishi-Hongan-ji Temple, introducing the extreme beauty of kana calligraphy during the Heian period.

1875年（明治8年）、「平仮名絵入新聞」（のちの「東京絵入新聞」）の創刊にもかかわり、この新聞で挿絵画家としても活動。
He was also involved in publication of 'Hiragana Eiri Shinbun (Hiragana Illustrated Newspaper)' (later Tokyo Eiri Shinbun) in 1875 and worked as an illustrator for this newspaper.

しかし、塩冶家は主君が城内で高野師直に刃傷に及んだ罪を問われて切腹し、家名も断絶となっていた（『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の設定）。
However, the head of the Enya family was given a sentence of seppuku for injuring Moronao KONO with his sword in the castle, and after his seppuku, the family was terminated (this setting was based on 'Kanadehon Chushingura').

1953（昭和28）年には寿海、寿三郎らオール関西歌舞伎総出演による『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通しが東京の帝国劇場で上演された。
In 1953, a toshikyogen (performance of an entire play) of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) was staged at Teikoku-Gekijo Theater in Tokyo by all-star performance by Kansai Kabuki, including Jukai and Jusaburo.

中国大陸から朝鮮半島を経由して漢字が輸入され、漢文と、自分たちの話し言葉に漢字を当てはめた万葉仮名が使われるようになった。
Chinese characters were imported from the Chinese continent by way of the Korean peninsula, and people started to use Chinese prose and Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), which fitted Chinese characters to their own spoken language.

紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.

出し物は『仮名手本忠臣蔵』三段目、『保名狂乱』、森鴎外『日蓮聖人辻説法』、岡本綺堂『天目山』などで、意外な好評を博している。
The programs were 'the third Act of Kanadehon Chushingura', 'Yasuna Kyoran', and 'Nichiren Shonin Tsuji Seppo' by MORI Ogai, 'Tenmokuzan' by Kido OKAMOTO and so on, which gained unexpected popularity.

片仮名や大型活字については整版や木活字によると考えられたこともあったが、新井トシによる論攷ですべてが金属活字によるとされた。
Although it was sometimes considered that katakana and large-sized prints were based on woodcut printing or wooden characters, a thesis written by Toshi ARAI concluded that all were based on metal characters.

仮名草子の叢書として約200編を収める「仮名草子集成」（全45巻、東京堂出版）がある（2008年9月現在、44巻まで刊行）。
There is a series of Kana Zoshi called 'Kana Zoshi Shusei' (Tokyodo Publishing Co., Ltd., 45 volumes in all) which consists of approximately 200 books (44 volumes have been published as of September 2008).

「琵」「琶」が当用漢字・常用漢字外であることから、滋賀県内では平仮名書きにした「びわこ」「びわ湖」という表記も数多く見られる。
Since the kanji for 'bi' and 'wa' are not in common use and have not been designated as kanji for daily use, Lake Biwa (or Biwako) is often written in Shiga Prefecture either completely in hiragana (びわこ) or with the first two characters written in hiragana and the last one in kanji (びわ湖).

以前は学校教科書において「へいじょうきょう」と振り仮名がふられていたが、現在は多くの教科書で「へいぜいきょう」とふられている。
It was previously spelled as 'Heijo-kyo' in the school textbooks, however, it is now mostly spelled as 'Heizei-kyo.'

ヴァリニャーノは、学林のために教科書をローマ字によって印行する、またのちに片仮名を用いた一般向けの書物を印行する計画を立てた。
Valignano made a plan to print and publish textbooks for Gakurin (Learners' Forest) in Roman characters, and then to print and publish books for the general people using katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries).

また、仮名 (文字)の使い分けが音韻の違いに結びつくという結論付けがなされていなかったこともあり、注目を集めることはなかった。
Furthermore it did not reach any conclusion to connect the distinction of the types of phonetic characters with the difference of phonemes, and thus did not draw much attention.

また仮名 (文字)論者としても知られ、明六社の機関誌明六雑誌に、ひらがなの普及が国民全体の知識や教養の向上に役立つと主張した。
He is also known as a kana (the Japanese syllabary) advocate, and he expressed his opinion in an article on a magazine of Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society), regarding the necessity of spreading hiragana (the rounded Japanese phonetic syllabary) throughout the country to improve the knowledge and culture of entire citizens.

仮名序は、冒頭で和歌の本質とは何かを解き明かした後、和歌の成り立ちについて述べ、次いで、和歌を6分類し各分類について説明する。
The preface explains the nature of waka in the opening sentence, followed by the history of waka, and then divided into six waka groups, each of which is explained further.

六歌仙は『古今和歌集仮名序』において紀貫之が「近き世にその名きこえたる人」として掲げた、各々の歌風を批評した六人の歌人である。
Rokkasen are the following six poets that KI no Tsurayuki remarked as 'poets of the best known of recent times' and commented on the style of poetry of each in 'Kokin Wakashu Kanajo' (Preface of Kokin wakashu written in kana):

上代特殊仮名遣が用いられていた当時はまだ「かな」が発達していなかったため、これを表現する仮名文字はヤ行のエを除いて存在しない。
At the time Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai was used, 'Kana' (Hiragana and Katakana, phonetic Japanese syllabaries) had not been developed yet so that only Kana character representing Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai is エ with the consonant y (ye).

約20種類の和様の筆跡が確認されており、12世紀前半の約半世紀は仮名 (文字)のあらゆる美しさが追求された時期であるといわれる。
About 20 kinds of handwriting of Japanese patterns are recognized, and it is said that the beauty in kana (character) was pursued during the first half of the 12th century.

上代特殊仮名遣のコの甲乙の区別は存在しないが、ア行のエとヤ行のエを区別している点から、平安初期（900年前後）の成立と見られる。
Because two kinds of characters to express the pronunciation of 'ko' found in the ancient special Kana usage are not distinguished while エ of the row of ア in the gojuonzu (a 'fifty-sound' syllabary chart) and エ of the row of ヤ are distinguished, Ametsuchi no Uta is thought to have been established in the beginning of Heian period (around A.D. 900).

1872年（明治5年）、カレーライスのレシピを記した本「西洋料理指南」（敬学堂主人）、「西洋料理通」（仮名垣魯文）が出版される。
In 1872, books that described recipes of curry and rice, 'Seiyo Ryori Shinan' (Proposed western-style menus) by Keigakudo shujin and 'Seiyo Ryori-tsu' (an authority on western cuisine) by Robun KANAGAKI, were published.

ただし、「あしひきの」は上代特殊仮名遣の問題から、もともとは「足を引く」の意味ではなく、これは人麻呂による新しい解釈と目される。
However, the original meaning of 'ashihiki no' is not 'ashi wo hiku' (to drag legs), because there is some doubt in the ancient special Kana usage, and this is regarded as the Hitomaro's new interpretation.

難波津の歌（なにわづのうた）は、古今和歌集の仮名序で「おほささきのみかどをそへたてまつれるうた」として紹介されている王仁の和歌。
The Naniwa-zu no uta (waka of Naniwa-zu Port) appears in the Kanajo (Japanese preface) of Kokin Wakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems) as 'the poem written on the emperor of Osazaki' composed by Wani (Wang In).

宮廷の後宮には貴族出身の女房らが多数出仕していたが、これらの女房は高い教養を持ち、仮名を駆使して多くの物語・日記文学を生み出した。
A number of court ladies from noble families worked for kokyu (empress's residence) of the Imperial court, and they were well educated and created many stories and a diary literature through the use of Kana.

この時に雪が降っていたというのは『仮名手本忠臣蔵』での脚色であり、実際は冷え込みが厳しかったが満月のほぼ快晴だったといわれている。
In 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' it is dramatized to be snowing that day, however, in reality, the weather was very clear with full moon yet it was very cold.

昭和22年（1947年）11月、東京劇場で行われた東西俳優総出演による『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通し興行は、その象徴的イベントと言える。
The revival of Kabuki was symbolized by the event in November 1947 at Tokyo-gekijo Theater, that is, the presentation of a whole play of Kanadehon Chusingura, in which all major Kabuki actors in Japan appeared.

仮名草子の中から井原西鶴による『好色一代男』などの優れた文芸が著されるようになり、これは後に浮世草子と区別して呼ばれるようになる。
Such excellent literary works as 'Koshoku ichidai otoko' (Life of an amorous man) by Saikaku IHARA were written as Kana Zoshi, which later came to be distinguished as Ukiyo Zoshi (stories of the floating world).

口頭語的な要素を生かしつつ仮名書きであらわされることが多いため、註釈の内容のほかに中世後期の国語学的資料としての高い価値をも持つ。
Making the most of colloquial elements, they were written in kana (the Japanese syllabary), and are therefore of great value not only as commentary but also as a reference for studying the Japanese of the latter half of the medieval period.

まず仮名文字表記論の方は清水が、大槻文彦らと1883年（明治16年）に「かなのくあい（かなの会）」を設立し、精力的に運動を展開した。
At first, as to the opinion to express Japanese in kana character, Shimizu established 'Kana no kai' (an association of kana) in 1883 with Fumihiko OTSUKI and actively campaigned.

明六社誕生以前、まずこの問題について意見表明したのは前島密で、彼は漢字を廃止し、平仮名を英語のように分かち書きにすることを提唱した。
Before the establishment of Meirokusha, Hisoka MAEJIMA showed his opinion about this for the first time, and he proposed to abolish kanji (Chinese characters) and write hiragara (Japanese syllabary characters) with putting space between characters like English.

通常の勅語が漢文調であるのに対し、変体仮名交じりの文語体で、総字数2700字におよぶ長文であるが、軍人は暗誦できることが求められた。
While ordinary imperial edicts had a Chinese classics flavor, the rescript was written in the Japanese literary style with hentaigana (anomorous Japanese cursive syllabary), and military men were required to recite it despite its long passages consisting of nearly 2,700 letters and characters in total.

「文字篇」では仮名の発生と発音の理を、「言語篇」では語の類別、性質、用法などを、「助用言」では助動詞についてを、それぞれ説いている。
In 'Letters' he wrote about the origin of kana, in 'Language' about the classification, characters and usage of words, and in 'Auxiliary' about auxiliary verbs.

片仮名が最初に印行されたとする説が強いく、これはヴァリニャーノの1584年の書簡に片仮名母型をメキスタに要望しているのによっている。
A theory that katakana was used for printing and publication at first is accepted by the majority, and this is based on a letter written by Valignano in 1584 in which he requested Mekisuta (メキスタ) for katakana matrices.

ひえ田野町・曽我部町（註「ひえ」は草かんむりに稗と書く。以下、平仮名で記す）、に佐伯神社、穴太寺、神蔵寺など由緒ある重要な寺社も多い。
There are important historic temples and shrines such as the Saeki-jinja Shrine, the Anao-ji Temple and the Jinzo-ji Temple in Hietano-cho and Sogabe-cho (the Chinese character for 'hie' as in 'Hieta-cho' is the combination of the radical 'kusa-kanmuri' and the Chinese character 'hi,' but the word is described in hiragana in this article).

文明_(日本)6年（1474年）成立の古辞書『文明本節用集』に、「漿醤」に「シヤウユ」と読み仮名が振られているのが文献上の初出である。
The Chinese characters, '漿醤' that represent soy-sauce, with readings in Kana of 'Shauyu' appeared in the old dictionary 'Bunmeibon setsuyo-shu' (a plain dictionary in Bunmei era) established in 1474, which was the oldest example in documents.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』は『菅原伝授手習鑑』『義経千本桜』とならぶ人形浄瑠璃の三大傑作といわれ、後代他分野の作品に大きな影響を及ぼしている。
Along with 'Sugawara denju tenaraikagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy) and 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees), 'Kanadehon Chushingura' is considered as one of the three masterpieces of ningyo joruri plays, and it has influenced various works in other fields since then.

神武天皇から順徳天皇までの歴史を、貴族の時代から武士の時代への転換と捕らえ、末法思想と「道理」の理念とに基づいて、仮名文で述べたもの。
It regarded history from the Emperor Jinmu to the Emperor Juntoku as the transition from the age of aristocracy to the age of warriors, and described it in Kana-bun (publication in kana alone) based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and the idea of 'Dori (Order).'

字がまずいばかりではない、大抵（たいてい）平仮名だから、どこで切れて、どこで始まるのだか句読（くとう）をつけるのによっぽど骨が折れる。
Not only was it poorly written but it was a sort of juxtaposition of simple syllables that racked one's brain to make it clear where it stopped or where it began.

万葉仮名（まんようがな）とは仮名 (文字)の一種で、主として上代に日本語を表記するために漢字の音を借用して用いられた文字のことである。
Manyo-gana is a kind of kana (the Japanese syllabaries), and it mainly refers to the letters from which Japanese people borrowed Chinese-derived pronunciation in order to express Japanese in ancient times.

上代の文献では全体にわたってこのように整然たる仮名の使い分けが見られ、一部の例外を除いて甲乙の混同は見られず両者は厳然と区別されていた。
We can see such a methodical usage of phonetic characters throughout the documents written in ancient Japanese, and with some exceptions, A-type and B-type were strictly distinguished and there was no confusion between them.

明治初期に東京で創刊された「新聞」は東京土産になるほど流行したが、知識人層向けで振り仮名や絵もなく、一般大衆には読みにくいものであった。
Shinbun' which was first issued in Tokyo in early Meiji period became popular to the extent that it became a souvenir of Tokyo, however, this 'shinbun' was directed to the intellectuals and, therefore, it had no furigana (small-sized phonograms put beside Chinese characters to show the sound of those characters) no pictures in it and, therefore, it was hard to read for the general public.

振り仮名があるニュースの絵説きは漢字をあまり知らない層でも容易に読めたため、「新聞」の面白さを一般大衆に知らしめることとなったのである。
Explanatory captions including furigana for the prints of the news was easily readable for those who did not know Chinese characters well and, therefore, nishiki-e-shinbun let the general public know the interestingness of 'shinbun'.

平安時代中期に成立した古今和歌集仮名序で日本的歌論が展開されるようになってから歌学は盛んとなり、歌論と並んで「万葉集」の研究も始まった。
Beginning with the kanajo (a preface written in Japanese script) to the Kokin wakashu (Collection of Japanese Poetry from Ancient and Modern Times), which was written in the mid-Heian period, Japanese karon began to expand as a field, and kagaku began to flourish; in keeping with karon, research into the Manyoshu (an eighth-century anthology of Japanese poems) began.

ほかに中村仲蔵が、仮名手本忠臣蔵の中で、斧定九郎を演じた時、黒の羽二重に白の博多帯の衣装で演じ、粋で話題になりその後、定九郎の衣装が定着。
Besides, when Nakazo NAKAMURA played the role of Sadakuro ONO in Kanatehon Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), he wore black habutae silk and white hakata obi sash, which was stylish and became popular, and later became a conventional costume for Sadakuro.

漢字をもとに仮名が考案され、和歌や物語文学が興隆し、和様書道が成立したことなどがその具体的な現れであり、大和絵の出現もこの頃と推量される。
Specifically, kana (Japanese syllabary - alphabet) was devised based on kanji (Chinese characters), waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and chronicles were described, and wayo shodo (literally, 'Japanese calligraphy') was established, and there was speculation that Yamato-e also appeared around that time.

道行旅路の花聟（みちゆきたびじのはなむこ）は、歌舞伎『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の四段目（判官切腹）と五段目（山崎街道）のあいだに挿入される所作事。
Michiyuki Tabiji no Hanamuko is a dance drama ('shosagoto' in Kabuki terms) performed between the fourth act, 'Hangan Seppuku' (a judge's suicide by disembowelment), and the fifth act, 'Yamazaki Kaido' (Yamazaki-kaido Road), in the Kabuki play 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』（かなでほんちゅうしんぐら、旧字体：假名手本忠臣藏）は、元禄赤穂事件を題材とした人形浄瑠璃および歌舞伎の代表的な演目。
'Kanadehon Chushingura' (written in old character form: 假名手本忠臣藏) is the title of a representative ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) as well as kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) based on the Genroku Ako Incident.

以上のように、記紀万葉においてツクヨミの「ミ」はいずれもか行上代特殊仮名遣で一致しているが、ヨの甲乙は両方にまたがり、「ユ」の例すらある。
As the above shows, in 'Kojiki,' 'Nihon Shoki' and 'Manyoshu' the 'ミ' ('mi') of ツクヨミ (Tsukuyomi)' follows the official kana orthography of this era, but 'ヨ' ('yo') of ツクヨミ (Tsukuyomi)' comes with '甲' and '乙'-indicating that 'ヨ' ('yo') was pronounced in two ways, and even that the sound was replaced with 'ユ' ('yu').

千如是は五蘊（ごうん、ごおん、五陰とも）世界・仮名（けみょう、衆生とも）世間・国土（こくど）世間の三種世間の各々にわたるので三千世間となる。
Since senyoze exist in the three types of worlds: the five skandhas, kemyo, and kokudo; and therefore, there are three thousand.

この中で石塚は万葉仮名においてはエ・キ・ケ・コ・ソ・ト・ノ・ヒ・ヘ・ミ・メ・ヨ・ロ・チ・モの15種について用字に使い分けがあると結論づけた。
Ishizuka, in this book, concluded that there was a distinction in Manyo-gana, of the types of characters used for fifteen sounds, エ, キ, ケ, コ, ソ, ト, ノ, ヒ, ヘ, ミ, メ, ヨ, ロ, チ and モ (e, ki, ke, ko, so, to, no, hi, he, mi, me, yo, ro, chi, and mo).

中国語音ではなくとも、日本語音、とりわけ歴史的仮名遣いであらわされた古典音で吟じた場合、本来の漢詩のリズムを味わうことができるとも言われる。
It is said that an original rhythm of a kanshi can be appreciated when using the classical Japanese pronunciation based on historical kana orthography although not using Chinese sound.

仮名草子（かなぞうし）とは、江戸時代初期に仮名 (文字)、もしくは仮名交じり文で書かれた、近世文学における物語・実用的な文章を総称したもの。
Kana Zoshi refers collectively to stories/practical texts of Kinsei Bungaku (Japanese Edo period literature) written in kana characters, or a mixture of kanji and kana, during the early Edo period.

中国が起源であるが、日本においては漢字から派生した仮名 (文字)、ベトナムではチュノムなどが発明されると共にそれぞれ独自の書風が作られている。
Originated in China, and Kana (syllabary) was derived from Kanji (Chinese characters) in Japan and Chu nôm was invented in Vietnam, as well as each unique calligraphic style has been established.

祖父の死後は、尾上菊五郎 (6代目)に師事、1941年（昭和16年）10月歌舞伎座で『戻駕』『仮名手本忠臣蔵・九段目』で七代目中村福助を襲名。
After his grandfather's death he studied under Kikugoro ONOE VI and adopted the name of Fukusuke NAKAMURA (VII) for performances of 'Modorikago (A Returning Palanquin)' and 'Kudanme (9th act) of Kanadehon Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)' in Kabuki-za Theater in October 1941.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』は二代目竹田出雲・三好松洛・並木宗輔の合作によるもので、太平記巻二十一「塩冶判官讒死の事」を世界 (曖昧さ回避)としている。
'Kanadehon Chushingura' was created jointly by Izumo TAKEDA the second, Shoraku MIYOSHI and Sosuke NAMIKI, and its story is based on 'Enya Hangan zanshi no koto' (the tragic death of Enya Hangan (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period (period during which the system of government was based on criminal and administrative codes))), volume 21 of 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace).

なお「誓子（せいし）」の俳号は、本名の「新比古（ちかひこ）」が歴史的仮名遣では「ちかいこ」とも読めるため、「誓い・子」を音読みしたものである。
His haiku pen name 'Seishi ' (誓子) is on-yomi (Chinese reading of kanji) of 'Chikai' (誓い) 'Ko' (子), because his real name 'Chikahiko' (新比古) also can be read 'Chikai-ko' in historical kana orthography.

この出版事業においては、当初の目的であった聖職者養成に用いる書物、片仮名による国字本に止まらず、草書体漢字・仮名を用いた国字本まで刊行された。
In this publishing project, not only books used for the first purpose of training clergymen, but those on the Japanese versions of Jesuit Mission Press in katakana, and also the Japanese version of Jesuit Mission Press in sosho-tai (cursive style writing) kanji and kana were published.

上方演出による『鏡山』・『仮名手本忠臣蔵』などの上演も行われ、1998(平成9)年には戎橋戎橋付近のランドマークが演劇専門の劇場として落成した。
Plays such as 'Kagamiyama' and 'Kanadehon Chushingura' are performed after Kamigata-style staging, and in 1998 the Landmark near Ebisubashi was completed as a theater dedicated to theatrical arts.

また、上代特殊仮名遣い中「コ」音のみが平安初期にまで残ったにもかかわらず、ひらがなにその使い分けが存在しなかったことなどを傍証として挙げている。
He also pointed out as evidence that although only the sound of 'コ' (ko) among Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai had survived until the beginning of the Heian period, no such distinction had existed in Hiragana.

ただしその指摘はまだ一部に限られており、この宣長の着想をさらに発展させたのが彼の門弟・石塚龍麿による『仮名遣奥山路』（1798年頃発表）である。
However, it was only a limited comment, and this idea of Motoori was further developed by his disciple Tatsumaro ISHIZUKA who wrote 'Kanazukai Oku no Yamamichi' (The Mountain Road into the Secrets of Kana Usage) (published around 1798).

すなわち、万葉仮名に見られる用字の使い分けは渡来人が日本語にとって不必要であった音声の違いを音韻として読み取ってしまったものだとするものである。
According to his theory, the distinction of characters observed in Manyo-gana was caused by Toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture) who had distinguished the difference of the sounds that were not unimportant for Japanese.

仮名文の執筆にも長じて『小島のすさみ』『衣かづきの日記』『さかき葉の日記』『雲井の花』『永和大嘗会記』『雲井の御法』などの宮廷行事の記録を著す。
He was excellent in writing kana literature and wrote about court events such as 'Ojima no susami,' 'Kinukazuki no nikki' (Kinukazuki Diary), 'Sakakiba no nikki' (Sakakiba Diary), 'Kumoi no hana,' 'Eiwa daijoeki' (Record of Eiwa Enthronement Ceremony of Emperor) and 'Kumoi no minori.'

が、仮名手本忠臣蔵の中で見せたその凶悪な姿から忠臣蔵を扱った時代劇の中では吉良義央に次ぐ悪役として（時には吉良より凶悪に）大活躍することが多い。
However, since he was described as a villain in 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' Sadakuro ONO often plays outstandingly as the second villain after Yoshinaka KIRA (sometimes even more wickedly than Yoshinaka KIRA).

前二者は奈良時代の用例「武奈伎」の「伎」が上代特殊仮名遣ではキ甲類の仮名であるのに対して、「木」「黄」はキ乙類なので一致しないという問題がある。
For the first two theories, according to the ancient special kana usage, 'gi' in 'munagi' is a kana usage of ko-type of ki, while 'ki' (tree, wood) and 'ki' (yellow) has a kana usage of otsu-type of ki, and therefore there is a problem with consistency.

原文（鈴鹿本）は平易な漢字仮名交じり文（和漢混交文）（ただし、ひらがなではなくカタカナである）で書かれ、その文体はあまり修辞に凝らないものである。
The original text (the Suzuka manuscript) is written in simple, mixed kanji-kana sentences (mixed Japanese and Chinese, in katakana, not hiragana), and the style is relatively free of decoration.

1881年（明治14年）6月、初代柳亭燕枝（談洲楼燕枝 (初代)）（仮名垣魯文の弟子のあら垣痴文）は横浜市住吉町港座で『深山の松木間月影』を上演。
In June 1881, Enshi RYUTEI (the first; Enshi DANSHURO [the first]) (also known as Chibun ARAGAKI, a disciple of Robun KANAGAKI) performed 'Miyama no Matsukima Tsukikage' at Minato-za Theater in Sumiyoshi-cho, Yokohama City.

上代特殊仮名遣のなかでも、『万葉集』・『日本書紀』の中ではすでに消失している2種類の「モ」の表記上の区別が、『古事記』には残存しているからである。
Because distinction of two kinds of `mo' in writing in ancient special Kana usage that disappeared in the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) still remained in the 'Kojiki.'

また、その学績は実証的学問法を確立して国学の発展に寄与し古典研究史上、時代を画するものであり、また後世の歴史的仮名遣いの成立に大きな影響を与えた。
Keichu established an empirical study method, and his academic achievements contributed to the development of early modern Japanology (Kokugaku) and became a landmark of the history of the study on the Japanese classics, thus greatly influencing the establishment of old kana orthography of the posterity.

また、『書道芸術』は昭和12年（1937年）11月号で、仮名交じり文の研究を特集し、手島右卿は仮名交じり文とともに、それの英語表現を報告している。
In November, 1937, an issue of 'Shodo Geijutsu,' studies of mixed writing of Chinese characters and kana characters was dealt with exclusively, where Yukei TESHIMA reported calligraphic styles of English in addition to mixed writing of Chinese characters and kana characters.

しかし慶長年間に入ると、藤原定家の『下官集』「嫌文字事」で示された定家仮名遣に従って、いろは44文字は「ゐゑお」を含む47文字とする節用集が登場した。
As the Keicho era began, there appeared new setsuyoshu based on 47 characters of the iroha syllabary including 'ゐ' (wi), 'ゑ' (we) and 'を' (wo) instead of the former 44 iroha characters, following Teika Kanazukai (the distinction of using Kana in the same pronunciation) presented in the section of 'Imi Moji no koto' (嫌文字事, Awful things regarding characters) in 'Gekanshu' written by FUJIWARA no Teika (also known as FUJIWARA no Sadaie).

「天狗の数も会員と同数で、かの絵探しと同じように、その天狗の顔と翼をたどっていくと、会員の苗字がことごとく平仮名で現れるということを誰かが発見した。」
`somebody discovered that the number of Tengu is the same as the number of members, and the family names of the members appeared by tracing the faces and wings of Tengu like they did when they tried to find a picture.'

甲乙の差異については、例えば「き」を表す万葉仮名は支・吉・峡・来・棄などの漢字が甲類の「き」とされ、「秋」や「君」「時」「聞く」の「き」を表していた。
As for the distinction between A-type and B-type, for example, Manyo-gana representing the sound of 'き' (ki) included in the Chinese characters of 支, 吉, 峡, 来 and 棄 were A-type characters and used to write 'き' (ki) of 'aki' (autumn), 'kimi' (you), 'toki' (time) or 'kiku' (listen).

ここでは各巻の名称、配列順とも岩波書店の『宇津保物語　一〜三』（日本古典文学大系巻10-12、河野多麻校注）に従った（読みがなは現代仮名遣いとした）。
This article shows both the titles and the order of the volumes according to 'Utsuho Monogatari 1 to 3' (Iwanami Shoten, Japanese Classic Literature Systematic Edition Vols. 10 to 12, revised and annotated by Tama KONO) (Letters' readings are expressed with the modern kana usage).

漢字で表記された場合でも、その多くは「かるか」の振り仮名が付されており、明治以降学術的呼称として、音読みで「さくじょう」と呼ばれる傾向にあるようである。
Even when the word is written with Chinese characters, they are accompanied by furigana (Japanese characters showing how to read the Chinese characters), and after the Meiji period, the scholarly reading of the word tends to be sakujo following the Chinese reading style.

実際にこの法則が発表されたのは1932年の論文「古事記におけるモの仮名の用法について」であるが、彼がこれに強い確信を持って発表したのは前述の論文である。
In fact these laws had already been mentioned in 1932 in his article 'Concerning the Usage of Kana for mo in Kojiki,' but he pointed them out with firm conviction in the aforementioned article.

山岡元隣（やまおかげんりん、寛永8年（1631年） - 寛文12年6月27日 (旧暦)（1672年8月19日））は、江戸時代前期の俳人・仮名草子作者。
Genrin YAMAOKA (1631 to August 19, 1672) was a haiku poet and an author of kana zoshi (novels written for women and children using kana rather than Chinese characters to make them understand easily) who lived during the early Edo period.

12世紀以降になると、『俊頼髄脳』をはじめ『奥儀抄』、『和歌童蒙抄』など歌論書に浦島物語が登場し、仮名で書かれ宮廷や貴族達の間に浦島物語が広く浸透した。
After the 12th century, Urashima Monogatari appeared in books about waka poetry such as 'Toshiyori Zuino' (Toshiyori's Poetic Essentials), 'Ogisho,' and 'Waka domosho' (a waka handbook for beginners), and they were written in kana (the Japanese syllabaries), being widely read among nobles in the imperial court.

江戸時代の和学者・春登上人は『万葉用字格』（1818年）の中で、万葉仮名を五十音順に整理し〈正音・略音・正訓・義訓・略訓・約訓・借訓・戯書〉に分類した。
Shunto Shonin (the venerable Shunto), who was a scholar of the Japanese classics in the Edo period, classified Manyo-gana in the order of the Japanese syllabary into seion (literally, Chinese-derived character reading in normal manner), ryakuon (literally, Chinese-derived character reading in short manner), seikun (literally, native Japanese reading in normal manner), gikun (literally, native Japanese reading by meaning of Chinese character), ryakkun (literally, native Japanese reading in short manner), yakukun (literally, native Japanese reading in brief manner), shakkun (literally, native Japanese reading in borrowed manner), and gisho (literally, playful and technical reading) in 'Manyo Yojikaku' (1818).

905年（延喜5年）、醍醐天皇の命により初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』を紀友則、壬生忠岑、凡河内躬恒と共に編纂し、平仮名による序文である仮名序を執筆した。
In 905, by order of Emperor Daigo, he compiled 'Kokinwakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern),' the first collection of poems by imperial command, with KI no Tomonori, MIBU no Tadamine and OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, and wrote the kanajo (preface written in Hiragana).

仮名草子作者としても有名な江戸初期の禅僧鈴木正三と、島原の乱後の天草の復興に大きな功績を残した代官鈴木重成の兄弟はいずれも旗本で、則定鈴木氏の出身である。
Zen monk Shosan SUZUKI, who was a famous author of Kana Zoshi (story book written in kana) in the early Edo period, and his brother Daikan (local governor) Shigenari SUZUKI, who made a great contribution to the reconstruction of Amakusa after the Shimabara War, were from the Norisada Suzuki clan, and both of them served as hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]).

本阿弥切の書風は、平安時代の仮名書道の最高峰と評される高野切（11世紀に書写された『古今和歌集』の写本）などとは別系統で、他に同筆の遺品は知られていない。
The style of calligraphy of Honamigire belongs to a different lineage from that of Koyagire (a manuscript of 'Kokin Wakashu' transcribed in the eleventh century), considered a supreme achievement of kana calligraphy made during the Heian period, and there are no relics left with the same handwriting.

また体面を保つ為の出費も著しかったなど、一概に上野介のみを非難する向きも疑問があり、仮名手本忠臣蔵を盾に、自藩の失策を弁明しているとも受け取る事が出来る。
At the same time, they also spent quite a lot of money to keep their dignity, and therefore, it is questionable to criticize only Kozuke no Suke, and one assumes that they were trying to cover up their own faults through Kanadehon Chushingura.

高橋お伝（たかはしおでん、嘉永元年（1848年） - 明治12年（1879年）1月31日）は仮名垣魯文の「高橋阿伝夜叉譚」のモデルとなった女性である。
Oden TAKAHASHI (1848 - January 31, 1879) was a woman who became a model of the character that appears in 'Takahashi Oden Yasha Monogatari' (Story of Yasha [a Buddhist guardian deity sometimes depicted as a demonic warrior] Oden TAKAHASHI) by Robun KANAGAKI

仮名草子に「他我身之上（たがみのうえ）」「小巵（こさかずき」、句集の「身の楽千句」、注釈書類の「首書（かしらかき）鴨長明方丈記」「世中百首註」などがある。
Among his story books in Kana were 'Tagaminoue' (Upon his and my Bodies), 'Kosakazuki' (Small Wine Cup), poem collections such as 'Minorakusenku,' commentaries such as 'Kashirakaki KAMO no Chomei Hojoki' (An Account of My Hut), 'Yononaka Hyakushuchu' (Commentaries to 100 Poems in the World) and so on.

幸松は、1848年（嘉永元年）に文字を普通仮名に改めた写本を完成するとともに、1872年（明治5年）には原書の特殊仮名のままの写本を完成させた（宗像本）。
Sachimatsu completed a manuscript in which characters were revised to ordinary Kana (Japanese syllabary) in 1848 and a manuscript in which the special kana in the original book remained unchanged in 1872 (Munakata-bon).

篆刻には篆書以外にも隷書・楷書・行書・草書・大和古印体・仮名 (文字)・梵字など自由闊達に用い、印材も多様で石印以外に鋳造印・陶印・木印などを製作している。
For Tenkoku, other than Tensho (the ancient seal style of writing), he freely and vigorously used Reisho (the demotic semi-square style of writing), Kaisho (the block style of writing), Gyosho (the semi-cursive style of writing), Sosho (the fully cursive style of writing), Yamato kointai (the old seal style of writing created in Japan), Kana (Moji) (Japanese syllabary characters), Bonji (Sanskrit characters), etc, and not only stone seal, he created seals with various materials, such as casting seal, ceramic seal, wood seal, etc.

浅井了意（あさいりょうい、慶長17年（1612年）- 元禄4年1月1日 (旧暦)（1691年1月29日））は、江戸時代前期の浄土真宗の僧・仮名草子作家。
Ryoi ASAI (1612-January 29, 1691) was a monk of the Jodo shin shu (True Pure Land Sect Buddhism) in the early Edo Period and was the writer of Kana zoshi (storybooks written in kana (the Japanese syllabary))

元々、口承説話として伝えられたものが『後漢書』や『白氏文集』など漢籍の影響を受けて一旦は漢文の形で完成されたが、後に平仮名で書き改められたと考えられている。
Under the influence of the Chinese books like 'History of the Later han Dynasty' and 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' the original tale, which had been passed on by word of mouth, was once written down in Chinese, and then it seems to have been rewritten in kana later.

楷書体ないし行書体で表現された漢字の一字一字を、その義（漢字本来の意味）に拘わらずに日本語の一音節の表記のために用いるというのが万葉仮名の最大の特徴である。
The most prominent characteristic of Manyo-gana is that, regardless of the meanings of the Chinese characters, one letter was used to represent each syllable of Japanese which was expressed with Chinese characters in a square or a cursive style.

仮名序によると、本来、「正しき風」（由緒正しい和歌の道）という意の「正風和歌集」に命名すべきところを、呉音で「傷風」に通じるのを忌み「風雅」に改めたという。
According to the kanajo, it was originally planned to be called 'Shofu (正風) Wakashu' which means 'right wind' (historic pass for waka poetry), but it also could be called 'Shofu (傷風)' (literally injured wind) in the Wu reading, so they changed it into 'Fuga' to avoid the negative meaning.

一説には実は八男だったが武名を馳せた叔父源為朝が鎮西八郎という仮名_(通称)（けみょう）であったのに遠慮して「九郎」としたともいわれるが、伝説の域を出ない。
According to one theory, he was the eighth son but he refrained from calling himself 八郎 (Hachiro) that means the eighth son, to demonstrate his respect for his uncle MINAMOTO no Tametomo, famous for his heroic bravery, whose popular name (kemyo) was 鎮西八郎 (Chinzei Hachiro), but it is only a folk story.

明治・大正期の『園林叢書』『明治庭園記』には枯山水の読み仮名は「カラセンスヰ」と振ってあり、「カレサンスイ」という読み方は比較的新しいと吉川は考察している。
In 'Enrinsosho' (library of garden forestry) and 'Meiji teien-ki' (record of gardens of the Meiji Period) of the Meiji Period and the Taisho Period, the Japanese syllabary of dry landscape garden was written as 'karasensui'; Yoshikawa considers 'karesansui' this pronunciation is comparatively new.

『正倉院万葉仮名文書』（しょうそういんまんようがなもんじょ）とは、一字一音の万葉仮名ばかりで書かれた古文書2通のことで、正倉院の中倉に伝わる紙背文書である。
'Shosonin-Manyo-gana-monjo' indicates two documents each written using a Chinese character recording each Japanese sound and was shihai monjo (a document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper).

奈良時代から日本語を表記するため漢字の音訓を借りた万葉仮名が使われていたが、この時代になって仮名 (文字)（ひらがな、カタカナ）が広く使われるようになった。
From the Nara period, manyo gana, making use of Chinese manners of reading to read Japanese, had been used; from this period, however, kana (hiragana and katakana --- both Japanese syllabary characters) began to be used.

奈良時代から漸次的に進んでいた文化の日本化が国風文化として結実し、平仮名・片仮名の使用が開始し、『源氏物語』・『枕草子』に代表される物語文学などが花開いた。
The Japanization of culture that had gradually advanced from the Nara period produced a Japanese-style culture, using hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another set of Japanese syllabary characters) started and narrative literature, typical examples being 'The Tale of Genji' and 'Makura no soshi' (the Pillow Book), flourished.

錦絵新聞の成功を追うように平仮名絵入新聞のような、絵と振り仮名をそなえた小新聞が発行され始めると、それに押されるように錦絵新聞は大衆の視野から消えていった。
When small-scale newspapers each including pictures and furigana like hiragana-eiri-shinbun started to be issued as if they followed the success of nishiki-e-shinbun, nishiki-e-shinbun disappeared from the visual field of the general public as it was overwhelmed by those small-scale newspapers.

遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so 'kana' (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of 'waka' (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).

日本の計量法では、尺貫法の単位はほぼ全廃されているが、匁だけは真珠の質量の計量に限定して使用して良い単位となっている（ただし表記は平仮名の「もんめ」である）。
The Japanese Measurement Act has abolished almost all units used under the traditional system of weights and measures, but it allows monme (written in 'もんめ' in hiragana [the cursive form of kana, the Japanese syllabary]) to be used merely for weighing a pearl.

また同じく讃岐介在任時の貞観 (日本)9年（867年）に日本の書道史草仮名の最も古い例としての自筆文『藤原有年申文』が国宝として現存（東京国立博物館蔵）する。
Also, in 867, while he was serving as the lord of Sanuki Province, he published 'Fujiwara no Aritoshi moshibumi' (petition by FUJIWARA no Aritoshi), which is the oldest existing so-gana (cursive style writing of Manyo-gana) writing and is currently stored as a national treasure (at Tokyo National Museum).

仮名草子だけでも30部余りの作品があり、その中でも「浮世物語」は浮世坊が諸国を巡遊する物語であるが、仮名草子から浮世草子へ移り変わる作品として注目されている。
He wrote over 30 works only for Kana zoshi, and among others in this category, 'Ukiyo Monogatari' (Tale of Ukiyo) -- the story about Ukiyobo travelling and playing around various places -- attracted attention as the transitional work from Kana zoshi to Ukiyo zoshi (genre of novels, literally meaning 'tales of the floating world').

また1874年（明治7年）には英国の科学の本を翻訳した「ものわりのはしご」を出版、晩年に半生記「わがよのき」を書き残したが、これらは全て仮名文字で記されている。
In 1874, he published a book called 'Monowari no hashigo,' a translated British science book; he also left his writing, 'Wagayo no ki' (the writing about my life) all written in kana alphabet.

ただ、万葉仮名の「共」を逆説の確定条件を示す接続助詞「ども」や「とも」として用いる例はないので、上のいずれの読み方であっても「ともに寝る」という解釈がされている。
As '共' (Tomo) of Manyogana (early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically) has never been used as conjunctions of 'domo' and 'tomo' indicating fixed conditions of paradox, both of the above reading have been interpreted as 'sleep together.'

「さにわ」（歴史的仮名遣いでは「さには」）は、元は「清庭」（さやにわ）の意味で、神を祭り神託を受けるために忌み清めた庭（場所）のことを指したとする説が有力である。
Saniwa' originally means 'Sayaniwa' (purified site), and the theory that Saniwa is the purified garden (site) in order to enshrine god and receive oracles is most convincing.

先行する数多の漢文学、仮名文学双方を踏まえた紫式部による『源氏物語』は、中古の文学の代表作とも言うべき長大な作品で、以降の日本の文学史全体に強い影響を与えている。
'The Tale of Genji' by Murasaki Shikibu, which was written under the influence of many of the preceding literary works in both Chinese and kana, can be said to be a masterpiece of classical Japanese literature and has had a great influence on the entire history of Japanese literature.

特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場（官服の国風化）、寝殿造の登場などがある。
It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).

930年（延長 (元号)8年）から934年（承平4年）土佐国の国司だった貫之が、任期を終えて土佐から京へ戻るまでの55日間の紀行を、女の作者を装って平仮名で綴った。
Tsurayuki, who had been the kokushi of Tosa Province from 930 to 934, wrote about his 55-day journey from Tosa to Kyoto after he had served out his term, pretending to be a female writer and using Hiragana.

中国から伝来した中国絵画がようやく日本化され、いわゆる「大和絵」の成立したのもこの時期であり、漢詩文に対し仮名書きの文学作品が書かれるようになるのもこの時代である。
It was a time when Chinese painting imported from China became Japanized eventually and so-called Yamato-e (pictures in which Japanese scenery or customs were drawn or painted) was established around this period, and also literary works began to be written in kana (the Japanese syllabary) against Chinese poetry literature around this time.

また、鎌倉時代の仏教者の主著が全て漢文で書かれている（法然、親鸞『教行信証』、栄西、日蓮、…）時代に、真理を正しく伝えたいという考えから日本語、仮名で著述している。
In addition, though all major manuscripts by Buddhist priests were written in Chinese characters, such as those of Honen, 'Kyogyoshinsho' (Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment) by Shinran, and those of Eisai and Nichiren among others, he made the descriptions in Japanese Kana so that the truth could be understood more accurately.

一緒に出土した土器や地層の状況から前期・難波宮の完成前後のものと考えられ、万葉仮名は天武・持統朝（672年-697年）に成立したと考える説に再考を促す発見であった。
Based on earthenware excavated at the same time and the conditions of geological formation, it is considered that mokkan was made around the time when the early Naniwa no Miya was completed and it was the finding which urged reconsideration of the existing belief that Manyo-gana came into existence between 672 and 697.

名古屋市営地下鉄鶴舞線いりなか駅（地名は杁中）と同様に「椥」の字が常用漢字表にないことや読めない人が多いことから平仮名駅名も候補にあったようだが、漢字表記になった。
As with Irinaka Station, a Nagoya City Subway Tsurumai Line facility whose name contains a Chinese character not included among the characters designated for common use in Japan, the name of Nagitsuji Station is difficult to read for many people if written in Chinese characters, and for this reason it had been proposed to write the station name in hiragana; ultimately, however, it was decided to use Chinese characters for the station name.

18世紀に入ると歌舞伎は人形浄瑠璃に人気を奪われるが、その間に「仮名手本忠臣蔵」「菅原伝授手習鑑」「義経千本桜」「冥途の飛脚」などの人形浄瑠璃の台本が歌舞伎化された。
As the 18th century commenced, Kabuki lost its popularity to ningyo joruri, but many scripts of ningyo joruri such as 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy), 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees) and 'Meido no Hikyaku' (Courier to the Hell) were arranged for Kabuki.

それを読むと因縁所生法、我説即是空、亦名為仮名、亦是中道義の文を見て、その文字の中に不二法門に入り、一心三観の観法を開悟会得し、それを南岳慧思に授けた、とされている。
According to Madhyamaka-karika, Ryuju saw the line of 因縁所生法、我説即是空、亦名為仮名、亦是中道義, and entered Funihomon in those letters, attained kanpo (meditative training to reach enlightenment) in the isshin sangan (threefold contemplation in a single mind), and gave it to Nangaku Eshi.

老人は古今和歌集の仮名序を引用して、高砂の松と住吉の松とは相生の松、離れていても夫婦であるとの伝説を説き、松の永遠、夫婦相老（相生にかけている）の仲睦まじさを述べる。
The old man, quoting from Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), preaches that the pine tree in Takasago and one in Suminoe are Aioi no Matsu (pines sharing a life), that they are a husband and wife even though they are far apart, and speaks of the eternity of pine trees and harmoniousness of spousal-aioi (play on word 'aioi' – the first to share a life, and the second to become old together).

しかしながら、鵞堂はこれに参画しながらも平安朝の草仮名を基底として独目の流麗なスタイルを案出し、婦人たちで習字をするものは、ほとんどこの組織で習うという盛況を呈した。
However, although participating in these activities as well, Gado devised his own flowing writing style based on the so-gana characters of the Heian period, and this style became so popular that almost all of kana calligraphy-learning women participated in his association.

西郷家の家長は吉兵衛と名乗り、西郷の本名は8代目西郷吉兵衛隆永と言う、初代は熊本より鹿児島に移り住む、幼名は小吉、通称 (仮名)は吉之介、善兵衛、吉之助と順次変えた。
The head of the Saigo family was named Kichibei, and Saigo's real name is Takanaga Kichibei SAIGO the eighth, the first generation having relocated from Kumamoto to Kagoshima; and their childhood names were Kokichi who known as Kichinosuke, and he was renamed Zenbei SAIGO and then Kichinosuke SAIGO.

このようにして、源氏学（『源氏物語』を探求する学問）の権威として家学の隆盛に力を尽くし、親行が藤原定家の勧めによって著した仮名遣いの書を増補して「仮名文字遣」を著した
In this way, he made his efforts to further develop the family' hereditary learning as the leading authority in the studies of the Minamoto clan and he wrote 'Kana mojizukai' (Usage of the Japanese syllabary symbols) by revising the book on the Japanese syllabic usage that Chikayuki wrote, recommended by FUJIWARA no Teika.

国風文化の時代の和歌の隆盛は歌学の発展を促し、『古今和歌集』の紀貫之「仮名序」がその先駆けをなすといわれ、藤原公任の『新撰髄脳』などの自覚的な著作もあらわれるに至った。
The prosperity of waka in the period of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) facilitated the development in the study of poetry; beginning with 'Kanajo' (a preface written in kana) by KI no Tsurayuki of 'Kokin Wakashu,' subjective pieces such as 'Shinsen Zuino' (The Essentials of Poetry, Newly Compiled) of FUJIWARA no Kinto appeared.

それから30年後、南北、71歳のとき、最も精力的に活躍した時代に、名作と名高かった『五大力恋緘』に『仮名手本忠臣蔵』、『東海道四谷怪談』を混ぜ合わせた作品として書いた。
Thirty years after that, at the age of 71 Nanboku entered his most productive era and wrote this play by mixing elements of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' and of 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' into 'Godairiki Koi no Fujime' that had been already famous as a masterpiece.

只今では此の薬、殊の外、世上に広まり、方々に偽看板を出だし、イヤ小田原の、灰俵の、さん俵の、炭俵のと色々に申せども、平仮名を以って「ういろう」と記せしは親方圓斎ばかり。
These days, unexpectedly, this medicine has become widespread in the world; there are dishonest signs everywhere, saying it's made in Odawara, haidawara (straw bag of ash), sandawara (lid of komedawara, rice bag), sumidawara (straw bag for charcoal), etc., but it's only my master Ensai who gives 'uiro' in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters).

その一方、基本的に日本人を「倭人」として見下しながらも古く室町には平仮名、片仮名と言った固有文字の存在に、江戸時代には京都、大阪、江戸といった都市の絢爛豪華さに驚いた。
On the other hand, while fundamentally disparaging Japanese as 'Wajin' (an older name for Japanese), Koreans were astonished in the Muromochi period by the existence of Japan-original characters of Hiragana and Katakana and by the splendor of cities, such as Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, in the Edo period.

端役のなかにまれ見られる女の道化役（『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の下女りん、『妹背山婦女庭訓』の豆腐買など）は、女形ではなく、道外方（およびそれを吸収した現在の立役）の職掌である。
It is not onnagata but dokekata (a clown) (and present tachiyaku [a leading male-role actor] that absorbed dokekata is also included) that take charge of the female clown roles (example; maid servant, rin of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' [The Treasury of Loyal Retainers], tofu buyer of 'Imose-yama Onna Teikin'), which are rare roles of hayaku (unimportant role).

読み札の表面には大和絵ふうの歌人の肖像（これは歌仙絵巻などの意匠によるもの）と作者の名、和歌が記されており、取り札にはすべて仮名 (文字)書きで下の句だけが書かれている。
On the obverses of the yomi-fuda are written the tanka with the poets' names and portraits; the portraits are drawn in the Yamato-e painting style (a traditional painting style developed since the Heian period) based on the portraits in Kasen Emaki (picture scroll of portraits of outstanding poets); on the obverses of the tori-fuda are written only shimo-no-ku (the forth phrase and the fifth phrase of the five phrases of one tanka) in hiragana character.

古今和歌集の仮名序に見る王仁の作とされるこの歌は百人一首には含まれてはいないが、全日本かるた協会が競技かるたの際の序歌に指定しており、大会の時に一首目に読まれる歌である。
A poem supposedly created by Wani introduced in Kokin Wakashu Kanajo is not included in Hyakunin Isshu (one hundred waka poems by one hundred poets) but is designated as a joka to be read at the beginning of a karuta card competition held by the All-Japan Karuta Association.

1964年（昭和39年）父・五代目田之助の引退に伴い、同年4月に歌舞伎座『仮名手本忠臣蔵・九段目』小浪、『神霊矢口渡』のお舟、『頼朝の死』の小周防で六代目澤村田之助を襲名。
With his father's (Tanosuke V) retirement in 1964, he succeeded his name as Tanosuke SAWAMURA VI when he performed Konami of 'Kudanme of Kanadehon Chushingura' (9th Act of The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), Ofune of 'Shinrei Yaguchi no Watashi' (The Yaguchi Ferry and the Magic Arrows), and Kosuo of 'Yoritomo no shi' (The Death of Yoritomo) at the Kabuki-za Theater on April of the same year.

調味料を料理に用いる順番を表す語呂合わせの「さしすせそ_(調味料)」では、醤油は「せうゆ」として「せ」に割り当てられているが、歴史的仮名遣では「しやうゆ」と書くのが正しい。
The order of using seasonings in cooking is expressed as 'sa-shi-su-se-so,' which means 'sa (sato [sugar]), shi (shio [salt]), su (su [vinegar]), se (seuyu [soy-sauce]), so (miso [soybean paste]),' in which soy-sauce is expressed as 'se' of 'seuyu,' however, it should be written in 'shauyu' in historical Japanese syllabic writing.

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』があまりにも有名になったため、江戸時代の頃から忠臣蔵にかかわる格言などには、史実における実在の人物の名よりも、本作における役名が用いられることが多かった。
Because 'Kanadehon Chushingura' became so famous, ever since the Edo period, proverbs related to Chushingura used the names of characters in this play more frequently than those of people who actually existed.

上代特殊仮名遣（じょうだいとくしゅかなづかい）とは上代日本語における『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『万葉集』など上代（奈良時代頃）の万葉仮名文献に用いられた表音的仮名遣である。
Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai is Japanese phonetic orthography used in ancient Japan (around the Nara period), which can be observed in the documents written in Manyo-gana (Chinese characters used as phonetic characters) such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).

宣命書は、「漢字万葉仮名交じり文」と言えるが、その万葉仮名を平仮名に変えると、「漢字仮名交じり文」とほぼ同じになり、これは日本語表記の展開史の上で注目すべき出来事であった。
Senmyogaki can be called 'a composition written in kanji and manyogana,' but if the manyogana is changed to hiragana, it becomes almost the same as 'a composition written in kanji and kana,' which is a remarkable thing in the history of development of the Japanese orthography.

玄蕃の名は自らの「玄」と「蕃」の字の組み合わせ、「俵」は槍で米俵も突き上げるという意味、さらに「星」の字は仮名手本忠臣蔵の主人公大星由良助（大石内蔵助がモデル）の「星」の字。
The name Genba (玄蕃) came to exist by combining the characters '玄' and '蕃,' and '俵,' had a meaning of being able to thrust a bag of rice up with a spear, and '星' came from the name of the main character in Kanadehon Chushingura, Yuranosuke OBOSHI (大星由良助) (Kuranosuke OISHI being the model).

このうち儺祭では陰陽師が（壇に）進んで祭文を読むとあるが、この祭文は前半が中国語（漢字）で構成された音読部分であり、後半が祝詞のように万葉仮名の振られた訓読部分となっている。
Of these rituals, with respect to Oniyarai-sai (儺祭), it is written that Onmyoji proceeds (to the platform) and recites saibun, but the first half of this saibun is the ondoku (Chinese reading) partly consisting of Chinese (kanji characters), whereas, the latter half is the kundoku (Japanese reading) partly written in Manyogana like norito (Shinto prayer).

「送り仮名・助詞に該当する部分」に変体仮名（漢字行草書含む）・平仮名・カタカナ・合字、さらには行草書の漢文助辞が使われるが、公式文書に近いほど、仮名部分がなく、漢文調である。
Hentaigana (including kanji characters in gyosho and sosho), hiragana, katakana, and ligatures as well as auxiliary words in kanji writing in gyosho or sosho are used as the part of okurigana (kana written after a kanji character to complete the full reading of the word) and postpositional particles, but the more official the document is, the less kana and more kanji is used.

キリシタン版（きりしたんばん）とは、近世初期（16世紀末-17世紀初め）に日本を中心にイエズス会によって刊行されたローマ字、あるいは漢字・仮名 (文字)による印刷の通称である。
Kirishitan-ban (Christian editions) refers to a common name of printing in Roman characters, kanji (Chinese characters) or kana (the Japanese syllabary) which was published by the Society of Jesus mainly in Japan in the early modern period (from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century).

その後、南禅寺山内（左京区）、東洞院四条（下京区）、衣棚丸太町（上京区）、袋町と転々しながら、1794年「清風瑣言」（匙茶道書）を、1797年「霊語通」（仮名遣い研究）を上梓。
Subsequently, he published 'Seifu Sagen' (a book on sajicha, the spoon tea ceremony) in 1794 and 'Reigotsu' (a study of the use of kana) in 1797 while moving house in locations such as the precincts of Nanzen-ji Temple (Sakyo Ward), Higashi no Toin Shijo (Shimogyo Ward) and Koromo no Tana Marutamachi (Kamigyo Ward) to Fukuro-cho.

古今和歌集仮名序では、柿本人麻呂と山部赤人の2人を歌聖として特別の扱いをしており、それに対して六歌仙はその2人には遠く及ばないとして、上記のようにあまり良い評価はされていない。
In Kokin Wakashu Kanajo, KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro and YAMABE no Akahito are remarked as Great Poets with special treatment; on the other hand, Rokkasen poets were evaluated as far inferior to two Great Poets, as described above.

しかも、万葉集に採録するにあたって、内容はもちろん万葉仮名表記に至るまで上進時のままで改変されていない可能性が高く、東国方言資料としての価値は東歌を凌駕するものと評価されている。
Also, as the content of the poems was expressed in Manyo-gana when the poems were transcribed to the Manyoshu, Sakimoriuta is evaluated much higher than Azumauta as a valuable resource in relation to the dialects of the Togoku region.

松本克己の論文の発表は1975年3月であるが、それと時を同じくして同年9月、森重敏は「上代特殊仮名遣とは何か」を発表し、松本とは別の観点から上代特殊仮名遣の8母音説に異議を唱えた。
The article by Katsumi MATSUMOTO was published in March 1975, and in September of the same year, Satoshi MORISHIGE almost coincidentally published 'What is Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai' and criticized the theory of eight vowels of Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai from a different point of view from Matsumoto's.

「勧修寺」の寺名とともに、今日では「かじゅうじ」と読むのが一般的だが、中世日本の書籍等では「くわんしゆし」との平仮名表記も散見され、「かんじゅじ」とも読まれていたことがうかがわれる。
Today, the characters of the family name are generally read, in the same way as those of the temple by the same name, as 'Kajuji,' but the hiragana (today read as 'kuwanshiyushi') occasionally found in medieval books suggests that they were also read as 'Kanjuji.'

鬼の名を取るように、法に対して厳格な人物で他人に対しても厳しかったが、恩賞に対しては公平清廉で、法令に対しても仮名書きでわかりやすく書いて民衆に触れやすいように記したと言われている。
Clear from his naming of Oni (Japanese demon or fearless), he was a man who played by the books when it came to the rule of law and he was also strict with others as well, but he was fair and honest regarding the distribution of rewards, plus, he wrote the laws in kana (the Japanese syllabaries) and made the interpretation simple for the convenience of the general public.

平仮名を駆使した和文の簡潔な口語体で書かれ、総じて軽妙な筆致の短編が多いが、中関白家の没落と主君・定子皇后の身にふりかかった不幸を反映して、時にかすかな感傷が交じった心情の吐露もある。
It was written in the plain vernacular using Hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary), and most of the chapters were written in a witty style, but sometimes sentimental lamentation appears reflecting the fall of the Michitaka FUJIWARA's family and unhappiness gone through by her majesty Empress Teishi.

『古今和歌集』の現存最古のテキストとして、日本文学史、日本語史の研究資料として貴重であるとともに、その書風は仮名書道の最高峰として古来尊重され、日本書道史上もきわめて重要な作品である。
As the oldest extant text of the 'Kokin wakashu,' it is a vitally important source for students of the history of Japanese literature and the history of the Japanese language, and moreover has been held in great esteem from time immemorial as the most prominent example of calligraphy in kana (a syllabic script), making it a work of tremendous importance for the history of Japanese calligraphy.

人形浄瑠璃は、義太夫節（浄瑠璃の一種）の演奏に合わせて劇が進行する構成であり、歌舞伎でも人形浄瑠璃から移入した演目（『義経千本桜』『仮名手本忠臣蔵』など）は同様に義太夫節が演奏される。
The dramas of Ningyo Joruri progressed in accordance with the performance of Gidayu-bushi (a kind of Joruri), so the programs of Kabuki whose stories came from Ningyo Joruri (for example, 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' [Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees] & 'Kanadehon Chushingura' [The Treasury of Loyal Retainers]) are similarly accompanied by Gidayu-bushi.

しかし、このころ既に、『紙背文書因幡国司解案紙背仮名消息』や『紙背文書虚空蔵菩薩念誦次第紙背仮名消息』など日本の書道史女手の完成を示す文書類が日常に書かれており、女手の全盛期といえる。
However, this was also the period when onnade was at it's height and works such as 'Shihai-monjo Inaba no Kokushi no Gean Shihai Kana Shosoku' and 'Shihai-monjo Koku-zo Bosatsu Nenju Shidai Shihai Kana Shosoku' were being written daily.

「箱屋殺し」の事件は、世間に喧伝され、『月梅薫朧夜』（1888年・明治21年4月、中村座、河竹黙阿弥）など歌舞伎に、また『仮名屋小梅』（伊原青々園の小説の脚色）など新派劇にも脚色された。
The case of 'HAKOYA murder' was widely known to the world and was adapted to Kabuki (traditional performing art) such as 'Tsuki no Umekaoru Oboroyo' (in 1888, Nakamura-za Theater, Mokuami KAWATAKE) and Shimpa-Geki (a New-School Play) such as 'Kanayakoume' (dramatization of the novel by Seiseien IHARA.)

実際に徳島県の観音寺遺跡から、万葉仮名で「奈尓波ツ尓昨久矢己乃波奈」と記された7世紀のものとみられる習書木簡が出土しているのをはじめ、各地から数多くこの歌を記した木簡が出土している。
In fact, together with a shusho mokkan (a wooden tablet used for writing practice) unearthed from the ruins of Kannonji in Tokushima Prefecture, likely a product of the seventh century, and which had 'Naniwa-tsu ni Sakuya kono hana' (奈尓波ツ尓昨久矢己乃波奈, On the Beach of Naniwa, the flowers bloom) written upon it in Manyo-gana (a syllabary used in the Manyoshu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]), many wooden tablets with this poem written on it have been unearthed from ruins all over the country.

真備は、袁晋卿（後の浄村宿禰）という音韻学に長けた少年を連れて帰朝したが、藤原長親によれば、この浄村宿禰という人物は、呉音だった漢字の読み方を漢音に改めようと努め、片仮名を作ったとされる。
Makibi came back with a young man called EN Shinkei (later called, KIYOMURA no Sukune) who mastered phonology, and according to FUJIWARA no Nagazane, KIYOMURA no Sukene tried to change the reading of kanji (Chinese characters) from the Wu reading to the Han reading, which is said to have contributed to the creation of katakana (one of the Japanese syllables).

が、こちらはある未知の書紀古写本から傍訓のみを抜き出し、適宜片仮名を万葉仮名に書き換えてそれらしく装ったもの（時期は院政～鎌倉期か）と推定されており、いわゆる年次私記の直接の末裔ではない。
However, it is guessed that these are the abstracts of only bokun from an unknown old manuscript of Shoki which pretended to be a record by transferring katakana to Manyo-gana (it is guessed to be done from the insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor to the Kamakura period), so that they are not direct legacies of the so-called annual private records.

服部半蔵（はっとりはんぞう）は、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて松平氏〜徳川氏の麾下で活躍した武士で、代々「半蔵」を仮名 (通称)の名乗りとした服部半蔵家の歴代当主たちである。
Hanzo HATTORI was samurai working under the command of Matsudaira clan and the Tokugawa clan from the Sengoku period (period of warring states) to the early Edo Period, and refers to the successive family heads of the Hattori clan who assumed the name of 'Hanzo' for generations.

『早字二重鑑』（いろは順が二回繰り返される近代辞書に似た形式）、『急用間合即座引』（いろは順の次に語尾の仮名で分類）、『大成正字通』（いろは順、部門分類、濁音仮名の有無の三段階）などである。
For example, there were 'Hayaji Niju Kagami' (in which the words were classified and subclassified in iroha order similar to modern dictionaries), 'Kyuyomaniai Sokuzabiki'(in which the words were classified in iroha order and subclassified by kana at the end of each word) and 'Taisei seijitsu' (in which the words were classified in three steps: In iroha order, by category and by presence or absence of the Japanese syllabary for voiced consonants).

恒例諸公事・同臨時・私儀・諸公事言説・禁中所々名・人体・院中・雑物・衣服・喪服・車具・文書の12の篇目に分類して約600語を採録し、その読み方を片仮名で傍書するとともに簡単な解説を付している。
It contains about 600 words classified into twelve items of: annual public duties, extraordinary public duties, private duties, remarks on public duties, names of the places in the Imperial Palace, human body, titles of retired emperor, cloistered emperor, and nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), sundries, clothes, mourning dress, ancient carriage parts, and documents, with reading of each appellation written beside it in katakana letters, and simple annotations.

名詞をまず漢語で類聚し、意味により分類して項目立て、万葉仮名で日本語に対応する名詞の読み（和名・倭名）をつけた上で、漢籍（字書・韻書・博物書）を出典として多数引用しながら説明を加える体裁をとる。
It was made in the following style: First, nouns were collected in Chinese, were grouped based on their meanings, an item name was given to each group of nouns, a Japanese pronunciation (called 'wamyo,' literally a Japanese name) of each of these nouns was given using Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]), and to each noun, explanations were given by citing its Chinese document sources (dictionaries, Chinese dictionaries arranged by the final sound of each word, and encyclopedia).

宣命・祝詞などの文体を宣命体といい、その表記法である宣命書とは、品詞・品詞の語幹を大きな字で書き、助詞・助動詞 (国文法)・用言の語尾などは、一字一音の万葉仮名で小さく右に寄せて書く方法である。
The literary style such as Senmyo and Norito (Shinto prayers) is referred to as Senmyotai, and its orthography, Senmyogaki, is a way of writing in which parts of speech and stems of words are written in large characters, and postpositional particles, auxiliary verbs (Japanese grammar), ending of declinable words, and so on, in flush-right smaller characters of word-and-sound Manyogana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyoshu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]).

「良薬は口に苦し」はもともとは旧仮名遣いの「れうやく」、「れ」の札だったが、現代仮名遣いの「りょうやく」、「り」の札に配置変更され、元の「り」の札、「律義者の子だくさん」が不採用となったこともある。
Ryoyaku wa kuchi ni nigashi' (Advice is seldom welcome), was originally a card from the old Japanese syllable orthography of 're,' but it has now become a card of the modern Japanese syllable orthography of 'ri,' so the former 'ri' card which said, 'Richigimono no kodakusan,' which literally means, 'Honest and hardworking men have many children,' - the English equivalent is nonexistent - was eliminated.

この事件は一般に「忠臣蔵」の名でも知られているが、この名称は本件を題材とした人形浄瑠璃と歌舞伎の『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通称、およびそこから派生したさまざまな作品群の総称であり、本件自体を指す語ではない。
This incident is also commonly known as 'Chushingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers); however, the name does not indicate the actual event, since it came from a ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) play as well as a kabuki (traditional performing art) play called 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) and the general term for other related materials.

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You are currently not logged in;your comment will be posted anonymously, identified by your Internet connection address.You should either provide a pseudonym above to identify your comment or [$1] for it to be properly attributed.

王朝物語（おうちょうものがたり）は、平安時代後期から室町時代前期ごろにかけて作られた小説・物語群のうち、和文と平仮名表記をもっぱらとし、王朝期の風俗や美意識・文学観念に依拠しつつ製作されたものを指す。
Among the novels and tales written from the late Heian period to the early Muromachi period, Ocho Monogatari refers to the ones that are characterized by having Japanese sentences written in Hiragana (the Japanese syllabaries), and having been created on the basis of the customs, aesthetic sense, and the concepts of literature during the period of Court rule.

19世紀初頭、宗像大社の宮司の一族を称する大野郡土師村の庄屋宗像良蔵が、「神のふみ」として伝わる特殊仮名で書かれた古文書の鑑定を、岡藩を訪れていた京都吉田神学館の玉田永教に依頼したが、偽書と断じられた。
In the early 19th century, Ryozo Munakata, a shoya (village headman) in Haji village, Ono gun, who was purporting to be a family of Guji (chief of those who serves shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) asked Naganori TAMADA of Singakukan, Yoshida, Kyoto who visited the Oka clan, to evaluate the ancient documents written in special Kana handed down as 'Kami no fumi (Letter of God)' and it was decided that the documents were a gisho (apocryphal book).

平仮名の使用は長い間女性に限定されていたと言われてきたが、実際には和歌を中心として男性が非公式の場において平仮名を用いる事もあり、日本最初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』も平仮名交じりの文体が採用されている。
Although hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) had been believed for long to be used only by female, male also used hiragana in writing informal sentences like waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), which are shown in 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), the first Chokusenshu (anthology of poems compiled by Imperial command) in Japan, written in hiragana-mingled style.

日本の国語 (教科)教育の「古文」で教えられる文語体 (日本語)の活用体系や係り結びの法則、47文字の仮名 (文字)の区別は平安中期のものを基準としているが、院政期はこれらが崩れてくる時期ととらえられる。
The conjugation system in bungotai (Japanese literary style), relating and ending rules, and distinction in forty seven kana (characters) that are taught in 'kobun' (Japanese classics) of Japanese language (subject) education, were based on the middle of the Heian period, and it can be said that it was during the Insei period that they started to collapse.

更に天文22年（1553年）には亡父の定めた今川仮名目録に仮名目録追加を加えたが、ここにおいて室町幕府が定めた守護使不入地の廃止を宣言、守護大名としての今川氏と室町幕府間に残された関係を完全に断ち切った。
In addition, in 1553 Yoshimoto revised the Imagawa Kana Mokuroku (the Imagawa clan's basic house law to control the territory), enacted by his deceased father Ujichika, and expanded on it by adding articles collectively referred to as the Kana Mokuroku Tsuika (Expanding on the house rules left by Ujichika), in which he declared abolition within his territory of shugoshi funyu chi (the bakufu-owned area within a feudal lord's territory where access was restricted even for the feudal lord authorized as shugo) instituted by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and definitively cut off relations between the Imagawa clan as a Shugo daimyo and the Muromachi bakufu, even though this relationship had barely persisted until then.

上代特殊仮名遣では、「暦や月齢を数える」ことを意味する「読み」の訓字例「余美・餘美」がいずれもヨ乙類・ミ甲類で「月読」と一致していることから、ツクヨミの原義は、日月を数える「読み」から来たものと考えられる。
Because the term 'yomi (to read),' which means counting cycles of the moon phase, was spelled '余美' ('yomi') or '餘美' ('yomi') in Chinese characters in order to reflect the Japanese pronunciation and both were spelled 'ヨ乙・ミ甲' ('yo・mi') in the Jodai special kana orthography-which conforms precisely to the spelling of 'yomi' of 'Tsukuyomi'--it would be safe to conclude that the name Tsukuyomi came from counting days and months.

丸本物では『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の大石内蔵助や寺岡平右衛門、『絵本太功記』の明智光秀、『菅原伝授手習鑑・寺子屋』の松王丸、『ひらかな盛衰記』の樋口次郎、『梶原平三誉石切』（石切梶原いしきりかじわら）の梶原景時。
Maruhonmono roles included Kuranosuke OISHI and Heiemon TERAOKA in 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' Mitsuhide AKECHI in 'Ehon Taikoki,' Matsuomaru in the Terakoya scene of 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami,' Jiro HIGUCHI in 'Hirakana Seisuiki,' and Kagetoki KAJIWARA in 'Kajiwara Heizo Homare no Ishikiri' ('Ishikiri Kajiwara').

老女形では『道明寺』の覚寿、敵役は『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の師直、『菅原伝授手習鑑・車引』の時平公、また勇壮な『妹背山婦女庭訓』の鱶七、『新薄雪物語』の妻平、喜劇では『三升蒔画（ちょいのせ）』の善六なども得意とした。
He was also good at playing as fukeoyama (oyama as aged woman) at Kakuju in 'Domyoji' (Domyo-ji temple), as katakiyaku, Moronao in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' and Lord Tokihira in 'Sugawara denju tenarai kagami; kurumabiki' (Pulling the Cow Carriage of Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy), as heroic roles, Fukashichi in 'Imoseyama onna teikin' (An Exemplary Tale of Womanly Virtue) and Tsumahei in 'Shin usuyuki monogatari' (The Tale of Usuyuki), and among comics as Zenroku in 'Mitsugumi Makie (or Choinose).'

二世竹田出雲、三好松洛らとの合作で浄瑠璃の三大傑作といわれる『菅原伝授手習鑑』『義経千本桜』『仮名手本忠臣蔵』ほか、『軍法富士見西行』、『いろは日蓮記』、『双蝶々曲輪日記』など、日本戯曲史上の傑作を生み出した。
In collaboration with Izumo TAKEDA the second, Shoraku MIYOSHI and so on, he produced not only the three greatest joruri: 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami,' 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' and 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' but also other masterpieces which remain in the history of Japanese play, such as 'Gunpo Fujimi Saigyo,' 'Iroha Nichiren Ki,' 'Futatsu Chocho Kuruwa Nikki' (Diary of two butterflies in the pleasure quarters) and so on.

仮名垣魯文の『安愚楽鍋』にある「牛鍋食わぬは開化不進奴」（現代風に意訳すれば「牛鍋を食わないとは、とんでもない時代遅れな奴だ」）といった食文化の変化などが、大衆の生活にも取り入れられていった様子が伺える（後述）。
In 'Agra Nabe' (which means, sitting cross-legged around hot pot, eat food and talk frankly) written by Robun KANAGAKI, he said, 'you are a dinosaur not eating beef hot pot!' which satirically describe the changing cultural habit of Japanese people even among the general public.

人形浄瑠璃、歌舞伎の仮名手本忠臣蔵では、赤穂浪士事件を直接描けず、舞台を室町時代に変えてこの事件を描いているが、巷間に流布した塩冶高貞とその妻顔世御前、そして高師直にまつわる物語を芝居の発端として取り入れている。
'Kanadehon chushingura'(Revenge of the Forty-Seven Ronin) of Ningyojoruri (Japanese puppet show) and Kabuki (Japanese classical drama) could not directly portray the incident of Forty-Seven Ronin, Ako Roshi that the setting was changed to the Muromachi period to portray this incident, but incorporated the story of KO no Moronao by introducing Takasada ENYA and his wife, Kaoyo Gozen (Lady Kaoyo), who wandered in streets, at the beginning of the play.

このような時期に草仮名が用いられた理由について筆跡研究家の渡部清は、「原本が草仮名であったため同じような書体で書写したか、あるいは少し改まった態度でやや古い書体を用いて書写したということであろうか」と記している。
Handwriting researcher Kiyoshi WATABE wrote that the reason sogana was used at such a time is 'it may have been used for the original and just been copied, or copied from a little older calligraphic style with more formal attitude.'

『源氏物語大成』では、基本的な校合方針として「簡明を旨とする」という方針が示されており、漢字と仮名 (文字)の使い分け、変体仮名、異体字、仮名遣いなど意味に影響を与えないと考えられた校異は多くの場合省略されている。
A fundamental policy of collating 'Genji monogatari taisei' was 'aiming at brevity,' so the differences which seem not to have affected the meanings such as the proper use of distinguishing between kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (the Japanese syllabary), hentaigana (anomalous Japanese cursive syllabary), itaiji (variant character), kana orthography, and so on, were mostly omitted.

井原西鶴の『好色一代男』（1682年刊行）以降の一連の作品を、それまでの仮名草子とは一線を画するものとして、今日では浮世草子と呼ぶ（当時は「草双紙」と呼ばれ、「仮名草子」・「浮世草子」はのちになって区別されたもの）。
A series of works starting with 'Koshoku ichidai otoko' (Life of an amorous man, published in 1682) by Saikaku IHARA are called Ukiyo Zoshi today, as works which made a clear departure from then existing Kana Zoshi (stories written in kana), which were then called 'Kusa Zoshi' (illustrated story books), the distinction between 'Kana Zoshi' and 'Ukiyo Zoshi' was not made until later.

1934年（昭和9年）1月14日、久保為義監督の『霧の地下道』を「大阪パークキネマ」で、後藤岱山監督の『大利根の朝霧』と、そしてついに監督となった高村の初監督作『片仮名仁義』の二本立てを「大阪敷島倶楽部」で公開した。
On January 14, 1934, the studio released the film directed by Tameyoshi KUBO called 'Kiri no Chikado' at 'Osaka Park Kinema', as well as the film directed by Taizan GOTO called 'Otone no Asagiri' and the first film directed by Takayama called 'Katakana Jingi' at 'Osaka Shikishima Club.'

いわゆる古史古伝の竹内文書などに使用されている神代文字も「上代には8母音あったはずなのに、なぜか5母音のままで上代の仮名遣いに配慮していない」ということから、そうした仮名遣いの区別がなくなった後世の偽書として否定した。
They criticized Jindai-moji (written language claimed to have existed before the introduction of Chinese characters) used in the so-called Koshi Koden (unofficial ancient documents) including Takeuchi-monjo (alleged record of the lineage of ancient gods and a dynasty preceding Emperor Jinmu) for 'having only five vowels and not adopting the ancient Kana usage of eight vowels' and denied it as having been forged in a later era when such distinction of Kana usage had disappeared.

さらに8月号では大野晋が「上代日本語の母音体系」で両論を紹介し、持論を展開した他、11月号では松本が「万葉仮名のオ列甲乙について」で、12月には服部が「上代日本語の母音音素は六つであって八つではない」で互いに再反論した。
Further, in the August issue Susumu ONO introduced both theories and presented his own view in 'Old Japanese Vowel System,' which was, in turn, countered by Matsumoto, in 'Concerning A-type and B-type Manyo-gana Characters with the Vowel of オ (o)' in the November issue, and by Hattori, saying 'Old Japanese Vowel Phonemes were Six, not Eight' in the December issue.

なお『仮名手本忠臣蔵』に登場するお軽のモデルは彼女だが、この作品の中では早野勘平（萱野三平がモデル）の恋人で、寺岡平右衛門（寺坂吉右衛門がモデル）の妹ということになっており、その他の創作でもこの設定で描かれることが多い。
She is the model for Okaru in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), but in this story, she is a girlfriend of Kanpei HAYANO (Sanpei KAYANO is the model) and a younger sister of Heiemon TERAOKA (Kichiemon TERASAKA is the model) and such plot is usually used in other works.

宣長・石塚によるこの研究は長く評価されずに埋もれていたが橋本進吉によって再発見され、1917年、「帝国文学」に発表された論文「国語仮名遣研究史の一発見――石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について――」で学会に評価されるようになった。
Although the studies by Norinaga and Ishizuka had not been evaluated for long time, Shinkichi HASHIMOTO rediscovered them and published an article called 'A Discovery in the Field of Japanese Kana Usage Research Concerning Kanazukai Oku no Yamamichi by Tatsumaro Ishizuka' for 'Teikoku Bungaku' (Literature of the Empire) and it made the studies recognized by the academic community.

また、物語内容に反体制な要素が認められることから当時権力を握っていた藤原氏の係累ではなく、漢学・仏教・民間伝承に精通し、仮名文字を操ることができ、貴重だった紙の入手も可能な人物で性別は男性だったのではないかと推定されている。
Also, there is something antiestablishment in the tale, so the author couldn't have been a descendant of the Fujiwara clan who held power in those days, therefore it is considered that the tale would have been written by a male writer who was familiar with the study of the Chinese classics, Buddhism, folklore, and able to write kana letters on paper, which was precious.

現代日本語の50音のうち、イ段のキ・ヒ・ミ、エ段のケ・へ・メ、オ段のコ・ソ・ト・ノ・（モ）・ヨ・ロ及びエの14音について奈良時代以前の上代には甲類と乙類の万葉仮名の書き分けが見られ、両者は厳格に区別されていたことがわかっている。
It is known that among the 50-character syllabary used today, 14 sounds were written in two types of Manyo-gana, namely A-type and B-type, in ancient Japan before the Nara period, and this distinction of the types was strictly maintained; these 14 sounds were 'キ, ヒ, ミ' (ki, hi, mi) with the vowel of イ (i), 'ケ, へ, メ' (ke, he, me) with the vowel of エ (e), 'コ, ソ, ト, ノ, (モ), ヨ, ロ' (ko, so, to, no, [mo], yo, ro) with the vowel of オ (o), and the vowel 'エ' (e).

歌舞伎の仮名手本忠臣蔵の九段目に、「用心厳しき高師直、障子・襖は皆尻ざし（建具の一種の錠で、框の下に楔を打ち込んだもの）、雨戸に合栓合框（錠の一種）、こじて外れず、大槌にて毀（こわ）たば音して用意せんか、それいかが・・・」とある。
In the ninth section of Kanatehon, Chushingura (a program of Kabuki - Japanese classical drama titled 'The treasury of Loyal Retainers'), there is a description that says; 'KO no Moronao, known as a prudent person, all shoji and fusuma of the residence had shirizashi (a kind of key for fitting, a wedge knocked in under rail) and amado (shutters) had aisen-aikuro (locked with the meeting edges made with a tongue and groove or with a lap joint), of which locks couldn't be broken open, and tearing them down with sledge hammers would make a sound and there wouldn't be time to say; how was it...'

しかし、「焼肉」という語は夙に仮名垣魯文の『西洋料理通』（1872年）にバーベキューの訳語として使用されていること、朝鮮料理の「焼肉」が張赫宙の『権といふ男』（1933年）という小説に登場していることなどから、同誌の主張は疑わしい。
However, the account given in this magazine is doubtful as the word 'yakiniku' had earlier appeared in Robun KANAGAKI's 'Seiyo Ryori Tsu' (1872), a book about Western food as a translation of the word 'barbeque,' and had also appeared in CHANG Hyok-ju's novel entitled 'Gon To Iu Otoko' (a man named Ken) (1933).

作家の戸部新十郎は、元々は陰陽道における房術を示す「九一ノ道」が本義であり、九の字がたまたま、平仮名のくの字と同じ発音のうえ、一と合すれば、ともに女になることからくノ一というふうになったものである、と著書「忍者と忍術」で述べている。
The novelist Shinjuro TOBE said in his book, 'Ninja To Ninjutsu' (Ninja and the Art of Ninja), that kunoichi originally came from 'kuichi no michi,' which indicates the art of the chamber bed in Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult deviation system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), and the Chinese character '九' and hiragana, whereby 'く' happen to have the same pronunciation and with the combination of '一' it becomes '女.'

その逸話の初出は、大田南畝（蜀山人）の「半日閑話」(1749年)であり、さらに桃井若狭之助（亀井玆親）と加古川本蔵（多胡真蔭）のエピソードが登場する『仮名手本忠臣蔵』(1748年初上演)の後に書かれているので、後世の創作の可能性が高い。
The anecdote first appeared in 'Hannichi kanwa (A Half-Day of Leisurely Talk)' (1749) by Nanbo OTA (Shokusanjin), and it was written after 'Kanatehon Chusingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)' (first performed in 1748), which contains an episode of Wakasanosuke MOMOI (Korechika KAMEI) and Honzo KAKOGAWA (Sanekake TAKO), so there is a strong possibility that it was created through posterity.

その後、その子・今川義元は、天文_(日本)22年（1552年）の分国法「今川仮名目録追加」において現在の今川領国の秩序維持を行っているのは足利将軍家ではなく今川氏そのものであることを理由に、幕府権力による守護使不入地を全面否定したのである。
Thereafter, his son Yoshimoto IMAGAWA completely denied the shugoshi funyuchi specified by the bakufu authority in his bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika' (expanding on house rules left by Ujichika), published in 1552, on the ground that those who maintain order in the present Imagawa territory are not the Ashikaga shogun family, but the Imagawa clan itself.

赤穂浪士の討ち入りを題材とした歌舞伎の演目には、『仮名手本忠臣蔵』のほかにもいわゆる「義士外伝」としてこの『松浦の太鼓』をはじめ、『忠臣連理の鉢植』（植木屋）、『赤垣源蔵徳利の別れ』、『鳩の平右衛門』、『弥作の鎌腹』、『本蔵下屋敷』などがある。
Apart from 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), plays so called `Gishi gaiden' (The biography and story about the person except Ako Roshi) that includes 'Matsu-ura no taiko,' 'Chushin Renri no Hachiue' (uekiya, gardener), 赤垣源蔵徳利の別れ,''Hato no Heiemon,' 'Yasaku no Kamabara,' and 'Honzo Simoyashiki,'are the plays of Kabuki dealing with the raid of Ako Roshi.

歌舞伎作品の中でも、当時（大まかな時代として江戸時代）の出来事を扱う世話物であるこの作品は、『東海道四谷怪談』の後日譚、並木五瓶の『五大力恋緘（ごだいりきこいのふうじめ）』の書き換え、『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の外伝としての性格を持つ物語が展開される。
Among the kabuki programs, this 'sewamono' deals with the then current affairs (of roughly the Edo period) and contains various characteristic stories including a sequel to 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' (a sewamono dealing with a ghost story in Yotsuya), a rewrite of 'Godairiki Koi no Fujime' (a sewamono based on a real-life serial murderer) originally written by Gohei NAMIKI and a side story of 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (a famous story of loyal retainers).

が、書紀古写本（乾元本神代紀）に「弘仁説」として引用されている『弘仁私記』（和訓が万葉仮名で表記され上代特殊仮名遣も正確）と比べると、現在の伝本（和訓の大半が片仮名表記）は書写の過程ではなはだしく劣化したものであり、原型をとどめていないと見られる。
However, compared to 'Koninshiki' (the Japanese reading of a Chinese character is written by Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), and ancient special Kana usage is also accurate) which was cited as 'the Konin theory' in an old manuscript of Shoki (Jindaiki (Records of period of gods) of the Kengen book), the existing denpon (existent books of transcription and published books) (most of the Japanese readings of Chinese characters are written in katakana (syllable based writing system of the Japanese language)) was greatly deteriorated during the process of transcript, so that it is regarded to be different from the original form.

特に内政面において辣腕を振るい、天文22年（1552年）には「今川仮名目録」の追加法を制定し、さらに商業保護や流通統制、寄親寄子制度による家臣団の結束強化を図るなど優れた行政改革を進めた（後にこの政策は江戸幕府を開府した徳川家康によって踏襲されている）。
In domestic policies especially, Yoshimoto displayed his uncommon abilities, starting with the enactment of the articles (Kana Mokuroku Tsuika) to expand on the 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku' (the Imagawa clan's basic house rules to control the territory) in 1552, carrying out excellent administrative reforms such as commercial protection and distribution control within his territory, and consolidation of vassals by introducing the system of Yorioya-Yoriko (Later, when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the feudal government, he applied these policies to the system of the Edo bakufu.)

万葉仮名は、奈良時代の終末には、字形を少し崩して、画数も少ない文字が多用されるようになり、平安時代に至るとますますその傾向が強まり、少しでも速く、また効率よく文字が書けるようにと、字形を極端に簡略化（草略）したり字画を省略（省画）したりするようになった。
At the end of the Nara period manyo-gana was developed through slight transformations of the characters, with characters with fewer strokes being increasingly used, and during the Heian period they were further developed into characters with extremely simplified figures (known as soryaku) or characters with some strokes partly omitted (known as shokaku) which could be written faster and more efficiently.

ちなみに、臨摸した部分以外については、定家は原本の仮名遣によらず自ら考案した定家仮名遣に従って書き直しているが、子の為家の書写本は臨摸まではしていないものの、原本の仮名遣通りに書写しているため、本全体としては為家書写本が最善本という評価を与えられている。
Incidentally, Sadaie rewrote the entire manuscript except for the part in which he followed the model, depending not on the original use of Kana but on the Teika Kanazukai (the distinction of using Kana in the same pronunciation), which he invented, while his son Tameie didn't write by following the model but copied the manuscript in the same way of using Kana as the original; thus the copy written by Tameie is considered to be the best version of the book as a whole.

こうした考え方は戦国時代 (日本)の分国法にも取り入れられ、今川氏の今川仮名目録では「喧嘩におよぶ輩は理非を論ぜず双方とも死罪」「喧嘩を仕掛けられても堪忍してこらえ･･とりあえず穏便に振る舞ったことは道理にしたがったと･･して罪を免ぜられるべき」（第8条）とある。
Its idea was also introduced into bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo [Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period] enforced in their own domain) in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan): Imagawa Kana Mokuroku (Kana List of Articles of the Imagawa) of the Imagawa clan laid down that 'those who engaged in an armed conflict were both to be executed, irrespective of the question of right or wrong,' and 'who having borne and controlled himself under the provocation... and peacefully settled the matter for the moment was judged as reasonable..., and was to be exempt from punishment' (Article 8).

丸本物では『仮名手本忠臣蔵』のお軽、塩冶判官、お石、『義経千本櫻』の静御前、『妹背山婦女庭訓』お三輪、『新版歌祭文』（野崎村）のお光、『攝州合邦辻』（合邦庵室）の玉手御前、『菅原伝授手習鑑』の桜丸、『勧進帳』や『一谷嫩軍記・熊谷陣屋』の義経などが当たり役であった。
He gained a reputation for roles such as Okaru, Enya hangan and Oishi of 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' Shizuka Gozen of 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees), Omiwa of 'Imoseyama (Mt. Imose) Onna Teikin' (An Exemplary Tale of Womanly Virtue), Omitsu of 'Shinpan Utazaimon' (The Love of Osome and Hisamatsu) (Nozaki Village), Tamate-Gozen of 'Sesshu Gappo ga Tsuji' (A Kabuki Drama of Unfettered Evil) (Gappo Anjitsu [hermitage of Gappo]), Sakuramaru of 'Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy) and Yoshitsune of 'Kanjincho' (The Subscription List) and 'Jinya KUMAGAI, Ichi no Tani Futabagunki' (Chronicle of the Battle of Ichinotani) in the area of maruhonmono (Kabuki drama of joruri [puppet-play] origin).

しかし相模女子大学の待井新一教授によれば、「評価すべきは、女手（おんなて）といわれる仮名で物語風に歴史を書いている事で、女性にも読んでもらう史書を目指し女性による女性のための歴史物語を完成させた点、はじめて歴史と文学とを結合させ歴史を身近なものにした点では画期的な事」、として挙げられる。
However, according to Professor Shin'ichi MACHII of Sagami Women's University, 'It should be appreciated that it writes history in a 'story' style using kana (also called 'woman's hand'), and that it was revolutionary in terms of being a history to be read by women, in making a historical tale by women and for women, combining history and literature to make history familiar.'

竹内文書（たけうちもんじょ/たけのうちもんじょ。磯原文書、天津教文書ともいう）とは、神代文字で記された文書と、それを武烈天皇の勅命により武内宿禰（たけのうちのすくね）の孫の平群真鳥（へぐりのまとり）が漢字と片仮名交じり文に訳したとする写本群と、文字の刻んだ石、鉄剣など、一連の総称である。
Takeuchi monjo (or Takenouchi monjo; also called Isohara monjo or Amatsukyo monjo) is the name for a number of documents written in ancient Japanese characters and include their translations in the form of manuscripts written in a mixture of kanji characters and katakana prepared by HEGURI no Matori, the grandson of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune, under the order of Emperor Buretsu and also inscriptions on stones, iron swords, etc.

『うつほ物語』に「万葉仮名にもあらず、日本の書道史女手にもあらず」と記された草仮名が、極めて自然な形で女手と巧みに交用され、また、「悪（あ）」・「盈（え）」・「祈（き）」・「倶（く）」・「致（ち）」・「帝（て）」・「廬（ろ）」など、後世の上代様古筆には余り見慣れない珍しい文字字母が使用されている。
In 'Utsuho Monogatari' (The Tale of the Cavern), sogana, which is described as 'neither manyo-gana (the use of Chinese characters for their phonetic value), nor onnade,' is skillfully mixed with onnade in an extremely natural way and also uses unusual characters, which are not seen in the later jodaiyo kohitsu.

現在入手しやすいテキストとしては、『日本古典文学大系』岩波書店（覚一本系・龍谷大学図書館蔵本）、『日本古典文学全集』小学館、『新日本古典文学大系』岩波書店　のち岩波文庫全4巻　同ワイド版、『完訳日本の古典』小学館（覚一本系・高野本）、『日本古典集成』新潮社（仮名百二十句本・国立国会図書館本）などがある。
The following are the books which are easy to get today: 'Japanese Classic Literature Systematic Edition' published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers (Kakuichihon version, book collection of Ryokoku University Library), 'Japanese Classic Literature Complete Works' by Shogakukan Inc., 'New Japanese Classic Literature Outline' by Iwanami Shoten (later came out in Iwanami bunko (paperback) of four volumes in total, and the Wide Edition, too), 'Complete Translation of Japanese Classics' by Shogakukan (Takanobon (manuscript owned by Tatsuyuki TAKANO) of Kakuichihon (Kakuichibon (manuscript by Kengyo KAKUICHI) version), 'Japanese Classics Corpus' by Shinchosha (Kana Hyakunijukuhon version, book collection of National Diet Library).

恰幅のいい体つきと、明るく豪放磊落な仁で、『勧進帳』の弁慶、『暫』鎌倉権五郎、『毛抜』の粂寺弾正のような荒事や、『義経千本桜』の権太、『髪結新三』、『盲長屋梅加賀鳶』、『魚屋宗五郎』といった世話物、『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の大星由良助、寺岡平右衛門、『熊谷陣屋』の熊谷直実、『義経千本桜』の知盛、狐忠信などの時代物にも定評があった。
With his imposing stature and bright and open hearted benevolence, he won acclaim in roles in domestic dramas including Benkei in 'Kanjincho,' Gongoro KAMAKURA in 'Shibaraku,' aragoto style such as Kumedera Danjo in 'Kenuki,' Gonta in 'Yoshitsune Senbon-zakura,' 'Kamiyuishinzo,' 'Mekuranagaya-umega-kagatobi,' 'Sakana Sogoro,' and historical plays including Yuranosuke OBOSHI in 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' Heiemon TERAOKA and Naozane KUMAGAI in 'Kumagai Jinya,' Tomomori and Tadanobu KITSUNE in 'Yoshitsune Senbon-zakura.'

『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の大星由良之助、『伽羅先代萩』の荒獅子男之助、『勧進帳』の武蔵坊弁慶、『博多小女郎浪枕』の毛剃、『暫』の鎌倉権五郎、『助六所縁江戸櫻』の花川戸助六、『天紛衣上野初花』の河内山宗俊、『助六』の大口屋暁雨、『菅原伝授手習鑑』の菅原道真や武部源蔵、『増補桃山譚』の加藤清正、『妹背山婦女庭訓』の大判事やお三輪など、当り役も数多い。
Many of his star roles were as follows: Arajishi Otokonosuke in'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), Musashibo Benkei in'Kanjincho,' Kesori in 'Hakata Kojoro Namimakura,' Gongoro KAMAKURA in 'Shibaraku,' Hanakawado Sukeroku in 'Sukeroku Yukarino Edozakura,' Soshun KOCHIYAMA in 'Kumonimagou Ueno no Hatsuhana,' Gyou OGUCHIYA in 'Sukeroku,' SUGAWARA no Michizane and Genzo TAKEBE in 'Sugawara Denju Tenanai Tekagami,' Kiyomasa KATO in 'Zoho Momoyama Monogatari,' a daihanji or Omiya in 'Imoseyama Onna Teikin' and so on.

中には「按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す」（加筆者訳：思うにグロチウスのこの論は孟子の性善説・良知の説を基礎として、最終的には王陽明が説く心即理の説へと到達するものである。〔注：原文の片仮名は平仮名に変換〕）というように、グロチウスの自然法に関する説明は陽明学と同一視する部分すらある。
This is a part of translator's note: original '按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す' (translation by Yasutsugu SHIGENO: the theory of Grotius has theories of Mencius as the ground such as the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good and human nature that is ability to judge good or bad and the theory finally achieves to the theory of Yangming WANG that considers mind itself is the law); as seen above, among the such notes, there is a part that explains the explanation about international law by Grotius seems the same as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Yangming WANG).

継続して三年以上日本国内において商標権者、専用使用権者又は通常使用権者のいずれもが各指定商品又は指定役務についての登録商標（書体のみに変更を加えた同一の文字からなる商標、平仮名、片仮名及びローマ字の文字の表示を相互に変更するものであつて同一の称呼及び観念を生ずる商標、外観において同視される図形からなる商標その他の当該登録商標と社会通念上同一と認められる商標を含む。以下この条において同じ。）の使用をしていないときは、何人も、その指定商品又は指定役務に係る商標登録を取り消すことについて審判を請求することができる。
Where a registered trademark (including a trademark deemed identical from common sense perspective with the registered trademark, including a trademark consisting of characters identical with the registered trademark but in different fonts, a trademark that is written in different characters, Hiragana characters, Katakana characters, or Latin alphabetic characters, from the registered trademark but identical with the registered trademark in terms of pronunciation and concept, and a trademark consisting of figures that are considered identical in terms of appearance as those of the registered trademark; hereinafter the same shall apply in this article) has not been used in Japan in connection with any of the designated goods and designated services for three consecutive years or longer by the holder of trademark right, the exclusive right to use or non-exclusive right to use, any person may file a request for a trial for rescission of such trademark registration in connection with the relevant designated goods or designated services.

また、没後かなり早い段階から“鳥が話す言葉を理解できた”、“母は信田の森に棲む「葛葉」という白狐だった”、“両性具有者だった”など、その超人ぶりと特異性をあまりにも誇張した数多くの伝説が残っており、古事談・大鏡・宇治拾遺物語・古今著聞集・今昔物語集・體源抄・日本紀略・権記・平家物語・大江山絵詞・元亨釈書・源平盛衰記・発心集・北条九代記・私聚百因縁集、歌舞伎や文楽の題目信田妻・蘆屋道満大内鑑、仮名草子安倍清明物語、はては近年の夢枕獏による小説や岡野玲子による漫画、数多くの映画化・ドラマ化やゲームのキャラクターなど、中世から近世・現代に至るまであまたの著作の題材として取り上げられている。
From a time not long after his death, there have been numerous legends about Seimei over-exaggerating his distinctiveness that 'he understood the language birds spoke,' 'his mother was a white fox named 'Kuzu no ha (Kuzu Leaf) living in the woods in Shinoda,' and 'he was an androgyny' and, in addition, Seimei has been the subject of countless literary works including Kojidan, Okagami, Uji shuin monogatari, Kokonchomonju, Konjaku monogatari shu, Taigensho, Nihongiryaku, Gonki, Heika monogatari (the Tale of the Taira clan), Oeyama ekotoba, Genko shakusho, Genpei seisuiki, Hosshinshu, Hojo kudaiki (Records of nine generations of the Hojo clan) and Shishuhyakuinnenshu, the topic for kabuki or bunraku such as Shinodazuma, Ashiya Doman ouchi kagami and Kanazoshi Abe no Seimei monogatari, the main character of the novels written by YUMEMAKURA Baku, comics created by OKANO Reiko, many movies and TV shows as well as computer games over the period from the Middle Ages to modern times and today.

歌右衛門生涯の当たり役は非常に多く、『京鹿子娘道成寺』の白拍子花子、『籠釣瓶花街酔醒（籠釣瓶）』の八つ橋、『祗園祭礼信仰記（金閣寺）』の雪姫、『鎌倉三代記・絹川村』の時姫、『本朝廿四孝・十種香』の八重垣姫、『東海道四谷怪談』のお岩、『妹背山婦女庭訓（妹背山）』の定高、お三輪、『沓手鳥孤城落月（孤城落月）』の淀君、『仮名手本忠臣蔵・九段目』の戸無瀬、『積恋雪関扉（関の扉）』の小町と墨染、『恋飛脚大和往来・新口村』の梅川、『攝州合邦辻・合邦庵室』の玉手御前、『伽羅先代萩』の政岡、『鏡山旧錦絵（鏡山）』の尾上、『隅田川続俤（隅田川）』の班女など、娘形から姫、片はずし、傾城に至るまで、あらゆる女形の領域をこなした。
Utaemon performed many successful characters in his lifetime, and those were Shirabyoshi (women who play Shirabyoshi (Japanese traditional dance)) Hanako of 'Kyo Kanokomusume Dojoji' (The maiden at Dojo Temple), Yatsuhashi of 'Kago Tsurube Satono Eizame' (Basket bucket in red-light district), Yukihime of 'Gion Sairei Shinkoki' (The Gion Festival Chronicle of Faith)(Kinkaku-ji Temple), Tokihime of 'Kamakura Sandaiki, Kinugawa-mura' (Three Generations of the Kamakura Shogunate in Kinugawa Village), Yaegaki-hime of 'Honcho Niju-shi ko, Jusshuko' (24 Paragons of Filial Piety of our Country, Incense Burning), 'Oiwa of 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' (Tokaido Yotsuya Ghost Stories), Sadaka and Omiwa of 'Imoseyama Onna Teikin' (An Exemplary Tale of Womanly Virtue in Mt. Imose), Yodogimi of 'Hototogisu Kojo no Rakugetsu' (The Sinking Moon over the Lonely Castle Where the Cuckoo Cries), Tonase of 'Kanadehon Chushingura, Kudanme' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers, 9th act), Komachi and Sumizome of 'Tsumoru Koiyuki no Seki no To' (The Barrier Gate), Umegawa of 'Koibikyaku Yamato Orai, Ninokuchi-mura' (The Amorous Courier on the Yamato Highway, Ninokuchi Village), Tamate-Gozen of 'Gappo Anjitsu (hermitage of Gappo), Sesshu Gappo ga Tsuji (A Kabuki Drama of Unfettered Evil),' Masaoka of 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' (The trouble in the Date Clan), Onoue of 'Kagamiyama Kokyo no Nishikie' (old brocade pictures of Mt. Kagami), Hanjo of 'Sumida-gawa Gonichi no Omokage' (Latter-day Reflections of the Sumida-gawa River), and he acted many types of female roles, such as a daughter, princess, Katahazushi (female role of nyobo (a court lady) of a samurai family or goten jochu (palace maid)), and keisei (courtesans with high dignity and literacy).