以降: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 以降
- on and after
- as from
- hereafter
- thereafter
- since
- onward
- 即位以降
- After the enthronement
- 中世以降
- The Middle Ages and beyond
- From the Middle Ages
- After the Medieval Period (after the Kamakura and Muromachi Periods)
- 戦後以降
- After the World War II
- After the post-war period
- In and after the World War II
- 近世以降
- From early modern ages onward
- After the Early Modern Period
- 干拓以降
- During and after reclamation
- 院政期以降
- Since the cloistered government period
- 明治期以降
- After the Meiji Period
- 大正天皇以降
- After Emperor Taisho
- 18世紀以降
- In and after the 18th century
- 戦国時代以降
- Period of Warring States and Onwards
- Since the Warring States period
- 室町時代以降
- After Muromachi period
- (近世以降)
- (After the early-modern times)
- 近代以降の侍従
- Chamberlains after the Modern Era
- 近代以降の遊郭
- Yukaku after the Meiji period
- 明治以降の贈位
- Zoi after the Meiji period
- 武士職能論以降
- After the theory of samurai function
- 南北朝合一以降
- After the unification of Southern and Northern Courts
- 明治以降に普及。
- It has become popular since the Meiji period.
- 1990年代以降
- In the 1990s and later
- Since the 1990s
- 外遊歴(平成以降)
- Official travels record (since the Heisei period)
- 明治時代以降子爵。
- Since the Meiji Period, they held the title viscount
- 以降、当所に常住。
- After that, he settled down at Fushimi Imperial Palace.
- 中世以降の小早川氏
- The Kobayakawa Clan after the medieval period
- 明治以降の悠紀・主基
- The Yuki and the Suki after the Meiji period
- 桓武天皇以降の即位詔
- Imperial edict upon the enthronement of Emperor Kanmu
- 近代以降の天皇の称号
- The titles of Emperors in the modern times.
- 明治時代以降は伯爵。
- From the Meiji period onwards, the family held the title of count.
- 明治時代以降は子爵。
- After the Meiji period, the family was given the title of viscount.
- From the Meiji period onwards, the title of viscount was bestowed on the family.
- The family had been given the title of viscount since the Meiji period.
- The family status after the Meiji period was viscount.
- The family status held after the Meiji period was viscount.
- Since the Meiji Period, their title was viscount
- Since the Meiji Period their title was viscount
- Since the Meiji Period, they held the title viscount.
- OK
- 明治以降に流行した。
- It has become popular since the Meiji period.
- 明治以降一般化した。
- It came into common use after the Meiji Period.
- 鎌倉期以降の在庁官人
- Zaichokanjin after the Kamakura period
- 中世以降の謀反・謀叛
- Muhon after the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
- 昭和6年以降編入区域
- Towns incorporated into Sakyo Ward in 1931 onwards
- 南北朝時代以降の権限
- Authorities after the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts
- 以降「宮城」と称する。
- From this point on it was known as Miyagi.
- 中世以降の色目・文様の例
- Examples of color and patterns after the Medieval period
- 昭和以降の需要供給、流通
- Demand, supply, and distribution of whale meat in the Showa period and after
- 鎌倉時代以降は近衛家領。
- During the Kamakura period, it was the estate of the Konoe family.
- 明治以降廃止された旧町名
- Old town names which were abolished after the Meiji period
- Old town names abolished after the Meiji period
- 1863年5月25日以降
- After May 25, 1863
- 桓武天皇以降の初め定めた法
- The law established for the first time in the reign of Emperor Kanmu or later
- 戦国・安土桃山・江戸時代以降
- The Sengoku Period (period of warring states), the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the Edo period, and after the Edo period
- 古墳時代後期以降に盛行する。
- This method became popular from the late Kofun period.
- (昭和41年以降廃止)黒之内
- (Abolished after 1966) Kuronouchi
- 明治以降は西吉野村に属した。
- After the Meiji period, Ano belonged to Nishi-yoshino Village.
- 明治以降の公文書類における用例
- Examples of Usage After the Meiji Period
- 1950年6月1日以降、叙級なし
- Since June 1st, 1950, no investiture was given.
- 明治時代以降は子爵を授けられた。
- The family had been given the title of viscount since the Meiji peirod.
- 平安時代中期以降は絹を使用した。
- Silk was used after the mid Heian Period.
- しかし初演以降上演されていない。
- However this act has not been staged since its premiere.
- 焼土層上部分(丹羽長秀以降部分)
- The layer over the scorched soil (the layer belonging to the period of Nagahide NIWA)
- この犬とは翌年以降も交流が続いた。
- She continued meeting the dog the following years.
- 平安時代以降はこれが一般的になる。
- Used commonly after Heian period.
- 明治以降は大原重徳の功績により伯爵。
- Due to Shigetomi OHARA's achievements the family was given a status of count after the Meiji period.
- 以降は能楽四流の宗家並みに扱われた。
- After that, it was treated as much as the head families of four schools of Nohgaku.
- 奈良時代以降は貴族の子弟に結われた。
- After the Nara Period, it was worn by the children of the noble families.
- 三日経っても直らない場合は、以降休演
- If the cancellation extends longer than three days, the initial actor is to be off.
- 以降、京都への還幸は延期されている。
- After that, the imperial return to Kyoto was postponed.
- 明治時代以降は華族となり子爵を賜った。
- The family became a member of house of peers after the Meiji period and was given the status viscount.
- 明治時代以降は子爵の爵位を与えられた。
- From the Meiji period onwards, the family held the title of viscount.
- 以降小鼓方の家元が大鼓方を預っている。
- Since then, the iemoto of kotsuzumi-kata has served as the iemoto of otsuzumi-kata concurrently.
- 同年八月以降、正治後度百首和歌を召す。
- In August of that year, Go-Toba-in started making poems for Shoji Godo Hyakushu Waka.
- 以降は国道367号と並行して南進する。
- Then it flows southwards along National Route 367.
- 即日院号授与され、以降は恭礼門院となる。
- She was given the Ingo (a title of respect given to close female relatives of the emperor or a woman of comparable standing) on the same day, and was called Kyoraimonin thereafter.
- 以降、天武系統の天皇が称徳天皇まで続く。
- Subsequently, Emperor Temmu's ancestry remained in power until Empress Shotoku.
- だから、狂言方にはそれ以降の義務はない。
- On the contrary, kyogen players become free from speeches after that.
- これ以降平清盛が台頭し、やがて政権掌握。
- After this, TAIRA no Kiyomori began to gain power, and before long seized power in the government.
- 757年以降は九州からのみの徴用となる。
- Since 757, soldiers were only conscripted from Kyushu.
- この外遊以降、麻雀は趣味のひとつとなった。
- Playing Mah-jong has become one of his hobbies since this official travel.
- これ以降の屋台の売買譲渡は不可能となった。
- The effect of this restriction, since it was impossible to sell the usage licensing or assign to another relative, was profound.
- 中近世以降の邦楽に大きな影響を与えている。
- It greatly influenced the traditional Japanese music after the Medieval and modern period.
- ※平氏側では改元以降も寿永を使用している。
- The Taira clan still used Juei eras after the start of the new era.
- 明治年間以降は正式に後白河天皇と諡される。
- After Meiji era, he received the official posthumous name of Emperor Goshirakawa.
- これ以降、伏見区は港湾商業都市として発展。
- After this, Fushimi Ward developed as a commercial city centered on ports and harbors.
- (新)右京区役所(2008年3月中旬以降)
- (New) Ukyo Ward Office (scheduled to open after mid-March, 2008)
- (昭和51年以降)京都市山科区安朱稲荷山町
- (After 1976) Anshu Inariyama-cho, Yamashinaku Ward, Kyoto City
- 皇位継承法説 - 1950年代以降の最有力説
- Code of imperial succession theory - the most dominant theory since the 1950's.
- 五辻仲兼(生没年不詳)以降に五辻家を称する。
- After Nakakane ITSUTSUJI (year of birth and death unknown) the family name was changed to the Itsutsuji.
- 以降は秀吉の一族も羽柴を名乗るようになった。
- Thereafter, the family of Hideyoshi also called themselves HASHIBA.
- 江戸時代以降は王孫という呼び名も用いられた。
- Since the Edo period, the term 'oson' also has been used.
- 纓の根は平安時代末期以降上がる傾向にあった。
- The position of the root part of ei tended to become higher in and after the end of the Heian period.
- 明治時代以降ワキ方の諸流派が没落していった。
- After the Meiji period, Waki-kata schools lost their positions.
- 江戸中期以降の大相撲は特に神道の影響が強い。
- In and after the mid Edo period, Ozumo was strongly influenced especially by Shinto.
- これを完全に達成したのは韓国併合以降である。
- It was after the annexation of Korea that the treaty between Japan and England was terminated.
- 新しい許可は1945年以降出されれていない。
- No new licenses have been issued since 1945.
- 江戸時代以降は天皇家以外では殆ど姿を消した。
- After the Edo period, it is rarely seen except for in the Imperial Family.
- 天平10年 (738年) 以降に廃止された。
- Yoshino Gen was abolished sometime after 738.
- 明治時代以降は、4例の立太子礼が行われている。
- After the Meiji period, the Rittaishi no Rei took place four times.
- 桓武天皇以降だけが近江令とする説 - 早川庄八
- Theory arguing that it is Omi-Ryo, but only during the period of Emperor Kanmu or later - by Shohachi HAYAKAWA
- 江戸時代の家禄は812石、明治時代以降は子爵。
- The hereditary stipend was 812 koku in the Edo period, and from the Meiji period onwards, the family held the title of viscount.
- 室町時代以降では、大和絵系統の絵画で行われた。
- After the Muromachi period, shikishigata was used in paintings derived from Yamatoe group (a traditional Japanese style painting of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes).
- 徳川家茂以降、勅使が上座、将軍が下座となった。
- After Iemochi TOKUGAWA, an Imperial envoy stood on the high position, and the shogun stood on the higher position.
- 豊臣秀吉が関白となって以降は兵農分離が進んだ。
- After Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became a Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a policy called heinobunri (separation of warrior class from the soil of its territory) was implemented.
- 唐代以降は、正史が編纂される手法も確立される。
- Standard techniques for compiling an official history were also established under the Tang dynasty.
- 応仁の乱以降の長い戦乱で荒廃した都を復興した。
- He restored the tattered capital Kyoto that had been destroyed by the battles since Onin War.
- 明治以降は皇室の家法として皇室典範が定められた。
- After the Meiji period, Imperial House Act was enacted as Imperial Family regulations.
- とはいえ、6世紀以降には王朝交代した証拠はない。
- However, no records remain to show the changes of dynasties after the 6th century.
- これ以降、数多く伊達騒動ものの狂言が上演される。
- After that, many Kabuki plays about Date Sodo were performed.
- 地方巡幸:明治天皇、1868年(明治元年)以降。
- Junko to the country: Emperor Meiji, after 1868
- 鳶職と呼ばれる様になったのは江戸時代以降である。
- It was after Edo period when people started to call them tobishoku.
- 1999年の第1回目以降来場者は年々増えている。
- The number of the visitors has been increasing every year since the first festival in 1999.
- 角髪(古墳~平安、皇族、公家(奈良以降は少年))
- Tsunogami (From Tumulus to Heian Periods; Worn by the imperial family and kuge (also boys after the Nara Period)
- 以降、もしも病気等から回復しても復帰はできない。
- Although he is recovered from the illness, for example, he cannot come back.
- 元禄時代以降、本全体で内容が増加し挿絵も増えた。
- After the Genroku Era (1688 to 1703), the contents became more abundant with more copious illustrations.
- これ以降、水野氏は徳川氏の家臣団に組み込まれる。
- After this event, the Mizuno clan was incorporated into the Tokugawa clan's organisation as vassals.
- ※明治維新以降の奈良については「奈良市」を参照。
- For Nara after the Meiji Restoration, refer to 'Nara City.'
- 明治時代以降は為量・宣嘉父子の功績が認められ伯爵。
- Since the Meiji Period, they were given the title count in appreciation for the achievements of Tamekazu and his son, Nobuyoshi
- - 藤原朝宗(伊達朝宗)が築城、以降は中村氏の居城
- The Castle was built by FUJIWARA no Tomomune (Tomomune DATE) and served as the main castle of the Nakamura clan
- 極官は基教の養子東園基賢以降、大納言を極官とする。
- After Motonori's adopted son Motokata HIGASHISONO, the highest attainable position was Dainagon (Major Counselor).
- このため、昭和天皇以降の内親王は臣籍降下している。
- Therefore Imperial Princesses who did koka (got married a man from non-imperial family) after the enthronement of Emperor Showa were identified themselves by their husbands' family names.
- 江戸時代以降の詳細は大相撲歴史も併せて参照されたし
- Also refer to the section on the history of Ozumo for details about sumo in and after the Edo period.
- 平安時代以降の文献に見え、特に高貴な女性が用いた。
- The term 'futaeorimono' is seen in the documents written in the Heian period as well as in the subsequent times, and it was particularly used by noble women.
- 初段のオロシ以降が盤渉調に転調するのが特色である。
- Its feature is that the tune is changed into the Banshiki-cho (a scale similar to Dorian mode on B) following the Oroshi pattern (an element that mainly concerns the slowing of tempo in all the instruments and a lowering of the melodic line of the nokan, or Noh fue) in the first section.
- 地方巡幸:昭和天皇、1946年(昭和21年)以降。
- Junko to the country: Emperor Showa, after 1946
- 江戸時代以降は少女の髪形として結われる様になった。
- Since the Edo period chigomage became girls' hairstyle.
- 江戸時代以降の近世においては、小作料へと変質した。
- In the early-modern times, namely during the Edo period, the nature of Kajishi changed into kosakuryo (rent paid by tenant farmers).
- 平安時代以降は楽所や大歌所などに押されて衰退した。
- After the Heian period, Utaryo declined, hit by the gakuso (chamber of music) or the Outadokoro (an organization that provided the education and management for ancient Japanese music, Uta, and traditional instruments).
- これ以降、松平姓を受けた一族を松井松平家とも呼ぶ。
- Since then, his family has been called the Matsui Matsudaira family.
- しかし、本格的な騒乱は三好氏の政権掌握以降となる。
- However, real turbulence occurred after the Miyoshi clan took over the government.
- 武士の起源に関する学術的研究は明治以降に始まった。
- The academic study on the origin of bushi began after the Meiji period.
- 明治以降各宗教の聖地へ行く事をこの言葉に翻訳した。
- After the Meiji period, this word was used as the translated term for visiting holy places of various religions.
- 嫡流は源通季以降正親司を世襲し、五位の王氏に復した。
- On and after MINAMOTO no Michisue, their direct line held the Okimi no Tsukasa (Royal Family Office) from generation to generation to finally come back five degrees from the Imperial family.
- 1912年以降は片岡少年劇(ちんこ芝居)で活躍した。
- After 1912, he played an important role in Kataoka-Shonen-geki (boys' theatricals) (chinko-shibai).
- これ以降、士大夫出身の者を藩師に就けるようになった。
- However, from this point on, it became possible for civil officials to become hanshi.
- 明治時代以降、日本国内ではほとんど使用されていない。
- After the Meiji period, ryo as the weight unit has rarely been used in Japan.
- この合戦以降、戦局は北条に著しく不利になっていった。
- After this battle, the fighting became remarkably disadvantageous for Hojo.
- 慶長5年(1600年)関ヶ原の戦い以降廃城となった。
- The castle was dismantled after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.
- 中巻 昭和中期以降、持帰り店を中心に発売されている。
- Chumaki (medium-sized sushi roll) is mainly sold at takeout sushi shops after the Middle Showa period.
- これ以降一定期間、初瀬に皇居があったと唱える人もいる。
- Some say that the Palace was moved to Hatsuse afterwards for a certain period.
- この御禊は、江戸時代中期以降になると皇居内で行われた。
- This Gyokei was performed inside of the Imperial Palace after the middle of the Edo period.
- 10世紀後半以降、平安宮内裏はしばしば火事で焼失した。
- After the late 10th century, the dairi in Heian-kyu palace was often burned down.
- 以降は両統迭立することで和解が成立したといわれている。
- A settlement was reached by the alternative succession of emperors of Daikakuji-to line and Jimyoin-to line after Emperor Kogon.
- 五辻仲兼以降は蔵人所や北面の武士を務める地下人だった。
- Nakakane ITSUTSUJI was a jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility) who served at Kurododokoro (Chamberlain's Office) and Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side).
- 2代義詮以降、歴代将軍は諱において義の字を通字とした。
- After the second Shogun, Yoshiakira, successive shoguns used the character '義' (pronounced 'yoshi') as a tsuji (distinctive character used in the names of all people belonging to a single clan or lineage) in their personal names.
- 以降、江戸期を通して歌道は三条西家の家職的学問となる。
- Thereafter, through the Edo period the art of waka became the Sanjonishi Family's studies of the family business.
- 1980年代以降路上での営業は禁止される地域が増えた。
- Many places have banned the operations of street stall business upon the roadway since the 1980's.
- 四日目以降は、役者はセリフが入っていなくてはならない。
- From the fourth day on, actors must have speeches.
- いずれにしても現存する写本は鎌倉時代以降のものである。
- At any rate, the oldest existent transcript was made in the Kamakura period or later.
- 第二十七以降の章には特殊な天地盤についての解説がある。
- In Chapter 27 and subsequent chapters, explanations are given concerning a special Tenchiban.
- 初の武家政権となる鎌倉幕府が成立して以降も同様である。
- The situation did not change even after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the first military government.
- 1775年(安永4年)以降 - 最低隔年で演習を行う。
- After 1775, the maneuvers were held at least every other year.
- 1990年代以降、小規模な博物館の開館が相次いでいる。
- In and after 1990s, small-scale museums opened one after another.
- 平安時代中期以降、開発領主による墾田開発が盛んになる。
- After the mid Heian Period, new rice fields were actively developed by Kaihatsu-ryoshu.
- その他、京都の中世以降の石庭の多くは河原者の作である。
- Many other rock gardens in and after the Medieval Period in Kyoto are works by the Kawaramono.
- 日本では律令制の導入以降この称号が使われるようになった。
- In Japan, this title came into use after the introduction of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 江戸時代以降、花見といえばサクラということになっている。
- Since the Edo period, Hanami (flower viewing) has come to be associated with cherry blossoms.
- 幕末以降には吸い口に草花などの彫刻や鍍金装飾がみられる。
- Mouthpieces decorated with sculptural flowers or plated with gold were seen after the end of the Edo period.
- 江戸時代以降は、所領の加増という点は一環して踏襲された。
- After the Edo period, the practice of increasing vassals' holdings steadily continued.
- 初期構成以降から新選組と名前が変わるまでに入隊した隊士。
- The members who joined the group during the period from its foundation to the time the group was renamed the Shinsengumi.
- 以降、近年にいたるまで無地の羅に刺繍を加えて代用に当てた。
- Until recently, embroidered plain ra had been used instead of umonra since then.
- 宋代においても同様であったが、元・明以降にこの制度はない。
- The Gyotai was continued in the Song Dynasty, but it become obsolete on and after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
- 明治時代以降、未婚女性の華やかな正装として定着していった。
- And ever since the Meiji period, the furisode has well taken hold as a beautiful type of formal wear for unmarried women.
- 平安時代初期以降、公卿は武官を兼ねていても縫腋袍となった。
- In and after the early Heian period, Kugyo worn hoeki no ho even when he concurrently served as military officer.
- 1923年の関東大震災以降、娘義太夫の人気は急速に衰えた。
- After the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, the popularity of musume-gidayu declined rapidly.
- これ以降、後白河院政派と二条親政派の対立は膠着状態となる。
- After that, Goshirakawa in's forces and Nijo's directly run government forces, were deadlocked.
- 大正以降の現行の演出の多くはここまでで幕となり、終了する。
- Most of the kabuki plays directed from the Taisho period to the present end here.
- 日本には室町時代に伝えられ、江戸時代中期以降盛んになった。
- Bunjinga was introduced to Japan during the Muromachi period, and flourished from the mid-Edo period.
- しかし、江戸時代の中期以降、代銭納化されていく傾向にある。
- After the Edo period, however, the trend turned increasingly towards daisenno.
- その不安定さは平家のクーデター以降いよいよピークに達する。
- The insecurity reached its peak after a coup d'état by Taira clan.
- 高度成長期以降、国道171号線沿いに工場や倉庫が増加した。
- The number of factories and warehouses along the National Route 171 has increased since the beginning of the high-growth period.
- 頼国の子の源国房以降、史料上で美濃での活動が見られている。
- Since the time of MINAMOTO no Kunifusa, the son of Yorikuni, several activities by the member of the Toki clan have been mentioned in historical records.
- 忠邦以降、改革失敗の責任をとらされて出羽山形に転封となる。
- After the time of Tadakuni, their territory was changed to Yamagata, Dewa Province, for having failed in the reforms.
- 桑田郡(くわだ:1879年以降は北桑田郡と南桑田郡に分割)
- Kuwada District (has been divided into Kitakuwada and Minamikuwada Districts since 1879)
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家台頭に対し、危機感を募らせていた公家層。
- As samurai gained power in the Kamakura period and later, the court nobles' sense of danger against them had increased.
- こうしてこれ以降、天皇は東京を拠点に活動することになった。
- From this point on, Tokyo was the base from where the emperor engaged in activities.
- この事件以降、平氏政権と後白河法皇の関係は急速に悪化した。
- After this incident, the relationship between the Taira clan government and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa cooled rapidly.
- 院政は承久の乱以降も継続し、公家政権の中枢として機能した。
- Insei continued during and after the Jokyu Rebellion, during which it functioned as the core of a system of government led by the court nobles.
- そのために、以降は雅楽の師範家として朝廷に仕えることとなる。
- Since then, the family served the Imperial Court as the gagaku master.
- しかし、1518年以降、備中守護の任命は長く為されなかった。
- However the appointment of Bicchu Shugo was not made for long time on and after 1518.
- 彼は、以降のイメージをその影響下での二次創作物であるとする。
- He says images of Ungaikyo created after that were imitations influenced by the above.
- 明治期以降は梅若家と関係が深く、芸風にもその影響が見られる。
- In and after the Meiji Era, it has kept a close ties with Umewaka family, and the tie deeply affects its style of performance.
- 水墨画の技法として、元 (王朝)時代以降広く使用されている。
- It has been widely used as a technique of ink-wash painting since the period of Yuan Dynasty.
- 三輪髷(みつわまげ):幕末以降、豪商の囲う妾に結われた髪型。
- Mitsuwamage: A hairstyle of the mistresses kept by wealthy merchants at the end of the Edo Period and after.
- 以降、為朝が危機に陥ると御霊となりちょくちょく救いに現れる。
- He later appeared as a ghost whenever Tamemoto was under peril and assisted him once in a while.
- また、武勲を褒め称える感状の授与も鎌倉時代以降の慣習である。
- The grant of written testimonials praising outstanding military services was instituted in the Kamakura period and onwards.
- (ちなみに国内で脚気が完全に根絶されたのは1952年以降)。
- (For reference, it wasn't until 1952 that beriberi was eradicated.)
- これ以降はいわゆる秋雨であり、前線の名前も秋雨前線に変わる。
- After that, it changes to so-called 'akisame' (autumn rain) and the name of front changes also to autumn rain front.
- その後盛房は大内介と名乗り、以降歴代の当主もこれを世襲した。
- Thereafter, Morifusa called himself Ouchi no Suke, and successive family heads used this name by heredity since then.
- 2003年以降、毎年10月上旬に京都学生祭典を開催している。
- The Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa has been held annually in early October since 2003.
- 京都市は、明治維新以降は発展と保全をバランスよく保っていた。
- Since the Meiji Restoration, Kyoto City has maintained a proper balance between development and conservation.
- 王政復古 (日本)以降、皇太子以外の者が摂政となった例はない。
- Only crown princes became Sessho after the Restoration of Imperial Rule in Japan.
- 伊勢神宮を構成する神社と施設としては唯一近代以降の創立である。
- This is the only part of Ise-jingu Shrine established in the modern era.
- 皇孫は二世から四世(場合によりそれ以降も)が諸王と称せられた。
- From the second to the fourth generations (sometimes more) of Imperial descendants were called Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation).
- それ以降の教科書では、「吉野朝時代」の用語を使うことになった。
- After that, the term 'Yoshino-cho period' was used for school textbooks.
- 次代、惟永以降、冷泉家一門からの養子が続き、和歌の家となった。
- From the next generation, Korenaga, adopted children from the Reizei family and this family became the house of waka poetry.
- 明治以降、断髪の影響により冠は頭に被れるタイプのものになった。
- Since the Meiji period, type of the caps had changed to the one which could cover the head because people got their hair cut.
- 男性が束帯装束に着用するもので(明治以降は皇族のみ着用)ある。
- Akome was basically worn by men in sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress) costume but only the Imperial family wore Akome after the Meiji period.
- 明治以降は、清楽の曲を邦楽器や洋楽器でも演奏するようになった。
- In and after the Meiji period, Shingaku music was performed by Japanese instruments and by Western instruments as well.
- 抄訳本では親兵衛の京都物語や管領戦以降が省略されることが多い。
- In extract copies, Shinbe's episode in Kyoto or episodes after the war against Kanrei are often omitted.
- 南北朝正閏論以降、宮内省も南朝が正統であるという見解を取った。
- After having discussing the Southern and Northern Courts controversy, the Department of the Imperial Household took the position that being from the Southern Court was the orthodox line.
- 明治時代以降も引き続き死者の功績を称える目的で贈位が行われた。
- Zoi has been continued also after the Meiji period for the purpose of commemorating the deeds of the deceased.
- また安政元年以降は新吉原・品川・三軒地糸割符猿屋町会所を含む。
- In the first year of the Ansei era, Shin-yoshiwara, Shinagawa, and Sankenchi itowappu Saruya-cho kaisho were incorporated into Edo.
- なお、「明治維新」という語が一般に流布したのは昭和以降である。
- In addition, it was after the beginning of the Showa period that the term 'Meiji Restoration' (Meiji-ishin) became commonly used.
- 陽明学の沈滞状況は、1840年のアヘン戦争以降徐々に変化する。
- The depressed state of Yomeigaku gradually changed after the Opium War of 1840.
- その後一度京都に戻り、翌年の2度目の東幸以降は東京に留まった。
- After that, the Emperor returned to Kyoto once, and on the second visit to Tokyo the next year, he settled down there.
- 1970年代以降市長:舩橋求己、今川正彦、田邊朋之、桝本賴兼。
- Mayors after the 1970s: Motoki FUNAHASHI, Masahiko IMAGAWA, Tomoyuki TANABE and Yorikane MASUMOTO
- 明治4年以降は皇居の賢所でも神嘗祭の儀式が行われるようになった。
- Since 1871, the rite of the Kannamesai has been also performed in Kashikodokoro (Palace Sanctuary) of the imperial court.
- 隆仲以降公卿を代々輩出していたのであったが西大路隆範の代に中絶。
- Since the generation of Takanaka, the family produced quite a few high court nobles, but the family line was cut off at the time of Takanori NISHIOJI.
- 19世紀以降の尾張徳川家は養子相続を繰り返して現在に至っている。
- In and after the nineteenth century, the Owari Tokugawa family managed successions by adoption to continue the family up to today.
- その時期は、中央の記録から消えた邦康親王以降ということになろう。
- Considering when, it can be said that it occurred after Imperial Prince Kuniyasu, which should not exist in the record of the central government.
- 奈良時代以降、日本の書は晋唐・宋・元・明清の書を典拠にしてきた。
- Starting in the Nara period, calligraphy in Japan was based on calligraphic works in Jin-Tang, Yuan, or Ming-Qing.
- 他の大名茶と同様、古市家が扶持離れをした明治以降は下火となった。
- Like other daimyo cha (tea practiced by feudal lords), the school declined after the Furuichi family left the lord in the Meiji period.
- 中年以降-鷺 (能)、卒都婆小町、関寺小町、鸚鵡小町、姨捨、檜垣
- Middle age and higher: Sagi (Hernshaw), Sotoba Komachi (Komachi at the Gravepost), Seki-dera Komachi (Komachi at Seki-dera), Omu Komachi (Komachi's Parrot-Answer Poem), Oba Sute (Abandoning an Old Woman), Higaki (Cypress Fence)
- 少将が旅立って以降班女は酌も取らずに扇を見つめている毎日である。
- Since Shosho has gone, Hanjo spent days looking at the fan and stopped serving at banquets.
- こうして形成された田堵負名層がこの時代以降の百姓身分を形成した。
- The tato and fumyo class thus formed constituted hyakusho rank of this period and thereafter.
- 平安時代中期以降は、貴族に仕える家臣・従者等を家人と呼んでいる。
- After the mid-Heian period, a vassal, a servant, etc. who served nobles was called kenin.
- 平安時代以降、解由状に基づいて行政監査を行う勘解由使が置かれた。
- During the Heian period and later, kageyushi conducted administrative audits based on geyujo.
- しかし、鎌倉が歴史の表舞台に登場するのは源頼朝の登場以降である。
- However, it is after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo made his appearance that Kamakura came on history's center stage.
- 戦国時代以降より桂川水運が盛んとなり、嵯峨周辺に豪商が成長した。
- After the age of Sengoku period (period of warring states), transportation businesses by the Katsura-gawa River began to flourish, giving rise to wealthy merchants.
- 江戸時代には公家の堂上家、明治時代以降は華族の子爵家となった家柄。
- During the Edo period, the family held the status of Toshoke of court nobles; after the Meji period, the family ranked as viscount.
- 平安中期以降は大極殿に変わり、儀式、公務、謁見の間として使われた。
- It was changed to the Daigokuden building after the mid Heian period and was used as a place to hold ceremonies, government affairs, or as a place for the Emperor to see people.
- 明治時代の文明開化以降に作られた唱歌や寮歌、軍歌を中心に見られる。
- This meter is seen mainly in Shoka, Ryoka, and Gunka (songs) which were made after civilization and enlightenment in Meiji Period.
- 日本に伝わったのは平安時代であり、江戸時代以降に民間でも流行する。
- In Japan, it was introduced in the Heian period and became popular among the common people after the Edo period.
- さらに、鎌倉幕府という概念が登場したのは、明治20年以降とされる。
- Moreover, it is considered that the concept of bakufu did not appear until after 1887.
- 江戸時代以降、江戸幕府により使用に厳しい制限をされるようになった。
- After the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) put strict limitations on the use of the term.
- それ以降、1朱という額面の貨幣は一朱銀に取って代わられる事になる。
- After that, as a currency with a face value of one shu, Isshugin (silver coin) came to be used instead.
- 物部氏を滅ぼして以降約半世紀の間、蘇我氏が大臣として権力を握った。
- Following this, members of the Soga clan wielded ministerial power over the next half century.
- 舒明天皇・推古天皇以降の飛鳥時代、奈良時代の和歌が収められている。
- It contains Waka from the Asuka period (after the reigns of Emperor Jome and Empress Suiko) and the Nara period.
- また番人を取り込むことに成功し、以降自由に牢獄に尋ねる事はできた。
- They succeeded also to bring the jail keeper into their side and, after that, they could visit the jail freely.
- 明治以降はこの伝統に基づき、「入山者の心得」なるものが定められた。
- In the Meiji period, 'the guideline for visitors' was defined based on the tradition.
- これ以降の吉良氏は江戸幕府の儀典関係を取り仕切る家として存続する。
- Thereafter, the Kira clan continued as a family managing the protocol of Edo bakufu.
- 11世紀以降の土地・民衆支配は、荘園と公領の2本の柱によっていた。
- The governance of the land and people after the eleventh century consisted of the two: the shoen and koryo.
- 以降、問注所執事は鎌倉・室町期を通じて三善氏が世襲することとなる。
- From then on, the members of the Miyoshi clan served as the head of the Monchujo for generations during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
- 以降の日本仏教の方向性を大きく規定づけることとなった(平安仏教)。
- This was to decide the direction of Japanese Buddhism (Heian Buddhism).
- これ以降の国政は、事実上橘諸兄が担当し、聖武天皇を補佐する事になる。
- After that, TACHIBANA no Moroe virtually took charge of the national administration and supported the Emperor Shomu.
- 平安時代以降、皇族が門跡となっている寺院などに対して院号が許された。
- After the Heian period, temples where members of Imperial Family entered priesthood were allowed to have the Ingo.
- 江戸時代以降の天皇の冠は纓が上に上がったままのため御立纓の冠という。
- Since the Edo period, successive emperors have used Court caps called goryuei (literally, 'standing ei'), whose ei stands on the head.
- 寛政の改革以降流行し、文化文政の頃全盛となり、幕末にかけて衰退した。
- Although it became popular after the Kansei Reforms and its popularity reached the peak during the Bunka and Bunsei eras, it declined around the end of the Edo period.
- この後、1960年代以降から衣料の大量消費の時代が始まることになる。
- Thereafter, the age of mass consumption of clothes began in the 1960's.
- 束帯(そくたい)は、平安時代以降の、天皇以下公家の正装(平安装束)。
- Sokutai is a formal costume for those from the Emperor to the court nobles in and after Heian period (Heian costume).
- なお、冷たい蕎麦に刻んだ海苔を散らすようになったのは明治以降である。
- It was subsequent to the Meiji era that they started to put cut pieces of nori on top of cold noodles.
- 好景気となる昭和35年(1960年)以降、作品が充実するようになる。
- After 1960, in the period of economic boom, his work gained affluence.
- 日本列島での米の口噛み酒は、縄文時代後期以降であると考えられている。
- It is thought that kuchikami-sake was produced for the first time in Japan during the latter half of Jomon period.
- しかし、古代末期以降、多様な生業に従事する特定の身分の呼称となった。
- However, since the late ancient times, the term became a name addressing a particular social status engaged in various regular vocations.
- 近世後期以降に部門別から仮名字数で細分するものが現れ、主流となった。
- In the late modern age, there appeared a new form in which the words were divided by category and subdivided by number of kana characters, which became mainstream.
- 近世以降は秋田氏を名乗り大名として存続し、明治維新後は子爵となった。
- In recent times, it proclaimed itself the 'Akita clan' and survived as a daimyo, and after the Meiji Restoration it was given the title of viscount.
- これらは、江戸時代以降に創作された講談話であり、明確な裏付けはない。
- Those stories were kodan (story-telling) created in the Edo period and later and there was no reliable backup data.
- その後、蘇我馬子は、物部守屋を滅ぼし、これ以降物部氏は没落してしまう。
- Later, SOGA no Umako killed MONONOBE no Moriya, which eventually ruined the Mononobe clan.
- なお、継体以降の天皇系譜については、記紀の記録もある程度は信用できる。
- Meanwhile, Kiki's imperial genealogy after Keitai is credible to some extent.
- 学習院時代には馬術部に所属し、高校2年生の秋以降は主将として活躍した。
- Belonging to the Equestrian club in his school days of Gakushuin School, he played an active part as the captain since the autumn of his second grade year of high school.
- しかし、明治以降も、天皇が直接命令して政治を行うことはあまり無かった。
- However, also in and after the Meiji period, the Emperor rarely ordered directly and practiced politics.
- しかし聞いた者は死なず、よく聞くとお菊が九枚以降も皿を数え続けている。
- However, not only those who hear her do not die but also Okiku, when they listen carefully, continues to count the plates even after the ninth.
- 洋菓子や中華菓子(月餅)の影響を受けて明治時代以降に発達したとされる。
- Influenced by western confectionery and Chinese sweets (moon cakes), it was developed after the Meiji period.
- 「-たり」型の形容動詞は古いものとみなされ、以降使用が減少していった。
- Adjective verbs with 'tari' conjugation were regarded as obsolete and subsequently were used less and less.
- 町小路の前身は、平安京の町尻小路であり、江戸時代以降は、新町通となる。
- The predecessor of machikoji were the Machijiri-koji Street of Heian-kyo and became Shinmachi-dori Street from the Edo period.
- 江戸幕府が倒れた近代以降、明治新政府の下で陸軍省・海軍省が設置された。
- In early modern times following the collapse of the Edo bakufu, the Meiji new government created the Ministries of War and Navy.
- 院宮分国と知行国は、ともに院政期(11世紀後葉以降)に急激に増加した。
- Ingu bunkoku provinces and chigyo-koku provinces increased rapidly in the insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor) (in the latter half the 11th century and later).
- 以降も家中の内紛はやまず、義光の孫最上義俊の代には最上騒動が起こった。
- Internal conflicts did not stop since then and a Mogami squabble occurred in the generation of Yoshitoshi MOGAMI, a grandson of Yoshiaki.
- 1580年代以降、豊臣秀吉により全国的に検地が施行された(太閤検地)。
- After 1580's, the land survey was conducted nationwide by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Taiko-kenchi).
- 江戸時代以降の武士は、軍事から文化へと活躍の場を移っていくことになる。
- The field of performance of the bushi after the Edo period moved from military affairs to culture.
- このため、18世紀以降、倭館交易は衰退するが、断絶することはなかった。
- As a result, wakan trade had dwindled after the 18th century, although it was not terminated.
- これ以降、斎宮頭には、従五位下に相当する位の官人が任命される事となった。
- After this assignment, it became customary that a government official who held Jugoinoge was assigned Saiku no kami.
- そして綾小路俊宗(1690年 - 1770年)以降は大納言を極官とする。
- After Toshimune AYANOKOJI (1690 - 1770), the highest court position appointed was Dainagon (chief councilor of state).
- 阿閇皇子(あべのみこ、648年以降 - 生没年不詳)は、天智天皇の皇子。
- Abe no miko (648 - year of death unknown) was a prince of the Emperor Tenchi.
- 阿雅皇女(あがのひめみこ、648年以降~709年?)は、天智天皇の皇女。
- Aga no himemiko (648 - c. 709) was a princess of the Emperor Tenchi.
- 1972年以降、インドのコルカタではいくつかの通りで人力車が禁止された。
- Since 1972, the use of jinrikisha has been prohibited on some streets in Kolkata, India.
- 江戸時代に至り、朝仁親王(東山天皇)の立太子以降皇太子の制度が復活する。
- The investiture ceremony of the Crown Prince was revived in the Edo period, starting with that of Imperial Prince Tomohito (the Emperor Higashiyama).
- 宋時代以降の絵画に付属する文章は、主として「題」または「跋」と呼ばれた。
- Text added to paintings in the Sung period and later was called 題 (dai) or 跋 (batsu).
- 戦後になって復活させることができた(1946年7月、大阪歌舞伎座以降)。
- After the war, Zenshinza succeeded in reviving the scene at the Osaka Kabuki theater in July 1946.
- 以降は紀伊は秀吉の直轄地となり、代官増田長盛が大和郡山から支配を行った。
- After that, the Kii Province became a directly controlled land of Hideyoshi and a local governor Nagamori MASUDA ruled it from the office at Yamatokoriyama.
- (明治以降の行政区画の変遷については別項「京都市上京区の町名」を参照)。
- (For the history of the administrative districts in Kyoto after the Meiji period, see the section on 'Town names in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.')
- が、3代将軍家光以降は上洛も途切れ御殿も次第に老朽化して、廃れていった。
- However, starting with Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, the Shoguns seldom went to Kyoto, and the palaces became old and ruined.
- 以降江戸氏は馬場城(水戸城)を本拠地として那珂川中下流部で勢力を振るう。
- Based in Baba-jo Castle (Mito-jo Castle), the Edo clan wielded power in the midstream and downstream areas of the Naka-gawa River.
- 酒井兵庫……1864年の池田屋事変以降、1865年7月頃に脱走し、斬殺。
- Hyogo SAKAI: After the Ikedaya Incident in 1864, deserted the group in about July 1865, and was killed
- これ以降、中国禅宗では燈史の刊行が相次ぎ、それはやがて公案へと発展した。
- The Chinese Zen sect subsequently continued to publish one history book after the other and these history books eventually developed into koans.
- 江戸時代以降、世襲親王家世襲親王家(四親王家)から構成されるようになった。
- After the Edo Period, the hereditary houses of princes consisted of the Four Imperial Houses of Princes (Shitennoke).
- この称徳天皇以降、江戸時代の明正天皇に至るまで実に850余年女帝はいない。
- Japan saw no birth of an empress for more than 850 years after Empress Shotoku until Empress Meisho in Edo period.
- 本項目では、初代神武天皇以降の歴代天皇の地位および個人に関する事柄も扱う。
- In this section, the matters concerning the position and the individual successive Emperors following the first Emperor, Emperor Jinmu, will also be described.
- 光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して以後は事実上、明治以降は制度上存在していない。
- After Emperor Kokaku abdicated the throne to Emperor Ninko, the position in fact didn't exist in the political system in and after Meiji period.
- しかし、これ以降、この問題を積極的に取り上げるマスメディアはほどんどない。
- However, no media has been focused on this issue seriously since then.
- 甘露寺藤長以降、代々笛・儒道を家業とし、江戸時代の石高は200石であった。
- After Fujinaga KANROJI, the flute and Confucianism were their family business for generations, and they also had 200 koku crop yields during the Edo period.
- 三世八郎右衛門以降は一噌を姓とし、江戸時代は宝生流の座付きとして活躍した。
- The third generation head named Hachirouemon began to use Isso as their family name, and the school flourished as the exclusive performers for the Hosho school during the Edo period.
- 以降、両撮のデュアル・プロダクション体制で、現代劇および時代劇を量産した。
- Since then, the company has produced a lot of modern films as well as historical ones under a dual-production system in which both studios were used.
- 江戸中期以降は度々の取締りを受けながらも、遊廓以外の岡場所が盛んになった。
- After the mid- Edo period, Okabasho other than Yukaku flourished despite repeated crackdowns.
- 当初は丸打ち紐のみであったが、明治時代以降、時代をおってその種類が増えた。
- In the beginning there was only the round cord, but the others have emerged since the Meiji period.
- 四面に縁をめぐらした平面の形状および構造は鎌倉期以降の三間仏堂を思わせる。
- The shape and structure of the flat part with edges around reminds one of sangen Buddhist temples after the Kamakura period.
- 開国・貿易開始以降、内外の金銀比価が違ったために発生した金貨が大量に流出。
- After opening the country to start trading with foreign countries, a lot of gold coins flowed out of the country because of the difference in the value of gold and silver between Japan and its trading partners.
- 寛文8年(1668年)以降に鋳造されたものを新寛永(しんかんえい)と呼ぶ。
- Kanei-tsuho, which as minted around 1668 was called Shin-Kanei (new Kanei-tsuho).
- その後三刀屋氏は大内氏に降るが、月山富田城の戦い以降、再度尼子氏に従った。
- The Mitoya clan surrendered to the Ouchi clan, and then, after the war of Gassantodajo Castle, again served the Amago clan.
- 以降、橘氏は受領クラスの中下流貴族となり、中には地方に土着する者も現れた。
- After that, the Tachibana clan was degraded to be a middle-lower aristocracy belonging to the social class equivalent to that of Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), and some of the families of the clan began to be settled in rural provinces.
- 南北朝期以降堂上家のなかに、時の天皇との親疎により内々・外様の区別が出来た。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, discrimination between 'nainai' and 'tozama' was created according to the closeness to the then current emperor.
- そして後に許されて位階・権大納言となり、これ以降の高倉家の当主の極官となる。
- Later, he ascended to the Court Rank of Junior Chief Councillor of State, which was the top rank the head of the Takakura family would attain.
- また、鎌倉時代以降の天皇家の書風を後世、宸翰様(しんかんよう)と呼んでいる。
- The calligraphic styles used by the imperial family during the Kamakura and later were called the shinkan styles.
- 江戸時代以降は五街道を初めとする交通網が発達し、参詣が以前より容易となった。
- After the Edo period, Go-kaido Roads (five highways) and other traffic networks were developed to make pilgrimage easier than before.
- 着物や袴の下に履く下着として、明治以降の日本の近代化に伴い全国的に普及した。
- In the period of the modern Japanese development since the Meiji period, it became a common in the whole country as underwear to be put under kimono or hakama (pleated loose-fitting trousers).
- 日本における魚介類・獣肉類の流通・消費形態は、明治期以降著しく変化している。
- The ways of distributing and consuming fishes/shells and animal meat in Japan have changed significantly since the Meiji period.
- 以降、田染荘は、宇佐神宮の神官の子孫が田染氏を名乗り、支配することとなった。
- The descendents of the priest of Usa-jingu Shrine subsequently became the 'Tashibu clan' and controlled Tashibu Manor.
- これによって10世紀以降、律令国家は王朝国家(前期王朝国家)に変質を遂げた。
- As a result of this, the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes was changed into the dynastic nation-state, or the early dynastic nation-state, from around the 10th century.
- 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
- In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.
- 戦国時代以降も、主従関係において利害の共有が重要であることに違いはなかった。
- The importance of common interests in a relationship of master and vassal did not change in the Sengoku period.
- 陽明学という呼び名は明治日本以降広まったもので、それ以前は王学といっていた。
- The name Yomei-gaku became popular in Meiji-period Japan (1868-1912), before which it was known as O-gaku ('Yomei' is Japanese for 'Yangming' and 'O' Japanese for 'Wang').
- 宝永2年(1705年)に奏者番に就任して以降、若年寄、京都所司代を歴任する。
- After he assumed as sojaban in 1705, he served as wakadoshiyori and Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy).
- 「一番丸」就航以降は様々な運営主体による汽船が就航し、大津百艘船も増加した。
- After 'Ichibanmaru' went into service, steamships of various operators went into service and the number of water routes was also increased.
- 特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制(近代天皇制)を指すこともある。
- It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.
- この詔以降、天智天皇が「初め賜い定め賜える法」になり、「不改常典」の句がない。
- Since this edict, the expression 'the law first conceived and established' by Emperor Tenchi started to be used, while the word 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' had disappeared.
- 家斉以降の徳川家の所用品は極めて豪奢で、なおかつ原則として毎年調進されている。
- Since the time of Ienari, the konoshi owned by the Tokugawa family were very extravagant; however, new ones were procured each year.
- とりわけ、義和団事件以降、ロシアは満州に軍隊を駐留させ、利権を確保していった。
- After the Boxer Uprising, in particular, Russia maintained stationary troops in Manchuria to secure their rights and interests in that region.
- 中年以降は次第に猿楽の名手として大和国以外でもその芸が認められるようになった。
- In and after his middle age, he gradually came to be recognized as the master of sarugaku even outside Yamato Province.
- また地紋がなく、絵緯による紋だけをあらわしたものを鎌倉時代以降唐織物と呼んだ。
- Also, the one without jimon and has only patterns woven with enuki was called 'karaorimono' after the Kamakura period.
- 称徳の死後、天智の孫・白壁王が光仁天皇として即位し、それ以降は天智系統となる。
- After the death of Empress Shotoku, Sirakabe no Okimi, a grandchild of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) was enthroned as Emperor Konin and subsequently Emperor Tenchi's (Tenji's) ancestry stayed in power.
- 以降、現在(平成19年)に至るまで、日本で唯一の文士劇として公演を行っている。
- Since then to the present (2007), the bunshi-geki has been performed only in this theater in Japan.
- 12世紀以降、荘園整理に基づく荘公区分の明確化に伴い、半不輸は縮小していった。
- After the twelfth century, with the clarification of official manor boundaries due to Shoen improvement, Han-fuyu (a system where Kokuga and Kyunushi shared Kanmotsu and Zoeki) gradually decreased.
- このような酒屋も明治時代以降は、大きく二つの流れに分けて考えなくてはならない。
- In the Meiji period and later, it should be considered that sakaya came to take either of two major different business styles.
- 幕府はこれ以降、火事をできるだけ妨げられるよう都市計画を変更することになった。
- After the fire, the bakufu revised its urban planning policies to minimize the risk of fire hazards.
- 「施」の字はなぜか読まれないことが多く、中世以降は主に「やくいん」と呼ばれた。
- Apparently for no reason, the first character of 'se (施)' is often silent, and Seyaku-in has been generally referred to as 'Yakuin' since the medieval period.
- 寄合(よりあい)とは、日本の中世以降、郷村制における村の協議機関のことをいう。
- Yoriai is a consultation organization in villages under the goson-sei system (municipal system of small towns and villages) that began in the Middle Ages in Japan.
- 日時は特定できないが2月24日以降、山手先鋒の堀秀政勢が雑賀川の渡河を試みた。
- Although the date can not be specified, the troops of Hidemasa HORI, the spearhead of the mountain side army, tried to cross the Saiga-gawa River after March 23.
- もと国司は国庁で政務をとったが、平安時代中期以降、国司館が政務の中心になった。
- Kokushi originally administered the government affairs at Kokucho, although the center of the administration was shifted to Kokushi-kan after the mid Heian period.
- 13世紀中頃以降は元冦という大事件があったものの、政治体制は一応安定していた。
- Its regime remained stable enough despite the Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) incidents in and after the middle of the 13th century.
- 以降、拠点を変えるたびに「蒔田御所」、「世田谷御所」、「世田谷殿」と呼ばれた。
- After that, each time Shigetaka relocated his home ground, those were called, 'Maita-gosho,' 'Setagaya-gosho,' and 'Setagaya-dono.'
- しかし希秀の子希雄が土佐守護細川氏の傘下に走って以降は北朝 (日本)方となる。
- However, the clan became a part of the Northern Court (Japan) side, after that Maretake, a child of Marehide, decided to affiliate with the Hosokawa clan who was the shugo of Tosa Province.
- 貞治年間以降、崇光天皇が伏見山荘を伏見宮栄仁親王代々の相伝地とし伏見宮家が創設
- 1362 to 1368: Emperor Suko established the Fushiminomiya family, who inherited Fushimi Sanso Mountain Villa for generations from Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Yoshihito.
- これにより石橋塩松氏は滅亡し、以降塩松氏というと大内氏のことをさすことになる。
- By this, the Ishibashi-Shionomatsu clan ended and the Shionomatsu clan after that meant the Ouchi clan.
- 江戸時代中期以降の人物については武将という呼称が用いられるケースはごく少ない。
- People after the mid-Edo period are rarely called busho.
- 在学中は全学自治会同学会の委員長として竹本処分闘争以降の京大学生運動を導いた。
- When he was a student, he spearheaded the student movement at Kyoto University after 'Takemoto shobun' struggle as the chairman of the national student association.
- 日本における近代的な歴史思想の導入は、19世紀後半の明治維新以降のことである。
- Modern historical concepts were introduced in Japan during the Meiji Restoration or later, or during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
- 大宝元年(701年)以降に現れる人については、栗隈王の子とすることで一致がある。
- Authorities agree that Mino no Okimi who appeared after year 701 was the son of Kurikuma no Okimi.
- この家系から公卿が出たのは正三位近衛府大宮昌季(1743年 ‐1804年)以降。
- Konoefu Masasue OMIYA (1743 - 1804) was the first of this family line to become a kugyo (high-ranking court noble) when he was awarded the rank of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- 平安時代初期の菅原古人が大和国菅原邑に住んでいたことから、以降、菅原氏を名乗る。
- The name Sugawara comes from Sugawara in Yamato Province where (SUGAWARA no) Furuhito lived in the early Heian period.
- 特に1966年の文化大革命以降に中国で製造された唐墨は、品質が悪いとされている。
- Especially, it is said that Chinese ink sticks produced in and after the Cultural Revolution in 1966 are bad in quality.
- 観世流の座付として活動し、江戸時代中期以降は「ワキ方筆頭」としての格式を誇った。
- They played exclusively for the Kanze school, and they had been proud of their status as a 'leading waki-kata school' since the middle of the Edo period.
- 権力の統制と保護を受け、遊郭として1箇所に集められるのは、近世以降のことである。
- Under the control and protection of the official authority, brothels were packed in one place as Yukaku after the early-modern times.
- 永保元年(1081年)以降は延暦寺の僧兵による園城寺焼き討ち事件が起こっている。
- After 1081, a fire attack against Onjo-ji Temple by monk-soldiers from Enryaku-ji Temple occurred.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)期以降、特に戦国 (日本)期に国衙領の衰退とともに消滅した。
- The practice disappeared with the decline of the Kokugaryo after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), especially during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 寛政12年(1800年)の銀座 (歴史)改革以降、南鐐二朱銀の鋳造が再開された。
- After the Ginza Reform in 1800, the minting of Nanryo Nishu Gin was restarted.
- 1980年代以降、逆に滋賀に本社を置く企業が京都に進出するケースも目立っている。
- On the contrary, it is prominent that increasing number of companies with their headquarters located in Shiga have developed their business activities into Kyoto since 1980's.
- 室町時代以降、各地の大名が京都を真似た町づくりをし、それが小京都の起源となった。
- After the Muromachi period, the Japanese feudal lords in many regions created towns which imitated Kyoto, and was the beginning of the Little Kyoto.
- 以降しばらく、四国における南朝方の雄として、伊予国の河野氏らと行動をともにする。
- After that, the Kira clan gained recognition as a leader of the Southern Court side in Shikoku region, and accompanied the Kono clan of Iyo Province for a while.
- 地下請の伝統は、惣村が消滅し、近世村落が成立した江戸時代以降も承継されていった。
- The tradition of jigeuke was passed down in and after the Edo period, when the soson disappeared and early-modern villages took shape.
- 除目(じもく、じょもく)とは、平安時代中期以降、京官、外官の諸官を任命すること。
- Jimoku (aka Jomoku) refers to a ceremony to appoint officials of kyokan (an official of the Capital) and gekan (a provincial official) after the mid Heian period.
- 媓子には中宮職が付置され、これ以降は、中宮職は完全に皇后専属の官司として定着する。
- Chugushiki was established for Koshi and it was thereafter settled as an organization of government officials dedicated to empresses.
- 803年(延暦22年)治部省に叙任され、以降大蔵省、弾正尹、式部省などを歴任した。
- With the appointment as Minister of Jibu-sho (the Ministry of Civil Administration) in 803, he assumed successive posts as Minister of Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury), Danjoin (President of the Board of Censors), Minister of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), etc.
- 若年の当主が続く成之以降の阿波細川家においては、家宰の三好氏が台頭することになる。
- The chief vassal of the Miyoshi clan gained power in the Awa Hosokawa clan, which the youth family heads continued after the time of Shigeyuki.
- 宝暦4年(1754年)12月に江戸城西の丸へ入輿し、以降は「御簾中様」と称された。
- In December 1754, she got married and entered the nishi no maru (the west palace which was a part of the castle) of Edo-jo Castle, which became her place to live; Since then she was called 'gorenju' (the title of honor for a legal wife of a aristocrat as daijin, cabinet minister and kugyo, court noble).
- ただし1949年以降、中国を統治した中国共産党により、人力車は禁止されるに至った。
- However, the use of jinrikisha was prohibited after 1949 when the Chinese Communist Party came to power.
- 3代・道入以降の各当主には隠居した時に「入」の字を含む入道号という名前が贈られる。
- Donyu the 3rd and the leaders following Donyu the 3rd are given a name called Nyudo-go (nyudo: lay-monk, go: pseudonym) which includes the Kanji of '入' (Nyu) when they are retired.
- 明治以降は、皇室祭祀令(明治41年(1908年)皇室令第1号)によって規定された。
- After the Meiji period, it was regulated by Ordinance No. 1 of Koshitu Rei (Imperial Household), Koshitu Saishi Rei (Imperial Household Religious Rites) (1908).
- 明治以降の風俗を取り入れた河竹黙阿弥の作品もその点では旧来の歌舞伎と同様であった。
- Mokuami KAWATAKE's works, incorporating the modes of life after the Meiji period, were not different at all from the traditional kabuki plays in this regard.
- 17世紀中期以降、蕎麦切りは江戸を中心に急速に普及し、日常的な食物として定着した。
- Starting from Edo, sobakiri rapidly gained popularity subsequent to the mid seventeenth century and became established as part of the daily diet.
- 室町時代以降も日本の武器製造技術は進歩し、その主要輸出先はオスマントルコであった。
- Japanese manufacturing technology of firearms continued to improve after the Muromachi period, and Ottoman Turks were a major importer of Japanese firearms.
- 北宋以降は官吏やその親属の家を官戸と呼び普通の庶民と区別することが一般的となった。
- Since the Northern Song Dynasty, government officials and their immediate families came to be called guanhu and they were generally treated differently from commoners.
- この命令以降、村上水軍の能島氏は毛利氏の家臣となって毛利水軍を率いることになった。
- After these commands the Nojima clan of Murakami suigun navy became the vassals of the Mori clan and came to lead the Mori suigun navy.
- 1990年以降、適切な森林施業(植栽、下刈、除伐・間伐等の行為)が行われている森林
- The forests which have been properly managed (grass establishment, weeding and brushing, improvement cutting, tree thinning and so on) since 1990.
- 延喜年間の阿蘇友成(宇治友成)以降は阿蘇神社の大宮司を世襲するようになったという。
- From the generation of ASO no Tomonari (UJI no Tomonari) who lived in the Engi era, the Aso clan inherited the position of daiguji (high priest of a great shrine) of Aso-jinja Shrine.
- 長氏が拠ったのは、この西条の方であり、以降しばらくこの系統は西条吉良氏と呼ばれる。
- Osauji based himself in Saijo, and for a while after that, his family line was called the Saijokira clan.
- これ以降は毛利一門に組み込まれ、毛利家から多くの家臣が小早川家に送り込まれている。
- After that, the clan was integrated with the Mori family and many vassals of the Mori family were sent to the Kobayakawa family.
- 以降、川手城は室町期を通して13代守護土岐頼芸に至るまで、土岐宗家の居城となった。
- Since then, Kawate-jo castle had been the castle of the head family of the Toki clan during the Muromchi period until the era of Yorinori Toki, the 13th Shugo of Mino Province.
- よって、「鎌倉幕府」や「室町幕府」という言葉はこの時代以降に考案されたものである。
- Therefore, the terms 'Kamakura bakufu' and 'Muromachi bakufu' were created after that time.
- 国衙領(こくがりょう)は、平安時代中期頃以降の公領を、荘園に対して呼ぶ歴史学用語。
- Kokugaryo is a historical term referring to koryo (an Imperial demesne) after around the mid-Heian period, differentiated from shoen (manor in medieval Japan).
- 南北朝時代から賀名生ウメ林が有名であり、明治以降は実を収穫するための植林もされた。
- Ano bairin (the forest of Japanese plums in Gojo City in Nara Prefecture) was famous ever since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; after the Meiji period, plum trees were planted for harvesting plums.
- 淳仁天皇は二世王から践祚したので、それ以降は親王宣下をもって親王とする慣習となった。
- Because Emperor Junnin ascended the throne as a second generation king, it became a custom to give the title of Imperial Prince to those after the second generation and make them an Imperial Prince.
- 62歳で即位と言うのは継体天皇(第26代)以降では現在の今上天皇を含め最高齢である。
- His enthronement at the age of 65 is the oldest since Emperor Keitai (the 26th) including the present Emperor.
- 明治以降に実証的研究がなされ、大正時代には『長慶天皇御即位の研究』などが刊行される。
- In and after the Meiji period, empirical research was carried out and 'Research on the Succession of the Emperor Chokei' and other books were published in the Taisho period.
- ただし、平安時代以降でも、前天皇から譲られたわけではない光孝天皇の詔は、やや異なる。
- However, even during the Heian period and after, the edict of Emperor Koko, who did not abdicate the throne from the former emperor, shows a slight difference.
- 明治天皇及び過去の天皇の巡行にならい、昭和天皇以降も全国への「巡幸」が行われている。
- Following the examples of Emperor Meiji and other past emperors, the Emperor continues to make 'imperial visits' to all parts of Japan like Emperor Showa did.
- 初代・民部卿・倉橋泰吉以降、代々陰陽道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、150石であった。
- After the first family head, Minbukyo (Minister of Popular Affairs) Yasuyoshi KURAHASHI, Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) was their family business for generations, and they also had 150 koku crop yields during the Edo period.
- 直衣(のうし)は、平安時代以降の天皇、皇太子、親王、および公家の平常服(平安装束)。
- Noshi were the everyday clothes for Emperors, Crown Princes, Imperial Princes or other court nobles after Heian period (the Heian costume).
- これらの作品は、1989年以降は「御物」ではなく国有財産という位置付けになっている。
- These art works have, since 1989, been considered to be government property instead of 'gyobutsu.'
- 792年(延暦11)の軍団解消以降、軍事を担った「健児」も基本的には弓射騎兵である。
- The 'kondei' (regular soldiers guarding kokubu - ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)) that managed the army after the dismantling cohort in 792 was basically cavalry with archers.
- ただし、こうした明治以降の歴史観は儒教観念に基づく武士の見地を反映したものといえる。
- This kind of historical view after the Meiji period may have reflected the opinion of samurai who were based on Confucianism.
- 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
- Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
- 平安時代中期以降、貴族、寺社、田堵らの家内で使役された私的隷属民の呼称として現れる。
- After the middle of the Heian period, genin appeared as a name that stood for privately subordinative people employed inside the houses of their masters, such as nobles, temples, shrines, and tato (cultivators).
- 和銅年間以降は「芳野」と表記され、天武系王朝の故地として聖武天皇もたびたび行幸した。
- From and after the Wado era (708-715), Yoshino was written as '芳野' and the Emperor Shomu often made imperial visits as a place of connection for the dynasty of Tenmu line.
- 第十一条以降は、異義を1つ1つ採り上げ、それについて逐一異義である理由を述べている。
- After the 11th article, the writer explained each content of the different thoughts and the reason he judged that they were different and wrong.
- 次代の継体天皇以降は実在が確実視されていることから、実在が疑われる最新の天皇でもある。
- The existence of all the emperors after Emperor Keitai, the next Emperor to Emperor Buretsu, is considered to be certain; therefore, Emperor Buretsu is the latest Emperor whose existence is doubted.
- 中世以降は、近江国が悠紀、丹波国と備中国が交互に主基とされ、その国の中で郡を卜定した。
- After the medieval period, Omi Province took the role of the Yuki, and Tanba Province and Bitchu Province swapped the role of the Suki; they decided by fortunetelling a county within the province.
- 桓武天皇以降は「不改常典」の語がなくなり、「天智天皇が初め定めた法」として言及される。
- In the edicts after Emperor Kanmu, the words 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is not found, but cited as 'the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time.'
- しかし円融天皇以降は後院として使われることはなく次第に荒廃、その役割を里内裏に譲った。
- However, after Emperor Enyu, since it was not used as goin, it gradually deteriorated, and its functions were transferred to Satodairi (a temporary palace).
- 半家(はんけ)とは鎌倉時代以降に成立した公卿の家格で堂上家の中でも最下位の家柄である。
- Hanke (a kind of family status of the Court nobles) is a classification term for the court noble class established subsequent to the Kamakura period being the lowest-ranked family in social standing among Tosho-ke (high court nobility allowed to enter the Imperial Palace).
- これ以降、その子孫が神祇伯を世襲するようになったために「伯家」と呼ばれるようになった。
- Thereafter, Jingi haku was hereditarily handed down to the descendants of Nobuzane-o, so the Shirakawa family began to be called 'Hakke.'
- 同族である京極氏とは、京極氏が台頭した室町時代以降敵対し、近江の覇権をめぐって争った。
- The Rokkaku clan had been opposed to the Kyogoku clan, which originally belonged to the same family, since the Muromachi era when the Kyogoku clan was gaining power, and fought against the Kyogoku clan over the hegemony of Omi.
- 少なくとも平安時代中期以降、日本の冠の形状は基本的に身分や年齢による大きな差異はない。
- Shapes of Japanese Court caps have had no remarkable differences between ages or ranks since the middle of the Heian period.
- 内藤盛貞の代に大内氏に仕え、室町時代中期以降は鷲頭氏に代わって長門国の守護代を務めた。
- The generation of Morisada NAITO served the Ouchi family, but from the mid-Muromachi period onwards, members of the clan were appointed as shugodai of Nagato province in place of the Washizu family.
- 「お伊勢講」は畿内では室町中期から見られた現象だが、全国的になったのは江戸以降である。
- Oiseko' had been seen since the mid-Muromachi period in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), but it was only after the Edo period that 'oiseko' spread throughout the country.
- 江戸時代末期になると特別の儀式の時のみ使われるようになり、明治時代以降は完全に廃れた。
- In the end of the Edo period, the koshimaki came to be used only in the special ceremonies, and in or after the Meiji period, it went out of use completely.
- 金森家は後に知直の実子である金森信之によって再興されたが、明治以降のことは不明である。
- Although the lineage of Kanamori family was later continued by Nobuyuki KANAMORI, the biological son of Tomonao, it is unknown what happened to the family after Meiji period.
- 新歌舞伎(しんかぶき)とは、明治以降に、劇場とは独立した作家が書いた歌舞伎作品のこと。
- Shin Kabuki refers to kabuki plays written by authors independent from theaters after the Meiji period.
- 散切物(ざんぎりもの)は明治維新以降の風俗を世話物として取り入れた歌舞伎狂言(演目)。
- The term 'Zangirimono' (cropped-hair plays) refers to kabuki kyogen plays (plays [programs] presented in Kabuki [traditional drama performed by male actors]) which are classified into Sewamono (plays dealing with the lives of ordinary people) and reflect the folkways after the Meiji Restoration.
- 天平勝宝2年(750年)正月16日には朝臣の姓を賜り、これ以降、諸兄は橘朝臣と称した。
- On March 2, 750, he was granted the sei (authentic surname) Ason, and after that he had presented himself as 'TACHIBANA no Ason.'
- 幕府の名称がすなわち中央政庁を表すようになったのは、藩と同じく江戸時代中期以降である。
- Like the name 'han' (feudal clan), the name 'bakufu' began to be used for the centralized government after the late Edo period.
- これ以降、院政は度々執られたが、あくまで形式上の存在でしかなくなっていったためである。
- Consequently, insei has been conducted from time to time since then, but it has been in form only.
- 以降の詳細は、北から奄美諸島の歴史、沖縄県の歴史、先島諸島先島の歴史などを参照のこと。
- For more information about the histories of these small islands, refer, starting with the northern areas, to the history of the Amami Islands, to the history of Okinawa Prefecture and to the Sakishima history of the Sakishima islands.
- この頃の日本列島人は縄文式土器を作り、早期以降定住化が進んでおもに竪穴式住居に住んだ。
- During this period, people in the Japanese islands made Jomon-style earthenware, and increasingly more people came to live in fixed places, mostly in pit dwellings.
- 明治以降の皇室典範では譲位を認めていないため、現在に至るまで太上天皇の制度は存在しない。
- Because the Imperial House Acts after the Meiji period do not admit transfer of the throne, the rule of Daijo Emperor does not exist until the present time.
- 南北朝時代以降、皇后の冊立が絶え、その間は皇后宮・中宮の呼称も用いられることがなかった。
- The empresses were not installed after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the names of Kisai no miya and chugu were not used.
- 桓武天皇以降の詔では「改めるまじき」という形容なしに、単に天智天皇が初め定めた法とある。
- In the imperial edicts upon enthronement of Emperor Kanmu and later, it is mentioned as the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time, but the adjective phrase, 'which should not be modified,' is omitted.
- これはもっぱら元服の時に高貴な人の子息が使用しているが、平安末期以降の所用例は見えない。
- This style was used by the children of people with high rank at the coming-of-age ceremony, but there was no record of this style being used since the end of the Heian period.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の綾小路俊量(正二位・中納言)(1451年 - 1518年)以降中絶。
- The family ended after Toshikazu AYANOKOJI (Shonii, Chunagon) (1451 - 1518) from the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
- 住友財閥における住友家、特に住友友純以降のそれは「君臨すれども統治せず」の立場をとった。
- The Sumitomo Family in Sumitomo Zaibatsu, specifically since Tomoito SUMITOMO, took the position, '(He) reigns but does not govern.'
- 初代・権大納言・芝山宣豊以降、代々歌道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米100石であった。
- After the first family head, Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Nobutoyo SHIBAYAMA, waka poetry had been their family business for generations, and they also had 100 koku crop yields of rice during the Edo period.
- 室町時代以降「茶の湯」の席で座敷の「床の間」にも水墨画の掛軸が多く見られるようになった。
- Kakejiku of suibokuga (ink-painting) have been seen frequently also in the 'tokonoma' alcove of a Japanese room when 'Chanoyu' (tea ceremony) are held, since the Muromachi period.
- 本来は再煎(二番煎じ以降)の茶で炊いた飯を濃く出した初煎(一番煎じ)に浸したものだった。
- Originally, rice boiled with tea prepared by used leaves was immersed in the strong tea prepared as the first decoction of the tea leaves.
- 明治以降の洋画全盛に対抗する一派であるが、もちろん洋画からも少なからず影響を受けている。
- It is a school which counters prosperity of Western-style paintings after the Meiji period, but is not a little influenced by Western-style.
- しかし慶長20年(1615年)の大坂夏の陣で豊臣宗家が滅亡して以降は用いられなくなった。
- However, it had not been used after the destruction of the head family of TOYOTOMI in Osaka Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) in 1615.
- 阿弥陀堂とは、その名のとおり阿弥陀仏を安置する仏堂で、摂関時代以降にさかんにつくられた。
- Amida-do Hall was a Buddhist temple in which to put Amida Buddha, as shown in its name, and it was actively constructed after the Sekkan (regency) period.
- 金一両は元来一両(大宝律令では小両、延喜式以降は10匁)の質量の砂金という意味であった。
- Originally, 1 ryo of gold meant 1 ryo (or 1 small ryo under the Taiho Code, 10 monme under the Engi Code and thereafter) of gold dust.
- 国府と書いて「こくふ」と読む地名には、近代以降に国府推定地に新たに付けられたものが多い。
- Many place names written as '国府' in Chinese characters, which is pronounced 'Kokufu,' have been applied to the estimated site where Kokufu was located since the modern period.
- 忠季以降の安東氏は、檜山築城や寺院建立を行う一方で蝦夷島の経営にも努め檜山屋形と称した。
- The Ando clan as from Tadasue's generation, was engaged in the management of Ezogashima under the name of Hiyama Yakata, while constructing the Hiyama-jo Castle and temples.
- 神祇管領長上を自称し、これ以降は神祇官・白川家を押しのけ神社支配を強めていくこととなる。
- Kanetomo called himself Jingikanryochojo, and after that, Kanetomo increased his control on shrines pushing away Jingikan, the Shirakawa family.
- 古くは、日本では少なくとも7万年前以降の最終氷期には黄砂が飛来していたと考えられている。
- It is considered that kosa fell in Japan in the last glacial period at least 70 thousand years ago.
- 平安時代後期以降、和気氏と丹波氏による世襲となり、典薬頭は専ら丹波氏の小森家が独占した。
- Starting in the late Heian period, appointment to the bureau became a hereditary privilege of the Wake and Tanba clans, and the Komori family of the Tanba clan achieved a complete monopoly over the position of Tenyaku no kami.
- 子孫も孫の三船以降は天武系から天智系への皇統移行とほぼ同時に歴史に埋もれてしまう事となる。
- His descendants were buried in history after Mifune, along with the change of the imperial line from the Tenmu to the Tenji.
- また、古くからある家は旧家、安土桃山時代以降に分家し新たに創設された家は、新家と呼ばれた。
- Besides, a family dated back generations ago was called kyuka (old family), and those which moved out and set up a new branch family after the Azuchi-Momoyama period were called shinke (newly founded family).
- 文様は冠親である五摂家いずれか固有のものを使うが、大正天皇以降は菊花紋章に固定されている。
- Unique pattern of one of Gosekke which served as a kanmuri-oya was used, but the 16-petal chrysanthemum crest has been always used since the reign of Emperor Taisho.
- 室町時代以降、広く増補改訂されたため、異本が多く、30巻本・20巻本・14巻本が流布した。
- After the Muromachi period, the book was drastically enlarged and revised and a number of differing editions were circulated, including an edition in 30 volumes, an edition in 20 volumes, and an edition in 14 volumes.
- 唐代中期以降は中国でも装飾品になり、形状も五代頃の絵画によると日本のものにほぼ同様である。
- After the middle Tang Dynasty, the Gyotai was used as an accessory also in China, and the shape seen in a picture around the Five Dynasties Period was almost the same as that of Japan.
- 観光ボランティアガイドは、1990年代の前半に注目され始め、1995年以降各地で急増した。
- Tourism volunteer guides began to come to attention in the first half of 1990s and their numbers rapidly increased throughout the country from 1995.
- 明治以降改めて茶道の教授も行われるようになったが、これは元の志野流とは異なるものとされる。
- Although the art of the tea ceremony of the Shino school has been taught again since the Meiji period, it is said to be different from the original one.
- だが、平成16年(2004年)以降それが削除されたため、こうした酒種の開発が可能になった。
- But, as the provision has been eliminated in 2004, it became possible to produce these kind of sake.
- 春又は秋の東北の季節風に乗って大陸へ渡り、5月以降、西南西の季節風に乗り、日本へ帰国した。
- Ships left for the Asian continent in Spring or Autumn using a northeast seasonal winds and returned to Japan after May using a west-southwest seasonal winds.
- 1040年代を画期として、それ以前を前期王朝国家、以降を後期王朝国家と区分する考えがある。
- There is a concept of separating the dynastic nation system after 1040s from that before 1040, with the earlier one called the early dynastic nation system and the later one the late dynastic nation system.
- 安藤盛季以降の系譜については生没年等に諸説あるものの、ほぼ疑いのないものと考えられている。
- The authenticity of the genealogical record after Morisue ANDO seems almost certain, although there are various theories about the years of birth and death of these family members.
- この場合には、平安中期(10世紀以降)から平氏政権期まで、もしくは下限を院政期以前とする。
- In this case, the term refers to the period between the mid-Heian period (during and after the 10th century) and the Taira clan's administrative period, or before the Insei period (period of cloistered imperial rule).
- 仲恭天皇(九条廃帝、仲恭の贈名は明治以降)は廃され、守貞親王の子が即位した(後堀河天皇)。
- The reigning Emperor, Chukyo (note however that the titles Kujo the Deposed Emperor and Chukyo did not come into use until the Meiji period), was deposed, and the son of Imperial Prince Morisada was raised to the throne (as Emperor Gohorikawa).
- 奈良時代に、遣唐使や渤海使が出航し、江戸時代以降も重要な港として、能登文化の中心になった。
- Japanese envoys left from this port for Tang Dynasty and Bohai Kingdom in the Nara period, and the port remained to play an important role as a center of Noto culture after the Edo period.
- また近世以降は、馬が急死した路傍や芝先(馬捨場)などに馬頭観音像を建てることが多くなった。
- After the early-modern times, statues of Bato Kannon were often built by the road side where a horse died suddenly or in Shibasaki (places to dump horses).
- 藤原詮子以降の院号では、上東門院(藤原彰子)をはじめとした、門院号を贈ることが通例化された。
- After FUJIWARA no Senshi, conferring the honorific title Moningo became a general rule, including Jotomonin (FUJIWARA no Shoshi).
- 536年には蘇我稲目が大臣となり、子の蘇我馬子以降続く、蘇我氏の全盛の礎が築かれる事となる。
- In 536, SOGA no Iname became Omi (a minister), which built the foundation of prosperity of SOGA clan which started from his son SOGA no Umako took over the position.
- 律令制のもとでは直系で六親等までが皇族であったが、明治以降そのような制限は設けられていない。
- In the ritsuryo system, those who were in a direct line and in the up to six degree of kinship were the Imperial family, but there is no such restriction after the Meiji period.
- 近年の研究では、「天皇」号が成立したのは天武天皇の時代(7世紀後半)以降との説が有力である。
- In recent year studies, the theory stating that the title 'Tenno' was adopted sometime after the period of Emperor Tenmu (latter half of 7th century) is a powerful one.
- しかし明治末期以降は伝来の家宝が売却されることも多くなり、諸侯華族の財政も悪化しつつあった。
- However, after the end of Meiji period, some of even Shoko kazoku sold their family treasures for the financial deterioration.
- 以後は小鼓方のアシライ鼓として終始し、江戸時代中期以降は奈良に在住して尾張藩の扶持を受けた。
- The school constantly performed ashirai tsuzumi for kotsuzumi-kata since then, and from the middle of Edo period, it received salary from the Owari Domain while residing in Nara.
- 以降は数々の受章を受け、中村歌右衛門 (6代目)、尾上梅幸 (7代目)に次ぐ女形として活躍。
- As Shikan NAKAMURA he received many awards, and after Utaemon NAKAMURA VI and Baiko ONOE VII he was recognized as the third best female impersonator.
- 全国高等学校サッカー選手権大会の決勝戦は2002年度(2003年)以降、成人の日に行われる。
- The final game of the All Japan High School Soccer Tournament has been held on Coming-of-Age Day since fiscal year 2002 (calendar year 2003).
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、江戸での蕎麦切り流行に伴って、うどんを軽んずる傾向が生じたという。
- It is said, however, that, as sobakiri gained popularity, udon began to fall out of favor subsequent to the mid Edo period.
- 近世以降、鼓を中心とする打楽器の飛躍的な発達と流布によって扇拍子は徐々に下火になっていった。
- After early modern times, due to the drastic development and popularization of percussion instruments centered on Tsuzumi (hand drum), Ogi byoshi gradually lost its popularity.
- 明治15年(1882年)以降は、天皇の御製や一般の詠進歌が新聞などで発表されるようになった。
- Since 1882, poems written by the emperor and the public have been published in the newspapers and so on.
- 1970年代以降、生産・流通・販売におけるコスト要素から、大消費地向けにはほとんど消滅した。
- Because of costs associated with production, distribution and sales, they have been rarely cultivated for shipment to mass-consumption areas since the 1970s.
- 南宋時代以降には、禅宗寺院や文人官僚の趣味にあわせた、水墨画や白描画の仏教絵画も制作された。
- After the Southern Sung period, Buddhist ink-wash paintings and hakubyoga (white monochrome drawings) reflecting the tastes of temples of Zen sect and bunjin-kanryo (government officials of letters) were also created.
- 明治維新後の1872年(明治5年)、再び株仲間は解散を命じられ、以降復活することはなかった。
- In 1872 after the Meiji Restoration, kabunakama were ordered to dissolve again and it has never had a resurgence since then.
- 明治以降でも、地主が小作から収取する地代は地子的性格を有していたが、これは小作料と称された。
- Even after the Meiji period, jishi that landlords collected from their tenant farmers maintained the characteristics of jishi but it was called farm rent.
- それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
- Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.
- 下の日本の項目で述べるように陽明学は日本に伝来して江戸時代以降の日本史に大きな足跡を残した。
- As described in the section related to Japan, Yomei-gaku was introduced into Japan and left its mark on Japanese history from the end of Edo period onwards.
- 「美術館」「美術家」「美術史」などの語も当然明治時代以降に使用されるようになったものである。
- Naturally, it was only in the Meiji period that the Japanese words related to 'bijutsu,' such as 'bijutsu-kan' (an art museum), 'bijutsu-ka' (an artist), and 'bijutsu-shi' (art history), began to be used.
- 元になった名寄は、近世以降には見られない古曲を多く含んでおり、室町後期のものと見られている。
- The original list, on which this book was based, included many ancient songs that had not been seen since the early modern period, which appear to date from the latter part of the Muromachi period.
- 17世紀後半以降にはその老中職なども大老職など例外を除いてほぼ複数制(月番制)となっている。
- For example, since the latter half of the 17th century, several personnel had been took office of senior councillor (roju) (on monthly duty) except chief minister (tairo).
- 明治以降編入された愛宕郡及び葛野郡の旧村の区域は、現在は北区、左京区及び東山区に属している。
- Areas of the former villages in Otagi County and Kadono County which had been integrated into Kamigyo Ward since the Meiji period, now belong to Kita Ward, Sakyo Ward, and Higashiyama Ward.
- 士族(しぞく)とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
- The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
- 平安時代以降で注目すべきは、『朝野群載』という模範文例集に即位詔の例文が載せられたことである。
- Since after the Heian period, it is noteworthy that a boilerplate collection called 'Choya Gunsai' (Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) carries the examples of sentences for writing an imperial edict upon enthronement.
- 明治天皇陵では、天智天皇陵に範を取ったといわれる上円下方式が採用され、以降、今日に至っている。
- The Mausoleum of Emperor Meiji adopted the style of a dome-shaped mound on a square base which was modeled after Mausoleum of Emperor Tenchi and continued after that to this day.
- これ以降、昔の書蹟を模写し法帖化するには、模刻が必ず用いられるというほどに普及することになる。
- Since then, mokoku had become so popular that old works were always copied with this method when creating hojo.
- 以降、天理大学雅楽部は『教訓抄』記載の伎楽の復元試作を続け、復曲は引き続き芝祐靖氏が当たった。
- Since then, this department at Tenri University has continued the attempt to restore gigaku performance described in 'Kyokunsho,' (the oldest comprehensive music book of Japan) while the re-composition of the music part of the performance was continued by Mr. Sukeyasu SHIBA of the Imperial Household Agency.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、土地を与えられ自立する下人が現れるなど身分環境に変動が起こってくる。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), their circumstances of social statuses had begun to change and, for example, some of the genin became independent based on the lands they were given.
- また、吸収源である森林が同年以降に都市化・農地化などで失われた分は排出量増加として算入される。
- Meanwhile decrease in forests, which are sources of absorption, caused by urbanization and/or conversion to agricultural lands and so on is converted and added on the amount of increase in the emissions.
- 具体的な根拠がないままの偽文書説だったが、九〇年代以降、宮本義己がこれに具体的な根拠を与えた。
- There were no concrete grounds for this theory of forgery, however, Yoshimi MIYAMOTO found concrete grounds to this in the 1990s and onwards.
- 以降、六角氏や京極氏と分かれながら、佐々木一族は戦国時代_(日本)に至るまで近江国を支配した。
- Afterwards the Sasaki clan, dividing into the Rokkaku clan and the Kyogoku clan, governed Omi Province until the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 明治以降には西川産業など企業として発展し、今日の大企業の中にも近江商人の系譜を引くものは多い。
- Many of the large-scale companies today, such as Nishikawa Sangyo which developed as a business enterprise after the Meiji period, have their origin as Omi shonin.
- またこれ以降中華人民共和国国内の反日が強まったとの見地から、行なうべきでなかったとの批判が強い。
- Furthermore, from the standpoint that anti-Japanese sentiment in China became stronger after the visit, lots of people criticized the visit, saying that it should not have been carried out.
- 大原栄敦(ひであつ)の子大原重度(しげたび)(1725年~1793年)以降は中納言を極官とする。
- After Hideatsu OHARA's son, Shigetabi OHARA (1725 - 1793), the highest court position appointed was Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
- 思想、道徳としての儒学は支配階級を中心に学ばれ、明治以降は一般庶民にも直接、間接に影響を与えた。
- Confucianism was studied for its morals and ethics mainly by the ruling class, and after the Meiji period, its influence was directly and indirectly exerted on the ordinary people.
- 鎌倉時代以降の服飾の簡略化に伴い一時期衰退していたが、明治時代になって皇族の装束として復活した。
- Wearing of uchiki and kouchigi temporarily declined with the simplification of dress after the Kamakura period, but they were revived as clothing for the royal family during the Meiji period.
- 明治17年(1884年)以降は、間近に控えた議会創設に備えて、立憲制に対応する諸制度を創設した。
- After 1884, the Emperor established various regulations for the constitution to prepare for the establishment of the Diet, which was drawing near.
- そして、平安時代以降になってそのような区別が薄れたため、一つに統合されていったと考えるのである。
- It says that the distinction of such types gradually faded away after the Heian period and they were unified.
- 結果として、1504年以降朝鮮に通交した日本国王使・王城大臣使の大半は偽使であると見られている。
- It could be concluded that most of the Kings of Japan envoys and the Ojo-daijin envoys dispatched to Korea after 1540 were pseudo envoys.
- 824年(天長元年)以降、国司(外官)だけでなく内官(在京の官吏)も勘解由使の監査対象となった。
- In 824 and later, naikan (officers living in Kyoto) in addition to kokushi (officers living outside Kyoto) were also audited by kageyushi.
- 関ヶ原の戦い以降から徳川家に仕え始めた外様大名(関ヶ原の戦いで東軍として戦った豊臣系大名も含む)
- Tozama daimyo, who began to serve the Tokugawa clan after the Battle of Sekigahara (including the Toyotomi-related daimyo who fought as the East squad in the Battle of Sekigahara).
- 八代将軍徳川吉宗は、江戸の開幕以降最大の幕政改革を行ない、「江戸幕府の中興の祖」と呼ばれている。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA conducted the largest-scale reformation of the shogunate government since its foundation, thus earning the title 'Restorer of the Edo bakufu.'
- しかし明治時代以降は肝心の首都機能を消失していることも確かで、首都に関する議論を複雑にしている。
- However, it is also true that Kyoto lost its function as a capital after the Meiji period, and the arguments regarding its status as a capital are complicated.
- 「東山」の呼称は古くは平安時代にも用いられたことがあるが、一般的になったのは室町時代以降である。
- Although the name 'Higashiyama' had been used in ancient time of the Heian period, it became popular since the Muromachi period.
- 測量技術が発達し湖の形が琵琶に似ていることが判った江戸時代中期以降、琵琶湖という名称が定着した。
- After the middle of the Edo period, when land-surveying techniques were developed and the shape of the lake turned out to look like a Japanese lute, the name of the lake became widely known as Lake Biwa.
- しかし、元寇以降は全国の武士に軍事動員をかける権限などを手にし、事実上全国を支配することとなる。
- But after the Mongol invasions, the bakufu assumed the right to mobilize all the warriors in the country, and with this achieved de facto control over the entire country.
- 慈光寺澄中(1713年~1795年)が従二位・左馬寮に叙せられて以降、従二位・非参議が極官となる。
- After Suminaka JIKOJI (1713 - 1795) was appointed to Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Samaryo (Left Division of Bureau of Horses), the highest court positions appointed were Junii (Junior Second Rank) and Hisangi (advisor at large).
- 従って明治以降の5家については、「旧摂家」或いは「旧摂関家」など「旧」を冠して呼称することが多い。
- Therefore, the five families after the Meiji era are now generally referred to as 'Old Sekke' or 'Old Sekkan Family,' with the prefix 'Old' as an addition.
- 近年は京舞の井上流と関係が深く、三世以降の井上八千代はいずれも片山九郎右衛門の妻あるいは娘である。
- In recent years it has kept the close ties with Inoue-ryu of Kyomai (Kyo dance), and the third and after Yachiyo INOUE, the head of the Inoue family, has been Kuroemon KATAOKA's wife or daughter.
- 少なくとも明治時代以降の謡曲本では「へ」の字型のものが使われ、2008年現在もそれを踏襲している。
- 'へ'-shaped marks were used at least in sheet music made after the Meiji period, and they are still being used as of 2008.
- 鎌倉時代以降、世尊寺流を中心に数多くの書流が形成されるが、その書流化により和様が形式化されていく。
- After the Kamakura period, many calligraphy schools were formed centered around the Sesonji School, and the Japanese style began to be formalized with it.
- なかでもサントリー(2009年4月1日以降はサントリー酒類)とニッカウヰスキーの2社が挙げられる。
- Among them, Suntory Holdings Limited (Suntory Liquors Limited since April 1, 2009) and THE NIKKA WHISKY DISTILLING CO., LTD. are especially noticeable.
- その後、八色の姓が制定されると、第15代の応神天皇以降の皇別の氏族には真人が与えられるようになる。
- After the eight honorary titles were issued, an Imperial Family with ancestors from after the era of the fifteenth Emperor Ojin, were give the surname of Mahito.
- 明治時代以降の歴史学者は士農工商の言葉を江戸時代の実際の身分制度を表すものと解釈するようになった。
- Historians after the Meiji period started to take the term shi-no-ko-sho as the real class system in the Edo period.
- なお、使節遵行が始まった鎌倉後期以降、使節遵行に係る費用は相論当事者である荘園領主の負担とされた。
- Since the late Kamakura period when the system of shisetsu jungyo began, the expenses associated with the shisetsu jungyo was at the lord of the manor's.
- 平安時代中期以降は、皇太子・三后以外の皇族(女院・親王・諸王)のものも令旨と呼ばれるようになった。
- In and after the mid Heian period, ryoji started to cover documents issued by other imperial families (nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Princesses, and Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) in addition to princes and sango.
- 時代が下ると荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代以降は、荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- As time passed, shokan started to become samurai, and from the Kamakura period and on, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed shokan to jito (managers and lords of a manor).
- 1928年4月17日には東京帝大が新人会に解散命令を出し、以降各帝国大学社研に解散命令が下された。
- Since April 17, 1928 when Tokyo Imperial University ordered Shinjin-kai (a student movement organization established at Tokyo Imperial University) to dismiss it, the Shaken of each Imperial University was ordered to be dismissed.
- 荘園が一円化して公領(国衙領)と対等な権利地位を獲得した11世紀以降の在地秩序を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
- The consolidation of manors allowed equal privileges and status with an Imperial demesne (or kokugaryo, a territory governed by a provincial government office) in the 11th century, and the land regularity in and after that century was called the shoen-koryo system.
- (信玄の軍師として知名度の高い山本勘助だが、一般的なイメージは江戸期以降の創作物によるものである。
- (Kansuke YAMAMOTO is famous as a military strategist for Shingen, but his general images were created in the Edo period and later.
- 1958年制定の計量法で尺貫法は公式の単位としては廃止され、以降商取引などの使用が禁止されている。
- By the new weights and measures system established in 1958, the traditional system of weights and measures was eliminated as official units and prohibited to use in business purposes after that.
- 1966年1月28日以降、三回にわたり強制執行がおこなわれたが、朝田府連の抵抗によって中止となる。
- On and after Janurary 28, 1966, the compulsory execution was carried out three times, but was stopped due to resistance from the Asada Furen.
- 秀長による太閤検地は天正13年閏8月から始まり、翌々年の同15年(1587年)秋以降に本格化する。
- Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) by Hidenaga began from September 1584 and shifted into full swing after the fall of 1587.
- 高度経済成長以降は盆地内の農地の宅地化が進み、大型団地が建つなど京都や大阪のベッドタウンとなった。
- In and after the high-growth period, the farmlands were steadily turned into lands for housing, in particular housing complexes, making it a commuter town for Kyoto and Osaka.
- 1637年の島原の乱以降は一揆は沈静化し、強訴や逃散など百姓一揆と呼ばれる闘争の形態が主流となる。
- Ikki uprisings abated after the Shimabara War of 1637, and a form of struggle called hyakusho ikki, including goso and chosan (farmer's desertion from his land as a form of resistance), began to comprise the majority of ikki.
- その後、梶井門跡(三千院)を継承し、康永3年/興国5年(1344年)以降天台座主に3度就任している。
- Afterward, he succeeded Kaji Monzeki (the head priest of Sanzen-in Temple), and took the post as the head priest of the Buddhist Tendai sect, three times after 1344.
- 皇位継承法説をとる場合には、桓武天皇以降の法がそれ以前と別の理解をされていたと説くことが通例である。
- Supporters of the imperial succession theory usually argue that the interpretation of laws during the reign of Emperor Kanmu, or later, differs from the way of the time before Emperor Kanmu.
- 828年(天長5年)に従四位下、以降宮内卿、刑部卿などを歴任し、842年(承和 9年)に参議になる。
- He was designated Jushiige (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) in 828, and assigned as Kunaikyo (Minister of the Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) and Gyobukyo (Minister of Justice), and later became a Sangi (Royal Advisors) in 842.
- 1947年(昭和22年)10月14日の旧11宮家皇籍離脱以降、王妃の身位に該当する皇族は存在しない。
- Since the secession from the Imperial Family of eleven of old Miyake (a house of an imperial prince) on October 14, 1947, there exists no Imperial Fmily who correspond to the Imperial Family standing of Princess.
- 土地を媒介とした国王・領主・家臣の間の緩い主従関係により形成され、近世以降の絶対王政の中で消失した。
- It consisted of loose, land mediated relations of master to servant among king, feudal lord, and retainer, and disappeared under absolute monarchy in the early-modern times.
- ただし、10両を1斤としたのは中華人民共和国となって以降のことで、それまでは16両を1斤としていた。
- But it was only in the age of People's Republic of China that 10 ryo was equalized with 1 kin, and until then, 16 ryo had been equalized with 1 kin.
- 弘化4年(1847年)10月18日に鋳造が再開され、これ以降大幅に増鋳され万延年間に最盛期を迎えた。
- After the minting was restarted on November 25, 1847, the number of minting was rapidly raised and it experienced its prime during the Manen era (1860 to 1861).
- また、同条の反対解釈により、日本国憲法の条規に反しない法令は、日本国憲法の施行日以降も効力を有する。
- Conversely, laws and ordinances which conformed to the provisions could be in effect even after the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan.
- 江戸時代は経済的にはめまぐるしい発展を遂げ、その資本の蓄積は、明治維新以降の経済発展の原動力となる。
- During the Edo period, the economy grew rapidly, and the accumulated capital contributed to the economic development following the Meiji Restoration.
- 小辺路沿道の吉野の山村では物資移送をもっぱら人力に頼っていたが、明治中期以降は馬を使うようになった。
- The locals of villages in the mountains of Yoshino along Kohechi depended on human power to carry goods, however, after the middle of the Meiji era, they used horses.
- これらの先進的な施策は功を奏し、人口は明治時代中期以降しばらく、毎年一万の増加を見せるようになった。
- With the success of these innovative measures, for a time after the middle of the Meiji period the population increased by 10,000 every year.
- 京都市は1980年代以降、三条大橋と四条大橋の中間に歩行者専用の新たな橋を架けることを計画している。
- Since the 1980's Kyoto City has planned to build a new footbridge over the Kamogawa River in the middle between the Sanjo Ohashi and Shijo Ohashi Bridges.
- 日本史の時代区分としての「戦国時代」という術語が一般でも広く使われるようになるのは、明治以降である。
- General use of the term 'Sengoku Period' as a section in the history of Japan was commenced only in the Meiji period.
- 明治時代以降に鉄道が敷設されたときに亀ノ瀬トンネルが掘られたが、軟弱地盤のため、崩壊して放棄された。
- When a railroad was constructed after the Meiji period, Kamenose tunnel was built, but the tunnel caved in due to the soft ground, and the railroad had to be abandoned.
- 現在の住所は、明治以降、廃寺、統合などで不動尊が移動しているので本来の結界の役を失ったといってよい。
- Because those designated Fudo-son statues have been relocated due to various circumstances such as that some temples became abolished or consolidated subsequent to the Meiji era, it can be said that the current addresses have lost their original role as kekkai (boundary between the sacred and worldly spaces).
- この法は『日本書紀』の天智天皇のくだりに見えず、『続日本紀』以降の諸書が引く天皇の詔の中で言及される。
- There is no citation for this code in the section about Emperor Tenchi of 'Nihonshoki,' but there are in various written materials referring to the edicts of the emperors after the period of 'Nihonshoki.'
- 古来より、神嘗祭には皇室から神宮に幣帛使が派遣されていたが、応仁の乱以降は中断されることも多くなった。
- Since the ancient times, the Imperial Family used to dispatch Heihakushi (a messenger who brings a sacramental strip of paper (silk)) to Ise-jingu Shrine on the Kannamesai, but the dispatch was often stopped after the Onin War.
- 里内裏(さとだいり)は、平安時代以降、平安宮内裏以外の邸宅を天皇の在所(皇居)として用いたものを指す。
- Satodairi means residences of the Emperor (imperial palaces) except for the dairi (the Emperor's residential compound) in Heian-kyu palace, used after the Heian period.
- 信重の復帰以降も国内の有力国人や守護代である跡部氏の専横や一族の内紛、周辺地域からの侵攻に悩まされた。
- After Nobumitsu restored it, the clan was still annoyed with the rebellion of influential local samurai, the arbitrary behavior of shugodai (deputy of shugo) Atobe clan, the strife inside the clan and the invasion by neighboring provinces.
- 587年8月、丁未の乱で朝廷軍に味方するがこれ以降史書に登場しないので丁未の変で戦死したと考えられる。
- He supported the Imperial army during the Teibi Incident in August, 587, but his name wasn't reported since then, it is assumed he died during Teibi Incident.
- 7月1日に『メリケンジャプ』、7月20日に『海辺のローマンス』が公開されて、それ以降は活動を停止した。
- Operations were ceased after releasing 'Merikan Jap' on July 1 and 'Umibe no Romansu' on July 20.
- 同年末、株式会社化以降の通算生産本数は、オール・トーキー22本とスペアとしてのサウンド版1本であった。
- As of the end of the year, aggregate number of films produced after the company became incorporated was 22 talkie films and one sound film which was taken as a spare film.
- 院政期以降に使用する生地に規定が出来て、式典などの晴れの舞台では織物、日常着には綾や薄物が使用された。
- Regulations dictating which fabrics could be used had been established since the period of cloistered rule, which stated that woven fabrics were to be worn during formal events and lightweight or twill fabrics were to be used for everyday wear.
- 登録の対象となるものは、原則として近代以降に普及したもので、生活用品、工業製品などの生活文化財である。
- Livelihood cultural properties, such as living wares and industrial commodities, which became popular since modern times, may be candidates for registry.
- また京大では沢柳総長辞任の1年後、荒木寅三郎医学部教授を総長として選出、以降総長の学内選出が確立した。
- One year after the resignation of Sawayanagi, Torasaburo ARAKI, a professor of the Medical Department, was selected as the president of Kyoto Imperial University, and since then successive presidents were selected from among professors.
- 浄瑠璃寺三重塔・一乗寺三重塔以降の三重塔では、心柱はすべて初重天井上の梁 (建築)から立つようになる。
- Regarding the three story pagodas constructed after the three storied pagoda of Joruri-ji Temple and that of Ichijo-ji Temple, a central pillar was put on hari (a beam) of the ceiling of the first-level tower (architecture).
- また天保8年(1837年)の一分銀発行以降はこれと区別するため「一分金」の名称が普及するようになった。
- After the issue of ichibu gin silver coin in 1837, the name 'ichibu kin' spread to distinguish from the gin silver coin.
- また、江戸時代後期には、一分金と等価の額面表記銀貨、一分銀が発行されて以降は一分金の発行高は激減した。
- Also in the late Edo period, ichibu gin silver coin which had equivalent face value as ichibu kin gold coin was issued and after that the issued amount of ichibu kin decreased dramatically.
- 家業の観念は、10世紀から11世紀にかけて貴族層に定着していき、11世紀以降、多くの「家」が生まれた。
- The concept of the family business became established in the noble class from the tenth to the eleventh century, and a number of 'clans' were arose after the eleventh century.
- 3代国信以降は若狭国、丹後国の両国を中心に領国経営を行う一方で幕府の出兵要請に応えて頻繁に京へ出兵する。
- The third head Kuninobu and subsequent heads frequently sent the army to Kyoto in response to a request from the bakufu while ruling Wakasa and Tango Provinces.
- またそれ以降の当主についても早世したもの以外は全員が大納言となる(それまでの園家は中納言が極官だった)。
- All family heads other than those that passed away young were appointed to Dainagon (Before that, kyokkan for the Sono family was Chunagon).
- 鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)の庭田重資(1306年 - 1389年)以降、権大納言を極官とする。
- From the time of Shigesuke NIWATA (1306 - 1389) onwards, between late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the top rank attained by the family was the Junior Chief Councillor of State.
- また六位以下も烏油のかわりに色々な雑石を使用することがはじまり、延暦年間以降これが公認されるようになる。
- Officials of the rokui (Sixth Rank) or lower began to use a variety of stones instead of black lacquer and their use was officially approved in the Enryaku era.
- 観世銕之亟 (かんぜ・てつのじょう) は能楽観世流宗家観世家の分家当主がもっぱら明治以降名乗っている名。
- Tetsunojo KANZE is the name used mostly after the Meiji period, by the head of a branch family of the Kanze family, the head family of Kanze school of Nohgaku.
- 俳名(はい-みょう)は、本来俳号と同義であるが、江戸時代中期以降の芸能分野において次のように用いられた。
- Haimyo is originally synonymous with Haigo (the pen name of a haiku poet), but it was used as follows in the field of public entertainment after the mid Edo period:
- 明治の廃刀令以降、刀剣の飾りとしての需要はなくなったが、帯締めの用途を中心に和服の装身具として定着した。
- Although the demand for braided cord as a decoration of swords had been diminished after the decree banning the wearing of swords in the Meiji period, it became established as a kimono accessory used mainly for obijime.
- 明治以降上演が途絶えていたが、1910(明治43)年、二代目市川左團次が岡鬼太郎の脚本をもとに復活上演。
- It was not played during Meiji Era, but in 1910 Sadanji ICHIKAWA revived the play based on the book written by Onitaro OKA.
- また、春日造の一種とみられる隅木入春日造(熊野造)は、熊野信仰の伝播により中世以降、日本全国に広まった。
- Sumigiiri kasuga-zukuri style (kumano-zukuri style) which was regarded as one type of kasuga-zukuri style, also spread throughout Japan after the medieval period due to propagation of Kumano belief.
- 平安時代から「知行」の語が使用され始め、以降、各時代ごとに「知行」の意味する範囲は微妙に変化していった。
- Use of the term, chigyo, started during the Heian period, and the range of control indicated by 'chigyo' varied depending on each era.
- 平安時代中期以降、貴族の女性は親兄弟といえどもみだりに異性に顔を見せてはいけない、という習慣が定着した。
- From the mid-Heian Period, it was an established custom for noble women not to show their faces to the opposite sex, even if it was their father or brother.
- 関ヶ原の戦い以降、江戸時代を通じて外様大名127家、親藩・譜代大名121家の計248家が改易されている。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara through the Edo period, a total of 248 families consisting of 127 Tozama Daimyo families and 121 Shinpan and Fudai Daimyo families were subject to kaieki.
- 『日本三代実録』に続くもので、宇多天皇の877年以降、近衛天皇(在位1141年-1155年)までを扱う。
- The book continues on 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), and it covers from the time of Emperor Uda (from 877) to the time of Emperor Konoe (reigned: 1141-1155).
- 以降、徳川慶喜が降伏恭順に徹したため、反抗を続ける旧幕府勢力は糾合の核を欠き、戦力の結集が行えなかった。
- Afterwards, since Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA lived in surrender and obedience, the former Shogunate forces, which had still continued to rebel, lost the core of the movement and were unable to unite their forces.
- 小和田哲男は堀と同様の解釈をとりながら、5月4日以降に将軍任官を考えたのではないかとの見解を示している。
- Tetsuo OWADA with the same interpretation as Hori's presented that Nobunaga probably thought of accepting the title of the Shogun after May 4 (old calendar).
- そこで、これ以降の「初め定める法」は本来の不改常典から変質したと考える説や、まったく別物だとする説もある。
- Then, some theories argue that 'the law conceived and established for the first time' is a code modified from the original Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, while others insist that it is a completely different one.
- 初代・大納言梅小路定矩以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米50石であったが、明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
- After the first generation Dainagon (chief councilor of state), Sadanori UMEGAKOJI, their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was fifty koku in warehouse rice; later, during the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and conferred upon the title of viscount.
- もとは宮廷絵師であったが、第十二世永有が興福寺大乗院の絵仏師になって以降、子孫と絵仏師として家系を繋いだ。
- The family started out as court painters, but the 12th head, Nagamochi, became a priest painter of Buddhist images in Kofuku-ji Temple, and his descendants continued in the same profession.
- 唐橋在豊(1391年 - 1464年)以降、唐橋家は中務省・大学寮・大学寮等を経て、権大納言を極官とした。
- From the time of Aritoyo KARAHASHI (1391 - 1464) onwards, the Karahashi family provided an official of Department of the Imperial Palace, a Professor of Literature, and a Director of the Bureau of Education, with the top rank attained being Junior Chief Councillor of State.
- 斯波義重は1399年の応永の乱における大内氏討伐の功により越前国・尾張国の守護職を与えられ、以降世襲する。
- In recognition of his conquest of the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion of 1399, Yoshishige SHIBA was appointed as Shugoshiki (military governor) of Echizen and Owari provinces which was kept in the order of succession after that.
- 彫三島 - 古三島とは異なり、江戸時代以降日本からの注文で製作された、地紋が浮き彫り状ないし象嵌様のもの。
- Hori-mishima: unlike ko-mishima bowls, these were ordered from Japan from the Edo period onwards and had an embossed or inlayed pattern.
- それ以降初春を寿ぐ祝祭劇として、更にさまざまな演出が行われるようになり、一千種ともいわれる派生型ができた。
- Since then, it has been performed as a festive play to celebrate the coming spring, and there are different versions, which is said to be as much as 1,000 versions, of various renditions.
- 後光明以降は、直系男子への継承を基本として、継承者が未成人などの場合に中継ぎとしての女帝が擁立されていた。
- After the era of Emperor Gokomyo, although the basic rule for Imperial succession was for a male Imperial member to succeed to the throne, there were some female Empresses that temporarily succeeded, in case the other candidates were too young to become Emperor.
- また倒幕以降について回るようになった「悪」のイメージも手伝って、代官が悪役として登場することが多くなった。
- Helped by the 'evil' image which has been involved since the overthrowing the Shogunate, bailiffs have often appeared as a villain.
- 寛治7年(1093年)以降、春日社の神霊を移した神木(榊)を奉じて上洛する「神木動座」もたびたび行われた。
- Also, after 1093, 'shinboku-doza,' in which shinboku [sacred tree] to which the divine spirit shifted, was brought and presented to the capital, was often held.
- 4年「今より以降国郡に長を立て、県邑に首を置かむ。即ち当国の幹了しき者を取りて、其の国郡の首長に任ぜよ。」
- Year 4 'Appoint heads of provinces and districts, install chiefs of territories and villages; appoint the ruler of this province as head of that province and district.'
- 明治以降では初の平民の皇太子妃であり、また結婚に至る過程が報道されたこともあって市民からは熱烈に歓迎された。
- The new Crown Princess received an enthusiastic welcome from the nation, because she was the first commoner to be the Crown Princess after the Meiji period, as well as the process to the marriage had been reported.
- 但し高階氏に関しては、天武天皇の雲孫(8代孫)に当たる高階師尚が養子なので、以降天武天皇血筋は継いでいない。
- However, as for the Takashina clan, because TAKASHINA no Morohisa, the eighth generation decedent of the Emperor Tenmu, was an adopted son, the line of Emperor Tenmu stopped there.
- 若狭には8世紀以降使用されていたと思われる製塩施設が、船岡遺跡・岡津遺跡(旧・大飯郡)などで発見されている。
- In Wakasa Province, salt manufacturing facilities that seemed to be used after the eighth century have been found in the Funaoka site and the Okozu site (formerly Oi County).
- 大内氏とは対立関係にあり、応仁の乱でも東軍方について参戦、以降戦国時代まで尼子氏らと組んで大内氏に対抗した。
- As the clan was in rivalry with the Ouchi clan, it sided with the eastern forces in the Onin War and continued to confront the Ouchi clan, until the Sengoku period, in alliance with the Amako clan.
- 厚額は本来大臣以上にのみ許されていたものであるが、平安時代末期以降は単に年長者用の冠へと位置づけが変化した。
- Originally, only people at daijin (minister) or higher positions were allowed to use atsubitai, but after the end of the Heian period, the role of atsubitai had changed and they became caps simply for elder people.
- 戦国時代 (日本)以降になると、急激に廃れ、既存の板碑も廃棄されたり、用水路の蓋などに転用されたものもある。
- In the Sengoku period they rapidly died out, and some of existing itahi were disposed or turned into lids of irrigation ditches, etc.
- その不安定さは、平治の乱以降、いよいよ高まったというのが、その後の平家側佐竹義宗の相馬御厨寄進として現れる。
- The donation of Soma-mikuriya by Yoshimune SATAKE, who was on the side of the Taira family, thereafter indicates the increasing instability since the Heiji War.
- 以降、御恩と奉公の関係性は、鎌倉幕府の成立基盤として機能し続け、その後の室町幕府や江戸幕府にも引き継がれた。
- After that, the relationships of 'goon and hoko' continued functioning as a base for establishing the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were inherited by the later Muromachi bakufu and Edo bakufu as well.
- またオホド王の登場以降、東北から南九州に及ぶ地域の統合が急速に進み、政治的な統一がなされたとする見解がある。
- Also, it can be seen that the regions between Tohoku and southern Kyushu rapidly consolidated and became politically unified after the time of King Ohodo.
- しかし消費税が3%から5%に増税された1997年以降はあまり必要性が無くなったため製造量を減らし始めている。
- Since 1997, when the consumption tax was increased from 3% to 5%, however, their need has decreased and so has their mintage.
- この時、以降の祇園甲部の舞いは井上流に限るとする取り決めが為され、現在まで祇園の舞は井上流一筋となっている。
- It was agreed at that time that the 'Gion Kobu no Mai' (Gion Kobu's dance) would be choreographed only by the Inoue School of Dance and it has still remained this way.
- 明治以降編入された愛宕郡、葛野郡及び紀伊郡の旧村の区域は、現在は大部分が中京区、東山区及び南区に属している。
- Large part of the former villages of Otagi County, Kadono County, and Kii County currently belong to Nakagyo Ward, Higashiyama Ward, or Minami Ward.
- 明治以降、汽船や鉄道の発達によって県内での物流の積み替え需要は激減し、長らく物流が通過するだけの県となった。
- After the Meiji period, the development of steamer lines and railroads decreased the demand for transhipment goods drastically, which made Shiga a prefecture through which goods only passed for a long time.
- 下国家は安東政季以降、津軽と隣接する出羽国檜山郡 (出羽国)を本拠地とし、津軽帰還を試みたが果たせなかった。
- From the generation of Masasue ANDO, the Shimonokuni family, settled in Hiyama Country of Dewa Province (Dewa Province), an adjoining area of Tsugaru, was keen to return to the Tsugaru region, but the family could not realize this wish.
- 17代菊池武朝は肥後国守護の地位を確保して阿蘇惟政とともに了俊と和睦し、それ以降天下の形勢は静謐に向かった。
- The 17th head, Taketomo KIKUCHI, secured his position as Shugo of Higo Province, and reconciled with Ryoshun, with Koremasa ASO, and thereafter the warring state came to be stabilized.
- 筆頭にあげられた「皇別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以降、天皇家から分かれた氏族のことで、335氏が挙げられている。
- The 335 clan names of 'Kobetsu', which were listed at the top of the register, comprised clans that had branched out from the Imperial Family after the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- 結局、後光厳の系統は称光の代で途絶え、次の後花園天皇(崇光の曾孫)以降、皇位は崇光系が受け継ぐこととなった。
- As a result, the Gokogon line ended with Shoko and the next Emperor Gohanazono (Suko's great-grandson), continued on under the Suko line.
- 継体天皇以降は、大和国の勢力と越前国や近江国など北方の豪族の勢力が一体化し、ヤマト王権の力が国内で強くなった。
- After the reign of Emperor Keitai, the force in Yamato Province and the forces of local ruling families in Echizen province, Omi Province, and other northern areas were unified, which strengthened the power of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) in Japan.
- 確実性を増してからの書紀の記述による限り、天皇に和風諡号を追号するようになったのは6世紀の半ば以降と見られる。
- According to descriptions of Nihonshoki after it increased certainty, it seems to be after the middle of the sixth century when it began to give a Japanese-style posthumous name to the Emperor.
- 明治時代以降、他の皇室慶弔行事と同じように、即位の礼の日はその年限りの国民の祝日となることが慣例となっている。
- After the Meiji period, it became custom that the day of the Sokui no rei becomes a national holiday only for that year like other Imperial-Family congratulations-and-condolences events.
- 明治維新以降、国民の間では民法の影響で一夫一妻制が浸透したので、皇族や貴族の中においても一夫一妻制が広まった。
- Since monogamy spread through the people of the country from the influence of civil law after the Meiji Restoration, it also spread through Imperial family and nobility.
- 江戸時代に入り正保4年(1647年)に幣帛使の発遣が復活して以降、今日まで途切れることなく発遣が行われている。
- Since the dispatch of the Heihakushi started again in 1647 in Edo period, the dispatch has continued until now.
- 室町時代の高辻継長(1414年-1475年)以降は文章博士・大学寮・式部省を経て大納言を極官とするようになる。
- After Tsunenaga TAKATSUJI (1414 - 1475) during the Muromachi period, the highest appointed court position was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after serving as monjo hakase (professor of literature) and in Daigakuryo and Shikibusho.
- また、信長公記では元亀3年7月までの記述では木下藤吉郎であったが、9月以降の記述では「羽柴秀吉」となっている。
- Additionally, the name 'Tokichiro KINOSHITA' was used in Shincho koki (Biography of the Warlord Oda Nobunaga) up to August 1572, while 'Hideyoshi HASHIBA' was shown after October 1572.
- なお8代将軍吉宗以降は、御三家を模した御三卿が創設され、御三家と共に将軍家の嗣子を出す役目を担うことになった。
- After the eighth shogun Yoshimune, Gosankyo, which was modeled after Gosanke, was established and served to offer heirs to the shogun family along with Gosanke.
- しかし朝鮮中期以降は初期と比べて短命であるとか、傍系承統で峰位であり賃金が相対的に高かったため王権が失墜した。
- However, sovereignty dropped because life got shorter in the middle period of Korean dynasty compared to the early period, the collateral line succeeded to the throne and the wage was relatively high.
- さて、白河院政の後期以降、院への荘園寄進が非常に集中するようになり、天皇家は莫大な経済基盤を得ることとなった。
- After the late era of Retired Emperor Shirakawa's government, there were many donations of private estates (owned by a noble, a temple or a shrine) to the retired Emperor's Palace, it caused the Imperial Palace to have an enormous financial base.
- 明治時代以降の臣籍降下では、生家の宮号と同じ氏を用いる例があった(山階芳麿侯爵・久邇邦久侯爵・伏見博英伯爵)。
- After the Meiji period, some examples can be seen where they kept the same original Miyago when they were demoted from nobility to subject. (Marquis Yoshimaro YAMASHINA, Marquis Kunihisa KUNI, Count Hirohide FUSHIMI).
- この傾向は大名領国制への以降とともに日本全国規模で確立され、幕藩体制を経て明治の版籍奉還・秩禄処分まで続いた。
- This trend spread throughout Japan as the daimyo ryogokusei system (daimyo control over provinces) was introduced, and observed through bakuhan taisei (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains) until hanseki hokan (surrender of the domain registers to the emperor) and chitsuroku shobun (abolish hereditary stipend) were carried out.
- 朱雀期以降、律令制的人別支配を前提とする班田収授が実施されていないことなどが、この政策転回の存在を示している。
- This policy change was proven by the fact that the government ceased to conduct handen shuju (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), whose premise was people-based governance under the Ritsuryo system, since the Suzaku era.
- 17世紀半ば以降、このような制度は崩れていき、石高を所有し入会地・用水管理などの資格を持つ者が百姓と呼ばれた。
- After the middle of the 17th century, such a system collapsed gradually and those who had their own harvesting lands and were members of the village community's lands and water management, were called Hyakusho.
- 水呑百姓(みずのみびゃくしょう)は、江戸時代以降、在方の人別に加わりつつ、石高を所持しない無高の者を指す呼称。
- Mizunomi Byakusho (water drinking peasant) refer to those who did not have their own harvesting lands, although they were in the census register, since the Edo period.
- 西大寺は室町時代の文亀2年(1502年)の火災で大きな被害を受け、現在の伽藍はすべて江戸時代以降の再建である。
- Saidai-ji Temple suffered a serious damage in the Muromachi period in 1502 and all of buildings existing today were rebuilt in the Edo period and later.
- 廃刀令以降、1877年の薩摩士族の反乱である西南戦争まで、各地で新政府の政策に不平を唱える士族反乱が起こった。
- Shizoku no hanran (a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors) was instigated by families or persons who were the ancestors of samurai and complained about the new government's policies in various parts of the country after the issue of a decree banning the wearing of swords, until 1877 when Seinan War, a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors in Satsuma, occurred.
- 1889年(明治22年)には、この日を期して大日本帝国憲法が発布され、これ以降、憲法発布を記念する日にもなった。
- In 1889 the day was chosen to proclaim the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and since then it has become the day to commemorate the promulgation of the constitution.
- 第10代崇神天皇以降は、多くの場合その陵墓の所在地には、考古学の年代観とさほど矛盾しない大規模な古墳が存在する。
- There are huge burial mounds consistent in appearance with the archaeological chronology at the locations of mausoleums built for Sujin, the tenth emperor, and later.
- 以降、直木は映画に傾倒し、翌年3月には奈良で映画製作プロダクション「連合映画芸術家協会」を旗揚げすることになる。
- Since then, Naoki grew seriously involved in film making and in March of the following year, he went as far as to start a film production company 'Rengo Eiga Geijutsuka Kyokai' (United Film Artists Association) in Nara Prefecture.
- この映画の影響によって、以降時代劇における白面の正義の味方と宗十郎頭巾とは切っても切り離せない関係になってゆく。
- Influenced by the movie, the fair-skinned champion of justice and Sojuro-zukin became an inseparable match in the historical drama after that.
- 古くから型染め技法を使って着物を制作していた京都だが、型染めを駆使した小紋生産が隆盛したのは明治時代以降である。
- Although various types of kimono had been manufactured using a stencil dyeing technique in Kyoto for a long time, it was after the Meiji period that komon production, fully employing stencil dyeing, flourished.
- これは、1972年以降、鯛船の廃止で「長柄流」がマスコミに取り上げられる回数が激減したことと無関係ではなかろう。
- This is apparently related to the dramatic decrease in numbers for 'Nagae-style,' no longer played up by the media since the dedication ritual on the sea bream ship was abandoned in 1972.
- 『扶桑略記』は寛治8年(1094年)以降の堀河天皇代に比叡山功徳院の僧皇円が編纂したとされる私撰の歴史書である。
- 'Fuso Ryakki' is a history book privately selected that is believed to be compiled by Priest Koen in Kudoku-in temple on Mt. Hiei during the generation of Emperor Horikawa after 1094.
- 成立したのは久安6年(1150年)以降で、平治の乱によって信西が死んだことにより未定稿であるうえ、散逸も著しい。
- It was completed after 1150, but was not finished due to the death of Shinzei during the Heiji War; furthermore, some parts are missing.
- 以降と言いながら、時代を遡ってしまうが、1972年の段階で、既に「より総合的な視点が」という指摘はなされていた。
- The title indicates the trend after the theory, but it should be noted that even in 1972 before the theory was out, there was indication among scholars that 'more comprehensive view' was needed.
- 財閥解体以降も、銀行・証券・商社などさまざまな会社に分割されつつも、バブル経済のころまでは絶大な経済力を持った。
- Although zaibatsu were dissolved and divided into banks, securities companies, trading companies, etc, they retained overwhelming economic power until around the bubble economy era.
- 坂本賞三らはこの時期を王朝国家体制の変質期であるとして、同時期以前を前期王朝国家、以降を後期王朝国家と区分する。
- Shozo SAKAMOTO etc. defined this period as the changing period of the Dynastic polity and based on it, they separate the Dynastic polity period into the early Dynastic polity period and the late Dynastic polity period.
- 今谷明は、足利義満が明に「日本国王」に冊封されたことを重視して、以降の義満の御教書を「国王御教書」と呼んでいる。
- In emphasis of the fact that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was conferred the title of 'King of Japan' by the Emperor of Ming, Akira IMATANI called Yoshimitsu's Migyosho 'Migyosho of a King.'
- 仮に達成できなかった場合、2013年以降の削減目標にペナルティが上乗せされるなどの罰則の適用を受けることになる。
- If the goal is not achieved, the country is expected to be punished, for instance, a penalty is imposed to be added on the reduction target after 2013.
- そのため、室町時代以降の新興の中・下級武士たちの間では、再び名田を単位とした名字の名乗りが一般的になっていった。
- This made the surname forming based on myoden popular again among samurai warriors in the newly-rising middle and lower classes from the Muromachi period onwards.
- 歴史的には国府の方が先行し、8世紀にはもっぱら国府という言葉が用いられ、平安時代後期以降に国衙が一般的になった。
- Historically, the word 'Kokufu' spread earlier than 'Kokuga,' therefore the word 'Kokufu' was mainly used in the eighth century, while 'Kokuga' was mainly used after the late Heian period.
- 以降に刊行された書籍などでは、この連載記事により選定された「三十六峰」をもって「東山三十六峰」とすることが多い。
- Since then, in many cases, publications including books would assume 'the 36 mountains' selected by this article as 'Higashiyama Sanju-Roppo.'
- 延喜式によれば、天皇の即位がその年の7月以前の場合にはその年に、8月以降の場合には翌年に行われることになっていた。
- According to the Engishiki, the Onie no matsuri Festival was solemnized in same year as the emperors' enthronement if it took place before July, but was solemnized in the following year if the enthronement was held after August.
- 明治以降の皇室及び過去の皇室の伝統にならい、皇室による社会福祉や教育など社会的な活動として、「ご公務」が行われる。
- Observing the tradition of the imperial families in the past, especially after the Meiji period, the current Family is engaged in social activities in welfare, education and the like as 'public activities.'
- 江戸時代になって白川家は伯家神道を称して吉田家に対抗するも、寺社法度が制定されて以降は吉田家の優位は動かなかった。
- In the Edo period, the Shirakawa family called itself 'Hakke Shinto' and competed with the Yoshida family, but after Jisha Hatto (Act governing temples and shrines) was enacted, the superiority of the Yoshida family could not be offset.
- しかしそれ以降、八田は勝見作品以上にマキノの現代劇の主力として、人見吉之助監督とのコンビを中心に19本を執筆した。
- Later on, Hotta went on to write nineteen scripts, teaming up with assistant director Kichinosuke HITOMI as a main scriptwriter of Makino's contemporary dramas rather than working on Katsumi's films.
- 1926年以降、引掛桟瓦は当時の内務省 (日本)の奨励により瓦葺きに用いる標準的なものとして現在も用いられている。
- Since 1926, Hikkake sangawara has been used as a standard tile for roofing due to encouragement by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs of that time, and they are still used today.
- 2代杖信は閑院宮の茶頭を務め、以降公家との関わりが強かったが、3代有斐の亡きあと嗣子の礼座が早世したため断絶する。
- With Joshin, the second tea master, serving as a sado (a person in charge of the tea ceremony) for Kaninnomiya (one of the Imperial families), the relationship with court nobles had deepened since then, but after the death of the third head, Yuri, the premature death of the following heir Reiza caused the extinction of the Omori family line.
- 承久の乱以降、治天がそれ以前と同等の権力を有することはなく、重要事項は幕府と協議した上で決定することが常態化した。
- After the Jokyu War, Chiten did not have absolute political authority like it use to have, it became common to have meetings with the bakufu to decide an important issue.
- 王朝の語は、戦前期より、鎌倉時代以降を武家時代と称したのに対し奈良時代・平安時代を王朝時代と称したことに由来する。
- The term 'dynastic' derives from the fact that the Nara period and the Heian period were collectively called Dynastic periods in the pre-War period while the Kamakura period and subsequent periods were collectively called Feudal periods.
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- こうした梁の傾向は戊戌政変後に日本に亡命して以降顕著となるが、それは彼が当時求めていた国民国家創出と深く関係する。
- Liang Qichao more clearly showed this tendency when he lived in exile in Japan after the 1898 coup over the Hundred Days' Reforms; this tendency was closely tied with the creation of a nation-state that he sought at that time.
- 若草山山頂への車のアクセスは奈良奥山ドライブウェイの利用に限られる(新若草山コース:510円/22時以降は無料)。
- The access to the top of Mt. Wakakusa by car is restricted to the use of Nara Okuyama Toll Road (New Mt. Wakakusa course: 510 yen, free of charge after 22 pm).
- 承久の乱以降、足利氏は三河国内に多くの所領を得たが、長氏の吉良氏はその中でも総指揮・監督権を委ねられる立場にある。
- After the Jokyu War, the Ashikaga clan received much of the shoryo (territory) within Mikawa Province, but Osauji of the Kira clan was the position to be entrusted as the supreme commander and the supervisor among them.
- 応仁の乱以降の乱れた世相を、当時の公家が古代中国の「春秋戦国時代」の乱世になぞらえ「戦国の世」と表現したのが語源。
- The word origin was the expression 'sengoku no yo (period of warring states)' by the court nobles at that time comparing the troubled social conditions since the Onin Disturbance to the troubled times in the 'Chunqiu and Zhanguo periods (Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period)' in ancient China.
- 南北朝の動乱以降、荘園制が崩れてくると、荘園領主である貴族や寺社の資金繰りが苦しくなり、土倉・酒屋に借金を重ねる。
- After the battle between the Southern and Northern Courts and the ensuing collapse of the manorial system, nobles, temples or shrines which served as manor lords faced financial difficulties, and many used the services of doso-sakaya.
- 嫡系皇位継承法説の根拠としては、文武以降の皇位継承が嫡系継承であること、律令が嫡系主義をとっていることが挙げられる。
- Imperial Legitimate Child Succession Code Theory stands on the basis that since after Monmu, the Imperial Throne had been succeeded by imperial legitimate children, and that Ritsuryo (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian Periods) support the legitimate child succession principle.
- 制度としての宮中祭祀が確立して以降の天皇では明治天皇や大正天皇はあまり熱心ではなく、侍従らが代拝するのが主であった。
- After the Court rituals were institutionalized, both Emperor Meiji and Emperor Taisho were not so interested in them, and chamberlains usually worshipped on behalf of the Emperor.
- 鎌倉時代は一条家が九条流の嫡流であったが、室町中期以降、九条家の地位が上昇し、一条家、九条家が九条流の嫡流とされた。
- The Ichijo Family was the legitimate blood of Kujo-ryu during the Kamakura era, but after the middle Muromachi period the position of the Kujo Family was elevated and the Ichijo and Kujo families were considered to be the legitimate blood of Kujo-ryu.
- 準則は、増補では明確でなかった皇玄孫以降の子孫たちが順次臣籍に降下してゆく基準を具体的・機械的に定めるものであった。
- The regulation was to set the process of how descendants of the great-great grandchildren of the Imperial Family were to be demoted from nobility to subject, practically and automatically one after another, which was not covered in the expanded revised regulation.
- 上皇(治天の君)-天皇の形態は男系での皇位継承を非常に安定させる形態だったが、明治以降、上皇の存在は廃止されている。
- The retired Emperor (Chiten no kimi) - the form of the succession to the Emperor was in secure form and it was passed on by the male members of the Imperial family, however the position of the retired Emperor itself was abolished.
- 第二次世界大戦後の食糧難時代以降になると、流通保存技術の進歩もあって限られた流通圏を越え、日本中に鯨肉食が広まった。
- During and after the food shortage era after World War II, whale meat became to be eaten throughout Japan, helped by development of meat preservation technique on distribution route as well, beyond the boundaries of former limited distribution areas.
- 明治時代以降に近代捕鯨基地として使われた宮城県牡鹿町鮎川浜(現石巻市)などでは、鯨肥生産が地場産業として栄えていた。
- In Ayukawahama, Oshika Town, (present Ishinomaki City), Miyagi prefecture, used as a modern whaling base from the Meiji period, Geihi production flourished as a local industry.
- しかし、織田氏の同盟者である三河国の徳川家康は長篠以降、武田氏に対し攻勢を強め、勝頼はたびたび出兵を余儀なくされた。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of Mikawa Province, who was an ally of the Oda clan, intensified his offensive after the Battle of Nagashino, forcing Katsuyori to frequently send his troops to battle.
- これ以降、朝廷は治天・天皇を決定する際は必ず幕府の意向を確認するようになり、幕府と朝廷の立場が逆転したことを物語る。
- The Imperial Court subsequently came to ask the opinion of the bakufu when deciding who would be Chiten or Emperor, which meant that the tables had been turned between the bakufu and Imperial Court.
- 明治時代以降は、町中で諸方面の商品を扱うよろずや的な要素を高めていき、人々の生活と切っても切り離せない存在となった。
- In the Meiji period and later, these sake retail shops came to be provided with general store-like factors, becoming a place inseparable from lives of the general public.
- 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝という唐代の銭貨の質量が、質量の単位基準として用いられ、それを「銭」(せん)と呼んだ。
- In China, a copper coin called Kai Yuan Tong Bao was minted for the first time in the age of the Tang dynasty, and from the age of Northern Sung dynasty, the coin's weight began to be used as a weight unit called 'sen' (in piyin, 'qian').
- 4世紀後葉より以前ヤマトの王の墓はヤマト(奈良盆地)に営まれていたが、それ以降は河内平野に築かれることが多くなった。
- Until the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato Kingdom's royal tombs were situated in Yamato (the Nara Basin), but after that, the majority were built in the Kawachi Plain.
- - 東京帝国大学文科大学史料編纂掛(東京大学史料編纂所)により編纂が続けられており、六国史以降の史料をまとめている。
- - Representing a collection of historical materials dating from the era of the Six National Histories, it was (and is) in the process of compilation for many years by the Office of Historiography in the Faculty of Letters at Tokyo Imperial University (today's Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo).
- このような状況下、前年の八月十八日の政変以降影響力を減退していた尊王攘夷派の中心・長州藩では、京都への進発論が沸騰。
- Under these circumstances, in Choshu domain, which had been the center of the Sonno Joi Movement but started to wane after the Coup of August 18 in the previous year, debate began over a proposed move to Kyoto.
- その後、多田の地は満仲の長子であった源頼光とその子・源頼国が継承し、頼国の五男・源頼綱以降、嫡流が「多田」を号した。
- Afterward, the real estate in Tada was inherited by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu (the eldest son of Mitsunaka), and then by MINAMOTO no Yorikuni (the son of Yorimitsu), and from MINAMOTO no Yoritsuna (the fifth son of Yorikuni) the lineage of the eldest son succeeded to the family name of 'Tada.'
- 1988年以降は京滋バイパスや第二京阪道路や京奈和自動車道が相次いで開通し、自動車交通のアクセスも改善されつつある。
- Since 1988, KEIJI BY-PASS, the second Keihan road and KEINAWA EXPRESSWAY have opened one after another, improving access to the area by vehicle.
- 雑賀党の鈴木氏が本格的に歴史にあらわれるのは「雑賀孫市」の通称で知られる鈴木孫一が活躍した16世紀の中頃以降である。
- The Suzuki clan of Saigato came to be mentioned frequently in history as from the mid-16th century, when Magoichi SUZUKI, commonly known as 'Magoichi SAIGA' took an active role.
- 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
- After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
- そればかりか、室町時代以降は院号の上位の号として院殿号や寺殿号が成立するなど、戒名としての院号は第二位の称号となった。
- Moreover, after the Muromachi period, Indengo and Jidengo came into being as higher rank titles, and Ingo as Kaimyo became the second rank.
- しかし氏信は1368年(応安元年)に幕府によって守護職を解任され、以降安芸守護職は今川氏や細川氏等の足利一門が担った。
- Ujinobu was removed by the bakufu from the position of shugo in 1368 and the clans of Ashikaga side, such as the Imagawa clan and the Hosokawa clan, served as shugo.
- 官位は五条高長の子供五条長経(1242年-1315年)以降、大学寮・文章博士・式部省を経て中納言・大納言を極官とする。
- As for official court rank after Takanaga GOJO's son, Nagatsune GOJO (1242 - 1315), the highest court appointments given were Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after being appointed through Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies).
- 芸風は特に上京以降、和泉流のやわらかさを残しつつ瀟洒で洗練を経た風をつよめ、俗に「江戸前狂言」などと呼ばれたりもする。
- After they moved to Tokyo, their performances changed to enhance their smart and refined style while retaining the characteristic softness of the Izumi school, and it is sometimes called ' Edomae (Tokyo style) kyogen.'
- 鮮魚類が大量に流通・消費され、漁村に大きな利益をもたらすようになるのは明治期以降、保存技術が進歩してからのことである。
- In the Meiji period and later, preservation technology advanced so that more and more fresh fishes were distributed and consumed, this brought big profits to fishing villages.
- 禅僧が修行を終えた弟子に自分の肖像画(頂相)に画讃をいれて、弟子に与える習慣が、鎌倉時代以降、禅宗とともに導入された。
- The practice of a Zen monk giving his portrait (or called Chinzo) with gasan to his disciple after he had completed ascetic training was introduced together with the Zen sect after the Kamakura period.
- 近世以降、所従の語は余り使われなくなり隷属民の呼称としては武家、農家にかかわらず下人の称が多く用いられるようになった。
- After the early-modern times, the designation Shoju became gradually obsolete, while the word Genin became used frequently as a designation of slaves whether their masters were military families or farmers.
- 江戸時代以降となると、将軍の絶対的な権力の下で直臣たる近世大名と陪臣である家臣団の関係はより絶対的な主従関係となった。
- During the Edo period when the Shogun held absolute authority, relations between Kinsei daimyo (early modern lords), who were Jikishin (great vassals), and their Kashindan, who were Baishin (indirect vassals), became a categorical master-subordinate relationship.
- 朱引きは明治以降も存続し、数度の改正を経て、最終的には旧墨引に近い形となり郡区町村編制法施行時に旧東京15区となった。
- The practice of 'shubiki' continued into the Meiji Period; After several revisions the shubiki areas assumed a shape similar to those of sumibiki areas, and the administrative boundaries of the fifteen wards of Old Tokyo were finalized in accordance to the promulgation of the County-Ward-Township-Village Organization Act.
- 京都議定書の定める2012年以降の枠組みについては、「ポスト京都議定書」として国際的な話し合いがされている段階である。
- As for the framework defined by Kyoto Protocol after 2012, international meetings are being held to set a 'Post Kyoto Protocol.'
- このため、既存の森林についても 1990年以降に適切な管理を行うことで、その森林を吸収分として算入できるようになった。
- Accordingly, existing forests which have been appropriately managed since 1990 can be put into the amount as a sink.
- 規制以降入山するには、予め申し込んで有料の認定証を取得し、入山当日は大台ヶ原ビジターセンターで講義を受ける必要がある。
- After implementation of the restriction, climbers are required to apply for the paid entry to the mountain in advance to obtain a permit, and to take a lecture at the Odaigahara visitor center on the day of entry to the mountain.
- 17世紀後半以降の近世になると畿内近国の町人たちによる参詣記が見られ、小辺路の詳しい様子を知ることができるようになる。
- In the early-modern period, especially after the latter half of the 17th century, the common shopkeepers of Kinai region and the vicinities recorded their pilgrimages, and such records gives the details of Kohechi.
- 延暦寺が日枝山に開かれて以降、大山咋神は地主神として天台宗・延暦寺の守護神とされ、大山咋神に対する山王信仰が広まった。
- Ever since Enryaku-ji Temple was founded on Hienoyama, Oyamakui no kami, as the god of the land, has been a guardian deity of the Tendai Sect and Enryaku-ji Temple; and a mountain-king sect based on him has spread in the area.
- しかし1436年の送還により宗氏の支配下にない者達が一掃され、以降三浦は宗氏の派遣する三浦代官の支配するところとなる。
- However, after the residents who were not under the control of the So clan were cleaned up from Sanpo by the repatriation of 1436, the Sanpo Daikan (local governor in Sanpo) dispatched by the So clan began to govern this area.
- 応仁の乱以降には堺を本拠とする管領家の細川氏や、乱で兵庫を得た大内氏、博多や堺市などの有力商人が経営するようになった。
- After the Onin War, the trade was managed by the Hosokawa clan; a Kanryo Family (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) putting headquarters in Sakai, the Ouchi clan that had won Hyogo as a reward after the war, as well as influential merchants in Hakata and Sakai City.
- 旧道は近世ないし明治以降に作られたと言われているもので、古道は2003年(平成15年)に復旧されるまで通行不能だった。
- Kyudo' is said to have been built in the early-modern period or in the Meiji era, and 'kodo' could not be even walked until the re-opening in 2003.
- また、会の内容も晴儀の場でもあったし、儀礼的な遊戯・遊宴にすぎなかったが、この性格は白河天皇の時代以降、大きく変った。
- In addition, the content of the meeting was fancy and just a ritualistic game and party, but this characteristic greatly changed after the period of Emperor Shirakawa.
- これ以降、秀吉をはじめとする羽柴家の人物は自らの名乗りに専ら「豊臣」を使うようになり、いかなる名字も使用した形跡は無い。
- After that, Hideyoshi and the other members of the Hashiba family began to use solely 'Toyotomi' to present themselves, and not a single use of any other myoji (family names) by them is traced.
- しかし、翌年以降は、盛暑の時期のために各種の行事催行が困難であることに配慮し、2か月後の10月31日を天長節祝日とした。
- However, considering the difficulties of holding various events due to the heat of the season, since 1914, tencho setsu celebration began to be held on October 31.
- しかし、明治維新以降の文化政策の改変のなかで、1877年の寄席取締規則によって女性の芸人が法的にも認められるようになる。
- However, in and after the movements to change cultural policies in the Meiji Restoration, females became able to work as entertainers legally, based on the regulation for controlling yose (rakugo theatres) established in 1877.
- こうして、平安中期以降(11世紀~12世紀)、在庁官人の多くは、在地領主として、そして武士として成長していくこととなる。
- Thus many zaichokanjin developed into local landlords and as bushi after the middle of the Heian period (from the eleventh century to the twelfth).
- 近江八景の絵画作品の登場が17世紀後期以降であることを考えると、先行すべき和歌の成立が17世紀初期であるのは自然である。
- Regarding the fact that art work relating to Omihakkei appeared in the late 17th century, it is natural that waka which should be ahead of art work was established in the early 17th century.
- しかし琳聖太子の記録は古代には無く、大内氏が琳聖太子後裔を名乗るのは14世紀以降とされるため、この伝説は信憑性に乏しい。
- However, because there is no record for Rinsho taishi in ancient times, and because it is said that the Ouchi clan came to call itself a descendant of Rinsho taishi from and after the 14th century, this legend lacks credibility.
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家政権の時代と比較して、政治の実権が帝王の統治する「王朝」すなわち朝廷にあったことに由来する名称である。
- The term is used to contrast the period with the age of samurai government following the Kamakura period, and the name derives from the fact that political power was held by an imperial dynasty headed by an emperor.
- 11世紀後半以降、天皇家の家督者は上皇・院という立場で天皇家を支配し、治天の君と呼ばれ政治の実権を握って院政を展開した。
- After the late eleventh century, the predecessors of the Emperor clan took control of the Emperor clan as a Retired Emperor or a Cloistered Emperor, and were called Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), and held the cloister government by seizing political power.
- なお、大和高田市に存する「片塩」「浮孔」の町名・施設名(例:浮孔駅)は全て、第2説に基づいた近代以降の復古地名に過ぎない。
- Names of towns and facilities (e.g. Ukina Station) such as 'Katashio' and 'Ukina' currently existing in Yamatotakada City are all just Fukko chimei (returning to an old name of the place) after the early modern times, based on the second theory.
- 長いこと注目されることはなかったが、平成以降、日本酒日本酒の現在の一環として、にわかに市場で脚光を浴びるようになってきた。
- Though this sake has not attracted attention for long time, this sake suddenly started to be highlighted in the market as a part of the current style of Japanese sake after the Heisei period started.
- 近代以降、中国史を専攻する学者たちは、カール・マルクスにより押された、「アジア的停滞」の烙印を何とかして剥がそうと試みた。
- After the modern era, scholars specializing in Chinese history have been trying to clear the label, 'Asian stagnation' put forth by Karl Marx.
- 正式名称は二分判(にぶばん)であるが、天保8年(1837年)の一分銀発行以降は「二分金」という名称も普及するようになった。
- The formal name was nibuban, however after the issue of ichibu gin silver coin in 1837, it was also called 'nibukin'.
- こうした交通網の発達は、明治以降鉄道建設や道路整備により、京阪神を一体の地域としての性格を強めることに大きな影響を与えた。
- The development of such traffic networks had a major effect on strengthening the character of Keihanshin as an integrated area by the construction of railroads and the maintenance of its roads in and after the Meiji era.
- 東北地方は弥生時代以降も続縄文文化や擦文文化に属する人々が北海道から南下して住み着くなど、関東以南とは異なる歴史を辿った。
- In and after the Yayoi period, people who belonged to the Jomon culture (an ancient culture in Japan) or the Satsumon culture (an ancient culture in Hokkaido) continually moved southward from Hokkaido to settle in the Tohoku region; therefore, historically the Tohoku region followed a different path from that of the region south of Kanto.
- これらは通例であり、1896年(明治29年)4月に旧河川法が公布、同年6月の施行以降、行政上の表記は桂川に統一されている。
- These are the conventional names, but after the River Act was proclaimed in April 1896 and implemented in June of the same year, only the name Katsura-gawa River has been used in administrative documents.
- 襲津彦以降の氏人としては、葛城葦田宿禰・玉田宿禰・円大臣・蟻臣の名が知られ、その系譜は断片的に復元可能である(系図参照)。
- After the death of Sotsuhiko, records of the notable people from this clan, such as Katsuraki no ashita no sukune, Tamada no sukune, Tsubura no Okimi and Ariomi, enable us to partially recover their genealogy (See the genealogical chart).
- 班田収授法の発足は、初めて戸籍が作成された670年、若しくは飛鳥浄御原令が制定された689年以降であろうと考えられている。
- It is believed that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect either in 670 when the family register was first made, or after the enactment of Asuka Kiyomihara-ryo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state) in 689.
- さらに義輝が近江朽木へ動座して以降も、断続的に六角氏や畠山氏の攻撃を受け、その京都支配は一向に安定する兆しを見せなかった。
- Furthermore, after Yoshiteru had moved his base to Kuchiki, Omi, the Miyoshi clan was intermittently attacked by the Rokkaku clan and the Hatakeyama clan, and found it difficult to stabilize its rule over Kyoto.
- 平安時代以降、江戸時代までは、みかど(御門、帝)、きんり(禁裏)、だいり(内裏)、きんちゅう(禁中)などさまざまに呼ばれた。
- After the Heian period until the Edo period, they were called in various ways such as Mikado, Kinri, Dairi, Kinchu, and so on.
- 名家(めいけ、めいか)とは、鎌倉時代以降に成立した公家の家格のひとつで、羽林家と同列で、半家 (公家)の上の序列に位置する。
- Meike (also pronounced Meika) was one of the kakaku (family status) of kuge (court noble) established after the Kamakura period and it was of equal rank to the House of Urin and positioned in a higher rank than hanke (a kind of family status of the Court nobles) (kuge).
- 初代・内匠頭(非参議・従三位)・岡崎宣持以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米30石であったが、明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
- After the first generation, Nobumochi OKAZAKI was the official architect for the Imperial Building Bureau (Hisangi, Jusanmi - Junior Third Rank), his hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku, but since the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and was conferred the title of viscount.
- また、平安時代中期の三跡の書や古筆など完成期の和様書を指して特に上代様と呼び、鎌倉時代以降の書流による和様書と区別している。
- The Japanese style calligraphic works in the time when the style was completed, including the calligraphic works of the sanseki calligraphers in the middle era of the Heian period and kohitsu, are particularly called jodai (ancient) style (calligraphic works), for differentiating these from calligraphic works in Japanese styles during the Kamakura period or later.
- 薙刀や槍と同じ武士の調度品で源平合戦では既に使われていたとされるが、文明開化以降はほとんど残らず、教える流派も極少数である。
- It's considered as one of the furnishing goods for samurai as well as 'naginata' (Japanese halberd) or spears, and already used during the Genpei War, but after the civilization and enlightenment, it hardly existed and also there are few schools which teach its techniques.
- 日本画家(にほんがか)とは明治時代以降、日本の絵画が洋画と日本画のジャンルに分かれたため、洋画家の対義語として使われる言葉。
- Japanese-style painter is a term used as an antonym to Western-style painter as Japanese paintings separated into Western-style and Japanese-style after the Meiji period.
- 先代の称光天皇は1422年以降、幾度か危篤状態に陥るなど病弱で皇子が無く、後小松上皇は大覚寺統の動きを牽制する必要があった。
- Emperor Shoko was not well and had been in critical condition since 1422, and because he did not have any children, the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu felt the need to restrain the progression of the Daikaku-ji Imperial line.
- 本能寺の変以降もしばらく織田氏の居城として、信長の嫡孫織田秀信が清洲会議の後入城するなどと、主に二の丸を中心に機能していた。
- The castle worked as a stronghold of the Oda clan mainly centered around the Ninomaru for a while after the Honnoji Incident; for example, Nobunaga's heir Hidenobu ODA made a triumphal entry into the castle after the Kiyosu conference.
- 江戸末期にも延喜・天暦の治を理想視する思想が明治維新の原動力の一つとなり、そうした考えは明治以降の皇国史観にも引き継がれた。
- Also toward the end of the Edo period, the idealization of the Engi and Tenryaku eras became one of the drivers for the Meiji Restoration and this thought carried over into Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) after the Meiji period.
- 吸収源活動とは、1990年以降の植林などで 二酸化炭素 の吸収源が増加した分を、温室効果ガス排出量削減に換算し算入するもの。
- In the activities for sinks, increase in the amount of sinks for carbon dioxide brought by tree planting and so on after 1990 is converted and added on the emissions reduction of greenhouse gases.
- しかし、1990年代以降の研究では、墾田は律令政府が企図していた農地拡大政策に沿ったものとする評価が次第に有力となっている。
- However, the research after the 1990's has gradually strengthened another theory that konden was in line with the policy of expanding agricultural land, a policy which was undertaken by the Ritsuryo Government (an ancient Japanese government of centralized governance).
- 3月23日以降25日以前に、上方勢は畠山氏の支城鳥屋城(現有田川町)を攻め落とし、さらに本拠の岩室城(現有田市)も陥落した。
- In the period from April 22 to 24, the Kamigata army captured Toya-jo Castle (present Aridagawa-cho), a branch castle of the Hatakeyama clan, and furthermore, the headquarter, Iwamuro-jo Castle (present Arida City).
- 明治以降、琵琶湖疏水や東海道本線、京阪京津線などが山科を通り、1933年に京津国道(後の国道1号、現在の三条通)が開通した。
- In and after the Meiji period, the Lake Biwa Canal, the Tokaido Main Line, and the Keihan Keishin Line were built in Yamashina, and the Keishin National Route (later the National Route 1 and now the Sanjo-dori Street) opened in 1933..
- 1967年以降、日本での黄砂観測日数は平均20日程度であるが、2000年から2002年にかけては50日前後と大幅に増加した。
- In Japan, the number of days when kosa was observed in a year was around 20 on average since 1967, but the number increased considerably to around 50 from 2000 to 2002.
- 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
- After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
- 加賀国一揆や山城国一揆等の一向一揆は守護大名を打倒し、織田信長などは徹底的に弾圧し、大坂の本願寺が落とされて以降は沈静する。
- The popular uprisings (ikki) in the provinces of Kaga and Yamashiro crushed the daimyo in those provinces, leading Nobunaga ODA and others to ruthlessly and utterly suppress them; once Hongan-ji Temple in Osaka had fallen, however, such uprisings ceased and the country became tranquil again.
- 南西諸島においてこの時期の前半は旧石器時代が継続していたが、約6千年前以降に貝塚時代に移行し、およそ平安時代末期まで続いた。
- In the small islands southeast of the main islands of Japan, life were characteristic of those during the Paleolithic Period in the first half of this period, but the shell mound period started around 60,000 years ago and continued until around the end of the Heian period.
- 不改常典(ふかいのじょうてん)は、707年以降の日本の天皇の即位の詔で度々参照される法で、天智天皇が定めたとされるものである。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (Irreversible Permanent Code/ Irreversible Eternal Code) is a law frequently referred to in the enthronement address of Japanese successive emperors since the year 707, and is said to have been established by Emperor Tenchi (his name is also pronounced 'Tenji').
- 本能寺の変以降、織田信長の血筋を引き継いで明治まで続いた系統は、主として次男織田信雄・七男織田信高・九男織田信貞の子孫である。
- The lineage that succeeded the genealogy of Nobunaga ODA after the Honnoji Incident and that continued to the Meiji period was mainly the descendents of the second son, Nobukatsu ODA, the seventh son, Nobutaka ODA, and the ninth son, Nobusada ODA.
- しかし、20世紀以降、南方録の偽書説が認知されるに従い、天正年間の確実な資料として研究者の間で特別に重要視されるようになった。
- But from the 20th century and on, when Nanpo roku came to be acknowledged as a pseudograph, YAMANOUE no Soji came to assume more importance among scholars as a valid reference of the Tensho era.
- 明治44年(1911年)に南朝が正統とされたため、在位期間が明徳の和約以降(1392-1412)に繰り下げられてしまっている。
- Since the Southern Court was determined to be the standard in 1911, the period of the Emperor's reign was re-established as having lasted from 1392 to 1412 which is after the peace settlement of the Meitoku era.
- 以降、岡鬼太郎・岡本綺堂・小山内薫・池田大伍・真山青果・舟橋聖一・谷崎潤一郎など外部からの新作歌舞伎が多く作られることになる。
- Since then, a large number of new Kabuki have been created by Onitaro OKA, Kido OKAMOTO, Kaoru OSANAI, Daigo IKEDA, Seika MAYAMA, Seiichi FUNAHASHI, Junichiro TANIZAKI and other outside writers.
- 北朝は、幕府の擁護を受けて、従来どおりの院政を継続したが、南朝では後村上天皇以降、関白こそは復活させたものの天皇親政を貫いた。
- The Northern Court had the support from the Ashikaga shogunate and continued ruling the Cloister government the same as before, on the other hand, in the Southern Court, after the era of Emperor Gomurakami, although the position of Chancellor had returned to the Palace, the Emperor continued to directly rule the government.
- 臣籍降下の概念が明確ではなかった上代においては、第9代の開化天皇以降の皇別の氏族には公(きみ)の姓(かばね)が与えられていた。
- In ancient times when the concept of demotion from nobility to subject was not yet clear, Imperial Families with ancestors from after the era of the ninth Emperor Kaika, were given the surname Kimi (Kabane).
- 日本語の古典的な文体である文語は主に平安時代までに完成したものであるが、中世以降、次第に話し言葉との乖離が大きくなっていった。
- The bungo, classic style Japanese, had completed in large part by the Heian period, but gradually became more and more different from the spoken Japanese.
- 明治時代以降は、美術界を主導するアーネスト・フェノロサや岡倉天心から低く評価され、富岡鉄斎以外めぼしい画家が生まれず衰退した。
- From the Meiji period, Bunjinga declined as Ernest FENOLLOSA and Tenshin OKAKURA who were leading the world of fine art had low opinions, and no remarkable painters besides Tessai TOMIOKA grew out.
- 天田郡(あまだ:福知山市のうち旧何鹿郡佐賀村、旧与謝郡雲原村(1902年以降は天田郡)、旧加佐郡大江町 (京都府)を除く地域)
- Amada District (A part of Fukuchiyama city except the former Saga-mura in Ikaruga District, the former Kumohara-mura in Yosa District(which has been joined to Amada District since 1902) and the former Oe-cho in Kasa District.)
- 特に日本が明治期以降の近代に入り、江戸時代が最も近い前近代の「歴史」となってからは、一揆は「百姓一揆」を指すような印象がある。
- Significantly, after Japan entered the modern era following the Meiji period, and the Edo period became the latest 'history' before the modern era, it is assumed that ikki began to mean 'hyakusho ikki' to a certain extent.
- 継受法としての律令法が7世紀以降長期にわたって強行されたことについては、国家権力の強大さ、人民一般の政治的無権利が第一にある。
- The primary reason why the adopted ritsuryo law was enforced for a long period of time since the seventh century was the tremendous power of government and the lack of political rights for the general public.
- 現在につながる天皇陵の探索および治定は、そのほとんどが江戸時代に行われており、一部のものについては明治時代以降にまでずれこんだ。
- Most of the attempts to search for and identify imperial mausoleums that are recognized as such today were made during the Edo period and some of these attempts continued into the Meiji period and even later.
- また、安土桃山時代の天正年間(1573-1591)迄に成立していた65家を旧家、それ以降新規に設立された家を新家と区分している。
- It was also classified in 65 kyuke (literally, old families) whch had been formed by the Tensho era (1573-1591), during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, and shinke (literally, new family) which was established after that.
- 閑院家嫡流の転法輪三条家にも、たびたび養子をだしたため、戦国時代 (日本)以降の転法輪三条家の直接の血統は三条西家のものである。
- Although in the house of a branch line the house status excelled as compared with the head family (the Ogimachi-Sanjo Family), it was exceptionally ranked among the three houses of ministers and frequently produced ministers of the right from the Muromachi period through the early Edo period; therefore, the house status was considered to be approximately equivalent to seigake (one of the statuses of court nobility that is inferior to Sekke but superior to minister).
- 特にこの二人は2巻以降も(本人達が一番自覚が無いにもかかわらず)それぞれの話の方向性を決定付けるキーパーソンとして登場し続ける。
- Especially these two, from book 2 onwards, keep reappearing as key persons who would set the course of each story (though they are the ones most unaware of that fact).
- 市役所訪問後、天皇が進講を受けるため来学することが予定されていた京都大学でも、前年1950年以降、学生運動が高揚に向かっていた。
- Beginning the previous year in 1950, the student movement was on the rise at Kyoto University which the Emperor was scheduled to visit after the City office in order to have a briefing.
- 所領相論に係る裁判についても、それまで国・郡に裁判権が認められていたのが、11世紀中期以降は、太政官のみが裁判することとされた。
- Also, jurisdiction of shoryo soron, which was given to both the nation and gun up to then, was centralized to Dajokan from the mid-11th century.
- 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
- Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
- こうして唐以降、正史は王朝の支配の正統性を明らかにする道具となり、王朝が成立すると滅亡した前王朝の正史を編纂させるようになった。
- Therefore, beginning in the Tang and continuing thereafter, the official histories became a tool to display the legitimacy of the current dynasty's rule, so before long, whenever a new dynasty arose it would act to compile an official history of the dynasty that had just collapsed.
- 大手スーパーなどもこの付近に偏っていたが、2000年台以降は、JR長岡京駅西口が再開発され、こちらにも商店の進出がなされている。
- Large grocery stores gathered around this area, but after 2000, the west exit of JR Nagaokakyo Station has been redeveloped and stores have opened in the area, as well.
- また、同じ近世以降の熊野参詣道でも文人墨客の道として利用された大辺路などと異なり、小辺路はもっぱら庶民の参詣道として用いられた。
- And unlike Ohechi which was another pilgrimage road to Kumano after the early-modern period and used by mainly writers and artists, Kohechi was used by mainly the common people.
- 小辺路を通行しての熊野ないし高野山への参詣記録は近世以降のものが大半を占め、近世以前の記録もいくつか確認されているが少数である。
- Most records of pilgrimage to Kumano or Mt. Koya through Kohechi were compiled after the early-modern period and there are few records before the early-modern period.
- しかし、玉置善春の先駆的な業績における小辺路の重要性の指摘をさきがけとして1980年代以降、いくつかの報告が相次いで刊行された。
- However, after Yoshiharu TAMAKI pointed out the importance of Kohechi in his pioneering works, several reports were published in the 1980's or later.
- なお、当時からこう呼ばれていたわけではなく、平安時代以降平安京を中心に栄えた「平安二宗」(天台宗・真言宗)に対する呼び名である。
- In addition, in those days people had not called them 'Nanto Rokushu,' it was later used for distinguishing from 'Heian Nishu' (the Tendai sect and the Shingon sect) which flourished mainly in Heian-kyo (the capital of Japan in the Heian period) after the Heian period.
- 院政期の白河天皇にいたって仏式のお堂に納骨する方式が現れ、江戸時代の後水尾天皇以降は代々京都泉涌寺に石造塔形式の陵墓が建立された。
- During the period of the cloister government by Emperor Shirakawa, a new funeral style was adopted, in which the ashes of a deceased person were placed in a Buddhist chapel, and during the Edo period, tower-shaped stone graves were built at Senyu-ji Temple in Kyoto for the emperors after Emperor Gomizuno.
- 平安時代中期以降、大内裏の正殿であった大極殿が衰亡したことによって、即位の礼や大嘗祭などの重要行事も紫宸殿で行われるようになった。
- In and after the middle of the Heian period, since Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace), the main hall of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace), was ruined, the Shishinden Hall came to be used as a place to hold important events such as Sokui no rei (ceremony of the enthronement) and Daijo-sai festival (a festival to celebrate the succession of an emperor).
- 五条家単独で12代横綱・陣幕久五郎に横綱免状を発給して以降、明治時代に吉田司家が西南戦争で西郷隆盛軍に加担してその責任を問われた。
- After the Gojo family independently issued a yokozuna license to Yokozuna Kyugoro JINMAKU, the twelfth, the Yoshida Tsukasa family was held responsible for being involved in Takamori SAIGO's army in the Seinan War during the Meiji period.
- しかしながら、中世以降は昇殿を許される家(堂上家)と昇殿を許されない家(地下家)として、家格で明確に区分されるようになり成立した。
- After the Medieval Ages, the status of Jigeke was established when court officials were clearly divided according to their family rank, and families permitted to enter the Hall were called Toshoke, and families not permitted to enter the Hall were called Jigeke.
- それ以降子に恵まれなかったため、天保6年(1835年)、典侍正親町雅子所生の第四皇子熙宮(統仁親王、のちの孝明天皇)を養子とした。
- After that, Yasuko was not blessed with a newborn and so, in 1835, she adopted the fourth Prince Hironomiya (the Imperial Prince Osahito, later the Emperor Komei), who was the birth child of Naishi no suke (a court lady of the first rank) Naoko OGIMACHI.
- 奈良時代は朝賀・即位・改元・立后・立太子などの儀式に用いられ、平安時代以降は任大臣・贈位・神社・天皇陵などの告文にだけ用いられた。
- In the Nara period they were used at the ceremonies such as Choga (New Year greetings or well-wishes offered by retainers to the Emperor), enthronement, changing the name of an era, investiture of the Empress, investiture of the Crown Prince, and after the Heian period, only used for imperial instructions such as appointment of ministers, conferral of posthumous ranks, shrines and the Imperial mausoleum, and so on.
- 日本における恩賞の給与は、古代以降、蝦夷征伐や謀叛の鎮圧に功労のあった武官に対して、朝廷が官位の任官または昇叙を行ったことによる。
- The practice of reward grants in Japan goes back to ancient times when the Imperial Court appointed those who rendered distinguished service in conquering Ezo or fighting rebellions as government officials or promoted them.
- また、さいたま市緑区 (さいたま市)宮本の氷川女体神社も元は氷川神社から分かれたものであり、江戸時代以降一宮とされるようになった。
- Additionally, the Hikawa-nyotai-jinja Shrine at Miyamoto, in the Midori ward of Saitama City, was originally separated from Hikawa-jinja Shrine, and subsequent to the Edo period it has been treated as Ichinomiya.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、元弘3年(1333年)に後醍醐天皇の皇后(中宮)に立てられた珣子内親王を最後として、皇后の冊立は途絶えた。
- The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) onward, Imperial Princess Junshi, the wife of Emperor Godaigo was the last to become empress (Chugu) in 1333 and the empress by Imperial Investiture ended.
- また8世紀以降で高橋人足、高橋子老、高橋安雄の三名が若狭国の国司に任命されており、律令制成立以後は、内膳司が直接支配した地域である。
- In addition, Hitotari TAKAHASHI, Kooyu TAKAHASHI, and Yasuo TAKAHASHI were assigned as kokushi (provincial governors) of Wakasa Province after the eighth century, and Naizenshi directly dominated the province after the establishment of the Ritsuryo system.
- これによれば、天武天皇が事実上の初代天皇だったこととなる(ただし、天皇号をより早く推古期に求める説や、遅く大宝以降とする説もある)。
- According to this theory, the Emperor Tenmu was virtually the first emperor in Japan. (however, some say the title 'Tenno' (emperor) was first used much earlier, in the era of the Empress Suiko and some say much later, after 701 AD.)
- 秀吉、秀頼は以降単に豊臣朝臣秀吉、もしくは豊臣朝臣秀頼と名乗り、羽柴の名字は臣下の大名が使用する称号として豊臣政権に使用され続けた。
- After that, Hideyoshi and Hideyori simply called themselves TOYOTOMI no Ason Hideyoshi and TOYOTOMI no Ason Hideyori, and the family name, HASHIBA, continued to be used as the title for daimyo of their vassals during the Toyotomi regime.
- 江戸時代中期以降は松殿家の所領も併せて継承することとなり最大の石高となった九条家が、広大な屋敷を構え、九条流の嫡流であると主張した。
- The Kujo Family started inheriting the Matsudono Family's fiefdom after the Middle Edo period; thus the Kujo possessed the largest Kokudaka, lived in a huge house and claimed to be the legitimate blood of Kujo-ryu.
- 極官は室町時代の東坊城益長(1407年 - 1474年)以降、代々文章博士・日本の官制・少納言・大蔵省等を経て権大納言を極官とする。
- The family provided a Professor of Literature, Directors of the Bureau of Education, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), and a Director of Department of Treasury from the era of Masunaga HIGASHIBOJO (1407-1474) and thereafter in the Muromachi period, the top rank attained being Junior Chief Councillor of State.
- 奈良時代以降、たびたびの政争に巻き込まれ(「関連項目」を参照)、そのたびに一族から処罰される者を出した事なども影響し、徐々に衰えた。
- After the Nara period, the clan was often involved in political conflicts (refer to the related articles), and every time some members of the clan had to be punished, therefore, the clan gradually declined.
- 康正2年(1456年)に兄である後花園天皇から、永世「伏見殿御所(伏見殿)」と称することを勅許され、以降は伏見宮と名乗るようになった。
- In 1456 his older brother, Emperor Gohanazono gave permission for him to name 'Fushimidono Gosho' (Fushimidono) after that he was named Fushinomiya.
- 源氏と同じく、皇子皇女の処遇として賜姓が行われたが、天皇の孫以降の代に賜姓を受けた例が多いと言われ、そのため源氏よりも格は下とされる。
- While the family names of Minamoto and Taira were both conferred on princes and princesses, many of those who received the title of Taira were said to have been the emperor's grandchildren or more distant relatives; therefore, the Taira clan was considered to hold a lower rank than the Minamoto clan.
- 下袴は室町末期に至っても親王元服などの記録に見られるが、江戸初期には一旦衰退し、江戸中期以降、単などを重ねる正式な着装に限り使用した。
- There was a record from the late Muromachi period stating that Shita bakama was worn at the coming-of-ceremony for Imperial Princes, but it became uncommon to wear them in the middle of the Edo period, they were only worn in formal style together with Hitoe.
- 食用米の精米機と、酒造米の精米機は、構造的に大きく異なる部分があり、後者は昭和初期に縦型精米機が出現して以降、飛躍的に効率が高まった。
- The rice-milling machines for food rice are greatly different in structure from those for rice for sake brewing and the efficiency of the latter has dramatically improved since the appearance of the vertical-type rice-milling machine early in the Showa period.
- (少なくとも近代以降の)日本刀の製作は分業が徹底されているが、鞘に関してもそれ自体を作る職人と塗りの職人は別の者が担当することが多い。
- Manufacturing of Japanese swords are strictly based on the division of labor, and in most cases scabbard crafting and lacquering were done by different groups of people.
- 京都学連事件(きょうとがくれんじけん)は1925年(大正14年)12月以降、京都帝国大学などでの左翼学生運動に対して行われた弾圧事件。
- Kyoto Gakuren Jiken (Kyoto Affair of the Student Federation) was a suppression incident occurring on and after December 1925 against the left wing student movement in the Kyoto Imperial University and so forth.
- 明和年間以降、寛永通宝鉄一文銭および真鍮四文銭の大量発行により銭相場は下落していたが、天保通寳の発行はこれに拍車をかけることになった。
- After Meiwa era (1764 to 1771), as the market price declined due to mass production of the Kanei-tsuho tetsu ichimonsen (iron Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon) and the shinchu shimonsen coins, the issuance of Tenpo-tsuho only caused the situation to worsen.
- 同年4月1日に発送電部門を日本発送電、配電部門を関西配電、北陸配電に出資、以降清算に入り、1944年(昭和19年)に、清算を完了した。
- On April 1, 1942, the electric power generation and transmission department of Kyoto Dento contributed to Japan Electric Generation and Transmission Company and the electric power distribution department contributed to Kanasai Haiden and Hokuriku Haiden, and at the same time the liquidation of the company started, which was completed in 1944.
- 明治以降、五條代官所がこの地にあった事などから「五條県」が置かれており、当時の公文書等などからも『五條』とされていることが確認できる。
- Around the end of the Meiji period, '五條 Prefecture' was established and has also been recognized from official documents, etc. at that time that it was described as '五條;' this is because of the fact that there used to be the 五條 daikansho (regional office of administrative official) here.
- こうした流れの中で、南北朝時代 (日本)より以降、畿内やその周辺地域において、自治権と連帯意識を高めた百姓らによる惣村が成立していく。
- With this background, beginning in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was formed by the peasants who had developed their autonomy and sense of solidarity.
- 平安中期以降は官人らが政務処理に先例を参照するための歴史資料として『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『百錬抄』やその他各種の年代記が編纂された。
- During the middle era of the Heian period and later, government officials compiled various chronicles, including 'Ruiju Kokushi' (classified national history), 'Nihongi Ryaku' (a summary of Japanese chronologies), and 'Hyakuren sho' (history book from the Kamakura period), as the historical documents that they would refer to in conducting their political operations.
- この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
- After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.
- 今日我々が読むことができる即位詔は『続日本紀』が採録した文武天皇以降のものの一部で、一部例外を除き宣命体という独特の文体で記されている。
- For the imperial edict upon enthronement available at present, there exist only a part of the edicts of Emperor Monmu and his successive emperors in the later time, archived in 'Shoku-Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan II), and except for some cases, they are written in Senmyo (imperial edict) texts.
- 明治以降、日本での馬術は、伝統の馬術を廃して西洋馬術を主に、大日本帝国陸軍(陸軍騎兵学校を参照)において導入し発達したという経緯がある。
- In the Meiji era, the Japanese Imperial Army (refer to 'the Military Equestrian School of Japan') discarded the Japanese traditional equestrianism, adopted mainly the European equestrianism, and developed it.
- その後市川團十郎 (7代目)を経て、市川團蔵 (7代目)へとこの狂言は伝承されていくが明治以降の歌舞伎の高尚化とともに忘れられていった。
- This Kyogen play was later handed down to Danjuro ICHIKAWA the seventh and then to Danzo ICHIKAWA the seventh, but after the Meiji period, as Kabuki became higher, it was gradually forgotten.
- そして明治開拓以降の北海道の日本海側各地で正月料理として鯨汁が食されるのは、秋田藩を中心とした東北の人々が移り住んだ名残といわれている。
- In various areas on the Japan Sea side of Hokkaido, Kujira-jiru has been eaten as New Year's dishes since the era when Hokkaido started being developed in the Meiji period, and it is said that this habit originated in the people who moved there from the Tohoku region, centered on the Akita domain.
- そして、1180年の源頼朝の挙兵以降、平家は高倉天皇の命として、公卿、受領から「兵士」を徴収、更に権門の諸荘園からも「兵士」を徴収する。
- As a result, the Taira family collected 'soldiers' from kugyo (court nobles), Zuryo, and various manors of an influential families under the command of Emperor Takakura after mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180.
- これらは細く長く明治以降もそのまま引き継がれ、けっして大規模ではないが確固としたシステムを基盤として今日の地方蔵にも残っているのである。
- This style has been handed down for a long period of time even after the Meiji period, although the business has not grown much, and still remains in local sake-factories, with the not-large-scaled but established system as its basis.
- 雍正帝以降、朱子学の正学化確立、乾隆・嘉慶 (清)の考証学全盛期(いわゆる乾嘉の学)到来によってさらにその傾向を強め、陽明学は衰微した。
- After the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, with Shushigaku officially authorized and Koshogaku at its height under Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing (known as Qian-Jia teachings), Yomeigaku went into decline.
- 741年(天平13年)以降、国ごとに国分寺と国分尼寺が建てられることになったが、それ以前から国府機能と密着した付属寺院を持つ国もあった。
- A provincial monastery and provincial nunnery had officially been built by each province since 741, however some provinces had already built their own temple having a collusive relationship with 'Kokufu.'
- 皇族や貴人の参詣道として利用された中辺路と異なり、小辺路は生活道としてはともかく参詣道としては近世以降に利用されるようになった道である。
- Unlike Nakahechi which had been a pilgrimage road for the imperial family and nobles, Kohechi had been originally a community road for the locals and came to be used as a pilgrimage road after the early-modern period.
- 室町時代以降、武家社会で有職故実の中心的存在となり家の伝統を継承していったことから、時の幕府からも礼典や武芸の事柄においては重用された。
- Since the Muromachi period, because it passed the family tradition down as a key player of yusoku kojitsu in the samurai society, its ceremonies and military arts treated preferentially by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the period.
- 中世以降、近世の終わりまで一般大衆の動員は工兵・兵站といった後方任務に限られており、彼らの戦闘要員としての動員は非常時にしか見られない。
- From the middle ages to the end of the early modern era, the recruitment of ordinary people was limited to the support roles of kohei (military engineering) and heitan (military logistics) and such individuals were only mobilized for battle in emergency situations.
- 江戸時代以降は、必ずしも城が中心とは限らず、戦闘を想定しない行政施設としての陣屋を中心としたケースもあるが、それらも含めて城下町と呼ぶ。
- After the Edo period, in some cases, a castle was not necessarily the center, but the jinya, a non-military governmental facility, was the center, and these were also called jokamachi.
- 新説提唱が一段落してから、1980年代以降は直系・嫡系の皇位継承法説が最有力と目される状態に揺り戻したが、それで確定とはみなされていない。
- After the boom of the new theories, in the 1980's and later, the direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory were again deemed dominant, but their credibility has not been confirmed yet.
- なお、頼貞の嫡子である徳川頼韶が1958年に42歳の若さで亡くなり、それ以降は、家の名は頼貞の夫人や娘の女系によって名目上は保たれていた。
- Yoriaki TOKUGAWA, an heir of Yorisada, died young at the age of 42 in 1985, and after that the family name was kept by the female family members, namely Yorisada's wife and daughter, in name.
- これによれば、発症以降の天皇の病状は、一般的な痘瘡患者が回復に向かってたどるプロセスどおりに進行していることを示す「御順症」とされていた。
- According to this 'Emperor's health record,' it said '御順症' which meant the Emperor was getting better accordingly by following the standard process of someone who had smallpox and got better.
- 「恵比寿鮨」なる屋台のすし屋が鮪を湯引きし、醤油に漬けてすしに漬けたところ、大いにヒットして、以降江戸前ずしを代表するタネになっていった。
- When a street stall selling sushi named 'Ebisu-zushi' served sushi topping with tuna meat that was parboiled and immersed in soy sauce, the sushi became quite popular and the fish established itself as one of the major tane of Edomae-zushi.
- 永禄3年(1560年)に桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が信長に討たれて以降、弱体化していた今川氏の領国はたちまち瓦解し、当主の今川氏真は逃亡した。
- The territory of the Imagawa family, whose power declined after Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was killed by the Nobunaga side in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, collapsed immediately, and Ujizane IMAGAWA, the head of the family, fled.
- さらに後者の11か条の覚書が発見されて以降、五か条の追放令との相違点がある理由や二つの文書の意味づけに関してさまざまな議論が行われている。
- Moreover, it has been discussed in many ways concerning the reason for the differences from the Expelling edict of Five Articles and the meaning of two documents ever since the latter Memorandum of Eleven Articles was discovered.
- 朝廷では、13世紀後半以降、後深草天皇の子孫(持明院統)と亀山天皇の子孫(大覚寺統)の両血統の天皇が交互に即位する両統迭立が行われていた。
- After the late thirteenth century, the Imperial Court adopted the ryoto tetsuritsu system, a system in which succession to the imperial throne alternated between the two ancestral lines of the imperial family: Emperor Gofukakusa (the Jimyoin line) and Emperor Kameyama (the Daikakuji line).
- 現在では、考古学からする文化圏の検討と、北東北に分布するアイヌ語地名から、7世紀以降の蝦夷についてアイヌとの連続性を認める説が有力である。
- Nowadays, the leading hypothesis is derived from a theory that considers the issue from the perspective of cultural areas based on archaeology; another theory considers the continuity of Emishi after the seventh century with the Ainu, as examined from the perspective of toponyms of the Ainu language distributed in the northern Tohoku region.
- 天皇の呼称に統一性を持たせる意味や、明治以降の「元号天皇の呼称」という規則(一世一元の制)に倣う意味で、「平成天皇」と呼ぶことは便利である。
- It is convenient to call 'Heisei Tenno' (Emperor Heisei) in the meaning of creating uniformity in the names of the emperors or following the rule of 'name of gengo (era name) emperor' (the practice of assigning one era name to one emperor).
- 子を産むこともないまま、入内から6年後の文永4年(1267年)、父公相が没したのをきっかけに嬉子は宮中を退出し、それ以降二度と戻らなかった。
- Kishi never had a child with the emperor, and left the court six years after her bridal entry into court, when her father, Kinsuke passed away in 1267; she never returned to the court afterward.
- 初演時は尾上松助 (4代目)が好評だったが、昭和以降は尾上多賀之丞 (3代目)が絶品で、彼は80歳近くまで色気と江戸前の粋さを失わなかった。
- At the time of the first performance, Matsusuke ONOE IV was well received, but from the Showa era onward, Taganojo ONOE III was the best, and until around the age of eighty, he kept his charm and Edo style smartness..
- 日本の美術は、縄文時代を例外として、常に外国(近世以前はおもに中国、近代以降はおもに西洋)の影響を強く受けつつ、独自の様式を発達させてきた。
- Japanese art has developed its peculiar style always - except for the Jomon period - under the great influence of other countries - mainly that of China before the early modern ages, and that of Western countries after the modern age.
- 2003年9月以降は樟葉駅に特急が停車するようになり、八幡市駅を通る急行が大幅減少したため、現在事実上の八幡市の玄関駅は樟葉駅になっている。
- Since special express trains started to stop in Kuzuha Station in September 2003, the number of express trains that stop at Yawatashi Station greatly decreased; Kuzuha Station, in effect, serves as the main entrance of Yawata City.
- なお、豊臣秀吉政権の確立以降、こうした主君押込めは沈静化し、少なくとも徳川将軍家では見られなくなったが、各大名では比較的頻繁に行われていた。
- Yet, starting from the establishment of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's government, situations of shukun oshikome calmed down, and were not seen inside the Tokugawa family itself (which held the shogunate), but shukun oshikome remained comparatively frequent among the various daimyo.
- なお、北朝と南朝が合体するまでを南北朝時代_(日本)、応仁の乱(1467年)あるいは明応の政変(1493年)以降を戦国時代 (日本)と呼ぶ。
- Furthermore, the period until the unification of Hokucho and Nancho is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and the period after the Onin War (1467) or the Meio Incident (1493) is called the Age of Civil War (Japan).
- 神領興行(しんりょうこうぎょう)とは、主に鎌倉時代中期以降に、天人相関思想に基づき、天皇、鎌倉幕府が行った神事の興行を図る政策のことである。
- Shinryo Kogyo was a policy implemented by the Emperor and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun nominally appointed by the Emperor) mainly in the mid-Kamakura period to promote the performance of Shinto rituals on the basis of tenjin sokan shigo (an idea of correspondence between Heaven and Man).
- 大化の改新以降、中国(唐)の法令体系である律令を導入することにより、天皇を中心とした政府・国家体制を構築しようとする動きが活発となっていった。
- After the Reformation of Taika, the movement to construct the government and system of the country with the Emperor in the center was activated by introducing Ritsuryo, which is the system of rules and regulations in China (Tang).
- 羽林家(うりんけ)は、鎌倉時代以降の公家の家格のひとつで、摂家、清華家、大臣家の下、名家 (公家)と同列、半家 (公家)の上の序列に位置する。
- The Urin Family was of the house status of kuge (court nobility) subsequent to the Kamakura period; it was inferior to the sekke (the house of regents), Seigake (one of the statuses of court nobility that was inferior to the sekke but superior to the minister) and the house of minister, but it was equal to meike (kuge), a kuge of lower rank, and superior to hange (kuge), a kuge of lower rank.
- そしてそこから「武士団」が重層的な関係を築く段階以降を「武士」と、そしてそれに至る前段階を「兵(つわもの)」と学術用語として定義したのである。
- The 'bushidan' that established the multilayer relationship from there became 'bushi' and the earlier steps from there was called as 'tsuwamono' and these became customarily used as academic terms.
- しかし、激しい反論を生み、院政期以降を成立期とする説(戸田芳実など)、南北朝時代 (日本)内乱期を成立期とする説(永原慶二など)が提起された。
- However, his idea invited pointed objections and Yoshimi TODA and his group proposed the theory that the system was established after the period of the government ruled by the retired Emperor, and Keiji NAGAHARA and his group proposed another theory that the system was established in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (in Japan), the civil war period.
- 長州藩内でも四国艦隊下関砲撃事件での敗戦以降、松下村塾系の下級藩士を中心とした攘夷派勢力が後退し、椋梨藤太ら譜代家臣を中心とする俗論派が擡頭。
- Even in Choshu domain, the Joi movement, in which lower ranked samurai gathered at Shokason-juku played a central role, gradually lost its support after the defeat of the battles of Shimonoseki, and saw the emergence of Zokuron-ha (a kind of conservatism that allows acknowledgement of fealty to the bakufu), supported by the hereditary vassals including Tota MUKUNASHI.
- 国府所在候補地が複数挙がり論争になる、史料が平安時代中期以降の編纂のため大化の改新~平安時代初期の初期国府と史料記載国府は違うと見る説もある。
- Historical records which have been subject to dispute because they record several candidate locations for Kokufu were compiled after the mid-Heian period, and there is another theory that the location of Kokufu that were established from the period around the Taika Reforms to the early Heian period differs from that established after the mid-Heian period.
- これらの荘園整理令はある基準年以降の新立荘園を停止する一方、それ以前に発生していた国免荘を臨時課税の対象として正式に公認化するものでもあった。
- These Manor Regulation Acts prohibited establishment of new shoen after the designated base year, while legalizing these extraordinary taxes that were to be imposed on kokumen no sho created prior to the base year.
- 直系・嫡系皇位継承法説を支持する学者の多くは、桓武天皇以降に不改常典は形骸化し、内容が理解されないまま先例を踏襲して書き継がれていったと考える。
- Many of the scholars who support the direct line imperial succession code theory or the legitimate child imperial succession code theory think that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had become a dead letter after the reign of Emperor Kanmu, and it had continued to be written according to precedent without understanding the contents.
- もともと園家は権中納言を極官とする下級公家だったが、これ以降の園家当主は早世した者をのぞき全員が権大納言となっており、羽林家一の名門家となった。
- After that, all the heads of the SONO family became Gon Dainagon except those who died young, and the SONO family became the most noble of the Urin family, although the Sono family was originally a lower court noble with the highest rank of Gon Chunagon (Provisional Middle Councilor).
- 高倉永季の子の高倉永行(位階・参議)(生年不詳 - 1416年)以降は足利将軍家の衣文道の指導にも当たり、朝廷での有職故実を山科家にも伝授した。
- From the time of Nagasue TAKAKURA's son, Nagayuki TAKAKURA (Court Rank, Councillor, date of birth unknown - 1416) onwards, the family taught Emondo to the Ashikaga shogunate, and gave instruction in the court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette to the Yamashina family.
- ちなみにその後に崩御した光格天皇以降は「院」でなく「天皇」の号を贈られたから、最後の女帝であるとともに死後に「院」と称された最後の天皇でもある。
- Since the Emperors who died after her were given the posthumous name of 'emperor' instead of 'in,' she was the last female emperor as well as she was the last emperor who was named 'in' after her death.
- 天武は、自身以降の皇位承継紛争を防止するため、兄弟承継を廃止し、直系男子が皇位承継するルールを定めようと試みたらしく、草壁皇子を皇太子に立てた。
- Emperor Tenmu discontinued the Imperial succession between brothers to stop disputes due to the Imperial succession after his era, it was said he tried to set up a rule for the male in his direct line to succeed the throne, he allowed Prince Kusakabe become Crown Prince.
- かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
- In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
- 鎌倉時代以降は御家人に列し、初代・重長の娘が鎌倉幕府2代征夷大将軍源頼家の室となり公暁を儲けるなど幕府との強固な繋がりを有したことが想定される。
- Since the Kamakura period, its name was listed among the vassals and seemed to have such a strong relationship with the shogunate that the daughter of the first-generation Shigenaga became a wife of the second shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), MINAMOTO no Yoriie, who had a child called Kugyo with her.
- 頼綱以降では馬場氏族や山県氏族といった庶流を輩出しており、多田氏の系統は清和源氏一族の最も古い所領である多田の地を200年余りに渡って相続した。
- After Yoritsuna, the lineage of the Tada clan produced collateral branches, such as the Baba and Yamagata clans, and over of more than 200 years the lineage inherited the real estate in Tada, which was the oldest territory of all owned by Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- これ以降、家督の相続を巡って相克のあった蘆名・田村・岩城・最上・南部などの諸家では、国人一揆と大名の契約関係の一元化により戦国大名化を果たした。
- After that, in various clans such as Ashina, Tamura, Iwaki, Mogami, and Nanbu had struggles with respect to inheritance of the reigns of the family had been transformed into sengoku daimyo through unification of relations between kokujin ikki and daimyo.
- 干支年は、後漢の建武 (漢)26年(50年)に三統暦の超辰法をやめ(元和 (漢)2年に正式改暦)以降は60の周期で単純に繰り返しており計算できる。
- After 超辰法 of Santo-reki calendar was abolished in 50, at the time of the Later Han Dynasty (calendar was reformed officially in 1616), eto (Chinese astrological calendar) repeats in a 60-year cycle and can calculate.
- 鎌倉時代以降、武力で朝家に奉仕する幕府を武家と称するようになると、それに対比して、政務一般をもって朝家に奉仕する貴族一般を公家と呼ぶようになった。
- Since the Kamakura period, bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that served choka (the imperial family or household) with military power was refered to as buke (samural family), nobles who served choka in governmental affairs came to be called kuge.
- 地域によっては、夕方以降、歩道や広場を使って衣料品、雑貨類を販売する大規模な市場が現れたり、歩行者天国状態にした、食品の屋台街が現れる場所もある。
- In the evening, there are places for large scale markets to open their businesses upon sidewalks; these market places sell clothing and miscellaneous goods, and there are other market locations; this is where the street stalls serve food in streets temporarily closed to vehicle traffic.
- 一、二代ほどは上流貴族として朝廷での地位を保証されたが実際には三代以降はほとんどが没落して地方に下向、そのまま土着し武士・豪族となるしかなかった。
- The first and the second generations of the Imperial Families were assured their positions as upper court nobles in the Imperial Palace, in fact those after the third generations were ruined and went to the country, where they settled and became Samurai or a powerful clan.
- 保延2年(1136年)に受領・下総守藤原親通に郡司職(事実上の領主権)を奪われて以降、常胤一族は必死になってその南部を開発していたのかもしれない。
- Since the time when the position of gunji (de facto feudal rights) was captured by zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) and Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi in 1136, Tsunetane and his family were likely to have struggled to develop the southern part.
- その後の1980年代以降では、義江彰夫、関幸彦、元木泰雄その他の方が、それら両論の成果を発展させるべくそれぞれの視点から積極的に論を展開している。
- Since the 1980s, Akio YOSHIE, Yukihiko SEKI, Yasuo MOTOKI, and others have passionately debated those two arguments from their respective points of view to develop each other's theory.
- 1510年、三浦の乱において宗氏及び恒居倭(三浦に定住していた日本人)の蜂起が失敗に終わると、壬申約条において興利倭船は禁止され、以降姿を消した。
- In 1510, when the revolt of the So clan and 恒居倭 (Japanese who had been settled down in Sanpo, Korea) failed in the Sanpo Disturbance, Koriwasen were forbidden by the Articles of Japanese Jinshin yakujo and the Koriwasen disappeared.
- しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
- However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
- しかし明治時代以降は日本国内では尺貫法としては専ら「貫」、「匁」が使用され、「両」は新貨条例にも度量衡法にも登場せず、ほとんど使用されなくなった。
- From the Meiji period in Japan, however, only 'kan' and 'monme' became used in the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures, and 'ryo' became rarely used because it was neither mentioned in the New Currency Act nor in the Weights and Measures Act.
- 廃仏毀釈運動は明治以降、第二次世界大戦の敗戦まで一部の過激な神道家とこれに追随した一部民衆が行ったものの、一部地域を除き、民衆には普及しなかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the anti-Buddhism campaign had been promoted by some radical Shintoists and some people who followed such ideology until the end of World War II, but it eventually failed to prevail among ordinary people except for some areas.
- 文献史料がある程度残る時代以降は政治センターの所在地に従って、飛鳥時代・奈良時代・平安時代・鎌倉時代・室町時代・安土桃山時代・江戸時代と区分する。
- The era when a certain amount of historical documents remain are classified, based upon where the political center was located, into the Asuka period, the Nara period, the Heian period, the Kamakura period, the Muromachi period, the Azuchi-Momoyam period, and the Edo period.
- 平安時代、1177年(治承1)に焼失して以降は再建されず、その役割は天皇の私的な住まいである内裏や臨時の内裏である「里内裏」へと受け継がれていく。
- However, they were never rebuilt, after the burning down in 1177 in the Heian period, and then their roles were handed down to the dairi, emperor's private houses, and the temporary dairi called 'sato-dairi.'
- しかし、徳川家康が江戸幕府を開いた江戸時代以降、長幼の序を重んじる徳川将軍家により、嫡流の地位は徳川氏の政権下にあって再び重視されるようになった。
- Since the Edo period when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, however, the position of chakuryu was emphasized again because the Tokugawa Shogun family highly valued choyo no jo (Confucian teaching regarding the relationship between senior and junior).
- 後世、神仏習合の教説で蔵王権現と同一視されたため、明治時代の神仏分離以降に、従来蔵王権現を祭神としていた神社で安閑天皇を祭神とし直したところが多い。
- In future generations, as Emperor Ankan was identified with Zao Gongen (the principal image of the Kimpusen Zaodo, and the highest worship object of the Shugendo) according to the teaching of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, the Shinto shrines which conventionally assumed Zao Gongen as an enshrined deity, replaced Zao Gobgen with Emperor Ankan as an enshrined deity after the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism in the Meiji Period.
- なお、明治以降から終戦までの天皇制は従来の天皇制と異なるとして、絶対主義的天皇制、近代天皇制という語が用いられることもある(天皇制ファシズム参照)。
- Because the Tennosei from the Meiji period until the end of World War II was different from traditional Tennosei, it is also called Zettaishugiteki Tennosei (Absolutistic Emperor System) or Kindai Tennosei (Emperor System of Meiji) (Refer to the section of 'Emperor System and Fascism').
- また、本来厚額の別名であった透額だが、同じく平安時代末期以降は薄額の上部に半月形もしくは弦月形の穴を開けて羅あるいは紗を張ったものを指す様になった。
- Atsubitai was also known as toobitai, but after the end of the Heian period, the term 'toobitai' began to represent a Court cap which had a half-moon or crescent-shaped hole on the top of a usubitai covered by ra or silk gauze.
- 主な都市では(特にホーロー人地区)、夕方以降から深夜にかけてナイトマーケット(中国語:夜市、ye4shi4 イエスー)(zh夜市)に屋台が登場する。
- Located in the main section of large cities (especially Holo people areas), are street stalls that are open for business inside a Night Market (in Chinese, 夜市, means 'night market' and is pronounced as 'ye4shi4.') from evening to midnight.
- シリーズ第三作「宗十郎頭巾」以降、主人公鞍馬天狗こと倉田典膳のトレード・マークとなり、ことに嵐寛寿郎の映画によってこのイメージは不動のものとなった。
- From Vol. Ⅲ (titled 'Sojuro-zukin') of the series, Sojuro-zukin became the trademark of the hero Kurama Tengu, or Denzen KURATA, and the image took root when Kanjuro ARASHI starred as Kurama Tengu in its cinematized pieces.
- 以降、宗家は尾張家の扶持を受けながら京都に住まったが、四世山脇和泉元知のときに名古屋に移住し、十世山脇和泉元清の代に明治維新を迎えて東京都に移った。
- From then on, Soke lived in Kyoto with fuchi (a stipend) from the Owari family until Mototomo YAMAWAKIIZUMI, the fourth moved to Nagoya, and then Motokiyo YAMAWAKIIZUMI, 10th, to Tokyo.
- 先代に続いて天皇の外舅藤原忠平が関白を務めたが、天暦3年(949年)に忠平が亡くなるとそれ以降摂関を置かず、延喜時代とともに天皇親政の典範とされた。
- The Emperor's father-in-law, FUJIWARA no Tadahira, continued to work as a chancellor (chief cabinet advisor to the Emperor) from the previous Emperor's era, since after Tadahira died in 949 there was no one appointed as a regent so a chancellor and the Emperor ruled the government directly; this became Imperial House Law, followed by the Engi period.
- 久邇家は香淳皇后を通して天皇家と縁戚関係にあるが、これは香淳皇后が入内したことによるもので久邇家嫡流には明治天皇以降の天皇の男系血統は入っていない。
- The Kuni family is related to the Emperor's family through Empress Kojun, this was because the Empress made a bridal entry into the Imperial Palace, there was no direct male blood line from the Imperial Family in the successors of the Kuni family since Emperor Meiji.
- 日本の歴史では通常岡倉案のものを採用しているが、現在でも美術史や建築史などでは関野案のものを使用し、大化の改新以降を白鳳時代として区別する事がある。
- Okakura's proposal is usually adopted in relation to Japanese history, but in the art and architectural worlds, they follow the viewpoint of Sekino and distinguish the period after the Taika Reform from the Asuka Period, using the name of the Hakuho Period.
- 徳川時代中期以降になると、文化の東漸にともない次第に関東へも洗練された先進的な上方文化が下り、化政期になって漸く江戸特有の文化が開花を見るに至った。
- Since the middle of the Tokugawa period, refined and advanced Kamigata culture spread gradually east and culture specific to Edo flowered in the Kasei era
- このように、明治以降の歴史認識・歴史叙述には、2つの潮流 - 歴史に普遍性を見出す方向と日本の歴史の独自性を強調する方向 - を見出しうるのである。
- Thus, two flows of thoughts, the direction of trying to find universality in history and the direction of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese history, can be found in the recognition of history and descriptions of history during the Meiji period and later.
- 元々はフランス南東部のドーフィネ(Dauphiné)地方の領主の称号であったが、1349年に同地方を併合して王太子領として以降、王太子の称号となった。
- It was originally a title of a feudal lord in the Dauphine region at the south-eastern part of France, but it became a title of crown prince after the region was absorbed as a crown prince region in 1349.
- 天皇自身が、公務等の見直しは在位20周年となる平成21年以降からと希望していたため、平成21年(2009年)1月29日に宮内庁より軽減策が発表された。
- As the Emperor had desired that his official duties and others should be reviewed after 2009, the 20th anniversary of his enthronement, the Imperial Household Agency did not announce the measures to reduce the Emperor's burden until January 29, 2009.
- よって、2年後以降の秋分の日の日付は確定していないことになるが、これまでに、天文計算によって求められた春分の日付以外の日が春分の日とされたことはない。
- Therefore, the dates of the Autumnal Equinox Day two years and beyond have not been fixed; however, days other than autumnal equinox day obtained by an astronomical calculation has never been set as the Autumnal Equinox Day so far.
- よって、2年後以降の春分の日の日付は確定していないことになるが、これまでに、天文計算によって求められた春分の日付以外の日が春分の日とされたことはない。
- Therefore, the dates of the Vernal Equinox Day two years and beyond have not been fixed; however, days other than vernal equinox day obtained by an astronomical calculation has never been set as the Vernal Equinox Day so far.
- その形態は、冒頭の次第もしくはワキの名乗から道行などまでのワキを中心とする段を演じた後、前場の残りの部分を略し、待謡以降を演奏するといったものである。
- The style of 'Han-Noh' shortens 'Maeba' scenes after initial 'shidai' (one of component parts of a Noh play) or 'dan' (a section) including 'nanori' (announcement of one's name) and 'michiyuki' (going on a road) of 'Waki' (supporting actor), and performs scenes after machi-utai (a song sung by a waki in the middle of a noh play).
- また明治以降、累・与右衛門の物語は「薫樹累物語(めいぼくかさねものがたり)」などの外題で、独立の狂言として歌舞伎・人形浄瑠璃で上演されるようになった。
- The story of Kasane and Yoemon became a separate Kabuki play titled 'Meiboku Kasane Monogatari' (The Story of Kasane) after the Meiji period, and has been performed in Kabuki and Ningyo Joruri.
- 鎌倉時代中期以降、元寇に際し神風が吹いたのは神仏の加護によるものであるとの考えから徳政令の一環として寺社の所領を確保する神領興行令が相次いで出された。
- After the mid-Kamakura period, as a part of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts), shinryokogyorei (a policy to show divine shows based on thoughts of Confucianism in Kamakura period) were issued in succession based on the belief that it was by the grace of gods that kamikaze (divine wind) had blown at the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan.
- 780年(宝亀11年)には伊治呰麻呂が陸奥按察使紀広純を殺害し多賀城を焼き払うという事態に至り、これ以降蝦夷征討といわれる果てしない戦いへと突入する。
- In 780, KOREHARI no Azamaro killed KI no Hirozumi, the Mutsu no Azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), and burnt down Taga-jo Castle, spurring endless war thereafter known as Ezo Seito ('The Ezo Conquest').
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日の町村制施行以降、昭和・平成の大合併の時期を含めて、一度も合併を経験していない、全国でも数少ない自治体のひとつである。
- Muko City is one of the rare municipalities in Japan that never merged with any other municipality since the enactment of the chosonsei (Town and Village System Law) on April 1, 1889, including the Great Mergers of the Showa and Heisei periods.
- それ以外にも多くの古い町並みが存在するが、高度経済成長以降、大阪のベッドタウンとして都市化が進み、落ち着いた町並みも、もはや過去のものとなりつつある。
- Although there are many towns and streets that preserve the historic atmosphere, these areas urbanized rapidly during Japan's economic expansion period and turned into suburbs of Osaka, making the quiet, traditional atmosphere is rapidly becoming a thing of the past.
- 京都市右京区京北(旧北桑田郡京北町)を東西に横断し、南丹市日吉町(旧船井郡日吉町 (京都府))の世木ダム、日吉ダムを経由、以降は亀岡盆地へと南流する。
- The river runs east-west through Keihoku, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City (formerly Keihoku-cho, Kitakuwada-gun), and, by way of Segi Dam and Hiyoshi Dam in Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan City (formerly Hiyoshi-cho, Funai-gun, Kyoto Prefecture), flowing south towards the Kameoka Basin afterward.
- 以上のような名田を中心とする収取体制(これを名体制または名田制という)は、11世紀~12世紀以降、一円化して領域制を高めつつあった荘園にも導入された。
- The taxation system centered on the myoden (known as the myotai or myoden system) was also introduced to shoen (manors in medieval Japan) that were expanding their areas of control since the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
- のち、平安初期以降、皇親を減らして国家の支出を減らす、皇位争いに関する政争を除く、皇室の藩屏となる高級貴族をおくなどの目的で、多くの臣籍降下が行われた。
- Subsequently, after the early Heian Period, there were numerous demotions from nobility to subject status with the aim to reduce the state's expenditure by decreasing the number of Koshin, to remove the political infighting concerning the succession to the imperial throne, and to create high-ranking nobilities that would serve as a buffer for the imperial family.
- 皇后として欧化政策の先頭に立たなければいけない立場を強く自覚しており、1886年(明治19年)以降は、着用の衣服を寝間着を除いてすべて洋服に切り替えた。
- She was strongly aware of her position as an empress to lead the policy of Europeanization, and after 1886, she changed all her clothes she wore, except nightclothes, to western clothing.
- 以降は阿波守護家の細川之持(義春の子)が一時的に備中守護を継いだ後、数年の空白を経て、管領となった細川高国の実父である野州家の細川政春が備中守護となる。
- After that, Yukimochi HOSOKAWA (the son of Yoshiharu) of the Shugo family of Awa temporarily succeeded the Bicchu Shugo, and Masaharu HOSOKAWA of Yashu family, who was a biological father of the Kanrei Takakuni HOSOKAWA, became the Bicchu Shugo after few years of blank.
- もっとも、20世紀以降の美術については、作者がもっぱら海外で制作していたり、国境を越えて幅広く活動していることが多く、上記の考え方は必ずしも妥当しない。
- And the above-mentioned idea about the geographical range does not always apply to the art from the 20th century, because many Japanese artists have come to produce their arts only in foreign countries or make their activities worldwide.
- 漢字で表記された場合でも、その多くは「かるか」の振り仮名が付されており、明治以降学術的呼称として、音読みで「さくじょう」と呼ばれる傾向にあるようである。
- Even when the word is written with Chinese characters, they are accompanied by furigana (Japanese characters showing how to read the Chinese characters), and after the Meiji period, the scholarly reading of the word tends to be sakujo following the Chinese reading style.
- しかしこうして10世紀後期以降、受領と田堵負名層との間に紛争がしばしば見られるようになり、受領の施策に不満の田堵負名層が中央政府へ訴え出ることもあった。
- However, from the late 10th century and onwards, there were frequent conflicts between the zuryo and the tato fumyo, and in some cases, the tato fumyo appealed to the central government about measures taken by the zuryo.
- 応仁の乱以降、将軍の権威が失墜すると細川氏以外の三管四職も没落し、さらに戦国時代中期に至って細川氏の勢力が減退すると室町幕府の諸制度は形骸化していった。
- Upon the abasement of the Shogun's authority after the Onin Rebellion, Sankan Shishiki (other than the Hosokawa clan) also fell, and when in the middle of the Age of Civil War the power of the Hosokawa clan weakened, the various systems of Muromachi Bakufu became mere terms.
- 一方、神聖ローマ帝国の皇太子には「ローマ王(Rex Romanorum)」の称号が授けられていたが、これはハプスブルク家による帝位世襲化以降のことである。
- The crown prince of the Holy Roman Empire was given a title of 'Rex Romanorum' after the heredity of the crown by the Hapsburg was established.
- 法文を素直に解釈すると、大日本帝国憲法においての天皇は大きな権力を持っていたように読めるが、明治以降も、天皇が直接命令して政治を行うことはあまり無かった。
- Reading the contents literally gives the impression that the Emperor had great power; but even after the Meiji period, the Emperor rarely governed the affairs of state directly.
- しかし「阪妻・立花・ユニヴァーサル連合映画」社の最大の欠点は、阪妻プロ第4作の『尊王』以降の契約を根拠に、阪東出演作の配給権は松竹が握っていたことである。
- However, the greatest fault of 'Bantsuma Tachibana Universal Rengo Eiga' was the fact that Shochiku held the right to distribute films starring Bando, based on a contract that applied to the fourth film of Bantsuma Puro 'Sonno' as well as subsequent films.
- しかし、一般的に普及したのは明治の廃刀令以降と思われ、それまで武士が身に着けていた刀が、一部分の軍用の他には無用の長物となり、保管の対象になってしまった。
- However, it seems that it spread among the general public after the decree banning the wearing of swords was promulgated in Meiji Period, when swords worn by samurai became no longer necessary and went into storage except for those for military use.
- これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
- This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.
- 桓武平氏(かんむへいし)は、天長2年(825年)以降に桓武天皇の孫たちのうち身分の低い者が、「平朝臣」を賜姓されて臣籍に下ることによって成立した氏族である。
- The Kanmu-Heishi were established by some lower ranked grandsons of Emperor Kanmu who had been given the honorary surname of 'TAIRA no Ason' upon being demoted from the Imperial family in and after 825.
- このような上方歌舞伎の現状を憂い、伝統の灯火を守ることを決意した仁左衛門は、私財を投じ「仁左衛門歌舞伎」と称して1962年以降五回にわたって自主公演を決行。
- Being worried about the state of Kamigata (Kansai region) kabuki, Nizaemon made up his mind to protect the presence of the tradition and daringly held self-promoted performances five times in and after 1962; he called them 'Nizaemon Kabuki' and funded them himself.
- 12世紀以降、宮城内の天皇在所である内裏を「大内裏」と表記することがあったが、14世紀になると宮城全体を「大内裏」と称するようになり、この用例が一般化した。
- After the 12th century, it often meant a particular Palace where emperor stays within the Imperial Palace as 'Daidairi,' but after the 14th century, the whole Imperial Palace was called 'Daidairi' and the usage of this expression became common.
- また並行して発掘調査も続いており、1972年から居延考古隊がエチナ河流域の再調査を行い、1973年以降、さらに2万枚以上の木簡が発見されている(居延新簡)。
- In addition, the excavation and investigation been continued in parallel, and Kyoen archaeological team started to re-examine the Ejin river area in 1972 and more than 20,000 mokkans have been discovered since 1973 (Kyoen Shinkan).
- その報酬は国衙から給与されていたが、平安後期以降、律令制に基づく国衙機構が大きく変質し再編成が行なわれると、手工業者への報酬に代えて給田が設定されていった。
- The payment was paid by the Kokuga, but in the late Heian period, the Kokuga organization based on the Ritsuryo system was dramatically reorganized and Kyuden were given to handicraftsmen as payment instead.
- 武田征伐(たけだせいばつ)は、織田信長が、長篠の戦い以降勢力が衰えた武田勝頼の領地である駿河・信濃・甲斐へ侵攻し、武田氏一族を攻め滅ぼした一連の合戦である。
- The 'subjugation of Takeda' in Japanese history refers to a series of battles fought by Nobunaga ODA, who invaded the territories of Katsuyori TAKEDA (Suruga, Shinano and Kai Provinces) in order to destroy the Takeda clan, whose power was in decline after the Battle of Nagashino.
- なお、明治以降新貨条例が施行され、1両は1円 (通貨)と等価とされ、(二分金の金銀含有量の実質価値と日本の金貨一円金貨 の純金含有量の価値がほぼ等しかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the New Currency Act became effective and 1 ryo was determined as equivalent to 1 yen (the value of contained amount of gold and silver of nibukin and purity of gold of 1 yen coin were almost equivalent).
- 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
- He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
- 大峯奥駈についても本山派が先行していたが、近世以降の熊野詣の衰退に伴って、江戸時代から今日まで、両派とも吉野から入るのが一般的かつ正統的なものとされている。
- Although Honzan school was ahead of Tozan school in Omine Okugake, with decline of pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan after the early modern times, entering from Yoshino has been considered to be common and legitimate for both schools since the Edo Period.
- 江戸時代以降、武家が頻繁に指貫を用いるようになってからは、裾を括らずに腰から吊り下げる「引上仕立」(ひきあげしたて)が使われるようになり、現在はこちらが主流。
- Since the Edo period, samurai families turned to frequently wearing sashinuki suspended from the waist in a 'hikiage shitate' style which remains used today.
- 沢柳事件の経緯と結末により「大学自治の本山」とみなされた京大は、1930年代以降、戦時体制のもとで大学への統制を進めようとする勢力からは敵視されるようになる。
- Kyoto Imperial University, which was regarded as 'the center of university autonomy' thanks to the development and conclusion of the Sawayanagi incident, came to be regarded as an enemy by people who intended to place universities under the government's control under the wartime regime in 1930's.
- 遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
- After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so 'kana' (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of 'waka' (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).
- しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
- However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.
- 前述の通り、江戸時代以前には、「三十六峰」は具体的には特定されていなかったと考えられるが、近代以降、「三十六峰」を具体的に特定しようという試みも行われている。
- As mentioned above, before the Edo period it was generally believed that the 'Sanju-Roppo' were not specifically identified, however, there have been several attempts to identify them after the end of Edo period.
- これらの町組は、その後たび重なる変遷を経て、明治25年には計32の「学区」に組織された(明治以降の行政区画の変遷については別項「京都市下京区の町名」を参照)。
- After going through many changes, these towns were organized into a total of 32 'school districts' in 1892. (Refer to the section 'Town names of Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City' for the history of administrative division after the Meiji period.)
- このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
- Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
- 室町時代以降、武家においては次第に惣領制が強化されつつあり、嫡流の家系が宗家・本家を形成し、庶子家が次第に庶家として、宗家の家臣として編入される例もみられた。
- Since the Muromachi period, the soryo system (a system in which the shoryo of a clan were inherited by clan members, but they and their shoryo were ruled by the soryo) was gradually enhanced; the family line of chakuryu formed the soke and honke, and the shoshi-ke (families other than the chakuryu in a clan) as shoke (branch families) were integrated as its vassals, in some cases.
- 追号は天皇が崩御した後に贈られる称号であり、制度上は必ずしも元号が追号になるわけではない(明治以降は慣例を踏襲しただけであり、旧皇室令等でも規定されていない)。
- A posthumous title is the title given after the demise of the Emperor and gengo (era name) does not necessarily become his posthumous title from an institutional standpoint (after Meiji period the custom was just followed and nothing is prescribed for the posthumous title in Kyu Koshitsu-rei (the Old Imperial Families' Act) and so on).
- 時忠は壇ノ浦の合戦後、能登国に流され没落したが、時忠の弟平親宗の子孫(唐橋家)や叔父平信範の子孫(西洞院家・安居院家・烏丸家)は鎌倉時代以降も公家として続いた。
- After the Battle of Dan no ura, Tokitada was exiled to the Noto Province and died there, but the descendants of his brother TAIRA no Chikamune (the Karahashi family) and those of his uncle TAIRA no Nobunori (the Nishinotoin family, the Agoin family and the Karasumaru family) survived as court nobles through the Kamakura period.
- 平安時代後期以降、皇位継承とは関わりのない皇子皇女たちは出家する慣例が生まれたため、賜姓源氏はほとんど途絶えていたが、江戸時代に入って一家が生まれた(広幡家)。
- Since the late Heian period, when it became customary for the princes and princesses who were unrelated to the succession to become priests, the Minamoto clan who were direct descendant of the Imperial Family almost became extinct, although a new family (Hirohata family) came out in the Edo period.
- 江戸時代以降、2つの輪を交叉させた文様を特に「輪違」と呼ぶようになったため、それと区別する意味で「唐花の入った輪違」という形状から「花輪違」というようになった。
- Since the Edo period, designs with two intersecting rings were specifically called 'wachigai,' and therefore, 'wachigai pattern with kara-hana (Chinese arabesque pattern)' came to be called 'hanawachigai.'
- 一ノ谷の戦い以降、源範頼以下主な鎌倉武士は帰東しており、またこの反乱の最中の8月8日に、範頼は平氏追討のために鎌倉を出立し、9月1日に京から西海へ向かっている。
- After the Battle of Ichinotani, MINAMOTO no Noriyori and the main body of the Kamakura warriors had returned to the East, but on September 21, in the midst of this rebellion, Noriyori again left Kamakura and, on October 22, headed from Kyoto for Saikai (the provinces on the western seacoast) to search out and kill the Taira clan.
- 奉答書の日付が「慶応四年」となっているが、後の一世一元の詔により慶応四年は1月1日 (旧暦)に遡って明治元年に改められた(大正以降の改元とは異なるので要注意)。
- The date of hotosho was written as the 4th year of Keio era, but by the edict of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each emperor, it was changed to the first year of Meiji era, back in January 1 (different from changing the name of an era after Taisho).
- 芙蓉門には、木村蒹葭堂・池大雅のような大家や葛子琴・曽之唯・浜村蔵六・前川虚舟・源惟良などの優れた門弟が育ち、江戸時代後期以降、大いに隆盛し全国各地に広まった。
- Fuyo had masters under him such as Kenkado KIMURA and Taiga IKE, as well as disciples such as Shikin KATSU, Koretada SO, Zoroku HAMAMURA, Kyoshu MAEKAWA and Iryo GEN, so the school flourished and spread throughout the country after the late Edo period.
- 「白樺派」に属する人々らについては直接的に関連付けられることは少ないが、その自由性や耽美性、明治以降のロマンティシズムにおいて大いにその牽引力となったと思われる。
- When it comes to people classified in 'Shirakaba School', 'Taisho Roman' is seldom associated with them directly, but it seems to play an important role in its liberal ideas and aestheticism, and the romanticism after the Meiji period.
- そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
- Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
- 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝(開通元寳との説もあり)と呼ばれる唐代の銭貨10枚の質量が24銖すなわち1両という基準でつくられ、1枚あたりの質量を「銭」と呼んだ。
- In China in and after Northern Sung Dynasty, a coin was minted in a manner that the weight of 10 coins of Tang dynasty called Kai Yuan Tong Bao (or Kai Tong Yuan Bao) equaled 24 zhu, that is to say, 1 ryo (tael), and a weight of the one coin was called 'sen' (銭).
- また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
- Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
- 消費税導入前はスーパーマーケットなどで細々と流通している程度であったが、導入以降は五円硬貨とともに流通量が激増したため、特に平成に入ってから大量に製造されている。
- Before the consumption tax was introduced, the coins were sparsely used in supermarkets etc., however, after the tax was introduced, the supply significantly increased as well as that of five-yen coins, so they began to be minted in high volume especially during the Heisei period.
- しかし、このように極めて完成度の高い曲目ばかり演じていては、能という芸能から活力が失われるのではないかとの懸念もあり、明治以降も新しい曲目が書かれ、上演されている。
- However, there was also anxiety that a performing art, Noh would lose its vitality when only songs each having a very high degree of perfection were played as in those days, and, therefore, new songs were written and played in and after Meiji period.
- 明治時代以降、文明開化と共にやって来た西洋種がもてはやされ、戸外で飼われ自然に交雑するネコの特性とも相まって、これらのネコと日本猫の交配が進んだ結果、雑種が増えた。
- After the Meiji period Western breeds that came with civilization and enlightenment became popular, and combined with peculiarity of cats that were kept outside and naturally crossbred as well as development of mating between these cats and Japanese cats caused hybrids to increase.
- (脚気ビタミン欠乏説が確定していた昭和期も、1938年まで毎年、国民の脚気死亡者数が1万人から2万人の間で推移しており、脚気が完全に根絶されたのは1952年以降)。
- (Even in the Showa Period when it was concluded that vitamin deficiency caused beriberi, until 1938, 10,000 to 20,000 citizens succumbed to beriberi on an annual basis, and it was not until after 1952 that beriberi was exterminated.)
- 取得資格は、毎年適用される。四月一日から七月三十日までに採用された職員は、七月三十日以降に休暇を取る場合、年間取得資格から十五日の休暇の前渡しを受けることができる。
- This entitlement shall apply each calendar year. Staff members recruited between 1 April and 30 July shall be entitled to an advance of 15 days' leave from their annual entitlement if the leave is to be taken after the latter date.
- 以降尊義の東条吉良氏と、西条に勢力を限定された満貞の西条吉良氏とは、互いに正統性を主張しあって譲らず、両者の子孫が約一世紀に渡って三河一国を舞台に抗争を繰り広げた。
- After this incident, the Takayoshi's family line of the Tojokira clan and the Saijokira clan, which had limited power over the Saijo, persisted on the legitimacy of their respective clans, the conflict continued for over a century staged upon Mikawa Province between the descendents of the two.
- 明治以降、政府の宗教政策から、他の真言宗宗派(真言宗御室派(総本山仁和寺)・真言宗大覚寺派(大本山大覚寺)など)と合同した古義真言宗に属し、古義真言宗総本山となる。
- After the Meiji period, in accordance with the religious policies of the government, the Koyasan Shingon sect became a part of the Old Shingon sect, which was merged with the other religious schools of the Shingon sect (Omuro school of the Shingon sect [the grand head temple is Ninna-ji Temple], Daikaku-ji school of the Shingon sect [the head temple is Daikaku-ji Temple], etc.), and became the grand head temple of the Old Shingon sect.
- 江戸時代以降、甲陽流軍学者が信玄の肖像画を珍重し、その中や浮世絵などに盛んに「四つ割菱」の図柄が描かれてしまったために、「四つ割菱」が定紋であるかと思われがちである。
- 'Yotsuwari-bishi' tends to be considered the formal family crest because it was often drawn in Shingen's portraits, which were valued by the scholars of Koyoryu military science, and ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock paintings) during the Edo period.
- アメリカ人向けに寿司を提供する寿司屋は、1980年代以降、健康食として日本食が注目されるとともに、バブル景気に至る日本の経済的進出とも相まって、大きく店数を伸ばした。
- The number of sushi restaurants serving sushi for Americans largely increased when Japanese food attracted attention as healthy food and Japan economically advanced up until bubble economy.
- 江戸時代の国学発生以降、平安時代以前の語彙・語音を知る資料として、また社会・風俗・制度などを知る史料として国文学・日本語学・日本史の世界で重要視されている書物である。
- Since the time when the study of Japanese classical literatures started in the Edo period, it has been highly evaluated as a document where information about vocabulary and about pronunciations of words is available, and in addition, it has also been highly evaluated in the fields of Japanese literatures, of Japanese language study and of Japanese history, as a document in which information about states of society, customs and social systems is available.
- 文芸の面では、751年(天平勝宝3年)に現存最古の漢詩集『懐風藻』が編集され、弘文天皇、大津皇子、文武天皇、長屋王などの作品を含む7世紀後半以降の漢詩をおさめている。
- In the field of literature, the oldest existing collection of Chinese poems 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry) was edited in 751, containing Chinese poems from the latter half of the seventh century and on, including poems by the Emperor Kobun, Prince Otsu, the Emperor Monmu, and Prince Nagaya.
- 江戸時代以降、大坂市街地の南にかつて「渡辺村」と呼ばれた被差別部落民の集落があり皮革製造、太鼓製造などを行ってきたが、ここも本来の渡辺津の場所からはかなり離れている。
- After the Edo period, on the south of the urban area of Osaka City, there was a settlement of Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) called 'Watanabe-mura Village,' manufacturing leather, drums and such, and this place also was a good distance from the location where Watanabe no tsu used to be.
- 1404年(応永11年)以降は日本に対して交付される貿易許可証である勘合符を所持する事で倭寇と区別し、正式な遣明使船である事が確認できる勘合船に限られるようになった。
- After 1404, the Ming Dynasty distinguished the official traders from wako by issuing Kangofu to Japan, limiting the trade to the kangosen (trading vessels with Kangofu between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period) because it was easily confirmed as an official vessel of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China).
- 三山はそれぞれ、本宮は西方極楽浄土、新宮は東方浄瑠璃浄土、那智は南方補陀落浄土の地であると考えられ、平安時代以降には熊野全体が浄土の地であるとみなされるようになった。
- Among the three shrines, Hongu is thought to be Saiho Gokuraku Jodo (The Western Pure Land), Shingu to be Toho Joruri Jodo (the Eastern Pure Land), and Nachi to be Nanpo Hodaraku Jodo (the Southern Pure Land) respectively, and the entire area of Kumano became to be regarded as a pure land in and after the Heian period.
- 国家公務員法(昭和22年法律第120号)施行以降も、侍従は同法の適用を受けない特別職とされ、一級官・二級官などの区別が存続していた(官記に「二級に叙する」などと記載)。
- After the National Public Service Law (Act No. 120 of 1947) was put in force, the position of chamberlains was still a special position in government service exempted from the application of this law, and their classification such as the first grade officer and the second grade officer still existed (some descriptions such as 'he was granted the second grade' were seen in official reports).
- しかし、安土桃山時代以降は、朝廷の極度の衰退により、世襲親王家の創設は朝廷外部からの経済的支援がなければ不可能になり、朝廷にとってむしろ歓迎すべき事態へと変わってゆく。
- However, after the Azuchi-Momoyama period, as the Imperial Palace weakened dramatically, the establishment of Seshu shinnoke (Hereditary family) became difficult without financial support from outside of the Imperial Palace, in fact the situation was changed to favorable the Palace.
- 近世以降は灌漑技術が向上し、傾斜が少ない沖積平野でも、水路に水車を設けて灌漑や排水が出来るようになり、現在、穀倉地帯と呼ばれるような河川下流域の平野での稲作が広まった。
- Irrigation technology has improved so much since the modern times that irrigation and drainage can be made possible by building a waterwheel along the channel even on alluvial plains where the slope is gentle, and as a result, rice cultivation has spread to downstream plains which are called breadbaskets today.
- 問題点としては、京都は「都」(都・京)であるが、首都(capital)という語が使われるのは主に戦後以降のことであり、「首都」に法令上の定義・規定ないことがあげられる。
- One problem with this argument is that, although Kyoto means capital, the term capital mainly came to be used after the Second World War, and is not defined or specified by any laws or ordinances.
- 鎌倉時代以降、大和国守護は興福寺が務めており、筒井氏もその衆徒として組み込まれるが、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると興福寺の勢力が衰退し、筒井氏や越智氏の勢力が台頭してくる。
- After the Kamakura period, Kofuku-ji Temple served as Shugo (provincial constable) of Yamato Province, and the Tsutsui clan served it as Shuto (group of monk-soldiers of temple); in the Sengoku period, Kofuku-ji Temple went into a decline, and local clans such as the Tsutsui clan and the Ochi clan began to rise in exchange.
- 寛政年間(1690年代)頃から農村や漁村へも広がりを見せ始め、江戸時代中期(18世紀)以降に益々増加し、特に江戸時代後期の天保年間(1830年代)前後に著しく増加した。
- From the 1690s, it spread to agricultural and fishing villages, and became even more widespread after the middle of the Edo period (eighteenth century), especially around the Tenpo era (1830s) during the late Edo period.
- 1871年の廃藩置県以降も五畿八道は廃止されておらず令制国も併用されていたが、1885年よりも後になると廃れ現在は五畿七道としての地方区分はあまり用いられなくなっている。
- After the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, the gokihachido and the provinces were not abolished, but they died out after 1885 and the local administrative divisions as gokishichido have not been much used.
- 関係者全員死罪を主張しながら、周囲の説得により手ぬるい幕府の処分案に同意せざるを得なくなった後陽成帝は、ままならぬ状況に絶望し、これ以降しばしば譲位を口にするようになる。
- Emperor Goyozei, persuaded by his aides into accepting the Bakufu's lukewarm proposal against his demand for capital punishment of all the persons involved, despaired at the circumstances which were out of his control and began to speak of abdication quite often.
- 本来、通常のベルトのように彫金を施した金属製のバックルでとめたが、平安末期以降前を紐で結びとめる方式になり、背中に当てる部分と結び余り部分のみを皮で作った二部構成となった。
- The sekitai was initially fastened together with a metal buckle like an ordinary belt, but it was tied with strings from the end of the Heian Period, and it was made of only two parts of leather: the back part and an extra part.
- 分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
- Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.
- 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀以降、地方の開発領主らは法的根拠に欠けた自らの私有地(荘園)を、国衙の収公から逃れるため受領層(中央の有力貴族や有力寺社)に寄進した。
- Starting from the late 10th century or the 11th century, which was the middle of the Heian period, local kaihatsu ryoshu started to donate their private lands (shoen) that they illegally owned to the zuryo (provincial officers such as dominant nobilities, temples, and shrines in the capital) in order to escape from confiscation by the kokuga (provincial government offices).
- この「我が君」から「君が代」への変遷については、初句「我が君」の和歌が、古今和歌集と古今和歌六帖以外にはほとんどみられず、以降の歌集においては初句「君が代」が圧倒的に多い。
- With respect to this change from 'wagakimi' to 'kimigayo,' waka with the first line 'wagakimi' is hardly seen other than in Kokin-Wakashu and Kokin Waka Rokujo (six volumes of Japanese poetry written in the middle of the Heian period) and, in poetry anthologies in the later age, overwhelmingly large number of wakas begin with the first line 'kimigayo.'
- また、仁賢の子の武烈天皇も跡継ぎがなく、応神天皇5世の孫とされる継体天皇が王位に就いているが、これにより仁徳以降の血統が途絶えていることから、王朝交代があったとする説もある。
- Also, Emperor Buretsu, son of Emperor Ninken, did not have a heir, and Emperor Ketai, who is said to be a descendant of five generations counting from Emperor Ojin, succeeded the throne, but since the blood line from Emperor Nintoku had been broken off by this, there is also a theory that a change of Dynasty took place.
- 義元以降は、細川宣元(義元の子)、細川忠元(宣元の子)、細川孚元(忠元の養子、三春藩家老・小野寺泰忠の子)、細川昌元(孚元の養子、藩主秋田延季の七男)と家督が継承されている。
- After Yoshimoto, the reigns of the family were succeeded as follows, Nobumoto HOSOKAWA (the son of Yoshimoto), Tadamoto HOSOKAWA (the son of Nobumoto), Fumoto HOSOKAWA (the adopted son of Tadamoto, the son of Yasutada ONODERA who was a Karo of the Miharu clan) and Masamoto HOSOKAWA (the adopted son of Fumoto, the seventh son of Nobusue AKITA who was the lord of the domain).
- なお、2003年11月3日の勲章制度改正以降に授与される勲章には「勲一等」のように数字で表現される勲等は冠されないが、改正前に叙授されたものは引き続き旧来どおりに呼称される。
- In addition, the decorations, which are bestowed since a revision of the decoration system in November 3, 2003, do not have a number prefix such as 'the First Order' but the ones before the revision are called as they used to be.
- カキ (貝)は主にマガキ(名産地として広島が有名)を使用するが、旬の時期(秋から冬)以降はイワガキ(春から夏)が替わって旬を迎えるのでほぼ通年カキフライを食べることはできる。
- Magaki (Japanese oyster), for which Hiroshima is famous, is usually used for kaki furai, but after its season (from fall to winter), iwagaki (another type of oyster) in turn comes into season (spring to summer), allowing us to eat kaki furai throughout the year.
- しかし、明治以降の日本とスペインは、スペイン内戦~第二次世界大戦にかけての一時期を除き、政治・外交上の懸案も少ない代わりに関係や関心も希薄という状況が続き、現在に至っている。
- Since then, there have been few political or diplomatic concerns between Japan and Spain and the two countries have had little interest in each other (except during the period of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War) to date.
- 伊達の名は陸奥国伊達郡(現福島県・中通り北部…伊達市 (福島県)、伊達郡、一部は福島市)に由来し、この地名は古代には「いだて」または「いだち」、中世以降は「いだて」と呼ばれた。
- The family name, DATE, was derived from the county name ''Date' in Mutsu Province (present-day, the northern area of Nakadori, Fukushima Prefecture [specifically, the area covers Date City of Date County plus a part of Fukushima City]), but the county was originally called 'Idate' or 'Idachi' in ancient times and changed to 'Idate' in the Medieval Period.
- さらに隆景の死後、毛利家から小早川家に送り込まれた家臣、及び小早川家一門衆・譜代家臣の大半は毛利家に引き揚げており、これ以降の小早川本家は毛利一門ではなく、豊臣一門といえよう。
- After Takakage's death, most of the vassals who were sent from the Mori family, clansmen of the Kobayakawa family and heredity vassals moved to the Mori family, so the head family of Kobayakawa after that was not a Mori family but a Toyotomi family.
- 慶応3年1月15日(1867年2月19日)、明治天皇の践祚に伴い処分が解かれたが、幟仁親王はこれ以降政治的な表舞台には姿をあらわさず、打診された国事御用掛への復職も辞退している。
- On February 19, 1867, Imperial Prince Takahito was forgiven in accordance with Emperor Meiji's accession to the throne, but he never returned to the political stage from that time onward and he even declined a reinstatement offer for the Kokuji Goyogakari position.
- 例えば近代以降のクラシック音楽ならば「個人的な解釈の違い」となるべきところを、集団で、伝統としてある程度、固定化して引継いでゆくところに流儀というものの特異性があるといっていい。
- Ryugi is unique in that the differences from other schools are fixed to some degree and handed down as traditions within the group, while, for example, in western classical music of modern age and thereafter, differences in interpretation of music are considered to be only 'personal'.
- しかし当時の船は航海力も攻撃力も未熟であり、陸上への依存が強いため水陸共同防御戦術は有効に機能し、以降の李舜臣の攻撃は戦果があがらず精彩を欠くようになり、出撃も滞ることとなった。
- However, as vessels at that time were immature both in capability for navigation and combat power and they were dependent to support from the land, the joint defense by navy and army worked effectively and, after that, attacks by Yi Sun-sin could not achieve good results in battle and became lackluster and the number of sorties decreased.
- 平安時代以降、平安京の都市生活者向けの商工業が発達し、特に国内流通が活発化した江戸時代には、全国に製品を出荷する工業都市となる一方、数々の技術者を各地の藩の要請に従って派遣した。
- Beginning in the Heian period, commerce and industry for urban dwellers in Heian-kyo developed; particularly in the Edo period when domestic distribution became prevalent, Kyoto City became an industrial city, shipping goods nationwide and providing technicians to local clans upon request.
- 日本の気象庁の観測では、1967年の観測開始以降、2002年に黄砂観測の日数・延べ日数が共に最多を記録したが、年ごとの変化が大きいため長期的な変化傾向ははっきりと判明していない。
- The Japan Meteorological Agency has observed kosa since 1967, and the data obtained there shows the following: Both the number of kosa occurrences and the total number of days when kosa was observed were maximum in 2002, but the long-term trend is not clear because the data changed considerably depending on the year.
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、小麦粉をつなぎとして使用し始めたことにより、二八蕎麦が一般大衆化したため、高級店が品質の良さを強調するキャッチコピーとして「生蕎麦」を使うようになった。
- Subsequent to the middle of the Edo period, however, since nihachi soba became common, with wheat flour being introduced as a binding agent, upscale soba restaurants started to imitate using the term 'kisoba' to emphasize the good quality of their noodles.
- この事もあり、上述されている通り両国界隈および相撲開催のある土地がちゃんこ料理屋の中心地とも言える場所となっているが、昭和後期以降には広範囲にチェーン展開を行う企業も見られている。
- For that reason, as described above, places around Ryogoku and cities where sumo tournaments are held can be centers of chanko restaurants, and some companies have operated their chanko restaurant chains widely since the late Showa period.
- 但し、この事件以降平城天皇と仲成・薬子との結びつきはさらに強固なものとなったらしく、尚侍であった薬子の昇進を考慮して、事件の直後に尚侍の官位相当が従五位から従三位に引き上げられた。
- However, it seems that the relationship between Emperor Heijo and Nakanari/Kusuko became stronger and the court rank of Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid) was upgraded from Jugoi (Junior Fifth Grade) to Jusanmi (Junior Third Grade) soon after this incident taking into account the promotion of Kusuko, who was then Naishi no Kami.
- なお、本来の意味で用いる漢文の読み下し及び日本の古代の用例には漢音と呉音の混交した 'ひゃくせい'、日本の中世以降の用例には呉音の 'ひゃくしょう' の読みを当てるのが慣例である。
- Note that it is common to pronounce the term as 'hyakusei,' which is a mixture of the Han reading of Chinese characters and the Wu reading, in the case of a Japanese reading of a Chinese passage or a use in ancient Japanese that is used in the original meaning, or 'hyakusho,' which is the Wu reading, in a case of a use in Japanese in or after the medieval period.
- これ以降、力を失った本願寺に代わって織田氏に服属しようとする鈴木氏と、それに反対する反織田派との間で争いが起こり、鈴木孫一は1582年に土橋氏の当主を殺害、雑賀衆の主導権を握った。
- Then, within Saigato, a confrontation arose between the group that insisted the submission to the Oda clan, instead of supporting Hongan-ji Temple which had lost its influence, and the anti-Oda group who was opposed to it, then Magoichi SUZUKI killed the head of the Tsuchihashi clan in 1582, the Suzuki clan gripped the leadership of Saigashu.
- しかし、8代藩主伊達斉村以降は30歳に達せず早死にする藩主が多く、一門からの養子でかろうじて無嗣改易を免れる状況が続き、これによる藩政の沈滞化が幕末の失敗につながった物と考えられる。
- However, many domain lords of the Date clan after the eighth, Narimura DATE, died before thirty, and a child adoption from other Date families continued to avoid the Mushi-kaieki (degrading of a social rank for the extinction of a family line), which led to the weak administration of the domain and finally the fall of the Date clan at the end of the Edo Period.
- 古くから女帝(呉音じょてい、漢音にょたい)と呼ばれることが多かったが、皇位継承問題の議論が盛んとなった2004年以降、日本の公文書や報道等では女性天皇の表現が用いられるようになった。
- They were often called female Emperor (they were also called Jotei in Goon and Nyotai in Karagoe), after there was active argument of the issue of Imperial succession since 2004, they were commonly called female Emperor in an official document or in the publication.
- 第二十七以降で解説されている占いのテーマには、「病の死生を占う法」や「産期を占う法」、「産まれる子の性別を占う法」、「晴れを占う法」といった日常生活や社会の動きに密着したものが多い。
- Many of the subjects explained in Chapter 27 and the subsequent chapters, such as 'The method to divine the life and death of the sick,' 'The method to divine the time of delivery,' 'The method to divine the distinction of sex of a baby to be delivered,' and 'The method to divine fine weather,' are closely related to daily lives or the movement of society.
- 政治史的には、710年の平城京遷都から729年の長屋王の変までを前期、藤原四兄弟の専権から764年の藤原仲麻呂の乱までを中期、孝謙天皇称徳天皇および道鏡の執政以降を後期に細分できる。
- From a political history viewpoint, the period can be divided into three: the Early Stage from the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo in 710 to Nagayao no hen (conspiracy of Prince Nagaya) in 729, the Middle Stage from the arbitrary exertion of power by four brothers of the Fujiwara family to the rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 764, and the Later Stage from administration by Dokyo and the Empress Koken (also known as Shotoku) onwards.
- 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
- On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
- 平安末期以降は、床の背中部分と上手のみを別々に皮で作って紐で結び、繋ぎ目部分から延び、長短二本の紐のうち、長い紐(懸緒)を逆側の留め具(受緒)に通して短い紐(待緒)と結ぶようになった。
- From the end of the Heian Period, the back section of the toko and uwate were made of leather separately and joined with strings, the longer kakeo (hanging cord) of the two strings was passed through the fastener (the ukeo, or catcher cord) on the opposite side and tied with the shorter one (machio cord).
- 次第に本百姓の分家や隷属民の '自立' 化が進み、17世紀の半ば以降には、村請制村落が確立していき、(1)田畑や(2)家屋敷地を所持する高持百姓が本百姓であると観念されるようになった。
- Gradually, hon-byakusho was branched and subordinate people became 'independent,' and in the middle of the 17th century and thereafter, villages of the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established and a farmer called takamochi-byakusho (a person managing a farm by employing farm workers) who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land came to be recognized, as hon-byakusho.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 第二次世界大戦後、愛子内親王などの皇族の女子が誕生する一方で、秋篠宮文仁親王誕生以降は悠仁親王の誕生まで約40年もの間皇族の男子が誕生せず、皇位継承の権利を持つ皇族の男子が不足している。
- After World War II, the Imperial family had princesses such as Imperial Princess Aiko, but no prince was born for about 40 years since the birth of Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito and now no one could have the right to succeed to the Imperial throne.
- 1591年に関白を豊臣秀次に譲るまでは太閤(たいこう)ではなかったが、1591年以降は秀吉自身が「太閤」の称号を好んで使用したこともあり、1591年以前の検地も含めて「太閤検地」と言う。
- Although Hideyoshi had not had the title of Taiko (the father of the Imperial adviser) until he handed over the title of Kanpaku (the chief adviser for an emperor) to Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI in 1591, all his land surveys including the surveys conducted before 1591 were included in the 'Taiko-kenchi,' because Hideyoshi had been pleased with the use of the title of 'Taiko' since 1591.
- 1865年(慶応元年)に実施された幕長戦争の失敗以降、江戸幕府の権威は失墜し、慶応2年になると京都では幕府の立てた(長州藩を朝敵とする内容の)制札が引き抜かれるという事件が頻発しだした。
- After their failure in the Baku-cho War (war between bakufu and Choshu) carried out in 1865, the authority of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed, and in 1867, the noticeboards (that says Choshu clan is Emperor's enemy) placed by the bakufu were frequently pulled out in Kyoto.
- しかし承久の乱(1221年)以降の天皇の権威の失墜は著しく、元寇に当たっての外交的処理や唐船派遣などの外国貿易など、いずれも鎌倉幕府の主導の下に行われており、武家一元化の動向を示していた。
- However, the loss of the Emperor's authority after the Jokyu War (1221) was remarkable, and like diplomatic efforts against Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and foreign trade, sending ships to Tang, they were both lead by the Kamakura Bakufu, and showed the unity of power amongst Buke.
- 具体的には、皇玄孫までを皇族としその子孫は臣籍に下すこと、ただし宮家を継承する長男のみは例外とするが、これも皇玄孫のさらに4世(玄孫)までを皇族としそれ以降の世代は臣籍に下すことになった。
- Great-great grand children of the Imperial Family would still be called members of the Imperial Family, other descendants were to be demoted from nobility to subject, except for the eldest son who will succeed to the Miyake, and in this case four generations after a great-great grandchild of the Imperial Family, would still be called members of the Imperial Family, after that, the descendants were to be demoted from nobility to subject.
- ある宮家から最初に華族となった王は侯爵(華頂侯爵など)とし、2人目以降は伯爵(東伏見伯爵など)とする、という慣行が定着していたほどであるから、準則は厳密に遵守されたと考えるのが妥当である。
- The regulation was considered to be obeyed strictly since there was a traditional practice established whereby the first Prince who became nobility from Miyake was to become marquis (Marquis Kacho and so on), and after the second Prince, they started using count as a title (Count Higashifushimi and so on).
- 鎌倉時代以降は更に宋銭の私鋳銭などが盛んに作られ、室町時代中後期には最盛期を迎えた(なお、宋銭などの渡来銭そのものも当時の日本の朝廷が発行した銭ではないという意味では私鋳銭と同様であった。
- During and after the Kamakura period, shichusen of Sung currency was also actively minted, and it reached its peak during the mid to late Muromachi period (it should be noted, however, that imported Sung currency itself was considered equivalent to shichusen, since it was not money issued by the Japanese imperial court, and therefore could not be considered official money).
- 早くから業務地化が進み、人口は30年以上にわたってドーナツ化現象により減り続けていたが、1995年以降都心回帰に伴う居住地再整備やマンション建設の増加に伴い再び人口が増加傾向に転じている。
- With more and more businesses advancing into this area, the population had continued to decrease for more than thirty years due to the so-called donut phenomenon, but since 1995, the population has increased because, corresponding to people's tendency for living in city centers, conditions of the residential area have been improved and an increasing number of condominiums have been constructed.
- また、二人司町、西酢屋町、諏訪開町、夷馬場町、和気町、観喜寺町、小坂町の7町は昭和36年以降「八条」の冠称を廃止しており、下京区において「八条」を冠称する町名は八条坊門町のみとなっている。
- Ninintsukasa-cho, Nishisuya-cho, Suwabiraki-cho, Ebisunobanba-cho, Waki-cho, Kankiji-cho, and Kozaka-cho have abolished the prefix 'Hachijo' since 1961, and there is only one town, Hachijo Bomon-cho, that has the prefix 'Hachijo' in Shimogyo Ward.
- この年以降、人の生爪を剥してヤマノイモを掘らせたり、池の樋から人を流して矛で刺殺したり、人を木に登らせて射落したり、女を馬とつるませる(つまりは獣姦)など猟奇性を帯びた愚行を行ったとされる。
- It is said that thereafter he committed absurd deeds seeking the bizarre, like having people dig up yam after he had torn out their nails, letting people drift from the gutter of a pond and with a spear stabbing them to death, having people climb up trees and shot them down and he had women copulate with horses (in other words bestiality).
- 鎌倉時代以降、親王宣下の制度により、本来その資格のない2世王以下の皇族が天皇・太上天皇の養子・猶子となって親王の称号を世襲する例が散見されるようになり、これを後世「世襲親王家」と呼んでいる。
- After the Kamakura period, due to the regulations governing the titles of Princes by Imperial Order, it was often seen for a member of the Imperial family, who was in his second generation or earlier, and not entitled to the throne, to became an adopted son of an Emperor or retired Emperor and then succeed to the throne, this example was called 'Seshu Shinnoke' (the Hereditary Imperial family) in future generations.
- 1950年以降、文化財保護法に基づき指定された重要文化財には、国の指定・認定を受けていなかった文化財から指定されたものと、重要美術品認定物件を重要文化財に「格上げ」指定したものとが存在する。
- There are two kinds of important cultural properties designated after 1950 pursuant to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties; those cultural properties which, having received no national accreditation or designation in the past, were newly designated, and those important art objects which were promotedly designated as important cultural properties.
- 以降、この事件を口実に全ての社会主義者、アナキスト(無政府主義者)に対して取り調べや家宅捜索が行なわれ、根絶やしにする弾圧を、政府が主導、フレームアップ(政治的でっちあげ)したとされる事件。
- The Incident triggered the Japanese government to step up crackdowns on all the socialists and anarchists through investigations and house search and the government even faked treason cases in an effort to eradicate them.
- この竹原小早川家は小早川氏の分家筋にあたるが、元弘の乱以降、足利高氏の下で戦い、室町幕府成立に貢献したこともあり、徐々に勢力を拡大し、室町時代中期には本家・沼田小早川家と拮抗するまでに至る。
- This Takehara-Kobayakawa clan was a branch of the Kobayakawa clan but since the Genko War, they fought under Takauji ASHIKAGA and contributed to the establishment of the Muromachi Bakufu (Shogunate); they gradually increased their power and by the mid-Muromachi period, they were competing against the Nuta-Kobayakawa clan, the head family.
- 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
- Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.
- 吉良氏は「足利将軍家が滅んだ後は吉良氏が将軍職に」と定められた将軍継承権を有する家であったが、斯波氏も鎌倉時代以降、足利の名字を有し続け、幕府にて高い格式を誇り、引け目はないと主張したのである。
- Although the Kira clan had the succession right determining that 'the Kira clan will become Shogun after Ashikaga Shogun Family falls,' Nobunaga insisted that the Shiba clan was equally high in status in Bakufu, maintaining the family name of Ashikaga after the Kamakura period.
- 平安時代初期には三礼学派・三伝学派という流れが成立して両者の間で論争が行われたが、平安時代中期以降は明経道そのものが儒教の専門家養成コースのような性格を持つようになって学術論争が沈滞していった。
- During the early Heian period, Myogyodo separated into the two schools called 'Sanraigaku' and 'Sandengaku' and debates took place between them; the arguments stagnated after the middle of the Heian period, however, once Myogyodo itself came to have the characteristics of a training course for becoming a professional on Confucianism.
- 公賢の死去は延文5年(正平15年/1360年)であること、実弟で猶子となった洞院実守が奥書に公賢「老後」の著書であると記していることから、貞和3年以降の13年間のうちに書かれたと推定されている。
- In view of the fact that Kinkata died in 1360 and his younger brother and adopted son Sanemori TOIN wrote in the book's postscript that the book was written after Kinkata's 'retirement,' it is presumed that the book was written during the period thirteen years after 1347.
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 明治維新以降の近代に入ってからは熊野詣の風習も殆どなくなってしまったため、参詣道としての利用はほとんど絶えたものの、周囲の住人が交易・物資移送を行う生活道路として昭和初期までは使用されつづけた。
- Since in modern times after the Meiji Restoration, the custom of the pilgrimage to Kumano became obsolete, Kohechi was no longer used as a pilgrimage route, however it continued to be used as a community road for trade and transportation of goods by local residents until the early Showa era.
- コマーシャルメッセージには、過去に河内家菊水丸や筒井康隆が出演しており、現在はベッキー(「味がさね」のイメージキャラクターだったが、以降も継続してCMに出演)が出演したバージョンが放送されている。
- While Kikusuimaru KAWACHIYA and Yasutaka TSUTSUI have appeared in commercials in the past, Becky's version is now on the air (after being the poster child for 'Aji gasane,' she continued by starring in the commercials).
- 平安時代は裏地を表地側にはみ出すように調製していた(おめり)が、明治時代以降、袿を重ね着しているように見せるために裏地と表地の間に中陪(なかべ)という別の生地を挟み込んで調製するのが慣例となった。
- In the Heian period, uchiki were worn so that the edges showed between each layer (a style known as omeri) but from the Meiji period, another cloth called a nakabe was inserted between the inner and outer layers, to make it appear as if the uchiki are worn in layers.
- 旧皇室典範では「即位ノ礼及大嘗祭ハ京都ニ於テ之ヲ行フ」とあり、また天皇の所在を示す高御座が京都御所に安置されていることから、天皇の東京行幸以降も京都は依然として都で、特別な機能を有する都市である。
- The city of Kyoto maintains a special function as a result of the Former Imperial House Act which stipulated that 'the Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony) and Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) be held in Kyoto' and the fact that the Takamikura (imperial throne) is housed at the Kyoto Imperial Palace, which mean that Kyoto remains a capital even after the emperor has departed for Tokyo.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- 初代・中納言・穂波経尚以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米30石であったが、11代・穂波経度は、戊辰戦争の時、錦旗奉行・大総督府参謀を拝命、明治2年(1869年)、その勲功により賞典禄100石を下賜された。
- After the first generation of the family, Chunagon, Tsunehisa HONAMI, the hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku in warehouse rice; however, as the eleventh generation Tsunenori HONAMI was appointed 'Commissioner for Flags' and 'Army General Staff of the Supreme Command' during the Boshin War (1868-1869), Tsunenori was granted an Imperial gift of 100 koku as a special privilege in 1869 in recognition of his services.
- なお皇太子の「赤色袍」は『台記』などにみえるが、黄丹の異名であったものか(黄丹に似たオレンジ色の検非違使の朱紱も平安中期以降は「赤衣」とよばれたという事実がある)、別のものであったものか不明である。
- Akairo no ho' of the crown prince is seen in 'Daiki'and so on, but it is unknown whether it was the another name of oni no ho or another thing (in fact, shufutsu costume of kebiishi [officials with judicial and police power], whose color was orange similar to oni, was called 'aka ginu' [red robe]).
- しかし、実際に人口調査の体裁が整えられてたのは、徳川吉宗によって子午改(6年毎)の全国人口調査が開始された享保六年(1721年)以降であり、大岡忠相から有馬氏倫へ提出した書類の形式で伝えられている。
- However, the census system was only formally put into place after hexannual national census surveys were implemented by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in 1721 (year) and formalized in the document presented by Tadasuke OOKA to Ujinori ARIMA.
- 磯野員昌を磯野氏本拠の磯野山城ではなく、元は小川氏の居城で百々内蔵助戦死後の佐和山城に置き、浅見氏の居城であった山本山城に阿閉氏を配した天文年間以降には支城在番制に近いものを構想していた様子も伺える。
- According to the fact that after the Tenmon era, the clan assigned Kazumasa ISONO to Sawayama-jo Castle, which was originally the home castle of the Ogawa clan, and after Naikuranosuke DODO (the castle lord at that time) died in battle, instead of his home base Isonoyama-jo Castle, and the Atsuji clan to the Yamamotoyama-jo Castle, which was the headquarters of the Asami clan, it can be thought that the Azai clan was planning a kind of 'rotating stationary system of branch castles.'
- しかしながら、平城天皇朝以降、大同2年(807年)の伊予親王事件にて南家、弘仁元年(810年)の薬子の変にて式家の勢力が衰えると、嵯峨天皇の信任を得た藤原冬嗣が急速に台頭し他家を圧倒するようになった。
- However, since the era of Emperor Heijo, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu (who had won the confidence of Emperor Saga) had rapidly gained power and started to overwhelm other families when the Southern House lost its power after the Iyo Shinno no Hen (Conspiracy of Imperial Prince Iyo) of 807, and the Ceremonial House lost its power after the Kusuko no Hen Conspiracy of 810.
- 貨幣収集界には天保6年から翌年鋳造分を「長郭」あるいは「中郭」、8年から13年までのものを「細郭」、弘化4年以降のものを「広郭」とする説もあったが、これでは現存数と鋳造数の比率に整合しないとの説もある。
- In the world of collecting coins, a opinion that claimed that coins minted between 1835 and the following year were called 'Chokaku' or 'Chukaku,' those between 1837 and 1842 were 'Saikaku,' and those after 1847 were 'Kokaku,' but the other argued that this categorization did not match the ratio of the number of existing coins and coins minted.
- 塩谷氏は、重興塩谷氏の時代に入り、永禄7年(1564年)10月7日に、義孝が弟の塩谷孝信に殺害され川崎城を奪われて以降内紛が続き、天正18年(1590年)には、家臣の岡本正親に独立されるなど衰退していく。
- As for the SHIONOYA clan, during the period of the Juko SHIONOYA clan Yoshitaka was killed by his younger brother Takanobu SHIONOYA on November 20, 1564 and Kawasaki-jo Castle was overtaken, after which internal troubles continued, and in 1590 the retainer Masachika OKAMOTO became independent, etc., and the clan declined.
- 茂山家は江戸時代以来京都で狂言師として活動してきた家であったが、大蔵流の名門としての地位が確固たるものになったのは、江戸後期に9世茂山千五郎正虎(初世千作。1810年生~1886年没)が登場して以降である。
- Although the Shigeyama family had worked as Kyogen performers in Kyoto since the early years of the Edo period, they only succeeded in firmly establishing themselves as a famous Okura-ryu school Kyogen family after Masatora, the 9th Sengoro SHIGEYAMA (the 1st Sensaku, born in 1810 and died in 1886), began performing in the late Edo period.
- その結果、「唄用」篠笛の音階は、第一孔を開放した音を階名における「ド」とすると、第一孔と第二孔を開放した音が「レ」、第三孔までを開放した音が「ミ」に近く、以降孔を開放する毎にファ、ソ、ラ、シに近い音になる。
- As a result of this, the scale of uta-yo shinobue changed so that the tone produced when the first hole is open became 'do,' the tone produced when the first and second holes are open became 're,' the tone produced when the first, second and third holes are open became close to 'mi,' and fa, so, la and ti were produced when subsequent holes are open.
- 慶長6年(1601年)には、伏見銀座から慶長丁銀が鋳造され、以後、江戸幕府によって品位を一定に定められた丁銀が発行され、元和 (日本)年間以降は常に小額通貨である同品位の豆板銀(小玉銀)を伴って発行された。
- In 1601, Keicho Chogin (oval silver coins) were made in Fushimi Ginza (silver mint) and since then, Chogin of a consistent standard had been coined by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and after the Genwa era, Mameitagin (small coins) of the same quality were made as a permanent small currency unit.
- の南鐐二朱銀発行以降、次第に両を基軸とする、分、朱の単位をもつ計数銀貨が増加し始め、1837年の一分銀発行に至って、丁銀のような秤量銀貨を凌駕するようになり、銀貨は小判の通貨体系に組み込まれることになった。
- After the issue of Nanryo Nishu silver coins in 1772, the amount of circulation of denomination silver coins with the unit of ryo (a base unit), bu and shu, began to increase, and in 1837, when Ichibu gin silver coins were issued, these coins came to surpass that of the currencies by weight, such as chogin, so silver coins were incorporated in the currency system of gold coin (koban).
- 摂関期にはまだ平安宮内裏が本来の皇居であると認識されており、平安宮内裏が健在であるのに里内裏を皇居とする例はほとんど無かったが、院政期以降になると、平安宮内裏の有無に関わらず里内裏を皇居とする例が一般化した。
- In the regency period, the dairi in Heian-kyu palace was still recognized as the primary imperial palace, and the satodairi was rarely used as the imperial palace when the dairi in Heian-kyu palace was available; in the cloistered government period, however, the satodairi was commonly used as the imperial palace irrespective of the presence of the dairi in the Heian-kyu palace.
- 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵(つわもの)として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
- After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
- 平安時代前期には皇太子の礼服は赤色の九章服になったが(さらに朝賀の廃止された平安中期以降は、皇太子の礼服の着装例がない)、朝服においてはその後も使用され、文様も鴛鴦丸(えんおうまる)が使われることが一般化した。
- Although the crown prince's reifuku was replaced by a red kushofuku in the early Heian period (after choga was abolished in the middle of the Heian period, the crown prince's reifuku fell into disuse), oni no ho was continuously used for chofuku and the use of the eno-maru (a design in which mandarin ducks form a circle) pattern became common practice.
- 同じく戦国大名として活躍した毛利元就を出した毛利氏では、鎌倉時代以降毛利氏より輩出された安芸坂氏や福原氏などの庶子の一族が庶家衆として、毛利氏当主の兄弟子弟より構成された一門衆に準ずる地位に位置づけられていた。
- In the Mori clan which produced Motonari MORI who played an important role as a daimyo, similarly to the Takeda clan, a shoshi family such as the Akisaka and the Fukuhara clans produced from the Mori clan since the Kamakura period were positioned next to ichimonshu which included the siblings and children of the family head of the Mori clan, as shokeshu.
- しかし、建保4年(1216年)に信清が薨去して以降、建保7年(1219年)には将軍源実朝が暗殺され、承久3年(1221年)の承久の変においては信清の子の坊門忠信は後鳥羽上皇ら討幕勢力に与したため流罪に処せられた。
- However, following Nobukiyo's death in 1216, the Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated in 1219, and in the Jokyu War of 1221, Nobukiyo's son Tadanobu BOMON sided with the Retired Emperor Gotoba and lent his military strength to the effort to strike down the shogunate, leading to his exile.
- そのなかでも特に正月は、子供が遅くまで起きて遊ぶことをゆるされていたり、わざわざ百人一首のための会を行うことが江戸後期以降しばしば見られたりしたこともあり、現在ではこれが正月の風俗として定着しているものであろう。
- In New Years, children were allowed to sit up late and play games, besides, in the late Edo period, the New Year's special event playing the Hyakunin Isshu Karuta began, therefore, the game gradually became fixed as a New Years activity.
- 以降、三宅派の芸系は、やや遅れて加賀より上京した五世野村万造(初世萬斎)によって受継がれ、名人といわれた野村万蔵 (6世)(人間国宝)、七世野村万蔵(現野村万蔵七世野村万蔵。人間国宝)と相続して現在に至っている。
- Since then, the tradition of the performances of the Miyake ha was inherited by Manzo NOMURA, the fifth (Mansai, the first) who went from Kaga Province to Tokyo a little later, and it was passed down to Manzo NOMURA, the sixth (Living National Treasure) who was recognized as a master actor and then to current Manzo NOMURA, the seventh (Living National Treasure) through time until now.
- 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
- The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
- 例えば「城郭」は、それまでは「かいだてを掻き、さかもぎを引いて」と言う臨時のバリケードと矢を射かけるための櫓であり、恒常的な設備ではなかったのに対し、15世紀以降から恒常的な施設として「城」が築かれるようになる。
- For an example, 'castle' was 'line the shields and pull the spiny ivy' or the emergency barricade tower to shoot arrows from until then and was not a permanent facility in contrast to a permanent 'castle' facility built after fifteenth century.
- 現在も、国会開会式などの重要な公務においては、後述のトヨタ・センチュリーではなく、リムジンタイプの同車が使用されているが、老朽化のため、2006年以降、順次トヨタ・センチュリーロイヤルへの置き換えが予定されている。
- Still now, not TOYOTA Century to be described, but limousine type of Nissan Prince Royal is used for the important official business such as for the opening ceremony of the Diet, but it will be gradually replaced by a TOYOTA Century Royal after 2006 due to aging.
- 13世紀前半の承久の乱以降、新補地頭に対して荘園公領11町当たり1町の給田を与える新補率法が成立すると、実際には1町にとどまらず2町・3町の給田を設定する例が多く見られ、新補地頭による荘園公領侵出を強く後押しした。
- After the Jyokyu War in the early thirteenth century, the Shinpo rippo (the regulation regarding new Jito appointments) was established to give 1 cho of kyuden per 11 cho of shoen koryo to newly appointed jito, but in actuality, there were many cases where two or even three cho of kyuden were given, strongly pushing the invasion of newly appointed jito into shoen koryo.
- 確かに冷泉天皇以降歴代の天皇は内親王に恵まれること少なく、斎院の候補者となるべき皇女が存在しなかった時期もあったが、歴代摂関と濃い血縁関係にあったことが幼くして両親に死別した内親王の生涯の安定を支えたことは疑いない。
- Without a doubt, emperors after Emperor Reizei were less fortunate to have imperial princesses, so there was a time when a princess could not be a possible candidate for Saiin, but there was no doubt that her strong blood relations with successive regents kept her life stable even though she lost her parents at a young age.
- 時代の経過とともに、これらの曲物は「桶」における「結桶」や「井筒」における「石垣」などの登場によって廃れていったが、江戸時代以降も弁当箱や膳、盆、菓子器、華器、茶道用器などに利用され、現在も少なからず生産されている。
- These magemono went into a decline over time and replaced by 'oke' in 'yuioke' and 'ishigaki' in 'izutsu,' but they were used as lunchboxes, trays, and bowls for confectionary, flower arrangement and tea ceremonies, and are still produced in quite a volume today.
- しかし、1170年以降、マネーサプライの増大とそれがもたらしたインフレーションの結果、貴族たちは、賃貸していた土地や財産を取り戻すとともに、文字どおり減退してしまった現金支払の固定価値と同等の労役を再び課していった。
- However, after 1170, money supply increased and thus inflation happened and as a result, the aristocrats came to impose the same labor service as the fixed value of paying cash which was literally diminished as well as regaining the leased lands and assets.
- 白河天皇以降院政が定着するとともに、当時貴族社会の中で徐々に一般化しつつあった家職観念のもと、天皇位と天皇家の家督が分離し、家督者(治天の君)となった者が本来の天皇の権限を執行し、皇位継承者を指名(譲国)するようになった。
- As the cloistered government became established after Emperor Shirakawa, under the concept of the family business that gradually became common in noble society at that time, the imperial throne and the head of the imperial family were separated, by which the head of the family ('chiten no kimi' - the retired Emperor who organizes politics) came to operate the essential imperial authority to designate an heir to the imperial throne.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- それ以降は土地のほとんどが荘園として利用されたため主だった中心地はなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)になると丹波平定の命を受けた明智光秀が塩見信房を倒し、その居城であった横山城を大修築し近世型の福智山城(後の福知山城)とした。
- A central place was not established because most lands were used as manors thereafter, but in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), Mitsuhide AKECHI who was ordered to territorialize Tanba defeated Nobufusa SHIOMI, and established the modern-style Fukuchiyama-jo Castle (福智山城, later written as 福知山城) after repairing the Yokoyama-jo Castle which was the castle where Shiomi dwelled.
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- 舟橋を家名とするのは清原国賢(きよはらくにかた。従三位・大蔵卿・侍従・少納言)(1544年 - 1615年)の子で後陽成天皇・後水尾天皇の侍読を務めた舟橋秀賢(ふなばし ひでかた。従四位上・式部省・明経博士)の代以降である。
- Funabashi became the family name after the generation of Hidekata FUNABASHI (Jushiinojo - Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies), myogyo hakase, a jidoku to Emperor Goyozei and Emperor Gomizunoo, and the son of Kunikata KIYOHARA (Jusanmi - Junior Third Rank, Okura-kyo, jiju, Shonagon) (1544 - 1615).
- これにより、男系の後継者がいない有栖川宮家は皇室典範の定めによって断絶が確定したが、威仁親王の教育を受け、身分を越えて親王を慕っていた大正天皇は有栖川宮家の維新以降の功績を特に慮り、第三皇子の宣仁親王にその祭祀を継承させた。
- After his death, following the Imperial Family Law, it was decided for the Arisugawa no Miya family to be discontinued as there was no male successor in the family, Emperor Taisho who was taught by Imperial Prince Takehito and was fond of him although there was a difference in social standing, the Emperor considered the achievements of the Arisugawa no Miya family especially after the restoration, he let the third Prince, Imperial Prince Nobuhito succeed to the ritual of the family.
- 日本において、キリスト教が実質的に禁じられるのは徳川家康の命による1614年(慶長19年)のキリスト教禁止令以降のことになるが、家康の禁教令も言い回しなど基本的な部分においてこの秀吉のバテレン追放令にならうものとなっている。
- Christianity was practically prohibited in Japan after the Ban on Christianity was issued in 1614 ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and his prohibition edict also basically followed this Edict expelling the missionaries by Hideyoshi in the wording.
- しかし、忠平の後に実際に政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭である左大臣藤原実頼であり、村上治世を天皇親政の理想の時代とするのは、11世紀以降に摂関政治で不遇をかこった中下流の文人貴族による意識的な喧伝だったのだと考えられている。
- However, the person who led the governance after Tadahira was the head of Daijokan (Department of State) and also Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) FUJIWARA no Saneyori, and it is thought to have been conscious propaganda to admire Murakami's reign as the ideal of imperial governance by the middle- and lower-ranked literary nobility in and after 11th century.
- 1980年代以降の吟醸酒ブームを受けて、さらに少酸性酵母、高エステル生成酵母、リンゴ酸高生産性多酸酵母といった高い香りを出す酵母が多数つくられ、都道府県の管轄下にある研究センターや農業大学を中心として新たな酵母の開発が進んだ。
- In response to the ginjo-shu boom in the 1980's and later, many yeasts that yield a high aroma, such as low-acid-producing yeasts, high-ester-producing yeasts, and high-malic-acid-producing yeasts, were developed, and research institutes under prefectural governments and agricultural colleges promoted development of new types of yeasts.
- 中世日本(平安時代後期から室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))において存在していた被差別民が、中世社会の中でいかなる存在であったかについては、1980年代以降、網野善彦らによって急速に研究が進展しており、いまだその評価は確定していない。
- Research about the state of discriminated people who existed during medieval Japan (in the era from the latter half of the Heian period to the Muromachi period and the Sengoku Period - period of warring states in Japan) has rapidly progressed since the 1980s through efforts by Yoshihiko AMINO and others, but an evaluation has not been established yet.
- このほか大田南畝の『半日閑話』、岩瀬京山の『蜘蛛の糸』、『乙巳雑記上』などは、天明六年十月廿八日(1786年)または天明七年五月廿五日以降(1787年)に江戸の町人の人口が100万人を超える128万5300人であったと伝えている。
- Other sources including Nanbo OTA's 'Hannichi Kanwa' and 'Kumo no Ito' and Kyozan IWASE's 'Otomizakki jo' point that the population of towns people exceeded the one million mark and reached 1,285,300 by June 1786 (Tenmei 6) or May 1787 (Tenmei), t.
- 朝廷としての組織は未熟であったが、『日本書紀』の暦法が雄略紀以降とそれ以前で異なること、『万葉集』や『日本現報善悪霊異記』の冒頭に雄略天皇が掲げられていることから、古代の人々が雄略朝を歴史的な画期として捉えていたとみることもできる。
- His governance was not perfect, but we can suppose that ancient people regarded his reign as a historical epoch from the following facts: before and after the Yuryaku period, the calendar of the 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) changes; and the Emperor Yuryaku appears in the beginning parts of 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and 'Nihon genho Zenaku ryoiki' (set of three books of Buddhist stories, written in the late 8th and early 9th century, usually referred to as the Nihon Ryoiki).
- 敏達天皇崩御後、彼女らの間に儲けた橘豊日皇子以降3人の弟・妹が、母親がれっきとした皇族である、甥の押坂彦人大兄皇子を差し置いて約40年大王(天皇)位につき、蘇我氏の全盛期が築かれる(ただ、当時は親子よりも兄弟の継承が一般的であった)。
- After the death of Emperor Bidatsu, Soga clan flourished as three children born (after Prince Tachibananotoyohi) between Emperor Kinmei and his wives took positions of Okimi (emperor) instead of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko (prince) whose mother was officially a member of Imperial family; however, in those times accession to the throne was more common from brother to brother rather than from father to his son.
- 史料上はっきり記されているのは、鎌倉時代後期に楠木正成が後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府に対して挙兵した元弘の乱において宮方に従い、幕府滅亡後に成立した建武政権に加わり、南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)(吉野朝廷)方として活躍した以降である。
- What is clear from the historical records is that Masashige KUSUNOKI fought together with the court during the Genko War when Emperor Godaigo raised an army against the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), joined the Kenmu Government established after the fall of the bakufu, and played an active role on the side of the Southern Court, or Yoshino Court, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 天正元年(1572年)以降、織田信忠を筆頭に池田恒興、森長可(森成利の兄)、河尻秀隆らを主力とする、いわゆる「信忠軍団」が編成されており(池田は後に軍団を離脱→摂津へ)、主に、東美濃に勢力を張っていた武田の影響を排除する戦いをしていた。
- From 1572 onward, an army corps led by Nobutada ODA, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Nagayoshi MORI (Naritoshi MORI's elder brother) and Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, which was known as Nobutada's corps (Tsuneoki IKEDA later withdrew from the corps and moved to Settsu Province), was fighting against the Takeda clan in order to prevent the expansion of Takeda's territory into the eastern Mino Province.
- 以降、長きにわたって伊能図(特に大図)は「失われた地図」となり、千葉県佐原市(現在は香取市)の伊能忠敬記念館に保管されていた写しの一部など、全214枚のうち約60枚の写しのほかは、東京国立博物館が所蔵する中図の写しが残るのみとなっていた。
- Ino map (especially large maps) had been long treated as a 'Lost Map' since then, and only copies of the medium-sized maps possessed by Tokyo National Museum remained except the copies of about 60 sheets of the total 214 sheets, including a part of the copies kept by The Ino Tadataka Museum in Sawara City (today's Katori City), Chiba Prefecture.
- 福原への行幸以降、貴族の不満も高まり、高倉上皇の健康が悪化していくなか、親清盛派の延暦寺(彼らは園城寺や興福寺と敵対関係にあったが、遷都には不満を抱いていた)などからの要望を契機として、福原行幸から半年後の11月、清盛は福原から京へ戻った。
- Since the Imperial visit to Fukuhara, the dissatisfaction of the aristocrats continued to grow and the Retired Emperor Takakura's health deteriorated, so using the request from the Enryaku-ji Temple, who were pro-Kiyomori (they were enemies with the Onjyo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple but were not happy about the moving of the capital) as a reason, Kiyomori returned to Kyoto from Fukuhara in November, six months after the imperial visit to Fukuhara.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
- これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
- This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.
- 田村麻呂以降の坂上氏の動向であるが、田村麻呂には坂上大野、坂上広野、坂上浄野、坂上正野、そして桓武天皇の后だった坂上春子らの多数の子がいたと伝わっているが、坂上氏宗家の家督を継いだのは摂津国住吉郡平野庄(大阪市平野区)の領主となった坂上大野だった。
- Tamuramaro is said to have had many children including SAKANOUE no Ono, SAKANOUE no Hirono, SAKANOUE no Kiyono, SAKANOUE no Masano, and SAKANOUE no Haruko, who was the wife of Emperor Kanmu, as for the situation in the Sakanoue clan after Tamuramaro, it was SAKANOUE no Ono who had been a feudal lord of Hirano Sho, Sumiyoshi-gun Settsu Province (present-day Hirano-ward, Osaka city) that succeeded to the reigns of the head family of Sakanoue clan.
- その恐ろしさや先人の築いた堤防のありがたさを後世に伝えるため、御霊神社 (福知山市)境内には全国唯一の堤防そのものを御神体とする堤防神社が建立されており、1931年(昭和6年)以降の毎年8月15日には、神輿が市内を巡回する「堤防祭り」が行われている。
- The Teibo-jinja Shrine in Japan was built on the premise of Goryo-jinja Shrine (Fukuchiyama City), with the embankment itself a divine symbol, in order to honor those predecessors who setup the embankment, as well as a sign to remind others of the dangers caused by the floods, and on August 15 of every year since 1931, the 'Teibo Matsuri' (embankment festival) is held, in which a portable shrine tours the city.
- 18世紀以降には、大坂高麗橋付近に住む氏名不詳の商人による元文3年(1738年)の『熊野めぐり』(以下、『めぐり』と略記)、伊丹の酒造家、八尾八佐衛門の家人による延享4年(1747年)の『三熊野参詣道中日記』(以下、『道中日記』と略記)などが見られる。
- As for the diaries about visiting Kumano written after the 18the century, there remain 'Kumano Meguri' (hereinafter quote it as 'Meguri') written in 1738 by a merchant with an unknown name who lived near Korai-bashi Bridge of Osaka and 'San-Kumano Sankei Dochu Nikki' (hereinafter quote it as 'Dochu Nikki') written in 1747 by a retainer of Yazaemon YAO, a brewer of Itami.
- その後有馬豊氏は更に大坂の役においてもその功績を認められ、久留米藩へと国替を命ぜられこの地を去り替わって小堀政一や遠国奉行伏見奉行などによって統治されるようになるが、以降この地を統治していた領主は国替えや改易によってたびたび交代がなされるようになった。
- Subsequently, after Toyouji ARIMA whose achievement in the Siege of Osaka was also recognized, he was ordered to move to the Kurume clan left Fukuchiyama, and in stead, the local magistrate, Masakazu KOBORI, and the Fushimi City magistrate, ruled the area; however, thereafter, Fukuchiyama went through a constant change of rulers due to transfer or forfeiture under the penal rules.
- しかし8世紀末以降、律令による編戸制、班田収授法による公民支配が次第に弛緩していくのと並行して郡司層による民の支配と編成の機構は崩壊し、新たに富豪と呼ばれる土着国司子弟、郡司、有力農民らが出挙によって多くの公民を私的隷属関係の下に置く関係が成立していく。
- However, after the late eighth century, as henko-sei (the organization of the people) by the Ritsuryo and domination over the citizens by Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) gradually loosened, the mechanism of domination and organization of people by the gunji class collapsed, and there were established relations in which children of native kokushi who were newly called the rich and powerful class, gunji, influential farmers and other people turned many citizens into their private slaves by suiko (government loans made to peasants).
- 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
- According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.
- 実際、6月19日以降、政務・人事に関する広義門院の令旨が出され始めており、6月27日には「官位等を正平一統以前の状態に復旧する」内容の広義門院令旨(天下一同法)が発令され、この令旨により、それまで停滞していた政務・人事・儀式などが全て動き始めることとなった。
- In fact, after June 19, ryoji (Her Highness' - as her majesty was called) regarding government practices and human affairs by Kogimonin was issued, and on June 27, the ryoji of `Official ranks or other issues would be restored as it was done before the incident of Shohei itto' by Kogimonin was issued; with this ryoji, all the government practices, human affairs, ceremonies started working again.
- もし書紀・水野説以外のいずれかが正しければ、欽明天皇は現在の皇室から少なくとも遡れる継体天皇以降の歴代天皇では昭和天皇・明治天皇に次いで長く在位した(推古天皇または天武天皇が事実上の初代天皇で、それ以前はヤマト大王だったのではないかという説は置いて)事になる。
- Apart from the 'Chronicles of Japan' and the theory of Mizuno, if any of these theories is correct, Emperor Kinmei would become the third emperor who reigned for the longest time following Emperor Showa and Emperor Meiji between Emperor Keitai and the present Imperial family; some people argue that Emperor Suiko or Emperor Tenmu was the actual first emperor and before these emperors there existed the great King of Yamato; but we will put aside this theory for now.
- ただし、「三種の神器」をはじめとする、皇室にゆかりの深い品々や、歴代天皇・皇族の肖像、遺筆、儀式に用いる刀剣類などの皇室経済法7条にいう、「皇位とともに伝わるべき由緒ある物(『御由緒物』)」については国庫の帰属から除かれ、1989年以降も「御物」と呼ばれている。
- Article 7 of the Imperial House Economy Act specifies that the materials with historical background being closely associated with the Imperial Family (goyuishobutsu) should not be included as government property, thus historical collections associated with the Imperial Family, such as the three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family, the portraits of successive emperors or the Imperial Family, written materials and swords used for Imperial ceremonies should continue to be called 'gyobutsu' after 1989.
- また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
- Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.
- 近年では元横綱若乃花の花田勝が経営する株式会社ドリームアークが「Chanko Dining 若」というブランド名で全国規模どころか海外進出までをも果たし、さらには大相撲の懸賞の提供企業になるなどしており、2000年以降のこの業界では台風の目ともいえる存在になっている。
- In recent years, Dream Ark run by Masaru HANADA, the former yokozuna (sumo grand champion) Wakanohara succeeded in operating a chunko restaurant chain under the brand name of 'Chanko Dining Waka' on a nationwide scale as well as overseas, and have a presence as a influential in the industry since the year 2000 by offering sumo prize money.
- 幕府は17世紀末の元禄年間以降、貨幣の中に含まれる金を減らし、貨幣の発行量を多くすることによって貨幣発行益を上げて財政を持ち直そうとしたが、いずれも過度のインフレーションを招き失敗に終わっている(徳川綱吉の元禄小判、徳川吉宗の元文小判、徳川家斉の頃の南鐐二朱銀の発行など)。
- Since the Genroku era at the end of the 17th century the shogunate government had tried to restore their finances by the issue of coins with low content of gold and silver and the further issue of currency so as to get profits from the issue of coinage, but every case caused hyper-inflation and resulted in failure (the issue of the genroku gold coin [genroku koban] by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, Genbun gold coin [genbun koban] by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, Nanryo silver coin (nanryo nishu gin) around the era of Ienari TOKUGAWA, and so on).
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
- The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.
- その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道 (新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
- Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote 'Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)' to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.
- 明治以降も、「霜夜鐘十時辻占」(1879)・「天衣粉上野初花」(通称 河内山と直侍)(1881)・「島鵆月白浪」(通称 島ちどり)(1881)・「四千両小判梅葉」(1885)・「盲長屋梅加賀鳶」(1886)などの作品が作られ、いずれも今日の歌舞伎における重要な演目となっている。
- In the Meiji period onward, the following plays were composed and are today counted among major kabuki plays: 'Shimoyonokane jujino tsujiura' (1879), 'Kumoni magou uenono hatsuhana' (commonly called Kochiyama to Naozamurai) (1881), 'Shimachidori tsukino shiranami' (commonly called 'Shimachidori') (1881), 'Shisenryo kobanno umenoha' (1885), 'Mekuranagaya umegakagatobi' (1886).
- 清の徐継畭の『瀛環志略』や李氏朝鮮の安鼎福の『東史綱目』には、倭寇の原因は日本に対する侵略行為(元寇)を行った高麗(朝鮮)への報復である、と記述されており、応永の外寇以前の前期倭寇は局地的な奪還・復讐戦であるとして『倭寇』と呼ばず、これ以降の後期倭寇を『倭寇』と考える説もある。
- In both the 'Ying huan zhi lue' by the Qing-period Chinese writer Jiyu XI and the 'Tongsa kangmok' by the Joseon-era Korean writer Chong Bok AN, the motivation of the Wako is considered to be retribution for Goryeo-era Korea's participation in the two invasions (by the Mongols) of Japan, and as such some have argued that the actions of the early Wako, who appeared before the Oei Invasion, should be considered a local effort to recapture lost wealth and a war of vengeance against Korea and China, so these pirates should not be called Wako (Japanese pirates); according to this theory, only pirates appearing after this point should be considered 'Wako,' or Japanese pirates.
- 文様は、(近世以降天皇は指貫を穿かなくなった)上皇や親王は「八葉菊」「竜胆唐草」「雲立涌」(雲立涌はかつて摂政や太閤も使ったが、現代の親王は雲立涌のみ)、公卿に多かったのは「八藤丸」で、少年は「亀甲地紋に臥蝶丸」若年者は「鳥襷」なども使った他、一族で固有の文様を使う場合もあった。
- The designs worn by retired emperors and imperial princes were 'hachiyogiku' (eight leaved chrysanthemum), 'rindo karakusa' (gentian floral pattern), 'kumo tatewaku' (vertical seething clouds, this design was previously also used by regents and the father of the imperial advisor but now only worn by imperial princes), and many kuge wore 'yato maru' (eight wisteria circle), young men wore 'fusecho no maru' (prostrated butterfly circle) on a tortoise shell patterned fabric, boys wore designs including 'toridasuki' (interlocking circular units comprising eight stylized birds around a central floral diamond) while there were also cases in which a family would use a particular design.
- それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎(鉄舟)これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とあり、少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
- According to this, 'it is not Shinto, not Confucianism, not Buddhism, but the concept which mixes these three and since ancient and medieval times it has excelled only in military art; Tetsutaro (Tesshu YAMAOKA) called it bushido' and at least from the viewpoint of Tesshu YAMAOKA, it had existed since the medieval times but he said that it was not called 'bushido' until he named it.
- 更に陰陽道の総帥たる陰陽寮の座を巡る安倍氏(土御門家)と賀茂氏(幸徳井家)の間での長年の確執は、賀茂氏出身の幸徳井友傳が天和 (日本)2年(1682年)に35歳で夭折したことで、土御門泰福(1655-1717)が陰陽寮に任じられて、以降陰陽寮は安倍氏が独占することで決着することとなる。
- Moreover, the long-time conflict between the Abe clan (Tsuchimikado family) and the Kamo clan (the Kotokui family) over the Onmyoryo position, which was the commander of Onmyodo, settled when Tomosuke KOTOKUI from the Kamo clan died at the age of 35 in 1682 and Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADD (1655-1717) was assigned to Onmyoryo; since then, the Abe clan dominated the Onmyoryo position.
- このことが小團次の気に入り、以降新七と小團次の名コンビによる『蔦紅葉宇都谷峠』(文弥殺し)、『三人吉三廓初買』(三人吉三)、『勧善懲悪覗機関』(村井長庵)、『鼠小紋東君新形』(鼠小僧)、『小袖曾我薊色縫』(十六夜清心)、『八幡祭小望月賑』(縮屋新助)などの名作が作られてゆくことになる。
- These modification gained the favor of Kodanji and later they became a good combination to produce some other famous plays: 'Tsutamomiji Utsunoya-toge' (also known as 'Bunya goroshi' [Killing of Bunya]), 'Sannin Kichisa kuruwa no hatsugai' (also known as 'Sannin Kichisa' [Three Men Named Kichisa]), 'Kanzen choaku nozoki karakuri' (also known as 'Choan MURAI'), 'Nezumi komon haruno shingata' (also known as 'Nezumi kozo'), 'Kosode soga azami no ironui' (also known as 'Izayoi Seishin'), 'Hachiman matsuri yomiya no nigiwai' (also known as 'Chizimiya Shinsuke') and so on.
- この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
- The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
- 昭和時代後期以降には、大資本がそれぞれの町にある酒屋をフランチャイズ化し、多くの酒屋がコンビニやスーパーへ変化していき、また酒類の販売に関しては大型量販店がシェアを大きく奪うようになり、また酒類販売の規制緩和により酒の小売がしやすくなったこともあり、昔ながらの酒屋には逆風が吹き荒れた。
- In the latter half of the Showa period and later, conditions unfavorable for traditional retail sakaya shops prevailed in the following ways: Companies with lots of capital started taking retail sake shops in towns into their franchise systems, converting many retail sakaya shops to convenience stores or supermarkets; also regarding the sale of liquor, large-scale mass sales stores took a big sales share and it became easier to sell sake due to the deregulation of liquor.
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- 源通親の子供久我通光以降久我家を家名とし、足利義満が太政大臣となるまでは清華家である久我家・堀川家・土御門家・中院家の4家が交互に源氏長者を世襲したが、室町時代に堀河・土御門両家が断絶(戦国時代_(日本)以後の堀川・土御門家はそれぞれ藤原氏・阿倍氏の子孫)し、久我家・中院家両家の世襲となる。
- From the time of MINAMOTO no Michichika's son Michiteru onward, the Minamoto family name was changed to KOGA, and until Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA became a daijo daijin, the position of head of the Minamoto clan was rotated among the four Seiga families (court noble families whose members were eligible for the position of daijin, or minister) of Koga, Horikawa, Tsuchimikado and Nakanoin; however, the Horikawa and Tsuchimikado families both came to an end during the Muromachi period (the Horikawa and the Tsuchimikado families that have emerged since Japan's Sengoku period are descendants of the Fujiwara and Abe clans, respectively), and the hereditary succession was shared between the Koga and Nakanoin families.
- 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
- Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.
- 3世紀中葉以降に見られる前方後円墳の登場は日本列島における統一的な政権の成立を示唆しており、このときに成立した王朝が天皇家の祖先だとする説や、弥生時代の近畿地方にあった場合の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を天皇家の祖先とする説、天皇家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
- Many theories, such as a theory stating that the appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds seen in and after middle 3rd century suggests the establishment of unified government in the Japanese Islands, and the dynasty established at that time were the ancestors of the Imperial Family, a theory regarding the lineage of Himiko of the Yamatai Kingdom, if it existed in the Kinki region of the Yayoi period, as the ancestors of the Imperial Family, and a theory stating that the dynasty of the ancestors of the Imperial Family was established in 4th century, has been presented, and has not been settled.
- 秀就の子・綱広以降の江戸時代には偏諱を受ける相手は徳川将軍となり(称松平・賜諱の家格とされた)、世子は元服時に将軍諱の下の字(○)を受け、「○元」などと名乗る習わしであった(しかし、「○元」と名乗る場合はむしろ少なくなり、「○広」、「○就」、「○房」、「○親」、「○熙」など他の通字を使用するケースが多くなった)。
- During the Edo period after Tsunahiro, who was Hidenari's son, the Mori clan was granted to use a portion of the first names of the Tokugawa Shogun, and the heirs of the Mori clan used names that employed the last letter of the names of shogun for the half of their names, as 'O元' (However, it was becoming more common to use tsuji, distinctive character used in the names of all of them belonging to a single clan or lineage, such as 'O広,' 'O就,' 'O房,' 'O親,' and 'O熙'.)
- また、1970代以降、京阪電気鉄道樟葉駅(大阪府枚方市)に近い男山地区で、京阪電鉄や日本住宅公団(現・都市再生機構)などがくずはローズタウンや男山団地などの住宅を造成して、大阪市方面のベッドタウンとして人口が短期間で約2倍に増加し、同府の福知山市などを上回った(現在は再び福知山市が八幡市より人口が多くなっている)。
- Since the Keihan Electric Railway and Nihon Jutaku Kodan (Japan Housing Urban Development Corporation) (present Urban Renaissance Agency) prepared housing sites, such as Kuzuha Rose Town and Otokoyama housing complex in Otokoyama area near Kuzuha Station of the Keihan Electric Railway (Hirakata City Osaka Prefecture) in and after the 1970's, the city became a commuter town for Osaka and thereby the population of the city almost doubled in a short term and surpassed that of Fukuchiyama City, Osaka Prefecture. (Now Fukuchiyama City is more populated than Yawata City.)
- 都が平安京に移って以降、いったん出家した皇族が還俗して践祚した例はなく、この時院政を敷いていた後水尾天皇はその第19皇子である高貴宮(後の霊元天皇)を践祚させようとしたが、高貴宮は生後間もなかったので、四世襲親王家の一つである有栖川宮を継承していた良仁親王が高貴宮が成長するまでの間の中継ぎとして践祚して後西天皇となった。
- At the time, there was no precedent where an Imperial member entered priesthood and then returned to a secular life to become enthroned as emperor, Emperor Gomizunoo, who used to rule the cloistered government, tried to have his nineteenth Prince, Ade no Miya (the later Emperor Reigen) succeed the throne, however the Prince Ade no Miya had just been born, so, it was decided that Imperial Prince Nagahito who belonged to the Arisugawa no Miya, one of the four hereditary Imperial families, would temporarily succeed the throne and be named Emperor Gosai until Ade no Miya was old enough to become Emperor.
- 鉄一文銭の総鋳造高は明治時代の大蔵省による流通高の調査により、6,332,619,404枚とされ、中でも明和年間以降の鋳造高が特に多く、亀戸では2,262,589貫文(2,262,589,000枚)、伏見1,422,782貫文(1,422,782,000枚)、常陸太田690,500貫文(690,500,000枚)などとなっている。
- The survey on the amount of circulated coins which was conducted by the Ministry of Finance in the Meiji period revealed that 6,332,619,404 one-mon iron coins were minted in total, and the amount of one-mon iron coins minted in and after the Meiwa era was especially high as shown by the following figures: 2,262,589 kanmon (2,262,589,000 coins) in Kameido, 1,422,782 kanmon (1,422,782,000 coins) in Fushimi, 690,500 kanmon (690,500,000 coins) in Hitachiota, and so on.
- 当主となる嫡子は山名氏・大内氏・将軍家・豊臣家などの有力者の偏諱を受け、「○元」(山名是豊の偏諱を受けた豊元、大内政弘の偏諱を受けた弘元、大内義興の偏諱を受けた興元、大内義隆の偏諱を受けた隆元、13代足利将軍義輝の偏諱を受けた輝元など)と名乗り、次男以降は(兄となる)当主の偏諱(元)を受けた形で「元○」(兄・興元の偏諱を受けた元就など)と名乗った。
- A legitimate child who was to become the family head was granted to use a portion of those names of the powerful clan members, such as from the Yamana clan, the Ouchi clan, the Shogun family, and the Toyotomi clan, and combine it with '元,' such as 'O元,' for example, '豊元,' (Toyomoto) '豊' from the first name of '山名是豊' (Koretoyo YAMANA), '弘元,' (Hiromoto) '弘' from the first name of '大内政弘' (Masahiro OUCHI), '興元,' (Okimoto) '興' from the first name of '大内義興' (Yoshioki OUCHI), '隆元,' (Takamoto) '隆' from the first name of '大内義隆' (Yoshitaka OUCHI), '輝元' (Terumoto), '輝' from the first name of the 13th Ashikaga Shogun '義輝' (Yoshiteru); and after the second son, naming by employing '元' from the headman's first name and adding another letter to it, such as, younger brother named '元就,' (Motonari) borrowing '元' from his older brother's first name '興元' (Okimoto).
- 平安時代中後期は、一時、紀伝道の分野で大江氏に優位を奪われ、菅原文時(899年~981年)(従三位・非参議)、菅原輔正(925年~1009年)(位階・参議・大宰府)のような例外を除いて公卿に列せられることはなかったが、鎌倉時代初期の菅原為長(1158年~1246年)が正二位・参議・大蔵省に昇進して以降、子孫は累代公卿に列せられ、朝廷における紀伝道の要職を独占。
- In the mid-to-late Heian period, the Sugawara clan was temporarily displaced from its dominant position in the field of Kidendo by the Oe clan and, as a result, and with the notable exceptions of Sugawara no Fumitoki (899-981) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) and Sugawara no Sukemasa (925-1009) (Court Rank, Councilor, Dazaifu, foreign affairs office in Kyushu), members of the Sugawara clan were not ranked as Court nobles over this time, but at the beginning of the Kamakura period Sugawara no Tamenaga (1158-1246) was promoted to Senior Second Court Rank, Councilor, Treasury Office and his descendants were subsequently ranked as Court nobles, taking all the important Kidendo posts at Court.
- 徳川吉宗は享保八年(1723年)九月から享保九年(1724年)四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年(1725年)四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
- In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.
- 昭和中期以降の日本酒の日本酒消費低迷期の理由として、日本酒アルコール離れにともなった消費者の志向の変化や、従来の日本酒が頑迷な男性の飲み物という閉鎖的なイメージなどが挙げられたことを受けて、醸造業界では、それほどアルコールに強くない人や、いままで日本酒を敬遠してきた女性消費者などに、新たな消費者層の開拓をめざし、「低アルコール」の日本酒というコンセプトで考案された。
- In response to the changes in consumer-oriented products associated with a shift away from sake consumption and the closed images of the traditional sake regarded as a drink for stubborn and ignorant men, which were good reasons for experiencing the depression of sake consumption after the middle of the Showa period, sake brewers aimed to cultivate a new market that targets people who get drunk easily or women who had stayed away from sake all this time and invented this type of sake with the concept of 'low-alcohol.'
- 1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)に後醍醐天皇が死去すると親房が南朝の指導的人物となるが、親房が1354年(正平9年/文和3年)に死去すると南朝はまた衰微し、幕府内での抗争で失脚した細川清氏が楠木正儀らと南朝に帰順して一時は京都を占拠するものの1367年(正平22年/貞治6年)に敗れ、以降は大規模な南朝の攻勢もなくなり、足利義詮時代には大内弘世や山名時氏なども帰服する。
- When Emperor Godaigo passed away in 1339, Chikafusa became the de facto leader of the Southern Court, but when Chikafusa himself died in 1354, the Southern Court again fell into decline; having lost the internal power struggle within the Ashikaga shogunate, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA switched allegiance to Masanori KUSUNOKI and the Southern Court and together managed to briefly occupy Kyoto, but in 1367 they were defeated, and thereafter the Southern Court lost its large-scale military might, and even suffered the loss of Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA, who submitted to the shogunate during the rule of Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.
- 第四回イーター理事会以降の適切な会合において、イーター理事会は運営評価人に書面で対象範囲を提示する(添付の職務内容-評価の対象範囲)。その後、運営評価人は、イーター理事会調整委員会(第7項参照)に、作業範囲への詳細な取組を提示し、承認を得て、評価を実施し、通常、次回イーター理事会会合の少なくとも三十日前にイーター理事会調整委員会に書面による報告書を提出し、さらにイーター理事会会合の二週間前にイーター理事会に報告書を提出することを認める。
- At the appropriate meeting, beginning with IC-4, the IC shall provide a written scope to the Management Assessor (appended Job Description-Scope of Assessment). The Management Assessor shall subsequently provide the IC Steering Committee (see item 7) with a detailed approach to the scope of work, obtain approval, perform the assessment, allowing it to provide a written report to the IC Steering Committee responding to the scope, normally at least 30 days before the following IC meeting, and a report to the IC two weeks before the IC meeting.