以上: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• それ以上
• further
• above
• anymore

• これ以上
• anymore

• ６５才以上
• Adult aged over 65:

• 5グラム以上
• 5 g or more

• 以上、辞典類
• All of the above are dictionaries.

• 以上、校訂書
• The above are recensions.

• 以上、註釈書
• The above are commentaries.

• それ以上の皇族
• Other members of the Imperial family.

• - 91字以上
• more than 91 characters

• pH8.5以上
• pH 8.5 or above

• 摂氏42度以上
• 42 degree Celsius and above

• pH3以上6未満
• pH 3 to pH 6 (exclusive of pH 6)

• 2人以上で行う。
• The game is played with two or more participants.

• - それ以上の長編
• a long piece more than the above

• 以上が通説である。
• This is a common theory.

• 団体は20名以上。
• Those in groups are to be 20 or more.

• 石室全長14m以上
• The stone chamber is more than 14 meters in full length.

• 麦芽比率50%以上
• containing 50% malt or more

• 芝コース（3歳以上）
• Turf course (3 years old and above)

• 中学生以上 500円
• Junior high school students or older: \500

• pH6以上7.5未満
• pH 6 to pH 7.5 (exclusive of pH 7.5)

• 総量1000mg以上
• Aggregate amount 1000 mg or more

• 青年漫画（高校生以上）
• Youth comic (A comic for high school students and above)

• 経済効果：86万両以上
• Economic effects: More than 860,000 ryo (obsolete unit of currency)

• 50%未満 25%以上
• containing less than 50% but more than 25% malt

• 以上により徐々に増えた。
• These activities contributed to the gradual increase of rakugo musicians.

• ダートコース（3歳以上）
• Dirt course (3 years old and above)

• 65歳以上 1,600円
• Senior citizens (over 65 years old), 1,600 yen

• 156以上の種類がある。
• There are more than 156 types.

• pH7.5以上8.5未満
• pH 7.5 to pH 8.5 (exclusive of pH 8.5)

• - 以上は地図にみえない。
• These are not shown on any map.

• 新調には1億円以上要する。
• It requires more than 100 million yen to make a new danjiri.

• 大人（高校生以上）500円
• Adults (high school students and older): Five hundred yen

• 30人以上の場合割引あり。
• Discounts available for a group of thirty visitors and more

• 以上の4段からなっている。
• The above four paragraphs were the outline of the plan.

• 以上中国で刊行されたもの。
• Books listed above were published in China.

• 1グラム以上2.5グラム未満
• 1 g or more and less than 2.5 g

• 2.5グラム以上5グラム未満
• 2.5 g or more and less than 5 g

• 以上、製作地名を冠したもの。
• The above-mentioned are those that go by the name of the production area.

• 以上の町数の合計は182町。
• The number of towns above is 182 in total.

• 以上、信長公記の記述による。
• The incident has been summarized above according to the Nobunaga Koki.

• 面紐が40cm以上あった場合
• If a contender's Men-himo string is 40 cm or longer;

• 以上などが柔術の源流である。
• These were the origin of jujutsu.

• （年齢）満六十年以上なること
• 1) The head of the family is aged 60 or over.

• 摂氏25度以上摂氏34度未満
• 25 degree Celsius to 34 degree Celsius (exclusive of 34 degree Celsius)

• それ以上のことは不明である。
• Beyond this was not clear.

• 2石以上の大小の石で構成する。
• Kumiishi is usually composed of two or more stone of large and small sizes.

• 『矢摺籐の長さは6cm以上。』
• 'The length of the Yazurido (Arrow slide binding) is longer than six centimeters.'

• 三位以上は緑の靴を金銀で飾る。
• The women of Third Rank and higher decorated their green shoes with gold and silver.

• 水素イオン(H+) 1mg以上
• Hydrogen ion (H+): 1 mg or more

• 以上31条で本編は終わりである。
• The main part ends with 31sections as mentioned above.

• 五位以上は親骨にかざりをつける。
• People higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank used decorations on ribs at both ends of a fan.

• 以上が「積沸かし」の工程である。
• This is the process known as 'Tsumi wakashi' (stacked and heated).

• しかし、それ以上の急勾配もある。
• However, it can be steeper.

• 以上を「京の三閣」といい、これに
• These buildings described above were called 'the three kakus in Kyoto.'

• 特殊成分を一定の値以上に含むもの
• Springs that contain specified ingredients more than the designated amount

• 臭素イオン(Br-) 5mg以上
• Bromine ion (Br-): 5 mg or more

• ヨウ素イオン(I-) 1mg以上
• Iodine ion (I-): 1mg or more

• フッ素イオン(F-) 2mg以上
• Fluorine ion (F-): 2 mg or more

• 小筆は半分以上おろさない方がよい。
• For a small brush, it is recommended not use more than half.

• 15年以上を真打と同格としている。
• Those who have a career of over fifteen years are ranked as high as 'shinuchi' (master storytellers).

• 五位以上の者を招いて宴も開かれた。
• Along with toka no sechie, a banquet was also held, to which court nobles of Goi (Fifth Rank) and higher were invited.

• しかしそれ以上のことは不明である。
• However, nothing is known other this.

• 天皇、文官、三位以上の武官が着用。
• It was worn by the Emperor, bunkan and military officers of Sanmi (Third Rank) and above.

• 遊離炭酸(CO2) 250mg以上
• Free carbon dioxide (CO2): 250 mg or more

• 泉源における水温が摂氏25度以上。
• Temperature of water at the gushing point shall be 25 degree Celsius or above.

• 現在60以上の存在が知られている。
• More than 60 of them are known today.

• 逆に5つ以上に分割できるものもある。
• On the other hand, some sao are divided into more than five parts.

• 45歳以上と女性を必ず1人含むこと。
• Every group should include a person aged 45 or older, and a woman.

• 親王は深紫、二位以下五位以上は浅紫。
• Imperial Prince's color was deep purple and the color for subjects from from nii (second rank) down to goi (fifth rank) was pale purple.

• 以上が序論とでも言うべき部分である。
• Mentioned above is considered as the introduction.

• 以上のとおり弥勒菩薩に質問している。
• The above question was addressed to Miroku Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present).

• 以上は近代まで使われていた物である。
• These above were used until the recent period.

• 中規模以上の曲では頻繁に転調がある。
• In numbers exceeding medium length there are frequent key changes.

• 以上をまとめると、以下の通りである。
• The following people engaged in the practice of Ohaguro.

• リチウムイオン(Li+) 1mg以上
• Lithium ion (Li+): 1mg or more

• 以上詳しくは、日本の鉄道開業を参照。
• Refer to the opening of Japanese railways for further details.

• 現在までに40以上が確認されている。
• More than forty Shinengo have been confirmed up to now.

• 通常、以上の3点はセットで用いられる。
• Typically, these three props are used together.

• それ以上の精米歩合は軽んじられてきた。
• So the polishing ratios of 75 percent or higher were thought little of.

• 生涯に70冊以上もの浩瀚な書を著した。
• During his lifetime he wrote a vast amount of writings, comprising more than 70 books.

• お化け屋敷　地獄門：3歳以上 500円
• Hell's Gate Haunted House: Must be three years old or older, 500 yen

• 三位以上が腰につける玉で出来た飾り物。
• This is an accessory made with gems and worn around the waist by those who are Third Rank and higher.

• バリウムイオン(Ba++) 5mg以上
• Barium ion (Ba++): 5 mg or more

• 三酸化二ヒ素(HAsO2) 1mg以上
• Diarsenic trioxide (HAsO2): 1mg or more

• 小学校4年生以上に毛筆習字の正科が復活。
• Brush-using calligraphy was restored as a formal learning course in the fourth and higher grades of elementary schools.

• 以上はいずれも近世以前からの由緒を持つ。
• These are all historical town names that have continued since pre-modern times.

• 以上に該当する町名は以下のとおりである。
• This applies to the following town names.

• 子太鼓は、親太鼓よりも２回り以上小さい。
• Kodaiko is less than a quarter of the size of Oyadaiko.

• 不偸盗戒を犯したもの（但し、一定額以上）
• Violation of Fuchutokai (the commandment against theft) (theft of a certain amount or more)

• 以上、きわめて簡略かつ概念的に説明した。
• Those described the casting process in an extremely simple conceptual manner.

• 以上は「江南の三大名楼」と呼ばれている。
• The above three buildings are called the three great towers in Jiangnan.

• 以上から、発掘後も古墳とはされなかった。
• For these reasons the mound was not regarded as a tumulus even after its excavation.

• 楼閣とは、2階建て以上の高い建物のこと。
• A rokaku means a high building with more than two stories.

• 日本全国で200点以上が確認されている。
• More than 200 of them were found throughout Japan.

• 10年以上熟成させたものも市販されている。
• Umeshu that has been aged for more than 10 years is also commercially available.

• すると、江戸期以上の隆盛をみるようになる。
• Thus the guidayu performed by females became more prosperous than in the Edo period.

• 湿度が一定以上あると細菌繁殖が活発となる。
• Growth of bacteria is quickened up above a certain humidity.

• 現在では、約200流派以上が存在している。
• Approximately 200 schools exist today.

• 摂氏34度以上摂氏42度未満（狭義の温泉）
• 34 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius (exclusive of 42 degree Celsius) (hot spring in narrow sense)

• 紅葉や秋草が本物の秋の野以上に見事である。
• The colored leaves and autumn flowers there were more beautiful than a real autumn field.

• 以上日本で刊行後、中国にもたらされたもの。
• Books listed above were issued in Japan and brought to China.

• 輸入品は台湾が20年以上の歴史をもっている。
• As for imported eels, Taiwan has a history of over 20 years.

• 以上、「西宮記」「江家次第」その他に詳しい。
• The above-mentioned process is explained in detail in several books, including 'Saikyuki' (the record of court practices and usage, written in Chinese style by MINAMOTO no Takaaki) and 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House).

• 所有有価証券、現金、預貯金額計100万円以上
• One million yen or more as the total of securities, cash, deposits and savings.

• 細川家中に父以上の勢力を築き上げたのである。
• In the end, Nagayoshi established his power which was bigger than his father's in the Hosokawa clan.

• 後鳥羽上皇以上に鎌倉幕府打倒に積極的だった。
• The Emperor was even more active in overthrowing the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) than the Retired Emperor Gotoba.

• 刃渡り100cm程のものは、3000g以上）
• In case of 100cm long blade, more than 3000g)

• 以上があいまって、様々な説が提唱されている。
• For the above reasons, there are various theories.

• SL列車：1歳以上(3歳以下付添要)300円
• SL Train: Must be one year or older (No unaccompanied children three years old or younger) 300 yen

• また、それ以上にマナーの悪さが木に影響する。
• Furthermore, bad manners influence the trees.

• 溶存物質量（ガス性物質を除く）1g/kg以上
• Mass of dissolved ingredients (exclusive of those that are in the form of gas) 1g/kg or above

• 温泉水1kg中に総硫黄を2mg以上含む温泉。
• Sulfur springs are hot springs which contain 2 mg or more of total sulfur in 1 kg of hot spring water.

• 以上が金時神社に記された金太郎の伝説である。
• The above describes the legend of Kintaro as recorded in the Kintoki-jinja Shrine.

• 温泉水1kg中に遊離炭酸1g以上を含む温泉。
• Carbon dioxide springs are hot springs which contain 1 g or more of liberated carbonic acid in 1 kg of hot spring water.

• ラジウム塩(Raとして) 1億分の1mg以上
• Radium salt (as RA): A fraction of 100 million mg or more

• 草津温泉（群馬県、高温浴（摂氏42度以上））
• Kusatsu-onsen Hot Spring (Gunma Prefecture, high-temperature bathing (above 42 degree Celsius))

• 第一マンガンイオン(Mn++) 10mg以上
• Manganese ion (Mn++): 10 mg or more

• 五七を三回以上繰り返し、最後を七音を加える。
• The five and seven syllables are repeated more than three times, and then seven-syllable line is added at the end.
• 5-7 phrases repeated at least three times and 7 syllables are added at the end.

• 以上３地区を日本三大素麺と俗称することがある。
• The above-described three production areas are commonly called the three greatest somen in Japan.

• 以上などが契機となって、復活することとなった。
• Circumstances such as those described above led to the revival of ehomaki.

• 長径1.7mm以上の丸棒状又は帯状に成形する。
• The matured dough is molded into cylindrical shape or tape shape with a diameter of 1.7mm or more.

• 一般的に35度以上の酒が望ましいとされている。
• Generally, alcohol containing more than thirty-five percent alcohol by volume is considered desirable.

• 芸歴5年以上を中座（江戸落語の二つ目に相当）。
• The storytellers whose career exceeds 5 years or more are classified as 'Chuza' (corresponding to 'Futatsume' in Edo rakugo).

• （註。以上は鷺坂にかけた鳥尽しの文句である。)
• (Note: The lines above contain puns related to the names of birds because of SAGISAKA's name (sagi means a heron).

• 黒いまわしの着用が許されるのは初段以上である。
• Wrestlers in the first dan (the lowest grade of the senior class) or higher grades are allowed to use a black belt.

• ナンバープレートがある以上、車検の対象となる。
• Because it has a number plate, a goryosha is also subjected to car safety inspections.

• （＊以上、浄土真宗、本願寺の歴史の項をも参照）
• (*For the above, see the articles on the Jodo Shinshu sect and the history of Hongwan-ji Temple.)

• ジェットローラー：身長120cm以上 400円
• Jet Roller: Must be 120 cm or taller, 400 yen

• また2種類以上のカツを組み合わせる場合もある。
• In some cases more than two cutlets are used.

• 高校生以上でも、この技を禁止とすることもある）
• This technique is sometimes prohibited even for high-school students or senior levels.

• 既に15台以上の「オカラット」を納入している。
• More than 15 'Okarat' has already been delivered.

• 一級と二級は小学6年生以上が受審資格を有する。
• For the Kyu-i of Ikkyu and Nikyu, the sixth-grade pupils and above of elementary schools are eligible to take examinations.

• ストロンチウムイオン(Sr++) 10mg以上
• Strontium ion (Sr++): 10 mg or more

• 鉄イオン(Fe++,Fe+++) 10mg以上
• Iron ion (Fe++,Fe+++): 10 mg or more

• 以上の内、注記のないものは何れも永世禄である。
• All premiums mentioned above without notes are permanent premiums.

• 行家を除く四人の撰者も二十首以上入集している。
• More than twenty poems of the four anthologists, excluding Yukiie, were also collected.

• 以上をふまえて簡単に近代国際法の潮流に触れる。
• Based on the above, the trend of the modern international law will be briefly described.

• いずれも風速3m以上の風が吹くと移動をはじめる。
• In either area, sand starts moving with the wind at a velocity of three meters per second or greater.

• 「特級」（濃口 1.5%以上、淡口 1.15%）
• Special grade (koikuchi 1.5% or higher, usukuchi 1.15%)

• 「標準」（濃口 1.2%以上、淡口 0.95%）
• Standard (koikuchi 1.2% or higher, usukuchi 0.95%)

• 以上の理由で、東京でもさかんに聴ける様になった。
• For these reasons Kamigata rakugo is now widely available in Tokyo.

• （以上、*印は昭和15年成立、他は昭和6年成立）
• (Those marked with * were established in 1940; the rest were created in 1931).

• 以上、宮家から入って皇統を継いだ天皇は3例ある。
• There are three examples how members of the Miyake succeeded into the Imperial throne.

• 以上の功績から重源は大和尚の称号を贈られている。
• These meritorious deeds led to Chogen being granted the title Daiosho (great preceptor).

• 現代の分類では、刃長が90cm以上のものを指す。
• In modern classification, those with a blade length of 90cm or longer.

• 日本だけで241種、5116紋以上の家紋がある。
• Japan has 241 kinds of Kamon, with 5,116 individual Kamon variations in total.

• ティーカップ：1歳以上(3歳以下付添要)300円
• Tea Cups: Must be one year or older (No unaccompanied children three years old or younger) 300 yen

• ホワイトハウス：3歳以上(3歳は付添要)300円
• White House: Must be three years old or older (No unaccompanied children three years old or younger) 300 yen

• 3Dシアター：3歳以上(4歳以下付添要)300円
• 3D Theater: Must be three years old or older (No unaccompanied children if four years old or younger) 300 yen

• 以下の成分のうち、いずれか1つ以上のものを含む。
• One or more of following components shall be contained.

• たとえば、親王、大納言以上でも、中門で下乗した。
• For example, even imperial princes and other nobles ranked higher than Dainagon (a major councilor of state) had to get down from their palanquin at Chumon gate (an inner gate in the castle).

• 最低でも十名以上、通常は二十数名で斉唱・合奏する。
• At least ten or more persons, but ordinarily 20 or more, would sing in unison and play the instruments required for the song.

• 個人の部（総合・45歳以上・女性）もタイムで決定。
• The individual divisions are further categorized into three (the general section, the aged-45-or-older section, and the women's section), and runners are ranked according to their time in each section.

• 「上級」（濃口 1.35%以上、淡口 1.05%）
• High-grade (koikuchi 1.35% or higher, usukuchi 1.05%)

• 以上を伝える『日本書紀』は、殺害の原因に触れない。
• The 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) which describes above mentioned incident, does not say anything about the cause of the murder.

• 最盛期には全国に180カ所以上の心学講舎があった。
• At its peak, there were more than 180 Shingaku koshas around the country.

• ギルドである以上、内部では徒弟制度が敷かれている。
• Being a guild, it has an apprentice system.

• 溶存物質総量 8g/kg未満、氷点-0.55℃以上
• Mass of dissolved ingredients: less than 8 g/kg, freezing point: -0.55℃ or above

• 温泉水1kg中に総鉄イオンを20mg以上含む温泉。
• Ferruginous springs are hot springs that contain 20 mg or more of total iron ion in 1 kg of hot spring water.

• 炭酸水素ナトリウム(NaHCO3) 340mg以上
• Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3): 340 mg or more

• 以上のように、源季貞周辺の系譜は確定されていない。
• As stated above, the genealogy around MINAMOTO no Suesada is not settled yet.

• これ以上騒動のタネを抱え込むのはたまらないであろう。
• They don't want to have more reasons for commotion.

• 以上の根底となるべき、優れた人物のそなえる霊的能力。
• The spiritual ability possessed by a remarkable individual which should form the basis of the above.

• 江戸時代にはこのような自然村が、約6万以上存在した。
• During the Edo period, there were more than 60,000 spontaneous villages.

• 大人がこれをかぶると身長2メートル以上の巨人となる。
• An adult puts it on and the Shojo becomes a giant with over 2 meters in height.

• ５０年以上１００年未満のものをヴィンテージ」と呼ぶ。
• Clothes produced more than 50 years ago but less than 100 years ago are called 'vintage.'

• 以上、朝日新聞夕刊 平成14年8月12日の記事より。
• The above comments are quoted from an article in the Asahi Shinbun Newspaper dated August 12, 2002.

• メリーゴーランド：1歳以上(3歳以下付添要)300円
• Carousel: Must be one year or older (No unaccompanied children three years old or younger) 300 yen

• 天然物の生産量の95パーセント以上を北海道が占める。
• Hokkaido accounts for more than 95 percent of the production of natural kelp.

• 以上の分類にあてはまらない用語には、次のものがある。
• Terms which do no fit to the above-mentioned classifications are as follows:

• 一部の戦国武将(以上は何れも眉を剃り、殿上眉を描く)
• Some commanders during the Sengoku period (both eyebrows were shaved off and tenjo-mayu (false eyebrows - were drawn.)

• 溶存物質総量 10g/kg以上、氷点-0.58℃未満
• Mass of dissolved ingredients: 10 g/kg or more, freezing point: below 0.58℃

• 温泉水1kg中にラドンを3ナノキュリー以上含む温泉。
• Radioactive springs are hot springs which contain 3 nanocuries or more of Radon in 1 kg of hot spring water.

• 正六位と五位以上は、臨時に勅を聴くこととされていた。
• A person with the rank of Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) and a person with the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank) or higher were supposed to temporarily hear an imperial edict.

• そのため墨は一定以上の気温下で使用しなければならない。
• Therefore, sumi needs to be used at temperatures above a certain level.

• 当該会社発行株数に対し、持株比率10％以上の株式所有者
• A stockholder who would have a stake of 10% or more of stocks issued by the company in question.

• 以上により、「賀茂」を冠称する町名は2町となっている。
• Thus, there are two towns prefixed by 'Kamo.'

• 以上により、「唐橋」を冠称する町は計16となっている。
• Consequently, there is a total of 16 towns that are prefixed by 'Karahashi.'

• 毎日登山しても25年以上の年月が必要となる計算である。
• Even you climb the mountain every day, over 25 years are required to achieve 10,000 times.

• これには33日間で40万人以上が訪れたと言われている。
• As a result of this, more than 400,000 people are said to have visited fudasho temples for thirty-three days.

• 現存する木活字版だけでも1000種類以上を超えている。
• As many as 1000 kinds of Mokkatsuji-ban are extant.

• 現在では、相続講志12万円以上納付の講員に対して下附。
• At present, it is given to believers who donates more than 120,000 yen.

• 外郭 - 以上に成り立たせたものを囲う文様を果たすもの
• Gaikaku (outline)(外郭) - Mon that surround the above Mon.

• 約90×40×30cm以上のものを使用するのが一般的。
• It is common to use a stone larger than 90 by 40cm and 30cm in height.

• 妻壁（つまかべ）とは、妻側の妻梁以上の外装の壁を指す。
• A gable wall is an exterior wall above the gable beam of a building.

• 櫓には通柱（2階以上を貫き通す柱）があまり使われない。
• A continuous column (column which pierces the second or higher floor) is hardly used for yaguras.

• 一辺40メートル以上の方墳ではないかと推測されている。
• It is assumed to be a square barrow of side 40 meters or more.

• それ以後400年以上に渡り現在の地で法灯を掲げている。
• For more than 400 years since then, both groups have continued their missionary work at the present places.

• ウォーターショット：2歳以上(3歳以下付添要)300円
• Water Shot: Must be two years old or older (No unaccompanied children if three years old or younger) 300 yen

• ミュージックエキスプレス：身長120cm以上 300円
• Music Express: Must be 120 cm or taller, 300 yen

• 糖度も12度以上と高く濃厚で今後期待される品種である。
• Sugar content is high enough more than 12 degrees and also richly-flavored and it is a promising brand.

• 栽培北限は「最寒月の平均気温が5℃以上」とされている。
• The northern limit of mikan growing is said to be 'when the average temperature of the coldest month is over 5 degrees Celsius.'

• ラドン(Rn) 20（100億分の1キュリー単位）以上
• Radon (Rn): 20 or more (unit: ten ppb curie)

• ヒ素ヒドロひ酸イオン(HAsO4--) 1.3mg以上
• Hydro arsenic acid ion (HAsO4--): 1.3 mg or more

• 以上の合計197貫396匁8分が1年間の費用であった。
• The total of the three sources, 197 kan and 396 monme, was the annual expense for dredging.

• 教書：三位以上の公卿の家司が主人の命をうけて出す文書。
• Kyosho: a document issued by a clerk of the court noble with a title of sanmi (Third Court Rank) or above.

• このうち師範以上が純粋な玄人として能楽協会に登録される。
• Among these ranks, the players of shihan and upper levels are registered as pure professionals at The Nohgaku Performers' Association.

• 以上を床の間に掛けるものという意味で「床掛け」ともいう。
• These kakejiku mentioned above are called 'toko gake,' because they are hung in the tokonoma alcove.

• 当然、これほど長い髪を維持するのは想像以上の労力を使う。
• It certainly took more trouble than expected to maintain such long hair.

• 成人向け漫画‐18歳以上を対象とした、性描写を含む漫画。
• Adult comic - A comic containing sexual expressions for people aged 18 and older

• 所有家屋500坪、宅地2,000坪、農地山林50町歩以上
• The established minimums were 500 tsubo (approx. 1,600 square meters) in houses, 2,000 tsubo (approx. 6,500 square meters) in housing land, and 50 cho (approx. 120 acres) of agricultural and/or forest land.

• 出家者、在家者のために『観無量寿経』を200回以上講義。
• He gave more than 200 lectures to monks and lay believers on 'Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra' ('The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life,' meaning Amida).

• 白梅 - 樹齢200年以上、「亀岡市の銘木100選」選定
• A white-blossomed ume tree, more than 200 years old, has been selected as one of the 100 old trees of historic interest in Kameoka City.

• 以上の点から邪馬台国畿内説の有力候補地と見なされている。
• Judging from those points, Makimuku Remains are considered to be the most convincing candidate site for the theory that suggests that Yamataikoku was located in the Kinai region.

• ミニパイレーツシップ：3歳以上(5歳以下付添要)300円
• Mini Pirate Ship: Must be three years old or older (No unaccompanied children five years old or younger) 300 yen

• この日に参詣すると、普段以上の御利益があると信じられた。
• It was believed that one would receive more blessing than usual if he or she visited a shrine or temple on these days.

• 以上のうち義太夫節を除くものを一括して古浄瑠璃と称する。
• Except for Gidayu-bushi, the above are collectively called 'old Joruri.'

• 蕪を薄く切り、樽に漬け込む枚数が千枚以上もの枚数である。
• A turnip is cut into a thousand or more slices and pickled in a barrel.

• 以上のどれにも当てはまらない物として細川たかし「北酒場」。
• Takashi HOSOKAWA's 'Kitasakaba' (North Bar) does not fit into any categories above.

• 舞妓数は祇園甲部に続いて20人以上の大きい数を誇っている。
• There are more than 20 maiko (apprentice geisha) in Miyagawa-cho a number which is second largest only to that of the Gion Kobu district.

• 死後、葬儀の費用もなく一か月以上御所に遺体がおかれていた。
• After the Emperor died, his body remained at the Imperial Palace for more than a month because there weren't enough funds for a funeral.

• 以上のとおり同様の記述があり、これは三千塵点劫と称される。
• As described above, this chapter contains a similar story; this story is called sanzen-jin-tengo (an immensely long period of time).

• 以上が浄土真宗の立場であり、それを示すのが続く引用である。
• What is mentioned above is the perspective of Jodo shinshu, and the latter quotation exemplifies it.

• 現代の分類では、刃長30cm以上60cm未満のものを指す。
• In modern classification, those with a blade length from 30cm to 60cm.

• 駐車場 普通車400円、大型車1500円（11人乗り以上）
• Parking fee \400/ordinary-sized vehicle, \1,500/ large-sized vehicle (eleven or more seats)

• 入場料（閉園直前のデータ）大人（中学生以上） 1,800円
• Entrance fee (data for period immediately preceding closing of the park): Adults (junior high school age and over), 1,800 yen

• この時期の利用者は酒の飲める世代、つまり20代以上である。
• At that time, the users were the generations allowed to drink alcohol, or those in their 20's and over.

• 卵殻が硬化するので、海水かそれ以上の濃度の塩水を使うこと。
• The egg membrane will harden in fresh water so sea water or water even saltier than sea water is used.

• 18～20才以上の未婚女性(引眉する場合としない場合有り)
• Single women of 18 to 20 years old or more (Their eyebrows may either be penciled or not.)

• 以上を組み合わせてできるのが下記に示す4種類の形態である。
• Thus, the above classifications give rise to 4 types of combinations as follows.

• 全島から30通以上の血判状が発見され、首唱者も特定できた。
• From all the islands, more than 30 petitions sealed with blood were found, and also the initiators were specified.

• 入門は士分以上に限られ、門人は諸国の大名、藩士に広く及んだ。
• Admission to school was only granted to those who are in the samurai class or above, while among disciples were included daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) from all over Japan and feudal retainers of domains.

• 歌舞伎においては二人以上で踊る演目の準主役を合方と呼称する。
• A comprimario is referred to as aikata in kabuki stories performed by two or more actors.

• 現在、固有種・交配種を含め600種以上の品種が自生している。
• Presently more than 600 kinds, including both endemic species and hybrids, grow wild.

• （差し引き分以上の場合もあれば、小銭程度であったりもする。）
• It can be larger than the balance, or it can be as small as change.

• 他に乱れ桐・桐菱・光琳桐・桐車など140種以上の桐紋がある。
• There are more than 140 kinds of Kiri-mon such as Midaregiri (wild paulownia), Kiribishi (diamond and paulownia), Koringiri (Korin's paulownia), and Kiriguruma (paulownia and circle).

• 以上により、現在は「粟田口」を冠称する町名は5となっている。
• As a result, there are now five towns prefixed by 'Awataguchi.'

• ついで以上の管弦が寄り合って試みに合奏し、歌人が庭燎を歌う。
• Next, the musicians join together to play in concert for rehearsal, and the singers sing Niwabi.

• ジェットスレー：身長100cm以上(8歳以下付添要)300円
• Jet Sleighs: Must be 100 cm or taller (No unaccompanied children eight years old or younger) 300 yen

• パターゴルフ：6歳以上 18H 1,000円、9H 700円
• Mini Golf: Must be six years old or older, 1000 yen for 18 holes and 700 yen for 9 holes

• 穂重型で、稈長は五百万石より10cm以上短い短稈品種である。
• It's a heavy-ear type and a variety with a stem that's more than ten centimeters shorter than that of Gohyakumangoku.

• 小麦粉に適量の水を入れ、3時間以上冷蔵庫で寝かせ生地を作る。
• Put a moderate amount of water into some flour and let it stand in a refrigerator for more than three hours and make the dough.

• 以上のように、独立するよりも以前に活発な教育活動が行われた。
• As can be seen above, active education was conducted before the independence.

• 加賀藩献上御用うどんとして藩政期より250年以上の歴史がある。
• Himi Udon boasts more than 250 years history since the Kaga Domain designated it as Udon noodles for presentation in the period of domain duties.

• 現在の日常生活においては中年以上の年齢の男性が穿くことが多い。
• At present, in daily life, mainly the males past middle age wear it.

• 日本では固有種・交配種を含め600種以上の品種が自生している。
• In Japan more than 600 kinds of both endemic species and hybrids grow wild.

• 縁は位階により五位以上は黄絹、六位以下は紺布などとなっていた。
• As different materials were used for the edges, depending on Ikai (Court rank), the edges were bordered, for example, with koken (yellow silk) for people with goi (Fifth Rank) or people higher than goi in the rank, while they were bordered with dark blue cloth for people with rokui (Sixth Rank) or people lower than rokui.

• 以上の分類は、あくまで一般的と思われる便宜上の分類に過ぎない。
• The classification above is just a general and expediential classification.

• 二十匁以上の弾丸重量を有するもので百匁クラスのものも存在する。
• The weight of the bullet is more than 20 monme and there was one with more than 100 monme that existed.

• 皇族の後見人は、成年以上の皇族に限られた（旧皇室典範38条）。
• Only Imperial family members who had reached the age of majority were allowed to take on the role of guardian of another member of the Imperial family (Article 38 of the Former Imperial House Act).

• 以上により、現在は「鹿ケ谷」を冠称する町名は18となっている。
• As a result there are 18 towns today that are prefixed by 'Shishigatani.'

• 現行の演出では、名乗りを上げる鳶の者の数は原作の倍以上もいる。
• In the present staging, there are more than two times as many firefighters as that of the original work.

• 急流すべりゴールドラッシュ：3歳以上(5歳以下付添要)500円
• Gold Rush Rapids Shooting: Must be three years old or older (No unaccompanied children five years old or younger) 300 yen

• 大相撲は幕下以上にならなければ博多帯を締めることを許されない。
• In professional sumo, only wrestlers with the rank of makushita or above are allowed to tie Hakata obi sash.

• 日記としての価値以上に、歴史書・科学的記録としても価値がある。
• Aside from its value as a diary, it is also valuable as a historical and scientific record of this period.

• 返々、自之人衆不遣前ニ、聊爾之扱無用候、尚一平可申遣候、以上。
• Again, do not take hasty action before sending my troops, and (尚一平可申遣候).

• さらに長径が1.7mm以上に成形したものを「うどん」としている。
• Furthermore, of those Kikaimen, molded noodles with a diameter of 1.7mm or more are defined as 'Udon noodles.'

• 赤味噌は、1年以上熟成させたものであり、そのため塩分濃度が高い。
• Red miso is matured for more than a year, therefore it contains salt at high concentration.

• 各地には多くの八景があり、全国の400カ所以上に八景が存在する。
• Eight Views exist in various places, and more concretely, in more than 400 places across Japan.

• 太巻 直径5cm程度以上になるものは太巻と呼ばれ具も複数となる。
• Futomaki (thick sushi roll) refers to sushi roll with a diameter of about five centimeters or above, and contains more than one filling.

• 平安朝の姫君たちの髪の長さは短い人でも2メートル以上は軽くある。
• Daughters of high-ranking officials in the Heian court easily had hair longer than at least two meters.

• （以上5種類をさしすせそ (調味料)と称する語呂合わせがある。)
• There is a play on words calling the above five seasonings as 'sa-shi-su-se-so' (seasonings).

• 登山回数100回以上の登山者には毎年5月3日に表彰式が行われる。
• Climbers who climbed over 100 times are awarded on May 3 in every year.

• この場合は死後7日以上経過していても初七日として法要が行われる。
• In this case, even if seven or more days have passed after death, the Buddhist memorial service is observed as Shonanoka.

• 木喰の存在は、本人の没後1世紀以上の間、完全に忘れ去られていた。
• Mokujiki was completely forgotten for more than a century after his death.

• 皇大神宮正殿の場合は樹齢400年以上のヒノキが必要になるという。
• It is said that a Japanese cypress of 400 years or more would be necessary for the main hall of Kotai-jingu Shrine.

• 以上のほか、京都府史に関する図書、特別展図録などを刊行している。
• It also publishes books on the history of Kyoto Prefecture and picture records of its special exhibitions.

• サイクルモノレール：3歳以上(身長110cm以下付添要)400円
• Bicycle-Monorail: Must be three years old or older (No unaccompanied children if 110 cm or shorter) 400 yen

• ジャンピングスター：3歳以上(身長100cm以下付添要)300円
• Jumping Stars: Must be three years old or older (No unaccompanied children if 100 cm or shorter) 300 yen

• 大きさ、形状、厚みなど、豆腐以上に地域差があるのが油揚げである。
• Like tofu, aburaage has a variety of sizes, shapes, thickness and other characteristics, according to the region.

• 中務省の官人、参議以上の官職にある者は勅許を得て大刀を佩用する。
• Officials of the Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) or those who held a position of Sangi (Councilor) and above were allowed to carry swords by Imperial permission.

• 70年代末には全国に700社以上もの業者が存在していたといわれる。
• It is said that there were no less than 700 dealers across the nation at the end of the 1970s.

• 以上の理由により○○流△派などとして同一流派に多くの派がうまれた。
• For the foregoing reasons, many styles were formed in one and the same school and name...-ryu (school)...-ha (style).

• この形態の店は、昭和40年代には全国に1万店以上あったと言われる。
• It is said that around 1970's, there were over 10,000 restaurants of this style across the country.

• 以上の者は自らの歌の披講の際は起立し、天皇に一礼する慣わしである。
• It is a time-honored practice that a person stands up and makes a bow to the emperor just before his or her poem is recited.

• 仏画・名号等では巻緒が長めになっているのでそれ以上巻く場合がある。
• The 'makio' (a string connected to 'kakeo' [a string attached to the top]) of the kakejiku mounted a Buddhist painting, myogo (name of the Buddha) and so on is tend to be longer, so, tie the makio around the kakejiku more than three times.

• 膠は煤と同じぐらい、あるいはそれ以上に墨の品質にとって重要である。
• Glue is as important as soot in terms of quality of ink sticks, or more important.

• 最下位こそまぬがれたものの順位以上に寂しさの残るシーズンとなった。
• Although the team was able to avoid finishing in last place, the season left behind more regrets to the team than the ranking implied.

• また、以上の順序の中でも細かな点については以下のようになっていた。
• Further details of the order were as follows:

• あともどりは出来ず、相手の石が二つ以上ある場合にはそこに進めない。
• The player couldn't turn back and couldn't move to where two or more stones were.

• 1982年、市当局は1万2000台以上の人力車を押収し、廃棄した。
• In 1982, the city seized more than 12,000 jinrikisha and destroyed them.

• もはやこれ以上の恥辱に耐えきれない、武士として死を持って抗議する。
• He says he cannot endure any more indignity and will protest by dying as a samurai.

• 一年以上貯蔵・熟成された清酒には、貯蔵年数を表示することができる。
• If sake is stored and matured for one year or longer, the number of years of storage may be denoted.

• 昭和44年 京都府より百年以上の老舗として蜷川知事より表彰される。
• 1969: They were commended, as a long-established store in business for over 100 years, by Governor Ninagawa of Kyoto Prefecture.

• 総硫黄(S)HS-,S2O3--,H2Sに対応するもの 1mg以上
• Total sulfur (S) substances corresponding to HS-,S2O3--,H2S: 1mg or more

• 太巻と細巻の中間形で、通常二種類以上の具材が巻き込まれることが多い。
• Chumaki has a diameter between that of Futomaki and of Hosomaki, and usually contains more than one filling in many cases.

• また、政財界や学識者からの内奏・進講を、父昭和天皇以上に受けている。
• Moreover, he has received reports and lectures on the affairs of the state more frequently than his father, the Emperor Showa, from people in the political and business worlds, intellectuals and others.

• 以上により、当地区の町名は「稲荷山官有地」を含め137となっている。
• As above, the number of town names of this district is 137 including 'Mt. Inari government-owned land.'

• 以上のどの場合でも、法に反して即位したという屈折が文面から窺えない。
• In any of these cases, no trace of pervasive arrangement that they took the Throne against the law can be detected in the context.

• 以上の過程は、三界（欲界・色界・無色界）の階層構造とも関連している。
• The above process is related to the hierarchical structure of sangai (three realms): Yokkai, the realm of desire; Shikikai, the realm of form; and Mushikikai, the realm of non-form.

• ただし能化（権僧正）以上の高僧しか存命中に公称することは許されない。
• However, only a high priest with rank higher than noge (a lower priest in the highest position) can officially name Nichigo while they are alive.

• 小人（小学生・中学生）　1人一回250円（30人以上の団体200円）
• Child (Elementary School, Junior High School students): 250 yen (200 yen per person for groups of over 30 people)

• 学道を完成し、これ以上に学ぶ要がないので阿羅漢果を「無学位」という。
• Arakan-ka, the state of full attainment of arhatship in which it isn't necessary to learn any more, is called 'Mugakui (無学位).'

• - 牛丼太郎以上に牛丼ファンにとっては知る人ぞ知る存在のチェーン店。
• It is a chain which is not generally known but loved better than Gyudontaro by gyudon fans.

• さらに「米麹」の総重量は、白米の総重量に対して15%以上必要である。
• It is also required that the total weight of 'malted rice' is fifteen or more of the total weight of polished rice.

• 宵山には毎年40万人以上の人が集まり、祇園祭最高の盛り上りを見せる。
• As many as 400 thousands people visit to see Yoiyama every year, which is the biggest highlight of the Gion Matsuri Festival.

• 溶存物質量（ガス性物質を除く）1g/kg未満かつ湯温が摂氏25度以上
• Mass of dissolved ingredients (excluding those that are in the form of gas) below 1 g/kg as well as temperature is 25 degree or above.

• メタホウ酸(HBO2) 5mg以上（殺菌や消毒作用がある塩化物質)。
• Metabolic acid (HBO2): 5 mg or more (a kind of chloride which is effective for sterilizing and disinfecting).

• 『大仏殿再建記』には、この時集った民の数を二十万人以上と伝えている。
• 'Daibutsuden saiken ki' (Records of Reconstruction of the Great Buddha) says that the number of people who gathered for this ceremony was more than 200,000.

• 現在半数以上の正教会は、改訂ユリウス暦を採用し、1月1日に正月を祝う。
• Currently, more than a half of the Orthodox Churches employ the revised Julian calendar and celebrate New Year's Day on January 1st.

• 近年は海底写真によって1,000m以上の深海でも砂紋が見出されている。
• Seabed photography has recently revealed the presence of samon even in the deep sea at a depth of 1,000 m or more.

• 音阿弥は「当道の名人」として世阿弥以上の世評を博したと考えられている。
• It is considered that Otoami became more popular as the 'master of pioneers of Noh' than Zeami.

• 幹が2本のものを双幹、3本のものを三幹、五本以上のものを株立ちと呼ぶ。
• Bonsai with two trunks are called Sokan (twin trunks), those with three trunks are called Sankan (triple trunks) and those with five or more trunks are called Kabudachi (clumps).

• これらの全てが後補と断定できない以上、こうした例もあったかもしれない。
• As it cannot be concluded that all of these decorations were added later, these instances could be possible.

• 以上の『日本書紀』の記述のほか、武家王について他に知られることはない。
• No historical records about Takeie no Okimi have been found other than the article in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) mentioned above.

• 以上、平成17年（2005年）12月19日、誕生日に際する記者会見にて
• This is the remark made on December 19, 2005 at the press conference held for commemorating his birthday.

• 以上の前提により「日本で伝承されてきた」幽霊とその他の類例を表記する。
• There now follow descriptions of yurei and similar concepts which have been passed down through generations as a result of the beliefs outlined above.

• （以上の技は最大公約数的なものであり、流派や道場によって細部は異なる。
• (The techniques above are common denominators, and the details vary among the various schools and dojo.

• 早速訪れた冷泉帝は噂以上の玉鬘の美しさに魅了されて熱心に想いを訴える。
• Emperor Reizei, who immediately visited Tamakazura, was charmed by her beauty which was even greater than he had heard, and confessed his love for her eagerly.

• 作中での彼らは古記録から考えられる以上に零落した境遇が強調されている。
• The text underscores that the Ki clan are in more reduced circumstances than ancient records would tell us.

• 以上あわせて40巻の編纂が成ったのは、延暦16年（797年）であった。
• It was in 797 that the work consisting of 40 volumes in total was completed.

• 昭和26年（1951年）4月より、小学校4年生以上に毛筆習字の正科が復活
• In April of 1951, brush-using calligraphy was restored as a formal learning item in the fourth and higher grades of elementary schools.

• 以上のような状況の一方に、日本の柔術にも当身技が多い流派はいくつかある。
• While the situation is as stated above, there are also some jujutsu schools in Japan that have many striking and kicking techniques.

• さらに、武官・中務省の官人、勅許を得た参議以上の文官は、大刀を佩用した。
• In addition, military officers, officers in Ministry of Central Affairs and civil officers at the rank of Sangi (councillor) or higher who were permitted by the Emperor had a sword at their waist.

• ちなみにはそうめんは1.3mm未満、1.7mm以上はうどんと分類される。
• Incidentally, somen noodles and udon noodles are classified as under 1.3 mm and over 1.7 mm in diameter, respectively.

• -18℃以下であれば3年間以上保存しても品質が大きく劣化することはない。
• If it is kept at below -18℃, the quality will not change greatly even if it is kept for more than 3 years.

• 価格も近代になってから急激に上がり、現在では赤身の2倍以上の値段がつく。
• Also, prices have skyrocketed as the modern era arrived, with Toro selling at more than double the value of lean meat currently.

• 徳島県勝浦町より譲り受けた7千体を含む計3万体以上のひな人形が飾られる。
• A total of more than 30,000 hina dolls are displayed, including 7,000 dolls that were donated by Katsuura-cho, Tokushima Prefecture.

• 基本的に高位の貴族は14～15歳で成人し、40歳以上で老人とみなされる。
• Basically, high-ranked nobles were regarded as grown up at the age of 14 or 15, and as elderly after 40.

• 和名類聚抄が国府があった郡を伝えるが、それ以上に絞り込むのは難しかった。
• Wamyo-ruijusho (Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters) introduces the county where Kokufu existed, however further details were difficult to obtain.

• 製作国の日本以上に、日本国外では骨董品的収集品として高く評価されている。
• It is valued higher in abroad as the antique rather than in its manufacturing country, Japan.

• 『源氏物語』に登場する人物の和歌を採録しているが、その数は100人以上。
• Poems having over one hundred characters from 'the Tale of Genji' were gathered.

• 鈕の部分は動物鈕・人物鈕を中心に多種多様で200種類以上確認されている。
• There are various kinds of chu (finger grip of a seal), such as animal-shape chu or man-shape chu, mainly, and more than 200 kinds has been recognized.

• 130年以上の歴史があるういろうの老舗で、生産量、販売数も日本一である。
• It is a long-established store with more than a 130 year history and is the largest producer and seller of Uiro in Japan.

• ケイ酸(H2SiO3) 50mg以上（保温効果を持続させる作用がある)。
• Silicic acid (H2SiO3): 50 mg or more (it is effective for retaining warmth)

• 長上と比較して待遇や昇進は低く、五位以上に昇ることは極めて困難であった。
• As compared with Chojo, treatments and ranking were low, and it was extremely difficult for them to be promoted to a rank equivalent to or higher than Goi (Fifth Rank).

• この際に申告された土地の99%以上は地主の申告通りに所有権が認められた。
• The ownership of over 99% of the land declared on that occasion was approved, as declared by the landlords.

• 18～20歳以上の未婚女性(お歯黒を付けても引眉する場合としない場合有り)
• Unmarried women from age 18 to age 20 (even when applying ohaguro, hikimayu was optional).

• 奈良漬けは、元々1300年以上も前より『かす漬け』という名で存在していた。
• Narazuke has been present since more than 1300 years ago in the name of 'kasuzuke.'

• 以上のように、雄略天皇の皇后、妃は実家が誅された後に決められたものが多い。
• As shown above, the Emperor Yuryaku often obtained his empress and wives after their parents' homes had been abolished.

• 国登録有形文化財が100棟以上あり、その中に多くの土蔵建築が含まれている。
• There are more than 100 buildings registered as national tangible cultural properties, and these include many buildings constructed with the dozo techniques.

• 中学生以上対象の昇級審査会に受審し、合格するとその時点で一級が授与される。
• If someone takes a Kendo Kyu examination for junior high school students and above and passes it, he or she is granted Ikkyu at that time.

• 道路上での船の作成や全長2m以上の船を流す場合は所轄の警察署長の許可が必要
• Approval of the chief of the police station under the jurisdiction is required to build a boat on a road or to parade a boat with a length of more than two meters.

• 紀元前の中国に興り、東アジア各国で2000年以上に渡って強い影響力を持つ。
• It rose in China before the birth of Christ, and has had strong influence in East Asian countries for more than two thousand years.

• なお、三位以上の散位や四位・五位の諸臣には宅司が置くことが認められていた。
• Sani (courtier without post) of the Third Rank or higher, and the retainers of the Fourth and Fifth Rank were allowed to have Takushi.

• そのため、これ以上の行軍は不可能と判断し雪濠を掘って露営することとなった。
• Therefore, they dug a moat in the snow and camped out, making a decision that it was impossible to march anymore.

• 以上の説によれば13世紀半ばには成立していたという点は動かないと思われる。
• From the above, it appears certain that the work was completed by the mid-13th century.

• 7、8歳以上の盛装は腰揚をせず、難しいがおはしょりをして腰揚のように見せる。
• When children at seven or eight years old or above are to be dressed up, make Ohashori, even though it is difficult, to show it has been tucked at the waist without making a waist tuck.

• 流派の重要事項や秘匿事項が必要以上に外部に知られるのを避けるために行われる。
• Important matters or secret matters of each schools are orally passed on, in order to protect such information from being known to outsiders more than necessary.

• これは笙より大型で、音域は日本の笙の倍以上あり、素早い動きにも対応している。
• It is larger than the Japanese sho, has more than twice its range and can respond to rapid movements.

• 餅はきめ細かくつかれているものを使い、餡の量は餅と同量以上であることが多い。
• Smooth mochi is used, and the amount of anko is often equal to or more than that of mochi.

• 以上のように、柱焼酎と現代アルコール添加の関係性については評価が分かれている
• Thus, there exist two contradicting accounts of relationship between hashira-jochu and today's alcohol addition.

• 市販用と公益用の区分があり、一般流通に回る市販用が生産量の8割以上を占める。
• The whale meat from the byproducts is divided into the meat for commercial use and that for public interest, with more than 80% of the meat produced being distributed in ordinary routes as commercial meat.

• 大きさは鶏卵大かそれ以上に作られるのが一般的だが、小ぶりな物も見受けられる。
• The size of a botamochi is usually the same as an egg or a little larger than it, but, sometimes smaller botamochi are found.

• 以上の事から、だるまは疱瘡除け・魔除けの力がある玩具として子供に与えられた。
• For these reasons, daruma dolls were given to children as a toy which had magical powers in order to protect them against smallpox and evil spirits.

• 梅には300種以上の品種があり、野梅系、紅梅系、豊後系の3系統に分類される。
• There are more than 300 different kinds of Japanese plum trees, which are classified in to three lines: the Yabai, the Kobai and the Bungo.

• 日本の歴史上五代以上天皇位についていない家系に属する皇裔が即位した例はない。
• There was no example, in Japanese history, of an Imperial descendant who had not succeeded to the throne for more that five generations.

• 以上のように定義が定まっているとは言えないために、その実態把握も困難である。
• Due to a clear definition being lacking as mentioned above, it is difficult to grasp the picture of jogakuji.

• 現代の分類では刃長60cm以上のものを指し、60cm未満のものは脇差と呼ぶ。
• In modern classification, blade length is 60cm and longer, and the one shorter than 60cm is called Wakizashi.

• 土塁は、高さ10メートル以上、幅80メートル、長さ1.2キロメートルあった。
• The dorui was more than 10 meters high, 80 meters wide, and 1.2 kilometers long.

• キッズランド：2歳以上～身長145cmまで(2歳は付添要)〈30分〉300円
• Kids Land: Must be two years old or older and up to 145 cm tall (No unaccompanied children two years old) 300 yen/30minutes

• 弓矢は狩猟の道具としては非常に一般的なもので、一万年以上前から使われてきた。
• Yumiya is a very popular tool for hunting and has been used for more than 10,000 years.

• 蓋麹法（ふたこうじほう）は、主に吟醸酒かそれ以上の高級酒のための方法である。
• Futa koji method is a method used mainly for ginjoshu or higher quality.

• 温泉水1kg中の含有成分が1g以上あり、陰イオンの主成分が塩素イオンの温泉。
• Chloride springs are hot springs that contain 1 g or more of ingredients in 1 kg of hot spring water and the principal ingredients of negative ions are chloride ions.

• 高宗親政（大院君派追放、流刑、処刑。閔氏一族、一挙に30名以上が高官になる）
• Gao Zong Government (Daewongun group were exiled, deported and executed. More than 30 members of the Min family became high officials)

• 帽子（親指）に固めの為の角が入っておらず、皮革が２枚以上重ねてあるのみである。
• The boshi (thumb) has no tsuno inside to be reinforced, and there is just more than two sheets of leather on it.

• 以上の基準によって、昭和22年2月、住友家ではつぎのものが財閥家族に指定された
• According to the above-mentioned standards, in February 1947 the following people among the Sumitomo Family were designated as the Zaibatsu family:

• このため醪を自然に放置していても、アルコール分は約21度以上には高くならない。
• Therefore, if the moromi is left by itself, the alcohol does not reach a concentration of equal to or greater than about 21%.

• 以上のように、凡夫が浄土に往生する相（すがた）を、教・行・信・証とで説明する。
• As can be seen from the above, how foolish beings attain birth in the Pure Land is explained through Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment.

• 写真では入江泰吉が昭和21年ごろから30年以上修二会に通いつめ撮影を行なった。
• As for photographers, Taikichi IRIE had watched Shuni-e for more than thirty years from around 1946 and photographed it.

• しかしそれを四神相応とする以上、奈良時代には別の解釈がとられていたことになる。
• However, as long as it is associated with Shijin-so-o topography it is likely that another interpretation would have been accepted during the Nara period.

• 以上の4種は分布域が連続しており、遺伝的距離も非常に近く種間交雑が可能である。
• The fact that the distribution range of the above-mentioned four species are continuous, as well as the genetic distances among them are quite short, makes interspecific hybridization possible.

• また、中国においても日本以上のさまざまな豆腐があり、各種の料理が作られている。
• China, however, has more kinds of tofu than Japan does, and a wide variety of dishes are made there.

• 日本の酒に関する神社は全国で40社近くで、全部で55以上の神がまつられている。
• There are close to forty sake-related shrines in Japan and fifty-five or more gods are enshrined.

• ここに来て、地歌はもはやこれ以上進む余地がないほど三味線の技巧の極致に達した。
• At this time jiuta reached the point in shamisen technique where no further improvement could be made.

• そもそも、ヨーロッパの路線は乗車時間が長く食事が2回以上必要な場合が多かった。
• In railway routes connecting European cities, many passengers needed a meal twice or more, because they used to stay on a train for a long time.

• これまでに10名以上がこの課程を修了した後、玄人として能楽師を職業としている。
• More than 10 people completed this course and thereafter have had their career as Kuroto Nohgakushi.

• 漫才は主に2名で演じられる話芸だが、3名以上のグループで演じられる場合もある。
• Manzai is a talk show performed mainly by a duo, but there are some cases where a trio (a group of three members) perform it.

• 同じ音、あるいは類似した音を有するものに、2つ以上の意味を込めて表現する方法。
• Kakekotoba is a figure of speech in which a pivot word that has homophonous or analogous-sounding words is expressed in such a way that it has two or more meanings.

• 6種類以上の諸本が存在するが、その違いは後の人による付加部分の違いに由来する。
• There are more than six versions, and their differences derive from addition in later period.

• また、後世には地下家の者が従三位以上に達しても昇殿を許されない慣例が成立した。
• In later years it became an established custom that shoden was not given to members of Jige family even if they reached jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or above.

• 20年前には2000社以上を数えたと言われたが現在は約1500社を下回っている。
• It is said that they were over 2000 companies 20 years ago, and today, they are less than 1500.

• 福井県勝山市の左義長まつりは毎年2月に行われており300年以上前から続いている。
• Sagicho Festival in Katsuyama City of Fukui Prefecture has been held in February since 300 years ago.

• しかし、材質（五位以上は四菱紋）や額や纓の処理によって着用者の身分や年齢を示す。
• However, materials and finishes of a hitai and an ei represent a person's rank or age; for example, material called yotsubishimon is used for those who are at the Fifth Rank or higher.

• 江戸末期にはお茶屋が500軒、芸妓、舞妓、娼妓合わせて1000人以上いたという。
• At the end of the Edo period, Gion Kobu was said to have boasted five hundred tea houses and more than one thousand of geisha, apprentice geisha and shogi (prostitutes) in total.

• 江戸末期にはお茶屋が500軒、芸妓、舞妓、遊女合わせて1000人以上いたという。
• At the end of the Edo period, Gion Kobu was said to have boasted five hundred teahouses and more than one thousand geisha, apprentice geisha and shogi (prostitutes) in total.

• また引かれた場合も引かれる以上の早さで前に出ることで攻勢を取るのが良しとされる。
• In addition, people think that, even if the opponent steps back, the wrestler should go forward faster than his opponent's step.

• 特に、小烏造りは刀身の二分の一以上が両刃になった擬似刀と呼ばれる剣の造りを指す。
• Especially Kokarasu-zukuri indicates a style of a sword called a false sword that has a double edge in more than half of the blade.

• 以上のように、大仏は当初、奈良ではなく、今の滋賀県甲賀市に造られる計画であった。
• As stated previously, the Great Buddha was planned to be built in the present Koga City in Shiga Prefecture at first, rather than in Nara.

• 福岡・観世音寺 ― 十一面観音、馬頭観音、聖観音、不空羂索観音（以上重要文化財）
• Fukuoka Kannon-ji Temple - Juichimen Kannon, Bato Kannon, Sho Kannon, Fukukensaku Kannon (all important cultural properties)

• ただし、その「白米」は、3等以上に格付けた玄米又はこれに相当する玄米を使用する。
• However, such 'polished rice' must be produced from unpolished rice which is graded to the third grade or higher or the equivalent.

• 応募資格は中卒以上・経験不問・年齢上限ありというもので、研修期間は6年間である。
• Required qualifications for application are a minimum of a junior high school degree, no experience required, and un upper age limit, and the training period is six years.

• 律令には、三位以上は薨、四位と五位は卒、六位以下は死と表記することとなっている。
• According to the Ritsuryo codes, 薨 should be written if the person is ranked as third grade or higher, 卒 should be written if they are ranked as fourth or fifth grade, and if they are ranked as sixth or lower, it should be written as 死.

• 将棋については、日記のほぼ全期間にわたって言及があり、囲碁以上の愛好家であった。
• As to shogi, he referred it throughout almost the entire diary, and was more enthusiastic in playing shogi than playing go.

• 2つ以上季語が存在することを季重ねといい、その場合は主題に沿った物を季語とする。
• When a haiku contains 2 or more season words, it is referred to as kigasane (having more than one season phrase in a haiku) and, in such cases, the season word is the one which is in keeping with the topic.

• 代表作「青金寿老」「布袋像2体」（以上三井家蔵）「祇園祭岩戸山柱金具（2柱分）」。
• The representative works included 'Aokinjuro' and '2 Hotei-zo' (2 statues of Hotei (the god of good fortune)) (stored at the Mitsui household) in addition to 'Gion Festival Iwatoyama post hardware (for 2 posts).'

• ちなみに直径が1.7mm以上で丸棒状に成形したものは「手延べうどん」に分類される。
• Incidentally, those shaped into rods with diameters over 1.7 mm are classified as 'hand-stretched udon noodles.'
• For additional information, those formed in a cylindrical shape with a diameter no less than 1.7 mm are classified as 'tenobe udon.'

• しかし、一方では西洋の知識・文化を必要以上に摂取する事への抵抗感も併せもっていた。
• However, it also implied resistance to the excessive adoption of Western knowledge and culture.

• また、150軒の掲載店舗に合計190以上の星が付され、それ自体も過去最高であった。
• In addition, more than 190 stars, so far the largest number, were given to these 150 listed restaurants.

• 以上の記述が正しいとするならば、信長の嫡流男系と嫡流女系は存続していることになる。
• If this statement is correct, descendents in the direct male and female lines of Nobunaga survived.

• しかし元長の後を継いだ幼少の遺児三好長慶は父以上に剛胆で智略に優れた人物であった。
• But Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who succeeded Motonaga and was the young bereaved child of him was braver and more resourceful than his father.

• 枚数としては2枚から数十枚、多いものでは1万枚以上もの紙を組み合わせることがある。
• Two to dozens of, or at most, more than ten thousand pieces may be put together.

• 標高約2500m以上で94℃以下では長く加熱しても飯にはならず、最終的に糊になる。
• At elevations above 2,500 m and at boiling temperatures below 94℃, rice does not get fully cooked even if it is cooked for a long time, and eventually turns into glue.

• 樹齢70年以上の充分な樹径のあるヒノキの立ち木から剥いた皮を成型した檜皮を用いる。
• Bark of standing timbers of cypress, 70 years old or older with sufficient diameter, is peeled and molded to become the roofing material.

• その周辺を南北100メートル以上、東西約100メートルの掘立柱の塀で囲まれている。
• The building is surrounded by the moat, and its length is more than 100 meters from north to south and approximately 100 meters from east to west, where the hottate-bashira columns were erected.

• 宝篋印塔の基本形式は、以上の通りであるが、時代・地方により、多少の違いが見られる。
• The basic form of the hokyoin-to pagoda is as above, but there are some variations depending on the period and the area.

• 典型的なこいのぼりは、5色の吹き流しと3匹（あるいはそれ以上の）鯉のぼりからなる。
• Typical koinobori is made of a five-color fukinagashi (a tubular streamer) and three (or more) carp streamers.

• 結果として全長2m以上の長尺、上長下短、下部寄りを把持するようになったと思われる。
• As a result, naga shaku (long shaku) longer than two meters, longer top and shorter bottom, and shimobe yori (closer at lower end) bows began to be used.

• 筋書き以上に、言葉や絵の端々に仕組まれた遊びの要素を読み解くことに楽しみがあった。
• Besides the synopsis, these books were organized cover to cover by use of language and pictures to give pleasure as readers understood subtext messages not initially obvious.
• People enjoyed solving wordplays hidden in the text and illustrations more than just reading a story.

• 稚児は一般から公募する場合も多く、大規模な所では200名以上が登場する場合もある。
• Chigo is often invited from the public, and sometimes more than two hundred chigo are collected in the large-scale festival.

• 養老3年（719年）には五位以上の家に事業・防閤・仗身などを置くことが認められた。
• In 719, households of the Fifth Rank or higher were allowed to have Jigyo, Boko and Joshin.

• さらに、重訳や抄訳も含めると、現在、20言語以上の翻訳が確認できるとのことである。
• With relay translations and abridged translations taken into account, it has in fact been translated into more than 20 languages.

• 醤油は現在100カ国以上の国に輸出されており、生産は年14万キロリットルにも達する。
• Soy-sauce is exported to more than 100 countries, and its output reaches to 140 thousands kiloliter per year.

• 既に130年以上の歴史があるものの「伝統」と呼べるかどうかは人により判断が分かれる。
• Although more than 130 years have passed since then, the judgment of whether eating beef is considered 'traditional' depends upon the person.

• 公家からは清華家、武家からは徳川御三家と現米15万石以上の大名家が侯爵相当とされた。
• It was decided that, as Koshaku (侯爵 commonly translated as marquis), the Seiga families from kuge, Tokugawa Gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) from buke and the Daimyo families (feudal lord families) from buke, which had been paid the rice stipend of more than 150,000 goku (27058.5 cubic meters), were eligible.

• 逃げ込もうとしていた石上神宮は両峠の北東方向にあるのだから、回り道は２倍以上になる。
• Isonokami-jingu Shrine in which he was trying to take sanctuary is located north east of the two passes, and therefore, the detour distance is twice the distance of the direct pass.

• 源頼朝が鎌倉入りしたのは、それから1世紀以上経た治承4年（1180年）のことである。
• More than a century later, in 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo entered Kamakura.

• しかしながら、日本ではそれ以上に食用需要が減少しているため、流通不安はないとされる。
• However, in Japan, demand for whale meat as food is decreasing more rapidly than the production, and therefore, it is said that anxiety regarding availability of whale meat doesn't exist.

• ※少女：第二次性徴前、妙齢：第二次性徴後の未婚、既婚：18歳以上の未婚を含む場合有り
• *Girls: before the secondary sex characteristics; Young women: unmarried women after the secondary sex characteristics; Married women: possibly include unmarried women aged 18 or older

• チームが0点であれば落馬とし、馬同士が5マス以上開くと、遅れているほうを落馬とする。
• If the team does not score, its jockey will be judged as falling off his horse, and if a horse of either team is ahead of another horse by 5 or more blocks, its jockey is judged as falling from his horse.

• 律を誓うには、10人以上の正式の僧尼の前で儀式（これが授戒である）を行う必要がある。
• To vow 'ritsu,' (meaning to vow to keep codes of discipline which govern the Buddhist monastic life), a rite must be performed in front of more than 10 qualified priests and nuns; this is Jukai.

• 80℃以上の高温で20分から40分、蒸気を当てることによって生地に染料を定着させる。
• The dyes are fixed to the cloth by applying steam of 80 ℃ or higher for 20 to 40 minutes.

• 20世紀以後の主要な生産地は栃木県南部であり、日本の干瓢生産の8割以上を占めている。
• Since the beginning of 20th century, the principal production area has been the southern part of Tochigi Prefecture and its kanpyo production volume accounts for more than 80% of total production volume in Japan.

• 同シリーズは、音が汚らしいという不評も聞かれはしたが、それ以上にシズルともいわれる。
• These series of commercials were criticized as the sounds were too rude, while some say they have been successful in promoting consumption of chazuke.

• また湿度に関しては、それ以上高いと黄麹菌以外のカビや雑菌が繁殖してしまうからである。
• With respect to humidity, the reason is because, if the humidity is higher, mold other than yellow koji aspergillus as well as other bacteria, may propagate.

• しかし、それ以上追求することはなく終生兄として庇護し、一時は六の君の婿にとも考えた。
• However, he does not pursue it any further, protecting him for all his life as his older brother, and even thinks of Kaoru's marriage to Roku no Kimi for a time.

• また当時なにもなかった「太秦」の地に初めて撮影所を建設、130本以上の映画を製作した。
• Bando built the first film studio at 'Uzumasa' at a time when nothing else was there and produced more than 130 films.

• 店毎に作られ、出汁以上に店の味を決定付ける物であることから、店の秘伝とされる事も多い。
• Restaurants make their own kaeshi, and the recipe and preparation method are often kept secret because it defines a restaurant's taste more than stock.

• 福岡の博多にわかは、2人以上で即興で半面をつけた人が博多弁で世相を風刺するものである。
• Hakata-niwaka is a satirical play on the social conditions, performed impromptu by two or more people wearing a half mask which covers the top half of their faces.

• 日本においては全国各地で作られているが、産業としては8割以上が茨城県で生産されている。
• While hoshi-imo is produced nationwide in Japan, more than 80 percent of hoshi-imo is industrially produced in Ibaraki Prefecture.

• 「仏徒たりとも神国の神民である以上、神孫の義務を尽くして根本を保全しなければならぬ。」
• All had to perform duties as the descendants of god to maintain the basic belief that 'we are a nation of god,' even Buddhist monks.'

• あるブレンデッドウイスキーの銘柄は1またはそれ以上の蒸留所を持つ事業者が所有している。
• A blended whisky is owned by a corporation that has one or more distilleries.

• もちろん以上のことは全ての神社建築に当てはまるわけではなく、時代によっても変遷がある。
• These characteristics however do not always apply to all structures of shrine architecture, which also changes from time to time.

• 内行花文鏡2面、方格規矩鏡1面、画文帯神獣鏡1面など計36面以上の鏡と武具が出土した。
• Armor and a total of 36 or more mirrors including two Naiko Kamonkyo Mirrors (Mirrors with Linked Bow Pattern), a Hokakukikukyo Mirror (Mirror with TLV Pattern), and a Gamontai Shinjukyo Mirror (Mirror with Figures of Deities and Sacred Animals) were excavated.

• 清戸迫横穴は300基以上ある横穴墓群の一つで、正式名称は「清戸迫76号横穴墓」である。
• Kiyotosaku Oketsu Cave is one of more than 300 horizontal decorated cave tumuli cluster and officially called 'Kiyotosaku 76th Oketsu Cave Tomb.'

• さらに、悪質なものでは必要以上に名前以外の文字・絵を描いて宣伝に利用される場合もある。
• Seen today is more aggravating behavior of those using senjafuda as advertising media by printing unnecessary characters and pictures other than visitor's name.

• このため五文字以上の外題がついた演目には、より親しみやすい通称がついていることも多い。
• Therefore, when a program has the Gedai composed of more than 5 Chinese characters, it is often accompanied by a more familiar common name.

• 池田亀鑑は諸本の研究の上、120種以上に及ぶ写本群から自筆本再構のために証本を選んだ。
• Kikan IKEDA chose the Shohon (premised book) among more than 120 versions of the manuscript in order to reconstruct the original work.

• 70本以上の作品を生み出し、また山中貞雄を映画監督としてデビューさせたことでも知られる。
• It produced over seventy works and was known for debuting Sadao YAMANAKA as a film director.

• 以上の点から、応神天皇の「ホムダワケ」と言う名も実名だった、とこの仮説では見なしている。
• From these points, the above hypothesis assumes that 'Homudawake' of Emperor Ojin was also a real name.

• 2　前項各号の皇族がないときは、皇位は、それ以上で、最近親の系統の皇族に、これを伝える。
• Clause 2: In case there is no member of the Imperial Family who falls under the above categories, the Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by the member of the Imperial Family next nearest in lineage.

• この一件により宗主以上の権力を持った能化職は廃止され、後に任期1年更新の勧学職を置いた。
• By this case Nokeshoku who had more power than the suzerain was abolished and later kangakushoku (post of encouragement of learning), whose term was renewed each year, was set up.

• 写真は姿を記憶にとどめるための道具であり、それ以上のものではないので、供えないとされる。
• No photograph is supposed to be installed in butsudan because it is nothing more than an instrument to remember the dead.

• 約75000の寺院、30万体以上あるといわれる仏像は、他の仏教国と比べても桁違いに多い。
• There are estimated to be about 75,000 temples and more than 300,000 Buddhist statues, more than those of other Buddhist countries.

• 2階建て以上で垂直方向にも区分したものは、アパート、マンションなどと呼ばれ、区別される。
• A building of two or more stories in which dwelling units are also divided vertically is further differentiated as an apato (in Japanese pronunciation; actually, an apartment) or a mansion (in Japanese usage; in fact, a condominium).

• また曲によっては3オクターヴ以上の音域を駆使するなど、色々な三味線の技巧が発達している。
• Furthermore, depending on the piece, various shamisen techniques are employed, such as tonal ranges exceeding three octaves.

• 刈り取った竹は枝を払い、1年以上寝かされた後、火に掛け油脂分を拭き取り、弓の材料となる。
• The branches of the bamboo is cut off, rested for over a year, and heated over the fire to wipe away the oil, and made into an ingredient for the bow.

• （律令制度では五位以上の官僚の服には礼服と朝服とがあり、六位以下には朝服のみがあった。)
• (In the ritsuryo system, or the old system of Japanese government based on the penal and civil codes, government officials of the Fifth Rank and higher could wear raifuku and chofuku (clothes worn by the nobility when attending Court), while officials of the Sixth Rank and lower wore only chofuku.)

• 内親王・女王三位以上は蘇芳深紫、女王・内命婦四位は浅紫深緑、女王・内命婦五位は浅紫浅緑。
• Sappanwood deep purple for the Imperial Princess and the Princess of Third Rank and higher, light purple deep green for the Princess and Naimyobu of Fourth Rank, and light purple light green for the Princess and Naimyobu of Fifth Rank.

• 初めて父頭中将の姿を見た玉鬘だったが、それ以上に源氏そっくりな冷泉帝の端麗さに見とれる。
• Tamakazura saw her father, To no Chujo (the first secretary's captain), for the first time, but she was more fascinated by the beauty of Emperor Reizei, who looked exactly like Genji.

• しかし、50歳代以上の新婦でも結婚式の披露宴で振袖を着ていいのかどうかは、意見が分かれる。
• Opinions are divided whether the bride in her fifties should wear Furisode for the wedding reception or not.

• この酵母が分離され協会系酵母として全国に頒布され、出品酒の8割以上に使われるようになった。
• Its yeast was separated and distributed as the yeast of the Brewing Society all over Japan, and came to be used for more than 80 percent of sake which were listed.

• 以上により、現在は「松尾」を冠称する町名が10、「松尾谷」を冠称する町名が1となっている。
• Through the above process, there are now ten towns which bear the name 'Matsuo' as a prefix and one town which has the prefix of 'Matsuodani.'

• 以上により、現在は「山田」を冠称する町名が10、「下山田」を冠称する町名が4となっている。
• Through the above process, there are now ten towns which bear the prefix of 'Yamada' and four towns which bear the prefix of 'Shimoyamada.'

• なお、以上の町数は、「銀座町一、二、三、四丁目」などの各「丁目」を1町とカウントしている。
• However, the above numbers of towns were based on counting each 'chome' as one town such as '1-chome, 2-chome, 3-chome, 4-chome Ginza-cho' and so on.

• 以上のように大体の型はあるものの、隈取は役者が自分で書き入れるものなので一人一人形が違う。
• As shown above, it had certain structure, but Kumadori was different for each individual since actor applied it himself.

• 本山に対してある特定以上の功績があった人に、その御礼の意味で「須弥壇収骨証」が下附される。
• A person who makes a particular contribution to the head temple is given 'the certificate for cineration to Shumidan' in token of its gratitude.

• 『禅源諸詮集』は一名『禅那理行諸詮集』ともいい、全巻で100巻以上の大著であったとされる。
• 'Zengen Shosenshu' is also known as 'Zenna Riko Shosenshu' which was considered to be a copious book consisting of over 100 volumes in all.

• ゴーカート：身長120cm以上(2歳～120cm未満付添要)一人乗400円、二人乗600円
• Go-Kart: Must be 120 cm or taller (No unaccompanied children two years old and those under 120 cm in height) 400 yen for single, 600 yen for double

• 現在でも浙江省に蜜酒という直糖分 20% 以上の酒があり、紹興酒の酒母を「淋飯酒」という。
• Today an alcoholic drink containing a sugar content of in excess of 20% is made in Zhejiang Province, and the yeast mash used to make Shaoxing wine is known as 'linfanjiu.'

• 当時の酒税法では麦芽の比率が67％（3分の2）以上のものをビール、それ未満は発泡酒とした。
• The Liquor Tax Act in those days stipulated that beer included 67% or more of malt ratio and low-malt beer less than that.

• 煮ると大変、軟らかく、味が染み込みやすく、通常の大根と比べると、倍以上の値の高級品である。
• It becomes very soft when boiled and easily absorbs the soup; thus it is a quality merchandise costing twice as much as ordinary daikon or even higher.

• 中国の蹴鞠の歴史は紀元前300年以上前の田斉（戦国時代 (中国)）での軍事訓練にさかのぼる
• The history of kemari of China can be traced back to military training by Densei earlier than 300 B.C. (Warring States Period in China).

• 以上の事から玉鬘は、作者・紫式部が物語に張りめぐらせた伏線の妙を伝える登場人物とも言える。
• From the above, it can also be said that Tamakazura is a character which the author Murasaki Shikibu used for dropping hints about things to come in the story.

• 以上が宗良親王に提出された部分だと推定され、この後には宗良親王からの返書が収録されている。
• It is conjectured that these poems were the ones submitted to Imperial Prince Munenaga, and there is an answer from him after these poems.

• 以上のような事情により、維新後は長らく一流と認められず、「大鼓方宝生錬三郎派」とされてきた。
• With the circumstances mentioned above, it was not recognized as a school and called 'otsuzumi-kata Hosho-ryu of Renzaburo school' for a long time after the Meiji Restoration.

• 周囲に並んだ20人以上の姫君方が、360の地貝に斑紋や形状等の出貝と全く同じものを見定める。
• More than 20 himegimi (daughter of a person of high rank) surrounding the shells try to find only one jigai, out of 360, with exactly the same spots and shape as dashigai.

• どうしてもソースを2度以上つけたい場合は、ソースをキャベツで掬って付けることも許されている。
• For a customer who desperately wants to dip it in the sauce more than once, cabbages can be used to scoop the sauce.

• ジャポニズムは単なる一時的な流行ではなく、当時の全ての先進国で30年以上も続いた運動である。
• Japonism was not a mere momentary trend but a movement which continued for over 30 years in developed countries at the time.

• 色や形に凝って、目を惹くようにした帯もあり、中には表紙の高さの半分以上に渡る大きな帯もある。
• There are obi with exquisite colors and shapes to draw attention, and there are obi wide enough to cover more than half of the book from the bottom.

• 日本にマッコリのような麦麹を用いた酒が存在した記録がない以上、朝鮮半島起源説は成り立たない。
• However, since there was no record of liquor made with wheat malt such as makgeolli in Japan, the out of Korean Peninsula theory can not be true.

• 200年以上前に途絶えた「古市焼」の再現が地元住民の手による60個の風鈴によっても行われる。
• There is a recreation of 'Furuichi yaki (Furuichi ware),' which was lost over 200 years ago, with 60 wind chimes handmade by the local residents.

• 麹を入れた以上、並行複発酵はおこなっていると主張できるが、実質上はビールと同じ醸造酒である。
• Although one may insist that the multiple parallel fermentation is carried out as the process includes the adding of the sake rice malt, it is in fact brew as in the case of beer.

• 以上の五山で炎が上がり、お精霊（しょらい）さんと呼ばれる死者の霊を来世へ送り届けるとされる。
• Blazing flames rising from these foregoing 5 mountains are supposed to take spirits of the departed known as 'Oshorai-san (spirit)' to the afterlife.

• 日吉ダム建設に伴いダムは全体の8割以上が水没し、ダムに設置されていたゲートは全て撤去された。
• More than eighty percent of the dam went under water after the construction of Hiyoshi Dam, and all the gates installed on the dam were removed.

• 奈良・大安寺 ― 十一面観音、馬頭観音、楊柳観音、聖観音、不空羂索観音（以上全て重要文化財）
• Nara Daian-ji Temple - Juichimen Kannon, Bato Kannon, Yoryu Kannon, Sho Kannon, Fukukensaku Kannon (all are important cultural properties)

• 矢板で護岸した幅5メートル、深さ1メートル、総延長200メートル以上にわたる巨大水路の発見。
• An enormous water channel was discovered, which measures 5m in width, 1m in depth and 200m in total length, with wooden sheet piles protecting its banks.

• 石室内では、粘土棺床が設けられ、断面半円形の全長1メートル以上の刳抜式木棺が納められている。
• In the stone chamber a hollowed-out wooden coffin whose semi-circular cross section is more than 1 meter in full length was placed on the clay floor.

• 飲食店で出されるものはライスの量も多く、ひと皿で1000kcal以上であることも少なくない。
• It is often the case that those served in restaurants contain a lot of rice and a plate of katsu-curry may have over 1,000 kilo-calories.

• それらをもとにして作成されたものである以上、民族に伝わった歴史の伝承ではないとの主張もある。
• Some people say that these are not historical traditions that had been succeeded to the Japanese race given that these were made based on such recitations.

• 以上代表的なブランド的な味噌をあげたが、全国各地で味噌は作られているということを付記しておく。
• Although only some representative and famous kinds of miso are listed above, miso are produced all over the country.

• 密閉して、1日後に食べるなら冷蔵庫に、2日以上後に食べるなら冷凍庫に入れて保存する方法もある。
• There is a storage method of sealing rice airtight and keeping it in the refrigerator if it will be eaten within one day, or in the freezer if it won't be consumed within two days.

• 12月14日には桓武天皇が京中巡幸の途中、朝原内親王邸を訪ねて、従五位以上の人々に物を賜った。
• On January 20, 797, Emperor Kanmu came to visit Imperial Princess Asahara's Palace on his way to visit Kyoto, she gave gifts to people who were more than Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).

• 以上、後醍醐の皇子を祭神とする４つの神社においては、いずれも「良」の字を「なが」と読んでいる。
• In conclusion, all of the four shrines where the princes of Emperor Go-Daigo are enshrined as deities adopt the reading 'naga' for the letter 良.

• 以上のように、近世以降の弁才天信仰は、仏教、神道、民間信仰が混交して、複雑な様相を示している。
• As described above, worship of Benzaiten since the early modern period has taken on a complicated form in which Buddhism, Shinto and folk beliefs have merged.

• しかし現在でもほぼ全ての家に一つ以上の家紋が定められており、冠婚葬祭などで使用され続けている。
• However, almost all families have more than one Kamon even today, which have been used on ceremonial occasions.

• 高野山奥の院御廟に参籠する・法会部による修法の試験に合格する・定まった年数以上僧階に留まるなど
• The requirements are to confine oneself in the mausoleum of Oku no in in Koyasan to pray, to pass the examination of the esoteric ritual conducted by the religious service department, to stay in the rank of priest for a certain period and so on.

• - 大人320円（260円）　児童生徒160円（110円）　（）内は団体料金（20名以上）））
• Adults, 320 yen (260 yen); children/students 160 yen (110 yen); prices within parentheses are group rates (20 people or more)

• 吟醸酒の酒は、香りや味わいを安定させるために、半年かそれ以上、熟成の期間を持たせるものも多い。
• Ginjo or higher quality sake is often given a maturing period of a half year or more in order to stabilize its fragrance and flavor.

• ３基の大神輿を総勢1000人以上もの勇猛な男達により担ぎ揉まれて神輿が暴れ狂う様は圧巻である。
• Three large portable shrines are carried by the total of not less than 1000 brave men; the rampage of portable shrines is spectacular.

• 石州とほぼ同世代ではあるが、石州没後も20年以上長生きして石州流の初期伝播に大きな功績がある。
• Even though Sogen was the same generation as Sekishu, he lived 20 years longer than Sekishu and served to spread the Sekishu-ryu School at an early stage.

• 纈（ゆはた）といって染め模様のあるもので、一位以上は蘇芳深浅の紫緑、それ以下は蘇芳浅紫浅深緑。
• It had a dyed pattern called yuhata, and dark red and purplish green for women of First Rank and higher, while the women of lower rank wore dark red, light purple, and light or deep green.

• 厚く面取りした海老芋と、1週間～10日程かけて柔らかく戻した棒鱈を、1日以上かけて炊き上げる。
• Peeled shrimp-shaped potatoes mixed with dried cod softened beforehand (after 7 to 10 days) are simmered for at least 1 day.

• 峡谷の両岸に高さ50mにおよぶ断崖、巨石、奇岩、洞窟が1km以上続く日本屈指の景勝渓谷である。
• Cliffs reaching almost 50 meters, gigantic stones, odd rocks, and caves, which are lined more than one kilometers on both sides of the gorge; this scenery makes Dorohaccho Gorge be one of the best scenic gorges in Japan.

• 物語は最後に、為朝以上の源氏はいないことを述べて、運つたなく朝敵となって果てたことを慨歎する。
• Ultimately, the tale says that the Minamoto clan will come to an end because, as an enemy of the emperor, Tametomo must, unfortunately, die.

• 花園院のほか、後伏見天皇・光厳院・徽安門院ら後期京極派の代表歌人も30首以上の入集を果たした。
• More than 30 poems composed by representative poets of the later Kyogoku group such as Emperor Gofushimi, Kogonin, and Kianmonin were selected, as well as Hanazonoin's.

• 炉端焼きには仙台発祥と釧路発祥の2つの俗説があるものの、以上の経緯は両店で共通認識となっている。
• While there are two common sayings as to the origin of robatayaki, one being Sendai and the other being Kushiro, the above-described stories are commonly recognized by both restaurants.

• なお、束帯には文官・武官による区別があり、文官と三位以上の武官は、縫腋袍を用い、冠は垂纓とした。
• Although there were some differences between the sokutai worn by civil officers and that worn by military officers, military officers with a rank of Sanmi (Third Rank) or higher and civil officers both wore a hoeki no ho (robe with a round collar, stitched sides, and a ran that was worn by the emperor and high-ranking officials) and a suiei (a kind of 'tail' that was attached to the back of formal headwear) attached to their kan (formal headwear).

• 会場では、2万体以上のひな人形が飾られ、なかでも高さ約7メートルの巨大な雛壇が目玉となっている。
• More than 20,000 hina dolls are displayed at the site, with a special feature of an enormous hinadan which is approximately seven meters high.

• 以後、一条家の優位が100年以上にわたって続き、一条家の九条流における嫡流の地位が定着していた。
• Thereafter, the predominance of the Ichijo Family was maintained for over 100 years, whereby the position of the Ichijo Family as legitimate blood of Kujo-ryu (Kujo family line) was well established.

• ついで奏任官以上の総代として太政大臣三条実美が、華族総代として従一位中山忠能がそれぞれ奉答した。
• Then, the Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) Sanetomi SANJO as the representative of the officers originally selected as candidates by the Prime Minister or higher rank people, and Juichii (Junior First Rank) Tadayasu NAKAYAMA as the representative of the peerage, replied to the Emperor.

• 後宮職員令には定員2名とされ、四品以上の者すなわち内親王のみに許された身分であったとされている。
• Gokushikiinryo provided that the number of Hi was two at once and they must be higher than Shihon (the fourth-ranked Imperial Prince), it means Hi was only granted to Imperial princess.

• 以上、旧伏見市域の町名は142、その他の地域の町名は500、計642町となる（2009年現在）。
• As above, the number of town names in the former Fushimi City area is 142 that in the other area is 500, which make the total of 642 (as of 2009).

• また、全国の政令指定都市の行政区の中で、全住民に占める65歳以上の高齢者の比率がもっとも高い）。
• Additionally, among the administrative districts of the ordinance-designated cities in the country, Higashiyama Ward has the highest ratio of those aged sixty-five and over in the general population.

• つっころばしは上方独特の役種で、演技の巧拙以上に役者の持味、舞台の雰囲気に左右されることが多い。
• Tsukkorobashi is an acting role peculiar to the Kyoto-Osaka area; it is more influenced by an actor's personality or the stage atmosphere rather than degrees of the actor's skill.

• なお男性用サイズの尺二寸以上の大型で、長房の本連念珠も見かけるが、本来は僧侶用の装束念珠である。
• Although large-sized Honren nenju for males, with a length of over 38 cm and which have a nagafusa (long tassel), are seen, it is basically shozoku nenju (nenju for costume) for monks.

• 以上のほかに、舞台上でシテが鉦鼓（しょうこ）を鳴らす場合もある（『隅田川 (能)』『三井寺』）。
• Besides the above-mentioned, occasionally the protagonist (Shite) hits a gong drum (shoko) on the stage ('Sumida-gawa River (Noh)' and 'Mii-dera Temple').

• 幼少の頃より、当時の女性に求められる以上の才能で漢文を読みこなしたなど、才女としての逸話が多い。
• There are many anecdotes stating that, since her childhood, she had had more talent for reading Chinese classics than women were required to have in those days.

• その他1巻物と2巻以上に分かれているもの、巻子形態のものと冊子形態のもの等に分けることが出来る。
• Other than these, it is possible to classify them into the manuscript consisting of one book and the one consisting of more than two books, or the one in the form of kansu (a scroll) and a booklet.

• 予想以上の美しさに心を奪われた兵部卿宮は想いを和歌で訴えるが、玉鬘はつれなくあしらうだけだった。
• Hyobukyonomiya was deeply attracted to her beauty, which was greater than he had expected, so he sent a waka poem to express his love to her, but she just ignored him.

• しかし、額田王に関する記述がごく限られている以上、その容貌について物語る史料があるわけではない。
• However, there are few remaining historical sources about Nukata no Okimi and none regarding her appearance.

• もしこれが『梁塵秘抄』に加わるとすれば、総数は二十巻以上となり『本朝書籍目録』の記述に矛盾する。
• If it is to add to 'Ryojin hisho,' the total would be more than 20 Books and contradict the descriptions in 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku.'

• そこで、これ以上の摩擦を防ぐために、萩藩の要求に応じ、里右衛門を引き渡し、屋敷の接収にも応じた。
• Consequently, to avoid conflicting with the Hagi clan any further, they handed over Riuemon to the Hagi clan, responding to their demand, and also agreed on the seizure of his residence.

• 以上に挙げた武術組織は、極めて強い宗教的性格を有し、内部ではシャーマニズム的な儀式も持っていた。
• The martial art organization previously mentioned started to have very strong sect like characteristics and practiced shamanistic ceremonies within the group.

• この間に日本列島は100メートル以上もの海面上昇を経験しており、今日では縄文海進と呼ばれている。
• The Japanese archipelago experienced a rise in the sea level of over 100 meters during this period; today it is called the sea level rise of the Jomon period.

• 『万国公法』の日本における受容は、中国のそれ以上に自然法的性格が強調された理解が一般に通行した。
• With regards to acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' in Japan, the understanding of 'Bankoku Koho'widely spread in Japan contained a characteristic of natural law, which was emphasized than that in China.

• 専門学校以上の女性の学生・生徒の制服を、なるべく婦人標準服に変えてもらうよう働きかけることとした。
• The outline stated that the uniforms for the female students of technical schools and higher schools should be encouraged to be the standard female clothes.

• また二つ以上の紋を組み合わせた「比翼紋」というものもあり、これは花柳界などで用いられることが多い。
• There are combination of the crests called 'Hiyokumon' that are often used in the world of geisha.

• 讃岐うどんを名乗る場合は、ゆで時間を12分以上かけるように調整されており、コシが強く食味に優れる。
• Boiling time is strictly regulated to twelve minutes or more in Sanuki Udon, which creates excellent eating quality keeping its elasticity.

• 以上のように情景描写に使われる事が多いが、「野崎詣り」などでは舟が移動するなどの擬音に用いられる。
• Thus, background music is often used to represent emotional landscapes though it can be used to simulate sounds of various objects like a moving ship in 'Pilgrimage to Nozaki.'

• 100以上の将軍家伝来の茶壷に最高級の碾茶を詰めて、往路は東海道を復路は中山道・甲州街道を通った。
• The procession made its way down the Tokai-do Road at the start of its journey and returned following the Nakasen-do Road and Koshu-kaido Road with more than 100 tea jars exclusively belonging to Shogunate Family packed with powdered green tea.

• 海底地形は、冠島と沓島両島の東側は比高60m以上の急崖を形成しており、南北走向の断層が推定される。
• The bottom topography of the eastern part of both islands, Kanmuri-jima Island and Kutsu-jima island, consists of a steep cliff nearly 60m high, and a fault is presumed to run from north to south.

• 1992年の調査では、3万台以上の人力車が営業中で、そのうち6千台が違法車両や未許可車両であった。
• In 1992, it was estimated that over 30,000 jinrikisha were operating, including 6,000 illegal or unauthorized vehicles.

• 幅50m以上の周濠が巡らされているが、中世に城砦として利用されていたため、部分的に改変されている。
• It is surrounded by a moat with a width of more than fifty meters; however, it was partly renovated in medieval times to be used as a fortress.

• 千点以上の観音像を描き、三千点という樒葉（しきみば）観音像を創り、檀家や寺社がこれを求めたという。
• She is said to have painted more than 1,000 Kannon figures and more than 3,000 Shikimiba Kannon (images of Kannon made of powdered leaves of Japanese star anise), which had all been solicited by parishioners and other temples.

• 以上3つの不動については、江戸時代の地誌にも登場するが、天海と結びつける記述はまったく見られない。
• As to the three Fudo mentioned above, they appeared in topography of the Edo Period but there was no mention of any connection between them and Tenkai.

• 以上のように、12世紀末までに三山が互いの祭神を祀りあうことにより、三山は一体化を遂げたのである。
• As described above, by enshrining deities of each other, Sanzan (three shrines) were integrated by the end of the 12th century.

• 東京都内の砧公園のソメイヨシノは1935年に植えられたものなので、すでに70年以上が経過している。
• A Someiyoshino in Tokyo Prefecture's Kinuta Park was planted in 1935, so more than 70 years have already passed.

• 広島風は「返し」が難しいとよく言われるが、実はこの生地のばしの段階で半分以上決まるといってもよい。
• Kaeshi' (turning it over) is said to be difficult in Hiroshimafu-okonomiyaki, but in fact the stage when the dough is spread decides more than half of the completed ones.

• コントなどにおいて同じことを２度またはそれ以上繰り返すことで滑稽な効果をもたらすことを天丼と言う。
• In standup comedy acts, when the same thing is repeated twice or more for comic effect, it's called 'Tendon.'

• 麹造りに要する時間は丸2日以上、だいたい50時間で、おおかた以下のような順番で作業がおこなわれる。
• Time needed to produce koji is not shorter than two days, approximately fifty hours and the process is carried out in the following order:

• ボストン美術館には5万点、プーシキン美術館には3万点など、万点以上収蔵しているところも少なくない。
• Many museums keep 10,000 or more items of Ukiyoe, such as Boston's Museum of Fine Arts with 50,000 items, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts with 30,000 items, and so on.

• だが、承久の変からは既に100年以上が経過しており、地域によっては混乱も生じたことが知られている。
• However, more than 100 years had passed since the Jokyu War, and some areas are known to have witnessed confusion.

• 「日本書紀」や「古事記」の中に多くみられ、五音と七音の句を3回以上繰り返した形式のものが多かった。
• Many choka poems are found in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), most of them are in the form with 5-7 phrases repeated at least three times.

• また領収書であるため、手持の貴金属による支払いに比べ、実際の経済力以上の物資の徴発が可能でもある。
• In addition, since military currency was a receipt, it was possible to get more commodities than the military force could actually buy with its precious metal.

• 士分以上の持筒（もちづつ＝自費装備の銃）や大筒等の、口径が大きいものを撃つのを得意とする流儀である。
• The school focuses on the skill of shooting the gun with a large diameter of the mouth of the guns, such as mochi zutsu (guns provided with their own money) held by those at the samurai class or above, ozutsu (Japanese artillery), and so on.

• 日本酒速醸系（そくじょうけい）酒母に比べると育成時間が約2～4倍以上かかり、通常30日近くは要する。
• To develop the yamaoroshi-haishi-moto takes approximately two to four times longer than that of the sokujo-kei (faster moto developing method), normally requiring up to thirty days.

• 直径30センチ以上、重さ6～7キロの大茶碗と長さ35センチの茶筅でお茶を立て、参拝客にふるまわれる。
• Tea is whipped using a huge tea bowl using a diameter over 30 cm and weight of 6 to 7 kg and a 35 cm long tea stirrer and served to worshippers.

• 新聞紙等で植物を包み、水蒸気があたらないようにし、80℃以上の熱湯に切り口を浸した後、1分ほど煮る。
• The plant is covered by newspaper not to touch steam directly and its cut end is soaked in hot water at 80 degrees or over, then boiled for about one minute.

• （これ以上の存命は不要と、断食を行った後、最後は自らの頭に焼石を乗せて亡くなったと伝えられている。)
• (It is said that he fasted and decided there was no need for him to live any longer, he then put a red hot rock on the top of his head and died.)

• 作者については世阿弥説、河上神主説（以上『能本作者註文』）、金春禅竹説（『二百十番謡目録』）がある。
• The author is thought to be Zeami, Kawakami Kannushi (Shinto priest) (the former two, based on 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon'), or Zenchiku KOMPARU ('the Nihyakujuban Utai Mokuroku' (a catalog of 210 numbers of No theater lyrics).

• 日本の半分以上の地域では桜の開花時期が4月と、つまり会社や学校などの年度始めや学校の新学期と重なる。
• In more than half the areas of Japan, the blooming period is April, which coincides with the beginning of the fiscal year for companies and the start of a new school year for Japanese schools.

• 現在、試合等では弓道連盟の規定により6cm以上の高さが必要だが、かつては流派により巻き様式があった。
• Currently, the Kyudo Federation requires the wakyu to be bound more than six centimeters, but it used to be bound differently depending on the archery school.

• 5,000匹以上のこいのぼりが鶴生田川、茂林寺川、近藤沼、つつじが岡パークインの4箇所で掲揚される。
• More than 5,000 koi-nobori are hoisted in four places at the Tsuruuda-gawa River, Morinji-gawa River, Kondo-numa Pond and Tsutsujigaoka Park Inn.

• しかし、以上の条件を満たしていても、上記に記してある日本庭園等は、敷地の関係で存在しない場合も多い。
• However, even if the above-mentioned requirements are met, a Japanese garden etc. often may not exist because of the site.

• 九州王朝説ではこれらの年号（各地で現在500以上確認）を九州王朝が使用した「九州年号」であるとする。
• According to Kyushu dynasty theory, these eras (over 500 eras were confirmed throughout Japan) are regarded as the `Kyushu era' which the Kyushu dynasty used.

• ヤマト王権唯一の日本式風水（陰陽道）都市である平安京（794年）よりも130年～176年以上も早い。
• It is 130 to 176 years earlier than Heian-kyo (in 794), the only Japanese-style Feng shui city (Onmyodo [way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements]) under Yamato kingship

• 以上の54帖の現在伝わる巻名は、紫式部自身がつけたとする説と、後世の人々がつけたとする説が存在する。
• There is an opinion that it was Murasaki Shikibu who named the titles of the existent 54 chapters, but some people believe the name of each chapter has come about through posterity.

• とくに長時間戦闘をおこなった義朝勢は50人以上の死者を出し、重傷者も80人を超えるという有様だった。
• Yoshitomo's army had a long fight in which more than 50 warriors were killed and more than 80 were injured.

• 期間は、文明 (日本)6年（1474年）から天文 (元号)5年（1536年）までの60年以上に及ぶ。
• It covers over sixty years from 1417 to 1536.

• 直隷省は山東省以上に、失業者や天災難民が多くおりそれらを吸収することによって義和団は急速に膨張した。
• Zhili Province had a greater amount of jobless and refugees from natural disasters than Shandong Province, so Boxers absorbed them and expanded fast.

• その漢詩はあまりに有名であるがそれ以上に陶淵明の隠逸的な処世法は後代の文人に大きな影響を与えている。
• His Chinese poetry was overly famous, but more than that, his way of living as a recluses brought a great influence on other Bunjin in later years.

• 本数は月間1〜2本程度が最も多く、20代の中には月に6本以上を飲用するヘビーユーザーも若干数存在した。
• People who drank one or two cans a month were largest in number and some heavy users in their twenties drank six or more cans a month.

• したがって節会参列の公卿・五位以上の官人や賀茂祭の勅使をはじめとする重儀の奉仕に際してのみ使用された。
• Therefore, it was used only by the Kugyo or officers of the fifth rank or higher attended the Sechi-e (seasonal court banquets) or in service at important ceremonies including an Imperial envoy of the Kamo Festival.

• 染色技術の変遷とあいまって寛弘年間以降は四位以上は黒、五位は蘇芳、六位及び六位以下は縹の3色となった。
• With the changing method of dyeing, the Kanko era and later the three colors were decided, that is, for shii (forth-rank) or higher as black, the gou (fifth-rank) as dark red and rokui (sixth-rank) or lower as hanada (light blue).

• 以上により、現在は「南禅寺」を冠称する町名が6、その他の町名が2（永観堂町、永観堂西町）となっている。
• These changes have resulted in six town names that are prefixed by 'Nanzenji' and two others (Eikando-cho and Eikando-nishi-cho).

• 5月5日が祝日であり、さらに前後に祝日を伴う大型連休期間中にあるため、雛祭り以上に親族総出で祝われる。
• As May 5 is a national holiday and in the middle of the Golden Week holidays (early-May holiday season in Japan), the day is usually celebrated by members of the clan more so than the Dolls' Festival (March 3, a sekku for girls).

• 以上のような事情から、駅構内や駅前の弁当業者の店舗で販売される弁当を総合して「駅弁」と呼ぶ場合が多い。
• Considering these situations, box lunch sold within station precincts or stores established by box lunch companies in front of stations are comprehensively called 'Ekiben' in most cases.

• 一部では正式名称であるかのごとく、そこまではいかないが多くの人の間でも数十年以上にわたり定着している。
• Some people have used 'koryu jujutsu' as if it were the formal name, and many others have used it for decades as a common one, if not a formal one.

• 皇太子は黄丹色、一位は深紫、王の二位以下五位以上、臣下の二位三位は浅紫、臣下の四位は深緋、五位は浅緋。
• Orange was a color for the Crown Prince, deep purple for the First Rank, light purple for the Prince of Second to Fifth Rank, and subjects of the Second and Third Rank, deep scarlet for the subjects of the Fourth Rank, and light scarlet for those who held the Fifth Rank.

• 出羽秋田新田銀（でわあきたしんでんぎん）：灰吹銀に矢羽と「極」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位90%以上。
• Dewa Akita Shinden Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with arrows and feathers and '極' (Goku) and over of 90 percent purity.

• 源氏の自制でそれ以上の行為はなかったものの、世慣れぬ玉鬘は養父からの思わぬ懸想に困惑するばかりだった。
• Genji restrained himself and nothing more than that occurred, but Tamakazura, who was still innocent, did not know how to deal with these inconceivable romantic feelings from her adopted father.

• 五位以上の身分の者の事跡については、正史に記載しなければならなかったが、人麻呂の名は正史に見られない。
• The achievements of someone ranked as fifth grade or higher had to be recorded in an official history, but Hitomaro's name does not appear in any of them.

• その結果、購入者の80%は男性で、中でも1日に1本以上飲用するヘビーユーザーが全消費の6割を占めていた。
• The survey showed that male persons accounted for eighty percent of consumers and, among them, consumption by heavy drinkers who drank one or more cans a day accounted for sixty percent of the total consumption.

• 四位の参議以上の公卿は金魚袋といって飾りが金製のものを、殿上人とは銀魚袋といって銀製の飾りのものを使う。
• A Kugyo (high court noble) of the fourth court rank Sangi (councilor) or higher used the Gyotai with gold ornament and the Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) put on the Gyotai with silver ornament.

• 摘み取った茶葉をよく蒸し、その後長ければ1日以上天日でしっかりと乾燥させ、その後焙じて出来上がりとなる。
• Picked tea leaves are thoroughly steamed, then completely dried in the sun for over a day if being dried for a long time before being roasted to completion.

• 現行の皇室典範では、天皇から直系で三親等以上離れた皇族男子を指す（傍系でなく直系尊属の天皇から数える）。
• In the present Imperial House Law, it refers to sons of the Imperial family who are in the direct line and in the three or more degree of kinship from the emperor (not in collateral line and counted from the emperor who is a direct ancestor).

• 以上により、現在は「浄土寺」を冠称する町名は16、その他の町名は2（銀閣寺町、銀閣寺前町）となっている。
• As a result there are 16 towns today prefixed by 'Jodoji' and two others (Ginkakuji-cho and Ginkakujimae-cho).

• （昭和24年廃止）カラメ町、八反田町、小森町、松本町、陵町（以上5町は西浦町に編入、旧大字深草のうち。）
• (Abolished in 1949) Karame-cho, Hattanda-cho, Komori-cho, Matsumoto-cho, Ryo-machi (These five towns were integrated into Nishiura-cho in the former Oaza Fukakusa.)

• 近衛家が、応仁の乱や戦国時代の動乱を経て、家伝の古文書類を千年以上にわたり伝えてきたことは特記に値する。
• It is worthy of special attention to note that the Konoe family has handed down its family treasure of ancient documents for over a thousand years through the Onin War (a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period) and the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• また水城としては、高松城 (讃岐国)、今治城、中津城（以上、日本三大一覧城）、高島城、膳所城などがある。
• Examples of Mizu-shiro (castles built on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) include Takamatsu-jo Castle (in Sanuki province), Imabari-jo Castle, Nakatsu-jo Castle, Takashima-jo Castle, and Zeze-jo Castle (the first three examples given here all appear in the list of the top three castles in Japan).

• 伝統や格式を重んじる菓子屋では以上の手順を経て作った千歳飴を神社に納め、お祓いを受けてから店頭に並べる。
• Confectionaries, that respect tradition and formality, manufacture chitoseame candies employing the above steps, and then serve the candies at shrines and receive exorcism, and then place them on shop shelves.

• 酒造好適米など、特定の品種を原料米の50%以上使用した場合、品種名とその使用割合を表示することができる。
• If raw material rice of a specific variety, such as shuzo kotekimai is used for 50 % or more, the variety name and the ratio of usage may be denoted.

• 2007年現在、レトルトカレーは多くのレトルト食品のなかでも最大の3割以上という売り上げ高を誇っている。
• As of 2007, among many retort products, retort curry products account for more than thirty percent of the total sales of retort products, the highest among such products.

• その結果、10万両と言われた藩の借財は数年で完済されて、藩札も額面以上の信用を得るという好循環を招いた。
• As a result, the domain paid off their debts, which were reputed to be as much as 100,000 ryo, in several years, and their han bills gained high credibility above the face values, creating a virtuous cycle.

• しかし、これは通常の10倍以上を摂取する状況下での結果であり、実際の人体への影響がどの程度かは不明である。
• Still this is a result under the situation to consume 10 times or more than usual and to what extent it affects the actual human body is unknown.

• 以上のような経過から、従前の端唄は上記のどれかに吸収されており、独自の端唄とするに足りる曲は非常に少ない。
• With this background, traditional hauta had been categorized as one of the above types of songs, and there had been few songs that were unique enough to be regarded as hauta.

• 安閑天皇の治世の出来事としては、屯倉の大量設置（30ヶ所以上に上る）、それに伴う犬養部の設置が挙げられる。
• As for events during the reign of Emperor Ankan, setting up a large number (more than 30 locations) of miyake (Imperial-controlled territory) and corresponding deployment of Inukaibe (corporation of dogkeepers) can be mentioned.

• 東京都内の江戸時代から続くどじょう鍋料理店では、160年間以上にわたり「鯨汁」を提供し続けている店もある。
• Some of the Dojo-nabe restaurants (restaurants serving loach-based nabemono) that have been operated in Tokyo since the Edo period have continued serving 'Kujira-jiru' for more than 160 years.

• これが歴代の市村羽左衛門にも継承され、河東節「所縁江戸櫻」は70年以上にわたって羽左衛門占有の曲となった。
• This was succeeded to successive Uzaemon ICHIMURA, and Katobushi 'Yukari no edozakura' began the song dedicated to Uzaemon for over seventy years

• 若き法然の才覚を見抜き、自分ではこれ以上教えることがないとして、功徳院阿闍梨こと皇円の許に送ったとされる。
• It is also said that he found the ability of young Honen and realized that he could not teach any more then he sent Honen to Koen, as known as Kotokuin Ajari.

• 内側の環濠は幅8メートル以上、その大環濠を囲むように幅4~5メートルの環濠が4~5重に巡らされる多重環濠。
• There are one inner circular moat more than eight meters in width and four to five outer circular moats four to five meters in width.

• 現在、50～60代以上の高年齢層限定のジャンルという認識が強いのは否めず、若い世代のファンが圧倒的に少ない。
• It is undeniable that the genre is now strongly recognized as the one for only old generations in their 50s to 60s, and younger generation fans are far outnumbered.

• これはかつてイギリスの中流以上の家庭で、日曜日に大きなローストビーフの塊を焼くという習慣があったためである。
• This came from a middle-class and above tradition in British households where people roasted a large piece of beef on Sundays.

• 厚額は本来大臣以上にのみ許されていたものであるが、平安時代末期以降は単に年長者用の冠へと位置づけが変化した。
• Originally, only people at daijin (minister) or higher positions were allowed to use atsubitai, but after the end of the Heian period, the role of atsubitai had changed and they became caps simply for elder people.

• 以上のような状況から、皇位継承候補者も複数存在することとなり、再び皇統の分裂－迭立－が見られるようになった。
• Due to the above, there were many candidates for Imperial succession, again, the separation of the Imperial line - sharing the Imperial throne - became apparent.

• 現実的に考えても、中陰が三ヶ月に跨る場合は、月の後半になくなった場合に当てはまり、半分以上にもなってしまう。
• Actually, as the case where the chuin period is over three months coincides with the case where a person died in the latter half of the month, such cases could account for more than half of all cases.

• いずれの花街も京都と違い現在は舞妓として座敷に出るには18歳以上（高校生は不可）であることが定められている。
• Unlike in Kyoto, in any other red-light district it is regulated that Maiko should be more than 18 years old (high school students are prohibited) to appear at ozashiki.

• 「西の丸」から尾根先端、寺ヶ鼻の「出丸」跡までの約2キロメートルの間に100基以上の畝状竪堀が築かれている。
• More than 100 unejo tatebori (a series of parallel trenches running up the sides of the mountain) were constructed over approximately 2 kilometers from the 'Nishinomaru' to the 'Demaru' (a fortress tower built far from the main castle) at Teragahana, the tip of the ridge.

• 春には1万本以上のウメが咲き乱れ関西・名古屋方面から多数の観光客が訪れ、春の息吹を目と匂いで楽しませている。
• Every spring more than ten thousand plum trees are in bloom in this park, where many tourists from the Kansai and Nagoya regions enjoy their spring scent and the scenery.

• 尼（あま）とは20歳以上の未婚、もしくは結婚経験があっても沙弥尼（しゃみに）の期間を経て出家した女性のこと。
• An ama is an unmarried woman over the age of 20 or a woman who becomes a priestess after the period of Shamini (a female Buddhist novice), even though she has been married.

• 建長寺は日本で初めて純粋な禅の道場が開かれた日本で最初の禅寺で、一時は1000人以上の禅僧が修行をしていた。
• Kencho-ji was the first Zen temple that opened the first pure Zen training hall in Japan, with more than 1,000 monks training there at one time.

• 基本的には魚体を三枚以上におろし、「節」（ふし）と呼ばれる舟方に整形してから加工された物を指して鰹節と言う。
• The bonito is filleted into three parts or more, and basically it's only after these fillets are cut in 'fushi' (the shape of a wooden ship) and processed that the fillets can be called katsuobushi.

• いずれの都道府県においても「大人（中学生以上）」「中人（小学生）」「小人（未就学乳幼児）」の料金分けを採用。
• Each prefecture adopts a system of classifying the fee into 'adults' (middle-school students or above), 'children' (elementary-school students) and 'infants' (babies and children under school age).

• あるいは三曲合奏の中に箏、または三味線の替手や地を加えたり（つまり4パート以上の編成）することも珍しくない。
• It's fairly common for sankyoku gasso to be joined by the second and third koto or by the second and third shamisen, which means the ensemble consists of at least four parts.

• なお、付記しておくと、以上のほか宮古路豊後掾の流れを汲む浄瑠璃には宮薗節（豊後掾門弟宮古路薗八創始）がある。
• Other than the above, Miyazono-bushi (founded by Sonohachi MIYAKOJI, a disciple of Bungo no jo) was also derived from Miyakoji Bungo no jo.

• 芸者が2本以上の着用を許されなかったのに対し、遊女は多くの吉丁を髮へ装着していたことで見分けることができる。
• While geisha were not allowed to wear two pieces or more, yujo (prostitute) wore many yoshicho in their hair.

• ボクシングとの差異を計るため、1ラウンドにつき腰より上への蹴りを8本以上蹴らなくてはならないルールが特徴的。
• To differentiate it from boxing, American full-contact karate adopts a distinctive rule whereby a contestant is required to kick the opponent's body from the waist upward more than eight times per round.

• 柿本サルについては、ほぼ同時代を生きた人麻呂の同族であった、という以上のことはわからないというべきであろう。
• As for KAKINOMOTO no Saru, it should be said that we do not know anything except that he was of the same family of Hitomaro and a contemporary.

• 以上をふまえ、源順、源融、遍昭、紀貫之、紀長谷雄などの作者説が唱えられているが、いずれも決め手に欠けている。
• Based on these things mentioned above, the author could have been MINAMOTO no Shitago, MINAMOTO no Toru, Henjo, KI no Tsurayuki, or KI no Haseo, but it is impossible to say for sure.

• 北海道では、ロシアの南下政策に対抗するため開拓が急務とされており、人口比で他の地域以上の施設が作られている。
• In Hokkaido, more facilities were established per capita than in other areas because the reclamation of Hokkaido was an urgent need to counter Russia's southward expansion.

• 以上のように、「向島」を冠称する町名は、昭和6年当時30町であったが、以下の変更を経て、計33町となっている。
• As above, the number of town names prefixing 'Mukaijima' was 30 as of 1931 and became 33 through the following changes.

• 競技かるたをスポーツだと言う人間は多いが、1つの試合に1人以上の審判がつかない対戦形式のスポーツは稀有である。
• Many people claims that Kyogi Karuta is a sport, however it is rare for a game format sport to not have more than one referee attending to a game.

• それらは6世紀後半から出現しており、研究が進めば日本における火葬史は100年以上遡ることになるものと思われる。
• These burial mounds appeared in the late 6th century, and if these findings are confirmed by more research, the history of Japanese cremation history may be more than 100 years older than previously thought.

• 層塔（そうとう）・多層塔（たそうとう）とは、三重塔や五重塔や多宝塔などのように2階建て以上の仏塔のことである。
• The words 'soto' and 'tasoto' often refer to pagodas with two or more storeys such as two-storey, three-storey or five-storey pagodas/

• 「木喰」と名乗るようになるのはそれから20年以上を経た1762年（宝暦12年）、彼はすでに45歳になっていた。
• He began to call himself 'Mokujiki' in 1762, after more than twenty years since he first became a priest, and he was already in his forty-fifth year.

• ただし、30cm以上であっても反りのほとんどない平造りのものなどは「寸延び」などといい短刀に含める場合がある。
• However, one longer than 30cm in Hira-zukuri style with little curve is called 'Sunnobi (extended length)' and can be included in Tanto.

• 現代の分類では、刃長（切っ先から棟区までの直線距離）60cm以上のものを指し、60cm未満のものは脇差と呼ぶ。
• In the modern classification, it indicates the one with its blade length (direct distance between Kissaki (tip) and Mune-machi - notch in the back) is 60cm and longer, and those shorter than 60cm is called Wakizashi.

• 南北620m、東西400m以上の規模で、建物の基準線は真北から西に50-60度傾き、南東辺を正面としたらしい。
• It is assumed that the office was 620m long from south to north, 400m long from east to west, the base line of the building pointed 50 to 60 degrees west from true north, and the front was at the southeast side.

• 三手掛（さんてがかり）とは、江戸時代に行われた御目見以上の家格を持つ武士及びその妻子らに対する刑事裁判のこと。
• Sante-gakari indicates criminal trials in the Edo period for a samurai, his wife or his children with the family status that had omemie ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc].)

• 他にも20人以上の女性との交際があったと言われ、『源氏物語』の主人公・光源氏のモデルの一人とされることもある。
• He is also said to have had affairs with over twenty other ladies, leading some to suspect he was one model for the main character of 'Genji Monogatari' (the Tale of Genji), the titular Hikaru Genji, the Shining Prince.

• 吾妻鏡は基本的には価値の高い史料であるが、源頼朝の死亡時期に、3年以上の記事がないなど欠落している箇所もある。
• Basically Azuma Kagami is a historical material of great value, but it has some parts missing over a three year period around the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's death.

• 中国に元王朝が成立すると、元は高麗に従来以上の服属を要求し、朕という自称や廟号、制・詔といった用語も廃された。
• After the Yuan dynasty was established, it requested Goryeo to obey further than before, and the use of the terms 'chin,' 'byogo,' and 'sei and sho' was abolished.

• 布団（重）を7段重ね、担ぎ棒の上に掛け布団と呼ばれる布団を2～4枚乗せており、200以上の部品で構成されている。
• The chosa contains more than 200 parts, including seven layered futon (ju) and a few sheets of futon on the shouldering poles, called kake-buton (a top cover).

• 生卵を食べる場合は、「ひび割れた卵」や「割れた卵」、「割ってから2時間以上経過した卵」を使用するのは危険である。
• To eat a raw egg, it is risky to use 'a cracked egg,' 'a broken egg,' or 'an egg cracked two or more hours before.'

• 中でも大崎八幡宮のものは20万人以上が訪れるというもっとも盛大なもので、仙台市の無形民俗文化財に指定されている。
• Among them, Sagicho in Osaki Hachimangu Shrine is magnificent with over 200,000 visitors and it is designated as Sendai City Important Intangible Folk-Cultural Property.

• 内親王の結婚相手は律令の「継嗣令」では天皇もしくは四世以上の皇族に限るとされ、古代には非皇族との結婚はなかった。
• According to 'the Heir Decree' in the Ritsuryo codes, an Imperial Princess should marry an Emperor or a member of Imperial family who was within the fourth generations of an Emperor, and in ancient times there was no marriage between an Imperial Princess and non-imperial family.

• 公家からは大臣家、大納言の宣任の例が多い堂上家、武家からは徳川御三卿と現米5万石以上の大名家が伯爵相当とされた。
• It was decided that, as Hakushaku (伯爵 commonly translated as count), Daijinke (families having generated ministers) from kuge, Toshoke (families of court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) which had assumed Dainagon (Major Counselor) many times, Tokugawa gosankyo (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family, ranked next to Tokugawa gosanke) from buke, and the Daimyo families (feudal lord families) from buke, which had been paid the rice stipend of more than 50,000 goku (9019.5 cubic meters), were eligible.

• 以上においては、同等内では、嫡出及びその子孫の系統を先にして、庶出の子（非嫡出子）及びその子孫の系統を後にする。
• Among members of equal standing, legitimate sons and their male-line descendants had a stronger claim to succeed the Imperial Throne over those of illegitimate birth and their male-line descendants.

• 特に貴船側は20°以上の急勾配の上、ヘアピンカーブが連続する区間があり、大型車は1度で曲がりきれないこともある。
• Particularly on the side of Kibune, there is a spot where the hill is as steep as 20 degrees or more with successive sharp hairpin curves, where a large-sized vehicle cannot make a turn at the first try.

• 取引銀行を鴻池銀行1行に定めて利子の軽減・担保以上の借入を決議して実行した事は井上でなければ出来ない事であった。
• No one but Inoue could determine and execute reduction of interest payments and borrowing beyond the value of the collateral, and he assigned Konoike-ginko Bank as the only bank of account.

• 1998年（平成9年）以前は、すべての酒造好適米において心白は「粒の平面の1/2以上の大きさ」と規定されていた。
• Up through the year 1998, it was stipulated that shinpaku must have 'the size of one half the fair surface of the grain or larger' for all varieties of shuzo kotekimai.

• メリ、カリの範囲は開放管（指で手孔を押さえない）の状態に近いほど広くなり、メリでは最大で半音4個ぶん以上になる。
• The range of meri-kari expands the closer to the state of being played open (i.e., with the fingers covering no tone holes), with the meri capable of extending to more than four half tones.

• 以上が、全くバラバラのものであった、大仏造立と大養徳国金光明寺建立という二つの計画が一つになったあらましである。
• The above is a summary of how two different projects of constructing the Great Buddha and building Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province were integrated into one big project.

• 以上から、日本では権力者の強制売買による弊害は少なく、むしろ天皇の娯楽的な臨時公開市場的な性格が強いと思われる。
• Judging from the above, it is considered that adverse effects due to forced sales by the power were less, and the market was more entertaining for the Emperor as a temporary open market in Japan.

• 表向きは唐が滅亡してから70年ほどであった（五代十国時代）が、事実上1世紀以上にわたって中国は分裂状態にあった。
• China was officially divided for 70 years (Godai-Jikkoku period), but in reality it lasted for more than 100 years.

• また、景品表示法では、販売価格が5,000円未満の場合20倍まで、5,000円以上は10万円までと定められている。
• The selling price is limited to 20 times the value of the actual price in case of bags less than 5,000 yen and to 100,000 yen value in case of bags more than 5,000 yen according to Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations.

• 当時使われていた宣明暦は、800年以上もの長きに亙って使われたため誤差が蓄積し、実際の天行よりも2日先行していた。
• Because the Senmyoreki at that time had been used for as long as 800 years, it accumulated errors; two days ahead at the actual lunar and solar movement.

• しかしそれ以降、八田は勝見作品以上にマキノの現代劇の主力として、人見吉之助監督とのコンビを中心に19本を執筆した。
• Later on, Hotta went on to write nineteen scripts, teaming up with assistant director Kichinosuke HITOMI as a main scriptwriter of Makino's contemporary dramas rather than working on Katsumi's films.

• なお往復する水の流れがある程度以上速くなると、山の後ろにできる渦が、砂紋の発達に重要な役割を果たすといわれている。
• Waves coming up and down above a certain speed are said to form the whirlpool behind the ridges, thus playing an important role in developing the samon.

• 江戸時代後期に入ると名題以上の役者は、屋号、芸名のほかに、俳句を作る作らないに関わりなく必ず俳名を持つようになる。
• In the late Edo period, actors other than the chief Kabuki actors certainly had Haimyo in addition to a family stage name and other stage names whether or not he wrote haiku.

• 2.　2人以上の者が一体となって「わざ」を体現している場合に、その団体の構成員全体を保持者に認定する「総合認定」。
• 2. 'Sogo nintei' refers to giving a general recognition to all members of a group, when more than one people demonstrate their high skills unitedly.

• 製法は原材料にもち米と長期熟成させた麹を加え、水の量を5割以上も減らして仕込み、もろみを絞る数日前に木灰を加える。
• It is manufactured by adding rice malt which has been fermented for a long time to mochi rice and fermenting with half the usual amount of water and adding charcoal a few days before refining the sake.

• いわゆる「平成の大合併」で天気予報の発表区分や気象警報・注意報の発表区分を2つ以上持つ市町村が数多く発生している。
• Due to the so-called 'great merger of municipalities in the Heisei period,' many cities, towns and villages ended up with two or more classifications for weather forecast, weather warning, and advisories.

• その歴史は福知山市を含む丹波地方の養蚕業は千年以上も昔から行われていたとも言われ、昭和初期ごろに全盛期を向かえた。
• It is said that sericulture in the Tanba Region including Fukuchiyama City has a history longer than one thousand years, with its peak around the beginning of the Showa period.

• 本来前後篇で終わらせる予定だったが、予想以上に反響が大きかったことと馬琴の想像の筆が伸びたことから、完結が延びた。
• It was originally planned to finish a prequel and sequel, but completion was extended due to its unexpected popularity and the fact that imagination of Bakin improved with time.

• この際、秋月氏から大豆百俵が送られているが、楢柴の価値は約3000貫、現在の価値でいえば数億円以上ともされている。
• Although Tanezane sent 100 bales of soybeans to Soshitsu, the price of the Narashiba was said to be about 3,000 Kan, which is about several million Yen in today's value.

• 以上の皇室の儀式の後に鳥居等を葬場から撤去して国の儀式である「大喪の礼御式」の開式を小渕恵三内閣官房長官が告げた。
• After these Imperial Family ceremonies were finished and religious objects such as torii were removed from the funeral hall, the Chief Cabinet Secretary Keizo OBUCHI declared the national funeral ceremony's opening.

• 弘法大師に関する伝説は、北海道を除く日本各地に5,000以上あるといわれ、歴史上の空海の足跡をはるかに越えている。
• It is said that more than 5,000 legends about Kobo Daishi exist throughout Japan, by far exceeding the number of sites where Kukai actually visited.

• 外陣の正面5間のうち中央の3間、背面の中央間、両側面のそれぞれ北から2間目、以上6面の柱間には扉が設けられていた。
• Doors were installed in the following six hashirama in gejin: Center three Ken of front five Ken, back center, second from the north in both sides.

• 36面以上というのは他の鏡の破片数点が出ているのと盗掘で行方不明になったものがあった可能性が出てきたためであった。
• The number 36 or more was estimated from the fact that a few fractions of other mirrors were found and from the possibility that some items were lost because of grave robbing.

• 外郭は材木を並べて立てて作った塀で、全体の形は長方形、長い辺が560メートル以上、短い辺が295.4メートルある。
• The surrounding structure was a wall built of lumber put up in a row, the entire shape formed a rectangle with the longest side 560m long and the short side 295.4m long.

• 原料に本わさびの量が50%以上の場合は「本わさび使用」、50%未満の場合は「本わさび入り」と表示されるものもある。
• When the ratio of honwasabi is 50% or more of the total content, the products concerned can be displayed with 'honwasabi is used'; however, when the ratio is less than 50% the products concerned should be displayed with 'containing honwasabi.'

• 以上の3回はいずれも新征夷大将軍の御代始を期に行われており、御代始の新政に合わせて編纂が行われたと考えられている。
• These three collections were made when the new Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who was to subdue the barbarians') started his reign, and it is thought that the editing work was conducted to in line with the new reign began.

• 以上のように、第一の本妻に対しては、好色な老女として厳しく批判されているが、その分生き生きとした描写になっている。
• As mentioned above, the first lawful wife was described as a lecherous woman, which makes the work lively.

• 又、必ずと言ってよいほど、「ビブラート」を深く、巧妙に入れる（例えば2小節以上伸ばす所では2小節目から入れる、等）。
• In addition, enka songs are almost never sung without deep and skillful 'vibrato' employed (e.g., in the case of the sound lasting for over two bars, vibrato is started at the second bar).

• 以上のほか、特殊な舞事として、「雪 (能)」の雪踏之拍子や「羽衣」や「杜若」の小書に用いられる盤渉序之舞などがあり、
• In addition to the mai-goto described above, there are the Setto no hyoshi (a rhythm of treading on snow) in 'Yuki' and Banshiki Jo no mai (the slow-tempo dance played in a key called Banshiki, which is close to the western key of B) used for a kogaki for 'Hagoromo' or 'Kakitsubata'.

• 早稲田大学稲吟会、明治大学詩吟研究部、関西大学吟詩部、岡山大学吟詩部はいずれも50年以上の歴史を持つサークルである。
• Waseda University Togin Kai, Meiji University Shigin Kenkyu Club, Kansai University Shigin Club and Okayama University Shigin Club respectively have over 50 years of history.

• 後に、三人以上であったり、手だけでなく体全体を用いたりするものも現れたが、基本的に形によって勝敗を決める遊びである。
• This chooses the winner and loser basically with shape and the game that used three players or whole body instead of just hands started to appear later.

• その狭い面積の半分以上を山地と琵琶湖が占めており、都道府県の面積一覧2001年 可住地面積の順位は大阪府よりも狭い。
• More than half of the small area is occupied by mountains and Lake Biwa, so the inhabitable land area of Shiga measured in 2001 was smaller than that of Osaka.

• （以上は刃文の態様を言い表す表現）等、極力具象的な表記がなされ、鑑賞者の主観的な思い入れが混入する事を排除している。
• (these expressions above describe the appearance of Hamon), with a concrete description, and eliminates the incorporation of the subjective feeling of an observer.

• 壁厚は約300mm以上あることが多く、開口部の外戸なども土戸（土と漆喰で戸の外部表面を覆ったもの）とすることがある。
• Most walls are over 300mm thick and the outer doors are also made of mud, with the outside of the doors coated with mud and plaster.

• が、古墳本体の東側と南側の少し離れた場所から、幅約6メートル、深さが2メートル以上の落ち込みが2ヶ所確認されている。
• However, two depressions with some 6 meters in width and over 2 meters in depth have been confirmed east and south of and slightly away from the tumulus itself.

• 一方で、朝鮮半島ではワカメを日本以上に多食し、韓国国民一人あたりの年間ワカメ平均消費量は、日本の三倍と言われている。
• However, seaweed is more widely consumed in the Korean Peninsula than in Japan, and the mean annual seaweed consumption per capita in Korea is three times higher than that of Japan.

• 2006年現在、広島市だけで800軒以上（1992年中国新聞調べからの推定）、広島県内には2000軒あるといわれる。
• At present (2006), it is said that there are more than 800 shops just in Hiroshima City alone (estimated from a survey by Chugoku Shinbun newspaper in 1992) and 2000 shops in Hiroshima Prefecture.

• しかしながら前述の通り、この日を「最初の駅弁の日」として認定する根拠は70年以上が経過してから編纂された文書である。
• As mentioned above, however, designating July 16 as 'the day when the Ekiben was first sold' is based on a document compiled after more than 70 years had passed.

• 大学以上の場合、3尺9寸が上限となっているのは、従来の3尺8寸を、日本人の体格向上にあわせて1寸伸ばしたものである。
• With an increase in the average of height of Japanese, the longest shinai, for university students and adults, was also increased from 3 jaku 8 sun to 3 jaku 9 sun.

• 西海のさせぼ温州にはブランド味っ子があり、その中でも最高峰となっている出島の華は14度以上という糖度が保障されてる。
• There is a famous 'Ajikko' brand mikan in Sasebo unshu of the Saikai region, and 'Dejima no hana,' the highest authority amongst them is guaranteed 14 degrees of sugar content.

• 家司（けいし/いえのつかさ）とは、親王・内親王家及び職事従三位以上の公卿・将軍家などの家に設置され、家政を掌る職員。
• Keishi (also called Ie no tsukasa) refers to personnel who are in charge of household management placed in a household of the Imperial Prince and Princess, or a Court noble or a samurai family of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher as Shikiji (another term for a royal secretary, kurodo, especially one who is concurrently posted as a controller).

• 水城の建設等は、理科学的測定によれば『日本書紀』の記述等より90年以上も古くなり、大宰府本体も古くなる可能性がある。
• Based upon scientific measurements, the construction date of mizu-shiro (castles on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) was ninety years earlier than the construction date in mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), which was even earlier than the main body of Dazai-fu.

• 『保元物語』は保元の乱を題材とした軍記物語であるが、物語である以上、そこには虚構、ないしは史実との乖離も認められる。
• 'Hogen Monogatari' is a war tale based on the Hogen Disturbance, but since it is a tale there are aspects of fiction and divergence from the historical facts.

• 古くは『古今和歌集』の真名序に五位以上を示す「柿本大夫」、仮名序に正三位である「おほきみつのくらゐ」と書かれていた。
• In the pre-medieval period, the manajo (a preface written in Chinese) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems) described him as 'Kakinomoto no taifu', indicating that he was ranked as in the fifth grade or higher, and its kanajo (a preface written in kana) describes him as 'oki mitsu no kurai', showing that he was Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).

• 日本の義務教育では、国語科の書写として小学3年生以上の授業では毛筆により指導されることが学習指導要領で定められている。
• Compulsory education in Japan defined by the Education Ministry guidelines is to instruct Shodo by brush in lessons for the third grade or more of elementary school as Shosha (copy of calligraphy) of the Japanese language subject.

• 主人公ではないことが多いが、物語の根幹に関わるシーンで重要な役目を果たすことから、主役以上に強く印象に残ることがある。
• Though a kyogen-mawashi is frequently not the protagonist, they sometimes leave a stronger impression since they perform an important role in scenes that are at the base of the story.

• 以上の五箇所に紋があるものを五つ紋と呼び、これが正式の紋付小袖のかたちである（これは大紋の紋の入れ方を受継いだもの）。
• This montsuki kosode, called 'itsutsu-mon' (five-crest type), is the formal style, which is modeled after the style of 'daimon' (a crested formal robe of the Edo period).

• 天かすを大量に作り余熱を持ったまま一ヶ所に固めてゴミ箱などに放置した場合、一時間以上後に突如出火してしまう場合がある。
• A mass of deep-fried tenkasu with the remaining heat left in the dumpster can be the cause of sudden fire in one or more hours.

• しかし、これも炊きあがり直前に生卵を載せるものの、食べる際には半熟以上に固まっているため、生卵を食べるとは言いがたい。
• However, though a raw egg is added immediately before completion of the food, the egg is boiled more than half when it is eaten, and therefore it is also hard to say they eat a raw egg.

• しかし世阿弥の実体験に基づく貴重な直話を多く収録しており、世阿弥自身の著述と同様か、あるいはそれ以上に重視されている。
• Since it is a collection of valuable direct discourse based on Zeami's real experience, however, it is regarded as valuable as the book by Zeami himself or more.

• 30歳以上の公侯爵議員は終身、伯子男爵議員は互選で任期7年と定められ、「皇室の藩屏」としての役割を果たすものとされた。
• The 30-year old or older persons with Koshaku (公爵) or Koshaku (侯爵) became permanent members of Kizokuin, persons with Hakushaku, Shishaku or Danshaku elected as seven-year-term members from among the members; they were regarded as 'loyal hedge guarding the Imperial family.'

• 江戸末期にはお茶屋が500軒、芸妓、舞妓、娼妓合わせて1000人以上いたといい、文人や政治家等に愛され大いに繁栄した。
• At the end of the Edo period, it was said to have boasted five hundred tea houses and more than one thousand of geisha, apprentice geisha and shogi (prostitutes) in total, and flourished thanks to appreciation by many prominent figures such as literati and politicians.

• 最後に重要美術品認定の告示が出されたのは1949年（昭和24年）5月28日で、この時にも200件以上が認定されている。
• The last announcement of the important art object accreditation was made on May 28, 1949, covering again more than 200 articles.

• また梅若は、現代の能においてはこれらの型が必要以上に重視され、一種の信仰の対象のようになっていることの弊害も指摘した。
• Moreover, UMEWAKA pointed out that, in modern Noh, these forms are unnecessarily valued too much to the harmful extent that it has become like the object of a kind of belief.

• 茎（なかご）は銑ややすりで形を整え、柄（つか）をはめる時に使用する目釘穴を普通は1つ、居合用の刀の場合2つ以上開ける。
• Nakago (core) is finished with a Sen (a grinding tool) or a file, and for a Mekugi (fastening pin) hole used for securing the Tsuka (handle grip), usually one hole is drilled and two for a sword used for Iaido (Japanese martial art).

• 建長3年（1251年）13歳になると大宰府に移り、法然の孫弟子に当たる聖達の下で10年以上にわたり浄土宗西山義を学ぶ。
• In 1251, when he was 13 years old, he moved to Dazaifu and learned the teachings of Seizan school of Jodoshu sect under Shotatsu, who was a disciple of Honen's disciple, for more than 10 years.

• また、10%14% のアルコールを含み、食塩を 1.5 g/100 mL 以上含む、酒税のかからない発酵調味料もある。
• There are also fermented seasonings that are exempt from liquor tax which contain 10-14% alcohol and 1.5g/100ml salt.

• 以上の詳細は高森直史の『海軍 肉じゃが物語 ルーツ発掘者が語る海軍食文化史』（光人社 2006年）に詳しい叙述がある。
• Details of the above mentioned story are found in 'Navy Nikujaga Story: a Root Finder Tells a History of Food Culture in the Navy' (Kojinsha, 2006).

• 酒造メーカーによっては、1年以上熟成した酒に古酒・古々酒・大古酒・熟成酒・秘蔵酒などの名称を冠して販売することがある。
• Certain sake breweries sell sake, which has been stored for one year or longer, under names such as koshu (old sake), kokoshu (old old sake), daikoshu (very old sake), jukuseishu (matured sake) and hizoshu (treasured sake).

• 2人以上が有効打突の表示をした場合、もしくは1人の審判員が有効打突を表示し2人が判定の棄権を表示した場合、一本となる。
• If two or three referees show a Yuko-datotsu, or if one referee shows a Yuko-datotsu and the other two show their abstention from the decision, then one Ippon is taken.

• なお、三位以上の武官は文官と同じ装束であり、従って黒色の武官束帯を着用していると自動的に四位の武官であると判別できる。
• Military officers of Sanmi (Third Rank) and above wore the same clothing as bunkan, therefore those who wore black bukan sokutai were automatically identified as military officials of Shii (Fourth Rank).

• ここから積雪量が格段に深くなり、行軍速度が落ち、食料と燃料などを積んだソリ部隊は本隊より1時間以上遅れることとなった。
• From there, snow became much deeper, marching speed slowed down, and the sledge troop carrying provisions and fuel dropped behind the main troop more than an hour.

• 3000年以上前の上古2代天皇の時代に16人の弟妹たちが全世界に散らばり、彼らの名前は今も地名として残っているという。
• It is said that in the era of the second emperor of joko more than three thousand years ago, sixteen younger brothers and sisters scattered all over world and their names still remain as place names

• 蔭位（おんい）とは、日本の律令制体制のなかで、高位者の子孫を父祖である高位者の位階に応じて一定以上の位階に叙位する制度。
• Oni was a system of conferring a rank above a certain court rank to the descendants of high officials, according to the court ranks those high officials, the descendants' forefathers, had under the system of the Ritsuryo codes in Japan.

• 『千手千眼陀羅尼経』では以上の38本の持物をもつ手に加えて「合掌手」と「宝鉢手」を含めて40本の手について言及している。
• In 'Senju-sengen Darani-kyo Sutra' there is a description of the 40 arms including 'Gassho-shu' (praying hands) and 'Hohatsu-shu' in addition to the 38 arms with Jimotsu as above.

• 以上のような疑問のほか、仁寛や文観の言動と立川流の教義との間に差異を見出し、彼らと立川流との関係を疑問視する向きもある。
• Besides these questions, some see the difference between remarks and behaviors by Ninkan and Monkan and the creed in the Tachikawa-ryu school, and doubt the relationship between them and the Tachikawa-ryu school.

• 以上の豊後節、およびそこから派生した豊後節系浄瑠璃の特徴は、歌舞伎芝居、門付けの違いはあるにしろ, 以下のとおりである。
• Despite the difference in the way of performance, namely as the accompaniment of Kabuki or kadotsuke, Bungo-bushi and Bungo-bushi-origin Joruri have common characteristics as described below.

• 学生音楽コンテストであるため、ソロであれば当人が学生、グループであれば構成するメンバーの半数以上が学生である必要がある。
• Due to the nature of the contest, if a participant does a solo, he or she has to be a student, and for groups of musicians, at least half the members have to be students.

• また色も葡萄色（えびいろ）は将軍のみ使用、緋色は大納言以上のみ使用、浅黄色、萌黄色は使用禁止の禁色（きんじき）とされた。
• As for colors, only the shogun was permitted to wear wine color, scarlet was worn by those above the rank of the Major Councillor, and light yellow and light green were considered to be kinjiki (prohibited colors) not permitted.

• そのためこの修理は、大屋根を中心に、1973年（昭和48年）から7年、34億円以上もかけて行われた大規模なものになった。
• Accordingly, this major repair, which focused on the large roof, totaling more than 3.4 billion yen, taking seven years from 1973.

• 縁語（えんご）とは、一首の中に意味上関連する語を連想的に2つ以上用いることで歌に情趣を持たせる、和歌の修辞技法のひとつ。
• Engo (verbal association) is a rhetorical technique in waka poetry, where two or more semantically associated words are used in a poem to express one's sentiments.

• これは1819年のシカゴ・マーカンタイル取引所（現在の穀物先物取引の世界的中心）の設立より100年以上も前のことである。
• This was many years before the establishment of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1819 (present center in the world for grain futures transaction)

• 満15歳以上の内親王・王・女王は、本人の意志に基づき、皇室会議の承認を経て、皇族の身分を離脱できる（皇室典範11条1項）。
• Based on their own will, Imperial Princesses, Princes, and Princesses who are over the age of 15 can renounce their Imperial status through the approval of the Imperial Household Council (Clause 1, Article 11 of the Imperial House Act).

• 300を越える華道流派が登録しており、会員数は4,000名以上（東部　2,392名　西部 1,786名／2007年時点）。
• More than 300 flower arrangement schools are registered and the total number of the members is more than 4,000 (East 2,392, West 1,786 as of 2007).

• 太刀の緒には組紐や革紐が用いられ、長さは通常３メートル以上にもなったため、鎧を着用した上からでも二重に回せる余裕が有った。
• The o of tachi is made of braid or leather, usually 3 meters or more in length, which makes it long enough to be wound twice over an armored waist.

• 縁により、観世音菩薩、阿弥陀如来、地蔵菩薩等）ただし、禅宗寺院では仏像と同様、時にはそれ以上に祖師像を重視する傾向がある。
• Depending upon past connections, may also be Kanzeon Bosatsu, Amidanyorai, Jizo Bosatsu, etc.). However, the Zen sect temples tend to revere Soshi (founder) images as much as, or sometimes even more than Buddha images.

• 1609年前後に徳川家康により行われたという天守の高さ制限によって5重以上の天守は国持ちの有力大名に限られたとされている。
• Due to Tenshu height restriction imposed by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA around 1609, only powerful Kunimochi Daimyo (a feudal lord having domain of one province or more) were permitted to construct Tenshu of five or more tiers.

• 生物の構成において蛋白質が重要である以上、精米歩合の高い麹米・掛米から造られた醪は、酵母が生きていくにはよい環境ではない。
• Since protein plays an important role in the composition of an organism, moromi produced from kojimai and kakemai with a high rice-polishing ratio is not a good environment for yeast to live.

• しかしビールの売り上げが低下したため、政府は1996年秋、酒税を改訂、麦芽率50%以上の発泡酒の税率をビールと同じとした。
• However, because beer lost sales, the government revised the alcohol tax in the fall of 1996 so that the tax for low-malt beer containing 50% or higher malt was raised to match that of beer.

• 現在日本国内には公設・私設合わせて1,400箇所以上の弓道場があり、体育館等に安全を配慮した上で仮設道場を造る場合もある。
• Currently, there are more than 1,400 public and private Kyudo dojo in Japan, and in some cases temporary dojo are built in gymnasiums, etc., with due attention to safety.

• 『鈴慕』『三谷』『鶴の巣籠』などは本曲の代表的な曲名であるが、曲によっては10種類以上の旋律の異なるものが伝承されている。
• 'Reibo,' 'Sanya,' 'Tsuru-no-sugomori,' and the like are representative names of honkyoku; however, depending on the piece, more than ten versions of some pieces have been passed down to the present, each of which has a different melody.

• 礼服（らいふく）とは、唐の律令を参考に日本の朝廷に導入された、五位以上の貴族が正月の朝賀や代始の即位式に用いた正装のこと。
• Raifuku refers to formal clothes which were used by nobles of the Fifth Rank and higher, and worn at the New Year's court ceremony and new emperor's enthronement ceremony; it was introduced into the Japanese court and modeled after Chinese law.

• 直垂の着用が許されたのは四位以上の武士に限られたが、これはほぼ幕閣を輩出する有力譜代大名、国持大名、御三家、将軍に重なる。
• The hitatare was allowed to be worn by samurai ranked at Shii (Fourth Rank) and above, but this applied to those where the high officials of bakufu appeared in great numbers, such as the powerful daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family, daimyo having a domain of one province or more, the Three families of the shogun, and the shogun himself.

• 『魏志倭人伝』によると3世紀の奴国（博多）でさえ2万戸（10万人以上）の人口があり藤原京や平城京より遥かに人口が多かった。
• According to 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), even Naokoku in the third century had 20,000 families (had a population of over 100,000), which was much larger than the population of Fujiwara-kyo or Heijo-kyo.

• 『モカ・ブレンド』のように特定種のコーヒー名と混合した表記の場合は、その種のコーヒーを51%以上使用していなければならない。
• If a name meaning a blend of a specific type of coffee like 'Mocha Blend' is to be labeled, fifty-one percent or more of that type of coffee should be contained.

• 新居浜型の太鼓台に似た姿だがさらに大型で飾り面も大きく、高さ5m余り、重量2.5t以上、2輪の1.8mの木車により曳かれる。
• The mikoshi-yatai is a taikodai similar to the taikodai of Niihama City in form but more upsized with larger decorated panels, having a height of about 5m, weights of more than 2.5t, and two 1.8m diameter wooden wheels which tow the mikoshi-yatai.

• きき酒師は20歳以上であれば誰でも受けられ、同会の主催する講習会を受講した後、筆記・実技の試験に合格すれば認定を受けられる。
• The qualification for the sake taster certification is offered to any person aged 20 and over; applicants are required to take a workshop conducted by SSI and pass the written and practical exams to be certified.

• 日本では、2003年より政府開発援助やUNICEFを通じた支援を実施、3年間で200万張以上の蚊帳を世界各国に配布している。
• From 2003 in Japan, support was implemented through official development assistance and UNICEF, and over two million mosquito nets were distributed throughout the world in three years.

• 玄人の能楽師によるものではなく、何処の能楽流派にも属さず、約450年以上前から受け継がれて来たこの地方独自の郷土芸能である。
• Not played by professional Noh actors nor belonging to any Noh schools, it is an original local art that has been handed down for about over 450 years in this region.

• しかし、近年の研究では藤原経清について永承2年（1047年）の五位以上の藤原氏交名を記した「造興福寺記」に名前が見えている。
• However, a recent study has identified the name 'FUJIWARA no Tsunekiyo' on the list of the names of the Fujiwara clan members whose official ranks were Goi (Fifth Rank) or above, written in 'Zo Kofuku-ji ki' (the document about the reconstruction of Kofuku-ji Temple) made in 1047.

• 大会当日18歳以上（高校生以下は除く）で、ハーフマラソン(21.0975km)を2時間以内で完走可能な者（車いす競技除く）。
• Participants must be at least 18 years old (excluding students in high school and below) on the day of the race, and must be able to complete this half-marathon (21.0975 km) within two hours (excluding those in the wheelchair marathon race).

• また車夫は通常一人だが、特に急ぎの場合などは二人以上で引いたり、時には押したり、交代要員の車夫が併走したりすることもあった。
• Jinrikisha were usually operated by one rickshaw man; however, when a passenger was in a hurry, two or more rickshaw men could pull, and sometimes push, together or a replacement rickshaw man would run alongside.

• 仏教に帰依された様子は、そのために国を滅ぼした梁の武帝以上であり、ただ延喜・天暦の古きよき政治の風が失われたのは残念である。
• It is regrettable to lose the good, old political feel of the Engi and Tenryaku periods, and how the Emperor became a believer in Buddhism implies that he was way above the Samurai who destroyed the country.

• 僧堂において大衆と呼ばれる修行僧は黒色、住職など一定以上の資格をみとめられた僧侶は藍や茶など黒以外の色を着用する場合が多い。
• In general, ascetic monks called daishu wear black samue, and monks of senior ranks such as chief priests wear indigo or brown except for black within the so-do halls.

• その後、天武天皇とその夫人で次の天皇となった持統天皇は、20年以上に渡ってこの宮で律令国家の基礎を築く事業を進めたとされる。
• After that, Emperor Tenmu and next Empress Jito who was Emperor Tenmu's wife started a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes at the palace over the 20 years.

• サッポロビール（ドラフトワン）やサントリー（スーパーブルー）から発売されており、発泡酒よりも350ml缶で10円以上も安い。
• They were originally sold by Sapporo Breweries Ltd. (Draft One) and by Suntory Holdings Limited (Super Blue) and one 350ml can is cheaper than that of low-malt beer by 10 yen or more.

• また、特別賞となっている「京炎 そでふれ！賞」は、チームの半数以上のメンバーが四竹を持っていることを審査する対象としている。
• To qualify for the 'Kyoen Sodefure! Award', at least half the members of the group need to be playing the Yotsutake (a set of clappers made of bamboo).

• ここで業務用の食材を仕入れる割烹、料亭、旅館なども多く、一般向けには京都名物のハモなど鮮魚を扱う店が20店舗以上と一番多い。
• Many kappo (Japanese-style restaurant), ryotei (Japanese-style restaurant), and ryokan (Japanese-style hotel) obtain their ingredients from this market, and for the ordinary customers, there are more than twenty stores which deal with fresh fish such as sea eel, which is a specialty of Kyoto.

• - 本堂、開山堂、多宝塔、仁王門、鐘楼、経蔵、庫裏、書院、大玄関、唐門、宝蔵、石橋、棟札十三枚（以上全て京都府指定有形文化財）
• Hondo (main hall), kaisan-do hall (temple where the statue of founder priest is placed), tahoto pagoda ('multi-treasure' pagoda), nio-mon gate (Deva temple date), bell tower, kyozo (sutra repository), kuri (the priest's living quarters or the kitchen of a temple), study, grand entrance, kara-mon gate (Chinese-style gate), hozo (treasure storehouse), stone bridge, muna-fuda jusan-mai (thirteen wooden tags commemorating the foundation of the temple) (all of the foregoing are tangible cultural properties in Kyoto Prefecture)

• 天皇に次ぐ者、例えば皇太子、皇太子妃、親王、内親王などの皇族や、位階が三位以上の者の死は、死死の表現（こうきょ）の語を用いる。
• 薨去 (Kokyo) is used to express the death of people next to the emperor in rank, for example, imperial family members, such as crown prince, crown princess, imperial prince, and imperial princess and people higher than Sanmi (Third Rank) in the rank.

• 特に大臣家以上の公卿の子弟に対して御室御所と敬称する習慣もあり、御所号は皇室のみならず、公家・武家の高位者にも広く用いられた。
• There was a custom to refer to children of high nobles ranking higher than ministers as Omuro Gosho, and thus the gosho-go was widely given not only to the Imperial Family but also to high-ranking nobles and samurai families.

• 発酵を起こすには、融かした米に麹を投入して（麹歩合が'原料米の３%以上'必要)酵母が消費できるグルコースに分解する必要がある。
• In order for the fermentation to occur, the sake rice malt needs to be added to the melted rice (in which the amount of malt must be more than 3% of the amount of rice), so that it is broken down to glucose which can be consumed by yeast.

• 四王寺山には、尾根をつたって延々5200メートル以上に及ぶ土塁が山腹をめぐり、土塁が谷にかかるところでは、石垣が築かれている。
• On Mt. Shioji, over 5200-meter long earthwork are casted up from the ridge through the hillside to the valley where the stone walls are built.

• 羨道は一枚の長さ4.8メートルの巨大な自然石6枚で天井を覆い、長さ20.1メートル、幅1メートル以上、高さ1.5メートルほど。
• The dromos with its ceiling covered with six pieces of huge natural stone 4.8 meters in length is 20.1 meters in length, more than 1 meter in width and 1.5 meters in height.

• これも極めておおざっぱな目安であるが、一般の小さな酒蔵だと年間500石、大手の酒蔵で年間5,000石以上といったところである。
• As this also is a very rough guide, a small brewery in general produces 500 koku annually and a large brewery more than 5,000 koku.

• このような事からお茶漬けは、下層階級の食事形態とされ支配階級以上の家庭では大っぴらには食べず、やむを得ない場合の軽食とされた。
• Therefore, chazuke was considered to be a dish of the lower class, so families of the ruling class or higher did not openly eat it, except as a quick light meal.

• 以上の米倉・黒田らによる新説の提示により、通説はその論拠のいくつかを失い、以降、通説と新説の間で大きな論争が続くこととなった。
• The effect of some evidence for the popular theory became invalid due to the indication of the new theory claimed by Yonekura and Kuroda as stated above, and it had been controversial significantly between the popular theory and the new theory.

• 大黒印を含めて極印10面打以上のものを初期鋳造として正徳丁銀と呼び、9面打以下のものを次期鋳造として享保丁銀と呼ぶ場合もある。
• Sometimes those inscribed with more than 10 hallmarks including daikoku hallmark were called shotoku-chogin as initial minting, while those with less than 9 hallmarks were called kyoho-chogin as second minting.

• なお、以上より転じて、前垂れをよく締めていた商人、商家の奉公人をさして（職人などと対比的に）「前垂れ（掛け）」と言うことがある。
• Derived from an actual outfit, the word 'maedare' or 'maekake' is sometimes also used to refer to merchants and their employees (as opposed to craftsman or other professions) as they often wore a maedare.

• 札位牌は、一人あるいは夫婦など二人以上の戒名等が表面に書かれた（彫られた）位牌である（書かれた人が存命中は、朱色の字にしておく。
• Fuda-ihai is an ihai inscribed (or engraved) with the posthumous Buddhist name(s) of one person or more such as husband and wife on the surface (the name of the person on ihai is inscribed in vermilion when he/she is still alive).

• 以上のとおり、天皇及び皇族の身分関係に関する事項は皇統譜令に基づく皇統譜に登録されるため、天皇及び皇族は戸籍法の適用を受けない。
• As mentioned above, entries concerning statuses of the Emperor and of members of the Imperial family are registered in the Kotofu according to the Kotofu Rei, and thus the Family Registration Law is not applied to Emperors and members of the Imperial family.

• ウののどには紐が巻かれており、ある大きさ以上のアユは完全に飲み込むことができなくなっており、鵜匠はそれを吐き出させて漁獲とする。
• With a rope tied around it's neck, a cormorant can not completely swallow the ayu that is bigger than a certain size, and the ujo makes the ayu spit it out.

• 消防法や建築基準法施行令によって4階以上の木造建築の建設は筋交や金物の使用、コンクリート基礎とする必要があるなどの制約を受ける。
• Construction of wooden buildings of four-stories or more was restricted by the Building Standard Act Enforcement Order, which required use of diagonal beams and metal materials and adoption of a concrete foundation, and also by the Fire and Disaster Management Act.

• 条件付売買において、買得人が未だに条件の履行を受けていない場合でも10年以上経過したものについては履行を受けられないものとする。
• If more than 10 years have passed since a conditional transaction was made, the purchaser shall waive conditions which have not been met by the seller.

• 2008年1～2月、米国・海洋考古学研究所のトルコ人スタッフらが発掘調査を行い、遺骨や弾丸など1000点以上の遺品を引き揚げた。
• In January and February, 2008, Turkish staff members of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology of the United States carried out an underwater excavation and salvaged over 1000 articles of her remains, such as bullets and remains of the body.

• 特に具の種類の多いもの（八種類以上）については、東京や西日本の一部地域で「おかめうどん」（おかめ八目に由来）と呼ばれることもある。
• Especially, Udon noodles with many kinds of toppings (more than eight different toppings) are often called 'Okame Udon' (derived from 'Okame hachimoku,' a Japanese proverb meaning bystander can judge the situation easier than the person concerned) in Tokyo and some areas of the western Japan.

• 以上の経過により、顕広王の王氏復帰をもって白川家の成立とみなすことが多い（十三世紀初頭の資宗王によって成立したという見解もある）。
• Due to the process above, the generally accepted theory says the Shirakawa family was formed when Akihiro-o returned his family name to 'O'; another theory says it was formed by Sukemune-o in the early thirteenth century.

• また任官においても、八省卿（八省の長官）、大宰府帥、一部の大国の国守など、四品以上の親王に留保された官職があり、高官を保障された。
• Similarly, there were positions reserved for ranked imperial princes including minister (director) of one of the eight central ministries, vice-commander of Daizaifu or provincial governor of some major provinces, guaranteeing them senior positions.

• さらに深まった状態として「心のあらゆる動きが全く止滅した状態（滅尽定）」があるとしており、以上9の段階を「九次第定」と数えている。
• Further, there is the ultimate stage in which 'the movement of mind stops completely (metsujinjo),' and these nine stages are collectively called 'Kushidaijo.'

• 一方、以上の土地に対する年紀法とは別に『御成敗式目』第41条には奴婢雑人については10年放置すれば無効になることが定められている。
• On the other hand, separated from the Nenkiho mentioned above, 'Goseibai-shikimoku' Article 41 stipulates that nuhi zonin (servant) shall be invalid after 10-year neglecting.

• 鏡王女の素性は額田王以上に謎に包まれており、額田王の姉という説があるが、『日本書紀』には二人が姉妹だという記述はなく、確証はない。
• Her origin is even more mysterious than that of Nukata no Okimi; although a theory states that Kagami no Okimi was an older sister of Nukata no Okimi, there is no description in 'Nihonshoki' to indicate that they were sisters, and thus no proof for the theory.

• このマーティンや後に多くの翻訳に手を染めた厳復、あるいは日本でも幕末・明治期翻訳に従事した知識人たちの辛苦は想像以上のものがある。
• The troubles which were experienced by Martin and Yan Fu, who translated many documents later, or, even in Japan, many intellectual persons who were involved n translation works in the end of Edo Period and Meiji Period are beyond our imagination.

• 五位以上は、皀羅頭巾（くりのうすはたのときん・くりのらのときん）、牙笏、金銀装腰帯、白袴、烏皮履（くろかわのくつ・うひり）を着けた。
• The officials of the fifth rank or higher wore kuri no usuhara skullcap, geshaku (ivory tablet), sash decorated with gold and silver, white hakama (a formal divided and pleated skirt for men) and uhiri (black leather shoes).

• また、「劣り玉」と呼ばれる適合弾より若干径が小さい弾を使用すれば、目標への集弾性は低下するものの、10発以上の連続発射が可能である。
• If you use a bullet called 'otori-dama' (inferior bullet), a bit smaller than an appropriate one, you can shoot more than ten bullets serially, although the accuracy of fire at the target decreases.

• (6) と同時に、紀伊山地の遺跡と森林景観は、過去1200年以上にわたる聖山の持続的で並外れて記録に残されている伝統を反映している。
• In addition to (6), the remains and forest scenery of Kii Mountain Range reflect the tradition of sacred peak which has been continuously and extraordinarily recorded over the past 1,200 years.

• 秋・冬の降水量が少ない北部九州や瀬戸内地方などでは、空梅雨の後、台風などによるまとまった雨がない場合、渇水が1年以上続くこともある。
• In the northern Kyushu and Setouchi regions in which the amount of rainfall in autumn and winter is small, if there is no considerable amount of rainfall by typhoon and so on after karatsuyu, such drought continues for more than a year sometimes.

• また「梓弓」等季語として和歌にも詠まれるように人々にとって弓は武器以上の精神的な意味を持つようになり、神器としての特色も深めていく。
• In addition, 'azusayumi' (a bow made of Japanese cherry birch) began to be used as a kigo (a season word) in waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), and the bow began to develop spiritual aspect into a holy tool rather than being just a weapon.

• 正統な弓馬礼法の継承者として、明治神宮や熱田神宮、伊勢神宮、靖国神社、鶴岡八幡宮などで、年間四十回以上の公的な神事を執り行っている。
• He is the official successor of the arts of archery, horsemanship and courtesy and holds over 40 public rituals a year at shrines including Meiji-jingu Shrine, Atsuta-jingu Shrine, Ise-jingu Shrine, Yasukuni-jinja Shrine and Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine.

• すぐれた作品が存在し、それを好む多くの読者が存在する以上、『源氏物語』の享受はそのままこれにつづく小説作品の成立という側面を持った。
• As there had existed excellent works and many readers who preferred them, the reception of 'The Tale of Genji' became a factor in the establishment of succeeding novels.

• また輸送力を重視し線路は一区間（広島県内の瀬野八の22.5パーミル）除き、勾配は10パーミリ以下曲線は半径300m以上で建設された。
• It also placed an emphasis on transportation capacity by constructing its line with a track gradient of less than 10 per millimeter except one segment (at Senohachi in Hiroshima Prefecture at 22.5 per millimeter), a curve radius of more than 300 meters.

• 応仁の乱（1467年-1477年）後100年以上にわたり、日本では政治的、社会的、そして経済的に分裂した戦国時代 (日本)に突入した。
• After the Onin War (1467 - 1477), Japan entered the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and was politically, socially, and economically divided for more than 100 years.

• 現伊勢神宮より50年以上前の創建との伝承があり、全国でも二例しかない黒木の鳥居（皮を剥がないままの杉木で組まれた鳥居）が特徴的である。
• It is said that this Shrine was established fifty years before the establishment of current Ise-jingu Shrine; its characteristic black wooden shrine gate (shrine gate assembled with cedar without peeling the bark) is rare in Japan, with only one other shrine gates of its kind in existence.

• 王羲之はこれを書いたときに酔っていたと言われ、後に何度も清書をしようと試みたが、草稿以上の出来栄えにならなかったと言い伝えられている。
• It is said that Wang Xi-Zhi was drunk when he wrote it and, although he tried to rewrite it again and again later than that, he couldn't improve it any better.

• 同年9月29日から10月6日まで全国の20歳以上の男女1万人を対象（有効回収票8,700）、社団法人中央調査社の調査員による面接聴取。
• Nationwide polls were conducted from September 29 to October 6 of the same year through individual interviews with 10,000 men and women over the age of 20 (valid respondents: 8,700) by researchers of Central Research Services, Inc.

• この図は杜甫の詩を題材にしたもので、絵の上部には序文に続いて18名の禅僧が詩文を書いており、絵よりも書の占めるスペースが倍以上大きい。
• The subject of this picture is a poem of Du Fu (Tu Fu) and it was written by 18 Zen priests after preface on the upper part of the picture, which took up more than double the space of the picture.

• しかし一般的には重層の建築物はほとんど利用されず、外見上重層である仏塔も一階のみに部屋を設け二階以上は屋根だけをかける場合が多かった。
• However, multi-storied buildings were scarcely used, and in many of Buddhist towers which are seemingly multi-storied, rooms were provided only on the ground level, with only roofs constructed for the higher portion.

• 特に頭肉（かしらにく）を利用したものが主流で、軽く塩焼きしたものを10種類以上の香辛料をブレンドしたピリ辛味噌だれで食べるのが一般的。
• The major ones use head meat in particular, and generally, yakitori lightly grilled with salt is eaten with spicy misodare (miso-based marinade) that blends more than 10 kinds of spices.

• 昇殿（しょうでん）とは、平安時代以降に五位以上の者および六位蔵人の職にある者が内裏清涼殿の南廂にある殿上の間に昇ることを許されること。
• Shoden referred to having/giving permission to enter a denjo no ma in the minami hisashi (southern surrounding area) of the seiryoden of dairi (Imperial Palace) to people higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank and people in a position of Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank) in and after the Heian period.

• また明治40年からは府県郷をはじめ村社（指定神社以上）にも、例祭に地方公共団体からの神饌幣帛料の供進をうけることができることとなった。
• From 1907, as well as Fukensha and Gosha, Sonsha (designated shrines only) also became able to receive shinsen heihaku-ryo Fee (fee for shinsen [food and alcohol offering to the gods] and heihaku) from local public bodies at the Reisai Festival.

• 妹尾がまたも憎々しげに言うには、重盛の赦免状に「三人を船に乗せる」と書いてある以上、四人目に当たる千鳥は乗せることはできないというのだ。
• Seno, again, coldly said that Chidori, who would be the fourth, was not allowed to get on the boat as it was written that `The three can get on the boat' in the letter of amnesty.

• 新沢千塚古墳群（にいざわせんづかこふんぐん）は、奈良県橿原市南部の貝吹山に位置する総数600以上の墳墓からなる日本有数の大古墳群である。
• Niizawa Senzuka-kofun Tumulus Cluster is one of the famous large tumulus clusters consisting of over 600 burial mounds in total located Mt. Kaifuki in the southern part of Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture.

• いずれも束帯を着用し、毛抜型太刀を佩用していることから、有職故実的な検討から三像とも四位以上の公卿であり、武官であることが判明している。
• Each wear sokutai, a formal court dress, and a hair pin type sword, which means the three in the portraits are high nobilities at least Shii (Fourth Rank) and are military officers according to the studies in ancient court and military practices and usage.

• 1980年代半ば頃から落語協会、落語芸術協会共に所属する噺家の半数以上を真打が占めるようになり、制度としては形骸化しているとの意見もある。
• Since the mid 1980s, shinuchi have held more than half of the storytellers belonging to the Rakugo Kyokai Association and Rakugo Art Association, so some people say that it has lost substance as a system.

• 以上の努力の結果により、1922年、当時の内務省 (日本)は日本国が指定する初めての名勝に奈良公園、兼六園とともに「月瀬梅林」を指定した。
• These efforts paid off in 1922 when the pre-war Ministry of Home Affairs designated 'Tsukigase Bairin' as its first National Site of Scenic Beauty along with Nara Park and Kenroku-en Garden.

• 木喰が廻国修行（日本全国を旅して修行する）に旅立つのは、木食戒を受けてからさらに10年以上を経た1773年（安永2年）、56歳の時である。
• When he left for a training tour around all of Japan in 1773, after more than ten years after he received mokujiki-kai and he was in his fifty-sixth year.

• 建築基準法上はマンションと同じ共同住宅に区分されるもののほか、２階建以上でも長屋住宅に区分されるものがあり、両者は共有通路の要否で異なる。
• According to the Building Standards Act, in addition to those which are also classified as cooperative complex together with 'mansion,' there are those which are categorized as tenement even though they have 2 or more stories, and they are differentiated by whether or not a common corridor is required to construct within the building.

• 流通は90年以上に亘る長期間であったため、折れ、欠け、磨耗による軽目金が次第に多くなり、このようなものは金座で足し金を行い修理が行われた。
• The Karumekin which was broken, chipped and chafed were increasing, having been circulated more than 90 years, and such Koban was mended in kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) by adding gold.

• コーヒー5g以上というコーヒー規格の缶コーヒーは、1972年に発売されたポッカコーポレーション（当時）の『コーヒープレミアムタイプ』である。
• Canned coffee comprising of standard coffee of more than 5 g of coffee content was 'Coffee Premium Type' put on the market by Pokka Corporation in 1972.

• また、長径1.3mm以上～1.7mm未満に成形したものは「ひやむぎ」の基準でもあるが、それを満たしている場合「細うどん」とも表示可能である。
• Meanwhile, molded noodles from 1.3mm to less than 1.7mm in diameter are classified into 'Hiyamugi' (wheat noodles cooled on ice), which are also sold by using the trade name of 'Hoso-Udon' (thin udon noodles).

• それによると、藤、桐、鷹の羽、木瓜、片喰の紋がそれぞれ、46の都道府県の約半分、またはそれ以上において「代表家紋」としてランクインしている。
• According to the list, fuji, kiri, takanoha, mokko, and katabami are all ranked as 'representative family crests' in more than half of the 46 prefectures.

• 文化財指定の鐘、その他特に古いものや貴重なものは残されたが、近世の鐘の多くが溶解され、日本の鐘の9割以上が第二次世界大戦時に失われたという。
• Bells that were designated cultural property and other old or important bells still exist, but many bells produced in modern times were melted down and it is said that over 90% of Japanese bells were lost during World War II.

• 江戸時代において、中層以上の商家などは表通りに独立した店を構えていたが、それ以外の町人、職人などはほとんどが裏町の長屋に借家住まいであった。
• In the Edo period, merchants of the middle class or higher had their stores facing main streets, but most of the other merchants and craftsmen rented dwellings in nagaya located along the back streets.

• 法華経の成立は、釈尊滅後からほぼ500年以上のちのこととされ、現在の仏教学では主にBC50年からBC150年の間に成立したと推定されている。
• The Hokke-kyo sutra is considered to have been established more than 500 years after Shakuson's demise, and it is generally estimated as dating from 50 B.C. to 150 B.C. in the present study of Buddhism.

• これまでリードを続けてきた地歌は、すでにこれ以上進みようがないほど音楽的に頂点に達し、音楽家たちは新たな展開を箏や胡弓に求めることとなった。
• Jiuta had represented the cutting edge, but were now seen to have reached a level which could not be surpassed, and this led musicians look for new ways to develop koto and kokyu music.

• 弓道場は競技の違いから近的場、遠的場があり、同時に的前に立てる人数（置ける的の数）はその道場の規模によって1人〜15人以上と大きく幅がある。
• Kyudo dojo are categorized as kyudo dojo for regular close-range shooting or kyudo dojo for long-distance shooting, and the number of people who can face the target (the number of targets to be placed) varies from one to 15 or more, depending on the size of the dojo.

• 手厚い補償のあった遭難兵士と違い、道案内の地元民には十分な礼金すら与えられていないと言われ、悲惨さの度合いは兵士以上に高いという意見もある。
• Some say that local people who had guided the troop were more miserable than missing soldiers who received handsome compensation, because unlike them, local people weren't given sufficient reward.

• だが、憲法において議会に予算議定権および立法権が認められている以上、現実には政府が議会の多数党を無視して政権運営にあたることは困難であった。
• However, under the circumstances where the Constitution approved of parliament's power to decide a national budget and also to legislate, practically, it was difficult to ignore the opinions of the majority party while running the government.

• 安永2年（1773年）に水野家下組屋敷に隠居したが、その後も30年以上にわたって活発に活動を続け文化 (日本)4年（1807年）に世を去った。
• In 1773 he retired to the kumi-yashiki (residence for general samurai) of the Mizuno family, however he remained active in the tea ceremony for more than thirty years until his death in 1807.

• また、出囃子ではある程度以上の長さを備えた音楽的なまとまり部分（間奏部）を合方と呼び、「吾妻八景」や「鶴亀」といった標題がつけられる事が多い。
• Pieces of music of debayashi (an onstage ensemble) above a certain length (interlude) are also referred to as aikata, each of which is usually given a title like 'Azuma Hakkei' (The Eight Views of the East) and 'Tsuru Kame' (Crane and Turtle).

• 近代は天皇は年齢にかかわらず長飾りつきの菊の置紋、皇族は菊のみ、即位での臣下のうち、奏任官・高等官以上は五七桐、伊勢神宮では飛鶴が用いられた。
• After the Meiji period, emperors used fans with heraldry of the Chrysanthemum with Nagakazari regardless of their ages; the Imperial family used the Chrysanthemum only; among retainers by enthronement, those of the offices originally selected as candidates by the Prime Minister and senior officials or higher used the crest of goshichi no kiri (literally, five seven paulownia); and at the Ise-jingu Shrine, the crest of flying cranes was used.

• 目的地を知り居場所を突き止められると、銀座にいた彼の周りに警官が20～30メートルおきに配置されてしまい、これ以上散策が出来なくなり終了した。
• After locating his whereabouts, the agency placed police officers around the Crown Prince at intervals of 20-30 meters, with the result that they could no longer wander about Ginza.

• シベリア気団はしばしば南下して寒波をもたらし、日本の日本海側に大雪を降らせるが、チベット高原では高い山脈が邪魔して気団がそれ以上南下できない。
• The Siberia air mass comes down the south often accompanied by cold wave and brings a heavy snow to Japan on the Japan Sea side, but in Tibetan Plateau, high mountains prevent the air mass from further going down to the south.

• 今日では、以上のような念仏講は、村落内の老人たちによる寄り合いとしての役割を果たしており、その宗教的役割のほか、老人の娯楽の場ともなっている。
• Thus, nenbutsu-ko today functions as a village meeting of the aged, so it serves not only a religious role but also as an occasion for the entertainment of the aged.

• 海運業で財を成した中村準策・準一・準佑が三代にわたって収集した一万点以上の美術品のうち、神戸市の大空襲を運良く免れた2千数百点を収蔵している。
• It keeps two thousand several hundred artworks which fortunately escaped the major air raid on Kobe City out of over the 10,000 artworks collected by the three generations of Junsaku NAKAMURA, Junichi NAKAMURA and Junsuke NAKAMURA who made a fortune in the shipping business.

• それで牢屋や三階蔵の復旧は行われなかったが、牢屋接続部の屋根の修理と、これ以上本建物が西に倒れないよう土間西側から斜めに支柱を入れて補強した。
• As a result, no restoration work was performed on the jail or three story storehouse but the roof over the area where the jail and main building joined was repaired and, to stop its further tilting westward, the main building was reinforced by installing braces on a slant from the west side of doma.

• 古来は大弓（だいきゅう）と呼ばれており、全長およそ2m以上のものを大弓、それ以下のもの（約45cm〜160cm程度）を半弓として区別していた。
• It was called as Daikyu in ancient times, and those that were longer than 2 m was called as Daikyu, and shorter bows (approximately 45 to 160 cm) were labeled as Hankyu small-sized bow.

• 人身の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の父子・家人（ただし、80歳以上あるいは篤疾者は免除）は没官となり、官奴司に配属されて官奴婢となる（賊盗律）。
• As examples of confiscation of corpus, the father and children as well as the retainers of a rebel and traitor were confiscated (those over the age of 80 and seriously ill or disabled were exempted), and they became kannuhi (government-owned slave) under Kannushi (an office belonged to the Imperial Household Ministry under the Ritsuryo system, which administered kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer) and Meiseki (cards that showed official ranks, names and ages)) (Zokutoritsu or criminal punishments on serious crimes such as rebellion, murder, burglary and human trafficking).

• 以上から、後三年の役を伝える唯一の史料、『奥州後三年記』においては、関東の武士と言えるものは、鎌倉権五郎景政、三浦の平太郎為次だけに限られる。
• Therefore, in 'Oshu Gosannen Ki,' the sole historical material which describes Gosannen no Eki, only KAMAKURA Gongoro Kagemasa and MIURA no Heitaro Tametsugu can be said to be samurai in the Kanto region.

• しかしながら、策伝の俗姓を「平林」とすること、金森氏の仏教宗派は曹洞宗であること、以上2点は策伝が金森氏出身であることに疑問を残す部分である。
• Two lingering doubts remain about Sakuden's status as having been born into the Kanamori clan, however: his secular surname of 'HIRABAYASHI' and the Kanamori clan's (Buddhist) denominational affiliation with the Soto sect.

• 以上のようなマーティンの翻訳傾向は、東アジアにおける国際法受容に大きな影響を及ぼし、日本ではより一層儒教的自然法概念と結合し理解されていった。
• The tendency of translation by Martin as described above affected acceptance of international law in east Asia and, in Japan, it was understood combined more deeply with Confucian concept of natural law.

• 清代では、明朝の時以上に欧米諸国が中国を訪れるようになり、「冊封」や「朝貢」よりも政治的意味合いが希薄化した交易が増加の一途を辿ったのである。
• In Qing era, visits from European and American countries increased compared to Ming era and trade with less political meaning than 'sakuho' and 'choko' continued increasing.

• 盆の上で砂糖を三度ほど「研ぐ」ことが「和三盆」の名の由来になっているが、最近では製品の白さを求めて5回以上「研ぎ」と「押し舟」を行うことが多い。
• The name 'Wasanbon' is originated from 'Togi' to knead sugar on the tray about three times, but these days they often perform 'Togi' and 'Oshibune' five times or more to make the product white.

• その後、認定作業は戦時色濃い世相のなかで淡々と進められ、第二次世界大戦終結直前の1945年8月4日にも200件以上の重要美術品が認定されている。
• Following that, while the social conditions taking on a wartime look, the accreditation was carried out in an unconcerned manner and more than 200 articles were accredited as an important art object on August 4, 1945 - immediately before the end of World War II.

• よく、「麹が不要」「並行複発酵ではなく単発酵」と誤解されているが、実際は麹による糖化が必要な並行複発酵(麹歩合が原料米の3%以上必要とされる)。
• Although,about the method, it is often misconceived that 'No rice malt is necessary' or 'Single fermentation is done, not multiple parallel fermentation,' the multiple parallel fermentation is actually done, which requires saccharification with rice malt (the rice malt over 3% of the amount of the original rice is required).

• 絵画、浮世絵、歌舞伎、時代劇などに出てくる頭頂部を剃った丁髷の髪型に多くの人々が、日々剃刀などで整えることは、予想以上に手間のかかることである。
• It took a lot of trouble for many people to keep the chonmage hairstyle by shaving the top of the head with a razor everyday like fictional characters' one seen in paintings, ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints), kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and period dramas, etc.

• 以上のように、鬼門は本来呪術的な意味を持つ言葉であるが、転じて「よくない結果が起こりやすい事柄」に対してこの言葉が用いられるようになっていった。
• As mentioned above, the word kimon originally had a magical meaning, but it came to be used as a word referring to 'something that is likely to have an unpleasant result.'

• 以上の城では御三階櫓という名目で三重櫓や隅櫓を天守の代わりにする、または建てることが多かったが、これらもない城もあった（鹿児島城、人吉城など）。
• Many of the above castles used or constructed Sanju Yagura (Three-tiered turret) and Sumi-Yagura turret instead of Tenshu under the pretext of Gosankai Yagura (Three-storied turret), while there were castles which did not have these (Kagoshima-jo Castle, Hitoyoshi-jo Castle, and so on).

• 『日本書紀』天武天皇4年（675年）11月4日の条には既に、高市皇子より以下、小錦より以上の大夫らに衣、袴、褶、腰帯、脚帯、机、杖を賜う」とある。
• The article of November 29, 675 in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) already mentioned that 'Daifu lower than Prince Takechi and higher than Shokin were given Kinu, Hakama (formal divided skirt for men), Hirami, waistband, Ashiobi, Tsukue and Tsue (stick).'

• ただ、この決定に対する不満が朝廷内部にあったとされ、100年以上経った後でさえその是非が議論の対象になったとされる（『権記』寛弘8年5月27日条。
• However there was criticism against this decision within the Imperial Palace, and there were arguments as to whether the decision was right or not, even after more than one hundred years had passed ('Gonki' Kanko 8, an article issued on May 27 (July 7, 1011).

• しかしながら彼らの死後二百年以上経ってからの成立であるため、『義経記』の作者は当事者たちの人柄を、直接的にも間接的にも知っていたとは考えられない。
• However, since it was written more than 200 years after all its main characters' deaths, it is impossible to believe that the creator of the 'Gikeiki' actually had any sort of knowledge, either direct or indirect, of these historical figures' personalities.

• 水田土壌は粘土質、地形は山間または盆地となっており、なかでも、東西に開けた中山間の谷あいや盆地では、夏季の気温の日較差は10℃以上に達する所である。
• The cultivation is carried out in the mountain areas or basins where the paddy soil is argilliferous, particularly in the valleys and basins between medium-sized mountains with their eastern and western sides wide and open, where the day temperature difference during the summer is more than 10ºC.

• 名阪国道の開通や都道府県道・広域農道の整備などにより交通事情が改善したこともあり、1988年には推定観光客10万人以上を見込める観光地となっている。
• The opening of the Meihan Expressway and improved prefectural roads and wide farm roads have contributed to better traffic conditions, Tsukigase has grown to be a tourist destination which expected more than 100,000 tourists in 1988.

• 以上3つのグループの諸尊に対して、「天部」に属する諸尊は、仏法の守護神・福徳神という意味合いが濃く、現世利益的な信仰を集めるものも多数存在している。
• In contrast with deities belonging to the above three groups, those belonging to 'Tenbu' carry the connotation of a guardian deity of Buddhism or a deity of fortune and many of them are the target of worship seeking worldly divine help.

• これにより、焼酎を多く加えた飲用みりん（アルコール分23度以上、またはエキス分8度未満）については焼酎と同じ税率となり、直しへの需要は急激に廃れた。
• Because of that amendment, the tax rate of drinking mirin containing a large amount of shochu (the products whose alcohol content is 23 proof or above, or the products whose content of extracted component is below 8%) was raised to the same level at that of shochu, and consequently there was a sharp drop in the demand for naoshi.

• なお、天武天皇の子女で最後の生存者として叙された多紀内親王以外はいずれも内命婦以上の高位の女性の所生であり、母親の身分も深く関与したと考えられている。
• Since all the children of the Emperor Tenmu, except the Princess Taki who was conferred Ippon as the last existing child of the Emperor Tenmu, were born to mothers who were higher than the rank of the senior court lady; it is supposed that the status of the mothers was deeply related.

• 滅亡の原因は、一般的に言われている氏真の「無能」ぶり以上に、父・義元の度重なる外征がもたらした領国内の疲弊が深刻であったため、と近年では言われている。
• It is said recently that the clan collapsed because the economy of the territories worsened due to frequent wars by his father Yoshimoto rather than because Ujimasa was 'incompetent' as was generally rumored.

• その後一時海龍王寺（奈良市法華寺町）に住した後、嘉禎4年（1238年）西大寺に戻り、90歳で没するまで50年以上、荒廃していた西大寺の復興に尽くした。
• Since then, after experiencing the chief priest of Kairyuo-ji Temple (Hokkeji-cho, Nara City) for a certain period, he returned to Saidai-ji Temple in 1238 and devoted himself for restoration of Saidai-ji Temple, which had been devastated, for more than 50 years until he died at the age of ninety years old.

• (3) 紀伊山地の神社と仏教寺院は、それらに関連する宗教儀式とともに、1000年以上にわたる日本の宗教文化の発展に関するひときわ優れた証拠性を有する。
• (3) The shrines and Buddhist temples in Kii Mountain Range, together with their associated religious rites, are regarded as particularly excellent evidence on the development of Japanese religious culture over 1000 years.

• 経済産業大臣指定伝統的工芸品の製造に現在も直接従事して試験実施年度の4月1日現在、12年以上の実務経験年数を有して、原則産地内に居住している者である。
• The qualifications of candidacy for the examination are that candidates be engaged directly in the manufacture of Traditional Crafts designated by the Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry, that as of April 1st of their examination years, the number of years of their work experience be 12 or more, and that they live principally in the production areas of Traditional Crafts.

• ケシ粒に熱い蜜を少量ずつかけ、回転させながら目的の大きさと凹凸状の突起ができあがるまで、1週間から2週間以上の時間をかけて粒をゆっくり成長させていく。
• With rotating the pan in constant motion, shower small amount of hot syrup over poppy seeds and slowly repeat the process for over 1 to 2 weeks until konpeito has grown to the desirable size and the prongs have been formed.

• 実隆の死後400年以上にわたって、自筆の原本は三条西家に代々伝えられてきたが、太平洋戦争後に東京大学史料編纂所に移管され、現在も同所に所蔵されている。
• Over 400 years after the death of Sanetaka, the manuscript in his own hand was handed down in the Sanjonishi family, but after the Pacific war the manuscript was moved to The Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University and is still preserved there.

• 享保15年（1730年）に領国の石高が20万石以上であれば通用期間25年、20万石以下であれば通用期間15年などの条件付きで藩札の発行が再解禁された。
• In 1730, the shogunate again allowed domains to issue han bills with conditions; large domains producing 200,000 koku (approximately 36 million liters of crop yield) and above could issue han bills valid for 25 years, and small domains (less than 200,000 koku) for 15 years.

• 東儀家（とうぎ け）は、奈良時代から今日まで1300年以上の間、雅楽を世襲してきた三方楽所楽家（宮中・京都、南都・奈良、天王寺・大阪の楽師の家）の家系。
• The Togi family is one of the Sanpo gakuso (organization of transmission of gagaku, ancient court music) Gaku families (families of musicians served in the Imperial court in Kyoto, Nanto in Nara, and Tennoji in Osaka), which has passed down the tradition of gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) for over 1,300 years from the Nara period to today.

• とあり、情願をしない王は強制的に臣籍降下させることが明記された（皇族身位令第25条は、情願をすることができるのは満15歳以上の王に限る旨の規定である）。
• It was clearly mentioned that any Prince who did not submit a petition would be demoted from a noble to a commoner (clause 25 of the regulations concerning Imperial rank stated that only Princes who were older than fifteen years old could submit a petition).

• 現在知られている前方後方墳の規模分布を調べてみると墳丘の長さが70メートル以上は34基あり、60～70メートルは33基、50～60メートルは48基ある。
• The investigation of the scale distribution of the square front, square back tomb mounds that are known to exist today shows that there are 34 tumuli whose burial mound is longer than 70 meters, 33 tumuli with a 60 to 70 meter-long, and 48 tumuli with a 50 to 60 meter-long.

• 昭和18年（1943年）3月、新武徳会は称号を範士・達士・錬士とし、段位を等位制に改め、初段を五等、二段を四等～五段を一等として、六段以上の段位を廃止。
• In March 1943, the new Butoku Kai changed the titles to Hanshi, Tasshi and Renshi (Senior Teacher), and the dan-i (qualification of rank) to a to-i system, with the fifth 'to' as the first dan level, the fourth 'to' as the second dan level, and so on to the first 'to' as the fifth dan, thus abolishing the sixth dan and those above it.

• 書き改めるには少なくとも十年以上の歳月を経て、顔料の劣化や色醒めがあったと考えられるから、延喜年間（901～914年）には作成されていた事は間違いない。
• Since it seemed to be rewritten because the pigment was deteriorated and faded over at least ten years, it must have been overdrawn in the Engi era (901-914).

• これは、東京オリンピックを契機に、それまで9割以上が砂利道であった市町村道にも急激にアスファルトによる舗装が広まっていったこととも関係していると思われる。
• This may be because gravel municipal roads which made up more than 90% were rapidly asphalted taking advantage of the Tokyo Olympic Games.

• 選叙令に従五位下以上の官人（貴族）が致仕する場合には必ず上表をして天皇の許可を得ることとなっていたため、貴族が官職を退く際には辞表が行われるようになった。
• Under the Senjoryo (the regulations for the recruitment and promotion of government officials), when government officials (nobles) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and over wished to resign his positions, they had to get the Emperor's permission; so it became a custom that they wrote a Jihyo when nobles resigned from government posts.

• 曳き山の山車の中には非常に凝ったからくりを持つものもあり、また大きさも普通の神輿サイズからその10倍以上の大きさ（重量で数トン程度）のものまで様々である。
• Some Hikiyama-type Dashi have very elaborate mechanism, and their sizes range from the normal size of portable shrine to more than ten fold that, weighing a few tons.

• その後、100年以上途絶えいていた伊勢神宮の式年遷宮再興のために再び勧進比丘尼として諸国を行脚、永禄6年（1563年）、まず豊受大神宮の遷宮を実現させた。
• Later, Seijun made her pilgrimage to various districts again as a Kanjin bikuni (nun soliciting funds) for the Shikinensengu restoration of the Ise-jingu Shrine, which had been suspended for more than 100 years, and she first realized the transfer of Toyouke Dai-jingu Shrine for rebuilding in 1563.

• 掻取の下に着用する「間着（あいぎ）」は28歳までは「濃色」（紫に近い濃い紅とされる）、29歳から40歳までは紅縮緬、40歳以上は白羽二重と規定されていた。
• Aigi' (garment worn over an under-garment) worn under kaidori was stipulated to be a 'dark color' (thick red close to purple) for the aged and those younger 28-years old and those who are 29-years old to those under 40 shall wear scarlet crepe, and those on and over 40-years old shall be wear white habutae, a thin, soft, durable Japanese silk.

• 「白米とは、農産物検査法(昭和26年（1951年）法律第144号)により、3等以上に格付けされた玄米又はこれに相当する玄米を精米したものをいうものとする。」
• Hakumai shall refer to polished brown rice ranked as third grade or higher by the Agricultural Products Inspection Act (Act 144, 1951) or equivalent brown rice.'

• 一般的な製法は、蒸したもち米に同量以上のみりんを加えてかき混ぜるか、蒸したもち米に焼酎と米麹を加えるなどして仕込んでおいたものを、数週間後に臼で引きおろす。
• It is usually made by adding the equivalent or greater quantity of sweet cooking sake (mirin) to steamed mochi-gome (glutinous rice) and mixing, or adding shochu (distilled spirit) and malted rice to steamed mochi rice and leaving it to ferment for a few weeks and then grinding with a mortar.

• 世阿弥の著書は本来、「道のため、家のため」（『風姿花伝』）に記された秘伝の書であり、室町時代から江戸時代の間、実に400年以上人の目に触れることはなかった。
• Zeami's books were originally the books of inherited secret teaching written 'for the art of Noh and for the family' ('Fushikaden'), and the books did not meet the people's eyes for even more than 400 years.

• これに対して、北朝 (日本)においては、後円融天皇から南北朝合一を遂げた後の霊元天皇に至るまで、300年以上にわたって立太子を経ない儲君が皇位に就いている。
• On the contrary, chokun succeeded to the Imperial Throne without carrying out the ceremonial investiture of the Crown Prince for more than 300 years in the Northern Court (Japan), from Emperor Goenyu to Emperor Reigen who was enthroned after the unification of Southern and Northern Courts.

• また並行して発掘調査も続いており、1972年から居延考古隊がエチナ河流域の再調査を行い、1973年以降、さらに2万枚以上の木簡が発見されている（居延新簡）。
• In addition, the excavation and investigation been continued in parallel, and Kyoen archaeological team started to re-examine the Ejin river area in 1972 and more than 20,000 mokkans have been discovered since 1973 (Kyoen Shinkan).

• なお下宿営業は、旅館業法に規定される宿泊施設であり、施設を設け、一月以上の期間を単位とする宿泊料を受けて、人を宿泊させる営業をいう（旅館業法第2条第5項）。
• The lodging business is categorized as a hotel management business controlled by the Hotel Business Act, and it consists of providing an accommodation facility, receiving an accommodation charge per month or more longer span, and lodging the people (Hotel Business Act: Article 2, Section 5).

• 銅銭の公鋳の再開は、皇朝十二銭の600年以上後の1608年（慶長13年）に鋳造された慶長通宝あるいは1627年（寛永4年）の寛永通宝鋳造まで待つこととなる。
• Resumption to use official copper currencies cast by the government happened more than 600 years after the period of Kocho-Junisen, when Keicho-tsuho and Kanei-tsuho appeared in the market in 1608 and in 1627, respectively.

• また多種多様な酵母のなかで日本酒の醸造に用いられる酵母を清酒酵母といい、種は80%以上がSaccharomyces cerevisiae（出芽酵母）である。
• Among the large number of yeasts, yeasts used for sake brewing are called sake yeast and more than eighty percent of the varieties are Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast).

• また、家人・奴が主及びその5親等以上の親族と和姦して子供をなした場合の子も没官とされた（ただし、強姦の場合は良人扱いを受けるため、この規定の対象外となる）。
• Also, in the case of pregnancy as results of consensual sexual intercourses between the retainers, slaves, masters and their relative within the 5 degree of relationship, the resulting child was also confiscated (in the case of rape, however, this rule was not applied, as it was regarded as benign case).

• 大流であるためにいくつもの名家があること、すべての玄人を宗家のもとで修行させる宝生流などとは異なり一定の家格を持つ家（職分家以上）に能楽師の養成を認めている。
• There are many distinguished families within Kanze-ryu as it is a big school, and it allows families having a certain family status (being an occupational branch family or higher) to train Noh actors unlike Hosho-ryu that has all the experts have training at soke (the head family).

• 京都全体を戦乱に巻き込んだ応仁の乱の影響で、日本の宮廷文化は混乱するが、このとき位階以上の貴族の冠に用いる有文羅（うもんら/模様を織り出した羅）の技法が散逸。
• As the Onin War dragged the whole Kyoto into the war, Japanese Court culture became disordered, and they lost the technique of umonra (ra woven in a pattern), which was used for Court caps for the nobilities whose ranks were the Fifth Rank or higher.

• 通常店でもっとも普通に売られている折り紙は15cm角であるが、それ以下・それ以上（5cm角、7.5cm角、24cm角、35cm角等）の折り紙も市販されている。
• 15 cm-square origami paper is commonly sold in shops, but larger or smaller origami paper (5 cm, 7.5 cm, 24 cm, 35 cm square and etc.) is also available commercially.

• さらに、以上の諸説と組み合わさるものとして、時代による違いの解釈があり、まったく別の法があるとする説から、一つの法がしだいに形骸化したとする説まで濃淡がある。
• In addition, there are interpretations made based on the combination of various theories by period, in which a wide range of theories are found, from the theory that insists on the existence of another totally different law to the theory that argues that it is a law which had gradually became a dead letter.

• 以上のような理由から、醪を放置したときの醗酵作用は有限で、あるところで止まるわけだが、そこまで自然に酵母にゆだねて醗酵させきることを完全醗酵というわけである。
• For the reason stated above, if the moromi is left by itself, fermentation activity is finite and stops at some point, and the fermentation left with the moromi by itself to reach this point is called complete fermentation.

• 『続日本紀』天平宝字2年（758年）8月朔日（1日）条には天下の諸国で山林などに隠れて10年以上修行を積んでいる「清行逸士」には得度を許したという記事がある。
• In article of September 11, 758 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan, Continued), there is writing about tokudo approved to 'seiko isshi' (清行逸士) in various regions around the country, who have accumulated ascetic practices for more than ten years hiding in mountains and forests.

• 一般的に今日見られる本格的な5重以上の天守の最初のものとされているのは織田信長が天正7年（1579年）に建造した安土城（滋賀県安土町）の天主であるといわれる。
• It is generally said that the allegedly first full-scale Tenshu of five tiers or more which can be seen today was the Tenshu constructed by Nobunaga ODA in 1579 in Azuchi-jo Castle (Azuchi-cho, Shiga Prefecture).

• 試掘調査により前方部に盛土が残っていることが確認され、2007年4月12日、桜井市教育委員会は全長がこれまでの推測より14m長く110m以上である旨発表した。
• Excavation investigation found the remaining mound at the front square part, the Sakurai City Board of Education made it public that the full length was more than 110 meters, 14 meters longer than they had surmised on April 12, 2007.

• 以上はいずれも砂庭を基本とする枯山水であるが、太山寺 (神戸市)の太山寺安養院庭園のように砂を用いず石組だけで風景を表現する枯池式と呼ばれる枯山水も存在する。
• The above are dry landscape gardens based upon a bed of sand, however, there are also some dry landscapes called 'the style of a dry land (kochi-shiki),' that use only stone configurations, and an example is the Anyoin-teiken Garden of Taisan-ji Temple (Kobe City).

• 和辻倫理学の特色とは、以上に挙げた二つのレヴェルが渾然とからみ合い、原理的に探求された倫理学がそのまま具体的な歴史へと融合されてゆくところに求められるだろう。
• One characteristic of Watsuji Rinrigaku is that the two levels described above are blended together so that the ethics that were pursued as theory were harmonized with a specific history.

• 五位以上の散位は散位寮に長上（常勤）し､六位以下のうち､在京のものは散位寮に分番（交替勤務）し､他は国府に分番して､他の官司の手伝いや使者としての事務を行う。
• Sanni, who was higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank, worked full-time in Sanniryo and among people lower than rokui (Sixth Rank) in the rank, those who were in Kyoto did bunban (shiftwork) in Sanniryo, and the others did bunban in kokufu (provincial office) and helped the other government officials and attended to their business as messengers.

• 日本の便器メーカーは海外でも積極的に販売を行っており、最も日本のメーカーの便器が販売される国は中華人民共和国であり、TOTOだけで毎年100万台以上販売される。
• Japanese toilet basin manufacturers are aggressively conducting sales also in the foreign countries and the country where Japanese manufacturers' toilet basins sell the most is the People's Republic of China, and sales by TOTO LTD. total more than one million units every year.

• この他に、僧の中から選挙によって議員が選ばれる宗会、綱紀粛正機関である監正会、管長が任命した権大僧都以上の者5名による参議会などの合議システムも導入されている。
• Apart from above, there are Shukai, which is a committee elected by an election among monks, Kanseikai (監正会) which is enforcement of the law of the land, and representative system introduced which has a group of five people participating in government who are appointed by kancho and are higher rank than gondaisozu (Junior prelate).

• 懐石料理で知られる店には京都南禅寺近くの「瓢亭」、同じく京都の「柿伝」、「辻留」（以上2店は仕出し）、大阪高麗橋の「吉兆」、滋賀県東近江市の「招福楼」などがある
• Famous restaurants serving kaiseki ryori include 'Hyotei' located near Nanzen-ji Temple in Kyoto, 'Kakiden' and 'Tsujitome' which are also located in Kyoto (these two restaurants are caterers), 'Kitcho' in Koraibashi in Osaka, and 'Shofukuro' in Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture.

• 2003年から始まった当イベントは、わずか10日間ほどではあるが、夜の京都の情緒や雰囲気を味わえるイベントとして定着し、毎年100万人以上の人出で賑わっている。
• This event, having started since 2003, is held only for 10 days, but has been well established as an event where you can enjoy the impression and atmosphere of Kyoto at night, and attracts more than a million people each year.

• 製品に乳固形分を3%以上を含むものは『乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令』に基づき「乳飲料」となる（『カフェ・オ・レ』『カフェ・ラッテ』『コーヒー牛乳』など）。
• Any product containing three percent or more of milk solids is to be categorized as 'milk beverages' according to 'Ordinance regarding standard of element, etc. of milk and dairy products' ('Café au lait' 'Caffè Latte' 'Coffee milk' and so on).

• また、以上より転じて、ズボン状の男子の衣服（大日本帝国陸軍における「袴（こ）」）や下部を覆うもの、本体の外側にさらにつけるもの、などを比喩的に袴ということもある。
• In addition, men's trouser-like garment ('ko' used by Imperial Japanese Army), a cover of the lower part of the body that is used as an attachment to the main part of the clothing and so on, may be called hakama figuratively.

• そのため振売は社会的弱者のための職業とされており、幕府は振売のための開業許可を50歳以上か15歳以下の人物、そして身体が不自由な人物に与える、と触れ書きを出した。
• For that reasons, the furiuri was though to be a job for the socially vulnerable, and the bakufu issued a law that gave people aged 50 and over, or 15 and under, and people with disabilities permission to start the furiuri.

• しかし、富山県南砺市の井波彫刻(第2次指定)では20年以上の実務経験を有する者でなければ受験できないなど、各産地組合において独自の内部規定を設けている場合がある。
• But unions of some production areas establish their own internal rules: As for Inami Carving (the secondary designation) in Nanto City, Toyama Prefecture, the number of years of candidates' work experience should be 20 or more.

• 現住職の西川玄坊は精進料理研究家として著名であり、現在は毎週火曜日に精進料理教室（要予約）を開いているほか、3名以上で予約すれば精進料理を食べることも可能である。
• The present resident priest Genbo NISHIKAWA is well-known as a Buddhist vegetarian food researcher, currently offering a Buddhist vegetarian cooking class (by appointment only) on Tuesdays and, in addition, reservations for a party of 3 or more are accepted for sampling a Buddhist vegetarian meal on the premises.

• 律宗とは、仏教徒、とりわけ僧尼が遵守すべき戒律を伝え研究する宗派であるが、鑑真は四分律に基づく南山律宗の継承者であり、4万人以上の人々に授戒を行ったとされている。
• The Ritsushu sect is a Buddhist school that transmits and studies Vinaya precepts which Buddhists, especially priests and nuns should comply with; Ganjin, a successor of the Nanzan-risshu sect based on Shibunritsu (Four-Part Vinayapitaka, which explains about regulations and prohibited matters of the priest) is said to have conducted Jukai (handed down the precepts) to more than 40,000 people.

• しかしながらこの説が主張するように、政治的な粛清に人麻呂があったのなら、当然ある程度の官位（正史に残る五位以上の位階）を人麻呂が有していたと考えるのが必然である。
• If Hitomaro was politically purged as advocated by this view, however, it is logical to consider that Hitomaro had a certain level of official rank (not lower than the Fifth Rank) that should have been recorded in the official history.

• 中国や日本では、玄奘（602年‐664年）の『大唐西域記』やマルコ・ポーロ（1254年 - 1324年）の『東方見聞録』以上の価値があると評価する歴史学者もいる。
• In China and Japan, some historians consider it more valuable than 'Da Tang Xiyu ji' (The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions) written by Xuanzang (602-664) or 'The Travels of Marco Polo' written by Marco Polo (1254-1324).

• 以上のような事情のため、芸系は梅若派に属するが、梅若流独立騒動の際には宗家派に立って最後まで観世流にとどまった（一説には梅若家との感情の齟齬があったともいわれる）。
• Although their performance style belonged to the Umewaka school due to the above mentioned circumstances, they supported the Soke school and remained in the Kanze school to the last when Umewaka school separated (According to one theory, there was an emotional disagreement with Umewaka family).

• 安倍氏の一族としては500年以上絶えてなかった事であり、その職掌柄から時には恐れ忌み嫌われる立場にあった陰陽師が公卿になったことは当時としては衝撃的な事件であった。
• This never happened to the Abe clan in the past 500 years, and it was a startling event at that time because a person of Onmyoji, which was a position that was sometimes hated or feared by others, became a Kugyo.

• そして、墳丘長100メートル以上の規模の比較的大きなものは九州の岩戸山古墳、尾張の断夫山古墳など一部を除くと、奈良盆地内や古市古墳群など、畿内に集中するようになる。
• Larger keyhole-shaped tumuli with a burial mound longer than 100 meters were concentrated in the Nara Basin and the Kinai region (five central provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto, namely Yamato, Kawachi, Settsu, Izumi, and Yamashiro that are now the municipalities of Kyoto and Osaka and the prefectures of Nara and Hyogo) including Furuichi-kofun Tumuli Group, with some exceptions such as Iwatoyama-kofun Tumulus in Kyushu and Danpusan-kofun Tumulus in Owari.

• イギリス政府が2500人以上の成人を対象にした調査で「最も重要と思いつつも最も不快に感じる発明品」として、カラオケが22%を獲得し携帯電話などを抑えて1位となった。
• A survey among more than 2,500 adults conducted by the British government, karaoke won first place with 22% over mobile phones and so on as 'the most irritating invention to have blighted Britain.'

• 萬歳は太夫（たゆう）と才蔵（さいぞう）の2人が1組となるものが基本となるが、門（かど）付けではなく座敷などで披露されるものは3人以上から、多いもので十数人の組となる。
• In manzai, a pair of performers called 'tayu' and 'saizo' is a basic unit, but in performances not in front of houses, but in 'zashiki' (parlor), the number of performers are from more than three to up to a dozen.

• 日本の法律上は、原則として、死体（もしくは妊娠7箇月以上の胎児）は死後（もしくは死産後）24時間以内は火葬してはならないとされている（墓地、埋葬等に関する法律第3条。
• In Japanese law, a dead body (or fetus of seven months or more) should not be cremated within 24 hours after death (or after stillbirth) (Article 3, Act of Burial, Cremation, etc.)

• 魚介肉及び内臓の約10%以上から飽和量の食塩を添加するのが一般的な製法とされてきたが、20世紀末頃からの健康志向に伴い、塩分が低い塩辛も製造・販売されるようになった。
• The common recipe was to add salt weighing from about ten percent to the saturation level of the flesh and guts of fish and shellfish; however, reflecting heath concerns since the end of the 20th century, shiokara with less salt has been produced and sold as well.

• 以上に見るように、近代国際法はその適用を「文明国」とそれ以外によって使い分ける二つの顔を持っており、これを「近代国際法の二重原理」と呼ぶ研究者もいる（高村1998）。
• As described above, modern international law had two faces to apply it differently to 'civilized nation' and 'non-civilized nation,' and certain researcher call this as 'double standard of modern international law.' (Takamura 1998)

• 基本的には、古武道である一人の師匠が一子相伝すると言うことは珍しく、多くの師範を育てる場合が多かった（ただしある段階以上は一族や近しい者にのみ伝える場合も見られた。）。
• Basically, in kobudo one shisho rarely put Isshi Soden into action, but often trained a number of shihan (however, the art higher than a certain grade are sometimes transmitted to only family members or close relatives.)

• 耐用年数は100年以上とも言われ、その頑丈さは放り投げてもばらばらになりにくいため、火事などの緊急時に粗雑に扱われても中に保管していたものを守りやすいという特徴を持つ。
• As their service life is said to be more than 100 years and they are strong enough to keep its shape without breaking apart even if they are thrown, they have a feature to protect the things kept inside easily even when it is roughly handled in the event of an emergency such as a fire.

• 実際は上記にあるように「麹歩合15%以上」「規格米使用」といった縛りがあり、麹歩合15%未満の酒、規格外米・屑米・米粉を使用した酒は純米酒を名乗れないようになっている。
• In reality, however, as there are restrictions 'koji ratio 15 % or more' and 'use of standard rice, 'sake with the ratio of koji below fifteen percent, produced from substandard rice, crushed rice produced in the process of polishing rice, or rice powder cannot be called 'junmaishu.'

• 玄関正面には舞良戸が嵌められていたが、武家屋敷の場合は必ずその横桟の横舞良子の幅を三センチ以上の太いものを、七本から九本くらいの粗さにして、重厚で厳格な表現をしている。
• At the front of the entrance, Mairado was used, and in the case of a samurai residence, 7 to 10 thick cross rails, i.e., yoko-mairako (mairako affixed horizontally), of more than 3 cm wide, were used roughly, expressing stateliness and severity.

• 平和な時代が続き、庶民が次第に力を蓄え武士以上の豪奢な着物を着用するようになると、江戸幕府は士農工商身分確定のために躍起となって次々と禁令を発したのは先述の通りである。
• As aforementioned, common folks were gradually empowered as peace continued, some of them wore more gorgeous kimono than the bushi class, Edo bakufu shogunate tried vehemently to ban luxurious kimono one after another in order to fix class distinctions.

• 大隅国（今の鹿児島県東部）では村中の男女が水と米を用意して生米を噛んでは容器に吐き戻し、一晩以上の時間をおいて酒の香りがし始めたら全員で飲む風習があることが記されている。
• There is a description about a custom in Osumi Province (present eastern area of the Kagoshima Prefecture) that all men and women prepared water and rice, chewed uncooked rice and regurgitated it to containers, and that after it began to smell of alcohol more than one night later, all of them drank it.

• その際には御在所の名称で呼ぶ（場合によっては崩御後にそのまま追号となる場合もある）か、在位の前後において一院（本院とも）・中院（3名以上いる場合）・新院と呼んで区別した。
• In that situation, they were discriminated from by being called their residence's name (sometimes it became their posthumous title after their death) or Ichiin (or Honin), Chuin (when there were more than three) or Shinin in their reign order.

• 簡単に結う事が出来、古風で可憐で気品があることから明治から昭和戦前に掛けて一部の幼稚園・小学校(いわゆるお嬢様学校)では稚児髷に紫袴を制服に制定した(中学生以上は束髪)。
• Because it is easy to do the hair in chigomage and it is a traditional, cute and refined hairstyle; from the Meiji period to prewar days in the Showa period some kindergartens and elementary schools (so-called 'Ojosama gakko,' schools for rich young ladies) adopted chigomage and purple hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine stripes) as their regulation uniform (students of junior high school or above wore swept-back hair with the bun at the back of the head).

• 特に焼き魚・玉子焼き・蒲鉾（以上の3つを総称して幕の内弁当三種の神器とも）・揚げ物・漬物･煮物は大半の幕の内弁当に入れられており、幕の内弁当の代表的なおかずであるといえる。
• In particular, broiled fish, a Japanese style omelet, kamaboko or fish sausage (the above together are sometimes called the three sacred imperial treasures of Makunouchi-bento), deep-fried food, Japanese pickles and boiled and seasoned food can be seen in many Makunouchi-bento as they are the typical accompanying dishes of Makunouchi-bento.

• 再拝ののち、立ちながら腰以上を左に向け、両手を左にのばして袖をあわせ、さらにこれを右または左に向け、またひざまづいて左膝を地につけ、同様のことをおこなったものであるという。
• After bowing twice, while standing, turn your upper body to the left stretching both your arms out to the left with sleeves together, turn right and left maintaining the same posture, then kneel down on your left knee and do the same.

• 僧侶による破戒行為・犯罪に対しては還俗（徒罪相当以上）もしくは苦使（杖罪・笞罪相当）と呼ばれる閏刑が採用され、律令法体系における刑事罰である五罪が採用されることは無かった。
• For the subversive criminal acts by priests and nuns, commutation called genzoku (laicization, a punishment equivalent to or heavier than imprisonment) or kushi (penal servitude equivalent to flogging or whipping) was adopted and gozai (five criminal punishments) which were the criminal charges in the ritsuryo system were not applied.

• 輪王寺は宮門跡とされ（輪王寺宮、日光門跡）、明暦2年（1656年）以降は、輪王寺宮が東叡山の門跡と天台座主を兼務し、以上の天台三山を総監することが定められた（三山管領宮）。
• Rinno-ji Temple was designated as a temple headed by imperial princes (referred to as Rinnojinomiya or Nikko-monzeki), and it was settled that after 1656 Rinnojinomiya had responsibilities both as the resident priest of Toeizan and Tendai-zasu, being responsible for general supervision of the three temples of the Tendai sect above (.Sanzan Kanryo no miya).

• 以上の諸版に収録されている教典群大蔵経には、大乗の経論、ことに原典も漢訳も現存しないインド後期仏教の文献が多く含まれており、インド後期仏教の研究にも重要な意味をもっている。
• The Tripitaka of Buddhist sutras in the above editions includes many commentaries on Mahayana Buddhism sutras, particularly late-stage Indian Buddhism documents of which the original scriptures and translations of Chinese do not exist, so that it has important meaning in the research of late-stage Indian Buddhism.

• 以上のような前提の中で、生貯蔵酒や生詰酒は、少なくとも一回は火入れをしていて本当は「生」ではないわけだから、「生」を名称に含めるのは妥当ではない、という議論がなされている。
• Based on the above-described premises, there is an opinion that as namachozoshu or namazumeshu undergoes hiire at least once and literally not 'nama,' it is not appropriate to include the word 'name' in the name.

• 二割以上の品位低下にも拘らず慶長大判との引換は1%の増歩しか付けられず、また、元禄大判の相場は元禄小判に対し、含有金量では九両一分に相当したが、相場は七両二分程度であった。
• Although its content of gold was decreased by more than 20 percent, the price was only 1 percent lower from the Keicho Oban, and when compared with Genroku-Koban, the content of gold in the Oban was equivalent to nine-ryo one-bu and its market price was as much as seven-ryo two-bu.

• 明治30年（1897年）戦死者贈位並叙位進階内則」では、将官は正四位以上、佐官は従五位から正四位の間、尉官は従五位から正五位の間、准士官、下士官、兵卒は従五位を贈るとされた。
• In the 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi shinkai naisoku' (Rules for conferring of court ranks to those who died in the war and investiture of promotion) that was enacted in 1897, it was stipulated that Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) or higher was given to generals, ranks between Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) and Shoshii was given to field officers, ranks between Jugoi and Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank) were given to officers below the rank of major, and Jugoi was given to under-officers, noncommissioned officers, and soldiers.

• 臨済宗…仏殿本尊としては釈迦如来を安置することが多い（縁により、観音菩薩、阿弥陀如来、地蔵菩薩等）ただし、禅宗寺院では仏像と同様、時にはそれ以上に祖師像を重視する傾向がある。
• Rinzai sect – Shakanyorai is often the Butsuden Honzon (depending upon past connections, may also be Kannon Bosatsu, Amidanyorai, Jizo Bosatsu, etc.), however, the Zen sect temples tend to revere Soshi images as much as, or sometimes even more than Buddha images.

• また福岡市博多区の那珂遺跡群（奴国の遺跡）では3世紀頃の「都市計画」によって造られたとみられる国内最古の「道路（幅7メートル・南北へ1.5キロ以上の直線）」跡が見つかっている。
• In Naka sites (the remains of Nakoku) in Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City, the nation's oldest site of a `road was found (7meters wide, 1.5 kilometers in a north-south direction) assumed to be developed based on `city planning' in the third century.

• また、「良質のそば粉50%以上」含まれているものについては「高級、純良、特選、スペシャル等、その他これらに類似するものとして公正取引協議会で指定する文言」の表示が認められている。
• Additionally, with regard to products containing 'fifty percent or more good-quality buckwheat flour,' it is allowed to mark them with wording such as high quality, fine, special and the other related descriptions as specified by the Fair Trade Commission.

• 地域によって様々な違いがあるが、2～6名程度の人間が乗り込んで内部の太鼓を叩き、その太鼓の音に合わせて掛け声をかけ、数十人～百人以上で担ぎ上げ、練り歩くという形式は共通している。
• The taikodai shows a wide regional variation in the form and the style, but has a common style that two to six men get into the taikodai and beat the drum placed in it, providing the rhythm that guides dozens to more than one hundred men below who shoulder the taikodai and parade through their parishes, shouting a call synchronized exactly with the drum beat.

• 「家令職員令」が制定され、家令・扶・従・書史からなる四等官が設置されて官より職員が任命され、更に親王家には文学 (官職)・帳内、公卿を含む五位以上の諸臣には資人が任じられていた。
• 'Karei Shikinryo (law stipulating duties of butlers)' was enacted, and Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks), which consists of Karei (Ie no kami), Fu (Suke), Ju (Matsurigotohito) and Shori (Sokan), was established, and personnel from the government were appointed, and further, Fumihakase and Chonai were appointed for the Imperial Prince's family, and Shijin for the retainers of the Fifth Rank or higher including a Court noble.

• 以上の特質のうち二階座敷を除けば、今井町に現存する古い民家に共通した構造形式を用いているが、その中でも旧形をよく保存されてきたのは今西家住宅のみで、他の建物では随時改変されている。
• In terms of the above characteristics, except for the second floor zashiki, the structural style of Imanishi-ke Jutaku has a commonality with that for the other existing old private residences in Imai-cho but only the former has maintained its original shape while the other houses have been altered as needed.

• その後、昭和26年（1951年）7月25日、文部事務次官通知により中学校以上の体育教材として弓道の実施が認可され、再び学校教育に採り入れることが許可され、課外の部活動も解禁される。
• Later, on July 25, 1951, in response to a notification from the Administrative Vice-Minister of Education, Kyudo was approved as a tool for physical education in junior high school and above; thus it was permitted to be used again in school education, and the ban on extracurricular club activities was lifted.

• 前述したように、タフトは以上のような合意を国務長官のルートに宛てて電文で送付したが、ルートは電文がワシントンに到着した時、休暇でニューファンドランド方面に出かけており、不在だった。
• As previously mentioned, Taft sent a telegram about the above mentioned agreement to Elihu ROOT, the Secretary of States, but when the telegram arrived in Washington, he was away going to Newfoundland on vacation.

• 神武天皇の時代から明治元年まで各年毎に、従三位以上で太政大臣・摂政・関白・左大臣・右大臣・内大臣・大納言・中納言・参議・非参議のいわゆる公卿に相当する者の名を官職順に列挙してある。
• Each and every year from the time of the Emperor Jinmu to 1868, it listed names of those who held the rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher which were the so-called Kugyo (the top court officials) including Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), Sessho Kampaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior), Dainagon (Major Counselor), Chunagon (Middle Counselor), Sangi (advisor on the Council of State), and Hisangi (advisor at large).

• 箏にいまだ開拓の余地があることに注目し、これ以上進む余地の少なくなりつつあった三味線から離れた、箏のみの音楽を再び作り出したことは特に重要で、これは後の邦楽の新たな方向付けとなった。
• He paid attention to this and composed music only for koto again, instead of shamisen that had no room to develop any more, which was very important and oriented the new direction of later traditional Japanese music.

• 「後日、宗論に負けたとは多分言うまい」、そして「宗門を変更して浄土宗の弟子になるか、さもなくば、この度宗論に負けた以上は今後は他宗を誹謗しない、との誓約書を出すがよい」と申し渡した。
• You will never admit that the Hokkeshu sect lost the debate,' and Nobunaga commanded them 'Change your sect and become disciples of the Jodoshu sect, or, submit a written pledge that you will never slander the other sects, as you lost the debate.'

• 堤防建設や浚渫では限界が出てきており、宅地化の進行でこれ以上の河川改修は補償の観点から難しく、抜本的な治水対策が叫ばれる一方で関西圏地域の人口急増に伴い水需要も引き続き急増していた。
• Building barrages and dredging the river bed had only a limited effect, and it was almost impossible to improve the river further because of compensation issues, while there were growing calls for fundamental flood control measures, and demand for water was rapidly increasing due to the rapid growth of the population in the Kansai region.

• 気象庁によると、開花から満開（80%以上が咲いた状態）までの日数は、沖縄・奄美地方で約16日、九州から東海・関東地方では約7日、北陸・東北地方では約5日、北海道地方では約4日となる。
• According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the approximate number of days between the time of 'flowering' and 'full bloom' (when over 80% of blossoms are in bloom) are 16 for the Okinawa and Amami regions, 7 for the areas between Kyushu and the Tokai/Kanto regions, 5 for the Hokuriku-Tohoku regions, and 4 for the Hokkaido region.

• ただし本来は呉服尺（明治時代初期に廃止されて鯨尺に統合）1尺を1幅として数えられ続けられていたものであり、100年以上経過した現代社会においても上記原則通りに行われるケースは稀である。
• However, originally, one shaku in the gofukujaku system (abolished in the early Meiji period and integrated into the Kujirajaku) had been counted as one haba, but the above-mentioned rule is rarely applied as is nowadays, more than 100 years after the reform.

• 中でも30年以上前から記念文字手彫りサービスを行っている洞爺湖の「越後屋デパート」では、漫画『銀魂』の主人公「坂田銀時」がその柄に洞爺湖と彫られた木刀で戦うストーリーで人気が集まった。
• Above all, the 'Echigo-ya Department Store' at Toya-ko Lake that has been offering the service of hand-engraving memorial inscriptions for more than 30 years has become popular because of a story in the manga 'Gintama' (Silver Soul), in which the main character 'Gintoki SAKATA' fights with a bokuto whose hilt is engraved with the name of Toya-ko Lake.

• 長さを大太刀に近い長さにした素振り用の木刀や、天然理心流剣術のように長さは変えず、通常の真剣以上の重さにし、太く作る事で、正確な手の内を鍛える事等を目的とした、鍛錬用の木刀も存在する。
• There are additionally training bokuto for suburi that are made longer so as to be of similar length to odachi (long swords), as well as ones, such as those used by the Tennen-rishin school, for practicing the correct hand position and so on that are not lengthened, but weigh more and are fatter than normal shinken (real swords).

• （昭和24年、左京区下鴨へ）北・南茶ノ木町*、水口町*、北・南芝町*、北・南野々神町、梁田町、夜光町、神殿町、狗子田町、前萩町、萩ケ垣内町（以上、印は昭和15年成立、他は昭和6年成立）
• (Transferred to Shimogamo, Sakyo Ward in 1949) Kita Chanoki-cho*, Minami Chanoki-cho*, Minakuchi-cho*, Kita Shiba-cho*, Minami Shiba-cho*, Kita Nonogami-cho, Minami Nonogami-cho, Yanada-cho, Yako-cho, Kodono-cho, Inokoda-cho, Maehagi-cho, Hagigakakiuchi-cho (of which those marked with * were established in 1940 and the others were created in 1931.)

• 16世紀半ばになると応仁の乱以後100年以上も続く政局不安状態はすでに常態と化しており、いわゆる戦国大名とよばれる領国支配者にとっても庶民にとっても、このような状態は普通になっていた。
• In the middle of the 16th century, the chaotic political situation which had continued for more than 100 years after the Onin War turned into a somewhat normal condition not only for territorial lord called daimyo in the Sengoku Period, but also for common people.

• 1962年に改正された酒税法では、自分で飲むためであれば、アルコール度数が20度以上の酒類に、下記の物品以外のものを混和する事を「製造行為」と見なさないとする規定を、例外的に設けている。
• The Liquor Tax Law, which was revised in 1962, includes a special exemption, which does not identify the mixing of any goods other than those listed below with alcohol, where the alcohol content is more than twenty percent by volume, as a 'manufacturing activity,' so long as it is for personal drinking.

• 「生めん」については、不当景品類及び不当表示防止法に基づく「生めん類の表示に関する公正競争規約」が定められており、その中で「そば粉30%以上」の製品について「そば」との表示が認められる。
• With respect to fresh noodles, 'Fair Competition Codes concerning labeling on fresh noodles' in accordance with the Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations have been stipulated whereby, as to products containing 'thirty percent or more buckwheat flour,' it is allowed to mark them as 'soba' (buckwheat noodles).

• 最近では、漁獲量や輸送手段の問題などから、全国に流通していなかった脂質が21％以上ある「八戸前沖鯖」(通称：とろ鯖)などを使用した「とろ鯖棒寿司」など、ユニークな鯖寿司も増えてきている。
• Recently, due to problems of fish hauls and means of transport, one-of-a-kind Saba-zushi has been increasing such as 'Torosaba-bozushi (rod-shaped sushi topped with fatty mackerel) topped with 'Hachinohe mae okisaba' mackerel (mackerel caught in the offing of Hachinone) (commonly called Torosaba) containing at least twenty-on percent fat, which was not distributed across the country.

• 江戸幕府は戦国時代_(日本)の戦乱で衰退した朝廷に対しては、禁中並公家諸法度などで統制する一方、朝廷自体の衰亡は征夷大将軍があくまでも朝廷に任命されている以上、望ましい状況ではなかった。
• Although the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) controlled the Imperial Court, which had been weakened in the domestic wars, by means of the Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto, a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles, a weak Imperial Court was not in the interests of the bakufu because it was the Imperial court which appointed the seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians).

• ただし、雅楽本来の合奏形態としては、応仁の乱以降、徳川幕府が楽師の末裔（楽家）をあつめて再編するまでは、100年以上断絶していたので、平安時代の形態をどこまで継承しているかは疑問である。
• However, the original ensemble form of Gagaku was discontinued for more than 100 years until the Tokugawa shogunate gathered the descendants of the musicians (Raku families) and rebuilt it after the turmoil of the Onin War, and it is doubtful how faithfully the style from the Heian period has been inherited.

• 前者を「複式」（多種多様の太鼓によって演奏されるもの）と「単式」（一種の太鼓によるもの）と分類し、後者を「複打」（二人以上で演奏されるもの）と「単打」（一人で演奏されるもの）に分類する。
• The former is classified into 'multiple drums' (performed with various drums) and 'single drum' (performed with only one types of drums), while the latter is classified into 'multiple drummers' (performed by at least two drummers) and 'single drummer' (performed by only one drummer).

• 第39節には通算2回目の優勝を決め、最終節に勝利すれば、2004年の川崎フロンターレに次いでシーズン勝点100以上を達成となったが、1-2でヴァンフォーレ甲府に敗れ、達成には至らなかった。
• The team won the J2 championship for the second time overall in the 39th game, and if it had won the final game, it would have attained more points than 99 after Kawasaki Frontale in 2004, but it was defeated by Ventforet Kofu by 1-2 and failed to attain those points.

• 早くから業務地化が進み、人口は30年以上にわたってドーナツ化現象により減り続けていたが、1995年以降都心回帰に伴う居住地再整備やマンション建設の増加に伴い再び人口が増加傾向に転じている。
• With more and more businesses advancing into this area, the population had continued to decrease for more than thirty years due to the so-called donut phenomenon, but since 1995, the population has increased because, corresponding to people's tendency for living in city centers, conditions of the residential area have been improved and an increasing number of condominiums have been constructed.

• 以上のような背景から、天海の結界に始まる一連の五色不動伝説は近年作られたものと言われることもあるが、一方で江戸時代にも噂話（都市伝説）として史実とは別に語られていた可能性も指摘されている。
• In view of the above, it has been sometimes said that a succession of the Goshiki Fudo legends including a tale of Tenkai and kekkai were created in recent years; however, it has been also pointed out that such stories were told as gossip (urban legend) irrespective of historical facts during the Edo Period.

• 例えば、成長の早い魚類では、生まれた当年の魚、2年目の魚、3年目の魚…が、同じ時期に漁獲されると、それぞれ体の大きさが一回り以上異なるので、それらをはっきりと大きさで区別できることがある。
• Rapidly growing fishes of the same kind that differ in age can be easily distinguished from one another by size when they're caught, because the size may more than double within a year.

• その形式は楕円形の馬場と3頭以上の馬を用いてレースを行うというものであり、まもなく日本人によって日本各地で近代競馬が模倣されるようになったが、そのための場として祭典競馬が盛んに利用された。
• It was a race by three or more horses on an oval track and the form of the modern horse racing was taken over by Japanese and this form of race gradually spread everywhere in Japan, however, the traditional saiten keiba were used as the venue.

• 日本の伝統教団では、師の教義を弟子が継承し発展させることは、生きた教団である以上あり得ることから、法華経をはじめ般若経、大般涅槃経など後世の成立とされる大乗経典は根無し草の如き存在ではない。
• According to the traditional Japanese religious sects, Mahayana sutras such as Hannya-kyo, the Nirvana sutra and the Hokke-kyo, which was considered to have been written in a later age by other sects, are not rootless because it's possible for disciples of existent religious organizations to succeed and develop their master's dharma.

• 日本の剣術と世界各国の剣術・刀術を比較すると、刃長60cm以上の刀を両手で持ち、互いに盾を用いずに戦うという形式は珍しく、中世にドイツでツーハンデッドソードによる剣術があげられるくらいである。
• This type of swordplay, in which both parties fight, without shields, holding swords of over 60cm in length with both hands, is seldom seen in countries other than Japan, with the exception of the swordplay called Two-handed swords in the medieval age of Germany.

• それがそのまま、鎌倉政権の中にも浸透し、得宗家の確立、それを取り囲む共同利益集団の北条庶流の家格の形成、同時に文筆の家でもそれに似た、あるいはそれ以上の家格の形成・家職の固定化が進んでいった。
• And it spread into the Kamakura administration too, establishing the Tokuso family and forming the collateral line of the Hojo family that surrounded the Tokuso family as the common interest group, and at the same time among the families of writers, and something similar to this or a more sophisticated style of Family was formed, fixing the family business.

• 以上の説明は歴代中国王朝が構想した華夷秩序であるが、日本や朝鮮、琉球、ベトナム等の周辺諸国もその華夷秩序及びその根拠となった中華思想を選択的に受容、あるいは共有し、華夷秩序の一翼を担っていた。
• The above description applies to kaichitsujo which Chinese dynasties had and neighboring states including Japan, Korea, Ryukyu and Viet Nam accepted or shared selectively such kaichitsujo and its basis, Sinocentrism, and involved in a part of kaichitsujo.

• 彼らは流刑先で数多くの拷問・私刑を加えられ続けたが、それは水責め、雪責め、氷責め、火責め、飢餓拷問、箱詰め、磔、親の前でその子供を拷問するなどその過酷さと陰惨さ・残虐さは旧幕時代以上であった。
• At the place of exile, they were continued to be subjected to torture and lynching over and over, such as torture by water, snow, ice, fire, and starvation, locking in a box, crucifixion, and torture of children before their parents' eyes, which was more terrible, gruesome and brutal than in the old Shogunate period.

• 「一、金銅宝塔、 一、金銅宝珠形舎利塔1基（下層内安置）、一、金銅筒形容器1合、一、赤地二重襷花文錦小袋1袋、一、水晶五輪塔赤地錦小袋共1基、一、水晶五輪塔織物縫合小裹共1基（以上上層内安置）」
• 1. Gilt copper hoto, 1. Gilt copper hoju (precius orb)-shaped stupa (enshrined in the lower deck), 1. Gilt copper cylindrical container, 1. Small bag made with nishiki (brocade) with double tasuki hanamon patterns on red background, 1. Crystal gorinto (a gravestone composed of five pieces piled up one upon another) with a small bag made with red nishiki, 1. Crystal gorinto with a 織物縫合小裹 (enshrined in the upper deck).

• 旧皇族との関連で言えば、準則は、伏見宮系の皇族を皇位継承者として確保することよりも、むしろ邦家親王の子孫からこれ以上宮家・皇族が増加することを抑制し、将来的には自然消滅に導くことを志向していた。
• Regarding the former Imperial Family, the purpose of the regulation was to prevent increasing the numbers of Miyake and prevent Imperial Family members spreading from among the Imperial Prince's descendants and to let it die out in the future accordingly, not to keep the Imperial succession from the Fushiminomiya line.

• 奈良県立橿原考古学研究所や桜井市教育委員会の陵墓指定の範囲の外側を発掘した調査により、墳丘の裾に幅10メートルの周壕とさらにその外側に幅15メートル以上の外堤が存在していたことが確認されている。
• The presence of a 10-meter-wide surrounding moat at the foot of the burial mound and a 15-meter-wide outer levee outside of it has been confirmed through the excavation research carried out in the vicinity of the area specified as the imperial mausoleum by the Nara Prefectural Archaeological Institute of Kashihara and the Sakurai City Board of Education.

• 同年だけで300体以上の木喰仏を発見し、木喰仏の墨書銘や、納経帳や宿帳など自筆文書の発見により断片的な木喰の足跡が解明され、小宮山や山梨日日新聞社長の野口二郎らと雑誌『木喰上人之研究』を発刊する。
• Yanagi found more than 300 pieces of mokujiki-butsu within just an year, discovered fragmentary tracks of Mokujiki-butsu with inscriptions in black ink, sutras and guest records written by Mokuji, and he published 'Research on Mokujiki-shonin' with Komiyama and the president of The Yamanashi Nichinichi Shimbun newspaper, Jiro NOGUCHI.

• 織田信長の延暦寺比叡山焼き討ち (1571年)の際には、比叡山の法火が消えたため、ここから火を比叡山へ運んだといい、現在でも、火は家の竈にあり、種火が消えないように千年以上も守り続けているという。
• When 法火 at Mt. Hiei was burnt out in the fire attack waged by Nobunaga ODA against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei in 1571, 法火 was supposedly carried from the Yokooji family house to Mt. Hiei, and 法火 is still burning in the kamado (kitchen range) of the house, having been protected for more than a thousand years so that the original flame would not go out.

• 三木稔 「鳳凰三連・破の曲」「春琴抄・序曲と春鶯囀（しゅんおうでん）」「松の協奏曲」「箏協奏曲第五番」（以上は洋楽オーケストラとの協奏曲）「コンチェルト・レクイエム」（邦楽オーケストラとの協奏曲）
• Minoru MIKI: 'Eurasian Trilogy ha-no kyoku,' 'Shunkinsho Jokyoku to Shunoden,' 'ka Pine Concerto,' 'Soh Concerto No.5' (these are concerto with Western music orchestra), 'Concerto Requiem' (concerto with traditional Japanese music orchestra)

• 1950年に市営競輪場として開設されたが、当時の京都市議会から市営によるギャンブル施設運営に対する異議が相次いだ為に1955年に閉鎖後、中学生以上は立入禁止（保護者を除く）の公園として整備される。
• In 1950 the municipal bicycle racing track was built here, but because the then city council was opposed to the public operation of a gambling facility, it was closed in 1955, and was transformed into a park where, except for parents, people older than junior high school students were not admitted.

• 女官については中務省が、内外官司と五位以上、令制国の史生以下の国衙職員及び郡司については式部省（ただし、郡司については年1回）、武官については兵部省、僧侶について治部省（ただし年1回）作成された。
• Nakatsukasasho (the Ministry of Central Affairs) developed the record of court ladies, and Shikibusho developed the records of Naige governmental officials and kokuga (provincial government office compounds) officials in the rank higher than the fifth rank and lower than Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents) of ryoseikoku (province) in the court rank and also developed the record of Gunji (local magistrates) once a year, while Hyobusho (the Ministry of Military) developed the records of military officers and Jibusho (the Ministry of Civil Administration) developed the records of monks once a year.

• 弘前城、松本城、丸岡城、犬山城、彦根城、姫路城、松江城、松山城 (備中国)、丸亀城、松山城 (伊予国)、宇和島城、高知城（以上「現存天守現存12天守」）、名古屋城、大阪城、熊本城、首里城、五稜郭など
• Hirosaki-jo Castle, Matsumoto-jo Castle, Maruoka-jo Castle, Inuyama-jo Castle, Hikone-jo Castle, Himeji-jo Castle, Matsue-jo Castle, Matsuyama-jo Castle (Bicchu Province), Marugame-jo Castle, Matsuyama-jo Castle (Iyo Province), Uwajima-jo Castle and Kochi-jo Castle (12 castles whose castle towers are now existing), and Nagoya-jo Castle, Osaka-jo Castle, Kumamoto-jo Castle, Shuri-jo Castle, Goryokaku, etc.

• しかし1971年に行われた県営住宅、小学校建設の為の橿原考古学研究所が行った事前調査により幅5m、深さ1メートル、総延長200メートル以上の運河状の構造物が発見された事により注目を集めることになる。
• However, the atmosphere of the archeological community changed after the operation of a preliminary excavation research by Archelological Institute of Kashihara prior to the construction of a municipal housing and an elementary school at the site; the remains got the attention of archeological communities after the discovery of the canal style constructions in 5m width, 1m depth and the total length of 200m and more.

• ある年代以上の日本人には「酒も入らない状態で人前で歌うこと」に対する拒絶反応が存在したが、それ以降の世代は（少なくとも気心の知れた仲間同士の前では）屈託なく歌って楽しむという意識が存在していたこと。
• Japanese people of a certain age and over rejected 'singing in front of people without drinking,' but the younger ones enjoyed singing without any inhibition (at least in front of their familiar friends).

• 穀類、糖類その他の物品を原料として発酵させた酒類（同法第3条第7号から第18号までに掲げる酒類その他政令で定めるものを除く）でアルコール分が20度未満のもの（エキス分が2度以上のものに限る）をいう。
• They are defined as follows: fermented alcohol drinks made from grains, sugars and other ingredients (excluding alcohol drinks referred in the Act, Section 3, Article 7 to 18 and other government ordinances) with an alcohol content of less than 20 percent (the extracted component is two degrees or higher).

• これは地下茎が岩盤などの障害によりそれ以上延びることができずに地上に現れるもので、枝が一本で樋（ひ）が深い（実際のひとはパイプであるが、茶道の場合のひは曲げにより増した溝深さと縦屈曲）のが特徴である。
• Jicchiku is an underground stem of bamboo that appears above the ground because it can no longer grow underground owing to obstacles such as bedrock, and characterized by its single trunk and a deep 'hi' (Usually, 'hi' refers to a pipe, but in tea ceremony, terminology 'hi' refers to a deep groove in a bamboo trunk, where the depth increased thanks to bending, and vertical curvature).

• 3本以上の複数の同樹種の根が癒着して1つに繋がっているもの、または立木が地面に倒れて地中に埋まり、元は枝であったものが幹として育ち、その枝元からも根を出して、根が一つに繋がっている様な多幹樹形である。
• These are bonsai which have the roots of more than three of the same plant connected, or in which the tree has fallen down and been buried in the earth, and what was once a branch is grown as the trunk, and the base of that branch sends out roots which are connected with the other roots.

• また当代重視方針を取り、藤原定家・藤原俊成・西行・藤原為家ら中世初期の著名歌人も50首以上採られているが、入集を果たした180人のうち、113人は勅撰集初出で、中でも女流の占める比重が過半数と大きい。
• It also took a policy of placing emphasis on contemporary works, so although famous medieval poets like FUJIWARA no Teika, FUJIWARA no Shunzei, Saigyo, and FUJIWARA no Tameie had over fifty poems included, among the 180 poets in the collection, 113 appeared for the first time, over half of which were women, a rather large number for the time.

• 石は身分によって種類が決まっていて、奈良時代には五位以上は金銀（もちろんめっきであろう）、六位以下は烏油帯（銅に黒漆をかける）を使用したが、高官は唐の影響を受けて次第に様々な材質を使用するようになった。
• The types of stones were determined by social status; gold or silver plating was used for those of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, a black lacquered sash (black lacquered copper) was used for rokui (Sixth Rank), and officers used a range of materials according to their exposure to Chinese influences.

• しかし、50点以上の出版物が刊行され、また東アジアではじめて西洋印刷術によって印行された、書物・印刷史上重要な刊行物であり、ローマ字表記された当時の日本語口語文など、言語史上にも貴重な資料になっている。
• However, Kirishitan-ban for which at least 50 publications were printed and published by the western printing art for the first time in East Asia, was an important paper publication in the history of books and printing, and was valuable material also in the linguistic history because Japanese colloquial expressions at that time were described in Roman characters.

• 奈良時代からこの時期を通じて、二品親王の地位に約20年以上いること、それ以下の場合には親王が就く官職で事実上最高位であった式部卿を長期にわたって務めて「第一の親王」たるに相応しい経歴を保持していること。
• The requirements to be granted Ippon were that the prince must be in nihon (the second court rank for imperial princes) over 20 years through the Nara period to that time, if the period being in nihon was less than 20 year, the prince must be Shikibukyo (Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial), the highest post for an imperial prince for a long time as well as holding appropriate career as the 'first Imperial Prince.'

• 200日以上に及ぶ行程のレポートが日本へ送られた後に紛失してしまったことで、彼らの調査は正当な評価を受けることができなかったが、隊の様子は宣正が記していた「印度霊穴探見日記」などに垣間見ることができる。
• His report, that covered a more than 200-day journey, was lost after it was sent to Japan, so their survey could not get an appropriate evaluation, but the situation of the team was suggested in Sensho's 'Indo Reiketsu Tanken Nikki' (Diary of Holy Cave Investigation in India).

• →これに対して、具体的な定数となる寺院の数に関する記事が全く見当たらず、時代を下っても定額寺に列せられる寺院の記事が見られる（定数があれば、定数を満たせばそれ以上は増やせない筈である）という反論がある。
• Criticisms, however, have been leveled at this theory on the basis that there are no historical documents that mention about specific numbers pertaining to a temple quota and that there are descriptions in histories that read a temple was newly designated as jogakuji in more recent years (if there was a quota, temples cannot be newly designated as jogakuji after reaching the quota).

• また勲章等着用規程に措いては一等以上の勲章の正章の着用を認められていないため、洋装の最礼装である燕尾服と同等未満の扱いであり、洋装の第二礼装であるフロックコート・モーニングコートと同等の扱いとされている。
• Also, since the provision did not allow this costume to bear medals of the first order of merit or higher one, Montsuki Haori Hakama is regarded as lower than a swallow-tailed coat, the most formal western clothes and equivalent to a frock coat or morning coat, the second class formal western clothes.

• 日本農林規格（JAS規格）の『乾めん類品質表示基準』にて、機械麺の場合、ひやむぎの麺の太さは直径と直径1.3mm以上～1.7mm未満とされている（同基準を満たしている場合「細うどん」とも表示可能である）。
• According to the 'Quality Labeling Standard for Dried Noodles' of the Japan Agricultural Standards (JAS), machine-made noodles should be between 1.3 mm and 1.7 mm in diameter (it is also possible to use the label 'thin udon noodles' in cases where this standard is satisfied).

• 彩色に関しても、両面カラーのもの、透明なもの、グラデーションや水玉など特殊な模様の入ったもの、表面が2等分や4等分に色分けされているものなどがあり、現在1000種以上の折り紙用紙が入手可能といわれている。
• It is said that more than 1000 varieties of colorful origami paper are available with colors on both sides, transparent colors, gradational colors, special patterns such as dots, dual or quartered colors amongst others.

• コンセントリック(集中)型と呼ばれる城は、外壁の内側にさらに内壁を加え、天守から同心円状に2重以上の壁をはりめぐらせ、内側に行く程、壁を高くして、外壁を破られても内側の防御が有利になるよう工夫されている。
• Concentric castles were designed so that an inner wall was built inside an outer wall, two or more walls were built concentrically around the keep, and inner walls became higher so that the inner defense was effective even if the outer wall was destroyed.

• これ以上の侵食を防ぐため、行政では砂州上にそれと直交して小型の堆砂堤を多数設置し、流出する土砂をそこで食い止めようとしている（写真南側よりの眺め（飛龍観）の向かって右側の砂浜がノコギリ状になっている部分）。
• To prevent further erosion, the administration has installed many small erosion barriers on the sand bar in an attempt to stop the sand from washing away (in the picture from the south (Hiryukan), it is the part on the right where the beach is serrated).

• 大宝律令に皇后になれる資格を規定した条文はないが、皇后より一段下位の妻である妃の資格が「四品以上の内親王」と規定されていることから、皇后も当然内親王でなければなれないものと観念されていたとする考え方がある。
• There are no clauses that state qualifications to become the empress in the Taiho Code but since it states that 'Kisaki,' who was one rank below the empress, needed to be 'a princess with a rank above 'Shihon,' (the fourth rank of Imperial Prince's rank) by definition, people were resigned to think that the empress had to be a princess.

• 古くは深夜0時頃から始められていたが、近年は、20時頃に少年たち（氏子）が集まり川で身を清めた後、22時ごろにはそれぞれが小松明を持ち5丈3尺（約16m）以上の大松明にむかって叫びながら投げ、点火するもの。
• In the old days, the festival began around 12 midnight, however, these days it starts around 8 p.m. when boys (shrine parishioners) get together, and after that, they purify themselves at a river, hold small jacklights in their hands around at 10 p.m. and throw them at and kindle a large jacklight about 16m in length while shouting.

• しかし、既に見つかったものだけでも400枚以上になること、中国社会科学院考古学研究所長である王仲殊が「それらは漢鏡ではない」と発表したことなどから、九州説の側から「三角縁神獣鏡は全て偽作」との反論を受けた。
• However, because more than 400 mirrors have been found and Zhongshu WANG, who was director of the Institute of Archaeology under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, insisted that 'they are not Han mirrors,' this theory was refuted by researchers of the Kyushu theory, who said that 'all the triangular-rimmed mirrors are forged.'

• 一方、北に目を転じれば、北海道函館市中野B遺跡からは縄文早期中頃の500棟以上の竪穴住居跡、多数の竪穴住居跡、土壙墓、陥し穴、多数の土器、石皿、磨石、敲石、石錘などが出土し、その数は40万点にも上っている。
• Meanwhile in the north, at the Nakano B remains from the middle of earlier Jomon period in Hakodate City, Hokkaido Prefecture, the remain of tateanajukyogun with over 500 dwellings, many remains of tateanajukyogun, hole-shaped graves, pitfalls, many pieces of earthenware, stone dishes, mill stones, hammer stones, stone sinkers were excavated; the total number of items reached over 400,000.

• 以上のような里山の利用法の他、内山節によると、困窮した家が数年間、里山に籠もって自給自足の生活を行い、現金支出を徹底的に抑えて家計を立て直すという行動が昭和以前に見られたという（群馬県上野村の事例とされる）。
• In addition to the uses mentioned above, according to Takashi UCHIYAMA, in the times before the Showa Period, there were impoverished families who had thoroughly recovered their livelihood after several years' retired stay in Satoyama, due to a self-sufficient life over the course of several years by completely suppressing the disbursement of cash (there are some cases in Ueno Village, Gunma Prefecture).

• 装飾古墳の分布については、全国に600ぐらいあり、その半数以上に当たる340基が九州地方に、100基が関東地方に、50基が山陰地方に、40基が近畿地方に、約40基が東北地方にあり、その他は7県に点在している。
• As for the distribution, there are about 600 decorated tombs across Japan, more than half of which, 340 tombs are in Kyushu region, 100 in Kanto region, 50 in Sanin region, 40 in Kinki region, about 40 in Tohoku region and the rest of them are sparsely in seven prefectures.

• 明治28年（1895年）、「戦死者贈位並叙位ノ件」が制定されたのに伴い、功績抜群なる軍人が戦死した場合は生前の位階に関わらず従五位以上を贈るものとし、準ずるものは生前の位階を一級ないし二級特進させることとした。
• Since 'Senshisha zoi narabi joi no ken' (Matter for conferring and investiture of court ranks to those who died in the war) was enacted in 1895, when a military man with distinguished performance died in a war, Jugoi or higher was bestowed irrespective of the rank before his death, and those pursuant would receive an accelerated promotion by one or two ranks higher to the rank held before death.

• 江戸時代以降は皇族・貴族以外の男性の間では殆ど廃絶、又、悪臭や手間、そして老けた感じになることが若い女性から敬遠されたこともあって既婚女性、未婚でも18～20才以上の女性、及び、遊女、芸妓の化粧として定着した。
• Since the Edo period, it was almost abolished among men other than the royalty and the aristocrats, moreover, young women refrained from this practice because it was stinky, time-consuming, and made them feel aged, therefore it became a form of make-up exclusively used by married women, single women above 18 or 20, prostitutes or geishas.

• この頃の皇位継承のルールには、兄弟承継、大兄承継、群臣推挙、先帝遺詔（更に近年では即位要件に年齢制限（30歳以上）があったとする説もある）などがあり、これらが複雑にからんで皇位継承が行われていたと推定されている。
• There was a regulation in terms of Imperial succession in those days such as the succession between brothers, the succession of eldest brothers, being nominated by aides, following the will of a former Emperor, etc, (there was a theory developed from a recent study that there was an age limit, up to thirty years old, for succeeding to the throne), it is presumed after fulfilling such complicated requirements, Imperial succession was decided.

• 現存する資料で空海の入定に関する初出のものは、入寂後100年以上を経た康保5年（968年）に仁海が著した『金剛峰寺建立修行縁起』で、入定した空海は四十九日を過ぎても容色に変化がなく髪や髭が伸び続けていたとされる。
• The first existing document about his Nyujo was 'Kongobuji Konryu Shugyo Engi' written by Ningai in 968, in more than 100 years after his death, in which he described that, even 49 days after his Nyujo, his body color remained unchanged and his hair and beard continued growing.

• なお、日本国内で食用として流通するのは厳密にはナガマツモ科に属するオキナワモズク Cladosiphon okamuranus とイシモズク Sphaerotrichia divaricata が9割以上を占める。
• Strictly speaking, over 90 percent of the mozuku distributed for food within Japan are Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus) and ishi-mozuku (Sphaerotrichia divaricata) belonging to the family Chordariaceae.

• 慶応3年9月26日 (旧暦)（1867年10月23日）に幕府財政の金銀中心への移行に伴い、布衣以上の足高・役料・役扶持などを廃止して役金に統一するが、同年の大政奉還によって実際に機能する前に廃止されることになった。
• Accompanied with the shift to gold-and-silver-oriented financial affairs of the bakufu, on October 23, 1867, tashidaka, yakuryo, and yakufuchi (employment salaries) more valuable than hoi (traditional everyday clothes) were abolished and unified into yakukin (monthly salary according to status), however, yakukin was abolished before it actually functioned because of the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) of that year.

• 初詣を行う年齢層にはバラつきがあり、ノーリツが2006年12月に行ったインターネット上のアンケートでは、初詣に毎年行くと答えた年齢層の割合は70歳以上が59.1%だったのに対し、20歳代では44.4%に留まっている。
• The age group for hatsumode varies; according to a questionnaire on the Internet conducted by Noriz in December 2006, the percentage of people who responded to go hatsumode every year was 59.1 percent for the age group of 70's or above, whereas 44.4 percent for the age group of 20's.

• 2005年（平成17年）になってテレビ番組『トリビアの泉』でとりあげられたことがきっかけとなり、銀座三越ではふんどしが2週間で年間売り上げの倍以上が売れたり、 買い求める女性客が目立つようになったという報道が流れた。
• It was reported by the mass media that as fundoshi was featured in a television program 'Toribia no izumi' (the fountain of trivia) in 2005, with this as a turning point, at the Mitsukoshi Ginza Store fundoshi sold more than twice the annual sales in two weeks, and the women customers who purchased fundoshi increased prominently.

• 春日山原始林（かすがやまげんしりん）、春日山原生林（かすがやまげんせいりん）とは、春日大社の山として神聖視され、樹木伐採が長らく（千年以上に渡り）禁じられてきたため、森林が極相に達した原生林が広がっている地域である。
• Kasugayama Primeval Forest (kasugayama genshirin, or kasugayama genseirin) is the area where the primitive forest has reached a climax, because the primitive forest as a mountain of Kasuga-Taisha Shrine was regarded to be divine and cutting the trees in the area has been long prohibited for more than 1000 years.

• どちらの場合もインフラ整備には少なからぬ時間と費用を要し、団地建設のためには団地建設を費用面から支える一定規模以上の事業者や入居者が必要となり、団地建設にかかる建設費用との対比によって採算性が問われ、事業決定される。
• Both types of projects require a considerable amount of time and money, and a large enough business and number of tenants are necessary in order for a danchi to be constructed; a comparison of the costs involved means that profitability must be investigated before a decision is taken as to whether to proceed.

• 本来ならプロ用火力を備えるバーナーが望ましいが、一般家庭なら、ガスコンロが2口以上（できれば4口）あって、なおかつそれをカバー出来る鉄板（キャンプなどのバーベキュー用で構わない）でこれらを一気に覆えるものが望ましい。
• Normally it is desirable to prepare burners for the professional shops, but in ordinary households, it is desirable to prepare more than two stove burners (if possible, four stove burners) and an iron plate which can cover them at one stretch (one used for barbeque and when camping is OK).

• ペリーの『日本遠征記』によると、2度の来航で100発以上の空砲を祝砲、礼砲、号砲の名目で撃っており、日本側史料には、これが大混乱を巻き起こしたことが記録されているが、いずれも被害は無く、実戦は行っていないはずである。
• According to Perry's 'Narratives of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan,' over 100 blanks were fired during the squadron's two visits for the purposes of celebration, appreciation, and signaling, while Japanese sources write that these gun shots created great confusion, but there was no damage, and it is unlikely that actual fighting occurred.

• 以上のように、軍票は通貨のような体裁と流通形態をしていて、商品券のような物と誤解される場合があるが、法律上の扱いは法定通貨でも有価証券でもなく領収書であり、最終的には相手国政府当局に提出して現金化する事が必要である。
• As stated above, military currency was sometimes mistaken as a voucher since it had an appearance and a circulation system as if it were usual paper money; however, legally, it was only a receipt, not a legal tender or marketable securities, and had to be encashed by the government of the military force.

• 姉妹：大田皇女・鸕野讃良皇女（持統天皇）・新田部皇女・大江皇女（以上：夫天武天皇）・明日香皇女（夫：忍壁皇子）・御名部皇女（夫：高市皇子）・阿陪皇女（元明天皇、夫：草壁皇子）・山辺皇女（夫：大津皇子）・泉皇女・水主皇女
• His sisters: Princess Ota, Princess UNO no Sarara (Later known as Empress Jito), Princess Nitabe, and Princess Oe (Their husband: Emperor Tenmu); Princess Asuka (her husband: Prince Osakabe); Princess Minabe (her husband: Prince Takechi); Princess Ahe (Later known as Empress Genmei, her husband: Prince Kusakabe); Princess Yamanobe (her husband: Prince Otsu); Princess Izumi; and Princess Minushi.

• 日本刀のうち、江戸時代の打刀は、江戸幕府の規制（2尺9寸以上の刀すなわち野太刀は禁止された）と、外出中は大小を日常的に帯刀することから、（江戸幕府の）創成期と幕末期を除き、刃渡り2尺3寸（約70cm）程度が定寸である。
• Among Japanese swords, the regular size of Uchigatana in the Edo period is about 70cm in blade length except at the very beginning and ending period, due to regulations of the Edo Shogunate (swords of more than about 88cm, that is Nodachi or field sword, were banned).

• 1960年代までは、新成人は半数以上が既に社会に出ている勤労青少年だったが、1970年代以降、大学進学者（進学率）の増加や中卒・高卒就職者の減少から、新成人全体に占める在学者の割合も年々増加しており、現在に至っている。
• Although until 1960s, more than half of the new adults were working youths who had already entered the business world, in and after 1970s, the proportion of students to the total number new adults has been increasing even now due to an increase in the number of people going to university (university advancement rate) and decrease in the number of people finding work after finishing junior high school or high school.

• この温泉法第2条（定義）によると、温泉とは、以下のうち一つ以上が満たされる「地中からゆう出する温水、鉱水及び水蒸気その他のガス（炭化水素を主成分とする天然ガスを除く。）」と定義されている（法的な定義による広義の温泉）。
• According to Article 2 (Definition) of the Hot Spring Law, hot spring is defined as 'hot water, mineral water, and water vapor and other gas (excluding natural gas of which principal component is carbon hydride) that satisfies one or more of the following criteria' (hot spring in broad sense based on the law).

• 近年は、「四段仕込み」ばかりでなく、五段、六段、はては「十段仕込み」をラベルにうたった日本酒も市場に出回るようになったが、伝統的に言えば段仕込みといえば三段仕込みのことであって、それ以上の段数の仕込みの製法は存在しない。
• The current market has not only Japanese sake made with 'yondan-jikomi,' but five, six, and even 'judan-jikomi' (ten step fermentation), but traditional danjikomi is sandan-jikomi and no method with further fermentation exists.

• 50年以上わたる南北朝の争いは、途中南朝が優勢に立って北朝を一時解体に追い込んだ事（正平一統）もあったものの、次第に北朝を擁立した足利尊氏が開いた室町幕府が全国の武士を掌握するにつれて北朝側優位の流れが固まりつつあった。
• The conflict that continued for more than fifty years between the Northern and the Southern Court was gradually ended with the dominant position favoring the Northern Court, as Takauji ASHIKAGA gradually established the Northern Court and opened the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) and controlled the Samurai all over Japan, although the Southern Court once was in the dominant position and nearly took the political power from the Northern Court (Shohei Itto).

• また、以上に属する僧侶・門徒を代表して、真宗本廟の宗祖親鸞聖人真影の御給仕並びに仏祖崇敬の任に当たり、同朋とともに真宗の教法を聞信する宗派の象徴的地位として門首が置かれている（現在の門首は、第25世の浄如〈大谷暢顕〉）。
• Additionally, as a representative of priests and lay followers in the above organizations, Monshu, the Hongwan-ji-ha head priest, has been assigned and has been in charge of guarding the picture of Shinran, the founder of the sect, at Shinshu Hombyo, and reveres Buddha as a symbol of the sect, which believes the Shinshu sect teachings with other Doho (the present Monshu is the twenty-fifth Jonyo, Choken OTANI).

• 国内で最大のものは、炊きあげる護摩木の本数3,000万本以上、参拝者数十万人で他を圧倒する規模の大柴燈護摩供は毎年2月11日、京都市山科区北花山大峰で開催される「炎の祭典・阿含の星まつり　神仏両界大柴燈護摩供」であろう。
• The biggest Daisaitogoma ceremony in Japan would be 'The fire rite festival Agon's Hoshi Matsuri: Shinto-Buddhist Daisaitogoma ceremony,' which is overwhelmingly large-scale with more than 30 million Gomagi to fire and hundreds of thousands of visitors, held in Omine, Kitakazan, Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City on February 11 each year.

• 誓詞の内容は多くの流派で共通しており、免許を得るまで親兄弟と言えども流儀の内容を教えない、許可を得ずに指導しない、他流批判をおこなわない、天下の御政道を守る等であり、最後に以上の誓いを破った者には神罰が下ると書かれていた。
• The contents of the oath were common to most schools: for example, not to tell the contents of the style to even one's parents or brothers and sisters till they are given a license, not to instruct others without permission, not to criticize the other schools, to observe the laws and politics of the government, and the like: and the end of the document stated that the one who violated the before-mentioned vows would surely receive divine punishment.

• 非西欧諸国の中で近代化に成功した日本の君主ということで、海外での評価は日本国内以上に高く、エチオピアのハイレ・セラシエ1世やパラグアイのアルフレド・ストロエスネル、イラクのサダム・フセインなど、明治天皇を尊敬する人は多い。
• Since Emperor Meiji was respected as a sovereign, as for non western countries, he was highly regarded overseas, more than he was in Japan, by the people such as Haile SelassieⅠin Ethiopia, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, Saddam Husain in Iraq.

• 前述の通り、法律に従えば50歳以上と15歳以下の人間しか振売を開業する事はできないが、守貞漫稿のイラストにある振売たちはどう見てもその年齢には見えず、けっきょく江戸の庶民たちは幕府の命令を聞き流して商売していたフシがある。
• As mentioned above, people aged 50 and over or 15 and below alone were allowed to do the furiuri by the law, but the peddler illustrations for the Morisadamanko did not obviously look like people in those age groups and after all, commoners in Edo seemed to do the business in disregard of the bakufu's order.

• ホームスタジアムの京都市西京極総合運動公園陸上競技場兼球技場は、陸上競技用トラックがフィールドと観客を隔てる構造上の問題を有し、また、敷地の狭さからこれ以上の拡張が難しいため、かねてから専用スタジアムの建設が熱望されてきた。
• Because the home stadium of Kyoto Sanga, the field and track and ball game field, Kyoto Nishikyogoku Athletic Park Stadium, has a structural problem that the track for track-and-field events separates spectators from the field, and the smallness of its premises makes it difficult to expand it further, construction of a dedicated stadium for football has been desired for a long time.

• 桜町上皇と一条兼香が定めた寛延3年（1750年）の「官位御定」では、押小路家・壬生家が従三位に昇ることが可能であったのに対して、平田家は従四位上叙任を70歳以上とし、特別な功労がない限りは正四位下には昇進できないとしている。
• According to 'Kanni Osadame' issued in 1750 by the Retired Emperor Sakuramachi and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, the Oshinokoji family and the Mibu family were allowed to rise to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), but members of the Hirata family could be appointed Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) at the age of seventy or older, being not allowed to rise to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) unless special services were recognized in particular.

• ほか、公益用として流通した調査捕鯨副産物は学校給食でも利用され、鯨肉のだぶつきを反映しての消費拡大政策もあり、広がる傾向を見せている(「広がる鯨肉給食 4 都府県 100 校以上で'復活'」産経新聞 2006年2月14日)。
• In addition, the whale meat from the byproducts of the scientific whaling, distributed for non-profit use, have been used in school lunches, and such use of the meat is beginning to increase, reflecting oversupplies of whale meat ('Use of whale meat in school lunches is increasing: Such use of whale meat has been 'restored' in more than 100 schools,' February 14, 2006, the Sankei Shimbun).

• これは就職や進学で地元を離れる人が多いので、実家に帰省する人が多いお盆や松の内に行うほうが参加しやすい、晴れ着などに金銭をかけなくて済むという配慮が働いていると思われる（特に岩手県では、半数以上の町村がお盆に開催している）。
• The reason it is considered is because municipalities give consideration to young people so that many of them who leave their home towns to take a job or to proceed to higher education can easily participate in the ceremony on the day of Obon festival or during the first seven days of the year when many of them return home, and do not need to spend money on buying a best dress (in particular, more than half of towns and villages in Iwate Prefecture hold the ceremony on the day of the Obon festival).

• 近衛家の遠祖にあたる藤原道長（966 - 1028）の自筆日記『御堂関白記』から、20世紀の近衛文麿の関係資料まで、1,000年以上にわたる歴史資料を収蔵し、研究者に閲覧の便を図るとともに、影印本の刊行などの事業を行っている。
• It stores historical materials that are over a thousand years old from the 'Mido Kanpakuki,' diary by FUJIWARA no Michinaga (966 - 1028) in his own handwriting, an ancestor of the Konoe family, to the documents related to Fumimaro KONOE in the twentieth century, and it not only lets researchers read them but also publishes facsimile editions of them.

• ただし「孫」は大泉と同年代かそれ以上の中高年層の間でのヒットであり、10代、20代にも人気を博した氷川きよしの場合は演歌歌手としては規格外のルックスにより若者受けした部分が大きく、歌そのものへの評価は以前とそれほど変わらなかった。
• This success, however, could not change the previous evaluation for songs themselves significantly, as 'Mago' became a hit among middle-aged and elderly people of similar age with Oizumi or older and Kiyoshi HIKAWA, who was popular even among teens and 20s, attracted young people with his outstanding looks for an enka singer.

• また、「一味和合」の観念から集会（しゅうえ）における集議によって内部の規律や荘園の支配などに関する重要な規定が定められ、「多分の理」と呼ばれる多数決（過半数ではなく、2/3などそれ以上の一定割合の賛同を得ることで決定が成立する）。
• In addition, an idea called 'Ichimi Wago' (unity of people's minds) led to decision making through discussions at gatherings called 'shue' (gathering of priests) on the inside regulations and important rules regarding shoen management, and a kind of majority rule called 'tabun no ri' was developed (in which not gaining a majority but gaining two thirds or more of agreement will decide the case).

• なお、牧長・牧帳・牧子らが牧の経営にあたり、放牧中の馬を痩せさせたり、失ったり、あるいは、母蓄100頭に対して駒犢60頭という規定の増産数に達しない場合は、罰せられ、規定以上に駒犢を増やすことができれば、褒美として稲が与えられた。
• Bokucho, makicho and bokushi, while managing the farm, were punished when they got free-range horses thin or lost, or when the prescribed goal of increase (60 ponies per 100 mares) was not attained, and they were given rice as rewards when more ponies were produced than prescribed.

• 以上のような事情から発足当初の学会は、学外の政治家・官僚との結びつきが強く、会員には学者・大学教官のみならず、伊藤のほか大隈重信・井上馨・井上毅・渋沢栄一など「国家学専門ノ名士ニシテ本会ノ目的ヲ協賛スル」学外著名人も含まれていた。
• Because of this situation, Kokkagakkai at the beginning had close ties with politicians and bureaucrats outside the University, and its members were not only scholars and instructors of the University but also celebrities outside the University who were 'important people specializing in the science of the nation and supported the idea of the group' including Ito, Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Kowashi INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and so on.

• だが、庶出ながら一人息子であった真里谷信隆に家の実権を譲った後に正室から次男真里谷信応が生まれると、「嫡出の信応を後継者とすべき」とする一派と「一度信隆を後継者と決めた以上は変えるべきではない」とする一派に家臣団は分裂してしまった。
• When his second son Nobumasa MARIYA was born to his legal wife after he had handed over the real power in the clan to his illegitimate son Nobutaka MARIYA, vassals were divided into two groups of people who insisted the 'legitimate son Nubumasa should be the successor' and another group of people who insisted 'Nobutaka was already nominated as the successor and it shouldn't be changed'.

• 代表的な模様として「鮫」（紀州藩徳川氏）、「行儀」「角通し」（以上をまとめて「三役」という）、「松葉」（徳川氏）「御召し十」（徳川氏）「万筋」、「菊菱」（加賀藩前田氏）、「大小あられ」（薩摩藩島津氏）「胡麻柄」（佐賀藩鍋島氏）がある。
• The signature patterns are 'sharks' for the Tokugawa clan of the Kishu Domain, 'gyogi,' 'Kakutoshi,' (the above three patterns are called 'sanyaku' - the notable three), 'pine needles' for the Tokugawa clan, 'omeshiju' for Tokugawa clan, 'mansuji,' 'kikubishi' for the Maeda clan of the Kaga Domain, 'daisho arare' for the Shimazu clan of the Satsuma Domain, and 'gomagara' for the Nabeshima clan of Saga Domain.

• また加熱中は一定以上に過熱されることがないことから放っておけ、また大量調理にも適している（むしろ少量調理には不便である）ため、特に農繁期の労働者に食事を提供するためにも利用され、鍋に入れた料理が冷めないよう保温に利用することもあった。
• Also because it was suitable for cooking large quantities of food (in fact inconvenient when cooking small quantities) it was used especially to provide meals for workers and farmers during the busy season, and because the temperature would not rise above a certain amount, it was sometimes used to keep food warm, leaving the food inside the pot.

• 慶応3年9月26日 (旧暦)（1867年10月23日）に江戸幕府は旗本・御家人に対する軍役を廃して代わりに所領収益の半分を軍役金として徴収する制度を導入するとともに、布衣以上の役料・足高・役料・役扶持を全て役金に統一する改革を行った。
• On October 23, 1867, the Edo bakufu made reform by introducing a system to collect a half of the territory revenue instead of the abolished military service system applied to hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and gokenin (vassals) while integrating yakuryo, tashidaka (supplementary stipends), yakuryo and yakubuchi (monthly salaries) paid to those who were in hoi and higher positions (from Jushiinojo [Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade] Upper Grade) to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) into yakikin.

• また、当時（1886年）の北海道全域の人口は26万5千人に過ぎず、うち半数以上にあたる15万1千人が松前藩時代以来の集住地域である函館県に集中し、逆に極寒の未開拓地が大半を占める根室県はわずか1万7千人という不均衡の問題が生じていた。
• Furthermore, while the population of the whole area of Hokkaido was only two hundred sixty-five thousand in 1886 and more than half of the population (one hundred fifty-one thousand) concentrated in Hakodate Prefecture where people had lived in groups since the age of the Matsumae Domain, and Nemeuro Prefecture which consisted mostly of extremely cold undeveloped land had a population of only seventeen thousand, and this posed a problem of an imbalance.

• 藤原道長は藤原兼家の5男に過ぎなかったが、持ち前の強運と政治力によって内覧と一上の地位を兼ねて20年以上にわたって太政官を統率した後に摂政、次いで太政大臣となり、3代の天皇の后妃の父及び2代の天皇の外祖父として摂関政治の全盛期を築いた。
• FUJIWARA no Michinaga was the fifth son of FUJIWARA no Kaneie but using his inherited luck and political power, after being in both Nairan (private inspection) and Ichinokami (the ranking Council Member), he assumed leadership as Daijokan (Grand Council of State) for more than 20 years, then became a Sessho and Daijo-daijin; he led to the heyday of Regency as the father of three Empresses and maternal grandfather of two Emperors.

• 1960年代〜1970年代頃に建設された団地は5階建てまでになっているのが多く、エレベーターが設置されていないものが多い（集合住宅では、5階までであればエレベーターの設置が義務づけられておらず、6階以上でエレベーターを設置する義務がある。
• Many of the danchi constructed from the 1960s to 1970s are lower than five-story buildings and few of them are installed with elevators. (It was not obligated to install elevators in residential buildings of up to five stories but was obligated to install one when it was a six-story building or taller.)

• （財団法人大学コンソーシアム京都の加盟大学に所属している必要はないが、実行委員に応募する資格に「大学・大学院・短期大学・専修学校に通う18歳以上の学生であること」という規定があるため、高校生以下は所属することができない。※過去に例外あり）
• (Members of the Executive Committee do not have to be formal students in a member university of the Consortium of Universities in Kyoto Foundation, but there is a provision that 'students who are 18 or older and belong to a university, graduate school, two-year college and special course school are eligible to apply for Executive Committee membership', while students under 18 are not allowed to join the committee. There was an exception in the past.)

• 中世にも町屋 (商家)などと共に建てられており、近世、鉄砲の伝来の影響により城郭にも防火・防弾のために漆喰大壁の技術が用いられ、30cm以上の分厚い壁を多用したことで安土桃山時代後期から江戸期前後の櫓や天守などの防御施設は土蔵造りとなった。
• They were also built in the Middle Ages together with tradesmen's houses (merchant's houses), and in modern times, with the arrival of firearms, lime plaster stud wall techniques were also used on castles for fire-proofing and bullet-proofing, and mud walls over 30 centimeters thick as Dozo-zukuri style were extensively used on defensive structures such as guard towers and turrets keep from the late Azuchi-Momoyama period to around the Edo period.

• 以上のようにして町の外郭が出来上がり、その中に街路を配し現在の町並みに近い区画が出来上がるわけであるが、街路は前述のように町の端から端まで通り抜けのものではなく、入口で屈曲、あるいは途中でＴ字型に組んで見通しのできないように配備されている。
• With the outline being completed as described above, the town was built with blocks divided by streets but, as mentioned earlier, those are not straight streets running across the town from one end to the other but, rather, they were laid out to obstruct views of the town with sharp turns at the town entrance and T-type intersections near the gate.

• B.S.L.は、1874年(明治7年）に鳥居川観測点において「これ以上水位が下がることはない」と判断された点として定められたものであるが、その後、瀬田川の改修によって流出量が多くなったことなどにより、水位がB.S.L.以下になることが多くなった。
• The B.S.L. was set at the observation point of the Torii-gawa River in 1874, in the assumption that 'the water level was the lowest possible' at that time; however, later the water levels of Lake Biwa often went below the B.S.L., partly due to the improvement of the Seta-gawa River, which caused more water to flow out of the lake.

• 更にその五摂家の当主ですら幕府が摂政・関白の任命権を事実上掌握している以上、幕府の意向に反する事は出来なかったために、その結果、幕府→摂家・武家伝奏（最大でも5＋4名）→天皇及び諸公家という幕府にとっては非常に効率の良い朝廷統制の仕組みが完成した。
• Moreover, as long as the bakufu virtually controlled the right of appointment of regent or chief advisor to the Emperor, even the family head of the Gosekke could not oppose the intention of the bakufu, and the system for controlling the Imperial Court, which was the orderly sequence from the bakufu through the sekke/samurai families (five plus four people at most) to the Emperor and each court noble, was thereby established as an extremely efficient system for the bakufu.

• 3月3日（3月31日）、ペリーは約500名の兵員を以って武蔵国神奈川の横浜村（現神奈川県横浜市）に上陸し、全12箇条に及ぶ日米和親条約（神奈川条約）が締結されて日米合意は正式なものとなり、徳川家光以来200年以上続いてきた、いわゆる鎖国が解かれた。
• On March 3 (March 31), Perry landed in Yokohama Village of Musashi Province in Kanagawa (present-day Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), where a 12-article treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan was signed (the Treaty of Kanagawa), that is, the agreement between Japan and the United States became official, and Japan's 200 years of national isolation that stretched back to the regime of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA came to an end.

• 本来は、主典以上の官人個人が諸司に上申する際に用いられたもので、その様式は書出に牒の字を記してから本文を記して、謹牒（つつしみてちょうす）の書止で締めくくり、最後の行に年月日と位署（官職・位階・氏名）を書いて位署の下に「牒」の一文字を入れたものである。
• It was originally used by government officials equal or superior to Sakan to submit a report personally to their superiors, and it was created in a format in which a Chinese character 'cho' (牒) was written at the beginning, the main text was concluded with a phrase 'tsutsushimite chosu,' (謹牒) the date and Isho (rank and name in a row) were written in the last line and a character 'cho' (牒) was inserted below Isho.

• この時の具体的な内容は『類聚雑用集』に記録されているが、それによると、献立の内容は参列者の身分によって異なっており、皇族の正客（「尊者」と記述される）は28種類、三位以上の陪席公卿は20種、少納言クラスでは12種、接待する主人が最も少なく8種となっていた。
• Details of this banquet were written in 'Collection of Miscellaneous Matters,' which states that menus differed in accordance with attendants' social position; twenty-eight kinds of dishes to the Imperial family's guests of honor (described as 'venerable people'), twenty kinds of dished to the attending high nobles of Third Rank or higher, twelve kinds to the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) class, and eight to the host, who was served the least.

• しかしかつて尊皇攘夷運動の活動家であった政府内の保守派は「神道が国教である（神道国教化）以上、異国の宗教を排除するのは当然である」、「キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じるとは思えない」とキリスト教への反発を隠さず禁教令撤廃に強硬に反対した。
• Conservatives in the government, however, were once advocates for the revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians movement, and strongly opposed the abolishment of the Ban on Christianity without hiding their hostility to Christianity, saying that 'Shinto is the state religion (to establish Shinto as a state religion), so the religion from other countries should be removed' and that 'Europe and the U.S. are unlikely to immediately agree to revise treaties after lifting the ban on Christianly.'

• 作者は承安 (日本)2年（1172年）より右京大夫の女房名で中宮時代の建礼門院（平徳子）に出仕したが六年足らずで辞し、のち後鳥羽天皇とその生母藤原殖子に合わせて二十年以上仕えたが、昔が忘れがたいという本人の希望で勅撰集には「建礼門院右京大夫」の名で称された。
• The author had been a lady-in-waiting for Kenrei Monin (TAIRA no Tokuko) under the name of Ukyo no Daibu since 1172 while the princess was still an Empress, but left the court after less than six years, later attending Emperor Gotoba and his real mother FUJIWARA no Shokushi for more than twenty years, although she was called by the name of 'Kenrei Monin Ukyo no Daibu' in the imperial anthology at her own request, saying that the past was unforgettable.

• 特に、2000年ごろからインターネットの出前ポータルサイトが普及してきており、中でも夢の街創造委員会が手掛ける「出前館」は、インターネットのない店舗でもインターネットからの受注ができる仕組みを開発し、インターネット出前受注の90%以上の市場占有率を開拓している。
• Especially Demae portal sites on the internet have become popular since around 2000 and especially 'Demaekan' run by Yumenomachi Souzou-iinkai developed the system that the shops without internet can take orders from the internet and accounts for 90 % share of internet Demae orders.

• 現在、ロンドン市内のハーベイ・ニコルズやセルフリッジなどの高級デパート内、さらにヒースロー国際空港内など20ヶ所以上の店舗を展開し、さらにフランスや中東のドバイにも進出したほか、2006年にも新店舗を開くと発表、アメリカ合衆国進出を狙っているとする指摘も少なくない。
• Now there are more than twenty shops including those in luxury department stores in London such as Selfridges and Harvey Nichols and at Heathrow Airport and also developed in France and Dubai in the Middle East and announced that it will open new restaurants in 2006 and also it is assumed to open in the US.

• 山城国並びに丹波国の南部、大まかに船井郡、南丹市、亀岡市、京都市、向日市、長岡京市、乙訓郡、宇治市、城陽市、久世郡、八幡市、京田辺市、綴喜郡、木津川市、相楽郡（天気予報での京都府南部。ヤマト運輸も以上を京都ターミナル管轄と扱う(北部は兵庫県の神戸ターミナル管轄)）。
• 1. Yamashiro Province and the southern part of Tanba Province, which roughly includes Funai County, Nantan City, Kameoka City, Kyoto City, Muko City, Nagaokakyo City, Otokuni County, Uji City, Joyo City, Kuse County, Yawata City, Kyotanabe City, Tsuzuki County, Kizugawa City, and Sora County (this definition is used for weather forcast as the southern region of Kyoto Prefecture, and for Yamato Transport Co., Ltd. as the territory of Kyoto Terminal [the northern region is of Kobe Terminal in Hyogo Prefecture]).

• 九州王朝説では、この時期既に新羅等の朝鮮半島の諸国は独自の元号を建てており、半島の盟主を自認していた倭だけが独自の元号を建てることがなかったとは有り得ず、また阿毎多利思北孤などは「日出處天子」と名乗っており「天子」と宣言している以上、元号の制定は当然であるとしている。
• In Kyushu dynasty theory, gengo (era name) was certainly established in that various countries of Korean Peninsula such as Silla established the original gengo, and it is hard to think that Wa who recognized themselves as the leader of the peninsula didn't establish their original gengo, and that `AME no Tarishihoko' referred to himself as `Hiizurutokoronotenshi' declaring that he is `tenshi' (emperor).

• 古い史料による確認は困難なものの、母である糠手姫皇女（田村の御名は彼女から継承されたものである）が舒明よりも20年以上長く生きて天智天皇3年（664年）に死去している事や、子である天智天皇らの年齢を考えると、ほぼ正確な年齢（もしくは数年の誤差）ではないかと見られている。
• Although confirmation using old historical materials is difficult, his age of death is thought to be nearly exact (or with a few years of error), considering the age of his son, the Emperor Tenchi and others, and that his mother, Nukadehime no Himemiko (the name of Tamura was succeeded from her) lived for more than 20 years after his death and died in 664.

• 雪中行軍時、将兵の装備は、特務曹長（准士官）以上が「毛糸の外套1着」「毛糸の軍帽」「ネル生地の冬軍服」「軍手1足」「長脚型軍靴」「長靴型雪沓」、下士兵 (日本軍)が「毛糸の外套2着重ね着」「フェルト地の普通軍帽」「小倉生地の普通軍服」「軍手1足」「短脚型軍靴」であった。
• The equipment soldiers had during marching was as follows; ' a woolen coat' ' a woolen service cap' ' a winter military uniform of cotton flannel' ' cotton work gloves' 'long ammunition boots' 'long straw boots for snow', for soldiers whose ranks were Sergeant Major or higher, and ' wearing two woolen coats' ' an ordinary felt service cap' ' an ordinary military uniform of Ogura fabric' ' cotton work gloves' 'short ammunition boots' for noncommissioned officers or lower.

• 現在の活動弁士として、麻生八咫とその娘の麻生子八咫、澤登翠とその弟子の桜井麻美、斎藤裕子、片岡一郎（以上2002年に澤登翠に入門）、その他に佐々木亜希子、映画監督と活動弁士を兼業している山田広野、古典作品及び自作アニメに活弁を付ける坂本頼光などが東京を中心に活動している。
• At present, some katsudo benshi are active mainly in Tokyo, such as Yata ASO, his daughter Koyata ASO, Midori SAWATO, Midori's pupils from 2002 (Mami SAKURAI, Yuko SAITO, and Ichiro KATAOKA), Akiko SASAKI, Hirono YAMADA (a movie director and katsudo benshi), and Raiko SAKAMOTO who narrates classical silent movies and the animated movies which he creates.

• 「条」とは、郡・郷よりさらに小さい規模の領域を示す単位であり、郡規模あるいはそれ以上の範囲に領域支配を展開する他の東国有力武士団である三浦氏・千葉氏・小山氏・秩父氏などは、どれも何代か前から多くの有力な一族を各地に分派させているが、北条氏にはそうした一族が少しもみられない。
• A 'jo' is a unit of area smaller than a 'gun' (county) or 'go' (village), and unlike other major armed groups in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) who ruled territories of 'gun' or larger area (e.g. the Miura, Chiba, Koyama and Chichibu clans) and had been scattering their powerful branch families across Togoku since generations before, the Hojo clan did not have any such branch families.

• 以上が従来の通説であるが、異説としては、六角氏綱（高頼の嫡男で定頼の兄）の子孫が信長に庇護され存続し、六角義郷が、（父あるいは兄にあたる六角義秀の旧臣であり、片諱を与えた）豊臣秀吉に仕えて12万石の大名となり、豊臣姓と侍従の称号を授かり始終優遇されたとされ、近年有力視されている。
• The above is the conventionally accepted theory, but there is another theory which holds that the descendant of Ujitsuna ROKKAKU (the heir of Takayori and elder brother of Sadayori) survived under the aegis of Nobunaga, and that Yoshisato ROKKAKU (the old vassal of Yoshihide ROKKAKU, who was the father or elder brother, and the Kataimina (a name for a dead person)) served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to become a feudal lord of 120,000 koku, was given the Toyotomi cognomen and the title of palace staff and was consistently well treated, all of which has been the prevailing theory in modern times.

• （一説に、中大兄皇子が同母妹の間人皇女と不倫関係を持っていた為に乙巳の変から15年以上経過してもなお即位できなかったとの説や、反対に間人皇女（＝中皇命）は中継ぎの大王として即位していたとの説もある。中大兄皇子が（結果的に）晩年にやっと即位した理由については他にも様々な説がある。）
• (There is another theory that Prince Naka no Oe could not succeed to the throne fifteen years after Isshi-no-hen (a Murder in the Year of Isshi), since he had an affair with his real younger sister, Princess Hashihito, or as opposed to this, it was said Princess Hashihito (Nakatsusumera-mikoto) was enthroned as a temporal Emperor. There are various theories concerning the reason why Prince Naka no Oe was finally enthroned in his later years.)

• 以上の変化の過渡期にあたるのが柄が刀身と共鉄の毛抜形太刀や、鋒両刃（きっさきもろは）造りで反りのある小烏丸（こがらすまる）である（小烏丸は古伝書には大宝 (日本)年間（8世紀初頭）の刀工「天国 (人物)」（あまくに）の作とあるが、実際の制作は平安中期と見るのが定説となっている）。
• Kenukigata Tachi which has same steel in Tsuka (handle) and the body of blade, and Kogarasumaru sword which is warped with Kissaki-moroha zukuri (double-edged point style) were in a transition period of the change mentioned above (Kogarasumaru was mentioned in an ancient document as a work of 'Amakuni,' a sword craftsman in the early 8th century, but it is widely believed that it was in fact made in the mid Heian era.).

• なお、現在存在する二十巻本は増補改訂の校訂成果を元に明治時代に和田英松らが2種類の矛盾を無くすべく校訂しなおしたものであり、国文学の研究家の間では古典作品に対して必要以上に手を加えた行為であるとして批判する声も強く、今日では十七巻本・十九巻本を元に研究が行われるのが一般的である。
• Furthermore, the existing 20 chapter text is a revised and enlarged edition produced in the Meiji period by Hidematsu WADA and others to eliminate the inconsistencies between the two texts, and is strongly criticized by Japanese literature researchers as having modified the classical work more than necessary, so that today study of the work is generally based on 17 and 19 chapter texts.

• 第二に、長崎貿易は大幅な輸入超過であることを鑑み（つまり、金銀が海外に流出することを意味した。金銀の海外流出は貨幣の裏づけが金銀である以上、国内の貨幣流通量を減少させることとなり、景気を冷え込ませることを意味した）、1715年海舶互市新例（長崎新令）を発布し、長崎貿易を制限した。
• The second action taken in considering Japan's import surplus through the trade in Nagasaki, was restricting the international trade through Nagasaki by issuing a new law in 1715 to limit the amount of international trade called 'Kaihakugoshi shinrei' or 'Nagasaki shinrei' (which meant that gold and silver were drained out of Japan; and the outflow of gold and silver meant the decrease of the domestic circulation of money and eventually indicated the risk of cooling economy because the currency was backed by the amount of gold and silver at that time).

• ただ「方法として可能である」ことと「製法として意味がある」ことは違うわけで、できあがる酒質から観れば、三段仕込みをおこなった時点で、段仕込みをする意味、すなわち酵母を新しい環境へ段階的に慣らしていくことによって活性を保つという意味は、すでに達成されるので、四段仕込み以上の必要はないことになる。
• However, 'a possible method' and 'reasonable method' are different, and sandan-jikomi already achieves the purpose of danjikomi to adapt the yeast to the new environment and there is no need for fermentation beyond yondan-jikomi from the standpoint of sake quality.

• 実弾射撃は指定された射撃場でしか認められない、2005年現在、公営射撃場としては神奈川県伊勢原市の県営伊勢原射撃場、千葉市若葉区の千葉県総合スポーツセンター射撃場、和歌山県海南市の和歌山県営射場、の以上3ヶ所（但し伊勢原射撃場は工事中で使用できない、また他にも私立の射場で可能な所がある）で認められている。
• Live firing is allowed only in registered shooting galleries and as of 2005, as public shooting galleries, there are three registered ones such as the Kanagawa Prefectural Isehara Shooting Range in Isehara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture General Sports Center shooting galley in Wakaba Ward, Chiba City and Wakayama Prefecture Shooting Range in Kainan City, Wakayama Prefecture (however, the Isehara Shooting Range is under construction and currently can not be used, and in addition, there are private shooting galleries where live firing is possible).

• 皿の裏に二次元コードやICタグを付けることにより、鮮度管理（コンベア上を一定時間以上流れたままになっている寿司を回収する）、売れ筋分析（どのネタがよく売れているか分析し、欠品や廃棄を少なくする）、会計処理効率化（ICタグリーダーで皿を読み取れば、瞬時に正確に料金が計算できる）を行うなど、IT化も進んでいる。
• New features are increasingly introduced like attaching two-dimensional bar codes or IC tags on the undersides of plates to control freshness by removing sushi that is left too long on the conveyer belt, to analyze which items are selling to minimize shortages and disposal, to streamline billing by scanning the codes of plates with IC tag reader to calculate the prices quickly and accurately.

• 現代武道が技の錬磨以上に人間形成と体育的見地からの心身の鍛錬を目的として技術の体系を構築し、また競技、試合を重視しているのに対し（例：柔道、剣道）、古武道は基本的に試合での勝敗を目的とせず(流派によっては他流試合を禁じていた）、実際に身を守り暮らす事や、武士としての使命を果たすための鍛錬などが目的とされていた。
• While gendai budo establishes the systems of the arts and places emphasis on competitions or matches for the purpose of disciplining mind and body from the point of view of the human development and physical education more than polishing the arts (for example, judo, kendo), the fundamental purpose of kobudo was not winning a match (some of the schools had forbidden trainees from competing in the contest between different schools), but defending themselves actually to live or disciplining themselves to carry out their missions as samurai.

• 2007年に発刊された高級レストランガイド「ミシュラン」の東京版では、150軒の掲載店舗のうち、約6割が日本料理店であり、日本料理店も含めて、掲載されたすべての店舗に１つ以上の星が付された（ミシュランの掲載店舗の中には、星が付されない場合もあり、すべての店舗に星が付されたのは、ミシュランでは初めてのことである）。
• In the Tokyo version of 'Michelin,' a guide for high-class restaurants, published in 2007, 150 restaurants were listed, and approx. sixty percent of them were those serving nihon-ryori dishes, and all listed restaurants were rated for the one-star or higher level ('Michelin' usually included restaurants with no star as well, and this Tokyo version was the first in that all listed restaurants were given at least a star).

• 地獄道、餓鬼道、畜生道、修羅道、人道、天道の順に檀陀（だんだ）地蔵、宝珠地蔵、宝印地蔵、持地地蔵、除蓋障（じょがいしょう）地蔵、日光地蔵と称する場合と、それぞれを金剛願地蔵、金剛宝地蔵、金剛悲地蔵、金剛幢地蔵、放光王地蔵、預天賀地蔵と称する場合が多いが、文献によっては以上のいずれとも異なる名称を挙げている物もある。
• In many cases they are called Danda Jizo, Hoju Jizo, Hoin Jizo, Jiji Jizo, Jogaisho Jizo, Nikko Jizo or Kongogan Jizo, Kongoho Jizo, Kongohi Jizo, Kongodo Jizo, Hokoo Jizo, Yotenga Jizo in the order of Jigoku-do, Gaki-do, Chikusho-do, Shura-do, Jin-do and Ten-do, but some documents describe names other than the above.

• だが、天暦5年（951年）10月、宮中の昭陽舎（梨壺）に撰和歌所が置かれ、その寄人に任命された源順・大中臣能宣・清原元輔・坂上望城・紀時文（以上、梨壺の五人）が中心となって『万葉集』の訓詁と新たな勅撰集の編纂に当たり、藤原伊尹が別当となってそれを統括した旨、史書に見えるので、遅くとも天暦末年には奏覧されたと見られる。
• However, it seems to have been presented by 957, because a chronicle shows that the poetry bureau was established at Shoyosha (Nashitsubo, Ladies' Quarters) in the court in November 951 and that the five officers in Nashitsubo, MINAMOTO Shitago, ONAKATOMI no Yoshinobu, KIYOHARA no Motosuke, SAKANOUE no Mochiki, and KI no Tokibumi, carried out works deciphering the text of the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and compiling a new imperial collection of waka, and that, as the head of the poetry bureau, FUJIWARA no Koretada directed the compilation.

• しかし、福袋は客寄せの目玉商品であると同時に、その多くは店側の在庫処分的性格も有しており、価格以上の商品が入っていたとしても、売れ残りや不人気商品で埋められていたりする場合があり、そういった福袋は、ネット上で糞袋（くそぶくろ）・鬱袋（うつぶくろ）などとも喩され、店側も自虐的に不幸袋や不吉袋等と称するケースも増えている。
• While they are the feature items to draw more customers, they are also sold to get rid of excess merchandise often including excess and unwanted merchandise though the prices are valuable and such Fukubukuros are called Kusobukuro (shit bag) or Utsubukuro (depression bag) on the net and some department stores also began to call them Unlucky Bags masochistically.

• また、特に八代目市川雷蔵については、その後の映画界での大活躍を鑑みた場合、歌舞伎界との血縁の薄さ、当初の養父が脇役役者という境遇ゆえに、歌舞伎界がその才能を伸ばす事ができず映画界へと流出させてしまった事が、興行という意味において当時の歌舞伎と映画は競合する関係にあった以上、関西歌舞伎にとっては後年さらに大きな痛手となってゆく。
• With respect to Raizo ICHIKAWA VIII in particular, considering his later achievements in the movie industry, the fact that the kabuki world would not develop his talent and let him move to the film industry because of his weak blood relationship with the kabuki world and the fact his initial foster father was a supporting player resulted in major damage to Kansai Kabuki, in the sense of kabuki's performance as a business, because kabuki at that time was competing with films.

• 一方、日本の厚生労働省は、2004年7月、調査結果のヒ素含有量からすると、継続的に毎週33g以上（水戻しした状態のヒジキ。体重50kgの成人の場合）を摂取しない限り世界保健機関（WHO）の暫定的耐容週間摂取量を上回ることはなく、現在の日本人の平均的摂取量に照らすと、通常の食べ方では健康リスクが高まることはない、との見解を示した。
• The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, on the other hand, announced their opinion in July 2004 that in view of the arsenic contents in the results of the surveys, the provisional tolerable weekly intake announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) would not be exceeded unless 33 g or more (of dehydrated hijiki, in cases of a 50-kg adult) was regularly taken into per week, and that in view of the current average intake of Japanese people, the health risk was not likely to rise in cases of normal consumption.

• 主な伝本としては、梅沢本（三条西家旧蔵、古本系第一類、国宝）、陽明文庫本（古本系第二類）、西本願寺本（流布本系第一類、重要文化財）、古活字本（元和 (日本)・寛永年間の版本）・明暦刊本（以上、流布本系第二類）、絵入九巻抄出本（流布本系第三類）、富岡家旧蔵本（甲・乙二種類あり、異本系、甲本は重要文化財、甲乙とも巻三十まで）などがある。
• The major surviving texts are as follows: the Umezawa manuscript （formerly the Sanjonishi manuscript, old text, first subgroup, a National Treasure）, the Yomei Archives manuscript （old text, second subgroup）, the Nishi Hongan-ji Temple manuscript （vulgate text, first subgroup, an Important Cultural Property）, old movable type manuscripts （printed in the Genna (Japan) and Kan'ei eras (1615-44)）, woodblock-printed manuscripts of the Meireki era (1655-58) （vulgate text, second subgroup）, a nine-volume illustrated abridgement （vulgate text, third subgroup）, and the Tomioka manuscript （two texts-A and B, variant texts, with A, an Important Cultural Property, and both A and B up to chapter 30), etc.

• 安心・安全の地元産農産物をできる限り使用した60種類以上の自然食メニューのビュッフェスタイルのレストラン、加工体験、自然学習体験などができる手づくり工房、ファーマーズマーケット、立体多段式水耕栽培システムを導入して、車椅子の人も利用できるいちごハウス、17区画の滞在型市民農園（クラインガルテン）、21区画の日帰り農園、2棟のコテージ等の施設がある。
• It houses the following facilities: A buffet restaurant of more than sixty kinds of natural food most of which are safe local produce; a handicraft workshop where one can experience working natural materials, and learning about the natural environment; a farmer's market; a strawberry greenhouse with the vertically arranged multi-layered hydroponic system which is available to a person in a wheelchair; allotment gardens (also referred as Klein Garten, in German meaning small garden) with seventeen land parcels for staying users; allotment gardens of twenty-one parcels for single-day users; and two cottages.

• また、和氏が武寧王の子孫であるかどうかは、学術的に少なからず疑義を持たれており、いずれにしても1000年以上前の「続日本紀に記されていることにゆかりを感じる」という程度の発言であるにも関わらず、この発言が韓国では大きく話題にされ、当時の大統領であった金大中が大統領談話で言及までしたことは、天皇の発言が大きな影響力を持つことを物語る実例の一つとなった。
• There is some doubt academically whether Yamatouji is Baekje Muryeong-wang's descendant or not; it was an actual example that the Emperor's remark has a strong political message, knowing that the Korea mass media paid great attention to such words from the Emperor, referring to the history more than a thousand years ago, and even the former President Dae-jung [Daejung, Dae jung] Kim mentioned this in the interview.

• 以降、死の前年である天文 (元号)5年（1536年）2月まで、60年以上にわたって日記が残っているが、数か月ないし数年にわたって空白の時期が見られる（たとえば、最初期の文明6年（1474年）には3月から7月までの記述がなく、出家の前後となる永正10年（1513年）～13年はごく一部の時期のみ記述があり、永正14年（1517年）～16年は全く記述が残っていない）。
• The diary which covers a span of more than sixty years up to the year before his death in March 1536 remains, although there are some blank periods of time of several months or several years (For example, there is no record from April to August (old calender) the early period, and between 1517 and 1519, and as to the years between 1513 and 1516, around which he became a priest, only limited descriptions are existent).

• これらの3分類を見直すべきだとする見解としては、阿部秋生による、「奥書に基づいて写本を青表紙本、河内本などと分類することが妥当なのかどうかは、本文そのものを比較しそういう本文群が存在することが明らかになった後で初めて言えることである。その手続きを経ることなく奥書に基づいて写本を分類することは本文そのものを比較するための作業の前段階の仮の作業以上の意味を持ち得ない。」
• The view in favor of reconsidering these three groups is as follows: according to Akio ABE, 'the question if it is appropriate or not to classify the manuscripts into Aobyoshibon and Kawachibon according to their Okugaki should be asked after comparing the texts and determining the existence of such group of text. To classify the manuscripts by Okugaki in avoidance of the process means less than the tentative work of a previous stage in the work of comparing the texts themselves.'