人: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 1人
- one person
- alone
- unmarried
- solitary
- 六位蔵人
- Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlains of Sixth Rank)
- Rokui no kurodo (Kurodo with the Sixth Rank)
- Rokui no Kurodo (a government post)
- 人間観の転換
- A turnaround of viewpoint on human beings.
- 主な掲載人物
- Notable people listed in Zoishokenden
- 官人仕丁一名
- Kanjin shicho (a manservant doing odd jobs) one member.
- 楽人(南都方)
- Gakunin (Musicians of the Kofukuji-Temple in Nara)
- 加役方人足寄場
- Kayakugata Ninsokuyoseba
- また、その人。
- It also means a person who acts as a person's proxy.
- 人参代往古丁銀
- Ninjindai Oko Chogin
- 楽人(天王寺方)
- Gakunin (Musicians of the Tennoji-Temple in Osaka)
- 日本人の鉄道視察
- Observations of railway by Japanese people
- オランダ人との貿易
- Trade with the Dutch
- 人参代往古銀の品位
- Grade of Ninjindai Okogin
- 大野東人が多賀城築城
- ONO no Azumahito constructed Taga-jo Castle.
- 三井高利(御用商人)
- Takatoshi MITSUI (a purveyor to the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun])
- ポルトガル人との貿易
- Trade with Portuguese
- ヨーロッパ人との接触
- Contacts with Europeans
- 5月 14人が出所。
- In May, fourteen criminals were released.
- 参加者は2000人。
- The number of demonstrators was 2,000.
- 主な老女を務めた人物
- Notable Individuals who worked in Senior lady-in-waiting Roles
- 人参代往古銀の鋳造量
- Quantity of Ninjindai Okogin Minted
- 中国人クリスチャンたち
- Chinese Christians
- 収容定員は数百人程度。
- It had the capacity for several hundred people.
- 日本人と鉄道との出会い
- Introduction of railways to the Japanese people.
- 能々相改請人をたて可置事
- Perform a thorough investigation into his or her background, and ensure that he or she has a guarantor.
- 内膳司の職員で官人雑任。
- They were the officers in Naizenshi and Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official).
- 澤房満……宇陀三将の一人。
- 澤房満 - one of the three generals in Uda.
- 天草四郎:江戸時代の人物。
- Shiro AMAKUSA: a person who lived in Edo period
- 「魏志倭人伝」中の邪馬台国
- Yamatai in the 'Gishiwajinden'
- 安富盛方……讃岐国人衆の旗頭
- Morikata YASUTOMI - leader of kokujin-shu from Sanuki Province.
- 寒川元政……讃岐国人衆の旗頭
- Motomasa SANGAWA - leader of kokujin-shu from Sanuki Province.
- 秋山教家……宇陀三将の一人。
- Noriie AKIYAMA - one of the three generals in Uda.
- 追討後に現れた4人の「義親」
- Four 'Yoshichikas' who appeared after tracking down and killing Yoshichika.
- 他の人々は飲酒して歌舞する。
- Others drank alcohol, sang and danced.
- 伊丹親興……摂津国人衆の旗頭。
- Chikaoki ITAMI - leader of kokujin-shu from Settsu Province.
- 十河存保……讃岐国人衆を指揮。
- Masayasu SOGO - led kokujin-shu from Sanuki Province.
- 三好政康……摂津国人衆を指揮。
- Masayasu MIYOSHI - led kokujin-shu (powerful families in a province) from Settsu Province.
- 池田長正……摂津国人衆の旗頭。
- Nagamasa IKEDA - leader of kokujin-shu from Settsu Province.
- 岩成友通……山城国人衆を指揮。
- Tomomichi IWANARI - led kokujin-shu from Yamashiro Province.
- 内藤宗勝……丹波国人衆を指揮。
- Munekatsu NAITO - led kokujin-shu from Tanba Province.
- 講説不長(試験による官人採用)
- Kosetsu Fucho (employing government officials by examination)
- 一方で文人への批判もなされた。
- On the other hand, Bunjin were criticized as well.
- ある人の代わりをつとめること。
- The term 'myodai' means to act as a person's proxy.
- 此時隼人、熊毛ノ羽織ヲ着セリ。
- At this time, Hayato wore a bear fur haori.
- 同5年に勧進上人に任ぜられた。
- In 1688, he was appointed to 'kanjin shonin' (fund-raising virtuous priest).
- 人々は朱や丹を体に塗っている。
- People painted vermilion and red color onto their bodies.
- 乾燥濃縮人アンチトロンビンIII
- freeze-dried concentrated human antithrombin III
- 芳野民部大輔……宇陀三将の一人。
- Yoshino Minbu-taifu (senior ministerial assistant of popular affairs) - one of the three generals in Uda.
- 三好三人衆 攻められ壊滅状態に。
- Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) was attacked and almost every one of their clan was killed.
- 日本人機関士第1号は1879年。
- In 1879, the first Japanese engineer was born.
- 官人雑任→使部→官人仕丁→駈使丁
- Kanjin Zonin => shibu (low rank bureaucrats) => kanjin shicho (a manservant doing odd jobs) => kushicho (servant doing odd jobs).
- 日本人はそれをとても待望していた。
- Japanese people were very much expecting for trading those Chinese products.
- さらに巨大化し、人物埴輪が現れた。
- Further, these Kofun became enormous; and it was at this point that a haniwa figure of a man first appeared.
- 鷹の飼育は蔵人所の鷹飼が継承した。
- The rearing of falcons was taken over by Takagai (hawker) of Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office).
- 二人は、後白河天皇の近臣であった。
- They were both Emperor Goshirakawa's trusted vassals.
- 三好康長……阿波国人衆を臨時で指揮。
- Yasunaga MIYOSHI - temporarily led kokujin-shu from Awa Province.
- 300~400人を収容していたという
- It seems to have accomodated 300 to 400 people.
- 部隊の人数は1/3までに減っていた。
- The number of the people in the troop had been decreased to one third.
- 湯川直光……湯川衆・紀州国人衆を指揮。
- Naomitsu YUKAWA - led Yukawashu and kokujin-shu from Kii Province.
- 歴史上に登場した落胤といわれている人物
- People who were said to be rakuin in the history
- 文人は隠逸への強い志向を持つとされる。
- It is said that Bunjin had a strong tendency to lead a reclusive life.
- 文人の書画というと文人画が有名である。
- The calligraphic works and paintings by Bunjin were known as literati paintings.
- 機関車を運転する機関士は外人であった。
- The engineers for the locomotive were foreigners.
- 大炊部 炊飯・米の出納を行う官人雑色人
- Oibe were zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) who cooked rice and manage rice stores.
- これを長崎の人々は阿蘭陀正月と呼んだ。
- People in Nagasaki called this 'Oranda Shogatsu' (Dutch New Year Celebration).
- 神成大尉と後藤伍長の2人は雪中を進む。
- Captain Kannari and Corporal Goto marched in the snow.
- 一審では村人が勝訴したが、二審では敗訴。
- The villagers won the first trial, but lost the second.
- 省員…所属する官衙の人員整理に伴うもの。
- Shoin…For the personnel reduction in kanga someone belonged to.
- つまり学問と徳に秀でた人物を指している。
- In other words, it referred to a person who was man of both learning and great virtue.
- 文人の形骸化・劣悪化は多いに批判された。
- It was greatly criticized that Bunjin lost their substance and their quality had deteriorated.
- 北部九州では石人・石馬が急速に衰退した。
- Meanwhile, stone carvings that were human shaped ('sekijin' in Japanese) and house shaped ('sekibe' in Japanese) were rapidly decreased in popularity in the northern part of Kyusyu.
- 機関車を運転する機関士は外国人であった。
- Engineers who operated locomotives were foreigners.
- 馬寮の官人は武官とされて帯剣を許された。
- Government officials (esp. one of low to medium rank) in Meryo were treated as military officer, and were allowed to wear a sword.
- 為町人百姓於隠置は 其一郷同一町可為曲事
- If there is any concealment by townspeople or farmers, the whole county or town will be regarded as being blameworthy when the fact is discovered.
- いずれも著名な文人で専門の画工ではない。
- They were all famous Bunjin and not professional painters.
- 筒井順政……大和国人衆の旗頭でこれを指揮。
- Junsei TSUTSUI - leader of kokujin-shu from Yamato Province.
- 安見宗房……河内国人衆の旗頭でこれを指揮。
- Munefusa YASUMI - leader of kokujin-shu from Kawachi Province.
- 総司令官にはドイツ人のガスリーが就任した。
- Guthrie, who was a German, became the supreme commander.
- 「鴨院義親」は党類10人とともに殺された。
- Kamoin Yoshichika' was killed together with his cabal of 10 people.
- 官人育成の教育機関についての規則を定める。
- It defined the regulations on the educational institutions for training kanjin (government officials).
- 通二経(長期学習者のうち優秀者の官人採用)
- Tsunikyo (employing excellent long-term learners as government officials)
- 悪解…本人が病気をして120日を経た場合。
- Oge (悪解)…In the case of 120 days having past after struck by a disease.
- 漢代になっても文人の意味はほぼ同義である。
- In the Hang period, the term 'Bunjin' had the same meaning.
- 書することは文人の職務であり、天分である。
- Writing was Bunjin's duty and natural endowments.
- 若出無其沙汰は 給人過怠にし其在所可被召上
- If they do not execute the instructions above, such officials will have their lands confiscated on the charge of negligence.
- 宋以降にようやく文人の遊戯として定着した。
- Paintings came to be recognized as an entertainment of Bunjin after the Sung period.
- 1943年に財団法人化し現在に至っている。
- It has been a foundation from 1943 up to today.
- 土橋種興……雑賀・根来衆・和泉国人衆を指揮。
- 土橋種興 - led Saikashu, Negoroshu and kokujin-shu from Izumi Province.
- 中国人クリスチャンは18名が亡くなっている。
- 18 Chinese Christians died.
- 中務省史生・大舎人寮・造酒司・縫殿寮・式部省
- Nakatsukasasho-shisho (low-ranking scribes in the Ministry of Central Affairs), Otoneriryo (Bureau of Imperial Attendants), Miki no tsukasa (Bureau of Sake-brewing), Nuidono-ryo (Bureau of the Wardrobe and Court Ladies) and Shikibu-sho (Ministry of Personnel)
- 特に高貴な人物のそれが話題になることが多い。
- In particular, rakuin of high class people often comes to an issue.
- 蘇軾などの北宋の文人はこの中隠を理想とした。
- The Bunjin in the Northern Sung Dynasty such as SU Shi regarded this Chuin as an ideal.
- 勘解由兵衛家士荘子隼人ト太刀打シテ、引退ク。
- He withdrew after fighting face to face with Soshi Hayato, a retainer of Kangeyu Hyoe.
- 必ス働キ出ル事ナカレト総人数ニ不知スト云フ」
- All the troops were not told to stay in the castle at any price.
- チベット方面から訪れる欧米人もいたためである。
- It is because there were Europeans and North Americans who came from the direction of Tibet.
- しかし朝鮮知識人たちの希望はすぐ失望に変わる。
- However hope of intellectuals in Korea turned suddenly to disappointment.
- 大友天皇を代数に入れるとちょうど10人になる。
- If Emperor Otomo is included, the number of emperors is ten.
- 字入れして職人に依頼して作成せざるえなかった。
- Therefore, they had to ask a craftsman to carve a seal, telling him which letters to use.
- その後、功績のあった人々には、賞がおくられた。
- Later in the ceremony, awards were offered to those who had made great achievements.
- 魏志倭人伝に当時の倭人の風俗も記述されている。
- In Gishiwajinden, ancient Japanese people's folkways at that time are depicted.
- 「義親」が二人同時に在京する奇怪な事態となった。
- It caused a bizarre state of affairs to happen in which two 'Yoshichikas' existed at the same time.
- さらに、秘密裡に死刑にされた多くの客家人がいる。
- Furthermore, there were a lot of Hakka people who were sentenced to death in secret.
- 貧困の余り土地を手放して小作人化する者も増えた。
- As a result of the poverty, a lot of farmers sold out the lands and became a Kosakunin (tenant farmer).
- ヨーロッパ諸国よりも人口は多く都市化されていた。
- Japan had a larger population than European countries and was being urbanized.
- このため、士人は貴族的な特権階級ではなくなった。
- For this reason, Shijin lost the privileged status.
- 騒動は4日間に及び、3万を越える人々が参加した。
- The riot lasted for 4 days and more than 30,000 people participated.
- 5月2日:時村討手の先登の者十二人首を刎ねらる。
- May 2: The twelve leading persons concerned with killing Tokimura were decapitated.
- 夏見家 - 一族の著名人物として夏見角助がいる。
- The Natsumi family - As the famous person in the family, there was Kakusuke NATSUMI.
- 和田家 - 一族の著名人物として和田惟政がいる。
- The Wada family - As the famous person in the family, there was Koremasa WADA.
- The Wada Family-the family's well-known figures include Koremasa WADA.
- 佐治家 - 一族の著名人物として佐治三郎がいる。
- The Saji family - As the famous person in the family, there was Saburo SAJI.
- The Saji Family-the family's well-known figures include Saburo SAJI.
- 大原家 - 一族の著名人物として篠山景春がいる。
- The Ohara family - As the famous person in the family, there was Keishun SHINOYAMA.
- The Ohara Family-the family's well-known figures include Kageharu SASAYAMA.
- 安宅冬康……前線で譜代・旗本衆と淡路国人衆を指揮。
- Fuyuyasu ATAGI - led fudai (hereditary vassals) and hatamoto unit as well as kokujin-shu from Awaji Province at the battlefront.
- その結果、縄文人の人口も停滞あるいは減少に転じる。
- As a result, the population of the Jomon people turned to stagnate or decline.
- 鳥羽上皇は事件の下手人を捜すよう公卿会議に命じた。
- The retired Emperor Toba ordered the conference of kugyo (court nobles) to search for the murderer.
- 商人が組織した組合などの事務所を「会所」と呼んだ。
- An office of a merchant guild or a similar association was called 'kaisho.'
- 「武人」つまり軍人との対比的な意味合いで使われた。
- It was used in contrast with 'Bunjin,' that is, military men.
- この改造は練達の日本人大工の手によって実施された。
- The modifications on the main bodies were done by experienced Japanese carpenters.
- 杉谷家 - 一族の著名人物として杉谷善住坊がいる。
- The Sugitani family - As the famous person in the family, there was Zenjubo SUGITANI.
- 古代地中海世界ではフェニキア人がその役目を担った。
- In the ancient Mediterranean world the Phoenicians assumed the role of a money changer.
- 加藤らは婦権拡張にも批判的で、婦人参政権を批判した。
- Kato and others were also critical against the expansion of women's rights and criticized women's right to vote.
- 事務経費や官人給与など、地方行政の運営費用に充てる。
- It was allotted to the running cost of local administration such as clerical expense and salary of government officials.
- 村請制のためか名主などの村役人は領主毎に任命された。
- Probably because of the murauke system, nanushi (village headman) and other village officers were appointed by each feudal lord.
- その他中・下級の官人まで含め、存命のものは多かった。
- There were also many who survived the war, including low- and middle-ranking government officials.
- 一方当人は馬ごと拘引されそうになったと証言している。
- However, the person in question said he was arrested together with his horse.
- 模型とはいえ、日本人がはじめて作った機関車であった。
- Although it was just a model, it was the first locomotive made by Japanese.
- 熊谷義比(長州藩御用商人、1795年 - 1860年)
- Yoshikazu KUMAYA (a purveyor of the Choshu clan, 1795 to 1860)
- この二人の功績なくして今日の本願寺は存在し得なかった。
- The present Hongan-ji Temple could not exist without the cooperation of these two priests.
- 更に女性の場合には夫とその両親に対する殺人が含まれる。
- In female cases it also included killing their husband and his parent(s).
- 朝鮮寺の信者は在日朝鮮韓国人の女性が中心となっている。
- Devotees of Korean Temples are mainly korean women living in Japan.
- なお、掲載されたものは明六社同人のものに限られていた。
- In addition, only the articles written by Dojin (literary group [coterie]) of Meirokusha were published.
- 上海における同文学堂をもって、両国人の教育機関とする。
- The Dobungakudo in Shanghai was an educational institution for students in both countries.
- 約10000人が、同様に雲龍寺を起点に東京に向かった。
- Over 10,000 peasants left for Tokyo from Unryu-ji Temple.
- ただし、一度も公判に出席しなかった弁護人も10名いる。
- However, ten lawyers never attended the public trial.
- 坊令は令制では定員12人であるが、遷都ともに変化した。
- The full number of Borei was 12 under the Ritsuryo system, but was changed along with the transfer of the capital.
- 袖搦のように、犯人の衣服、髪をからめて動きを制圧する。
- It is used in the same manner as Sodegarami, catching a criminal's clothes and hair and suppressing his/her movement.
- しかし、文人の画芸はさらにその淵源を遡ることができる。
- However, the origin of the painting art of Bunjin can be traced back further.
- 借位(しゃくい)とは、官人に高い位階を仮に授けること。
- Shakui is temporal bestowal of high Ikai (court rank) to officials.
- 小屋で朝まで生きていたというもう1人の遺体も発見した。
- The other body, which had been alive until the morning in the shack, was also found.
- なお張斯桂は『万国公法』の序文の一つを書いた人物である。
- In addition, Sigui ZHANG wrote one of the forewords of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 再審の費用の無い村人は暴動を起こし、戸長一家を殺害した。
- The villagers had no money to make an appeal to a higher court, so they provoked a revolt and murdered the officer and his family.
- 彼らは庶民の娯楽であった劇中の人気のあった者たちである。
- They were popular in plays, which was the entertainment of common people.
- 大きさはだいたい、成人男性の握り拳より一回り大きい程度。
- Grinding stones were nearly a size larger than a fist of a grown-up man.
- 文人はその特権的な立場から生活に窮することがなくなった。
- Bunjin enjoyed various privileges and had no trouble making a living.
- このほかにも、詩や篆刻などが文人の芸としてあげられよう。
- In addition, poetry and tenkoku (seal-engraving) are among Bunjin's arts.
- 六朝時代の代表的な文人に東晋の詩人 陶淵明があげられる。
- TAO Yuan Ming, a poet in the Eastern Jin, was a representative Bunjin in the Six Dynasties Period.
- 人権問題の解消を促す流れの中で、芸娼妓解放令が出された。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei was announced in the process of settling the incident which involved a human rights issue.
- 伴家 - 一族の著名人物として 伴長信・伴五兵衛がいる。
- The Ban family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Choshin BAN and Gohei BAN.
- The Ban Family-the family's well-known figures include Naganobu BAN and Gohei BAN.
- 神亀元年(724年)大野東人によって多賀城が設置された。
- Taga-jo Castle was founded by ONO no Azumahito in 724.
- ただし、崇神・垂仁天皇らの実在性には疑問視する人も多い。
- However, many people doubt the existence of the Emperor Sujin and the Emperor Suinin.
- 官司(かんし)とは、古代日本における官庁及び官人のこと。
- Kanshi is an authority or a government official in ancient Japan.
- 後藤伍長は1人で朦朧とした意識の中で田茂木へ歩き続けた。
- Corporal Goto kept walking toward Tamogino in a stupor of exhaustion.
- その為、失業した浪人が発生し、治安が悪化し戦乱を待望した。
- Consequently, many samurai who lost their job became ronin (masterless samurai), causing social disorders bringing a sense of expectation of wars.
- いずれも西郷や板垣に従って職を辞した元官僚・軍人であった。
- All of them were the bureaucracy or military men who quitted to follow Saigo and Itagaki.
- また個別のテーマに対する論者の姿勢も一人一人異なっていた。
- In addition, the stance of each writer against a specific theme was different.
- また朱熹も文人が思慮を欠いているとして痛烈に批判している。
- In addition, CHU His also strongly criticized that some Bunjin lacked prudence.
- ここでは主に江戸石川島に設置された人足寄場について述べる。
- Mainly described below is the Ninsokuyoseba set up on Ishikawa-jima Island, Edo.
- 三雲家 - 一族の著名人物として三雲成持・三雲成長がいる。
- The Mikumo family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Narimochi MIKUMO and Narinaga MIKUMO.
- 三人之人代於不申付は 不及是非之条 其主人を可被加御成敗事
- If beheading three people in place of the offender is not carried out, it cannot be helped that the new master will be punished.
- その芸術性を求める篆刻においては当然文人の独擅場であった。
- As a matter of course, in the area of Tenkoku which sought after artistry, Bunjin were unrivaled.
- しかし川路は「石川県人に何ができるか」と相手にしなかった。
- However, Kawaji did not take it seriously saying, 'What could the Ishikawa Prefecture people do?'
- 維新後も軍人としての経歴を歩んでいたが、征韓論に共鳴する。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Shimada continued to build a career in the military, but he sympathized with the seikanron (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- 能吏(のうり)とは政治的手腕、行政的手腕に優れた人物を指す。
- Nori means a person with high political or administrative skill.
- 後漢前半に生きた王充は『論衡』において最初に文人論を述べた。
- WANG Chong who lived in the first half of the Later Han developed a theory on Bunjin in 'Ronko' (Lunheng) for the first time in history.
- 中国文人は琴棊書画に代表されるような芸能を遊戯として嗜んだ。
- Bunjin in China enjoyed public entertainments represented by Kinkishoga.
- 北部九州の大型古墳には、石人・石馬が建てられるものもあった。
- Some of these large Kofun mounds in the northern part of Kyushu were designed with stone carvings of human shaped forms ('sekijin' in Japanese) and horse shaped stone carvings ('sekiba' in Japanese) in their Kofun mound sites.
- 何はともあれ、外国人技師の指導を受けた線路工事が終わりった。
- Anyhow, the rail construction work was completed under the instruction of foreign engineers.
- これらの技術者は「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれ、高給を取っていた。
- These technical experts were called 'employed foreigners' and earned the high salary.
- 多羅尾家 - 一族の著名人物として多羅尾光俊(光弘)がいる。
- The Tarao family - As the famous person in the family, there was Mitsutoshi (Mitsuhiro) TARAO.
- 饗庭家 - 一族の著名人物として饗庭河内守(饗庭氏)がいる。
- The Aeba family - As the famous person in the family, there was Kawachi no kami (Aeba clan) AEBA.
- これらの外人技術者は「お雇い外人」と呼ばれ高給を取っていた。
- Those foreign engineers were called 'Oyatoigaijin' and received a high salary.
- 黒川家 - 一族の著名人物として黒川与四郎がいる. 黒川流。
- The Kurokawa family - As the famous person in the family, there was Yoshiro KUROKAWA, Kurokawa-ryu school.
- The Kurokawa Family-the family's well-known figures include Yoshiro KUROKAWA; The Kurokawa School.
- 彼らは当時明六社の同人であり、社会に大きな影響力をもっていた。
- They belonged to Dojin (literary group [coterie]) of Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society) and had a great influence.
- 梅花拳はその流派を三千人ほど集め、1897年に教会を襲撃した。
- The plum blossom martial art gathered three thousand members of the school and attacked the church in 1897.
- 以後、高階氏の人々は伊勢神宮に参拝することを控えるようになる。
- People of the Takashina clan came to refrain from going and worshipping at Ise-jingu Shrine afterward.
- 近世的文人の祖とされる白居易がはっきり中隠を自覚して実践した。
- BAI Juyi, who was regarded as the patriarch of Bujin in recent times, was clearly aware that he was leading Chuin lifestyle.
- このような反骨精神をもった文人の逸話がいくつか伝えられている。
- There remain some episodes of Bunjin who had such rebellious spirit.
- 民衆の間には外国人は官僚より三等上という認識が広がっていった。
- Acknowledgement that foreigners were three ranks above the bureaucracy spread among commoners.
- また運転ダイヤ作成もイギリス人のW・F・ペーに一任されていた。
- Moreover, preparation of train schedules was entrusted to a British, W. F. Paye.
- しかし、開業前に中等車26両は定員52人の下等車に改造された。
- However, 26 of second-class carriages were converted into third-class carriages with a riding capacity of 52 passengers before the opening.
- 但右者主人在之て出相届は 互事ニ以之条搦捕 前之主之所ヘ可相渡
- However, if anyone already having a master is identified as a person who has left his or her former master, he or she shall be arrested under this article and handed over to his or her former master.
- 并奉公をも不仕田畠も作らさるは 代官給人として堅相改置へからす
- If there is anyone who does not engage in either military service or tilling lands, deputies and other local officials must make inquiries and evict him or her.
- つまり良くも悪くも財力や経済感覚に富んだ人物が起用されていた。
- It meant that a person who had assets and economic sense seemed to be appointed to the post in a positive and negative way.
- 奈良時代には平群広成などの官人を輩出したが、その後は没落した。
- The Heguri clan produced government officials such as HEGURI no Hironari in the Nara period, but afterwards the clan went to ruin.
- このように後漢以降に文人の中で画を得意とする者が多数存在した。
- In this way, there were many Bunjin who were good at painting after the Later Han period.
- 返々、自之人衆不遣前ニ、聊爾之扱無用候、尚一平可申遣候、以上。
- Again, do not take hasty action before sending my troops, and (尚一平可申遣候).
- 女王に就いた壹与は、帰任する張政に掖邪狗ら20人を同行させた。
- Iyo, who took over the throne, made Zhang Zheng who was going back to his country, bring 20 people including Ekiyaku, along with him.
- 卑弥呼が死去すると大きな墳墓がつくられ、100人が殉葬された。
- When Himiko died, a huge tomb was constructed and 100 people followed her to the grave.
- 位置についても魏志倭人伝の記述が明確でなく、論争になっている。
- Concerning the location too, there is a lot of argument because the accounts in Gishiwajinden are puzzling.
- 村の戸長は勝手に村人の質地を自分の名義に変えてしまい裁判となる。
- The officer who was in charge of administrative affairs of this village arbitrarily transferred villagers' pawned lands into his possession, and was sued.
- 養老4年(720年) 陸奥国の蝦夷の反乱、按察使上毛野広人殺害。
- In 720, a rebellion of Emishi arose in Mutsu Province, and a provincial inspector (azechi) KAMITSUKENO no Hirohito was killed.
- 日本武尊以降、上毛野氏の複数の人物が蝦夷を征討したとされている。
- From the age of Prince Yamato Takeru, it is believed that some members of the KAMITSUKENU clan were engaged in subjugation of the Emishi/Ezo.
- 解官(げかん)とは、律令制において、現職の官人が解任されること。
- Gekan means that an incumbent government official is dismissed in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- ただ福澤も他の同人も基本的に官民協調論に立つことは共通している。
- However, Fukuzawa and other Dojin basically were agreed with the cooperation between government and private sector in common.
- 領主が二人いる場合を二給、三人なら三給、四人なら四給などという。
- Aikyu is also referred to as 'ni (two)-kyu' in the case where two feudal lords share a territory, 'san (three)-kyu' in the case of three feudal lords, and 'yon (four)-kyu' in the case of four feudal lords.
- 日本からは銅や工芸品が、朝鮮からは木綿や朝鮮人参が送られていた。
- In those days, copper products and handicrafts from Japan and cotton materials and Asian ginseng from Korea were traded.
- 漢詩をもって文人の芸とすることの妥当性について検討の余地がある。
- There is room for examination in the adequacy of classifying Chinese poetry as an art of Bunjin.
- 実際に現場に出た人足たちには扶持米を支給しなければならなかった。
- They had to provide salary rice to the laborers who actually worked at the construction sites.
- これに対しては、草壁皇子をあてれば10人になるという反論がある。
- There is a different opinion that if Prince Kusakabe is included, the number of emperors is ten.
- 2月19日 (旧暦)(4月3日) 平蔵、加役人足寄場取扱を拝命。
- On April 3, 1790, Heizo received an official appointment to deal with Kayakugata Ninsokuyoseba.
- 岩根家 - 一族の著名人物として岩根勘兵衛・岩根甚左衛門がいる。
- The Iwane family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Kanbe IWANE and Jinzaemon IWANE.
- また運転ダイヤ作成もイギリス人のW・F・ページに一任されていた。
- Also, the train timetable was done by an Englishman W. F. Page.
- 朝廷の人事である除目では叙位任官は同時になされることも多かった。
- At the appointment ceremony 'jimoku', held by personnel of the Imperial court, court ranks and posts were often given at the same time.
- この価値基準の確立によって文人の画芸に対する関心は一層高まった。
- This establishment of the standard of value contributed to further stirring up Bunjin's interest in painting art.
- 文人の雅俗意識から囲碁は雅致がある遊戯として認められたのだろう。
- It might be because Igo was recognized as a game of elegance in light of Bunjin's sense of elegance and vulgarian.
- 文房趣味とは、文房(書斎)を中心に発展した中国文人の趣味である。
- The word 'Bunbo shumi' refers to the hobbies of Bunjin in China which developed centering around Bunbo (library).
- なお県の役人については検死に問題なかったとして処罰なしとなった。
- Regarding the officers, they were unpunished because there was no fault in their postmortem inspection.
- 反対に中小藩の中には商人側からの取引打切通知を受ける藩も現れた。
- On the other hand, some small or medium sized domains received a notice of deal termination from merchants.
- また人員を配置できない場所では地元住人に秤座役人の資格を与えた。
- In places where hakari-za could not send its officer, it designated local residents as its officers.
- 後藤伍長は目覚めたとき、昨夜自分と共に寝た者が1人もいなかった。
- Corporal Goto woke up to find there was no one who had slept along with him left.
- 人が死ぬと10日あまり哭泣して、もがり(喪)につき肉を食さない。
- When someone died, people cried loudly, mourned the passing and didn't eat meat for about 10 days.
- 1人で青森に向かう途中、神成大尉、鈴木少尉、及川伍長らと出会う。
- He joined Captain Kannari, Junior Lieutenant Suzuki and Corporal Oikawa while going toward Aomori alone.
- 官印は中国で北宋代以降、文人たちによって蒐集と鑑賞の対象となった。
- After the Northern Sung Dynasty, the literati made kanin a subject of collection and appreciation.
- その結果、漢人の手を借りずに直接原住民を管理する政策に改められた。
- As a result, it was revised to a policy of managing the indigenous people directly without the Han.
- この打ちこわしでは江戸に多かった西洋との貿易を扱う商人も襲われた。
- There were many trading merchants who had business with the West in Edo and during the riots, such merchants were also attacked.
- 「文人」という言葉が見られる最古の文献は周代まで遡ることができる。
- The oldest literature in which the word 'Bunjin' appeared dates back to the Zhou period.
- 南宋の頃になると全人的な文人観が一般にも広く認識されるようになる。
- In the Southern Sung Dynasty period, a view of Bunjin as a person well-balanced morally and intellectually widely spread among common people.
- 諸大名の主たる負担は人足の提供であり、資材を供出することもあった。
- Territorial lords mainly provided laborors and sometimes supplied building materials.
- 歴史上の人物では由比正雪、坂本竜馬、近藤勇などの画像や写真が残る。
- There remain some pictures and photographs of historical characters in Sohatsu, including Shosetsu YUI, Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Isami KONDO.
- 芥川家 - 一族の著名人物として芥川七郎兵衛・芥川清右衛門がいる。
- The Akutagawa family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Shichirobe AKUTAGAWA and Seiemon AKUTAGAWA.
- The Akutagawa Family-the family's well-known figures include Shichirobei AKUTAGAWA and Seiemon AKUTAGAWA.
- 日本人は外国に学びながら徐々に技術力を蓄え、順次国産化していった。
- Japanese gradually gained technological skills as they learned from foreign countries and proceeded toward their domestic production in steps.
- 家光の時代には、取り潰される藩も多く、浪人が増え、社会問題化した。
- Under the rule of Iemitsu, many domains were abolished and an increase in the number of ronin (masterless samurai) became a social problem.
- 生産地や工人がブランド化されその優劣が盛んに論じられるようになる。
- Their production areas and craftsmen became brands and their relative merits began to be actively discussed.
- 因テ諸手ニ命セラレ、一同ニツヘ鐵砲ヲ放テ、総御人数ヲ引揚ケラル。」
- Therefore, Masamune ordered the whole troops to withdraw after firing a volley.'
- 頼朝は前年には東国の御家人に命じ、多くの御家人を伴って上洛をした。
- In the previous year, Yoritomo went to the capital Kyoto accompanied by many of the vassals in the eastern provinces, who responded to his order.
- 町人などが一般に利用したのは脇両替すなわち銭屋(ぜにや)であった。
- The common people such as the merchant class used wakiryogae exchangers or 'zeniya.'
- 本両替を利用したのは大名、有力商人など大口取引を行う者に限られた。
- Major customers of honryogae exchangers were limited to feudal lords and powerful merchants who handled large-amount transactions.
- だが、三好義興らが摂津国の国人や丹波の国人に檄を飛ばして終結させた。
- Yoshitoki MIYOSHI, however, mobilized local lords in Settsu and Tanba Province, issuing a manifesto.
- それに付随して、多くの思想がアジア諸国の人々に知られるようになった。
- Together with them, many thoughts were made to be known by people in Asian countries.
- 人の場合、それは「五常」(仁・義・礼・智・信)という徳目を意味する。
- In the case of human being, it means types of virtue, 'five constant virtues' (benevolence, justice, courtesy, wisdom and sincerity).
- 一般的に、名奉行・名宰相・賢侯などと言われるような人物が能吏である。
- Normally, those figures who are referred to as excellent bugyo (shogunate administrator), wonderful prime minister, or wise marquis are nori.
- 更に江戸幕府や諸藩の財政悪化による重税によって人々の生活は苦しんだ。
- People at that time also suffered from the heavy tax burden that resulted from the worsening economy of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and local domains.
- それとともに文人が急激に増え、一般化・世俗化して社会に広く進出した。
- In accordance with it, the number of Bunjin rapidly increased,they became common and secular and found their ways into various fields of society.
- 『日本書紀』は官撰史書であり、天武天皇の子舎人親王が編纂を統括した。
- 'Chronicles of Japan' is a government-selected historical document which was compiled by Imperial Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Tenmu.
- 2月13日午前1時、700から800人の農民が雲龍寺に集結していた。
- There were about 700 to 800 peasants at Unryu-ji Temple at 1:00am on February 13.
- これらは内裏への昇殿が認められた内殿上人よりは格下とみなされていた。
- These people were regarded as lower in rank than naitenjobito who were allowed to enter the dairi.
- これが人参代往古丁銀であるが、「往古」とは復帰するという意味である。
- This was Ninjindai Oko Chogin, and the term 'oko' meant return.
- そのとき、なかなか人手が集まらなかったのは、重源の悩みの種であった。
- For these activities, it was not easy to secure a labor force, which annoyed Chogen.
- 『大仏殿再建記』には、この時集った民の数を二十万人以上と伝えている。
- 'Daibutsuden saiken ki' (Records of Reconstruction of the Great Buddha) says that the number of people who gathered for this ceremony was more than 200,000.
- これら辞賦作家や宮廷詩人を総じて倡優文人(しょうゆうぶんじん)という。
- These Jifu novelists and poets of the Court were collectively called Shoyu Bunjin.
- が、「学問を修め、文章をよくする人」であることが文人たる所以といえる。
- However, 'being educated and good at literature' was a prerequisite for a Bunjin.
- このような価値基準は文芸のみならず、家格や人物評価にまで及ぶのである。
- Such standards of value were used not only for the assessment of literature but also that for kakaku (family status) and a person.
- 明末清初の顧炎武は『日知録』でその放蕩三昧の文人を痛烈に批判している。
- KO Enbu who lived from the end of Ming to the beginning of the Qing severely criticized Bunjin indulged themselves in a life of debauchery in his work, 'Nicchiroku.'
- ともあれ、文人が社会に定着しなんらかの影響力を持ち始めた証左でもある。
- Anyway, this shows that the status of Bunjin was established in society and began to have an influence to some extent.
- 駆使丁 多大な人員を必要とするため諸官庁に配分した残りを全て配属させた
- Kushicho (general workers): All personnel remaining after staffing to authorities were assigned to this because a large number of personnel was required.
- その背景には元老のなかでただ一人存命していた西園寺公望の意向があった。
- In the background of this lay Kinmochi SAIONJI's intention, who was the only survivor of the Genro (elder statesman).
- なお、買得人・本主ともに軍忠が認められる場合は、朝廷がこれを裁決する。
- The Imperial Court shall decide whether to acknowledge the achievement of both purchasers and honshu in the war.
- 多くの金銀を東大寺に送り、また、諸大名に人員や金銭の供出を呼び掛けた。
- The bakufu provided large amounts of gold and silver for Todai-ji Temple, and requested feudal lords to offer human and financial resources.
- 魏志倭人伝の記述によれば、朝鮮半島の国々とも使者を交換していたらしい。
- According to the description in Gishiwajinden, Yamatai apparently exchanged envoys with countries on the Korean Peninsula.
- 『万国公法』の翻訳は、幾人かの中国人の協力があってはじめて可能であった。
- Translation of 'Bankoku Koho' was possible only with cooperation by several Chinese persons.
- これは北京人文科学研究所・上海自然科学研究所・東方文化学院の設立を指す。
- This applied to the establishment of Beijing Institute for the study of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shanghai Natural Science Laboratories, and Academy of Oriental Culture.
- 美濃源氏の土岐氏は美濃国で大きな勢力を有し鎌倉幕府の有力御家人となった。
- The Toki clan, which descended from Mino-Genji, had a huge power in Mino Province and became a senior vassal of the Kamakura bakufu.
- その甲斐あって事件の3日後の1月17日には、武市熊吉ら9人は逮捕された。
- As a result, the nine criminals, including Kumakichi TAKECHI, were arrested three days after the incident, on January 17.
- 事件後、台湾総督府の警察は北埔の支援に向かい、100人あまりを逮捕した。
- The police officers of the Governor General of Taiwan headed to assist Beipu after the incident and arrested about 100 people.
- 1981年の統計においては、在日韓国朝鮮人の三割が大阪府に居住している。
- According 1981 statistics, the 30 percent of the korean people living in Japan resided in Osaka.
- そのため、後期旧石器人がそのまま縄文人になったわけではないと想像できる。
- Thus, it is conjectured that the late Paleolithic people did not directly become the Jomon people.
- 初期に到着したヨーロッパ人たちは日本の職人の技能と金属細工に驚かされた。
- Europeans who visited Japan in the first stage of this era were surprised at the art of craftsmen and metal crafts from Japan.
- 仙台の弁護人が、突然、申立書が検事直筆でないため、控訴は無効と主張した。
- The defense suddenly proclaimed that the prosecutors' appeal was legally invalid because the petition of appeal was not written in the prosecutors' handwriting.
- 開業翌年の1873年(明治6年)の営業状況は、乗客が1日平均4347人。
- As for the operating condition in 1873, the following year of opening, there were an average of 4347 passengers a day.
- 各組は持之頭(持筒頭・持弓頭)の元、与力10人・同心50人で構成された。
- Each unit included 10 yoriki (police sergeants) and 50 doshin (police constables) led by the commander of each unit.
- 輸送した人員は88万6千人、馬13万8千頭、貨物26万2千トンに達した。
- In all, it transported amount reached 886,000 passengers, 138,000 horses and 262,000 tons of cargo.
- 唐の張彦遠の『歴代名画記』には、画を得意とする文人が多数挙げられている。
- In 'Lidai Minghuaji' (Record of Famous Painters of All the Dynasties) by ZHANG Yanyuan in Tang, many Bunjin who were good at painting were mentioned.
- 「魏志倭人伝」には、帯方郡を通じた邪馬台国と魏との交渉が記録されている。
- There is a record of the diplomatic relations between Yamatai and Wei through Daifang Commandery in 'Gishiwajinden.'
- 持衰は人と接さず、虱を取らず、服は汚れ放題、肉は食べずに船の帰りを待つ。
- The Jisai waited for the ship to return without seeing anybody in the meantime, catching lice, letting their clothes get dirty and without eating any meat.
- 彼は、浪人発生の原因である大名の改易を減らす為に、末期養子の禁を緩和した。
- He eased a restrictive measure called Matsugo yoshi no kin (ban on adoption as a son on one's deathbed) in order to reduce the number of kaieki sanctions, which was the cause for the increased ronin.
- 籠城を余儀なくされた外国人は925名に上るが、戦死者は20名ほどであった。
- There were 925 foreigners besieged, but there were only twenty resulting deaths.
- 京の貴賤の人々はこれを見ようと大騒ぎになり、法皇まで車を出して見物に来た。
- The rich and the poor in Kyoto were greatly excited to look at this and even the Cloistered Emperor came out riding on a kuruma (a small covered 2-wheeled vehicle usually for one passenger).
- ただし、騒動参加者のうち放火した2人については極刑との裁きが言い渡された。
- However the two participants of the riot, who set fire were sentenced to ultimate penalty.
- これらの国々ではほぼ例外なく人口が急増しており、将来の見通しも明るくない。
- These countries are facing a rapid increase in population and their future prospects are not bright.
- ルネサンス期の16世紀にヨーロッパ人は日本に到着し、極めて日本を賞賛した。
- In the 16th century, during the Renaissance period, Europeans who visited Japan admired Japan very much.
- 特に施設管理業務には人手がかかったため駆使丁や今良など大量の人員を擁した。
- Since the facilities administration business especially required many workers, a large number of workers including kushicho (general workers), konryo (odd-job men) and so on belonged to it.
- 多喜(滝)家 - 一族の著名人物として中村一氏・多喜勘八・瀧飛騨守がいる。
- The Taki family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Kazuuji NAKAMURA, Kanpachi TAKI and Hida no kami TAKI.
- 多喜(滝)家 - 一族の著名人物として中村一氏・多喜勘八・瀧飛騨守がいる。
- The Taki Family-the family's well-known figures include Kazuuji NAKAMURA, Kanpachi TAKI, and TAKI Hida no kami.
- 文禄・慶長の役を控えて武家奉公人と年貢を確保する意図があったとされている。
- It is said that the intention in enacting this law was to ensure the number of servants for samurai families and the amount of nengu (land tax in rice) before the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- また福島から会津へ内通の書を持参した上杉方の使い、その外二三人を討殺した。
- In addition, the Date forces killed a messenger from Uesugi who brought a secret letter from Fukushima to Aizu, and another couple of people.
- これをきっかけに九条家と縁戚関係にあった3名の公卿・官人は政界に復帰した。
- Taking this opportunity, the three kugyo (court nobles) or government officers, who were relatives of the Kujo family, returned to the national political world.
- 茶道宗偏流の跡取り、山田宗有もこの事件に衝撃を受けた日本人のひとりであった。
- Soyu YAMADA, the successor of the Sohen school of tea ceremony, was one of Japanese who was shocked by the accident.
- その川島はこの義和団の乱の際、説得によって紫禁城を無血開城させた人物である。
- This Kawashima successfully negotiated the surrender of the Forbidden City without blood during the Boxer Rebellion.
- 今日、人道に反した残虐な振る舞いを「悪逆無道」と呼称するのはこれに由来する。
- The term 'akugyaku-mudo,' which is used today to describe cruel act against humanity, is derived from it.
- そのため賢立の話した神前祝詞の拒否感情と共に賢立個人に対する誹謗に発展した。
- Therefore Kenryu's talk which was a refusal feeling of Norito in front of the gods and it developed into libel against Kenryu himself.
- このような科挙制度による官僚化が進んだこの時代の文人を特に官僚文人ともいう。
- Such Bunjin who became a bureaucrat through the Imperial Examination System in this period was especially called bureaucrat Bunjin.
- 備考:藤原仲麻呂政権下で左右京を一人で統治する京尹(きょういん)が置かれた。
- Remarks: Kyoin which supervised both Sakyo and Ukyo by itself was established under FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's government.
- また、摂関家などの有力者の子や孫は蔭位に基づく小舎人の資格で昇殿が許された。
- Children and grandchildren of influential persons were allowed to enter denjo no ma in the capacity of Kodoneri (Minor Officer) based on the Oni system (the automatic promotion system in which the persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from Imperial to the fifth rank or whose grandparents are upper than third rank, are conferred an Imperial title).
- 沖縄県警察部の園田安賢二等警視補は、3名の警部と巡査45人とともに島に急行。
- Yasutaka SONODA, second-class chief inspector at Okinawa Prefectural Police immediately sent three police inspectors and 45 patrol officers to the island.
- 一 八月廿八日相馬ヨリ手切可仕由必定ニ付而、直江人數催、フク嶋江参候事 口上
- One: (八月廿八日相馬ヨリ手切可仕由必定ニ付而), preparation for troops by Naoe and arrival in Fukushima, presented verbally.
- 最上へ人衆遣、又動、其外ニ人悉草臥申候へ共、内府様無御下向以前、何とそ仕度候
- I would appreciate it if you could make arrangements to report that I sent the troops to Mogami to take action and everyone got exhausted before Ieyasu moved from Kyoto.
- 同コースでは、2月14日に、死者2人・重軽傷者8人を出す雪崩事故が発生した。
- A snowslide accident in which two people were killed and eight injured occurred on February 14 on this course.
- 114年前のことであり、ほとんどのトルコの人々は事件を知らないのが実状でした。
- The disaster occurred 114 year ago, and in truth most Turks did not know the incident.
- また、南北戦争時にエイブラハム・リンカーン大統領の軍事顧問的立場にあった軍人。
- He served as military man acting as a military adviser for Abraham LINCOLN during the Civil War.
- 11月、藤原忠実邸(鴨院)に居た「鴨院義親」を騎兵20、従者3-40人が襲撃。
- In November 20 horse soldiers and 30 to 40 attendants attacked 'Kamoin Yoshichika' who was in the mansion of FUJIWARA no Tadazane (Kamoin).
- 森は非常に西欧文明に傾倒した人物で、その男女観・結婚観も西欧を基準としていた。
- Mori was seriously involved with the civilization of Western Europe and he had a Western standard of views on men and women and marriage.
- それに伴い、加速度的に外国人との折衝・トラブルが増加したことはいうまでもない。
- Accordingly troubles between Vietnamese and foreigners dramatically increased.
- それゆえ日本人はその限りある資源を職人の技術で有効利用することで有名となった。
- Therefore the Japanese became well known as craftmen who were able to make effective use of their limited resources.
- 元々は長崎出島のオランダ商館で、日本在留のオランダ人が祝っていた風習であった。
- Originally, it was a tradition carried by the Dutch who were living in Japan at the Dutch trading house in Dejima, Nagasaki.
- 前日の露営で山口少佐が再び人事不省となり、少佐は兵卒に担がれる状態で行軍する。
- Major Yamaguchi fell unconscious while camping out the previous day and marched being carried by soldiers.
- その後、男王が立てられたが、人々はこれに服さず内乱となり1,000人が死んだ。
- After her death, although a man became king, people didn't obey him and a domestic conflict ensued which led to the deaths of 1,000 people.
- 以下は「魏書」東夷伝の倭人の条(魏志倭人伝)に記述された邪馬台国の概要である。
- The following is the summary of Yamatai as described in the section concerning Wajin in Encounters with Eastern Barbarians of the 'Wei Chih' (Gishiwajinden).
- 「トルコ人ならだれもが、エルトゥールル号の遭難の際に受けた恩義を知っています。」
- Every Turk knows Japan's kindness we received at the time of the disaster of Ertuğrul.'
- 翌年、ある程度訳出できた時点で、天津に赴いて清朝の有力官僚の一人崇厚に提出した。
- Next, when a certain portion had been translated, he went to Tianjin and submitted translation to Chonghou, who was an influential official of the Qing dynasty.
- 特に北京にいた外国公使たちと中国人クリスチャンにとっては切迫した事態を招来した。
- The foreign envoys and Chinese Christians living in Beijing in particular were faced with a very tense state of affairs.
- またこの北京籠城を中国人対外国人という単純な図式で捉えることはできないであろう。
- The Siege of Beijing cannot be understood with just a simple diagram of Chinese versus foreigners.
- 結局、検非違使の源光信が下手人ということにされ(動機は不明)、土佐国へ流された。
- After all, the kebiishi, MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu was considered as the murderer (the reason unknown), and was deported to Tosa Province
- しかし雑誌内ではこれ以上の議論にはならず、他の同人からの論説は掲載されていない。
- However, this was not discussed any more in the bulletin, and there was no article of other Dojin.
- この抗日事件で蜂起した者の多くは、隘勇線の漢人兵か隘勇線外に住む原住民であった。
- Many of the people who uprose in this anti-Japanese incident were the Han soldiers stationed at Ai-Yun Line (Guardsmen Line) or the indigenous people residing outside the line.
- 阿部の意向を受けた三人は「大赦律」などを参照にしつつも旧来の問題点を洗い出した。
- On behalf of Abe the three men thoroughly examined customary controversial points while referring to the 'Taisharitsu.'
- 打ちこわしは3日間にわたって続き米穀商や鴻池家のような有力商人の店が襲撃された。
- The destructive riot in Osaka lasted for three days, in which the stores of rice dealers and influential merchants, like Konoike family, were attacked.
- たとえば新興の地主層などからも士人が生まれ、多くの者が科挙に及第し官僚となった。
- For example, Shijin appeared from among the newly-risen landlord class and many people passed the imperial examination and became bureaucrats.
- その利益を運営資金に充当、また大名屋敷跡地を有力商人に資材置き場として賃貸した。
- Then they applied the profits to the management funding, and rented the sites of the mansions of feudal lords to influential merchants.
- 山中家 - 一族の著名人物として山中俊房・山中長俊・山中俊好・山中十太夫がいる。
- The Yamanaka Family-the family's well-known figures include Toshifusa YAMANAKA, Nagatoshi YAMANAKA, Toshiyoshi YAMANAKA, and Judayu YAMANAKA.
- 山陽地区は古来人や物資の往来も多いため、建設後の収支見込も悪くないと判定された。
- In Sanyo provinces, a good financial turnout was expected because of heavy traffic of people and goods from ancient times.
- 徳川家康の功臣のうち,特に武勇に秀でた3人,本多忠勝・榊原康政・井伊直政を指す。
- refers to Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and Naomasa II, the three meritorious retainers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had outstanding military prowess.
- 3人となりしばらく留まるなかで、及川篤三郎が危篤となり手当ての甲斐なく死亡した。
- Tokusaburo OIKAWA fell into critical condition and died in spite of the treatment he received while the three of them stayed with him.
- そのため、「蘭癖」と称される人物には、学者よりも大商人や大名、上級武士などが多い。
- For this reason, there were more wealthy merchants, daimyo (feudal lords), and upper-class samurai (Japanese warriors) than scholars among those who were called 'ranpeki.'
- この籠城にあって日本人柴五郎の存在は大きく、籠城成功に多大な寄与をしたと言われる。
- It is said that the presence of the Japanese Goro SHIBA was important during this siege, and he contributed greatly to the defensive success.
- 日本列島の旧石器時代の人々は、大型哺乳動物や中・小型哺乳動物を狩猟対象としていた。
- The people in the Paleolithic period in the Japanese archipelago hunted large, medium, and small mammals.
- 加賀介家定ら旧知の者たちが実見し、大方は別人と証言したが、本物と証言する者もいた。
- Kaga no suke (Assistant governor of Kaga Province) Iesada and others who knew Yoshichika actually saw him and testified that he was a different person, but some people said that he was real Yoshichika.
- これは『明六雑誌』が、地方人士の自由民権運動に参加するきっかけとなった一例である。
- This was an example that 'Meiroku Zasshi' promoted local jinshi to join the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 和銅2年(709年) 蝦夷が良民を害し、巨勢麻呂、佐伯石湯、紀諸人らが征討に出発。
- In 709, when the Emishi harmed freemen with their own lands, Kosemaro, SAEKI no Iwayu, KI no Morohito and others were dispatched to subjugate them.
- それから日野郵便局前で「朝鮮人強制送還反対」「軍事基地化反対」などの演説を行った。
- The members then made speeches in front of Hino Post Office expressing their objections to the 'deportation of Koreans', 'Japan's becoming a military base', etc.
- そこで県では処刑を担当した役人3人の進退伺いとともに中央に対処方法の指示を仰いだ。
- Therefore the prefectural government asked the central government how to deal with this and retribution of three officers, who were responsible for the execution.
- この時代の文人は記録文書や政治的公文(上書・秦記)などの文書を職業的に扱っていた。
- Bunjin in this period were professionals who dealt with archives and political official documents as profession.
- 渤海からは薬用人参や毛皮などが、日本からは絹・綿などの貿易が見られるようになった。
- Bo Hai exported Yakuyo ninjin (ginseng) and fur products to Japan, and Japan exported silk and cotton products to Bo Hai.
- つまり大多数の士人は志を得ることが出来ず、なんらかの形で挫折し不満をもつのである。
- In other words, most of Shijin were unable to achieve their goals and suffered from a sense of frustration to some extent.
- しかし、日本人がこれらのことを知ったのは1840年代(天保年間)であるといわれる。
- However, it is said that not until the 1840s did Japanese people know these things.
- 家の戸は閉ざされること無く、旅の商人は野宿をする(ほど治安が良い))との評がある。
- It is said to be so safe that the doors of houses are never shut up and traveling merchants can sleep under the stars.
- 極く初期の頃を除けばその発達は書と同じく文人の手中にあったといっても過言ではない。
- It is no exaggeration to say that except very early days, the development of Tenkokue was promoted by Bunjin in a similar way that calligraphic works were developed by Bunjin.
- 本来的に読書人である文人は文房において起居し、同時に趣味生活を実現する拠点とした。
- Bunjin originally meant people who read books well and spend most of the time in their library and engaged in their hobbies there.
- サンシー事件(サンシーじけん)は、明治初期の沖縄県で起きた、県役人殺害事件をいう。
- 'Sanshi Incident' refers to the murder of a prefectural government official that occurred in Okinawa Prefecture in the early Meiji period.
- 明日モシ福嶋筋ヨリノオサエニ、可然人衆七手モ八手モ保原筋ヘ可遣候間、其衆可申合候。
- Since we will send numbers of appropriate troops to Hobara tomorrow to conquer a Fukushima area, you need to arrange with your troops.
- 新井白石は家宣が将軍就任後すぐに、生類憐みの令を廃止し、側用人の柳沢吉保を罷免した。
- Immediately after Ienobu assumed the position of shogun, Hakuseki ARAI abolished the order Shorui Awareminorei and dismissed the sobayonin Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA.
- その広がりの中で兪吉濬()のように近代国際法に非常に深い見識をもった人も現れてきた。
- In such diffusion, people with deep insight on modern international law such as Kil-chun YU appeared.
- なお柴五郎は、明治期の政治小説『佳人之奇遇』で有名な東海散士こと柴四郎の弟にあたる。
- He was the younger brother of Sanshi TOKAI (real name Shiro SHIBA), who was famous as the author of political literature of Meiji Era, 'Kajin no Kigu' (Chance Encounters with Beautiful Women).
- 公験(くげん)とは、律令国家が特定の人物に特権を認める際に出した証明書の一種のこと。
- Kugen refers to a kind of certificate issued in the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes to give a privilege to specific persons.
- 各地の知識人層を、自由民権問題を通じて結びつかせ、同じ問題意識を共有させたといえる。
- It can be said that it made intellectuals in various places tied through the issue of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and conscious of the same problem in common.
- 一般的に地方知行を受けるのは上中級の江戸幕府旗本及び御家人、諸大名の上級家臣である。
- Generally, jigatachigyo was given to high/middle-ranked hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and gokenin (shogunal retainers) in the Edo bakufu or to high-ranked vassals of each daimyo (a feudal lord).
- 石刃技法は、人類の進化ホモ・サピエンスの拡散を考える上で重要な要素と考えられている。
- The blade technique is thought to be an important factor in the research of human evolution and spread of Homo sapiens.
- この趣味生活が文学を中心に書画や音楽など芸術全般に広がり、文人の余技となっていった。
- This enjoyable pastime was expanded to encompass all kinds of arts not only literature but also calligraphic works, paintings and music and became an avocation of Bunjin.
- 囲いの外に出して土木作業をさせると「公儀の御人足だ」と称して周辺の百姓達を困らせる。
- When they were made to do construction work outside the walls, they annoyed peasants by calling themselves 'laborers for the Shogunate.'
- しかし、このときの人数は警察発表の2500人のほうがより確かだと考える研究者は多い。
- Many researchers, however, say the correct figure was 2,500 which the police had announced.
- 周の時代に人格的な天の概念が成立すると、それにあわせて「天下」概念の萌芽が見られる。
- When the personified notion of Ten was created in the Zhou dynasty era, germination of the notion of 'Tenka' came to be seen.
- 清の時代には冊封を受け、服属しながらも知識人の間では明の崇禎年号が好んで使用された。
- Korea received sakuho (the title, etc. given in return to tribute to China) during the era of the Qing dynasty, but the era name of the Ming dynasty was favored by intellectuals.
- 若此御法度を相背 其者逃し候ニ付而は 其一人之代ニ三人首をきらせ 彼相手之所へ可下渡
- If this law is violated and the transgressor is deliberately set free, then two or three people must be decapitated in substitution for him or her and their heads must be handed to his or her former master.
- 伊達政宗の功臣のうち,特に功績の大きかった3人,片倉景綱・伊達成実・茂庭綱元を指す。
- refers to Kagetsuna KATAKURA, Shigezane DATE, and Tsunamoto MONIWA, the three men of the meritorious retainers of Masamune DATE who made the greatest achievements.
- このような思潮の中、漢代から六朝までの間に琴を得意とする著名な文人が多数現れている。
- In this thought of the times, there appeared many famous Bunjin who were good at playing Kin from the Han period to the Six Dynasties period.
- 「今日其表、村押之様體、一段可然候、殊会津江之状使其他二三人討捕、験越候、満足ニ候。
- Today, I confirmed that you conquered villages and killed an Uesugi's messenger to Aizu and another couple of people, and I was satisfied with that.
- (「会津ノ唱モ能々承候、籠城之用意迄ニ而、中々仙道口ナトヘ人衆可被出武體無之由申候。
- (会津ノ唱モ能々承候), he just prepared for holding the castle and did not seem to send the troops to Sendo-guchi.
- 残り4人の中から鈴木少尉が高地を見に行くと言い、出発したがそのまま帰ってこなかった。
- Junior Lieutenant Suzuki, out of the four people remaining, left the group saying he was going to reconnoiter a highland, and was never to return.
- 総勢約二万人弱の混成軍であったが、最も多くの派兵をおこなったのは日本とロシアであった。
- It was a mixed army consisting of slightly less than 20,000 soldiers, but Japan and Russia dispatched the most soldiers.
- また、位階の獲得を目的に他人から銭を借りることを禁じ、貸した者も処罰対象とされている。
- In addition, it was prohibited to borrow money from others with the aim of acquisition of court rank and lenders were also subject to criminal punishment.
- また正宗自身も故人となった現在では、正宗版より正確な地下家伝の出版はまず期待できない。
- Besides, now that Masamune himself has already passed away, another edition of the Jige Kaden more accurate than Masamune's edition is unlikely to be published.
- この騒動の首謀者は山之内某で、久米郡 (伊予国)を中心に3000人もの参加者があった。
- The riot was led by a certain YAMANOUCHI, and about 3,000 people mainly from Kume-gun county (Iyo Province) joined the riot.
- 1876年には国民の海外渡航や外国人商人との貿易を解禁し、完全な開国政策を打ち出した。
- In 1876, the policy of opening the country was implemented, then the ban on travelling abroad and trade with foreign merchants were lifted.
- 吉野ヶ里遺跡で発掘された甕棺の中から多くの鏃が突き刺さった一体の人骨が見つかっている。
- A human skeleton embedded many arrowheads were found inside the Kamekan (an earthenware jar-coffin) in the Yoshinogari Ruins.
- また、8月には村松藩でも村役人の追放を訴える一揆が起きて藩と新政府軍に鎮圧されている。
- In September (表記の変更), another uprising occurred in Muramatsu Domain, demanding the expulsion of village officers, and it was also suppressed by the joint operation of the domain and the new government army.
- これは反キリスト教を核に梅花拳以外の人々も多く参加し始めた状況に対応する意味もあった。
- This meant that people other than practitioners of Plum Blossom Martial Art started to participate in the anti-Christianity movement.
- 六朝時代になると九品官人法の導入などにより士人層が貴族 (中国)化・世襲化しはじめた。
- In the Six Dynasties Period, the Shijin class began to become nobility and became hereditary, partly because of the introduction of Nine rank system.
- 中唐の詩人 白居易は最初の自覚的文人とされ、北宋の蘇軾や南宋の陸游などがこれに続いた。
- Juyi BAI, a poet in the third period of Chinese literature in the Tang period, who was regarded as the first self-aware Bunjin, and SU Shi in the Northern Sung Dynasty, RIKU yu in the Southern Sung Dynasty and others followed him.
- ここに明らかなように、テングリは天界であるとともに、天神として人格神を指すこともある。
- As shown by the above, while Tenguri refers to Tenkai (the heavens), it sometimes refers to a humanized god as Tenjin (heavenly gods).
- また、元々日本では海上交通(海運)が栄えていたものの、貨物・人員の輸送量が増えていた。
- Although seaborne traffic (marine transport) had been developed in Japan, transport of men and freight was increasing.
- 約半年に及ぶ滞在期間中に何人かの日本人を艦上に招待して、蒸気車の模型の運転を展示した。
- During his stay of almost over a half year, he invited a few Japanese guests on board to demonstrate a model steam locomotive in operation.
- 日本最初の鉄道トンネルは石屋川トンネルで、お雇い外国人の指導によるレンガ造りであった。
- The first railroad tunnel in Japan was Ishiyagawa Tunnel and built with bricks under the supervision of 'Oyatoigaijin'.
- このタイプは日本人の設計による純国産機で、汽車会社と川崎造船所で合計46両生産された。
- This type was purely a domestic product designed by Japanese and 46 of them in total were manufactured at Kisha Kaisha and Kawasaki Zosen shipyard.
- 前漢の高祖 劉邦に仕えた功臣のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、蕭何・張良・韓信を指す。
- refers to Xiao He, Zhang Liang, and Han Xin, the three who made the greatest achievements of the meritorious retainers who served Gaozu (first emperor) of the Former Han Dynasty, Liu Bang.
- 1500石積、長さ34m、幅9.5m、乗員180人、櫓100挺立てであったと言われる。
- The ship is said to have been 1500 koku (139 cubic meters) in loading capacity, 34m in length, 9.5m in width, had a capacity of 180 crew members and was equipped with 100 oars.
- 内村鑑三の記した『内村鑑三日記』など、著名人の日記にも、この事件の衝撃が語られている。
- Many well-known people wrote about this incident in their journals as shocking news; such as 'The journal of Kanzo UCHIMURA' by Kanzo UCHIMURA.
- 宇多天皇の時代には殿上人は30名前後であったが、院政期には内裏・院御所ともに急増した。
- In Emperor Uda era there were approximately 30 tenjobito, however they rapidly increased in number both in the dairi and ingosho (the retired Emperor's court) in the Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) period.
- 1869年6月2日、戊辰戦争の軍功者419人と諸隊、諸藩、戦艦に対して禄を授けられた。
- On June 2, 1869, the government gave the premiums to 419 people who achieved distinguished military service at the Boshin War, troops, domains, and battleships.
- 例えば、保元の乱において謀反人と認定された藤原忠実・藤原頼長の膨大な所領が没官された。
- To give an example, the massive territories of FUJIWARA no Tadazane and FUJIWARA no Yorinaga who were recognized as rebels during the Hogen Disturbance were confiscated.
- その後、部民を管理して行政事務の実務を遂行する官人組織が伴部の下に形成された(人制)。
- Later, an organization of government officials (hito-sei) that managed Benotami and performed practical work of administration was formed under tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group).
- これに危機感を抱いた頼家ら鎌倉幕府首脳は奉行人である中原親能を上洛させて弁明に努めた。
- During this situation, the leaders of the Kamakura bakufu, including Yoriie, felt a sense of crisis, and sent Chikayoshi NAKAHARA, the government commissioner, to Kyoto to explain the situation.
- いずれも京都守護として活躍し、3名は一条家の郎党であるとともに、在京御家人でもあった。
- Each of them played a distinguished role as Shugo (a constable) in Kyoto, and the three persons were not only retainers of the Ichijo family but gokenin (immediate retainers of the shogun) in Kyoto.
- 享保3年(1718年)には幕府から正式に株仲間として公認されるに至り600人を数えた。
- By 1718 they were officially recognized as 'kabunakama' (a merchant guild) with a member population of over 600.
- 彼は下級の満洲旗人の子として北京に生を享けたが、幼くして八ヶ国連合軍に父を殺されている。
- He was born as the child of a lower rank kijin (a member of the Eight Banners during the Qing dynasty) of Manchuria, but his father was killed by the Eight-Nation Alliance force when he was young.
- 東方文化学院は、後に東京大学東洋文化研究所と 京都大学人文科学研究所東方部に改編された。
- The Academy of Oriental Culture was later reorganized as the Institute of Advanced Studies on Asia of Tokyo University and Eastern Section, Institute for Research in Humanities Kyoto University.
- 定住化によって、縄文人は、集落の周辺に林床植物と呼ばれる、いわゆる下草にも影響を与えた。
- The Jomon people had an impact on the forest floor plants, co-called undergrowth, around the settlements by adopting the sedentary life.
- したがってフランスの進出著しく、地方官僚とフランス人との接触は頻繁であった地域といえる。
- Therefore France stepped up its presence and local officials often contacted with people from France.
- モンゴルの人々にとっても『万国公法』は必要欠くべからざる書だったといえる(橘2006)。
- It can be said that 'Bankoku Koho' was necessary for people in Mongolia as well (Tachibana 2006).
- だが、このために近隣同士が監視する五人組 (日本史)の組織が機能しなくなる場合があった。
- However, This complicated division sometimes hindered the mutual surveillance system called gonin-gumi (history of Japan) where neighboring families were obliged to watch each other.
- 江戸時代に体制教学であった朱子学は人間の欲望充足・利害への関心に厳しい抑制を求めていた。
- Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism), a system teaching and learning in the Edo period, required severe restraint against people's satisfaction of desires and interests.
- このような属性の付与をもって今日我々がイメージする一般的な「文人」像が成立したといえる。
- It can be said that such added characteristics made up the common image the word 'Bunjin' conjures up today.
- 応仁の乱後は日明貿易の日本における主導権は大内氏や細川氏、堺や博多の商人に移っていった。
- After the Onin War, the initiative for trade with Ming gradually moved to the Ouchi clan, Hosokawa clan and merchants in Sakai or Hakata.
- その後1638年以降は西洋人としてオランダのみ出島で2世紀に渡り、交易することとなった。
- After 1638 only Hollanders as Europeans were permitted to trade with Japan at Dejima, Nagasaki for 200 years.
- 絵画に詩を書して落款し印章を捺すという複数の技芸を総合した文人画のような芸術が生まれた。
- There appeared a complex practical art like literati painting using multiple techniques of writing a poem on a painting, sign it and putting a seal on it.
- 金銭を目的とすることは雅を尊ぶ文人の価値基準には堪えない俗物的な行為とされたからである。
- This was because working for money was a vulgar behavior which was below the standards of value of Bunjin who respected elegance.
- 江戸城下町建設のために、千石夫(役高1000石につき1人の人足)を徴発したことに始まる。
- It started with the requisition of Sengokufu (one laborer per yakudaka (salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post) of 1000 koku (approximately 278 cubic meters of crop yields)) for the construction of the castle town of Edo-jo Castle.
- 牧野古墳(奈良県北葛城郡広陵町、押坂彦人大兄の墓である可能性が高い、径43メートルの円墳
- Bakuya Kofun (Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara Prefecture: there is high probability in this being the burial mound of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, a circle tumulus, 43 meters in diameter)
- 大杉の妻らを証人として喚問した8月22日の第2回公判を経て、判決は8月29日に下された。
- The decision was handed down on August 29, after the second public trial on August 22 in which OSUGI's wife was summoned as witness.
- これらの人や物資の輸送には、官営の東海道線と私鉄の山陽鉄道や日本鉄道の輸送力が使われた。
- For transporting those people and goods, the transportation capacity of the government-owned Tokaido Line and private owned railways like Sanyo Railway Company and Nippon Railway was used.
- 彼らは小荷駄奉行の宮崎内蔵助や足軽・人足等多数を討取り、兵糧を奪って梁川城へ引き上げた。
- They returned to the Yanagawa-jo Castle after they killed many soldiers including Kuranosuke MIYAZAKI (宮崎内蔵助), konida bugyo (the magistrate of transporting army provisions), foot soldiers and ninsoku (coolies) to rob them of foods.
- また、雄略天皇7年(463年)条には百済より陶部高貴ら工人が貢がれたことが記されている。
- In the article of 463, it says that craftsmen including SUETSUKURI-no-Koki were presented as tributes from Baekje.
- 兼実は東大寺再建に熱心なのだから、国政の中心人物になったことは、東大寺にいいこともある。
- Kanezane, who was eager to reconstruct Todai-ji Temple, became a key person in the national government, which also worked favorably for Todai-ji Temple.
- 陳以外にも、日本からは草部是助など草部姓の、蔵人所の組織下になかった鋳造師も起用された。
- In addition to CHIN, casters with the family name of Kusabe including Koresuke (是助) KUSABE, who did not belong to the organization under the Office of Imperial Household Logistics, were also appointed.
- 今日こそは何としてでも雪中行軍隊と接触しようと、案内人を何とか説得して、大滝平に進んだ。
- They moved to Otakidaira persuading the guide that they must meet the marching troop today at any cost.
- このような蘭癖大名の典型例として知られる代表的な人物として、薩摩藩主島津重豪が挙げられる。
- Representative individuals known as typical examples of the ranpeki daimyo include the lord of the Satsuma clan, Shigehide SHIMAZU.
- 日本人は攻撃の激しかった粛親王府防衛を受け持っていたため、各国の中で最も死者率が高かった。
- Since the Japanese were assigned to defend the government of Prince Su which was attacked strongly, they suffered the highest ratio of casualties among the nations.
- 猶子(ゆうし)とは、明治以前において存在した他人の子供を自分の子として親子関係を結ぶこと。
- Yushi is a system that existed prior to the Meiji period to establish a parent-child relationship with a child who was not kin.
- そして、同月19日、はやくも正盛から義親と従類5人の首を切ったとの戦勝報告が京都へ入った。
- On January 19, a war victory report of cutting the heads of Yoshichika and his five subordinates was already sent to Kyoto.
- しかし、田村麻呂は四人の副使(副将軍)の一人にすぎないにもかかわらず唯一史料に残っている。
- Despite the fact he was just one of four deputy generals, Tamuramaro was the only person whose name was written in historical records.
- 義貞は援軍を求めるため、二人の皇子と長男新田義顕らを残し、兵糧の尽きた金ヶ崎城を脱出する。
- In order to call for reinforcements for them, Yoshisada escaped from the Kanegasaki-jo Castle where the provisions had run out, leaving the two imperial princes and his eldest son Yoshiaki NITTA.
- 明清となると文人は市民生活を行っており、元より経世済民の志がなく官にも就かない場合が多い。
- In the Ming and Qing periods, Bunjin spent a life as an ordinary man, so that many Bunjin neither had a motivation for governing a nation and providing relief to people nor held official positions.
- 文人にとって書道はもっとも身近な芸であり、これをしない文人はいないといっても過言ではない。
- Calligraphy was the most familiar art to Bunjin and it is no exaggeration to say that there was no Bunjin who did not do calligraphy.
- 寛政元年(1789年) 火付盗賊改方長官・長谷川宣以が老中・松平定信に人足寄場設置を建言。
- In 1789, Nobutame HASEGAWA, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery), proposed the establishment of Ninsokuyoseba to Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, Roju (Seniour Councilor).
- 6月22日午後(時刻は資料により異なる)、歓迎会は発起人の石川による開会の辞から始まった。
- On the afternoon of June 22 (the time varies according to materials), the celebration was started by an opening speech of ISHIKAWA, the originator.
- しかし明治初年においてその動きは、ともすればすくなからぬ日本人の反感を買うおそれがあった。
- However, in the first year of Meiji, such movement might have antagonized some Japanese.
- 主に江戸時代、村落共同体の代表として年貢の重圧による生活の困窮を領主、幕府に直訴した人物。
- Gimin is a person who directly appealed poverty due to heavy pressure of nengu (annual tribute, land tax) to a feudal lord or the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a representative for village communities mainly in Edo period.
- 島田らは刀を捨てて、同日、大久保の罪五事と、他の政府要人の罪を挙げた斬奸状を手に自首した。
- Shimada and others abandoned their swords, and on the same day, they surrendered themselves to the police, handing over their zankanjo which included the five crimes of Okubo and those of other important governmental persons.
- 且ツ手廻リノ人数ニモ高名ノ心懸ヲ止テ、只鎗ノ柄ヲ短く切詰メ、眞丸ニ成テ突懸ルへシト下知シ。
- He also ordered his aides to attack together by choking up on a spear without thinking of a military exploit.
- また、5世紀後半以後に渡来した渡来人の技術者集団の中には品部に属した者が多いとされている。
- Is is believed many of the toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) technical experts who came to Japan in groups after the late 5th century belonged to shinabe.
- 大化以後及び律令制において官司に配属されて宮中で用いる物資の生産・技術伝習にあたった人々。
- Shinabe were people who were assigned to government offices to produce goods used in the Imperial Court and learn those techniques after the Taika Reforms and under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 1551年5月5日に守護代で、実質的に河内の国主といえた器量人の守護代遊佐長教が暗殺された。
- On May 5, 1551, Naganori YUSA, who was resourceful shugodai considered as an actual landed daimyo of Kawachi, was assassinated.
- また大久保が望んだ木戸の復帰などの人事案などが合意を見たことで三者の思惑がようやく一致した。
- The expectations of the three finally came into alignment after they reached a compromise over the issue of government appointments, including the matter of Kido's return to the government, which Okubo desired.
- そして、特に証如の外祖父であり、5人中唯一の畿内在住であった蓮淳にはその後見と養護を託した。
- Especially to Renjun, who was the maternal grandfather of Shonyo and the only priest who lived in the Kinai region, Jitsunyo entrusted Shonyo and asked him to be his guardian.
- 現在はこの赤舌日を意識することはあまりなく、このような日があることを知らない人が大半である。
- At the present time, people are little conscious of this Shakuzetsu-nichi Day (an unlucky day) and most people do not know the existence of such days.
- 義綱の容疑は冤罪とされ、真相は不明だが『尊卑分脈』などでは義家の弟の義光を真犯人としている。
- It is said that the charge against Yoshitsuna was a false one, and the truth is unknown although 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), etc. consider Yoshiie's younger brother Yoshimitsu as the real criminal.
- 加藤は少年・凶人〔ママ〕・犯罪者・極貧者と並んで婦人に選挙権を与えないことを「正理」とした。
- Kato considered it 'logical' not to give a right to vote to women as well as boys, berserk, criminals and the poor.
- 前期旧石器時代の自然石を打ち欠いただけの原初的な石器で、原人段階からの使用が確認されている。
- Rekki was the primitive stone tool made by only crushing natural stones in early Paleolithic period, and it is observed that this was used in the stage of hominid.
- また文人が文学や芸術に耽溺するための物理的な時間を得るために隠逸を志向したという側面もある。
- In addition, it can be also said that some Bunjin aspired for recluse in order to keep time for indulging themselves in literature and arts.
- 網野善彦は、貞時と越訴頭人となって御家人たちの衆望を集めようとした宗方の対立があったとする。
- Yoshihiko AMINO says that Sadatoki confronted Munekata who tried to win the confidence of Shogunal retainers through becoming Ossotonin (the head of legal institutions of Kamakura bakufu and Muromachi bakufu).
- 参勤交代を行う交代寄合を除く旗本・御家人は、江戸に定住して征夷大将軍に仕えたため定府である。
- Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) except kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors) who performed Sankinkotai were Jofu because they lived permanently in Edo and served seii taishogun.
- このため米芾の後で、文人の余技として一般的になったのは遥かに時代が下がった明中期以降である。
- For this reason, it was after the middle of the Ming period which was more recent times that it became popular as an avocation of Bunjin after BEI Futsu.
- 唯一の島根県人である浅井は西南戦争に政府軍として参加し、明治10年8月に東京に凱旋していた。
- Asai was the only shizoku among the Shimada circle who came from Shimane Prefecture, participating in the Seinan War as a soldier in the government army, making a triumphant return to Tokyo in August 1877.
- 既ニ町曲輪マテ乗崩ス間、強テ攻入ラハ、城ヲ落ト事、頃刻ナルヘシ、然レトモ、御人数多費ユヘシ。
- Katakura explained that the troops had advanced to the town wall and were about to seize the castle but there were many casualties.
- 両替商(りょうがえしょう)とは、両替および金融を主な業務とする商店あるいは商人のことである。
- A money changer is a store or merchant who mainly deals with changing money and finance.
- 「賽の河原」の名前は、以前にもここで凍死した村の人が多くいたために付けられていたといわれる。
- The name of Sai-no-kawara (the Children's limbo) was named because many village people had also frozen to death there before.
- 清朝の宣戦布告は、清朝内に在住する外国人及び中国人クリスチャンの孤立を意味するも同然であった。
- The proclamation of war by the Qing Dynasty resulted in the isolation of foreigners and Chinese Christians living in the Qing dynasty.
- 両親・祖父母に対する傷害・殺人、伯叔父母・外祖父母(母方の祖父母)・兄・姉に対する殺人を指す。
- It refers to the wounding or killing of the parent(s)/ grandparent(s) or the killing of uncle(s)/ aunt(s), maternal grandparent(s)/elder brother(s)/elder sister(s).
- 明六社同人内の官/民をめぐる思惑のすれ違いは、やがて『明六雑誌』停刊の際に噴出することになる。
- The opposed ideas over public sector or private sector among Dojin of Meirokusha later blew out when 'Meiroku Zasshi' was suspended issue.
- 官人には官職とそれに対応する品階が与えられる建前であったが、実際の官職ポストには限りがあった。
- Government officials were supposed to receive the government post and Hinkai correspond to it, but the actual government posts had limitations.
- 長岡藩では5月19日に長岡城が落城すると、米の払下や藩による人夫徴用に反対する一揆が発生した。
- In Nagaoka Domain, when Nagaoka-jo Castle surrendered on July 8 (表記の変更), the uprising occurred protesting against the disposition of rice by the new government and the compulsory recruitment of laborers by the domain.
- 後漢末頃から漢詩が隆盛しはじめ、王侯貴族らは詩に巧みな文人を集めて酒宴を開いて楽しんだという。
- Around the end of the Later Han, Chinese poetry became popular and it is said that royalty and nobility often held a feast, gathering Bunjin who were good at making poems and enjoyed it.
- 三人とも、天皇に対して諡を奉るという形式をとっており、諡をつけることで天皇に列したのではない。
- It was an offer of posthumous titles to three emperors, not an act to acknowledge them as emperors by giving such titles.
- これに伴って、このような新しい秩序を主宰する主体としての統一者として「天下人」概念が登場した。
- In association with it, the notion of 'Tenkabito' appeared to indicate a person who integrates those locally established authorities and presides over the new order.
- 彼は船の上で蒸気機関車の鉄道模型を日本人に見せ、欧米の力を見せるべく、詳しい解説をおこなった。
- He showed Japanese model railways of steam locomotives on the ship and explained about them in detail in order to display the power of Western countries.
- 望月氏甲賀望月氏(近江国) - 一族の著名人物として望月吉棟・望月兵太夫・望月与右衛門がいる。
- The Mochizuki clan, Koga Mochizuki clan (Omi Province) - As the famous persons in the family, there were Yoshimune MOCHIZUKI, Hyotayu MOCHIZUKI and Yoemon MOCHIZUKI.
- さらに下地本人にも制裁を加えようとしたが、勤務先が警察関係だけに実行に移すことができなかった。
- They also wanted to punish Shimoji himself, but could not do it since he was working at the police station.
- 本両替商は江戸では本両替仲間、大坂では十人両替仲間を形成し、金相場会所いなどについて協定した。
- Main exchangers formed the 'Honryogae Nakama' (Association of Main Exchangers) in Edo, the 'Junin Ryogae Nakama' (Association of 10 Exchangers) in Osaka, and each agreed on gold exchange rates, etc.
- また、さらに僧侶、僧坊の個別化、分散化、世俗化がすすみ、一人ひとりが住居する私僧坊が発展する。
- In addition, the monks and their lodging facilities were individualized, decentralized and secularized further with development of private residential spaces for each monk.
- 畠山高政は国人領主の統制を整え、安見宗房、湯川直光などの有力諸将を纏め上げ、三好長慶に対抗した。
- Takamasa HATAKEYAMA started to exercise improved discipline among kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords), and united powerful warlords such as Munefusa YASUMI and Naomitsu YUKAWA to compete with Nagayoshi MIYOSHI.
- これらは諸権門をはじめ一般の人々に至るまで各階層の多種多様な財産・権利の保証を効力を有していた。
- Those guaranteed various properties and rights of people of all ranks from influential people to ordinary people.
- 北埔事件(ほくふじけん)は、日本統治時代 (台湾)の台湾で発生した客家人の蔡清琳による抗日事件。
- The Beipu Incident was an anti-Japanese incident in Taiwan that occurred during the period of Japanese rule (in Taiwan) and that was instigated by Tsai Ching-Lin, one of the Hakka people.
- 「忠諒易直」が明治の世にあっては「無気無力」と断ぜられた背後には、人間に対する見方の変化がある。
- On the background that 'Churyoekichoku' was criticized as 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period, there was a change of viewpoint on human beings.
- 現在でこそ、このことばには「個人」という訳語が定着しているが、当時は未だ定まった訳語はなかった。
- Although those words are usually translated into 'kojin' (個人) in Japanese today, there was no particular Japanese word corresponding to the meaning in those days.
- さらにもうひとつ文人である条件を挙げるならば、士人(士大夫)でなければならないということである。
- Moreover, another condition for a Bunjin is that he has to be a Shijin (Shitaifu [a high ranking official from Kakyo, ancient Chinese higher civil service examinations]).
- 1600年リーフデ号が日本に漂着し、ウィリアム・アダムスがイギリス人として初めて日本に到着した。
- In 1600 the Liefde was cast up on the coast of Japan and William ADAMS arrived in Japan as the first Englishman.
- 経世済民という絶対倫理のみに価値をおかず、哲学的・宗教的真理にも重きを置く文人が増えたのである。
- It showed that there was an increasing number of Bunjin who put an emphasis on philosophical and religious issues rather than valuing only the absolute ethic of governing a nation and providing relief to people.
- この時代は文人画で優れた業績を遺した沈周・文徴明・唐寅・徐渭などが代表的な文人として挙げられる。
- ZHOU Shen, WEN Zheng Ming, To in and JO I who left excellent achievements in literati paintings are the typical Bunjin of this period.
- 本来的にあるはずの経世済民の義務ですら全く無視し、風雅の追求のみに傾倒する文人が多数現れている。
- There appeared many Bunjin who completely ignored the fundamental duties of governing a nation and providing relief to people and only sought elegance and taste.
- 蔵米取りの御家人は自家消費分以外の切米(米穀)を、御米蔵の前に店を構える札差を通じて現金化した。
- Kuramai-dori type of gokenin cashed surplus rice over and above their own consumption through fudasashi (Tokugawa-period merchants who obtained the right to provide cash on the security of a vassal's rice stipends) who had their shops in front of government rice storehouses.
- 今日此表ニ而者三百餘人、此内馬上百騎計討捕、福嶋之虎口江追入、無残所手際ニ而、國見江打返陣取候。
- Today, we killed 300 soldiers including 100 horsemen and returned to the headquarters in Mt. Kunimi without any regret after pushing the enemy into the entrance of the Fukushima.
- 宋の商人陳和卿は、船の難破により博多にとどまっていたところを重源に雇われ、指導することとなった。
- A merchant from Sung, CHIN Nakei, who stayed in Hakata due to wreck of his ship, was hired by Chogen as a leader.
- 帯方太守の劉夏は彼らを都に送り、使者は男の生口(奴隷)4人と女の生口6人、班布2匹2丈を献じた。
- Governor-General Liu Xia of Daifang Commandery in Korea sent them to the capital of Wei, and the envoy gave the Emperor presents of 4 male slaves, 6 female slaves and a textile product which was 53 centimeters in width, 24.2 meters in length.
- 神として祀られたのは、孫悟空や諸葛亮、趙雲といった『西遊記』、『三国志演義』の登場人物が多かった。
- Many of the characters within 'Journey to the West' and 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' such as Goku SON, Zhuge Liang, and Zhao Yun, were worshipped as deities.
- かつて義親を追討した正盛の子の平忠盛も疑われたが、彼は潔白を主張し、自ら下手人を捕らえると言った。
- Masamori's son, TAIRA no Tadamori who tracked down and killed Yoshichika was suspected, but he claimed innocence and he insisted that he would capture the murderer on his own.
- 藤作は村に生きて戻ってきたが、村人は石鐵県の聴訟課に蘇生の事実を届出、今後についての指示を仰いだ。
- Tosaku went back to his village alive and the village people reported this to a department called Choshoka (function of police and court) and asked what to do.
- しかし領主間の利害対立も絡み別々の人物が名主等に任命されることが多く村政の混乱を招きがちであった。
- However, due to conflicting interests between feudal lords and other factors, different persons were usually assigned to the same posts such as nanushi in each territory, and such a redundancy often caused confusion in village policy as a whole.
- つまり文人は王侯・貴族・官僚・地主・地方豪族などの支配者的な階級・地位の出身者がほとんどであった。
- So, most of Bunjin were from ruling class and status such as royalty, bureaucracy, landlord and local powerful family.
- この背景には儒教よりも老荘の老荘思想が興起しており文人に大いに影響を与えていたとみることができる。
- It can be said that this was because the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi were more influential than Confucianism at the time and gave great impact on Bunjin.
- この書する文字・書体にも文人の雅俗意識が峻厳に働き、その審美が書芸の発展のひとつの原動力となった。
- Bunjin showed a severe sense of elegance and vulgarian on these letters and the style of writing, and their sense of beauty was part of the motive power for the development of calligraphic arts.
- また名だたる書家のほとんどが文人であるともいえる(王羲之、初唐の三大家、顔真卿、宋の四大家など)。
- In addition, most of the famous calligraphers were Bunjin (WANG Xizhi, the three experts in the Shoto period, YAN Zhenqing, the four experts in Sung, and so on).
- この「道」とは士人の究極の目的である経世済民を為すことであり、それに相応しい官位に就くことである。
- This 'way' means to achieve governing a nation and providing relief to people, which is the ultimate goal of Shijin, and to take an appropriate official position.
- 基本的には、各藩は費用を負担するだけとなり、幕府が直接担当役人を派遣して指揮監督するようになった。
- Basically, each domain was responsible only for the expenses, and the Shogunate sent officials to supervise Fushin.
- しかし、水替人足は非常に厳しい労役を強いられるものであり、更生というより懲罰という側面が強かった。
- However, Mizukaeninsoku demanded severe labor service, and it was more a punishment than a rehabilitation.
- 飢饉などで田畑を捨て江戸に流れ込んできた無宿者や入墨、敲等の処分を受けた軽罪人を約3年間収容した。
- It accomodated the homeless, who landed in Edo after abandoning fields because of famine, for instance, and minor offenders who received such punishments as tatoos and beating, for about three years.
- 条文にはさらに違約したときは当人を断頭に処し、親族を「所払ヒ」(流刑)にすることも付け加えられた。
- This letter also stipulated that a person who breaks this promise should be behead and his/her family should be deported.
- このような背景の中、先の董其昌の画論では専門の画工によった院体画と対峙して文人画を位置づけている。
- Against such a background, the theory of painting by DONG Qichang mentioned above dealt with literati painting as opposed to Intaiga (a type of Chinese painting associated with the Imperial Court Academy) by professional painters.
- しかし、景勝はその申し出を拒絶し、そのため家康は景勝を謀反人とみなして諸大名に上杉氏征討を命じた。
- However, Kagekatsu refused to do so, and therefore Ieyasu saw Kagekatsu as a rebel and ordered territorial lords to subjugate the Uesugi clan.
- 「魏志倭人伝」を読む限り、邪馬台国は伊都国や奴国といった北九州の国より南にあったように読めること。
- Taking 'Gishiwajinden' by itself, it can be inferred that Yamatai existed to the south of the states in northern Kyushu, such as Ito and Na.
- 本隊が午前5時30分頃に露営地に戻った頃に山口少佐が人事不省となり、倉石大尉は少佐に遺言を求めた。
- Major Yamaguchi fell unconscious when the main troop returned to the camp at 5:30 a.m. and Captain Kuraishi asked the Major to leave a will.
- また、元禄9年からは、奈良町奉行を内田守政と、東大寺の担当に妻木頼保を任じて、二人体制に増強した。
- In 1696, the system was reinforced by appointing Morimasa UCHIDA to the Nara City Magistrate and Yoriyasu TSUMAKI as a person in charge of Todai-ji Temple for control by two supervisors.
- 対馬国、一大国、末盧国、伊都国、奴国、不彌国、投馬国に関しては、「魏志倭人伝」に詳しい記述がある。
- There are detailed descriptions in 'Gishiwajinden' of the states of Tsuma, Iki, Matsura, Ito, Na, Fumi and Toma.
- 地下家伝(じげかでん:地下家傳)は、江戸時代後期の天保に成立した、地下人諸家の系図をまとめた歴史書。
- The Jige Kaden, a work of history written during the Tenpo era in the late Edo period, is a collection of the genealogical records of families of Jigenin (low-ranking court officials who were not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace, usually ranked at the sixth rank or lower except for Kurodo).
- こういうところをみると、文人の芸事には自ずと詩と同様の表現への希求が内在するものとも受け止められる。
- Therefore, it can be also said that Bunjin's arts were a presentation of similar intrinsic desire for expression to poetry.
- その漢詩はあまりに有名であるがそれ以上に陶淵明の隠逸的な処世法は後代の文人に大きな影響を与えている。
- His Chinese poetry was overly famous, but more than that, his way of living as a recluses brought a great influence on other Bunjin in later years.
- 山中家 - 一族の著名人物として山中俊房・山中長俊・山中俊好・山中十太夫・山中俊定・山中俊正がいる。
- The Yamanaka family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Toshifusa YAMANAKA, Nagatoshi YAMANAKA, Toshiyoshi YAMANAKA, Judaifu YAMANAKA, Toshisada YAMANAKA and Toshimasa YAMANAKA.
- この禁を破り、御家人が鎌倉幕府を介せず、または許しを得ることなく、叙位任官することを自由任官という。
- When this prohibition was violated and a shogunal retainer received a rank or post directly (not via the Kamakura shogunate) or without permission, that was called Jiyuninkan.
- - 戦国時代 (日本)を終結させた現在の愛知県出身の3人の武将、織田信長・豊臣秀吉・徳川家康を指す。
- refers to Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the three busho (Japanese military commander) from present-day Aichi Prefecture, who brought the Sengoku period to an end.
- 幕府では御家人の任官を将軍による統制下に置くため幕府内に官途奉行を置き、武家の任官の申請窓口とした。
- In order to put appointments of posts (ninkan) under the control of the shogun, Kanto-bugyo (a commissioner of the appointment to an office) was set up in the shogunate, who acted as a contact for samurai families (buke), who applied for ninkan.
- 唐代には既に印章を美術的に論じた文献がみられるが、北宋の米芾がはじめて篆刻した文人とみなされている。
- Although there were books which discussed seals from an artistic point of view already in the Tang period, BEI Futsu in the Northern Sung Dynasty was regarded as the first Bunjin who engraved a Tenkoku.
- しかし院政期に入ると実際の政務の場が院庁に移ったこともあり、院殿上人の方が重んじられるようになった。
- However, with the start of the Insei (rule by a retired emperor) period, intenjobito (people who were granted shoden for retired emperor's palace) were put before naitenjobito partly because actual government affairs were transferred to In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office).
- 町役人(ちょうやくにん・まちやくにん)とは、江戸時代都市部における行政的な組織 (社会科学)である。
- 'Machiyakunin,' also pronounced as 'choyakunin,' refers to an administrative organization in urban areas which existed during the Edo period.
- 一方この頃になると、荘園領主などが本所法によって殺人などの重罪人の処刑・追放と併せて没官が行われた。
- Around this period, on the other hand, Mokkan was carried out by the manor lords according to honjo-ho (the law for the proprietors of manor) alongside with the executions and banishments of the serious criminals such as murderers.
- 魏志倭人伝には、魏 (三国)の領土で朝鮮半島北部に当時あった郡から邪馬台国に至る道程が記されている。
- The route and journey towards Yamatai from a commandery, which existed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula at that time and was a territory of the Wei dynasty (Three Kingdoms Period), is written in Gishiwajinden.
- 旧石器時代の人々は、更新世の末まで、キャンプ生活・遊動生活を営みながら頻繁に移動生活を繰り返してきた。
- The people in the Paleolithic period frequently traveled from one place to the next while engaged in camping and nomadic life until the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
- 犯罪解(はんざいげ)…官人が徒刑・流刑に相当する罪を犯した場合の換刑や除名・免官等の処分を受けた場合。
- Hanzaige…In the case that an government official who had committed a crime corresponding to penal servitude or deportation received any alternative criminal sentence, or that he received the punishment of expulsion or dismissal.
- 1899年には最大68人を有したが、翌年には内紛から離脱者が相次ぎ、主流派40名は「庚子会」と名乗る。
- In 1899, it had a maximum of 68 members, but the following year some members left from the faction due to internal conflicts, so 40 members in the mainstream faction called themselves a 'Koushi-kai.'
- 文人のひとつの属性である「反俗性」はこのころより培われ、「俗」を斥け「雅」を尊ぶ価値基準が生来される。
- Anti-secularity,' which was one of attributes of Bunjin began to be fostered since around this time and the standards of value to reject 'secularity' and to respect 'elegance' was formed.
- 前漢には小篆や古隷から「八分」、古隷から「章草」への変容が生じたが、これは文人の美意識の体現といえる。
- However, once a certain calligraphic style was established, a sense of beauty intervened and it became a subject of calligraphic art.
- 篆刻は最も後発の文人技芸といえるが、これは中国社会の経済的な興隆・産業の発達・技術革新と無縁ではない。
- Tenkoku can be said to be the latest art of Bunjin, which is not unrelated with economic prosperity, development of industries and technological innovation in the Chinese society.
- たとえば清代最後の文人と言われる呉昌碩は詩書画に印を加えたすべてを能くしたことから四絶と讚えられてた。
- For example, Goshoseki who was called the last Bunjin in the Qing period was admired as Shizetsu (四絶,literally, a master of the four areas of art) because he was good at all of poetry, calligraphy and painting as well as seal-engraving.
- 知識人のみならず、下で触れるように教育分野でも教科書として採用されたため、新語の定着を促したと思われる。
- Those words were used not only among intellectuals but also in educational fields and this encouraged adoption of new words.
- 泉屋博古館にある「虎食人卣」(こしょくじんゆう)や東洋文庫が多く所蔵する『永楽大典』はその代表例である。
- Representative examples include the 'Koshokujinyu' (Tiger devouring human) at Sen-oku Hakuko Kan and many 'Yongle Encyclopedias' stored at the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library).
- また初期においては少納言がその職掌として監理するものであったが、蔵人所の設置以降は、蔵人の職掌となった。
- At the beginning, Shonagon controlled Shoin as their official duties but after Kurododokoro (board of archivists) was founded, it became the official duties of Kurodo (Imperial archives keeper).
- 朝鮮寺(ちょうせんでら)とは、おもに在日韓国・朝鮮人ら、特にその婦人層において信仰されている寺院の通称。
- Chosen-dera Temple (Korean Temple) refers to the common name of the temples worshipped by korean people living in Japan, particularly, the women.
- すなわち西欧のように知識人たちが集って親交と学識を深めつつ、民衆を啓蒙するために設立された団体であった。
- In other words, it was a group which aimed for intellectuals to deepen their friendship and scholarship and to enlighten the people like those in Western countries.
- 江戸時代の始まりは南蛮貿易の終わりと重なり、ヨーロッパ人との経済的、宗教的に交易がある程度の域に達した。
- The beginning of the Edo period overlapped the end of trade with Spain and Portugal, and in this period the economic and religious relationship with Europeans arrived at certain extent.
- 警察が首謀者、リーダーと目していた人物らは、14、15日に相次いで逮捕され、逮捕者の数は67名となった。
- The police arrested the persons whom they regarded as ringleaders on February 14 and 15 and totally sixty-seven demonstrators were arrested.
- なお線路を敷設するのには、鉄道が当時の日本人にとっては未知のものであったことから、反対運動が多くあった。
- There were many campaigns against the railway construction since railway was unknown to the Japanese people in those days.
- 三国志における蜀の皇帝 劉備に仕えた忠臣のうち、特にその功績が大きかった3人、諸葛亮・関羽・張飛を指す。
- refers to Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the loyal subjects who served Liu Bei, Emperor of Shu of Sangokushi (The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms).
- やがて長崎に住む日本人とりわけオランダ通詞らの家でも、これを真似てオランダ式の宴が催されることもあった。
- Then this extended to similar style parties at houses of Japanese people such as interpreters in Nagasaki.
- 没官(もっかん/ぼっかん)とは、律令法において科された付加刑の1つで、人身または財物を官が没収すること。
- Mokkan (also read as Bokkan) is one of supplementary punishments in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and it refers to the confiscation of corpus or property by the authority.
- 換言すれば、一条親子の職務を補佐していた言わば鎌倉幕府の京都における代表の一員とも言うべき人物であった。
- In other words, assisting the jobs of the father and son of the Ichijo family, the trio were those that could be said to be representatives of the Kamakura bakufu in Kyoto.
- このことは日本仏教に大きな影響を及ぼし、日本から大陸に渡った僧も一人前の比丘として扱われるようになった。
- This formal pledging system greatly influenced Japanese Buddhism, and the monks who went to China were treated also as formal Buddhist priests there.
- なお、ヨーロッパではマルコ (福音記者)が両替商の守護聖人として彼らの間で崇敬を集めていたとされている。
- In Europe Mark (the Evangelist) has been venerated as the guardian saint of the money changers.
- 掖邪狗らはそのまま都に向かい男女の生口30人と白珠5,000孔、青大句珠2枚、異文の雑錦20匹を貢いだ。
- They went to the capital of Wei and gave the Emperor 30 slaves (male and female), 5,000 pearls, 2 jades and a figured fabric with exotic patterns which was 53 centimeters in width, and 184 meters in length.
- 中国が国際法圏外であることは非常に不利であるという認識が一部の改革派官僚や知識人の間に見られるようになる。
- Some of the reformist government officials and intellectual people understood disadvantages caused by the situation that China was outside of international law system.
- しかし欧米の研究者たちは、義和団は帝国主義に自覚的でなく単に外国人恐怖症からくる排外運動だと主張している。
- However, researchers from Europe and the US emphasized that Boxers were unaware of the empire doctrine, and the anti-foreign movement was born from simple xenophobia.
- 残った要人は、急速かつ無秩序に行われたこれまでの制度改革を整理すべく大久保を中心に内務省 (日本)を設置。
- The rest of the leaders established the Naimusho (Japan's Ministry of the Interior) under Okubo's initiative to readjust the makeshift and chaotic political reforms thus far made.
- 中国文明の影響を脱すること、文字を簡単にして読めない人を無くし文明化をはたすというのが、その理由であった。
- The reasons for this were to escape from an influence of Chinese civilization and to achieve civilization by changing characters more simple for all people to be able to read.
- 裁判の結果、事件の首謀者9人が台湾総督府によって死刑に処され、有期刑や行政処分にあった者も97人を数えた。
- The outcome of the trial resulted in the execution of nine ringleaders of the affair by the Governor General of Taiwan, and more than 97 people were sentenced to imprisonment for a definite term or an administrative punishment.
- しかし、降雨により道がぬかるんでいたため、6人のうち一番後ろにいた者が転倒、それを多数の暴徒が暴行し殺害。
- However, one of the officers among six fell over, due to the sludgy road after raining, and many violent followers attacked and killed the officer.
- 一方、日本律令制では、官人はまず位階によって序列化され、そして位階に応じた官職が与えられることされていた。
- On the other hand, on the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government officials were ranked by Ikai first and given the government post correspond to the Ikai.
- そのため、律令導入時に官人制を布く際、従前の序列を温存しながら各氏族を官人として再編成する必要に迫られた。
- Therefore, it was required to restructure each clans as government officials by preserving the former hierarchy when promulgating the government official system at the installation of Ritsuryo.
- 5月20日から吉田・巻一帯で発生した一揆は領内全域に広がり一時は7,000人規模にまで達するものとなった。
- The uprising that broke out in a wide range of Yoshida and Maki areas from July 9 (表記の変更) spread to the whole area of the domain, and the participants reached as many as 7,000 at its peak.
- 六朝時代にそのプロトタイプが見られるが、中唐から宋 (王朝)になると文人的な自覚をもった人物が現れ始める。
- The prototype of Bunjin was seen in the Six Dynasties Period, and self-self-aware Bunjin began to appear from the third period of Chinese literature in Tang to Sung (Dynasty).
- というのも詩は文人というより士大夫(士人)の欠くべからざる基礎的教養であり、芸とするには重すぎるのである。
- This is because poetry was an essential basic education for Shitaifu (Shijin) rather than Bunjin, and it was too significant to be seen as an art.
- また当時中国の内部対立の結果社会的弱者となった人々も庇護を求めて入信し、キリスト教徒の勢力拡大に寄与した。
- Even people who became socially weak due to the internal conflict within China at that time sought patronage and entered the faith, which contributed to the expanding influence of Christianity.
- ましてや古代中国の『三国志(魏志倭人伝)』が記された時代に、どう読まれていたかも正確なところは不明である。
- Furthermore, it is unclear how it was read at the time when the ancient Chinese 'Sanguo Zhi' (History of the Three Kingdoms) (Gishiwajinden) was written.
- 本人はこの時のことを「其距離等も詳かに知る能はず、所謂夢中に前進中救援隊のために救われたり」と述べている。
- He recalled, 'I was just walking forward desperately, not knowing the distance from the others, when I was saved by the rescue team'.
- 救助活動は青森連隊、弘前連隊、更には仙台第5砲兵隊も出動した大掛かりな体制になり、延べ1万人が投入された。
- The rescue effort was large-scale and 10,000 people were involved, including the Aomori Regiment, Hirosaki Regiment and the fifth Sendai Artillery.
- 粛親王と川島浪速は後に協力して満州独立運動に荷担していくが、二人の運命は義和団の乱以降交叉し始めたといえる。
- Prince Su and Naniwa KAWASHIMA later cooperated with each other while assisting with the independent movement of Manchuria, but their fates crossed from the Boxer Rebellion.
- 11月14日、蔡清琳は群集を煽動して暴動を起こし、北埔地区を襲撃して日本人警察官や市民など57人を殺害した。
- On November 14, Tsai Ching-Lin raised a riot by instigating the assembled crowd and attacked the Beipu district to kill 57 people such as Japanese police officers and citizens.
- 上記のような欧米事情に明るい知識人たちが、啓蒙するための手段として選択したのが定例演説会と雑誌発行であった。
- Such intellectuals who knew well about Europe and America as above chose periodical speech meetings and a publication of a bulletin in order to enlighten people.
- しかし、時代が下った明以降には必ずしもこの条件に当てはまらない文人が多数出現しているという点も看過できない。
- However, it should be noted that there were many Bunjins who did not necessarily meet these conditions after the Ming Period.
- このため外国商人は日本へ銀を持ち込んで、金と交換し、上海などで再度銀と交換するだけで巨利を得ることができた。
- Therefore foreign merchants could obtain a lot of profits by only bringing silver into Japan, exchanging silver for gold and exchanging gold for silver again in foreign countries, such as Shanghai in China for example.
- 当時現場にいた新聞記者らも、裁判で証人として出廷したが、警官隊がサーベルなどの武器を用いたという証言はない。
- The newspaper reporters who witnessed the incident testified in court that the police did not use sabers or any other weapons.
- 外国人宣教師やその信者たちと、郷紳や一般民衆との確執・事件を仇教事件(史料では「教案」と表記される)という。
- Kyukyo Incident (the historical materials refer to it as '教案' [Kyoan]) was the feud or incident between the foreign missionary and their believers versus Kyoshin and common people.
- 孔子やその門人たちが琴を奏でることを好み、楽器の中でももっとも重用していたことが『論語』や『礼記』にみえる。
- In 'the Analects of Confucius' and 'the Book of Rites,' there are descriptions that Confucius and his disciples favored playing Kin and put the highest value on it among all musical instruments.
- 殿上人・雲客と呼び、昇殿を許されない地下人との間に明確な区別があり、公家社会における身分基準の基本とされた。
- There was a clear-cut distinction between people called tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers who were allowed to enter the Imperial Palace) or Unkaku (same meaning as tenjobito) and Jigenin (court officials who were not Tenjobito) whose shoden was not permitted, which was a basic standard of social status in a court noble society.
- 辞(じ)とは、律令制において雑任以下の下級官人及び一般庶民(白丁)が、官司に上申する際に用いたとされる文書。
- Zi is monjo (written material) used by lower-ranking government officials equal to or below the rank of Zonin or by the common people or hakucho (inferior servants) when they reported to their superiors, under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 人参代往古銀はすべて京都の銀座において鋳造され、吹元銀は佐渡金山、生野銀山、および石見銀山の灰吹銀であった。
- Every Ninjindai Okogin was minted in Ginza in Kyoto, and the primary material of these coins was cupellated silver of Sado Gold Mine, Ikuno Silver Mine and Iwami Silver Mine.
- が、後藤房之助本人は当時の連隊長に「よく見ろ」と言われたが、照れくさくなかなか見ることができなかったという。
- Howevr, Fusanosuke KONDO himself could hardly look at it without embarrassment, though he was told to take a close look at it by the Colonel of a regiment at that time.
- 大坂の脇両替は十人両替とは独立して仲間組織を結成し、三郷銭屋仲間(北組・南組・天満組)と南仲間両替があった。
- Independently of the Junin Ryogae, wakiryogae exchangers in Osaka formed two nakama-soshiki unions, the Sango Zeniya Nakama (Union of Copper Exchangers in Sango, i.e., Group Kita, Group Minami and Group Tenman) and the Minami Nakama Ryogae (Union of Exchangers in Minami).
- 重源は「支度第一」(『法然上人行状絵伝』)と呼ばれたその実務能力を発揮して、見事に東大寺再興をしたのだった。
- Fully utilizing his practical capabilities, Chogen, who was regarded as 'giving top priority to preparations' ('Honen shonin gyojo eden' [Illustrated Records of the Activities by Honen Shonin]), successfully reconstructed Todai-ji Temple.
- 大使の要請を受けて派遣されたトルコ航空機によって215名の日本人全員が救出され、無事にトルコ経由で帰国できた。
- Thus all 215 Japanese people were picked up by the Turkish Airlines airplane dispatched in response to the Ambassador's request and managed to return to Japan via Turkey safely.
- しかし一方中国の実情を知る人々の中には義和団の乱に対し同情的な声や、義和団の乱の意義を正しく見抜く人もあった。
- However, among the people who understood the situation in China there were those that gave words of sympathy toward the Boxer Rebellion, and some saw through to the significance of the Boxer Rebellion.
- 義和団の乱の責任は端郡王載漪や剛毅ら数人の重臣と地方官僚50人ほどに帰せられ、処刑もしくは流刑を言い渡された。
- The responsibility for the Boxer Rebellion was placed on Zaiyi or Prince Duan, several resolute senior vassals including Gangyi, and 50 local high officials, who were either executed or deported.
- したがって敗戦後の連合軍の報復を考慮したとき、公使館に立てこもる人々を虐殺することに躊躇を覚えていたのである。
- As a result, they were reluctant to massacre people held within the legation area when considering the retribution of allied forces after losing the war.
- しかも、この「鴨院義親」とは別に義親の旧家人の応弁房が義親を熊野で目撃したという噂もあり、生存説は根強かった。
- Moreover, in addition to this 'Kamoin Yoshichika,' there was a rumor that a former Kenin (retainer) of Yoshichika had seen him in Kumano area, and there was a strong belief that he was alive.
- 中村正直の「人民の性質を改造する説」(第30号)、西周の「国民気風論」(第32号)などにその特徴が濃厚である。
- This character was apparently shown in 'An idea to change people's character' (No.30) written by Masanao NAKAMURA and 'A theory on people's sprit' (No.32) by Amane NISHI.
- 唐律令制では、官人の序列を決定するのは官職という原則が通底しており、品階は官職の等級を表す指標に過ぎなかった。
- On the Ritsuryo system of Tang, it was the common principle that hierarchy of government officials were decided by the government post, and Ikai was only the index to describe the grade of the government post.
- 会員は政教社同人のほかに黒龍会の内田良平 (政治運動家)、および孫文らの中国革命を援助した宮崎滔天らであった。
- Apart from the coteries of Seikyo-sha, its members consisted of Ryohei UCHIDA (political activist) who found the Kokuryu-kai as well as Toten MIYAZAKI who supported the Chinese Revolution that Sun Yat-sen led to.
- 日本の文人については中国との社会制度の違いから、その定義が極めて難しく、厳密に言えばその存在を否定しかねない。
- It is very difficult to define Bunjin in Japan because of the difference in social system between China and Japan, and strictly speaking, its existence might be denied in Japan.
- そして、京に早馬を走らせ、全て終わったから「在京人ならびに西国地頭御家人等」は鎌倉に来てはならぬと伝言させる。
- Then he sent a letter by post horse to Kyoto, which included the message that all of the disturbances had been terminated and therefore, 'persons in Kyoto and jito and gokenin in the western region' should not come to Kamakura.
- そこで、日本人に西洋を範とした近代化を目に見える形とするため、大隈重信・伊藤博文らは鉄道の建設を行う事にした。
- Therefore, in order to visually show Japanese people what modernization modeled after Western countries would be like, Shigenobu OKUMA, Hirobumi ITO and others decided to construct a railway.
- この模型は、日本の役人河田八之助を屋根に乗せて時速約20マイル(32km)のスピードで走ったと記録されている。
- It was recorded that the model carried Hachinosuke KAWADA, a Japanese government official, on the roof and ran at the speed of about 20 miles (32km) per hour.
- 歴史家のアーノルド・J・トインビーは、「人類の歴史の奇跡の一つは、日本の明治以降の近代化である」と述べていた。
- A historian Arnold J. Toynbee said, 'One of the miracles in human history is modernization of Japan since the Meiji period.'
- - 倒幕・明治維新に尽力した藩士・諸士のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、木戸孝允・西郷隆盛・大久保利通を指す。
- referst to Takayoshi KIDO, Takamori SAIGO, and Toshimichi OKUBO, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the feudal retainers of domain and shoshi who made contributions to the overthrowing of the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
- なお、自領内の商人からの融資については御用金の名目で行われていたため、大名貸の範疇には含まれないとされている。
- Meanwhile, financing from merchants in their own domain was not categorized as Daimyogashi, as it was done under the name of goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants).
- なお事件発覚の際に、文覚が保証人となることで一命を救われていた平六代(平維盛の子)も文覚に連座して処刑された。
- TAIRA no Rokudai (a son of TAIRA no Koremori), who escaped death due to Mongaku's guarantee when the incident was exposed, was killed together with Mongaku.
- 承久以後の売却地については、買得人がたとえ鎌倉幕府による安堵状を持っている場合であってもその保証は無効とする。
- For the land sold after the Jokyu era, a letter of ando (recognition and guarantee, by the shogunate, of ownership of the inherited estate of a samurai who pledged allegiance to it) which the purchaser has received from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) shall have no force and effect.
- また、さきの供養のような混乱を避けるべく、兼実によって雑人の立入りは禁じられ、そのために静かに進行していった。
- To prevent the disorder caused in the previous ceremony, Kanezane prohibited commoners from entering the site, which resulted in calm and smooth progress.
- 真宗僧侶の不穏を察知した出張所は、同村に役人5人を派遣し、役人は同村の庄屋片山宅に護法会側を呼び出し交渉を行う。
- The branch office which sensed the disturbing movement of the monks sent five officers to Washizuka Village, they summoned the Goho Association to the house of Katayama, a Washizuka village headman, and negotiated with them.
- しかし、時代が下るにしたがって、落札した町人などが現場の責任を負う請負形式が多くなり、さらには金納化も進行した。
- However, as time went by, Fushin was increasingly conducted by contracts made by merchants, and payment in cash became more and more common.
- 宣化朝に蘇我氏が大臣になり勢いを増し、崇峻天皇朝(587年-592年)では蘇我氏が大臣一人で政権の中枢を握った。
- In the Senka era, the Soga clan became Oomi (great minister) and increased in power, in addition, the Soga clan retained the ministers position by for itself, and held the center of political power during the Emperor Sushun era (year of '587'to'592').
- 延暦年間には復活したが、人員削減政策の一環として861年からはここの官職は任命されなくなり、実質的に廃止された。
- Shuyoshi was revived in the Enryaku era, but it was abolished practically because nobody came to be appointed as government posts of Shuyoshi from 861 due to part of downsizing measures.
- 官人雑任として実際に馬の飼育にあたる馬部(めぶ)がおり、飼育を担当する飼戸(しこ)を傘下においてこれを統率した。
- As Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), Mebu which actually raised horses existed, and retained and governed Shiko which was in charge of raising horses.
- なお、同様の趣旨をもってえた・非人とされた人々の所有地である「穢地」の免税特権破棄も解放令と同時に行われている。
- For the same purpose, the privilege of tax exemption of 'kegachi', lands possessed by people who had been treated as Eta and Hinin (groups comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), was also abolished when Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was issued.
- 佐々木高綱など、個人的な御家人の同信はいたものの、やはり、家々に課役せねば、事業は成し遂げられそうにもなかった。
- Although there were some like-minded vassals such as Takatsuna SASAKI, it seemed impossible to complete the project without imposing levies or labor service on households.
- さて、日本には中世より、割符と呼ばれる為替の前身にあたる物を扱う「替銭屋」・「割符屋」と呼ばれる商人が存在した。
- In medieval Japan there existed merchants called 'kaesenya' or 'warifuya' who dealt with 'warifu' (tally), a precursor of money order.
- かつて、畿内説は「魏志倭人伝」の方角表記が誤っていると考える研究者(「連続説」、主に京都大学系)に多く見られた。
- The Kinai region theory was found among many researchers who thought the direction written in 'Gishiwajinden' was incorrect ('the contiguous journey theory,' mainly found in connection with Kyoto University).
- 綱吉が将軍に就任したすぐの時期に、若年寄の稲葉正休が殿中で刺殺されたこともあり、側用人の柳沢吉保が実権を掌握した。
- However, immediately after Tsunayoshi assumed the position of shogun, his sobayonin (lord chamberlain), Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA gripped the real power over the bakufu, making use of adverse situations including the incidence in which Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) Masayasu INAGA was stabbed to death inside the palace.
- ただし外交官として海外に派遣される官僚が増加してくると、そうした人々の間では『万国公法』への関心が高まっていった。
- However, the number of officials who were dispatched to overseas countries as diplomats increased and interest in 'Bankoku Koho' among such people was increased.
- 1559年、畠山高政は有力国人を味方につけた安見宗房に対抗するために、三好長慶の援助を受けて、安見宗房に対抗した。
- In 1559, Takamasa HATAKEYAMA asked for Nagayoshi MIYOSHI's support to compete with Munefusa YASUMI who had support from powerful local lords.
- 数々の投書にある署名からして、官吏や学生、書生、村役人、旧士族、豪農、豪商など知識人層に読まれていたことが分かる。
- Signatures on some letters show that it was read by intellectuals such as government official, students, shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties), village officer, former warrior class, wealthy farmer and wealthy merchants.
- ところが、代表者である千家は元々伊藤博文の勧めで神道家から政界に転じた人物で伊藤系の立憲政友会に近い立場であった。
- However, the representative of the group, Senge shifted to a politician from Shintoist at Hirobumi ITO's suggestion, so his position was close to the Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government Party) which Ito formed.
- また、1両が4分、1分が4朱という一部4進法が用いられる貨幣体系も外国人からは分かりにくく、改善が求められていた。
- Besides, the currency system partially using quaternary (1 ryo was equal to 4 bu, and 1bu was equal to 4 shu.) was too difficult for foreigners to understand and its improvement was required.
- と同時に、多芸多趣味・アマチュアリズム・反俗性・孤高性・養生・隠逸志向などの多様な文人属性が数えられるようになる。
- At the same time, Bunjin characters became diversified to include versatility and wide interests, amateurism, anti-secularity, independency, curing and a tendency of recluse.
- 彼らの意識の根底には雅俗認識を主な価値基準とする人間観・世界観があり、風雅を求め山紫水明を愛する気風が生じてくる。
- They basically had the view of human and the world which was mainly based on elegance and vulgarism, and gradually came to have a spirit to seek elegance and taste and love beautiful scenery (outstanding natural beauty).
- 671年、天智天皇の死後に朝廷を主宰した弘文天皇は、翌672年の壬申の乱で、大海人皇子(天武天皇)に敗れて死んだ。
- Emperor Kobun who led the imperial court after the death of Emperor Tenchi in 671 lost in the Jinshin War against Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) and died in 672.
- また十三川(新淀川)・神崎川・武庫川には、イギリス人イングランドが設計しイギリスで製作されたトラス橋が架けられた。
- Also for the Jusogawa (Shinyodogawa), the Kanzakigawa and the Mukogawa, truss bridges were built, which were designed by England, an Englishman and fabricated in England.
- 当時の客車は台車や台枠は鉄製だが壁や屋根を含む本体は木造であり、この改造は練達の日本人大工の手によって実施された。
- Although the passenger train's chasis and frame at the time were build with iron, the main structure including walls and roof were wooden built and their modification was done by skilled Japanese master carpenters.
- 実際には、頼朝の時代に源義経をはじめ、24人の東国御家人が自由任官をし、墨俣以東に入ることを禁ぜられた事例がある。
- Actually there were a case in which 24 shogunal retainers of the eastern provinces (Togoku) inclulding MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, were appointed directly and were forbidden to go east of Sunamoto (Gifu).
- 文房で古書画の鑑賞に浸り、墨を擦り、詩を詠じ、友と酒を酌み交わして清談に耽ることが文人の理想的な文房生活といえる。
- It can be said that an ideal life at Bunbo for Bunjin was to devote himself to the appreciation of old calligraphic works and paintings, making black ink, making a poem and having seidan (noble conversations) with friends over drinks.
- 5月20日、木戸孝允が長崎を訪れて処分を協議し、信徒の中心人物114名を津和野、萩、福山へ移送することを決定した。
- On July 9, Takayoshi KIDO visited Nagasaki to discuss how to punish them and decided to transport 114 leading Christians to Tsuwano, Hagi, and Fukuyama.
- また、最近の畿内説は、水掛け論に陥りやすい「魏志倭人伝」の解釈より考古学による知見のほうが確実と見なす傾向がある。
- Also, recent Kinai region theory tends to see archaeological findings as more certain than interpretations of 'Gishiwajinden,' which easily fall into barren controversies.
- また、河内国、和泉国を勢力下におき、大和国、紀伊国へも勢力を浸透させることに成功したことで三好長慶は天下人となった。
- Nagayoshi MIYOSHI became Tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country), taking control of Kawachi Province and Izumi Province, while becoming influential in Yamato Province and Kii Province.
- (ただし、後世においても例外的に実子が無かった場合に猶子を相続人にする例も存在したが、これは特例として考えられる。)
- (Though in later years there were some cases that a parent had no real child and Yushi became heir, they were regarded as exceptions.)
- そして、警官隊に向かって投石したり、棍棒で襲い掛かったり、拳銃を奪ったりしたので、公務執行妨害罪で20人を検挙した。
- They threw stones at the police squad and attacked the police officers with a club and snatched their pistols, so the police arrested 20 people for obstructing official duties.
- これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
- This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.
- 翌年には名称を「月曜会」と改めると、50人を有して研究会_(貴族院)・三曜会とともに初期議会を代表する会派となった。
- The following year it was renamed 'Getsuyo-kai' and with 50 members it became one of the initial assembly's leading factions like Kenkyu-kai (House of Lords) or Sanyo-kai.
- 雲龍寺でも農民が1100人程度集結したが、警官の監視が厳しく、実際に東京に向かえたのは養性寺組の700名だけだった。
- About 1100 peasants came to Unryu-ji Temple to join the demonstration, but under the strict supervision by the police only 700 peasants who started from Yosei-ji Temple managed to go to Tokyo.
- 芸娼妓解放令(げいしょうぎかいほうれい)とは、明治政府が1872年に発した遊女の人身売買の規制などを目的とした法令。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei is a law issued by the Meiji Government in 1872, whose main aim was to control human traffic of prostitutes.
- これは明末の董其昌による画論『画禅室随筆』に「文人の画は王維から始まる」として唐代の王維をその始祖としたことによる。
- This was because Dong Qichang in the end of Ming period wrote in his theory of paintings, 'Gazenshitsu zuihitsu'that 'painting of Bunjin was initiated by WANG We,i' identifying WANG Wei, as the progenitor of literati paintings.
- 765年の近衛府設置と同時に宮中の厩を扱う内厩寮(ないきゅうりょう)が分離されて基本的に近衛府の官人がこれを兼ねた。
- When Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) was established in 765, Naikyuryo handling horse boxes in the Imperial Court was departed simultaneously, and government officials of Konoefu basically took this position concurrently.
- すると先の「盟約」やそれに関連する旧王朝要人の存在などが明るみに出たので、県庁に仔細報告の上、厳しい取調べを始めた。
- They found out about the covenant as well as the important persons of the former dynasty who were involved in it, and thus they reported the Prefectural Government about it and started conducting severe interrogations.
- ・註4:「公、御本陣羽黒山ノ麗へ、片倉備中(景綱)ヲ召寄セラレ、城中ノ様子ニ依テ、御人数ヲ引揚ラレヘキ哉ト仰セラル。
- Note 4: 'Masamune called Bicchu (Kagetsuna) KATAKURA to the headquarters at the foot of Mt. Haguro to ask him what was going on in the castle and whether or not the troops should be withdrawn.
- だが県の役人は江戸時代の刑罰では死刑囚の身体を破壊するものであり、生き返ったなどといった前例があるわけでもなかった。
- However the officers of the prefecture had never heard the precedent about a condemned who resuscitated because they considered punishments of Edo Period were supposed to destroy a condemned phisically.
- 地域という点からいえば、雑誌は東京周辺だけで読まれただけではなく、大阪や広島、青森など全国各地の人士にも読まれていた。
- As to the point of location, the bulletin was read not only by the people around Tokyo but also by jinshi (a person of high social standing and cultured) in various places of Japan such as Osaka, Hiroshima and Aomori.
- 日蓮本人が文永6年(1269年)に筆写したとされる本が法華経寺にあり(国宝)、他にも直弟子などによる写本が多数伝わる。
- A copy of the treatise presumed to have been transcribed by Nichiren himself in 1269 remains at Hokekyo-ji Temple (national treasure) and there exist many other copies transcribed by his direct disciples and other followers.
- 6月14日から6日間にわたる一揆は村役人の邸宅や桑折陣屋代官所を襲撃し、隣の福島藩の中枢である福島城城下町に突入した。
- During the six days from July 25, the people attacked the houses of village officers, and jinya (regional government office) and daikansho (local governor's office) located in Kori, and in continuation, they rushed into the castle town of Fukushima-jo Castle, which was the center of the neighboring Fukushima Domain.
- この「学問を修める」とは経書経学(儒学的知識)を中心に、史学・漢学など幅広い知識を有する読書人であることを前提とする。
- It was assumed that 'an educated person' had wide knowledge of studies such as History and Sinology, centering on Keisho (most important documents in Confucianism) and Keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism).
- 中国の長い歴史的変遷によって文人の性格は大きく変化し、研究者によって様々な解釈がなされ、必ずしも一様とはいいきれない。
- The character of Bunjin has greatly changed through long historical transitions in China, been interpreted variously and not always been identical.
- 三傑(さんけつ)とは、歴史上のある事柄や、同じ主君に仕えた家臣などのうち、特に功績が大きかった者を3人選んでいうこと。
- Sanketsu means three outstanding people chosen out of those who made the greatest achievements in historical incidents or in their services to their lords.
- 町役人の職務については、奉行所からの触書を町民に知らせたり、町民からの訴えを奉行所に取り次いだりすることなどであった。
- The duty of a machiyakunin included informing town people of furegaki (bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] orders) from a magistrate's office and submitting people's appeals to the office.
- 永井軍医や桜井龍造看護長といった医療班は、兵の看護を無理をして続けていたが、その結果本人達も斃れてしまう結果となった。
- The people of the medical detachment, such as army surgeon Nagai and chief nurse Ryuzo SAKURAI, tried so hard treating other soldiers that they themselves fell in the end.
- 神成文吉大尉は、秋田県の出身で、陸軍教導団を経て陸軍歩兵二等軍曹に任官し、順次昇進して陸軍歩兵大尉となった人物である。
- Captain Bunkichi KANNARI, from Akita Prefecture, was assigned as a staff sergeant of the Army Infantry after having trained in Rikugun Kyododan (an academy established to train noncommissioned officers) and became Army Infantry Captain, being promoted sequentially.
- この計画には、民衆の人気がありすぎて、一時期政権の悩みの種でもあった行基を起用、重用し、大仏造立計画は求心力をもった。
- For the Great Buddha construction plan, Gyoki, whose overwhelming popularity among the people sometimes annoyed the government, was appointed to a responsible person in order to acquire centripetal force.
- 『三国志(魏志倭人伝)』の版本では「邪馬壹國」または「邪馬一國」(日本語読みはともに「やまいちこく」)と書かれている。
- It is written '邪馬壹國' or '邪馬一國' (both 'Yamaichikoku' in Japanese reading) in printed books of 'Sanguo Zhi' (Gishiwajinden).
- オーガスト・ウィルヘルム・ヘフター (August Wilhelm Heffter, 1796-1880) はドイツ人。
- August Wilhelm HEFFTER (1796-1880) was a German.
- この中にある「臣等伏シテ方今政権ノ帰スル所ヲ察スルニ、上帝室ニ在ラス下人民ニ在ラス、而独有司ニ帰ス」の言に由来している。
- The term derives from the following passage in the petition: 'As we observe how the present government fares, it resides neither in the emperor above nor in the people below, but it solely belongs to 'Yushi.'
- 他に桑田王の異母兄弟である安宿王(母は藤原不比等の娘藤原長娥子)なども高階真人姓を賜ったが、いずれも早い段階で断絶した。
- Prince Asukabe who was a paternal half-brother of Prince Kuwata (his mother was FUJIWARA no Nagako, a daughter of FUJIWARA no Fuhito) and some others were also granted the hereditary title of TAKASHIMA no Mahito; however, each lineage ended at early stage.
- 前述のように六朝のはじめ、儒教的倫理規範の束縛からわずかに自由になった文人は道家的思想に新たな価値観を見いだそうとした。
- As mentioned above, at the beginning of the Six Dynasties, Bunjin became free a little from the bind of Confusian ethics model and tried to find a new sense of value in the thought of Taoism.
- 『書紀』の編者を率いたのは舎人親王で天武の子、完成時の元正天皇は天武の孫で、編纂期間中を通じて皇位は天武系が占めていた。
- Imperial Prince Toneri, son of Tenmu, led the compilers of 'Chronicles of Japan' and the emperor at the time of its completion was Empress Gensho, a grandchild of Tenmu, so the Tenmu family held the Imperial Throne during the compilation of the Chronicles.
- その翌日の夕刻、貞時の「仰せ」とする得宗被官、御家人が当時連署であった北条時村の屋敷を襲い殺害、屋敷一帯は炎に包まれた。
- In the evening of the next day, samurai belonging to Tokuso (the main Hojo family) attacked the residence of Tokimura HOJO, an assistant to shikken at that time, saying that it was Tokisada's order, killing Morotoki and burning the area including the residence.
- この事件を機に、政府高官の移動の際は、数人の近衛兵らによる護衛が付くようになった(イザベラ・バード『日本旅行記』より)。
- After this incident, the Meiji government ordered that imperial guards would escort and guard governmental high officials when the high officials were on the move ('Unbeaten Tracks in Japan' by Isabella BIRD).
- 『銀座書留』によれば宝永7年(1710年)より1年当り1,417貫500匁の人参代往古銀を対馬藩に渡すように記している。
- According to 'Ginza Kakitome' (The Record of Ginza), the Shogunate was to hand the Tsushima Domain 1,417 kan (one kan is approximately 3.75 kg) 500 monme (one monme is approximately 3.75 g) of Ninjindai Oko Chogin per year from 1710.
- 「魏志倭人伝」に記述された民俗・風俗がかなり南方系の印象を与え、南九州を根拠とする隼人と共通する面が指摘されていること。
- The ethnic customs and folkways described in 'Gishiwajinden' give an impression of the south, which, it has been pointed out, are characteristics shared in common with Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) based in southern Kyushu.
- 品部(しなべ/ともべ)とは、「しなしなのとものを」あるいは「とものみやつこ」の和訓を持つ古代日本の人的集団・組織のこと。
- Shinabe (technicians in offices), or 'shinashinano tomonowo' or 'tomono miyatsuko' in the Japanese way of reading, refers to the human group or organization in ancient Japan.
- その後、寛文8年(1668年)には6人に倍増し、同10年(1670年)には10人となり、十人両替仲間を形成するに至った。
- Their number increased to 6 in 1668 and to 10 in 1670 at which point they formed the Junin Ryogae Nakama.
- それに対し、畠山方は国人衆の旗頭や独立した国人領主が各自で参加する編成であったために、全体の指揮系統が一元化されていない。
- Compared to Miyoshi's, Hatakeyama's chain of command was not unified, as various leaders of local clans and samurai lords joined the force independently.
- 指揮系統に関しては三好方が各部隊(各国人衆)の指揮官に一族を配置して、総大将三好長慶の命令が伝わりやすい編成となっていた。
- Regarding the chain of command, Miyoshi made family members commanders of each unit (made of local clan), so the orders by the supreme commander Nagayoshi MIYOSHI were delivered well.
- うちいくつかを以下に挙げるが、その数の多さから日本における翻訳書が清末の人々の近代国際法受容に一役買っていたことがわかる。
- Some of them are shown below and we can know from the large number of translated books in Japan that such translation played a certain role to make Chinese people accept modern international law at the end of Qing dynasty.
- さらに近代国際法の受容が進んだことで、単なる翻訳でなく『万国公法』に中国人自らが注釈を施した著作も刊行されるようになった。
- As acceptance of modern international law had progressed, not only mere translation but also works in which 'Bankoku Koho' was annotated by Chinese people were issued.
- これはマーティンたちが、中国人にとって国際法を受容しやすくするために、儒教的用語を駆使して「普遍性」を演出したためである。
- This is because that Martin and so on tried to add stress on 'universality' by fully utilizing Confucian terms in order to make international law easily understandable to Chinese.
- 主として兵粮奉行(兵粮奉行)率いる、およそ50名から100名の足軽等に護衛された人夫(陣夫)が駄馬や車輌を用いて運搬した。
- Principally, laborers (servicemen) guarded by fifty to a hundred ashigaru (common foot soldiers) who are all directed by hyoro bugyo (food supply administrator) carried goods on packhorses or vehicles.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1946年11月、東亜同文会は解散し、4年後の1950年12月、財団法人としての東亜同文会も清算された。
- In November 1946 after the Second World War, the Toa-dobunkai dissolved and then in December 1950 after four years, the Toa-dobunkai as a foundation also went into liquidation.
- この社会情勢の変化の中、唐代を過渡期として宋代以降になると文人は公的な官僚生活と私的な文人生活の二面性を有するようになる。
- Because of this change in social situation, Bunjin came to have two aspects of an official bureaucrat and a private Bunjin after the Sung period through a transitional stage in the Tang period.
- 官僚としてはしっかりと経世済民(世を治め民を救う)の義務を果たし、私生活においては文人として趣味の生活を堪能するのである。
- While he steadily fulfilled duties of governing a nation and providing relief to people as a bureaucrat, he enjoyed a pastime as Bunjin in his private life.
- しかし、乱で死んだ皇族は大友皇子と山部王の二人だけで、他の天智系皇族は大友の子葛野王をも含めて全員が残って朝廷を構成した。
- However, only two imperial family members, Price Otomo and Yamabe no Okimi, died in the war, and all the other imperial family members related to Emperor Tenchi, including Kadono no Okimi, son of Otomo, stayed in the imperial court.
- 宋代に隆盛した文人画は総合芸術であり詩書画に加え印章にも同様の高い芸術性が求められ、文人の雅俗認識が鋭く及ぶようになった。
- The literati painting which flourished in the Sung period was a comprehensive art, so the seals were also required to have high artistic value similar to Calligraphy, Poetry, and Painting and strongly influenced by the sense of elegance and vulgarian of Bunjin.
- 魏志倭人伝中で邪馬台国の埋葬方法を記述した『有棺無槨』を甕棺と見なす見解に基づき、北九州地方に甕棺が多数出土していること。
- There is a view that the phrase '有棺無槨' in Gishiwajinden, which refers to burial methods in Yamatai, describes earthenware-jar coffins, of which many have been excavated in northern Kyushu.
- 大名貸(だいみょうがし)とは、大坂・京都・江戸などの有力商人によって財政窮乏に苦しむ大名(藩)に対して行われる金融のこと。
- The term 'daimyogashi' refers to a loan for a daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) or a domain in financial droughts arranged by influential merchants in Osaka, Kyoto, Edo, and so on.
- すなわち京都から帰還後に朝廷の人事を全て配流以前のものに復させ、それに続いて乱によって生じた所領の移動を全て元に復させた。
- Therefore, after returning from Kyoto, the Emperor restored all personnel of the Imperial Court to positions where they were before he was banished, and then undid all transfer of territories resulted from the war.
- ほかにも、千人の僧侶と、そして『醍醐雑事記』には「その数幾万億を知らず」ともかかれるほどの熱狂した大群集が集ったのだった。
- According to 'Daigo zojiki' (Records of the History of Daigo-ji Temple), 'hundreds of millions of' excited people gathered, in addition to one thousand monks.
- 1663年武家諸法度を改正(寛文令)し、殉死を禁止し、大名からの人質を出す証人の制を廃止した(これを寛文の二大美事という)。
- The bakufu revised Buke Shohatto (Kanbunrei) in 1663, and forbade junshi (following one's master to the grave) and abolished the system of Shoninnosei (forcing daimyo to offer a hostage) (these two measures were called 'two good actions in the Kanbun era').
- 享保の改革では、米価が下がっているのに諸色が下がらないのは商人たちが不当に利益を得ているからだとして価格引下げを命じている。
- In the Kyoho Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in the Kyoho era) a rollback order was issued to the merchants, alleging that the shoshiki showed no sign of easing in spite of the declined rice price because the merchants profited unfairly.
- 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
- 時代的変遷を総じていえば、文人の要素として時代を遡るほど徳(道義)を強調する傾向があり、時代が下ると風流に傾倒するといえる。
- In general, going back farther in time, virtue (morality) was more emphasized as an important element of Bunjin, and in more recent years, refined taste was more emphasized.
- 中国において士人とは時代的変遷はあるものの概ね、儒家としての人文的教養を身につけ、支配的・指導的な立場にある者のことをいう。
- In China, although it has been changed through periods, Shijin usually refers to a person who has an education of literature as Confucianist and a ruling or leading status.
- 氏による反証では、強制執行は行われておらず、洞村の人々が陵墓への畏怖心などから自主的に移転を決めたとの事実が明らかにされた。
- According his rebuttal, the people in Hora Village was not enforced to move but voluntarily decided to relocate in awe of the imperial mausoleum and so on.
- また人格神としての「テングリ」はモンゴルの宇宙創造神話において「テングリ・ハイラハン」という地上を作った創造神として現れる。
- 'Tenguri' as a humanized god appears in the Mongolian mythology of universe creation as 'Tenguri Hairahan,' a god who created the earth.
- 人口が少ないことや、小笠原諸島には欧米系住民の居住などもあり、東京府による直接の行政運営がなされ、町村の設置は大幅に遅れた。
- These islands were directly administered by Tokyo Prefecture because they had a small population and because people from Europe and America lived in Ogasawara Islands, and towns and villages were not set until much later.
- 1893年、お雇い外国人トレビシックの設計・指導の下に官営鉄道神戸工場で軸配置1B1タンク機の国鉄860形蒸気機関車が完成。
- In 1893, the domestically manufactured model 860 steam locomotive with an axis arrangement 1B1 tank machine was completed with a design and supervision by hired foreigners in Japan.
- トンネルでは、1880年に完成した東海道線の京都と大津間の逢坂山トンネル(664.8m)が、お雇い外人に頼らずに掘削された。
- For tunnel construction, in 1880 the Japanese dug Osakayama tunnel between Kyoto and Otsu (664.8m) without the help of foreigners.
- このような琴の流行は南北朝時代 (中国)に最高潮になりやがて衰退するが、近世になっても文人の嗜むべき随一の楽器とされ続けた。
- Kin was prevailed most widely in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and soon declined, but it had been seen as the sole music instrument for Bunjin even in the recent times.
- なお、殿上人にも例外があり、六位蔵人はその職務上の必要から昇殿宣旨を受けられた(この場合、蔵人所が申請を行って宣旨を得た)。
- There was an exception among tenjobito that Rokui no Kurodo could receive a shoden no senji because it was necessary to perform their duties (in this case the Kurodo dokoro [Office of Imperial Household Logistics] applied for shoden to obtain a senji).
- また、『平家物語』にも、長々と無残にも風にのった炎に崩れ行く堂舎仏像と炎にまかれて死ぬ人々の阿鼻叫喚の有様が描写されている。
- 'Heike monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) also depicts how temple buildings and their Buddha statues collapsed by merciless fire spreading widely due to a strong wind, and how people died screaming and crying in flames.
- いままでこの問題だけで論争がおこっていたが、近年注目されているのが、上原真人の法華堂(三月堂、羂索堂)金光明寺金堂説である。
- This issue has been intensively argued, but in recent years the theory of Mahito UEHARA, where the Hokke-do Hall (the Sangatsu-do Hall and the Kensaku-do Hall) was regarded as the Kon-do Hall of Konmyo-ji Temple, has been attracting attention.
- 1月31日午前9時頃、鳴沢北方の炭焼き小屋にいた三浦武雄伍長と阿部卯吉一等卒の2人が救出されるが三浦伍長は救出後に死亡した。
- Around 9 a.m. on January 31, Corporal Takeo MIURA and Private First Ukichi ABE, who had been staying in a charcoal making shack in the northern Narusawa, were rescued, though Corporal Miura died after being rescued.
- 蘭癖(らんぺき)は江戸時代、蘭学に傾注したり、オランダ式(あるいは西洋式)の習俗を憧憬・模倣するような人を指した呼び名である。
- Ranpeki refers to people who devoted themselves to Western learning, or yearned and copied Dutch (or Western) manners and customs in the Edo period.
- 頼るところは最早人心のみ」と述べながら、北京陥落後あっさり義和団を切り捨てた清朝・西太后の姿勢は大きな失望を一般民衆に与えた。
- All we can rely on now is the heart of the people,' but she simply cut ties with the Boxers after the fall of Beijing, and commoners lost trust in the attitude of the Empress and the Qing dynasty.
- いずれにしても連合軍の歩みは緩慢であったため、それだけ北京で救援を待つ人々に苦渋を強いることになり、後々批判されることになる。
- At any rate, the allied forces marched slowly causing further trouble to those in Beijing waiting to be rescued, and they were later criticized for this.
- そして外国人や中国人キリスト教信者はもとより、舶来物を扱う商店、はては鉄道・電線にいたるまで攻撃対象とし、次々と襲っていった。
- They eventually targeted not only foreigners and Chinese Christians, but merchants that handled foreign goods, and even railways and electricity lines, and began to attack one after another.
- しかし、一人あたりの耕地面積は狭く、農家は零細的経営を余儀なくされたため、農村の貧困状態を根本的に改善することはできなかった。
- However, as the area under cultivation per farmer was small and the farmers were forced to manage small farms, the poverty of the farmers was never fundamentally improved.
- またこの時代の文人を特に貴族的文人と呼ぶことができるがその貴族としての意識が凡俗であることを見下す姿勢を産み出したともいえる。
- In addition, especially the Bunjin in this period can be called aristocratic Bunjin and it can be also said that their awareness as nobility created an attitude to disrespect the ordinary and secular.
- しかし、文人達はこれらの芸を飽くまで自らが文雅を楽しむための余技として捉え、他者から職業的な営みと見られることを極度に嫌った。
- However, Bunjin regarded these arts as an avocation for them to enjoy elegance and absolutely hated this to be seen as a profession.
- 孔子が「古の賢人」と讚えた伯夷は志を貫き、自ら官を退き隠逸し、薇(わらび・ぜんまい)を食べながらついには餓死した士人であった。
- Hakui, whom Confucius praised as 'an old wise man,' was Shijin who became a recluse, retired from an official position of his own ill, sticking to his principles, and finally starved to death as a result of eating only warabi (a wild vegetable, bracken).
- 竹橋にある勘定所の文書倉庫で書類整理をさせると、役人が書き損じた書類を勝手に破いて寄場に持ち帰る(紙は当時非常に高価だった)。
- When they were made to do the filiing of documents in the warehouse of documents of the Ministry of Finance in Takebashi, they tore the documents spoiled by officials and took them to the Yoseba (because sheets of paper were very expensive those days).
- 十人衆に選ばれたのは、本町の宮部・西村・下村・田辺、呉服町の安藤、大手町の樋口・大依・川崎、魚屋町の今村、舟町の吉川家だった。
- Families chosen as the juninshu were the followings: Miyabe, Nishimura, Shimomura, Tanabe in Hon-cho, Ando in Gofuku-machi, Higuchi, Oyori, Kawasaki in Ote-machi, Imamura in Uoya-cho (魚屋町), and Yoshikawa in Funa-machi (舟町).
- また、人数や任期についても地域やその都市によって異なり、特に任期については、数年で交代するところから世襲によるところもあった。
- Also, each city had its own rule about the number of officials and their term of office, and as for the term of office, they were replaced every few years in some regions or cities while the position was hereditary in some other cities.
- 2008年1~2月、米国・海洋考古学研究所のトルコ人スタッフらが発掘調査を行い、遺骨や弾丸など1000点以上の遺品を引き揚げた。
- In January and February, 2008, Turkish staff members of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology of the United States carried out an underwater excavation and salvaged over 1000 articles of her remains, such as bullets and remains of the body.
- また、国衙においてはこれらの文書を作成するために公文所が設置され、文筆や計算に通じた人物を国司・史生と言った在庁官人に任命した。
- And in kokuga (provincial government offices), kumonjo was set up in order to produce these documents, and the figures who had skill in writing or calculation were appointed as zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) such as kokushi and shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties about documents).
- 町役人が詰めて、町内の住民を集めて奉行所などからの「町触」などの規則を伝達したり、逆に住民が提出する届書を作成する事務を行った。
- In kaisho, Machiyakunin (municipal officials) stayed in order to assemble people and notify the regulations issued by the town magistrate office and others, such as 'machibure' (laws for merchants and artisans), or on the contrary, in order to undertake office work such as preparing the application forms for residents.
- 実際の建設に際しては、土木工事は築城経験のある日本の技術が生かされたが、六郷川橋梁だけはイギリス人の指導の下に木造で架橋された。
- As for the practical construction, Japanese techniques based on the experience of castle construction were applied in public works, but only the railway bridge over the Rokugo River was constructed under the British's instruction using timber.
- ドイツ人のH・ルムショッテルの指導の下、ドイツより輸入した車輌を使って1891年までに門司駅~熊本駅間、鳥栖駅~佐賀駅間が完成。
- Under supervision of German engineer H. Rumushotteru and through the use of imported railway vehicles from Germany, the lines between Moji Station and Kumamoto Station, and Tosu Station and Saga Station were completed by 1891.
- もっとも、政治的な理由や天皇個人との関係を理由として公卿でも昇殿が許されない事例もあり、そういう人々を「地下の上達部」と称した。
- However, for political reasons or because of the relationship with the emperor, some people were not given shoden even if they were kugyo, and such people were called 'Jige (lower class nobles) no Kandachime.'
- このため、戦後も彼らを如何にして新政府につなぎとめるかが課題となり、参戦諸藩や個々の部隊・個人の功労者に対する恩賞が検討された。
- When it became an issue how to anchor them to the new government even after the battles, rewards for the domains, troop and individuals who respectively contributed to the battles were considered.
- しかし諸侯の領地では検定は容易に行なうことができないため、江戸幕府は秤座役人に伝馬徴発の特権を与えるなどその秤座の保護に努めた。
- However, because it was not easy to test scales within lords' territories, the Edo bakufu tried to protect hakari-za by granting officers of hakari-za the privilege to impress tenma (post horse).
- 条件付売買において、買得人が未だに条件の履行を受けていない場合でも10年以上経過したものについては履行を受けられないものとする。
- If more than 10 years have passed since a conditional transaction was made, the purchaser shall waive conditions which have not been met by the seller.
- すなわち「鎖国」などと同様に、明治以降になって普及した後に、それ以前の'蘭癖'的人物もこの語で形容されるようになったものであろう。
- That is, similar to 'sakoku' (national isolation) and other expressions, after it came into wide use in the Meiji period, it came to describe the people who were 'ranpeki-'like before then.
- 朝鮮において知識人は、日本でもそうであるが、漢文の読み書きに堪能であって文章として理解する上で困難といえるものはなかったのである。
- Both in Japan and Korea, intellectuals were good at reading and writing Chinese and they did not have difficulty to understand Chinese book.
- このマーティンや後に多くの翻訳に手を染めた厳復、あるいは日本でも幕末・明治期翻訳に従事した知識人たちの辛苦は想像以上のものがある。
- The troubles which were experienced by Martin and Yan Fu, who translated many documents later, or, even in Japan, many intellectual persons who were involved n translation works in the end of Edo Period and Meiji Period are beyond our imagination.
- そのため知識人層にとって漢文の読み書きが標準的素養であり、政治指導者階層への普及という点で漢文表記が阻害要因となることはなかった。
- Therefore almost all intellectuals could read and write in Chinese, and Chinese did not become a barrier to diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho' among political leaders.
- 近年の研究には、公使館の人々を人質として生かし、列強との外交交渉を有利に運ぶ材料として清朝が考えていたという主張をするものもある。
- Some modern studies state that the Qing dynasty was planning to keep people of the legation alive as hostages and use them to make profitable diplomatic deals.
- なお、当時の時代背景を反映して「外国人への犯罪及び外国人と組んで行った犯罪」が恩赦の対象外とされているのは特異な点であると言える。
- A unique point of this law which reflected the historical background was that a pardon did not extend to 'crimes on foreigners or crimes committed together with foreigners.'
- しかしながら、特に江戸時代中期以降になると明確に文人意識を持ち、文人文化を実現した人々が多数存在したこともまぎれもない事実である。
- However, it is true that especially after the mid-Edo period there were many clearly self-aware Bunjin in Japan and they created Bunjin culture.
- 1605年徳川家康の命でリーフデ号の乗組員の2人がタイ王国のパッターニーのオランダ人に日本と交易するように招待するために送られた。
- In 1605 on the order of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, 2 members of the Liefde crew were sent to Hollanders in the city of Pattani in the Kingdom of Thailand in order to start trade with Japan.
- また文人の祖といわれる屈原はその代表作である『離騒』を遺しているが、これは国を守るために志を貫き隠逸したことを詠じた長編詩である。
- In addition, Kutugen, who was called the patriarch of Bunjin, left a representative work 'Riso,' which was a long poem in which he mentioned that he became a recluse sticking to his principles in order to protest a nation.
- 一 奉公人侍中間小者あらし子に至迄 去七月奥州へ御出勢より以来 新儀に町人百姓に成者於在之者 其町中地下人として相改一切置へからす
- First, townspeople and farmers have to investigate if there is anyone who was in military service (from hokonin [those who served Hideyoshi], samurai, chugen and komono to arashigo [servants for miscellaneous chores]) and changed his status to townsman or farmer after the Oshu expedition that was carried out in the seventh month of last year, and if such people are founded, they must be deported.
- しかし、魏志倭人伝の内容をほぼ引き写している梁書では、そのような使い分けはされておらず、使い分けに特別な意味があったとは思えない。
- However, different uses of '到' and '至' do not appear in 'Liang Shu' (History of the Liang), which virtually copied the contents of Gishiwajinden, and so it can't be supposed that there is a special meaning to the differential use of the two characters.
- 町役人の名称や組織については地域によって異なり、江戸では江戸町役人以下町名主などが置かれ、大阪では総年寄以下町年寄などが置かれた。
- Names for this position and their organizations differed from region to region; in fact, they had chonanushi (town headman) as well as machiyakunin in Edo, and in Osaka, they had similar positions called sodoshiyori and machidoshiyori.
- また、在庁官人や元国衙領で権門が所有する荘園、幕府派遣の地頭の力が強く、いかにこれら在地勢力の助力を得られるかも大きな課題だった。
- In addition, it was also a big task to obtain aide from local powers in Suo Province, where local bureaucrats and influential families owned manors, which had been the estates possessed by the national government offices, while the estate managers dispatched by the bakufu had great power.
- 永禄十年(1567年)、三好三人衆(三好長逸、三好政康、岩成友通)は、筒井順慶とともに松永久秀と戦い、東大寺大仏殿に立てこもった。
- In 1567, the Miyoshi triumvirate (Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI) fought against Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and locked themselves together with Junkei TSUTSUI in the Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji Temple.
- 奈良時代の印章の制度は中国のそれを受け継いだもので、印を作るのは国家の特権とされ、私人が印を作るに際しては国家の許可が必要であった。
- The seal system during the Nara period was transferred from China and it was the national authority to make seals, and the national permission was required when seals were made for private individuals.
- そのため、犯罪者の更生を主な目的とした収容施設を作ることを火付盗賊改方長官である長谷川宣以が松平定信に提案し、人足寄場が設置された。
- Therefore, Nobutame HASEGAWA, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery), suggested to Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA that an accomodation facility should be built mainly for the purpose of rehabilitation of criminals, so Ninsokuyoseba was set up.
- 彼が幕府に献上した品物の中に人を乗せて走ることができるほどのライブスチーム(本物の蒸気機関車同様、蒸気動力で動く鉄道模型)があった。
- Among other things, he presented to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) a model of live steam trains that ran by steam power in the same way as a real steam locomotive and was able to carry people.
- 長崎に続いて1854年横浜で蒸気車の模型が走ったが、この時は模型といえども日本人(幕臣河田八之助)が客車の屋根にまたがって乗車した。
- Following Nagasaki, a model steam engine locomotive ran in Yokohama in 1854, and although it was just a model, it carried a passenger (bakushin shogun's retainer, Yanosuke KAWADA) who rode over the roof.
- 残った左右の馬寮も781年に主馬寮(しゅめりょう)に統合されて長である主馬頭(しゅめのかみ)には従四位下である伊勢老人が任じられた。
- Remaining Samaryo and Umaryo were integrated into Shumeryo (Bureau of Imperial Mews) in 781, and ISE no Okina whose rank was Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) was assigned to Shume no kami, the head of Shumeryo.
- 太平天国平定の功労者であった曾国藩ですら、もし外国人の方に非があったとしても、公文書に記載し事を大きくしてはならないと述べたという。
- Even the Zeng Guofan, who rendered distinguish service by subjugating the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, stated that even if foreigners were at fault, they must not make it a bigger deal by writing this in official records.
- 山田が民間人ながら義捐金をもってやってきたことが知られるや彼は熱烈な歓迎を受け、皇帝アブデュルハミト2世に拝謁する機会にすら恵まれた。
- As soon as Turkish people noticed that a private citizen Yamada had brought contributions, he received enthusiastic welcome and further was granted an audience with the Sultan Abdülhamid II.
- 義満はこの機を逃さず、康応元年(1389年)4月に康行を謀反人と断じて討伐を命じ、土岐氏一族の土岐頼忠・土岐頼益父子が征討に向かった。
- Yoshimitsu did not miss this opportunity and commanded to put down Yasuyuki as a rebel in May 1389, so Yoritada TOKI and Yorimasu TOKI, father and son, of the Toki clan tried to do it.
- その中で、自然と最初の妻である如了とその実妹で実如を生んだ2番目の妻蓮祐の遺した7人の男子の存在は宗門の間で崇敬の対象となっていった。
- In such a situation, the seven sons, the bereaved children of the first wife Nyoryo and her real younger sister Rensuke, the second wife who bore Jitsunyo, naturally became objects of followers' respect.
- このため、本当に行基が地図を作ったのかを疑問視して、「後世の人々が作者を行基に仮託したのが伝説化したものではないか?」という説もある。
- For this reason, doubting that Gyoki actually made the map, a theory says that 'People in a later period assumed that it had been authored by Gyoki, resulting in a legend to this effect'.
- 官位相当制(かんいそうとうせい)とは、日本の律令制において、官人に付与する位階と官職との間に一定の相当関係を設定した官僚序列システム。
- Kani Sotosei was the bureaucrats hierarchy system that set the constant suitability relationship between Ikai (Court rank) and government post given to a government official on the Japanese Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- ただし、実際には芸を売って糊口をしのぐこともこれを貪らないかぎりは下賤とは見做されず、貧窮にあえぐ文人の多くが書画を売って米に換えた。
- However, it was not actually regarded as a plebeian behavior for Bunjin to make a living by selling works as long as they did not do so to satisfy their greed, so many poor Bunjin sold calligraphic works in order to buy rice.
- 著名な詩人にして文人である白居易はその著『新楽府』において自らの詩作は世相を風刺し政治に影響を与えることにその本分があると述べている。
- BAI Juyi, a famous poet and Bunjin, described that his poems fundamentally aimed to satirize social trends and give an impact on politics in his book 'Shingakufu.'
- (実際には、榎本は鉱毒被災地の惨状に大変に驚き、第1次鉱毒調査委員会の設置を即決したことが分かっている)規模は7000人と伝えられる。
- (As a matter of fact, Enomoto was very shocked to see the polluted area and instantly decided to set up the first Ashio Copper Mine Survey Committee.) It is said to have mobilized 7,000 people for investigation.
- 昇殿(しょうでん)とは、平安時代以降に五位以上の者および六位蔵人の職にある者が内裏清涼殿の南廂にある殿上の間に昇ることを許されること。
- Shoden referred to having/giving permission to enter a denjo no ma in the minami hisashi (southern surrounding area) of the seiryoden of dairi (Imperial Palace) to people higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank and people in a position of Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank) in and after the Heian period.
- その後、正徳 (日本)4年(1714年)に品位を慶長銀に復帰させた正徳丁銀を発行した際、人参代往古銀の鋳造の必要はなくなり中止された。
- Afterwards, in 1714, Shotoku Chogin, whose grade was the same as the one of Keicho Chogin, was issued, and accordingly, minting of Ninjindai Oko Chogin was abolished as it was no longer needed.
- 一条家と関係の深かった西園寺公経(能保の娘婿)・持明院保家(能保の従兄弟・猶子)・源隆保の3名の公卿・官人も出仕を止められて失脚した。
- The trio (court nobles and government officers) of Kintsune SAIONJI (Yoshiyasu's son-in-law), Yasuie JIMYOIN (Yoshiyasu's cousin and adopted son) and MINAMOTO no Takayasu, all of whom had a close relationship with the Ichijo family, were prohibited from entering the Imperial court and lost their power.
- つまり、僧ひとりひとりが貴族など権力者と結びついて加持祈祷、呪詛を行い、各人が所属する僧坊での私生活に重きが置かれるようになったのだ。
- In other words, the monks individually performed incantations and offered fervent prayers under close relationships with nobles and other persons in authority, which resulted in focusing on private lives in the residential facilities, to which they belonged.
- 当時の義和団にはいくつかのグループがあり、有名な指導者には王成徳や宋福恒、張徳成といった人々がおり、各々が数千人の義和団をまとめていた。
- There were several groups within the Boxers led by some famous leaders such as 王成徳, 宋福恒, and Zhang Decheng, and each managed several thousand Boxers members.
- 大型の哺乳動物は季節によって広範囲に移動を繰り返すので、それを追って旧石器時代人もキャンプ生活を営みながら、頻繁に移動を繰り返していた。
- The large mammals migrated extensively by the season; therefore, the people in the Paleolithic period followed migration patterns and frequently moved from one place to the next setting up camps along the way.
- 縄文人が製作した土偶は、縄文時代の全期間を通して日本列島各地で満遍なく使われていたのではなく、時期と地域の両面で限定されたものであった。
- The earthen figures created by the Jomon people were not used universally in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago through all the time of the Jomon period; their use was limited in terms of both the periods and the regions.
- 朝廷は中央集権体制を確立するために地方行政区画をおこない、政治力・経済力や土地面積・石高・人口などの国力により地方諸国を四等級に分けた。
- The Imperial Court decided local administration sections in order to establish centralized administrative framework and divided various provinces into four grades in accordance with political power, economic power and national power such as land area, kokudaka (crop yield), population.
- 脱走した伝習隊などの約2000人は、4月12日に下総市川の国府台に集結して、大鳥圭介を総督(隊長)、土方歳三を参謀として部隊を編成した。
- Escaped 2000 soldiers including Denshutai got together at Konodai in Shimousaichikawa on April 12, and formed troops with Keisuke OTORI as governor-general (commander) and Toshizo HIJIKATA as their staff officer.
- 貿易を通じて商人から得たのか、あるいはベトナムは朝貢使節を清朝に派遣していたので、そのときに買い求めたものかもしれないと考えられている。
- It is considered that it was brought by merchants or bought in China and brought back to Vietnam by tributary delegates, which Vietnam sent to the Qing dynasty.
- 寛政の改革の際には価格監視を目的として江戸町奉行所の与力・同心と町役人による諸色掛(しょしきがかり)が結成されて幕末まで継続されている。
- At the time of the Kansei Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in Kansei era), Shoshiki gakari (a price watchdog) made up of the Edo town magistrate's officials such as yoriki (police sergeant) and doshin (police constables) and the municipal officials was established in order to monitor the prices and it kept functioning until the end of the Edo period.
- これらの人々の信仰の対象として、生駒山周辺には60程度の朝鮮寺が存在すると報告されていたが、現在ではその数は20程度にまで減少している。
- It used to be reported that 60 Korean Temples were located around the foot of Mt. Ikoma as the object of worship of these people, but these days, the number has decreased to about 20.
- 19日に幕府軍に鎮圧されるまでの7日間に参加した村200余り、打ち壊された村役人や豪商の屋敷520ヶ所と言われる大規模な一揆に発展した。
- During the seven days before the uprising was suppressed by the Edo bakufu army on July 30 (表記の変更), it had grown into a massive riot, in which it is said that people from more than 200 villages took part and 520 houses of village officers and wealthy merchants were destroyed.
- 一方日本では遣唐使の廃止以降、鴻臚館での貿易は続けられていたものの、一般の宋の商人は博多や敦賀に来航し、民間レベルでの貿易を行っていた。
- On the other hand, in Japan, after abolishing their envoy to the Tang Dynasty, they continued trade in Korokan and also the commerce with ordinary Chinese merchants continued on the private-sector level at Hakata and Tsuruga.
- 近世江戸幕府は「天下人=将軍」、「天下の公儀=幕府法」と位置づけ、そのもとに「地方的な公儀=藩法」として大きく二元的な法社会を形成した。
- The Edo bakufu formed the broadly-defined dual legal system which had 'Tenkabito = shogun' and 'the kogi of Tenka = the law of the bakufu' on top and 'the local kogi = the law of domains' at the bottom.
- 文人画は飽くまで素人の余技であり、その精髄とも呼べる「気韻」は広く文人の間に受け入れられ、宋元以降、文人の趣味生活に深く浸透していった。
- Literati painting was basically an avocation by amateur and 'its kiin (elegance)' which could be regarded as its essence was widely accepted by Bunjin and deeply spread among Bunjin in their pastimes after Sung and Yuan periods.
- 1864年(元治元年)、日仏修好通商条約に基づき、居留するフランス人のため長崎の南山手居留地内にカトリック教会の大浦天主堂が建てられた。
- In 1864, in accordance with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan, Oura Catholic Church (Oura tenshudo) was built for French residents in the Minamiyamate foreign settlement in Nagasaki.
- そのため、本来は辞によって出されるべき個人からの上申文書や符によって出されるべき個人への命令文書も牒によって行われるようになっていった。
- That is why cho started to be used for letters of escalation from individuals and orders to individuals, which should have been issued in a form of zi.
- 『日本書紀』の垂仁天皇3年(紀元前27年)条には、近江国鏡村に日本に渡来した新羅の王子天日槍の従者であった陶人がいたことが記されている。
- In the article of 27 B.C. in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), it says that in Kagami Village, Omi Province, there was a craftsman of Suebe who served the prince of Silla, Amenohiboko, who came to Japan.
- この時期、日本より大陸にもたらされた翻訳書は法律方面に限らず多数に上るため、新知識を求める人々の便となるように幾つか書籍目録が作成された。
- In this period, a large number of translations (not limited to those related to laws) were brought from Japan to the continent and, for the convenience of people looking for new knowledge, several book catalogs were made.
- 伝来したと思われる1865年・1866年の両年に限っても、幕末・明治維新に活躍した幾人もの著名人が『万国公法』の輸入に素早い反応を示した。
- Already in 1865 and 1866, the year that 'Bankoku Koho' seemed to be imported, well-known persons in the late Edo period and the Meiji Restoration interested in import of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 『万国公法』を含む近代国際法は、官僚・知識人に知られてはいたものの、中国においてその意義を積極的に認める者はすぐには多数派とならなかった。
- Although modern international law including 'Bankoku Koho' was known to governmental officials and intellectuals, those who did not become the majority in a short period of time in China.
- すなわち日本人や欧米人、中国人が団結し、大きな軋轢がなかったことこそが籠城を支えた、少なくとも内からの瓦解を防いだと言っても過言ではない。
- In other words, they were sustained during the siege because Japanese, Europeans, Americans, and Chinese united without big conflict, preventing an internal debacle.
- しかしそういった歴史の表舞台に出てくる人物の多くはそうした血統をもつ落胤であるという確証もない(天一坊改行のように落胤を騙った例もある)。
- However, there was no evidence that most of the people on center of the historical stage were real rakuin who had the true blood line (for example Kaigyo TENICHIBO who pretended to be rakuin).
- ところが、その際に一部の村役人が徴兵の選定に際して不正があったとして下旬より三国の村々で村役人の追放などを訴える大規模な一揆へと発展した。
- Nevertheless, from the mid-March, large-scale uprisings recurred in villages of the three provinces, demanding the expulsion of some village officers for the reason that they acted wrong in recruitment to decide whom to draft.
- 中国においても北部を支配していた女真族王朝の金、金に追われ南部に逃れていた宋を次々と滅ぼし、中国にモンゴル人王朝の元 (王朝) を建てた。
- In China, Mongolia ruined Jin in the Joshin tribe dynasty and Sung which was driven out to southern China by Jin, and established the Yuan Dynasty and Mongolian Dynasty in China.
- このことは当時のヨーロッパ人が「トンキン」「コーチシナ」と呼んだ今日のヴェトナムの領域に天下国家が設定されるようになったと考えられている。
- Based on the above, it is thought that tenkakokka (Tenka and the state) was defined as the territory of present Vietnam, which Europeans referred to 'Tonkin' or 'Cochinchine' at the time.
- 明代になり流通の発達したことでこの柔らかい印材が容易に入手できるようになると、文彭らの努力もあってようやく篆刻が文人の余技として広まった。
- After the development of distribution in the Ming period made this soft material of seal more accessible, Tenkoku finally came to be popularized as an avocation of Bunjin, partly because of efforts of PENG Wen.
- 1867年7月14日(慶応3年6月13日)の深夜、秘密の教会堂を幕吏が急襲したのを皮切りに、高木仙右衛門ら信徒ら68人が一斉に捕縛された。
- At midnight on July 14, 1867, bakuri (shogunate officials) first conducted a raid on a secret church, and captured Senemon TAKAGI and 67 other Christians all at once.
- 対馬藩の申し出により宝永7年(1710年)9月27日、幕府は銀座 (歴史)に対し人参取引専用に慶長銀と同品位の丁銀を鋳造することを命じた。
- Responding to the request from the Tsushima Domain, the Shogunate ordered Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver coins during the Edo period) to mint silver coins which had the same grade as that of Keichogin, exclusively for the ginseng trade, in 1710.
- その原点は朝鮮半島からの渡来人技術者に由来すると考えられ、大化の改新以後の部民制再編によって成立し、主として軍事的技術面で朝廷に奉仕した。
- Zakko, with its starting point likely being toraijin (people from overseas who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) engineers from the Korean Peninsula, were established by the reorganization of the bemin (members of Be) system after the Taika Reforms to serve the Imperial Court mainly with military techniques.
- たとえばその国にいる外国人をいかなる時も保護できるかどうかは、国家の統治能力と外国への配慮という点で「文明国」かどうかの判断の材料とされた。
- Whether or not a foreigner staying in the country could be protected anytime was understood to be a criterion whether or not the country was a 'civilized country' with respect to governance of the nation and consideration for foreign countries.
- さらに北京議定書によって定められた巨額の賠償金を支払うために、過大な負担を民衆に強いたことは、人々が清朝を見限るのに決定的な理由となりえた。
- The ultimate reason why people gave up on the Qing dynasty was the fact that a huge load was imposed upon commoners in order to pay the huge reparation determined by the Boxer Protocol.
- また、東亜同文会・同仁会・日華学会・在華居留民団など日本国内で日中関係進展にかかわる団体への補助を行ったり、中国人留日学生への援助を行った。
- Furthermore, they assisted groups that dealt with the progress of Japanese and Chinese relations such as Toa-dobunkai nationalism group, Dojinkai, the Institute of Japan and China, the Japanese group residing in China, and Chinese students studying abroad in Japan.
- 上で触れているように公使館区域には中国人クリスチャンも多く逃げ込んできており、彼らが籠城の上で多くの重要な役割を果たしたことは否定できない。
- Many Chinese Christians escaped into the legation area as mentioned before, and it cannot be denied that they played many important roles during the siege.
- しかし『明六雑誌』の啓蒙主義は、迷信や因習に縛られない自由で合理的な精神を追求し、欲望や利害に関し肯定的な功利主義に立つ人間像をもっていた。
- However, the philosophy of enlightenment in 'Meiroku Zasshi' had an image of human who sought a free rational sprit independent from superstition and convention and stood on utilitarianism which was affirmative for desires and interests.
- これらのことから、紐を巻きつけて首にかけたり腰にまいたりして持ちはこんだと考えられており、上野佳也は個人所有を明確にしていたと位置づけている
- These facts suggest that people probably were carrying ishisaji around their neck or waist by tying the string around it, and Yoshiya UENO positions it as a manifestation of individual ownership.
- しかし、1609年オランダ人のJacques Specxは2艘の船で平戸にたどり着き、ウィリアム・アダムスを通じて家康から貿易許可を戴いた。
- However, Dutch, Jacques SPECX struggled to arrive at Hirato in 1609 and obtained permission to trade from Ieyasu through William ADAMS.
- 本来、医者は非戦闘員(金創医)として戦場に出るため、誤射を防ぐ目的で髪を剃り上げていたので、江戸の人々は無髪の頭を見れば医者か僧とわかった。
- Normally doctors, who went to the war fronts as noncombatants ('kinsoi' or surgeons), shaved their head in order to avoid being shot by mistake; hence, men without a hair were recognized either as a doctor or as a monk in the Edo period.
- 現在は海保嶺夫、遠藤巌の安東氏説、村井章介、高橋公明らによる安東氏の存在を前提とした偽使説、長節子による対馬島人による偽使説が並立している。
- At present, a theory by Mineo KAIHO and Iwao ENDO that Ezochishimao Kasha was the Ando clan, a theory by Shosuke MURAI, Kimiaki TAKAHASHI and others that the envoy was fake on the premise of existence of the Ando clan, and a theory by Setsuko OSA that a fake envoy was sent by people of Tsushima Island exist concurrently.
- これにより、戦国時代からの遺風を消し、将軍と大名、藩主と家臣の主従関係は個人同士の関係から、主人の家に従者は仕える関係に転換することとなった。
- These policies broke a traditional mindset handed down from the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), and the relation of master to servant between shogun and daimyo as well as between the lord of the domain and his vassal was converted from a personal relationship into a relationship in which a follower served his master's family.
- 明治初期の法律用語の翻訳は、津田真道・加藤弘之・箕作麟祥・西周 (啓蒙家)の四人によって進められたが、彼らが参照したのが『万国公法』であった。
- Translation of law terms was conducted by Mamichi TSUDA, Hiryoyuki KATO, Rinsho MINOTSUKURI and Amane NISHI (illuminator) and what they referred to was 'Bankoku Koho.'
- ただし、養子縁組とは違い、契約関係によって成立し、子供の姓は変わらないなど親子関係の結びつきが弱く擬制的な側面(その子の後見人となる)が強い。
- Unlike adoption, however, Yushi was based on a contract and had a weak connection, and a child's surname was not changed, so it was rather a fictitious parent-child relationship (in which a parent became guardian in many cases).
- 世界的に見てもこういった業態は多々存在し、都市部の市場で仕入れた物品を村落などを巡回する形で売り歩いた商人などの例は古今東西で枚挙に暇が無い。
- Many of those business conditions can be globally seen, for example, a lot of merchants who traveled around villages to sell goods purchased from markets in urban areas can be seen in all ages and countries.
- そして「文明国」という「世界標準」に追いつくためには、民衆を「文明国」的「国民」へと改鋳すべきだという使命感を持ち活動した人々を啓蒙家という。
- Then, the people who worked with a sense of mission to change common people to 'the people' of 'civilized country' in order to catch up 'the standard of the world' as 'a civilized country' were called keimoka (illuminator).
- 仇教事件の頻発は、一般民衆の中に、西欧及びキリスト教への反感を醸成し、外国人に平身低頭せざるを得ない官僚・郷紳への失望感を拡大させたといえる。
- These frequent Kyukyo Incidents built antipathy toward Western Europe and Christianity and spread the loss of trust toward the bureaucracy and Kyoshin (those who worked under government officials), who were obliged to bow to the foreigners demands.
- 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
- The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible
- 翌日、事件を聞いたプロシア公使とフランス領事、さらにポルトガル公使、アメリカ公使も長崎奉行に対し、人道に外れる行いであると即座に抗議を行った。
- As soon as knowing of this affair on the following day, Prussian, Portuguese and American ministers and French consul protested against the Nagasaki magistrate, saying his behavior was inhuman.
- 沢と井上から「中心人物の処刑と一般信徒の流罪」という厳罰の提案を受けた政府では4月25日(5月17日)に大阪で御前会議を開いてこれを討議した。
- Following a proposal of severe punishment of 'execution for leading figures and deportation for other general Christians' made by Sawa and Inoue, the government held a conference in the presence of the emperor in Osaka on May 17 to discuss the proposed punishment.
- 特に蔵人所は国政の枢要の座したために多くの牒を発給し、次第に移や辞、符など本来は他の書式で出されるべき事例も牒で発給されるようになっていった。
- Especially Kurodo dokoro, which governed important affairs of the state, issued many cho, and more and more official documents which should have been issued in other forms such as i, zi or fu were issued as cho.
- 江戸時代初期には伝統的に有力商人が多かった京都の商人からの借り入れも多かったが、京都自体の経済的地位の低下によって大名貸との関係が薄くなった。
- Many loans were arranged by merchants in Kyoto as there were traditionally a large number of powerful merchants there in the early Edo period, but the connection of Daimyo and Kyoto became weaker as the position of Kyoto in economy declined.
- また、治承の乱においては、源頼朝などの反平氏勢力が独自に占領地の平家領の没官を宣言して御家人に配分し、後に朝廷も平家討伐の一環として容認した。
- During Jisho War, the influential anti-Heishi (anti-Taira clan) group such as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo declared to confiscate the Taira territories which they occupied, and distributed them to their own gokenin (immediate vassals), which was later permitted by the Imperial Court as a part of the subjugation of the Taira family.
- 人身の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の父子・家人(ただし、80歳以上あるいは篤疾者は免除)は没官となり、官奴司に配属されて官奴婢となる(賊盗律)。
- As examples of confiscation of corpus, the father and children as well as the retainers of a rebel and traitor were confiscated (those over the age of 80 and seriously ill or disabled were exempted), and they became kannuhi (government-owned slave) under Kannushi (an office belonged to the Imperial Household Ministry under the Ritsuryo system, which administered kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer) and Meiseki (cards that showed official ranks, names and ages)) (Zokutoritsu or criminal punishments on serious crimes such as rebellion, murder, burglary and human trafficking).
- 人々は秤座製作の新秤を使用しなければならず、また秤の破損した時も補修することは許されず、必ず秤座に依頼して修繕しなかればならないと定められた。
- It was stipulated that people should use new scales produced by hakari-za, and when a scale was damaged it should not be repaired by its owner but should be sent to hakari-za for repair.
- 承久の乱後には後鳥羽上皇及び彼らに仕えた貴族・武士らの没官領5000ヶ所が合戦に参加した御家人らに与えられ、地頭として派遣された(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, 5,000 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to nobility and samurai who served the retired Emperor Gotoba were given to gokenin who particiated in the war, and they were dispatched as jito (or Shinpo-Jito (new estate steward for territories confiscated from the Imperial Court)).
- こうしたトルコ人の言説に対して、エルトゥールル号遭難事件の顛末は日本ではあまり記憶されておらず、長らく公的な場で語られることすらもまれであった。
- Contrary to Turks' discourse, the story of the Ertuğrul's distress was not well remembered in Japan and had been rarely mentioned in public for a long time.
- しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
- After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.
- 国際法の用語には、「性」・「義」といった儒教的なことばが法と接続して使用され、中国人が国際法をより自然法に近づけて理解しやすい構造となっている。
- In terms of international law, words with Confucian words such as '性' and '義' were used in combination with '法' and, therefore, the structure became such that made Chinese easily understand international law bringing it closer to natural law.
- 代表的な年中行事としては4月8日の仏生会、7月7日の七星祭、冬至の節分など(暦はいずれも旧暦)において数十人の信者が集まり、儀式、祭が行われる。
- The representative annual event is Bussho-e (Buddhist mass celebrating Buddha's Birthday) of April 8, Shichiseisai Festival of July 7 and Setsubun (the traditional end of winter) of winter solstice (all date according to old lunar calendar) where dozens people gather to take part in ceremony or festival.
- 数十人存在すると見られるポサルの多くは中年から老年の女性であり、住職として朝鮮寺に居住する者のほかに自宅に祭壇を設け巫行を行っているものも多い。
- Many existing miko are supposedly dozens of middle-aged or old-age women, and some of them reside as chief monk in Korean Temple, and the others are living in their own residence equipped with an altar.
- また、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて諸司領や、率分所・供御人制度が設けられてそこから上納される金銭収入で不足を補うようになっていった。
- Between the period of peace between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Muromachi period, shoshiryo (the property of officials) was established, as well as regulations on storehouses of taxable products and kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial household), the income of which made up the deficit.
- また盛唐の詩人にして文人画の祖とされる王維、宋代西湖 (杭州市)のほとりで梅を植え鶴を飼って隠棲した林和靖など典型的な文人像が形成されていった。
- In addition, typical Bunjin images had been formed represented by Wei WANG who was a poet of the second period of Chinese literature in the Tang period and regarded as the founder of literati painting, and LIN Ho Ching who lived in seclusion, planting Japanese plums and feeding cranes around Xi Hu (West Lake) in Sung.
- 唐の都の長安は西アジアやインドからの使節や商人が集まる国際都市となり、長安を中心にさまざまな商品や知識が日本を始め東アジア各地に広まっていった。
- Chagan, the capital of Tang became an international city with envoys and merchants from West Asia and India, and various kinds of commodities and knowledge were spread to Japan and East Asia from Chagan.
- 最初期は火付盗賊改方長官が所管していたが、平蔵が寛政4年(1792年)に退任してからは町奉行所に属する人足寄場奉行として新たに役職が設置された。
- In the beginning, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery) was in charge of Ninsokuyoseba, but after the retirement of Heizo in 1792 an official position of Ninsokuyoseba Bugyo (Magistrate) was installed which was affiliated with a town magistrate's office.
- その12日後、引付衆一番頭人で寄合衆と思われる北条宗宣らが貞時の従兄弟で得宗家執事、越訴頭人、幕府侍所所司で寄合衆と思われる北条宗方を追討した。
- In twelve days after that, Munenobu HOJO, who was considered the chief of Hikitsukeshu (coadjustors of the high court) as well as a Yoriaishu member (a member of the top decision making organ), and others chased Munekata HOJO, a male cousin of Sadatoki, who was considered chamberlain of the Tokuso family, and a Yoriaishu member as well as Ossotonin (the head of legal institutions of Kamakura bakufu and Muromachi bakufu) and Samurai-dokoro shoshi (Governor of the Board of Retainers).
- また義堂周信の日記『空華日用工夫集』によれば、足利義満は義堂との議論において、しばしば自身の政の対象として「天下」「天下之人」を問題としている。
- According to 'Kugenichiyokufushu,' the diary of Gido Shushin, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA often talked on 'Tenka' and 'the people of Tenka' as the objects of his politics in the discussion with Gido.
- 卑弥呼に関する「魏志倭人伝」のこの記述から、卑弥呼は呪術を司る巫女(シャーマン)のような人物であり、邪馬台国は原始的な呪術国家とする見方がある。
- Because of the description about Himiko in 'Gishiwajinden,' some say that Himiko was a shaman-like person who conducted magic and that Yamatai was a primitive magic state.
- トルコ人が公的な場で日本人に対して日土友好の歴史について語るとき、必ずといっていいほど第一に持ち出されるのがエルトゥールル号遭難事件の顛末である。
- When Turks talk to Japanese people about the history of friendly relations between Turkey and Japan in public, they almost always mention the story of the Ertuğrul and her disaster above all things.
- 東山銀閣寺の近くに建つ京都大学人文科学研究所東方部は、キリスト教会のような塔を持った美しい西洋風の建物で、塔の窓にはステンドガラスが使われている。
- Eastern Section, Institute for Research in Humanities Kyoto University is located inside a beautiful western style building like a Christian church near Ginkaku-ji Temple in Higashiyama, and the tower has stained glass windows.
- 別行動を取った草風隊、回天隊などの旗本子弟の部隊約700人も合流(後の伝習士官隊)、北関東から北陸・会津で戦い、最後は北海道の五稜郭へと転戦する。
- Approximately 700 soldiers of Sofutai (a military unit) and Kaitentai (a military unit), which were troops of hatamoto shitei (children of hatamoto [direct retainers of the bakufu]) and were on separate activity, joined with them (which became Denshushikantai later) to fight together at North Kanto to Hokuriku/Aizu, and finally they fought in Goryokaku in Hokkaido.
- 元々律令制時代より、公文書は官印を捺しただけでなく、その官庁の役人がこれに連署することによって公文書の効力が発生するうえで必要な条件とされていた。
- Since the time of the ritsuryo system, to make the official document effective, it not only had to be stamped with the kanin, but also had to be ratified with the signature of officials of the government offices.
- なお、山城国愛宕郡小野郷(現在の京都市左京区内)も支配下にあったと考えられており、京都市左京区上高野西明寺山の崇導神社内には小野毛人の墓碑がある。
- It is thought that Ono-go, Otagi County, Yamashiro Province (present day Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) was also under the control of the Ono clan; there is the gravestone of ONO no Emishi in Sudo-jinja Shrine in Kamitakano-Saimyojiyama, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- そのために『万国公法』等の翻訳普及と、お雇い外国人からの近代国際法の知識吸収を積極的に図り、転じて「万国公法」を周辺諸国に積極的に適用していった。
- Therefore, Japan made efforts for diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho' and other books, actively gathered information on modern international law from hired foreigners and actively applied 'Bankoku Koho' for diplomacy between neighboring countries.
- 邪馬台国と対立した狗奴国を熊本(球磨)の勢力と比定すれば、魏志倭人伝に登場する狗奴国の官「狗古知卑狗」が日本名の「菊池彦」の音訳と考えられること。
- If it is presumed that the Kuna state, which conflicted with Yamatai, was the group in Kumamoto Prefecture (球磨 [Kuma]), a Kuna officer, 'Kukochihiku,' who appeared in Gishiwajinden, can be thought the transliteration of Japanese name '菊池彦' (Kukuchihiko or Kikuchihiko).
- 翻訳者は当時中国で布教していたアメリカ人プロテスタント宣教師ウィリアム.マーティンで、その訳書は東アジアに本格的に国際法を紹介した最初の書物である。
- The translator was William Martin who was American Protestant missionary, who had been engaged in missionary work in China at that time and the translation was the first book that introduced full-fledged international law to East Asia.
- 著者ホイートンが直接手を加えたものは第四版までであり、それ以後は友人であったW.B.ローレンスが改訂を引き継ぎ、これが1855年に出た第六版である。
- The author, Wheaton, took part in revision up to the fourth edition and, after that, his friend, W.B. Lawrence succeeded revision work resulting in the sixth edition published in 1855.
- したがって、当時の人々が「性法」ということばを眼にした時、近代国際法とは(儒教的)道徳と法とが渾然一体ものとして理解され受容されていくことになった。
- Accordingly, when people at that time saw the word '性法,' it was accepted with understanding that modern international law was (Confucian) morality and law which were blended together.
- またチャイニーズレストランで働く中国人が多かったため、撮影期間中の数ヶ月は、スペインのチャイニーズレストランがほとんど閉店したという話が残っている。
- Furthermore, there was a story that since there were many Chinese people employed in Chinese restaurants, most of the Chinese restaurants in Spain were closed for several months during filming.
- 商売は元来、販売される商品がたくさんある場所や人から多くない場所や人へ融通するものであり、行商はそれを仲立ちする商売の起源ともいえる販売方法である。
- Business usually spreads from the place with many products for selling and many people to the place with few products and people, so it can be said that peddlers are the origin of business in order to connect both places.
- これによって長岡藩の兵力が減少したのみならず、人夫動員も困難となり河井継之助の長岡城奪還計画は大幅に遅れて、結果的に新政府軍に有利に働くことになる。
- However, the reduced military power of the domain due to this operation made it difficult for the domain to mobilize even its labor force and the plan to recover Nagaoka-jo Castle lead by Tsugunosuke KAWAI was largely delayed, which consequently worked favorably to the new government.
- 『日本政記』など一般向けの歴史書も大友皇子即位説をとったから、幕末の知識人の間で大友天皇の即位は常識化しており、明治時代の初めまでその状態が続いた。
- Since general history books, such as 'Nihon Seiki', supported the Prince Otomo enthronement theory, the enthronement of Prince Otomo was a prevailing view among intellectuals at the end of the Edo period and in the early Meiji period.
- 「朝野新聞」は要旨を短く紹介したが即日発行停止を命じられた)、さらに事件を聞いて喝采を叫んだ手紙を国許に送っただけの石川県人など30名が逮捕された。
- Asano Shinbun' [Asano Newspaper] published its outline, but police ordered its suspension on the same day), and those from Ishikawa prefectures who cheered the incident and sent letters to their home.
- 伊達政宗は福島城の目と鼻の先である羽黒山(信夫山)の麓黒沼神社に本陣を置き、首級実検を行った(首級三百余、武頭五人、他馬上百騎討ち取り))(註2)。
- Masamune DATE set up the headquarters in the Kuronuma-jinja Shrine at the foot of Mt. Haguro (Mr. Shinobu) a little way from the Fukushima-jo Castle and inspected severed heads (300 severed heads, 5 dead bodies of military commanders, and other 100 dead bodies of horsemen) (*2).
- またこうした自然法を強調する翻訳傾向は総理衙門から派遣され訳書を校訂した4人の章京たちによる語彙選択も影響していると考えられている(張嘉寧1991)。
- It is believed that selection of vocabulary by four government officials who were dispatched from sorigamon and revised translation also affected to this tendency of attaching importance to natural law (張嘉寧1991).
- 岩倉が軽傷と知ってひとまず安心するが、不平士族による政府高官の襲撃という事態を重く見た大久保は、ただちに警視庁大警視川路利良に早急な犯人捜索を命じた。
- Okubo was relieved to hear Iwakura's injury was slight one, but as he was strongly concerned about the fact the assault was made to a high government official by the Fuheishizoku, he told Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, the Daikeishi (top of the police) to search for the criminals.
- なお、蝦夷の哲学とは、女性の大虫の周期が日の自転周期に一致する事から、その胎から生まれたなん人にも宇宙の理が備わり、日の恩恵を受けているという考え方。
- Based on the belief that the female menstruation cycle was the same as the rotation cycle of the sun, the philosophy of the Ezo people taught that everyone born by a woman embodies cosmic principles and receives benefits from the sun.
- 後に一揆のうちの一部集団には横浜市の外国人居留地を襲撃する計画があったことも発覚し、続く9月のアメリカ公使襲撃(前述)と並んで外国公使らを緊張させた。
- Later, it was also revealed that some of the group attempted a raid on the settlement for foreigners in Yokohama City, and the attempt, along with the above mentioned attack on the U.S. Envoy, made the foreign envoys nervous.
- 「軍票による支払等の許可の申請手続に関する省令」により、日本人が日本から外国に対して軍票による支払いを行う場合には、財務大臣の許可を受ける必要がある。
- According to 'the departmental order about the application procedure of permission such as the payment by the military script,' when a Japanese person living in Japan is required the payment by the military currency to a foreign country, that Japanese person has to get a permission from Finance Minister.
- 曹廷杰は、義和団の乱後のロシアによる東北三省進駐に遭遇した人で、『万国公法釋義』は国際法によって国防を図ろうとして『万国公法』に注釈を加えたものである。
- Cáo Tíngjié experienced occupation of three provinces in the northeastern China by Russia after Giwadan War and '万国公法釋義' was prepared by adding annotation to 'Bankoku Koho' with the aim of protecting the nation with international law.
- 翻訳に着手したのは、アメリカ人宣教師ウィリアム・マーティン(William Alexander Parsons Martin、中国名:丁韙良)であった。
- An American missionary, William Martin (William Alexander Parsons Martin; Chinese name '丁韙良') set his hands to translation.
- 加藤は「夫婦同権の流弊論」(第31号)において、西欧のレディファーストの慣習を取り上げ、これを東洋の人が真似るのは夫婦同権の行き過ぎた結果だと批判した。
- In 'A bad custom of the equal rights between husband and wife' (No.31), Kato mentioned about the custom of lady first in Western Europe and criticized that introducing this custom by Asian people was a result of excessive equal between husband and wife.
- 会合では、100名近くの僧侶が集まったが、問題の2寺が出席しなかったので、護法会員の中から台嶺を中心に僧侶が38人有志で西方寺と光輪寺を詰問に向かった。
- Although there were nearly 100 monks in the meeting, the controversial two temples did not attend, therefore 38 voluntary monks centering on Tairei among the members from the Mikawa Goho Association went to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple.
- 文人のアマチュアリズムとはこのように余技として行ったことを起点としており、生活の糧のため(職業)とされることを「俗」であるとして極端に嫌う風潮が生じた。
- In this way, the amateurism of Bunjin originated in the fact that they pursued these pastime activities as avocation, which led to a tendency of excessively disliking them to be seen as means of living (occupation) as it appeared 'secular.'
- なお、道外の県とは異なり、これ以降も続く開拓使的な任務の都合や低過ぎる人口密度などのため、これらの3県に県議会や郡役所が正式に設置されることはなかった。
- Unlike prefectures outside Hokkaido, no prefectural assembly or county office was formally established in those three prefectures because of continuous tasks as a development commissioner and because of too low population density.
- 別当以下院司が署名を行われ、公式令 (律令法)に則った牒の書式を取っていることを除けば、院庁より特定の個人に向けて出された院庁下文との大きな違いは無い。
- It was not much different from innocho kudashibumi, which was issued by In no cho to specific individuals, except that Inshi (official of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office) equal to or below the rank of Betto (superintendent) set their signature and that it took a form of cho in accordance with Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) or Ritsuryo law.
- だが、どの藩も財政難は深刻化する一方であり、藩側による蔵元・掛屋の解任や証文の破棄などによる一方的な債務破棄(踏み倒し)やこれに伴う商人の破産が起きた。
- However, every domain's financial difficulty got worse and worse and some domains started to repudiate their debt by dismissing their kuramoto or kakeya or abandoning their bonds, which made merchants bankrupt.
- 列強のその時の思いは連合軍司令官ワルテルゼーの「列強の力を合わせたとしても、中国人の4分の1でも治めるのは困難であろう」ということばに言い尽くされている。
- Those thoughts of the allied nations were put in a nutshell with the words of Allied Supreme Commander Waldersee, 'It would prove difficult to conquer even a quarter of the Chinese people, even with all the allied powers combined.'
- 具体的には新聞や雑誌を発行する場合、必ず内務省 (日本)に届け出て許可を得ることや、掲載する記事・論説に書いた人間の署名をつけることなどが義務づけされた。
- In particular, the issue of newspapers and bulletins were obligated to inevitably get a permission from the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs, to append a writer's signature on articles and editorial comments, and so on.
- 襲撃者は高知県士族で、もと外務省に出仕していた武市熊吉ほか、武市喜久馬、山崎則雄、島崎直方、下村義明、岩田正彦、中山泰道、中西茂樹、沢田悦弥太の総勢9人。
- The assault team consisted of nine people, Kumakichi TAKECHI who had been a shizoku (a samurai-oriented family) from Kochi Prefecture and worked at Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as Kikuma TAKECHI, Norio YAMAZAKI, Naokata SHIMAZAKI, Yoshiaki SHIMOMURA, Masahiko IWATA, Yasumichi NAKAYAMA, Shigeki NAKANISHI and 悦弥太 SAWADA.
- 鎌倉時代以降、鎌倉幕府の御家人たる武士の叙位任官は鎌倉殿を通じて朝廷に具申することを原則として、御家人が直接的に朝廷から叙位任官を受けることを厳禁とした。
- Since the Kamakura period, as a general rule, the conferments of a court rank and appointment to an office of samurai who were shogunal retainers were reported to the Imperial Court via the lord of Kamakura, and it was strictly prohibited for the shogunal retainers to receive a rank and office directly from the Imperial Court.
- がその状況も長くは続かず、午前10時頃には木が揺れるのを見た1人の兵士が「救助隊が来た!」と叫ぶと、他の者も「本当に来た!」「母ちゃ~ん!」と叫び始めた。
- However, it didn't last long, and around 10 a.m. a soldier, having seen a tree swinging, screamed 'There comes a rescue team!', which made others start screaming, 'It's true!', 'Mummy!', one after another.
- 1884年(明治17年)5月15日、淘綾郡山下村の近藤甚蔵ほか10名が同郡一色村の高利貸露木卯三郎とその雇人露木幸助を大磯宿の旅館川崎屋に襲って両人を斬殺。
- On May 15, 1884, Jinzo KONDO and other 10 people in Yamashita Village, Yurugi County attacked Usaburo TSUYUKI, a usurer in Isshiki Village in that county, and his employee Kosuke TSUYUKI at an inn called Kawasakiya in Oiso-juku, and murdered them with a sword.
- 当時紫禁城東南にある東交民巷というエリアに設けられていた公使館区域には、およそ外国人925名、中国人クリスチャンが3000名ほどの老若男女が逃げ込んでいた。
- There were about 925 foreigners and three thousand Chinese Christians of various age and gender who escaped to the legation area southeast of the Forbidden City called Beijing Legation Quarter at that time.
- が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革(雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」)することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
- However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.
- 『贈位諸賢伝』(ぞういしょけんでん)とは、明治元年(1868年)より同43年(1911年)にかけて贈位された人物、966人の略伝を叙述した文献のことをいう。
- 'Zoishokenden' is the title of a book which lists 966 persons who were granted a rank posthumously between 1868 and 1911; a brief biography is provided for each of them.
- だが、慢性的な財政難に苦しむ借手側の藩も勿論のこと、既に多額の貸付を抱えてしまった貸手側の商人も全ての大名貸から手を引けるような状況ではなくなりつつあった。
- However, it was very difficult for merchants to walk away from daimyogashi because they already arranged large amount of loans, and it was also hard for domains who were suffering from chronic financial difficulty.
- また、家人・奴が主及びその5親等以上の親族と和姦して子供をなした場合の子も没官とされた(ただし、強姦の場合は良人扱いを受けるため、この規定の対象外となる)。
- Also, in the case of pregnancy as results of consensual sexual intercourses between the retainers, slaves, masters and their relative within the 5 degree of relationship, the resulting child was also confiscated (in the case of rape, however, this rule was not applied, as it was regarded as benign case).
- マーティンは1850年に来華して以来中国に留まり、天津条約の起草や北京同文館や京師大学堂での西欧学問教授、キリスト教伝道など多方面にわたり活動した人物である。
- After Martin came to China in 1850, he stayed in China and played important roles in various areas such as drafting of Treaty of Tianjin, teaching of western scholarship in Tongwen Guan in Beijing (literally, School of Combined Learning) and Imperial Capital University (former Peking University) and mission of Christianity.
- だが、ここで新法主の保護者・後見人の地位が与えられたことで一躍北陸の兄弟を上回る権力を持つ事となった蓮淳は孫である法主・証如の権力拡大に乗り出すことになった。
- But given the position of protector and guardian of the new hoshu, Renjun now gained the power exceeding that of his brothers in Hokuriku and began to expand the authority of the hoshu Shonyo, grandson of Renjun.
- 政府のメディア規制を前にして官僚兼啓蒙者は啓蒙者たり続けられるのかという問題は、明六社同人間の温度差を浮き彫りにし、雑誌の行く末をめぐって対立することになる。
- The problem whether a bureaucracy who was an illuminator at the same time could continue to be an illuminator despite the governmental regulations against media showed clearly the difference among Dojin of Meirokusha and led to a conflict over the future of bulletin.
- 次に、北海道最初の鉄道である官営幌内鉄道が明治13年(1880年)、アメリカ人技師の指導により手宮駅(後に廃止)・札幌駅間で完成した(後の手宮線と函館本線)。
- Next, the first railroad in Hokkaido, state-owned Horonai Railway was completed between Temiya Station (later abolished) and Sapporo Station (later Temiya Line and Hakodate Main Line) under the supervision of an American engineer in 1880.
- またこのとき、新聞を通じて大島村民による救助活動や日本政府の尽力が伝えられ、当時のトルコの人々は遠い異国である日本と日本人に対して好印象を抱いたといわれている。
- Since the newspapers also reported the rescue operation by the people of Oshima Village and the dedication of the Japanese government, Turkish people had a good impression on a far foreign country Japan and Japanese people, as they say.
- この事件はかつて白河法皇が追討させた大罪人の義親を名乗る人物を、鳥羽上皇が藤原忠実に保護させ、更にこの罪人を殺した者を賞するどころか罰したなど、不審な点が多い。
- This incident has many suspicious points: the retired Emperor Toba had FUJIWARA no Tadazane protect a person calling himself Yoshichika, who was a serious criminal whom the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa had tracked down and killed; and furthermore the retired Emperor punished the person who killed this criminal instead of giving him a reward.
- たとえば津田真道は「情欲論」(第34号)において情欲を「天性の自然」と肯定し、西周「人世三宝論」(第38号他)では健康と智識と並んで「富有」を宝だと述べている。
- For example, Mamichi TSUDA described sexual desire in the affirmative as 'a natural disposition' in 'A theory of sexual desire' (No.34) and Amane NISHI described that 'wealth' was a treasure as well as health and knowledge in 'The three treasures of human life (No.38 and so on).
- そこで明治19年(1886年)、鉄道局長の井上と総理大臣の伊藤博文、陸軍の大立者山縣有朋(3人とも長州藩出身)が相談して東海道へルートを変更することが決定した。
- Thus in 1886, the change of the route to Tokaido was decided after the consultation among Railroad Director INOUE, Prime Minister Hirobumi ITO and the leading figure of the Army Aritomo YAMAGATA (all three were from the Choshu Domain).
- また、草間直方や石田敬起(大根屋小右衛門)のように藩政改革に助言を行って藩財政の再建に協力することで、自らの持つ債権の踏み倒しを回避しようとする商人も存在した。
- There were merchants such as Naokata KUSAMA and Takaoki ISHITA (Shoemon ONEYA) tried to avoid their bonds repudiated by cooperating for reconstruction of the finance of domains by advising for the reformation of a domain's governance.
- これらは贓贖司が没収して兵器は兵庫寮、財物は大蔵省、図書は図書寮などに分配され、一部は贓贖司を所管する刑部省のために獄舎の維持や囚人の生活物資として用いられた。
- These goods were confiscated by Aganaimono no tsukasa (office which deals with stolen goods), and weapons were kept in Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouses), valuable goods were kept in Okura-sho (Bureau of the Treasury), books were kept in Zushoryo (Bureau of Books and Drawings), and some were used to maintain the prison houses and as daily necessities for prisoners at the Gyobusho (Bureau of Criminal Punishments) which oversaw Aganaimono no tsukasa.
- 「魏志倭人伝」の記述は北九州の小国を詳細に紹介する一方で、近畿以西に存在したはずの吉備国や出雲国には全く触れられておらず、近畿圏まで含む記述とみなすのは不自然。
- While 'Gishiwajinden' discussed small states in northern Kyushu in detail, it didn't mention anything about Kibi Province or Izumo Province, which should have existed in the west of Kinki Region at this time, so it is questionable as to whether this discussion was describing locations as far away as Kinki Region.
- While 'Gishiwajinden' discussed small states in northern Kyushu in detail, it didn't mention Kibi Province or Izumo Province at all, which should have existed in the west of Kinki Region at this time, so it is questionable as to whether this discussion was describing locations as far away as Kinki Region.
- 邪馬台国の比定地については、「魏志倭人伝」に書かれている方角表記や距離表記をその通りにたどると、日本列島のはるか南方の海中になるため、様々な解釈がなされてきた。
- The presumed location of Yamatai has been interpreted variously because Yamatai is supposed to be in the middle of the ocean, farther south of the Japanese islands, if you follow the direction and the distances written in 'Gishiwajinden.'
- 具体的には領土・人民・財産に対する支配権や立法・行政・司法の諸権を有することであるが、どこまでそれら諸権が及び、あるいは及ばないかという境界線が明確となっている。
- In more concrete terms, it means to have authority to control territory, people and properties and other rights such as law-making, administration and judiciary and the borderline that divides areas to which such rights are applicable and not applicable were made clear.
- しかし、日本の近世期においては、主として町方において商人組合や地域の公的な集会所・事務所・取引所として用いられた独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
- However, in Japanese early-modern times the term 'kaisho' was sometimes used for an independent structure like a merchants association, or a public local gathering hall, office and exchange market, mostly in the urban areas.
- また、サイシャット族大隘社の頭目であった大打祿(漢名は趙明政)を誘い、高額な殺害報酬(例として「日本人巡査の剣を奪えば賞金20元」など)を示して巧みに人を集めた。
- He also induced 大打祿 (his Chinese name was 趙明政), who was the chief of 大隘社 of the Saisiyat, and cleverly gathered people by showing the big reward for assassination (for example, 'twenty yuans in compensation for stealing Japanese patrol officer's sword').
- 雑誌『白樺』の同人であり西洋近代美術の紹介者でもあった柳は、1914年(大正3年)、朝鮮陶磁研究家の浅川伯教との出会いを通じて朝鮮の美術に関心をもつようになった。
- Yanagi, who was a member of the magazine 'Shirakaba' and introduced Western modern art, became interested in Korean art through meeting Noritaka ASAGAWA, a researcher of Korean clay, in 1914.
- 何百石取りというように知行地のある地方知行の旗本とは別に、三十俵二人扶持というように蔵米から3季に分けて切米を俸禄として貰う御家人(一部の旗本も含む)たちがいた。
- In addition to hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun) who are provided with jigata-chigyo (provision of a fief to retainers as salary) as referred to as 'holding a fief yielding such and such koku of rice,' there were gokenin (who are also direct retainers of the shogun) and some hatamoto who received 'kirimai' (an annual stipend of rice) in three seasonal installments from 'kuramai' (rice stocked in the government storehouses) as in a description such as 'receiving 30 bales of rice and a ration for two people.'
- 開業翌年の1873年の営業状況は、乗客が1日平均4347人、年間の旅客収入42万円と貨物収入2万円、そこから直接経費の23万円を引くと21万円の利益となっている。
- The year after the opening in 1873, it had an average of 4347 passengers a day and an annual passenger income of 420,000 yen plus cargo income of 20,000 yen and subtracting the direct operating expenses of 270,000 yen, it netted 210,000 yen.
- オランダ正月(-しょうがつ)は、江戸時代に長崎の出島在住のオランダ人たちや、江戸の蘭学者たちによって行われた、太陽暦(グレゴリオ暦)による正月元日を祝う宴である。
- Oranda Shogatsu was a celebration of the new year on the first day of the new Solar year (the Gregorian calendar) by the Dutch who were living on Dejima, Nagasaki and by Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) in Edo (Tokyo) in the Edo period.
- だが、この命令を実施するために旧雑戸籍の調査を命じているのは、廃止以後公民に編入された旧雑戸の人々に関する把握が行われていなかったことを反映していると考えられる。
- It is believed, however, that old zakkoseki was ordered to be investigated to implement this order, reflecting the fact that the situation of those who were formerly members of zakko and became citizens after the abolishment of zakko was not grasped.
- 修理大仏司の長官は兼任として行隆ともう一人、異例ながら身分の低い官務家の小槻隆職が長官として任ぜられ、また後に、次官小槻有頼、判官大江国通、主典仲原資広がついた。
- The posts of director for repair of the Great Buddha were assumed concurrently by Yukitaka and extraordinarily by OTSUKI no Takamoto, who was in the lower official position while OTSUKI no Ariyori took the post of deputy director, Kunimichi OE the third-highest ranking post, and Sukehiro NAKAHARA the forth-highest ranking post.
- 籠城戦において英米人の役割が誇張され、食料をもってくる中国人を露骨に金銭が目的としているように描写しているように、オリエンタリズム的な色合いが濃いものとなっている。
- The roles of England and the United States in the siege were stressed, and it had a thick oriental stereotype applied to it as it depicted Chinese people who brazenly targeted money by hawking food.
- そして、永正4年6月23日 (旧暦)(1507年8月1日))、細川政元は養子・細川澄之の支持者によって暗殺され、更にもう一人の養子である細川澄元との戦いを開始した。
- On August 1, 1507, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated by the supporters of his adopted son Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA, who started a battle against another adopted son Sumimoto HOSOKAWA.
- つまり彼らのいう日本人に見える「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」なるものは、'individual'('individuality')に照らされて浮かび上がった問題意識であった。
- In other words, Japanese 'slave sprit' which was pointed out by them was a problem which was recognized by confronting the term 'individual' ('individuality').
- 外国人宣教師たちは、宗教的信念と戦勝国に属しているという傲岸さが入り交じった姿勢で中国社会に臨み、その慣行を無視することが多く、しばしば地域の官僚・郷紳と衝突した。
- The foreign missionaries dealt with Chinese society with an attitude of missionary belief and the arrogance of those belonging to a winning nation, and they often ignored customs, leading to frequent clashes with local bureaucracy and Kyoshin (Chinese gentry).
- また、江戸時代後期には旗本・御家人近世の御家人の生活窮乏を救うために拝借金が行われたほか、寺社・宿場町・米価などの維持のために非武士に対しても行われることがあった。
- In addition, in the late Edo period, Haishakukin was issued to hatamoto and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) to help their life of privation, or to people who were not samurai (warriors) to maintain temples, shrines, shukuba-machi (post-station towns), the rice price, and the like.
- エルトゥールル号の遭難はオスマン帝国の国内に大きな衝撃を呼んだが、専制君主アブデュルハミト2世のもとでは人災としての側面は覆い隠され、天災による殉難と位置付けられた。
- The distress of the Ertuğrul made a great impact on people in the Ottoman Empire; however, under the rule of the absolute monarch Abdülhamid II, the incident was regarded as martyrdom due to a natural disaster and the aspect as a man-made calamity was concealed.
- 長屋王の変の際、父・長屋王(母:御名部皇女)と共に自害した桑田王の子・磯部王が助命され、その孫の峯緒王が承和 (日本)11年(844年)に臣籍降下して高階真人を賜る。
- When Conspiracy of Nagayao occurred, Prince Isobe, a son of Prince Kuwata [Kuwata no Miko] who killed himself with his father Prince Nagaya (his mother Minabe no Himemiko), was spared his life and Prince Mineo, a grandson of Prince Isobe became subjects of the state to be granted the hereditary title of TAKASHINA Mahito in 844.
- なお絞柱で処刑された死刑囚のうち3人が蘇生したことが記録されているが、処刑の経緯やその後の経緯について記録が現在に伝わるのが後述する田中藤作に関するものが唯一である。
- Records show that three of condemneds resuscitated after execution by Kochu but only following Tosaku TNAKA's case tells detailed records of the execution and after the execution today.
- 更に江戸幕府も大名救済と商業抑制のために宝暦11年(1761年)以後、幕府御用金の藩への実質的な貸付や幕命から商人に対して親藩への強制的な貸付命令を行うようになった。
- In addition, in 1761, the Edo bakufu started loaning bakufu goyokin (special tax imposed on merchants for the bakufu) to domains and ordering merchants to arrange loaning to domains that were related to the Tokugawa clan in order to save Daimyo and control merchants.
- このため、遅くても8世紀には陶部は解体して、民間の工人集団に吸収され、朝廷は調や正税交易などの方法で民間から須恵器などの土器類を調達するようになったと考えられている。
- So, Suebe was dissolved and its members were absorbed in a private group of craftsmen in the eighth century at the latest, and the Imperial Court was considered to have been given earth wares including Sueki from private sectors through tributes or exchanges with the rice tax.
- この日の主な出席者は、後白河法皇や藤原経宗、中原親能、藤原能盛、平業忠、源雅親などで、奉行人は、藤原宗家、吉田経房、藤原兼光、藤原行隆、清原忠業、大江国通が就任した。
- The main guests of this ceremony were Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, Nakahara no Chikayoshi, FUJIWARA no Yoshimori, TAIRA no Naritada and MINAMOTO no Masachika while FUJIWARA no Muneie, Tsunefusa YOSHIDA, FUJIWARA no Kanemitsu, FUJIWARA no Yukitaka, KIYOHARA no Naritada and Kunimichi OE were appointed to the magistrates.
- 2月2日11時頃地震が発生し、その際平沢の炭小屋で屋根が崩れその中にいた長谷川特務曹長、阿部寿松一等卒、佐々木正教二等卒、小野寺佐平二等卒の4人の生存者が発見される。
- Around 11 o'clock on February 2, an earthquake occurred, breaking down the roof of the shack in Hirasawa, and four survivors; Sergeant Major Hasegawa, Private First Hisamatsu ABE, Private Masanori SASAKI and Private Sahei ONODERA who were staying in the shack were found.
- 縄文前期から中期にかけては最も典型的な縄文文化が栄えた時期であり、現在は三内丸山遺跡と呼ばれる場所に起居した縄文人たちが保持していたのも、主にこの時期の文化形式である。
- From the early to middle Jomon period was the time when the most typical Jomon culture flourished; the characteristics of this Jomon culture can be observed in the belongings of the Jomon people who lived at the remains called Sannai-Maruyama today.
- 前述した鉄道敷設が決定した時も、イギリス人のカンフェルなどといった駐日資本家からは、「経営権をこちらが持つ代わりに資本と建設を提供する」という提案が政府に出されていた。
- Also when the railway construction mentioned above was decided, some capitalists residing in Japan, such as a British capitalist Canfer, had proposed the government 'they would provide funds and construction in exchange for the management right.'
- このため、後鳥羽天皇は退位時にこれまでの慣例であった在位中の昇殿をそのまま院御所に持ち込む規定を取りやめて80名近い殿上人を44名に削減する「リストラ」を断行している。
- Therefore, Emperor Gotoba, by canceling a rule of bringing the shoden in his reign into the ingosho, which had been a custom, performed 'restructuring' at his abdication, reducing tenjobito from nearly 80 to 44.
- 6日夜、伊達の国見山本陣に、上杉景勝家臣藤田能登家士斉藤兵部が、伊達・信夫の百姓等4千人を伴い内通してきた他、直江山城守鉄砲頭極楽寺内匠が伊達成実に協力を申し出てきた。
- On October 6 at night, Hyobe SAITO (斉藤兵部), a retainer of Noto FUJITA who was a vassal of Kagekatsu UESUGI visited the Date's headquarters in Mt. Kunimi with about 4,000 peasants and others from Date and Shinobu Districts to hold secret communication, and Takumi Gokurakuji (極楽寺内匠), the head of the artillery for Yamashiro no kami (governor of Yamashiro Province) NAOE offered Shigesane DATE his cooperation.
- しかし『万国公法』を読むことによって、あるいは駐在公使として直接海外に赴く人が増えたことで、西欧諸国間にも徳に基づくルールが存在するのだという認識が徐々に広まっていった。
- However, by reading 'Bankoku Koho' and increase in the number of people going abroad as minister, realization that there was a rule based on virtue in Western countries gradually gained ground.
- ただし、義満については自身を「日本国王=治天」として位置づけているという研究もあり、後代に明確化される「天下人」概念に比べると、いまだに過渡期であったと見ることもできる。
- However, some researchers argue that Yoshimitsu defined himself as 'Nihon kokuo (the king of Japan) = chiten' and that his notion was still in a transitional stage compared with the notion of 'Tenkabito' (the ruler of Tenka) clarified later.
- 義仲が都に君臨するなか、12月22日には造大仏司は人員を増強され(前述の次官小槻有頼、判官大江国通、主典仲原資広)、つぎに鍍金のために東国や奥州の協力を仰ぐこととなった。
- Under the reign of Yoshinaka over the capital, the Agency of the Great Buddha Construction was reinforced with additional personnel (Ariyori OZUKI [小槻有頼] in the second-highest ranking post, Kunimichi OE in the third-highest ranking post, and Sukehiro NAKAHARA in the forth-highest ranking post as mentioned before) on February 22, 1184, and subsequently, they have to request cooperation from the eastern provinces and Oshu for gold plating.
- 1886年、第1次伊藤内閣の外務大臣 (日本)井上馨が条約改正のための会議を諸外国の使節団と改正会議を行うが、その提案には関税の引き上げや外国人判事の任用など譲歩を示した。
- In 1886, Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) in The First Ito Cabinet, held a meeting for revision of a treaty with delegation from foreign countries, and the proposal in the meeting included some compromises such as raising tax and employment of foreign judges.
- 従来からの華夷秩序に基づく統治範囲は、対象とする人や物資の移動によって伸縮するものであって固定的ではなく、国家の辺境に対する領有意識は周辺諸国と重複することが常態であった。
- Former territories decided by Kaichitsujo was not fixed and became wider or smaller depending on movement of subjected people or goods, therefore sometimes more than one country considered the same parts their own territory.
- オランダ郵政当局が1985年に発行した「第二次世界大戦終結40周年」記念切手3種のうちの1種には、オランダ人が日本の皇居に向けて土下座している姿とともに軍票が描かれていた。
- One of three memorial stamps 'the 40th anniversary of the end of the WWII' issued by Dutch State Post Bureau in 1985 shows the picture of Dutch people kneeling down on the ground toward Japanese Imperial Palaceand and the military currency on it.
- しかし、お雇い外国人であるエドモンド・モレルの発案により、予算の問題や今後の鉄道敷設のことを考えると、加工しやすい国産の木材を用いたほうがよいということになり、変更された。
- However, the plan was changed because the employed foreigner Edmund Morel suggested using Japanese lumber, which was easier to process hence a better choice for future railway construction and also preferable in terms of the budgetary issue.
- エドモンド・モレルなどお雇い外国人が予算や輸送需要を考えれば、狭軌を採用して鉄道を早期に建設すべきと主張して、それら外国人の説得に押されてしまったことに拠るという説もある。
- Some say that employed foreigners such as Edmund Morel insisted to adopt narrow gauge in order to construct the railway quickly in consideration of the budget and transportation demand and that he was persuaded by them.
- 江戸時代初期、優れた薬効があり高価であった高麗人参は日本国内で栽培することができず、もっぱら朝鮮半島からの輸入に頼り、この貿易は対馬藩が担当し決済は慶長丁銀で行われていた。
- As Japanese people did not have knowledge about how to grow Korean ginseng, which was expensive because it had excellent beneficial effect used as a medicine in the early Edo period, its supply depended solely on the import from the Korean Peninsula, and the Tsushima Domain was in charge of this trade and the settlement was done by Keicho Chogin.
- 徳川家光が病没すると、後継である徳川家綱が幼弱であった為、由井正雪は丸橋忠弥等と共謀し、徳川家綱を奪取し、幕政批判と牢人救済を掲げた反乱を起こした(慶安の変(1651年))。
- After Iemitsu TOKUGAWA died of illness, as his successor Ietsuna TOKUGAWA was still immature, Shosetsu YUI conspired with Chuya MARUBASHI and others to take Ietsuna TOKUGAWA into their custody, and staged a rebellion criticizing the politics of the bakufu and demanding the relief of ronin (the Keian Incident [1651]).
- さらに民衆向けに掲げられた五榜の掲示(第4札)にも「万国の公法」という字句が登場し、外交は朝廷が担い、条約を遵守するので、庶民は外国人に不法なことをしないようにと命じている。
- Furthermore, there was the word 'bankoku no koho' (same as bankoku koho) on Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) (the fourth board), and the government announced that the Imperial Court would handle foreign diplomacy and told common people not to do something impolite to foreigners.
- まず崇厚に提出した未完稿には何師孟・李大文・張煒・曹景栄ら4人が参加して訳文を練り上げたが、それは「文義が非常に不明瞭である」と評される代物でそのまま刊行するには難があった。
- Based on uncompleted manuscript submitted to Chongshi, text of translation was elaborated by four persons, Shimeng HE, Dawen LI, Wei ZHANG, and Jingrong GAO, but the result was such that was commented as 'Meanings of sentences are ambiguous' and it had too many problems to published as it was.
- つまり一定程度の領域及びそこに住む人民に国家の基礎をおいた統治組織が存在し、しかも領域内では、その統治権が排他的に確立され、他国から干渉を排し独立していること(内政不干渉)。
- This means that there is a governing system, which has a foundations of the state in the certain area and on the people living the area, and its sovereignty is exclusively established in the area and it must be independent from the interference by other countries (noninterference in internal affairs).
- 実際の建設に際しては、土木工事は築城経験のある日本の技術が生かされたが、現在の多摩川にかかる六郷川橋梁だけはイギリス人の指導の下に木造で架橋された(明治10年に鉄橋に交換)。
- For actual construction, technology for castle construction was utilized, although only a wooden bridge over the present-day Tamagawa River was built under the supervision of an Englishman (which was replaced with an iron bridge in the 10th year of the Meiji Era).
- この時代は、前の天皇、文徳天皇朝で人臣初めて(藤原仲麻呂・道鏡は除く)の太政大臣に就任した藤原良房とその養子(甥)の藤原基経が、初期摂関政治等藤原氏の権勢を固めた時代だった。
- During the period, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who was the first subject appointed as Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) in the reign of the former Emperor Montoku (except FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and Dokyo) and his adopted child (nephew) FUJIWARA no Mototsune attained the ascendancy of the Fujiwara clan including early Sekkanseiji (the power of Sekkan, meaning regents and advisers, governs the country) and so on.
- 平安時代中期に入ると、太政官牒・院庁牒は請印が不要な官宣旨・院宣にその役目を取って代わられる一方で、蔵人所・検非違使庁をはじめとした令外官の増大で牒そのものの発給は増大した。
- In the mid Heian period, daiokancho and innochocho were replaced by Kan senji (an edict from Daijokan [Grand Council of State] which had the status of a binding official document) and Inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) which did not require shoin (a ceremony to seal documents issued by the government) while the number of cho issued increased due to an increase in number of Ryoge no kan in agencies such as Kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics) and Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).
- この政権の課題は、将軍が短命・幼弱ということもあり、「如何にして将軍個人の人格よりも将軍職の地位とその権威を高めるか」であり、綱吉の頃と同様、朱子学の影響を受けた政策と言える。
- The challenge of this government was 'how to enhance the status and authority of the shogunate, regardless of a shogun's own personality,' due to the fact that Shogun Ietsugu was not gifted with longevity and he was immature, and therefore, it can be said that the policies in this age were under the influence of Neo-Confucianism just as in the age of Tsunayoshi.
- こうした西欧を指標として日本との落差を計測する姿勢の背後には、一国の文明化・強国化の要件として国民一人 々 の知識獲得や文化程度の向上を求める単線的な発展史観があったのである。
- On the background of such attitude to judge the gap between Western Europe and Japan from the standard of Western Europe, there was a single-track historical view of development which demands individual's acquisition of knowledge and improvement of culture standard, as the requirements for civilization and enhancement of national power.
- すると河内国は混乱を極めたが、1552年には遊佐長教の一族で、河内国交野市の有力国人の安見氏の養子に入っていた安見宗房(直政)が遊佐長教を暗殺した萱振賢継などを討伐して台頭した。
- Then Kawachi Province fell into disorder, but in 1552, a relative to Naganori YUSA, Munefusa (Naomasa) YASUMI who was the adopted son of a powerful local lord in Katano City, Kawachi Province, the Yasumi clan, killed the assassinators including Katatsugu KAYAFURI and gained power.
- なお、当時の大坂町奉行阿部正蔵は幕府に対して「諸藩の専売制」「一部商人の不正取引」「抜売買の横行(正規外の流通ルート)」を諸色高直の原因として対策を上申したが、採用されなかった。
- Shozo ABE, Osaka machi-bugyo (town magistrate of Osaka) of that time, submitted a countermeasure for shoshiki-kojiki citing 'domains' monopoly,' 'illegal trading by certain merchants' and 'flourishing nukiurikai (抜売買) (the trade outside normal distribution channels)' as a factor of shoshiki-kojiki, however, it was not adopted.
- だが、攻撃の主要な対象が今まで徴税を行ってきた幕府や諸藩及びこれと結びついた村役人・御用商人などに向かったことによって、結果的には幕府・諸藩の軍事行動の足を引っ張る結果となった。
- However, these revolts resulted in hindering the military action of the Edo bakufu and the domains, because the main targets of the revolts were directed to those who had been the authority of taxation until then, such as the Edo bakufu and the domains, as well as the people related to the authorities, such as village officers and chartered merchants.
- 柳、濱田、河井らは、当時の美術界ではほとんど無視されていた日本各地の日常雑器、日用品など、無名の工人による民衆的工芸品の中に真の美を見出し、これを世に広く紹介する活動に尽力した。
- Yanagi, Hamada and Kawai worked hard to find real beauty in the folkish handicrafts by unknown craftsman such as articles for daily use in various places in Japan that were almost ignored in the art industry at that time.
- つまり、4月23日に「仰ト号シテ」連署北条時村を「夜討」した12人はそれぞれ有力御家人の屋敷などに預けられていたが、10日もたってから「此事僻事(虚偽)なりければ」と斬首された。
- In other words, each of the twelve persons who killed Tokimura Hojo, assistant to shikken, in a night, saying that 'they had been ordered to do so,' was held into custody in the residence of a powerful retainer of the shogun, but in ten days, all of them were decapitated 'saying that the reason was false.'
- 夷千島王 遐叉(えぞちしまおう かしゃ又はえぞがちしまおう かひ、えぞがちしまおう カユーとも)とは、1482年に李氏朝鮮に対して高麗八萬大蔵経を求める使者を送った名義人である。
- Ezochishimao Kasha (or called Ezochishimao Kahi or Ezochishimao Kayu) refers to the name of person who sent an envoy in 1482 to request the Yi Dynasty Korea for Tripitaka Koreana.
- 戊辰戦争から箱館戦争の間における旧江戸幕府軍及び佐幕派諸藩との戦いは、明治政府の構成員であった公武の人々のみならず、当初は日和見的な態度を取っていた諸藩の助力を得たものであった。
- The battles against the former Tokugawa troop and the supporting domains of the Shogun, from the Boshin War to the Battle of Hakodate, were assisted by not only the court nobles and samurai belonging to the Meiji Government but also domains waiting and seeing how things went at first.
- 特に2002年のサッカーFIFAワールドカップ日韓大会でのトルコチームの活躍を機に盛んにテレビ番組や雑誌でも取り上げられるようになるなど、日本の一般の人々の間に徐々に広まっている。
- The story of the Ertuğrul disaster has gradually spread out among the people in Japan; it has been frequently talked about in many TV programs or magazines, especially after the Turkish team achieved remarkable results in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan.
- NHKは、イラン・イラク戦争時のトルコ政府・トルコ航空による日本人救助活動について、プロジェクトXにて取り上げた際に、エルトゥールル号遭難事件との関連については、全く触れなかった。
- When NHK featured the rescue mission of Japanese by the Turkish government and Turkish Airlines during the Iran-Iraq War in the program 'The Project X,' they never mentioned the Ertuğrul incident in relation to the topic.
- 新語彙のほとんどは、『万国公法』が日本に伝えられた後に一旦日本で定着し、日清戦争後に起きた留学ブームによって日本に訪れた中国人留学生が再度中国に持ち込んだものである(林1995)。
- After 'Bankoku Koho' was brought to Japan, most of new vocabulary was once settled down in Japan and they were brought back to China by Chinese students who visited Japan on the occasion of booming of studying in Japan occurred after the Sino-Japanese War (林 1995).
- ワラビ、ゼンマイ、フキ、クズ、ヤマイモ、ノビルなどの縄文人の主要で、安定した食料資源となった有用植物が繁茂しやすい二次林的な環境、つまり雑木林という新しい環境を創造したことになる。
- Plants such as brackens, flowering ferns, Japanese butterburs, Japanese arrowroots, yams, and Japanese garlics grew and prospered easily in the newly created secondary forest environment, the new environment known as copses, and became steady food resources for the Jomon people.
- 蛍光X線分析によると青森県の「三内丸山遺跡」や北海道南部で出土されるヒスイは糸魚川産であることがわかっており、このことから縄文人が広い範囲でお互いに交易をしていたと考えられている。
- The fluorescent X-ray analysis shows that the jade excavated at 'Sannai-Maruyama Site' in Aomori Prefecture and southern Hokkaido is from Itoigawa; therefore, it is assumed that the Jomon people traded among themselves over the wide area.
- 九州島の文化圏は打製石鋸や結合型釣り針など、朝鮮半島や渤海湾沿岸の新石器文化との間に共通する要素を多く持っており、これらの地域との間で継続的に人や物の移動があったと推測されている。
- The cultural region on Kyushu Island and the Neolithic culture of the Korean peninsula and the Gulf of Bo Hai coast had many common elements such as chipped stone saws and assembled fishing needles; therefore, it is assumed that there were constant exchanges between the peoples and goods among these regions.
- その支配体制は富樫氏滅亡以前である文明年間末期の段階において室町幕府が守護に対して下す奉行人奉書などの命令書が富樫政親ではなく直接蓮綱・蓮悟あてに送付されていることからでも分かる。
- This ruling system can be seen in the fact that the orders such as bugyonin hosho (magistrate orders) given from the Muromachi bakufu to provincial governors in the late Bunmei Era when the Togashi clan still existed, were not sent to Masachika TOGASHI but sent directly to Renko and Rengo.
- 義家の二男の義親は父譲りの剛勇で知られ、対馬国守に任じられて九州に赴任していたが、康和3年(1101年)大宰大弐大江匡房から義親が人民を殺し、略奪を行っているとの訴えが起こされた。
- Yoshichika, the second son of Yoshiie, and was known for his bravery inherited from his father, was assigned to Kyushu as Tsushima no kuni no kami (Governor of Tsushima Province), but OE no Masafusa, then Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor General of the Dazai-fu) charged that Yoshichika was killing people and looting in 1101.
- 日本では、明治維新の後、立憲政治・議会制度の創設が朝野で論議されるなかで、1870年代には福澤諭吉をはじめとする三田派の言論人たちを中心に政党内閣制を採用するように主張され始めた。
- In Japan, after the Meiji Restration, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and other intellecturals from the Mita-ha (Mita faction, named after the place where current Keio University exists) started aruguing in the 1870s that Japan should adopt a party cabinet system, while the establishment of a constitutional government and a parliament system came up for dabate across the county.
- これ以後、平群氏の氏人はしばらく『書紀』から姿を消すが、用明天皇2年(587年)の物部氏討伐将軍として平群神手(かみて)の名が見え、この頃までに大夫選任氏族としての地位を得ていた。
- After this, members of the Heguri clan disappear from 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicle of Japan) for a while, but in 587 the name of HEGURI no Kamite appears as the General to subjugate the Mononobe clan; by this time the Heguri clan had gained the position to be elected as daibu (master).
- 会津出身の軍人である柴五郎は、当時は少年であったが、大久保の非業の死を聞いて、西郷隆盛の非業の死とあわせて「両雄非業の最期を遂げたるを当然の帰結でなりと断じて喜べり」と書いている。
- When Goro SHIBA, a military man from Aizu and then a young boy heard of Okubo's unnatural death, he combined it with that of Takamori SAIGO and wrote, 'I am absolutely pleased that the two great men ended their lives in unnatural death, which was a natural consequence.'
- 中国や日本では、欧米及び日本の帝国主義に反対する愛国運動という捉え方をするのに対し、アメリカなどでは闇雲に外国人を攻撃した排外運動という捉え方をしている(エシェリックやコーエン等)。
- China and Japan perceived the Boxers as a nationalistic movement against the doctrine of the West and the Japanese empire, but it was interpreted as a reckless anti-foreign movement that attacked foreigners in nations such as the United States (by Esherick, Cohen, and others).
- 1868年(慶応4年)2月から4月にかけて、2000人から3000人の幕府歩兵隊や新撰組などが江戸を脱走した際に、大鳥圭介に同行して伝習第一大隊、第二大隊の1100名ほどが脱走した。
- When 2000 to 3000 soldiers of the feudal government's infantry and Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) escaped from Edo between February and April 1868, about 1100 soldiers of the first and second battalions of Denshutai escaped with Keisuke OTORI.
- 1907年11月、蔡清琳は新竹県北埔郷の山岳部にいる漢人と台湾原住民であるサイシャット族の者たちに対して、「聯合復中興の総裁」と自称し、「清の大軍がまもなく新竹に上陸する」と騙した。
- Tsai Ching-Lin lied to the Han living in the mountains of Beipu, Hsinchu County and the Saisiyat of the indigenous people of Taiwan in November 1907, that the 'great army of Qing will soon land in Hsinchu', while himself 'the president of the restoration of Yonhap.'
- その後、石川台嶺ら暴動の主導的役割を果たした僧侶や役人殺害に関与したとされる暴徒数百名は捕らえられ、裁判の結果、台嶺と暴徒1人は斬罪に処され、その他、多数の僧侶・暴徒が罪人となった。
- After the riot, Tairei ISHIKAWA and other monks who took a leading role in the riot and hundreds of followers who were involved in killing the officer were captured, and Tairei and one of the followers were executed by decapitation, and the other many monks and the followers were punished after the trials.
- なお、必ずしも文人とされる人物が「文人」という名辞をもって自らをはっきり規定していたのではなく、後に「文人」としての枠組みにその人物を収めた場合も多分にあるということを留意されたい。
- In addition, it needs to be paid attention to that not all Bunjin clearly identified themselves as 'Bunjin' in those days, but many of them were rather classified into 'Bunjin' in later years.
- が、1999年6月17日に東京地方裁判所は、当時の国際法で戦争被害に対する個人の損害を補償しないという原則と、日本の国内法に軍票を交換する法律が存在しないことを理由に請求を棄却した。
- On June 17, 1999, the Tokyo District Court rejected the plaintiff's claim because of the following reasons; the international law at that time had a principal that individual war damage would not be compensated; Japanese domestic law did not have a legislation that the govenment would exchange the former military currency with other currency.
- 最近の研究ではそもそもモンゴル帝国の国号としての「モンゴル・ウルス」そのものが本来的に「モンゴルの人々の集合体」というような意味合いで、地理的概念を含むものではないと指摘されている。
- According to the recent research, it is pointed out that 'Mongol Ulus,' the name of the Mongolian Empire, had the meaning of 'the aggregation of Mongolian people' and did not include a geographical notion.
- このような天下人による「天下一統」(この用語自体は南北朝時代から散見される)によって現実的な「天下」の地理概念はかなり明確化され、ほぼ今日の日本列島と変わらない領域として認識された。
- Thanks to this act of 'Tenka Itto' (unifying Tenka) (this word itself was sometimes used since the Northern and Southern Courts period) by Tenkabito, the geographical notion of 'Tenka' was clarified considerably and was understood as the territory mostly corresponding to the present Japanese archipelago.
- たとえば南方では、現地人と客家がしばしば対立して土客械闘という争いを起こしていたが、地方官は客家を弾圧することが多く、救いを求めて客家が一斉にキリスト教に入信するようなことがあった。
- For example, local and Hakka people frequently opposed each other, resulting in a dispute called the Punti–Hakka Clan War, but the local officials often suppressed the Hakka, and seeking help, all the Hakka became believers of Christianity.
- 『魏志倭人伝』や『隋書』などの中国の歴史書に書かれているだけではなく、天武天皇期に用いられた「赦書」にも登場する(『日本書紀』天武天皇5年8月壬子条)など、慣習法として確立していた。
- Not only it was recorded in Chinese history books such as 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') and 'Zuisho; Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), it was already established as a common law as it was referred to in Shasho (decree of amnesty) which was used during the time of the Emperor Temmu ('Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the Article of Mizuno-e, the eighth month of the fifth year of the Emperor Temmu).
- もともとは学者間の論争であったが、1967年に発表された宮崎康平の『まぼろしの邪馬台国』(講談社)という書籍によって邪馬台国論争は「邪馬台国ブーム」となり、日本人一般にまで波及した。
- Although the controversies were originally among scholars, the Yamatai controversy became a 'Yamataikoku boom,' triggered by a book called 'Yamatai: the Phantom Kingdom' (Kodansha), by Kohei MIYAZAKI, published in 1967: the controversies now spread to the general Japanese population.
- 発起人であった森有礼は明六社を純粋に学術的な啓蒙団体として構想し、また第30号で「時の政事に係はりて論するか如きは本来吾社開会の主意に非す」と言うように、非政治的であることを旨とした。
- Arinori MORI, the founder, envisaged Meirokusha as a pure academic enlightenment group and had a policy to be nonpolitical as he described that 'Discussing about politics is against the original aim when we established this association' in the 30th issue.
- しかし、平安時代中頃から僧一人一人の力が強くなると私僧房ばかりに目が行くようになって力がなくなると、組織を政所内部に組込んで修理所とし、荒廃が進んでいた堂宇の営繕に努めるようになった。
- But the organization was integrated into the Office of Administration as the repair section in order to put much effort into maintenance and repair of the deteriorating temple buildings since much attention had been paid to the priests' private quarters due to the power transition to individual monks during the mid Heian period.
- 定住が開始された理由としては、それまで縄文人集団が定住を避けていた理由、すなわち食料の確保や廃棄物問題、死生観上の要請などが定住によっても解決出来るようになったためではないかと見られる。
- The reason for adopting sedentary life is assumed that the problems the Jomon people had in order to adopt the sedentary life up to that time were being solved; in fact, the Jomon people were able to solve problems of securing food, waste disposal issues, and the need to come to terms with the view of life and death in the sedentary life.
- 加えてハイフォンをはじめ、ベトナム各地に設けられた税関ではヨーロッパ人がトップである税関長を占め、ベトナム人スタッフと共同運営していたが、ヨーロッパ・ベトナム間にはよく争いが生じていた。
- In addition, at customs stations opened in Hai Phong and other region around Vietnam, Europeans served as commissioners of customs, head of custom station and Vietnamese, but there were conflicts frequently between Europeans and Vietnamese.
- 両人は直ちに領内の村々に新政の趣旨を教えて回り、この巡回が終了した直後の明治4年(1871年)2月15日に出張所管内の寺院に出頭を命じ、宗教改革の一環である寺院の合併について質問をした。
- Both monks immediately taught the aim of new government around the villages in the domain and just after the end of the teaching tour, on February 15, 1871, Hattori issued a summons to appear in the temple in the branch office, and asked them about the merger of the temples which was a part of the Reformation.
- 東亜同文書院の45年の歴史は、初代院長・根津一によって始まり、以降杉浦重剛、大津麟平、近衛文麿、大内暢三、矢田七太郎、本間喜一ら計8代7人の院長が担った(詳細は東亜同文書院大学を参照)。
- The Toa-Dobunshoin with a 45-year history started with the first president, Hajime NEZU and was followed by Jugo SUGIURA, 大津麟平, Fumimaro KONOE, Chozo OUCHI, Shichitaro YADA and Kiichi HONMA, which means seven presidents for eight generations took the role. (Refer to Toa-Dobunshoin University for more information).
- 配下には町奉行所から目代として派遣された与力、同心、寄場差配人(模範的な人足の中から選抜された身寄が遠国にいる人足の身元を引き受ける保証人の類)、医師、心学の教師、船頭等が所属していた。
- Also working for Ninsokuyoseba were Yoriki (police sergeant), who was sent by the town magistrate's office as Mokudai (Deputy), Doshin (police constable), and Yoseba Sahainin (the kind of sponsor who guarantees the characters of the criminals who were chosen out of the exemplary criminals and whose relatives were living away from Edo), doctors, teachers of Shin school (popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings in the Edo period), boatmen and others.
- その中の一人イザベリナと呼ばれたゆり(後に杉本姓)という当時52歳の女性がプティジャン神父に近づき、「ワレラノムネアナタノムネトオナジ」(私たちはキリスト教を信じています)とささやいた。
- Among them was then 52-year-old Yuri (later using Sugimoto as the surname), or Isabelina in the baptismal name, who came close and whispered in Father Petitjean's ear, 'we believe in the same religion as you' (we are Christians).
- 北京には八旗や北洋軍ほかおよそ4万人強の兵力が集められたが、さきに天津から進攻する連合軍との戦いで敗れ、戦死あるいは戦意喪失による逃亡によって城攻防戦の際にはすでに多くの兵が失われていた。
- The military force consisted of the Eight Banners and Beiyang army as well as 40,000 soldiers, but many soldiers were already lost at the time of the battle of the castle, having been killed in battle or having lost the will to fight and fled when being defeated by the allied forces invading from Tianjin.
- 8世蓮如は北陸地方や畿内において国人・農民を信者として取り込み、本願寺を独立した教団としての地位を確立させたものの、同時にそれは周辺の守護大名・荘園領主や既存の宗派・寺院との摩擦を生んだ。
- Although Rennyo, the 8th chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, won local lords and peasants in Hokuriku Region and Kinai Region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) over to his sect as believers and established the position of Hongan-ji Temple as an independent religious community, it caused discord between him and the neighboring shugo daimyo (provincial military governors) and lords of manors and also between him and the existing sects and temples.
- そして、明治3年(1870年)11月に碧海郡大浜村称名寺の藤井説冏(せつげい)、棚尾村光輪寺の高木賢立(けんりゅう)ら2人の僧侶を教諭使に任じ、領民に新政の趣旨を平易に教えさせようとした。
- And in November 1870, Hattori appointed two Buddhist monks who were Setsugei FUJII from Shomyo-ji Temple in Ohama Village, Aomi County, and Kenryu TAKAGI from Korin-ji Temple, Tanao Village, as a teacher envoy and ordered them to teach the aims of new government simply to the village people.
- 北京占領後の1900年9月に、連合軍にドイツからアルフレート・フォン・ヴァルダーゼー元帥率いる数万人の兵力が増強され、彼が連合国総司令官になると、北京周辺の度重なる懲罰的掃討作戦を展開した。
- A further several ten thousand soldiers led by General Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee from Germany were dispatched to the allied force in September 1900 after the occupation of Beijing, and when he became Allied Supreme Commander, he began a clean up operation around Beijing similar to repetitive punishment.
- この六朝時代に「文人」という呼び名が職業・身分という意味合いを離れ、士人の生き方のひとつの選択肢として、あるいはひとつの精神的な価値観として認識され、これ以降もその意味で使われるようになる。
- In the Six Dynasties Period, the title 'Bunjin' lost its meaning as an indication of their profession or status and began to be recognized as a choice in the way of living or a sense of spiritual value for Shijin, and was continuously used in that sense after that.
- 伊達軍が国見山へ移動中、上杉方梁川城の須田長義旗下車丹波等が、馬上百騎・小手六十三騎等を含む足軽百人ばかりを引き連れて梁川城から大隅川を渡り、藤田と桑折の間で伊達勢後尾の小荷駄隊を急襲した。
- While the Date army was moving to Mt. Kunimi, warriors including Tanba KURUMA serving Nagayoshi SUDA in the Yanagawa-jo Castle on the Uesugi side crossed the Osumigawa River from the Yanagawa-jo Castle with 100 ashigaru (common foot soldiers) as well as 100 horsemen and 63 horseman from Ote and suddenly attacked provision transporters bringing up the rear of the Date forces in the area between Fujita and Koori.
- 更に令外官が設置されるようになると、令外官には所管・被管の上下関係が存在しない場合があるため、原則的に令外官が関わる(差出人・宛先人の片方もしくは双方が令外官)の場合には牒が用いられていた。
- Furthermore, after Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) was established, cho was generally used for official documents in relation to Ryoge no kan (cases in which the sender or the receiver, or both, were Ryoge no kan) because in some cases no hierarchical relationship existed among Ryoge no kan.
- 江戸では金銀両替および金融業務を行う本両替(16人)、専ら小判、丁銀、および銭貨の両替を行う三組両替(神田組・三田組・世利組)および銭貨の売買を行う番組両替(一~二十七番)に分化していった。
- In Edo the money changers were divided into honryogae exchangers (16 people) who handled gold and silver exchange and finance, 'Mikumi Ryogae' (three groups of main exchangers consisting of Group Kanda, Group Mita and Group Seri) specializing in koban, chogin and zenika (copper coins), and 'Bangumi Ryogae' (Nos. 1 to 27) who traded in copper coins.
- 具体的には、盛宣懐や張謇が地方大官と各国領事の間を奔走し、「保護南省商教章程」9ヶ条と「保護上海租界城廂章程」10ヶ条を結び、外国人の生命及び財産を列強が進攻しない限り保護することを確約した。
- To be exact, Sheng Xuanhuai and Zhang Jian made a great effort between high local officials and the embassy of each nation, and agreed to Article 9 of '保護南省商教章程' and Article 10 of '保護上海租界城廂章程' to promise the protection of the lives and finances of foreigners unless the allied western powers invaded.
- 新田義貞は、後醍醐天皇の二人の皇子恒良親王と尊良親王とを伴って下山し、北陸へ落ち延び、氣比神宮の宮司である気比氏治に迎えられ、10月13日_(旧暦)に越前国金ヶ崎城(福井県敦賀市)に入城した。
- Yoshisada NITTA descended the mountain with two imperial princes of the Emperor Godaigo: the Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi and the Imperial Prince Takayoshi, and successfully escaped to the Hokuriku region where they were welcomed by Ujiharu KEHI who was Guji (chief of those who serves shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) of Kehi-jingu Shrine, then entered Kanegasaki-jo Castle in Echizen Province (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture) on November 24.
- 1901年5月20日、安部磯雄、片山潜、幸徳秋水、西川光次郎ら6名を発起人として、日本初の社会主義政党「社会民主党 (日本 1901年)」が結成されるが、第4次伊藤内閣は直後にこれを禁止した。
- The Social Democratic Party, which is the first socialist party in Japan, was established by six founders, including Iso ABE, Sen KATAYAMA, Shusui KOTOKU, Kojiro NISHIKAWA, on May 20, 1901 but was banned by the fourth Ito Cabinet immediately after the establishment.
- また第二次世界大戦の敗戦国である日本の場合、かつて戦時国際法上、個人に対する戦争被害を敗戦国が補償する義務がなく、また連合国側が軍票の支払い義務を免除したため、後に国際問題になったことがある。
- When Japan was defeated in World War II, according to the international law of war at that time, defeated countries were not required to compensate for individual war damage and the Allies exempted Japan from the payment, which led to an international problem.
- その理由は『上記』で使われている豊国文字がサンカ文字とよく似ていることと、下総のサンカの伝承に「大友能直がサンカを1600人も殺し、昔から伝わっていた書物を奪った」というものがあることによる。
- The reasons are the Toyo-no-kuni characters used in Uetsufumi are very similar to the Sanka characters and there is a legend that Yoshinao OTOMO killed 1,600 Sanka people and stole their ancient books.
- また、日本人で鉄道に乗ったことが分かっている最初の人物は、太平洋で漂流しアメリカ合衆国の船に救われ、現地へ向かったジョン万次郎(中浜万次郎)であるとされ、1845年(弘化2年)のこととされる。
- The first known Japanese to ride a railway train is said to be John Manjiro (Manjiro NAKANOHAMA), who had been saved by the American vessel while adrift in the Pacific Ocean and taken to America, in 1845.
- また、「魏志倭人伝」の記載は、祭祀について触れられたものではないこと、6世紀以前は3種ではなく、多種多様な祭器が土地それぞれで使用されていたことも九州説では重要視されない理由として挙げられる。
- Also, the fact that the 'Gishiwajinden' does not mention rituals, and the fact that not merely three kinds but various ritual utensils were used in each place before the 6th century, can be used to suggest that the above theory is not essential to the Kyushu theory.
- しかしながら、九条兼実の弟・慈円が著した『愚管抄』には、源頼家に近い有力御家人の梶原景季の京都滞在中に事件が起きたこと、鎌倉幕府政所別当の大江広元が通親の方人(同志)であったと記述されている。
- However, 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool), written by Jien, a young brother of Kanezane KUJO includes the descriptions that the incident occurred while Kagesue KAJIWARA, a powerful gokenin (retainer of the shogun) close to MINAMOTO no Yoriie was staying in Kyoto and that OE no Hiromoto, Mandokoro betto (Director of the Administrative Board) in the Kamakura bakufu was an associate of Michichika.
- 6月に義和団がアムール川沿いのロシアの街ブラゴヴェシチェンスクを占領すると、報復としてロシア領内にあった中国人居住区である江東六十四屯を崩壊させ、さらに南へ軍を進め東三省(満州)一帯を占領した。
- When the Boxers occupied Blagoveshchensk along the Amur River in June, Russia destroyed Sixty-Four Villages East of the River of the Chinese Residency area within Russia and occupied Tosansho (literally three provinces of the east) (Manchuria) by moving the army south.
- 加えて、三角は薬草について造詣が深かったといわれているが、三角が紹介している薬草は『上記』に登場する薬草とかなりの部分で一致するなど、三角一人を介して『上記』とサンカが結合する構造になっている。
- In addition, Misumi is said to have had deep knowledge about medicinal plants, and the medicinal plants Misumi introduced covered most of the medicinal plants that appeared in 'Uetsufumi', in which 'Uetsufumi' and Sanka is combined by Misumi.
- 周辺に西欧列強が現れ、清朝や日本が近代化するという国際環境にあって、朝鮮はいかに生存を図るべきかということが、人々の主要な関心事として浮上しはじめていたため、国際法の知識は積極的に求められていた。
- Knowledge on international law was actively required because Korea was in the international circumstance where Western powerful countries appeared and the Qing dynasty and Japan promoted their modernization, and people were greatly concerned about how Korea should survive in such situation.
- 例として、1761年に上田藩(現長野県上田市)浦野組(現長野県青木村上田市別所、塩田など)の農民約一万人が上田城へ押し掛けた上田騒動では、清水半平、中沢浅之丞などが一揆を指導し、死罪に処せられた。
- For example, during the Ueda riot in 1761 in which about ten thousand peasants belonged to Urano-gumi unit (present-day Aoki mura, Bessho of Ueda City, Shioda and others in Nagano Prefecture) of Ueda domain (present-day Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) pushed into the Ueda-jo Castle, Hanbei SHIMIZU and Asanojo NAKAZAWA led the uprising and were executed.
- だが、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると禁裏御料であった各地の荘園が地元の戦国大名や国人領主に侵奪され、収入の滞った皇室では後土御門天皇の葬儀が1ヶ月以上も開けずに遺体が放置されるなどの深刻な状況となった。
- However, in the Sengoku period (the period of Warring States), shoen, which were still Imperial property, were confiscated by local warlords and kokujin ryoshu (local samurai), which left the Imperial family without income, rendering them so impoverished that they couldn't hold a funeral for Emperor Gotsuchimikado for over a month after his death.
- 一説によれば、当時、東北地方の強姦事件の公判で、被害者の調書に被害者本人の署名がないという理由で無罪になることが立て続けにあり、それ以来、仙台の弁護士は調書の署名を注意してみるようになったともいう。
- Some researchers say lawyers in Sendai City came to keep their eyes peeled for signatures in the documents, since there were many cases in Tohoku region where rapists received sentence of acquittal owing to the fact that there were no autographs of rape victims in the paper.
- いわゆる貿易も、当初の頃はこういった行商で都市間を巡回していた商人らが担っており、これが交通・輸送技術の発達にも従い、より組織化され相互連結されて海外貿易などの極大な交易網に発展していったと考えられる。
- In the earliest years, merchants peddling from city to city had taken a role in so-called trade, so it is considered to be developed into massive trade routes including overseas trades after the routes were organized and connected each other according to the development of transport technologies.
- これまで挙げた薛福成や西周、兪吉濬といった『万国公法』に肯定的な意見を持つ人々ですら、国際法の適用を受けるためには富国強兵という裏打ちが必要不可欠であることは強く意識していたのである(金鳳珍2004)。
- Even people who had positive attitude towards 'Bankoku Koho' such as Fucheng XUE, Amane NISHI and Kil-chun YU strongly believed that the policy of fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) was essential to be protected by international law (金鳳珍2004).
- 1870年(明治3年)政府は工部省を設置、また技術導入のためにお雇い外国人を多数採用し、殖産興業推進のため、鉄道、造船、鉱山、製鉄、電信、灯台など産業振興と産業インフラ整備のための幅広い事業を推進した。
- In 1870 Meiji government established the ministry of industry, employed many foreign specialists, and promoted new industries and improved infrastructure such as railway, shipbuilding, mine, iron manufacture, telegraph, lighthouse, etc.
- この「内大臣」は藤原鎌足のことで、近江大津宮は天智天皇が定めた都であるから、天智からたどることにすると、天智、天武、持統天皇、文武天皇、元明天皇、元正天皇、聖武天皇、孝謙天皇、淳仁の9人にしかならない。
- Since this 'Minister of the Center' refers to FUJIWARA no Kamatari and Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya was a capital established by Emperor Tenchi, there are only nine emperors during the said period, namely, Tenchi, Tenmu, Jito, Monmu, Genmei, Gensho, Shomu, Koken, and Junnin.
- 更に元弘の変では鎌倉幕府が検断権を盾に後醍醐天皇を「謀反人」と認定して(天皇御謀反)、後醍醐天皇の主張するところの正統な天皇に対して廃位・配流を強要して、「偽主」(持明院統光厳天皇)を擁立するに至った。
- Furthermore, the Kamakura bakufu identified the Emperor Godaigo as a 'rebel' (the Emperor's Rebellion) in the Genko Incident based on the right to judge criminal cases, dethroned and exiled the Emperor Godaigo who insisted he was the true emperor, and eventually enthroned 'the fake emperor' (Emperor Kogon of Jimyoin-to Line).
- その内容は、侍(さむらい)、中間(ちゅうげん)、小者(こもの)ら武家奉公人が百姓・町人になること、百姓が耕地を放棄して商いや日雇いに従事すること、逃亡した奉公人をほかの武家が召抱えることなどを禁じたもの。
- It banned the following things: Servants for samurai families such as samurai, chugen (warriors who took their orders from samurai) and komono (lowest-ranking warriors) settling as peasants or townspeople, peasants abandoning their farmland and engaging in business or working as day laborers, and samurai families employing servants who had fled from other samurai families.
- 1951年10月18日午前11時30分、滋賀県蒲生郡桜川村(現・東近江市)に、在日朝鮮統一民主戦線や祖国防衛隊 (在日朝鮮人団体)のメンバーが集結し、自転車にスピーカーを取り付けて自転車デモを行おうとした。
- At half past eleven in the morning of October 18, 1951, some of the members of the Democratic Front for Unification of Koreans in Japan and the Homeland Defense Corps (which is a Korean resident organization in Japan) gathered in Sakuragawa-mura village (present Higashiomi City), Gamo-gun, Shiga Prefecture and tried to stage a demonstration by bicycles attached with a speaker.
- 応神天皇の出生が伝説的であることから、応神天皇と仁徳天皇は本来同一の人格であったものが三輪王朝と河内王朝を結びつけるために二つに分離されて応神天皇が作り出されたとする説で、この場合王朝は仁徳王朝とよばれる。
- In this view advocating that from the legendary birth of Emperor Ojin, Emperor Ojin who was originally the same person as Emperor Nintoku was created dividing from Emperor Nintoku to connect Miwa Dynasty and Kawachi Dynasty, this dynasty is called Nintoku Dynasty.
- 澳門のポルトガル人銃砲商が発注した銃器94函、弾薬40函及び石炭等を積載して神戸を出た汽船第二辰丸は、澳門前面の水域において清国拱北関の巡視船四隻に武器密輸の嫌疑で拿捕され、日章旗を撤去、広東に廻航された。
- A stream ship Dai-ni Tatsumaru, carrying 49 boxes of firearms, 40 boxes of ammunition and coal, etc. ordered by a Portuguese weapons merchant in Macao, left Kobe, was captured by four patrol boats of 拱北関, Qing in the water area before Macao, deprived of the Japanese (rising sun) flag and taken to Guangdong, on a charge of smuggling arms.
- 両寺院ともすぐに許されたものの、本福寺の先代明顕は先の実如の件のみならず、蓮如が延暦寺によって京都を追われた際にもこれを匿い、本覚寺の先代蓮光はその蓮如のために吉崎御坊を建立してこれを迎え入れた人物であった。
- Both temples were forgiven soon after, but the previous chief priest of Honpuku-ji Temple Myoken had offered shelter not only to Jitsunyo as mentioned before, but also to Rennyo when he was banished from Kyoto by Enryaku-ji Temple and the previous chief priest of Hongaku-ji Temple Renko had welcomed Rennyo by building up Yoshizaki Gobo.
- これは裏を返せば後見人である蓮淳自身の権力拡大が目的であったが、形式上は「法主を頂点とした権力機構の確立」という実如以来の方針に忠実に従ったものであったから、この大義名分を前に異論を挿める者は存在しなかった。
- This actually aimed to expand the guardian Renjun's authority, but formally he was following the policy that had been kept since Jitsunyo, 'the establishment of the power structure with hoshu at the top,' and for this legitimate reason, no one could raise an objection against him.
- 歴代のカピタン(カピタン)は定期的に江戸へ参府することが義務づけられていたが、大槻玄沢は寛政6年(1794年)のヘイスベルト・ヘンミー(Gijsbert Hemmij)の江戸出府でオランダ人と初めて対談した。
- All the Kapitans (curators of Dutch trading house) had an obligation to visit Edo regularly and Gentaku OTSUKI met a Dutch for the first time when Gisbert HEMMIJ visited there.
- その後、天平勝宝4年2月21日(752年3月11日)に本貫のある京職・国司に対して廃止以前の旧雑戸籍を調査して旧雑戸であった人々を確定・登録してそれぞれの職種に旧来の如く従事させるようにとする命令が出された。
- Afterward, on March 15, 752, Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau) and kokushi (provincial governors) with hongan (birthplace) received an order to identify and register those who were formerly members of zakko by investigating old zakkoseki before the abolishment of zakko in order to get them engaged in their jobs as before.
- 大阪会議(おおさかかいぎ)は、明治8年(1875年)2月11日に明治政府の要人である大久保利通・木戸孝允・板垣退助らが大阪府に集い、今後の政府の方針(立憲政治の樹立)および参議就任等の案件について協議した会議。
- The Osaka Conference is a meeting which took place in Osaka Prefecture on February 11, 1875 and where the dignitaries of the Meiji government, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, got together to discuss the government's prospective policy (the establishment of constitutional government) and the appointment of Sangi (councillors).
- なお、1867年(慶応3年)にはアメリカ合衆国公使館員のポートマンに対し、江戸幕府の小笠原長行老中が「江戸・横浜間鉄道敷設免許」(日本人は土地のみ提供)を出しており、明治維新後の新政府に対してその履行を迫った。
- Meanwhile, 'a railway construction permit between Edo and Yokohama' (Japanese would provide the land only) had been issued in 1867 by Nagamichi OGASAWARA, a roju (senior councillor) of the Edo bakufu, to Portman, an American legation attaché, and after the Meiji Restoration Portman pressed to the new government for its implementation.
- 何故なら、布教活動や宣教師のみならず、同じ中国人であるはずの信者も不平等条約によって強固に守られ、時には軍事力による威嚇を用いることさえあったため、おおむね事件は教会側に有利に妥結することが多かったからである。
- Despite being the same Chinese, believers were strongly protected due to the unequal treaty, and sometimes used military threats, so incidents usually ended to the church's favor.
- それまで布教活動は条約港に限り認められていたが、アロー号戦争(第二次アヘン戦争)後結ばれた天津条約では、清朝内陸への布教を認める条項(内地布教権)が挿入されており、以後多くの外国人宣教師が内地へと入っていった。
- Missionary work was limited to the ports of treaty until that period, but the Treaty of Tianjin signed after the Arrow War (Second Opium War) allowed travel inland of the Qing dynasty (permit to propagate inland) and many foreign missionaries entered the country and went inland.
- 「米を蓄るときは鼠喰或は虫付、ふけ米等の出来て減ずること多きも、金を蓄ふるときは、利息出来て、増すこと多きが故に、年貢も金納を多くし、米を払ひて、金にするを良とするとは、小人の利術にして、君子の所為にあらず。」
- When storing rice, it often decreases by being infested with rats or insects, or by being damaged, but when storing money, it often increases with interest, and thus, nengu (annual tribute, land tax) is paid more by money by exchanging rice with money, which, however, is the way of a man of stupid, not a man of virtue.'
- また三角縁神獣鏡を、呉 (三国)の鏡または呉 (三国)の工人の作であり、呉 (三国)の地が西晋に征服された280年以降のものとする説もあるが、様式論からはかならずしも呉 (三国)の作であるといいきれるものでない。
- Also, although there is a theory that triangular-rimmed mirrors were made during the Wu dynasty (Three Kingdoms) or were made by Wu craftsmen after the Wu dynasty was conquered by the Western Jin in 280, theories of style would suggest that these works may not have any connection with the Wu dynasty (Three Kingdoms) at all.
- 蔵屋敷が集中する大坂では、文久2年(1862年)頃から米価の高騰が続き、元治元年(1864年)に征夷大将軍徳川家茂が大坂城に入って以後、主だった幕閣や諸侯、旗本及びその家臣たちが大坂に集中して急激に人口が増加した。
- In Osaka, where warehouses of rice and other products stood densely, the price of rice continued rising from around 1862, and since Iemochi TOKUGAWA entered Osaka-jo Castle as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in 1864, major cabinet members of the Shogunate, territorial lords, hatamoto (direct retainers of Edo bakufu), and their vassals also came to live in Osaka, and its population increased rapidly.
- それとは対照的に清代中期の趙翼はその著『二十二史箚記』の中で世の中が昇平であり経済的な繁栄があったことで世の人々が文化を求め風雅を愛好するようになり、文人を歓迎し世評を高めさせることに繋がったという見方をしている。
- On the contrary, CHO Yoku who lived in the middle of the Qing Dynasty described in his book 'Niju-ni shi sakki' (Reading memo on twenty-two historical books) that since society had been peaceful and enjoyed economic prosperity, people came to seek cultural life and love elegance and taste, which led to the tendency to welcome Bunjin and rise their social status.
- 明六社の核となった同人には森、西村に誘われて津田真道、西周 (啓蒙家)、中村正直、加藤弘之、箕作秋坪、福澤諭吉、杉亨二、箕作麟祥など、当時を代表する錚々たる知識人たちが参加した(以下の文では適宜単に名字のみを記す)。
- The major members of Meirokusha were such excellent intellectuals in those days as Mamichi TSUDA, Amane NISHI (keimoka), Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI, who all were encouraged by Mori and Nishimura (only their surnames are written bellow).
- 相論の対象となる集団からそれぞれ代表者を指名し、代表者は精進潔斎の上に立会いの役人らの前で掌に牛王宝印を広げ、その上に灼熱した鉄を乗せて、それを素手で持ち運びその完遂の度合いによって所属集団の主張の当否が判断された。
- Representatives who were selected from each of the disputing groups, after purifying themselves by abstaining from eating meat, spread Gohoins (talisman) on their palms, held red-hot iron onto them and carried the iron with their bare hands in front of presenting government officials, then validity of the claims from their belonging groups was determined according to the degree of their accomplishment.
- エルトゥールル号遭難事件は、オスマン帝国末期の外交政策と海軍の弱体化がもたらした悲劇であったが、この事件で被害者に対して示された日本人の友誼は、その後も長く日土友好関係の起点として両国の関係者に記憶されることになった。
- The distress of the Ertuğrul was a tragedy caused by a foreign policy of the late Ottoman Empire and the weakened Navy; however, Japan's amity to the victims of the disaster has been long remembered by persons concerned in both countries as a starting point of friendly relations between Japan and Turkey.
- 彼らは地頭と呼ばれ、知行として与えられた土地(知行地)を知行所(ちぎょうしょ)もしくは給所(きゅうしょ)と呼んだ(なお、幕府御家人の場合は格上である旗本の知行地である給所と区別する意味で給地(きゅうち)と呼称させた)。
- They were called jito (manager and lord of manor), and the given territory (chigyo) was called chigyosho or kyusho (in the bakufu, the given territory belonging to gokenin was specifically called kyuchi in order to distinguish it from chigyochi, the given territory belonging to hatamoto who are higher- ranked retainers)
- 中世ヨーロッパにおける神秘主義の中には、そういった商人の作り上げた嘘が真に受けられたと考えられる物品も数多く伝わっており、例えば「ウニコール」(イッカクの牙)がユニコーンの伝説と関連付けられ、解毒薬として流通していた。
- In mysticism of the Medieval Period of Europe, many goods with lies spread, which were created by merchants and thought to be accepted, for example, 'Unicorne' (fangs of unicorns) circulated as antidotes, related to a legend of unicorns.
- 帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団(宣教師や中国人クリスチャン)との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権(行政上あるいは司法上)に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。
- The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.
- 当初は私的に作成していたものだったが、通詞の語学力向上を目的とした幕府からの要請を受け中山作三郎・吉雄権之助(介?)・山時十郎(西儀十郎?)・石橋助十郎ら長崎通詞11人の協力を得て1816年から本格的な編纂が開始された。
- At first he compiled it privately; however, in response to the request from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) aimed at improving language ability of translators, Doeff started the full-scale compilation from 1816 in cooperation with 11 Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki including Sakusaburo Nakayama, Gonnosuke YOSHIO, Juro YAMAJI (or possibly Juro NISHIGI), Sukejuro ISHIBASHI and others.
- 所払は11年、江戸払14年、江戸十里四方追放17年、軽追放20年、中追放23年、重追放26年、遠島29年、非人手下10年、武士や僧侶の処分取消は11年という基準が定められ、これを越える服役をして初めて資格を得たのである。
- Convicts were eligible for a pardon after serving the specified period of term; namely, 11 years for banishment from one's residence (tokorobarai); 14 years for banishment from Edo (Edobarai); 17 years for banishment from Edo and its outskirts (Edo Juri Shiho Tsuiho); 20 years for light banishment (Keitsuiho); 23 years for medium banishment (Chutsuiho); 26 years for heavy banishment (Jutsuiho); 29 years for exile to a remote island (ento); 10 years for outcast; and 11 years for rehabilitation for Samurai and Buddhist monks.
- 政宗は、慶長5年11月に届いた家康からの書状を請け、慶長6年2月17日に「家臣等軍役ノ人数改メ」を命じて内々に出陣の準備をしていたが、上杉家が本多正信や結城秀康等を通じて降伏を願い出たため、結果的に上杉征伐は中止された。
- In response to the letter from Ieyasu which arrived in November, 1600, Masamune ordered 'a survey on a number of warriors including vassals in military service' on February 17, 1601 to secretly prepare for the battle, but the conquest of Uesugi was canceled as a result because the Uesugi family called for the surrender through Masanobu HONDA and Hideyasu YUKI.
- 戦国時代になり、朝廷や公家が経済的に困窮し、官位が売られるようになると、武家の名門である、管領細川家の代名詞とも言える右京大夫は、地方の戦国大名(特に東北地方の大名)にとって箔付けのために最も人気のある官位であったという。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when the imperial court and court nobles started selling their official court ranks due to financial difficulties, Ukyo no daibu, pronoun of Shogunal Deputy the Hosokawa clan which was the samurai family of pedigree, was believed to be the nifitiest official court rank for Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in provinces (especially for daimyo in the Tohoku region) who wanted to add dignity.
- 株仲間における事務所・集会所を会所と呼称し、役員や事務職員などが詰めて共有財産の管理や外部との交渉、所属商人との連絡や管理、重要決定を定める会合の招集、商品の品質検査など、株仲間や所属商人、取扱商品に関する管理などを行った。
- An office or a gathering place for kabunakama (a merchant guild) was called 'kaisho,' and the officers or clerical staff who were stationed there carried out management of the guild, its member merchants and dealing commodities, including the management of common properties, negotiations with outside parties, communication and management of its member merchants, organization of meetings for crucial decisions, quality check of commodities, etc.
- その内容は、「駿河守宗方、陰謀の企て有るにより、今日(午刻)誅されおはんぬ、その旨を存ずべし、かつがつこの事につき、在京人ならびに西国地頭御家人等、参向すべからざるのよし、あひ触れらるべし...」(読み下しは細川重男による)
- The contents were as follows: Munekata, Suruga no Kami (governor of Suruga Province), was killed today (around noon) because he conducted an intrigue; You should understand the situation; For this incident, you should make persons in Kyoto, jito (managers and lords of manors) and gokenin (immediate vassals of the Shogunate in the Kamakura) in the western region know that they should not come to Kamakura (the original Chinese passage was converted into this Japanese passage by Shigeo OSOKAWA).
- 山田がイスタンブルに滞在中に起こった日露戦争が日本の勝利に帰すと、長らくロシアから圧力を受け続けて、同じくロシアの南下圧力にさらされる日本に対する親近感を高めていたオスマン帝国の人々は、東の小国日本の快挙としてこれに熱狂した。
- When Japan won the Russo-Japanese War, which had broken out while Yamada stayed in Istanbul, the people in the Ottoman Empire went wild with joy at the news, regarding it as a brilliant achievement by a small eastern country Japan, since they had long suffered the pressure from Russia and therefore grown affinity with Japan, the country which also had been troubled by the pressure from Russia.
- 稲村三伯は、長崎通詞で西善三郎の遺志を継いで編纂事業に当たっていた石井恒右衛門を紹介され、フランス人フランソワ・ハルマ(François Halma)の「蘭仏辞書」(1729年)の日本語訳を作る要領で蘭日辞典編纂に取り組んだ。
- Sanbaku INAMURA was introduced to Tsuneemon ISHII who was compiling the Dutch-Japanese Dictionary continuing the will of the deceased Zenzaburo NISH, a Dutch interpreter in Nagasaki, and tackled the business of compilation of the Dutch-Japanese Dictionary in a manner of translating the 'Dictionary of the Dutch and French Languages' complied by French Francois Halma (published in 1729) into Japanese.
- また、大名貸に伴う大坂から江戸への貨幣の流出は、江戸商人による大坂からの物資買付とともに、武士とその生活を支える商工業者による消費都市江戸と「天下の台所」と呼ばれた大坂との間に高度な為替の仕組を生み出す間接的な要因にもなった。
- Also, money outflow from Osaka to Edo due to daimyogashi and Edo merchants buying goods from Osaka became remote causes of creating a sophisticated system of currency exchange between Edo, a consumer city of samurai and people in trade and manufacture who supported lives of samurai, and Osaka, a city called 'the kitchen of Japan.'
- 『養老令』によると「凡縁東辺北辺西辺諸郡人居、皆於城堡内安置。其営田之所、唯置庄舎。至農時堪営作者、出就庄田 謂、強壮者出就田舎、老少者留在堡内也。収歛訖勒還 謂、要勒而還於城堡也。」との記述があり、考古学の成果とほぼ一致する。
- For the most part, the descriptions '凡縁東辺北辺西辺諸郡人居、皆於城堡内安置。其営田之所、唯置庄舎。至農時堪営作者、出就庄田 謂、強壮者出就田舎、老少者留在堡内也。収歛訖勒還 謂、要勒而還於城堡也。' in Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code) correspond to what has been found in archaeology.
- このため、借手側の藩は商人に対して扶持米を与えて藩士と同様の待遇を与えるなどの厚遇策によって商人の関係断絶を回避し、貸手側の商人は締貸し・分貸しなどの融資額の制約を設定したり枝手形を発行して投資者を募ることで危険の分散を図った。
- Therefore, domains, the borrower, gave merchants special treatments, such as paying Fuchimai (salary rice) and giving the same treatment as hanshi (the feudal retainers of a domain) to avoid dissociation with merchants, and merchants, the lender, also tried to scatter the risk by setting limit of credit or issuing sprit bills and raising investors.
- この2つの戦いを一括りにすることの是非については、議論の余地があるものの、両者とも本願寺10世証如と、その後見人蓮淳(8世蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父であり大叔父でもある)による法主の権限強化を図った政策方針の末に生じた出来事である。
- It is disputable to treat these two wars as one historical event, but both wars happened as a result of the policy by which Shonyo, the 10th chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, and his guardian Renjun (the 6th son of Rennyo, the 8th chief priest, and also both a maternal grandfather and a grand-uncle of Shonyo) tried to strengthen the authority of hoshu (a head of a Buddhist sect).
- 清朝にあっては、外国人公使が神聖なる中国皇帝と直接と会見する際には三跪九叩頭の礼をしなければならず、礼を求める清朝側とこれを拒否する外国公使側とで折り合いがつかず、1870年代まで清朝皇帝と簡単には会うことができなかったのである。
- In the Qing dynasty, a foreign minister had to do three kneelings and nine kowtows to meet a holy emperor directly, therefore it took very much time to reach an agreement between the Qing dynasty side and foreign ministries side and it was not easy to meet an emperor of the Qing dynasty until 1870's.
- 近畿地方から東海地方にかけて広まっていた、銅鐸による祭祀を行っていた銅鐸文明を、「魏志倭人伝」に記載された道具であり、『日本書紀』にも著される矛(剣)、鏡、勾玉の、いわゆる三種の神器を祭祀に用いる「銅矛文明」が滅ぼしたとされる説。
- There is a theory that the bronze spearhead civilization, which used the so-called Three Imperial Regalia in its rituals - a sword, a mirror and a curved jewel, described in 'Gishiwajinden' and also in 'Chronicles of Japan'- destroyed the bronze bell civilization, whose solemn rituals used bronze bells and which had spread from Kinki region to Tokai region.
- 以上のような事情から発足当初の学会は、学外の政治家・官僚との結びつきが強く、会員には学者・大学教官のみならず、伊藤のほか大隈重信・井上馨・井上毅・渋沢栄一など「国家学専門ノ名士ニシテ本会ノ目的ヲ協賛スル」学外著名人も含まれていた。
- Because of this situation, Kokkagakkai at the beginning had close ties with politicians and bureaucrats outside the University, and its members were not only scholars and instructors of the University but also celebrities outside the University who were 'important people specializing in the science of the nation and supported the idea of the group' including Ito, Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Kowashi INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and so on.
- 結成時の幹事は勅選議員(奥田義人・岡野敬次郎・安楽兼道)・多額納税議員(佐藤友右衛門・森田庄兵衛・山下喜兵衛)ともに3名ずつ選出され、他に石渡敏一・杉田定一・水野錬太郎・江原素六・松岡康毅・室田義文らを合わせて25名が参加していた。
- The initial secretaries of the club consisted of 25 members in total, including three from imperial nomination (Yoshito OKUDA, Keijiro OKANO, Kanemichi ANRAKU), three from the top tax bracket (Tomoemon SATO, Shobee MORITA, Kihee YAMASHITA), and such as the following: Binichi ISHIWATARI, Teiichi SUGITA, Rentaro MIZUNO, Soroku EBARA, Koki MATSUOKA, Yoshifumi MUROTA, Yasutake MATSUOKA, Yoshiaya MUROTA.
- このほか、天津同文書院(のちの天津中日学院)・漢口同文書院(のちの江漢中学校)・東亜工業学院(「敵性資産」を引き継いだ、中国人学生のための高等教育機関)・華北高等工業学校(1943年設立)・北京興亜学院(1943年引継)を運営した。
- It also administrated Tenshin Dobun Shoin (later a Sino-Japanese School in Tianjin), Kanko Dobun Shoin (later Kokan Junior High School), Toa Engineering School (a higher education institution for Chinese students that succeeded to 'Enemy Property'), Kahoku Engineering High School (founded in 1943), and Beijin Koa School (succeeded in 1943).
- 更に大坂堂島米会所に所属する米仲買・米方両替である「浜方」と呼ばれる商人から、米切手を担保として融資を受ける浜方先納と呼ばれる融資を得ることもあったが、この方法は通常の大名貸の方法では融資が受けられなくなった藩が採ることが多かった。
- Besides, there was another way to borrow money on rice-check from merchants called 'hamakata' who were rice brokers in the Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange House, but it was an option for domains who could not arrange loans by a usual procedure of daimyogashi.
- 仮に韓国人研究者たちが考えるように『万国公法』が中国で公刊されてすぐ伝来したのだとすると、1877年までの間表面的には国際法に対応しようとする積極的な動きがなかったことになり、その対応の緩慢さは一層際だつことになる(金容九1999)。
- If 'Bankoku Koho' had been brought to Korea soon after it was published in China, it means there was no action to deal with international law on a superficial level until 1877, so the slow response would stand out (金容丸 1999).
- たとえば北京籠城を余儀なくされた外交官は「わたしが中国人だったら、わたしも義和団になっただろう」(オーストリー・ハンガリー帝国人A.E.ロストホーン)とのべているし、R.ハートは義和団の発生を国家的意識が目覚める前触れだといっている。
- For example, the Austro-Hungarian ambassador Arthur von Rosthorn, who had to undergo the siege of Beijing stated, 'if I were Chinese, I would have become a member of Boxers,' and R. Hart stated that the appearance of the Boxers heralded the dawn of nationalism.
- この中にはシルクロードを行き交った商人たちのように、命懸けで山越え・砂漠越えをして点在する集落に物品を持ち込んだ者もいれば、そうやって多くの商人の手を経てもたらされた異国の物品をまことしやかな(しばしば嘘の)説明を付けて売る者もいた。
- Some of them brought goods to dotted villages by crossing over the mountains or deserts at their own peril like merchants who had come and gone along the Silk Road, others sold the foreign goods purchased through a lot of merchants with glossy explanation (sometimes including lies).
- また、当時(1886年)の北海道全域の人口は26万5千人に過ぎず、うち半数以上にあたる15万1千人が松前藩時代以来の集住地域である函館県に集中し、逆に極寒の未開拓地が大半を占める根室県はわずか1万7千人という不均衡の問題が生じていた。
- Furthermore, while the population of the whole area of Hokkaido was only two hundred sixty-five thousand in 1886 and more than half of the population (one hundred fifty-one thousand) concentrated in Hakodate Prefecture where people had lived in groups since the age of the Matsumae Domain, and Nemeuro Prefecture which consisted mostly of extremely cold undeveloped land had a population of only seventeen thousand, and this posed a problem of an imbalance.
- 知行を受けた家臣を「地頭」とは呼ばれているが、中世の地頭とは違って職務上の必要による例外を除けば、城下町(旗本・御家人の場合は江戸)に在住する義務を負っていた(例外として、仙台藩では各家臣が仙台城下町と知行地との間を参勤交代していた)。
- A vassal who was given chigyo was called 'jito', but unlike the jito of the medieval period, he had an obligation to live in a rural castle town (hatamoto and gokenin were obliged to live in Edo) except when he had some official duties (as an exceptional case, sankin-kotai [a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo] was exercised in Sendai Domain, and vassals had to live alternately in chigyo-chi and Sendai castle town alternately).
- 実際に、この申請については文治の勅許として下され、鎌倉幕府が開かれた後には、この守護地頭の設置任免権は幕府に託された地方の警察権を行使する意味でも、御家人に対する本領安堵、新恩給与を行う意味でも幕府権力の根幹をなす重要な役割を果たした。
- In fact, this application was given the order as the Bunji Imperial Sanction, the placement and appointment and dismissal of shugo and jito served an important role to form the basis of the bakufu authorities in the sense of exerting the local police power leaving it to the bakufu and enforcing honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) and shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) to gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 詳しくは自然法と実定法の記事に譲るが、自然法とは法の淵源(法律の拠って立つ根拠、すなわち法源)を人為的に定められたものに求めず、人の理性によって発見される、時代や地域を超越した普遍性(と思われるもの)と正義に由来すると考える法概念である。
- Although details should be consulted with articles on natural law and positive law, natural law is a legal concept which does not look for the origin of law (basis on which law can exist, namely source of law) in artificial provisions but considers that source of law is derived from generality (or what thought to be) and justice.
- 他方実定法とは立法機関のような人為的な存在によって作り出されてきた法律で、形而上的な普遍性を法源として採用せず、法とは一定の地域・時代の中でのみ有効であることを自覚する性質を持つもので、具体的には蓄積されてきた判例や慣習法、制定法を指す。
- On the other hand, positive law is a legislation created by aritificial existence such as a legislative organ which does not adopt metaphysical generality as a source of law and has a nature to understand the law to be effective only in a certain region and era and, in other words, it means accumulated court cases, customary law and statutes.
- たとえば後者を要約すると、日本人の気風には専制政治を甘んじて受ける「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」が見うけられ、幕末まで美点とされてきた「忠諒易直」(心根が真っ直ぐであること)は、鎖国を国是としない明治の世では「無気無力」の別名に過ぎないとまでいう。
- For example, the latter is summarized as follows; Japanese has a character of 'slave sprit' by which they quietly accept autocracy, and 'Churyoekichoku' (忠諒易直) (simple mind) which had been regarded as the virtue until the end of the Edo period was merely another name of 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period when national isolation was not a national policy.
- 文政年間(1818年 - 1829年)の『長崎名勝図絵』では献立が記されており、牛肉・豚肉・アヒルなどの肉料理やハム、魚のバター煮、カステラ、コーヒーなどが饗されていたようだが、招かれた日本の役人はほとんど手をつけずに持ち帰ったともいう。
- In the 'Nagasaki Meisho Zue' (Encyclopedia of Nagasaki scenic beauty) book of 1818 - 1829, there were some menus recorded which included meat dishes such as beef, pork and duck, ham, fish cooked in butter, Dutch sponge cake and coffee; but most guests of Japanese officials took them back home without eating them on the spot.
- 畿内説で用いられる「連続説」(連続読み)とは、魏志倭人伝に記述されている方角や距離に従って比定していく読み方で、帯方郡を出発後、狗邪韓国・対馬国・一支国を経て北部九州に上陸し、末廬国・伊都国・奴国・不弥国・投馬国・邪馬台国までを順にたどる。
- The 'contiguous journey theory' (reading the journey contiguously), which is used in the Kinai region theory, uses the directions and distances described in Gishiwajinden: after setting out from Daifang Commandery, passing through the state of Kuyakan, Tsuma, Iki to northern Kyushu, and taking the land route through the state of Matsura, Ito, Na, Fumi and Toma to Yamatai.
- 上記、イラン・イラク戦争時のトルコ政府・トルコ航空による日本人救助活動について、実際は伊藤忠商事イスタンブール支店関係者、在テヘラン日本大使館からのトルコ政府への救援要請に対し、トルコ側が「快諾」し、トルコ航空機の派遣を決定したとも言われる。
- Another explanation that has been proposed for the above-mentioned rescue operation by the Turkish government and Turkish Airlines to save Japanese people during the Iran-Iraq War is that a request was made by the Istanbul branch office of ITOCHU Corporation and the Japanese Embassy in Teheran, to which the Turkish government gave 'their willing consent' to dispatch a Turkish Airlines airplane.
- ちなみに籠城した人の中には、中国研究者として名高いペリオや海関総税務司として長年中国に滞在していたロバート・ハート、G.E.モリソン(George Ernest Morrison)、服部宇之吉、狩野直喜、古城貞吉といった有名人も含まれていた。
- Well known people among the besieged were Pelliot, who was a famous Chinese scholar, Robert Hart, who resided in China for a long period as the Inspectorate General of Customs, George Ernest Morrison, Unokichi HATTORI, Naoki KANO, and Teikichi KOJO.
- 和議終了後も蓮淳は証如の求めに応じて石山本願寺に留って成人した証如の補佐役として従来の立場を事実上回復し、天文19年(1550年)に同寺で没するまで蓮淳は証如の名において本願寺の事実上の最高指導者としての地位を保持し続けることになったのである。
- After the reconciliation, Renjun continued to stay in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple at Shonyo's request and practically recovered the position as he used to be in, as the assistant of Shonyo, who came of age, and until he died at this temple in 1550 Renjun kept the position as the virtual supreme leader of Hongan-ji Temple under the name of Shonyo.
- 中国史に、そして世界史に大きな影響を与えた点では一致するものの、義和団の乱についての評価は未だ定まっていないと言って良く、それが語られる地域-中国・日本・欧米-によって、無論中国人研究者であっても欧米的論調に近いものもあるが、論調が異なっている。
- While it is agreed that the Boxer Rebellion had a large influence on Chinese and world history, a final evaluation of the Boxer Rebellion has yet to be determined, and criticism differs in regions such as China, Japan, Europe, and the US, and some Chinese researcher have similar arguments to Europe and the US, but differ in opinions.
- 永正13年の禁令は全国的に出され、故戦者が全所領没収ならば防戦者も所領の半分を没収され、更に故戦者が死刑にされた場合には防戦者に対しても全所領没収が課される事になっていた(もっとも、これによって処罰された戦国大名・国人領主などは皆無であったが)。
- The ban in 1516 was issued nationwide; to confiscate half of the defender's territory if the whole territory of the offender was confiscated, and to confiscate the whole of the defender's territory if the offender was sentenced to death (although no Japanese territorial lords or local samurai lords were punished in this way).
- 「士農米穀を蓄へざるが故に、工商是を卑みて金銀を貴ぶなり、もし士農金銀を卑み、米穀を貴てこれを蓄積するときは、工商は士農に役せられて常に米穀を求むること急なり、然るに士人米を卑みて蓄積せず特に金のみを貴ぶが故に富商の鼻息を仰で憂喜をなすに至る。」
- As samurai and farmers do not store rice, artisans and merchants despise rice and respect gold and silver, but if samurai and farmers despise gold and silver and respect and store rice, then artisans and merchants would always hurriedly ask for rice, but the fact is that samurai despise rice and do not store rice, respecting only money, which forces them to fluctuate between hope and despair depending on the temper of rich merchants and artisans.'
- 一時的に居住する半定住的な生活の仕方では、周辺地域の開拓までに至らなかったが、定住的な生活をするようになった縄文時代人は居住する周辺の照葉樹林や落葉樹林を切り開いたことにより、そこにクリやクルミなどの二次林(二次植生)の環境を提供することとなった。
- The semi-sedentary life, settling temporarily in specific locations, didn't afford the reclamation effort of surrounding areas; however, when the Jomon people adopted a sedentary life, they cut down the laurel and deciduous forests surrounding their settlements and cleared the space for secondary forests (secondary vegetation) of chestnut, walnut, and other trees.
- 表記のぶれをめぐっては、「壹」を「臺」の誤記とする説のほか、「壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,」から混同を避けるために書き分けたとする説、魏の皇帝の居所を指す「臺」の文字を東の蛮人の国名には用いなかったとする説などがある。
- There are theories about the indefinite nature of the notation: a theory that '壹' is a writing error of '臺,' an alternative theory that they were written distinctly to avoid confusion, which can be guessed from '壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,' and another theory that the letter '臺,' which indicated the place in which the emperors of Wei lived, was not supposed to be used for the country name of the eastern barbarians.
- 実際にはこの「国境」を越えた清朝領域に越境した朝鮮人が多数に上ったため、彼らをどう保護するかという問題とも絡んで、この後大韓帝国となっても清朝との国境線画定の話し合いは断続的に行われたが、豆満江・鴨緑江を国境線とすることが次第に既成事実化していった。
- Actually, there were a number of Korean people who crossed the border, then negotiations between Korea and the Qing dynasty were held regarding protection of the Koreans even after Korea became the Korean empire, and the borders of the Tumen river and the Yalu river gradually became an accomplished fact.
- その理由は、明治政府の雇った鉄道建設担当の英国人技師レイが詐欺まがいの人物で、それまで南アフリカ共和国の鉄道で使われていて、不要になってインドに当時置かれていた中古品(線路・車両)を使って鉄道を安上がりに建設して、私腹を肥やそうとしたからともいわれる。
- The reason for this is said to be that a British railroad construction engineer called Ray who had been employed by the Meiji government engaged in fraudulent practices, scheming to line his own pockets by reducing costs through the use of used and unnecessary equipment (tracks and carriages); this equipment were being stored in India at that time, but had been used in the Republic of South Africa prior to that.
- 本来は、主典以上の官人個人が諸司に上申する際に用いられたもので、その様式は書出に牒の字を記してから本文を記して、謹牒(つつしみてちょうす)の書止で締めくくり、最後の行に年月日と位署(官職・位階・氏名)を書いて位署の下に「牒」の一文字を入れたものである。
- It was originally used by government officials equal or superior to Sakan to submit a report personally to their superiors, and it was created in a format in which a Chinese character 'cho' (牒) was written at the beginning, the main text was concluded with a phrase 'tsutsushimite chosu,' (謹牒) the date and Isho (rank and name in a row) were written in the last line and a character 'cho' (牒) was inserted below Isho.
- 文化人類学者の佐々木は縄文土器編年区分のうち草創期を旧石器時代から新石器時代への移行期として縄文Ⅰ期、土器編年の縄文早期を縄文文化が完成に向かう時期として縄文Ⅱ期、土器編年の縄文前期から晩期までを完成した縄文文化が保持された時期として縄文Ⅲ期に分類した。
- Sasaki, a scholar of the cultural anthropology, classified the incipient period of the periodization based on the Jomon earthenware sequence as the first Jomon period which was the transitional period between the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period, the earlier period as the second Jomon period which was the period when the Jomon culture progressed toward maturity, and from the early period to the last period as the third Jomon period which was the period when the matured Jomon culture was maintained.
- 元禄8年(1695年)9月に貨幣吹替え(改鋳)が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
- When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.
- これは精神病者の人権保護や治療を目的とするものではなく、精神病院(精神病室)および私宅(神社仏閣における参籠所や公私立の精神病者収容施設なども「私宅」のカテゴリーに含まれる場合もあった)における監置を法によって規定するといった隔離を主眼にするものであった。
- The law was made not for the purpose of human rights protection or for treatment of mental patients, rather for isolating the patients, by settling a rule to place them either in hospitals specialized for mental patients, or at private residents (guest houses of shrines or temples, and private or public accommodations for mental patients are categorized as 'private resident' in some cases).
- しかし、宝永3年(1706年)に丁銀の品位はさらに下げられ、宝永丁銀による取引も純銀量に応じて割増すことで取引を試みたが、低品位であったことに加え、天候不順などによる人参の収穫高の低下などの背景から交渉は決裂し、対馬藩は再び取引中止を朝鮮側から通告された。
- However, in 1706 the grade of Chogin was further lowered, and the Tsushima Domain tried to negotiate with the Korean side by paying additional payment according to the grade of the silver content; however, along with the low grade of the coin, the amount of ginseng harvested fell because of the bad weather, and so the negotiation fell apart and the Tsushima Domain received a termination notice of the trade from the Korean side again.
- 捜索は、生存者の証言と行軍計画を参照して行軍ルートを割出し、そのルートを重点として、横幅30m(およそ30人一列)になって、其々が所持する長さ10m程の竹棒を雪中に突き刺しながら前進し、少しでも違和感がある手応えを感知するとその下を掘削する方法が採られた。
- The method of searching was like this; determining the marching route according to the stoies of the survivors and the marching plans, making people walk forward along that route in a 30 meters wide line (about 30 people in one line) stabbing a 10 meter long stick into the snow, and digging up the places where something strange was felt.
- こうした公文(公帖)の発給のために献上された礼銭が室町幕府の重要な財政収入になったのみでなく、織田信長によって京都を追放された足利義昭の追放中の活動資金にもなったと言われている(「五山十刹」の住持の任免権は室町幕府ではなく、足利将軍個人にあると考えられていたため)。
- The Reisen (honorarium) presented in exchange of kumon (kojo) is said to have been not only the important financial resource of the Muromachi bakufu, but also the funds for enabling Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA to work underground (because the appointive power over the chief priest of 'Gozan-Jissetsu' was considered being in Ashikaga Shogun himself, not in Muromachi bakufu.)
- すなわち、地方税は地租(5分の1以内)、営業税・雑種税、及び戸数割により徴収する(第1条)こととされたところ、各町村については「各町村限及区限ノ入費ハ其区内町村内人民ノ協議二任セ地方税ヲ以テ支弁スルノ限ニアラス」(第3条)とされ、必ずしも地方税による必要はないものとされた。
- Local tax was to be collected via land (within one- fifth), sales, miscellaneous and individual assets tax (Article 1), it was specified for each town and village as 'revenue of each town and village and district is left to negotiations among residents and local tax will not be used to support it' (Article 3), indicating the lack of need for the local tax.
- 現在、長浜市元浜町の安藤家は観光地として残っているが、吉川家・下村家は跡地として、縁戚関係にあった下郷傳平(初代)が購入しており、北船町の吉川家跡地が長浜市立長浜幼稚園、西本町の下村家跡地が滋賀県第一小学校(明治4年~7年・現長浜市立長浜小学校)を経て財団法人下郷共済会となっている。
- At the present day, the Ando family remains as one of the sightseeing spots in Motohama Town, Nagahama City, but the sites of the Yoshikawa and Shimomura families were bought by Denbei SHIMOGO (the first) who had a relation to the families by marriage, the site of the Yoshikawa family has been used as Nagahama municipal kindergarten, and the site of the Shimomura family has been used by Shimogo Kyosaikai foundation after used as Shiga prefectural Daiichi Elementary School (from 1871 to 1874, present day Nagahama municipal elementary school).
- ――清朝を貿易従事といった理由から出国し、帰国しないで海外に居を定めた華僑について、清朝は積極的な保護をしてこなかったが、西欧諸国が貿易を立国の根本に据え、海外の商人を積極的に保護していることを知るようになると、清朝も「万国公法」によって華僑の保護に乗り出すようになった(茂木2000)。
- Traditionally Qing dynasty had not provided protections for Chinese who lived abroad for purposes such as trade; however, the Qing dynasty came to know that western countries set commerce as foundations of a country and actively protected merchants in foreign countries, then the Qing dynasty also started providing protection for Chinese abroad based on 'Bankoku Koho' (Motegi 2000).
- 遺された円如の遺児証如(永正13年(1516年)生まれ、実如死去時10歳)の将来を危惧した実如は蓮淳・蓮悟・実円(三河国本宗寺、実如の4男で現存していた唯一の男子)・蓮慶(蓮綱の嫡子)・顕誓(蓮誉の嫡子)の5人に証如への忠誠と親鸞以来の教義の擁護、既存の政治・宗教勢力との共存を遺言した。
- Worried about the future of Shonyo, a bereaved child of Ennyo (born in 1516, he was 10 when Jitsunyo died), Jitsunyo left the will to instruct five priests, Renjun, Rengo, Jitsuen (at Honso-ji Temple in Mikawa Province; the 4th son of Jitsunyo and the only male child alive), Renkei (Renko's legitimate child), and Kensei (Renyo's legitimate child) to practice loyalty to Shonyo, to protect the doctrine that had been kept since Sinran, and to coexist with the present political and religious powers.
- その後も田近陽一郎が『高千穂古文字伝』(1876年)を著すなど一部の研究者はにわかに活気づいたが、教部省主導ということからも伺えるように軍人や政治家の国粋主義宣伝の材料にされてしまい、また原本が学会ではまったく認知されていない神代文字で書かれていたことから、一般の学会ではほとんど無視された。
- After that, Yoichiro TAJIKA wrote 'Takachiho Komoji Den (Takachiho ancient characters history)' in 1876 and some researchers were suddenly fueled, but this was used by military men and statesmen as advertisement of nationalism, as you can see from the introduche, and also because the original book was written in ancient Japanese characters not recognized by the academic society, it was mostly ignored in general academic societies.
- こうした取引は循環的かつ継続的に毎年繰り返されるが、正貨獲得時期と正貨支出時期が一致するとは限らず、正貨獲得以前に支出を要する場合には、販売予定の年貢米や特産品を担保として有力商人(特に蔵屋敷に出入りする蔵元や掛屋)から金銀を借りて、実際に入ってきた年貢米や特産品をもって返済することになる。
- As the timing of inflow and outflow of specie money did not always match although this business was done every year cyclically and continuously, when expense was needed before attaining the current money, it was unavoidable to borrow gold and silver from powerful merchants (especially kuramoto [sake brewer] or kakeya [merchants dealing in finance]), putting up their annual rice tax or local special products which were to be sold later as security, and they paid back when such rice tax or products were actually delivered.
- 彼らは戦闘は無論、見張りや防衛工事、消火活動、負傷者の救護、外(連合軍)との秘密の連絡をこなし、柴五郎も「耶蘇教民がいてわれわれを助けなかったならば、われわれ小数の兵にては、とうてい粛親王府は保てなかったかと思われます」、「無事にあの任務を果たせたのも信用し合っていた多くの中国人のお陰でした。
- They not only participated in the battle, but also in patrols, defense construction, fire extinguishment, rescuing of casualties, and conducted secret communication with the outside (allied forces), and even Goro SHIBA reflected, 'if there were no Christians to rescue us, we could not have maintained the government of Prince Su with our small number of soldiers' and 'the mission succeeded due to the trust of many Chinese'.
- 1985年のイラン・イラク戦争において、イラクのイラン上空の航空機に対する無差別攻撃宣言に対し、イラン国内に取り残された日本人が、自衛隊の海外派遣不可の原則のために自衛隊機による救援を受けられなかったうえ、日本航空の組合問題により日本航空インターナショナル機による救援もできないために危機的状況にあった。
- In 1985 during the Iran-Iraq War, when Iraq proclaimed indiscriminate attacks to any aircraft flew over Iran, the Japanese people in Iran were stuck in a crisis because the rescue by Self-Defense Force was not made according to the principle that the overseas dispatch of Self-Defense Force troops is prohibited, and Japan Airlines did not fly JAL international airplanes because of a union issue.
- 最終的に生存したのは、倉石一大尉(山形)、伊藤格明中尉(山形)、長谷川貞三特務曹長(秋田)、後藤房之助伍長(宮城)、小原忠三郎伍長(岩手)、及川平助伍長(岩手)、村松文哉伍長(宮城)、阿部卯吉一等卒(岩手)、後藤惣助一等卒(岩手)、山本徳次郎一等卒(青森)、阿部寿松一等卒(岩手)、の11人のみであった。
- Final survivors were only 11 persons; Captain Hajime KURAISHI (Yamagata Prefecture), Lieutenant Masaaki ITO (Yamagata Prefecture), Sergeant Major Teizo HASEGAWA (Akita Prefecture), Corporal Fusanosuke GOTO (Miyagi Prefecture), Corporal Chuzaburo OHARA (Iwate Prefecture), Corporal Heisuke OIKAWA (Iwate Prefecture), Corporal Fumichika MURAMATSU (Miyagi Prefecture), Private First Ukichi ABE (Iwate Prefecture), Private First Sosuke GOTO (Iwate Prefecture), Private First Tokujiro YAMAMOTO (Aomori Prefecture), Private First Hisamatsu ABE (Iwate Prefecture).
- ところが、後継者とされた順如(父に先立ち死去)・実如はともかく、他の5人の男子のうち4人が北陸に派遣されて共同で加賀とその周辺の事実上の国主としての地位を得たのにも関わらず、6男の蓮淳だけは順如が遺した顕証寺の住持に補されて畿内に留められ、教団内において大きな仕事を与えられてこなかったことに不満を抱いていた。
- Even though Jyunnyo (who died before his father) and Jitsunyo were treated as successor and the four of the other five sons were dispatched to Hokuriku and virtually gained the positions of kokushu (landed daimyo) in Kaga and the surrounded provinces, the sixth son Renjun was appointed to the chief priest of Kensho-ji Temple which Jyunnyo left and forced to remain in Kinai, which made him discontent about not being given an important mission in the religious community.
- 江戸幕府によるキリスト教禁令のため、表だってクリスマスを祝うことができなかったオランダ人が、代わりとして冬至に合わせて「オランダ冬至」として開催し、また日本の正月の祝いをまねて太陽暦による正月元日に、出島勤めの幕府役人や出島乙名、オランダ語通詞たち日本人を招いて西洋料理を振る舞い、オランダ式の祝宴を催したのが始まりである。
- The Dutch who were not allowed to celebrate Christmas, due to the ban on Christianity by the Edo Shogunate, had started the celebration as 'Dutch winter solstice' on the day of winter solstice and they invited Japanese people such as officers of the feudal government in Dejima, leaders of the island and interpreters of the language and treated them with western style food on the new Solar year's day in the similar manner as the Japanese New Year celebration.
- この「天下」概念の実例としては、1428年に大越が明から独立した際、この時代を代表する文人であるグエン・チャイが「自趙丁李陳之肇造、我国与漢唐宋元而各帝一方」(趙佗の南越国・丁部領の丁朝・李朝 (ベトナム)・陳朝以来、我が国は中国の漢・唐・宋・元などの王朝と同じく帝を称して天下の一方に君臨してきた)と述べていることがあげられる。
- An example of this notion of 'Tenka' was the remark made by Guen Chai, a man of literature representing this era, in 1428 when Daietsu (Đại Việt) became independent from Ming, saying 'Since the era of Nanetsukoku (the kingdom of Nanyue) founded by Zhao Tuo, the Đinh dynasty founded by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, the Lý Dynasty (Vietnam) and the Trần Dynasty, my country had reigned over part of 'Tenka' as with the Hang, Tang, Sung or Yuan dynasty in China.'
- これはマーティンが友人宛の手紙で「私の仕事は、この無神論的政府(加筆者注:清朝のこと)をして、神と神の永遠の正義を認めさせることにある。そしておそらく彼らにキリスト教精神のいくらかを与えうるだろう」と書いているように、『万国公法』翻訳における、自然法という形而上学的な規範として国際法を捉える向きはマーティンの宗教的使命感からくる偏向であった。
- This was a bias resulting from Martin's religious sense of mission in which international law was grasped as metaphysical norm like natural law in translating 'Bankoku Koho' as Martin himself wrote in his letter to his friend, 'My job is to make this atheistic government (Qing dynasty [note by the writer]) to recognize God and God's eternal justice. I would be able to give them spirit of Christianity to some extent.'
- 翌建久7年(1196年)の11月23日に中宮九条任子が後宮から退去させられ、同月25日関白九条兼実が罷免され、近衛基通が関白に、頼朝の妹・坊門姫を母とする一条高能が参議に、坊門姫の娘を妻とする西園寺公経が蔵人頭にそれぞれ任じられ、同月26日に天台座主慈円が籠居を命じられ、太政大臣藤原兼房 (太政大臣)も更迭された(慈円・兼房はともに兼実の同母弟)。
- On December 21, 1196, chugu (Palace of the Empress) Ninshi KUJO was expelled from kokyu (empress's residence) and on the 23rd of the same month, kanpaku Kanezane KUJO was dismissed and was replaced by Motomichi KONOE; Takayosho ICHIJO, whose mother was the sister of Yoritomo, Bomon hime, was appointed as sangi, Kintsune SAIONJI, the husband of Bomon hime's daughter, was appointed as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and on the 24th of the same month, Jien, the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism, was ordered to stay inside the residence, and FUJIWARA no Kanefusa, the Grand Minister, was reshuffled (both Jien and Kanefusa were both Kanezane's younger brother-uterine).
- この会派は陸軍右派として排除された「四将軍派」のうち谷・曾我・鳥尾が揃った(残りの三浦梧楼は三曜会に属した)事に代表されるように国粋主義色の強い右派が多く、藩閥政府――特に伊藤博文に対しては国家の混乱を招いた人物として敵対意識が強く、また山縣有朋系の会派に移行した研究会の方針に不満を抱いて懇話会の結成に参加した者もおり、この両者に対する反発が根強かった。
- In this faction, there were many members with right wing who had strong nationalism including the 'four Shogun group' such as TANI, SOGA and TORIO (but Goro MIURA belonged to the Sanyo-kai) who had been removed as army right wing and they felt hostile toward the Hanbatsu Government, especially Hirobumi ITO as a person who led to national disruption, and also there were some members who were dissatisfied with the Kenkyu-kai policy that was shifted into that of the faction with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰(もくじき)の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
- Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.
- この中で日蓮は災害の原因を人々が正法である法華経を信じずに浄土宗などの邪法(邪悪な教え)を信じているからであるとして対立宗派を非難し、法華経だけではなく鎮護国家の聖典とされた金光明最勝王経なども引用しながら、このまま浄土宗などを放置すれば国内では内乱、外国からは侵略を受けると唱え、逆に正法である法華経を中心とすれば(「立正」)、国家も国民も安泰となる(「安国」)と主張したのである。
- In his treatise, Nichiren criticized other competing Buddhist sects, arguing that these sects, including Jodoshu (Pure Land Buddhism), which led people to believe in false teachings (evil teachings) other than the Lotus Sutra, the only true teachings of Buddhism, were the reason for the disasters, that leaving Jodoshu and other heretical sects unattended would lead to a civil war in Japan and invasion by foreign countries and that the only way to provide the nation and the people with peace and security would be to establish the Lotus Sutra as the true religion.
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- 極端の場合として領内の凶作にも関わらず、貸付の停止を恐れた藩が農民から強制的に徴収して蔵屋敷に送って、同一年の年貢米を担保に複数の商人から融資を受ける例や、返済実績の確保を行ったために蔵屋敷に大量に米が送られているにも関わらず領内は飢饉で餓死者が出るという「飢饉移出」が発生して餓死者の発生に伴って耕作者のいない田畑が発生して更なる財政収入の悪化をもたらして更なる大名貸を依頼するという悪循環が発生した例もあった。
- There were some extreme cases such as an example that domains who were in fear of termination of loaning collected rice from farmers forcibly and sent the rice to their kurayasiki to arrange finance loans from several merchants by putting the rice as security, or another example that domains who were giving priority on repaying sent a large amount of rice to their kurayashiki even though people were dying from starvation in their territories, which created a bad circulation of more need of arranging daimyogashi because of worsened financial inflow caused by less farmers on farmland after starvation.
- 関東地方・東北地方を中心に江戸商人との取引も行われ、江戸商人による大名貸の例もみられるが、江戸は江戸幕府本体及びその親衛隊として江戸に常住した旗本の年貢米・特産品の売却地でもあり、幕府財政安定を意図した米価維持のための諸藩への廻米制限令が出されることもあり、藩にとっては安定した資金調達先にはなり得なかった(結果的に江戸への米は幕府米・旗本米・商人米が大部分を占め、関東・東北諸藩の年貢米の一部が売却されるのみとなる)。
- There were some examples of Edo merchants who did daimyogashi mainly to domains in the Kanto and the Tohoku regions, but Edo did not become a stable financial source for domains because annual rice tax and special products of the Edo bakufu or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who lived in Edo to guard the bakufu were sold in Edo, and sometimes the bakufu ordered restriction of rice delivery out of Edo for rice-price keeping operation for the bakufu's fiscal stability (as a result most of rice that were dealt in Edo were from the bakufu, hatamoto, and some merchants, and only partial amount of rice from domains in the Kanto region and the Tohoku region were dealt).