交替: 243 Terms and Phrases
- 交替
- alternation
- change
- relief
- relay
- shift
- substitution (sports, etc.)
- replacement
- alternate
- 二交替
- day and night shift work schedule
- 参勤交替
- official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo era)
- 母音交替
- ablaut
- vowel gradation
- vowel shift
- Indo-European ablaut
- Apophony
- 条件交替法
- alternating-treatments design
- 王朝交替説
- Changes of Dynasties Theories
- 二交替制労働
- two-shift work program (programme)
- 循環交替時間
- turn-over time
- turnover time(A)
- 各交替式の概要
- Summary of each kotaishiki
- 交替で~をする
- take turns at ~
- take turns in ~
- 母音交替の段階
- a degree of ablaut
- 交替 (言語学)
- Alternation (linguistics)
- 交替雑事(20巻)
- Kotai zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about administrative transitions) (20 volumes)
- 性・無性世代の交替
- alternation of sexual and asexual generations
- 交替勤務をする官人。
- Kannin to work in shifts.
- 運動の方向を交替する
- alternate the direction of motion of
- 広隆寺資材交替実録帳
- Koryu-ji Shizai-Kotai Jitsurokucho (Record of the Replacement of Materials of Koryu-ji Temple)
- 水野祐「三王朝交替説」
- Changes of three dynasties theory' by Yu MIZUNO
- 債権者の交替による更改
- Novation by Substitution of Obligee
- 債務者の交替による更改
- Novation by Substitution of Obligor
- 私達は交替で運転した。
- We took turns driving.
- 交替でボートをこごう。
- Let's take turns rowing the boat.
- 交替性チューリング機械
- Alternating Turing machine
- 野球で投手を交替すること
- replacing a pitcher in baseball
- 越中国官倉納穀交替記残巻
- Segment of Ecchu-no-kuni Kanso Nokoku Kotai-ki (an accounting record of rice reserves in the official storehouse of Ecchu Province)
- 撰定交替式(延暦交替式)
- Sentei kotaishiki (Enryaku kotaishiki)
- 我々は交替で車を運転した。
- We took turns driving the car.
- 鳥が虫を交替で食べました。
- The birds ate the bugs taking turns.
- 私と交替してくれませんか?
- Would you change places with me?
- 労働者らは4時間交替で働く
- the workers spell every four hours
- 斎藤氏、松田氏が交替で就任
- The Saito clan and the Matsuda clan took turns for the post.
- 内外官交替式(延喜交替式)
- Naigekan kotaishiki (Engi kotaishiki)
- これが最後の交替式となった。
- This became the last kotaishiki.
- ジョンと私は交替で運転した。
- John and I alternated in driving.
- 私達は交替で部屋を掃除した。
- We cleaned the room in turn.
- 執行部の交替で彼は失職した。
- Owing to a change of administrations, he lost his job.
- 交替(二交替又は三交替勤務)
- shift (two or three shift working)
- われわれは警備を交替しました。
- we have changed the guard,
- 交替するまで持ち場を離れるな。
- Remain at your post until relieved.
- 層を交替させる際に岩を配置する
- arrange rocks in alternating strata
- 新定内外官交替式(貞観交替式)
- Shinjo naigekan kotaishiki (Jogan kotaishiki)
- 交替用二股分岐T字管〔畑地灌漑〕
- alternate 2-way outlet tee
- 私たちは大阪まで交替で運転した。
- We took turns driving on the way to Osaka.
- 駅馬を交替し、乗組員を泊める宿屋
- an inn for exchanging post horses and accommodating riders
- 交替でなく何かが取って代わる出来事
- an event in which something is displaced without rotation
- 代役であるか、役割のために交替する
- be an understudy or alternate for a role
- 家族のものは交替で病人の看護をした。
- The members of the family nursed the patient by turns.
- 両チームは交替で得点を挙げようとする
- teams take turns trying to score runs
- メアリーと妹は交替で母親の看病をした。
- Mary and her sister took turns at looking after their sick mother.
- 我々は、毎晩リード・ソプラノを交替する
- We rotate the lead soprano every night
- 一、大名・小名在江戸交替相定ムル所ナリ。
- ・ Daimyo and shomyo should exchange the Edo residence.
- 旅行中、ジョンと私は交替で車を運転した。
- During the trip John and I alternated driving the car.
- 花または枝が反対の集団で交替する集散花序
- a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks
- 後、藤堂良勝と交替し、国府城城代となる。
- He was replaced by Yoshikatsu TODO later and became Kokufujo jodai (the keeper of Kokufu-jo Castle).
- また、交代は「交替」と書かれることがある。
- '交替'can be used instead of '交代'.
- 挿絵の保護カバーのように、交替にちりばめる
- intersperse alternately, as of protective covers for book illustrations
- 素早く他の音とその半音上の音を交替させる音
- a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it
- 今後、在位年数を十年として両統交替すること。
- The period of reign would be made ten years and the succession to the throne would alternate between the two imperial lineages.
- 近所の人々が彼とともに、交替で夜を明かした。
- The neighbors took turns sitting up with him.
- 1番のジョーがリードしてから私たちは交替した
- First Joe led; then we switched
- 8月8日 - 尾張藩主徳川慶勝と総督を交替。
- August 8: Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA, the lord of the Owari Domain, replaced the position of the general.
- 各里ごと二人ずつ徴発して一年交替で都に務めた。
- Two persons were commandeered from each village to serve in Kyoto for a year.
- 両チームは交替で打撃を行い、得点を得ようとする
- teams take turns at bat trying to score runs
- 乗務員交替駅発車時、警笛吹鳴を行うことがある。
- When the train starts at a station where the crew change has been made, it is sometimes signaled with an alarm horn.
- 交満…一定の任期を経て交替の年限が到来したとき。
- Koman (交満)…In order to replace him following the expiration of his term of office.
- 仕事をする時間(終わったら誰かが交替してくれる)
- a time for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)
- しかし、私撰「交替式」には内容の不備も多数あった。
- However, privately compiled 'Kotaishiki' included many unsatisfactory items.
- 以後、内外官の事務引継ぎは同交替式に依ることとなる。
- After this, when a government officer was replaced, the procedure of handing over matters necessary for continuing office duties were carried out based on this kotaishiki, regardless of whether he lived in or outside Kyoto.
- 就学前の児童の面倒を親が交替で見るようになっている保育所
- playschool
- 河内王朝は上記の王朝交替論のなかでも大きな位置を占める。
- Kawachi Dynasty occupies a big position in the previous theory on the changes of the dynasties.
- 原則的に藩兵1,000人が京都に常駐し1年おきに交替した。
- Basically, 1,000 samurai of the Aizu clan were stationed in Kyoto and took turns every another year.
- 『延喜式交替式』、『類聚三代格』には「賀屋鳴比女」とある。
- The name is also written with the Chinese characters 賀屋鳴比女 in 'Engishiki kutaishiki' and 'Ruijusandaikyaku.'
- 当然、治天・天皇の交替を求める大覚寺統からの圧力は増大した。
- As expected, the pressure exerted by the Daikakuji line demanding a change in Chiten/Emperor grew.
- 実行委員長はスタッフの中から選ばれ、ほぼ1年ごとに交替する。
- The committee, comprised of staff members, is replaced nearly every year.
- 毎日・伽藍(壇上伽藍) - 沙汰人2名、阿闍梨2名・5日交替
- Daily in Danjo Garan (the precinct for religious practices) - Two Satanin (an officer collecting render, conveying the order of the lord of the manor, etc.) and two Ajari (a master in esoteric Buddhism) on a five-day rotation
- ある人やものを、特に上に位置する他の人やものと交替させる行為
- act of replacing one person or thing by another especially one held to be superior
- 私たちは、土壌を最大限に活用するために、作物を交替して育てる
- We rotate the crops so as to maximize the use of the soil
- 買収者は他の株主に、その企業の経営権の交替を説得しようとする
- acquirer tries to persuade other shareholders that the management of the target should be replaced
- また学侶方の老練の僧が交替で護摩を焚き、信長降伏の祈祷を行った。
- In addition, experienced priests of Gakuryogata (learned priest) took turns lighting a holy fire and prayed for Nobunaga's surrender.
- しかし、この頃の政党の政権交替の基本的形式は以下のとおりである。
- However, the basic procedure of an administration change in those days was as follows.
- 当番の女官によって交替で書かれたもので字体は女房文字(仮名文)。
- It was written in turns by lower-ranking court ladies on duty, written in women's writing (kana).
- また新帝即位により斎宮が交替し、六条御息所とその娘の斎宮が帰京。
- Also, Rokujo no Miyasudokoro and her daughter priestess return to the capital because when the new Emperor succeeds to the throne, the priestess also has to be changed.
- ただし、短期間での交替勤務である京都大番役は除外される場合が多い。
- However, they were often excluded from Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) because the job was a shift work only for a short period of time.
- 番役(ばんやく)とは、日本史上において順番に交替勤務にあたること。
- Banyaku refers to working different shifts by rotation in the Japanese history.
- 毎年2月に太政官が行う列見の儀式までの1年間ずつの交替制であった。
- The duty was part of a shift system with a term of one year each, ending every year in February at the Rekken Ceremony (an annual ritual during the Heian and Nara Periods in which officers were evaluated for promotions).
- 同じ職業の別のメンバーのために一時的に交替をする人(医者または牧師)
- someone (physician or clergyman) who substitutes temporarily for another member of the same profession
- 承久の乱以前に、鎌倉幕府で政所別当であった父と交替で鎌倉に下向した。
- Before the Jokyu War, he went down to Kamakura, switching places with his father, who was Mandokoro betto (Director of the Administrative Board) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 徳川吉宗以後将軍の交替ごとに同じように継目安堵が行われる事となった。
- This tsugime-ando came to be carried out at each shogunal succession from the eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA and thereafter.
- 第四百六十八条第一項の規定は、債権者の交替による更改について準用する。
- The provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 468 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the novation by substitution of obligee.
- 他が乗客である間、交替で運転するよう手配する車両運転士の小さなグループ
- a small group of car drivers who arrange to take turns driving while the others are passengers
- 彼らは交替に遠心分離し混合することによってグリセロールから取り除かれた
- They were deglycerolized by alternately centrifuging and mixing
- 生命や自然の変わりやすさ(特に1つの状態から次の状態に交替していくこと)
- mutability in life or nature (especially successive alternation from one condition to another)
- 勘解由使により編纂・集成され、官吏交替の手続きは交替式に則して行われた。
- They were collected and compiled by Kageyushi, and the replacement procedure was conducted based on Kotaishiki.
- 長承2年(1133年)12月禧子内親王(鳥羽天皇皇女)と交替で斎院に卜定。
- In January 1134, taking the place of Imperial Princess Kishi (Princess of Emperor Toba), she was selected to be a Saiin by divination.
- また、欠史八代の葛城王朝から崇神天皇に始まる三輪王朝への王朝交替説もある。
- There is also the theory of the rise and fall of successive dynasties from the Katsuragi Dynasty of the Kesshi-Hachidai to the Miwa Dynasty beginning with Emperor Sujin.
- マッチ棒が列に配置され、プレーヤーが交替にそれらの一つ以上を取り除くゲーム
- game in which matchsticks are arranged in rows and players alternately remove one or more of them
- これにより、国司交替時の紛争を抑制し、国司行政の品質改善を図ったのである。
- By doing so, the government intended to reduce disputes associated with the change of kokushi and improve the quality of kokushi's administration.
- 大峯山寺は、「護持院」と称される5つの寺院が交替で維持管理に当たっている。
- Ominesan-ji Temple is operated and maintained on a rotational basis by the five 'Goji-in Temples.'
- 兵士の食糧と武器は自弁で、平時には交替で軍団に上番し、訓練や警備にあたった。
- Soldiers had to provide themselves with food and weapons, and in normal times, they were alternatively on duty and in charge of training and guard.
- 政党間の政権交替は総選挙という国民の審判を通じて行われるのが本来の形である。
- Normally, a change of government between political parties should happen through a general election, where the voice of the people is heard.
- 一方西日本では遺跡数が少なく定住生活が前期には已に交替している可能性すらある。
- On the other hand, there are few remains in western Japan and there is a possibility that the people abandoned sedentary life by the early period.
- 797年(延暦16年)頃に国司交替の際に行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。
- Around 797, kageyushi was introduced to audit results of the administration when a kokushi (provincial governor) was to be replaced.
- 天長4年(827年)2月26日病により退下し、宣子女王(仲野親王女)と交替した。
- On March 30, 827, she resigned her position because of a disease; Princess Yoshiko (daughter of Imperial Prince Nakano) took over the position.
- 古代律令制において交替で営繕に従事した番上工(ばんじょうこう)に由来するとされる。
- Bansho is regarded to derive from Banjoko (builders and maintenance workers in the Ritsuryo system) who took turns repairing in Kodai Ritsuryosei (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance).
- このシステムのもとでは、生徒は交替で教えあい、お互いに助け合わなければなりません。
- The basis of this system is that the students must take turns in teaching, they have to help each other.
- 駅弁の販売があったが、業者が交替したのち2005年に撤退し現在は販売されていない。
- Ekiben (lunch boxes available at some stations and on some trains) used to be sold; however, in 2005 the new distributor pulled out of the station, and no Ekiben have been sold since then.
- 解由状(げゆじょう)は、古代日本の律令制における、官人交替の際の事務引継ぎ文書である。
- A geyujo is a document that, when an officer in a position is replaced with another person under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan, was issued confirming the change necessary for continuing office duties.
- 一日交替制で点茶をする芸妓は京風島田を地毛で結い、衿を裏返す黒紋付の正装姿で登場する。
- The geisha who is in charge of boiling tea in shifts dresses Kyoto-style Shimada with her own hair and appears with the full dress figure of a black crested haori (kimono) with a reversed neckline.
- 実態としては清和源氏足利家と村上源氏久我家が交替で務めていた(在任は前者の方が長い)。
- Actually, Ashikaga family of Seiwa-Genji and Koga family of Murakami-Genji served as Genji choja alternately (the former's tenure was longer than that of the latter).
- 交替式(こうたいしき)は、日本の律令官吏が交替する際の事務引継ぎに関する法規集である。
- Kotaishiki indicates the laws concerns the replacement of a government officer with a new officer under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, matters necessary for continuing the duties of the office and how they should be handed over to the successor.
- しかし、国司の交替による方針変更や境相論の相手側の工作によって引き抜かれる場合もあった。
- However, it was sometimes pulled out due to the policy change arising from the change of kokushi (provincial governor) or a backroom maneuver by a counterparty of boundary dispute.
- ちょうど官軍守兵の交替期で、其時、守兵の混乱雑踏と云ふものは、殆ど形容することが出来ぬ。
- Since it was just the time when the defense soldiers of the government army changed, the ensuing confusion and crowds of the defense soldiers were almost beyond description.
- また1449年(宝徳元年)-1452年(享徳元年)には内藤元貞と交替していたようである。
- It seems that he was replaced by Motosada NAITO between 1449 and 1452.
- 精力的な努力と正常努力が連続した運動で交替される競技の訓練(特にランナーのための)の方法
- a method of athletic training (especially for runners) in which strenuous effort and normal effort alternate in a continuous exercise
- 腔腸動物の若干の種において、ポリープはクラゲのような段階と交替するライフサイクルの段階である
- in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase
- 近衛府・兵衛府・衛門府が陣座(じんざ、杖座(じょうざ)とも)に詰めて交替で上番・勤務を務めた。
- Officers of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards), Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) stood by in Jinza (court, also referred to as Joza) to work on rotating shifts.
- 「妙」では火床の担当を町ごとに順繰りで交替するが、「法」では家ごとに担当の火床が決まっている。
- For the fire beds of 'Myo,' the responsibility is assumed by township on a rotation basis, whereas, for 'Ho,' each family is assigned to be in charge of a specific fire bed.
- また、守護は世襲ではなく交替制であったため、守護の交代とともに守護所も替わるのが一般的であった。
- Shugo was not hereditary but a shift system, so Shogosho was generally moved according to the change of Shugo.
- 債権者の交替による更改は、確定日付のある証書によってしなければ、第三者に対抗することができない。
- A novation by substitution of obligee may not be asserted against a third party unless it is made using an instrument bearing a fixed date.
- 国司は、中央から天皇のミコトモチ(御言持)として交替で赴任し、郡司を指揮して国内の支配に当たった。
- Kokushi were appointed from central government on an alternate basis as mikotomochi (a court official dispatched to a provincial post by imperial order) of the emperor, and were responsible for governing the province by serving as commanders of gunji (district managers).
- 以後、垂仁天皇25年(紀元前5年)3月10日 (旧暦)に倭姫命と交替になるまで、祭祀を続けたという。
- Afterwards, she continued running its rites and festival until Yamato hime no mikoto took over the charge on the tenth day of the third month of 25th year of Emperor Suinin's reign (old lunar calendar) (5 B.C.).
- その学識の高さをもって清和天皇の信任厚く、『貞観交替式』や『日本文徳天皇実録』の編纂作業に携わった。
- Since he was a person of great attainment, he was so confided by Emperor Seiwa and participated in editing 'Jogankotaishiki' (the statute book when provincial governors change) and 'Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku' (fifth of the six classical Japanese history texts).
- 註:飛騨は調・庸を免除され替わりに匠丁(しょうてい、たくみのよほろ)を里ごと10人1年交替で徴発した。
- Note: Hida Province was exempted from paying Cho and Yo, instead 10 members of Shotei (woodworkers, also called Takumi-no-yohoro) were commandeered for one year of duty from each village every year.
- 時代によっては舞妓、当時甲部にいた太夫が点茶を担当したり、複数の芸妓が時間によって交替することがあった。
- A maiko or a tayu (leading actor) in the Kobu district in those days was in charge of boiling tea depending on the times, or some geishas prepared tea as time went by.
- 五摂家の確立以後、摂関の官職・藤氏長者の地位・渡領(殿下渡領)がセットで五摂家の当主間を交替で移動した。
- After the establishment of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of sessho [regent] and kanpaku [the chief advisor of the emperor]), a set of the government post of sessho or kanpaku, the position of To-shi choja (head of the Fujiwara clan) and watari-ryo (or denka no watari-ryo, which was the land the Fujiwara family hereditary succeeded) were passed round among the heads of the Gosekke families.
- このような犠牲を払ってまで守っていた田原坂であったが、20日に、兵の交替の隙を衝かれ、政府軍に奪われた。
- They even protected Taharazaka with sacrifices like that, but, during a soldier exchange, the Government army saw an opening and occupied Taharazaka.
- 1594年頃には石田三成・増田長盛両名に交替している(同年8月近衛信輔あて近衛前久書簡・陽明文庫所蔵)。
- It had been alternated to both Mitsunari ISHIDA and Nagamori MASITA in around 1954 (Letter from Sakihisa KONOE to Nobusuke KONOE in August of the same year, in the collection of Yomei Bunko).
- 旗本とはいえ防衛の要地を所領に持ち、近江源氏の名家でもあったので、大名並の待遇である交替寄合に列せられた。
- Even though he was a hatamoto, he had shoryo in a key place for defense and was originally from the distinguished family of Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), so he was ranked with kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period), which was treated equally to daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- これは日本の天皇・公家・武家の三重の政治体制に由来する盛衰交替を叙述するために白石が編み出した方法である。
- This is a method invented by Hakuseki to describe the ups and downs and replacements originating in the triple ruling system in Japan by the emperor, the court aristocracy and the warriors.
- 常勤形態を取る長上に対して、非常勤の交替勤務の形態を番上と呼び、この形態で勤務していた官人を分番と呼んだ。
- As opposed to Chojo (full-time working pattern), a part-time and shift working pattern was called Banjo, and officials taking this working pattern were called Bunban (shiftwork).
- 両統迭立が鎌倉幕府(最高権力者は得宗北条貞時)の公式な方針として表明されたのは、この交替のときが最初である。
- This change is the first time when Ryoto tetsuritsu was announced as being the official policy of the Kamakura Shogunate (when its supreme leader was Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO).
- 散位はほとんどが退職官人で京内の者と地方の五位以上の者は散位寮に常勤し、それ以外の者は各国府に交替勤務した。
- Most of Sanni were retired Kannin; those who lived in Kyoto and those who were at Fifth Rank or above and lived in local provinces held full-time positions in Sanniryo, and the others alternately worked at respective Kokufu.
- 官司でも国司の交替の際に正税などの在庫を確認する交替実録帳や班田実施時に作成する班田帳簿目録などが作られた。
- At government offices, the replacement record were made in order to confirm the amount of rice tax held at the time of the change of a provincial governor (kokushi), and the book of allotted farmland (handen chobo mokuroku) were made when farmlands were allotted.
- また、内裏の警備のために諸国から武士を交替で上京させる内裏大番役の催促についても、清盛が担うようになっていた。
- Kiyomori was in charge of making sure the Imperial Palace guard service, which required bushi from the provinces to travel to Kyoto for guard duty at the Imperial Palace in alternation, ran smoothly.
- 射撃手前後交替の発想が見られるものとしては騎兵のカラコール戦術が対テルシオ戦法として用いられた事が挙げられる。
- The idea of the exchange of shooters between the front and rear is seen in the military caracole of horse soldiers, utilized against military tercio.
- 寛永(1624年ー1644年)期以降は、吏僚的代官が増え、任期は不定ではあるが数年で交替することが多くなった。
- With the increase of bureaucratic daikan, although their term was not fixed, they were mostly replaced within a few years after the Kanei era (1624 - 1644).
- 1259年(正元 (日本)元年)9月に評定衆、1263年(弘長3年)7月5日に御所中雑事奉行を中原師連に交替。
- He became a hyojoshu (member of Council of State) in September, 1259, and transferred Morotsura NAKAHARA to Gosho Chuzatsuji Bugyo on July 5, 1263.
- 斎王代と女人たちが御手洗池(みたらしいけ)に手を浸し清める儀式で、下鴨神社と上賀茂神社両社で隔年交替で行われる。
- It is the ceremony that Saio-dai and females involved in the ritual soak their hands in the Mitarashi-ike pond and purify themselves, and it takes place at Shimogamo-jinja Shrine and Kamigamo-jinja Shrine every other year.
- 何れの戦いにおいても交替に射撃したとは言われているが、号令方式などによる統制交替射撃が行われたとする根拠はない。
- It is said that they shot in rotation in any war, but there are no grounds for controlled alternate shooting by command method being done.
- 編纂作業は911年(延喜11年)に始まり、921年(延喜21年)に『内外官交替式』(延喜交替式)として完成した。
- Compilation started in 911 and was completed in 921 as 'Naigekan kotaishiki' (Engi kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era).
- 元慶6年(882年)4月、清和上皇の崩御を受けて退下した識子内親王(清和天皇皇女)と交替して伊勢斎宮に卜定される。
- In April, 882, she was decided as Ise Saigu by fortunetelling to replace Imperial Princess Satoko (the princess of Emperor Seiwa) who resigned from Ise Saigu upon the demise of Emperor Seiwa.
- 従来、小規模な神社では専属の神職がいることは少なく、氏神が神社を建て、交替で管理し、神職を呼んで祭祀を行っていた。
- Traditionally, most small shrines built to honor an ujigami did not have their own priest but were managed alternately and a priest would be called in to perform rituals.
- このため、前任・後任間で利得をめぐる紛争が発生するようになり、交替時の事務引継ぎが不調となるケースも出てきていた。
- Under this situation, there were cases where disputes concerning additional profits would occur between a predecessor and a successor and the handing over of a job was not carried out smoothly.
- この後、国司のみならず内官(京都の各官職)の交替時にも解由状を作成することとされ、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。
- Later, officials of naikan were also obliged to prepare Geyujo when they changed, and such Geyujo was added to the target of Kageyushi's inspection.
- 合流するはずだった江南軍は、総司令官の交替と多人数による混乱により統率が取れず、東路軍との合流が1ケ月半ほど遅れた。
- The Southern Yangtze Army, which was to join the Eastern Route Army, was delayed about one and a half months because the army was disorganized due to the substitution of the commander-in-chief and confusion caused by a large number of soldiers.
- 室町期の守護は、当初(14世紀中葉)、室町幕府から数年ごとに補任されており、守護職の交替は比較的頻繁に行われていた。
- The shugo in the Muromachi period were initially (around the mid 14th century) appointed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) once in several years, which resulted in the comparatively frequent alternation of the shugo-shiki (the post of shugo).
- それから木馬に綱を結び、船を進水するように、その前にコロを敷き、みんなで交替で木馬をスカイアイ門の方へとひっぱった。
- Then they tied ropes to the wooden horse, and laid rollers in front of it, like men launching a ship, and they all took turns to drag the horse up to the Scaean gate.
- 実際に前後交替射撃法が実用化するのは燧石式に移行してからであり、燧石式の機能改善もそれに相当の貢献をしたと考えられる。
- In fact, it was not until after the mechanism was shifted to that of flintlock when the shooting method of exchanging between the front and the rear was put into practical use, which, some people think, owed much to the improvement in the functions of the flintlock mechanism.
- 王朝交替説(おうちょうこうたいせつ)は、日本の古墳時代に天皇家の皇統の断続があり、複数の王朝の交替があったとする学説。
- Changes of dynasties theories are doctrines which say, due to the interruption in the imperial line of the Imperial Family in the Kofun period in Japan, dynasties were changed several times.
- 10世紀前期、律令官制の再構築を図る醍醐天皇が、延喜格式の編纂事業を開始すると、その一環として交替式の再編纂も行われた。
- In the first half of the tenth century when Emperor Daigo tried to reconstruct the organization of government according to the ritsuryo codes and started the work to compile Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), kotaishiki was recompiled in the work as well.
- 古代史の学説を整理した鈴木靖民も王朝交替論は「古代史研究で戦後最大の学説」と著書『古代国家史研究の歩み』で評価している。
- In his 'Kodai Kokkashi Kenkyu no Ayumi' (The Development in the Studies of the Ancient History) Yasutami SUZUKI, who organized theories concerning the ancient history, valued the changes of dynasties theory changes as 'the greatest theory after the World War II in the study of the ancient history.'
- 三十番神(さんじゅうばんしん)は、神仏習合の信仰で、毎日交替で国家や国民などを守護するとされた30柱の神々のことである。
- 'Sanjuban shin' is a synchronism of Shinto and Buddhism, with 30 gods taking turns every day guarding the nation and the people.
- 職務には、不与解由状が発行されたときの紛争処理、官吏の交替に関する法規集である交替式(こうたいしき)の編纂などがあった。
- Its duty included dispute settlement when Fuyo-geyujo was submitted as well as compiling Kotaishiki, a code concerning the change of officials.
- 当時、国司交替に当たって手続きの不備や前任・後任の間の紛争が多発しており、国司交替の手続きを明確化する必要が生じていた。
- At that time, many problems concerned with the replacement of kokushi, such as 'the procedures that were used were inadequate' and disputes between a predecessor and the successor, were caused, making it necessary to clarify the procedures for replacing a kokushi.
- 始業及び終業の時刻、休憩時間、休日、休暇並びに労働者を二組以上に分けて交替に就業させる場合においては就業時転換に関する事項
- Matters pertaining to the times at which work begins and at which work ends, rest periods, days off, leaves, and matters pertaining to shifts when workers are employed in two or more shifts;
- また、地方においては当主の交代や改易による新領主の入部に伴う領主の交替時にも、「御代始」に対する期待が強く持たれたのである。
- In the local regions, there were high expectations for 'Miyohajime' when there was the change of family heads or feudal lords.
- その後ほどなくして、国司の交替時における紛争が増加傾向となったため、824年(天長元年)、勘解由使が再置されることとなった。
- Before long, however, Kageyushi was recreated in 824 because the number of disputes associated with the change of kokushi was on the increase.
- 例えば、寺院では寺院の住持の交替の際に仏具・法具などの什器や文書などの一覧を記した資財帳や土地を記した水陸田目録が作成された。
- At temples, for example, books of materials were drawn up, in which Buddhist altar fittings, ritual implements and documents were listed as well as a list of paddy fields and farmland.
- 大名の妻子は江戸への在住を義務づけられ、家老クラスの重臣については、彼らの身内から交替で証人(人質)を提出させて江戸においた。
- Wives and children of feudal lords were required to live in Edo and senior vassals such as Karo (chief retainer) put pawns (hostages) in Edo from their family members in turn.
- 同年2月7日の一ノ谷の戦いでは最初は景時が義経の侍大将、土肥実平が範頼の侍大将になっていたが各々気が合わず所属を交替している。
- On March 27, 1184, at the Battle of Ichinotani, Kagetoki started as Yoshitsune's Samurai-Daisho (a warrior who gives orders for battles and maneuvers his troops) and Sanehira DOI as Noriyori's Samurai-Daisho, but neither pair got on well with each other so they swapped their positions.
- 後継者となった重盛だが健康を害したらしく、「日来所労」「昨今不快」により12月の東宮の御書始を欠席し、大乗会の上卿も交替する。
- After the succession, Shigemori most likely fell ill, and he therefore failed to attend the Goshohajime (ceremony to learn how to read under the guidance of professors) held at the Togu (Crown Prince's Quarters) in December since, as he put it, he 'has been ill' and 'has been feeling uncomfortable,' and also, he let someone else assume the shokei (master of ceremony) post at the Daijoe (commemoration of the five major Mahayana Buddhist sutras).
- 百姓等領民にとって転封は、領主の交替により、それまでに獲得してきた諸権利を否定される可能性もある為、反対一揆を起こすこともあった。
- For the people including peasants, Tenpo meant what the rights they had acquired before would be denied due to the changes of their feudal lords, so the people sometimes staged opposition uprisings.
- この政権交替は、蘇我氏に変わって権力を握ることではなく、東アジア情勢の流れに即応できる権力の集中と国政の改革であったと考えられている。
- This political power shift was not aimed at taking over authority from the Soga clan but at centralization of authority and reform of national administration which will enable adaptation to the tide of the East Asian situation.
- 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
- Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 従前、解由状を必要とするのは国司だけだったが、内官(京都の各官職)も交替の際には解由状の発給が必要となり、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。
- Although formerly a geyujo was necessitated for kokushi alone, naikan (government officials in Kyoto) as well became necessary to have a geyujo issued when they left their positions, and became audited by kageyushi as well.
- また、王朝交替説に対して全面的に批判を展開した前之園亮一も著書『古代王朝交替説批判』のなかで、万世一系の否定に果たした意義を評価している。
- Ryoichi MAENOSO, who totally criticized on the changes of dynasties theory, also evaluated the value of negating the unbroken imperial line in his book 'Kodai Ocho Kotaisetsu Hihan' (Criticism of the Theory on the Changes of Dynasties in the Ancient Times).
- 867年(貞観_(日本)9年)頃、内外官の交替手続きに関する法令を集成した『新定内外官交替式』(貞観交替式)が勘解由使においてまとめられた。
- Around 869, 'Shinjo naigekan kotaishiki' (literally, new kotaishiki for officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto) (Jogan kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era), in which laws and regulations concerning replacement of officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto were collected, were compiled by kageyushi.
- 享保年間には更に職務が拡大され、寺社の管理や町役人の交替及び家屋敷の売買に関する吟味、祭事の際の警備、罪人の捕縛・吟味への参加なども担当した。
- During the Kyoho era (1716-1735), the duties of Machidai were expanded to cover supervising temples and shrines, examination of replacement of the town officials and purchase and sale of an estate, guard at festivals and events, arrest of a criminal, participation in city magistrates' examination, and so on.
- 時代が下るにつれてシテ方と交替し、あるいは過渡期的に「地謡方」という専門の役職ができたりして変遷をたどりながら現在のかたちに落ちついたとされる。
- As time went by, the part, sometimes, switched alternatively to the pro protagonists, or might be performed by some specialist called the 'pro Noh chorus' during some transitional period and now, it has assumed the present form.
- しかし、吉田神社が藤原氏の氏神であることもあり勢力は二分され、氏長者も二流が交替で受け継ぎ、それぞれ家学として日本書紀等の古典の研究をしていた。
- However, partly because the Yoshida-jinja Shrine was the ujigami (guardian deity) of the Fujiwara clan, the power of two branches were equal and the position of uji no choja (clan head) was inherited by both branches in turns and both branches respectively studied old books such as Nihonshoki as the kagaku (study by the family).
- また、明法博士による勘文に関する最古の記録は『続日本紀』天平宝字2年9月8日(丁丑/758年10月14日)条の国司交替に関する勘文を最古とする。
- In addition, the oldest record of kanmon created by Myobo is the one concerning the replacement of Kokushi in the article of October 14, 758 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued).
- 狛戸及び染戸の一部は毎年一定量の料物を貢納したが、その他は1戸あたり1名が一定期間の交替制か臨時に官司に上番して労役を行うか一定量の製品を貢納した。
- Some komahe and someko (both are one of the shinabe) offered a certain amount of required materials and costs every year, while the others offered either labor in such a way that one member from each shinabe served government offices on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, or a certain amount of products.
- またこれに先立って前年に雑戸とともに解放された馬飼に対して雑徭に替わってそれに相当する日数を馬寮にて交替勤務するようにとした太政官符が出されている。
- This order followed Daijokanpu (the official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) issued in the previous year, which required umakai liberated together with zakko to work the shift at Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) for the number of days equivalent to that of, and in place of, zoyo.
- 債務者の交替による更改は、債権者と更改後に債務者となる者との契約によってすることができる。ただし、更改前の債務者の意思に反するときは、この限りでない。
- A novation by substitution of obligor may be effected between the obligee and a person who becomes the obligor after the novation; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where it is contrary to the intention of the obligor prior to the novation.
- 12月9日、薩摩・安芸・尾張・越前に宮中警護のための出兵命令が出され、会津・桑名兵とこれら4藩兵が宮中警護を交替すると、王政復古の大号令が発布された。
- On December 9th, marching orders were issued to the guard of the Imperial Court of Satuma, and as a result the four armies of the domain Aki, Owari, Echizen, and Aizu, Kuwanahama changed to guard the Imperial Court, then the seifukko no Daigorei (Imperial court's declaration of Restoration of monarchy) was promulgated.
- この「サモラフ」が平安時代に母音交替を起こしていったん「サムラフ」となり、更に子音交替を起こした結果「サブラフ」という語形が誕生したと考えられている。
- A vowel was replaced in the Heian period that changed 'Samorahu' to 'Samurahu,' and a further consonant change led to the word form, 'mandafu.'
- なお、施行当時より慣例的に「交替式」と呼ばれてきているが、律令法における格式のおける考え方からすれば、これは「格」にあたるのではないかとする意見もある。
- By the way, although it was called 'kotaishiki' (indicating a kind of 'shiki') from the time it was enforced for the first time, there is also the following opinion: According to the concept of 'kyakushiki' (kyaku indicates supplementary laws or regulations, and shiki indicates detailed rules for enforcing them) in the Ritsuryo laws, use of 'kyaku' is more appropriate.
- 元本の確定前に債権者又は債務者の交替による更改があったときは、その当事者は、第五百十八条の規定にかかわらず、根抵当権を更改後の債務に移すことができない。
- If any novation due to a change of obligee or obligor is effected before the principal is fixed, the parties may not transfer the Revolving Mortgage to the obligations after the novation, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 518.
- そして803年(延暦22年)、勘解由使の菅野真道により『撰定交替式』(延暦交替式)が編纂され、桓武天皇の裁可を得て、正式な国司交替の例規として扱われた。
- Then in 803 SUGANO no Mamichi, a kageyushi, compiled 'Sentei kotaishiki' (literally, selected kotaishiki) (Enryaku kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Enryaku era), approved by Emperor Kanmu and was handled as the rules covering official replacement of kokushi.
- この月番制は、民事訴訟の受付を北と南で交替で受理していたことを指すものであり、民事訴訟の受理以外の通常業務(職権開始の刑事訴訟を含む)は当然行われていた。
- This monthly rotation system indicated that civil suits were accepted by the kita (north) office or by the minami (south) office alternatively, and ordinary jobs of the office except for the acceptance of civil suits (including criminal suits whose examinations were underway) were conducted naturally.
- 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令(詔勅・太政官符)を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
- As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
- 1872年9月対馬藩と交替するために来朝した花房義質が、春日丸に乗ってきたことから、日本を西欧勢同様、衛正斥邪の対象として、前述のように食糧の供給を停止した。
- In September of 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA came to Korea by the ship named Kasugamaru to interchange with the Tsushima clan, so Korea considered Japan a target under Eisei Sekija (Korea's foreign policy during this period to respect the justice and exclude the evil; in this case Japan was regarded as evil) as well as Western Europe.
- 五位以上の散位は散位寮に長上(常勤)し、六位以下のうち、在京のものは散位寮に分番(交替勤務)し、他は国府に分番して、他の官司の手伝いや使者としての事務を行う。
- Sanni, who was higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank, worked full-time in Sanniryo and among people lower than rokui (Sixth Rank) in the rank, those who were in Kyoto did bunban (shiftwork) in Sanniryo, and the others did bunban in kokufu (provincial office) and helped the other government officials and attended to their business as messengers.
- 将軍を補佐する管領には細川氏、斯波氏、畠山氏の三管とよばれる有力守護大名が交替で、侍所長官である所司には赤松氏、一色氏、山名氏、京極氏の四職が交替で就任した。
- The major Shugo daimyos referred to as Sankan--the Hosokawa clan, Shiba clan and Hatakeyama clan--assumed the position of control and supported the Shogun, while the Akamatsu clan, Isshiki clan, Yamana clan and Kyogoku clan, as Shishiki, assumed by turns the position of Shoshi, the chief of Samurai-dokoro.
- 下総佐倉藩より家信の次男・松平康信が3万6,000石で入るが、慶安2年(1649年)丹波国篠山藩へ移封と、藩主が短期間で相次いで変わり、藩主家の交替が相次いだ。
- Yasunobu MATSUDAIRA, the second son of Ienobu, entered with 36,000 koku from Sakura domain, Shimousa, but transferred to Sasayama Domain, Tanba Province in 1649, thus, the domain lord successively changed in short term, which also caused the successive replacement of the family of lord of the domain.
- その一方で、格式編纂時には同時に交替式と「儀式」が編纂されたと信じられ、古くは「弘仁儀式」・「貞観儀式」・「延喜儀式」からなる三代儀式が存在したと信じられていた。
- On the other hand, it was believed that Kotaishiki (Administrative transition regulations) and 'Gishiki' were compiled at the same time as the compilation of the Kyakushiki, and it was formally believed that there had been the Sandai Gishiki, which was composed of 'Konin Gishiki,' 'Jogan Gishiki,' and 'Engi Gishiki.'
- 水野のいう「王朝」の拠点が時代により移動していることも政治の中心地が移動しただけで往々にして見られる例であり、必ずしも劇的な権力の交替とは結びつかないとされている。
- What Mizuno says the transfer the base of the dynasties according to times is a common example of simply moving the political center, which does not necessarily linked with the drastic change of the political power.
- 使用者は、満十八才に満たない者を午後十時から午前五時までの間において使用してはならない。ただし、交替制によつて使用する満十六才以上の男性については、この限りでない。
- An employer shall not have a person under 18 years of age work between the hours of 10 p.m. to 5 a.m.; provided, however, that this shall not apply to males 16 years or more of age employed on a shift work basis.
- ただこの縦列交替法が大きな効果を発揮したらしい記録はなく、またこの運動方式には鈍重さが宿命的に付きまとったため、マウリッツ自身の戦死の原因をそこに求める考え方もある。
- However, there is no record that the exchange method in a column line exerted a great effect; also, the sluggishness was not avoided fatefully for this method of movement, which some people think caused Maurice's death in war.
- ただし、記録上実際に確認できるのは藤原兼家以後のこととされ、朱器台盤の授受(「朱器渡りの儀」)が藤氏長者交替の際に東三条殿において行われたのは藤原師実以後とされている。
- But their first confirmed appearance in written records is after the time of FUJIWARA no Kaneie and the first transfer of Shuki-daiban ('Shuki watari no gi' [Ceremony for the transfer of Shuki]) to be held on the occasion of the change of Toshi choja at Higashi Sanjo-dono Palace did not take place until the time of FUJIWARA no Morozane.
- 伏見は引き続き政務を執ったが政権は安定せず、正安3年(1301年)、幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子邦治(17歳、後二条天皇)が践祚して後宇多による院政が開始された。
- Fushimi continued to attend to government affairs, but the government did not stabilize and the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1301, with the Crown Prince Kuniharu (aged 17, Emperor Gonijo) ascending the throne and Gouda starting a cloistered government.
- 操縦練習の監督者は、操縦練習を行う者と航空機に同乗している場合であつて操縦練習を行う者が操縦を行つているときは、その操縦を交替することができる場所に位置しなければならない。
- The flight training supervisor shall position himself in a location where it is possible for him to take over the control when he/she is on board the same aircraft as the flight trainee and the flight trainee is controlling the aircraft.
- 第二次世界大戦前まで支配的であった万世一系という概念に対する批判・懐疑から生まれたもので、昭和27年に水野祐が唱えた三王朝交替説がその最初のものでありかつ代表的なものである。
- The changes of dynasties theories were born out of criticism and doubt against the concept of the unbroken imperial line which was dominant in Japan before the World War II, in which a changes of three dynasties theory, advocated by Yu MIZUNO in 1952 for the first time, was representative.
- 会津藩主松平容保公が幕末の文久2年閏8月1日(1862年9月24日)に京都守護職に就任すると、京都守護職会津藩の本陣となり、藩兵1,000人が京都に常駐し1年おきに交替した。
- When on September 24, 1862 the Lord of Aizu Domain, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, was appointed to the post of Kyoto shugoshoku, the temple became the headquarters for Aizu Domain of Kyoto shugoshoku; 1,000 samurai warriors were always stationed in Kyoto and replaced every two years.
- また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
- Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.
- 交替制によつて労働させる事業については、行政官庁の許可を受けて、第一項の規定にかかわらず午後十時三十分まで労働させ、又は前項の規定にかかわらず午前五時三十分から労働させることができる。
- With respect to work that is done in shifts, with the permission of the relevant government agency, an employer may have workers work until 10:30 p.m., notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), or may have workers work from 5:30 a.m., notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
- 寛永12年(1635年)の「武家諸法度」の参勤交代を規定する条文には「大名小名在江戸交替所相定也毎歳夏四月中可致参勤従者之員数……」と書かれており、「参勤」と「交替」が用いられている。
- As the provision mentioning Sankin-kotai in the 1635 edition of Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) said, '大名小名在江戸交替所相定也毎歳夏四月中可致参勤従者之員数…'(we announce the establishment of daimyo's sankin-kotai. Daimyo are required to arrive at Edo in every April. Too many retainers are employed recently...), '参勤' and '交替'were used.
- 当時、国司交替の際に、後任の国司が、適正な事務引継を受けたことを証明する解由状という文書を前任の国司へ発給する定めとなっており、実際に現地で解由状を受領する国司を「受領」と呼ぶようになった。
- There was a provision at the time that, when the kokushi changes, the successor issues a document called geyujo (discharge certificates) to his predecessor; the kokushi who received the geyujo in the province was then called 'zuryo'.
- また銃剣の登場もこれに大きく寄与していると考えられるが、同時にこの時代は大砲の運用が飛躍的に改良されており、銃兵の交替射撃のみが戦線の状況を変革させたと論じるのは未だ大きな検討を要するであろう。
- Also, the appearance of bayonet drill is considered to have contributed much to this, but at the same time, during this period the operation of the cannon was dramatically improved and it still needs much revision to argue that only the exchange shooting of fusiliers transformed the battle line situation.
- 一方、承和 (日本)5年(838年)成立の『広隆寺縁起』や9世紀後半成立の『広隆寺資材交替実録帳』には、広隆寺は推古天皇30年(622年)、同年に死去した聖徳太子の供養のために建立されたとある。
- On the other hand, 'Koryu-ji Engi' (The Origin of Koryu-ji Temple) written in 838 and the late 9th century 'Koryu-ji Shizai-Kotai Jitsurokucho' (Record of the Replacement of Materials of Koryu-ji Temple) state that the temple was constructed in 622 as a memorial to Prince Shotoku who passed away in the same year.
- なお、継体天皇が事実応神天皇の5代の末裔であったとしても、ヨーロッパ的な王朝の概念からみればこれは立派な別王朝であり、王朝交替説とは関わりなく継体天皇をもって皇統に変更があったとみなす学者は多い。
- Many scholars took that even if Emperor Keitai was in fact the fifth descendant from Emperor Ojin, in view of the notion of dynasty in European sense, it was really a separate dynasty and independent of the theory on the changes of dynasties there was change in the imperial line from Emperor Keitai.
- 諸国の受領の大幅な交替も行われ、平氏の知行国はクーデター前の17ヶ国から32ヶ国になり、「日本秋津島は僅かに66ヶ国、平家知行の国三十余ヶ国、既に半国に及べり」(『平家物語』)という状態となった。
- There was a wide shift in the zuryo of each province, and chigyokoku of Taira clan increased to thirty-two from seventeen provinces prior to the coup d'état; 'Japan Akitsu-shima (literally, 'Land of Dragonflies') has only sixty-six provinces, and Heike (Taira family) chigyokoku became thirty-something provinces, already half the size of a country' ('The Tale of the Heike').
- 水野の三王朝交替説はその後様々な研究者により補強あるいは批判がなされていくが、現在では万世一系を否定する学者でも水野の唱えるように全く異なる血統による劇的な王権の交替があったと考えるものは多くない。
- Later, Mizuno's changes of three dynasties theory has been reinforced or criticized by various researchers and at present even among the scholars denying the unbroken imperial line, not many think that there was dramatic change of sovereignty with the entirely different blood line as Mizuno advocated.
- 亀山が倒幕を考えている、という噂が立つなどの政情不安のなか、結局、弘安10年(1287年)になって幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子煕仁(23歳、伏見天皇)が践祚して後深草による院政が開始された。
- In the midst of political unrest, when Kameyama was rumored to be thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate, the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1287, with the Crown Prince Hirohito (aged 23, Emperor Fushimi) ascending the throne and Gofukakusa starting a cloistered government.
- しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
- However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
- 井上光貞の著書『日本国家の起源』(1960年、岩波新書)を皮切りに、直木孝次郎、岡田精司、上田正昭など、古代史学のエキスパートによって学説が発表され、王朝交替説は学界で大きくクローズアップされるようになった。
- Starting from 'Nihon Kokka no Kigen' (The Origin of Japan as a Nation) by Mitsusada INOUE (1960, Iwanami Shisho), theories were published by experts in the ancient historical science such as Kojiro NAOKI, Seiji OKADA, and Masaaki UEDA then the changes of dynasties theory came to the front in the academic community.
- 鳥越憲三郎が唱えた説で、三王朝交替説では実在を否定されている神武天皇及びいわゆる欠史八代の天皇は実在した天皇であり、崇神王朝以前に存在した奈良県葛城地方を拠点とした王朝であったが崇神王朝に滅ぼされたとする説。
- It was the theory advocated by Kensaburo TORIGOE that Emperor Jinmu and so called Kesshi-Hachidai (Eight undocumented Sovereigns), who were denied the existence in the changes of the three dynasties theory, were actual persons and they set the base on Katsuragi region in Nara Prefecture before the reign of Emperor Sujin who destroyed the dynasty.
- 更に国司の引継ぎの際にも不動倉の引継ぎを巡るトラブルが続いたことから、天平宝字7年3月24日 (旧暦)の乾政官符によって、国司交替の際には必ず開封の手続を行って中身を確認するとともに中身の入れ替えを行わせた。
- Furthermore, since troubles on the fudoso warehouse occurred continuously in taking over the position of provincial governor, the kanseikanpu (another name of dajokanpu) was issued on May 15, 763, that in a transfer of the provincial governor, confirmation of the content as well as replacement of the content required to be done.
- イスラエルの子孫のうちで氏族の長、千人の長、百人の長、およびつかさたちは年のすべての月の間、月ごとに交替して組のすべての事をなして王に仕えたが、その数にしたがえば各組二万四千人あった。 (歴代志1 27:1)
- Now the children of Israel after their number, the heads of fathers' households and the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and their officers who served the king, in any matter of the divisions which came in and went out month by month throughout all the months of the year--of every division were twenty-four thousand. (1 Chronicles 27:1)
- ただし、それに先立つ昭和23年に江上波夫が発表した騎馬民族征服王朝説も広い意味で王朝交替説であり、崇神天皇を起点とする皇統に着目している点など水野祐の説が江上波夫の説の影響を受けていることを指摘する学者もいる。
- However, some scholars pointed out that a prior theory of dynasty by the conquering horseback races, which was announced by Namio EGAMI in 1948 and included in the change of dynasties theories in the broad sense, affected the Mizuno's theory since both focused on the imperial line starting from Emperor Sujjn.
- このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説(王朝交替説)、などが提出されている。
- Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).
- 昭和に入って数年は立憲民政党と交替で政権をになったが、1932年(昭和7年)、五・一五事件で犬養毅が暗殺されてからは軍部に圧迫されて衰退し、1936年の第19回衆議院議員総選挙では総裁の鈴木喜三郎が落選するなどの大惨敗を喫した。
- Although the Seiyu Party took charge of the government alternately with Rikken Minsei-to political party for the first several years of the Showa period, after Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in May 15th Incident in 1932, it was oppressed by the military and declined; the Seiyu Party suffered a devastating defeat in the 19th general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1936 including the president Kisaburo SUZUKI's failure.
- 比較的資料が残っている大坂の例を取ると、主たる問屋3名が会所頭取となり交替で会所役人を指揮し、その下に薬種屋仲間に属する121名が原則3名1組として1日交替(全40組)で会所に詰めて会所役人として検査及び改料徴収の任務を行った。
- In the case of Osaka, for which relatively many data remain, there were three main warehouse merchants serving as Todori (chiefs) of the kaisho, who took turns in supervising officials of the kaisho, and under them, there were 121 people belonging to Yakushuya nakama (the union of drug sellers), who were divided into groups by basically three people (40 groups in total) and worked at the kaisho every other day as the officials to conduct inspection and collect aratameryo.
- すなわち臨終の場面では、病人に罪相(苦しみの相)と前境(法悦の相)が交替して現われるが、看病人はそれを病人に問いただして記録し、病人が前境の状態のまま死を迎えることができるよう、ともに念仏を唱えて助けなければならないと論じている。
- More specifically, the book argues that, although Zaiso (the state of agony) and Zenkyo (the state of religious exultation) appear in the sick person in turn in the stage of rinju, the person who attends the sick person must inquire about the states to him or her to record the answers and must chant nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation) together to help him or her to be able to die in the state of Zenkyo.
- その形態には様々な形態があり、百済手部・百済戸・飼戸のように一定期間ごとの交替制あるいは臨時に召役されるもの、雑工戸・鍛戸のように農閑期に官司において労役させられるもの、筥戸のように毎年一定の製品を貢納したものなどの形式があった。
- There were various forms of zakko, such as Kudarabe, Kudarahe and Shiko who were summoned to serve on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, Zokuko and Kanuchibe who were required to work for government offices in the agricultural off-season, and Hakohe who offered a certain amount of products every year.
- だが、1506年(永正3年)、細川政元の要請を受けて畠山義英討伐への協力に応じると、畠山氏との関係が深かった摂津国・河内国の門徒が猛反発し、実如の異母弟で畠山氏の血を引く実賢(後に近江国称徳寺)を石山御坊にて擁立して法主交替を求める。
- But in 1506, when Jitsunyo agreed to Masamoto HOSOKAWA's request to cooperate in the subjugation of Yoshihide HATAKEYAMA, Jodo Shinshu followers from Settsu and Kawachi Provinces, who had strong ties to the Hatakeyama clan, furiously opposed him, and consequently Jitsunyo's younger brother by a different mother, Jitsugen, himself descended from the Hatakeyama clan, demanded, with the backing of Ishiyama Gobo (later became Omi Province's Shotoku-ji Temple), that he replaced Jitsunyo as Hoshu (high priest) of the Jodo Shinshu Sect.
- 京都・広隆寺の資財についての記録である「広隆寺資財交替実録帳」(寛平2年・890年頃成立)には、同寺金堂本尊の「霊験薬師仏」が鍵のかかる「内殿」に安置されていたことが明記され、この薬師像が遅くとも9世紀末には秘仏扱いされていたことを伺わせる。
- According to 'Koryu-ji Temple sizai kotai jitsuroku cho,' an inventory list of Koryo-ji Temple's assets (completed around 890), the principal image of its Kon-do hall, 'Reiken-yakushi-butsu' (the Healing Buddha), was placed in the 'naiden' (inner shrine) that can be locked; this reveals that the Yakushi Buddha image was treated as a hibutsu by the end of the 9th century at the latest.
- 一等航空整備士、二等航空整備士、一等航空運航整備士、二等航空運航整備士及び航空工場整備士の資格を有する者並びにその他の航空機の整備に従事する者の配置の状況、職務の範囲及び内容並びに業務の引継ぎの方法その他の勤務の交替の要領が明確に定められていること。
- Status of assignments, scope and contents of duties, and shift changes including procedures for duty relief for staff having the qualifications of first-class aircraft maintenance technician, second-class aircraft maintenance technician, first-class aircraft line maintenance technician, second-class aircraft line maintenance technician, aircraft overhaul technician and other staff who engaged in the maintenance of aircraft, shall be clearly specified.
- ところが蓮如の最後の妻でその死後も石山御坊に在住していた蓮能は畠山氏出身で、また摂津・河内の門徒達もその関係により長年畠山氏と友好的な関係を維持してきたためにこの決定に不満を抱き、蓮能の長子で石山御坊の住持であった蓮如の9男で17歳の実賢を擁立して法主交替を求めた。
- However, since Renno, the last wife of Rennyo, who kept living in Ishiyama Gobo after Rennyo's death, was from the Hatakeyama clan and also since the followers in Settsu and Kawachi had long kept a friendly relationship with the Hatakeyama clan for that reason, they were dissatisfied with the decision and asked to change hoshu by backing up Jitsugen at 17, who was the 1st son of Renno, the 9th son of Rennyo and a chief priest of Ishiyama Gobo.
- この著書で水野は、古事記の記載(天皇の没した年の干支や天皇の諡など)を分析した結果、崇神から推古に至る天皇がそれぞれ血統の異なる古・中・新の3王朝が交替していたのではないかとする説を立てたが、これは皇統の万世一系という概念を覆す可能性のある繊細かつ大胆な仮説であった。
- In this book, MIZUNO, by analyzing description of the Kojiki (including the Oriental zodiac signs of the years an emperor died and okurina [the honorary name given to an emperor after his death]), came up with a sensitively exciting hypothesis that three dynasties in different blood lines such as old, middle, and new, were changed from Emperor Sujin to Empress Suiko, which could turn over the concept of the unbroken imperial line.
- 正税帳は毎年3通が作成され、1通は国府に留めて国司交替時の引継や次年度の正税帳作成の資料とし、残り2通は毎年2月30日_(旧暦)(ただし、大宰府のみは5月30日_(旧暦))までに田租や出挙、賑給、国分寺造営・維持費など財政収支を裏付ける関連資料(「枝文」)を添えて太政官に提出された。
- Shozeicho was created in three copies a year; one of those was kept by kokufu to serve as material used for succession at the time of replacement of kokushi, and for creation of shozeicho of the following year, and the two of those were submitted to Daijokan attached to some related material (shibun) that could confirm the balance of financial affairs including denso, suiko, almsgiving, and building and preservation cost of Kokubun-ji Temple, by February 30 each year (in the old lunar calendar) except Dazaifu where by May 30 (in the old lunar calendar).
- この頃幕府は武力で勅命を出させ、長州藩主父子の出府、五卿の江戸への差し立て、参勤交代の復活の3事を実現させるために、2老中に4大隊と砲を率いて上京させ、強引に諸藩の宮門警備を幕府軍に交替させようとしていたが、それを拒否する勅書と伝奏が所司代に下され、逆に至急将軍を入洛させるようにとの命が下された。
- At that time, the shogunate ordered an Imperial command by force, to go to the capital of the father and son of the domain of Choshu and to send five nobles to Edo, and sent two councilors to Kyoto with four battalions with guns to realize that revival of three things of Sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo), and they were forced to exchange the security of the Imperial Palace's gates of domain to shogunate army, but Shoshidai (local governor) ordered the bull and Denso (job title referring to one who relays messages of court's people to Emperor) to reject that, instead of that an urgent order sent to the general was urgent.
- ところが、宮中行事などの衰退によって大饗が開かれることがなくなった上、相次ぐ戦乱や五摂家の成立による短期間での藤氏長者の交替などによって朱器台盤は散逸してしまったらしく、延文6年(康安元年/1361年)に近衛道嗣が藤氏長者に就任した際には「朱器渡りの儀」が行われていないために、その以前の段階で朱器台盤は既に存在していなかったと考えられている。
- But grand banquets ceased to be held due to the decline of court functions, and in addition, Shuki-daiban seem to have been scattered and lost due to successive conflicts and changes of Toshi choja within a short period of time caused by the formation of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho [regent] and Kanpaku), and when Michitsugu KONOE assumed the post of Toshi choja in 1361, 'Shuki watari no gi' no longer took place, which suggests that Shuki-daiban had already been lost before that time.
- また、即位後もすぐには大和の地にはいらず、北河内や南山城などの地域を転々とし、即位20年目に大和にはいったことから、大和には継体天皇の即位を認めない勢力があって戦闘状態にあったと考える説(直木孝次郎説)や、継体天皇は女系の天皇で、近江の息長氏などは大王家に妃を何度となく入れているが、継体天皇はその大王家の母方といえる息長氏系統の王位継承資格者で、皇位簒奪のような王朝交替はなかったと考える説(平野邦雄説)がある。
- Since the Emperor Keitai entered Yamato not immediately after the enthronement but the 20th year later after moving from place to place such as Kitakawachi or Minami-yamashiro, there are two following theories: One that considers due to a power in Yamato which didn't allow the enthronement of Emperor Keitai, the region was in the combat situation (theory by Kojiro NAOKI) and the other that, since Keitai, the emperor of the maternal side, was a successor to the throne in the linage of the Okinaga clan in Omi, which daughters often married those in the great king family, there was no such change of dynasties as usurpation of imperial throne (theory by Kunio HIRANO).
- 京都町奉行の成立に先立つ寛文8年12月5日 (旧暦)に作成された「町代役之覚」という17ヶ条の町代と町奉行間で交わされた文書によると、町奉行から出された法令・触書の伝達、町から出された様々な請願・届出の提出、京都市民を代表して江戸城の征夷大将軍への年頭拝礼、町人役(町々への賦課)の徴収、火災・闕所・見廻などの出役などがあり、訴訟事務などのために公事・訴訟が行われる日には交替で1名が奉行所内の町代部屋に出仕して事務処理の補佐を行った。
- There was documents exchanged between Machidai and the Kyoto city magistrates called 'Machidaiyaku no Oboe' consisting of 17 Articles compiled on January 7, 1669 (prior to the establishment of the Kyoto city magistrates), which states duties of Machidai as follows: Outside works of transmission of ordinance and notification issued by the city magistrates, submission of various applications and written reports entrusted by the town, New Year visit to the shogun in Edo-jo Castle as a representative of Kyoto citizens, collection of levy from towns, examination of the scene of a fire and a confiscated estate, and patrol; and Machidai alternately does desk works in Machidai room of the Kyoto city magistrates' office to assist court clerical on the day when a court is held.